PALEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

VOLUME 58, No. 273
1904

PALEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

VOLUME 58, No. 273
1904

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA

OF

ENGLAND

BY

HENftY WOODS, M.A.

UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN PAL2EOZOOLOGT, CAMBRIDGE.

VOL. II. PART I.

PAGES 1—56; PLATES I— VII.

LONDON :
FEINTED FOR THE PAL^ONTOORAPHICAL SOCIETY.

1904.

Reprinted with the permission of the Palaeontographical Society, London
JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003

First reprinting, 19 75, Johnson Reprint Corporation
Printed in the United States of America

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Family — LIMID^E, d'Orbigny.

Genus — LIMA, /. G. Bruguiere, 1797.

(' Encyc. method.,' Tabl. Vers., pi. ccvi.)
LIMA CANALIFERA, Goldfuss, 1836. Plate I.

1836. LIMA CANALIFERA, A. Goldfuss. Petref. G-erin., vol. ii, p. 89, pi. civ, fig. 1.
1839. — H. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des sachs.

Kreidegeb., pt. i, p. 24.

MULTICOSTATA, Geinitz. Ibid., p. 24, pi. viii, fig. 3.
1841. CANALIFERA, F. A. Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 56.

LATICOSTA, Romer. Ibid., p. 57, pi. viii, fig. 9.
1843. — MULTICOSTATA, if. B. Geinitz. Die Verstein. von Kieslingswalda, p. 23,

pi. vi, fig. 10.
1846. — LATICOSTA, A. E. Reuss. Die Verstein. der bohni. Kreideformat.,

pt. 2, p. 34.

MULTICOSTATA, Reuss. Ibid., p. 34, pi. xxxviii, figs. 7, 8, 18.
If. B. Geinitz. Grundr. d. Verstein., p. 472.

1850. — CANALIFERA, Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb. in Deutsch-

land, p. 190.

— MULTICOSTATA, Geinitz. Ibid., p. 192.

— CANALIFERA, A. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.
? MULTICOSTATA, d'Orbigny. Ibid., p. 248.

— LATICOSTA, d'Orbigny. Ibid., p. 249.

1863. — CANALIFERA, A. Kunth. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xv,

p. 726.

R. Drescher. Ibid., vol. xv, p. 356.
? 1868. MULTICOSTATA, E. Eichwold. Letheea Rossica, vol. ii, p. 459.

1870. MULTICOSTA, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 174.

— CANALIFERA, Pictet and Campiche. Ibid., p. 175.

1872. H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Paleeon-

tographica, vol. xx, pt. 2), p. 38,
pi. ix, figs. 6—8.

1

2 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

1876. LIMA CANALIFEBA, D. Braiins. Zeitschr. f . d. gesammt. Naturwiss., vol. xlvi,

p. 386.

1877. — A. Fritsch. Stud, im Grebiete der bohin. Kreideformat. :

II, Weisseuberg. u. Malnitz. Schiclit.,
p. 132, fig. 117.
1893. — cf. CANALIFEBA, R. Michael. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xlv, p. 242.

1898. — CANALIFEBA, G. Miiller. Mollusk. Untersenon. v. Braunschweig u.

Ilsede (Abhandl. 4. k. preussisch. geol.
Landesanst. N.F., Heft 25), p. 28.

1901. H, Imkeller. Kreidebild. am Stallauer Eck (Palaeon-

tographica, vol. xlviii), p. 32, pi. iii, fig. 10.
F. Sturm. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst.
fur 1900, vol. xxi, p. 90.

Description. — Shell moderately convex, oval or subtriangular ; height a little
greater than length ; outline rounded, except the antero-dorsal margin, which is
nearly straight and rather long. Apical angle from 105° to 110°. Umbones
rather small, close together. Anterior area slightly depressed, with small radial
ribs. Anterior ears small ; posterior larger, with growth-lines and faint radial
ribs.

Oz'namentation consists usually of 18, but sometimes of as few as 14 or as many
as 21 very strong, rounded, straight ribs, which are separated by broader furrows.
In well-preserved specimens numerous concentric linear ridges occur on both ribs
and furrows, and projecting growth-ridges are seen at regular intervals on the
ribs.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Length . 70 . 56 . 52 . 43 . 32 mm.
Height1 . 76 . 58 . 54 . 44 . 35 „
(1 — 5) Upper Greensand, Ventnor.

