THE

HAY SOCIETY

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for
the Year 1889.

LONDON:

MDCCCXC.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA,

(TENTHREDO, SIREX AND CYNIPS, Linne.)
VOL. III.

BY

PETER CAMERON.

LONDON;
PRINTED TOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

JklDCCCXC,

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

PRINTED BY ADLABD AND SON, BAliTHOLOMEW CLOSE,

PBEFACE.

IN this volume I have described the remaining three
families of the Tenthredinidse, the Cephidae, Siricidae,
Oryssidse, and the parasitic Cynipidse. The fourth
(and concluding) volume will deal with the inquiline
and gall-making Cynipidaa, and will also contain such
additions and corrections as increased knowledge may
have brought to light during the period the book has
been in course of publication.

It only remains for me to thank my correspondents
for their continued kindness in assisting me with my
work.

SALE, CHESHIRE;
April, 1890.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BEITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA,

VOL. III.

TENTHREDINID^E.

Tribe CIMBICINA.

Antennae 6 — 8-jointed, short, the third joint much longer than the
rest, the last, the last two, or the last three forming a well-defined club,
which is clearly separated from the preceding joints. Wings with two
radial and three cubital cellules ; the first cubital receives both or only
one of the recurrent nervures (Amasis). Transverse basal nervure
received considerably before the stigma; the transverse median is
usually received very near to, or is quite joined to it. Posterior wings
with two median cellules. The accessory nervure is continued to the
edge of the wings, and is united to the anal by a short transverse ner-
vure. Head broad and swollen behind, much narrower in front, so
that the eyes are generally placed more in front than at the sides ; the
eyes are small and oval as a rule. Pronotum with a semicircular
emargination on its hind border. Episternum of mesothorax large, and
separated from the mesosternum by a deep groove, which is directed
rather to the front than very obliquely downwards. Prosternum large.
Abdomen broad, rounded behind, its sides acute, the back arched, the
ventral surface flat, or semi- concave. Mandibles large, deeply 2- or
3-dentate. Saw scarcely, if at all, projecting, broad, the apex curved,
round, and the sides bear little dentated bead-like projectings. Patellee
well developed ; spurs often membranous at apex.

The clypeus is either moderately large and the
labium small, as in Cimbex, or it may be small and the
latter larger and moveable, as in Clavellaria. The
mandibles are large, especially in the males of Trichio-

VOL. in. 1

2 TEIBK OIMBIC1NA.

soma and Clavellaria. In the larger species (Cimbex,
Trichiosoma, Clavellaria) the eyes are small, and are
placed well in front, so that the head projects consider-
ably behind them ; in the smaller species (Abia, Amasis,
and the Brazilian genera Pacliylosticta and Plagiocera)
they are longer and reach nearer to the base of the
mandibles, while it is only in Abia and Zarcea that
the head projects behind them. The other genera
have them situated on the side. In the males of Abia
they become nearly confluent at the top of the head.

The thorax is broad and thick ; the sides project
so that they are somewhat broader than at the top,
the mesopleuraB being slightly hollowed, and separated
by a more or less clearly defined border from the
sternal region. The pronotum is almost horizontal in
front, and has the head closely pressed to it ; it has a
well-defined border above, and from this runs an
oblique emargination towards the head, separating the
somewhat projecting spiracular bearing part in front
of the episternum from the upper portion. The form
of the episternum of the mesothorax is characteristic
through the deep groove which separates it from the
mesosternum, as well as from not being so obliquely
situated as in the other saw-flies.

The mesonotum rises gradually from the pronotum
to the scutellum, which is broader than long, rounded
at the top, is raised above the mesonotum, and late-
rally there runs from it to the tegulas a well-marked
ridge. In front there is a deep hollow, while behind
the post-scutellum is almost obliterated, so that it (the
scutellum) presses closely on the metathorax, which is
raised and semicircular in front and slopes from above
downwards, a deep groove being thus formed between
it and the scutellum, the cenchri being placed on the
edge of the ridge so formed.

The first cubital cellule is as long, if not longer, than
the second. The stigma is linear, and in the Euro-
pean genera is not much differentiated from the costa,
but in the Neotropical genus Pachylosticta it is broad,

TRIBE CIMBICINA. 3

long, and projecting. The transverse median nervure
being either united to the transverse basal nervure,
or received quite close to it, is a well-marked pecu-
liarity of the family. So also is the structure of the
accessory nervure in the posterior wings. In no other
European sub-family does it run to the edge of the
wings without being united directly to the anal ner-
vure, nor with the other tribes is it united to the latter
by a cross nervure.

The larvae are twenty-two-footed, cylindrical in
shape, usually greenish in colour, and dusted over
(especially when young) with a white exudation. Over
the spirales are situated orifices, from which are ejected,
often to some distance, a greenish, acid liquid, which
contains chlorophyll.

They are, with one exception (Abia sericea), so far
as is known, attached to trees or bushes, and spin a
double cocoon, either to the branch of the tree on
which they fed, or in the earth. When they quit the
cocoon they do not eat away the one end entirely, but
leave it hanging by one side (see Yol. II, Plate XII,
fig. 5) as a lid.

The tribe must be regarded as a Palaearctic and
Nearctic one, many of the species, indeed, penetrating
very far north (Siberia, Labrador, Hudson's Bay) ;
but, as already mentioned, two genera are found in
Brazil, and species of Cimbex, &c., occur in the West
Indies (Hayti), South America (Brazil, Argentine
Republic;, and in the Old World in Japan and North
India.

This tribe contains the largest and most bulky
species of Tenthredinidde. As above defined, it con-
tains the Palsearctic and Nearctic genera Cimbex,
Trichiosoma, Praia, Clavellaria, Abia, Zar&a, and
Amasis, and the Neotropical genera Pachylosticta and
Plagiocera. The Australian genus Perga is included
in the sub-family by many authors ; but while Perga
has undoubtedly some affinity with the Cimbicina^ it
yet possesses sufficient distinguishing points to warrant

4 SUB-TRIBE CIMBIOTDES.

its being raised to sub-family rank. But whether it
should form a family by itself or one along with
Syzgonia, Laboceras, and Cephalocera (which have also
been placed in the Cimbicina, or at any rate the two
former), the fact of its having the radial cell appendicu-
lated, there being also only one radial cellule, in its
wanting the lanceolate cellule, and having the tibiae
spined, the form of the saw being likewise different,
are sufficient grounds for ejecting both Perga and
Syzgonia (this genus having also these peculiarities)
from the Cimbicina. The American genera Thulia and
Acordulcera are by some authors united to the Cimbi-
cina, but they also may be excluded, as they have only
one radial cellule.

That, however, the Gimbicides are more closely
allied to Perga and Syzgonia than to the Tenthre-
dina, there can, I think, be no doubt; this is shown
by the similarity of the form of the antennae and
thorax and by the neuration, especially of the form of
the accessory nervure in the posterior wings, which is
nearly the same in the three groups, only in Perga,
&c., the accessory nervure is apt to become obliterated
entirely.

We may with Thomson divide the European species
into two sub-tribes — the Cimbicides and Abiides.
Pachylosticta and Plagiocera will form another sub-
tribe allied to the latter rather than to the former.

Sub-tribe CIMBICIDES.

Body large (6—13 lines), hairy or pilose. Lanceolate cellule divided
by a straight cross-nervure ; first cubital cellule receiving both recur-
rent nervures. Mandibles large ; head swollen at the sides, projecting
beyond the eyes, which are small, parallel, and situated well in front.
Ualcana short, thick, membranous at the apex. Patellae well developed,
somewhat membranous. Palpi short, thick, the last three ioints stout
short.

The larvae are well marked with coloured spots or
markings, and are green or blue, or more rarely reddish.

GENUS CIMBEX. 5

They are usually dusted over with a white exudation
and feed on willows, birch or alder.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Blotch large ; labrum small ; clypeus incised, larger than labrum.

Cimbex .

2 (1) Blotch abaent; labrum large; clypeus smaller than it.

3 (4) Posterior coxae widely separated; antennas with five joints before

the club; posterior femora toothed; labrum and clypeus
black. Trichiosoma.

4 (3) Posterior coxae continuous ; antennae with four joints before the

club ; posterior femora simple ; labrum and clypeus white.

Clavellaria.

Genus — CIMBEX.

Crabro, Geoff., Hist. Ins., ii, 261 (1762) ; Fourc., E. P., ii, 361,

nee Fab., Auct.
Cimbex, Oliv., Enc. Meth. Ins., iv, 22 (1789).

Blotch large, wide. Clypeus with a very small emargination ; labium
small. Antennae 6-jointed. Posterior coxae widely separated, and with-
out teeth ; anterior more oval, closely continuous.

The antennae are, I consider, six-jointed. The basal
two joints are small, the third is nearly as long as the
succeeding together, the fourth and fifth subequal. The
club is without any trace of segmentation, or there may
be one or even two strictures. Whether these actually
represent joints I am not at all clear. In one or two
specimens I have, the club has every appearance of
being comprised of three joints ; but, on the other hand
(and I think more often than not), the club is usually
quite homogeneous. If the club is to be regarded as
comprised of three joints that would make the antennas
eight- jointed.

The lateral sutures on the vertex are broad and
deep, and they extend round behind the ocelli, where,
however, the suture is not so deep, especially in the
middle. A short, broad, longitudinal suture runs from
it to the ocellus, which is situated in a deep pit. A
suture runs from the lateral ocelli to the antennas.
The front is thick and projects considerably from the

(3 GENUS CIMBEX.

sides. The eyes are placed at the side of this pro-
jecting portion of the head.

The mandibles are large, and strongly built ; the apical
tooth is large, long, and sharp ; there are two sub-
apical teeth. The labium is very nearly equally lobed ;
the first joint of labial palpi is small, half the length
of the second, and not much shorter than the fourth ;
third very nearly as long as the other three together.
Joints one, two, and four of maxillary palpi are sub-
equal in length ; the third is as long as these three
together, fifth longer than sixth, and nearly as long as
the third.

The first radial cellule is longer than the second ; they
are long compared to the breadth. The transverse
radial nervure is a little oblique. The first cubital
cellule is long, narrow, of nearly equal width through-
out, and longer than the second, which is considerably
wider than it, especially at the apex. The third cellule
is a little shorter, and wider than the second. The
first recurrent nervure is received in the basal third of
the cellule, and is bullated at the junction with the
cubital. The second is received a very little in front
of the first transverse cubital cellule, and is often inter-
stitial. The transverse median nervure is interstitial
or nearly so.

The legs are of moderate size. The tarsi are longer
than the tibias. The patellae are very well developed,
and somewhat membranous. The metatarsus is short,
but is longer than the second joint, the second, third,
and fourth joints become gradually shorter, the fifth
is longer than the basal ; its claws are strong, curved,
inflated at the base, and either simple, or with a blunt,
ill-developed, subapical tooth. In the $ the coxse are
much larger, thicker, longer, and more widely sepa-
rated ; the metatarsus is covered with long hair on the
underside, and the apex beneath is projected into a
large, blunt tooth. On the inner side the coxae are
hollow, their sides project into a ridge, which on the
posterior side and towards the apical third, curves

GENUS CIMBEX. 7

down in a round curve to the apex, forming a hollow
with a blunt tooth at either end. The ridge on the
other side is much less developed, and there is also a
blunt ridge on the underside of the femora, which are
much thickened. The anterior femora are of the normal
size, and they are also grooved. The coxae are not
enlarged like the two posterior pairs.

The abdomen is a little longer than the head and
thorax; the blotch is very wide, and extends nearly
across the segment ; the segments are nearly of equal
size. The ninth does not project at all on the upper
side. Backwards it does not extend beyond the eighth,
the saw does not project beyond the apex of the
abdomen.

The form of the saw and back piece is quite peculiar,
being rounded and curved at the apex, not brought to
a sharp point as with the other saw-flies, and they are
further distinguished by having along the edge little
projecting bead-like points.

The insects belonging to this genus are the largest
of all the TentlirediniddB. They are very variable in
coloration, and this has led, on the one hand, to many
so-called species being made out of the various forms,
and, on the other, to all the forms being united into
one species, as was done by Klug, who placed them
together under the name of G. variabilis. The obser-
vations of Brischke, Zaddach, and Van Vollenhoven,
however, have shown conclusively that there are at
least four, if not five, good European species of Cimbex,
s. sir. Undoubtedly the most satisfactory way of
discriminating the species is by rearing them from the
larvas. Failing this crucial test, it is not always an
easy matter to separate the perfect forms. In colour
they vary exceedingly ; the thickness, texture, and
colour of the hair vary ; the form of the antennae varies,
especially in their comparative length and in the shape
of the club ; the position of the nervures fluctuates :
thus the second recurrent nervure is found in the second
cellule, in the third, and is interstitial in all the species.

8 GENUS CIMBEX.

One species (0. sylvarum) is usually distinguished by
having a fuscous fascia in the first discoidal cellule,
and the edges of the wings are also fuscous, while
usually C. lutea is distinguished by its wings wanting
entirely these fuscous clouds ; but I have seen speci-
mens of sylvarum with the wings completely hyaline,
and of lutea with faint indications of the fuscous tint
along the edge and at the discoidal cellule. I thought
once (like Zaddach, loc. cit., p. 243) that the form of
the scutellum would give a good specific character, but
soon found that this also varied, especially with bred
specimens. Then the posterior coxas and femora vary
in length and thickness in the males. In some bred
specimens I have examined they are not much longer
or thicker than the middle pair, while with caught
specimens (of nearly the same size) they are more
than one half longer and thicker. Nor is the variation
in the size of the coxse and femora confined to bred
examples. The males, too, vary very much in size.
Thus I have one 3 of C. lutea which is 17 lines in
length ; the posterior femora are 4 lines long, and
nearly 2 lines broad in the middle ; another is 8^ lines
long, and the hind femora 2J lines long.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Clypeus and pronotum clear yellow, wings yellowish, the fore

half fuscous throughout ; mesonotum and base of abdomen
punctured. Humeralis.

2 (1) Clypeus and pronotum reddish-yellow or black, wings not fuscous

throughout in front ; mesonotum not punctured.

3 (4) Thorax, femora, the base, sides in front, and lower side of abdo-

men, violaceous. <$ Apex of abdomen black or dull brownish,
and with a violet iridescence. Connata.

Thorax, femora, and base of abdomen not violet.

5 (6) Pubescence on head, thorax and base of abdomen longish, black,
or dark fuscous ; wings with a fuscous fascia in the basal
cellule, and a fuscous border at apex. Head and thorax

A M -D v rarely yell°W' Sylvarum.

t> (5) .Pubescence on head, thorax and base of abdomen woolly, close,
thick, griseous, pale, or yellowish ; wings not marked with
fuscous; head, thorax, and abdomen for the greater part,

OIMBEX SYLVARUM.

1. ClMBEX SYLVABUM.

Vol. II, PI. V, fig. 1, ? ; la, Head ; 1 b, Antenna ; 1 c,
Tarsus. Vol. II, PL XII, fig. 8, Larva.

Tenthredo sylvarum, Fab., E. S., ii, 105, 4; Pz., F. G., Heft 88,

pi. xvi.
Cimbex sylvarum, Fab., S. P., 16, 4; Voll., Tijd. Ent., xriii, 33,

pi. iii.
Tenthredo femorata, Pz., 1. c., Heft 26, pi. xx.

— tristis, Fab., Iter. Norw., 334 ; E. S., ii, 106, 7.
Cimbex tristis, Fab., S. P., 17, 7.

varians, Leach, Z. M., iii, 105 ; Ste., 111., vii, 6, 2.

— europ&a, Leach, Z. M., iii, 105, 4.

— femorata, $ , Fall., Acta Holm., 191, 3 ; Mon., 8, 2 ;

Lep., Mon., 31, 83; F. Fr., Hym., 5, 7 ;
Drewsen, Ann. Ent. Fr., iv, 169 (1835) ;
Ste., 111., vii, 6, 1.

— variabilis, var. femorata, Klug, Berl. Mag., 1, 78 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 6, 3.

— biguetina, Lep., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ii, 455.

— betulae, Br. and Zad., Schr., Ges. Konig., ii, 233 and

249, pi. ii, f. 1 (lar.).

— fagi, Br. and Zad., 1. c., 233, 251.

— lutea, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 19, 1.

— siberica, Kirby, List of Hym., i, 4, pi. 1, f . 1, $ , 387 ;

pi. xvi, f. 3, J.

Black ; antennae and tarsi luteous, body covered with a black or
fuscous, longish pubescence ; wings hyaline, a blotch along the trans-
verse basal nervure, and the outer margin fuscous.

Length 7— 13| lines.

Ab. — a. Black; antennae and tarsi luteous (tristis).

b. Black ; antennae and tarsi luteous, the three or
four middle segments of the abdomen red. ? and $
(sylvarum).

c. As in b, but abdomen entirely red $ , rarely ? .

d. Black ; antennae, tibiae and tarsi luteous, the three
or four middle segments for the greater part pallid
testaceous, or more rarely the middle segments are
entirely pale testaceous (varians, biguetina, Lep.).

e. The antennas, the head, except the vertex, pro-
notum, the fore part of mesopleurae, the middle lobes
of mesonotum at the sides, scutellum, legs, and abdo-
men, reddish-yellow ; wings yellowish ; the pubescence
is shorter and paler than usual.

This is the most variable and commonest of the

10 CIMBEX SYLVARUM.

species of Cimbex. The variations in the coloration
are very numerous in both sexes. Commencing with
quite black specimens save the antennae and tarsi, we
meet with specimens having one yellow band on the
abdomen, then with specimens with two or three bands,
which lead into specimens with the middle of the abdo-
men entirely yellow, the tibiae being also yellow, and
from this we reach the extreme yellowish form de-
scribed above as Ab. e. We find the same variations
with the red banded forms.

The larva feeds on birch, and is found from July to
September. Its head is pale yellow, granular, and
with black eye-spots, the body is green, more or less
yellowish at the skin folds and along the back, where
there is a black stripe, which is bluish along the centre,
and is widest towards the middle of the body, it being
very narrow along either end. The skin is wrinkled,
especially on the sides, which are beset with numerous
white warts, particularly over the legs. The feet are
white, with brownish claws ; the spiracles black, longer
than broad, and broader below than above ; they arise
from a raised part of the skin.

When young the larva is greenish-white, dusted over
with white powder. It wants the black dorsal stripe
entirely.

Brischke and Zaddach (1. c., p. 237, pi. ii, fig. 2)
describe and figure a larva which was found by Drew-
sen and by themselves on beech ; this is described as
being the largest of all the Cimbex larvae. The ground
colour of the body is a beautiful bluish-green, the
dorsal stripe is clear blue or violet ; the head is larger
and more cubital than with sylvarum, and the white
tubercles are smaller and more pointed. According
to Brischke the characters presented by this larva are
constant, and if that be so the chances are that it per-
tains to a good species ; but unfortunately Drewsen
and Brischke and Zaddach bred only males, which
cannot be separated apparently from G. sylvarum, and
like the males of that species would seem to be very

CIMBEX CONNATA. 11

variable. The above-named German authors name
the beech-feeding form C. fagi.

The following parasites have been reported to feed
on the larvae of C. luteasmd C. sylvarum : — Campoplex
argentatus, Rtz. ; G. holosericeus, Rtz. ; C. pubescens,
Rtz. ; Cryptus cimbicis, Rtz. ; C. incubitor, Gr. ; Hemi-
teles dispar, Rtz. ; Mesochorus cimbicis, Rtz. ; M.
splendidulus, Gr. ; Mesoleptus rufus, Gr. ; Paniscus
glaucopterus, L. ; P. testaceus, Gr. ; Pezomachus cur-
sitans, Gr. ; Tryphon mesoxanthus, Gr. ; T. rufus,
Gr. ; T. sorbi, Sax. ; Monodontomerus obsoletus, Fab.

The species is of universal distribution in Britain,
the flies appearing in June.

Continental distribution : General in Europe, also
in Siberia.

2. CIMBEX CONNATA.

Tenthredo connata, Schrank, Beitr. z. Naturg., 83 (1776).
Crabro maculatus, Fourc., E. P., ii, 361, 2.
Tenthredo montana, Pz., F. G., Heft 84, pi. xii.

— femorata, De Geer, Mem., ii, 2, 943.

Cimbex decemmaculata, Leach, Z. M., iii, 106; Curtis, B. E., i,
pi. xli; Ste., 111., vii, 7,4.

ornata, Lep., Mon., 28, 77 ; F. Fr., Hym., 4, pi. i, f. 2.

maculata, Ste., 111., vii, 8, 7.

connata, Voll., Tijd. Ent., vii, 50, pis. i and ii; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 254, pi. ii,
f. 6 (lar.); Andre, Species, i, 26; Cat.,
1*2.

pallida, Ste., 111., vii, 7, 3, teste Kirby, List of Hym., i, 2.

— violascens, Thoms., Hym. Sc., i, 20, $ .

— Humboldtii, Ratz., Forst., Ins., iii, 135, 46.

Fuscous-violaceous ; the head, pronotum, pleurae, tibiae, and tarsi,
brownish-testaceous, coxae and femora violaceous; abdomen bright
luteous, the basal two segments entirely, the third broadly in the
middle, apical segments at the sides, and the greater part of the ventral
surface, violaceous. Antenna} luteous. Head, thorax, and base of abdo-
men covered with a griseous pubescence, which is darker on the meta-
thorax. Wings hyaline, more or less spotted with fuscous at base,
middle, and apex.

The (£ is violet-black, the apex of abdomen dull fuscous, antennae and
tarsi luteous, tibiae brownish ; head, pronotum, and pleura dull brown.
The wings are coloured as the $ , but have a much more clearly defined
steel-bluish-violet iridescence.

Length 10 — 12 lines.

12 CIMBEX CONNATA.

With the darker specimens the thorax is almost en-
tirely black, the tibiae are also black or dark fuscous,
and the middle of the abdomen on the back and along
the sides is violaceous, as in G. decemmaculata, Leach ;
with the lighter aberrations the head, pleurae, the
breast in part, pronotum, and the edges of the lobes
of the mesonotum are brownish-testaceous ; the abdo-
men is only violaceous at the base, and on the seventh
and eight segments at the sides; the legs too being
brownish-testaceous, save the femora, which are always
violaceous.

The distinctions between connata and lutea lie in
the darker-coloured thorax and base of the abdomen in
the former, which are always for the greater part
fuscous, for the ground colour, and most distinctly
violaceous, the same being the case with the coxse,
trochanters, and femora ; the wings are darker at the
median cellule and at the apex, while they have also
a more distinctly marked violet iridescence. The pubes-
cence on the thorax and base of abdomen is shorter
and thinner, the spurs are longer and thinner ; gener-
ally too it is a larger insect than lutea.

The larva is of a beautiful clear green colour. The
head is also greenish, with black eye-spots. The dorsal
stripe is bluish-black, with paler spots. It commences
on the first segment, continues to the penultimate, and
is of a uniform breadth throughout. On each side it
is bordered by a yellowish line. Not far from this
yellow line is a roundish black dot ; the spiracles are
also of this colour. On the sides are numerous white
warts.

When young (i. e. before the first moult) the larva
is uniformly clear green, the head shining, the spiracles
black, and there are on each segment three small black
spots, which form three rows of spots, the uppermost
being on the head. It feeds on alder.

Campoplex argentatus, Etz. ; C. holosericeus, Rtz. ;
Mesochorus splendidulus, Gr., and Paniscus glaucop-
terus, L. are its parasites.

CIMBEX LUTEA. 13

Rare in the south of England. Sussex, Windsor,
Plymouth (Bignell).

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Austria, Greece.

3. CIMBEX LUTEA.

Vol. II, PL XII, fig. 6, Larva after Vollenhoven, 5,

Cocoon.

Tenthredo lutea,, Lin., S. N., i, 655, 2; F. Su., 388; De Geer,
Mem., ii, pt. 2, 943 ; Don., Brit. Ins.,
vii, pi. ccxxiv.

— femorata, Lin., S. N"., i, 555, 1 ; F. Su., 388.
Cimbex lutea, Pz., F. G., Heft 105, pi. xiv.
Crabro lunulatus, Fourc., Ent. Par., ii, 362.

— annulatus, Fourc., 1. c.

Cimbex femorata, Voll., Tijd. Ent. (2), v, 64, pi. iii ; Ent., No.
151, 3, 1876.

— Griffinii, Leach, Z. M., iii, 107 ; Ste., 111., vii, 7, 5 ; Lep.,

Mon., 30, 80.

— Schaefferi, Lep., Mon., 26, 74; F. Fr., 3, pi. i, f. 1.

— variabilis, King, Berl. Mag., i, 72 ; Htg., Blattw., 63 ;

Ratz., Forst., Ins., iii, 63, f. 10, ? .

— luteola, Lep., Mon., 28, 78.

— saliceti, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 251, pi. ii,

f. 3.

— brevispina, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 21. 3.

Luteous ; head and thorax darker coloured than the abdomen and
legs, covered with a close, silky, white or yellowish pubescence. Wings
pellucid, sometimes with a yellowish tint.

The £ is covered with a longer pubescence than the ?, and is
fuscous or blackish in colour.

Length 7—15 lines.

Ab. — a. Dull luteous ; the mesonotum, sternum, head,
and legs, brownish-testaceous ; the edges of the abdo-
minal segments marked with black. $ darker coloured
all over, and the base of abdomen broadly fuscous-
black. The wings in both sexes have a yellowish
tinge.

b. The breast, the greater part of mesonotum, base
of abdomen, and femora above, black. Abdomen pale
luteous, the segments at base black. ?

c. Thorax fuscous, the ground colour, however, being
dull testaceous; basal half of abdomen black, apex

14 CIMBEX LUTE A.

pale testaceous, femora broadly marked with black
above. $

d. Black; antennae for the greater part and tarsi
reddish-luteous ; wings clear hyaline. $

e. Yellowish-testaceous ; the head, breast, back of
thorax, and base of abdomen, fuscous.

The luteous forms of lutea are readily separated from
the normal forms of sylvarum, which have always the
head, thorax, and the greater part of the legs bluish-
black ; but the lighter-coloured aberrations of sylvarum
come very near the darker-coloured specimens of lutea.
These, however, may be always separated from sylva-
rum by the pubescence, which in the former is thick,
moderately long, and alway griseous, pale or yellowish,
never fuscous as in sylvarum-, which has it somewhat
longer, but not so close. The hair on the abdomen in
sylvarum is also longer, more scattered, and not so
silky as in lutea. The wings in lutea are more yellow-
ish, and there is no fuscous cloud in the median
cellule, nor has the apex a fuscous border.

The reddish-banded males of sylvarum are easily
separated from those of lutea, which have always the
abdomen black, except with Ab. a; but that again has
sufficient distinctive characters in the colour of the
head, thorax, and wings. The only characters that I
can find to separate the black males of sylvarum from
lutea are, that the median cellule of the former has a
fuscous cloud, and the apex of the wings is always
fuscous, and the club of the antennae is shorter and
thicker, being not much longer than the two preced-
ing joints ; in lutea they are not so distinctly pyriform,
and are considerably longer than the two preceding.
The wings in lutea g appear to have a well-marked
steel-blue iridescence, but I do not know if this is a
constant characteristic.

The larva feeds usually on Salix alba and S.fragilis.
Its body is bluish-green, the skin is in folds, and over
the legs and along the sides are small white tubercles.
Along the back is a dark bluish, central stripe, which

C1MBBX LUTEA. 15

usually commences on the second body segment, and
gets very narrow towards the tail. This stripe is
darker at the folds, so that it appears to be made up
of lighter squares separated by darker transverse bars.
The head is of a pale greenish or greyish-yellow.
The spiracles are black, lighter in the centre, and
expanded on the lower side. The legs are pale green,
with darker claws.

When young the larva is greenish-white, and, unlike
the young of sylvarum, has a small, short dorsal stripe.

Besides the larva described above, Brischke (1. c., p.
239) found others feeding on Salix aurita, which Zad-
dach and himself refer to 0. lutea, notwithstanding that
they differed considerably from the Salix alba feeding
form. The ground colour of the body with these goat
willow-feeding larvse is ochre-yellow, orange, or red-
dish, and marked with yellowish transverse stripes as
well as with greenish-yellow spots. The head is ochre-
yellow or reddish. The dorsal stripe is violet and, as
in the normal form, is divided into clear spaces.
The arrangement and form of the white tubercles and
stigmas is the same as in the ordinary type. When
young these larvae are clear bluish-green, reddish-yellow
on the back, the head is white, and the dorsal stripe is
small and dark blue.

These larvae eject the acid liquid from the lateral
pores much more copiously than the others, and they
are very difficult to rear, Brischke having only suc-
ceeded in rearing two males and one female during
fifteen years. One of the males was identical with the
black-coloured male of lutea, the two other specimens
differed from any form of lutea seen by Zaddach, both
being much paler coloured than usual ; but whether
they represented merely extreme varieties of lutea or
distinct species is a question which cannot be decided
from the limited information at hand. If they truly
belong to lutea it is certainly a most remarkable case
of dimorphism in the larvae. The pale-coloured pair
bred by Brischke are to be referred to the var. pollens.

16 CIMBEX HUMEJiALlS.

I have one British specimen which agrees pretty closely
with it, but the ground colour is darker.

The form from Salix alba has been shown by
Brischke (Schr. Natur. Ges., Danzig, vii) to be par-
thenogenetic, but he did not rear the larvae.

Not common. Perthshire, South of England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy.

4. CIMBEX HUMERALIS.

Crabro humeralis, Fourc., E. P., ii, 361.
Tenthredo connata, de Vill., Linn. Ent., iii, 84, 13.

— axillaris, Jur., Hym., 48, pi. 6, f. 1.

Cimbex axillaris, Pz., F. G., Heft 81, pi. vi; King, Beri. Mag.,
i, 84 ; Htg., Blattw., 68, 2 ; Spin., Ins.
Lig., ii, 152, 5 ; Yoll., Tijd. Ent., v, 49,
pi. i, Zool., s.s. 9263.

— humeralis, Lep., Mon., 30, 81 ; Ste., 111., vii, 8, 8 ; Andre,

Species, i, 24; Cat. 1*, 1.

— scapularis, Stein, S. E. Z., xxxvii, 53 (1876).

Black; antennae yellowish, the club more or less fuscous; clypeus
and pronotuiii clear yellow; the mandibles, labrum, sides and vertex
of head, pleurae, scutellurn, and legs, yellowish- testaceous; abdomen
clear yellow; the basal two segments, the third in the middle, the
fourth, except at the sides, the edges of the following segments, and a
small triangular mark in the centre, black. Head and thorax covered
with a pale fuscous, longish pubescence ; mesonotum, pleurae, and base
of abdomen punctured. Wings yellowish, the fore half fuscous, ner-
vures testaceous ; the second recurrent nervure not interstitial.

Length 7—8 lines.

As with the other species, humeralis exhibits a cer-
tain amount of variation in coloration, but it is very
small in comparison with that shown by sylvarum and
lute a.

The larva of this species feeds on hawthorn and on
Prunus padus. The body is bluish- white, somewhat
yellowish at the sides. On the back is a broad, bluish
central stripe, divided as usual into clear and darker
spaces alternately. On either side of this stripe is a
line of small, transverse, black and orange spots. On
each segment are: a little wedge-shaped black line,
close against it an orange spot, broadest above, after

GENUS TEIOHIOSOMA. 17

this are one or two longer black lines, then a smaller
one, and, lastly, three of nearly equal size, all black.
The last segment has three black spots in the centre,
and on either side one orange and three black lines.
Stigmata black. Legs white, with black claws ; at the
end of the penultimate joint is a long black stripe ; the
claspers are greenish-white.

It appears in early summer, and becomes full-fed in
July.

As parasites there have been recorded : Mesochorus
cimbicis, Ratz., Mesochorus splendidulus, Gr., and
Paniscus glaucopterus, L.

Rare. Salisbury (Leach).

Continental distribution : Germany, Austria, Hol-
land, France, Pyrenees.

Genus — TRICHIOSOMA.

Trichiosoma, Leach, Z. M., iii, 108 (1817).

Blotch absent. Labrum large, clypeus with a distinct emargination .
Posterior femora large, long, toothed beneath. Coxae widely separated ;
anterior coxaa slightly apart. Body covered with long hairs.

The neuration and the form of the antennae agree
with Oimbex, as does also the form of the head. The
clypeus is much smaller, the labium is much larger, and
it projects considerably. The mandibles are large,
and have two blunt teeth in the middle ; they are much
larger and gaping with the <$ . The labium has three
equal lobes, and is rather short and thick. With the
labial palpi the second joint is the longest, the first the
smallest, and the third is longer than the fourth. The
maxilla is long and narrow, its inner lobe is shorter
than the outer. The basal four joints of maxillarj^
palpi are thicker than apical. Joint one is a little longer
than second, the third is as long as the basal two
together, fourth a little shorter than the fifth ; the
sixth is the longest.

VOL. in. 2

18 GENUS TRIOHIOSOMA.

On the underside the femora are grooved, and bear
a blunt tooth on either side at the apex of the groove,
but the inner tooth is very slightly developed ; and this
is pretty much the case with both in many females.
At the apex of the COXSB beneath there is a saddle-like
depression, with a tooth at either end as in Cimbex.
The metatarsus has a curved depression on the under-
side covered with hair as in Cimbex, but there is no
distinct spine at the apex as in that genus. The cal-
caria have a membranous loJbe at the apex ; the claws
are simple. As with Gimbex, the males have the legs
very much more developed than the females.

The scutellum is flatter and longer than in Gimbex,
and at the base it projects forwards a little, so that
the depression at its base has a slight curve.

The larvas are green, and when young are covered
over with a white powder. In form they agree quite
with those of Cimbex. One species feeds on birch,
another on Sorbus aucuparia, one on willows, and
another on hawthorn.

Trichiosoma agrees very closely with Gimbex, and
by many authors the two are not considered generically
distinct. I certainly think the genus is a natural one,
and is sufficiently distinguished from Cimbex by the
blotch being absent, by the larger size of the labrum
compared to the clypeus, by the femora bearing teeth,
and by the body being covered with long hair.

The genus is not so widely distributed as Cimbex,
and it contains fewer species. Four European species
are known, and three from North America. Possibly
one or two of the latter may not be distinct from the
Old World forms.

Considerable variation is shown by the species, and
as the specific distinctions between them at the best
are not great, they are not always easily separated,
unless they have been bred, the Iarva3 here, as in many
other cases, affording the best criterion of specific
distinctness.

TBIOHIOSOMA VITELLIN./E. 19

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Tibiae fuscous. Betuleti.

2 (1) Tibiae testaceous or yellowish.

3 (4) Femora clothed with black hairs, distinctly violaceous ; abdomen

clothed at base with yellowish hairs, with short fuscous hair
at the middle, and with long yellowish or greyish hair at
apex. Scalesii.

4 (3) Femora clothed with pale hair.

5 (6) Abdomen dull black, covered uniformly with long grey hairs,

the apex and sides of abdomen sometimes reddish ; the tibiae
not darker than the tarsi. Lucorum.

6 (5) Abdomen bronzy black, the hair on base longer than on middle

or apex; the apex, sides, and belly usually ferruginous,
rarely black ; tarsi paler than tibiae. Vitellinse.

1. TRICHIOSOMA VITELLIN^I.
Vol. I, PI. X, figs. 14 and 15, Larva.

Tenthredo vitellinse, Lin., F. Su., 386.

Trichiosoma laterale, Leach, Z. M., iii, 109 ; Curt., B. E., i, pi.

xlix; Ste., 111., vii, 9, 2.
Cimbex vitellinse, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 259, Taf.

iii, f. 1 (lar.).
Trichiosoma salicis, Htg., S. E. Z., i, 19.

vitellinse, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 24, 3 ; Cam., Proc.

N. H. S. Glas., iii, 205 (lar.), Fauna, 46,

2; Andre, Species, i, 28; Cat., 3,* 4.
Tenthredo amerinse, De Geer, Mem., ii, 2, 948, 3 (non L.).

Black, somewhat bronzy; tibiae reddish-testaceous, tarsi testaceous,
wings yellowish, the apical margin of the wings fuscous, costa testa-
ceous, stigma bluish-black ; the apex of abdomen, the sides, and more
or less of the belly, ferruginous. The hair on the head is black or
fuscous; on thorax and abdomen pallid or yellowish. It is thick and
long on the base of the abdomen, but becomes shorter and thinner
towards the apex, where it is silky.

Length 7—12 lines.

Ab. — Abdomen quite black. $ and £ .

The amount of reddish colour on the abdomen varies
considerably ; sometimes the apical third above, the
sides and the belly from base to apex are reddish, some-
times only the sides and apex, and more rarely the
reddish colour is entirely absent. The latter is the
case with all the specimens ( ? and $ ) I have bred
from the larvae figured on PI. X, Yol. I, figs. 14 and 15)
these specimens being also much smaller (7 lines only)
and more shining than usual. In the 3 the hair on

20 TRICHIOSOMA VITELLIN^l.

the thorax and abdomen is usually more reddish or
yellowish in tint compared to the ? . The middle of
the antennae is generally testaceous ; seldom is it
entirely black.

This is the largest species in the genus, although
very small specimens are also met with. As a rule, the
reddish colour of the sides, apex, and lower side of the
abdomen readily separates it from lucorum, but as
this is not a constant character, and as the same colour
occurs with lucorum, the most reliable point of dis-
tinction lies in the abdomen of vitellince being much
more shining and bronzy than that of lucorum, besides
which the hair on the middle and apex is much shorter,
the colour of the hair on the thorax and abdomen
having also a redder tinge.

The larva has the head white, with a fuscous mark
on the apex, not touching the black eye-spots ; the
lower part of the clypeus is black in the centre. The
body is light green, the folds of the skin whitish;
along each side of the dorsal vessel is a row of white
tubercles, and there is another row over the legs ; the
dorsal vessel itself is pale green. The spiracles are
dark reddish, and over each is one or more small reddish
marks. The anal segment is clear of tubercles. Legs
clear white, claws blackish.

The above is the description of the larvae I find in
Scotland feeding in .August and September on Salix
aurita and 8. caprea. Brischke (1. c.) bred the species
from two different larvas. One he found in August
and September on Salix caprea. Its body was clear
yellowish -green beset with numerous white tubercles;
the head shining, yellowish, granular in texture, and
with black-eye spots ; the spiracles elliptical, reddish,
the claws brown. The other form he found in July on
Salix viminalis and S. caprea, and was smaller than the
autumnal one. The ground colour was bluish-green,
the dorsal line (which was free from white warts) of a
darker green, and the whole body (except the last seg-
ment) beset with raised, often confluent, tubercles and

TRICHIOSOMA SCALESII. 21

dots. The spiracles were reddish-brown, and over
each (except the first and last) was a small dot of the
same colour, which is not found on the other larva.
The claws were brown, and upon the yellow shining
head was, between the eyes, a brownish spot.

The only variation in coloration I have noticed was
in some specimens which had the green of a bluish
tinge. As with the other species, the young larvae are
dusted all over with a white powder.

Seemingly not very common in England and Scot-
land, but is widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

America : Vancouver's Island and the Rocky Moun-
tains (Kirby, List of Hymen., i, p. 10).

2. TRICHIOSOMA SCALESII.

Vol. II, PI. V, fig. 2, $ ; 2 a, Hind Leg ; 2 b, Head of <? ;
2 c, Antenna ; 2 d and e, Trophi of Fly ; 2/, g, h,
Trophi of Larva. Vol. II, PI. XII, 2, 2 a, Larva
(after Brischke).

Trichiosoma scalesii, Leach, Z. M. , iii, 111 ; Kirby, List of Hym.,

i, 9, pi. 1, f. 8 ; Ste., 111., vii, 10, 6.
sorbi, Htg., S. E. Z., i, 19; Ratz., Forst., Ins., iii,
136; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 23; Cam.,
Proc. N. H. S. Glas., iii, '205 (lar.);
Fauna, 46, 4j Andre, Species, i, 27;
Cat., 2,* 3.

Cimbex sorbi, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 261. pi. 11.
f. 8—10.

Black ; tibiae and tarsi reddish-yellow ; wings yellowish, the apical
margin fuscous. The hair on the face and sides of the head black, on
the vertex yellowish. The hair on the thorax and base of the abdomen
also yellowish, more rarely greyish ; on the middle of the abdomen it
is fuscous or black; on the apical three segments it is yellowish or
yellowish-grey, and it is much longer than at the base or middle. The
femora are violaceous and clothed with black hairs. The antennae are
shorter than in the other species.

The £ has the apex of the abdomen reddish.

Length 6 — 8 lines.

The black hair on the violet-coloured femora easily
separates this rare species from vitellinae. It is also
much smaller, and the hair on the abdomen is diffe-

22 TRIOHIOSOMA LUCOEUM.

rently distributed and coloured, it being long and red-
dish at the base, short and fuscous in the middle, and
longer and yellowish at the apex, while in vitellinad the
colour is uniform, and scarcely longer at the apex than
at the middle.

The larva feeds on Sorbus (or Pyrus) aucuparia in
August and September. Its head is small, ochreous-
yellow, granular ; on the vertex are two reddish marks,
which are frequently almost, if not quite, united.
Mouth brownish, mandibles blackish. Body yellowish-
green ; the skin beset with numerous tubercles, which
are white, but may have a yellowish tinge, and are
much larger over the legs and along the dorsal vessel
than over the rest of the body ; there are none on the
anal segments. Legs white, with dark brown claws,
the ventral legs are glassy green. Spiracles elliptical,
pinkish-red. The clypeus and the part immediately
over it whitish, without the ochreous colour.

"When young it is whitish-green with white tubercles,
the skin thickly powdered ; the head is pale ochreous-
yellow.

Tryphon sorbi, Saxs., and Mesoleius rufus, Gr., are its
parasite.

The species, according to von Siebold, is partheno-
genetic.

Not common. Darenth and Coombe Woods (Ste-
phens), Lake District (King), Braemar, Glen Lyon.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

3. TRICHIOSOMA LUOOEUM.

Vol. I, Plate X, figs. 5 and 5 a, Ovipositor ; fig. 8, Coxa
and Trochanter. Vol. II, PI. XI, figs. 10 and
10 a — d, Larva.

Tenthredo lucorum, Lm., S. N., i, 555, 4 ; F. Su., 389.

Trichiosoma sylvaticum, Leach, Z. M., in, 108 ; Ste., ill., vii 9 1
Latreillii, Leach, 1. c ., 110; Ste., 111., vii, 9, 3.' '
unidentatum, Leach, 1. c., Ill ; Ste 1 c 10 7
pusillum, Ste., 111., vii, 11, 8.

TRIOHIOSOMA LUCOtiUM. 23

Trichiosoma biverrucatum, Ste., 1. c., 11, 9.

Tenthredo vitellinse, Don., Brit. Ins., iii, pi. Ixxxviii, f. 3.

Trichiosoma lucorum, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 23, 2 ; Cam., Fauna,
46, 1 ; Andre, Species, i, 27 ; Cat., 2,* 1.

Cimbex lucorum, Htg., Blattw., 68 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., iii, 257; Voll., Tijd. Ent., xi,
197, pi. viiij Ent., No. 138, 8, 1875.
lateralis, Voll., Tijd. Ent., vi, 65, pi. iv.

Bronzy-black; the thorax of a deeper black than the abdomen,
which has a metallic gloss; knees, tibiae, and tarsi yellow to yellowish-
testaceous; wings somewhat yellowish, a fuscous border round the
apical margin; costa and basal nervures testaceous, stigma bluish-
black ; the nervures beyond the transverse median nervure are black.
The hair is long and thick over all the body; on the head it is black;
on the thorax and abdomen greyish, sometimes changing to yellowish ;
the hair on the femora is also grey. The latter are blue ; the middle
of the antennae is sometimes dull testaceous.

Length 6—10 lines.

Ab. Apex of abdomen above, at the sides, and more
or less of the ventral surface, reddish. ? and # .

The long grey hair, nearly uniformly spread over
the thorax and abdomen, readily distinguishes this
common species.

The larva, when young, has a greyish-white body,
the head blackish or fuscous, and obscured with a white
exudation ; the body is dusted all over with a white
powder, which obscures the colour beneath.

When full-fed, the head is light brownish-yellow,
the mouth parts brownish, eye-spots black. Across
the vertex is a large dark brownish mark, which
occupies the greater part of it and extends down the
face. The legs are white, claws black, claspers light
glassy-green ; the elliptical spiracles are dark brownish-
black. The body is bright, rarely bluish-green ; the
skin is wrinkled and beset with white tubercles over
the legs and along the back; in the former region
there is one large tubercle with a smaller one beneath ;
the anal segment is free from tubercles. There can
scarcely be said to be a dorsal stripe, but when the
food canal is filled, it is noticeable as a slightly darker
green line.

It feeds on birch during July, August, and September.

Gampoplex pubescens, Rtz., Cryptus cimbicis, Tschek,

24 TRICHIOSOMA BETULETI.

Mesoleius rufus, Gr., have been recorded as parasites.

The species is parthenogenetic, the virgin eggs pro-
ducing males.

Common in June, especially in Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France, Russia.

4. TEIOHIOSOMA BETULETI.
Vol. II, PL XII, figs. 1—1 a and 6, Larva.

Cimbex betuleti, Klug., Jahrb., 225 ; Yoll., Tijd. Bnt., ii, 64, pi. iii.
Trichiosoma tibiale, Ste., 111., vii, 10.

lucorum, West., Gard. Chron., 1852, 68 ; Thorns.,

Hym. Sc., var. betuleti, i, 24.

Cimbex cratsegi, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 263.
Trichiosoma betuleti, Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glas., iii, 207 ; Fauna,

46, 3 ; Andre, Species, i, 27 ; Cat., 2,* 2.

Black; tarsi yellowish, tibia3 fuscous; head, thorax, and abdomen
covered densely with reddish-yellow hairs. Abdomen from the basal
third covered uniformly with black, sometimes pale, hairs, which are
shorter than those on the base and thorax.

Length 6 — 9 lines.

Apart from the fuscous-coloured tibiae, which sepa-
rates it readily from the three other British species,
betuleti differs from lucorum (of which it is considered a
variety by Thomson) by the reddish hair on the thorax
and abdomen, and by the latter being not uniformly
covered with hair of the same length.

The larva, when young, is green, but this colour is
usually hid by the white exudation ; the head black,
also covered by a white powder. The oral region is
white.

When old the larva is bright greenish-yellow, with a
darker green line running down the back. The head
is yellowish, with a large brownish-orange mark on the
vertex. The legs pale whitish-green, with brown claws ;
the spiracles reddish. The skin is covered with minute
warts (much smaller than the tubercles found on the
other species), and is sparsely covered over with a
white powder.

GENUS CLAVELLARIA. 25

It feeds on the hawthorn (Crat&gus oxyacantha) dur-
ing July and August.

Oryptus cimbicis, Tschek, Tryphon sorbi, Saxs., and
Monodontomerus obsoletus, Fab., are parasites of the
larvae. Commonly distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

Genus — CLAVELLARIA.

Clavellaria (p.), Oliv., Enc. Meth., Ins. iv, 22; Leach, Z. M.,
iii, 111 (1817).

Posterior coxse placed close together. Lab rum large, apex rounded.
Antennae with only four joints preceding the club. Blotch absent.
Claws simple.

The third joint of the antennae is longer than the
succeeding two, the fourth as long as the basal two
together. The club has no trace of segmentation in
any of the specimens I have seen. The clypeus is
slightly emarginated, and is more than half as long as
the labrum, which has its edges projecting outwardly,
so that it is somewhat hollow. The mandibles are
long, and where they meet the tips leave an open space
between them and the labrum. The sutures on the
vertex are as in Oimbex. The frontal area is hollow.

The inner lobe of the maxilla is rounded at the top,
the sharper-pointed outer one reaches to within one
third of the length of inner lobe from the top. The
lower half of the maxilla is provided with longish hairs
on the outer side ; the cardo is as long as the stipes,
and is darker than it. Palpi short. The basal three
joints are thicker than the others ; joint two is a little
longer than third, which again is longer than the fourth;
the fourth and fifth are subequal, the sixth a little
longer than the second. Labium longish, the lobes
equal in length. Palpi short ; the first joint is small,
second and third longer and subequal, the fourth is
the longest.

The neuration of the wings does not differ much

26 CLAVELLARIA AMERIND.

from that found in Cimbex and TricMosoma, save that
the second recurrent nervure is received at a greater
distance from the first transverse cubital.

Clavellaria contains only one species. It comes
nearest to Trichiosoma, but its body is longer and
narrower, the abdomen especially being longer com-
pared to the length of the head and thorax. The
wings are shorter compared to the length of the body ;
the mandibles are longer and more projecting, the legs
are more slenderly built and have no teeth. The tarsi
are shorter compared to the tibiae, and their patellae are
much less strongly developed. The antennas have one
joint less before the club, there being only the fourth
joint between it and the third, while it has no divisions.

1. CLAVELLARIA AMERIND.

Vol. II, PL Y, fig. 3, ? ; 3 a, Head ; 3 6, Antenna ; 3 c,
Labium. 3 d, Maxilla. Vol. II, PL XII, fig. 4, Cocoon.

Tenthredo amerinse., L., S. N., i, 555, 3 ; Fab., S. P., 16, 5 ; Fall.,
Mon., 10, 4; Lep., Mon., 35, 97; Htg.,
Blattw., 71, 5.
$ quadrifasciata, De Geer, Mem., Ins., iii, 508, pi. xxx,

f. 20; Retz., Gen. Sp. Ins., 71.
— rufa, Retz., Gen. Sp. Ins., 71.

$ — marginata, Lin., S. N., i, 920, 2 ; Pz., F. G., Heft 17,
pi. xiv; Fab., S. P., 16, 6; Pz., F. G.,
Heft 14; Lep., Mon., 36, 98.

Clavellaria amerinse, Ste., 111., vii, 12, 1 ; Thorns., Hym. So., i,

25, 1 ; Andre, Species, i, 28 ; Cat., 3,* 1.

marginata, Curt., B.E., ii, pi. xciii; Ste.,Ill.,vii,12,2.

Cimbex amerinee, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iii, 104, pi. viii; Zool. (s.s.),

1789.

Black; head, thorax, and base of abdomen covered with long pale
hairs ; labrum and clypeus white, the club of antennse red ; knees, tibise,
and tarsi, reddish -testaceous ; the belly, the edge of basal segment of
abdomen, the fourth at the side above, and a broad band on the hinder
part of the remaining segments, yellowish- white ; wings yellowish-
hyaline, the basal cellule and the apex obscure fuscous ; costa, stigma,
and nervures testaceous.

The <£ wants the yellow fasciae on the abdomen, of which only the
apex and ventral surface are of that colour ; the tibiae are for the greater
part black.

Length 8—10 lines

SUB-TRIBE ABIIDES. 27

The egg's are laid on the leaves of Salix fragilis, &c.,
attached to the" veins according to van Vollenhoven,
on the edge according to Brischke. The larvas are
more slender-bodied than with Cimbex or Trichiosoma.
The thorax is thicker than the abdomen, which de-
creases gradually towards the tail. The head is green,
the eye-spots black ; the body is bluish-green or dirty
greyish-green. The skin is wrinkled ; each segment
is divided into seven folds. There are no warts, but
the body is sparsely strewed with a white powder.
The spiracles are black, triangular; the legs green,
with black claws.

In confinement, at least, the cocoon is peculiar, the
outer cocoon being loose in texture, like network, and
white in colour. Zaddach says that when it is spun in
the earth it is oblong, but when it is spun in the folds
of bark, the usual place where it is spun, its sides are
strongly compressed. See Vol. II, Plate XII, fig. 4.

Brischke found the larvse on poplars besides willows.

Campoplex pubescens, Rtz. ; C. amerinsB, Rondani ;
Cryptus leucocheirus, Rtz. ; Mesochorus cimbicis, Rtz. ;
M. testaceus, Gr., are parasites of the larvaB.

Not common. Windsor (Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, Greece, Russia, Algeria.

Sub- tribe. — ABIIDE s .

Body moderate (3—4 lines). Lanceolate cellule constricted in the
middle; first cubital cellule receiving both or only first recurrent
nervure.

The head is less swollen than in the Cimbicides, and
the eyes arc slightly emarginated on the inner side.
The mandibles are smaller, not so strongly toothed.
The last three joints of the maxillary palpi are much
more elongated and thinner.

The sub-tribe contains two or, according to others,
three genera. The disputed genus is Zarssa. It was

28 SUB-TB1BE ABIIDES.

separated from Abia through the club being only two-
jointed, and a further character was afforded by the
white band at the base of the abdomen. I have not
adopted Zar&a, because, in the first place, the club in
A. nigricornis and in A. fasciata tends to become in-
articulate in isolated specimens ; and secondly, in Abia
proper the club is apt to become, and in some speci-
mens actually is, only biarticulate.

The Neotropical genera Pachylosticta and Plagiocera
are intermediate in some respect between the two
European genera, but differ from both in other re-
spects. They agree with Amasis in the structure of
the antennae, and in the first and second cubital
cellules receiving each a recurrent nervure, but they
both differ from it in the eyes not converging on the
inner side and in the divisions of the body (the sepa-
ration of the clypeus from the front, the lobes of the
mesonotum, &c.) being clearly indicated. From Abia
they differ in the manner in which the recurrent ner-
vures are received, in the eyes being situated at the
sides of the head, which is not swollen behind them, in
the tarsi having the patellae but slightly developed,
and the calcaria are acute, not membranous. From
both they differ in the basal joint of the antennae
being double the length of the second, and in the
transverse basal nervure being almost joined to the
cubital. The middle lobe of the mesonotum is tri-
angular at the apex, not rounded as in Abia.

Synopsis of Genera.

1 (2) First cubital cellule receiving both recurrent nervures. Eyes

diverging on inner side, confluent on top in <^. Antennae
6— 7 -jointed. Sutures on head and thorax distinct. Abia.

2 (1) First cubital cellule receiving only one recurrent nervure. Eyes

converging on inner side, not confluent in $. Antennae
5-jointed ; mesonotal sutures obsolete. Amasis.

GENUS ABIA. 29

Genus — ABIA.

Abia, Leach, Z. M., iii, 113 (1817).
Zarsea, Leach, 1. c.

Antennae clavate, shorter than the thorax, 7-jointed, the club 3-
jointed ; basal two joints small, third the longest, nearly as long as the
fourth and fifth together, thin at base, slightly thickened towards the
apex, and a little curved on lower side ; the fourth is nearly of the same
size as the fifth, but is thinner, and is clearly separated from the fifth,
while that is distinctly separated from the club, the apical two joints
of which are closely amalgamated ; the last is obtuse, and is smaller
than the sixth in the $ , but is larger in the $. Wings with two
radial and three cubital nervures. The first radial is wider and shorter
than the second ; the first cubital is about one half longer than second
and much narrower ; the third is double the length of second. The first
cubital cellule receives both the recurrent nervures. Round the upper
edge of the second radial cellule is a surrounding nervure, which forms
at the apex of the cellule a small appendicular cellule. The lanceolate
cellule is largely contracted in the middle. The transverse median
cellule is nearly united to the transverse basal. In the posterior wings
are two median cellules. Eyes diverging on the inner side ; in the <$
almost confluent on the top.

The vertex is broadly depressed in the centre. The
lower ocellus is separated from the others by a deep
groove, which forms a sharp triangular depression
behind it. The front between the antennae is wide ; in
the centre is a groove, and there is a less distinct
transverse one in the middle, which divides it into an
upper and a lower less projecting division. Over the
clypeus is a deep curved groove. The clypeus is
truncated at the apex and projects in the centre. The
labrum is smooth, less rugged in texture, pitted with
small round depressions and semicircular at the apex.
The mandibles are stout, slightly curved, covered with
long hair on the outer side, and with a large apical
tooth and two irregular subapical ones. The inner
lobe of maxilla is broadly rounded at the top ; the outer
is broad at base, sharp at the apex, and reaches close
to the top of the inner. The maxillary palpi are short
and thick, the basal two joints are of nearly equal
length, but the first is much broader than the second,
the third is a little longer than the preceding two, the
fourth a little shorter than the third, and is a little

30 GENUS ABIA.

thickened towards the apex ; the last two are the
longest, and are of nearly equal length. The apical
three joints are thinner than the basal three. The
labium is formed of three nearly equal lobes. The
first and second joints of labial palpi are nearly equal
in length, but the second is thicker than the first, the
third is longer and thicker than any of the others, the
fourth is a little shorter than the third.

The legs are of moderate size and thickness ; the
spurs are thick, three-fourths of the length of meta-
tarsus ; the patellas are large, thick, and curved at the
apex. Claws bifid, rarely simple. The abdominal
segments are convex, of nearly equal length ; on the
centre of the basal two is a more or less clearly defined
keel. The saw is of the same structure and shape as
in the Cimbicides.

In the c? the eyes are larger and nearly joined at
the top They are further distinguished by having on
the back of the abdomen a quadrate spot which is de-
pressed and slightly pilose in A. sericea and raised and
velvety in texture in nigricornis.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) The club 3-jointed, thick, the joints distinctly separated ; the

fourth joint not much more than half the length of the third,
distinctly thicker than it, and shorter than the fifth; antennce
yellowish. The basal two abdominal segments keeled (the
abdominal segments uniformly punctured) = Alia, sensu str.

Sericea.

2 (1) The club 2- or indistinctly 3-jointed, elongate; the fourth joint

more than twice the length of the third ; first thicker than
it, and longer than the fifth. The second abdominal segment
not, or but indistinctly, keeled.

3 (4) The antennae yellowish in the middle; the claws bifid. The

abdominal segments punctured and opaque only at the base,
the apex impunctate and shining. Candens.

4 (3) The antennae entirely black, the claws simple.

5 (4) Fourth joint of antennae dilated in <$ . Carina on base of abdomen

distinct ; base of abdomen black in $ . Fascia in wings
irregular, not extending across. Nigricornis.

6 (5) Fourth joint of antennae not dilated. Carina on base of abdo-

men indistinct ; base of abdomen white in $ . The fascia in
wings broad, extending right across. Fasciata.

ABIA SEEICEA. 31

1. ABIA SEEICEA.

Vol. II, PL V, fig. 5, Abdomen of $ ; 5 a, Head of <? ;
5 b, Antennae ; 5 c and d, Trophi ; 5 e, Head of ? .
Vol. II, PI. XI, fig. 9, Larva.

Tenthredo nitens, Lin., L. N., i, 556, 7 ; F. Su., 389.

— aericea, L., 1. c., 921, 8; Pz., F. G., Heft 17, pi. xvi.
Cm&e» sericea, Klug, Berl. Mag., i, 92, 8; Htg., Blattw., 73, 8.
Abiasericea, Ste., 111., vii, 14, 2 ; Br. and Zad., Sohr. Ges. Konig.,
iii, 273; Cam., E. M. M., xii, 111 (1875).
— nitens, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 27, 1.
- dorsalis, Costa, F. N., Cimb., 5, pi. Ixi, f. 1.

Antennae shorter than thorax, testaceous, often blackish or fuscous-
black at base of apex. Head much narrower than mesothorax, dark
brassy-green, finely punctured, and covered with long black hair.
Labrum and palpi dark testaceous. Thorax brassy-green ; mesonotum
and pleurae ccerulescent ; metanotum with a coppery tinge, covered
with a long black pubescence, and very finely and closely punctured.
Cenchri small, narrow, pale white. Abdomen bright brassy-green, the
upper side coppery, irregularly punctured, the segments in ridges,
convex; basal segments smooth, shining; the apical closely covered
with a griseous pubescence. The anal (ninth) segment is incised in
the middle, acute ; the sheath of saw projects, testaceous ; the edges of
the ventral segments are pale. Legs : coxae, trochanters, and femora
coppery-black ; knees, tibise, and tarsi straw-yellow. Wings yellowish
hyaline ; nervures, costa, and stigma luteous ; the nervures are black
at the base ; below the stigma is a smoky fascia, situated between its
middle and the transverse basal nervure ; there is a less clearly defined
fascia at the apex, partly in the second radial, partly in the third
cubital, cellule. The tarsi have a ferruginous tinge.

The $ differs in having on the fourth to the seventh abdominal
segments, in the centre above, a quadrate depression, which is covered
with a black velvety pubescence ; its apex is a little narrower than the
base. The first segment has a fine raised ridge in the centre. The
puncturing is close, the general coloration is not so bright, and, if any
thing, the pubescence on head and thorax is longer. The anal append-
ages are testaceous.

Length 4£ — 5f lines.

Alia brevicornis, Leach (splendida, Kl.), is smaller
than sericea. The antenna and mouth are testaceous,
the femora are entirely yellow, the wings are not so
yellowish, and the fascise are fainter and narrower ; the
tegula3 are yellow behind, and the abdomen, and to
some extent the mesonotum, have a decided bluish
tinge. In the <J the quadrate spot is rusty-brown

32 AB1A SERICEA.

coloured, and the eyes are more widely separated, and
with a depression between ; the puncturing is not so
close, and the abdomen wants the sericeous pubescence.
It is found in Central Europe.

Abia fulgens, Andre (Awrulenta, Zad., non Sichel),
from Switzerland and North Italy, differs from sericea
in having the abdominal segments only on the hinder
border somewhat arched, regularly punctured through-
out, and covered with reddish-grey hairs. Thelabium
is black, and the stigma is black at the base, while the
antenna are black at base and apex.

The larva feeds from July to October on Scabiosa
succisa. When full-fed the head is rather small.
Compared to the second segment, the colour of it is
black, the mouth parts paler, and it is covered with
short whitish hairs. The upper part of the body is
dark greyish slate, and marked as follows : In the
centre of the back is a row of twelve black marks ;
joined to these outwardly is a row of twelve orange
marks, and touching these again, but placed more
towards the end of the body, is a row of larger black
marks, while between each pair of the last-mentioned
black marks is a small black dot. The lower half of
the sides is white, as are also the legs and claspers.
Over each of these are two black marks, one over the
other. The skin is rather downy and in furrows, and
on each segment are two rows of white tubercles. The
spiracles are brownish. The last segment is paler than
the rest of the body.

When young the markings are scarcely, if at all,
visible. The leaves are eaten at the edges, and when
feeding the larva presses the head close to the feet,
and the abdomen is kept curled round. When alarmed
they drop to the ground, ejecting as they do so an acid
liquid from the lateral pores, and when they touch the
ground roll themselves up into a ball and remain
motionless. The double cocoon is spun in the earth.

The species is parthenogenetic, the unfertilised eggs
producing males.

ABIA CANDENS. 33

Commonly distributed, appearing in June.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Switzerland, Italy, Russia.

2. ABIA CANDENS.

Abia candens, Konow, Rev. d'Ent., vi (1887), pp. 2 and 123.

Metallic -green, running into blue or coppery tints, especially on the
mesothorax and scutellum; shining ; the knees and tibiae white, the tarsi
reddish or brownish-red ; the antennae, with the basal two joints and the
basal two-thirds or so of the third, black ; the apex of the club blackish,
the base fuscous; wings hyaline, with a yellowish tinge; a broad
brownish cloud below the stigma, and another occupying the greater
part of the radial cellule. The fourth antennal joint is hardly one-third
of the length of the third, and its apex hardly thicker than the apex of
the third, and distinctly longer than the fifth ; the club with the three
joints moderately distinctly indicated; its basal joint longer than
either of the others. Head, with the occiput and vertex, sparsely
punctured; the front, cheeks, and clypeus much more closely and
rugosely ; the labrum rufous ; mesonotum sparsely, scutellum coarsely,
punctured. Abdomen shining ; the segments moderately convex, the
base finely punctured, the apex impunctate; the apical segments seri-
ceous; the last rufous at the apex. Sheath of ovipositor longish,
rufous. Claws bifid.

The £ has a velvety patch in the centre of the abdomen as in sericea.

Length 44 — 5f lines.

The general coloration and facies are quite identical,
except as regards the antennae, even if in that, with
sericea, and it forms a transition between Abia, sensu
str. and Zar&a. The distinctions between the two lie
in (1) the form of the antennae, in (2) their colour,
and (3) in the abdominal segments in sericea being
uniformly punctured and almost opaque and more
convex, while in candens only the base is punctured,
the apical half being quite smooth and shining and
impunctate, at least in the ? , for in the $ they are
uniformly punctured.

I am somewhat doubtful as to the specific validity
of what I have called candens and sericea. While the
difference in the antennas between the typical forms is
well marked, yet the intermediate forms lead up so
closely to the extremes as to make a clear line of de-
marcation very difficult to draw, e.g. the relative

VOL. in. 3

34 ABIA NIGRICORNIS.

lengths and thickness of the antennal joints vary,
especially in the club and in the length and thickness
of the fourth joint compared to the third. The colour
of the antennse in typical sericea varies, the base and
apex being not infrequently blackish. I can also dis-
tinguish variations in the sculpture of the abdomen in
specimens which have the typical sericea antennae. I
fancy that the distinctness of the joints of the club
depends on the development of the individual. Gene-
rally in candens the second abdominal segment wants
the central keel, but in some individuals it is indicated,
although not so strongly as in typical sericea.

The two forms occur together in Scotland, and are
equally common. This fact would appear to militate
somewhat against the specific distinctness of candens
and sericea. Unfortunately I have not retained any of
the specimens bred from the Iarva3 I have described
and figured under sericea. I have also south of Eng-
land examples. I may add that I have Scotch speci-
mens which are in every respect identical with examples
named by Dr. Puton from the Yosges.

Konow records candens from Switzerland and West-
phalia.

3. ABIA NIGEICOENIS.

Abia nigricornis, Leach, Z. M., iii, 113, 1; Curt., B. E., ii,
pL Ixxxix (1825); Zadd., Schr. Ges.
Konig., iii, 270.

Cimbex senea, Klug, Berl. Mag., i, 91, 7.

Abia (Cimbex) senea, Toll., Tijd. Ent., i, 144, pi. v; Zool ss
7523.

— bifida, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 28.

— lonicerse, Kirby, List of Hym., i, 14, 6.

Antennae black; basal joint almost globular, transverse, thicker;
second narrower, shorter, distinctly transverse ; third slightly curved,
thickened at apex, four times longer than the two first ; fourth dilated
in the middle, shorter and thicker than preceding ; fifth shorter, con-
siderably thicker, and apparently biarticulate. Head small, densely
covered with a long, fuscous pubescence, much narrower than the
thorax, rounded in front, truncated behind; brassy. black; apex of
mandibles fuscous. Eyes widely separated, oblong-oval; labrum trans-
verse, pilose. Thorax obscure brassy-black, a little shining ; mesonotum

ABTA NIGRICORNJS. 35

finely punctured ; scutellum transverse at base, distinctly punctured.
The pronotum is clearly separated from the mesonotum, slightly
ridged behind, densely covered with a fuscous pubescence ; metanotum
coppery, scarcely pubescent. Cenchri white. Abdomen brassy green ;
nearly one-fourth longer than the head and thorax, dilated at the sides,
wider than the thorax, minutely punctured, and covered with a velvety
pile ; the apex and sides pilose. Ventral surface black, shining, not
brassy; the segments pale at their junction. Legs: coxae, trochanters,
and femora, brassy-black ; tibiae and tarsi yellow, tarsi darker ; claws
bifid. Wings sub-hyaline, with a yellowish tinge; there are three
fuscous f ascise ; a long, narrow, slanting stripe, a small one below the
stigma, and one at the apex in the radial cellule; costa' and stigma
luteous, the latter fuscous at the base.

In the £ the fuscous markings on the wings are deeper and broader ;
the abdomen is, if anything, greener, and has a quadrate velvety spot
on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments, and there is a faint raised keel
in its centre. The silky hairs on the abdomen are whitish, while in the
$ they are more yellowish, and the abdomen has a more metallic gloss.

Length 4| — 5^ lines.

The larva has been described by Van Yollenhoven.
Its head is black on the crown, and grey on the oral
region. On the body the back is purplish -grey, and
is divided in its entire length by two orange-coloured
lines of equal width ; the sides and legs are grey.
Between the orange lines are twelve large purplish
spots ; between each pair of these are two smaller
spots, and there are some smaller spots on either side.
Spiracles elliptical, brownish. When young the larva
is grey, powdered over, as it were, with white ; there
are two yellow spots on each dorsal segment in place of
the orange stripes which appear later. There are four
spots on the sides and on the centre of the back.

The pupa has the anterior part of the body brownish-
yellow, abdomen green, with broad brgwnish stripes
on the back. Antenna3 white, legs yellowish- white,
eyes brownish.

It feeds on the snow -berry (Symphoricarpus race-
mosus) in June and July, and pupates in the earth.

Exetastes cimbicis, Voll., is a parasite.

Not common ; London district ; Jersey.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Lapland, Hol-
land, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, Russia.