Affinities. — An exact comparison of the English specimens with the foreign
examples of Lima canalifera is rendered difficult owing to the fact that the former
have the shell well preserved whilst the latter occur chiefly as casts. In both
cases the number and breadth of the ribs show considerable variation. The fine
concentric ornamentation is the same in both, as is shown by Goldfuss' figure, but
in some of the best preserved English specimens there occur also transverse
ridges on the ribs at regular intervals. Somewhat similar ridges are shown in
Goldfuss' figure, but they seem to be present chiefly on the sides of the ribs and

1 In all species of Lima (unless otherwise stated) this is measured obliquely to the hinge-line so
as to give the greatest height.

LIMA. 3

in the neighbourhood of the umbo only. With the exception of this character the
English specimens agree closely with the foreign examples, and this difference
may very well be due to the latter being much less perfectly preserved than the
former. Moreover, in some English specimens the ridges mentioned are partly or
entirely wanting.

The English examples occur at a lower horizon than those found abroad,
namely, in the zone of Peden asper. The foreign specimens are found in the
Turonian and Senonian, and possibly also in the Cenomanian, and, like the English
examples, they occur chiefly in beds of a sandy nature. This last fact may account
for the absence of the species in the English Chalk, during the deposition of which
the sea-floor was formed of ooze and was at a greater depth.

Lima Etalloni, Pictet and Campiche,1 from the Valanginian, presents some
resemblance to L. canalifera, but has a smaller apical angle ; the character of its
fine ornamentation is unknown.

Type. — Goldfuss' specimens came from the Senonian of Quedlinburg, Haltern
and Regensburg.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Peden asper} of Ventnor.

LIMA GALLIENNEI, d'Orbigny, 1847. Plate II, figs, la — c.

1847. LIMA GALLIENNIANA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 548,

pi. ccccxx, figs. 1 — 3 (Galliennei on
plate) .

1850. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 166.

1854. GALLIENNEI, J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171.

1867. E. Gue'ranger. Album Paleont. de la Sarthe, p. 18,

pi. xxiii, figs. 23, 24.

1869. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cre't. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 168.

1871. EADULA GALLIENNEI, F. Stoliczka. Palaeont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S. India,

vol. iii, p. 414.

Description. — Shell compressed, more or less oblong with rounded margin ;
height greater than length. Antero-dorsal margin straight or slightly concave.
Apical angle large. Umbones close together. Anterior area only slightly depressed,
with sharp borders.

Ornamentation consists of 12 to 15 strong, much elevated ribs with rounded

1 ' Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix' (1869), p. 141, pi. ckiv, fig. 3.

4 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

summits, separated by broader rounded furrows. Both ridges and furrows bear

numerous flattened radial ridges separated by linear grooves ; the ridges, in
well-preserved specimens, are serrate or granular. At distant intervals a few
well-marked growth-ridges occur.
Measurements :

(i) (2)

Length 49 . 70 mm.

Height 54 . 78 „

(1, 2) Upper Greensand, Devizes.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished from L. canalifera (p. 1) by the
valves being more compressed, the ribs fewer in number, the grooves relatively
broader, and by the presence of fine radial ornamentation on the ribs and grooves.

Remarks. — This appears to be a rare species in England. The specimens from
Devizes are in the Museum of Practical Geology. The specimen from Humble
Rocks was collected by Mr. Jukes-Browne, and is now in the Sedgwick Museum.

Type. — From the Cenomanian of Coudrecieux, Sarthe.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Schlccnbachia rostrata) of Devizes.
Base of Chalk Marl (Bed 10) of Humble Rocks, West of Lyme Regis.

LIMA VECTENSIS, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 2, a — c.

Description. — Shell large, rather compressed, ovate, height greater than length ;
antero-dorsal margin straight, the remainder forming a regular curve. Anterior
area deeply depressed. Apical angle apparently about 100°. Anterior ear small ;
posterior ear larger, with a few ribs.

Ornamentation consists of about 40 rather strong, narrow ribs, with rounded
summits which, in places, are slightly tubercular. The ribs are closer together on
the anterior part of the valves than elsewhere. The interspaces are much broader
than the ribs, and are flat or slightly concave ; they are marked by numerous fine,
concentric ridges.

Affinities. — This species resembles Lima Dujardini, Deshayes,1 from the
Senonian, but the interspaces are flat or nearly flat instead of concave, and the
well-marked scale-like projections which, in L. Dujardini, are placed at intervals
on the ribs, but without a concentric arrangement, are not seen.