36 ABIA FASCIATA.

4. ABIA FASCIATA.

Vol. I, PL X, figs. 3 and 9, Trophi; Vol. II, PL V,
fig. 4, ? ; 4 a, <? ; 4 b, Antenna ; Vol. II, PL XIII,
fig. 1, Larva; 1 a, b, and c, Trophi of larva.

Tenthredofasciata, Lin., S. N., i, 555, 5 ; F. Su., 389 ; Pz., F. G.,

Heft 17, pi. xv.
Cimbex fasciata, Lep., Mon., 36, 99 ; Dbm., Isis, 1837, p. 76 ;

Prod., 59; Fall. Acta Holm., 1807, 194 6.
Zartea fasciata, Curt., B. E., ii, pi. xcvii (1825) ; Ste., 111., vii,

12, 7; Htg.,Blattw.,726; J. A. Osborne,

E. M. M., xix, 97 ; xx, 145 and 205.
Alia fasciata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 268; Thorn.,

Hym. Sc., i, 30, 1 ; Andre, Species, i,

31 ; Brischke, Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 123,

pi. viii, f. 7.

Brassy-black ; head and thorax densely covered with a longish fus
cous pubescence. Abdomen smooth, shining, pubescent at apex and
sides, obscurely punctured ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi obscure testaceous,
the tarsi lighter in tint; apex of mesothorax and of first abdominal
segment white. Wings hyaline, with a large transverse fuscous fascia
in the middle ; apex faintly infuscated.

Length 5—6 lines.

With the females I have noticed the following aber-
rations :

a. Apical joints of antennae blackish beneath.

b. Metathorax entirely black.

The d is exceedingly rare, only some half-dozen
specimens having been hitherto recorded, and there
can be no doubt, from Dr. Osborne' s experiments, that
the species is normally parthenogenetic. From larvse
gathered outside Dr. Osborne bred flies which, without
any connection with males, laid fertile eggs abundantly,
all of which hatched out and yielded flies the following
year. These again laid eggs, but much less freely, and
from these were obtained a third generation of flies,
which also laid a few eggs, none of which, however,
developed. This infertility in the third generation is
probably owing to the artificial conditions in which
they had been reared, rather than to a diminution in
their powers of parthenogenetic reproduction.

ABIA FASCIATA. 37

The <£ wants the white band on the metathorax.
The eyes almost unite above, there is a bushy tuft of
long hair on the front, the colour of the abdomen is
more obscure, wanting the brassy tinge, except at
the apex, which is shining. The apical segment has a
furrow in the middle on the apical half; the band in
the wing is somewhat less, and the apex is clear
hyaline.

Zaddach (I. c.) says the # has a quadrate black spot
on the fourth to seventh segment as in Abia, but this
is not the case.

Not having had an opportunity of observing the
habits of the insects and their larvae myself, I give
Dr. Osborne's excellent description of their economy,
quoting his remarks almost verbatim. The eggs are
laid singly in mines formed beneath the upper epidermis
of the leaf, and, being inserted at the edge of the leaf,
form a sort of beading round its circumference. In
oviposition the fly sits on the edge of the leaf, holding
it firm with the spines on the posterior tibiae, and it
also uses the hinder angles of the valves of the saw to
hold the leaf steady at the very point where the
extremity of the saw is to be first introduced. The
ovipositor being inserted under the epidermis is first
thrust backwards, parallel with the edge of the leaf, to
its full extent, and then swept round till it lies again
under the edge of the leaf in front of the point of inser-
tion, which is situated rather behind the middle of the
mine ; the saw all the time playing with short, quick
strokes, which gives it somewhat the appearance of
watchwork running down. The ovipositor is next
brought back to a position midway in the mine and at
right angles to the axis of the fly ; and after a short
delay the egg descends between the two blades with
its long axis also at right angles to that of the fly.
The egg is green in colour, and in shape crescentic,
with the horns rounded off, while in the blades of the
ovipositor the lowermost end (in advance) would corres-
pond with what should be the posterior or caudal end,

38 ABIA FASCIATA.

the concave edge, looking forwards, with the ventral
surface ; supposing its parts to have the same relation
to the eggs of other insects. But when the egg is
escaping from the blades of the ovipositor it makes a
turn of 90° in the mine, by which the first-laid end
comes to look forwards (i. e. in the direction of the
head of the fly), and the concave side to look upwards
(i. e. in the direction of the back of the fly) ; and so the
position of the egg comes to be exactly the reverse of
what it would have been if simply extruded backwards
in a line with the parent. Having withdrawn the ovi-
positor, the fly presses together the lips of the wound
with the two valvular pieces between which the ovipo-
sitor lies when not in use, possibly having injected
some glutinous liquid by means of which the aperture
is obliterated. The mine is now a closed cavity, and,
as the egg grows, shows like a little blister on the leaf.
Generally no change whatever takes place in the paren-
chyma, but in a few instances Dr. Osborne observed
a growth of rather large globular cells, bursting off the
epidermis covering the egg, and indicating perhaps a
transition to gall growth. . . . The mine is mostly
beneath the upper surface, but instances are not infre-
quent in which it is found immediately under the lower
cuticle.

In regard to the growth of the larva Dr. Osborne
has furnished me with the following (unpublished)
account, which, as being the only complete description
of the development of any saw-fly larva is of much in-
terest and value.

The eggs are laid, if the day is sunny and warm,
immediately after the extrusion of the fly; that is
provided it is supplied with a suitable leaf. It does
not delay a moment for impregnation, and in the only
instance Dr. Osborne had an opportunity of observing
the behaviour of the ? towards the tf , she seemed
decidedly unwilling to have anything to do with him,
and to prefer to accomplish her business altogether
without his assistance. In coitu the # is bent under

AB1A FASCIATA. 39

the larger ? — his head reaching to about her middle
legs. She is very restless, but he holds on and is not
shaken off.

Hatching takes place in from two to three weeks,
according to the season and temperature. The newly-
hatched larva is from 4 — 4*5 mm. in length, tapering
towards the tail ; the colour dirty, transparent-darkish,
with the remains of the green yolk shining through in
the posterior part of the body. The head is at first
pale brown, but becomes quite black in a few hours.

On llth June Dr. Osborne placed thirty -four larvae,
which had hatched during the previous night, so as to
watch them through their various moultings, and the
following is an abstract of his observations on the
growth of these larvse :

June 12th, 5 p.m. — Head quite black, body more
opaque, especially on the dorsal aspect, but the ardoise
bloom has not yet developed. One is 5 mm. long at
rest.

June 13th, 7.55 a.m. — Some 6 mm. or more long,
not much ardoise bloom conspicuous yet, but begin-
ning to appear under a lens.

June 14th, 7 a.m. — Ardoise bloom pretty well deve-
loped on a few. Longest about 6'5 mm. at rest

6.12 p.m., the bloom appears now to be fully deve-
loped on most.

June 15th, 7.30 a.m. —Nearly all with ardoise bloom.
No moult yet. Some measure 6'5 — 7 mm.

June 16th, 6.15 a.m. — Longest 8 — 8*5 mm. Full
ardoise bloom (coming off on brush), except in one or
two. Figure still tapering from head to tail, but more
cylindrical than at first.

June 18th, 7 a.m.— Length 7'5 ; 8, 9 mm. These
are amongst the longest, there being others much
smaller. Not much growth (in length) since yester-
day ; head now much smaller than second segment-
June 19th, 7.15 a.m. — Ardoise bloom all gone;
larva dirty, semi-transparent. Measure, some 8 mm. —
the largest met with to-day. The step taken by the anal

40 ABIA FASOIATA.

proleg is 1£ mm- • • • • 1-55 p.m., first moult began,
two or three (out of thirty-one) moulted or moulting.
Found the length of one quite recently moulted
to be 6*5 — 7 mm. Pace (with anal proleg) about
1£ mm.

June 20th, 6.30 a.m. — Twenty-one (out of thirty-
one) have gone through first moult. The moulted
have not yet become ardoise ; the others have lost the
bloom for some time. There is no appearance of spots
in the moulted. Any increase of size in these is rather
in the knees than in length. Several of the unmoulted
measure 8 mm., and none of the moulted exceed this
length.

June 21st, 7.5 a.m. — All moulted but four. They
have mostly recovered the ardoise bloom, which at
last covers the black head. One measures 9*5 — 10
mm., another only about 8 mm. There is no trace of
spots yet.

June 22nd, 6.30 a.m. — Still one or two unmoulted.
Length, one, 9 mm., crawling pace nearly 2 mm. with
anal proleg. Another is 1 cm. long. On the other
hand, I find one moulted no more than 5'5 or 6 mm.

June 23rd, 7.20 a.m. — Measure, 1 cm. — 8*5 mm. Two
still very small.

June 24th, 8 a.m. — Measure, one, 11 — 12 mm. The
yellow lateral spots are distinct under the lens in all
but one (which has never moulted). These colours are
proper to the larva after the second moult, and are
now shining through the old skin.

June 25th, 7.25 a.m. — Becoming de-ardoise prepara-
tory to the second moult. One measures about 11
mm., two others are 12 — 13 mm. ; others, again, much
smaller.

June 26th, 6.50 a.m. — Second moult well on ; earlier
moulted ones re-ardoise; black spots very distinct.
Great increase in breadth of head and anterior seg-
ments ; body still tapering posteriorly. No increase
in length — about 12 mm. in both moulted and un-
moulted. Smaller ones measure about 10 or 9'5 mm. ;

ABIA FASCIATA. 41

large, over 13 mm. Twenty-three (out of twenty -nine)
have passed the second moult.

June 27th, 7 a.m. — Twenty-six have moulted. The
black spots are now a good deal obscured by the
ardoise bloom. The large ones measure about 13 mm.,
or perhaps 12 at rest. Others are smaller— 10 mm.
They vary also in thickness.

June 28th, 7.30 a.m. — Twenty-seven moulted (two
not). Measure, 13 — 14 mm.

June 29th, 6.50 a.m. — Length at rest, 13 — 16 mm.

June 30th, 7 a.m. — Twenty-eight have now moulted
twice; last moulted 9 — 10 mm ; others 16'5, 13, 8*5
mm., the larger measurements not being extreme.

July 1st, 7.20 a.m. — The third moult now in pro-
gress since yesterday evening. Nine have moulted
the third time (out of twenty-nine), distinguished by
their brighter spots, yellow and black, and by their
larger shining black heads, not yet obscured by the
ardoise bloom. They vary in length, 15 — 15*5 being
the average. The unmoulted average at least an equal

length 7.15 p.m., ten more have passed

the third moult.

July 2nd, 7 a.m. — Twenty-three (out of twenty-nine)
have passed the third rnoult (five the second and one
has only moulted once, if once?). Measurements,
longest 16 — 17 mm., others 15 — 16 mm. or smaller.

July 3rd, 6.40 a.m. — Twenty-seven moulted. One
of the longest measures close on 2 cm., others 18, 18,
18*5, 19, down to 14 or 15 mm.

July 4th. — Measurements, 16 — 20 mm.

July 5th, 12.40 p.m. — Twenty-seven passed third
moult. One of the others dead. Largest measure
20—22 mm.

July 6th, 7.25 a.m. — Fourth moult commenced.
Length 22—23 mm. down to 16 or 17.

July 7th, 7.45 a.m. — Eight (out of twenty-eight)
passed fourth moult ; 22 — 23 mm. long.

July 8th, 10.5 a.m. — Twenty-one passed fourth
moult.

42 ABIA PASCIATA.

July 9th, 10.20 a.m. — Twenty-five moulted for fourth
time, 22 — 25 mm. in length.

July 10th, 7.5 a.m. — Twenty-six moulted; longest
2^—3 cm.

July llth, 7.20 a.m. — Twenty-seven moulted;
longest m — 3 cm.

July 12th, 7.55 a.m. — Greatest length at rest 3 cm.
In one or two there are indications of that clearing of
colour which precedes spinning up.

July 13th, 7.20 a.m. — Three cm. seems the very out-
side limit of length. At rest many are much smaller.

July 15th, 410 p.m. — Still feeding, and only one or
two decidedly brightening before spinning up. Some-
thing of the characteristic bad smell. No appearance
of mucous discharge. No increase in length in the
largest.

July 16th, 6.45 a.m. — No spinning up yet, sluggish,
Getting smaller (?). One decidedly clear coloured.
The signs of approaching spinning up are : — The
colour becoming clearer ; general diminution in size ;
sluggishness ; the insects lying curled up ; bad smell ;
decrease of frass ; mucous discharge. The latter is,
with the characteristic mal-odour, a proximate sign.

July 17th, 7.50 a.m. — First cocoon.

July 18th. — Three more cocoons. Most are now
clear coloured. Some mucous threads and cocoons
begun. Spinning up of main body well now set in.

July 23rd. — Found twenty-three cocoons; only the
little one has still to spin up.

August 5th. — The last cocoon made.

The full-grown larva has a black shining head, the
colour lighter at the mouth, and it is covered with
short hair. The body is shining greenish-grey, some-
times bluish along the back, and may even be yellow-
ish in tint there. Above the stigmas are two rows of
irregular black marks, and a row of similar marks
goes down the centre of the back. Below the'stigmas,
above and a little in front of the second pair of legs, is
a row of larger and much longer marks, which form

GENUS AMASIS. 43

an almost continuous line scarcely separated between
the segments. Below and touching these are eleven
orange marks longer than broad, and, like the line
above, commencing and ending on the second, and
ending on the third last segment. The first two
orange marks are traversed by the black ones. Over
the claspers is an elongated black mark ; in front of
the first leg is a small black mark ; the mark over the
second and third somewhat obscure. Spiracles ellip-
tical, bordered with brown. Claws brown. There
are thus five rows in all of black spots; the space
between the line over the orange spots and the third
is greater than between the others.

Mesoleius sepulchralis, Holm., is a parasite on the
larva (cf. Bridgman, E. M. M., xx, p. 228).

The cocoon is spun near the surface, amongst the
leaves, &c. According to Dr. Osborne, larvae which
feed on snow-berry leaves alone form " dark brown,
resinous-looking cocoons," while those which feed on
honeysuckle make them much lighter in colour.

The flies are found chiefly in early summer, also in
July ; and in Scotland I have taken a ? late in August.

Local, but generally distributed in Scotland, Eng-
land and Ireland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Swit-
zerland, France, Russia.

Genus— AMASIS.

Amasis, Leach, Z. M., iii, 114 (1817).

Antennae 5-jointed, the third joint double the length of fourth, which
is thicker than it ; the single-jointed club is longer than the third and
fourth together. Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules; the
the first cubital cellule is a little longer than second, and the third is
the longest and widest; the first and second receive each a recurrent
nervure. Lanceolate cellule largely contracted. Transverse median
nervure interstitial. Posterior wings with two median cellules. Eyes
situated below the ocelli, large, reaching near to the base of mandibles,
converging on inner side. Calcaria acute, not membranous at apex
Patellae small. Claws bifid.

44 GENUS AMASIS.

The vertex is thick, slightly hollow in front of
ocelli. Front broad. The antennae widely separated.
Clypeus sharply incised in the middle so that the two
sides are semicircular. Labrum small. The mandi-
bles are small, and have one small subapical tooth.
The maxilla and labium are long. The middle lobe of
the latter is a little longer than the others ; the lower
part is longer than the upper, broader at base than
apex, and rounded to a point. The palpi are shorter
than the lobes, the basal two joints are subequal, the
third is longer, the fourth a little shorter than third.
Maxilla long; inner lobe rounded on outer side, the
outer lobe long, broad at base, sharp at apex, not
reaching to apex of inner. The maxillae arise some-
what down from the junction of the inner lobe with
the stipes. The basal joint is short, second longer, a
very little shorter than the third, and both it and the
second are thicker than the following ; the fourth is
the longest and is slender, the fifth short and thick,
the sixth thin, a little shorter than the fourth.

The most striking peculiarity of this genus is the
manner in which the various divisions of the head
and body are closely united so that nearly all trace of
the divisional markings are obliterated. Thus the
front and clypeus form one piece. The lobes of the me-
sonotum have their sutures obliterated, and the sepa-
ration of the mesonotum and metanotum is scarcely
distinguishable. The segments of the abdomen are
also closely united, although the divisions are clearly
indicated, and they are not arched as with the species
of Alia. Very different too is the structure of the
legs, which have the patellae very slightly developed,
neither are they membranous. The metatarsus is a
little shorter than the following three joints \ the last
joint is long.

The body is closely punctured and has no metallic
gloss as in Abia. The <? offers no secondary sexual
difference from the ? .

The larvae are unknown.

AMAS1S CRASSICORNIS. 45

The genus is of small extent, there being but
few European and one South American species, but
it is doubtful if the latter really belongs to Amasis.
One species is known from North Africa and the
Canaries.

The evidence of the British nativity of Amasis is
hardly satisfactory. The records given by Stephens
are distinct enough, but no examples have ever been
found, so far as I am aware, beyond those recorded by
Stephens. Both the species have a somewhat wide
range, but, on the whole, they must be regarded as
southern rather than northern insects, although one
species (obscura) is found in Sweden. The late Mr.
Frederick Smith, of the British Museum, it may be
added, was not inclined to consider the genus British.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Body and legs entirely black. Obscura.

2 (1) Abdomen more or less saffron -yellow ; legs more or less white.

Crassicornis.

1. AMASIS CRASSICORNIS.

Vol. II, PI. Y, fig. 6, ? ; 6 a, Head ; 6 b, Antenna ; 6 c,
Labium ; 6 d, Maxilla.

Tenthredo crassicornis, Rossi, Fauna Etr., ii, 21, 704.
Cimbex sylvatica, Oliv., Enc. Meth., v, 772, 14.
Tenthredo Iseta, Fab., E. S. Supp., 214 ; Pz., F. G., Heft 62, pi. vi.
Cimbex Iseta, Lep., Mon., 39; F. Fr., pi. i, f. 6; Htg., Blattw.,
74, 10.

— jurinse, Lep., Mon., 38.

— oliveiri, Lep., 1. c., 40.
Amasis jurinse, Ste., 111., vii, 15, 2.

— l&ia, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii, 275, 1;

Andre, Species, i, 32 ; Cat., 4,* 1.

Black ; punctured ; head and thorax pilose ; abdomen beneath, at the
sides, and more or less above, saffron-yellow; apical half of femora
testaceous ; tibia3, except at apex, and metatarsus, white or pale testa-
ceous. Wings hyaline, slightly infuscated at the apex; costa and
stigma black.

Length 3^ lines.

46 AMASIS OBSCURA.

The abdomen appears to vary in colour considerably.
In a specimen in Shuckard's collection (labelled " from
British Collection, Brit. Mus.") it is saffron-yellow for
the greater part. The basal segment is entirely black
above ; the second black except at sides ; the black in
the two following is as wide but becomes narrower at
the apex. In the three following it does not extend
to the apex at all, and the apical bears no black ; the
amount of black on the legs varies also.

" The only examples I have seen of this pretty
species " are in the British Museum ; they were taken
near Bristol (Stephens, /. c.).

Nothing is known about the life-history of this
species, but according to Jurine the flies frequent
Ranunculus bulbosus.

Continental distribution : Germany, Switzerland,
France, Austria, and especially in Italy and along the
Mediterranean.

2. AMASIS OBSCURA.

Tenthredo obscura, Fab., S. E., 319, 9 ; Pz., F. G., Heft 84, pi. xiii.
Cimbex obscura, Fab., S. P., 18, 12; Lep., MOD., 39; Htg.,

Blattw., 74, 11.
italica, Lep., 1. c., 39.

Amasis obscura, Ste., 111., vii, 14, 1; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 13,
1 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iii,
277,4; Andre, Species,!, 33; Cat., 4,* 5.

Black; head and thorax covered with a fuscous pubescence; abdo-
men silky. Wings hyaline, more or less infuscated towards the middle.
Length 3^ lines.

" Said to have been found in Lincolnshire. The only
specimens I have seen are in the British Museum "
(Stephens, I. c.).

The distribution of obscura is wider and more
northern than crassicornis, it being found in Scan-
dinavia, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and
Eussia.

SUB-FAMILY HYLOTOMINA. 47

Sub-family HYLOTOMINA.

Antennae 3-jointed, prismatic, cylindrical or hollow at sides ; two
basal joints small, third large. Wings with one radial cellule, append-
iculated or not, and three or four cubital cellules. Posterior wings
sometimes appendiculated, with two middle cellules. Lanceolate cellule
generally contracted. Larvse with eighteen or twenty eggs.

The ocelli are varied, and there is a depression in
front of them. From this depression the front raises
to a more or less blunt point between and below the
antennae, reaching to near the mouth. On the top of
this ridge (which is margined) and before the antennas
is reached, there is often a fovea, which has a more or
less clearly defined margin, and is either triangular or
pear-shaped, or at least is broader above than below.
Clypeus truncated, or but slightly incised at apex.
Head concave behind. Episternum of mesothorax
oblique. Scutellum projecting over the metanotum, a
groove between it and the metanotum. Abdomen
with a distinct epipygium ; the hypopygium is varied
in form. Saws thick, broad, usually beset with cross-
bars. Tarsi with minute patellae. Tibiae often spined,
rarely without spurs (Pachylota). These when pre-
sent are simple. Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed ;
labium 3-lobed. Mandibles thick, short, without inner
tooth.

Wings with one radial and three or four cubital
cellules, the second or first and third receiving each
a recurrent nervure. Costal cellule wide, with a dis-
tinct cross-nervure, transverse cubital nervure often
dilated and curved. Transverse median cellule usually
received in middle of cellule. When the lanceolate
cellule is contracted the basal part of the accessory
nervure is often very short and difficult to see. In
the hind wing it is sometimes obsolete ; when present
it is, as a rule, appendiculated towards the middle.

In the $ the antennae may be simple, and ciliated

48 GENUS HYLOTOMA.

or pilose, or the third joint may be cleft at the base
into two equal branches.

This is a very distinct sub-family, the structure of
the antennae alone serving to distinguish it. The sub-
family is represented in all parts of the globe, includ-
ing Australia. A fossil species has been recorded from
the Tertiary Strata.

Thomson divides the Ey 'lot omina into two sub- tribes
— the Hylotomides, with the posterior tibiae spined
and the radial cellule appendiculated, and the Schizo-
cerides, with no spines on tibiae and radial cellule not
appendiculated, the latter too having the antennas
furcate in the males.

Genus — HYLOTOMA .

Hylotoma, Latr., Hist. Nat., iii, 302 (1802).
Arge, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, pt. 2, 226 (1802).

Radial nervure appendiculated ; four cubital cellules, the second and
third receiving each a recurrent nervure ; lanceolate longly contracted.
Basal nervure interstitial. Posterior wings appendiculated and with two
middle cellules. Antennae situated not far from the top of the eyes ;
simple in <£, ciliated ; often grooved in ? . Four posterior tibia3 spined.

The mandibles are broad, with a curved outer edge
and a blunt apex. The labial palpi have the two
middle joints thicker and a little longer than the
others. The basal three joints of maxillary palpi are
of a denser texture than the three apical, and they are
also thicker. The first is a little shorter than second,
which is ^about half the length of third; the three
apical become gradually longer. Blotch large ; claws
simple.

This is an easily recognised genus, its only Euro-
pean ally (Schizocera) being easily distinguished from
it by the radial cellule not being appendiculated, and
by the posterior tibiae not being spined, while its <$ is
well marked by the cleft antennas. The larvse have
from eighteen to twenty feet, and have the body gene-
rally beset with tubercles, each ending in a bristle.

GENUS HYLOTOMA. 49

The cocoon is double. The eggs are mostly deposited
in the leaf twigs in a single or double row, each egg
being in a separate hole. When the perfect insects are
not metallic blue or green they are yellowish, at least
in part.

The genus is very widely distributed over the globe,
but more especially in the New World and in the
Palsearctic region. There are twenty-six species in
Europe.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (10) Abdomen luteous.

2 (3) Legs and thorax entirely bluish-black. Pagana.

3 (2) Legs more or less luteous.

4 (7) Pleurae marked with yellow.

5 (6) Legs for the greater part bluish-black, hind tarsi not annu-

lated with black. Pagana, var. Stephensii.

6 (5) Legs for the greater part yellow ; posterior tarsi annulated

with black. Bosae.

7 (4) Pleurae not marked with yellow.

8 (9) Femora black only at the apex. Anterior wings with a fascia

below the stigma. Cyanocrocea.

9 (8) Femora quite black. Wings without a fascia below the stigma.

Melanochra.

10 (1) Abdomen black or blue.

11 (17) Tibiae more or less white, wings mostly hyaline.

12 (13) "Wings hyaline, without a fascia; four anterior legs black,

posterior tibiae white. Ciliaris.

13 (16) Wings with only a fascia below the stigma.

14 (15) Third cubital cellule on lower side shorter than second. Sixth

joint of maxillary palpi not double the length of fourth ;
wings yellowish ; tibiae and tarsi usually yellowish-white.

Ustulata.

15 (14) Third cubital cellule on lower side as long as, if not longer,

than second. Sixth joint of maxillary palpi double the
length of fourth; wings hyaline ; nervures black ; posterior
tibiae pale in front, black behind. Fuscipes.

16 (12) Wings with a fascia and a violet- fuscous blotch in radial

cellule ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish- white, abdomen with
testaceous stripes on back. Atrata.

17 (11) Tibiae entirely black, wings blackish-violaceous.

18 (19) Third transverse cubital nervure almost straight or but very

slightly bent ; the third cubital cellule not much longer
than broad. Head distinctly widened behind.

Cceruleipennis.

19 (20) Third transverse cubital nervure distinctly bent outwardly ;

the third cubital cellule not wider above than beneath.
Head somewhat widened behind. Antenna) stout. Enodis.
VOL. III. 4

50 HYLOTOMA CCERTJLEIPENNIS.

20 (19) Third cubital nervure obliquely curved; the third cubital
cellule much wider above than below. Head not dilated
behind, slender. Antennae long and slender. Cyanella.

1. HYLOTOMA CCERULBIPENNIS.
PL I, fig. 5, ? ; and PL IV, fig. 1, Larva.

Tenthredo violacea, Fabr., Iter. Norw., 64 (1779) ? ; De Geer,

Mem., ii, 1025.

cceruleipennis, Retz., De Geer, 72, 300.
enodis, Lep., Mon., 45, 127.
Hylotoma enodis, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 285, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 81,

1, pi. ii, f. 12—14 (lar.).
— vulgaris, Klug, Jahrb., i, 230 ; Br. and Zad., Schr.

Ges. Konig., ii, 88, Taf. iii, f. 6 (lar.).
cceruleipennis, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 36, 3 ; Andre,
Species, i, 38; Cat., 4,* 1; Konow, B.
E. Z., 1884, 307.

violacea, Kirby, List of Hym., i, 55 ; Cam., E. M. M.,
xx, 83.

Bluish-black ; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi black ; head and pleurae
covered with a black pubescence, abdomen at apex with a silky, paler
kind. Antennae short, thickened at the apex. Head dilated behind
the eyes ; the fovea between the antennae broad and obtuse. Clypeus
slightly incised in the middle. Wings blackish-violaceous, the apex
(especially the radial, third and fourth cubital, and the discoidal cellules)
paler ; hind wings also paler on lower side and at the apex. The third
transverse cubital nervure is almost straight ; the third cubital cellule
is not much longer than broad ; the transverse median nervure is
received a little beyond the middle. In the posterior wings the trans-
verse median nervure is received in apical fourth of the cellule, and the
accessory nervure is appendiculated a little beyond the middle. Joints
1 and 2 of maxillary palpus subequal ; the third considerably longer
than the fourth and slightly longer than the fifth ; the third dilated ;
the sixth is the longest, being not much shorter than the preceding two
united, and distinctly twice the length of the fourth.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

The larva feeds on the narrow, smooth-leaved wil-
lows (Salix alba, purpurea, &c.). It is grass-green
according to Zaddach (1. c.) with broad sulphur-yellow
lateral folds, the head green, with black eye-spots, and
the vertex is marked with black. Bach segment bears
transverse rows of brown raised points, each of which
ends in a bristle-like hair. The body is convex above,
flat on the under side ; it becomes broader towards the
middle, then narrows again towards the tail. There

HYLOTOMA ENODIS. 51

are five pairs of short ventral legs. Spiracles black,
white in the centre. It pupates in the earth. It is
found feeding from July to September.

Apparently not common. I have only seen two speci-
mens, probably from the South of England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy.

2. HYLOTOMA ENODIS.
PL I, fig. 6, ? .

Tenthredo enodis, Lin., S. N., i, 922, 11; Pz., F. G., Heft 49, pi. xiii.
— ustulata, De Geer, Mem., ii, 2, 1018, pi. xxxix, f. 14

-20.

Arge ciliaris, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, 227, 1989.
Hylotoma atrata, Klug, BerL Mag., vi, 301, 30; Htg., Blattw.,

83, 2 ; Dbm., Prod., 6, 14.
enodis, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iv, 90, 3 ;

Thorns., Hym. So., i, 36, 1 ; Ste., 111., vii,

16, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 39 ; Cat., 4,* 3 ;

Konow, B. E. Z., 1884, 307; Cam., E. M.

M., xxii, 84.

Violet-black ; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi, bluish-black. The head is
well developed behind the eyes ; the front is broad, there is no carina,
but the face over the clypeus is produced into a blunt ridge. The
clypeus is scarcely emarginated. Wings violaceous, the apex lighter
tinted ; the third transverse cubital nervure is bent outwardly but not
sharply nor obliquely ; the third cubital cellule is a little shorter than
the second and not much wider on upper than on lower side. Trans-
verse median nervure received almost in the middle of cellule. In the
hind wings the recurrent nervure is received a very little beyond the
middle. The accessory nervure is appendiculated considerably beyond
the middle.

Length 4J lines.

The wings in this species are lighter coloured than in
coeruleipennis, the dark violaceous tint, as a rule, only
extending to the middle of the wings, while the posterior
wings want it almost entirely. It is easily known from
it otherwise by the curved third transverse cubital ner-
vure, longer third cubital cellule, by the recurrent ner-
vure in the hind wings being received nearer the middle
of the cellule, and by the accessory nervure being
appendiculated farther from the middle. The head is

52 HYLOTOMA GRACILICORNIS.

less strongly dilated behind the eyes, and the front is
more projecting and car in ate.

H pullata, Zad. (recorded from Prussia and Hol-
land) is closely related to it ; it differs in being much
larger and broader, in having the head much more
developed behind the eyes ; the wings are much darker
(deep violet-black, paler in the apical cubital and in
the discoidal cellules), the third transverse cubital ner-
vure is more oblique, so that the third cubital cellule
is longer in upper than on lower side. Pullata feeds
on birch.

3. HYLOTOMA GEACILIOOENIS.

Vol. II, PI. X, fig. 4, Larva ; 4 a, Segment from the
Back. Vol. Ill, PI. I, fig. 7, ? .

Hylotoma gracilicornis, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 287, 4; Htg.,

Blattw., 83 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.

Konig., ii, 96, 7 ; Andre, Species, i,

40; Cat. 5,* 5; Cam., E. M. M., xx, 84.

pilicornis, Leach, Z. M., iii, 121, 1 ; Ste., 111., vii, 16, 1.

Ptilia pilicornis, Lep., Mon.. 50, 145.

Hylotoma cyanella, Klug, Jahrb., i, 231, 24 (1834) ; Htg., Blattw.,
83, 5 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 35, 2 ;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., iv,
94, 6, pi. iii, f: 10 (lar.) ; Andre,
Species, i, 40 ; Cat. 5,* 7 ; Konow,
B. E. Z., 1884, 308 and 309.

Metallic-blue, shining ; antennae, tibiae, and tarsi, black. Head narrow,
not developed behind the eyes ; front projecting so that there is a dis-
tinct hollow between it and the eyes. Antennal tubercle deep, the sides
carinated, and the tubercle is continued as a carina down the face.
Clypeus slightly incised. Antennae longer than thorax, rather slender,
not much thickened towards the apex. Wings bluish-fuscous; some-
what (but not much) lighter towards the apex; third transverse cubital
nervure obliquely curved, making the third cubital cellule distinctly
longer on upper than on lower side, but in the ? it is not longer than
the second cellule. The recurrent nervure in the hind wings is received
a little beyond the middle of the cellule. The posterior tibia? are
grooved on the inner side ; the anterior tibiae are brownish-fuscous or
dirty white in front ; the blotch is large.

The <$ has the antennae long, slender, not dilated towards the apex ;
the third cubital cellule is longer, being distinctly longer than the second
instead of shorter, as it is in the $ .

Length 2£— 3£ lines.

HYLOTOMA GRAOILIOORNIS. 53

This species has a more slender body than any of
the other species of the same coloration, and is easily
known from them by the head not being dilated behind
the eyes, by the more oblique third transverse cubital
nervure, by the third cellule being more dilated on
upper side, and by the longer and more slender
antennae.

The larva feeds on Rubus iddeus during August and
September. Its head is pale brownish -black, paler in
front, and especially above the mouth, which is brown.
Legs white, encircled with black at the base ; first is a
black ring, then a large broad one, and in front is a
small black dot. Claws brown. Claspers white.
Body dirty green, with a whitish tinge. On the back
are two rows of black dots in the centre ; on the sides
are other two rows ; below there is a row of large orange
marks, eight in all, the first commencing over the third
pair of legs ; over each clasper is a large black dot, and
over a number of them are some minute black dots,
there being also some small dots close to the large
yellow marks ; the second segment is orange. From
each of the black dots there issues a small hair. When
very young, the orange marks are wanting ; they only
appear after the second moult. Zaddach describes the
ground colour as reddish, but I have not noticed this
colour, except occasionally along the back, and thought
it was caused by the food. The larva pupates in the
earth.

Near the larvae I have noticed Proterops nigripennis,
which is no doubt a parasite on them.

The perfect insect appears in June in Scotland, in
May in England, and is not common. Gadder Wilder-
ness, near Glasgow, Coombe Wood (Stephens).

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France,
Switzerland.

Obs. — Klug describes cfracilicornis as having the antennae reddish,
but this is not a point of any value in specific discrimination.

54 HYLOTOMA C1LIAKIS.

4. HYLOTOMA CILIAEIS.
PL I, fig. 9, ? ; and PL IV, fig. 2, Palpus.

Tenthredo ciliaris, Lin., S. N., i, 922. 12 (1767).

Hylotoma ccerulea, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 289, 7; Htg., Blattw.,

84; Ste., 111., vii, 17, 6.

ciZtarw, FaU., Acta, 1808, 43, 6—7; Mon., 20, 3;
Dbm., Prod., 6, 17 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc.,
xx, 9 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
ii, 98, 10; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 37, 4;
Andre. Species, i, 41 ; Cat., 5,* 10 ; Cam.,
Fauna, 47, 3; Konow, B. E. Z., 1884,
308 ; Cam., E. M. M., xx, 83.

Shining bluish-black, but having a greenish hue ; antennae black ;
four anterior tibiae and tarsi black or fuscous-black, posterior tibiae
white ; the apex and tarsi blackish. Clypeus a little incised. Sixth
joint of maxillary palpi short, not much longer than fourth. Wings
hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous or fuscous-black, the nervures black.
The third cubital cellule is shorter than the second, wider anteriorly
than behind through the third transverse cubital nervrure being some-
what obliquely curved. The second recurrent nervure is generally
received very near the second transverse cubital and may be joined to
it ; the blotch is large, white. The sixth joint of maxillary palpus is
one-fourth longer than the fifth, and they are shorter and thicker than
in fuscipes.

Length 3£ — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. Wings fuscous throughout.

In this species the recurrent and the transverse
nervures frequently become bifurcated at their junc-
tion with the recurrent nervures.

The larva is described by Rudow, S. E. Z., 1871,
p. 383. He says it is green, darker on the back, and
with two yellow lateral lines ; the head is yellow, black
on the vertex ; legs yellowish, claspers green. It feeds
on Salixfragilis in August and September.

Not common. New Galloway, South of England
(Shuckard).

Continental distribution: Sweden, Russia, France,
Switzerland, Germany.

HYLOTOMA FUSCIPES. 55

5. HYLOTOMA EUSOIPES.
PL IV, fig. 4, Palpus.

Hylotoma fuscipes, Fall., Acta, 1808, 43 ; Thorns., Hyin. Sc., i,
37, 5 ; Andre, Species, i, 41 ; Cat.,
5,* 8; Konow, B. E. Z., 1884, 308;
Cam., E. M. M., xxii, 88.

— violacea, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 289, 6 ; Htg., Blattw.,

83, 7; Fall., Mon., 20, 2; Dbm.,
Prod., 6, 15 ; Ste., 111., vii, 16, 5 ; Br.
and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., ii, 96.

amethystina, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 301, 30.

atroccerulea, Lep., Mon., 44, 122 ; F. Pr., 13, pi. ii, f. 4.
Tenthredo nigripes, Betz., De Geer, 71, 298.

— ustulata, De Geer, Mem., ii, 2, 1018, pi. xxxix, f. 14

—20.

Bluish or bronzy metallic black ; antennae black ; tibiae and tarsi
fuscous or fuscous- black behind, dirty white in front. Clypeus incised ;
sixth joint of maxillary palpi double the length of fourth. Wings
hyaline. Costa and stigma fuscous-black ; below the stigma and extend-
ing to the cubital nervure is a fuscous cloud. Third cubital cellule a
little longer than second, of equal length throughout. Third transverse
cubital nervure curved. In the hind wings the recurrent nervure is
received in the middle of the cellule. The fourth joint of the maxillary
palpus is somewhat longer compared to the third and fifth than in
cceruleipennis, but the last is longer and thinner compared to the pre-
ceding.

Length 5£ — 6 lines.

The coloration of the legs is variable, some speci-
mens having much more white on the tibiae, both before
and behind, than others, while on the other hand other
specimens have them quite black. Compared with
ciliaris, fuscipes is a larger and broader insect ; its head
is, if anything, more swollen, the incision in the clypeus
is deeper, and otherwise it is readily known from it by
the fascia under the stigma, as well as by the longer
third cubital cellule and sixth joint of maxillary palpi.

H. violacea has usually been regarded as identical
with fuscipes, but Konow separates it as a distinct
species, it differing from fuscipes, according to Konow,
in the darker brownish wings, the clypeus not incised,
the legs blackish, with only the fore knees in front and
the hinder tibiae before the apex, on the upper side,
whitish ; fuscipes having the wings almost hyaline, the
clypeus distinctly incised, all the tibiae reddish brown,

56 HYLOTOMA USTULATA.

and the hinder pair before the apex on the upper side
whitish. The distinction in the coloration is, in my
opinion, of little value. All the whitish specimens I
have seen are referable tofuscipes, Konow.

Thomson refers the Degeerian ustulata (nigripes,
Retz.) to enodis, but this must be regarded as an error.

The larva, as described by De Geer, is clear green,
with a dark green, bordered on either side by white,
dorsal stripe. The skin is beset with warts, some of
which bear short hairs. The head pale brown, some-
what yellowish, and with a dark brown longitudinal
band. It fed in August on the common rose, entering
the earth at the end of that month, spinning a cocoon
of the usual kind. Curiously enough, no one has found
this larva since De Geer's time.

Not common. Coombe and Darenth Woods (Ste-
phens). Andre says the larva feeds on Salix aurita.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Russia, Germany,
France, Tyrol, Italy.

6. HYLOTOMA USTULATA.

Vol. II, PI. V, fig. 7, ? ; 7 a, Antennse ; 7 6, c, Trophi ;
PI. X, fig. 3, Larva; 3 a, Head. Vol. Ill, PI. IV,
fig. 5, Palpus.

Tenthredo ustulata, Linn., S. K, i, 556, 10 (1758) ; F. Su. 390 •

Pz., F. G., Heft 81, pi. x.
nitens, De Geer, Mem., ii, 1016, 38, figs. 32—35.

— ochroptera, Fourc., E. P., ii, 365, 5.

— fiavipes, Retz., De Geer, 71, 297.

— pilicornis, Pressyl., Mayer's Samml. Phys. Aufs.,

iii, 231.
Hylotoma leachii, Ste, 111., vii, 17, 8.

ustulata, Fab., S. P., 23, 9; Fall., Acta, 1807, 201, 6;
Mon., 21, 4; King, Berl. Mag., vi,
290, 8; Ste., Ill, vii, 17, 7; Htg.,
Blattw., 84, 5 ; Lep., Mon., 43, 120 ;
Dbm., Prod., 72, 17, pi. ii, figs. 46—
52 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 38, 6 ; Cam.,
Fauna, 47, 2 ; Andre, Species, i, 42 ;
Cat., 5,* 13 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., vi, 99, 12, Taf. iii, f. 5 (lar.) ;
Konow, B. E. Z., 1884, 309; Cam.,
E. M. M., xxii, 85.

clanpennis, Rudow, S. E. Z., 1871, 382.

HYLOTOMA TJSTULATA. 57

Bluish -greenish or bronzy- black ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi yellowish-
white, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi testaceous or fuscous ; antennae
black. Wings yellowish, especially at base ; costa and stigma yellowish -
testaceous ; base of stigma and a cloud below it, which extends to the
cubital nervure, fuscous or fuscous-black. Nervures testaceous at base,
darker at apex ; third cubital cellule a little shorter than the second, of
nearly equal length on both sides ; third transverse cubital nervure
curved ; the second recurrent nervure is received not far from the second
transverse cubital nervure and is occasionally joined to it. Usually
the third cubital cellule is clearly shorter than the second, but in some
specimens it may be a little longer. The third joint of maxillary palpus
is not much longer and thicker than the fourth. The sixth is only a
little longer than the fifth.

Length 4 — 5^ lines.

Ab. — a. ? wings not yellowish, but clear hyaline.

b. $ wings not yellowish, nervures,costa, and stigma
black or fuscous-black ; tarsi and apex of tibise broadly
black.

c. ? and cT apex of tibiae and tarsi black.

d. 3 fascia below stigma almost obsolete, legs
black, tibise white at base. Body bronzy black ;
= ? expansa.

e. Second transverse cubital nervure interstitial.

/. Hind wings with transverse cubital nervure obso-
lete (in Ab. — b).

No author describes ustulata as a variable insect,
yet in Scotland it seems to vary considerably, especi-
ally in the coloration of the legs and wings. Thus
Thomson separates it from H. fuscipes and ciliaris by
the wings being yellowish and the tibia? and tarsi pale
yellow, while he characterises the two species I have
named by the terms " alse hyalinae ;" but neither the
colour of the legs nor of the wings can be relied upon
as marks of distinction between ustulata and fuscipes.
With the darker specimens of ustulata the best marks
of distinction are that fuscipes has the third cubital
cellule a little longer than the second, while in ustulata
it is shorter, and in fuscipes the sixth joint of the
maxillary palpus is double the length of the fourth ; in
ustulata not more than one and a half times the length,
In ustulata, too, all the tibiae are white (often broadly)
at the base.

58 HYLOTOMA USTULATA.

From the antennae varying in colour (it being some-
times testaceous) I suspect that H. metallica may also
be referred to ustulata. Konow (1. c.) separates it from
ustulata through the antennas being reddish-yellow (in
ustulata black), the body bronzy (in ustulata greenish
blue-black) ; the wings yellow, with brown under the
stigma (in ustulata yellow, with brown spot under the
stigma).

I suspect that H. corusca, Zad. (which seems to differ
only in having the hinder tibiae white at the base and
the rest of the legs black) and H. expansa, Klug (which
agrees in coloration with Ab. — d, save only that it has
the fasciae below the stigma well developed) are only
varieties of ustulata. The dark-legged specimens are
all from the Highlands. I have never seen English
specimens.

The larva has a rather small head, very light brown
in colour, darker on the top, and there is a dark brown
band going down the face from the back. Mouth deep
brown, eyes black, and there is a light brown line going
into them from the top. Body dark green, shining,
back darker, and the dorsal vessel is bordered on
either side by a white line; there is also a pale line
going along the sides. The skin is beset with little
black tubercles, each ending in a bristle-like hair ; on
the back these are arranged in pairs; on the sides
there are two pairs, and a single one below the lower
second pair, but this arrangement varies. Those on
the thorax are somewhat larger than the others. The
legs are whitish, spiracles brown. The body is flat on
the ventral surface, over which the sides project so
as almost to hide the legs ; above, the body is convex,
and it tapers towards the tail.

It feeds on willows and birches in the autumn, and
spins a cocoon in the ground, or among dead leaves, &c.

Common and universally distributed in Britain.

Continental distribution : General.

HYLOTOMA ATRATA. 59

8. HYLOTOMA ATRATA.
PL I, fig. 10, ? ; and PI. IV, fig. 3, Palpus.

Tenthredo atrata, Forster, Cent., 80 (1771).

croceipennis, Christ, Naturg., 450.
Arge ustulata, Schrank, F. B., ii, 226.
Cryptus segmentarius, Pz., F. G., Heft 88, pi. xvii.
Hylotoma segmentaria, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 291, 9 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 85, 12 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc.,
i, 36, 7 ; Ste., 111., vii, 18, 10.
# — Klugii, Leach, Z. M., iii, 122, 4 ; Ste., 111., vii, 17, 9,

pi. xxxv, f. 4.

albicrux, Brulle, Expl. Moree, iii, pt- 2, 395, 879.
discus, Costa, Bic., Ent. Parten., 17 and 26, No. 19 ;

F. N. Hot., 4, pi. Ixi, f. 5.

atrata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 102, 10;
Andre, Species, i, 42 ; Cat., 5,* 14 ;
Konow, B. E. Z., 1884, 309; Cam.,
E. M. M., xxii, 85.
saliceti, Rudow, S. E. Z., 1871, 383.

Coppery-black, shining. Knees, tibiae, and tarsi yellowish-white;
wings yellowish-hyaline, costa and stigma yellowish-testaceous, a
fuscous metallic fascia below the stigma, and the radial cellule is more
or lessinfuscated, especially along the cubital nervure. Antennas short,
thick, not much more than double the length of the head. Head much
swollen behind the eyes. Antennal tubercle broad, its borders not very
distinct ; above and below the ocelli is a deep rounded fovea. Clypeus
a little incised ; the front is wide, so that the antennae are wide apart ;
the face is densely covered with a white silky pubescence. The third
cubital cellule is shorter considerably than the second ; the third trans-
verse cubital nervure is scarcely curved. The transverse median
nervure is received in front of the middle of the cellule. In the pos-
terior wings the recurrent nervure is received in the apical sixth of
the cellule ; the blotch is very large, broad, extending nearly across the
entire segment. In the abdomen, above, the middle segments are
marked with transverse, dull, testaceous bands of variable extent. The
apex of the abdomen is densely covered with silky white hairs. The
fourth joint of maxillary palpus is short, not much longer than the
second and about three-fourths of the length of the fifth. The sixth
is longer than the fifth and more than twice the length of the fourth.

The $ has the wings fuscous throughout, but the radial cellule is
darker, as in the ? .

Length 3^ — 4^ lines.

The only record I can find of the larva of this species
is a remark by Brischke (Schr. d. Natur. Ges. z.
Danzig, vi, pi. i., fig. 10), who suspects that a larva
which he found on oak was the larva of this species.

60 HYLOTOMA ATE ATA.

Konow (B. E. Z., xxviii, 309) divides the atrata of
authors into three species : (1) Thomsoni, Sibi =
segmentaria, Thorns.; (2) atrata, Forster ; and (3)
segmentaria, Pz. Thomsoni is said to have the dis-
coidal cellule in the hind wing not much shorter than
the sub-marginal, while in the two other species it is
only about half the length, as it is in niost of the
species, e. g. ustulata — i. e. the recurrent nervure is
received near the middle of the cellule, in Thomsoni
near the apical fourth.

All the British specimens I have seen (as also all the
German) are referable to Thomsoni. The characters
given by Konow for separating these species from the
colour of the legs, wings, and abdomen are not of much
importance, for they vary to a considerable extent in
Thomsoni. Moreover, the position of the recurrent
nervure in the hind wings varies, it being received in
some specimens nearer the middle than in others.

Subsequently (Deutsche Ent. Zeit., xxx, 73) he
withdrew Thomsoni = segmentaria, Thorns., it being
considered identical with atrata ; but segmentaria, Pz.,
is apparently kept distinct, the distinction being that
segmentaria has the wings slightly yellowish, almost
hyaline, the radial cellule in the ? occupied by a violet
iridescent brown cloud; the middle abdominal seg-
ments narrowly edged with yellow, and the tarsi yel-
lowish-white, brownish at the apex; while in atrata
the wings are brownish yellow with a fine violet irides-
cence, especially at the stigma and radial cellule ; below
the stigma and at the end of the radial cellule is a
darker cloud, very weakly indicated in the <$ ; the
middle abdominal segments in the ? are broadly
reddish-yellow, and the apical edges of the tibiae are
reddish-yellow. I am unable, however, to look upon
these characters as valid for specific determination, for
I find variations in all of them.

A species easily recognised by the fascia ir the radial
cellule, by the wide blotch, and by the transverse
marks on the dorsum of abdomen. The recurrent

HYLOTOMA PAGANA. 61

nervure in the hind wings, too, being received much
nearer the apex of the cellule, is another mark of dis-
tinction.

The wings differ in the intensity of the brownish
colour and of fche blotches ; also the legs vary in the
amount of black they bear on the tarsi, and the abdo-
men may be entirely black (except the blotch).

The larva, Rudow says, is found on the alder and on
Salix fragilis. He describes it as being uniformly
green, and beset with small tubercles.

Rare. London district (Stephens).

Continental distribution : General. Common along
the Mediterranean.

9. HYLOTOMA PAGANA.

PI. i, %. i, ? .

Tenthredo pagana, Pz., F. G., Heft 49, pi. xvi.

tricolor, GmeL, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 5, 265, 7, 101.

nigriventris, Pz., Schaff., Ins., 168, 237.
Hylotomaflaviventris, Fall., Acta, 1807, 202, 8.

pagana, Latr., Nat. Hist., xiii, 134, 5 ; Spin., Ins.
Lig., i, 53, 12; Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 61,
11 ; Fall., Mon., 23, 8 ; Lep., Mon., 45,
123; Dbrn., Consp., 6, 19; Dbm.,Prod.,77,
20, pi. ii, f. 56 ; Htg., Blattw., 87, 14 ; Ste.,
111., vii, 19, 15 ; Tasch., Hym., 13 ; Thorns.,
Hym. So., i, 41, 10; Tasch., Ent. Gart.,
148 (lar.) ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
iv, 104, 30 ; Andre, Species, i, 44 ; Cat.,
5,* 16.

Stephensii, Leach, Z. M., iii, 123, 6 ; Curt., B. E., ii, pi.
Ixv; Ste., 111., vii, 19, 14; Cam., Tr. Ent.
Soc., 1879, 107.

similis, Smith (nee Yoll.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874, 375.

dubia, Kirby, List of Hym., i, 64, pi. v, f. 10 ( ? ).

Yiolet-black, shining ; tibiae and tarsi paler. Abdomen luteous ;
blotch large, white; antennae longish. Wings violet-black. Second
recurrent nervure received a little in front of middle of cellule.

Length 2^ — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. tf antenna3 pale.

b. $ and ? tibise and tarsi pale testaceous.

c. ? . Pleurae yellow (Stephensii).

62 HYLOTOMA PAGANA.

The var. Stephensii, besides having the pleurae yellow,
has the four hinder femora pale yellow ; the pleurae in
the c? are also sometimes yellow, and the sutures of
the mesonotum, and the posterior tibiae and tarsi are
occasionally for the greater part of the same colour,
while on the other hand there may be only a slight trace
of this colour in the pleurae in the darker-coloured
specimens. The labrum and the two front legs may
be tinged with yellow, and the antennae may be fuscous
or light brown. Eversman (Bull. Mosc., xx, 11) de-
scribes a cT of pagana having the tibiae and tarsi
luteous, but this may possibly be referable rather to
H. fuscipennis, H.S.

The larva is yellowish-green with eight rows of
black shining tubercles, those in the three lateral rows
being the largest. It feeds on roses.

According to Reaumur (Mem., ii, 122, pi. xv, figs.
1 — 3) the eggs are laid in a double row in pairs
placed close against one another in the branches of the
rose. G-oureau confirms this and records Scolobates
auriculatus, Fab., as a parasite. Brischke states that
the larva resembles that of H. rosce, but differs from it
in having three transverse rows of black shining tuber-
cles, but on the last segment there is only one row.

So far as my experience goes pagana is not common
in England, where it is confined to the middle and
south.

It is universally distributed over Europe, also in
Japan and in the East Indies.

It has also been recorded from North America
(Georgia), but H. abdominalis, Leach, may have been
mistaken for it.

HYLOTOMA EOSM. 63

10. HYLOTOMA
PL I, fig. 4, ? , and PL IV, fig. 8, Lar. after Brischke.

Tenthredo rosse, Lin., S. N., i, 557, 21 ; F. Su., 393 ; Pz., F. G.,
Heft 49, pi. xv ; Fab., E. S., ii, 109, 18 ;
De Geer, Mem., ii, 279, tab. 39, f. 21—29.
ochropus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., i, 2657, 102.

Hylotoma rosarum, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 292, 10; Fall., Mon.,
22, 7 ; Dbm., Consp., 18, 9 ; 6, 18 ; Htg.,
Blattw.,85, 13; Tasch., Hym.,13; Thorns.,
Hym. Sc., i, 40, 9 ; Bouche, Naturg., 135.
rosse, Fab., S. P., 25, 16 ; Fall., Acta, 1807, 203, 10 ;
Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 52, 6 ; Lep., Mon., 46,
130; Klug, Jahrb., i, 231, 16; Dbm.,
Prod., 75, 19, pi. 2, f. 53—55 (lar.) ; Ste.,
111., vii, 18, 13; Andre, Species, i, 47;
Cat., 6,* 26; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., iv, 109, 39, pi. iii, f. 8 (lar.) ; Tasch.,
Ent. Gart., 145, f. 35. For larva : Reau.,
Mem., v, pi. xiv, f. 1 — 12; Boesel, Ins.
Belust., 2, Bomb. 15—17, tab. ii, f. 1—6.

Luteous. Head, mesonotum -with scutellum, metanotum, breast, apex
of tibia3, tar sal joints at the apex, trochanters and anterior coxae, black.
Wings yellowish, almost hyaline at apex. Stigma and costa, except at
base, where it is yellow, black ; sheath black at extreme apex. Face
covered with a griseous pubescence, a black pubescence on the vertex.
Palpi pale yellow, mandibles griseous at base. The second recurrent
nervure is almost interstitial.

Length 2f — 4£ lines.

The black marks on the four anterior tibise and
tarsi are not so distinct as on the posterior pair.
Ab. — a. $ antennae reddish from second joint.

b. <$ Antennas reddish beneath.

c. ? posterior trochanters immaculate.

d. ? posterior coxae black.

e. ? abdomen black at base in middle.

Fallen (Mon., 1. c.) mentions that he had a 3
example which had four antennae, of which the three
shorter issued from one common root. All were
ciliated.

The larvae feed on wild and cultivated roses, and to
the latter do occasionally some damage. The head is

64 HYLOTOMA ROSJ1.

black but becomes brownish-yellow after the last moult
and bears then two small marks on the vertex, and
there may be also a transverse mark ; the eyes are
black, mouth brown. The body is bluish-green, the
dorsal vessel is flanked by yellow marks of variable
size which may become united and thus make the back
entirely yellow. All the segments, except the second
and last, bear six rows of shining, black, bristle-bearing
tubercles of various sizes, which form so many rows
along the body. Below these, over the legs, is a larger
shining black spot which bears several bristles, and
succeeding this is a smaller black mark. The last two
segments bear only small tubercles, and over the anus
is a large black mark. The spiracles are small and
black. The thoracic legs have black claws and a
black plate above. The former has in front a brown-
ish wart.

The larvae are found from July to October. The
eggs are laid in the rose twigs in a double row, each
egg being laid in a separate incision, which becomes
blackened. Two broods are met with during the year.
The pupa state is passed in a double cocoon of the
usual form in the earth. Eulophus hylotomarum,
Bouche, E. migrator, Be., and E. incubator, Be., are
parasites.

Yon Stein (Ent. Nachr., 1878, 288) finds that rosx
is parthenogenetic and gives (1. c.) many details about
its oviposition, &c.

Common in the South of England.

Continental distribution : all over Europe.

11. HYLOTOMA CYANEO-CEOCEA.
PI. I, %. 2, ? .

Tsnthredo cyaneocrocea, Forster, Nov., Sp. Ins., 78.

ccerulescens, Fab., S. E., 321, 18 ; Pz., F. G., Heft 49,

pi. 14 ; Rossi, Fn. E., ii, 38, 714.
bicolor, Schrank, Beitr. z. Nat., 84.

HYLOTOMA MELANOOHRA. 65

Hylotoma ccerulescens, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 294 ; Fab., S. P.,
24, 12: Tall., Acta, 1807, 202, 9;
Mon., 24, 10 ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 51,
2 ; Lep., Mon., 42, 116 ; Dbm., Consp.,
6,29; Prod., 78,21; Htg., Blattw.,
87, 15; Tasch., Hym., 13; Thorns.,
Hym. Sc., i, 41, 11.

cyanocrocea, Ste., 111., vii, 18, 11 ; Br. and Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., ii, 106, 33 ; Andre,
Species, i, 46 ; Cat., 6,* 20.

Bluish -black, shining. Abdomen and legs yellow ; coxse, trochanters,
and four anterior femora, posterior femora at apex, anterior tibise at
apex, apical joints of tarsi and sheath of saw, bluish-black. Wings
yellowish, smoky at apex, and with a distinct narrow fuscous fascia
below stigma ; stigma black.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

In the ? the anterior tibise are darkened at base ; in
c? they are quite yellow ; in the <$ also the tarsi have
not so much black colour, but the black colour on the
legs varies in both sexes.

Easily known by the colour of the legs and wings.
The larva is unknown.

" Abundant on umbelliferous plants throughout the
metropolitan district in June and at beginning of
July," Stephens, 1. c. New Forest.

Continental distribution: Sweden (?),* Germany,
France, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Morea.

12. HYLOTOMA MELANOCHRA.
PL I, fig. 3, ? .

Tenthredo melanochra, Gmel., Syst. Nat., v, 2637, 100.
Hylotoma femoralis, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 295, 14 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 87, 16; Ste., 111., vii, 18, 11;
Dbm., Prod., 6, 21.

dimidiata, Lep., Mon., 43, 118 ; F. Fr., 12, 3, pi. ii, f. 2.
similis, Rudow, S. E. Z., xxxii, 384.

— melanochra, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig, ii, 107,
34.

Head, thorax, femora, coxae, trochanters, apex of posterior tibiae,
apical joints of tarsi, apex of abdomen, and sheath, bluish-black ; abdo-
men luteous. Antennae black. Wings hyaline ; costa yellow ; stigma

* Dahlbom records it from Sweden, but not Thomson.
VOL. III. 5

66 GENUS SCHIZOCEEA.

for the greater part bluish-black, with a black fascia at extreme base of
radial cellule.
Length 3 lines.

Easily known from cyanocrocea by the totally bluish -
black femora, black antennae, and yellowish wings, with
only a very small fascia in the radial cellule. H.
mediata, Fall., differs from it in having the base of
abdomen bluish-black, the belly marked with black ;
there is a large fascia below the stigma, while there is
no black on the posterior femora.

Rudow (1. c.) describes the larva as being green,
darker on the back, with two yellowish dorsal stripes
and yellow apex of abdomen. The thoracic legs are
yellow, claspers green. It feeds on Salix fragilis.

Common in the South of England, London district,
New Forest, &c.

Continental distribution : Finland, Sweden, France,
Russia, Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Tyrol.

Genus — SCHIZOCERA .

Schizocere, Latr., Faui. Nat., 442.

Schizocerus, Ste., 111., vii, 19.

Schizocera, Htg., Blattw., 87.

Cryptus, Leach, Z. M., iii, 121, 125, nee Auct.

Cyphona, Dbm., Consp., 6.

Radial cellule not appendiculated ; four cubital cellules ; lanceolate
cellule longly contracted. Posterior tibiae not spined ; $ with the third
joint of antennae cleft in two, ciliated.

Thomson splits up Schizocera into two genera —
Schizocera having, according to him, the lanceolate cel-
lule petiolate and the antennae inserted over the cly-
peus, and Cyphona with the antennae well up on the
front and the lanceolate cellule constricted. In some
species of Schizocera the lanceolate cellule is certainly
constricted, and, I believe, this is the case with all of
them, only the basal portion of the accessory nervure
is very short and not always easy to see. The form
of this cellule, therefore, cannot serve to separate gene-
rically the two divisions, while I find so many grada-

SCHIZOCERA GEMINATA.

67

tions in the mode of insertion of the antennae that I
am unable to look upon this as a generic character.
Further, the same species formed the type of Schizo-
cera and Cyphona, so that the latter name is scarcely
admissible. If then 8. geminata is to be separated
from Schizocera the name of Sericocera, Brulle, should
be used, as that does not seem to differ from Cyphona
as defined by Thomson, except in having the antennae
longer, and with a longer and more silky pubescence.
Our two British species belong to Cyphona. The
epistoma is indistinctly keeled. There is no cross ner-
vure in the costal cellule ; the basal nervure is received
considerably in front of the first cubital cellule ; the
first transverse cubital nervure is often very faint ; the
third cellule short, not much, if any, broader than long,
dilated at the apex ; the second recurrent nervure is
received quite close to, or joined to the second trans-
verse cubital. The abdominal segments are, at the
base, depressed a little, so that the apex of the seg-
ment in front is higher.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Body entirely black, legs black, tibiae and tarsi white. Geminata.

2 (1) Abdomen and thorax in part luteous ; femora in part or wholly

and tibiae and tarsi, yellow. Furcata.

1. SCHIZOOEEA GEMINATA.

PL II, fig. !,<?.

Tenthredo geminata, Lin., S. N., (1) v, 2668, 137 (1789).
Hylotoma geminata, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 305, 36 ; Htg., Blattw.,

oO.

Cryptus pallipes, Leach, Z. M., iii, 125, 3; Lep. Mon., 53, 152;

Curt., B. E., ii, pi. Iviii.
Hylotoma costata, Fall., Acta, 1808, 45.
Schizocera pallipes, Ste., 111., vii, 20, 2.

geminata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig, iv, 115, 1 ;

Andre, Species, i, 49 ; Cat., 6,* 1.
Cyplwna geminata, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 17, 1.

Coppery-black ; covered with a dense cinereous pubescence which is
especially long on the head. Knees, tibiae, and tarsi obscure testaceous ;

68 SOHIZOCERA FURCATA.

the apices of the tarsal joints darker, clypeus brownish, palpi pale.
Wings obscure hyaline, darker at apical third. Costa and stigma
fuscous ; third cubital cellule much shorter than second, wider at apex
than at base ; third cubital nervure oblique but not curved. Head not
dilated behind the eyes. Scutellum raised, punctured ; the suture at
its base deep, wide.
Length 3 lines.

Kare. London district, Strathcarron, Ross-shire.
The larva is reported to feed on Rumex acutus.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Austria,
France, Tyrol, Silesia.

2. SOHIZOOEBA FURCATA.

Vol. II, PI. Y, fig. 9; $ 9 a, Antenna ? ; 9 b, Antenna <? .

Tenthredo furcata, Vill., Ent., iii, 86, 19, pi. vii, f. 16, <?, 17, $
(1789); Fab.,E.S.,supp.215; Pz.,
F. G., Heft 46, pi. i. '
rubi-idsei, Rossi, Faun. Etr., ii, 31, 731.

Hylotoma furcata, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 301, 31; Fab., S. P.,

22, 8 ; Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 44 ;
Hon., 25, 11.

Cryptusfurcatus, Lep., Mon., 52, 149.

Schizocera furcata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 118 ;

Andre, Species, i, 51 ; Cat., 7,* 9.
Var. angelicas.
Tenthredo angelicse, Pz., F. G., Heft 72, pi. i.

melanocephala, Pz., 1. c., Heft 64, pi. v.
taraxaci, Pz., Ent. Yersl., ii, p. 24.
Hylotoma angelicse, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 302, 32.
Cryptus angelicse, Lep., Mon., 53, 152 ; F. Fr., pi. 2, f. 6.
Cyphona angelicse, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 48, 2.

Black ; abdomen and legs yellow ; coxae at base, trochanters and base
of femora (especially the four anterior) more or less black. Clypeus
and palpi yellowish. Wings obscure hyaline, darker at the basal three-
fourths; third cellule much shorter than second, wider than long,
dilated at apex; third transverse cubital nervure curved ; second recur-
rent nervure received not far from second transverse cubital and in the
third cellule ; <$ sometimes interstitial.

Length 3^—4 lines.

In a British <$ the third cubital cellule is much wider
at the apex on upper side than on lower, through the
third transverse cubital nervure taking a curve from
the bottom towards the apex of the wing. In the
other specimens I have there is no great difference

SCHIZOCERA FURCATA. 69

between the upper and lower side. In all the examples
I have there is no distinction between the two sexes in
coloration. On the Continent specimens occur with
the base of the abdomen black and the femora more
or less of the same colour and the tarsi black or fus-
cous, wholly or in part. The var. angelicas has the
thorax luteous, except on the breast, the abdomen and
legs being also of this colour. I believe it has not
occurred in this country. The tegulae vary from black
to reddish, and the tibiae may be infuscated.

Brischke (Beob., p. 123) states that the geminata of
Zaddach (1. c.) is not the Linnean species, it differing
from the latter in wanting the dark wing band, in the
tegulae being reddish-yellow, the scutellum keeled, and
the tibias uniformly reddish-yellow.

The larva has been described by Brischke (Schr.
G-es. Natur., Danzig, 123, pi. viii, fig. 8). It feeds
on Rosa canina, eating the leaves along the edges.
The body is 15 mm. long, shining; twenty-footed; the
ventral legs small, peg-shaped ; the anal legs are deve-
loped, but seldom used. Above the body is rounded,
beneath flat ; transversely wrinkled. Each segment
laterally is three times angularly sinuated, and on each
stigma-bearing segment is, on a swelling, a clearly
stalked gland. Anal lobe broad, above indistinctly
incised, behind rounded, ciliated, and pointed on
either side, The ground colour is green, but darkened
down the back by the food canal. Eye-spots black ;
mandibles brown ; stigmas black, edged with white.

The cocoon is meshy in texture, and yellow, and is
spun in the earth. The eggs are laid in the twigs.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy, Russia.

70 SUB-FAMILY LOPHYR1NA.

Sub-family LOPHYRINA.

Antennae from 17 — 23-jointed, serrate beneath, and more rarely on
the upper side as well in ?, flabellate doubly or singly in <£. Wings
with one radial and four cubital cellules, but the first transverse
cubital nervure may be obsolete. The second and third cellules
receive each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule with a straight
cross nervure, constricted in the middle (Monoctenus) or petiolate
(Cladomacra). Costal cellule wide, with an oblique cross nervure.
Transverse basal nervure usually straight, and received close to
cubital, or curved and received at a little distance from it. Posterior
wings with two or, more rarely, one middle cellule. Head narrow,
rounded, and retreating behind the eyes, which are placed nearly in
the centre. The head is somewhat convex in front, almost straight
behind. Labium 3-lobed, labial palpi 4-jointed ; maxillary 6-jointed.
The outer lobe of the maxilla is longer than inner, and is narrow
and sharply pointed at the apex. Mandibles usually with two sub-
apical teeth. Pronotum large, a little hollow in front of the tegulse,
rounded and projecting at the sides. The head is closely pressed to it,
and is placed considerably lower down than the mesonotum, which
rises from the base. Fore lobe of raetanotum not developed ; cenchri
touching scutellum. Abdomen broad, thick, broadly rounded at the
apex. Hypopygium large, oval.

The ovipositor is very strongly built. The saw
proper has strong toothed crossbars. The most singu-
lar structure connected with the ovipositor is the basal
portion of the sheath, which is very large and narrowed
to a point at the apex ; the apical piece being attached
to the apex following the curve of the basal scale.

The larvae are cylindrical, elongated, almost glabrous,
have twenty-two feet, and generally are pale or bright
green in coloration ; if the former the bodies bear black
marks as a rule. They are attached exclusively to
Conifers, to which, from their great numbers and
voracity, they have been known to do enormous
damage. Most of them are social, feeding in com-
panies on the pine needles ; and usually they do not
leave a branch until every leaf has been devoured. The
eggs are laid in the pine needles to the number of ten
or twenty, each female probably laying close on 100
eggs. The double cocoon is mostly spun at the foot
of the pines ; more rarely on the branches. Some of
the larvae give out a resinous exudation from their

SU.B-FAMILY LOPHYBINA. 71

bodies and a liquid, also of a resinous smelJ, from the
mouth. In Britain these insects have not been so
injurious to the pines as they have been on the Conti-
nent, but still occasionally they appear in enormous
numbers in plantations of Scotch firs. When they have
been abundant, the cocoons are found massed more or
less together among the loose moss, leaves, &c., at the
foot of the trees ; and by collecting and destroying these
much may be done to prevent an attack of the larvae
in the following year. It has also been suggested that
the larvae be crushed by a man armed with a strong
pair of gloves ; by sprinkling them with naphtha by
means of a brush roughly made of feathers, when they
at once fall to the ground; by syringing them with a
solution of hellebore ; and by shaking them early in the
morning from the trees into a sheet, when they can
readily be destroyed. Cf. Ormerod, Man. of Inj. Ins.,
p. 230.

Fortunately, they have an exceptional number of
insect enemies in the shape of Ichneumons and para-
sitic Diptera ; various birds feed on the perfect insects ;
but few of them will touch the feeding larvae, probably
from the resinous exudation having a prejudicial effect
on them. Mice have been known to devour the larvae
in the cocoons, and squirrels will likewise eat the spun-
up larvse.

In the form of the head and thorax this group ap-
proaches closely the Cimbicina, and in the latter pecu-
liarity it also resembles the Hylotomina ; but in the
peculiar structure of the antennae and of the ovipositor
it widely departs from both. In these respects it has
no near Palaearctic or Nearctic relatives. Its nearest
allies are to be found in the Neotropical and Australian
regions of the globe, — in the former by Lophyroidet,
Perreyia, and their allies, in the latter by Pterygophorus.
Perreyia, &c., form a distinct sub-family separable
from Lophyrus by the entire labium, by the paucity of
joints in the palpi, by the antennae never having more
than seventeen joints, nor have the posterior wings

72 SUB-FAMILY LOPHYEINA.

more than one median cellule, and may even have
none. The tarsi too bear no patellae, and both wings
may have appendicular cellules, while as often as not,
the accessory nervure in the hind wings may be absent.
Pterygophorus also belongs to a distinct sub-family,
which differs both from the Lophyrina and Perreyina
in the lanceolate cellule being obsolete. The accessory
nervure in the hind wings is also absent ; the latter
have only one middle cellule, and the anterior are
appendiculated.

Whether Gladomacra and Polyclonus (both from the
Australian region) should form a separate sub-family,
or only a sub- tribe, of the Lophyrina, is a point which
I cannot determine in the meantime ; but both differ
from the Lophyrina proper in the posterior wings being
appendiculated, and in their having no middle cellules,
the transverse and recurrent nervures being absent,
such being also the case with the accessory. The
antennae are long, straight, the rami being also per-
fectly straight and single, not curled as in Lophyrus
and Monoctenus, while the legs have no patella ; the two
genera I have named cannot be placed in the Pterygo-
phorina, which differ from them in the front wings being
appendiculated, in having no lanceolate cellule, the
patellae distinct, the antennae in $ short and curved, &c.

Lophyrus is confined mainly to the Palaearctic and
Nearctic regions, there being twenty-one European
species, and fifteen North American ; a species is also
known from Cuba and another from India. There are
only two genera :

Lophyrus, with an open lanceolate cellule with an
oblique cross nervure, the calcaria membranous at the
apex, and the antennae with a double row of pectina-
tions in the $ ; and

Monoctenus, Dbm., with the lanceolate cellule con-
stricted in the middle, the calcaria not membranous,
and the antennae in the <J , with but a single row of
pectinations. It differs from Lophyrus also in having
the fore lobes of the metanotum well developed.

GENUS LOPHYRUS. 73

Genus — LOPHYEUS .

Lopliyrus, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, 302.
Diprion (part), Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, pt. 2, p. 252.

Synopsis of Species.

Females. .

1 (2) Antennae 23-jointed. Head, thorax, abdomen and legs, red ;

metathorax and base of abdomen black. Sertiferus.

2 (1) Antenna 19 — 20-jointed. Head and thorax more or less

black.

3 (4) Seventh segment deeply incised in front of saw. Antennae

19— 20-jointed, femora more or less black, head black.

Pini.

4 (3) Seventh ventral segment not incised in the middle, antennas

18 — 19-jointed, femora not marked with black.

5 (6) Antennas 19-jointed, head entirely black, thorax (and head)

strongly punctured. Variegatus.

6 (5) Antennae 18-jointed.

7 (8) Calcaria simple, meso-metanotum and back of abdomen, black,

head entirely black. Pallipes.

8 (7) Calcaria dilated, head and thorax testaceous, marked with

black.

9 (10) A fascia across the vertex, mesosternum broadly black, abdo-

men testaceous, with black transverse bands on the back.

Virens.

10 (9) No fascia across vertex, mesosternum without black, dorsum of
abdomen entirely black. Dorsatus.

Males.

1 (2) Antennae 23-jointed, legs and ventral surface in middle red,

thorax and abdomen smooth, shining, iinpunctate.

Sertiferus.

2 (1) Antennae not 23-jointed, thorax punctured.

3 (4) Femora, coxae and trochanters, black. Stigma piceous, black

at base. Pini.

4 (3) Coxae and trochanters partly, and femora entirely, testaceous.

5 (6) Accessory nervure appendiculated close to the apex, antennae

18-jointed, abdomen testaceous. Pallipes.

6 (5) Accessory nervure appendiculated a little beyond the middle,

abdomen reddish.

7 (8) Pronotum and mouth entirely black. Variegatus.

8 (9) Pronotum not entirely black.

9 (10) Pronotum almost entirely yellow, antennae 21 -jointed. Virens.
10 (9) Pronotum with only a narrow testaceous line, antennae 17 —

20-jointed. Dorsatus.

74 LOPHYRUS V1RKNS.

SECTION 1. — Accessory nervure in hind wings received
a little beyond the middle. Head and thorax strongly
punctured.

A. Inner spur on the posterior tibise dilated into a leaf-like
expansion. A more or less clearly-defined fascia across
the vertex. Antenna 23-jointed (species 1 and 2).

1 (2) A broad black fascia on the front ; breast broadly black ;

scutellum slightly punctured. Virens.

2 (1) No fascia on vertex or black on breast; scutellum strongly

punctured. Dorsatus.

1. LOPHYKUS VIRENS.

PI. II, fig. 4

Lophyrus virens, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 58, 7; Fall., Mon., 16,
7; Dbm., Prod., 91, 28; Htg., Blattw.,
119, 2, pi. xi, f. 6 (lar.) ; Thorns., Hym.
Sc., 1,^54, 2 ; Voll., Tijd. Ent., xvi, 1, pi. i ;
Andre, Species, i, 61 and 65 ; Oat., 8,* 2 ;
Cam., Fauna, i, 47, 1.

Testaceous, shortly pilose, mesonotum covered with scattered, mode-
rately large punctures. The greater part of the scape, a transverse
mark over the antenna, a quadrate spot on middle lobe of mesonotum,
a longer narrower one on each of the lateral lobes, two or three small
marks in front of the scutellum, the extreme apex of scutellum, most
of the metanotum, a mark on mesopleura, the greater part of the
breast, and a broad transverse line on each of the abdominal segments,
black. The extreme base of posterior coxae is also black, and the apex
of hind tibise; the tarsal joints at the apex are fuscous. Wings
hyaline, nervures pallid testaceous.

$ black, densely covered with a pale pubescence; pronotum, a
roundish mark on mesopleura, and legs, testaceous ; the sides and
ventral surface of abdomen red.

Length 3£ — 4 lines.

Most of the Continental specimens of virens I have
are darker (having much more black on the thorax)
than the Scotch examples I have described. In most
Continental specimens the pleurae are black, save a tri-
angular testaceous mark ; and the lobes of the meso-
notum are black, only testaceous at the edges. The
black stripes on the dorsum of abdomen tend to become
confluent as in dorsatus.

LOPHYRUS DOESATUS. 75

The larva is green, including the head. On the
latter a blackish or dark stripe runs from the vertex
into each eye, and the face may be more or less black ;
the mandibles are brownish, the skin is smooth and
shining, the sides are paler below the spiracles, and
along the middle runs a darker green stripe, there being
also a darker green stripe down the back. Under the
spiracles the skin folds are white. Legs green with
blackish claws ; the ventral legs are paler.

According to Hartig the larvaa of virens are found
mostly during the last half of June in Germany, and
chiefly upon pines of from twenty to thirty years old.
The cocoon is spun in July, the flies appearing in May
and June of the following year. In Scotland I have
found the flies during the latter end of June.

Parasites on the larvae are : — Tachina bimacMlata,
Htg. ; Tryphon leucostictus, Rtz. ; T. scutellatus, Htg. ;
T. succinctus, Gr. ; T. transiens, Gr. T. scutellatus is
a parasite on the Tachina.

Rare : Rannoch.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

2. LOPHYRUS DORSATUS.
Vol. II, PI. XII, fig. 9, Larva.

Tenthredo dorsata, Pz., F. G., Heft 62, pi. ix (1799).
pectinata, Retz., De Geer, 74, 318.
pinastri, Bechst. und Scharf., Nat. schadl. Forstins.,

iii, 864.

Lophyrus pallidus, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 54, 4; Fall., Mon., 15,
4; Dbm., Prod., 89, 27 ; Ste., 111., vii, 21,
3; Htg., BJattw., 126, 5; Thorns., Hym.
Sc., i, 55, 3 ; Cam., Fauna, i, 47, 2 ; Andre,
Species, i, 61 and 64; Cat., 8,* 5.
Hylotoma dorsata, Fall., Acta, 1807, 197, 2.
Lophyrus minor, Lep., Mon., 54, 155 ; Yill., Ent., iii, 87.
For larva cf. De Geer, Mem., ii, 254, pi. xxxv, f. 24—27.

Testaceous, three narrow bands on the mesonotum. Metanotuin and
dorsum of abdomen black. Legs testaceous. Wings hyaline. Scu-
tellum sparsely punctured.

<$ black, the edges of the pronotum and legs, labrum, clypeus, and a

76 LOPHYRUS DOBSATUS.

small mark on either side of vertex, testaceous ; belly reddish-testa-
ceous ; scutellum strongly punctured.
Length 3 lines.

The ? may be known from the same sex in virens
by there being no fascia over the antennas, there being
only a small dark space surrounding the ocelli, by the
underside of the thorax bearing no black, and by the
scutellum being much less strongly punctured.

The £ may be readily known from that of virens by
the spots on vertex, by the narrow testaceous line on
the pronotum, by the back of abdomen being entirely
black, the underside too being not red as in virens ; the
antennae are more slender, the last two joints are dis-
tinctly shorter than preceding, while in virens the last
three are of nearly equal length and considerably
thicker. Pallipes 3 is not so densely pilose as virens
3 and is much narrower, especially the thorax.
Andre gives the antennae as seventeen to twenty-jointed.
The specimens I have appear to have twenty-three joints.

The larva has the head reddish-brown. The face is
more or less marked with black, the mouth darker,
mandibles brownish. Body dark green, sometimes
with a yellowish tinge, paler at the sides, and with a
dark dorsal and lateral stripe. Spiracles surrounded
with black. Over each ventral leg is a double dark
green spot, but they are not always clearly defined.
Legs banded with black. The coloration of the head
varies.

The larvae are found during July, August and Sep-
tember, the flies early in June.

The following parasites have been recorded :—
Limneria argentata, L. larvincola, Schbrg. ; Meso-
chorus rubeculus, Htg. ; Tryphon adspersus, Gr. ; T.
lophyrorum, Htg ; T. im/pressus, Gr. ; T. tenthredinum,
Schbrg. ; T. variabilis, Rtz. ; Masicera gilva, Htg. ;
Tachina bimaculata, Htg. ; T. inclusa, Htg.

Not common : Oban (Leach), Bishopton.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Switzerland.

LOPHYRUS VARIEGATUS. 77

B. Posterior spurs not dilated, simple.

Seventh abdominal segment not incised, oblong.
Legs for the greater part whitish-yellow ;
abdomen yellow, broadly banded with black
(species 3, variegatus).

3. LOPHYRUS VARIEGATUS.
PI. II, fig. 5, ? .

Lophyrus variegatus, Htg., Blattw., 137, 8 ; Konow, B. E. Z.,

oil.

— frutetorum, Thomson, Hym. Sc., i, 57, 5 ; Cam., Fauna,
i, 48, 3 (non Htg.).

Black ; the pronotum, pleurae, and sternum, the greater part of the
ventral surface, the edges of the abdominal segments above, pale testa-
ceous, the legs pallid ; the femora (especially the posterior) brownish
suffused with black ; the apex of tarsal joints and of the tibiae blackish ;
basal two joints of the antennae pale ; the hinder edge of the vertex
obscure brownish. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma and costa testa-
ceous, the former black at the base. Head strongly punctured; the
vertex in the centre broadly but not sharply raised, projecting behind,
the lateral furrows being wide, shallow, and indistinct ; there is a narrow
indistinct furrow immediately behind the ocelli; frontal fovea oval,
deep ; clypeus sharply incised. Thorax strongly and coarsely punctured.
Middle furrow of mesonotum complete, narrow; post-scutellum very
coarsely, rugosely punctured, as long as the basal abdominal segment,
which is shagreened.

The <$ is black, the belly reddish, paler towards the base ; strongly
punctured ; genital lobes pale red, oblong, triangular at the apex, punc-
tured; the apex of the antenna3 curved.

Length fully 3^ lines.

The above is a description of the British specimens
I have, but, according to Continental authors, the species
is very variable, the thorax being marked with testa-
ceous or pale markings ; the scutellum is as often as
not broadly spotted, and the abdomen may have the
segments broadly belted all round above. The antennae
are from eighteen- to twenty-jointed, but nineteen
appears to be the commonest number.

The larva has the body of the green colour of the
pine leaf, with a dark double dorsal stripe and a
broader (also dark) lateral stripe. The skin fold is

78 LOPHYRUS PINI.

green, not white, and the base of the legs is spotted
with dark green. The thoracic legs have shining black
plates, the head is roundish, claws reddish-brown,
marked with variable spots on the face and vertex.

In Germany there are two broods in the year, the
first between the middle of June and the middle of July,
the second in the autumn.

The parasites recorded from the larvae are : Hemiteles
eryngii, Ratz. ; Exenterus oriolus, Htg. ; Campoplex
argentatus, Gr. ; Mesochorus laricis, Htg. ; Tryphon
laricis, Htg. ; T. impressus. Gr. ; T. leucostictus, Rtzb. ;
T. lophyrorum, Htg. ; T. scutellatus, Htg. ; T. tenthredi-
num, Sch. ; Tachina inclusa, Htg. ; T. bimaculata, Htg.

I have only seen two specimens taken by myself at
Rannoch, where the species was also taken by the late
Mr. Hislop.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

Obs. — According to Stein (1. c.) the Lophyrus frutetorum, Fab. (sec.
Htg.), is a little known species, the larva of which is distinct and is
described and figured by Hartig.

Seventh abdominal segment in front of saw with
a triangular incision; broad, wide; for the
greater part black. Legs black at base ;
femora (especially the posterior) more or less
black. Antennae nineteen to twenty-jointed,
(species 4, Pini.)

4. LOPHYRUS PINT.

Vol. II, PI. VI, fig. 1, ? ; 1, a, 6, Trophi; 1 e, d, Ovi-
positor ; 1 e, Antenna of ? . Vol. II, PL XII, fig.
7, Larva; fig. 11, Cocoon.

Tenthredo pini, Lin., S. N., i, 556, 8 (1758) ; F. Su., 390; Fab.,
S. E., ii, 112, 28 ; Walck., Fn. Paris., ii, 37,
14.

Hylotoma pini, Fab., S. P., 22, 7; Fall., Acta, 1807, 198, 3.
dorsata, Fab., Spec. Ins., i, 408, 15

Tenthredo pectinata-major, Retz., De Geer, 74, 317.

LOPHYHUS PINt. 79

Lopliyrus pini, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 50, 2 ; Fall., Mon., 14, 3 ;
Lep., Mon., 54, 154; Curt., B. E., ii, pi. liv ;
Ste., 111., vii, 21,1; Dbm., Prod., 86, 26 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 141, 9, pi. iii, f. 24, pi. iv, f. 1 (lar.) ;
Yoll., Tijd. Ent., i, 180, pi. ii, viii, 71, pi. iv,
f. 4 and 5 (lar.) ; Thorns., Hyra. Sc., i, 69, 9 ;
Cam., Fauna, 48, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 59 and
67 ; Cat., 8,* 9.

Testaceous ; head, antennae, breast, more or less of the mesonotum,
and of abdomen above and beneath, black. Legs obscure testaceous ;
coxae at base, more or less of four anterior tibiae and femora, and the
posterior femora, except at base and apex, black. Apex of hinder tibiae
fuscous. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma testaceous, the base of the
latter black.

<$ black ; labrum, palpi, knees, tibiae, and tarsi, testaceous. Meso-
notum strongly punctured.

Length 3§ — 4 lines.

This is a very variable species. Most of my Scotch-
bred specimens have the breast broadly and the mesono-
notum, scutellum and metanotum, and the greater part
of the back of the abdomen, and a considerable part of
the underside, black, but lighter varieties are not un-
common. One aberration has the mesonotum testa-
ceous with three black marks, and with this form the
scutellum may be entirely black in part, or entirely
testaceous. Generally the head is entirely black, but
occasionally specimens are found with the mouth pale.
The quantity of black on the legs varies, especially on
the four anterior, but I have never seen specimens
without some black on the posterior femora.

The larva has the head shining, covered with a few
hairs, reddish-brown at the back and sides, black in
centre of the face except a line a little above the
mouth, and which extends across ; the eyes are placed
in the black part.

The body is whitish-green ; is covered with small
black dots, which form lines across the body. Over
the ventral legs are three black marks, longer than
broad, and almost joined to each other. Above there are
thirteen squarish black marks, the first of which almost
touches the head, and the last pair are much larger
than the others. The anal segment is beset with
hairs. Spiracles fuscous, almost black. Below the

80 LOPHYRUS PINI.

spiracles the sides are paler. Legs black, paler at the
junction of the joints, and there is an oblique white
band on either side of the basal joint.

The coloration of the head is very variable ; some-
times it is entirely pale green, with the mouth parts
brownish; from that it varies through all shades of
brown to deep black. I have found a larva with the
body nearly entirely green, the black marks along the
sides being almost obsolete.

In Scotland I find the larva mostly during July and
August, and sometimes in September. The flies appear
in June.

Parasites.

Hymenopterous : Cryptus abscissus, Rtz. ; G. flavila-
bris, Htg. ; 0. incertus, Rtz. ; incubator, Rtz. ; C. leuco-
merus, Rtz. ; C. leucostictus, Rtz. ; C. nebeculatus. Gr. ;
C. punctatus, Gr. ; Hemiteles areator, Gr. ; H. crassi-
ceps, Rfcz. ; H. eryngii, Rtz. ; Phygadeuon pteronorum,
Htg. ; P. pugnax, Htg. ; Pezomachus cursitans, Gr. ;
Exenterus succinctus, Gr. ; Limneria argentata, Fab. ;
Ophion merdarius, Gr. ; Lissonota breviseta, Rtz. ; Meso-
chorus areolaris, Rtz. ; M. laricis, Htg. ; M. scutellatus,
Gr.; Pimplarufata}GT.; Metopius fuscipennis, Wesm. \
Campoplex carbonarius, Rtz. ; G. relectus, Rtz. ; Eulo-
phus lophyrorum, Htg. ; Monodontomerus dentipes, Fab. ;
M. obsoletus, Fab. ; Pteromalus lug ens, Foerster ; P.
subfumatus, Rtz.

Dipterous : Masicera gilva, Htg. ; M. flavoscutellata,
Zett. ; M. lophyri, Desv. ; M. simulans, Htg. ; Phoro-
cera lata, Zett. ; Tachma Irimaculata, Htg. ; T. eru-
castri, Desv.; T. inclusa, Htg. ; T. larvarum, L.; Plagia
trepida, Macq. ; Blepharigena trepida, Mg.

LOPHYRUS SERTIFERUS. 81

SECTION 2. — Accessory nervure appendiculated close to
the apex. Body smooth, shining, almost impunc-
tate. Abdomen long, cylindrical, the seventh ventral
segment entire (rufus) or slightly incised (pallipes).
Claivs cleft (sertiferus) or simple (pallipes).

1 (2) Body for the greater part red ; claws bifid. Sertiferus.

2 (1) Body black ; claws simple. Pallipes.

5. LOPHYRUS SERTIFERUS.

PI. II, fig. 2, ? , 3, rf ; PI. V, fig. 4, 4 a, Larva ; fig.

5, Cocoons.

Tenthredo sertifera, JFourc., E. P., ii, 378, 46.

juniperi, Christ, Hym., 432, pi. xlix, f. 4.

pectinata-rufa, Retz., De Geer, 44, 319.

Lophyrus rufus, King, Berl. Mag., vi, 53, 3; Fall., Mon., 14,
13; Dbm., Prod., 95, 31; Curt., B. E., ii,
pi. liv ; Ste., 111., vii, 21, 3, pi. xxxv, fs. 1 and
2; Htg., Blattw., 164, 14; Thorns., Hym.
Sc., i, 64, 11 ; Voll., Tijd. Entom., iv, 65,
pi. i ; Andre, Species, i, 62 and 71 ; Cat.,
9,* 12.

picetp, Lep., Mon., 56, 160.

Red, smooth, shining, almost impunctate; flagellam, parapsides,
metanotum, and more or less of base of abdomen, black ; coxae, tro-
chanters, knees, and base of tibiae, whitish. Wings hyaline, nervures
yellow. Claws with a subapical tooth. Accessory nervure in hind wing
appendiculated near the apex. Antennae 23-jointed.

(^ black, legs and abdomen in the centre beneath red; the basal
outer branch of the antennae (which are 23-jointed) thicker than the
others, and curved and elbowed at the base ; the apical three straight.

Length 3| <£, 7—9 ? lines.

A species easily recognised by the smooth almost
impunctate body, reddish colour, and by the accessory
nervure being appendiculated quite near to the apex.
Often there is no black on the abdomen.

The larva has the head deep black, the oral region
being also black ; sparsely pilose. The body is dirty,
pallid, greyish-green, the skin wrinkled, the top of the
wrinkles bearing small black, bristle-bearing points,

VOL. in. 6

82 LOPHYRTJS SERTIFEEUS.

arranged in single transverse rows, except on the first
and last segments, where they are more numerous.
Down the back are two broad blackish stripes ; over
the spiracles is a stripe of a deeper black colour,
formed not of a continuous stripe, but of irregular,
more or less interrupted, spots ; below this is another
stripe, also of interrupted spots ; and there is a number
of black points over and a black mark in front of the
claspers. The leg plates are black, shining ; the clas-
pers are coloured like the body. With old examples
the penultimate segments may be almost entirely
black. With young specimens the dorsal stripes are
very faint ; this being also the case with the second
lateral stripe of dots. When full-fed there is only a
central dorsal stripe composed of interrupted marks ;
there are eleven double black marks over the spiracles,
and a smaller black mark slightly in front of each
spiracle ; the oral region is pale. Length 7 — 9 lines.
The colour is somewhat variable, especially in some
specimens being of a clearer green than others.

The larvaB are found in May and June ; spin up
towards the end of June, the flies appearing in August
to October, when no doubt the eggs are laid, remaining
undeveloped till the following year.

Mr. J. Gardner (E, M. M., xxv, p. 131) states
that on the 7th of July, 1885, at Sheraton, near
Hartlepool, he found the Scotch fir infested with
myriads of the Iarva3 of this species. He says that
" every tree was infested with hundreds of larvas,
often two or three batches upon one tree, eating
almost exclusively the old or last year's needles, and
leaving this year's growth untouched; in some cases
where the supply of old needles had fallen short, they
had actually gnawed the bark. I noticed one tree
that was entirely stripped of the old foliage, not a
single needle left ! and I did not see a single tree in
any part of the plantation that we visited but what
was infested with the Iarva3." Mr. Gardner further
states that according to the testimony of a man who

LOPHYRUS PALLIPES. 83

had been about the woods for many years the larvae
had never been seen in the locality before.

Parasites : — Diptera : Masicera gilva, Htg. ; M.
gyrophaga, Rondani ; Tachina bimaculata, Htg. ;
Hymenoptera : Limneria argentata, Fab. ; L. carini-
frons, Hlmgr. ; Mesoleptus evanescens, Rtz. ; Paniscus
oblong o-punctat us, Htg. ; Phygadvuonpteronosum, Htg. ;
Pimpla angens, Gr. ; Tryphon adspersus, Htg. ; T.
eques, Htg. ; T. lophyrorum, Htg. ; T. marginatorius,
Fab.

Probably common ; but, except for Hartlepool, I
have no definite locality.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, Russia, France.

6. LOPHYRUS PALLIPES.
Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 2, 3 .

Hyloioma pallipes, Fall., Acta, 1808, 41.

Lophyrus elongatulus, Klug, Berl. Mag., vi, 55, 5 ; Fall., Mon.,

15, 4; Htg., Blattw., 169, 14.
— pallipes, Dbm., Prod., 97, 33 ; Thoms., Hym. Sc., i,

165, 12; Andre, Species, i, 62, 72;

Cat., 9,* 15 ; Cam., Fauna, 48, 5.

Black, shining, smooth, head closely punctured ; scutellum with a
few scattered punctures ; mesonotum with smaller and fewer punc-
tures; tegulae, pronotum, pleurae, apex, sides, and ventral surface of
abdomen and legs, pale testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures, costa,
and stigma, pale testaceous. Antennae 18-jointed. Claws simple.

The <$ has the thorax entirely black save occasionally a thin line on
the pronotum, the belly is dirty testaceous, the legs pale yellowish,
black at the base.

Length 3 lines.

According to the description of Continental writers
pallipes is variable in the coloration of the thorax,
especially in the relative quantities of black and testa-
ceous on it.

The larva is unknown.

Rare. Braemar (Sharp), Rannoch.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

84 SUB-FAMILY PAMPHILINA.

Sub-family— PAMPHILINA.

Antennae setaceous, 14— 37-jointed, the basal joint large. Wings
with two radial and four cubital cellules; transverse basal nervure
received in the first costal cellule. Abdomen flat, the sides of segments
acute. Ovipositor small. Tibias spined. Head large, flattish, or semi-
globular. Larvae without abdominal legs.

Prothorax truncated or semi-truncated behind.
Middle lobe of mesonotum short, separated from the
scutellum by a deep fovea. Clypeus firmly united to
the front; its apex truncated or rounded, never in-
cised. Labrum small, inconspicuous. Mandibles large,
curved, toothed or not at apex. The third joint of
the antennas is often much longer than any of the
others, but is never much thicker than them.

From the preceding sub-families the present is to be
known (1) by the larvae never having ventral legs; (2)
by the pronotum being truncated or transverse behind ;
(3) by the middle lobe of the mesonotum being small,
separated widely from the scutellum, which has at its
base a large depression ; and (4) by the basal nervure
being received in the first cubital cellule, or at least is
joined to the cubital nervure.

In Phyllotoma we find sixteen -jointed antennas, but
its other characters are very different from the Pamphi-
lina ; in Hylotoma are to be seen spined tibiae, but its
antennae have only three joints ; the Cephidae have
spined tibiae as well as multiarticulate antennae, but the
structure of the latter is different, they being much
thicker ; the pro thorax, furthermore, is large, there is
only one spur on the anterior tibiae, and the abdomen
is compressed laterally. Finally the Siricidx are to
be known from them by the long ovipositor, by the
single spur on the anterior tibiae, &c.

Tbe Xyelina agree with the Pamphilina in the struc-
ture of the thorax, in the basal nervure being united to
the cubital, in the larvae not having ventral legs, and in
the spined tibiae ; but differ in the smaller number of

GENUS MEGALODONTES. 85

joints in the antennae, these, too, having the third joint
greatly enlarged ; and in the large exserted ovipositor.
There are only two European genera. Pamphilius
with three spines in posterior tibiae, and with setaceous,
simple- jointed antennae; and Megalodontes with two
closely situated spines in tibiae, and antennae with the
joints dentated, and never more than twenty-two in
number.

Genus — MEGALODONTES.

Megalodontes, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, 302.
Tarpa, Fab., S. P., 19; Klug, Ent. Mon., 183.

Antennas 14 — 22-jointed, short, often with short pectinations on some
of the joints; the basal third joint usually large. Head large, some-
what broader than long ; trophi greatly elongated ; thorax broad, con-
siderably arched on the back. Posterior tibiae spined. Wings with
two radial and four cubital cellules, of which the second and third
receive each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule with an oblique
cross nervure. Posterior wings with two middle cellules. Transverse
radial nervure received in the second cubital cellule.

The pectinations on the antennae are usually confined
to the middle joints, and are never on the basal three.
In length they vary in the different species, and afford
excellent specific characters. The head is scarcely so
broad as the mesothorax ; it is slightly concave behind ;
broader than long, moderately rounded on the top.
The sutures are narrow, and by no means conspicuous,
and there are no raised parts on the vertex. Ocelli
not forming a triangle, the front one being placed not
much in front of posterior ; they are situated well for-
ward. Eyes projecting, placed well in front on the
sides, not reaching to the base of the mandibles. Be-
tween the antennae the front projects a little ; the
antennae originate from a large depression on either
side of this. Clypeus amalgamated with the upper
part of the head, there being no trace of segmentation ;
semi-truncated at the apex, broad, labrum small, quad-
rangular. Mandibles curved, two large sharp teeth at
apex. The inner mouth organs are all much lengthened,
which makes them not unlike the sucking oral appa-

86 GENUS MEGALODONTES.

ratus of bees. The outer lobe of the maxilla is much
longer than the inner ; the stipes is divided in two ;
namely, the main piece and a smaller lateral piece to
which the palpi are attached, and which is prolonged
to the base of the stipes (Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 10 b).
From the top of this piece a horny belt proceeds to
the labium, which is thus firmly united to the maxilla.
The palpi do not reach much above the top of the long
outer lobe of the maxilla. The labial palpi do not
reach the top of the lobes of the labium. The thorax
is arched on upper side, not much longer than broad;
the prosternum projects a little so that the head has
considerable powers of movability ; the pronotum is
broadly rounded behind. The middle lobe of the
mesonotum on this account is but slightly developed ;
the sutures of the lobes are not always very clearly
distinguishable; the abdomen has the blotch long,
narrow ; the abdomen itself is rather flat, but still
arched on upper side.

The radial nervure, at the base, issues from the
costa a little in front of stigma ; the transverse radial
from the stigma, joining the radial in such a way that
there is no clear point of union, the basal part of the
radial nervure, on the other hand, uniting with the
transverse at an angle, thus giving the first radial ner-
vure the appearance of being the first cubital, and of
there being only one radial cellule ; the second radial
cellule is round on the lower side ; the second angled
where the first transverse cubital nervure is received ;
the second radial cellule receives the other two trans-
verse cubital nervures. The radial cellule has a
bordering nervure on upper side from the stigma to
where the radial nervure unites with the edge of the
wing.

/Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) The appendages of antennae equal in length to two of the
joints; antennas black or testaceous at base. Mesonotum
with only two or no yellow marks. Klugii.

MEGALODONTES KLUGII. 87

2 (1) The appendages equal to one of the joints and yellow at the

base.

3 (4) The marks on thorax and abdomen clear bright yellow. Meso-

notum with four marks. Antennae 17-jointed, yellow at base ;
second segment of abdomen marked with yellow. Cephalotes.

4 (3) The marks on thorax and abdomen white ; mesonotum with

two or no marks. Antennae 15— 17-jointed. The base test-
aceous or black. Second abdominal segment with no marks.

Plagiocephalus,

1. MEGALODONTES KLUGII.

Tarpa Klugii, Leach, Z. M., iii, 131, 2.

— spissicornis, Klug, Ent. Mon., 187, 3; Htg., Blattw.,

317, 2 ; Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 192,
pi. iv, f . 22 ; Andre, Species, i, 477 ; Cat.,
60 * 23.

— pectinicornis, Klug, Ent. Mon., 194, 9.

Black ; a triangular mark of variable size between the antennae, an
irregular mark touching the eyes opposite the antennae, a narrow line
on the head behind, and which at the sides curves round and is extended
to the posterior orbits of the eyes, more or less of the pronotum, a
mark on mesonotum, on either side of scutellum, a broad band on base
of abdomen, a spot on the side of second and third and a band on the
posterior border of each of the following segments above and on the
fourth and fifth beneath, yellow. Antenna testaceous, often black at
base and apex ; 17-jointed, the appendages on middle joints double the
length of joint. Legs testaceous; the knees, trochanters, and femora
more or less (and especially the four anterior), black. Knees, tibia?, and
tarsi with a decided yellowish tinge. Wings subhyaline, a large
brownish cloud in the radial and cubital cellules. Nervures testaceous.

Length 12 lines.

The coloration is variable; the mandibles are brownish
or black, the frontal spots vary in size, the band on
vertex may be continuous or interrupted in both sexes,
the tegulse may be yellow wholly or in part or entirely
black, the spots on mesonotum may be absent as may
be also the lateral spots on the basal two segments of
abdomen. The coloration of the antennae varies also,
but the flabellations would appear to be always black.
The c? has five of the ventral segments yellow ; the
fourth is much the widest above, this being also the
case in the ? .

The length of the flabellations readily separates
spissicornis from the other species.

" Britain/' Kirby, I.e.

88 MEGALODONTES PLAGIOCEPHALTTS.

Continental distribution : France, Switzerland, Tyrol,
Hungary, Russia, Siberia (Amoor).

2. MEGALODONTES CEPHALOTES.

Tenthredocephalote8,Fab.,Sp. Ins., i, 408, 14 (1781); Pz., F.
G., Heft 62, pis. vii and viii (1799) ;
Coqueb., Ic., pi. iii, f. 8.

Tarpa cephalotes, Fab., S. P., 19, 1; Klug, Berl. Mag., ii,
266, 1 ; Ent. Mon., 184, 1 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 96, 1 ; Htg.5 Blattw., 316, 1 ; Andre,
Species, i, 485; Cat., 60,* 24; Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 190, 1.
— panzeri, Leach, Z. M., iii, 132 ; Ste., III., vii, 96, 2.

Black ; the head with three or more yellow spots ; the edge of pro-
notum more or less, a couple of spots on middle lobe of rnesonotum
and a pair on the lateral lobes, yellow. Abdomen with the basal three
segments marked with yellow at the sides, the succeeding bordered
above with yellow, and the fifth and sixth all round. Antennae 17-
jointed, testaceous. The basal five joints yellow ; the flabellations equal
in length to one of the joints. Legs testaceous, the coxae, trochanters,
and more or less of the base of femora, black. Wings hyaline, a reddish-
brown, smoky fascia along the costa. The nervures and stigma tes-
taceous.

Length 10 — 11 mm.

" Near Bristol but very rare," Stephens, 1. c.
Continental distribution : France, Switzerland, Ger-
many, Hungary, Italy.

3. MEGALODONTES PLAGIOOEPHALUS.

Vol. II, PI. VI, fig. 10, (J ; 10 a, Antenna ; 10 b and c,
Trophi ; 10 d, Leg.

Tarpa plagiocephala, Fab., S. P., 20,2; Klug, Berl. Mag., ii,
267, 2, pi. vii, f . 1 ; Ent. Mon., 189, 5 ;
Htg., Blattw., 317, pi. i, fs. 24—31;
Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 194 ;
Andre, Species, i, 476 ; Cat., 60,* 20.

Black ; a small mark between the antennae and two more elongated
ones touching each eye opposite the antennae ; a more or less inter-
rupted line on the head behind and extending at the sides to the eyes ;
a line on the pronotum, sometimes two spots in front of scutellum, the
base of abdomen, a broad band on fourth segment, a narrow one on
fifth and sixth, and a broader one on the apical segments, white. An-
tennae testaceous, darkened towards the apex ; sometimes the second

MEGALODONTES PLAGIOCEPHALUS. 89

joint is black, the basal joint may also be black or, more rarely,
yellowish ; 15 — 17-jointed, the flagellations not longer than one of the
joints. Legs testaceous ; tibiae and tarsi paler ; the apex of posterior
tibiae and the apices of posterior tarsal joints more or less fuscous ;
coxae, trochanters, four anterior femora for the most part and posterior
at base, black. Wings brownish, darker in front and having a yellowish
tinge.

Length 10 mm.

As with the other species, the colour varies. Gene-
rally the markings are white, but occasionally they
are (and especially on the abdomen) yellowish. The
tegulse are usually black ; there are seldom spots on the
sides of the basal segments in the ? , but one is found
usually in the third segment in the S , which has also
the bands on the fifth and sixth narrower than in the ? ,
and has also the ventral segments broadly white ; in
the ? there are usually only two of the ventral seg-
ments banded with this colour.

From cephalotes (which it resembles in having the
flabellations not longer than the joints) it may be known
by the white colour of the markings, by the thorax
having at the most only two marks, by the second
and third segments not having yellow marks at the
sides, and by the wings being yellowish-brown almost
throughout.

I introduce the species as British on the authority
of a specimen in Shuckard's collection bearing a label
marked, "from British Collectn., Brit. Mus., Ap. 16/42."
It was named " Panzeri," but not on the label itself.

Continental distribution : Germany, Hungary,
France, Russia.

Note. — The evidence of the genus being truly British
is doubtful, and is of a similar kind to that relating to
Amasis. See on this point Mr. E. Saunders, B.M.M.,
xxii, p. 140, and McLachlan, 1. c., p. 164. The evi-
dence of the British origin of the genus is based entirely
on Leech and Stephens. Undoubtedly some of the
species recorded by these authorities have been proved
to be erroneous ; others (as in the present case) have
only been recorded by them, and have never turned up

90 GENUS PAMPHILITJS.

in Britain, while still others which were recorded by
them have been proved, after the lapse of many years
by the capture of fresh specimens, to be truly native.
The nativity of Megaladontes for the present must be
regarded as sub judice ; and on the whole less harm
will be done by describing them here, than by their
omission.

Genus— PAMPHILIDS.

Pamphilius, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, 303 (1802).

Lyda, Fab., S. P., 43 (1804).

Cephalcia, P/., F. G., Heft 86, pi. ix (1805).

Cephaleia, Jur., Hymen., 67.

Acanthocnema, Costa, F. N., p. 2, I860.

Antennae setaceous, 18 — 37-jointed, the basal joint long, the third
and fourth often lengthened; inserted over the clypeus. Wings with
two radial and four cubital cellules ; the second cubital cellule receiving
the transverse radial nervure ; transverse basal nervure received in first
radial cellule.

Posterior wings with two middle cellules. Posterior tibiae with three
separated spines. Head and body flat, wide ; sides of abdomen acute.

The mandibles are large, curved, and provided with
two or three teeth at the apex, the apical tooth being
usually large. Clypeus immoveably joined to the
upper part of head, often dilated in the middle, rounded
at the apex. The basal joint of maxillary palpus
shorter than second ; third and fourth much larger
than that; fifth small, not much longer than second;
the apical is the longest. The second joint of the
labial palpus is the longest, next is the third, the fourth
and basal subequal. In most species the sutures in
the vertex are deep and well defined, and may be either
parallel or converge more or less in front ; the front
has often the sutures well defined. Eyes small, oval,
not reaching to the base of the mandibles.

Apart from the difference in the number of the joints,
the only noteworthy point in regard to the antennae is
that the relative length of the third and fourth joints
varies. They may be nearly equal (inanitus), or the
third may be double or treble the length of fourth
(depressus, &c.).

GENUS PAMPHILIUS. 91

The first radial cellule is much shorter than the
second owing to the transverse radial nervure origina-
ting before the end of the stigma, and being quite
straight or directed towards the base of the wings.
It is either received before the second transverse
cubital nervure and in the second cubital cellule, or is
united to the second transverse cubital nervure. The
cubital nervure does not extend to the apex of the
wing as in Tenthredo, &c. ; it curves up shortly after
receiving the third transverse cubital nervure, and joins
the costa nearly on a level with the stigma, uniting
with a nervure which surrounds the upper part of the
second radial cellule. There is a cross nervure in the
costal cellule. The first transverse cubital nervure is
received not far from the base of the stigma. The
basal is united to the costal at a slight distance from
its origin (in the first cubital cellule) in some species
(inanitus), or may be as in erythrocephalus interstitial.
Characteristic in some species is the interrupted ner-
vure, which issues from the median nervure a little past
its middle (=trans verse brachial nervure of Thom-
son). The transverse median nervure is received not
far past the middle. Lanceolate cellule wide ; its cross-
nervure oblique ; the anal nervure dilated upwards in
the middle. There is a deep depression at base of
scutellum separating it from the rather short middle
lobe of the mesonotum. Cenchri large. Blotch in
abdomen distinct. Apex of abdomen rounded ; abdo-
minal segments acute at the sides, the edge of each
projecting in front of the base of the succeeding.

Legs stout, of medium length ; sometimes the ante-
rior tibise are spined as well as the posterior. Spurs
short, stout. The fifth joint of the posterior tarsi is
nearly as long as basal.

Ovipositor short, slender; the support broad and
sharply angled at base, the apex acute ; saw also
somewhat sharp at the point, and generally without
teeth.

The genus contains more than fifty European

92 THE GROUP OF PAMPHTLIUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS.

species ; it is common in North America, two species
are known from Mexico, but none south of that ; a few
species are found in China and Japan.

It can be arranged into several well-marked groups
(sub-genera) by the differences in the form of the head,
the structure of the antennae, and arrangement of
spines on the tibiaB, and by the neuration.

SECTION 1. — Anterior tibiae with a spine ; calcaria bifid,
with a small tooth beloiv the apical one ; vertex with-
out sutures, or with them very thin ; the central
region not separated from the sides, but continuous
with them. Subcostal nervure furcate beyond the
middle, transverse brachial nervure obsolete.

The first two groups are clearly separated from the
rest of the genus by the spines on the front tibiae, by
the obsolete transverse brachial nervure, and by the
head wanting sutures on the vertex. Their antennae,
too, are longer, and have more joints (twenty-five to
thirty-five) than usual. Although the larvae struc-
turally do not differ from those of the other species,
yet they agree in habits, and especially in being attached
exclusively to pines.

In Britain neither group is well represented. On the
Continent there are three species of Group I and five
of Group II.

I. THE GROUP or PAMPHILIUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS.

Body blue or violaceous, with the head in ? red, wholly or in part.
Wings violaceous. Antennae long, the third joint as long
as the following three; 25— 32-jointed.

PAMPHILIUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS. 93

1. PAMPHILIUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS.
Vol. II, PI. VI, fig. 3, c? ; 3 a, base of Antenna.

Tenthredo erythrocephala, Lin., S. K, i, 558, 26 ; F. Sv., 394 ;

Fab., E. S., ii, 121, 66 ; Pz., F. G.,
Heft 7, tab. 9 ; Schaef., Icon., tab.
96, f. 9.

Lyda eryihrocepliala, Fab., S. P., 43, 1 ; King, Berl. Mag., ii,

280, 16 ; Lep., Mon., 4, 7 ; F. Fr.,
pi. xiv, f. 1; Ste., II]., vii, 103, 21,
pi. xxxviii, f. 4; Htg., Blattw.,
326, 1 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 300,
2 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
vi, 119; Cam., Fauna, 48, 1; Andre,
Species, i, 490 ; Gat., 61,* 4.

Blue, often violaceous ; head red, anterior tibiae, and apex of femora
testaceous ; apical three-fourths of mandibles black ; palpi testaceous ;
ocelli in a bluish mark. Wings bluish-violaceous, nervures bluish-
black; the posterior wings are lighter coloured; the <$ has the body
more densely pilose ; the head is blue, except below the antennae where
it is straw-yellow ; the mandibles are of the same colour, except at the
apex which is black.

Length 6£ — 7 lines.

Erythrocephalus has no near British ally, but is
closely related to the Continental L. flaviceps, Retz.,
which may be known from it by the head being only
blue in the centre above ; below it is yellow, and be-
hind the eyes, at the sides, reddish-testaceous ; the
wings are sub-hyaline, and the anterior legs entirely
blue. The 3 has the head entirely black, except the
mandibles.

The head of the larva is yellowish, sometimes brown-
ish, and marked with fuscous spots ; that of the body
olive, often with a greenish tinge, especially on the
back ; the anal segment more or less yellowish, the legs
reddish, black at the base. Each segment is divided
by deep depressions into five portions, of which the
three upon the dorsal region are marked with trans-
verse greenish-brown or fuscous spots. On the back,
commencing on the second segment and ending on the
last, is a thin greenish-brown line. There is a similar
line on the sides, commencing between the last pair of
legs and ending on the twelfth segment. There is a

94 PAMPHILIUS STELLATUS.

shining, large, black plate on back of second segment
and two smaller ones of the same colour on the sides,
while between each pair of legs are two black spots,
and another is over each leg.

According to Hartig the larvae live on Pinus sylves-
tris socially, each in a nest spun of silk by itself, of a
roundish form, and about the size of a hazel nut, plenti-
fully garnished with the pellets of frass. Generally
the larvae attach their cocoons to the twigs of last year's
growth and as a rule near the ground. There are
usually two or three or more larvae on the same twig.
They are found during July and August and pupate in
the earth. The eggs are laid in the needles of last
year's growth.

Paniscus testaceus, Gr., has been recorded as a
parasite.

Rare. " Near Bristol and in the west of England "
(Stephens). Kannoch, Pitlochry (A. Beaumont).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia,
France, Tyrol, Switzerland.

II. THE GROUP OP STELLATUS.

Head and thorax black, spotted with yellow ; abdomen black ab
base and in middle, the sides and apex reddish. Antennae
as long as the body, 25— 35-jointed ; third joint as long as
the following two.

2. PAMPHILIUS STELLATUS.
PI. II, figs. 6, 3 ; 7, ? .

Tenthredo nemoralis, Lin., S. N., i, 558, 29 (1758) ; F. Sv., 394 ?

— stellata, Christ, Hym., 457, pi. li, f. 4 (1791).

— pratensis, Fab., E. S., ii, 122, 74.

Lyda pratensis, Fab., S. P., 45, 10; Schaef., Icon., pi.
xlii, fs. 8, 9; Lep., Hon., 10, 27; Klug,
Berl. Mag,, ii, 274, 4; Ste., 111., vii, 96,
5 ; Htg., Blattw., 329, 333.

— populi, Fall., Acta, 1808, 222, 5.

— stellata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Kdnig., vi, 113 (1865).

— nemoralis, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 301 ; Cam., Fauna, i, 41, 2 ;

Andre, Species, i, 511 ; Cat. 60,* 1.

PAMPHILIUS STELLATUS. 95

Antennae reddish, extreme base yellow, scape black. Head black ;
clypeus ; two small marks over antennae, a large broad mark on either
side of the antennas touching the eyes ; the inner edge of this mark is
continued round the lower part of the eye into the yellow space at the
outside of the eye, which is entirely yellow, and from this the yellow is
continued in a thin band all round behind the vertex. On the vertex
behind are two small marks, longer than broad, and on either side of
these there runs a thin line from the yellow posterior border, and
curving round into a club a little in front of the eyes and in front of
the above-mentioned marks ; mandibles yellowish-testaceous, the apex
fuscous ; palpi yellow. Prothorax yellow. Mesonotum black ; in front
is a yellow mark, slightly curved at the base, produced into a blunt point
behind ; on the lateral lobe is a large yellow mark which is broadest in
front ; scutellum yellow. Sometimes the lateral mark is continued by
a thin line into the mark in middle lobe. Thorax on under side black ; the
greater part of mesopleura in front yellow, and there are two thin yellow
lines on breast which nearly converge in front; metapleurae for the
greater part yellow. Metanotum in front with a transverse yellow mark,
which is prolonged and thickened at either side, behind this is a shorter
mark of equal breadth throughout. Abdomen black above, the sides,
apex, and more or less of the apical segments in the middle reddish-
testaceous ; ventral surface yellow, black more or less in the middle.
Legs: coxae and trochanters yellow; femora yellowish beneath, tes-
taceous at apex, above broadly banded with black ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi
testaceous, the tarsi infuscated at the apices of the joints. Wings
hyaline. Nervures ferruginous, costal nervure black in front of stigma.

The J has the upper side of the body almost entirely black and is
more pilose than the ? . The head is yellow on lower side, black above
the antennae, except a few obscure yellow marks as in the $ , but these
may be entirely absent. The yellow mark on the mesopleura is smaller ;
there is more yellow on the sternum, and the metapleura is mostly
black. The mesonotum is entirely black, but sometimes there are two
obscure yellow marks on the middle lobe.

Length 6 — 7 lines.

The yellow marks on head and thorax may be
broader or narrow, and the scutellum is sometimes
almost entirely black.

Larva : The head is pale fulvous, dotted with blackish
points ; the antenna black, banded with yellow. The
body olive-green, of a more yellowish tint on the sides.
On the second segment is a dark brown, shining, horny
spot. On the back is a dark brown longitudinal line,
and another of the same colour goes down the sides.
Under the last is a clear yellowish stripe. The legs
are yellowish, marked with black spots in the centre.

The eggs are laid in the young pine needles, are
green in colour, and elongated in shape. The larvae
come out of them in eight days after they are laid.

96 THE GROUP OF PAMPHILIUS FLAV1VENTRIS.

The larva lives solitary on pines, enveloping the
twigs with a covering of silk threads, beneath the
shelter of which it lives and feeds.

They are found during July and August, the flies
appearing early in June.

Apparently not common, but widely distributed in
Scotland and England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia,
Holland, France, Switzerland, Tyrol.

QfoSt — I am not quite satisfied that the above species is really the
nemoralis, Lin., and I have therefore not adopted the name. In the
Linna^an Collection nemoralis is represented by Nematus fallax; it
is not, however, the original type, but one inserted by Sir J. E. Smith
on the strength of his own identification. Zaddach (1. c., p. 151) refers
it (and I believe rightly) to punctat a, F.

SECTION 2. — Anterior tibice without a spine. Sutures
on vertex deep, so that the central part is distinctly
separated from the sides and more or less from the
front. Claws bifid. Transverse brachial nervure
present.

I. THE GROUP OF FLAVIVENTRIS.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black above, the sides, legs, and
more or less of face, yellow. Antenna? 24-jointed, third joint
as long as the three following united. Sutures on vertex
not very deep or distinct; head between antenna? projecting,
bluntly keeled. Subcostal nervure broken off beyond the
transverse costal nervure. Stigma black. Wings usually
with a smoky fascia in the middle.

This is a very distinct group, and is, to some extent,
intermediate between Sections 1 and 2, inasmuch as
the sutures on vertex are not so well developed as in
the following groups; yet still the lateral furrows are
clearly enough denned. The wedge-shaped form of
the front is peculiar, as is also the manner in which
the subcostal nervure is broken off beyond the middle.

The larvas of the four known species referred to this
group feed socially on fruit trees (Prunus, &c.)

PAMPHILIUS FLAVIVENTRIS. 97

3. PAMPHILTUS FLAVIVENTRIS.

Vol. II, PI. XXYII, fig. 9, Cerci ; 9 a, Ant. ; 9 b,
Labium. Vol. II, PI. VI, fig. 5, ? ; 5 a, Antenna
at base. Vol. II, PL XII, fig. 12, Larva ; 12 a,
Head ; 12 b, Cerci after Vollenhoven.

Tentfiredo flaviventris, Retz., De Geer, 74, 312 (1783).

pyri, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, 255 (1802).

lutescens, Pz., F. G., Heft 107, pi. vii.

Lyda clypeata, Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 279, 14 (1807); Htg.,
Blattw., 344, 15.

— sylvatica, Newman, Ent. Mag., i, 313, pi. i, f. 4 (lar.).

— flaviventris, Fall., Acta, 1808, 223 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,

306, 9 ; Ste., 111., vii, 101, 17; Andre, Species,
i, 516; Cat., 64,* 33.

— albifrons, Fall., 1. c., 225.

— fasciata, Curt., B. E., viii, pi. ccclxxxi ; Ste., 111., vii.

102, 20.

— pyri, Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig, vi, 147.

Black; head and mesopleurse coarsely punctured; a large wedge-
shaped mark between the antennae (extending from the clypeus to a
little above the antennas) ; base of antennae, tegulse, and legs, straw-
yellow ; abdomen fulvous at apex, the sides with a triangular yellow
mark in each segment, and which become larger towards the apex ;
ventral segments banded with yellow. The coxae and four posterior
femora black at base. Wings hyaline ; a broad smoky fascia below the
stigma, which with the nervures are black. Generally there is a small
yellow spot on the inner side of the eyes above, but this is sometimes
absent. The palpi and mandibles are yellow, the apex of the latter
piceous. Length 4 — 5 lines.

The <£ lias the head below the antennse yellow, the
flagellum reddish beneath, fuscous above at base and
the abdomen from the second segment is reddish-yellow.

The larva is yellow, sometimes orange-red, with a
shining black head and thoracic plates. It lives on
pear, plum, and cherry trees, also on the white thorn,
Mespilus, and other rosaceous shrubs, feeding with
many others under the shelter of a common web in
June and July.

Parasites : Opliion mercator, Gr. ; 0. mixtus, Gr. ;
Tryphon armillatorius, Gr.

Probably common in gardens in England. I have
not found it in Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, Italy.

VOL. III. 7

98 PAMPHILIUS SYLVARUM.

II. THE GROUP or SYLVARUM.

Head and thorax pale ochreous, with numerous black spots;
metathorax and abdomen black above. Antenna3 19-jointed,
shorter than abdomen, third joint a little longer than two
following united. Head broader than thorax. Lateral sutures
on vertex very deep and broad, reaching to the antenna ; trans-
verse suture not so broad nor so deep but still clearly denned.

This is a group of small extent. It is well defined
by the broad and flat head, short antennae, and by the
pale ochreous head and thorax, which bear more black
markings than any other species, and by the fulvous
tinted wings. The species appears to be rare.

4. PAMPHILIUS SYLVARUM.

Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 4, ? ; 4 a, Base of Antennae ; 4 b,

Mandibles.

Lyda sylvarum, Ste., 111., vii, 100 (1836).
— fulvipennis, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 155, pi.

iv, fs. 14 and 15 ; Andre, Species, i, 506 ;

Cat., 64,* 30.
Pamphilius sylvarum, Kirby, List of Hym., 336, pi. xiii, f. 6.

Antennse 19-jointed, shorter than abdomen ; the third joint as long
as the following two ; basal joints black above, yellow beneath ; basal
half of flagellum reddish-testaceous, the apical black above, brownish
beneath, Head pale ochreous, sparsely covered with broad punctures,
a broad mark below each antenna, a small mark below and surrounding
the lower ocellus, a large irregular mark on either side of this and
three irregular marks on vertex (of which the central is the larger)
black. Pronotum and mesonotum pale ochreous, the basal half of
middle lobe, a round large mark on lateral touching the tegulse, two
small marks in front of scutellum, base of scutellum and the posterior
and lateral borders, black. Metanotum black. Mesopleurse pale ochreous ;
a black mark beneath the wings, and the pectus is more or less black.
Abdomen black above, the edges, apex, and ventral surface pallid yellow,
the ventral surface marked with black. Coxse, trochanters, and femora
pallid yellow, the latter broadly black behind ; tibia3 and tarsi testaceous.
Wings yellow-hyaline, the apex clear, nervures yellow, stigma with a
reddish tint, ? .

Length 4 lines.

A rare species : Darenth (Stephens), Burnt Wood,
Staffordshire (Mr. Joseph Chappell).
Continental distribution : Germany.

PAMPHILIUS BETUL2E. 99

III. THE GROUP OF

Body orange; thorax and apex of abdomen black. Wings
yellowish-hyaline, with a smoky fascia in the middle ; the
stigma testaceous. Antennae long, 23 — 28-jointed; third
joint a little longer than the following two united, Face
slightly keeled. Scutellum convex in centre.

One of the best defined groups in the genus.

5. PAMPHILIUS
PL II, fig. 8, ? .

Tenthredo betulse, Lin., ]3. N., i, 509, 32; F. Sv., 394; Fab., E.

S., ii, 122, 72.
fulva, Retz., De Geer, 74, 321.

Cephalcia betulse, Pz., F. G., Heft 87, pi. xviii.

Lyda letulse, Fab., S. P., 44, 8; Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 276,
8; Lep., Mon., 12, 33 ; Ste., 111., vii, 102, 18,
pi. xxxv, f. 3; Fall., Acta, 1808, 220, 2;
Htg., Blattw., 334, 5 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc.,
i, 307, 11; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
vi, 176; Andre, Species, i, 508, pi. xxii, f.
1 ; Cat., 63,* 27.

— aurata, Klug, 1. c., 275, 6, pi. vii, f. 3 ; Ste., 111., vii, 101,
15 ; Lep., Mon., 10, 29.

Orange-yellow ; meso-, metathorax, and apex of abdomen, black, ocelli
in a black spot. Wings hyaline, a violet-black cloud between the first
recurrent nervure and the fourth transverse cubital ; the cloud in the
posterior wings extends to the apex ; nervures, costa, and stigma, pale
orange-yellow ; the legs are yellower than the body ; mandibles black
at apex.

The <$ has the cloud in the wings much fainter than in the ? .

Length 8— 8£ lines.

Birch wood, Devonshire (Stephens).
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia,
France, Spain, Italy.

IY. THE GROUP OF SYLVATICUS.

Head and body violet-black, head and thorax marked with yellow.
Antennae and legs yellow, black at the base, 23— 31 -jointed,
the third joint not much longer than fourth. Face slightly
keeled. Wings hyaline, stigma black, paler at apex.

A group easily recognised by the violet-black body,
yellow scutellum, legs and antennae.

100 PAMPHILIUS SYLVATIOUS.

7. PAMPHILIUS SYLVATIOUS.
PI. IV, fig. 7.

Tenthredo sylvatica, Lin., S. N., i, 558, 28 ; F. Sv., 394, after
Brischke.

— nemorum, Fab., E. S., ii, 111, 24.

— fulvipes, Retz., De Geer, 74, 323.
Lyda nemorum, Fab., S. P., 45.

— sylvatica, King, Berl. Mag., ii, 276, 8 ; Fall., Acta, 1808,

221, 3 ; Lep., F. Fr., pi. xiv, f. 2 ; Hon., 9, 26 ;
Ste., 111., vii, 97, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 347, 21 ;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 180, 44 ;
Thorns., Hym. Sc. i, 307, 12 ; Cam., Fauna,
48, 3; Andre, Species, i, 510; Cat., 63,* 26.

— fulvipennis, Curt., B. E., viii, fol. 381, p. 2 ; Ste., 111., vii, 98, 4.

— stigma, Ste., 111., vii, 97, 2.

Black ; antennae testaceous ; two marks on vertex, the first and
smallest close to the eye ; tegulse, edge of pronotum, two small marks
in front of mesonotum, scutellum and legs, straw-yellow ; coxge, tro-
chanters, and base of femora, black. Wings hyaline. Stigma black.

The<^ has the scape obscure yellow below, black above, and the marks
on vertex and mesonotum are smaller.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

The larva was bred from Pyrus aucuparia by
Brischke. The leaf is rolled down on either side, or
the three upper leaflets are spun together, the larva
living between them. It is clear bluish-green, darker
on the back through the food shining through. On
the underside of the anterior segments are, on each
side, a black streak reaching to the first pair of legs ;
the spiracles are clear bluish-yellow, cerci brownish at
the point. Head very shining, reddish-brown, antennae
clear reddish-brown with yellow rings at apex of
clypeus, and the lower parts of the face, a spot on front
and one on the vertex leading to the neck, black.
(Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 124, Taf. viii, fig. 10.)

Brischke earlier bred it from a larva which rolled
the leaves of Salix caprsea and Populus tremula. The
larva from the latter had a bright green-ground colour,
darker on the back, there was a black streak on the
thorax as in the larva just described, the head shining
black, with bright reddish-brown vertex, and the
antennas were brown, ringed with black. The Salix

PAMPHILIUS INANITUS. 101

larva had a brighter and somewhat broader head, and
the antennse were white. De Geer, who correctly de-
scribed the imago, states that the larva feeds on Prunus
padus.

Not common, Clydesdale, Thornhill, London district,
Devonshire (Stephens).

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia.

Y. THE GROUP OF INANITUS.

Head black ; behind the eyes and below the antennae yellow ;
thorax black, except pronotum; abdomen black, broadly
fulvous in middle. Legs straw-yellow. Sutures on vertex
deep, the lateral going down to antennae ; the ocelli with a
furrow before and behind, and from the former a furrow
proceeds to the middle of front. Head between the antennae
slightly carinated. Antennae 21-jointed, yellow at the base,
the rest testaceous ; third joint not much longer than fourth.

The yellow and black stigma, the antennas yellow at
base, and with the third joint not much longer than
the fourth, readily separate this from some of the
species of the depressus group, with which it has a
general resemblance in coloration.

6. PAMPHILIUS INANITUS.

Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 6, ? ; 6 a, Base of Antenna ; 6 b9
Leg. Yol. II, PL XII, fig. 13, Case of Larva after
Westwood.

Tenthredo inanita, Vill., E. L., iii, 125, 137, pi. vii, f. 11 (1789).
Lyda inanis, Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 278, 13 ; Htg., Blattw., 347,

22; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 308, 13.

— inanita, Lep., F. Fr., pi. xiv, f . 6 ; Mon., 12, 35 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 100, 12 ; Andre, Species, 499, pi. xxii, f. 6;
Cat., 62,* 25; Giraud, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
1861, 90.
fallax, Lep., Mon., 13, 37.

Black, shining ; the face below the antennae, a large curved fascia
behind each eye, extending to the edge of the head behind and becoming
narrower as it does so. Tegulaa and edge of pronotum yellow ; the
second to fifth abdominal segments fulvous; the apical segment
yellow ; legs yellow, the apex of tibise and tarsi with a ferruginous tinge.

102 PAMPHILIUS INAN1TUS.

Antennae yellow at base, the rest black, more or less testaceous beneath.
"Wings hyaline. Nervures blackish ; stigma testaceous ; the apex black.

The $ has the head for the greater part yellow beneath, entirely
black above ; the breast is for the most part yellow, as is also the ventral
surface ; the basal two or three segments are black above, and the
apical three or four segments are fulvous, like the middle segments.

Length 5 lines.

A widely distributed species, found frequently in
gardens. The larva lives on roses, on the leaves of which
it forms a portable case, not unlike that made by the
Caddice worms. According to Giraud (1. c.) the case
" forms a somewhat conical tube, open at both ends ;
its length varies according to the age of the larva, and
sometimes is 5 cm. It is formed of a variable number
of straight and longish folds, detached from the edge
of the leaf, rolled in a spiral, and imbricated the one
on the other in such a way that the border of the fold
formed by that of the leaf is found always above and
beneath, while the opposite edge, which is without
asperities, is found more directly in connection with
the larva. Some silken threads serve to fix all the
spirals together. As the larva grows, it lengthens its
tube by adding to it a fresh piece, enlarging it at the
same time. It is in this protecting tube that the larva
lives, entirely hidden, except when it wishes to search
for its food or change its position. In the first case,
it releases the half or the three-fourths of its body to
reach the part of the leaf it wishes to devour. Should
it wish to reach a neighbouring point, it detaches itself
from the sack so that only the anal extremity remains
attached to it; it throws then some silken threads
between the orifice of the sack and the point it wishes
to attain ; then fixing its feet on this point, it brings
back quickly its body along with the tube, surmount-
ing thus all the obstacles that might result from the
interlacing of the leaves and the tube. This progres-
sion, although laborious, nevertheless not only enables
it to change from one leaf to another, but even from
branch to branch. Like all its allies it is very timid,
the least movement frightening it and making it re-

THE GROUP OF DEPRESSUS. 103

treat precipitously into its shelter." "When complete, the
case contains about ten spirals, and the upper surface
of the leaf is always placed outwardly. The case may
frequently (especially when on the large-leaved roses)
remain attached to the leaf and keep green like it.

The pupa state is passed in the earth in a little cell.

Giraud mentions that Odynerus spiricornis, Spin.,
stores its nests with the larva of inanitus.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Austria,
Russia, France.

VI. THE GROUP OF DEPRESSUS.

Head and thorax black, spotted with yellow marks, rarely
entirely black. Abdomen black at base and apex, fulvous
in centre, rarely fulvous at apex. Legs straw-yellow, the
tarsi with a reddish tint. Antennae 19 — 23-jointed, the third
joint as long, rarely shorter, than following two united ; the
scape black above, yellow beneath ; basal half of flagellum
reddish, the apical black above. Wings hyaline, stigma
yellow or partly fuscous.

The species agree together closely in form and
coloration, the only difference being that some species
have fewer or no marks in the head, and in one species
the abdomen becomes for the greater part fulvous,
while the stigma is yellow, fuscous or black. Struc-
turally the antennas differ in one or two species, having
the third joint shorter than the following two joints,
and thus approach the group of inanitus, but as these
differ from the latter in some respects and agree with
depressus in other characters, they are most naturally
placed in this section. Zaddach forms a separate
group for Pamphilius hortorum, but I have not followed
him in this as the latter merely differs in the head
having the yellow marks obsolete or much reduced, and
in the stigma being blackish ; but P. arlustorum forms
a connecting link in this respect.

The larvae, so far as is known, are solitary and live
in rolled-down leaves (alder-rose).

104 PAMPHILIUS AKBUSTORUM.

1 (2) Third joint of antennae not much longer than fourth.

Arbustorum.

2 (1) Third joint of antennse double the length of fourth.

3 (6) Stigma fuscous or black, pleurae immaculate.

4 (5) A longish curved mark on either side of the vertex ; abdomen

fulvous in the middle only. Stigma fuscous. Cingulatus.

5 (4) A small mark on vertex touching the eye ; abdomen with seg-

ments 3 — 5 entirely fulvous. Stigma blackish. Hortorum.

6 (3) Stigma yellowish, pleurae marked with yellow.

7 (8) Front rugosely punctured, no mark over antennae ; abdomen

mostly violet-black. Pallipes.

8 (7) Front not rugosely punctured ; two marks over antennae ; abdo-

men broadly fulvous. Depressus.

8. PAMPHILIUS ARBUSTORUM.
Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 7, ? ; 7 a, Base of Antenna.

Tenthredo lucorum, Fab., S. E., ii, 324, 41.

arbustorum, Fab., E. S., ii, 123, 78.
Lyda arbustorum, Fab., S. P., 46, 15 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 282,

19; Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 173;

Thorns., Hym. So., i, 308 ; Cam., Fauna,

48, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 497 ; Cat., 62,*

11.
— stramineipes, Htg., Blattw., 347, 23; Zad., Schr. Ges.

Konig., vi, 160 ; Andre, Species, i, 501 ;

Cat., 62,* 22.

Antennas not much longer than abdomen, scape black, the rest of
the joints black, those near the scape brownish on underside ; the third
joint a little shorter than the second, and not much longer than the
fourth and fifth together. Head black, a line on clypeus, mandibles
at base, a broad fascia proceeding from the inner side of the eyes to
back of head, where it becomes broader, and a narrow stripe along the
sutures on vertex, yellow. Behind the ocelli the head is smooth,
shining, with only a few shallow scattered punctures ; below them it is
more strongly and more numerously punctured, and is not so shining.
Thorax black, shining; tegulae, the base of pronotum, scutellum, and
post-scutellum, yellow. Abdomen black above, the third and fourth,
and part of fifth, and apical segments, fulvous, the sides and ventral
surface yellow. Legs straw-yellow, coxae black at base, tarsi reddish-
yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous, paler in the middle.

Length 5 lines.

The short third joint of the antennae separates easily
this species from the others of the group.

The larva is unknown, but Saxesen (Zaddach, 1. c.)
suspect that it feeds on rose. My specimens were

PAMPHIL1US DEPRESSUS. 105

found also on rose, and possibly it is its larva which is
figured on PI. XII, figs. 8 and 10, Vol. II.

Rare. Rannoch in June.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

9. PAMPHILIUS DEPRESSUS.

Vol. II, PI. YI, fig. 8, Sheath of Ovipositor. Vol. Ill,
PL II, figs. 9 and 10 (var. albo-pictus).

Tenthredo depressa, Till., E. L., iii, 124, 31 (1779) ; Pz., F. G.,
Heft 65, pi. xi (1793).

Luda depressa, Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 274, 5 ; Lep., Mon., 11, 32 ;
Ste., 111., vii, 101, 16; Htg., Blattw.,
346, 20 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
vi, 157, 23; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 312,
19; Gam., Fauna, 49, 5 ; Andre, Species,
i, 502; PL xxii, fs. 5 and 8; Cat., 63,*
28.

— vafra, Zett., Ins. Lap., 355, 3.

— albopicta, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 312, 20.