1 Dujardin, 'Mem. Soc. geol. de France,' vol. ii (1837), p. 227, pi. xvi, fig. 3. D'Orbigny, 'Terr.
Cret.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 569, pi. ccccxxvii, figs. I — 4>.

LIMA. 5

Remarks. — I have seen one example only ; it consists of both valves, but with
the posterior margin imperfect.

Type. — In the Museum of the Ventnor Institute.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand, chert beds (zone of Pecten asper) of the Isle
of Wight.

LIMA SUBOVALIS, Sowerby, 1836. Plate II, figs. 3, 4*a, b, 5a, &, 6a, b, 7 a, b.

1836. LIMA ? SUBOVALIS, /. de C. Sowerby. Trans. G-eol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv,

pp. 359, 342, pi. xvii, fig. 21.
1839. ASPEEA, H. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des silchs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 1, p. 23 (partim).
? 1847. STTBOVALIS, A. d'Archiac. Mem. Soc. geol. de France, ser. 2, vol. ii,

p. 309.
OBNATA, A. d'Orligny. Pal. Fran$. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 551,

pi. ccccxxi, figs. 6 — 10.
1850. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.

H. B. Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb. in

Deutschland, p. 192.

1867. E. Gueranger. Album Paleont. de la Sarthe, p. 19,

pi. xxiv, figs. 7, 12.

1869. SUBOVALIS, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 168.

1870. OBNATA, Pictet and Campiche. Ibid., pp. 169, 173.

1871. EADULA (ACESTA) OBNATA, F. Stoliczka. Palaeont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S.

India, vol. iii, p. 414.

1872. LIMA OBNATA, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palseontogra-

phica, vol. xx, pt. 1), p. 205, pi. xlii,
figs. 16, 17.

? 1877. A. Peron. Bull. Soc. geol. de France, ser. 3, vol. v, p. 502.

1877. RAULINIANA, A. J. Jukes-Browne. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol.

xxxiii, p. 502, pi. xxi, fig. 2.

1893. ORNATA, R. Michael. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xlv,

p. 234.

Non 1852. A. Buvignier. Statist, geol., etc., de la Meuse, Atlas, p. 23,

pi. xviii, figs. 17—19.

Description. — Shell compressed, ovate or subtrigonal, oblique, considerably
higher than long, with the ventral and posterior margins rounded. Apical angle
about 74°. Umbones small, close together. Anterior area rather small, depressed,
limited by a ridge, ornamented with ribs separated by broader grooves.

Ornamentation consists of numerous (65 to 70) fairly strong, rounded ribs of

6 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

nearly equal size, but sometimes (chiefly near the posterior border) with smaller
intercalated ribs. The ribs diverge slightly from a nearly median line, and bear
short spiny or scaly projections at regular intervals but not usually with a con-
centric arrangement. The spines are rather nearer the inner than the outer side
of each rib. The grooves are'narrow near the umbo but become broader in passing
ventrally, and at the ventral margin may exceed the ribs in breadth. The grooves
are rounded and (in some specimens) show transverse ridges. More or less distinct
growth-lines occur at intervals.
Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Length . 25 . 21 . 20 . 17 . 16 . 14mm.
Height . 34 . 28 . 29 . 23 . 23 . 20 „

(1, 3) Cambridge Greensand.

(2) Base of Chalk Marl, Folkestone.
(4, 5) Upper Greensand, Warminster.

(6) „ ,, Haldon.

Affinities. — This species belongs to the same group as the Senonian forms L.
Dunkeri, Hagenow,1 and L. muricata, Goldfuss.2 It is distinguished from the
former by its smaller apical angle and by the spines on the ribs being placed more
closely together. L. muricata differs from L. subovalis in having fewer ribs with
their ornamentation developed into long scale-like projections, and in having
oblique grooves in the interspaces.

Remarks. — A comparison of the type of Lima subovalis with examples of L.
ornata leaves no doubt as to their identity. The type-specimen of the former is
somewhat worn, but sufficiently wrell-preserved for identification, and another
specimen on the same tablet shows the ornamentation quite clearly ; the shell is not
silicified, so that it was evidently not obtained from Blackdown — the locality given
by Fitton — but it has all the appearance of specimens found at Warminster.