Antennae brownish, darker above and at the apex ; basal two joints
black, the second yellowish beneath; third joint longer than basal
joint, and than the fourth and fifth together. Head coarsely punc-
tured below the vertex, the greater part of the face below the antennae,
the sides behind, the lower half of the eyes broadly, the inner orbits
narrowly (the yellow or inner orbits continued across the vertex to the
back where it joins the yellow, which is prolonged from the outer orbits
so that thus a large black space is surrounded by yellow behind the
eye), two fasciae along the lateral sutures on vertex, and a small mark
at outer side of antennae, yellow. Thorax black; tegulae, pronotum,
a broad fascia on mesonotum in front, scutellum, and post-scutellum,
yellow. Abdomen black at the base and narrowly at the sides, the rest
reddish, underside yellow. Legs yellow, the tarsi testaceous. Wings
hyaline, nervures blackish, stigma testaceous.

The $ has the face below the antennae, the mandibles, except at
apex, and the basal joints of antennae beneath, yellow ; the fasciae on
vertex are generally obsolete.

Length 5 — 6 lines.

A somewhat variable species in the amount of yellow
colour on the head and thorax and of the fulvous on
the abdomen ; the intensity of the punctuation on the
head also varies. The P. albo-pictus, Thorns., seems
to be a variety of depressus, chiefly differing from the
type in the greater amount of white on the pleuras,

106 PAMPHILIUS PALLIPES.

and in the lateral lobes of mesonotum being marked
with white. I have a specimen from Kingussie.

The larva is clear grass -green ; on the back is a
small darker line, and there is a yellowish lateral line.
The head is shining green with black eye-spots, and
with three black points on the vertex ; mouth brown.
On the upper part of the second segment are two small
black marks, and on the side are two longer ones.
Above each leg is a shining black mark. When young
the body has a more yellowish tinge, and the head and
second segment, as well as the anal lobe, are black.

It lives in the folded-down leaves of the alder, the
edge of a leaf being rolled down into a tube, the roll
being kept together by means of silk threads. Inside
of this the larva lives, only coming out of it to feed.
The larvso feed during July, the flies appearing in May
and early in June.

Common in Scotland, apparently rarer in England,
but still widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia,
Holland, France, Switzerland.

10. PAMPHILIUS PALLIPES.

Lyda pallipes, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 355, 4 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,
3H, 3 j Andre, Species, i, 505 ; Cat., 62,* 21.

— flavipes, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 355, 5.

— variegata, Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 161.

Black ; the apex of clypeus, mandibles, except the apices, which are
brownish ; a large mark on the outer orbit of the eye, a smaller one on
inner side, four curved fasciae on the vertex (the inner not half the size
of outer), tegulae, the edge of the pronotum behind, and broadest at
tegulse ; a broad triangular mark on middle lobe of mesonotum,
scutellum, post-scutellum ; a large mark on mesopleurse, a smaller one
on metapleurse over the hind coxas ; legs, the apex of abdomen, and the
edges of the segments on ventral surface, and more narrowly above,
yellow ; the middle of abdomen above is obscure rufous ; the coxae at
base are black ; hind tarsi faintly fuscous. Wings yellowish-hyaline,
stigma brownish-red. Antennas obscure, brownish-red; scape black,
yellow beneath. Vertex with large scattered punctures, below the
antennae rugose ; clypeus punctured like the vertex. Mesonotum with
scattered punctures. Lateral sutures on vertex almost parallel, an

PAMPHILIUS PALLIPES. 107

indistinct central one, a more distinct transverse one, in front of the
ocelli.

The $ has only the outer mark on the vertex, none on the thorax ;
the belly has more yellow, the anal appendages fulvous, and, if any-
thing, the head is more strongly punctured. Apical segment above
deeply, somewhat triangularly, incised, the white membranous part
depressed, slightly incised at apex. Stigma fuscous.

Length 5 lines.

The strongly punctured, opaque rugose front dis-
tinguishes readily this species. In addition the fact
of their being no white or yellow marks over the
antennae, and the abdomen being only obscure fulvous
in the middle, serves further to distinguish it. The
black clypeus and the fuscous border of cingulatus
enables that species to be known from it.

Rare. Pitlochry (Alfred Beaumont) ; near Hastings
(Bloomfield).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

Note.—Kirby (List of Hym.i,338,33) records P. lati-
frons, Y3\\.9 = maculosus, Zad., as British; but the
specimen he refers to latifrons is not that species, nor
apparently is it any I have described. It is black ; a
line along the vertical sutures, one running to the eyes ;
two marks over the antennse, an oblique one on either
side of this ; a mark on clypeus ; one on mesonotum, the
scutellum, tegulse and legs, clear yellow. Abdomen
black, yellow spotted along the edges ; the fourth seg-
ment, two marks on fifth and anus, fulvous. Antennae
fuscous, the base of flagellum fulvous, the scape
yellow ; the third joint more than twice the length of
the fourth. Wings hyaline ; stigma pale yellow.
Vertex impunctate ; clypeus punctured, keeled in the
middle ; mesonotum almost impunctate.

The species I have been unable to satisfactorily
determine.

P. latifrons 9 it may be added, differs from P. pallipes
and P. depressus in the latter having the third joint
more than treble the length of the fourth ; while it has
it barely double the length.

108 PAMPHILIUS HORTORUM.

11. PAMPHILIUS CINGULATUS.

Pamphilius cingulatus, Latr., Enc. Meth., viii, 690, 15 (1811).
Lyda cingulata, Lep., Mon., 9 ; Ste., 111., vii, 100, 11.

— suffusa, Htg., Blattw., 345, 19 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 313.

— balteata, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., vi, 163; Andre,

Species, i, 500 ; Cat., 62,* 13.

Black ; head coarsely punctured, the vertex not so strongly as the
front, mandibles yellow at base, the apex piceous, a broad yellow band
on each side of vertex ; antennae with the basal two joints black, the
rest black above, pale brown on lower side, third joint nearly as long as
the following three. Tegulse, the edge of pronotum, scutellum, post-
scutellum and legs, straw-yellow, base of coxse black. Abdomen black,
the middle two segments fulvous in centre. The edges of the segments
slightly, and the ventral segments bordered with black. Wings hyaline,
stigma fuscous, paler in the centre.

The <$ has the scutellum black.

Length 4^ lines.

This is perhaps only a variety of P. hortorum ; the
vertex, however, is less strongly punctured ; there are
two conspicuous white marks on vertex, the stigma is
lighter in tint, especially in the middle, and the centre
only of the abdomen is fulvous, not the two middle
segments as in hortorum. The $ , too, differs from the
$ of hortorum in having the scutellum black.

Rare. Braemar.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

12. PAMPHILIUS HORTORITM.

Lyda hortorum, Klug, Berl. Mag., ii, 278, 12 (1807); Herr.
Schaff., Deutschl. Ins., Heft 119,
pi. ix; Htg., Blattw., 345, 17; Ste.,
111., vii, 99, 9 ; Br. and Zad., Schr.
Ges. Konig., vi, 169 ; Andre, Species,
i, 510; Cat., 62,* 12.

— balteata, Fall., Acta, 1808, 225, 9 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,
314.

Black ; head strongly punctured, antennae testaceous ; base and apex
black, abdomen with the third and fifth segments fulvous; scntellum,
post-scutellum, and legs straw-yellow ; apex of tibiae and tarsi more
obscure ; mandibles testaceous. Wings hyaline, stigma blackish.

The $ has the apical two thirds of the abdomen fulvous, the edges
of the segments slightly bordered with black, the apical margin of the

STJB'FAMILY XYELINA. 109

clypeus is yellow, the base of pronotum, tegulse, scutellum and post-
scutellum, yellow.
Long, 5J lines.

Rare. New Galloway, Combe Wood and Hertford
(Stephens, 1. c.).

Sub-family— XYELINA.

Antennae 9- to 12-jointed, the third much longer and thicker
than any of the others. Wings with three radial and four cubital
cellules. Transverse nervure received in first cubital cellule. Posterior
wings with two or three middle cellules. Two posterior tibiae spined.
Ovipositor longer than half the length of the abdomen. Prothorax
transverse. Middle lobe of mesonotum short, triangular, widely sepa-
rated from scutellum. Larva without ventral legs.

As already remarked (p. 84) the affinities of this
sub-family are clearly with Pamphilius, as is shown by
the not dissimilar arrangement of the cubital nervures,
by the structure of the thorax, the spined tibiae, &c., but
the very remarkable antennae and palpi, the extra radial
cellule and the long ovipositor sufficiently differen-
tiate it from all the other sub-families of Tenthredinidce.
The curious genus Blasticotoma, Klug, has certain
affinities with it, and like it has the third joint of the
antennae very large and thick ; but there are only
four joints in all ; there are no spines on the tibiae, and
there are only two radial and three cubital cellules.

Only two genera of Xyelina have been described —
Xyela and Macroxyela — the former with twelve-jointed
antennae and two middle cellules in hind wings, the
latter with only nine joints in the antennae and three
middle cellules in the hind wings. Xyela contains at
present only six European and one North American
species. Macroxyela is exclusively American.

110 GENUS XYELA.

Genus — XYELA.

Xyela, Dalm., Acta Holm., xl, 122 (1819) ; Htg., Blattw., 349.
Pinicola, Breb., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1818, p. 116. (This
name is pre-occupied.)

Antennae 12-jointed, inserted over the clypeus. Second and third

cubital nervures receiving each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule

with an oblique cross nervure. Posterior wings with two middle
cellules.

The first joint of the antennae has a short pedicle
at its base, reckoned by Westwood a true joint (cf.
Int., ii, p. 110), and is about four times longer than
the small second, being also thicker than it ; the third
is nearly as long as all the succeeding nine joints united,
which are slender. Eyes not roundish, situated at a
distance from the base of the mandibles. Clypeus
slightly dilated, almost transverse at apex. Mandibles
dissimilar; the right with a long curved apical tooth,
followed by two shorter and blunter ones with rounder
edges, and behind there is a large broad dilatation,
with a small incision in the apex ; the left wants this
projection, and has the two subapical teeth shorter.
Maxillary palpi six-jointed; basal joint short, second
much longer, third longer than the first and second
together, fourth the longest, fifth shorter, longer than
second, elbowed at its apex and succeeded by two
smaller.

The ovipositor does not differ in its fundamental
structure from that of the true sawflies. The ovi-
positor proper is membranous, broad, thin, without
teeth, but the apex is somewhat striated. The support
is pilose on the outer side ; its apical piece is more than
double the length of the basal ; the triangular plate is
firmly attached to it.

In the wings the costal cellule is large and has a
cross nervure. The radial nervure originates from the
base of the stigma, and is much angled where the
nervures are received; the first transverse radial
nervure is straight and issues from near the middle of

XYELA JULIJ. Ill

stigma, the second is oblique and looks like the con-
tinuation of the radial nervure. The cubital nervure
issues close to the middle of the costa ; it is much
longer and narrower than any of the others and at the
bottom is curved, loop-shaped, extending to the base
of stigma, the first transverse cubital nervure being
received at extreme base of first radial cellule and con-
tinuous with the radial nervure. The three other
cubital cellules are of the normal shape and are angled
where the recurrent nervure s are received (in the
second and third). The transverse basal nervure is
received in the basal third of its cellule ; the transverse
median near the end of the lanceolate cellule, the third
discoidal cellule being small, six-angled, not much
longer than broad.

1. XYELA JULII.

Vol. II, PL VI, fig. 11, <? ; 11 a, Antenna ; 11 6, Ovi-
positor ; 11 c, Mandibles ; 11 d, Maxillary Palpus.

Pinicola Julii, Brebisson, Nouv. Bull. Soc, Philom., 1818, 116 ;
Andre, Species, i, 468, pi. xxii,
fs. 11— 15; Cat., 59,* 1.

Xyela pusilla, Dalm., Acta, 1819, 124, pi. vi, fs.. 1—11 ; id.,
Anal. Ent., 28; Htg., Blattw., 352, 1;
Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 316, 1 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 109 ; Cam., Fauna, 49, 1.

Fuscous or black; the mouth, palpi, orbits of the eyes, and some
irregularly denned spots on thorax, legs and terebra, pale yellow, a line
on the femora fuscous ; the sides and ventral surface of abdomen often
fuscous; basal joints of antennae fuscous. Wings hyaline, nervures
milk white. The transverse basal nervure is received in the first
cubital cellule ; the median cellule is much longer than broad, and
has the transverse median nervure received close to apical third of
cellule. The terebra is slightly curved, and is about as long as the
abdomen.

Length 1£ — 2 lines.

In the lighter coloured examples the head is pale
yellow save two or three marks on front and vertex ;
in the darker coloured specimens the vertex and front
may be almost entirely black, as may be also the
thorax. The other European species differ from

112 OEPHID^l.

Julii either by having the transverse basal nervure
interstitial (in which case the terebra is as long as the
body) or by the terebra being shorter than the abdo-
men.

South of Scotland, Hertford, Norfolk (Stephens),
Worcester (Fletcher), Glanvilles Wooton (Dale).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

Family CEPHID^.

Antennae thickened towards the apex, rarely filiform, 18- to 30-jointed.
Labium three-lobed ; labial palpi 4-, maxillary 6-jointed, long. Tibiae
spined. Anterior tibiae with only one spur. Pronotum long, nearly as
long as the mesonotum; middle lobe of mesonotum small, broader than
long, not reaching the scutellum. Cenchri hidden. Abdomen com-
pressed ; ovipositor projecting, nearly one-half longer than the last
segment. Wings with the first cubital cellule short.

The larvae are footless, except six tubercle-like
thoracic legs, white and fleshy and provided at the
anus with a projecting point, which may be capable of
being retracted telescopically. They are white, have
horny, strongly built heads, and very powerful jaws.
According to Riley (Insect Life, i, p. 10) they have
placed rather near to the small eyes (at least Cephns
(Phylloecus) integer, Norton) extremely small six- to
seven-jointed antennae, the basal three joints being the
stoutest ; the antennae in C. pygm&us are stated by
Curtis to be four- jointed. They are internal feeders,
feeding usually on the pith of the plant. Cephus com-
pressus, Fab., lives in the buds of the pear ; C. abdo-
minalis feeds on the flowering buds of fruit trees, or,
according to Audouin (cf. Westwood, Int., ii, p. 112)
in the young slender shoots of the pear ; C. phtisicus
in the branches of the rose ; C. xanthostoma, Evers-
mann, in the stem of Spircea ulmaria ; G. linearis in
the common reed ; another species is described by
Ferris as feeding in the bramble ; G. femoralis in
the stems of willows and oak ; and G. pygm&us in
corn ; and in America G. integer, Norton, in willow

CEPHIDJ1. 113

shoots. Some of the species (especially the latter two)
are injurious to the plants on which they feed, and
frequently do very great damage.

The systematic position of the Cephidse has been
much discussed. By Linne, Fabricius, Klug, and some
of the older authors, they were relegated to the Siri-
cidas, and this is also the position assigned to them by
Hartig ; by Curtis, Westwood and Thomson, they are
placed with the Tenthredinidae, while Foerster and
Andre regard them as forming a distinct family. So
far as the form of the larvae goes it affords no note-
worthy clue as to what family Cephus belongs, for it
does not differ essentially from that of Lyda or Sir ex.
but in habits the larvae approaches nearer to the latter.
Cephus agrees with Lyda and differs from the Siricidae
in having spines on the tibiae. The form of the ovi-
positor is intermediate between the saw-flies and
Xiphydria. The form of the labium agrees best as a
whole with the saw-flies ; but inasmuch as some saw-
flies, e. g. Lophyroides, Camptobrium, have the labium
entire, and the palpi from one to three- jointed, not
much reliance can be placed on this point. The un-
doubted points of resemblance between Cephus and the
Tenthredinidse are —

(1) In the body being soft in texture.

(2) In the middle lobe of the mesonotum not reach-
ing to the scutellum, and not being separated from it
by a transverse line.

It agrees with the Siricidas, and differs from the
saw-flies in —

(1) The anterior tibiae having only one spur.

(2) In the greatly elongated prothorax.

VOL. III.

114 GENUS CEPHUS.

Genus — CEPHUS.

CepJius, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, 303 (1802).

Astatus, Pz. (nee Latr.), F. G., 83, pi. xii (1801) ; Klug, Mon.

Sir. Germ., 47.
Trachelus, Jur., Hym., 70.
Banchus, Pz., F. G., 73, pi. xvii (1797).
Janus, Stephens, 111., vii, 107 (1835).
Phyllsecus, Newman, Ent. Mag., v. 485 (1838).
Ephippematus, Costa, Fauna Nap. Cef. 10 (1860).

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules; the first radial
cellule small; transverse radial nervure usually received in the middle
of the second cubital cellule ; first cubital cellule usually longer than
second, receiving one recurrent nervure ; the third cellule is the shortest
and also receives a recurrent nervure, but the latter is often interstitial
with the second transverse cubital nervure. The transverse basal
nervure is joined to cubital and received in the first cubital cellule ;
the transverse median is usually received quite close to the transverse
basal. Lanceolate cellule wide, divided by a straight cross nervure.
Posterior wings with two median cellules ; radial cellule not extending
to apex of wing.

Antennae usually longer than the abdomen, stout,
eighteen to twenty-eight-jointed ; the first two joints
are rounded at the apex, the first with a short pedicle
at the base and longer than second, the rest transverse ;
third joint equal to, longer than, or more rarely shorter
than fourth ; they are inserted half way up the face
and between the middle of the eyes. Head cubital,
seldom dilated behind the eyes ; sutures on vertex
obsolete ; front projecting between the antennae. Cly-
peus truncated at apex, but is sometimes toothed at
the lateral angles. Mandibles stout, broad, with three
irregular teeth. Maxillary palpi six-, labial four- jointed.
Prothorax long, narrowed towards the head, and with
a distinct slope from the mesonotum ; it is nearly as
long as the mesothorax. Mesonotum with a broad
and not very deep furrow running from the scutellum
to the middle lobe which is shorter, being broader than
long. Scutellum nearly as long as the mesonotum,
rounded at- both ends; cenchri obsolete. Legs of
medium length; femora moderately stout, shorter
than tibiae, which are shorter than tarsi ; metatarsus
long, spurs short ; claws long.

OEPHUS FEMORATUS. 115

Abdomen compressed strongly at the sides ; at the
apex the upper part projects.

Cephus contains three more or less well-marked
groups, but they do not offer sufficiently well-defined
points of distinction to warrant their being raised to
generic rank.

Sub-genus JANUS.

Antennce slender, filiform, not thickened towards the
apex, twenty-three to twenty -four-jointed, the third
joint longer than fourth. Eyes oval, not reaching
to the base of mandibles. Abdomen not more than
one half longer than the thorax. The fourth joint
of maxillary palpus double the length of sixth.
The basal joint not half the length of second.

1. CEPHUS FEMORATUS.

Vol. II, PI. VII, fig. 1, ? ; la, Mandible ; 1 b, Labium ;
1 c, Maxillary Palpus. Vol. Ill, PL III, fig. 3, <? .
Vol. Ill, PL IV, fig. 9, Cocoon in willow twig.

Cephus femoratus, Curtis, B. E., vii, pi. ccci.
Janus connectus, Ste., 111., vii, 108, pi. xxxvi, fig. 1.
Phyllcecus faunus, Newm., Ent. Mag., v. 485.
Cephus cynosbati, Andre, Species, i, 531, pi. xxiii, fig. 2, Cat.
67,* 3.

Black, shining ; mandibles testaceous ; four anterior tibiae and tarsi
testaceous, the tarsi somewhat more obscurely coloured ; a line on the
pronotum, base of femora and basal third of posterior tibiae, white.
Wings hyaline, nervures black.

The (^ has the apical third of the anterior femora and the whole of
the four posterior reddish, the tibiae pale testaceous, and the base of
posterior tibiae white ; the anus is testaceous ; the anterior tarsi are
slightly fuscous.

Length 5 — 7 lines.

An easily recognised species. The white band on
the pronotum is sometimes absent.

The larva has been described by Giraud. It is of
the usual form, and is found in the lower branches of

116 SUB-GENUS PHYLLCECCJS.

the oak, which become swollen at one end into a
spindle-shaped enlargement ; and this swelling either
becomes dried and withered, or may remain green ;
exteriorly the part inhabited by the larva becomes
covered with little knob-like elevations. The larva spins
a thin, semi-transparent cocoon, and quits the branch
by a hole in the basal part of the swelling. Giraud
records Ephialtes inanis, Grav., as a parasite. It is not
an uncommon species in the South of England in early
summer in gardens. Billups has reared it from the
stem of a willow, the branch not being in any way
enlarged.

The Tenthredo cynosbati, Lin., is not this species, but
a c? Pimpla of the examinator- group, probably P. strigi-
pleuris, Thorns., cf. Holier, Entom. Tidskrift iv, p.
91, 1883.

Continental distribution: France, Holland, Germany,
Italy.

Sub-genus PHYLLCECUS.

Antennae twenty-five to twenty-eight jointed, thick, sub-
filiform, thin at base, becoming gradually thicker
towards the apex; the third joint a little longer
than fourth. The basal two joints of maxillary
palpus nearly equal, fourth but a very little longer
than sixth. Prothorax not transverse. Hind tibice
with one spine.

1 (2) Pronotum yellow, the sides of abdomen with six or seven broad

yellow bands, the fourth segment banded with yellow. £
with two yellow marks on vertex, coxse and femora yellow.

Linearis.

2 (1) Pronotum entirely black, sides of abdomen with three small

yellow marks, the fourth segment not yellow. $ vertex
without yellow, coxae and femora black. Satyrus.

CEPHUS SATYRUS. 117

2. CEPHUS LINEARIS.

Vol. II, PL VII, fig. 2, <? ; 2 a, Mandible ; 2 6, Maxil-
lary ; 2 c. Labium. PI. Ill, fig. 30, ? .

Tenthredo linearis, Schrank, En., 343, 693.

Cephus quinquefasciatus, Ste., 111., vii, 104.

Ceph us faun us, Thorns, (nee Newm.), Hym. Sc., i, 319, 1.

Phylloecus faunus, Andre, Species, i, 543 ; Cat. 68,* 9,

Cephus linearis, Kirby, List of Hymen., i, 357, 14 ; pi. xiv, fig. 7.

Black, base of antenna, head and thorax covered with a close, short,
blackish pubescence; a spot on each side of the eye, on the inner
side close to the vertex, the face (except a small dot on centre of
clypeus, the side of the clypeus and the edges of the labium which are
black), the lower orbits of the eyes, the edges of the pronotum, tibiae,
tarsi and lower side of apex of femora, reddish- testaceous ; the lower
side of the second and fifth abdominal segments, and the others all
round, yellow. Wings hyaline, with a yellowish tinge, costa, nervures
and stigma testaceous ; second recurrent nervure interstitial, transverse
median received close to transverse basal. Mesonotum punctured. $ .

The <$ has the coxae, trochanters and femora, black, except that the
posterior coxae has a large testaceous mark, and the yellow bands on
the abdomen are broader ; the anal segment is only very narrowly edged
with black.

Length 5| — 8 lines.

Rare. Bristol (Stephens), London district (Billups),
Hastings (Andrews).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Hungary.

3. CEPHUS SATYKUS.

Astatus satyrus, Pz., F. G., 85, pi. xii.

Cephus satyrus, Lep., Mon., 21, 62 ; Ste., 111., vii, 105, 3 ; Andre,
Species, i, 547 ; Cat. 67,* 33.

Black ; mandibles at base ; knees, tibiae and tarsi, reddish-testaceous ;
a spot on the side of the second, third, fifth and sixth abdominal seg-
ments close to the junction with the ventral division, whitish-yellow.
Wings hyaline, costa and stigma testaceous ; first recurrent nervure
interstitial. Palpi black ; face and mesonotum punctured.

The g has the mandibles, the lower orbits of the eyes on inner side,
and six small marks on face (two below, four above), reddish-testaceous ;
the third and fifth abdominal segments are yellow all round the sides
and back ; the third cubital cellule is shorter, being as a rule almost
square, and the first recurrent nervure is not interstitial.

Length 5|— 6^ lines.

This is a smaller species than linearis and is easily

118 SUB-GENUS CEPHUS.

known from it by the pronotum being entirely black,
by the vertex being without any yellow marks, the
marks on the abdomen being very much smaller, and
the fourth segment is entirely black, while the second
cubital cellule is shorter compared to the third. The
d is readily separated from that of linearis by the
femora and coxae being entirely black.

Sub-genus CEPHUS.

Antennce eighteen to twenty -three- jointed, apex clavate or
sub-clavate. The basal two joints of maxillary
palpus subequal. Sixth scarcely double the length
of fourth. Eyes reaching to near the base of the
mandibles.

1 (2) Hind tibiae with only one spine. Antennae longish, third joint

almost shorter than fourth. Posterior legs fuscous. Ovi-
positor short. Abdominal segments two to six, bordered with
yellow. Antennas usually 23-jointed. Arundinis.

2 (1) Hind tibiae with two spines.

3 (4) Abdomen entirely black, antennae 18 — 20-jointed, clavate.

First recurrent nervure interstitial. Phthisicus.

4 (3) Abdomen marked or banded with yellow.

5 (6) A longish spot on each side of the abdominal segments, the

whole forming an almost continuous band. Tdbidus.

6 (5) Abdomen with two or more yellow belts.

7 (8) Apex of abdomen black, a yellow band only on the fourth and

sixth segments. Head sub-cubical, vertex emarginated.
Length 7 — 8 lines. Niger.

8 (7) Apex of abdomen yellow. Head transverse, vertex scarcely

emarginated. Length 2£ — 4 lines.

9 (10) Abdomen with two yellow complete bands, antennae brownish at

apex. Breast and vertex pilose. Hind tibiae and tarsi tes-
taceous. Pusillus.
10 (9) Abdomen with more than two complete bands, posterior tibiae
and tarsi fuscous. Antennae black. Pygmseus.

Males.

1 (2) Breast, coxae and femora more or less yellow. Pygmseus.

2(1) Breast black.

3 (4) Abdomen entirely black. Phthisicus var.

4 (3) Abdomen banded with yellow.

5 (6) With three complete bands (the fourth, fifth and sixth seg-

ments), antennae 18— 20-jointed. Phthisicus.

6 (9) With only two complete yellow bands.

CEPHUS AEUNDINIS. 119

7 (8) Length 7—8 lines. The fourth and sixth abdominal yellow.

Head cubital, vertex emarginated. Niger.

8 (7) Length 2^—3 lines. The third and fifth segments banded.

Head transverse, the vertex scarcely emarginated. Pusillus.

9 (6) Abdomen with a row of triangular yellow spots along the sides,

none of the segments banded. Tabidus.

4. CEPHUS AEUNDINIS.

x.

Vol. II, PL VII, fig. 3, ? .

Cephus arundinis, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xiii, 1286 (1863).
CepJius quadricinctus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 320, 2.

Black, head and thorax opaque, finely punctured, pubescent ; antennae
longish, slender ; four anterior knees, tibiae and tarsi, yellow ; middle
joints of palpi yellow ; a more or less longish line on second, a band on
third, fourth, and fifth, usually complete, a more or less incomplete one
on sixth, and sometimes a small mark on seventh, yellowish-white.
Saw short, not projecting beyond the cerci. Wings hyaline ; costa
testaceous, stigma fuscous or black ; first recurrent nervure inter-
stitial, ? .

Black ; mandibles, a brown spot on lower orbits of the eyes on the
inner side, and a large bell-shaped mark on clypeus with a little black
mark in its centre, the COXSB and trochanters on lower side, the anterior
femora on the lower side, the middle pair entirely, except a ring at the
base, the posterior on lower side, 'except at base and apex, and the four
anterior tarsi, yellow ; a small mark on lateral edge of second abdo-
minal segment, a larger one on third, the fourth, fifth, and sixth, all
round, the seventh at the side and the anal appendages, yellow. Wings
hyaline, costa testaceous, stigma fuscous, <$.

Length 5^ lines.

The one spine on the black posterior legs, the greater
number of yellow bands on the abdomen, the cubical
head, emarginated behind, and the closely punctured
head and thorax, easily separate this species from the
others in this section. The greater extent of yellow
on the face of 3 and the yellow front legs make it easy
of identification.

The larva lives in the stem (the smaller-sized ones)
of the common reed (Arundo phragmites), the stem
being neither enlarged nor distorted by the larva,
which makes its escape by the side at the top of the
place where its transformation has taken place (cf.
Giraud, 1. c. supra).

120 CEPHUS TABIDDS.

Apparently not uncommon. London district, "Wor-
cester (Fletcher).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

5. CEPHCTS PHTHISICUS.
PL III, fig. 7, ? ; fig. 8, 3 .

Cephus phthisicus, Fab., S. P., 251, 5 ; Lep., Mon., 21, 61.

— pallipes, Htg., Blattw., 302, 9 ; Thorns., Hymen. Sc., i,

320, 3 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 64, 6 ; Andre,
Species, i, 527, Cat. 65,* 10.

— cultrarius, Htg., 1. c. 363, 9 ; Evers., 1. c., 64, 5.

— immaculatus, Ste., 111., vii, 107.
phthisicus, Kirby, Hym., i, 360, pi. xiv, fig. 3.

Black ; mandibles, knees, tibiae and tarsi, testaceous, apex of hind
tibiae and the greater part of the hind tarsi black. Wings subhyaline,
recurrent nervure interstitial ; transverse median nervure almost inter-
stitial. The head and mesonotum are sub-opaque, finely punctured.

The c? has a broad yellow band on the fourth, fifth, and sixth abdo-
minal segments, and the anal segment is also more or less yellow ; the
antennae are usually brownish at the apex and the anal segment.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

Not common. London districts, Hertford, Bristol
(Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy.

6. CEPHUS TABIDUS.
PI. Ill, fig. 9.

Sirex tdbidus, Fab., S. E., 326, 8.

Astatus tdbidus, Klug, Mon. Sir., 59, pi. vii, fig. 3, a, b.

Cephus tabidus, Fab., S. P., 252, 6 ; Lep., Mon., 20, 57 ; Ste., HI.,
vii, 106, 9; Htg., Blattw., 363; Taschen-
berg, Zeits. Ges. Natur., xxxviii, 306 ; Costa,
F. N., Cef. 8; Andre, Species, i, 535, Cat.
66,* 26 *
— mandibularis, Lep., Mon., 19, 54.

Tenthredo longicollis, Fourc., E. P., ii, 578, 45.

Black ; mandibles, fore knees and tibiae and tarsi in front, yellow ;
a longish spot on the side of each abdominal segment (the whole forming
an almost continuous band) luteous ; wings hyaline, costa fuscous.

Length 4£ lines.

CEPHUS NIGER. ' 121

A species easily known by the almost continuous
yellow band on the abdomen.

Seemingly not common. South of England, Hert-
ford, Cambridge, Whittlesea Mere, Dover, Southgate
(Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Spain,
Italy, North Africa, Syria.

7. CEPHUS NIGER.

Syrex niger, Harris, Exp. Ins., p. 94, pi. xxviii, fig. 2 (1776).

- troglodyta, Fab., Mant., i, 258, 17 (1787).
Astatus troglodytus, Pz., F. G., 83, pi. xii ; Klug, Mon. Sir., 49,

pi. vi., fs. 1, 2, a, 6.
Cephus troglodytus, Htg., Blattw., 360, 1 ; Lep., Mon., 20, 59 ;

Ste., 111., vii, 104, i ; Costa, F. N., Cef. 3;

Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 321, 4; Andre,

Species, i, 548; Cat. 67,* 34.

Black ; mandibles, the fourth and sixth abdominal segments all
round, and a triangular mark on the side of the third and seventh,
yellow ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous ; apex of posterior tibiae and
the greater part of the hind tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, stigma
testaceous.

Length 7 — 8 lines.

This is a larger species than pygmseus, the antennas
are shorter and less thickened towards the apex ; the
yellow bands on the abdomen are narrower, and there
is no yellow on the last segment ; the stigma and ner-
vures, too, are testaceous, not black as in the common
species ; the $ is readily known by the black breast,
and the legs do not differ in coloration from those of
the ? .

Not common. London district. Hertford (Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, France, Germany,
Hungary, Switzerland, Italy.

122 CEPHUS PYGMOTS.

8. CEPHUS PYGMSEUS.

PI. Ill, fig. 4, $ ; fig. 5, c? . PI. IV, fig. 8, Lar. (after

Curtis).

Sirex pygmseus, Lin., S. N., i, 929, 7.

Astatus pygmseus, Klug, Mon. Sir., 50, pi. vi, fig. 3.

— spinipes, Klug, 1. c., 61, pi. vi, fig. 4, a, 6.
Sanchus viridator, Fab., S. P., 127, 5.

spinipes, Pz., F. G., 73, pi. xvii.
Tenthredo longicornis, Fourc., E. P., ii, 378, 44.
Cephus leskii, Lep., Mon., 20, 58.

— pygmseus, Ste., 111., vii, 105, 6; Htg., Blattw., 361;

Costa, F. N., Cef. 4 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,
322.

— atripes, Ste., 111., vii, 105, 4.

Black, shining ; antennae distinctly thickened towards the apex ; a
large mark on side of third, a broad band all around the fourth and
sixth, more or less of the seventh, and the apical segment, citron-yellow ;
knees, base of posterior tibiae, and the anterior four tibiae and tarsi, tes-
taceous. Wings hyaline, nervures black.

The <$ has the greater part of the clypeus, the lower orbits of the
eyes on the inner side, the breast, coxae, trochanters, and the lower side
of the femora, yellow.

Length 3| — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. Hind tibiae for the greater part testaceous.

The larva feeds in corn stems. The egg is inserted
a little below the first joint. The larva as soon as
hatched commences to eat its way upwards, boring
through, it may be, all the joints; when it becomes
full-fed it makes its way down again to the bottom of the
stem close to the roots ; bores a hole there for exit as a
fly ; then spins a cocoon, in which it remains unchanged
till the following spring, becoming a pupa and emerging
in the perfect state in the early summer in time to
deposit its eggs in the young growing corn.

In consequence of so much of the inside of the stem
being devoured by the larva the plant is insufficiently
nourished, becomes weak and discoloured, bears few if
any perfect grains and but a small number of ears,
which are empty and erect and pale in colour, and
finally in the autumn are felled to the ground by the
wind.

CEPHUS PUSILLUS. 123

In this country it has never been reported as a very
injurious insect. When the larvse do appear in great
numbers in a field the most effectual plan to eradicate
them is to root up and destroy by burning or otherwise
the roots of stubble in which the larvae are pupating.
On the Continent the species has been known to do
very great injury.

Pachymerus calatrator, Gr., is the parasite.

The flies appear in June, frequently being found on
umbelliferous plants.

Common in the South, rare or absent in the North.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, Switzerland, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Syria.

9. CEPHUS PUSILLUS.
PI. Ill, fig. 6, ? .

Cephus pusillus, Ste., 111., vii, 107, 11 ; Kirby, List of Hym., i,
358, pi. xiv, fig. 6.

Black; mandibles, palpi, apex of anterior four femora, tibiae and
tarsi, yellowish-testaceous ; apex of hind tibia3 and the apices of tarsal
joints fuscous ; the fourth and sixth segments broadly at the sides, the
apical segment, and the basal half of sheath on lower side, yellow.
Antennae distinctly clavate, brownish at the apex. Wings hyaline,
costa and stigma testaceous, nervures fuscous.

The $ has the yellow abdominal bands broader, and there is a broad
yellow stripe on the side of the seventh ; the antennas are more brownish
at the apex.

Length 2^ — 3 lines.

This species differs from pygmseus in being smaller,
the antennae are lo'nger and brownish towards the
apex, there are only two yellow bands on the abdomen
in the ? , and the posterior tibiae and tarsi are yel-
lowish-testaceous ; the costa and stigma are lighter in
colour, the transverse radial nervure is received nearer
the apex of the second cellule, which is shorter com-
pared to the third. The ^ is readily known from that
of pygm&us by the breast and pleurae being quite black.
The $ resembles the $ of pallipes, but its abdomen
is shorter and broader, and has not so many nor such

124 FAMILY SIRIOID^.

broad yellow bands, and the second cellule is distinctly
longer compared to the third.

Kare. St. Albans (Marshall). London district and
Bristol (Stephens).

Family SIRICDXE.

The species belonging to this family have globular
heads, often dilated behind, many jointed, setaceous or
filiform antenna3 inserted between the eyes, and not far
from the clypeus ; strong, three-toothed mandibles, weak
lower mouth organs with few joints in their palpi ; a
well-developed prothorax, mesothorax large, with a
transverse line in front of the scutellum ; a cylindrical
abdomen in the females at least, and a strong, horny
projecting ovipositor, which has the boring part
soldered closely ; the anterior tibiae have only one spur,
the transverse basal nervure is always received in the
first cubital cellule ; the body is hard and leathery in
texture, and lastly, the larvae are wood borers and
have no ventral legs, but a spine on the apex of the
abdomen.

The points of distinction between the Siricidds and
Tenthredmidse are not very numerous ; in fact they are
limited to three. Some Tenthredinidse have multi-
articulate antennae, others, e. g. Lophyroides, Decameria
have the labium entire, and have palpi and maxillae not
unlike those of Sir ex, the palpi, too, having few joints ;
in Pamphilius, &c., the transverse basal nervure is
received in the cubital cellule ; that genus, also, has
larvae not unlike those of Sirex ; if Oephus is not to be
regarded as a Siricid the one spined anterior tibiae is
not peculiar to them, Cephus having an elongated
ovipositor. The really distinctive characters then of
the SiricidsB are :

(1) A hard, strong outer skin.

(2) A transverse line at the base of scutellum, and

FAMILY SIRICIDJ). 125

the middle lobe of niesonotum being continuous with
the scutellum.

(3) In the two supports of the ovipositor being firmly
soldered together, forming an almost closed tube.

The differences between the ovipositors of Tenthredo
and Sir ex are two ; they are not broad and toothed ; the
two pieces I have called in the Tenthredinidw the
supports, and which with these are separate, have here
become soldered together forming a hollow channel (but
not a complete tube), inside of which the stilets (=the
cutting saw of Tenthredo) lie, almost completely filling
the cavity of the " borer/' A reference to the figure on
PI. VII, fig. 6, Vol. II, and a comparance of it with the
ovipositor of Cephus or with Trichiosoma on PI. X, fig. 5,
Vol. I, will show that in general structure these are
quite identical. The " triangular plate," by means of
which the instrument is attached to the last abdominal
segment, is small, hollow on the inner side, and has a
stout outer border for the attachment of the muscles.
The sheath is long and narrow, and becomes still
narrower as the apex is reached. Like the triangular
plate it is hollow internally, so that when the two pieces
are brought together they form a tube, completely
enclosing the borer and the spicules. At its junction
with the triangular plate it has on the inner side a
strong wire-like process, and a similar one runs at
right angles from it to the opposite side, where the
borer is attached to it. The lateral plate (= oblong
plate of Tenthredo) ends where the ovipositor leaves
the abdomen, and here there is a strong ligature binding
the whole. As stated above the two separate supports
of the ovipositor have amalgamated, and form a long,
narrow, thin tube, marked with oblique bars at the
apex. The spicules have the same form and have like-
wise projecting points at the apex. They fill the borer
completely, and as the latter is quite rigid and has no
flexibility except from the abdomen, it is obvious that
the spicules can only have an up-and-down movement.
The attachment of these pieces to the sheath is as in

126 GENUS XIPHYDEIA.

Tenthredo; the borer attached to the lateral plate at
the top, and the spicules to the triangular plate.

In the sub-imago state the lateral sheath is, as in
the imago, pressed close to the side of the abdomen,
the sheath being free ; the lateral plate on the outer
side is grooved ; the sheath is not ; and its apex is bent
so as to form a sort of hook. As in the imago the
" borer " has its two pieces united, the upper part
being grooved. It lies between the lateral plate and
the sheath, and has the two spicules immediately over
it. These are grooved throughout, and at the top one
side goes more in the direction of the lateral plate
than the other. At this stage they are shorter than
the borer, which extends to the apex of the sheath.

The apex of the sub-imago is a blunt stumpy point,
turned over on itself above.

The family contains two sections : —

The Siricina with the pronotum transverse and perpendicular in
front, the palpi with 1 or 2 joints in the maxillary, and 3 in the labial ;
no sutures on the mesonotum, and the abdomen terminating in a spine ;
and the

Xiphydrina with the pronotum emarginated in front and not perpen-
dicular, the prosternum greatly elongated, the maxillary palpi have 5,
and the labial 3 joints, and the abdomen does not end in a spine.

Genus — XIPHYDKIA.

Xiphydria, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, 304 (1802) ; Htg.,

Bla-ttw., 367.

Hybonotus, Klug, Mon. Sir. Germ., 11.
Xiphiura, Fallen, N. Hym. Disp., 1813.
Xiphidion, Provancher, Nat. Canad., x, 233.

Antennae 14— 22-jointed, filiform. Wings with two radial and four
cubital cellules, the first cubital receiving the transverse basal nervure,
the second and third the recurrent nervures. Lanceolate cellule with
an oblique cross nervure. Posterior wings with two middle cellules.
Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed, the labium entire. Posterior tibiae
with two spurs. Prosternum greatly elongated, incised in front.
Sutures on mesonotum distinct.

The head is cubical, bordered behind, vertex and
front without sutures. Eyes oval, placed well in

GENUS XIPHYDEJA. 127

front, the head projecting broadly behind them. Ocelli
in a triangle, situated on a level with the top of the
eyes. Antenna arising not far from the base of cly-
peus and a little above the lower part of the eyes ;
eighteen to twenty-two-jointed, second joint large,
curved, third joint shorter than second, fourth nearly
double its length, the next shorter and thinner. Clypeus
transverse, labrum rounded, small. Mandibles stout,
with three blunt, short, subapical teeth. Basal joint
of maxillary palpi small, second as long as the three
following together. These are of nearly equal length ;
the middle joint of labial is much shorter than either
of the others, the third a little shorter than first, and
much thicker than it.

The prosternum is greatly elongated and incised,
narrowed at the insertion of the head, and as it does
not occupy the hollow between the pronotum and
mesosternum, it has great powers of movability. Above
it is membranous and white, the chitinous part con-
tracting more or less beyond the middle. It is situated
low compared to the pronotum, and can be retracted
into it to some extent. The collar is emarginate at
the apex. The sutures in the mesonotum are deep,
but not very wide. Cenchri large. Basal segments
of abdomen large, cleft in the middle above. The
sides of abdomen with an acute border. The claws
have a middle tooth.

The cubital nervure is almost interstitial with the
cross nervure in the costal cellule ; the transverse basal
nearly with the transverse median and at the very end
of the median cellule ; the second recurrent is often in-
terstitial.

There are only three European species of Xiphydria,
ten have been described from North America, one from
India, and two from the Malay Archipelago. There is
a South American genus Derecyrta, Smith, which
appears to be recognised from Xiphydria by having
only one radial cellule and the ovipositor shorter;
another has been described from Chili, which is separ-

128 GENUS XIPHYDttlA.

able from it only by the last peculiarity. Xiphydria,
it may be added, has often only one radial cellule, and
Hartig gives one as the normal number.

The larva of Xiphydria was described (Trans. Bnt.
Soc., ser. i, vol. iv, 123) by Westwood. It is cylindrical,
soft, white, and fleshy. The head is small, and when at
rest is obscured by the first three body segments,
which are larger than the others. It is also of a
harder consistency than the rest of the body, and is
placed much lower down than usual. The upper lip
is small and rounded in front; the mandibles are
strong, short, and have three or four teeth ; the maxillae
are composed of two parts, an inner part fleshy and
rather hairy at the interior margin, and an outer which
is not longer than the inner, but has the rudiments of
several joints. The labium has no appendages, and
the under jaws and lip are united at their base and
have a common motion. The rudimentary antennas
are placed a little above the base of the mandibles, are
very short, and formed of several small rings, which
become gradually smaller towards the apex. The first
three body segments are much broader and larger
than the head or any of the other segments, are much
wrinkled on their upper side when the insect is at rest,
but when in motion the wrinkles become inflated and
form a smooth surface. The thorax has three pairs of
very minute fleshy legs, which appear to be never used.
The other segments have no legs, but have a pair of
lateral raised fleshy tubercles of the length of the joint,
the whole looking like a row of white coral beads along
the side. The last segment is larger than any of the
immediately preceding, is flattened above, has several
impressed lines on its surface, and is rounded beneath.
At its apex is a short spine, composed of several pieces
of various lengths soldered together, and arising from
the centre of a coronet of very minute spines.

X. dromedarius feeds on willows; X. annulatus on
Acer campestris (cf. Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
iv, p. 603) ; and X camelus is stated by Frauenfeld

XIPHYDRIA DROME DART US. 129

(Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1868, p. 885) to have destroyed
a birch of about an inch and a half in thickness,

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Abdomen black with white marks along the sides 5 transverse

median nervure interstitial. Camelus,

2 (1) Abdomen red in the middle; transverse median nervure not

interstitial. $ with a tuft of stiff hair on the fifth and
sixth abdominal segments.

1. XIPHYDRIA DROMEDARIUS,

Vol. II, PI. VII, fig. 4, $ ; 4 a, Ovipositor ; 4 6,
Labium ; 4 c, Maxilla ; 4 d, Head from front ; 4 e,
Mandible. Vol. Ill, PI. IV, figs. 10 and 11 (after
Westwood),

Sirex dromedarius, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii, 258, 14.

Xiphidria camelus, Fab., S. P., 52.

Hybonotus dromedarius, Klug, Mon., 15, pi. i, figs. 6, 7.

Xiphydria fasciata, Lep., Mon,, 3, 4.

— dromedarius, Ste., 111., vii, 110 ; Htg,, Blattw., 370 ;
Thorns., Hym. Sc,, i, 331 ; Andre,
Species, i, 561 ; Cat., 70,* 2.

Black ; the third to sixth segments of abdomen and legs red, the
lower orbits of the eyes, two broad longish stripes on vertex, and a
smaller and rounder one at the side behind, a longish spot in front of
tegulae, a mark on side of each abdominal segment from the third to
seventh, that on the latter being much the largest, white ; coxae and
trochanters for the most part black ; base of tibise white ; base of tarsi
whitish, the apex infuscated. Wings hyaline, nervures black,

The (J has the four middle segments of abdomen red, the tibise red,
fuscous in the middle ; the ventral surface is hairy, and on the fifth and
sixth segments is a tuft of hairs in the middle.

Length ? 6 — 9 lines, <$ 4—6 lines.

The late Mr. F. Smith told me that this species is
plentiful about old willows in the London district.
Fulham, Norfolk, New Forest (Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, Russia, France, Switzerland.

VOL. III.

130 GENUS SITtEX.

2. XlPHYDRIA CAMELUS.

Ichneumon camelus, Lin., S. N.( i, 560, 4 (1758).

Sirex camelus, Lin., F. Sv., 397.

Hybonotus camelus, Klug, Mon., 14, pi. i, fs. 4, 5.

Xiphydria camelus, Ste., 111., vii ; Htg., Blattw., 369; Thorns.,
Hym. Sc., i, 330 ; Andre, Species, i, 562,
pi. xxiv, f. 3 ; Cat., 70.*

Black ; legs red ; two longish marks on vertex and two smaller and
more rounded ones behind, a spot in front of tegulse, and five or six
large irregular marks on sides of abdomen, white. Coxse, trochanters,
and the apex of tarsi, black. Generally the lower orbits of the eyes are
white, but they may be black entirely. Wings hyaline.

The only $ I have (a very small one) wants the white spots on the
head, but otherwise, mutatis mutandis, agrees with the ? .

Length 7 — 10 lines.

Newcastle, South of Scotland (Stephens).
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia,
Holland, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Italy.

Genus — SIEEX.

Sirex, Lin., Faun. Sv., p. 396 (1761) ; Klug, Mon., 31.
Urocerus, Geof., Ins. Par., ii, p. 264 (1762).

Antennae 18 — 25-jointed, setaceous or filiform. Head much dilated
behind. Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules. Lanceolate
cellule with an oblique cross-nervure. Posterior wings with two middle
cellules. Abdomen ending at apex in a serrated spike-like projection.
Labial palpi 3-, maxillary 1-jointed. Pronotum transverse in front,
with an almost perpendicular slope; prosternum small. Sutures on
mesonotum obsolete.

The head is well developed behind the eyes, which
have between them the ocelli. The clypeus is trans-
verse, and is iinmoveably united (there being no suture)
with the front. Mandibles stout, thick, bluntly toothed .
Labium and maxilla small, the former much the larger
of the two, and placed in front of the latter. Its apex
is membranous, rounded, entire, the apical membranous
part narrower than basal ; both are covered with long
bristle-like hairs. The apical joint longer than the
other two together, and also thicker. At the base the

GENUS SIREX. 131

labium is broadly incised. The maxillae are united at
the base. The maxilla proper is composed of one long
narrow lobe, rounded at the apex and covered with
long hairs. At the base laterally is a short thick
palpus. From where this issues from the maxilla
there is a short projection, but whether it represents a
joint or only a slight dilatation of the maxilla I cannot
say, but in some species it has every appearance of
being a joint. The cardos are united by a stout mem-
brane of the same colour and consistency as them-
selves ; they are rounder, contracted at base, and bear
on the apex some long hairs.

The radial and cubital nervures seldom reach to the
apex of the wings, so that thus the second radial and
four cubital and outer discoidal cellules are continuous.
The first radial cellule is much shorter than second.
Of the cubital cellules the first is minute, the second
as long as the third and fourth together. Often the
transverse basal nervure is joined to the first transverse
cubital. Stigma longish, linear. There are two middle
cellules in posterior wings.

The abdomen has eight segments. On the back all
are fully developed; the basal is longer than any of
the five following, which are of nearly equal length ;
the seventh is larger; the eighth is still larger, and
terminates in a long hollow spine, the sides of which
bear irregular, short, tubercle-like teeth. On the ven-
tral surface the basal segment is fully as large as its
upper portion, and it does not project so far to the
base, but is pushed more to the apex; the second,
third, and fourth are smaller than the upper divisions ;
the fifth is smaller and much contracted in the middle ;
the sixth projects in the middle, so that it is more
than double the length of the fifth, but it is contracted
at the sides. At the apex the lower and upper divi-
sions (the hypopygium and epipygium) are united.
Beneath in the middle there is a long slit in which the
ovipositor lies. Above (except at the apex) it is open,
this part being covered by the sixth and seventh seg-

132 GENUS SIEEX.

ments. On the ventral side it occupies fully half of
the total surface. The seventh segment has no ven-
tral continuation. The anus has its exit in the apical
spine.

The larva is fleshy, cylindrical, colourless, with
fourteen segments, and provided with short stumpy
legs, in which the usual divisions are almost obliterated.
The head is smooth, shining, eyeless; on each side
above the clypeus are short, nipple- like, thick, appa-
rently biarticulate antennae. Clypeus slightly pro-
jecting, narrower towards the apex, which is trans-
verse ; labrum of the same form as the clypeus, but
smaller. Mandibles broad, quadrate, and unlike each
other, the right having a large lobe on the inner and
four short teeth on outer side ; in the left the basal (or
inner) part has no teeth as in the right, but it does
not project ; at the apex are four blunt teeth. The
left is hollowed throughout at the apical half, the right
only obliquely at the inner side behind the toothless
part. The right lies against the left, which projects
in front of it when at rest.

Lower mouth organs small, thick, and fleshy. The
maxillae have on the outside short, stumpy, two-jointed
palpi, originating from a projecting basal lobe; the
outer lobe is broad at the base, and terminates in a pro-
jection not unlike a palpus. This is regarded by West-
wood (Int., ii, p. 116) as the real palpus, but I think it
will be admitted, by comparing it with the maxilla of a
Tenthredo larva, that it is really the outer lobe ; what
I consider to be the palpus, Westwood states is " very
minute and exarticulate ;" which is not the case, it
being more than half the size of the outer lobe, and is
most clearly biarticulate in all the specimens I have
examined. The inner lobe is thinner and sharper than
the outer, but is thicker at the base ; the top is rounder,
and the biting edge is provided with some brownish
setae. The labium is fleshy, thick, produced above
considerably, and bearing short, stumpy, two- (or per-
haps three-) jointed palpi.

GENUS SIREX. 133

The abdomen has no prolegs, but below the spiracles
the segments are developed into fleshy protuberances,
which project over the belly. There is no great differ-
ence, if any, in the size of the segments, until the four-
teenth is reached . This is much larger than the others ;
at the apex it is acute, and terminates in a sharp, horny
spine. At the base of this above is a projecting ridge
or tooth ; at the middle there is a similar tooth, there
being a gradual reduction in the thickness of the spine
with each tooth. In the centre of the segment above
is a deep depression, and on either side of this, at the
apex, is a short, blunt, horny tubercle. This part of
the segment is separated from the spine-bearing por-
tion by a depression. It bears some minute, brownish
setae, and there is a row of short tubercle-like setae in
front of the terminal spine.

The larvae are found in various species of firs, feed-
ing internally in the wood, in which they bore galleries ;
and often, when they are numerous in a tree, they
completely riddle it. There seems to be a consensus
of opinion that the ? only lays her eggs in living
trees which are already diseased, ovipositing in those
places which show signs of decay. They will also lay
eggs in fallen trees. As an example of the way in
which they may infest a tree, it is stated by Mr.
Eaddon (Trans. Ent. Soc., i, p. 85, Append.) that
twenty feet of a fir tree from Worcester were so inter-
sected by the burrows made by the larvae that it was
only fit for firewood. From it the imagos came out
every morning, five or six coming out every day. The
females at first only averaged one in twelve ; after-
wards they became more numerous, and continued to
come out to the end of November, by which time only
females were produced.

In this country the species seldom occur in sufficient
numbers to cause serious injury to the fir plantations,
but it is different in the large pine forests of Germany
and Northern Europe, where their ravages have been
serious.

134 GENUS SIEEX.

The female lays 100 eggs according to Hartig.
The duration of the larval life appears to vary. They
may become full-fed in seven or eight weeks, but
others appear to take a much longer period ; and the
period in which they may remain in the larval stage,
even after they are apparently full-fed, is uncertain.
The perfect insects make a humming noise when
flying.

It is difficult to say how many species may be really
indigenous in Britain, possibly not more than two,
gigas and juvencus ; and even with these (and especially
the former) very few of the specimens taken alive are
of native origin, the vast majority having been intro-
duced with foreign timber. They often are found near
wood-yards, railway stations, and in coal-pits. As
nearly all the European species have been found in
Britain, I give a synopsis of them. In addition to
these, Sirex cyaneus, Fab., = nigricornis, Newman, =
duplex, Shuckard; S. albicornis, Fab., 8. flavicornis,
F. (of which 8. bizonatus, Ste., is a var.), and 8.
Stephensii, Kirby,=ma#?ms, Ste., all natives of America,
have been found occasionally.

Synopsis of European Species.

1 (4) Antennae short, thick, somewhat fusiform ; twelve- to six-

teen-jointed ; posterior tibiae and base of tarsi flattened.
Wings with three cubital cellules. = Tremex, Jur.

2 (3) Dull black ; abdomen yellowish, more or less black ; wings

yellowish. Antennae fuscous, testaceous at base.

Fuscicornis, F.

3 (2) Blue ; abdomen with white spots ; apex of antennae white ;

wings smoky. Magnus, F.

4 (1) Antennae longish, filiform or setaceous, with more than

eighteen joints. Wings with four cubital cellules.

= Sirex.

5 (10) Body for the greater part blue.

6 (7) Posterior tibiae with one spur. Ovipositor nearly as long as

the body, or at least as long as the abdomen ; sides of
pronotum testaceous ; the vertex marked with white.

Spectrum, Fab.

7 (6) Posterior tibiae with two spurs. Ovipositor not much longer

than, if so long as, half the length of abdomen ; sides of
prothorax not testaceous. No white marks on vertex.

8 (9) Patellae on joints 2 — 4 of hind tarsi distinct. Antennas pale

at the base. Juvencvs.

S1REX GIGAS. 135

9 (8) Patellae indistinct. Antennae black. Melanocerus.

10 (5) Body black ; abdomen more or less yellow.

11 (12) Posterior tibiae with the apical half black. Augur, F.

12 (11) Posterior tibiae without black.

13 (14) The second to fifth abdominal segments black ; meso- and

meta-thorax entirely black ; sides of pronotum very rarely
marked with yellow ; femora for the greater part black.

Gigas.

14 (13) Fourth to sixth abdominal segments narrowly banded with

black ; pronotum and metathorax yellow ; femora scarcely
marked with black. Fantoma.

Males.

1 (2) Hind tibiae with one spur. Sides of pronotum testaceous.

Spectrum.

2 (1) Hind tibiae with two spurs. Pronotum without testaceous.

3 (6) Head and thorax black.

4 (5) Head entirely testaceous behind the eyes. (Sometimes the

entire body is yellowish.) Augur.

5 (4) Head not entirely testaceous behind the eyes. Gigas.

6 (3) Head and thorax blue.

7 (8) Eighth abdominal segment reddish in centre above.

Juvencus.

8 (7) Eighth abdominal segment blue. Melanocerus.

1. SlEEX GIGAS.

Yol. II, PI. VII, fig. 6, ? ; 6 a, Ovipositor ; 6 b, Top of
Sheath; 6 c, Apex of Borer; 6 d and e, Last Ab-
dominal Segment; 6/, Trophi. Vol. Ill, PL IV,
figs. 12—12 a— h, Lar.

Ichneumon gigas, Lin., S. N., i, 560, 1.

Sirex qiqas, Lin., F. Sv., 396 ; Klug, Mon., 31, pi. ii, fs. 1—5 ;
Ste., 111., vii, 115; Htg., Blattw., 382 ; Thorns.,
Hym. Sc., i, 328, 5 ; Andre, Species, i.

— marisca, Lin., F. Sv., 397.

— mariscus, Lin., S. N., i, pt. ii, 929, 6.

— psyllius, Fab., E. S., ii, 124, 2.

— hungaricus, Christ, Eym., 414, pi. xlvii, f. 1.

Black ; the head behind the eyes broadly, base and the three apical
segments of abdomen, antennae, knees, tibiae and tarsi, yellow ; wings
yellowish, darker at base. Stigma testaceous.

The <$ has the base and apex black, the rest yellow ; posterior tibiae
and tarsi black, white at the base. The apical tarsal joints testaceous.

Length 12—16 lines.

Ab. — a. Pronotum broadly yellow.
b. Ninth segment black at base.

136 SIREX MELANOCERUS.

Rarer than 8. gig as.

Continental distribution : General.

2. SlREX JUVENCUS.

Ichneumon juvencus, Lin., S. N., i, 560, 3.
Sirex juvencus, Lin., F. Sv., 396 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 327
— juvencus, var. 2, King, Mon., 38, pi. iv, f. 3 ; Htg., Blattw.,
327.

Violet-bluish-black; legs testaceous, except coxae and trochanters.
Wings yellowish-hyaline. The antennae pale or testaceous at the base.

The <$ has the abdomen yellow, except at base ; the legs testaceous,
except the coxee, trochanters and posterior tibiae and tarsi.

Length 10—17 lines.

Rare.

Continental distribution : General.

3. SlREX MELANOCERUS*

Sirex noctilio, Fab., E. S., ii, 130, 22 ?

— juvencus (excl. var. 2), Klug, Mon., 36, pi. iii, f. 6 ; pi. iv,

fs. 1, 2, 81 ; Htg., Blattw., 384.

— melanocerus, Thorns., Hym, Sc., i, 328.

Similar to juvencus, but the body has a more dis-
tinctly "violaceous tint ; the antennas are black, with-
out any trace of blue or violet, or testaceous at the
base. The central suture on vertex is deeper, that
in breast narrower, the abdominal spine is longer and
narrower; the terebra projects more than its length
beyond the apex of spine, while in juvencus it does not
do so ; the patellse are more distinct ; the wings want,
as a rule, a yellowish tinge, and the costa and stigma
(especially the latter) are darker.

The (J has the apex of abdomen bluish.

On all these points, however, I find so many inter-
mediate variations that I can hardly look upon
iuvencus and melanocerus as really distinct.

FAMILY ORYSSIDJ3. 137

Family OEYSSID^.

This family is to be known from the other Hymenoptera with sessile
abdomen by the fourth body-segment not being fissured, by the
antenna being placed below the level of the eyes and immediately over
the mandibles, by the anterior tarsi having only three joints and the
wings only two cubital cellules.

The eyes converge above; on their outer side is a
sharp keel, which commences not far from their top
and reaches near to their bottom ; on the vertex are a
number of tubercles on either side around the top of
the ocelli. The front and clypeus form one piece,
without any trace of segmentation; the latter is
rounder at the apex, and from its edges runs a keel
round the outer side of the mouth and mandibles.
The basal joint of the antennse is oval, thick, double
the length of second ; third as long as the fourth and
fifth together, but thinner than them ; sixth as long
as the third, seventh a little longer than eighth, ninth
a little longer than third, oblique at the apex, and fol-
lowed by a short joint, which has a little pedicle at
its apex. In the # there are eleven joints, the apical
being conical, and the others are not so irregular as
in the ? .

The mandibles are broad, thick, without teeth. The
maxillae at the top rounder and of one piece, leathery
on the outer side, thin, membranous internally ; their
palpi are five-jointed ; their basal joint is one-half
longer than the second, which is much shorter than
any of the others ; third a little shorter than fourth,
which is the longest ; fifth a little longer than the two
basal together, and shorter than third. Labium entire,
and with three-jointed palpi; their joints are thick, the
middle joint much the shortest.

Thorax stout ; prosternum with a short neck, bor-
dered above in front of pronotum ; mesonotum with-
out sutures ; there is a transverse line in front of
scutellum ; scutellum somewhat flat, narrowed to a
point behind (triangular). Cenchri of normal size,

138 FAMILY OEYSSIM.

touching mesonotum. Fourth segment large, without
a blotch ; first extending well down the sides.

The radial nervure springs from the middle of the
stigma, and does not reach the end of the wing. The
second cubital cellule is shorter than third, and
receives one recurrent nervure ; of which there is only
one. The second cubital cellule receives also the
basal nervure, which is joined to the transverse
median. Of the discoidal cellules only the third is
present. Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Hind wings
with no middle cellules.

First abdominal segment as long as the fourth body-
segment, and, like it, closely punctured ; second seg-
ment a little, and the succeeding somewhat shorter
than that.

Beneath the first segment is as large as it is above ;
the second small, not half the size of the third ; that
and fifth subequal ; fourth a little longer ; the sixth
raised in the centre into a keel, which is sharp at the
apex and projects into the segment itself. Probably
this has something to do with the ovipositor.

I am only able to make out seven abdominal segments
above in the ? . In the <? there are eight beneath,
but only seven above ; the last ventral is as long as the
seventh, and broader and rounder at the apex. In the
? it is largely developed. On the inner side of both
pieces (for it is divided as usual in two) there is a
well-developed keel; out from this it is hollowed,
there being also a blunt keel on the opposite side of
this. The apex is deeply and widely incised ; on the
inner side of the hypopygium, and at the end of the
keel, is a small, somewhat triangular piece, which
represents, I believe, the missing eighth segment. It
is between these two pieces that the ovipositor is ex-
serted.

The sheath of the ovipositor is horny, rather
narrow, hollow, the two pieces forming a closed tube ;
the lateral plate is broader; a little above the sheath
it curves round, and becomes dilated towards the

ORYSSUS ABIETINUS. 139

•iangular plate; hollowed in the centre above, the
iternal keel formed by this hollow, having the mus-
jles attached to it. The two other pieces of the ovi-
>ositor are formed as in Sirex, only they are finer and
inch longer, being nearly double as long as the abdo-
len. In repose they are not exserted. I am not
quite certain how they are kept in position in the
abdomen when retracted, not having a ? to dissect ;
but in one specimen the apex was apparently firmly
inserted into the basal abdominal segment.

The c? has all the tarsi five-jointed, but the ? has
only three joints in the anterior ; the front tibiae have
only one spur. Claws simple. The four posterior
tibiae bear blunt irregular tubercles on the outer side.

Genus — OEYSSUS.

Oryssus, Latr., Precis, p. Ill ; Klug, Mon., 3 ; Westw., Int., ii,
121.

1. OEYSSUS ABIETINUS.

SpJiex abietina, Scop., Ent. Cam., 296 (1763).

— vespertilio, Fab., E. S., ii, 129, 19 (1793) ; Klug, Mon., 7,

pi. i, fs. 1-3.
Oryssus vespertilio, Htg., Blattw., 366.

— coronatus, Fab., E. S. Suppl., 218; Curt., B. E., x,

pi. ccclx ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 333.

— albopunctatus, Gimm., Bull. Mosc., ix, 434.

Black ; the lower orbits of the eyes above the clypeus, the greater
part of the third, fourth, and fifth antennal joints beneath, the knees,
and the greater part of the outer side of tibiae, white. Tarsi reddish ; the
abdomen bright red from the second segment.

Wings hyaline, the apex smoky, except the extreme tip and a broad
stripe at the end of the stigma, extending to the cubital nervure from
the stigma. Head and thorax and basal segment of abdomen coarsely
punctured.

The <$ has a broad yellow mark on the apical segment above.

Length 5 — 6 lines.

Kare. Daren th Wood, Devonshire (Stephens).

140 FAMILY CYNIPIDJ).

Family CYlSttPHLE.

The name " Cynips," as a generic term, originated
with Linnaeus.

Under it he ranged diversely related species, part
only really belonging to the Cynipidde, the others being
parasites or gall-flies not connected with the Hymen-
optera.

Scopoli followed Linnaeus and described six species,
but one of them was not a true Cynips. The same is
to be said of Schrank, who enumerated ten species,
but of the same mixed character.

In 1764 Geoffroy split up the Cynips of Linnaeus into
two sections — Cynips and Diplolepis, — the distinction
between them lying in the antennae, <c qui in le cinips
sont soudees, ou brisees ou cylindriques, au lieu que
dans le diplolepe elles sont longues, filiformes, toutes
unies comme celles d'ichneumon et nullement coudees
dans leur milieu. " The meaning of this is that the
name "Cynips" was applied to a parasitic species
(probably a Ghalcid), and the name Diplolepis was
given to a true gall-maker (C. rosse, Linn.). Fabricius,
in his earlier works, followed Geoffroy in this allocation
of the names, but in the System Piezatorum he re-
versed them, using " Cynips " for the gall-makers (with
rosae, Linn., as type), and Diplolepis for the Chalcids
(Cctllimome, &c.).

The earlier French authors, Latreille, Olivier, &c.,
folio wed Geoffroy in using Diplolepis for the gall-makers.
On the other hand, Cynips has been used to designate
the gall-makers by Scopoli, Schrank, Spinola, and
every author since the time of Latreille, until the name
Diplolepis was restored to its Geoffroyian meaning by
Karsch (Zeits. f. ges. Naturw., liii, p. 287).

That Fabricius acted somewhat arbitrarily in first
adopting the names as used by Geoffroy and then using

FAMILY CYNIPIDJ!. 141

them in an entirely opposite sense, may be granted ;
but, on the other hand, it was equally arbitrary to
apply the name of " Cynips " to a group of insects of
which only few species were included in Cynips by
Linne, the great majority (and certainly the first on
the list, which ought, according to the usual custom,
to be considered the type) of which were true gall-
makers — OynipidsB in the modern sense. Moreover, I
cannot look on Geoffrey's names as " genera " in the
Linnsean and modern meaning. In his work he did
not use the binomial system of nomenclature, and I
therefore do not think his names should be adopted
at all unless they have been clearly defined and used
by his predecessors — defined by them as part of the
binomial system of nomenclature. It is true they
were at first adopted by Fabricius, but seeing that he
afterwards reverted to the name which Linne obviously
meant to apply to the gall-makers, and as that name
has been applied and become firmly attached to them,
I do not feel disposed to follow Karsch in changing
the name of the gall-flies to Diplolepis. To do so would
only lead to needless confusion, without any adequate
advantage being gained. Nor would the confusion
end here, for Cynips would have to be, on the same
principle, applied to some Chalcid, or if " Cynips"
Geof. Fab. (of Sys. Ins.), could not be fixed definitely,
dropped entirely.

The same reasoning applies to Crabro versus Cimbex.
Crabro was first applied to the saw-fly, now called
Cimbex, by Geoffroy, but was afterwards applied by
Fabricius to an Aculeate ; so that, if we are slavishly
to stick to the rule of priority, Cimbex must now be
called Crabro, and another name be found for the latter
as now understood ; a course which would mean end-
less confusion, without any scientific object being
gained.