The examples from the Cambridge Greensand were referred to L. Rauliniana,
d'Orbigny,3 by Mr. Jukes-Browne. The interior of these is filled with phosphate,
and the shell, although in some respects well-preserved, is rather abraded, so that
the remains of the spines usually appear as notches on the inner side (that facing
the median line) of each rib. The transverse ornamentation in the grooves is often
very distinct. Mr. Jukes-Browne has recently re-examined these specimens and
agrees with me in thinking that they cannot be separated from L. sulovalis. I

1 ' Neues Jahrb. fur Min., etc.' (1842), p. 556 ; Vogel, 'Holland. Kreide ' (1895), p. 17, pi. i, fig. 9;
Eavn, 'Mollusk. Danmarks Kridtaflej.' (1902), p. 100, pi. ii, fig. 14.

2 ' Petref. Germ.,' vol. ii (1836), p. 89, pi. ciii, fig. 4; Vogel, op. cit., p. 17, pi. i, figs. 10, 11.

•• ' Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cre't.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 542, pi. ccccxvii, figs. 5—8 ; ' Prodr. de Pal.' (1850),
vol. ii, p. 138 ; Pictet and Campiche, " Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix " (' Mater. Pal. Suisse,' ser. 5,
1869), p. 154, pi. clxvi, fig. 2.

LIMA. 7

have not been able to obtain specimens of L. Rauliniana, but it seems to differ from
L. siibovalis in having a larger posterior ear and in other characters.
. Types. — In the Bristol Museum (No. 1778), from the Upper Greensand, probably
of Warminster. The type of L. ornata is from the Cenomanian of Le Mans. The
specimen from the Cambridge Greensand figured by Jukes-Browne is in the
Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Schkenbachia rostrata) of Haldon.
Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of North Dorset, and Warminster. Cam-
bridge Greensand (derived). Eye Hill Sand of Maiden Bradley. Chloritic Marl
of Rocken End (Isle of Wight). Base of Chalk Marl (Greensand bed) of Folkestone.
Also recorded by the Geological Survey from the Cenomanian of Devon and Chard.

LIMA SCABRISSIMA, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 8 a, b, 9 a, b.

Description. — Shell compressed, ovate, height greater than length; antero-
dorsal margin rather short, straight or slightly concave, ventral and posterior
margins forming a regular curve. Anterior area much depressed, sharply limited,
nearly smooth or with faint ribs- Apical angle about 92°. Posterior ear of
moderate size, with distinct growth-lines ; anterior ear small.

Ornamentation consists of a large number of narrow, rounded, more or less
undulating ribs separated by broader grooves. The ribs are generally of nearly
equal size, but smaller ones may be intercalated in the grooves. At regular
intervals the ribs bear scales or lappet-like projections which are arranged con-
centrically and may become vertical at their ends ; these scales are continued
across the grooves as laminar projections. On the anterior and posterior ribs the
" scales " become more pointed.
Measurements :

(i) (2) (3)

Length 54 . 52 . 38 mm.

Height 62 . 58 . 42 „

(1 — 3) Upper Greensand, Warminster.

Affinities. — This species is near to Lima rhotomagensis, d'Orbigny,1 from the
Cenomanian of Rouen, but is distinguished from it by being much less convex, by
having a smaller anterior area and a smaller apical angle, and by the ribs being
relatively narrower and the grooves broader.

Types. — In the Museum of Practical Geology.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Warminster.

1 'Pal. Franc. Terr. Cret.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 557, pi. ccccxxii, figs. 8—11.

8 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

LIMA ASPEEA (Mantell) 1822. Plate II, figs. 10, 11; Plate III, figs, la, b, 2-4.

1822. PLAGIOSTOMA ? ASPERA, G. Mantell. Foss. S. Downs, p. 129, pi. xxvi, fig. 18.
1854. LIMA ASPERA, J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 170.

1870. — F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 169.

1871. KADULA (? ACESTA) ASPERA, F. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S.

India, vol. iii, p. 415.

1903. LIMA ASPERA, A. J. Jukes-Browne. Cret. Eocks of Britain (Mem. Geol.

Survey), vol. iii, p. 450.

Non 1836. — — A. Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., vol. ii, p. 90, pi. civ, fig. 4.

— 1839. — — H. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des sachs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 1, p. 23, pi. xxi, fig. 10.

— 1841. — — F. A. Bdmer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 56.

— 1846. — A. E. Reuss. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat., pt. 2,

p. 34, pi. xxxviii, fig. 17.

- 1847. — A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Franc. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 566, pi.

ccccxxv, figs. 3 — 6.

- 1850. Prod, der Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

A. Alth. Beschreib. d. Umgebung von Lemberg (Haidinger's
Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2), p. 243.

— 1863. — A. v. Strombeck. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xv, p. 150.

— 1869. — E. Favre. Moll. Foss. de la Craie de Lemberg, p. 135.

— 1870. — F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), pp. 171, 173.

— 1877. — A. Fritsch. Stud, im G-ebiete der bohni. Kreideformat. : II,

Die Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht., p. 132,
fig. 118.

— 1883. — Ibid., Ill, Die Iserschicht., p. 114.

— 1887. — — A. Peron. L'Hist. Terr, de Craie (Bull. Soc. Sci. hist, et

nat. de 1'Yonne, ser. 3, vol. xii), p. 150.

— 1889. — (PLAGIOSTOMA) ASPERA, 0. Griepenkerl. Senon. von Konigslutter

(Paleeont. Abhandl., vol. iv), p. 40.

— 1898. — ASPERA, G. Miiller. Mollusk. Unterseu. v. Braunschweig u. Ilsede

(Abhandl. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst.,
N.F., Heft 25), p. 26, pi. iv, fig. 5.

— 1900. • — C. Gagel and F. Kaunhowen. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol.

Landesanst. fur 1899, p. 232.

Description. — Shell ovate, higher than long, outline rounded, with the antero-
dorsal and postero-dorsal margins straightened ; convexity small. Umbones small,
pointed, close together, apical angle 80° to 90°. Anterior area deep, narrow.

LIMA. 9

Anterior ears triangular, rather small ; posterior ears obtusely triangular, elongate,
with radial ribs.

Valves ornamented with numerous flattened ribs arranged on either side of a
line passing from the umbo to the ventral margin, from which they diverge slightly.
The ribs are nearly straight or slightly undulating, but are often bent abruptly
where they cross growth-lines. Surface of ribs nearly smooth, but sometimes
showing very fine concentric ridges or (when worn) oblique striae. On the inner
edge of each rib — that facing the middle line — there are short, slit-like indentations,
above each of which a short spiny projection is seen in perfectly preserved
specimens. These slits and spines do not, as a rule, show a concentric arrange-
ment. The grooves separating the ribs are very narrow and are marked with
pits near the umbo and with transverse grooves ventrally. Sometimes near the
margins of the valves new ribs are intercalated or old ones bifurcate.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Length .... 31 . 30 . 28 . 26 . 24 . 19 . 16 mm.
Height . . . . 36 . 33 . 33 . 35 . 26 . 23 . 21 „
Number of ribs . 66 . 41 r 60 . 46 . 42 . 41 . 52
(1, 2, 3, 7) Totternhoe Stone, Burwell.

(4) „ „ Cherry Hinton.

(5, 6) Chalk Marl, Folkestone.

Affinities. — The Senonian form figured as Lima aspera by Goldfuss, Reuss, and
Fritsch is clearly distinguished from this species by the chevron-like ornamentation
on the ribs. Pictet and Campiche suggest that Goldfuss' species may be identical
with Lima Dunkeri, Hagenow,1 from Riigen, but this view is not supported by the
figures given by Vogel and Ravn. The form figured by d'Orbigny has a larger
apical angle than L. aspera, Mantell, and does not show the spiny projections on
one side of the ribs.

The example figured by Reuss2 as Lima plana is similar in form to L. aspera,
Mantell, but does not appear to possess the spiny projections on the ribs.

Types. — I have not been able to find the types.3 They came from the Chalk
Marl of Hamsey and Stoneham.

Distribution. — Chloritic Marl of Eastbourne. Chalk Marl of Folkestone, and
Blue Bell Hill (Burham). Totternhoe Stone of Arlesey, Burwell, Cherry Hinton,
and Stoke Ferry.

1 'Neues Jahrb. fur Min.,' etc. (1842), p. 556.

2 ' Verstein. bohmisch. Kreideformat.' (1846), p. 35, pi. xxxviii, fig. 20.

3 The name aspera was used by Chemnitz (1784) for a recent species of Lima, but since that has
been shown to be a synonym of Lima scabra (Born, 1780) there does not appear to be sufficient reason
for giving a new name to the Chalk species which, for over eighty years, has been known as Lima
aspera, Mantell.

2

10

CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Sub-genus — PLAGIOSTOMA, J. Sowerby, 1814.
('Min. Conch,' vol. i, p. 175.)