The Cynipidx belong, in contradistinction to the
Tenthredinidde, to the division of Hymenoptera having
the abdomen petiolated, i. e. not attached by its entire

142 FAMILY OTNIPID2B.

breadth to the thorax. Their most important distinc-
tive features are :

The abdomen pedunculafced ; trochanters biarticu-
lated ; antennae twelve- to fifteen- jointed, and never
elbowed ; prothorax reaching to the insertion of the
wings ; wings without a stigma, and with one radial
and one to three cubital cellules, the second, when
present, being minute, usually triangular ; the sub-
costal cellule large, always present, the other cellules
badly defined or absent ; submarginal nervure absent ;
abdomen compressed ; ovipositor originating close to
the base of the abdomen, the borer usually semi-spiral,
and with the parts free ; larva apterous, never spin-
ning a cocoon ; eggs stalked.

The species are small in size, seldom exceeding 5
m.m. in length, and often not more than 2 m.m. As a
whole they form a well-defined group, possessing suffi-
cient characteristics which enable the species to be
readily recognised from the other groups of Hymen-
optera with petiolate abdomen. The Ghalcididse are
easily separated from them by the wings having a
stigma and neither a radial nor cubital cellules, by the
antennae being elbowed, and by the prothorax not
reaching to the insertion of the wings. The Oxyura
agree in the prothorax reaching to the tegulae, but
differ in the antennae being elbowed, in the wings
generally having a stigma, and in the ovipositor issu-
ing from the point of the abdomen. The Jtraconidx
and IchneumoniddB both possess a stigma, and differ in
many other points from the Cynipidx.

The Mouth Organs. — The mandibles are short, broad,
quadrangular, and bear one, two, or three teeth, either
one large apical tooth separated by a deep depression
from the basal part, as in Gynips ; two large, acute,
bent teeth, as in JEgilips, or three teeth as in Figites.
Frequently the teeth are not alike. The labium is
entire, fleshy, and truncated, or with a curve at the
top. The maxilla has usually a large, broad, fleshy
outer lobe, the inner lobe obsolete. The labial palpi

FAMILY CYNIPIM. 143

are two- to three-, the maxillary four- to five- jointed.
They do not afford material for taxonomic purposes.

The Antennas. — These are never elbowed, nor more
than fifteen- jointed. In the ? they are from twel ve-
to fourteen-jointed, and in some species the males have
fifteen joints. As a rule the <$ has one, and in some
cases two joints more than the female. In the ? the
antennae are much stouter than in the £ ; the joints
are thicker, more globose or moniliform, and may be
much thickened and enlarged towards the apex. In
many Eucoilina, for example, the apical two to eight
are much thicker than those which precede them, from
which they are more or less clearly defined by their
being enlarged. It is seldom that they are pilose in
the ? , but the joints may be longitudinally ribbed.

In the <J the antennas are more slender than in the
? , and are much longer, in some species (e. g.
Psicharca longicorms) being more than twice the
length of the body. The third or fourth joints or
both may be incised laterally, as well as thickened, or
may be, as in some Synergi, greatly enlarged and
thickened (see PL IV, fig. 22).

The wings are seldom much longer than the body,
and may be much shorter, or altogether absent.
The margin is frequently deeply fringed with long hair,
and as often as not the surface is hairy. In one
genus (Keiditoma) the apex of the fore-wings is more
or less incised. There are but few nervures or cel-
lules, and there is never a stigma.

The most important nervures are the subcostal, the
basal, the radial, and the cubital. The subcostal (a) is
never absent. Commencing at the end of the wing, it
runs parallel with the costa to near the middle, then
turns sharply upwards and unites with it. It may ter-
minate there, or may proceed along the costa to the apex
of the radial cellule. If it terminates at the point where
it becomes joined with the costa and goes no farther,
the radial cellule is called open, or open at the fore
margin (PL IV, fig. 20). The subcostal nervure may

144 FAMILY CYNiPIDjE.

further terminate before reaching the costa, thus
leaving the radial cellule open at the base. On the
other hand, if it runs along the costa to the end of
the radial cellule (thus giving the costa there a thick-
ened appearance), the latter is called closed (PI. IV,
fig. 21). This completeness or incompleteness of the
subcostal nervure is of much value in classifying and
separating the species.

Next in importance to the subcostal nervure is the
radial nervure (d). It issues from the subcostal,
usually at the point where the latter bends upwards to
join the costa. It may be either straight, running
almost parallel with the costa, or may curve downwards,
then curving up again to join the costa. In Cynips, &c.,
it becomes angled immediately after leaving the sub-
costal, and may then proceed backwards to unite with
the cubital nervure (PI. IV, fig. 20 c). In this case it
has the appearance of issuing from the cubital nervure,
from which it proceeds in a straight line to the end ;
and of being united to the subcostal by a short-angled
nervure (b). The cubital nervure (e) issues from the
transverse basal nervure (#), which is always present.
It leaves the basal nervure above the middle, as in
Ibalia ; exactly at the middle, as in Cynips ; below the
middle, as in the Figitina ; or almost from the middle,
as in Allotrina. The cubital nervure is not always
complete or distinct; it may be entirely obliterated
before or behind the areolet, and is usually so faintly
indicated as to come into fche category of " venae
spuriae." The median nervure (/) is seldom prolonged
much beyond the basal nervure, and may be obliterated
or very faint.

The radial cellule (3) is always present. In shape
it is narrow and elongated, not angled in the middle,
as in Cynips, Dryophanta, and other gall-makers ; or
short, broad, and angled or curved in the middle, as in
the parasitic species.

In the former case the second cubital cellule (areola
or areolet) (6) is at its base (PI. IV, fig. 21); in

FAMILY CYNIPID2E. 145

the latter in the middle (PI. X, &c.). The first (4)
and third (7) cubital cellules are seldom complete, this
being more particularly the case with the third.

The second cellule (areolet) (6) is either completely
closed, as in Cynips, closed laterally and open on the
lower side, as in some Figitides, or entirely absent, its
position being represented merely by a thickening of
the nervures, the transverse cubital nervures being
obliterated, as in Kleditoma, &c.

According to some authors (see Osten-Sacken, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil., 1861) the radial nervure issues from the
areolet ; thus they do not regard the little angled ner-
vure (c) as part of the radius, and call it the " second
transverse nervure;" the first being, according to them,
what I call the transverse basal. If this view be cor-
rect, then the radial cellule is bounded by three ner-
vures, by the subcostal, the " second recurrent," and
by the radial nervure proper. It appears to me, how-
ever, that it is simply the first abscissa of the radius,
and not a distinct nervure. If it be regarded as one
of the recurrent nervures it will differ in position
from all the other Hymenoptera, which always receive
the recurrent nervures in the cubital cellules and on
the under side. A reference to the Braconidse will,
however, show to us that it is undoubtedly the first
abscissa of the radius, the only difference between it
and a Braconid (say Agathis) being that it is elbowed.

The thorax is well developed. The prothorax late-
rally reaches to the tegulse, the pleural region being
large and prominent. In front it is very slightly
developed, usually transverse or nearly so, and bearing
a keel which (especially in the middle) is usually very
prominent. In some genera it is incised in the middle,
or projects into two tubercle-like bodies. The meso-
thorax is usually convex above. The parapsidal fur-
rows are in many genera present, and may be complete
or reach only half-way. They may be smooth, crenu-
lated, or punctured. The mesopleura has generally
an oblique depression in front. Sometimes (e.g.

VOL. III. 10

146 FAMILY OTNIPID^.

Figites) the mesopleura is separated from the sternum
by a keel. The scutellum is large, and varies con-
siderably in form. With a few exceptions it has one,
or more often two, fovege at the base. In Allotria
it is but little prominent; in other genera (Cynips,
many Figitina, &c.) it is raised, ovate, or orbicular;
in the Eucoelides it is large, and bears on the top a
more or less deep cup-like depression, and in this
group, further, its edge is distinctly margined, and
frequently projects more or less sharply ; in Onychia it
is channelled ; in Aspicera, ^gilips, and some other
genera, the top or apex is produced into a sharp or
blunt spine or projection. In sculpture it may be
alutaceous, punctured, rugose, or perfectly smooth ; it
may be shining or opaque.

The metathorax (and the median segment) is usually
overhung by the large projecting scutellum. The
metanotum is of very small dimensions, being almost
hid between the scutellum and the median seg-
ments. The metanotal, pleural and sternal regions are,
however, perfectly distinct, as is also the metanotal
stigma.

The median segment, unlike what we found in the
Tenthredinidae, is distinctly separated by the petiole
from the abdomen, and forms more than it does in the
last-named family an integral part of the thorax. It
is well developed posteriorly, and frequently bears
longitudinal keels, or may have more or less clearly
defined areas, or may be reticulated. The stigma of
the median segment is large. As in the Tenthredinidse,
the ventral portion of the median segment is aborted.

It may be noted that English writers, when describ-
ing the aculeate or parasitic section of the Hymenoptera,
call all that part of the thorax behind the scutellum
the " metathorax ;" whereas there are really two seg-
ments,— namely, the metathorax, or third segment
(= the post-scutellum auct.), and Latreille's median
segment, or fourth thoracic segment; that is to say,
the thorax is composed of four distinct segments.

FAMILY OYNIPIDJE. 147

In descriptive Hymenopterology it is the median seg-
ment which is the more important of the two ; for it
is that which bears the arese, reticulations, and keels so
important ormisologically in the Ichneumonidsd and
other groups. In this work I have used the term
" median segment " to mean the fourth thoracic seg-
ment, and as practically equivalent to the metathorax
of other writers, e. g. Thomson and Foerster. It is
frequently covered with woolly hair, especially in the
parasitic species.

The legs are moderate in size, sometimes the hinder
legs are rather elongate (e. g. JEgilips) . The trochanters
are biarticulate ; the fore tibige bear one or two spurs,
the hind pair two unequal spurs. The tarsi are five-
jointed. As a rule the metatarsus is as long as the
succeeding three joints united. The claws are simple
as in Cynips, or cleft as in some species of Andricus
and Neuroterus. The patellae are seldom prominent.

The ovipositor. — This in its morphological structure
agrees quite with the rest of the Hymenoptera, although
exhibiting some peculiar features. It occupies the
entire length of the abdomen, and in some species is
nearly as broad as it. Looking at it as it lies in the
abdomen, we find a broad chitinous plate (the oblong
plate of the Tenthredinidse, see Yol. I, PL X, fig. 5),
which is divided into an anterior or upper, and a pos-
terior or lower part, in addition to the small triangular
plate. At the base it forms a semicircle, or at least
is broadly rounded. The anterior part is attached to
the lower end of the triangular plate (PI. Y, fig. 15d),
and more or less firmly to the base of the posterior.
It becomes narrowed towards the apex, but before the
apex there is frequently a rounded projection ; and on
the opposite side of the apex there is a papilla-like body
(the anal papilla, figs. 15 / and j). Broad at the base,
the posterior piece becomes narrower from the basal
third or so, but the apical fourth or more of it in some
species is broader and distinctly separated from the basal
part, it representing the sheath (Yol. I, PI. X, fig. 5) of

148 FAMILY CYNIPID^.

the Tenthredinidds. Sometimes there is a projection
with a hook-like point at the base not far from the
apex. The triangular plate is shaped pretty much
as it is in the saw-flies (PL V, fig. 15 d). The two
pieces of the sheath are united to form a channel in
which the boring part of the ovipositor works ; but
it is not so firmly united at the base. Here (PL V,
fig. 15 c) there is a horny projection by means of
which it is attached to the posterior chitinous piece.
The long, thin, wire-like boring pieces are usually
toothed at the apex. As with the other Hymenoptera,
they are only attached to the triangular piece (PL V,
fig. 15, a and &).

Thus, except in form, there is no radical distinction
between the ovipositor of Cynips and the saw-fly
beyond the sheath in the former being united. In the
different groups, and even species, there is great variety
in the form of the chitinous lateral pieces ; and appa-
rently their forms may be used advantageously in
separating the species.

The different parts are worked by five muscles.

The form of the abdomen varies considerably. In
some the first segment or petiole forms a long, thin,
rod-like peduncle, while in other species it is so thick
as to make the abdomen almost sessile. In form the
abdomen may be ovate and thick, long, slender, and
knife-shaped, or cultriform. It is seldom very much
longer than the thorax, and may be even shorter than
it, especially in the males.

The number of the segments apparent is seven in
both sexes, with one less on the ventral region in the
females, and two less in the males. The relative
lengths of the segments vary (see PL XI Y), and this fact
is important from a classificational point of view, espe-
cially the length of the second and third. Except
with Ibalia, either the second or third segment is
very much longer than all the others united, and one
of them may, indeed, form more than three-fourths of
the total length of the abdomen. In the females the

FAMILY OYNIPIDJ1. 149

apical ventral segment is much larger than the others,
and in the gall-making species is frequently plough-
share-shaped, the apex being usually produced into a
sharp point, which is frequently hairy.

As regards the life-history of the family, we find
three well-marked modes of existence, — gall-making
species, inquiline species, and parasitic species. In
the first group the females deposit their eggs in the
living tissue of plants in such a way that they are
brought into contact with the cambium layer. This
contact causes a more or less complicated structure
or gall to form round the egg. On the juicy substance
found in the gall immediately surrounding it the larva
lives, feeding only during the period that the gall is
succulent, necessarily a short time. The part with
which it is surrounded becomes hardened, forming a
round cell, in which it passes the quiescent larval con-
dition as well as the pupa state, and finally emerges
from it as a perfect insect. They are thus purely
vegetable feeders, in which respect the inquilines
agree with them, only they do not form or give
origin to galls themselves. They deposit their eggs
in galls raised by the true gall-flies for their own pro-
geny when the galls are still soft and juicy, and before
the gall-fly larva has reached any size. Being of a
more rapid and vigorous habit than it, the inquiline
larva eats up the available food, and crushes the legi-
timate tenant out of existence. This does not always
happen in large galls where there is a sufficient supply
of nourishment for both, but it may be said to be in-
variably the case in the smaller galls. Sometimes
there may be only one inquiline larva in a gall if the
latter be small, but in the larger galls there may be
as many as five or six. The presence of the inquiline
larvae in a gall causes it to become more or less dis-
torted, and frequently enlarged. They also cause
monothalamous galls to become many-celled. Thus, if
the galls of Rhodites eglanteriae were left in the posses-
sion of the Rhodites larva, it would be thin-walled and

150 FAMILY CYNIPIM.

have a large central cavity ; inhabited by the inquilines
it becomes enlarged, swollen, and many-celled, the
cells being separated by partitions of spongy cellular
matter. Lastly, the species of the third section are
true animal parasites, living, like the Ichneumonidds,
on other insect larvge, chiefly Diptera and Homoptera.

The modes of reproduction in the Gynipidss show
some highly interesting and instructive features. So
far as our present knowledge extends, the parasitic
species reproduce themselves in the normal way — by
males and females ; and this is also the case with
many gall-making and inquiline species. But we find
also among them undoubted evidence of partheno-
genetic reproduction, either complete or incomplete.

The genus Ceroptres apparently furnishes an ex-
ample of both kinds. Thus Mayr bred over 600
specimens of C. arator, Htg., without finding a single
male among them ; of C. cerri Mayr reared ninety-eight
females and only four males (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
xxii, p. 672). In one small lot of bedeguar galls I
found no great disparity between the sexes, although
the females were certainly more numerous, but from
other breedings the males have been in the propor-
tion of one male to over 100 females. Adler (B. B .Z.,
p. 217), from extensive and careful observations, finds
also that the males, in proportion to females, are very
rare. He has furthermore proved by direct observation
that Rhodites rosde can produce fertile eggs without being
fertilized. Among the oak-gall flies complete partheno-
genesis among single-brooded species is common ; in
fact, not one single-brooded species is known to have
a male, parthenogenesis among such being universal,
e.g. Andricus quadrilineatus , A. albopunctatus, &c.

Still more remarkable is the occurrence of alterna-
tion of generation among the gall-making species — of
species having a bisexual spring generation reproduc-
ing sexually, followed by an autumnal unisexual brood,
reproducing parthenogenetically. Besides this physio-
logical distinction between the two broods, there are

FAMILY OYNIPIDJ;. 151

important morphological differences. They differ fre-
quently in sculpture and coloration ; the form of the
antennae seldom is the same ; often there is a difference
in the alar neuration ; nay, one brood may be winged,
the other apterous. Generally the form of the ovi-
positor shows a marked distinction in form, a differ-
ence correlated with a difference in the mode and posi-
tion of ovipositor. In no case are the galls of the
dimorphic species alike. Thus the gall inhabited by
the spring form may be soft and juicy, the autumnal
hard and woody. The position of the galls is also
seldom the same. They may even be on different
species of plants.

The habits of the parasitic Cynipidse are, broadly
speaking, tolerably uniform. The perfect insects are,
if anything, sluggish. When alarmed they have a
knack of tucking the antennas, wings, and legs close to
the body and falling down as if dead, remaining in that
inert position until they consider danger is over. The
Allotrina apparently confine their attacks to AphiddB
or to the parasites of Aphides. It is true that both
Hartig and Kirchner (Cat., p. 31) record rearing
species from the galls of Nematus Vallisnieri, but they
feed not on the Nematus larva, but on Aphidse which
have wandered into the galls probably after having
been stung. Theplant lice tenanted by Allotrina remain
attached to the leaf, and may be recognised by their
dried bodies. The Figitina are chiefly parasites on
dung dipterous larvae (Sarcophaga). The Eucoelina
are also attached to Diptera — Musca, Eristalis9 Tachina,
and Agromyza. One species (E. minuta) is found on
Scolytus rugulosus according to Giraud. The Onychina
and Anacharina are more varied in their attacks.
Onychia Westwdodi preys on a beetle larva which
feeds on Caltka palustris ; Callaspidia ligurica on a
Syrphus (Giraud, 1. c.), and Anacharis on Hemorobius.
Ibalia feeds on Sir ex.

152 FAMILY OYNiPID^l.

Classification.

The first naturalist who placed the classification of
the Cynipidde on a satisfactory basis, as regards the
division into groups larger than genera, was Hartig
(Germ. Zeit., i, ii, iii). His system was as follows :

I. Cynipides. — The first [second] abdominal seg-
ment longer than the others. This was divided into
two sections :

1. Species with a narrow, elongated, radial cellule,
having the areolet at its base. This contained the
true gall-makers.

2. Species with a broad and short radial cellule,
having the areolet in its middle. This comprised the
inquiline species (Synergus)9Allotria, Cothonaspis, and
Megapelmus.

II. Figitides. — The first [second] abdominal seg-
ment longer than all the others = Figitides.

III. Ibalides [Hartig included this tribe in the
Figitides}. — The abdominal segments equal in length,
strongly compressed, cultriform.

C. Gr. Thomson (CEf., 1861) introduced a decided
improvement into the classification by dividing the
tribes into sub-tribes. Of the former he had three
— Cynipina (this group was not defined by him in
the above paper, which dealt only with the parasitic
species), Inquilinde, and Parasiticse.

The " Parasiticde " were divided into three sub-
groups :

I. Eucoelidde, distinguished, inter alia, by the cup-
shaped depression in the scutellum, and by the second
abdominal segment being " maximo, reliquiis brevis-

sirms."

II. Ibalidae, having no cup-shaped depression on the
scutellum ; the abdomen compressed, and with seg-
ments 2 — 6 equal.

III. Figitidds, which are merely described as hav-
ing no fovea on the top of scutellum, and the antenna

FAMILY CYNIPIDJ). 153

thirteen-jointed in ? and fourteen in $ ; so that this
third group merely differs from the first in not having
a cup-shaped depression, and in the $ having one
joint less in the antennae.

The " Figitidze " were divided by Thomson into —

i. The Allotrina, with the second abdominal segment
longer than the third and sub- sessile.

ii. The Anacharina, Figilina, and Onychinia, which
all differ from the Allotrina in the abdomen having
the second segment not, or but little, longer than the
third. The three sub-tribes were separated by the
relative lengths of the second and third segments of
abdomen.

In a subsequent paper (Opus. Ent., p. 778) Thom-
son divided the family into four groups — Cynipina,
Allotrina, Figitina, and Ibalina, — and pointed out a
new character whereby they might be distinguished,
namely, by the position occupied by the cubitus on the
transverse basal nervure.

A valuable and instructive paper was publised by
Foerster in 1873 (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix). Here
we have defined three main groups : first, Ibalina ;
second, the Cynipina ; and third, the parasitic spcies,
which were distributed among five sub-families of
equal value to the Ibalina and Cynipina — namely, the
"Allotrioidse" the " Eucoeloidse," the " Megapelmoidae,"
the " Onychioidae" and the " Figitoidde."

Reinhard monographed (B. E. Z., iv, 204-45) the
central European species of Figitides, and united
Megapelmus, &c., with Figites, from which they were
separated by Hartig. He described the Figitides
(which comprised the Onychina, Figitina, and Anacha-
rina of Thomson) thus :

Antennae maris quatuordecem-, feminae tredecem-articulatae.

Segmentum secundum dimidio abdominis brevius.

Alarum cellula radialis latitudine ad summum duplo longior.

A useful and admirable work followed in the same
year from Griraud. The lamented author divided the

154 FAMILY OYNIPID2B.

family into three sections — Gallicoles, Aphidivores,
and Figitides, — but only defined them in general
terms.

Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ii, 1864, p. 468)
divided the family into two groups :

66 Cynipidde. — Venter visible nearly throughout its
entire length $ ? , more conspicuously so in ? , or if
retracted within the abdomen, leaving a gaping suture
below. The joint, which is apparently the last ven-
tral, and which for convenience I call in ? the ( ven-
tral valve/ very long, and forming in ? a sheath-like
receptacle, convex below, concave above, which is
occupied by the ovipositor. Sheaths of the ovipositor,
erected in repose either vertically or obliquely back-
wards and upwards, and strongly divaricate with the
6 ventral valve.' Dorsal joints of the abdomen free,
except in certain genera the suture between the second
and third dorsal, and probably in Ibalia the suture
between the sixth and seventh dorsal, which are con-
nate. Tip of the ? abdomen bluntly and widely
rounded or truncate. Tip of the <J abdomen angular
or subangularly rounded, and only when the terminal
segments are retracted, truncate, joints 4 — 7 being
each vertically narrower than the preceding one.

" Habits, so far as known, gallivorous.

" Figitidse. — Yenter retracted within the abdomen,
with the suture below barely perceptible, entirely in-
ternal and invisible $ except a minute portion of its
tip, entirely so in $ except the tip of the terminal
point, which tip is horny, vertically flattened, and
acutely angular, and, in close conjunction with the
similarly shaped terminal dorsal joint forms an angular
horny borer. Concealed between the dorsal and ven-
tral pieces of this borer lie the ovipositor and its
sheaths. Sheaths of the ovipositor horizontally
porrect. Dorsal joint of the abdomen free, except the
suture between joints 2 and 3, which is connate.
Tip of the abdomen truncate, joints 4 — 7 being each
vertically nearly as wide as the preceding one, except

FAMILY CYNIPIM1. 155

that joint 7 is often excised below, and shows under-
neath it a small portion of the tip of the last ventral.

" Habits, as far as known, insectivorous."

Practically the same classification is adopted by
W. H. Ashmead (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 59).
He divides the family into two sections :

i. Gynmogastri. Venter visible, or visible for
more than half its length ; radial area long and narrow.

ii. Cryptogastri. Venter not visible, or with the
tip alone occasionally exposed; radial area an equi-
lateral triangle.

The G-ymnogastri contain three groups :

Ibalini&. — Radial area closed ; abdomen cultriform ;
segments about equal ; venter visible.

OynipindB. — Radial area seldom dosed ; second abdo-
minal segment occupying half or but little more than
half the whole surface of abdomen ; venter visible.

InquilincB. — Radial area seldom open; second abdo-
minal segment occupying the whole or nearly the
whole surface ; venter not visible its whole length.

The Cryptogastri are divided into two " sub-
families :"

i. AllotrindQ. — Abdomen short, globose or semi-
globose ; second abdominal segment longer than the
other ; scutellum round, convex.

ii. Figitinx. — Abdomen elongate, ovate, compressed,
with the apex more or less pointed ; third abdominal
segment the largest ; scutellum quadrate, cupuliform,
or spined.

From the preceding sketch of the systems of classi-
fication proposed by the chief writers on the subject, it
will be observed that great stress is laid on the rela-
tive lengths of the abdominal segments for the primary
divisions. As used by Hartig it can only be regarded
as an artificial method of separating the species, for
it separates the Eucoelinse from the Figitides, with
which they are much more nearly related than they are
to the gall-making species. Even as used by Foerster
it will separate true gall-makers from others of precisely

156 FAMILY CYNIPIM.

similar habits, and with which structurally they are in
the closest agreement. Thus Foerster's definition for
the gall-makers — " The second abdominal segment
quite half the abdomen (excluding the first) or longer "
— will not apply to some species of Aulax which have the
second segment not much longer than the third, and
certainly considerably shorter than half the length of
the whole abdomen. Aulax rhoeadis, in fact, agrees
with Reinhard's definition of the Figitides, — second
abdominal segment half or shorter than half the
length of the abdomen. I cannot consequently look
upon the relative length of the abdominal segments as
a character of primary taxonomic value.

The division into Gymnogastri and Cryptogastri is
not altogether satisfactory. Clearly the distinction
in the form of the radial cellule given by Ashmead
cannot hold good ; for in many Allotrinae the radial
cellule is quite as " long and narrow/' if not even more
so, than it is in species of Aulax or Synergus. And in
certain species of the latter genera the venter is quite
as much hidden as it is in Allotria. It is indeed diffi-
cult to find any absolute characters which can be used
for purposes of classification ; for, whatever structure
we may use, we find a gradual gradation from the
extreme to the mean when we trace it through the
various genera in the family. But although this is
the case we can, by employing various characters,
divide the group into four more or less clearly defined
sub-families. These four groups have a general, but
not absolute identity in habits. Thus, while the
majority of the Cynipina are attached to galls, either
as gall-makers or inquilines, yet one species at least is
parasitic, Diastrophus aphidivorus, Cam.

A. Basal four abdominal segments subequal ; abdomen semi-sessile ;

a stout process on the second joint of hind tarsi. Radial
cellule elongated, the three cubital cellules complete, the
second placed opposite the base of the radial cellule ; cubitus
complete and issuing from above the middle of the transverse
basal nervure. Ibalina.

B. Basal segments of abdomen not subequal nor subsessile; no

process on hind tarsi :

SUB-FAMILY FLGITINA. 157

1. Radial cellule elongate as a rule, the areolet placed opposite

to, or at least not much beyond, the base of the radial
cellule ; cubitus issuing from the middle of the transverse
basal. The three cubital cellules usually complete. Hind
tibia3 with two spurs. Body with some sculpture, seldom
entirely impunctate ; scutellum alutaceous, punctured or
rugose. Second abdominal segment generally considerably
longer than any of the others ; usually one half the length
of abdomen. Tenter not hid by the overlapping dorsal
segments, but exposed for half or its entire length. Ovi-
positor spiral or semi-spiral. Hypopygium acute or ending
in a projecting hairy point. Gallicolous. Cynipina.

2. Radial cellule broad, the areolet not situated opposite its

base ; the first and second cubital cellules never complete,
the cubitus issuing (when indicated) from near the middle
of the transverse basalnervure ; scutellum generally without
a fovea at the base. Abdomen short, ovate, not compressed
laterally, obliquely truncated, with the second segment the
longest. Body impunctate (including scutellum). Hind
tibiae with one spur. Antenna3 longish, sometimes filiform.
Areolet situated a short distance in front of the base of
radial cellule. Radial cellule variable, frequently elongate.

Allotrina.

3. Scutellum rugose or punctured, raised, with a more or less

deep cup-like depression on the top, the cup usually with a
a clearly defined margin, sometimes projecting, foveate at
base. Radial cellule wide, the areolet at the middle, never
opposite the base. The first and second cubital cellules
(sometimes also the third) incomplete. Cubitus issuing
from below the middle of the cellule. Second segment longer
than any of the others, usually half the length of abdomen,
and in most cases with a dense hair fringe at the base.

Eucoelina.

4. Scutellum punctured, rugose, or alutaceous, sometimes chan-

nelled or spined, foveate at base, but never with a cup-like
margined depression. Second abdominal segment not half
the length of the abdomen. Radial cellule short, broad,
triangular, the areolet near the middle. Cubitus when
present issuing from below the middle. Cubital cellules
generally all incomplete. Abdomen elongate, often com-
pressed, acute at apex. Figitina.

Sub-family FIGUTINA.

The chief characteristics of this sub-family have
been already given above. Structurally the species
show much greater variety (especially in the form of
the head, thorax, and abdomen) than do either the
Eucoelina or Allotrina ; but they do not appear to be
quite so numerous in species.

158 FIGITIDES.

The group is divisible into three sections, considered
by Foerster and others to be equal in rank to the
Allotrina and Cynipina.

A. Abdomen sessile, not petiolate, the second segment shorter than

the third.

(a) The second segment not produced above into a tongue-shaped
process, shorter than the third. Scutellum not channelled.

Figitides.

(6) The second segment produced above into a tongue-shaped
process, much shorter than the third. Scutellum channelled.

Ony chides.

B. Abdomen petiolate, sometimes with the petiole very long; the

second segment somewhat longer than the third. Scutellum
with two foveae at the base. Anacharides.

FIGITIDES.

Abdomen almost sessile, the petiole being very short ; the second
segment shorter than the third, and not produced into a tongue-shaped
process on the upper side. Cheeks usually margined. Mesonotum with
the parapsidal furrows usually complete. Antennae stout, seldom fili-
form, 13-jointed in the $ , 14 in <$, the third joint in the latter
sinuated. Cubital nervure issuing from the lower part of tbe basal
nervure. Areolet situated beyond the apex of the second abscissa of
radius, complete or incomplete. Eyes bare or hairy ; radial cellule
closed or open. Scutellum not sulcated, rarely with foveae at its base ;
often rugose.

Synopsis of Genera.

1 (4) Eyes hairy.

2 (3) Mesopleurae separated from sternum by a ridge. Figites.

3 (2) Mesopleurse not separated from sternum by a ridge.

Pycnotrichia.

4 (1) Eyes bare.

5 (8) Cheeks not margined ; prothorax with a gradual slope.

6 (7) Scutellum with a fovea at its base ; head and thorax shining.

Lonchidia. '

7 (6) Scutellum without a fovea at its base, head and thorax opaque,

alutaceous. Anolytus.

8 (5) Cheeks margined, prothorax abrupt.

9 (10) Thorax opaque, finely granulated. Amblynotus.

10 (9) Thorax shining.

11 (12) Scutellum rugose ; second abdominal segment hairy ; areolet

open at the side, not situated near the base of radial cellule.

Sarothrus.

12 (11) Scutellum not rugose/second abdominal segment bare; areolet

complete laterally, situated near the base of the radial
cellule. Melanips.

The only European genera not found yet in our
fauna are —

GENUS FIGITES. 159

(1) Homorus, Foerster, which agrees with Pycno-
trichia in the absence of the mesosternal keel, but
differs from it in having the middle joints of the
flagellum not longer than broad, the third joint in the

c? strongly incised, while the second abdominal seg-
ment is not hairy ; and —

(2) Tryschiza, Foerster, which agrees in most points,
e. g. in having the thorax smooth, shining, the eyes
bare, and the third joint of the antennae in £ straight,
but has an open radial cellule. The type is Figites
agaricolarum, Dbm., and the type of Homorus is Figites
abnormis, Giraud and Reinhard.

Genus — FIGITES.

Figites, Latr., H. I., xiii, 210 ; Gen. Crust., iv, 19 ; Giraud,

Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 147.
Psilogaster, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 187 (pt.).

Pronotum with a semi-vertical slope in front. Frontal sutures dis-
tinct ; eyes hairy; cheeks margined. Mesopleura separated from the
sternum by a keel. Parapsidal furrows distinct. Scutellum rounded,
rugose, with two fovese at the base. Antennae in $ short, thick, the
joints globose or moniliform, thickened towards the apex ; in <$ the
third joint is excised. Radial cellule closed; cubitus and areolet
obsolete ; the margin is sometimes fringed. Petiole raised, short,
thick, canaliculated. Thorax shining. Abdomen short ; the base strio-
late, slightly compressed laterally. Head more or less rugose.

A genus well known by the keel on the mesopleuraB.
The species are common and of wide distribution, and
are parasites on Diptera.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Wings not fringed at apex ; scutellum rugose at its base.

2 (3) Pleurae striolated only at the bottom, mesonotum keeled along

the parapsidal furrows. $ with the base of abdomen
striated. Scutellaris.

3 (2) Pleurae striolated at top and bottom ; mesonotum with the

parapsidal furrows not keeled. $ with second abdominal
segment smooth. Consobrinus.

4 (1) Wings fringed ; scutellum not deeply rugose at base.

5 (6) Legs red ; vertex punctured. Anthomyiarum.

6 (5) Legs black ; the tibiae reddish. Nitens.

160 FIGITES CONSOBRIJSUS.

1. FlGITES SCUTELLARIS.

PI. YIII, fig. 3.

Cynips scutellaris, Rossi, F. E. Mant., ii, App., 106.

Figites scutellaris, Lat., N. H., xviii, 220 ; Gen. Crust. Ins. iv,

19, and Tab. 12, fs. 4 and 5 ; Gir., Verh.

z-b. Ges. Wien, x, 152; Reinh., B.E.Z.,

iv, 230.

Ophion abbreviator, Pz., F. G., 73, 16.
Psilogaster tibialis, Htg., Germ. Zeits., ii, 203.

Black ; the knees, four anterior tibiae, and tarsi reddish ; the tips of
anterior tarsi and the hinder pair entirely fuscous; wings hyaline,
bare, the nervures piceous. Head rather densely covered with pale
pubescence, rugosely punctured, the punctures running into irregular
reticulations ; the oral region and vertex in the centre smooth, shining.
Thorax sparsely pilose, shining; the lower part of the propleurse longi-
tudinally striolated, especially in front ; the/upper part aciculated, and
with some scattered punctures, or indistinctly striated in front ; meso-
pleura3 longitudinally striolated, the upper part not very strongly
behind, in front aciculated. Mesonotum shining, impunctate, the
parapsidal furrows complete, and having at the base on the inner side
a fine keel running along them to the middle, and a fine furrow on the
outer side. Scutellum with large irregular rugose furrows, the central
very broad and deep; fove* large, deep, broader than long, finely
striated, the apex sharp and rounded, margined. Median segment
rugose, pilose, a tubercle at the stigma; looked at from above the
middle segment is seen to have two blunt tubercle- like teeth on either
side. The abdomen not much longer than the thorax ; the petiole and
the basal segment longitudinally striolated. Wings transparent, milky
white, glabrous, the edges without a fringe ; radial cellule somewhat
longer than broad; the first abscissa of radius longer than the second;
areolet incomplete ; the apical nervure only present, spurious nervures
completely absent.

The <$ has the third joint of the antennas cylindrical, the second
abdominal segment striolated.

Length 3 — 5 m.m. ? ; $ 3 — 4 m.m.

Bred from pupa of Sarcophaga striata. Clydesdale,
Dumfries, Ayrshire, London district.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Pyrenees, Italy, Dalmatia.

2. FIGITES CONSOBRINUS.
Plate YIII, fig. 4.

Figites consobrinus, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 153;
Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 232; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 415.

Black; the knees, the four anterior tibia3 and tarsi reddish, more or

FIGITES ANTHOMYIARUM. 161

less fuscous ; the flagellum fuscous beneath ; wings glabrous, whitish-
hyaline. Head rugosely punctured, covered with whitish hair j
the clypeus and the vertex in the centre smooth. Thorax shining,
covered sparsely with longish white hair; pleurae longitudinally
striolated, except a small space behind on the upper part, the space on.
the mesopleuraa being larger in proportion than that on the propleurae.
Mesonotum shining. Scutellum rugosely punctured ; fovese wider
than long; median segment with four obtuse teeth. Petiole and base
of abdomen striated.

The $ has the base of the abdomen smooth, the third joint of the
antennae cylindrical.

Length 3—4 m.m. $ ; <$ 3 m.m.

This species is very nearly related to F. scutel-
laris, but is probably distinct. The differences lie
in consobrinus having the pleurae entirely striolated,
while in scutellaris they are not striolated on the upper
part ; the mesonotura wants the longitudinal keels ;
the last antennal joint is shorter and thicker compared
to the penultimate ; the flagellum is fuscous or
brownish beneath ; the $ has the base of the abdomen
smooth, not striated, and generally it is a smaller
species ; but both species vary in size.

It was bred by Griraud from pupas of Sarcophagy
along with F. scutellaris.

Not very common. Clydesdale, Ayrshire, Dumfries,
Kirkcudbrightshire.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

3. FIGITES ANTHOMYIARUM.
Plate VIII, fig. 5.

Figites anthomyiarum, Bouche, Naturg., 165. 57.
Psilogaster striolatus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., i. 202, 3.
Figites Isevigata, Dbm., Skand. Hym., 23, 9.

— fulvipes, Dbm., Onych., 3, No. 9.

— anthomyiarum, Dbm., Skand. Hym., 20, No. 6 ; Thorns.

Oef., xviii, 415, 6.

— striolatus, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 232, 3.

— apicalis, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, p. 151 ?

Black ; the flagellum more or less, and the legs, except the coxae and
apices of the tibiae, reddish -yellow; wings hyaline. Antennae stout,
longitudinally striated, sparsely haired, the hairs longish. Face
rugose, the cheeks, vertex, and front smooth, the vertex sometimes
aciculate ; sparsely covered with longish hair. Thorax shining, sparsely
VOL. III. 11

162 FIGITES ANTHOMYIARUM.

haired ; the pleurae striolated, not so strongly at the edges. Scutellum
punctured, less strongly at the base ; the basal fovese large, roundish,
shining, the apex of scutellum subtruncate. Parapsidal sutures dis-
tinct ; two short lines at the base of mesonotum. Median segment at
the stigma projecting as a short tubercle, the central keels distinct but
somewhat irregular ; the whole of the median segment is rough. Petiole
stoutly longitudinally striolated; the base of the second segment
striated. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures testaceous, the apex
ciliated.

The <$ differs in having the antennae longer than the body, the
flagellum almost entirely reddish-yellow, the third joint slightly in-
cised, the scutellum is not so strongly punctured, the face shining,
smooth, the base of the second abdominal segment is not striolated,
and the femora are largely lined with black.

Length 2'5 — 3*5 m.m.

The colour of the antennas in the ? varies, some
'specimens having the flagellum almost entirely black,
while others have it for the greater part reddish ; in
the 3 it is usually entirely reddish-yellow, but some-
times it is largely infuscated towards the apex. In
the ? the hind femora maybe more or less infuscated.
The striolation on the thorax varies in intensity.

In the coloration of the legs it agrees best with
P. urticarum, but the keel on the mesosternum offers
a ready means of separation.

The larva, according to Bouche (1. c.), is one line
long ; longish, narrowed posteriorly, contracted in the
middle, white, soft, uneven, and very finely wrinkled.
Head roundish ; the mandibles yellow, brown and
bidentate at the apex. The mesothorax is strongly
enlarged, larger than the other rings. The metathorax
and the first abdominal segment are strongly narrowed,
forming a sort of waist. Abdominal segments have a
convex back; the anal segment small, rounded. Stigmas
pale yellow.

The larvse were found by Bouche in the harvest and
winter in the pupas of species of Anthomyia, — dentipes,
floralis, &c.

Not uncommon. Clydesdale; Cheshire. August
and September.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria, France.

GENUS PTCNOTEICHIA. 163

4. FlGITES NITENS.

PL VIII, fig. 6.

Psilogaster nitens, Htg., Germ. Zeits., iv, 418.
Figites coriacea, Dbm., Onyc., 22, 8.

— larvarum, Dbin., 1. c., 21, 7.

— nitens, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 235 ; Thorns., Oef., xviii, 415.

— fuscinervis, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, p. 150.

Black ; the knees, tibias, and tarsi reddish, the hind tibiae and tarsi
(especially towards the apex) infuscated ; flagellum inclining to f uscous,
shining, covered sparsely with longish, fuscous hair. Head shining,
impunctate, except the face, which is rugose. Thorax shining, pleurae
longitudinally aciculate ; scutellum shining, the apex punctured ; the
foveae large, deep, longer than broad. Median segment punctured,
without teeth or tubercles. Petiole longitudinally striolated ; base of
the second segment striated. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures
fuscous, the apex ciliated. $ .

Length 2 — 3 m.m.

A smaller species than F. anthomyiarum, differing
from it in the antennas being shorter and darker
coloured ; the head is more shining, and in no way
punctured on the top ; the femora are black ; the tibiae
and tarsi much more darkly coloured ; the radial cellule
is shorter, and the spurious nervures are more dis-
tinctly traced. The $ is easily known from the same
sex in anthomyiarum by the last joint of the antennaa
being only about three times longer than broad, and
not five or six times.

Rare. Dairy, Ayrshire.

Continental distribution : Germany, France.

Genus — PYCNOTEICHIA.

Pycnotrichia, Foer., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 363 and 366.

Eyes hairy; cheeks margined. Thorax smooth, shining; parapsidal
furrows complete. Scutellum flattish ; smooth in front, rugose behind ;
bifoveate at the base; pleurse not separated from the sternum by a
ridge. Petiole shining ; second abdominal segment glabrous. Radial
cellule closed, elongate ; cubitus and areolet obsolete. Antennae stout,
longer than the thorax ; the joints in ? longer than broad.

Apart from the absence of a longitudinal keel over
the mesosternum, this genus does not differ from
Figites.

164 GENUS AMBLYNOTUS.

•

1. PYCNOTBICHIA TJETICAEUM.
PI. VI, fig. 1.

Figites mticarum, Dbm., Skand. Hym., 16, 3; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 414, 2.

— Isevigatus, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 233, 4.

— politus, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, p. 151.

Black, shining ; head and thorax sparsely covered with fuscous hair ;
head smooth, the face for the greater part rugose; scutellum finely
rugose, smooth at the base; median segment opaque, not toothed.
Antennae longer than the body, the third joint slightly sinuated, the
flagellum fuscous-red, infuscated towards the apex. The second seg-
ment of the abdomen is smooth, not striated at the base. The pleurae
rugosely aciculate, the centre and the anterior part smooth. Legs
fuscous-red, the coxae black ; the femora lined above and beneath with
black ; apices of tarsi black. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures testa-
ceous, the apex ciliated, the spurious vein traced to near the apex. <^.

Length 2*5 — 3 m.m.

The ? I have not seen, nor is it described by
Reinhard or Thomson. If it be politus , Gir., as sug-
gested by Reinhard, 1. c., it has the antennae deep
black, of the length of the head and thorax, slightly
thickened, submoniliform ; the joints of the flagellum
longer than broad, the last an elongated oval, twice
longer and very little thicker than the preceding.

Not common. Clydesdale.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

Genus — AMBLTNOTDS.

Melanips (Haliday), Walker, Ent. Mag., iii, 161 (pt.).

Scytodes, Htg., Germ. Zeits., ii, 187.

AmUynotus, Htg., 1. c., iii, 419.

Melanips, Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., xix, 366.

Antennae filiform, not, or scarcely, thickened towards the apex ; the
third joint incised in the <$ . Eyes bare; cheeks margined. Thorax
opaque, finely granulated; scutellum opaque (not rugose), ovate.
Parapsidal furrows present, but not very distinct. Abdomen ovate,
somewhat compressed ; its second segment with a slight hair fringe,
and equal in length with the third; petiole smooth. Radial cellule
closed ; cubitus distinct ; areolet complete, longer than broad.

AMBLYNOTUS OPACUS. 165

A. Parapsidal furrows complete and distinct. The third
joint of antennae in ? longer than the fourth.

1. AMBLYNOTUS OPACUS.
PI. VIII, fig. 1.

Scytodes opacus, Htg., Germ., Zeits., ii, 202.

Amblynotus opacus, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 223, i, Tab. iv, f. 4, £ ;

Thorns, Oef., xvii, 416, 1.
Melanips opacus, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 166, 4,

Black ; the flagellum more or less on the under side, the femora,
tibiae, and anterior tarsi, red. Head and thorax opaque; abdomen
shining, very finely punctured ; head and thorax (except a shining space
on the mesopleurse) covered with a close pale pubescence, a sparse
hair fringe on the base of the second segment, the rest of the abdomen
glabrous. Antennee scarcely so long as the body, microscopically pilose,
the joints cylindrical, the last much longer than the preceding. Head
a little broader than the thorax, the pile on vertex very short, longish on
the face ; palpi testaceous. Thorax with the parapsidal furrows distinct
throughout ; the hair is longest on the scutellum and median segment.
Petiole shining, projecting a little above the neck of the median seg-
ment, which is rugose ; the second segment as long as the third ; the
apical united, and shorter than either ; they bear minute scattered punc-
tures, and are beneath more or less testaceous. Legs stout, pilose, the
coxae bearing long white hair ; the hind tarsi not much longer than the
tibiae, fuscous or blackish. Wings hyaline, sub-hyaline, or slightly
smoky ; the nervures testaceous at the base of the wing, fuscous on the
rest ; the spurious nervures distinct ; the areolet complete, obliquely
triangular ; the cubitus reaches to the end of the wing.

The $ similar, but with the antennae a little longer, their third joint
deeply excavated and shorter a little in proportion to the fourth, the
last joint being also a little shorter.

Length 3 — 4| m.m.

The flagellum in both sexes may be only reddish at
the base, or more or less throughout on the under
side ; the femora are sometimes marked with black,
and in some specimens the legs have a yellower hue
than others, and the tarsi may be almost black.

Stated by Giraud (Ann. Soc. Bnt. Fr., 1877, p. 416,
teste Laboulbene) to have been reared from the
" insectes du Pinus pumilio"

Common and widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Austria,
France.

166 AMBLYNOTUS LONGITARSIS.

2. AMBLYNOTUS FEMOEALIS.
PL VIII, fig. 2.

Melanips femoralis, Cameron, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 371.

Black ; the greater part of anterior femora, the apical fourth of
middle, and the tibiae and tarsi, fulvous-testaceous ; the apex of hind
tibiae and tarsi more or less fuscous. Antennas nearly as long as the
body, becoming very slightly thickened towards the apex; the third
joint nearly one fourth longer than the succeeding, the others becoming
gradually shorter to the penultimate, which is not half the length of
the last. Parapsidal sutures narrow, becoming obsolete towards the
base of the mesonotum; the puncturing on scutellum is not much
stronger than on mesonotum, except on the sides, which are rugose ;
inesopleuraa for the greater part smooth and shining, only the extreme
lower part being punctured and opaque ; coxae opaque, finely punctured,
except behind, where they are smooth and shining. Abdomen not
much longer than the thorax, smooth, shining ; the hair fringe sparse.
Legs and wings as in opacus.

Length 4 m.m.

From A. opacus the present species may be known
by its darker coloured femora and lighter coloured
tibiaD and tarsi, by the smaller size of the scutellar
fovese, less strongly punctured scutellum, less clearly
impressed parapsidal furrows (which are, however,
perfectly distinct), and less hairy thorax. A. longi-
tarsis is easily distinguished from it by the equal third
and fourth joints of antennse.

Rare. Bonar Bridge, Sutherlandshire.

B. Parapsidal furrows obsolete; the third and fourth
joints of antennse in ? equal in length.

3. AMBLYNOTUS LONGITARSIS.

Amblynotvs longitarsis, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 224, 2 ; Thorns.,
Oef., xviii, 416, 2.

Black ; the femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish-yellow, the base of femora
and hind tarsi fuscous or blackish ; wings hyaline, suffused at the base
with fulvous ; flagellum inclining to fuscous on the lower side. Antennas
a little shorter than the body, not much thickened towards the apex,
the third and fourth joints equal, the last nearly twice the length of the
penultimate. Sutures of mesonotum very indistinct, almost obsolete

GENUS SAROTHRUS. 167

beyond the base. Hind tarsi distinctly longer than the tibiae. Radial
cellule short ; areola distinct ; spurious nervures clearly defined.

The $ has the antennae longer than the body, the third joint incised,
twice the length of the fourth, the last joint about one half longer than
the penultimate.

Length 4 mm.

Rare.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

Genus — SAROTHRUS.

Sarothrus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 187.

Amphithectus, Htg., 1. c.

Melanips, Giraud, Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 163 (pt.).

Thorax smooth, shining ; parapsidal sutures distinct, sometimes with
a deep furrow between them ; scutellum rugose, ovate, bifoveate at the
base. Abdomen ovate, the second segment pilose; petiole smooth,
shining. Antennas filiform in $ , the joints towards the apex monili-
form ; the third joint incised in $. E/adial cellule closed; the areolet
open on lower side ; cubitus obsolete. Eyes oval, bare.

The antennae are shorter than the body in the ? ,
equal to it or shorter in the $ ; the joints longer
than broad, the third joint considerably longer than
the fourth. The parapsidal furrows are complete, as
in canaliculatus ; or semi- complete, as in areolatus.
Middle segment thickly haired, bicarinate. Meso-
pleuraB shining, the longitudinal furrow distinct. The
abdomen in canaliculatus bulges out in the centre,
and is not longer than the head and thorax united ; in
areolatus it is longish and strongly compressed. The
areolet is complete or incomplete, and the spurious
veins may be distinct or indistinct.

May be known from Melanips by the thorax not
being granulated and opaque ; in having the thorax
shining it agrees with Dicderea, but that genus has the
scutellum smooth, and the second abdominal segment
bare.

Nothing is known about the habits of the species,
which are found in meadows and frequent flowers,
especially of Umbelliferss. Only two European species

168 SAEOTHEUS AEEOLATUS.

have been described. The genus is not known from
America.

1 (2) Parapsidal furrows complete, areolet and cubitus incomplete,

wings hyaline, abdomen not compressed, black.

Canaliculatus.

2 (1) Parapsidal furrows incomplete, areolet and cubitus complete,

wings fuscous, abdomen strongly compressed, red.

Areolatus.

1. SAEOTHEUS CANALICULATUS.
PL VIII, fig. 7.

Saroth'rus canaliculatus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 203 ; Reinh.,

B. E. Z., 226, 1.
Melanips canaliculatus, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 164.

Black, sliming ; the knees, tibiae, and tarsi reddish-yellow ; hind tarsi
fuscous; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous. Antennae a little longer
than the head and thorax united, the joints moniliform, the third about
one half longer than the fourth. The pronotum in front and the lower
part of mesopleurse striolated, the former very finely punctured.
Mesonotum with some fine punctures ; the furrow complete, wide, and
deep ; there is a central furrow at the base. Scutellum rugose ; median
segment thickly covered with a pale pubescence. Abdomen strongly
compressed, the hair fringe distinct, whitish. Areolet distinct ; cubitus
traced to near the apex.

The <£ has the antennae as long as the body, the third joint incised,
for the greater part testaceous beneath, and about one half longer than
the fourth.

Length 2 — 3*5 m.m.

The colour of the legs varies from deep to yellow-
ish-red ; sometimes the flagellum in the $ is testaceous
on the lower side. In size it varies considerably.

Common among herbage in autumn.

Continental distribution : Germany.

2. SAEOTHRUS AEEOLATUS.
PI. VIII, fig. 8.

Sarothrus areolatus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 203; Keinhard,

B. E. Z., iv, 227, Tab. iv, fig. 5,
? ; Thorns., Oef., xviii, 417.

Amphithectus Dahlbomi, Htg., I.e.; Giraud, Yerh. z.-b. Ges.

Wien, x, 175.

Melanips fumipennis, Giraud, 1. c., 165.

GENUS MELANIPS. 169

Black, semi- shining, covered with a close fuscous pubescence on
tbe head and thorax ; the femora, except broadly at the base, the tibiae
and tarsi, and the abdomen, except more or less above and beneath
(where the colour is fuscous or blackish), reddish; wings suffused with
fuscous, iridescent, the nervures fuscous-black ; the spurious nervures
distinct. Head and thorax sparsely and minutely punctured. Antennas
shorter than the body, black, almost bare, obscurely microscopically
striolated. Parapsidal furrows obsolete except at the base. Scutellum
rugose. Middle segment semi-perpendicular, densely covered with pale
fuscous pubescence. Abdomen strongly compressed, longer than the
head and thorax united, the base rather densely pilose. $ .

The $ has the antennas a little shorter than the body, the third joint
sinuated; the abdomen is reddish at the base; the femora are blackish-
red at the apex, and the hind tibiae are, moreover, less fuscous.

Length 4'5 $ ; 3—3-5 <$.

May be known from canaliculatus by the parapsidal
furrows being only indicated at the base of the scutel-
lum, by the darker coloured wings, which have the
spurious veins quite distinct, and by the longer and
much more strongly compressed abdomen ; by the
body being less strongly shining and more pilose, and
by the shorter antennae in both sexes. The amount
of red on the abdomen varies.

Apparently rare. Norwich (Bridgman).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Austria,
Bohemia, France.

Genus — MELANIPS.

Melanips, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 417.

Dicserea, Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 364.

Zygosis, Foerster, 1. c.

Thorax smooth, parapsidal furrows complete ; scutellum flat, with
two fovese at its base, smooth, shining ; base of abdomen bare. Antennas
stout, the joints in $ longer than broad. Radial cellule closed,
elongate, the areolet situated at its base, and complete at both sides.

Characteristic of this genus is the complete areolet
situate at the base of the radial cellule.

The name Melanips was first mentioned by F.
Walker (Ent. Mag., iii, p. 161), who gave an extended
description of the genus as understood by him. It is,
however, quite impossible to identify the " genus " as
defined by Walker, for it is clearly founded on species

170 MELANIPS.

which have since been relegated to distinct genera.
Five years later (in 1840) Haliday himself defined it
as follows (in the Appendix to Westwood's Intr. to the
Mod. Class, of Ins., p. 56) : Abdomen somewhat
acute in ? ; petiole very short, annular; second and
third segments equal ; scutellum rugose, the base bi-
foveolate; antenna filiform, <$ 14, ? 13; cubital
areolets 3. As type is given Cynips urticse, Kirby, a
species which has never been described. Giraud uses
the word to cover Sarothrus and Amblynotus of Hartig ;
Thomson uses it as equivalent to Psilogaster, Htg.,
giving Figites urticeti, Dbm., as type; Foerster con-
siders it identical with Amblynotus, Htg., with Amb.
opacus as type, Sarothrus being kept distinct from it ;
and the Melanips of Thomson is renamed Dic&rea:
the Rev. T. A. Marshall apparently uses the name in
the Thomsonian sense, defining it from Amblynotus and
Sarothrus by the " segrneiitum secundum basi nudum,
glaberrimum " (Ent. M. Mag., vi, p. 181).

Reinhard (B. E. Z., iv, p. 222) has pointed out that
the definition, as given by Haliday, applies to Ambly-
notus as well as to Sarothrus ; and further, that
Melanips, Hal., was described in the same year as
Amblynotus, and he rejects it in favour of the latter.
In this I am inclined to agree with him. The ques-
tion, then, is whether Melanips should be retained in the
Thomsonian sense. Absolute certainty as to what the
type of Melanips really was is not to be had, and, as we
have seen, it is founded on several species. Haliday's
definition will fit urticeti fairly well ; it is a common
species, and in some respects fits Walker's description
better than does Amblynotus, as, e.g. " caput Iseve,"
thorax "fere laeve;" although the additional words,
" rarius scitissime et confertim punctatum obscurum,"
must have been founded on some, other species; but
the word descriptive of the abdomen, " glabrum," fits
urticeti better than it does either Amblynotus or Saro-
thrus. The original description, fitting as it does at
least four groups of species, it was open for the next

MELANIPS TJRTICETI. 171

author to define the genus and to apply the name
anew. This Giraud did by making it cover Amblynotus
and Sarothrus ; but the former, as we have seen, can
scarcely be ousted ; nor can the latter, for in any point
of view it must be regarded as an offshoot from Melanips
or Amblynotus. In view of the ambiguity of the de-
scription, Thomson was perfectly justified in taking
his own view of the matter, and having used it for a
different species from Griraud and defined it anew, I
consider that Melanips should be used as defined by the
learned Swede. There is some ambiguity about
Dicderea. It seems to me that the same species has
formed the type for Dicserea and Zygosis. Foerster
quotes the same species as type ; an analysis of his de-
scriptions shows that the only distinction lies in
Zygosis having hairy eyes ; in the important points of
the form and sculpture of the thorax and abdomen,
and in the remarkable position of the areolet, they
agree. As for the eyes, it is very difficult to see the
pubescence on them ; one or two of my specimens
apparently show it under a strong lens, but really its
absence (if it be really absent) cannot be considered
of much value if there is an agreement in other points
of importance, for it might readily be rubbed away.

1. MELANIPS TJRTICETI.
PI. YI, figs. 1, la.

Figites urticeti, Dbm., Onyc. Syn. tab., p. 3, No. 2, tab. ii, f. 2.
Psilogaster heteropterus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., iv, 418.
Melanips urticeti, Thorns., Oef ., xviii, 417. .
Figites heteropterus, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 235, 7.

— nitens, Gir., Verb. z.-b. Wien, x. 149, teste Reinhard,
I.e.

Black; head and thorax covered with a fuscous pubescence; the
knees, tibiae, and tarsi fuscous-red ; the tibiae largely infuscated ; wings
clear hyaline, the nervures black. Antennae a little longer than the
abdomen, the flagellum inclining to fuscous ; the third joint double the
length of the fourth. The entire body shining, impunctate ; the median

172 LONCHIDIA MACULIPENNIS.

segment densely pubescent ; abdomen compressed, the base of the second
segment not striated.

The c? (teste Giraud) has the antennae filiform, the flagellum reddish
beneath, if anything longer than the body ; the abdomen more pedun-
culated, and the legs have a clear red.

Length 2—2*5 m.m.

The cJ I have never seen, and it has only been found
by Giraud. Commonly distributed in England and
Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

Genus — LONCHIDIA.

Lonchidia, Thomson, Oef., xviii, 413 ; Foerster, Verh. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, 364.

Radial cellule open in front ; cheeks not margined ; pronotum with
a gradual slope from the apex to the head ; a fovea at the base of the
scutellum. Parapsidal furrows weak in front, more distinct near the
scutellum. Areolet obsolete; cubitus seldom complete. Antennae
13-jointed in $ , thickened towards the apex ; in <$ slender, longer than
the body, the third joint incised. Body shining, the base of abdomen
pilose.

A well-marked genus. It contains at present three
European species, — the two known from Britain, and
L. lissonata, Thorns,, from Sweden.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Wings with the greater part of the radial cellule and a spot near

the apex fuscous ; the apical six joints of antennae indistinctly

thickened. Maculipennis.

, 2 (1) Wings entirely hyaline, unspotted; the apical five joints of the

antennae distinctly thickened. Clavicornis.

1. LONCHIDIA MACULIPENNIS.
PL VIII, fig. 9.

Lonchidia maculipennis, Thomson, Oef, 413, 1.

Figites 'maculipennis, Dbm., Onych., pi. ii, fig. 1 ; Skand., Hym. Fauna,
13, 1.

Black; semi-shining, closely pubescent, sparsely punctured; parapsidal
furrows narrow, almost complete ; legs fuscous ; wings hyaline, more or

GENUS ANOLYTUS. 173

less of the radial cellule and a spot before the apex fuscous ; areolet and
spurious nervures almost obsolete. Antennae as long as the thorax,
the third joint nearly twice the length of the fourth ; the apical six
joints thickened, the last considerably thicker and longer than the
penultimate, $ .

The <J has the antennae longer than the body ; the flagellum fuscous ;
the third joint sinuated ; the legs fuscous, the knees, tibiae, and tarsi
lighter coloured than the base ; the fuscous spot in fore wings less dis«
tinct than in the $ .

Length 2 m.m.

Eare. Lamport (T. A. Marshall).
Continental distribution : Sweden.

2. LONCHIDIA CLAVICORNIS.

PL VIII, fig. 10.

Lonchidia clavicornis, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 413.

Black, almost shining, closely fuscous, pubescent; the legs fuscous,
the knees and base of femora pale ; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous.
Antennae scarcely so long as the thorax and abdomen united ; the third
joint not twice the length of the fourth ; the last five joints thickened,
the last considerably thicker than and nearly three times the length of
the penultimate. Parapsidal furrows distinct at the base, indistinct
towards the apex. Costa indicated to the middle.

Length T5 m.m.

Differs from maculipennis in the wings being entirely
hyaline, in the nervures being thinner, in the antennas
being longer with the apical five joints more distinctly
thickened, and it is also a smaller species.

Eare. Clydesdale, London district (T. R. Billups),
Worcester (J. E. Fletcher).

Sweden.

Genus — ANOLYTUS.

Anolytus, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 365.

Cheeks not margined ; mesonotum opaque, alutaceous, the parap-
sidal furrows scarcely indicated ; no foveae at the base of the scutellum.
Antennae 13-jointed in $ , filiform, 14 in $ ; radial cellule elongated,
the second abscissa double the length of the first, open in front;
areolet and cubitus obsolete ; median segment bicarinate ; base of abdo-
men pilose ; the third segment large, nearly three times the length of
the second.

174 ONYCHIDES.

The non-margined cheeks and to a less extent the form of the pro-
thorax (for the slope is not quite so gradual) allies this genus to Lon-
chidia ; but it differs from it in the antennae not being thickened towards
the apex, in the opaque head and thorax, in there being no fovese at
the base of the scutellum, in the much more elongated cellule, and in
the obsolete cubitus.

1. ANOLYTUS EUFIPES.
Plate VII, fig. 7.

Anolytus rufipes, Foerster, 1. c.

Homolaspis biusta, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879, 112.

Black, the basal five joints of the antennse and legs clear red, the
6—8 joints of antennse fuscous, the base and sides of abdomen
brownish-red; pleurae suffused with red; wings hyaline, nervures fus-
cous. Head and thorax opaque, alutaceous, covered with a depressed
microscopical pile ; abdomen shining, impunctate, the apical segments
faintly pilose.

Petiole double longer than wide, obliquely keeled, the base longitudi-
nally striolated ; base of second segment covered with longish white hair
.and one third of the length of the second; the fourth and succeeding
segments visible, the fourth double the length of the fifth. Legs stout,
,the COX83 punctured, covered with white hair ; tips of tarsi black. First
abscissa of radius half the length of the second; areolet obsolete.
Antennae double the length of the thorax, filiform.

Length 2 m.m.

Rare. Probably south of England. In collection of
the Rev. T. A. Marshall.

ONYCHIDES.

Second abdominal segment not half the length of the abdomen, the
third much longer than the succeeding united ; the second segment
above produced into a tongue-shaped process; petiole short. Meso-
notum with two or more furrows; scutellum bifoveated at the base.
Radial cellule open in front. Antennae filiform, the third joint sinuated
in the ^.

In the second segment not being half the length of
the abdomen this group agrees with the Figitides and
Anacharides ; from the former it differs in the second
abdominal segment being produced into a tongue-
shaped process, and from the latter in the abdomen
not being petiolated.

There are two other genera in Europe, namely,

GENUS ONYCH1A. 175

Aspicera, Dbm., and Omolaspis, Gir. The former is
readily known from either Onychia or Omolaspis by the
scutellum ending in a sharp, stout, projecting spine
(PL IY, fig. 17) ; Omolaspis does not differ mate-
rially from Onychia, except that the radial cellule is
almost closed at the base, the subcostal nervure not
being obliterated as in Onychia, and the petiole is less
distinct.

Genus — ONYCHIA.

Onycliia (Haliday), Westwood, Int., ii, Append., 56; Reinhard,

B. E. Z., iv, 236.

Callaspidia, Dahlbom, Ony. och. Call., 10.
Xylaspis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iv, 416.

Scutellum bisulcated, truncated at the apex, oblong; parapsidal
furrows distinct, rugose ; an acutely pointed (at the base) field between
them at the base of the scutellum ; radial cellule open in front and behind
through the subcostal nervure not reaching to the costa; petiole
shortish, not ringed; thorax rugose, opaque; antennae filiform, the
third joint slightly incised with the $.

The head is broader than the thorax, short, keeled
down the sides ; eyes large, bare, placed well up, the
head projecting behind them, occiput margined. An-
tennaa in ? subfilif orm ; in <$ thinner and longer,
and scarcely tapering towards the apex. Thorax
large, rugose ; the prothorax narrow above, having
a forward gradual slope towards the head. On the
mesonotum there is a wide furrow at the tegulae ;
the parapsidal furrows are complete, curved, rugose,
wide ; the field at the scutellum is crenulated. At the
base of the scutellum are two large, deep, shining
foveae, separated by a sharp keel, which is continued
to the apex ; behind these f oveas the scutellum is de-
pressed on either side of the keel, and with one or two
transverse keels. The scutellum projects over the
median segment, which is nearly perpendicular and
keeled in the centre. Petiole a little longer than broad.
Legs stout, longish, especially the hinder, which have
the tibiae deeply sulcated. Metatarsus nearly as long
as the following joints united. Radial cellule longer

176 ONYCHIA.

than broad ; cubital cellules incomplete or absent ; apex
of the wings not fringed.

Onychia is found in America and India.

We find the name of Onychia first mentioned by
Westwood in 1833 (Loud, Mag., vi, 494), but it was
not defined there, and Gynips ediog aster, Pz., was
mentioned, on Haliday's authority, as the type. In
1836 (Ent. Mag., iii, 162) it was defined by Walker
thus : Antennae mari 14-articulatge corporis longitu-
dine, fern. 13-articulatse paullo breviores : thorax
obscurus, scaber ; scutellum sulcatum, productum,
acuminatum ; petiolus brevis, gracilis : abdomen
laeve,nitidum; segmentumprimum reliqua omninoobte-
gens : alas mediocres ; nervi spurii fere obsoleti.
As type he gives Evania ediogaster, Rossi. In West-
wood's Introduction (ii, Ap., 56) the genus is charac-
terised by Haliday himself as follows : Abdomen with
the third segment very large, concealing all the poste-
rior ones ; petiole very short, scutellum channelled
throughout ; antennae filiform, 14-jointed <? , 13 ? ;
cubital areolets three, subcostal nervure not continued
to the rib.

It is now clear that Walker's Onychia is not the
same as Haliday's, as is shown by the words
" scutellum acuminatum." There is no satisfactory
evidence that Gynips ediogaster is British. It is given
as British by Curtis (Guide, p. 126); but the Rev,
T. A. Marshall states (Ent. Ann., 1874, p. 120) that it
was not in his collection. I cannot make out with any
degree of certainty on what species Walker grounded
his Onychia; Haliday (West., Int., App., p. 56) states
that his Onychia had not as its type ediogaster, the
type being a species indicated (1. c.) as biusta. I have
not been able to trace this type ; the Rev. T. A. Mar-
shall (Ent. Ann., 1874, p. 120) says of it, " I believe
I have one in bad condition ; it belongs to Foerster's
Homolaspis,"* but if so, then it disagrees with one of

* Unless there is some mistake about the specimen, this appears to
be Anolytus rufipes. Omolaspis is therefore doubtfully British,

ONYCHIA WESTWOODI. 177

the fundamental characters given by Haliday for
Onychia, namely, that the subcostal nervure is not con-
tinued to the rib. There is, therefore, considerable un-
certainty as to what formed the type for Onychia,
Haliday ; but the statements that the scutellum was
channelled throughout (there is no mention of its
ending in a spine), and that the subcostal nervure
did not reach to the costa, sufficiently prove that it was
congeneric with 0. Westwoodi, Dbm.

There is no evidence that Aspicera ediogaster is
British.

1. ONYCHIA WESTWOODI.
PL VII, fig. 6.

Callaspidia TPestwoodi, Dbm., Ony. och Call., 15, Tab. i, fig. 12.

de Fonscolombei, Dbm., 1. c., 13.
Xyalaspis rugosus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iv, 417.
Callaspidia Dufouri, Giraud, Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 160.
Onychia nigripes, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879, 112.

Black ; the apices of the basal joints of flagellum, the base of petiole,
the knees (the anterior broadly), and four front tarsi, reddish, the tarsi
with a testaceous tinge. Antennae as long as the body, the apical
joints a very little thicker than the basal ; the first is nearly double
the length of the second, the third is the longest, the fourth is a little
longer than the fifth, the rest become shorter and thicker to the last,
which is more globular and more truncated at the apex ; the thirteenth
is longer than the preceding two, being nearly as long as the third.
Head shining, rugose, the sides longitudinally. Thorax opaque, rugose,
the pronotum obliquely, the mesonotum transversely. The mesonotum
bears five stout keels, the lateral and the central complete, the inter-
mediate not reaching the middle; the central at the base bifurcates,
forming an area about three times of the length of the base. Scutellum
shining, rough, irregular ; the basal keels pale testaceous. Median
segment rugose, the sides covered with longish white hair. Abdo-
men shining. Wings hyaline, yellowish along the nervures.

Length nearly 5 mm.

Kirchner (Cat., p. 37) states that he bred four speci-
mens from beetle larvao, which fed on Caltha palustris.
Onychia notata, Fons., was reared by Ferris from
Syrphus larvae (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.5 1877, p. 417).

Rare. Norwich (J. B. Bridgman).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria, France.

VOL. III. 12

178 ANACHAR1DES.

ANACHARIDES.

Abdomen petiolate, the second abdominal segment longer than the
third ; scutellum bifurcate at the base, conical, triangular, prominent,
sometimes spinose, never channelled; inesopleuree usually shining;
parapsidal sutures distinct, prothorax acutely margined above. Head
triangular; antennae 12-jointed ? , 13 in $, as long as the body; eyes
large, subrotund ; frontal sutures indistinct. Hinder coxae widely sepa-
rated. Alar nervures thick ; costa distinct ; the areolet indicated by a
thick stump of the subradial nervure.

From the Figitina and the Ony china, this group
may be known by the petiolated abdomen. In addition
the latter may be separated by the channelled scutellum
and by the second abdominal segment being produced
above into a tongue-shaped process.

Two European genera are known.

Synopsis of Genera.

1 (2) Petiole striolated, shorter than the posterior coxae; abdomen

scarcely compressed; median segment distinctly areolated.

JEgilips.

2 (1) Petiole smooth, longer than the hind coxae, abdomen com-

pressed ; median segment not areolated. Anacharis.

The name of Anacharis, it may be added, is discarded
by Foerster on the ground that there was a plant
named Anacharis before the word was used by Dal man ;
but this is an extension of the priority law which I am
not prepared to sanction.

Xyalaspis is clearly founded on one of the species of
JEgilips with spined scutellum, and X Idevigata, Htg.,
is given as the type, the chief mark of distinction given
by Foerster being that the scutellum is " stark verlang-
ert, i. einen Dora auslaufend ;" the other genera
having the scutellum "more or less conical." Foerster
further gives X. Idevigata (stated by him to be iden-
tical with nitidula, Dal.) also as the type of ^Egilips.

He founded likewise another genus, Synaspis, which
differs from ^gilips and Anacharis in the scutellum

GENUS ^EGILIPS. " 179

being so closely united to the mesonotum tliat there is
no trace of amalgamation visible.

Xylaspis, Htg., is 'founded apparently on an Mgilips
and partly on an Onychia.

Genus —

^Egilips (Haliday), Walker, Ent. Mag., iii, 159,
Xyalaspis, Hartig, Germ. Zeit.,, iv, 416 ; Foerster, Verb. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, xix, 361.

Radial cellule closed ; areolet obsolete ; cubitus faint ; parapsidal
furrows distinct ; scutellum bifurcate at the base; conical, pyramidal,
or spinose, smooth or-more or less rugose; median segment with two
keels. Abdomen petiolate, more or less ovate, not compressed, the
petiole rugose, shorter than the hind coxae.

In the <$ the antennae are longer than the body ; the third joint
cylindrical ; in ? somewhat shorter, thickened towards the apex. The
head is broader than the thorax, eyes large, bare. Thorax shining;
the parapsidal furrows broad, seldom complete, often crenulated.
Pronotum laterally rugose or almost impunctate. Scutellum large,
margined behind, of variable form, conical or ending in a more or less
elongated spine. Median segment pilose, rugose ; with at least two
lateral keels, and sometimes a central, but the latter is often con-
fused. Abdomen ovate, broader behind than in front, not compressed.
Petiole not much longer than broad, longitudinally rugose ; second
abdominal segment qampanulate, not produced at the top, and forming
nearly half the total length of the abdomen. Wings hyaline, the apex
shortly fringed ; the nervures thick ; the radial cellule more or less
triangular; areolet represented by a stump of the nervure; spurious
nervures indistinct. Legs robust.

There is no great difference between the sexes in
the form of the body, even in the abdomen; but the
difference in the length and thickness of the antennae
easily separates them.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (12) Scutellum conical, not ending in a spine.

2 (5) Scutellum smooth, impunctate in front and at the sides.

3 (4) Scutellar foveae obsolete ; legs and antennae bright yellow.

Nitidula.-

4 (3) — — distinct ; legs and antennae red. Ruftcornis.
. 5 (2) Scutellum rugose.

(9) Mesonotum transversely striated. '

7 (8) Scutellar f ovese almost obsolete, mesonotum shining ; first-
abscissa of radius one-half the length of second ; legs
testaceous and yellow. Striolata.

180 2BGILIPS NITIDULA.

8 (7) Scutellar foveae deep; mesonotum opaque, first abscissa of

radius scarcely shorter than the second; legs dull red.

Bicolorata.

9 (6) Mesonotum not transversely rugose.

10 (11) Wings hyaline, thorax not densely pilose, petiole double

longer than broad. Rufipes.

11 (10) Wings uniformly smooth, thorax densely pilose, petiole three

times longer than broad. Fumipennis.

12 (1) Scutellum ending in a spine.

13 (14) Mesonotum semi-opaque, transversely striated, petiole much

longer than broad (in male), foveae at base of scutellum
obsolete. Subulifera.

14 (13) Mesonotum not striated ; scutellar foveae large.

15 (16) Spine short, obliquely truncated at apex, not one-fourth of

length of scutellum ; legs fuscous, petiole shorter than
broad. Scotica.

16 (15) Spine long, curved, more than one-third of the length of

scutellum ; legs and antennae red ; petiole a little longer
than broad. Armata.

1. J^GILIPS NITIDULA.

PI. VI, fig. 9,3 .

Cynips nitidula, Dal., Anal. Ent., 95.

Xylaspis l&vigatus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iv, p. 416.

Mgilips nitidula, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 173; Rein-
hard, B. E. Z., iv, 219 ; Thorns., Oef., xviii,
412, 4.

Black ; the legs bright yellowish, the base of the coxae, the apices
of the front four tarsi, and the greater part of the hind pair,
blackish. Antennae fuscous above, testaceous beneath. Wings clear
hyaline, the nervures yellowish. Shining, the parapsidal sutures dis-
tinct, crenulated ; scutellum conical, shining, smooth, slightly rugose at
the sides and apex, the latter depressed, the scutellar fovese indistinct,
shallow. Prothorax laterally punctured finely, longitudinally striated
on the lower part of pleurae. Petiole finely punctured, or little shorter
than broad.

The $ similar, and with the petiole longer compared to its breadth.

Length 2£ mm.

The colour of the antennae varies, some specimens
having them much darker than others. The amount
of black on the coxae and tarsi varies also.

Commonly distributed. Found often in houses.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

STRIOLATA. 181

2. ^EGILIPS RUFICOENIS.
PL VI, fig. 8, ? .

^Jgilips ruficornis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 372.

Black ; antennae (except at base and apex) and legs red ; coxa? black,
except at apex ; hind tarsi and apex of tibiae fuscous. Antennae, if any-
thing, longer than the body, becoming thickened towards the apex, the
third and fourth joints subequal, fifth shorter ; last one half longer
than penultimate. Mesonotum smooth, shining ; sutures distinct, but
shallow ; transverse suture in front of scutellum much deeper and nar-
rower. Scutellum smooth in front ; the sides have some irregular and
indistinct reticulations ; behind it is rugose, but not strongly above ;
below reticulated, the two parts being separated by a keel ; the foveae
in front are distinct, smooth ; behind there is a distinct shallow fovea
at either side. Median segment rugose, reticulated indistinctly in
the middle. Petiole coarsely striated, broader than long. Abdomen
smooth, shining, shorter than the thorax. The body is covered with a
longish fuscous pubescence ; on the coxae it is white. Wings hyaline,
nervures testaceous. Pronotum and episternum obscurely punctured.

Length 4 mm.

The smooth scutellum allies this species to JOJ. niti-
dula ; but it is a stouter insect; the antennae are
longer, the sutures on the mesonotum are scarcely
crenulated ; the foveaa at base of scutellum are dis-
tinct, and the antennas and legs are red, not yellow as
in nitidula.

Rare. Bishopton.

3. -^GILIPS STRIOLATA.

PL YE, fig. 4*.

JEgilips striolata, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 373.

Black; antennae reddish-testaceous, more or less fuscous above, espe-
cially towards the apex; legs testaceous; apex of femora and tibiae
yellow; posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae fuscous. Antennae longer
than the body ; the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth ;
fourth and fifth subequal ; the last joint not much longer than the pre-
ceding. Mesonotum scarcely shining ; parapsidal sutures crenulated,
distinct; a large shallow fovea, longer than broad in front of transverse
suture at scutellum. Pronotum and mesopleuraa above finely punc-
tured, opaque. Scutellum rugose, smooth, shining, at the base; looked
at from the side it is bluntly triangular, above bluntly conical ; foveae
obsolete. Median segment rugose, reticulated; bounding the centre

182 JEGIL1PS BICOLORATA,

of the median segment are two keels which widen out in the middle ;
between these is a straight keel. Petiole a little longer than broad,
rugose. Abdomen shining, smooth. Wings hyaline; nervures yel-
lowish ; tegulae testaceous.
Length 3£ mm.

In general appearance this distinct species most
nearly resembles A. nitidula, but the striated meso-
notum, punctured pronotum and scutellum, separate
it sufficiently from the common species ; in having
the pronotum punctured it agrees with J?E. rugicollis,
Keinh. (only, I believe, a variety of rufipes), but the
striated meson otum, the large fovea at the apex of
mesonotum, the less strongly punctured scutellum,
the almost obsolete scutellar foveaB, mark it out as a
very different species. A. subulifera (which has the
mesonotum transversely striated) differs in the scutel-
lum ending in a blunt spine.

Mugdoch, near Glasgow.

.4. ^EGILTPS. BICOLORATA.
rs PI. YI, fig. 5,^.

bicolorata, Cam., Ent. M. Mag., xxiii, 194.

Black; the antennae brownish beneath, striated, longer than the
body ; the legs reddish-testaceous, the coxae blackish, claws fuscous.
"Wings hyaline, faintly smoky from the radial cellule. Thorax
semi-opaque, the mesonotum finely transversely, the pronotum more
strongly obliquely striated ;' mesopleurse shining, iinpunctate ; scutellum
conical, in front rugosely reticulated, behind shining, faintly punc-
tured; median segment rugose, threes-keeled, the middle one not reach-
ing to the top. Petiole rugose, longer than broad. Parapsidal furrows
faint, narrow, shallow. Abdomen shining. Radial cellule not much
longer than broad, <^.

Length 2*5 mm.

Most nearly relating to striolata, Cam. ; differing
from it in the semi-opaque mesonotum, much narrower
and shallower parapsidal furrows, by the mesonotum
not having, a furrow in the centre at the base, in the
scutellar foveae being much longer and deeper, in the
scutellum being blunter and broader at the apex, in the

^GILIPS RTJFTPES. 183

rugose median segment, in the reddish-coloured legs,
and by the radial cellule being shorter.
Probably from the London district.

5. ^GILIPS RUFIPES.
PI. VI, fig. 7, ? .

Anacharis rufipes, Westwood, Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1833, 494.
^gilips Dalmani, Reinh., B. E. Z., iv, 220, 3 ; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 412, 3.

— rugicollis, Reinh., 1. c., 220, 2 ; pi. iv, f. 3.

— rufipes, Cam., Ent. M. Mag., xxiv, 209.

Black, shining ; the legs and tegula? ferruginous, the anterior with a
more yellowish tinge, the coxae black, the tips of anterior tarsi, the
whole of posterior apex of hind tibiae and sometimes the hind trochan-
ters, blackish ; wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous ; the antennsB
fuscous or blackish, usually testaceous or even reddish beneath, wholly
or in the middle only. Parapsidal sutures distinct at base, but not very
deep, towards the apex becoming indistinct, obscurely crenulated;
scutellum conical, rugose, the basal fovea3 distinct, deep, shining ; pro-
thorax laterally more or less punctured, almost rugose on lower side ;
mesonotum, especially towards the base, more or less finely striated or
aciculated, in some specimens distinctly transverse striolated on the
basal half. Petiole scarcely so long as broad, rugose.

The $ is similar, but with the petiole longer.

Length 2£— 2£ mm.

The punctuation on the thorax (especially on the
pronotum and mesonotum) varies considerably in in-
tensity. The coloration of the legs varies also, some
specimens having them (especially the four anterior)
clear testaceous-yellow, while others have them all dark
ferruginous, suffused with fuscous.

M. rugicollis, Reinhard, differs from rufipes (as de-
fined by Reinhard) in having the parapsidal sutures dis-
tinct and crenulated, the propleurse rugose, and the legs
fuscous-ferruginous ; rufipes having the parapsidal fur-
rows " parum impressis," the pleura3 " subpunctatis,"
and the legs ferruginous. The specimens in my col-
lection, however, show so much variation in all these
respects that I can only look upon M. rugicollis as a
variety of rufipes.

Commonly distributed.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Austria.

184 .EGILIPS SUBULIFERA.

6. J^GILIPS FUMIPENNIS.

PI. VII, fig. 1.

Anacharis fumipennis, Westwood, Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1833,
494; Cam., E. M. M., xxiv, 209.

Black ; the legs testaceous ; mandibles piceous-red, darker at the apex ;
petiole and base of abdomen piceous; flagellum of antennae fuscous.
Antennae shorter than the body ; thorax densely pilose ; parapsidal furrows
shallow, indistinct; scutellar foveae indistinct; scutellum obtuse, rugose ;
median segment rugose, tricarinate. Petiole three times longer than
broad, striolated, abdomen shining. Wings uniformly smoky, first
abscissa of radius three-fourths of the length of the second; nervures
fuscous.

Length 2 '5 mm.

May be known from rufipes by the thorax being
densely pilose, by the scutellum being somewhat
shorter, by the longer petiole, and by the smoky wings.

I only know Westwood' s specimen.

7. -ZEGILIPS SUBULIFEEA.

PL VI, fig. 6, <? .

JEgilips subulifera, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 412, 1.

Black, semi- shining ; the antennae blackish-fuscous ; the flagellum
testaceous beneath ; the legs testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the coxae
blackish or fuscous-black ; hind tarsi and tips of the others blackish.
Wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous-testaceous. Parapsidal sutures
distinct, wide, crenulated ; sides of pro thorax longitudinally aciculated,
the base of mesonotum transversely striolated ; scutellum conical,
rugose, ending in a stout, obtuse spine, which is also rugose ; scutellar
foveae indistinct, shallow, finely striated. Median segment rugose.
Petiole finely rugose, longer than broad. The antennae are a little
longer than the body.

Length 3 mm.

The £ only is known to me. Thomson apparently
describes the female, and it appears to differ most from
the c? in the length of the petiole. As with the other
species, the coloration of the legs varies, as does like-
wise the punctuation of the thorax.

Rare. Strath Glass, Inverness-shire, in June.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

M3ILIPS ARMATA. 185

8. ^EGILIPS SCOTICA.
PI. VI, fig. 3, 3 .

JEgilips scotica, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 372.

Black ; covered with a longish pale down. Antennae reddish-brown
beneath from the middle of first joint. Mouth and palpi brown ; tegulee
testaceous ; coxse black, except at extreme apex ; trochanters and hind
femora for the most part and the anterior to a less extent, fuscous-
black ; the rest of legs dull testaceous, obscured with fuscous. Wings
hyaline, nervures fuscous. Mesonotum almost shining, very slightly
and closely punctured ; furrows deep ; there is a transverse furrow at
the base of the scutellum ; in front of this and between the two lateral
furrows is a shallow pit, which is wider than long. Scutellum rugose,
ending in a short, blunt, thick spine, which is obliquely truncated at
the top. Median segment rugosely reticulated ; in the centre are two
smooth fields, the upper being the larger. Collar striated in front.
Below the tegulae on the mesopleurse is a triangular striated part
bounded by a ridge. Petiole rugose, shorter than broad. Abdomen
shining, smooth, shorter than the thorax. Antennae as long as the
body, the third and fourth joints equal. $.

Length nearly 4 mm.

This species has the greatest resemblance to M. subu-
lifera, Thorns., but that species has the mesonotum
semi-opaque, transversely striated, and the petiole
much longer than broad.

Gllen Moriston. June.

9. J^GILIPS AEMATA.

PI. VI, fig. 2, ? .

JEgilips armatus, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 173.
' — armata, Eeinhard, B. E. Z., iv, 220, 4.

Black, shining, the legs ferruginous, the hind coxas and tips of tarsi
black ; antenna3 reddish, blackish at base and apex; wings hyaline, the
tegulae and nervures yellowish. Parapsidal sutures distinct, but nar-
rowed towards the apex; crenulated; prothorax laterally punctured
or finely rugose ; mesonotum shining, with some scattered punctures ;
scutellum rugose, ending in a stout, rugose spine, obtuse at the apex
and fully one-third of the length of scutellum ; median segment
coarsely rugose, a furrow, wide and not clearly limited, down the
centre, Petiole clearly longer than broad, finely rugose. Scutellar
foveae distinct, shining, smooth, or aciculated.

In the $ the scutellar spine is slightly curved, and the antennae are
fuscous above.

Length 2|— 2£ mm.

186 GENUS ANACHAHIS.

The colour of the antennae varies ; sometimes they
are fuscous above throughout; the legs vary also in
colour ; not infrequently the trochanters, base of
femora, and knees are yellow ; the femora and tibiae
have sometimes a fuscous tinge, and the hind tarsi
may be entirely black. In some males the hind tarsi
and the apical half of the hind tibiaa are black, the four
coxae being also black. The four front legs may be
yellowish. The alar nervures vary from clear yellow
to fuscous.

Reinhard (1. c., p. 221) describes a species (^M. spini-
gerd) which is very nearly related to armala, but
differs from it in the mesonotum being transversely
rugose.

This is no doubt the species on which Walker (Ent.
Mag., iii, 161) formed his section ii of JEgilips :
" Species unica Scotise incola," with " scutellum
summo apice productum acuminatum, inde ad infimum
'basin retractum, ideoque angulum acutum fingens."

Clydesdale.

Genus — ANACHARIS.

Anacharis, Dal., Anal. Ent., 95 ; G-iraud, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

x, 169 ; Reinhard, B. E. Z., iv, 214.

Megapelmus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 186 ; Foerster, Verb. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, xix, 361.

Radial cellule closed ; parapsidal furrows more or less distinct ;
scutellum bifurcate at base; conical; median segment pilose, impunc-
tate, shining, without keels. Abdomen compressed; petiole of variable
length, but always longer than the hind coxae. Antennae filiform,
thickened towards the apex in $ ; the third joint in $ cylindrical.

We owe to the observations of Herr Anton Hand-
lirsch (Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxvi, pp. 235-7)
the only information we possess on the metamorphosis
of Anacharis typica and ensifera. He found them to
be parasitic on the Neuropteron, Hemerobius nervosus,
Fab. The larva leaves its victim between the feet,
throwing itself completely out, consuming then the
remains of its host. It then increases conspicuously

GENUS ANACHARIS. 187

in size, changing also colour, becoming more grey,
through the contents of the food canal. It now re-
mains motionless two days, thrusts the apex of the
abdomen through the meshes of the cocoon, and
empties the intestines, including the undigested chiti-
nous parts of the Hemerobius. In about five days it
pupates in the cocoon ; the pupa state lasts about
fifteen days, the imago remains two days longer in the
cocoon before leaving it finally.

The maggot-like larva has twelve body-segments, is
spindle-shaped with the greatest diameter on the sixth,
seventh, and eighth segments. The head is perpendi-
cular to the long axis of the body ; looked at in front
it appears circular ; is tolerably flat, and projects very
little over the considerably wider first body-segment ;
on the side is a curved, weaker-coloured streak, corre-
sponding to the place of the future compound eyes of
the imago. The mandibles are almost triangular, and
have a long tooth at the apex, and two short ones near
each other on the inner side. The first body-segment
has on the upper side two rounded protuberances ; the
second to ninth segments have on the back two fleshy
conically- pointed teeth, a peculiarity found in no other
hymenopterous larva. The tenth, eleventh, and
twelfth are unarmed, posteriorly reduced in size; the
last has a reniform anus. The stigmas are in seg-
ments two to ten. See PL XIV, fig. 15*

The larvaB are transparent and white, except the
mandibles, the streak on the head, and the .stigmas.

The pupa has the form of the imago, except that the
petiole is not extended, but is directed backwards and
situated close to the hinder coxae. The legs, .wings,
and antennas are placed along the body as usual.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Scutellum rugose.

2 (3) Legs clear yellow, petiole one half longer than the second seg-

ment. Typica.

3 (2) Legs reddish, more or less fuscous or black ; petiole not longer

than the second segment. Immunis.

188* ANACHAEIS TINOTA.

4 (1) Scutellum impunctate.

5 (6) Legs clear yellow ; petiole equal in length to the second seg-

ment. Eucharoides.

6 (5) Legs dull red, more or less black; petiole shorter than the

second segment. Ensifera.

A. Petiole longer than the hind coxse, and at least
equal in length to the second segment.

To this section is to be referred

1. ANAOHAKIS TINOTA, Walker.

Ent. Mag., ii, 520.

As this species (if it be really distinct from typica)
is unknown to me, and as it is also not described by
Reinhard, Giraud, and Thomson, I give Walker's
description in full.

Ana. tinctus. Mas. et fern. Petiolo abdominis circiter
longitudine, pedibus fulvis aut flavis, alis minimefulvo
tinctis9 nervis ferrugineis, externo piceo.

Ater aut aeneo-ater ; antennae nigrae, subtus nigro-
piceaa ; petiolus mari abdominis longitudine, fern.
paullo brevior : pedes fulvi ; coxae nigrae ; metatro-
chanteres piceae; metafemora a basi fere ad apicem
ferruginea; ungues, pulvilli et metatarsi fusci. Alae
hyalinae minime fulvo tinctae ; squamulae et nervi ferru-
ginea; nervus extimus transversus crassus, piceus
(Corp. long. If— 2 lin. ; alar. 2^—2^ lin.).

Far. — /3. Mas, antennas nigraa piceae, subtus ferru-
gineae; articuli lus et 2U8 nigri; metafemora omnio fulva.

Far. — y. Fern., antennae piceae, subtus ferrugineae ;
articuli lus et 2US nigri.

Far. — S. Fern., antennae fulvaa, apice fuscaa; articu-
lus lus, niger 2US piceus ; pedes flavi ; coxae nigrae, tarsi
apice, ungues et pulvilli fusci ; metatarsi fusci, basi
fulvi ; alae nervo longitudinal! basi flavo.

July; near London. September; Isle of Wight;
Machynlleth, North Wales.

A. typica is distinguished apparently from tincta
by the petiole being two-thirds of the length of the
abdomen.

ANACHARIS EUCHAEOIDES. 189

2. ANACHARIS TTPIOA.
PL VII, fig. 2.

Anacharis typica, Walker. Ent. Mag., ii, 520; Reinhard, B. E. Z.,

iv, 215, pi. iv, f. 1, rf.
Megapelmus specif ormis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 202.

Black, shining, legs except the coxae and part of trochanters yellowish
fulvous. Antennae black, fuscous beneath, median segment, head, pro-
thorax and thorax (especially the latter) thickly covered with greyish hair ;
trophi more or less pale yellow. Antennae filiform. Prothorax laterally
bearing scattered punctures; parapsidal furrows wide, moderately
deep, crenulated; scutellum scarcely so shining as the mesonotum,
punctured median segment finely rugose. Abdomen shining, the petiole
fully half the length of the remaining segments, and one half longer
than the second segment. Wings clearly hyaline, the nervures fuscous.
$ and c?.

Length 3 — 3'5 mm.

Commonly distributed.
Continental distribution : Germany.

B. Petiole shorter than hind cox&.

3. ANAOHARIS EUCHAROIDES.

PL VII, fig. 3.

Cynips eucharoides, Dal., ActaHolm., 1818, 78 ; Anal. Ent., 95.

Anacharis eucharoides, Walker, Ent. Mag., ii, 521 ; Ste., 111.
Suppl., pi. xlvii, fig. 1 ; Dbm., Onchy.,
pi. ii, fig. 9; Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, x, 170 ; Eeinh., B. E. Z., iv,
216 ; Thorns. Oef., xviii, 411, 1.

Black, shining, the legs except at the base clear yellow ; antennaa
blackish, fuscous more or less beneath ; parapsidal sutures distinct,
crenulated; head,prothorax covered with pale pile; median segment with
a much longer and thicker hair; petiole of abdomen about one-third of
the length of the remaining segments and not much longer than the
second segment. Scutellum shining, impunctate. Wings clear
hyaline, the nervures testaceous.

Length 3 — 3'5 mm.

Differs from A. typica in the petiole not being one-
half longer than the second segment, and in the
scutellum not being rugulose.

Common.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria, Holland.

190 ANACHARIS IMMUN1S.

4 ANACHARIS ENSIFERA.
PI. VII, fig. 4.

Anacharis ensifera, Walker, Ent. Mag.,ii, 522 ; Reinb, B. E.Z.,
iv, 217, pi. iv. fig. 2, $ ; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 411, 3.

Black, shining ; the legs, except the coxae and trochanters, reddish-
yellow or brownish-yellow, the tarsi fuscous. Sutures of mesothorax
indistinct, obsolete in front. Scutellum shining, the disc smooth and
shining. Median segment opaque, densely pilose, finely rugose. Petiole
distinctly shorter than the second segment, and shorter than the hind
coxae.

Length 3 mm.

Differs from A. immunis in the scutellum being
smooth and impunctate, and in the petiole being
somewhat shorter, it being distinctly shorter than the
second segment. As is the case with A. immunis, the
coloration of the legs varies somewhat, especially the
femora, which have frequently the reddish colour more
or less obscured with fuscous. Also the abdomen
may be piceous-red.

Widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

5. ANACHATMS IMMUNIS.
PL VII, fig. 5.

Anacharis immunis, Walker, Ent. Mag., ii, 521; Reinh., B. E. Z.,

iv, 216, 3; Thorns., Oef., xviii, 41], 2.
Cynips petiolata, Zett., I. L., 409.
Anacharis Staegeri, Dbin., Onych., pi. ii, fig. 10.
Megapelmus rujiventris, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 358.

Black, shining; the legs, except the coxae and ti-ochanters, reddish-
yellow, the hind tarsi fuscous. Scape of antennae black, the flagellum
brownish or fuscous beneath. Sutures of mesonotum indistinct, obso-
lete in front. Scutellum rugose, pleurae shining, impunctate, the sutures
rugose. Median segment finely rugose, densely covered with greyish
hair. Petiole of abdomen a little shorter than the second segment and
about the length of the hind coxae. Yen tral. surf ace frequently brownish.

The <$ has the antennae a little longer, and has the third joint sinuate.

Length 2 — 25 mm.

EUCOELINA. 191

Not uncommon, often found indoors. Clydesdale,
Worcester, Dorsetshire.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Sweden, Ger-
many, Italy.

Sub-family EUCOELINA.

The cup- shaped fovea on the top of the flat scutellum
forms an easy mark by means of which the species of
this group may be recognised. In some respects the
species show greater structural variation than we find
in any other sab-family. The antennae are very diversely
formed, particularly in the females, more especially
in the apical joints (the apical 9 to 3) being greatly
enlarged and thickened ; in the males they are some-
times very long and slender. The cheeks may be
margined or not ; the prothorax shows some variety
in form, and is, in some species, sharply raised on the
top. The keels on the median segment are distinct.
In only a comparative few of the species are the parap-
sidal furrows distinct. Characteristic of the majority
of the species is the fact that the base of abdomen
bears a more or less thick tuft of white or griseous hair.
The metapleuras, too, are frequently densely pilose.

Not much is known about the history of the Eucoe-
lina, but a few species have been reared from Dip-
terous pupse ; to wit, E. nigra, Htg. ; E. heptoma,
Htg. ; E. emarginata, Htg., from Musca domestica ;
E. spinosa, Htg., from Echinomyia /era, Meigen; E.
monileata, Htg., from Tachina chalybeata, Meigen ;
E. tetratoma, Htg., from a Phasia; E. retusa, Htg.,
from Tachina tremula, Meigen ; E. codrina, from Eris-
talis tenax (cf. Kirchuer, Cat., p. 34). Giraud (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1877, p. 416) bred Eucoela melanoptera,
Htg., from Agromyza abiens and E. minuta, Gir., from
Scolytus rugulosus. West wood (Mag. Nat. Hist., viii,
p. 178, fig. 17) reared his E. rap& from the tumours on

192 SUB-FAMILY EUCOELINA.

the turnip formed by Ocyptera brassicaria. Another
species (Didectyum zigzag, Biley) preys on Phora aletige,
a parasite of the American cotton worm, Aletia argil-
lacea.

The generic arrangement of the Eucoelina is a work
of great difficulty, chiefly owing to their great struc-
tural diversity — to the difficulty of deciding whether
those variations in structure are of generic or merely
of specific value. Foerster has gone on the former
assumption, and has created a very large number of
so-called genera. I am hardly prepared to follow him
in his views. Take for example the antennae. For
the Eucoelidinse with incised wings (Kledotoma) he
formed five genera on the number of joints in the
antennal club — for those with 7, 6, 5, 4, and3-jointed
clubs, so that if species would be discovered with a
one or a two-jointed club two additional genera would
be needed ; while as K. melanopoda has no club at all
a " genus " will have to be erected for its reception.
Further, the males in all these groups show no differ-
ence, the antennal form being alike in all. The line of
demarcation is rendered still more perplexing by some
of the species (as in the five- jointed section) having
the basal joint of the club but slightly thicker than the
preceding, so that they stand midway between two of
the " genera," as do some species of Pentatoma. Pre-
cisely the same reasoning applies to Eucoela, where we
find a complete bridging by intermediate forms of the
variously- jointed antennal club — between an antenna
with no club and between those with abruptly three
to nine- jointed clubs. For these reasons I cannot look
upon the antennaB as furnishing a reliable character of
generic value. The only features afforded by the
wings upon which I feel inclined to place reliance are
the incision at the apex in Kledotomaf and in the radial
cellule being closed or open. It is certain that the
incision in some species is slight ; but still when we
find it, slight as it may be, combined with other pecu-
liarities, some value must be placed upon it. Also the

SUB-FAMILY EUCOELINA. 193

closed or open nature of the radial cellule may be so
used, although it may be said that, as in the case of
some species of Eucoela and Trybliographa, we sepa-
rate them, although they may agree in other respects,
because they differ in this single point ; that is to say,
we find the same differences in the antennal structure
in both groups. The presence of the parapsidal furrows
is another fact which is useful in generic separation.
The only feature shown by the abdomen is that a few
species want the hair fringe, and as these on the whole
show certain other differences, I am inclined to place
some faith in its ge aerie usefulness.

There is no doubt that Foerster has logically carried
out the views of the analytic school ; but when we
find that the system must lead to the creation of an
unlimited number of " genera," and when further we
at present know practically only the European species,
and when even with the European species the system
frequently fails from the number of intermediate
forms, while again it only applies to one sex, one is
hardly prepared to accept it as satisfactory. That,
however, after all is a matter of personal opinion,
upon the opinion whether synthesis or analysis is to
be the guiding factor in generic creation. A transla-
tion is given of Foerster's generic synopsis, and, so far
as his "genera" concern our fauna, further details
are given of them.

Synopsis of Genera after Foerster.

1 (14) Base of abdomen without a hair fringe.

2 (9) Mesonotum with two distinct parapsidal furrows; antennaa

without a clearly denned club.

3 (6) Parapsidal furrows strongly converging on the scutellum.

4 (5) Radial cellule open on the fore margin. *Diglypliosema.

5 (4) Radial cellule closed on the fore margin. -fGronotoma.

6 (3) Parapsidal furrows almost parallel, widely separated from

one another at the scutellum.

7 (8) Radial cellule open on fore margin. $Disorgyma.

* Type D. Eupatorii, Foer. f Type G. sculpurata, Foer.

J Type D. divulgata, Foer.
VOL. 111. 13

194 SUB-FAMILY EUCOELINA.

8 (7) Radial cellule closed on fore margin. Microstilba.

9 (2) Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows.

10 (11) Radial cellule open on fore margin. *Ectolyta.

11 (10) Radial cellule closed on fore margin.

12 (13) Antennae without a club. ^Erisphagia.

13 (12) Antennae with a 5-jointed club. Cothonaspis.

14 (1) Abdomen at the base with a hair fringe.

15 (28) Wings at the apex more or less incised or cordate.

16 (17) Radial cellule closed. $Leptophilina.

17 (10) Radial cellule open.

18 (21) Antennal club 3-jointed.

19 (20) Scutellum acuminate behind ; the point, seen laterally, beak-

shaped. Bhynchacis.

20 (19) Scutellum acuminate or rounded behind, the point not pro-

jecting into a beak. Kleditoma.

21 (18) Antennal club with more than three joints.

22 (23) The club 4-jointed. Tetrarhoptra.

23 (22) The club more than 4-jointed.

24 (25) The club 5-jointed. Pentacrita.

25 (24) The club more than 5-jointed.

26 (27) The club 6-jointed. Hexacola.

27 (26) The club 7-jointed. Heptameris.

28 (15) Apex of wings not incised or cordate.

29 (40) Wings shortened or incomplete.

30 (31) Antennal club 7-jointed. Nedinoptera.

31 (30) Antennal club with more than 7 joints.

32 (35) Metapleura clothed with thick hair.

33 (34) Radial cellule incomplete, the second abscissa of the radius

absent. Glauraspidia.

34 (33) Radial cellule complete, the first abscissa of the radius shorter

than the second. §Apistophyza.

35 (32) Metapleura bare, without a hair clothing.

36 (37) Wings strongly abbreviated, not reaching beyond the basis of

the abdomen, and without a radial cellule. \\Aphyoptera.

37 (36) Wings reaching at least to the middle of the abdomen, and

with a radial cellule.

38 (39) Wings as long as the abdomen, radial cellule open in front ;

the first abscissa of the radius longer than the second.

^Aphiloptera.

39 (38) Wings shorter than the abdomen, the radial cellule closed in

front, indistinctly formed. **Agroscopa.

40 (29) Wings neither abbreviated nor indistinctly formed.

41 (46) Antennae with the $ either 12- or 14-jointed.

42 (45) Antennae 12-jointed.

43 (44) Radial cellule closed in front. ffMomcera.

44 (43) Radial cellule open in front. %$Idiomorpha.

45 (46) Antennae 14-jointed. §§Episoda.

46 (45) Antennae with the ? 13-, with the <$ 15-jointed.

* Type Cothonaspis incrassata, Thorns.

f Type Eucoela depillis, Gir., andE. curta, Gir.

t Type Cothonaspis longipes, Htg. ** Type A. helgolandica, Foer.

§ Type Eucoela microptera, Htg. ft Type M . aberrans, Foer.

Type A. inustipennis, Foer. %$ Type I. melanocera, Foer.

1" Type A. anisomera, Foer. §§ Type E. zanthoneura, Foer.

SUB-FAMILY EUCOELINA. 195

47 (61) Radial cellule closed in front.

48 (49) Wings bare, and without trace of a hair fringe. Psilodora.

49 (48) Wings distinctly haired, and with a hair fringe.

50 (51) Abdomen laterally unusually strongly compressed, the val-

vula analis in the $ projecting, ploughshare-shaped, the
borer projecting; the third joint of the antennae in £ not
incised, somewhat shorter than the fourth in both sexes.

*Hypoleihria.

51 (50) The abdomen not unusually compressed laterally, the valvula

and borer not projecting; the third antennal joint not
shorter than the fourth.

52 (53) All the joints of the flagellum elongated, cylindrical; the

third joint in the $ excessively elongated. ^Aglaotoma.

53 (52) All the joints not elongated and cylindrical ; the third joint in

^ not excessively elongated,

54 (55) Cup of the scutellum flatly convex, not excavated nor immar-

ginate, not closed in front. %Ganaspis.

55 (54) Cup of scutellum deepened, closed anteriorly.

56 (57) Mesonotum with two fine furrows abbreviated behind, and

two very broad lateral impressions abbreviated in front.

§Chrestosema.

57 (56) Mesonotum without median furrows and lateral impressions.

58 (59) The cup overtopping the apex of the scutellum ; antennae

in $ without a club and very elongated in the (J.

Psichacra.

59 (58) The cup not overtopping the apex of the scutellum, the $

with a distinct club in the antennas, in the <£ not especially
elongate.

60 (61) The first and second abscissa of the radius almost of equal

length, the club distinct, 7 -jointed, the cup small, seldom
large ; the fourth joint of the antennas in the <$ longer than
the third, and often unusually thickened. Rhoptromeris.

61 (62) The first abscissa of radius shorter than the first, the club 8-

or 9-jointed, cup very large ; the fourth antennal joint in £
shorter or equal in length to the third. Eucoela.

62 (61) Radial cellule open in front.

63 (64) Antennae with strongly defined 3-jointed club. \\Eutrias.

64 (47) Antennae without or with more than three joints in the club.

65 (68) Radial cellule open at the base.

66 (67) Radial cellule at the base and apex open. ^Adieris.

67 (66) Radial cellule at the apex closed. **Piezobria.

68 (65) Radial cellule closed at the base.

69 (70) Abdomen laterally very strongly compressed, the anal valve

brought forward, cultriform. -f-fPilinothrix.

70 (69) Abdomen laterally not unusually compressed, the anal valve

hardly or not brought forward.

71 (72) Antennae without defined club. %$Aneetoclis.

72 (71) Antennae with a defined club.

* Type Eucoela melanoptera, Htg. § Type C. erythropa, Foer.

[• Type Cothonaspis codrina, Htg. | Type Eucoela tritoma, Thorns.
^ Type G. mundata, Foer. ^[ Type A. reclusa, Foer.

* Type P. bicuspidata, Foer.

t Type P. designata, Foer. ; Eucoela melanoptera, Gir.
tt Type A. indagatrix, Foer. ; Eucoela filicornis, Thorns.

196 GENUS EUCOELA.

73 (74) Club 6-jointed, the cup flat, smooth. Hexaplasta.

74 (73) Club more than 6-jointed, the cup striated. Trybliographa.

Synopsis of British Genera.

1 (2) Apex of wings incised, cordate or truncate, longly ciliated.

Kleditoma.

2 (1) Apex of wings rounded.

3 (6) Abdomen without a hair fringe.

4 (5) Parapsidal furrows present. Microstilba.

5 (4) Parapsidal furrows absent. Cothonaspis.

7 (8) Radial cellule open. Eucoela.

8 (7) Radial cellule closed.

9 (10) Wings entire, metapleurse not densely woolly.

Trybliographa.
10 (9) Wings abbreviated, metapleuras densely woolly.

Glauraspidia.

Genus — EUCOELA.
i. Radial cellule closed.

A. Wings fringed with longish cilide ; pilose.
1. Antennae without an abrupt club.

Antennae without a club, and as long, longer, or not much shorter
than the body, in <$ double the length of the body. Scutellum with a
large, elevated, sharply bordered cup, the apex of which projects over
the rest of the scutellum, and is clearly margined ; basal fovea3 large,
deep, separated by a sharp keel which runs from the cup of scutellum.
Second abdominal segment with a hair fringe. Radial cellule closed ;
cubitus complete or nearly so. Legs and antennae usually reddish.
= Psichacra, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 386.

Except in having the antennse longer and without a
club this group does not differ from the Eucoela sec-
tion. The projecting apex of the cup, on which
Foerster lays stress, is not of any taxonomic value.
The abdominal hair tuft is dense, and the median
segment is frequently more or less densely pilose.
E. mandibularis, glottiana, and proximo, approach sec-
tion 2 in the apical eight joints being thicker than the
preceding, but still they do not form a distinct and
abrupt club.

EUCOELA RUFULA. 197

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Pro- and meso-thorax more or less red. Rufula.

2 (1) Pro- and meso-thorax entirely black.

3 (6) Median segment more or less, and keels, red and densely

covered with white hairs.

4 (5) Head and thorax shining, impunctate, scutellum coarsely

rugose, entirely black ; radial cellule wide, the third abscissa
curved. Longicornis.

5 (4) Head and thorax opaque, alutaceous, scutellum not rugose

but striated, the sides dentate, piceous-red; radial cellule
elongate, the third abscissa almost straight. Marshalli,

6 (3) Median segment entirely black, not densely haired.

7 (10) The antennae and legs red.

8 (9) The antennae distinctly longer than the body, the apical eight

joints elongate, not thicker than the preceding, the venter
black. Gracilicornis.

9 (8) The antennas not longer than the body, the apical eight joints

perceptibly thicker than the preceding, the venter broadly
red. Mandibularis.

10 (7) The antennae black, and femora lined with black.

11 (12) The antennae filiform, longer than the body, the sixth joint

thicker than fifth,the wings suffused with yellow. Glottiana.

12 (11) The antennae shorter than the body, stout, the sixth joint not

thicker than fifth, the apical seventh the thickest, wings clear
hyaline. Proximo,.

I. EUCOELA RUFULA.
PL IX, fig. 3.

Eucoela rufula, Foerster, Yerh. ver. Pruss. Rhein, 1855, 258.
Psichacra dalei, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879, 115.

Antennae a little longer than the body, red, the apical four joints
fuscous; the first nearly double the length of the second, thickened
and semi-truncated at the apex ; the second globular, the third a little
longer than the fourth, thin, slightly thickened, and fuscous at the
apex ; the following three joints are very little shorter and of the same
form and colour; the next three are a little shorter, thicker, and
rounded at the apex ; the last four are thicker than the preceding, the
last is thicker and longer than the twelfth, but there is scarcely a well-
defined club. Head smooth, shining. Thorax smooth, shining, covered
with a scattered pile, dull red, the mesonotum obscured with black in
the middle, the pleurae and sternum for the greater part black. Cup of
scutellum raised, with a projecting rim, the posterior end projecting
over the top like a ridge ; scutellum finely rugose, the fovese mode-
rately deep ; the rim of the cup pale. Abdomen shorter than the
thorax, compressed, acute, the belly testaceous. Legs red. Wings
hyaline, the nervures pale testaceous.

Length 4'5 mm.

198 EUCOELA LONGICORNIS.

A distinct species, easily known by the reddish pro-
and meso-thorax.

Kare. Glanvilles Wootton (Dale), Worcester (Flet-
cher) .

Continental distribution : Germany.

2. EUCOELA MARSHALLI.
PI. IX, fig. 2.

Psichacra Marshall^ Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 367.

Black ; antennae fuscous-black ; legs reddish-testaceous ; coxae for
the greater part black ; tegulae testaceous. Antennae much longer than
the body (nearly double the length), filiform ; the third joint thickened,
slightly curved, longer than the fourth. Head and thorax opaque,
alutaceous. Scutellar cup small, narrow, longer than broad, acutely
pointed at the base. Foveae at the base of scutellum large; their outer
border piceous and ending in an acute tooth. Median segment densely
hairy. Wings hyaline, but with a slight fuscous tinge ; nervures tes-
taceous.

Length 2 mm.

The opaque alutaceous head and thorax, small nar-
row cup of scutellum, and thickened curved joint of
antennae easily enable this species to be separated
from longicornis and gracilicornis. It is also smaller
and narrower.

Barns taple (Marshall), Box Hill (0. G. Champion).

3. EUCOELA LONGICORNIS.
PL IX, fig. 1.

Cothonaspis longicornis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201.

Eucoela longicornis, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien. x, 138, 11.

— gracilis, Dahlbom, Skand. Hym, Fauna, 1846, No. 15.

— • gracilis, Thomson, Oef., 1861, 404.

Black, shining; the antennae, legs, tegulae, the sides of scutellar
foveae, and more or less of the metathorax, rufo-testaceous ; wings
hyaline, the nervures testaceous. Antennae nearly as long as the body,
without a distinct 8-jointed club, the last eight joints of uniform
thickness; the third nearly as long as the fourth. Scutellar fovese
large, deep, a little broader than long; the cup shallow, acutely pointed

EUCOELA GRACILICOENIS. 199

at the base ; the rim projecting over at the apex ; the sides of scutellum
rugose. Metathorax (especially the sides of the metanotum) densely
covered with griseous white hair ; the keels on the metanotum bulging
outwardly, red. Abdominal hair-fringe dense, griseous-white ; ventral
surface of abdomen piceous-red. Radius continued near to the apex ;
apex of wings longly fringed.

The <J has the antenna3 about two-thirds longer than the body, the
third joint shorter than the fourth.

Length 2| — 3 mm.

Not common. Norwich (Bridgman), Caterham
(Champion).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

4. EUCOELA GEACILICOENIS.
PL IX, fig. 6.

Eucoela gracilicornis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. (4), i,
p. 9.

Black ; the flagellum and legs (except the basal three-fourths of
coxa3) red ; the tegula3 piceous ; wings yellowish-hyaline, the nervures
testaceous. Antenna filiform, longer than the body, the sixth and fol-
lowing joints not thicker than the fifth, elongated, much longer than
broad ; the third joint shorter than the fourth. Scutellum rugosely
punctured ; the cup orbicular, narrowed at the base ; the rim piceous ;
the fovea at the apex large, wider than long. Hair on sides of meta-
notum moderately long, griseous. Abdomen not much longer than the
thorax ; its hair-fringe thick, griseous. Wings large ; first abscissa of
radius about three-fourths of the length of the second, and both are
clearly curved ; the third abscissa about the length of basal two
united, slightly curved; cubitus reaching to the apex of the wings;
apical fringe moderate.

The <$ has the antennae one and three-fourths longer than the body ;
the third joint is shorter than the fourth.

Length 4 mm.

Closely allied to E. mandibularis, but that has the
antennae not much longer than the body, and with the
apical eight joints thicker than the preceding and
scarcely twice longer than wide ; the wings are clear
hyaline, the nervures paler ; the cubitus does not reach
to the apex of the wing ; the tegula3 are entirely red.

Banks of the Clyde at Cambuslang. Rare.

200 EUCOELA MANDIBULARIS.

5. EUCOELA MANDIBULAKIS.
PI. IX, fig. 5.

Figites mandibularis, Zett., I. L.,410.

Eucoela mandibularis, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 404.
P — similis, Cam., Trans. Bnt. Soc., 1883, 368.
? — basalis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201 ; Giraud, Yerh. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, ix, 138, 12.

Black, shining ; the flagellum of antennae (the scape only partly red),
the legs (except the base of coxae), reddish-testaceous to piceous-red ;
the tegulas brownish or piceous ; the base and ventral surface of abdo-
men piceous-red. Wings hyaline, with a slight smoky tinge; the
nervures fuscous; the first abscissa is almost straight, forming an
acute angle with the costal nervure. Antennas scarcely so long as the
thorax and abdomen united ; the third and fourth joints subequal; the
apical eight joints longer than broad, slightly thicker than the pre-
ceding, longish oval. Scutellum finely rugose ; the apex slightly
incised; the cup shallow, large, its sides fuscous; the foveas deep, longer
than broad, shining. Median segment laterally sparsely covered with
long white hair ; the keels black, stout. Abdominal hair-fringe narrow,
griseous. Cubitus traced for three-fourths of the length of wing.

The (^ has the antennas more than one-half longer than the body,
the third joint a little longer than the fourth and piceous towards the
apex.

Length 2^ — 3 mm.

It is doubtful if this is basalis, Htg., the description
being rather too laconic. It agrees fairly well with
basalis, Giraud, but the expression that the antennaa
are "as long or a little longer than the body" does
not quite agree with the <$ I have described, which
has the antenna considerably longer than the body.
E. mandibularis, Thomson, is probably the species I
have described. The abdomen may be entirely black.

Not common. Clydesdale.

Continental distribution :

I now regard E. similis, Cam., as a smaller and much
more slender form of mandibularis.

EUCOELA PBOXIMA. 201

6. BUCOELA GLOTTIANA.

PL IX, fig. 7.
Psichacra glottiana, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 368.

Black, shining ; apex of coxse, trochanters, base of femora and their
apical half, the tibiae and tarsi, reddish. Wings hyaline, the nervures
testaceous. The antennae are longer than the 'body; the third and
fourth joints are much thinner than the others, the fifth thicker, the
rest of nearly equal thickness ; the third is distinctly longer than the
fourth ; the fifth shorter than the latter ; the sixth nearly of the same
length as the fifth ; the others to the thirteenth shorter, oblong, and
covered sparsely with microscopic bristle-like hairs ; the basal joints of
the flagellum are somewhat piceous. Scutellar cup oval, rather shallow,
a round fovea at its apex ; the foveae at the base of scutelluin moderately
large and deep. Below the cup the scutellum is smooth and shining,
lower down coarsely punctured. The hair on median segment is mode-
rate in length and dull silvery white. Abdomen slightly aciculated on
the basal half ; apical half smooth and shining. Radial cellule a little
longer than broad ; the margin of the wing deeply fringed ; the cubitus
extends beyond the middle. Legs pilose.

The <J has the antennae about three-fourths longer than the body,
the basal joints of flagellum piceous beneath; the third joint a little
longer than the fourth and thinner.

Length nearly 3| mm.

One female and several males in Clydesdale.

7. EUCOELA PEOXIMA.
PL IX, fig. 8.

Eucoela proxima, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch. (4),
ii, 67.

Black, shining ; the flagellum inclining to fuscous ; the apex of the
coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi rufous; the base of the
femora lined with black ; wings clear hyaline, pubescent, ciliated ; the
nervures clear testaceous. Antennae nearly as long as the thorax and
abdomen united, without a club ; the joints becoming very gradually
and slightly thickened towards the apex ; the third joint a little longer
than the fourth, which is of the same length as the fifth. Scutellar fovesa
longer than broad, deep, truncated at base and apex ; sides of scutellum
punctured; the cup depressed at the base; the apex with a shallow
fovea ; its apex not projecting much. Metapleurae densely covered with
fuscous hair. Abdomen a little longer than the thorax, compressed,
lenticular ; the hair-fringe dense, griseous. Radial cellule elongate, the
second abscissa curved, fully three-fourths of the length of the third,
which is nearly straight; cubitus not extending beyond the radial
cellule.

Length 3 mm.

202 EUCOELA ERYTHROCERA.

Comes nearest to glottiana, but stouter, has the
antennae stouter and shorter, and quite black ; the
scutellar foveae are longer, and separated by a stout
carina ; the cup is somewhat more raised ; the apex of
the scutellum looked at laterally projects more and
is rounded, while in glottiana it is truncated; the
wings are clear hyaline.

Rare. Benfleefc (T. R. Billups).

2. Antennse with a distinct eight- to nine-jointed abrupt

dub.

Antennae in ? with an 8 to 9-jointed club shorter than the body,
15-jointed in <$, and not very much longer than the body. Scutellum
rugose, cup large, shallow, its apex not projecting much. Metanotum
fulvous or but slightly pilose. Cubitus usually present, at least at the
base. Second abdominal segment with a large hair-fringe=£7wcoeZa,
Foerster, 1. c.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Cubitus complete; femora broadly red.

2 (3) Flagellum of antennae red ; length 3| m.m. Erythrocera.

3 (2) Antennae black or piceous-black, length 2f m.m. Cubiialis.

4 (1) Cubitus obsolete ; femora entirely black.

5 (6) Flagellum piceous ; the third joint one-fourth longer than the

fourth; the club distinct; radial cellule elongate, twice
longer than broad ; the nervures testaceous. Ciliaris.

6 (7) Flagellum black; the third and fourth joints subequal, the

club indistinct ; radial cellule blunt, broad, about one-fourth
longer than wide, the nervures fuscous. Scotica.

(1) Cubitus complete.

8. EUCOELA ERYTHROCERA.
PL IX, fig. 10.

? Eucoela erythrocera, Thorns., Opus. Ent., 819.

Black ; the flagellum and legs red ; the coxa3 for the greater part
black ; wings hyaline, tinged with smoky, the nervures testaceous.
Antennae as long as the abdomen, with an abrupt 8-jointed club ; the
third joint more than double longer than broad, about one-fourth longer
than the succeeding, which is almost of the length of the fifth ; the third

EUCOELA EOETINEEVIS. 203

to fifth becoming thickened gradually towards the apex; sixth joint
double longer than broad, thickened towards the apex, and thicker
than the fifth ; seventh to twelfth scarcely one-half longer than broad ;
the last double the length of twelfth. Scutellum rugosely punctured ;
the cup scarcely depressed, a roundish fovea at its apex ; the edges
bearing a few shallow punctures; the depression at the base large, deep,
marked with some transverse stout striations. Metapleurae densely
covered with griseous hair ; metanotum punctured. Abdomen a little
longer than the head and thorax united ; the hair-fringe dense, griseous.
Cubitus complete ; radial cellule large, double longer than it is broad
at its widest part ; first abscissa of radial nervure curved, about one-
fourth shorter than the second.
Length 5 mm.

Thomson's E. erythrocera may be different, as lie
gives the antennas as being entirely red. As Thomson
compares it to E. albipennis it would appear as if
erythrocera might be a Trybliographa.

Clydesdale, not rare.

9. EUCOELA FOKTINERVIS.
PL IX, fig. 9.

Eucoelafortinerms, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch. (4),
ii, 66.

Black ; trpchanters, base and apex of femora, tibiae, and tarsi, red ;
hinder tarsi inclining to fuscous ; wings hyaline with a decided
fuscous tinge ; the nervures dark fuscous ; spurious nervures and
cubitus stout, testaceous. Antennae one-half longer than the body,
the third joint a little longer than the fourth and thinner than it.
Prothorax dilated in front, rather densely covered with fuscous hair.
Scutellum coarsely rugosely punctured; the cup twice longer than
broad, the base and apex depressed, narrowed and rather sharply
pointed at the base, the apex rounded, pitted along the sides ; the apical
fovea round, deep. Scutellar foveae wide, deep, extending backwards
nearly to the middle of the cup, not completely separated in the middle.
Metapleurae densely pubescent ; the metapleural keels stout, straight.
Abdomen shorter than the thorax ; the hair-fringe dense, griseous.
Legs densely pilose. Radial cellule twice longer than wide ; the first
abscissa about one-fourth shorter bhan the second, which is straight and
nearly half the length of the third; the latter is curved near the apex ;
cubitus thick, extending to the apex. $.

Length 3| mm.

Gloucester.

204 EUCOELA CILIAEIS.

10. EUOOELA CUBITALIS.

PL XII, fig. 1.

Cothonaspis cubitalis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 356 ; Gir., Verb,
z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 135.

Black, shining ; the flagellum brownish to piceous ; the mouth tes-
taceous, the apex of trochanters, the base and apex of femora more or
less broadly, the tibiae and tarsi, reddish-testaceous ; wings hyaline, the
nervures fusco-testaceous.

Antennae a little longer than the head and thorax united ; the third
joint a little longer than the fourth, which is scarcely so long as the
fifth; the apical eight joints (forming a distinct club) longer than
broad; the last one-half longer than the penultimate. Scutellum
finely rugose ; the cup oblong, but acutely pointed at the base ; the
fovese wider than long, moderately deep. Metanotum covered with
sparse, white, moderately long hair. Abdomen as long as the head and
thorax united; the hair-fringe thick, greyish. Radial cellule with the
second abscissa about three-fourths of the lengthjof the first, and about
one-fourth shorter than the second ; cubitus traced to near the apex of
the wing.

The (^ has the antennas longer than the body, the fourth joint thicker
than the third.

Clydesdale.

Continental distribution : Germany, Austria.

(2) Cubitus obsolete.

11. EUOOELA CILIARIS.
PL XII, fig. 2.

Eitcoela ciliaris, Dbm., Skand. Hym. Fn., 31, 11 ; Giraud, Yerh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 141, 19; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 404, 16.

— floralis, Giraud, 1. c., 141, 18 (non Thomson, which =
trichopsila, Htg.).

Black, shining ; the base and apex of femora, the tibiae, and tarsi,
reddish-testaceous ; wings slightly pilose and shortly fringed, clear
hyaline ; nervnres testaceous ; flagellum piceous.

Antennae as long as the abdomen, the third joint one-half longer
than the fourth, the apical eight forming a distinct club. Scutellum
finely rugose; the cup semi-orbicular; the fovea deep, wider than
long. Abdomen scarcely so long as the head and thorax united ; the
hair-fringe griseous. Metapleuras covered with griseous hair. First
abscissa of cubitus not half the length of the second; the third is
nearly as long as both united ; cubitus represented by a short stump
only or obsolete.

EUCOELA SCOTICA. 205

£ antennae one-half longer than the body; the third about one-
fourth longer than the fourth, which is narrower and thicker than it,
and slightly curved.

Length 2— 2£ mm.

The colour of the flagellum varies from dull testaceous
to bluish-black, and the quantity of black on the femora
varies. In some specimens not otherwise distinguish-
able from the type, unless it be that the radial cellule
is somewhat longer, there is a trace of the cubitus.

Common.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

12. EUCOELA. SCOTICA.
PI. XII, fig. 3.

Eucoela scotica, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. (4), ii, 65.

Black ; the knees, four fore tibise and tarsi piceous-red ; the hinder
tibiae piceous-black ; wings clear hyaline, but slightly pilose, the ner-
vures fuscous. Antennae nearly double the length of the thorax, with
an 8-jointed club, not clearly separated; the third joint not very much
longer than the fourth ; the sixth joint longer than the seventh, double
longer than wide ; the other joints not much thicker than it, but shorter
compared to the width. Cup of scutellum rather small ; the fovea at
apex round, deep, apex of cup projecting ; scutellum coarsely punc-
tured ; depression at base large ; cubitus indistinct, not much traced
beyond the angle of radial cellule, which is short and broad ; the first
abscissa of radius slightly curved, one-fourth shorter than the second.
Abdomen a little shorter than the head and thorax united ; the hair-
fringe moderate. Pubescence on the metapleurse sparse.

The cf has the antenna longer than the body ; the third joint thin,
more than double the length ;of the second, and longer than the fourth,
which is thicker than the third.

Length 2 — 3 mm.

A larger and stouter species than E. ciliaris, differ-
ing from it in having the antennae quite black, stouter,
with a less clearly defined club, and with the third joint
not much longer than the fourth. The radial cellule
also is shorter and much broader, it being not very
much longer compared to the greatest width ; the
second abscissa only being about one-fourth longer
than the third ; and the nervures are dark fuscous.

206 EUCOELA. HEPTOMA.

3. Antennae with a seven-jointed club.

Antennae with 7 -jointed club in ? ; in <$ the third joint enlarged
and thickened ; radial cellule small, closed, the first and second abscissae
of radius subequal; cubitus obsolete = Rhoptromeris, Foerster, Yerh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 356.

The sub-genus Heptamerus of Kleditoma agrees with
Rhopfoomeris in the antennas having a seven-jointed
club, but the incised wings, the open radial cellule,
with the first abscissa of radius considerably shorter
than the second, readily distinguishes it from Rhoptro-
meris. Nedinoptera has also seven- jointed clubbed
antennas, but the wings are abbreviated.

13. EUOOELA HEPTOMA.

PL XI, fig. 4, 3 ; fig. 5, ? .

Cothonaspis clavipes, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iv, 357.

— heptomus, Htg., 1. c., ii, 201.
eucerus, Htg., Germ. Zeit.,, ii, 357.

— tristis, Htg., 1. c., iv, 415, 30.

Eucoela heptomus, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 143, 24.

— nodosa, Gir., 1. c., 146, 32.

— fovealis, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 403, 10.

Black, shining ; the basal two or three joints of flagellum and legs
testaceous ; the base of coxae, a line on femora in the middle, and tips
of tarsi, blackish ; wings hyaline, longly ciliated, scarcely pilose ; the
nervures pale testaceous. Antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen
united; the third joint about one-half longer than the fourth; the
apical but little longer than the penultimate. Scutellum finely punc-
tured. Abdomen a little shorter than the thorax ; the hair-fringe
small, white.

The $ has the anetnnae longer than the body, the fourth joint fully
one-half longer than the third, and considerably thickened ; the legs
vary in tint, and are usually much darker coloured than in the female.

Length 1J mm.

A variable species as regards the coloration of the
legs : in some species they are for the greater part
red ; in others the red is considerably suffused with
blackish.

Common. I have taken it on the top of Ben Gyrvel,
Rannoch, at a height of 3000 feet.

ETJCOELA BOIENII. 207

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria, Spain (Dr. Sharp).

B. Wings not fringed, bare, spotted with fuscous.

Wings bare, without a hair-fringe round the edge, and spotted with
fuscous. Antennae with an 8-jointed club, in <$ considerably longer
than the body. Scutellum with a large raised cup, of which the apex
projects sharply, the basal fovese large, deep, and separated by a stout
keel. Pronotum sharply raised in the middle above the mesonotum
into a sharp margin. Radial cellule short, wide = Psilodora, Foerster,
l.c.,p. 354.

A group easily recognised by the fringeless, fuscous
marked wings, by their large size and raised pronotum.
The legs and antennae are for the greater part reddish.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Wings only fuscous tinted below the radial cellule ; cubitus

obsolete a little beyond the radial cellule. Crassinerva.

2 (1) Wings fuscous from the basal nervure to the apex ; cubitus

continued to the apex of the wings. Boienii.

14. EUCOELA BOIENII.
PL X, fig. 3.

Cothonaspis Boienii, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 200, 2.

Black, shining ; the base and apex of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi,
piceous to fuscous-red ; the flagellum. fuscous ; the wings from the basal
nervure fuscous, the base hyaline. ? and <$.

Length 5 mm.

Differs from E. crassinerva in being longer and
stouter ; in the apical three-fourths of the wings being
fuscous tinted ; in the cubitus being continued near to
the apex of the wing ; in the legs and flagellum being
darker coloured ; in the punctuation on the scutellum
being stronger.

I find this species in cow-dung, probably in search
of Dipterous Iarva3.

208 EUCOELA CEASSINERVA.

Not apparently common. Clydesdale, London dis-
trict.

Continental distribution : Germany.

15. EUCOELA CBASSINERVA.
PL X, fig. 4.

Eucoela crassinerva, Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist, 1833, p. 494.
Figites syrphi, Newman, Ent. Mag., ii, 515.
Eucoela crassinervis, Dbm., Sk. Hym.-Fn., No. 20.

— Cruerini, Dbm., Onych. och Callasp., pi. ii, f. 8.
Cothonaspis maculatus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201, 3.
Eucoela maculata, Gir., Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 134; Thorns.,
Oef., 1861, 405.

Black, sbining ; tbe base and apex of femora, the tibiae and tarsi
piceous-red; the flagelluin piceous to piceous-red; wings hyaline,
smoky in the middle, especially below the radial cellule. Antennse a
little longer than the abdomen ; the club abruptly 8-jointed ; the third
joint one-half longer than the fourth ; the fourth and fifth equal in
length. Scutellum rugosely clathrate ; the cup shallow, large, longer
than broad ; the base much more acutely pointed than the apex ; the
edge fuscous or piceous ; the foveae large, deep, broader than long,
shining, their outer margin longitudinally striated. Hair-fringe large,
griseous-white ; metanotum sparsely covered with fuscous hair.

The $ has the antennae about one-fourth longer than the body, and
has the flagellum usually darker than in the ? ; the third joint is not
much shorter than the fourth, is thinner than it, and is very slightly
emarginate. The legs are darker than in the $ .

Length 4 — 4'5 mm.

If this be syrpM, Newman, the species is a parasite
on the larva of Syrphus.

Not uncommon in Scotland and England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

11.

Radial cellule open.

Antennae shorter than the body in ? with 8-jointed club. Scutellum
rugosely punctured, with a large, deep, round cup, and having a large
fovea behind. Second abdominal segment with a large hair-fringe.
Wings deeply fringed. Cubitus complete or obsolQtQ=Trybliographat
Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 359.

EUCOELA RAP^l. 209

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Cubitus complete or nearly so.

2 (5) Antennal flagellum reddish ; legs for the greater part reddish.

3 (4) Wings smoky tinted, the third joint of antennae fully one-half

longer than the fourth, the club sub-abrupt, the sixth
joint distinctly longer than the seventh, and thinner
than it. Rapse.

4 (3) Wings hyaline, the third joint not one-half longer than the

fourth, the club abrupt ; the sixth joint equal in length and
thickness to the seventh. Crassicornis.

5 (2) Antennas deep black ; the legs for the greater part black.

Nigricornis.

6 (1) Cubitus obsolete.

7 (8) The third joint nearly one-half longer than the fourth, the

fifth equal in length to the fourth ; nervures fuscous.

Diaphana.

8 (7) The third and fourth joints sub-equal, the fifth longer than

the fourth ; nervures clear yellow. Testaceipes.

16. EUCOELA
PL X, fig. 5 ? , 6 cf .

Eucoela rapce, Westwood, Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 178, fig. 17.
Cothonaspis scutellaris, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 200; 1. c., iii, 356.
Figites foveator, Dbm., Sk. Hym. Fn., 30 ?

Black, shining; the flagellum, the base of coxae, trochanters, more or less
: the femora, the tibiae, and tarsi, piceous-red ; wings hyaline, with a
rellowish-sruoky tinge ; the nervures testaceous or fuscous. Antennae
hree-fourths of the length of the body, stout, the third joint scarcely one-
lalf longer than the fourth, the fifth a little longer than the fourth, the
ast eight forming a clearly defined club, the sixth joint longer than
the seventh and almost thinner than it. Scutellum behind, and to a
less extent laterally, strongly rugose ; the cup almost oval ; the f oveae
large, wider than long. Abdomen lenticular, somewhat longer than
the head and thorax united ; the hair-fringe large, dull, griseous. First
abscissa of the radius more than half the length of the second ; the
third nearly as long as the first and second united, curved. Cubitus
complete.

The <$ has the antennae longer than the body ; the third joint is a
little longer than the fourth, and not much thinner than it.
Length 2f — 4 mm.

The colour of the flagellum varies from fuscous to
bright piceous-red ; usually it is much darker coloured
in the $ . The amount of black on the femora varies
considerably ; sometimes the four anterior are without
black. The wings vary also in the intensity of the

VOL. in. 14

210 EUCOELA CRASSICOENIS.

smoky tinge. In the $ the hind tibiaa are sometimes
piceous or more or less blackish.

It is doubtful if this is scutellaris, Htg., although
on the whole it agrees fairly well with his description
as far as it goes : Niger ; mandibulis fuscis ; anten-
narum flagello, $ fusco-nigro, ? fusco-rufo ; trochan-
teribus, geniculis, tibiis tarsique rufis, tibiis prosticis
plus minus fuscis ; alis hyalinis. It is possible that
Hartig has mixed up two species, for the above de-
scription is supplemented in vol. iii by — neuris crassis,
nigris ; nervo cubitali usque ante alarum apicem con-
spicuo. Alee subfumatse pilis longioribus conferte
vestitse. Giraud's scutellaris is also somewhat doubt-
ful, as he confines his description mainly to colour,
the length of the antennaB and of their joints not
being indicated. Thomson's ocotoma is evidently a
different species, it differing from the species here
described in the antennaB being of the length of the
thorax.

Bred by Westwood from the tumours on turnips
formed by Ocyptera brassicaria.

Commonly distributed.

17. EUOOELA CRASSICOENIS.

PI. XII, fig. 4.

Trvblioarapha crassicomis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man., ii

(4), 64.

Black ; the flagellum and legs red ; the coxae, the trochanters above,
and a line on the upper side of the femora towards the base, black ;
wings hyaline, the nervures dull testaceous. Antennae fully one-half
longer than the head and thorax united ; the third joint one-fourth
longer than the fourth, which is as long as the fifth ; the 8-jointed club
abrupt, the sixth joint as long as the seventh and equal in length to it ;
moniliform. Scutellum rugose at sides and apex ; the basal fovese deep
and wide. Metapleurae densely covered with griseous hair. Abdomen
lenticular, compressed laterally, longer than the head and thorax
united, piceous towards the base and apex ; the hair-fringe moderately
broad, brownish, griseous at the apex. The first abscissa curved, fully
one-half of the length of the second, which is also curved, and three-
fourths of the length of the third, which is straight ; the cubitus reaches
quite close to the apex of the wing.

Length 4| mm.

EUOOELA DIAPHANA. 211

May be known from rap& by the shorter antennae,
which are also thicker, with the club more dis-
tinctly abrupt; the third joint not one-half longer
than the fourth, the sixth not longer than the seventh,
the wings shorter and clear hyaline, the abdomen
longer, being longer than the head and thorax united.

Cambuslang, on the Clyde.

18. EUOOELA NIGBIOORNIS.
PI. X, fig. 9.

Trybliographa nigricornis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 369.

Black ; extreme apex of coxae and trochanters, knees broadly, tibiae
and tarsi, testaceous; the latter two infuscated towards the apex.
Antennas not much shorter than the abdomen and thorax united ; the
third and fourth joints equal in length ; fifth a very little shorter ; sixth
to twelfth moniliform, longer than broad, striated, thicker than the
basal joints ; last joint not much thinner, but longer than the penulti-
mate. Thorax covered with a scattered pale pubescence ; scutellum
rugose, its cup almost oval ; sides of median segment covered with long
griseous hair. Abdomen a little longer than the head and thorax
united, somewhat compressed ; the hair-fringe dense, griseous. Wings
hyaline, slightly yellowish at the base ; cubital nervure continued to the
end of the wing ; tegulae dull black. The legs are covered with longish,
stiff-looking, closely-set hair of a white glistening colour.