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) SUBBIGIDA, Romer, 1836. Plate Til, figs. 5a, b, 6—9. Text-
figs. 1, 2, 3.

1836. LIMA SUBKIGIDA, F. A. Romer. Ver stein, nord-deutsch. Oolithen-geb.,p.' 79,

pi. xiii, fig. 16.

PLANA, Romer, Ibid., p. 80, pi. xiii, fig. 18.
1841. — STTBRIGIDA, R'dm&r. Die Verstein. d. riord-deutsch. Kreidegeb., p. 57.

PLANA, .Roraer. Ibid, p.' 57.
1877. STJBRIGIDA, G. Bohm. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch, vol. xxix,

p. 235.

1896. A. Wollemann. Ibid, vol. xlviii, p. 836.

1900. Wollemann. Die Biv. u. Gastrop. d. deutsch. u. holland.

Neocoms (Abhandl. d. k. preussich. geol.
Land., N.P., pt. 31), p. 30.

PIG. 1. — Lima (Plagiostoma) subrigida, Komer. Claxby Ironstone, Lincolnshire. Right valve. Natural size.

Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

Description. — Shell convex, oval, height slightly greater than length ; antero-
dorsal margin nearly straight, postero-dorsal much shorter and nearly straight, the
remainder rounded and forming a regiilar curve. Apical angle rather more than a

LIMA.

11

right angle. Umbones of moderate size. Area large, with a large triangular
ligament pit near the middle but bending posteriorly. Anterior area large, deeply
depressed, especially near the ears. Ears rather large, the anterior triangular, the
posterior rather larger, more elongate ; surface with growth-lamellae only.

Surface ornamented with numerous (43 to 52) radial ribs, which are straight or
slightly undulating. The ribs are flattened ; near the umbo they are separated by
narrow grooves, but in passing ventrally the grooves increase in width and become
as wide as or wider than the ribs. The grooves are rather shallow and rounded.
The anterior and posterior ribs are narrower than the others. Near the umbo the
grooves are punctate, but in passing ventrally the pits soon become replaced by

Fio. 2. — Lima (Plagiostoma) subrigida, Romer. Claxby Ironstone, Benniworth Haven.

Natural size. Sedgwick Museum.

Right valve.

transverse furrows separated by ridges, and the latter may pass on to the ribs. On
the anterior area ribs are small or absent, but growth-lines are usually distinct.
Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

109 100 80 73 72 64 63 38 31 mm.
114 108 85 79 76 65 65 36 40 „

63 36

48 49 48 51 46 43 52 52 44
(1 — 9) Claxby Ironstone, Benniworth Haven.

Length
Height
Thickness
Number of ribs

Affinities. — L. vignculensis, Pictet and Campiche,1 is distinguished from
L. subrigida by its more quadrilateral outline, more numerous ribs and finer
1 'Terr. Oct. Ste. Croix' (1869), p. 138, pi. clxii, figs. 5—8.

12 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

grooves, and also by the earlier part of the shell being nearly smooth. L. auber-
sonensis, Pictet and Campiche,1 is relatively longer and has narrower grooves.

Remarks. — On account of the imperfect figures of L. subriyida given by Romer,
the English specimens have not hitherto been referred to that species ; they agree
perfectly with the descriptions except in the number of ribs, but Dr. Wollemann
informs me that that character is variable. 1 have sent a specimen from the
Claxby Ironstone to Dr. Wollemann, and he is able to confirm my identification of
the species. Specimens from the Speeton Clay differ from those found in Lincoln-
shire in having fewer ribs with relatively fewer grooves, but since this is a very
variable character it cannot be regarded as indicative of more than a local variety.

FIG. 3. — Lima (Plagiostoma) subrigida, Roiner. Claxby Ironstone, Benniworth Haven. Area of right

valve, x f . Sedgwick Museum.

Types. — From the Hilsthon of Brunswick.

Distribution. — Claxby Ironstone (zone of Belemnites lateralis) of Benniworth
Haven. Upper part of the Speeton Clay of Speeton.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA), sp. cf. ORUIGNYANA, Matheron, 1842. Plate III, figs. 10, a — c.

1842. LIMA ORBIGNYANA, P. Matheron. Cat. Foss. des. Bouches-du-Ehone, p. 182,

pi. xxix, figs. 3, 4.