The cj has the antennae nearly one-half longer than the body ; the
third joint is a little shorter and thinner than the fourth, which is
swollen, and is shorter than the fifth.

Length 4 mm.

Comes nearest to E. diaphana, but sufficiently dis-
tinguished from it by its longer and entirely black
antennae, by the third joint not being much longer
than the fourth, and by the cubitus being traced.

Clydesdale, Ayrshire.

19. EUCOELA DIAPHANA.

PI. X, fig. 7.

Cothonaspis diaphanus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., iii, 356.

Black, shining ; flagellum for the most part fuscous ; the trochanters,
the apex of femora largely, the tibiae and tarsi, piceous-red; wings
hyaline, the nervures testaceous. Antennae longer than the head and

212 EUOOELA TESTACEIPES.

thorax united; the third joint a little longer than the fourth; the
fourth and fifth joints equal ; the 8-jointed club not abrupt. Scutellum
punctured, the cup very shallow, semi- orbicular ; the fovese moderately
deep, wider than long. Abdomen not much longer than the thorax ;
the hair-fringe wide, dull griseous. First abscissa scarcely double the
length of the second; the third is a little shorter than the first and
second united.

The $ has the antennae longer than the body ; the third joint is a
little longer than the fourth, which is thicker than it and narrower at
the base.

Length nearly 2 mm.

T. albipennis. Thorns., comes near to this; but the
third to fifth joints of the antennge are said to be sub-
equal, while in our species the third joint is distinctly
longer than the fourth, and the abdominal hair-fringe
can hardly be said to be " angustiori."

Not uncommon in England and Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden (?), Germany.

20. EUCOELA TESTACETPES.

PI. X, fig. 8.

Trybliographa testaceipes, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 370.

Black ; apex of coxae, trochanters, femora (except in the middle
laterally), tibiae and tarsi, testaceous ; flagellum piceous-red. Antennae
as long as the thorax and abdomen united ; the third joint a little
shorter than the fourth, the fifth longer than either the fourth or
sixth ; the sixth to twelfth moniliform, longer than broad, of nearly
equal length, thirteenth longer and thicker than twelfth, the club
indistinct. Thorax almost glabrous ; scutellum obscurely rugosely
punctured ; the cup oval. Sides of median segment aciculated ; almost
glabrous. Abdomen a little longer than the head and thorax together,
slightly compressed; the hair-fringe weak, dull white. Wings clear
hyaline, nervures yellow ; cubitus obsolete. Abdominal hair-fringe
narrow.

Length scarcely 2 mm.

Not common. Dairy.

GENUS GLAUBASPIDIA. 213

3. Antennal club six-jointed (= Hexaplasta).

21. EUCOELA HEXATOMA.

PL XI, figs. 6, 7.

Cothonaspis hexatoma, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 357.

Black, shining ; the nagellum fuscous-black ; the legs reddish-testa-
ceous ; the coxae and femora above and beneath towards the base, black ;
wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Pronotum and metapleurse with
distinct whitish pubescence. Antennae longer than the abdomen; the
third joint one-half longer than the fourth ; the 6-jointed club not
very abrupt, the last joint about one-fourth longer than the penultimate.
Scutellum aciculated, the cup minute. Abdomen nearly as long as
the head and thorax united; the hair-fringe dense, griseous-white.
Wings longish ; the first abscissa of radius a little more than half the
length of the second ; the third a little longer than the first and second
united.

The (J has the antennas much longer than the body ; the third joint
one-half longer than the fourth, thickened and incised, and the basal
joints are more or less testaceous.

Length 1^ mm.

Rare. Clydesdale, Bonar Bridge.
Continental distribution : Germany.

Genus — GLAURASPIDIA.

Glauraspidia, Thomson, Oef., 401 ; Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges.

Wien, x, 350.
Apistophiza, Foerster, 1. c., 351.

Wings abbreviated; radial cellule open. Metapleurse and base of
abdomen densely covered with woolly hair. Head triangular or oblong-
triangular. Antennae with or without a club ; the third joint distinctly
longer than fourth or hardly so.

The abbreviated wings and the dense mass of hair on
the metapleurse make this genus well-marked. Apisto-
phiza differs from Glauraspidia (see Foerster) in the third
antennal joint being clearly longer than the fourth, and
in the radial area being distinct.

214 GENUS COTHONASPIS.

1. GLAURASPIDIA MICROPTEKA.
PL XIV, fig. 1.

Cothonaspis micropterus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201, 13.
Apistophizamicroptera, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 351.

Black, sliming ; the antennae, legs, base and ventral surface of abdo-
men, rufous. Wings hyaline, pubescent, ciliated, the nervures testa-
ceous; the basal and apical three joints of the antennas fuscous.
Antennas a little longer than the body, filiform, without a club ; the
third joint fully one-half longer than the fourth. Radial cellule twice
longer than broad, narrow ; the second abscissa fully one-fourth longer
than the third ; cubitus complete. Scutellum finely rugose ; the cup
sharply pointed at the base; the foveaa deep, longer than broad,
separated by a sharply defined keel. Abdomen as long as the thorax,
compressed ; the hair-fringe large, griseous. $ .

Length 2 mm.

Hartig describes the basal two joints of the antennas
as being fuscous. In the British specimens in only
one specimen is the basal joint slightly fuscous.

The species has been taken by the Eev. T. A.
Marshall at Barnstaple, and by Mr. Gr. C. Champion
at Caterham.

Continental distribution : Germany.

Genus — COTHONASPIS.

Cothonaspis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 186 (pt.) ; Foerster, Yerh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1878.

Second abdominal segment without a hair fringe. Antennas 13-jointed,
with 5-jointed club in ? . Parapsidal furrows obsolete. Cup of
scutellum small. Radial cellule closed ; cubitus usually present. Apex
of wing rounded, deeply fringed.

Pentacrita resembles Cothonaspis in having a five-
jointed club on the antennae ; but it differs from it in
having the fore-wing incised, the radial cellule open,
and a hair-fringe on the second segment. Ectolyta
and Erisphagia are groups which agree with it in
having no hair-fringe on the second segment and no
parapsidal furrows ; but neither has a club on the
antennae.

GENUS MIOROSTILBA. 215

The European species not yet found in Britain are
pusilla, Giraud, villosa, Htg., and gracilis , Htg. (if the
last be distinct from pentatoma).

1. COTHONASPIS PENTATOMA.

PL XI, fig. 9.

Cothonaspis pentatoma, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201, 9; Thorns.,

Oef., 1861, 400, 1.
? Cothonaspis gracilis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 357, 26.

Black ; the apex of coxae, base and apex of femora, the tibiae and
tarsi, piceous to piceous-red, the tibias darker in the middle ; base of
abdomen bare. Antennas with the 5 -jointed club abrupt. Abdomen
shorter than the thorax. Scutellum finely punctured, the cup minute.
Second abscissa of radius three times the length of the third ; the third
nearly as long as the basal pair united. Cubitus complete.

The <^ has the antennas longer than the body, and the fourth joint
thickened and one-half longer than the third.

Length 1| mm.

Not common. Loch Aweside, June.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

Genus — MICROSTILBA.

Hicrostilba, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1878, 346.

Second abdominal segment without a hair-fringe. Antennas in $
13-jointed, without a distinct club. Parapsidal furrows distinct,
parallel. Scutellum blunt above, the cup large, shallow. Median seg-
ment bicarinate. Radial cellule closed ; cubitus complete.

The only other British genus without a hair-fringe is
Cothonaspis, from which Micro stilba is readily known
by the antennae not having a five-jointed club, and by
the distinct parapsidal furrows. Foerster distinguishes
three other groups with parapsidal furrows, namely,
Diplyphosema and Gronotoma, with the furrows strongly
converging and meeting at the scutellum : the former
has the radial cellule open and the latter closed ; and
Disorygma, which has the furrows parallel as in Micro-
stilba, and widely apart at the scutellum, which only
differs in having the radial cellule open.

216 GENUS KLEDITOMA.

1. MlCEOSTILBA HETEEOGENA.
PL X, fig. 1, ? .

Eucoela heterogena, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 137.
Cothonaspis heterogena, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 401.

Black ; the anterior four knees and the anterior tibiae testaceous ;
wings hyaline with a smoky tinge, the nervures black. Antennae
nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen united, the third and fourth
joints sub-equal; there is no abruptly cut-off club; the joints longer
than broad, the last double the length of the penultimate. Shining ;
the mesopleurae and mesonotum laterally aciculated ; the mesopleural
furrows aciculated and bearing some transverse points. Scutellum
rugose laterally and in front, its cup large, finely punctured, sub-
orbicular, median segment laterally finely punctured and pubescent.
Abdomen scarcely so long as the thorax, shining, bare. First abscissa
of the radius about one-half longer than the second, which is curved ;
cubitus complete.

Length 3| mm.

Foerster describes a M. bidentata which is very
nearly related to heterogena ; bistriata, Thomson, is
another species.

Rare. Milngavie, Stirlingshire, August, by sweeping
among horsetails.

Continental distribution: Germany.

Genus — KLEDITOMA .

Kleditoma, West wood, Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1833, p. 494.

Cleditoma, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 348.

Bhynchacis, Foerster, 1. c., 348.

Tetrarhoptra, Foerster, 1. c., 349.

Pentacrita, Foerster, 1. c., 349.

Hexacola, Foerster, 1. c., 349.

Heptameris, Foerster, 1. c., 350.

Wings incised, cordate, or truncate at the apex, and with a long hair-
fringe, sometimes abbreviated. Radial cellule open in front, and
usually at the base and apex. Cubitus obsolete. Antennae with a
3 — 7-jointed club or with no clearly defined club; 13-jointed in ?,
shorter than the body ; in J1 15-jointed, longer than the body, and
with the third joint emarginate. Abdomen with a thick hair-tuft.
Scutellum with the cup small ; the basal fovese large, deep, sometimes
without a central keel. Head forming an oblong triangle, wide on
the top.

The species are all shining black, and mostly very

GENUS KLEDITOMA. 217

small (1 — 2 mm. in length). The wings are usually
clear hyaline ; the radial nervure is usually thickened
at base and apex, and seldom touches the costa.

The genus is numerous in species, and although
it can be split up into many well-marked sections
(chiefly by the form of the antennae in ? ), yet the
species in some of the groups are very difficult to
separate. The males, moreover, do not have any dis-
tinction in the form of the antennas, and hence they
are unusually difficult to identify. The species prey on
Dipterous larvge.

In view of the great gradations exhibited by
the antennae, rendering it impossible to draw any clear
line of demarcation between the differently jointed
clubs, and as the males do not show any difference at
all, I cannot adopt Foerster's generic definitions.

I. Wings not abbreviated. — Species 1 — 22.

A. Scutellum at apex projecting into a more or less curved
beak-shaped prolongation. Antennae with 3-jointed
club. The incision in the wings distinct ; radial
nervure straight. Scuteliar cup minute ; the large
basal foveds deep, and with a distinct keel = Rhyn-
chacis.

The peculiar beak form of the apex of the scutellum
makes this section easy of recognition.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Length 2| mm. ; radial cellule open at base ; apex of scutellum

forming a sharp curved beak; apical margin of wings
obtusely curved. Nigripes.

2 (1) Length 1| — 2 mm.; radial cellule closed at base; apex of

scutellum forming a blunt beak ; apical margin of wings
sharply incised. Nigra and Crassiclava.

218 KLEDITOMA NIGRA.

1. KLEDITOMA NIGRIPES.
PI. XIII, fig. 6.

Kleditoma nigripes, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man.,
i (4), 165.

Black; knees and base of tarsi piceous; wings hyaline, nervures
piceous-black. Antennae longer than the head and thorax united ; the
third joint attenuate at the base, twice the length of the fourth ; the
fourth and fifth joints narrowed at the base, longer than broad ; joints
6 — 10 moniliform, as broad as long ; joint 11 distinctly thicker than
the tenth, but shorter and thinner than the eleventh, which is about
one-fourth shorter than the thirteenth, the three forming a well-marked
club. Occiput striated. Sides of scutellum longitudinally striated ;
the discal fovea small, shallow, indistinct ; apex of scutellum below
the cup forming a curved, hook-shaped projection. Median segment
aciculate, depressed at the base. Abdomen scarcely so long as the head
and thorax united; the hair-fringe thick, large, griseous. Radial
cellule open at base and apex; the second abscissa of radius three-
fourths of the length of third.

Length 2'3 mm.

This is the largest species of Kleditoma belonging to
this section. It is most nearly related to K. nigra, but
the much darker legs and wing nervures, the striated
occiput, the more elongated radial cellule, which is dis-
tinctly open at base and apex, and the sharper beak-
shaped apex of scutellum, sufficiently distinguish it
from the smaller nigra.

Rare. Dulwich (T. R,. Billups).

2. KLEDITOMA NIGEA.
PL XIII, fig. 7.

Cothonaspis niger, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 201, 11.
Kleditoma nigra, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 399, 10.
Bhynchacis nigra, Foer., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 349.

Black, shining ; the knees, and more or less of the base and apex of
the tibiaB and tarsi, testaceous or piceous ; wings hyaline or subhyaline,
the nervures blackish or piceous ; antennae longer than the head and
thorax united, the eleventh joint shorter and thinner than the twelfth ;
abdominal hair-fringe griseous ; dorsal apex of scutellum produced into
a curved beak.

Length If mm.

Common.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany.

KLEDITOMA ORASSICLAVA. 219

3. KLEDITOMA CEASSIOLAVA.
PI. XIII, fig. 8.

Kleditoma crassiclava, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man.,
i (4), 166.

Black, shining ; the knees and tarsi piceous ; wings yellowish-
hyaline, the nervures piceous; abdominal hair-fringe whitish. An-
tennae nearly as long as the head and thorax united ; the club stout,
thick ; its basal joint distinctly shorter and narrower than the twelfth.
Apical margin of wing obtusely rounded, but very slightly incised.
Apex of scutellum prolonged into a beak.

Length 2 mm.

May be known from nigra by being longer and
stouter, by the stouter antennal club, by the blacker
legs, and by the apical margin of the wings being hardly
excised.

Rare. Bonar Bridge, Sutherlandshire.

B. Scutellum not produced behind into a curved beak,
rounded at apex, not broadly projecting, and re-
treating from the apex to the base.

i. Antennae with a three-jointed club (= Kleditoma).
Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Club as long as the rest of the flagellum, the last joint fully

one -half longer than the penultimate. Marshalli.

2 (1) Club not as long as the rest of the flagellum, the last two

joints subequal.

3 (4) Scutellum projecting at apex ; length over 2 mm. Longicornis.

4 (3) Scutellum not projecting at apex; length not over 1£ mm.

5 (8) Legs testaceous, the base piceous.

6 (7) Antennas stout, shorter than the body ; the joints of the

flagellum preceding the club as broad as long ; obconical.

Psiloides.

7 (6) Antenna? as long as the body ; all the joints of the flagellum

twice longer than broad, elongate. ' Filicornis.

8 (5) Legs for the greater part black ; radial cellule elongate.

9 (10) The joints of the antennal club closely amalgamated, not

attenuate at base ; pronotum striolated. Striaticollis.

10 (9) The joints of the antennal club not closely amalgamated,

attenuate at base and apex. Caledonica.

220 KLEDITOMA LONGICORNIS.

4. KLEDITOMA MAESHALLI.
PI. XIII, fig. 10.

Kleditoma Marshalli, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch.,
ii (4), 6.

Black ; the legs testaceous, the coxse and base of femora lined with
black ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures testaceous ; the apex incised,
but not deeply. Antennae as long as the head and thorax united ; the
second joint subglobose, thick; the third one-half longer than the
fourth; the rest broader than long; the club abrupt, the basal joint
nearly as long as the three preceding joints united, and a little shorter
than the second ; the third joint nearly as long as the two preceding
joints united, and sharply conical at the apex ; the club is nearly as long
as the rest of the scape united. Scutellum strongly longitudinally
striolated ; the cup small, acutely pointed at the base. Abdomen longer
than the thorax ; the hair-fringe interrupted at the top ; clear white.
Radial cellule elongate, narrow, more than twice longer than broad,
closed at base and apex ; the second abscissa of radius one-fourth
shorter than the third; the apical incision broad, narrow, but distinct;
the fringe long.

The J has the antennae fully one-half longer than the body ; the
third joint curved, not much longer than the fourth.

Length $ 2 mm., rf 1^ mm.

The great length of the club renders this (for the
group) large species easily recognisable.
Barnstaple (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

5. KLEDITOMA LONGIOOENIS.
PL XIII, fig. 9.

Kleditoma longicornis, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch.,
ii (4), 62.

Black; the trochanters, femora, tibiae and tarsi, testaceous; the
femora broadly lined above with black; wings hyaline, the nervures
dark fuscous. Antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen united ;
the basal part of the flagellum thin ; the third joint not much longer
than the fourth; the tenth joint longer and thicker than the ninth, and
about one-fourth narrower than the eleventh ; the club distinct ; the
joints moderately elongate, the last sharply conical at the apex and
longer than the others. Scutellum laterally opaque, closely longitudi-
nally striolate ; the fovese deep, wide, distinctly separated ; the apical
fovea small, shallow, circular ; at the apex the scutelluin broadly pro-
jects, narrowed towards the bottom, but not forming a beak as in
Rhynchacis. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax united; the
hair-fringe dense, large, griseous. Radial cellule an elongate triangle,
closed at base and apex ; the nervures straight, the second fully one-
fourth shorter than the third ; cubitus traced ; apex of wing roundly
incised. ? .

Length slightly over 2 mm.

KLEDITOMA FILIOOBN1S. 221

In general coloration this species comes nearest to
K. filicornis, but the much greater size, the projecting
scutellum (forming a transition to Rhynchacis) , the
longer abdomen, and the clearly indicated cubitus suffi-
ciently separate the two.

Barns taple (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

6. KLEDITOMA PSILOIDES.
PL X, fig. 2.

Kleditoma psiloides, Westwood, Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1833, 494 ;

Cameron, E. M. M., xxiv, 208 (1888).

Eucoela bicolor, Ger., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 145, 34 ? >

Eucoela ruficornis, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 399, 12 ?

Black ; the legs reddish-testaceous, the coxse and femora at base
inclining to piceous ; antennae piceous, longer than the head and
thorax united ; the club abrupt, its joints nearly equal in length and
thickness ; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous ; the radial cellule trian-
gular ; the second abscissa of radius not much longer than the first.
Abdomen piceous-red at base and on ventral surface ; hair-fringe large,
clear, and white.

Length 1*5 mm.

The nearest described species to this is K. genicu-
latus, Htg., which differs from it in having the antennas
only the length of the thorax, and the wings have the
apical margin retuse, not cordate ; the legs are testa-
ceous, with the base of femora and coxae piceous.
K. ruficornis, Thorns., is no doubt the same species,
but Thomson describes the antennae as red and the
legs " yellow." Giraud describes the antennas of his
K. bicolor as being " with some individuals reddish in
the middle;" the legs are described as " red."

Rare. I have only seen Westwood's type.

7. KLEDITOMA FILIOORNIS.
PL XIV, fig. 3.

Kleditoma filicornis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch., 11 (4), 62.

Black ; the legs pale testaceous, piceous towards the base ; wings clear
hyaline ; the apex cordate, with a long fringe ; the nervures testa-

222 KLEDITOMA CALEDONICA.

ceous. Antennae filiform, as long as the body ; all the joints of the
flagellum twice longer than broad, distinctly separated ; the club sub-
abrupt, the joints narrowed at base and apex ; the apical one-fourth
longer than the penultimate. Abdomen not much longer than the
thorax, piceous on ventral surface ; the hair-fringe large, white.
Radial cellule narrow, elongate; the second abscissa of radius two-
thirds the length of the third.
Length 1 mm.

May be known from K. psiloides by the longer and
thinner antennae, of which the joints of the flagellum
are all twice longer than broad ; by the thinner, less
abrupt club, and by the longer and narrower radius.

Barnstaple (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

8. KLEDITOMA STEIATICOLLIS.

Kleditoma striaticollis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man.,i (4), 167.

Black, shining ; the knees broadly, trochanters and base of femora,
tibiae, and tarsi, piceous. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures testaceous.
Antennae as long as the head and thorax united ; the club abrupt, its
joints of equal thickness, the basal a little shorter than the second ; the
ninth and tenth joints are thicker than the preceding and more
globular. Radial cellule elongate, the second abscissa of radius percep-
tibly longer than the first ; apical margin of wing obtusely incised.
Abdominal hair-fringe griseous, dense. Pronotum striolated. Apex of
scutellum obtuse.

Length 1^ mm.

Differs from K. brevicornis, Thorns., in its longer
antennae (the antennae in brevicornis being almost
shorter than the thorax).

New Galloway, in June.

9. KLEDITOMA CALEDONICA.

Kleditoma caledonica, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man.,
i (4), 166.

Black, shining ; the anterior four knees, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous,
the posterior and the trochanters piceous ; wings hyaline, the nervures
testaceous ; the abdominal hair-fringe griseous. Antennae longer than
the head and thorax united; the flagellum before the club slender ; the
club distinct, the joints conical, distinctly attenuated at base and apex ;
the eleventh joint perceptibly shorter than the twelfth. Radial cellule

KLED1TOMA DOLICHOOEEA. 223

elongated ; the second abscissa fully one-fourth longer than the first ;
apical margin of wings obtusely incised.
Length 1 mm.

A smaller and more slender species than striaticollis ,
and readily known from it by the joints of the club
being narrowed at base and apex and clearly separated.

Cladich, Loch Awe, in June.

ii. Antennal club four-jointed (= Tetratoma).
Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Radial cellule elongate, at least twice longer than wide ; the

nervures clear testaceous ; antennas longish, obscure testa-
ceous ; legs for the greater part testaceous. Dolichocera.

2 (1) Radial cellule triangular, not twice longer than broad ; the

nervures blackish or piceous ; antennae entirely, and legs for
the greater part black.

3 (4) Third antennal joint at least twice the length of the fourth.

Tetratoma.

4 (3) Third antennal joint not twice the length of the fourth.

5 (6) Length 1 mm. ; antennae filiform, the club slender, the ninth

joint distinctly thicker and longer than the eighth ; abdo-
minal hair-fringe white. Gracilicornis.

6 (5) Length If mm. ; antennae stout, thick ; the club stout ; the ninth

joint not distinctly longer than the eighth ; abdominal hair-
fringe dull griseous. Affinis.

10. KLEDITOMA DOLICHOCERA.
PI. XIII, fig. 1.

Kleditoma dolichocera, Thorns., Opus. Ent., 817, 2.

Black, shining ; apex of coxae, trochanters, femora, tibia, and tarsi
testaceous ; the femora blackish in the middle ; the flagellum of
antennse fuscous, darker towards the apex ; wings hyaline, the nervures
testaceous. Antennae nearly as long as the body, slender; the third
joint nearly twice the length of the fourth ; the joints longer than broad,
the ninth joint longer than the eighth, and distinctly thinner than
the tenth ; the club almost abruptly separated. Scutellum striolated,
the fovea suboval, small. Abdomen not much longer than the thorax ;
the hair- fringe moderate, white. Radial cellule rather elongate, not
triangular ; the first abscissa of radius considerably longer than the
second ; apical margin but slightly incised.

Length 1J mm.

New Gralloway, in June.
Continental distribution : Sweden.

224 KLEDITOMA AFF1NIS.

11. KLEDITOMA TETRATOMA.
PI. XIII, fig. 4.

Kleditoma tetratoma, Thorns., Oef., 1867, 399, 8.

Black, shining ; the knees, tibiae, and tarsi piceous ; wings hyaline,
the nervures piceous ; abdominal hair-fringe large, griseous. Antennae
longer than the head and thorax united ; the club abrupt ; the third
joint more than twice the length of the fourth ; joints four to seven
dilated towards the apex, which is truncated ; joints eight and nine
more moniliform, the ninth a little longer and thicker than the eighth,
and fully half the length of the tenth ; joints ten to thirteen becoming
gradually longer towards the apex. Scutellum longitudinally striolated
laterally, the cup minute, its margin piceous. Abdomen with a distinct
petiole, as long as the head and thorax united. Radial cellule small,
the second abscissa longer than first.

Length nearly 2 mm.

Not common. Clydesdale.
Continental distribution : Sweden.

12. KLEDITOMA AFFINIS.

Kleditoma affinis, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man., ii (4), 64.

Black, shining; the trochanters, knees, and tarsi piceous; wings
hyaline, the nervures dark piceous. Antennae longer than the head
and thorax united ; the third joint not one-half longer than the
fourth ; joints four to eight dilated towards the apex, longer than broad ;
the apices truncated; the ninth distinctly broader than the eighth, and
a little longer than it ; the club abrupt, distinctly separated ; the joints
of nearly equal thickness and becoming gradually longer towards the
apex ; the tenth a little narrower than the eleventh. Radial cellule rather
elongate, closed at base and apex ; the second abscissa of radius dis-
tinctly longer than the first. Prothorax and median segment slightly
pilose ; abdominal hair-fringe dense, griseous ; abdomen as long as the
head and thorax united, scarcely petiolated. Scutellum laterally finely
striolated.

Length If mm.

Very similar to K. tetratoma, Thorns., but may be
easily known from it by the third antennal joint not
being twice the length of the fourth, and by the shorter
abdomen.

Bonar Bridge, Sutherland shire.

KLEDITOMA GBAOILIOORN1S. 225

13. KLEDITOMA GRACILICOENIS.
PL XIII, fig. 5.

Kleditoma gracilicornis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man. (4),
ii, 63.

Black, the knees and tarsi piceous ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures
piceous. Antennae thin, twice the length of the thorax ; the third joint
one-half longer than the fourth, the fourth to seventh wider than
long ; the ninth oval, thicker, nearly twice longer than the sixth, and
three-fourths of the width of the ninth ; the club not very abrupt ; the
basal three joints of equal width and length, oval, the last longer and
sharply conical at the apex. Radial cellule subtriangular ; the second
and third abscissae of the radius subequal. Scutellum aciculate, the
basal fovese longer than wide. Abdomen longer than the head and
thorax united ; the hair-fringe moderate, whitish. Apical incision in
wings slight. ? .

Length 1 mm.

The much smaller size, the thinner and longer
antennae, the smaller and whiter abdominal hair-fringe
sufficiently distinguish this species from affinis.

Nunton (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

iii. Antennal club five-jointed or sub-five-jointed
(=Pentacrita).

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Legs clear piceous-red ; antennae piceous ; length 2 mm.

Striata.

2 (1) Legs for the greater part black ; antennae black ; length under

2 mm.

3 (6) Antennae filiform, as long as the body.

4 (5) Abdomen and legs piceous, the third antennal joint one-half

longer than the fourth ; the club indistinct. Picipes.

5 (4) Abdomen and legs black, the third joint twice the length of

the fourth ; the club distinct. Elegans.

6 (3) Antennae stout, shorter than the body ; radial cellule sub-

elongate.

7 (10) The basal joint of club elongate ; the antennae thin.

8 (9) The apex of wing almost truncate; the apex of femora broadly,

tibiae and tarsi clear testaceous ; the wings moderate.

Truncata.

9 (8) The apex of wing acutely incised ; the apex of femora, tibiae, and

tarsi fuscous ; wings longish. Longipennis.
10 (7) The basal joints oval, short ; the club stout ; radial cellule sub-
triangular. Pentatoma.
VOL. III. 15

226 KLEDITOMA PIOIPES.

14. KLEDITOMA STRIATA.
PL XIII, fig. 3.

Kleditoma striata, Cam., Fauna, 91, 6.

Black ; legs testaceous, the coxae black ; trochanters piceous, femora
(especially the posterior) blackish in the middle ; wings hyaline, ner-
vures piceous-black. Antennas three-fourths of the length of the
body and head together ; the third joint nearly twice the length of
the fourth, -fourth to ninth longer than broad, transverse, not thickened
towards the apex ; the club not abruptly separated, its basal joint
being scarcely one-half wider than the ninth, and narrower than the
second, which is more ovate and shorter than the twelfth. Meso-
notum semi-opaque ; scutellum large, its sides strongly longitudinally
striated ; the cup longish ovate, its base more acutely pointed than the
apex; median segment pilose, opaque, aciculate; two stout keels
(diverging slightly towards the apex) run down the centre ; hair-fringe
on base of abdomen large, griseous.

Length 2 mm.

As regards the club, it may be said to be inter-
mediate between Tetratoma and Pentatoma, but nearer
the latter than the former. It is one of the largest
species, and is easily known by the clear, bright, tes-
taceous legs and piceous antennae.

On the Clyde near Newton. August.

15. KLEDITOMA PIOIPES.
PI. XII, fig. 10.

Kleditoma picipes, Cam., Fauna, 92, 8 (1886).

Black ; legs, base of abdomen, and flagellum piceous ; wings hyaline,
nervures piceous. Antennae nearly as long as the body, becoming
gradually thicker towards the apex, without any distinct club ; first
joint not one-half the length of the second, third not one-half the
length of the fourth, tenth to twelfth equal in length and nearly
in thickness ; the last longer and thicker than the preceding. Thorax
shining ; sides of scutellum finely striated, its cup minute ; median
segment opaque, finely punctured ; the keels nearly parallel ; wings
slightly but clearly emarginate at apex; radial cellule narrow, elon-
gated, closed at base and apex ; the second abscissa much longer than
the first.

Length T5 mm.

Clydesdale.

The piceous abdomen and legs, less clearly defined

KLEDITOMA TRUNCATA. 227

antennal club, and shorter third joint sufficiently sepa-
rate picipes from elegans.

16. KLEDITOMA ELEGANS.
PI. XII, fig. 8.

Kleditoma elegans, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man., ii (4), 60.

Black ; the trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae, and tarsi, testaceous ;
wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous. Antennae a little longer than
the body ; the third joint nearly as long as the fourth and fifth joints
united, the fourth to seventh equal in length and ihickness, the eighth one-
half longer than the seventh and distinctly thicker tha'n it ; the 5-jointed
club abrupt, the ninth joint being thicker and longer than the eighth,
and the joints bear some moderately long hairs. Wings ample ; the
apex waved, almost truncated, but very slightly incised ; radial cellule
wide, moderately elongate, in length nearly twice the width of the
widest part ; the second abscissa of radius three-fourths longer than the
first. Abdomen as long as the thorax, looked at from the side almost
triangular ; hair-fringe griseous.

Length nearly If mm.

Allied to K. longipennis, but easily known from it by
the clear testaceous tibiae and tarsi, by the incision in
the wings being very much less deep, and by the eighth
joint of the antennae being clearly longer and thicker
than the seventh.

Mugdock Wood, near Glasgow.

17. KLEDITOMA TRUNCATA.
PI. XIII, fig. 2.

Kleditoma truncata, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man., ii (4), 60.

Black ; the legs testaceous, the coxae for the greater part black, the
femora black in the middle ; wings hyaline, the nervures obscure testa-
ceous. Antennae a little shorter than the body ; the third joint twice
the length of the fourth ; the fourth to eighth subequal, but becoming
very slightly longer, of equal width and about one- half longer than
broad ; the 5-jointed club subabrupt, the ninth being distinctly thinner
than the tenth and shorter than it. Scutellum indistinctly striolated
laterally ; metapleurse opaque, pubescent. Abdomen shorter than the
thorax; the hair-fringe dense, griseous. Wings large, the apex
scarcely incised (in figure the incision is too acute) ; the radial cellule

228 KLEDITOMA PENTATOMA.

elongate, more than twice longer than the widest part; the second
abscissa of radius twice the length of the first.
Length 1£ mm.

Differs from longipennis in the testaceous tibiae and
tarsi, in the antennse being shorter and stouter, and
the wings can scarcely be said to be incised.

Bishopton. Rare.

18. KLEDITOMA LONGIPENNIS.
PI. XII, fig. 9.

Kleditoma longipennis, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man., ii (4),
59.

Black, shining ; the knees, apex of femora, and base of tibiae piceous;
wings hyaline, the nervures piceous. Antennas as long as the body ;
the third joint scarcely one- half longer than the fourth ; the third to
eighth thin, twice longer than broad, fully half the width of the club,
which is nearly as long as the preceding six joints united ; the club
distinct, abrupt, its basal joint not much narrower than the second and
nearly one-half shorter than it. Scutellum distinctly striated, the
f ovea lanceolate ; sides of median segment opaque, finely punctured ; its
apex with a gradual slope, the keels distinct. Abdomen shorter than
the thorax, compressed ; the hair-fringe dense, dull griseous. Wings
ample; the radial cellule elongate, its width twice the length of its
widest part ; the second abscissa of the radius twice the length of the
first; apical margin incised, densely ciliated.

Length If mm.

Clober Wood, near Glasgow.

19. KLEDITOMA PENTATOMA.
PI. XII, figs. 6 and 7.

Kleditoma pentatoma, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 398.
— albipennis, Cam., Fauna, 91.

Black, shining ; apex of coxae, trochanters, femora at base and
apex, and tibise and tarsi, testaceous ; wings hyaline, piceous. Antennae
stout, longer than the head and thorax united ; the third joint twice
the length of the fourth ; fourth to eighth subequal, hardly dilated
towards the apex ; the ninth not much thicker than the eighth, and
perceptibly thinner than the tenth, which is distinctly narrower than
the eleventh, the 5-jointed club being thus not abrupt ; joints ten to
twelve subequal in length and of nearly equal thickness, the last longer.
Scutellum finely striated, the fovea small. Abdomen shorter than the

KLEDITOMA PICICRUX. 229

thorax ; the hair-fringe moderate, griseous. Radial cellule elongate,
closed at base and apex, the first abscissa of radius nearly twice the
length of the second.
Length If mm.

Easily known from the preceding by the much
stouter antennae, shorter radial cellule, and almost
truncated apex of wings.

Clydesdale, Dumfries, Linlithgowshire.

06s. — I formerly distinguished what I thought were two species —
pentatoma and albipennis, of the Fauna of Scotland,— but I now think,
notwithstanding some differences, that they represent only one.

iv. Antennal club six-jointed.

Antennae with a 6-jointed club. Scutellum with the cup large ; meta-
pleuras glabrous. Second abdominal segment with a large hair-fringe
(=Hexacola, Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 359).

20. KLEDITOMA PICICRUX.
PL XI, fig. 8.

Eucoela picicrux, Giraud, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 143.

Black, shining, the knees and tibiae inclining to piceous, the tarsi to
fuscous ; wings hyaline with a smoky tinge, the nervures black.
Antennae not much longer than the head and thorax united, stout ; the
third joint more than one-half longer than the fourth ; the club abrupt,
the last two joints subequal. Scutellum finely punctured, the cup
minute. Abdomen as long as the thorax ; the hair-fringe large, grise-
ous. First abscissa of radius a mere stump, the third one-half longer
than the second; cubitus completely obsolete. (In figure the wings
should be incised).

Length 1^ mm.

Clydesdale, Sutherlandshire, Manual, Gloucester.
Continental distribution : Sweden.

230 KLED1TOMA MELANOPODA.

v. Antennal club seven-jointed (=Heptameris).

21. KLEDITOMA PYGM^EA.
PL XII, fig. 5.

Kleditoma pygmsea, Thomson, Oef., 1861, 398.

Black, shining ; the legs reddish-testaceous, the femora in the middle
above and the base of coxae black ; the hind tarsi fuscous ; wings
hyaline, with a decided smoky tinge. Antennae longer than the head
and thorax united, the third joint one-half longer than the fourth;
the 7-jointed club moderately abrupt, the last one-half longer than
penultimate. Scutellum finely longitudinally striated ; the cup longish
oval, small, rounded at base and apex. Abdomen nearly as long as the
thorax; the hair-fringe large, griseous. Wings: the radial cellule,
closed at base and apex ; the second abscissa of radius more than one-
half the length of the first ; the apical fringe longish ; the incision
slight. Prothorax and metathorax laterally densely haired. (In figure
the wings should be incised.)

Length 2^ mm.

Rare. Scarborough (D. Sharp).
Continental distribution : Sweden.

vi. Antennas without a club.

22. KLEDITOMA MELANOPODA.
PL X, fig. 10.

Kleditoma melanopoda, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man.,
i (4), 167.

Black ; the knees and fore tibiae and tarsi piceous ; wings clear
hyaline, the nervures piceous. Antennae more than twice the length
of the thorax ; the third joint nearly one-half longer than the fourth ;
the apical six joints longer and somewhat thicker than the preceding,
but not forming a distinct club ; the seventh joint shorter than the
eighth. Occiput transversely striated; pronotum rather strongly
longitudinally striated ; sides of scutellum striolated ; the cup lanceo-
late, the apical depression round, and with two small foveae behind
it ; scutellar fovea large, deep, longer than broad. Abdomen com-
pressed, longer than the head and thorax united ; the hair-fringe large,
griseous. Median segment with an oblique slope, shining, impunctate,
the centre hollowed, the sides keeled. Wings large. $ .

Length 2'7 mm.

There is no described species with which this species
can be compared, nor can it very well be placed in any

KLEDITOMA SUBAPTERA. 231

of Foerster's " genera." The antennae come nearest
to those of K. pygmaea, but they have not a defined club.
It is the largest species in the genus.
London district (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

II. flings abbreviated) shorter than the abdomen ; the an-
tennse with a five- or seven-jointed club (= Nedinoptera) .

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Antennae with a 7-jointed club ; the wings hyaline, with black

nervures ; the legs blackish, piceous at the joints.

Halophila.

2 (1) Antennae with a 5-jointed club ; the wings subhyaline, the ner-

vures fuscous, the legs dull reddish. Subaptera.

23. KLEDITOMA SUBAPTERA.
PL XI, fig. 1, 3.

Figites subapterus, Walker, Ent. Mag., ii, 117.
Kleditoma maritima, Thorns., Oef., 1861, 398.

Black, shining; the legs dark testaceous; wings scarcely hyaline.
Antennae longer than the head and thorax united ; the third joint more
than twice the length of the fourth ; the fourth and fifth joints longer
than broad ; the sixth to eighth as broad as long ; the ninth and tenth
wider but narrower than the apical three, which are much thicker.
Abdominal hair-fringe small.

The <$ has the antennae longer than the body, the third joint
thickened and incised and twice the length of the fourth. The legs
are darker, being almost piceous.

Length If mm.

This species lives on the rocks among seaweeds,
and is said by Walker (1. c.) to run very fast, and,
when touched, contracts its antennas and legs, and lets
itself fall from the rocks.

Marshall (Ent. Ann., 1874, p. 121) says, " The
males, I believe, are able to fly, and frequent flowers."

Common at Torquay; Plymouth; Milford Haven
(T. A. Marshall).

232 SUB-FAMILY ALLOTRINA.

24. KLEDITOMA HALOPHILA.
PL XI, fig. 3.

KledUoma halophila, Thoms., Oef., 1861, 398.

Black, shining ; the apex of femora, the tibiae and tarsi piceous ; wings
hyaline, the nervures black. Antennas with the third joint double the
length of the fourth ; the 7-jointed club abrupt ; scutellum finely longi-
tudinally striolated. Abdomen scarcely so long as the thorax ; the hair-
fringe moderately dense.

The <£ has the antennae longer than the body ; the third joint is
more than double the length of the fourth, thickened, and sharply
incised.

Length li mm.

The seven-jointed club separates this species from
subaptera.

Found at Polperro, in Cornwall, by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall, among decaying seaweeds.

Sub-family ALLOTRINA.

Second segment of abdomen longer than all the others united* Body
smooth, shining, not punctured or striated ; scutellum rounded, shining,
impunctate, without any depression on the top. Antennae 13-jointed
in ? , 14-jointed in <^, the latter with joints 3 — 5 sinuated. Cubital
nervure issuing from near the middle of the basal; areolet situated
considerably beyond the apex of the second abscissa of the costal
nervure, i. e. at some distance from the base of the radial cellule. Hind
tibiae with one spur.

The radial cellule may be open or closed ; and it
may be open also at the apex, through the radial ner-
vure not reaching to the costa ; the areolet is usually
indistinct, and is seldom completely closed on the lower
side. In a few species the wings are abbreviated. The
antennae in the ? are longer than the thorax or even
longer than the body, and are usually thickened gradu-
ally towards the apex ; they are much longer and
thinner in the $ , besides having the basal three joints
of flagellum sinuated. The joints of scape are thicker
and more ovoid than those of the flagellum. The
mesonotum has sometimes the parapsidal furrows indi-
cated to a more or less extent ; there may be also a

SUB-FAMILY ALLOTRINA. 233

longitudinal furrow on the mesosternum. The scutel-
lum is separated from the mesonotum by a transverse
furrow, and it may also have one or two fovese at its
base. The abdomen is sessile or subsessile, short,
ovoid, not much if at all compressed, and shorter or
at least not much longer than the thorax.

They are small species (from 1 to 2 mm. in length),
with short ovoid bodies, seldom pilose except on the
median segment and base of abdomen. So far as we
know, all the species live parasitic ally on Aphidae, or
on the parasites (Aphidius) of aphides. It is true
that Hartig records having bred several species from
Nematus gallicola ; but from my own observations I
can say positively that this is an error : they really
came from aphides which had crept into the galls.
When an aphis has been attacked by an Allotria it be-
comes fastened to the leaf, turns brown or cream-
coloured, the Allotria remaining inside of it until it
reaches the perfect state. No cocoon is spun, the
skin of the aphis serving for one. It is possible that,
as suggested by Mr. Gr. 0. Bignell, some of the species
may be hyperparasites, feeding not on the aphides,
but on their parasites (Aphidius). In that case the
Allotrina must be regarded as injurious insects.

Undernoted is a list of the hosts of those Allotrids
which have been bred.

Allotria castanea, Htg., aphis on Papaver somni-

ferum.

circumscripta, Htg., aphis on Raphanus ;
also on Aphis pini on
Chaerophyllum sylvestre,
and from Aphis ribis
(Kirchner).

erythrothorax, Htg., aphis on Prunus, and on
Aspidiotus rosas, Be.

flavicornis, Htg., aphis on Cinthamus tine-
torius.

forticornis, Gir., aphis on Pinus pumilio.

234 SUB-FAMILY ALLOTKINA.

Allotria minuta, Htg., aphis on Eryngwm campestre,

and Rumens acetosella.

pusillima, Gir., aphis on Conium maculatum.
victrix, Westw., aphis on Rosa canina.
Tscheki, Gir., aphis on Ribes rubrum.

obscurata, Htg.

brachyptera, Htg., Pemphigus bumeliae on

Fraxinus (Kaltenbach).
erythrocephala, Htg., from Aphis vicide and A.

ligustri (Kirchner).
heterocera, Htg., from Aphis vicide and A.

plantaginis (Kirchner).
longicornis, from Pemphigus gnaphalii.

— melanog aster, Htg., from Aphis vicide (Kirch-

ner).

— postica, Htg. , from Ap his aparines (Kirchner) .

testacea, Htg., from Aphis chenopodii (Kirch-

ner).
circumscripta, from aphis on fennel.

— pedestris, from aphis on wild carrot.

The affinities of this group are clearly nearest with
the Cyniphina, as is shown by the length of the second
abdominal segment and by the form of the radial
cellule, which has the areolet nearly opposite its base.
The species may, however, be easily known from the
gall-makers by their smooth, shining, impunctate
bodies, especially the scutellum, by the tibiae having
only one spur ; by the cubitus (when present) issuing
from the middle, or near the middle of the transverse
basal nervure ; by the incompleteness of the cubitus,
so that none of the cubital cellules are closed or com-
plete.

GENUS PH^NOGLYPHIS. 235

Generic Synopsis.

1 (2) Parapsidal furrows distinct. Phsenoglyphis.

2 (1) Parapsidal furrows absent. Allotria.

Foerster adopts more " genera" than I have. The
following table will explain the " genera " as adopted
by this entomologist.

1 (4) Parapsidal furrows distinct.

2 (3) Parapsidal furrows complete, one or two fovese at base of

scutellum. Ph&noglyphis.

3 (2) Parapsidal furrows incomplete, no fovea at base of scutellum.

Hemichrisis.

4 (1) Parapsidal furrows absent.

5 (6) Wings not so long as the abdomen, without radial cellule.

Pezophycta.

6 (5) Wings as long or longer than abdomen, and with a radial

cellule.

7 (10) Radial cellule closed in front.

8 (9) Wings shortened, not or scarcely longer than abdomen.

Nephycta.

9 (8) Wings complete, much longer than the abdomen. Allotria.

10 (7) Radial cellule open in front.

11 (12) Radial cellule open at the apex, owing to the radial nervure not

reaching the costa. Dylita,

12 (11) Radial cellule closed at the apex. Alloxysta.

Thomson (Opusc. Ent., 811) divides Allotria into
three sub-genera: Auloxysta (= Ph&noglyphis), Glyp-
toxysta (= Alloxysta), and Allotria.

Genus — PH^NOGL YPH i s .

Phtenoglyphis, Foerster, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 338.
Auloxysta, Thomson, Opusc. Ent., 811.

Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows complete or nearly so ;
scutellum with one or two fovese at the base ; mesosternum with a longi-
tudinal furrow. Radial cellule closed on fore margin ; areolet complete.
The third joint of antennae in £ sinuated.

Foerster makes no mention of PhdsnoglypMs having
a longitudinal furrow on the mesopleurae, and I cannot
make out, owing to its bad condition, if one is present
in P. xanthochroa, but it is certainly present in P.
forticornis. Further, he states that the radial cellule

236 PH^ENOGLYPEIS XANTHOCHEOA.

is not twice so long as broad, which is certainly the
case in our largest British species ; and in it also the
areolet is complete, another point in which it differs
from Foerster 's description.

Foerster describes a genus Hemichrisis, which agrees
with Phdsnoglyphis in having the parapsidal furrows
indicated (although not complete), while the scutellum
has no foveae at its base. He further defines it from
Phdenoglyphis in the radial cellule being " almost twice
as long as broad," and the areolet is complete. The
latter two points are merely specific, while no sharp line
of demarcation can be drawn as to the completeness of
the parapsidal furrows. Thus the only real point of
distinction between them lies in, according to Foerster,
Hemichrisis not having a fovea at the base of the
scutellum. In P. solids the fovea at the base of the
scutellum is obscure, so that it may be said to be inter-
mediate between Phdenoglyphis and Hemichrisis.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Body rufo-testaceous ; second abscissa of radius twice the length

of first.

2 (3) AntennsQ entirely rufo-testaceous. Xanthochroa.

3 (2) Antennae fuscous, testaceous at base. Forticornis.

4 (1) Body black ; second abscissa of radius not twice the length of

first. Salicis.

1. PH^NOGLYPHIS XANTHOCHEOA.
PI. XV, fig. 4

Phsenoglyphis xanthochroa, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

1869, 338.
Auloxysta rufa, Thomson, Opusc. Ent., 812.

Reddish-testaceous ; the back and apex of abdomen fuscous ; shining,
glabrous. The antennae longer than the body, slender, the joints elon-
gated ; parapsidal furrows deep, scarcely parallel ; scutellar fovea dis-
tinct ; radial cellule elongated, the second abscissa of radius more than
twice the length of first ; first abscissa of radius obliterated at the base ;
areolet obliquely triangular, open at foot ; nervures obscure testaceous.
Eyes black, legs paler at the base. $

Length 2 mm.

PH^INOGLYPHIS SALICIS. 237

Neither Foerster nor Thomson states if the abdo-
men is to any extent marked with fuscous, as is the
specimen I have described, so that it is possible it
may represent another species.

Probably south of England (T. A. Marshall).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

2. PH^NOGLYPHIS FORTICORNIS.
PL XV, fig. 5.

Ph&nogtyphis forticornis, Cam., E. M. M., xxiv, 210.

Reddish-testaceous; the vertex, the top and apex of abdomen
castaneous, the legs yellow, tinged with red; the antennae fuscous,
the basal five joints testaceous ; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous ;
radial cellule elongated, narrow; the first abscissa of radius two
and a half times the length of the second. Antennae longer than the
body, stout. Eyes lead-coloured.

The (^ has the antennae more slender, longer than the body, the
third and fourth joints slightly curved.

Length 1^ mm.

Differs from Ph. xanthochroa in being smaller, in the
antenna3 being stouter and only yellowish at the base,
in the vertex being broadly dark castaneous, in the
radial cellule being narrower, and in the ground colour
of the body being of a much more decided rufous tinge.
I am not sure but that the radial cellule is open.

Rare. Barnstaple, Lastingham (T. A. Marshall).

This may be A. testacea, Htg., but Hartig would
surely have stated if that species had parapsidal fur-
rows if they were present.

3. PH^NOGLYPHIS SALICIS.
PL XV, fig. 6.

Allotria solids, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 367.

Black ; face, pleura, and base of abdomen piceous ; antennae fuscous,
the base testaceous ; the posterior four coxae, the base of four anterior
femora, and the greater part of posterior, light fuscous. Wings

238 GENUS ALLOTRIA

hyaline ; radial cellule twice as long as broad ; nervures pale yellow.
Antennae a little longer than the body; the second joint thick, oval, a
little more than one-half longer than the third ; fourth a little longer
than the second ; the joints become gradually thicker towards the apex.
The scutellum, median segment, and base of abdomen covered with
longish white pubescence, the rest of thorax and head sparsely pilose.
Length 1 — 1£ mm.

Kilpatrick Hills, Clydesdale. Bred from a black
aphis found in the galls of Euura pentandrde on Salix
pentandra.

Genus — ALLOTEIA.

Allotria, Westwood, Mag. of Nat. Hist., vi, 494.
Xystus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii.

Nephycta, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xix, 338.
Alloxysta, Foerster, 1. c., 338 and 340.
Pezophycta, Foerster, 1. c., 338 and 339.

Mesonotum and mesosternum without furrows ; radial cellule closed
or open, areolet usually incomplete ; the third, fourth, or fifth joint
of antennae in $ sinuated.

Differs from the preceding genus in the thorax
having no furrows. Nephycta agrees in every respect
with Allotria except in having the wings abbreviated.

I. RADIAL CELLULE CLOSED (= Allotria, Foerster).
A. Wings fully developed.

(a) Abdomen at apex obliquely truncated; abdominal
segments not connate.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (9) Thorax (and head) more or less red.

2 (3) Thorax entirely red ; wings large, antennae and legs entirely

clear yellow. Megaptera.

3 (8) Thorax not entirely red, antennas not entirely yellow.

4 (5) Pleurae entirely, and base of abdomen broadly rufous ; legs

clear yellow ; nervures yellow ; antennae with the apical
three-fourths dark fuscous. Pleuralis.

5 (4) Pleurae not entirely, and base of abdomen but slightly rufous ;

nervures fuscous.

ALLOTRIA MEGAPTERA. 239

6 (7) Lower part of pleurae piceous-red ; legs rufo-testaceous ; radial

cellule one-half longer than wide. Ruficeps.

7 (6) Pleurae rufous, the centre broadly blackish, legs yellow;

radial cellule large, twice longer than wide. Ruficollis.

8 (3) Thorax, head, and basal half of abdomen castaneous ; legs

testaceous ; radial cellule elongate, three times longer than
wide. Collina.

9 (1) Thorax black.

10 (15) Head red.

11 (12) Antennae unicolorous yellow ; legs clear yellow.

Flavicomis.

12 (11) Antennae fuscous, yellow at the base.

13 (14) Head entirely red ; radial cellule elongate. Victrix.

14 (13) Head with the vertex castaneous ; radial cellule moderate.

TscheM.

15 (10) Head for the greater part black (entirely or with the oral

region piceous-red).

16 (19) Legs clear yellow.

17 (18) Radial cellule large, elongate, more than twice longer than

wide, the femora slightly infuscated. Circumscripta.

18 (17) Radial cellule small, not twice longer than wide; femora clear

yellow. Minuta.

19 (16) Legs more or less fuscous-testaceous.

20 (26) Radial cellule elongate ; the second abscissa of radius at least

one-half longer than the first. Head piceous-red; radial
cellule wide, the basal abscissa of radius a little more than
half the length of the second. Curvicornis.

21 (24) Head black, radial cellule elongate, basal abscissa of radius

more than half the length of the apical.

22 (23) Length scarcely 1 mm. ; basal joints of antennae clear yellow.

Dolichocera.

23 (22) Length over 1 mm. ; basal joints of antennae fuscous or black.

24 (21) Head piceous, black on top ; the fourth and fifth joints of

antennae deeply curved. $. Ancylocera.

25 (26) Head black ; the fourth and fifth joints of antennae but slightly

curved. Longicornis.

26 (25) Radial cellule minute, not much longer than wide ; the apical

abscissa of radius curved. Mullensis.

1. ALLOTEIA MEGAPTERA.
PI. XV, fig. 7.

Allotria melanog aster, Cam., Fauna, pt. 2, p. 86, non Htg., Gir.

Reddish -testaceous, the face yellow, the antennae testaceous, the legs
yellow; abdomen black, the base reddish, the apex fuscous; wings
large, hyaline, the nervures pallid yellow. Antennae longer than the
body, the third to fifth joints very slightly curved, the third and fourth
subequal. Radial cellule moderately large, about double longer than
wide; the first abscissa of radius three-fourths of the length of the
second. Pubescence on median segment and base of abdomen sparse.

240

ALLOTRIA PLEUBALIS.

Wings large, considerably longer than body, nervures pallid testa-
ceous.
Length If mm.

I first thought that this species was A. melanogaster,
Htg. (Germ. Zeit., ii, 200), but I am now inclined to
regard it as different. Hartig's description is short :
Rufus ; abdomine nigro, basi rufo ; thoracis dorso pie-
risque obscurato ; long J lin. Griraud supplements
this (Verb, z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1862, p. 129) by stating
that the radial cellule is " courte et assez petite,5' and
that the cubitus is not indicated; and he gives the
length as 1 mm. for both sexes. We may therefore
say that A. megaptera differs from melanogaster in
the radial cellule being larger (not minute), and in
the cubitus being distinctly traced to beyond the
middle of the wing, and in being f mm. longer.

In coloration it agrees very closely with A. halterata.

Rare. Gadder Wilderness, Clydesdale.

2. ALLOTRIA PLEURALIS.
PI. XY, fig. 8.

Allotria plewralis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879, 113.

Head pale red, the vertex slightly darker, the pronotum, mesonotum,
and base of median segment black ; the pleura, sternum, and apex of
median segment dark red ; abdomen black, reddish at the base above,
the basal half laterally more or less dark fuscous red ; legs pale yellow ;
wings clear hyaline, the nervures very pale testaceous ; radial cellule
small, scarcely longer than broad ; the basal abscissa of radius not
much shorter than the second. Antennae a little shorter than the
body, thickened towards the apex ; the basal four or fire joints pale
yellow, the others black, or rather dark fuscous.

Length 1 mm.

A. longipennis, Htg., comes near to this little species,
but it has the whole of the antennae and only the pro-
and meso-thorax reddish. A. postica differs in having
only the median segment red. A. ruficeps has not the
pleurse entirely rufous and the abdomen entirely black,
and the first abscissa of radius is longer.

Clydesdale.

ALLOTRIA RUFICEPS. 241

3. ALLOTRIA BUFICOLLIS.
PI. XV, fig. 10.

Allotria ruficollis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 365.

Black ; antennas and legs yellow ; head, prothorax, breast, meso-
pleurae at base and apex, metapleurse and base of abdomen, red ; tegulse
piceous; wings hyaline, nervures dull yellowish; radial cellule one-
half longer than broad. Antennae longer than the body, the third
joint straight and a little longer than the fourth, the last a little longer
than the preceding ; the apical joints are somewhat fuscous. Base of
abdomen pilose.

Length 1| mm.

Closely allied to A. pleumlis, but that has not the
mesopleurse black, the antennas are only yellow at the
base, the radial cellule is not much longer than broad,
and it is also a smaller species.

Rare. Mull, in June.

4. ALLOTRIA RUFICEPS.
PL XV, fig. 9.

Allotria ruficeps, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 365.

Black ; pronotum, mesopleurse on lower side, and breast, piceous-red ;
legs reddish-yellow; joints one to four of antennae yellow, the rest
piceous ; head and petiole red. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous ;
radial cellule not much longer than broad ; the cubitus is traced for
two-thirds of the wing. Antennae longer than the body ; the third
joint straight, distinctly one-fourth longer than the following; the
last is not much longer than the preceding. The pubescence on median
segment and base of abdomen is dense. ? .

Length 1£ mm.

The radial cellule is shorter than in A. flavicornis,
and the shortness of it easily distinguishes it from A.
ruficollis, with which it has some resemblance in colora-
tion. It is longer than A. pleuralis, the antennae are
somewhat longer, and have the third joint longer in
proportion to the fourth, and the cubital nervure is
indicated, which is not the case in pleuralis.

New Galloway, in June. Rare.

VOL. in. 16

242 ALLOTRIA VICTBIX.

5. ALLOTEIA FLAVICORNIS.
PI. XVI, fig. 1.

Xystus flavicornis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 352.
Allotria flavicornis, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 129.

Black ; the head red, darker (sometimes fuscous or even blackish) on
vertex; antennas and legs yellow; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous,
the apex shortly fringed ; pubescence on median segment sparse, and
still more so on the base of abdomen. Antennae longer than the body,
joints three to five in <$ very weakly curved. Radial cellule short,
about double the length of the first abscissa of the radius, which is
about two-thirds of the length of the second ; the latter is curved ;
cubitus almost obsolete.

Length 1? — 1^ mm.

From the other red-headed species with black thorax,
A. flavicornis is readily known by the long clear yel-
low antennas.

Not uncommon, Clydesdale, London district.

Germany, Austria.

6. ALLOTRIA VIOTEIX.
PI. XVI, fig. 2.

Allotria victrix, Westwood, Loud. Mag., vi, 494 ; Giraud, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 127, 3 ; Cam., Fauna, 85.
Cynips ruficeps, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., 410, 5.
Xystvs erythrocephalus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 199, !.••
Allotria erythrocephala, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 406, 1.

Black, shining, the median segment and base of abdomen bearing a
white pubescence ; the head red ; the legs and basal four or six joints
of the antennae yellow, the rest of the antenna blackish to fuscous ;
wings hyaline, ciliated, the nervures pale. Antennas a little longer
than the body, thickened towards the apex in the $ ; in the <^ the
fourth and fifth joints are curved, sinuated. Areolet large, the length
twice the width of the first abscissa of the radius ; the latter is
straight, the second curved ; the cubitus does not reach much beyond
the radial cellule.

Length 1 — 1£ mm.

In some specimens the apex of the antennae is tes-
taceous ; sometimes the third joint in the <$ is dis-
tinctly curved.

Common. Lives on rose aphis.

Germany, Sweden, France, Austria.

ALLOTEIA CIROUMSORJPTA. 243

Obs. — The Cynips erythrocephala, Jurine (Nouv. Meth., pi. xii, gen.
40), is not this species if the figure is correctly drawn. It may not
even be an Allotria. Certainly the antenna of the $ does not belong
to Allotria.

7. ALLOTRIA TSOHEKI.
PL XVI, fig. 3.

Allotria Tscheki, Giraud, Yerh. z.-b. Ges. WieD, x, 128, 4.

Black ; the head red, broadly black on the vertex ; the basal four or
six joints of the antennae and legs yellow or testaceous ; wings hyaline,
the nervures fuscous. Antennae a little longer than the body, thick-
ened towards the apex; in the $ joints three to five sinuated, but not
very strongly. Radial cellule moderate, not twice the length of the
basal abscissa of the radius ; the latter straight, the second abscissa
slightly curved ; cubitus short. Median segment rather densely, the
base of abdomen but slightly pilose.

Length 1£ — 1£ mm.

Differs from preceding in having the vertex broadly
black and the radial cellule shorter. It is probably
only a variety of victrix. Feeds, according to Giraud,
on the aphis of Ribes rubrum.

Not uncommon in the south-west of Scotland ;
Gloucestershire.

Austria.

8. ALLOTRIA CIRCUMSORIPTA.
PL XVI, fig. 4.

Xystus circumscriptus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 351.
Allotria circumscripta, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 127.

Black ; the basal four or five joints of the antennae reddish-testaceous ;
the legs ferruginous-yellow ; the tips of the tarsi black ; wings hyaline,
the nervures fuscous. Antennae longer than the body, thickened per-
ceptibly towards the apex in the ? ; in what I regard as the <$ joints
three to six are curved, the latter feebly ; and the antennae are much
lighter towards the apex, and not deep black as in the $ . Radial
cellule elongated, its length more than twice the length of the basal
abscissa of the radius ; the first abscissa is scarcely straight, and the
second is but feebly curved ; cubitus almost completely obsolete. The
median segment and base of abdomen with a longish pubescence.

Length 1 — 1£ mm.

244 ALLOTBIA LONGICOBNIS.

The yellowish legs, and the large elongated radial
cellule separate this species easily.
Clydesdale, Dumfriesshire.
Germany, Austria.

9. ALLOTRIA MINUTA.
PL XVI, fig. 5.

Xystus minutus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 200.
Xystus heterocerus, Htg., 1. c., iii, 351.

Allotria minuta, Gir., Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 127 ; Thorns.,
Oef., xviii, 407 ; Cam., Fauna, 86, 11.

Black; the base of antennae and legs yellow-testaceous; the head
sometimes piceous, especially on the lower side ; wings hyaline, ciliated,
the nervures pallid fuscous. Antennae as long as the body ; in the $
longer, and with joints three to five weakly curved. Radial cellule short,
about one-half longer than broad ; the first abscissa of the radius a
little more than two- thirds of the length of the second, which is curved ;
cubitus obsolete. Pubescence on the median segment and base of abdo-
men sparse.

Length 1 mm.

The colour of the legs varies ; they may be pure tes-
taceous, or they may have the femora infuscated. The
head and thorax, again, may be piceous, and the head
even reddish. The size of the radial cellule varies
slightly, and in some specimens the cubitus is traced
to the middle ; further, the base of the abdomen may
be reddish.

Not uncommon. Clydesdale, Gloucestershire.

10. ALLOTEIA LONGIOOBNIS.
PL XVI, fig. 6.

Xystus longicornis, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 199.

Allotria longicornis, Thorns., Oef., 407 ; Cam., Fauna, 86.

Black, sometimes piceous-black ; the mouth region piceous ; the
flagellum fuscous, or fuscous-black, the basal joints obscure testaceous ;
legs fuscous-testaceous, the coxae and femora usually darker than the
rest ; wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous. The antennae are longer
than the body ; joints three to five sharply curved in the J. Radial
cellule moderately elongated, more than twice the length of the basal

ALLOTBIA CUBVICOBNIS. 245

abscissa of radius. The second abscissa is but slightly curved ; cubitus
reaching to the middle.
Length 1^ — If mm.

Thomson's longicornis may be a different species.
He describes the legs and base of antennas as testaceous.
Hartig states that the cubitus is obsolete, while in the
species I have described it extends for more than half
the length of the wing. In the diagnosis (Germ.
Zeits., ii, p. 199) Hartig describes the legs as " pale
fuscous-red ; " in the table in vol. iii, 1. c., p. 350, as
" red."

Common Clydesdale, Linlithgowshire, Dumfries-
shire.

Grermany, Sweden.

Hartig bred it from the galls of Nematus gallicola,
no doubt from an aphis which had entered the gall.

11. ALLOTBIA CUBVIOOBNIS.
PL XVI, fig. 8.

Allotria curvicornis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 366.

Black ; the head inclining to piceous, the basal four or five joints of
the antennae fuscous ; mouth piceous ; legs dull testaceous ; the coxa3
and femora almost piceous at the base ; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous.
Antennae longer than the body, as long as the fore- wings ; the third
joint is slightly, and the fourth and fifth distinctly curved and a little
thickened ; the sixth is very slightly bent, but not so much as the
third. The radial cellule is of moderate length, wide, twice longer than
broad ; the second abscissa curved, a little more than twice the length
of the first. The cubitus only traced at the base. The pubescence on
the median segment is distinct ; the petiole piceous.

Length If mm.

Differs from A. longicornis in the much shorter
radial cellule, somewhat shorter antennae, these also
in longicornis <$ not having joints four to five curved.

Rare. Glen Lyon, in July.

246 ALLOTEIA DOLICEOCEEA.

12. ALLOTEIA ANCYLOCEEA.
PI. XVI, fig. 7.

Allotria ancylocera, Cam., Fauna, 85, 8.

Black ; the head below the eyes piceous-red ; the antennae fuscous ;
joints two to four pallid-testaceous ; legs fuscous-testaceous; the COXSB
and femora much darker; the anterior four femora lighter coloured
than the posterior at the sides, but lined with black above and
beneath. Wings hyaline, nervnres testaceous. Antennse longer than
the body ; the third joint a little shorter than the fourth, slightly
curved, the fourth and fifth deeply curved ; the apical joint shorter
a little than penultimate. Radial cellule of moderate length ; the curved
apical abscissa of radius scarcely twice the length of oblique basal part ;
the cubitus extends a little beyond the middle of the wings. $.

Length scarcely 1*5 mm.

Agrees in general form and coloration with A.
longicornis, but is smaller ; the antennae are scarcely so
long, and with joints three to five thicker and distinctly
curved ; the radial cellule shorter, and with the apical
abscissa longer in proportion to basal. A. curvicornis
may be known from it by the antennae issuing from
distinct tubercles and distinctly longer, the fourth and
fifth more twisted, the radial cellule shorter and
wider, and the cubitus shorter.

Rare. Carruber Glen, Linlithgowshire, August 14th.

13. ALLOTEIA DOLICHOCEEA.
PI. XVI, fig. 9.

Allotria dolichocera, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man. (4),
ii, 56.

Black ; the mouth, the base of the antennae (joints one to four), and
legs pallid testaceous, castaneous or infuscated broadly in the middle ;
wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Antennse longer than the body,
very slightly thickened towards the middle; the third and fourth joints
subequal, a little longer than the second ; the last joint fully one-half
longer than the penultimate. Radial cellule wide, the second abscissa
fully one and a half times the length of the second, almost straight.

Length f mm.

What is probably the $ has the antennae filiform,
one-fourth longer than the body; the third joint
curved : the base of the abdomen rufous.

ALLOTRIA MULLENSIS. 247

A. brews, Thomson (Oef., xviii, p. 408, No. 9),
comes very near this species, but it has the antennae
only the length of the thorax.

Rare. Clydesdale, Dumfries.

14. ALLOTRIA COLLINA.
PL XVI, fig. 10.

Allotria collina, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Man. (4), ii, 57.

Black, the oral region, the thorax and base of abdomen castaneous; the
basal four joints of the antennae and legs pallid testaceous, the femora
inclining to castaneous ; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Antennae
nearly one-half the length of the body, thickened gradually (but not
strongly) towards the apex ; the third joint not much longer than the
second ; the last longer than the penultimate, Radial cellule elongate,
the third abscissa of radius two and a half times the length of the
second.

Length f mm.

Most nearly related to A. dolichocera, but easily
known by the castaneous thorax and base of abdomen,
by the more slender and, if anything, longer antennae,
by the clear colour of the legs, and by the more elon-
gated radial cellule.

Rare. Dumfries.

15. ALLOTRIA MULLENSIS.
PL XVII, fig. 1.

Allotria Mullensis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 366.

Black ; head dull ferruginous, vertex piceous, as is also the pleura ;
basal five joints of antennae pale testaceous, the rest fuscous ; legs dull
testaceous, the coxas and femora fuscous. Third joint of antennse
longer than the fourth ; joints three to five thin, the others much
thicker and becoming thicker towards the apex ; the last joint one-half
longer than the penultimate. Median segment and coxae covered with
dense white pubescence. Wings hyaline, the base yellowish ; nervures
pallid yellow ; the radial cellule truncate, almost semicircular, not much
longer than broad ; nervures thick ; cubitus shorter than the length of
radial cellule ; fringe on wings long. $ .

Length f mm.

In this species the radial cellule is smaller than in

248 ALLOTRIA MICROCERA.

any other British species of this group, and forms
almost a semicircle.
Rare. Mull, in June.

(b) Abdomen at apex rounded ; the segments connate.

16. ALLOTRIA MICROOERA.
PI. XIV, fig. 5.

Charips microcera (Haliday), Marshall, E. M. M., vi, 181;
Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879, 117.

Black, shining ; antennae pale testaceous, the basal joint black, the
apical joints pale fuscous ; legs pale testaceous, the coxse, femora, and
tibiae in the middle obscure fuscous ; base of abdomen with a dark fus-
cous hair-fringe. Antennas as long as the body, stout, the third joint
curved, thickened, longer than the fourth. Radial cellule small,
longer than broad ; the nervures curved, very faint. Abdomen com-
pressed, especially at the apical half.

Length a little over 1 mm.

A distinct species. The abdomen is differently
formed from what it is in the other species. It is longer,
more compressed, and instead of being oblique at apex
(looking at it laterally) it is semicircular. I can dis-
cover no trace of segmentation in the abdomen, and it
looks to me as if the second segment formed the
entire abdomen. The form of the antennas, wings,
and thorax agrees with Allotria, and in the absence of
a ? I now prefer to place it here rather than (as I
formerly did) in the Figitina.

There is a specimen in Mr. Marshall's collection
labelled " Charips microcera" Mr. Marshall states
that " Charips microcera " was an insect so named in
MS. by Haliday, " allied to Allotria, but having the two
apical joints of the antennas connate" (Marshall, 1. c.).

Col vend, Kircudbrightshire ; Dairy, Dumfries. One
specimen of what is no doubt the same species is
almost entirely piceous.

ALLOTRIA PEDESTRIS. 249

B. Wings abbreviated.

17. ALLOTRIA PEDESTRIS.
PL XV, fig. 3.

Cynips pedestris, Curt., B. E., 320, No. 32.
Xystus cursor, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 200.
Allotria cursor, Gir., Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 131.
Allotria pedestris, Cam., Fauna, 88, 27

Black ; the head and thorax sometimes piceous ; the antennae fuscous,
pallid testaceous at the base ; the legs obscure testaceous, obscured
more or less with fuscous. Antennae in $ thickened towards the apex,
the third joint about one fourth longer than the succeeding ; in the £
longer than the body. Wings abbreviated, seldom extending much
beyond the base of the abdomen.

Length 1 — 1£ mm.

Not rare. Mull, Clydesdale, New Galloway.
Germany, Austria.

II. RADIAL CELLULE OPEN (=Attoxysta SiudPezophycta).

1. Wings fully developed.

Differs simply from Allotria in having an open
radial cellule. Pezophycta only differs in having the
wings more or less abbreviated. The radial cellule is
frequently distinct and is certainly open on the fore
margin, and the radial nervure terminates before
reaching the costa. Dylita, Foerster (1. c., p. 340), is
distinguished from Alloxysta merely by the last-men-
tioned peculiarity ; so that if it is to be regarded as a
distinct genus, Pezophycta should be placed in it,
rather than in Alloxysta.

250 SYNOPSIS OP SPECIES.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (18) Thorax black.

2 (9) Head red.

3 (4) Radial cellule greatly elongate. Macrophadna.

4 (3) Radial cellule not greatly elongate.

5 (6) Collar broadly red. Maculicollis.

6 (5) Collar entirely black.

7 (8) Base of abdomen red; antennae thickened towards the apex,

broadly and darkly inf uscated ; legs reddish-testaceous.

Basimacula.

8 (7) Base of abdomen black ; antennae thickened towards the apex ;

legs yellowish-testaceous. Filicornis.

9 (2) Head black.

10 (13) Radial cellule minute, more or less trapezoidal; legs clear

yellow.

11 (12) Antennae clear citron -yellow, hardly infuscated towards the

apex; radial cellule twice longer than broad; the apical
abscissa of radius not distinctly curved. Citripes.

12 (11) Antennas blackish, yellow at the base ; radial cellule not twice

longer than broad; the apical abscissa of radius roundly
and distinctly curved. Trapezoidea.

13 (10) Radial cellule elongate, much longer than broad; legs and

antennae not citron-yellow.

14 (15) Legs and base of antennas clear testaceous-red ; radial cellule

elongate ; the first abscissa of radius more than twice the
length of the second. Ullrichi.

15 (14) Legs testaceous, with the femora infuscated ; radial cellule not

elongated; the first abscissa of radius scarcely twice the
length of the second.

16 (17) Legs reddish-testaceous; the femora lined with fuscous; the

basal abscissa of radius twice the length of the third.

Perplem.

17 (16) Legs pale testaceous ; the femora fuscous ; the joints pallid.

Crassa.

18 (1) Thorax piceous-red or reddish-testaceous (head reddish or

castaneous).

19 (20) Legs and antennae fuscous-testaceous, the femora infuscated ;

head castaneous ; abdomen broadly rufous. Caledonica.

20 (19) Legs clear yellow, the femora not infuscated.

21 (22) Head castaneous ; abdomen black, reddish at the extreme base ;

radial cellule elongate. Piceomaculata.

22 (21) Head reddish ; abdomen broadly reddish, black at apex or base.

23 (24) Length 1| mm. ; abdomen reddish, black at base ; radial cellule

elongate, narrow ; the apical abscissa of radius not distinctly
curved. Testacea.

24 (23) Length 1 mm.; abdomen black, reddish at the base; radial

cellule short, wide ; the apical abscissa of radius with a dis-
tinct rounded curve. Nigriventris.

ALLOTEIA FILICORNIS. 251

18. ALLOTRIA MACROPHADNA.
PI. XVII, fig. 5.

Xystus macrophadnus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., iii, 352.
Allotria macrophadna, Gir., Germ. Zeit., x, 130; Thorns., Oef.,
xviii, 408.

Black ; the head red, the base of antennae broadly and legs reddish
yellow; the antennas a little longer than the body, fuscous, fuscous-
testaceous in the $, which has the fourth and fifth joints curved.
Radial cellule elongated, large ; the second abscissa of radius is curved,
and more than twice the length of the first. The fringe on the wings
is close and longish ; the pubescence on the median segment and base
of abdomen moderate.

Length 1^ — If mm.

Sometimes the thorax becomes piceous.
In this species the radial cellule is longer than in
any other.

Common. Clydesdale, Manuel.
Sweden, Germany, Austria.

19. ALLOTRIA FILICORNIS.
PL XVII, fig. 7.

Allotria filicornis, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man. (4), ii,
57.

Black; the thorax in one or two specimens inclining slightly to
fuscous; the head red, the vertex castaneous; the antennae and legs
clear yellow, the former slightly infuscated towards the apex ; the base
of the abdomen red ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures pale testaceous.
Scutellum, median segment, and base of abdomen rather densely covered
with long pale hair. Antennas longer than the body, stout, the basal
two joints subequal, the third a little longer ; the fourth and fifth
longer than the others, distinctly sinuated ; the last joint not longer
than the penultimate. Radial cellule of medium size, twice longer than
broad ; the second abscissa of the radius fully one-half longer than the
second, which is twice the length of the first ; $ cubitus a mere stump ;
the spurious vein traced to the middle of the wing. $.

Length 1£ mm.

This is a larger species than basimacula, the antennse
are of a paler and clearer yellow and not dark fuscous ;
much stouter, and with the fourth and fifth joints

252 ALLOTRIA MACULICOLLTS.

thicker and more curved ; the legs are clear yellow,
not reddish-testaceous ; the abdomen is larger com-
pared to the thorax, and the radial cellule is wider.
Common in Scotland from Loch Awe to Dumfries.

20. ALLOTRIA BASIMAOULA.
PL XYIT, fig. 8.

Allotria basimacula, Cam., Fauna, 87, 18.

Black ; the head (the vertex obscured with black or dark castaneous)
and base of abdomen red ; the basal five joints of antennae and legs
yellow ; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous ; median segment and base
of abdomen densely covered with long white hair. Antennae a little
longer than the body, stout ; the fourth joint longer than either the
third or fifth ; last joint about one-fourth longer than penultimate.
Radial cellule elongated, of moderate length ; the basal abscissa scarcely
twice the length of apical and not much curved ; cubitus obsolete. ? .

The $ has the antennae longer, and with the fourth and fifth joints
slightly curved and thickened, the third shorter than the fourth ; the
femora are darker, the yellow being suffused with fuscous.

Length scarcely 1 mm.

May be known from A. filicornis by its smaller size,
by the thicker antennae, which become perceptibly
thickened towards the apex, and by the narrower radial
cellule. The d has the antennae shorter, and has the
third joint shorter than the fourth.

Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Mugdoch, near Glasgow.

21. ALLOTRIA MACULICOLLIS.
PL XVII, fig. 6.

Allotria maculicollis, Cam., Fauna of Scot., 87, 16.

Black ; head red ; antennas and legs yellow, the apex of antennae
inclining to fuscous ; a large obscure red mark on the sides of pro-
thorax ; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous ; median segment, scutellum,
and base of abdomen densely covered with longish white hair.
Antennae nearly one-fourth longer than the body, attenuate ; the last
joint compressed, longer than the penultimate ; fourth longer than
either the third or fifth. Radial cellule broad, short ; the apical branch
of the radial nervure curved, scarcely twice the length of the oblique
basal abscissa, which is hardly one-fourth longer than the cubital
branch ; cubitus scarcely reaching to the middle. Besides the reddish

ALLOTRIA ULLRIOHI. 253

mark in the centre, the prothorax is reddish -piceous along the edges,
especially on the pronotum. <$.
Length 1*5 mm.

Nearly related to macrophadna, but easily known
by the much shorter radial cellule, by the reddish pro-
thorax, and by the entirely yellow antennae.

New Galloway.

22. ALLOTRIA ULLRIOHI.
PL XVII, fig. 10.

Allotria Ullrichi, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x, 130.

Black ; the face, joints one to five of the antennae and legs reddish-tes-
taceous. Antennae filiform, not thickened towards the apex, longer than
the body ; the pubescence on the median segment and base of abdomen
dense ; the third joint of the antennae a little longer than the fourth,
the last sharply conical at the apex, and one-half longer than the penul-
timate. Radial cellule wide ; the second abscissa of the radius two and
a half times the length of the second ; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous.
The cf is similar ; none of the antennal joints are curved.

Length 1 mm.

Apart from the legs being of one colour, this species
may be known from perplexa by the antennae being
longer, more filiform, and not thickened towards the
apex. A. obscurata, Htg. (Germ. Zeits., ii, p. 204), is
a closely allied species, but is no doubt different, it
having the antennae subclavate, the wings " obscu-
rantis," and the nervures black. In Ullrichi the base
of the abdomen is sometimes reddish.

I am not quite sure about this species being A.
Ullrichi, Giraud's description being rather short :
Nigra, nitida ; ore, antennarum basi pedibusque rufo-
testaceis. Cellula radialis elongata, $ . Long. 1 mm.
The wing nervures are described as reddish. Our
species agrees with that description fairly well.

Common. Clydesdale, Dumfries.

Austria.

254

ALLOTRIA CEASSA.

23. ALLOTEIA PERPLEXA.
PI. XIV, fig. 4.

Allotria perplexa, Cam., Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Man. (4), ii,
59.

Black ; joints one to five of the antennas and legs testaceous, the
femora broadly black or infuscated in the middle ; wings hyaline, the
nervures pale fuscous. Antennae as long as the body, distinctly thickened
towards the apex ; the third joint one-fourth longer than the fourth ;
the last one-half longer than the penultimate. Radial cellule moderate,
broad, the first abscissa half the length of the second, which is a little
more than twice the length of the third ; the third abscissa slightly
curved ; the hair on median segment and base of abdomen very dense.

The c? has the antennae filiform, longer than the body, the third
joint longer than the fourth, curved.

Length 1£ mm.

There are two described species with darkened
femora and testaceous tibise and tarsi, as in perplexa
and crassa, namely, A. aperta (Germ. Zeits., iii, p. 353)
and A.fuscipes, Thorns. (Oef.,xviii, 410) ; but both differ
from perplexa and crassa in having the antennae shorter,
fuscipes having them scarcely longer than the thorax,
and aperta almost shorter than the thorax.

Common. Bonar Bridge, Sutherlandshire ; Clydes-
dale.

24. ALLOTRIA CRASSA.
PL XIY, fig. 6.

Allotria crassa, Cam., Mem. Lit. Phil. Man. (4), ii, 59.

Black, the scape fuscous ; joints two to five of antennae, the apex of
femora and tibise more or less, and the tarsi, testaceous ; the remainder
of the legs fuscous ; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Radial cellule
elongated, narrow ; the basal abscissa of the radius about one-third of
the length of the second ; cubitus short, obscure. Antennae as long as
the body, thickened towards the apex ; the third joint one-half longer
than the fourth, the last a little longer than the penultimate.

What is probably the male has the antennas filiform, longer than the
body, the basal three joints pale testaceous, the others dark fuscous.

Length 1 mm.

A smaller species than perplexa ; the antennae are
shorter, the head inclines to piceous in colour, the
radial cellule is more elongated, and has the second

ALLOTEIA TRAPEZOIDEA. 255

abscissa of the radius fully three times the length of
the third, the legs are pale testaceous, not reddish,
and are especially pallid at the joints.

Bonar Bridge, Sutherlandshire ; Cladich, Loch Awe,
Dumfries.

25. ALLOTRIA CITRIPES.
PL XVII, fig. 9.

Allotria citripes, Thomson, Oef., xviii, 410, 18.

Black ; the face and oral region piceous-red ; the antennae and legs
yellow ; wings hyaline, the nervures pallid yellow. The radial cellule
minute, not much longer than broad; the first abscissa of radius more
than half the length of the second ; cubitus obsolete beyond the short
stump ; the margin with a long fringe. Antennae longer than the body,
thickened very perceptibly towards the apex.

Length scarcely 1 mm.

Mull, Cladich, Loch Awe; Kenmuir Bank, near
Glasgow, Dumfries.
Sweden.

26. ALLOTRIA TRAPEZOIDEA.

Xystus trapezoideus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., iii, 352, 24.

Dull black, inclining to piceous ; the head dull red, castaneous on the
top ; the basal five joints of the antennae and legs yellow ; wings hya-
line, the nervures thick, pallid yellow. Antennas a little longer than the
body, becoming gradually but distinctly thickened towards the apex,
the third joint a little longer than the fourth ; wings thickly pilose, the
fringe long ; radial cellule small, one-half longer than broad ; the
second abscissa of radius straight, three-fourths of the length of the
third, which is distinctly curved, especially towards the apex ; cubitus
a short but distinct stump. The wings are longer than the body ; the
median segment and base of abdomen moderately pilose ; the tips of
the tarsi blackish.

Length f mm.

There is no doubt, I think, that this species is dis-
tinct from citripes, it being somewhat smaller than it
and less stout ; the apical three-fourths of the antennae
distinctly blackish ; the colour of the legs has a

256 ALLOTRIA NIGRIVENTR1S.

marked reddish hue, not clear citron-yellow ; the radial
cellule is wider and not quite so long, and the third
abscissa of the radius is much more distinctly curved.
Hartig describes the oral region, antennae, legs, and
alarnervures as " obscure castaneous-red," our species
thus differing in having the antennae of two colours.

Rare. Gloucestershire.

Continental distribution : Germany.

27. ALLOTRIA OASTANEA.

Xystus castaneus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., ii, 351 and 352, 19.

Castaneous-red ; joints 1 — 6 of antennae and legs clear yellow, the
apical joints of antennae fuscous ; the apical half of the abdomen
blackish ; wings hyaline, the nervures pale yellow. Antennas rather
stout, longer than the body ; the third joint a little longer than the
fourth, neither it nor the fourth being curved. Radial cellule elongate,
more than twice longer than broad ; the nervures pale.

Length 1| mm.

This is a larger and stouter insect than Galedonica
and piceomaculata. Piceomaculata has the head casta-
neous, and the thorax has not the clear testaceous-red
of castanea ; the antennae are much blacker, and the
abdomen is only reddish at the base, while in castanea
the abdomen is red, black only at the extreme apex.
The infuscated legs of Caledonica with the much
shorter radial cellule sufficiently distinguish it.

Rare.

Germany.

28. ALLOTRIA NIGRIVENTRIS.
PI. XVII, fig. 4.

Allotria nigriventris, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 409, 13.

Bufo-testaceous, the thorax tinged with piceous ; the antennae
yellowish-testaceous, infuscated towards the apex; the legs clear
yellow ; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous. Antennae longer than the

ALLOTRIA CALEDONICA. 257

body, the fourth and fifth joints curved. Radial cellule small, twice as
long as wide; the basal abscissa of radius half the length of the
second, which is curved ; cubitus very faintly traced for half the length
of the wing ; fringe moderately thick. $ .
Length scarcely 1 mm.

Comes near to piceomaculata, but the head is
reddish-testaceous ; the thorax is lighter in tint ; the
antennae are only infuscated towards the apex, not dark
fuscous ; the radial cellule is much shorter and wider in
proportion to its length, the apical abscissa of the
radius being not twice the length of the second, and
more distinctly curved.

Rare. Mugdoch Wood, near Glasgow.

Sweden.

29. ALLOTRIA CALEDONICA.
PL XVII, fig. 2.

Allotria caledonica, Cam , Fauna, 88, 24.

Castaneous, the apex of abdomen black ; legs obscure pallid testa-
ceous, the femora darker coloured ; antennae pallid yellow, infuscated
at base and towards the apical half; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous
Antennae as long as the body, stout, thickened towards the apex ;
the third joint a little longer than the fourth ; the last longer than the
penultimate, and slightly thinner than it. Radial cellule short, broad,
about one-half longer than broad ; apical abscissa roundly curved, one-
half longer than the second.

Length nearly 1 mm.

This is the smallest species with castaneous head
and thorax, and is easily known by the legs being
castaneous, those with piceomaculata, &c., being clear
yellow. The European A. castanea is longer, has the
radial cellule more elongated, the base of the antennas
and legs yellowish-red, the thorax is not entirely cas-
taneous, the pro- and median segment being red.

Mugdoch, near Glasgow, July 27th.

VOL. m. 17

258 ALLOTEIA BRACHYPTERA.

30. ALLOTRIA PIOEOMACTJLATA.
PL XVII, fig. 3.

Allotria piceomaculata, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 367.

Head and thorax piceous ; abdomen black ; pleurae dark ferruginous ;
antennae black, the base testaceous ; legs yellow ; wings hyaline, ner-
vures fuscous ; radial cellule twice as long as broad ; cubitus extending
beyond the middle. Antennae longer than the body, not much thickened
towards the apex ; the third joint nearly twice the length of fourth.

Length 1 mm.

A somewhat larger species than caledonica, with
which it agrees in the coloration of the head and
thorax, except that the head has the vertex darker;
the antennaB are longer and stouter, and have the apical
eight joints dark fuscous, the basal being clear yellow ;
the legs are also clear yellow, the abdomen is reddish
only at the extreme base, and the radial cellule is more
elongated.

Rare. Dumfries.

2, Wings abbreviated.

31. ALLOTRIA BBAOHYPTERA.
PL XV, fig. 2.

Xystus brachypterus, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 200.
Allotria brachyptera, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x.} 131 ;
Thorns., Oef., xviii, 410.

Black ; the thorax inclining to piceous, the head reddish-testaceous,
castaneous on vertex ; antennae and legs yellowish, tinged with testa-
ceous, the former sometimes infuscated towards the apex ; tips of tarsi
black. Wings hyaline, abbreviated, seldom reaching before the apex
of the abdomen, the nervures fuscous ; radial cellule short, the first
abscissa of radius about three-fourths of the length of the second, which
is but slightly curved; fringe minute.

The <J ^as tne antennae longer than the body ; the fourth and fifth
joints are curved.

Length | — 1 mm.

The thorax varies from pure black through piceous
to testaceous.

ALLOTRIA HALTERATA. 259

Commonly distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

32. ALLOTKIA HALTERATA.
PL XV, fig. 1.

Allotria halterata, Thorns., Oef., xviii, 410 ; Cam., Fauna, 88, 25.

Reddish-yellow ; abdomen black, the legs yellowish testaceous ; the
antennae testaceous, sometimes infuscated towards the apex. Antennae
a little longer than the body, but slightly thickened towards the apex ;
the third joint longer than the fourth. Wings abbreviated, shorter than
the thorax. $ .

Length 1| mm.

Not common. Near Glasgow.
Sweden.

The following British species are doubtful :

Cynips amygdali, Buckton, bred from Aphis amyg-
dali. " Body wholly shining black. Antennae pilose,
with fourteen joints, each after the third slightly in-
creasing in size, the last apical joint the longest.
Thorax robust. Abdomen semiglobose, the last ring
furnished with an obtuse ovipositor. Wings rounded,
the upper wing having only one closed costal cell.
Tibiae armed with a strong spur ; tarsi hairy and six-
jointed [sic~\ " (British Aphides, ii, p. 150, pi. Ixxiii,
fig. 6). Neither from the figure nor from the de-
scription can I make out to what genus this species
belongs.

Curtis describes two species :

Cynips quercus-inferus, L. ? Pitch colour, shining,
head and thorax rugose, antennae and mouth bright
rust colour ; the antennae fourteen- jointed, wings
iridescent, with pale reddish-brown nervures, having
an elongate trigonate cellule on the margin, with an

260 IBALIA.

indistinct minute areolet on its inner angle ; legs
ochreous. Length 1^, alar exp. 3 lines.

In Morton's Cycl. of Agric., where this species is
described, it is stated to have been bred from aphides,
and also that it originates " globular red excres-
cences upon oak leaves.'5 There is an evident mixture
of species here. The head and thorax being rugose,
hardly fits Allotria. Curtis compares it with Allotria
fulviceps.

Cynips fulviceps (B. E., pi. 688). Glossy black,
antennae longish, thirteen- jointed, fuscous, ochreous
at base; head and legs bright ochreous ; wings irides-
cent, nervures bright brown; areolet none. Length
^ line ; alar exp. nearly 2 lines.

This is certainly an Allotria. It is stated by Hali-
day (Ent. Mag., ii, 102) to prey on the aphides of
willows, cow-parsnip, and other plants.

Sub-family IBALINA.

The characteristic features of this very distinct
group have been already given (p. 156). It contains
only one genus, namely —

IBALIA.

Ibalia, Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Ins., i, 205.

The antennae are about the length of the abdomen ;
in the ? thirteen- jointed, with the third joint not
much longer than the fourth ; in the 3 fifteen-jointed,
the third joint strongly obliquely incised. The front is
excavated in the middle, the excavation with a distinct
margin ; the occiput strongly concave ; cheeks emar-
ginate. Head and thorax strongly transversely
rugosely striolated. Pronotum raised and incised in
the middle above. Mesonotum with three longi-
tudinal furrows. Scutellum with two large, smooth

IBALIA CULTELLATOR. 261

fovese at the base ; the sides of the scutellum margined ;
the apex deeply incised in the middle. Hind coxae
wide apart ; the hind femora stout, somewhat curved,
narrowed at base and apex. The spiracle in the last
abdominal segment large, distinct. Wings glabrous.

1. IBALIA CULTELLATOR.
PL XIV, fig. 7, ? ; 11, abdomen.

Ibalia cultellator, Latreille, Hist. Nat. de Crust, et des Ins., i,
205, pi. 100, f. 5 ; Curtis, B. E., 22 ; Htg.,
Germs. Zeit., ii, 203; Giraud, Verb. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, x, 175; Thorns., Oef., xviii,
405.

Black; the abdomen ferruginous; wings hyaline, with a smoky tinge
from the first cubital cellule, the nervures black. Pleurae in front
finely striated, the rest impunctate, shining ; the lower part excavated.
<$ and ? .

Length 12 — 12*5 mm.

Very rare. A parasite on Sir ex. I believe the
species has not been found in this country since the
time of Curtis.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy, Levant.

ADDITIONS AND COERECTIONS.

Page 56, twenty-third line from top, add PI. I, fig. 8 <^.

„ 63, second line from top, for PI. IV, fig. 8, read Vol. II, PI. XI,

fig. 8.
„ 106, twenty-second line from top, after Pamphilius pallipes, add

PI. Ill, fig. 2.
„ 108, twenty- seventh line from top, after Pamphilius hortorum ,

add PI. Ill, fig. 1.

„ 117, third line from top, for PI. Ill, fig. 30, read PL III, fig. 10.
„ 164, second „ „ PI. VI, fig. 1, „ PI. VII, fig. 8.

„ 200, „ „ after fig. 5, add fig. 4, var. similis.

INDEX TO VOL. III.

Synonyms are printed in italics. Generic names in large type.

ABIA, 28, 29
senea, 34
aurulenta, 32
Ufida, 34
brevicornis, 31
candens, 30, 33
dorsalis, 31
fasciata, 30, 36, vol. i, pi. x,

fig. 3 ; vol. ii, fig. 4, pi. xiii,

fig. 1

fulgens, 32
lonicerse, 34
nigricornis, 30, 34
nitens, 31
sericea, 30, 31, vol. ii, pi. v, fig.

5 ; vol. ii, pi. xi, fig. 9
splendida, 31
ABIIDES, 27
Acanthocnema, 90
ACORDULCERA, 4
ADIERIS, 195

, 178, 179

armata, 185, pi. vi, fig. 2
bicolorata, 180, 182, pi. vi,

fig. 5

Dalmani, 183
fumipennis, 180, 184, pi. vii,

fig. 1

nitidula, 179, 180, pi. iv, fig. 9
ruficornis, 179, 181, pi. vi,

fig. 8

rufipes, 180, 183, pi. vi, fig. 7
rugicollis, 183
scotica, 180, pi. vi, f.g. 3
spinigera, 186

striolata, 179, 181, pi. vi,fig. 4
subulifera, 180, 184, pi. vi, fig. 6
AGATHIS, 145
AGLAOTOMA, 195
AGROSCOPA, 194

helgolandica, 194
ALLOTRIA, 235, 238

ancylocera, 239, 246, pi. xvi,

fig. 7

aperta, 254
basimacula, 250, 252, pi. xvii,

fig. 8
brachyptera, 234, 258, pi. xv,

fig. 2

brevis, 247
caledonica, 250, 257, pi. xvii,

fig. 2

castanea, 233, 256, 257
circumscripta, 233, 239, 242,

pi. xvi, fig. 4

citripes,250, 255, pi. xvii, fig. 9
collina, 239, 247, pi. xvi, fig. 10
crassa, 250, 254, pi. xiv, fig. 6
cursor, 249
curvicornis, 239, 245, pi. xvi,

fig. 8
dolichocera, 239, 246, pi. xvi,

fig. 9

erythrocephala, 234, 242
erythrothorax, 233
filicornis, 250, 251, pi. xvii,

fig. 7
flavicornis, 233, 239, 241, pi.

xvi, fig. 1
forticornis, 233
fulviceps, 260

264

INDEX TO VOL. III.

ALLOTRIA

fuscipes, 254

halterata, 259, pi. xv, fig. 1

heterocera, 234

longicornis, 234, 239, 244, pi.

xvi, fig. 6
longipennis, 240
macrophadna, 250, 251, pi.

xvii, fig. 5
maculicollis, 250, 252, pi. xvii,

fig. 6
megaptera, 238, 239, pi. xv,

fig. 7

melanogaster, 234, 239
microcera, 248, pi. xiv, fig. 5
minuta, 234, 239, 244, pi. xvi,

fig. 5
Mullensis, 239, 247, pi. xvii,

fig. 1
nigriventris, 250, 256, pi. xvii,

fig. 4

obscurata, 234, 253
pedestris, 234, 249, pi. xv, fig. 3
perplexa, 250, 254, pi. xiv, fig. 4
piceomaculata, 250, 258, pi.

xvii, fig. 3
pilipennis, 234

pleuralis, 238, 240, pi. xv, fig. 8
postica, 234, 239
pusillima, 234

ruficeps, 239, 241, pi. xv, fig. 9
ruficollis, 239, 241, pi. xv,

fig. 10
salicis, 237

testacea, 234, 237, 250
trapezoidea, 250, 255
Tscheki,234, 239, 243, pi. xvi,

fig. 3
Ullrichi, 250, 253, pi. xvii, fig.

10

victrix, 239, 242, pi. xvi, fig. 2
ALLOTBINA, 153, 157, 230
Allotrioidse, 153
Alloxysta, 235, 238, 249

rufa, 236
AMASIS, 28, 43

cvassicornis, 45 ; vol. ii, pi. v,

fig. 6

jurinse, 45
fata, 45
obscura, 45, 46
AMBLYNOTUS, 158, 164

femoralis, 166, pi. viii, fig. 2

longitarsis, 166

opacus, 165, pi. viii, fig. 1

Amphithectus, 167

Dahlbomi, 168
ANACHARIDES, 158, 178
ANACHARIS, 153

ensifera, 189, 190, pi. vii, fig. 4

eucharoides, 188, 189, pi. vii,

fig. 3
fumipennis, 184

immunis, 187, 190, pi. vii, fig. 5

rufipes, 183

Staegeri, 190

tincta, 188

typica, 187, 189, pi. vii, fig. 2
ANECTOCLIS, 195

indagatrix, 195
ANOLYTUS, 158, 173

rufipes, 174, pi. vii, fig. 7
APHIDIVORES, 154
APHILOPTERA, 194

— anisomera, 194
APHYOPTERA, 194

inustipennis, 194
APISTOPHYZA, 194, 213

microptera, 214
Arge, 48

ciliaris, 51

ustulata, 59
ASPICERA, 146

ediogaster, 177
Astatus, 114

pygmseus, 122

satyrus, 117

spinipes, 122

tabidus, 120

troglodytus, 121
AULAX

rhceadis, 156

B.

Banchus, 114

spinipes, 122
viridator, 122
BLASTICOTOMA, 109
BRACONID^E, 142, 145

C.

CALLASPIDIA, 175

De Fonscolombei, 177
Dufouri, 177
ligurica, 151
Westwoodi, 177

INDEX TO VOL. III.

265

CAMPTOBRIUM, 113
Cephalcia, 90

betul&e, 99
Cephaleia, 90
CEPHALOCERA, 4
CEPHID.E, 112
CEPHUS, 114

abdominalis, 112

arundinis, 119, vol. ii, pi. vii,
fig. 3

atripes, 122

compressus, 112

cultrarius, 120

cynosbati, 115

faunus, 117

femoratus, 112, 115, vol. ii, pi.
vii, fig. 1, a — c ; vol. in, pi. iii,
fig. 3; pi. iv, fig. 9

immaculatus, 120

integer, 112

leskii, 122

linearis, 112, 116, 117, vol. ii,
pi. vii, fig. 2 ; vol. iii, pi. iii,
fig. 10

mandibularis, 120

niger, 118, 121

pallipes, 119

phthisicus, 112, 118, 120, pi.
iii, figs. 7 and 8

pusillus, 118, 123, pi. iii, fig. 6

pygmseus, 118, 122, pi. iii,
figs. 4, 5 ; pi. iv, fig. 8

quadricinctus, 119

quinquefasciatus, 117

satyrus, 116, 117

tabidus, 118, 120, pi. iii, fig. 9

xanthostoma, 112
CEROPTRES, 150

arator, 150

cerri, 150
Chalcididse, 142
Charips

microcera, 248
CHRESTOSEMA, 195

erythropa, 195
CIMBEX, 5, 141

senea, 34

amerinse, 26

annulata, 13

axillaris, 16

betulse, 9

betuleti, 24

biguetina, 9

brevispina, 13

connata, 8, 11

CIMBEX

cratsegi, 24

decemmaculata, 11

europsea, 9

fagi, 9

fasciata, 36

femorata, 9, 13

Grffinii, 13

Humboldtii, 11

humeralis, 8, 16

italica, 46

jurinse, 45

Iseta, 45

lateralis, 23

lucorum, 23

lunulatus, 13

lutea, 8, 9, 13, vol. ii, pi. xii,

fig. 6
luteola, 13
macuiata, 11
pattens, 15
pallida, 11
obscura, 46
oliveiri, 45
ornata, 11
saliceti, 13
scapular is, 16
Schae/eri, 13
sericea, 31
siberica, 9
sorfii, 21
sylvarum, 8, 9, vol. ii, pi. v, fig.

1 ; vol. ii, pi. xii, fig. 3
sylvatica, 45
tristis, 9
variabilis, 7, 13

var. femorata, 9
varians, 9
violascens, 11
vitellinse, 19

ClMBICIDES, 4
ClMBICINA, 1

distribution of, 3
CLADOMACRA, 72
Classification (of Cynipidse), 152
CLAVELLARIA, 5, 25

amerinse, 26, vol. ii, pi. v, fig. 3;
vol. ii, pi. xii, fig. 4

marginata, 26
COTHONASPIS, 194, 214

Boienii, 207

clavipes, 206

codrinus, 195

cubitalis, 204

diaphanus, 211

266

INDEX TO VOL. III.

COTHONASPIS, 194

eucerus, 206

gracilis, 215

heptomus, 206

heterogena, 216

hexatomus, 213

incrassatus, 194

longicornis, 198

longipes, 194

maculatus, 208

micropterus, 214

niger, 218

pentatoma, 215, pi. xi, fig. 9

pusillus, 215

scutellaris, 209

tristis, 206

villosus, 215
CRABRO, 5, 141

humeralis, 16

maculatus, 11
CRYPTOGASTRI, 155
Cryptus, 66

angelicde, 68

furcatus, 68

pallipes, 67

segmentarius, 59
CYNIPID^;, 140
Cynipidas (Walsh), 154
Cynipina (Cam.), 157
Cynipina}, 155
CYNIPS, 140

amgydali, 259

ediogaster, 176

erythrocephala, 243

eucharoides, 189

fulviceps, 260

nitidula, 180

pedestris, 249

petiolata, 190

quercus-inferus, 259

rosaB, 140

ruficeps, 242

scutellaris, 160
Cyphona, 66

angelica, 68

gemmata, 67

D.

DECAMERIA, 124
DERECYRTA, 127
DIASTROPHUS

aphidivorus, 156
Diceerea, 169

DlDECTYUM

zigzag, 192

DlGLYPHOSEMA, 193

Eupatorii, 193
Diplolepis, 140
Diprion, 73
DISORGYMA, 193

divulgata, 193
DYLITA, 235, 249

E.

ECTOLYTA, 194

EPISODA, 194

zanthoneura, 194
ERISPHAGIA, 194
EUCOELA, 195, 196

albipennis, 203, 212

basalis, 200

bicolor, 221

Boienii, 207, pi. x, fig. 3

ciliaris, 204, pi. xii, fig. 2

codrina, 191

crassicornis, 209, 210, pi. xii,

fig. 4
crassinerva, 207, 208, pi. x,

fig. 4

cubitalis, 204, pi. xii, fig. 1
curta, 194
depillis, 194

diaphana, 209, 211, pi. x, fig. 7
emarginata, 191
erythrocera, 202
erythropa, 195

erythropoda, 202, pi. ix, fig. 10
filicornis, 195
floralis, 204

fortinervis, 203, pi. ix, fig. 9
fovealis, 206

glottiana, 201, pi. ix, fig. 7
gracilicornis, 197, 199, pi. ix,

fig. 6

gracilis, 198
Guerini, 208

heptoma, 206, pi. xi, figs. 4, 5
hexatoma, 213, pi. xi, fig. 8
longicornis, 197, 198, pi. ix,

fig. 1

maculata, 208

mandibularis, 200, pi. ix, fig. 5
Marshalli, 197, 198, pi. ix,

fig. 2

melanoptera, 191, 195
microptera, 194
minuta, 151, 191
monileata, 191
nigra, 191

INDEX TO VOL. III.

267

EUCOELA

nigricornis, 209, 211, pi. x,

fig. 9

nodosa, 206

proxima, 197, 201, pi. ix, fig. 8
rapae, 191, 209, pi. x, figs. 5

and 6
retusa, 191
ruficornis, 221
rufula, 197, pi. ix, fig. 3
scotica, 202, 205, pi. xii, fig. 3
similis, 200
spinosa, 191
syrphi, 208
testaceipes, 209, 212, pi. x,

fig. 8

tetratoma, 191
trichopsila, 204
tritoma, 195
IUCOELID^E, 152
IUCOELINA, 157, 191

lUCOELOID^, 153
)UTRIAS, 195
EUURA

pentandrae, 238
Evania

ediogaster, 176

F.

'IGITES, 158, 159
abnormis, 159
agaricolarum, 159
anthomyiarum, 159, 161, pi.

viii, fig. 5
apicalis, 161
consobrinus, 159, 160, pi. viii,

fig. 4

coriacea, 163
fovealis, 206
foveator, 209
fulvipes, 161
fuscinervis, 163
heteropterus, 171
Isevigata, 161, 164
larvarum, 163
maculipennis, 172
mandibularis, 200
melanoptera, 195
nigra, 191

nitens, 159, 163, pi. viii, fig. 6
politus, 164
scutellaris, 159, 160, pi. viii,

fig. 3

striolatus, 161
subapterus, 231

FlGITES

urticarum, 164
urticeti, 171

FlGITID^E, 152

FIGITIDJE (Walsh), 154
FIGITIDES, 152, 154, 158
FIGITINA, 153, 157

FlGITINjE, 155
FlGITOID^, 153

G.

GALLIOOLES, 154
GANASPIS, 195

mundata, 195
GLATJRASPIDIA, 194, 213

microptera, 214, pi. xiv, fig. 1
GLYPTOXYSTA, 235
GRONOTOMA, 193

sculpurata, 193
GYMNOGASTRI, 155

H.

Hemichrisis, 235
Heptameris, 194, 216, 230
Hexacola, 194, 229
Hexaplasta, 196
Hobonotus

camelus, 130

dromedarius, 129
Homolaspis

biusta, 174
Homorus, 159
Hybonotus, 126
HYLOTOMA, 48

abdominalis, 62

albicrux, 59

amethystina, 55

angelicse, 68

atrata, 49, 59, pi. i, fig. 10;
pi. iv, fig. 3

atrata, Br. and Zad., 51, 59

atroccerulea, 55

ciliaris, 49, 54, pi. i, fig. 9 ; pi.
iv, fig. 2

claripennis, 56

coerulea, 54

cceruleipennis, 49, 50, pi. i, fig.
5 ; pi. iv, fig. 1

ccerulescens, 65

corusca, 58

costata, 67

cyanella, 50, 52

cyanocrocea, 49, 64, 65, pi. i,
fig. 2

dimidiata, 65

268

INDEX TO VOL. III.

HYLOTOMA
discus, 59
dorsata, 75, 78
dubia, 61

enodis, 49, 51, pi. i, fig. 6
enodis, Lep., 50
expansa, 57
femoralis, 65
flaviventris, 61
furcata, 68
fuscipennis, 62
fuscipes, 49, 55, pi. iv, fig. 4
geminata, 67

gracilicornis, 52, pi. i, fig. 7
Klugii, 59
Leachii, 56
melanochra, 49, 65, pi. i, fig. 3,

metallica, 58

pagana, 49, 61, pi. i, fig. 1

pallipes, 83

pilicornis, 52

pini, 78

pullata, 52

rosse, 49, 63, vol. ii, pi. xi, fig.

8 ; vol. iii, pi. i, fig. 4
rosarum, 63
saliceti, 59
segmentaria, 59
similis, 61, 65
Stephensii, 49, 61
Thomsoni, 60
ustulata, 49, 56, vol. ii, pi. v,

fig. 7 ; pi. x, fig. 3 ; vol. iii,

pi. iv, fig. 5
violacea, 50
violacea, Kl., 55
vulgaris, 50
HYLOTOMIDES, 48
HYLOTOMINA, 47
HYPOLETHRIA, 195

I.

IBALIA, 151,260

cultellator, 261, pi. xiv, figs. 7

and 11

IBALID^, 152
IBALIDES, 152
IBALINA, 260
iBALiN-ffi (Cam.), 156, 157
Ibalinide, 155
Ichneumon

camelus, 130

gigas, 135

Ichneumon

juvencus, 136
ICHNEUMONID.E, 142
IDIOMORPHA, 194

melanocera, 194
INQUILIN.E, 152, 155

J.

JANUS, 114, 115
connectus, 115

K.

KLEDITOMA, 194, 216
affinis. 223, 224
albipennis, Cam., 228
bicolor, 221
brevicornis, 222
caledpnica, 219, 222
crassiclava, 219, pi. xiii, fig. 8
dolichocera, 223, pi. xiii, fig. 1
elegans, 225, 227, pi. xii, fig. 8
filicovnis, 219, 221, pi. xiv, fig. 3
geniculata, 221
gracilicornis, 223, 225, pi. xiii,

fig. 5

halophila,231, 232, pi. xi, fig. 3
longicornis, 219, 220, pi. xiii,

fig. 9
longipennis, 225, 228, pi. xii,

fig. 8

maritima, 231
Marshalli, 219, 220, pi. xiii,

fig. 10

melanopoda, 230, pi. x, fig. 10
nigra, 217, 218, pi. xiii, fig. 7
nigripes, 217, 218, pi. xiii, fig. 6
pentatoma, 225, 228, pi. xii,

figs. 6 and 7

picicrux, 229, pi. xi, fig. 8
picipes, 225, 226, pi. xii, fig. 10
psiloides, 219, 221, pi. x, fig. 2
pygmasa, 230, pi. xii, fig. 5
ruficornis, 221

striata, 225, 226, pi. xiii, fig. 3
striaticollis, 219, 222
subaptera, 231, pi. xi, figs. 1, 2
tetratoma, 223, 224, pi. xiii,

fig. 4
truncata,225, 227, pi. xiii, fig. 2

LABOCERAS, 4
LEPTOPHILINA, 194
LONCHIDIA, 158, 172

INDEX TO VOL. III.

269

LONCHIDIA |

clavicornis, 173, pi. viii, fig. 10
lissonata, 172

maculipennis,172, pi. viii, fig. 9
LOPHYRINA, 70

LOPHYROIDES, 71, 113

LOPHYRUS, 73

dorsatus, 75, vol. ii, pi. xii,

fig. 9

elongatulus, 83
fratetorum, Fab., 78
frutetorum, Thorns., 77
minor, 75
pallidus, 75
pallipes, 73, 83, vol. ii, pi. vi,

% 2
picese, 81
pini, 73, 78, vol. ii, pi. vi, fig. 1,

a — e ; pi. xii, figs. 7 and 11
rufus, 81
sertiferus, 73, 81, pi. ii, figs. 2,

3 ; pi. v, figs. 4, 5
variegatus, 73, 77, pi. ii, fig. 5
virens, 73, 74, pi. ii, fig. 4
LYDA, 90

albifrons, 97
albopicta, 105
arbustorum, 104
aurita, 99
balteata, 108
betulse. 99
cingulata, 108
clypeata, 97
depressa, 105
erythrocephala, 93
fallax, 101
fasciata, 97
flavipes, 106
flaviventris, 97
fulvipennis, 97, 100
hortorum, 108
inanis, 101
inanita, 101
nemoralis, 94
nemorum, 100
pallipes, 106
populi, 94
pratensis, 94
^7/ri, 97
steZZafo, 94
stigma. 100
stramineipes, 104
fitt/wsa, 108
sylvarum, 98
sylvatica, 97, 100

LYDA

vafra, 105
variegata, 100

M.

MACROXYELA, 109
MEGALODONTES, 85

cephalotes, 87, 88

Klugii, 87

plagiocephalus, 87, 88, vol. ii,

pi. vi, fig. 10
MEGAPELMOID^J, 153
Megapelmus

rufiventris, 190

speciformis, 189
MELANIPS, 158, 169

canaliculatus, 168

femoralis, 166

fumipennis, 168

opacus, 165

speciformis, 189

urticeti, 171, pi. vi, fig. 1, a
Melanips (Foer.), 164
Melanips (Gir.) (Sarothrus), 167
Melanips (Hal.), 164

MlCROSTILBA, 194, 215

bidentata, 216

bistriata, 216

heterogena, 216, pj. x, fig. 1
MIOMCERA, 194

aberrans, 194
MONOCTENUS, 70, 72

NEDINOPTERA, 194
NEMATUS

fallax, 96

gallicola, 245

Vallisnieri, 151
Nephycta, 235, 238

O.
ONYCHIA, 175

nigripes, 177

notata, 177

Westwoodi, 177, pi. vii, fig. 6
ONYCHIDES, 158, 174
ONYOHIOID^, 153
Ophion

abbreviator, 160
ORYSSID^E, 137
ORYSSUS, 139

abietinus, 139

albopunctatus, 139

270

INDEX TO VOL. III.

OBYSSUS

coronatus, 139

vespertilio, 139
OXYURA, 142

p.

PACHYLOSTICTA, 2, 28
PACHYLOTA, 47
PAMPHTLINA, 84
PAMPHILIUS, 90

arbustorum, 104, vol. ii, pi. vi,
fig. 7 a

betulse, 99, pi. ii; fig. 8

cingulatus, 108

depressus, 104, 105, vol. ii, pi.
vi, fig. 8 ; vol. iii, pi. ii, figs.
9 and 10

var. albopictus, 105

erythrocephalus, 93, vol. ii, pi.
vi, figs. 3, 3 a

flaviceps, 93

flaviventris, 97, vol.ii,pl. xxvii,
fig. 9 a, b; pi. vi, fig. 5; pi.
xii, fig. 12 a, c

hortorum, 104, 108

inanitus, 101, vol. ii, pi. vi, fig.
6 a, b ; pi. xii, fig. 13

latifrons, 107

maculosus, 107

pallipes, 104, 106

punctatus, 96

stellatus, 94, pi. ii, figs. 6 and 7

sylvarum, 98, vol. ii, pi. vi, fig. 4

sylvaticus, 100, pi. iv, fig. 7
PARASITIC^, 152
PENTACRITA, 194
PERGA, 3
PERREYIA, 71
Pezophycta, 235, 238, 249
PH^ENOGLYPHIS, 235

forticornis, 236, 237, pi. xv,
fig. 5

salicis, 236, 237, pi. xv, fig. 6

xanthochroa, 236, pi. xv, fig. 4
Phyllcecus, 114, 116

faunus, 115, 117

integer, 112
PIEZOBRIA, 195

bicuspidata, 195

PlLINOTHRIX, 195

designata, 195
Pinicola, 110

Mii, 111
PLAGIOCERA, 2, 28

POLYCLONUS, 72
PSICHACRA, 195

Dalei, 197

longicornis, 143

Marshalli, 198
PSILODORA, 195, 207
Psilogaster, 159

heteropterus, 171

nitens, 163

striolatus, 161

tibialis, 160
PTERYGOPHORUS, 71
Ptilia

pilicornis, 52
PYCNOTRICHIA, 158, 163

urticarum, 164, pi. vi, fig. 1

E.

BHODITES

eglanterise, 149

ros8B, 150

RHOPTROMERIS, 195, 206
EHYNCHACIS, 194, 216

nigra, 218

S.

SAROTHRUS, 158, 167

areolatus, 168, pi. viii, fig. 8
canaliculatus, 168, pi. viii, fig. 7

Schizocera, 66

Schizocere, 66

SCHIZOCERIDES, 48

SCHIZOCERA, 66

furcata, 68, vol. ii, pi. v, fig. 9

geminata, 67, pi. ii, fig. 1

pallipes, 67
Scytodes, 164

opacus, 165
SERICOCERA, 67
SIREX, 130, 151

abietina, 139

albicornis, 134

augur, 135

bizonatus, 134

camelus, 130

cyanus, 134

dromedarius, 129

duplex, 134

fantoma, 135

flavicornis, 134

fuscicornis, 134

gigas, 135, vol. ii, pi. vii, fig.
6, a—/; vol. iii, pi. iv, fig.
12, a— h

hungaricus, 135

INDEX TO VOL. III.

271

SlREX

juvencus, 134, 136
magnus, 134
marisca, 135
melanocerus, 135, 136
niger, 121
nigricornis, 134
noctilio, 136
psyllius, 135
pygm&us, 122
spectrum, 134
Stephensii, 134
tabidus, 120
troglodyta, 121
vespertilio, 139
, 124

SlRICINA, 126

Spliex

abietina, 139

vespertilio, 139
SYNASPIS, 178
Synergi, 143
SYZGONIA, 4

T.

85

cephalotes, 88

Klugii, 87

Panzeri. 88

pectinicornis, 87

plagiocephala, 88

spissicornis, 87
TENTHREDINIDJO, 146
TENTHREDO

amerinse, 19, 26

augelicse,, 68

arbustorum, 104

atrata, 59

axillaris, 16

fcefotke, 99

bicolor, 64

cephalotes, 88

ciliaris, 54

cceruleipennis, 50

ccerulescens, 64

connata, 11

crassicornis, 45

croceipennis, 59

cyaneocrocea, 64

cynosbati, 116

depressa, 105

dorsata, 75

enodis, 51

erythrocephala, 93

fasciata, 36

TENTHREDO
femorata, 9
femorata, De G., 11
femorata, L., 13
flavipes, 56
flaviventris, 97
/wZva, 99
fulvipes, 100
furcata, 68
geminata, 67
inanita, 101
juniperi, 81
Zseta, 45
linearis, 117
longicollis, 120
longicornis, 122
lucorum, 22, 104
lucorum, West., 24
Zwtea, 13
lutescens, 97
marginata, 26
melanocephala, 68
melanochra, 65
montana, 11
nemoralis, 94
nemorum, 100
nigripeSy 55
nigriventris, 61
m^eiis, 31, 56
nitens, Deg., 56
obscura, 46
ochroptera, 56
ochropus, 63
pagana, 61
pectinata, 75
pectinata-major, 78
pectinata-rufa, 81
pilicornis, 56
pinastri, 75
pirn, 78
pratensis, 94
4M/H, 97

quadrifasciata, 26
ros«, 63
rubi-idtei, 68
rw/a, 26
sericea, 31
sertifera, 81
stellata, 94
sylvarum, 9
sylvatica, 100
taraxaci, 68
tricolor, 61
£Hs&s, 9
ustulata, 51, 55, 56

272

INDEX TO VOL. III.

TENTHEEDO

ustulata, De G.; 55

violacea, 50

vitellinse, 23

TETRARHOPTRA, 194, 216
THULIA, 4
Trachelus, 114
Tremex, 134
TRICHIOSOMA, 5, 17

betuleti, 19, 24, vol ii, pi. xii,
fig. 1

biverrucatum. 23

laterale, 19

Latreillii, 22

lucorum, 19, 22 ; vol. i, pi. x,
fig. 5 ; vol. ii, pi. xi, fig. 10

pusillum, 22

salicis, 19

Scalesii, 19, 21, vol. ii, pi. v,
fig. 2; vol. ii, pi. xii. fig. 2

sorbi, 21

sylvaticwm, 22

tibiale, 24

unidentatum, 22

vitellinse, 19, vol. i, pi. x, figs.

14 and 15
Trybliographa, 196, 208

crassicornis, 210

nigricornis, 211

testaceipes, 212
TEYSCHIZA, 159

Urocerus, 130

U.

W.

X.

Xiphidion, 126
Xiphiura, 126

XlPHYDRIA, 126

annulatus, 128

camelus, 128, 130

camelus, Fab., 129

dromedarius, 128, 129, vol. ii,
pi. vii, fig. 4, a, e\ vol. iii,
pi. iv, figs. 10 and 11

fasciata, 129
XIPHYDRINA, 126
XYELA, 110

Julii, 111, vol. ii, pi. vi, fig. 11

pusilla, 111
XYELINA, 109
XYLASPIS, 175

Isevigata, 178, 180

rugosus, 171
Xystus, 238

brachypterus, 258

castaneus, 256

circumscriptus, 243

cursor,
erythrocephalus, 242
flavicornis, 242
heterocerus, 244
longicornis, 244
macrophadnus, 251
minutus, 244
trapezoideus, 255

Wings of Cynipidse, 143, 144

Zarsea, 27, 29

fasciata, 36
Zygosis, 169

Z.

INDEX TO NAMES OF PARASITES AND HOSTS,

Agromyza, 151

abiens, 191
Aletia argillacea, 192
Anthomyia dentipes, 162

floralis, 162
Aphides, 151, 233
Aphidius, 233
Apbis aparines, 234

chenopodii, 234

ligustri, 234

of fennel, 234

of Fraxinus, 234

pini, 233

Apbis plantaginis, 234
ribis, 233
rosa3, 242
viciaB, 234

Aspidiotus rosse, 233

Blepbarigena trepida, 80

Callimone, 140

Campoplex amerinag, 27
argentatus, 11, 12, 78
carbonarius, 80
holosericus, 11, 12
pubesceus, 11, 23, 27
relectus, 80

INDEX TO VOL. III.

273

Chalcids, 140
Cryptus abscissas, 80

cimbicis, 11, 23, 25

flavilabris, 80

incertus, 80

incubitor, 11, 80

leucocheirus, 27

leucosictus, 80

leucomerus, 80

nebeculatus, 80

punctatus, 80
Diptera, 150, 151
Echinomyia fera, 191
Eristalis, 151

tenax, 191
Eulophus liylotomarum, 64

incubator, 64

lophyrorum, 80

migrator, 64
Exenterus oriolus, 78

succinctus, 80
Exetastes cimbicis, 35
Hemerobius nervosus, 151
Hemiteles areator, 80

crassiceps, 80

dispar, 11

eryngii, 78, 80
Homoptera, 150
Limneria argentata, 76, 80, 83

carinifrons, 83

larvincola, 76
Lissonota breviseta, 80
Masicera gilva, 76, 80, 83

flavoscutellata, 80

gyrophaga, 83

lophyri, 80

simulans, 80
Mesochorus areolaris, 80

cimbicis, 11, 17, 27

laricis, 78, 80

rubeculus, 76

scutellatus, 80

splendidulus, 11, 12, 17

testaceus, 27
Mesoleius evanescens, 83

rafus, 22, 24

sepulchralis, 43
Mesoleptus rufus, 11
Metopius fuscipennis, 80
Monodontomerus dentipes, 80

obsoletus, 11, 25, 80
Musca, 151

domestica, 191

Ocyptera brassicaria, 192, 210
Odynerus spiricornis, 103
Ophion mercator, 97

merdarius, 80

mixtus, 97

Pachymerus calatrator, 123
Paniscus glaucopterus, 11, 12, 17

oblongo-punctatus, 83

testaceus, 11, 94
Pemphigus bumelise, 234

gnaplialii, 234

Pezomachus cursitans, 11, 80
Phasia, sp., 191
Phora aletise, 192
Phorocera lata, 80
Phygadeuon pteronorum, 80, 83

pugnax, 82
Pimpla angens, 83

rufata,80

strigipleuris, 116
Plagia trepida, 80
Proterops nigripenms, 53
Pteromalus lugens, 80

subfumatus, 80
Sarcophaga, 151

striata, 160

Scolo bates auriculatus, 62
Scolytus rugulosus, 151, 191
Syrphus, sp., 177
Tachina, 151

bimaculata, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83

chalybeata, 191

erucastri, 80

inclusa, 78

larvarum, 80

tremula, 191
Tryphon adspersus, 76, 83

armillatorius, 97

eques, 83

impressus, 76, 78

laricis, 78

leucostictus, 75, 78

lophyrorum, 76, 78, 83

marginatorius, 83

mesoxanthus, 11

scutellatus, 75, 78

rufus, 11

sorbi, 11, 22, 25

succinctus, 75

tenthredinum, 76, 78

transiens, 75

variabilis, 76

VOL. III.

18

274

INDEX TO VOL. III.

INDEX TO PLANT NAMES.

Acer cainpestris, 128

Alder, 103, 106

Alnus glutinosa, 61

Arundo phragmites, 119

Betula alba, 10, 23, 58

Bramble, 112

Caltha palustris, 151

Carrot, aphis of, 234

Chserophyllum sylvestris, 233

Cherry, 97

Cinthamus tinctorius, aphis of,

233

Coniferse, 70
Conium maculatum, 234
Cratsegus oxyacantha, 25
Eryngium campestre, 234
Fennel, aphis of, 234
Fraxinus, aphis of, 234
Mespilus, 97
Oaks, 112

Papaver somniferuin, 233
Pear, 97, 112
Pinus pumilio, 165, 233

aphis on, 233

sylvestris, 94
Plum, 97
Poplar, 27

Populus tremula, 100
Prunus, 96

Prunus padus, 16, 101

aphis on, 233
Pyrus aucuparia, 22, 100
Quercus, 59

Ranunculus bulbosus, 46
Raphanus, 233
Reed, 112

Ribes rubrum, aphis of, 234, 243
Rosa canina, 56, 62, 63, 69

aphis on, 234
Rose, 102, 103, 104, 112
Rubus, 112

idseus, 53
Rumex acetosella, 234

acutus, 68
Salix alba, 14, 50

aurita, 15, 20, 56

caprea, 20, 100

fragilis, 14, 27, 54, 61, 66

pentandra, 238

purpurea, 52

viminalis, 20
Scabiosa succisa, 32
Sorbus (Pyrus) aucuparia, 18, 22
Spira?a ulmaria, 112
Symphoricarpus racemosus, 35
Umbelliferw, 167
Wheat, 112
Willows, 58, 112, 128, 129

PRINTED BY ADHKD ANi> SOX, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. — '-Hylotoma pagana.
Fig. 2. — Hylotoma cyaneo-crocea.
Fig. 3. — Hylotoma melanochroa.
Fig. 4. — Hylotoma rosae.
Fig. 5. — Hylotoma co&ruleipennis.
Fig. 6. — Hylotoma enodis.
Fig. 7. — Hylotoma gracilicornis.
Fig. 8. — Hylotoma ustulata <$ .
Fig. 9. — Hylotoma ciliaris.
Fig. 10. — Hylotoma atrata.

PliyUo. Hryineri.irLPlsLte 1.

W.Purkiss lith .

West.Newnrum Co.

Pliyto.Hyme-n. in. Plate 2.

lith.

&,Co.rmp.

PLATE II.

•

Fig. l.—rSchizoe&ra geminata <$ .

Fig. 2. — Lophyrus sertiferus ? .

Fig. 3. — Lophyrus sertiferus <$ .

Fig. 4. — Lophyrus virens.

Fig. 5. — Lophyrus variegatus.

Fig. 6. — Pamphilius stellatus d .

Fig. 7. — Pamphilius stellatus ?. .

Fig. 8. — Pamphilius betulde.

Fig. 9. — Pamphilius depressus.

Fig. 10.— Pamphilius „ var. albo-pictus.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. — Pamphilius hortorum.
Fig. 2. — Pamphilius pallipes.
Fig. 3. — Gephus (Janus) femoratus.
Fig. 4. — Cephus pygm&us ? .
Fig. 5. — Gephus pygm&us $ .
Fig. 6. — Gephus pusillus ? .
Fig. 7. — Gephus phthisicus ? .
Fig. 8. — Gephus phthisicus 3 .
Fig. 9. — Gephus tabidus ? .
Fig. 10. — Cephus linearis ? .

Phybo. Hyme-n.iii. Plate 3

W.Purkiss lith.

"West,Newmaji &: Go. imp.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Hylotoma coeruleipennis (after
Brischke).

Fig. 2. — Maxillary palpus of Hylotoma ciliaris.

Fig. 3. — Maxillary palpus of Hylotoma atrata.

Fig. 4. — Maxillary palpus of Hylotoma fuscipes.

Fig. 5. — Maxillary palpus of Hylotoma ustulata.

Fig. 6. — Ij&YvaofSchizoceragemmata (after Brischke).

Fig. 7. — Larva of Pamphilius sylvaticus (after
Brischke).

Fig. 8. — Larva of Cephus pygmdeus (after Curtis).

Fig. 9. — Willow twig with cocoon of Gephus femo-
ratus.

Fig. 10. — Pupa of Xiphydria dromedarius (after
Westwood) .

Fig. 11. — Larva of Xyphydria dromedarius (after
Westwood).

Figs. 12, 12 a. — Larva of Sirex gig as ; b, c, anal
segment ; d, e, sub pupa : 1, tubercles from which the
parts of the ovipositor originate; e, apex of pupa, 1,
ovipositor ; / g, mandible ; h, maxilla.

Fig. 13. — Scutellum of Cynips.

Fig. 14. — Scutellum of Figites.

Fig. 15. — Scutellum of Eucoela.

Fig. 16. — Scutellum of Onychia.

Fig. 17. — Scutellum of Aspicera.

Fig. 18. — Scutellum of Kleditoma.

Fig. 19. — Scutellum of Ibalia.

Fig. 20. — Wing of Cynips : a, b, subcostal ; c, d9
radial ; e, cubital (cubitus) ; /, median nervure.

Fig. 21 . — Wing of Synergus : 1 , humeral ; 2, median ;
4, 6, 7, cubital (6, areolet) ; 5, discoidal ; 8, posterior,
cellules.

Fig. 22. — Antennae of Synergus incassatus.

P ~hy U o . Hy m en in . P. 1 a, c, e 4.

West^Uewman Jr, Con rrcp .

Phybo. Hymen, iri. PlsL be 5.

20.

W.Purkisslith.

West, Newman Se. CO.T mp

PLATE Y.

Fig. 1. — Mandibles of Gynips.

Fig. 2. — Maxilla of Gynips.

Fig. 3. — Labial palpus of Gynips

Fig. 4. — Larva of Lophyrus sertiferus.

Fig. 5. — Cocoons of Lophyrus sertiferus*

Fig. 6. — Labium of Anacharis.

Fig. 7. — Mandibles of Anacharis.

Fig. 8. — Maxillary palpus of Anacharis.

Fig. 9. — Maxilla of Amblynotus.

Fig. 10. — Mandibles of Amblynotus.

Fig. 11. — Mandibles of Trigonopsis.

Fig. 12. — Labium of Trigonopsis.

Fig. 13. — Maxilla of Trigonopsis.

Fig. 14. — Apex of abdomen of Gynips.

Fig. 15. — Ovipositor of Dryophanta. a, apical ; c,
basal attachment of support ; b, attachment to trian-
gular plate, d, e, anterior, g, posterior plate ; /, anal
papilla ; h, sheath ; i, ovipositor.

Fig. 16. — Ovipositor of Dryophanta.

Fig. 17. — Apex of abdomen of Dryophanta foli.

Fig. 18. — Ovipositor of Dryophanta.

Fig. 19. — Ovipositor of Andricus.

Fig. 20. — Ovipositor of Figites.

Fig. 21. — c? organ of Trigonopsis.

Phytto . Hymen .111 .Plate 6

WPurkiss lith.

We st,Newmaun &C ? imp .

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. — Melanips urticeti. 1 a, antennae ?

Fig. 2. — MgilipB armata ? .

Fig. 3. — JEgilip* scotica 3 .

Fig. 4. — jffigilips striolata £ .

Fig. 5. — jEUgilips bicolorata $ .

Fig. 6. — JEgilips subulifera <$ .

Fig. 7. — JEgiUps rufipes ? .

Fig. 8. — ^Egilips ruficornis ? .

Fig. 9. — Mgilips nitidula $ .

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. — j?Egilips fumipennis.
Fig. 2. — Anacharis typica.
Fig. 3. — Anacharis eucharoides.
Fig. 4. — Anacharis ensifera.
Fig. 5. — Anacharis immunis.
Fig. 6. — Onychia Westwoodi.
Fig. 7. — Anolytus rufipes.
Fig. 8. — Pychnotrichia urticarum.

Phytto .Hymen, iii. PI ate 7.

W.Purkiss.litli.

Weot^Hevnnazi. 3c Co.imp.

Phy t o . Hymen . iii . Plate

W.Purkiss-lith,

Weat/Newmaja &Co.i

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. — Amblynotus opacus.
Fig. 2. — Amblynotus femor alls.
Fig. 3. — Figites scutellaris.
Fig. 4. — Figites consobrinus.
Fig. 5. — Figites anthomyiarum.
Fig. 6. — Figites nit ens.
Fig. 7. — Sarothrus canaliculatus.
Fig. 8. — Sarothrus areolatus.
Fig. 9. — Lonchidia maculipennis.
Fig. 10. — Lonchidia clavicornis.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. — Eucoela longicornis.

Fig. 2. — Eucoela Marshalli.

Fig. 3. — Eucoela rufula.

Fig. 4. — Eucoela mandibularis, var. similis.

Fig. 5. — Eucoela mandibularis.

Fig. 6. — Eucoela gracilicornis.

Fig. 7. — Eucoela glottiana.

Fig. 8. — Eucoela proxima.

Fig. 9. — Eucoela fortinervis.

Fig. 10. — Eucoela erythrocera.

PKy to. Hymen, iii. PI ate 9.

,0,

W.Purlciss lith..

X: Go.inrp

PKy to. Hymen. ill. Plate 1(

"W.Puririssltth.

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. — Microstilba heterogena ?
Fig. 2. — Kleditoma psiloides ? .
Fig. 3. — Eucoela Boienii $ .
Fig. 4. — Eucoela crassinerva.
Fig. 5. — Eucoela rapss ? .
Fig. 6. — Eucoela rapse $ .
Fig. 7. — Eucoela diaphana.
Fig. 8. — Eucoela testaceipes.
Fig. 9. — Eucoela nigricornis.
Fig. 10. — Kleditoma melanopoda.

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. — Kleditoma subaptera $
Fig. 2. — Kleditoma subaptera ?
Fig. 3. — Kleditoma halophila.
Fig. 4. — Eucoela heptoma g .
Fig. 5. — Eucoela eucerns $ .
Fig. 6. — Eucoela hexatoma <$ .
Fig. 7.— Eucoela „ $ .
Fig. 8. — Kleditoma picicrux.
Fig. 9. — Gothonaspis pentatoma.

Phyt?o. Hymen. in .Plate 11.

W.PurMsB~hth

We8t,Newman &C°imp.

Phyto . Hymen, lii . Plate 12

WPurldsBlith.

We at, Newman. Sc Co .'imp .

PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. — Eucoela cubitalis.

Fig. 2. — Eucoela ciliaris.

Fig. 3. — Eucoela scotica.

Fig. 4. — Eucoela crassicornis.

Fig. 5. — Kleditoma pygmcea.

Fig. 6. — Kleditoma pentatoma.

Fig. 7. — Kleditoma pentatoma (albipennis).

Fig. 8. — Kleditoma elegans.

Fig. 9 . — Kleditoma longipennis.

Fig. 10. — Kleditoma picipes.

PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. — Allotria flavicornis.
Fig. 2. — Allotria victrix.
Fig. 3. — Allotria TscheJci.
Fig. 4. — Allotria circumscripta.
Fig. 5. — Allotria minuta.
Fig. 6. — Allotria longicornis.
Fig. 7. — Allotria ancylocera.
Fig. 8. — Allotria curvicornis.
Fig. 9. — Allotria dolichocera*
Fig. 10. — Allotria collina.

PTnyto.Hymen.iii.Pl ate 16.

K)

W.Ptrrkiss Htk

West Newman &.Co.in\p.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. — Kleditoma dolichocera.
Fig. 2. — Kleditoma truncata.
Fig. 3. — Kleditoma striata.
Fig. 4. — Kleditoma tetratoma.
Fig. 5. — Kleditoma gracilicornis.
Fig. 6. — Kleditoma nigripes.
Fig. 7. — Kleditoma nigra.
Fig 8. — Kleditoma crassiclava.
Fig. 9. — Kleditoma longicornix.
Fig. 10. — Kleditoma Marshalli.

PhytJ o . Hymen. . iii .Plate 13 .

Sk
3

W.PurTriss.lith.

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. — Glauraspidia microptera ; 1 a, antenna.
Fig. 2. — [Figure inserted in mistake] 2 a, antenna.
Fig. 3. — Kleditoma filicornis ; 3 a, antenna.
Fig. 4. — Allotria perplexa ; 4 a, antenna.
Fig. 5. — Allotria microcera ; 5 a, antenna.
Fig. 6. — Allotria crassa.
Fig. 7. — Ibalia cultellator.
Fig. 8. — Abdomen of ^Jgilips.
Fig. 9. — Abdomen of Onychia.
Fig. 10. — Abdomen of Gynips.
Fig. 11. — Abdomen of Ibalia.
Fig. 12. — Abdomen of Rhodiles.
Fig. 13. — Abdomen of Figites.
Fig. 14. — Abdomen of Allotria.
Fig. 15. — Larva of Anacharis (after Handlirsch) ;
15 a, pupa.

Phyto Hymen in Plate H.

S2JI

Constance E.H.Abrahall, LiLh

Phy to . Hymen, iii . Plate IB.

W.Purkiss lith.

West Newman & Co, imp

/v

V •«

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. — Allotria halteraia.

Fig. 2. — Allotria brachyptera.

Fig. 3. — Allotria pedestris.

Fig. 4. — Ph&noglyphis xanthochroa.

Fig. 5. —Phdsnoglyphis forticornis.

Fig. 6. — Pkdsnoglyphis solids.

Fig. 7. — Allotria megaptera.

Fig. 8. — Allotria pleuralis.

Fig. 9. — Allotria ruficeps.

Fig. 10. — Allotria ruficollis.

Piiyt?o. Hymen. iii Platie 17.

W.PurkisslLth.

PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1. — Allotria Mullen sis.
Fig. 2. — Allotria caledonica.
Fig. 3. — Allotria piceomaculata,
Fig. 4. — Allotria nigriventris.
Fig. 5. — Allotria macrophadna.
Fig. 6. — Allotria maculicollis.
Fig. 7. — Allotria filicornis.
Fig. 8. — Allotria basimacula.
Fig. 9. — Allotria citripes.
Fig. 10.— Allotria Ullrichi.

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