1846. A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 530,

pi. ccccxv, figs. 1 — 4.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 107.

1855. G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 100.

1865. H. Coquand. Mon. Aptien de 1'Espagne, p. 149.

1866. P. de Loriol. Foss. Oolith. Corall. Valaug. et Urgon.

Mt. Saleve, p. 82, pi. D, fig. 13.

1867. — de Loriol, in Fame. Kech. geol. Sans Savoie, vol. i,

p. 387, pi. C, fig. 24.

1869. — F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Oroix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 126, pi. clxi, fig. 4.

1871. RADULA (ACESTA) OBBIGNYANA, F. StoliczJca. Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna

S. India, vol. iii, p. 414.

1 Loc. cit., p. 140, pi. clxiv, figs. 1, 2.

LIMA. 13

Description. — Shell moderately convex, oval, higher than long, ventral and
posterior margin rounded. Umbones sharp. Apical angle about 83°. Anterior
area depressed, limited by a rounded edge, ornamented with ribs. Ears with
distinct growth-ridges. Posterior ear higher than long, and larger than the
anterior ear.

Ornamentation consists of about 52 flattened ribs, slightly undulating,
separated by very narrow grooves with pits. Near the ventral margin the ribs
become divided by a median groove. Near the anterior and posterior margins
the ribs are rather narrower than elsewhere. A few moderately distinct growth-
lines occur.

Measurements :

Length .... 20 mm.

Height .... 25-5 „

Affinities. — This is distinguished from L. villersensis (see below) by its more
numerous and narrower ribs.

Remark. — I have seen one specimen only, which is preserved in the British
Museum, No. L 15754.

Distribution. — Lower Greensand (Ferruginous Sands) of Shanklin.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) VILLERSENSIS ? Pictet and Campiche, 1869. Plate III, figs, lla,

13.

? 1869. LIMA VILLEBSENSIS, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
pp. 127, 162, pi. clxi, fig. 5.

Description. — Shell moderately convex, oval, higher than long, ventral and
posterior margins rounded. Umbones sharp. Apical angle about 85°. Anterior
area depressed, bounded by a sharp edge. Posterior ear larger than the anterior,
higher than long, with the outer angle obtuse, and with a few radial ribs.

Ornamentation consists of from 32 to 36 broad, flattened, nearly straight ribs,
separated by linear grooves with distinct pits. Near the anterior, and sometimes
near the posterior border, the ribs become narrower. A few well-marked growth-
ridges may occur at distant intervals. Near the ventral margin of the valves
(ventral to a growth-ridge) the position of the ribs is sometimes slightly shifted,
and the number of ribs may increase owing to the fission of some.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Length . 20 . 19 . 18 14mm.

Height . 26-5 25 . 22 . 17 „

(1 — 4) Lower Greensand, Faringdon.

14 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Affinities. — I have seen only a few examples of this form. They agree with
L. vUlersensis except in having a rather smaller apical angle. In this respect they
resemble L. Orbignyana, Matheron (see above), but they differ from that species in
possessing fewer and straighter ribs. I have not seen any undoubted example of
L. vUlersensis and am unable to state whether the apical angle is constantly larger
than in the English specimens. Pictet and Campiche say that it is about 95°, but
the specimen they figure possesses an apical angle of 90° only. In the English
specimens it is about 85°.

This is the form which was referred by Sharpe1 to L. consobrina, d'Orbigny,
but it possesses considerably fewer ribs than that species.

Type. — L. vUlersensis is found in the Valanginian of Ste. Croix.

Distribution. — Lower Greensand of Faringdori.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) SEMIOKNATA, d'Orbigny, 1847. Plate III, figs. 14, 15, I6a, b.

Plate IV, fig. 1.

1847. LIMA SEMIORNATA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran^. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 555,

pi. ccccxxii, figs. 1 — 3.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.

1867. E. Gueranger. Album Palcont. de la Sarthe, p. 19,

pi. xxiv, fig. 13.

1870. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cre't. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 169.

1871. EADULA (PLAGIOSTOMA) SEMIORNATA, jp7. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii, p. 414.

? 1885. F. Notling. Die Fauna d. baltisch.

Cenoman. (Palseont. Abhandl.,
vol. ii), p. 15, pi. ii, fig. 4.

Description. — Shell compressed, rounded, height and length nearly equal.
Antero-dorsal border straight or slightly concave. Umbones close together.
Anterior area depressed, with a sharp edge. Apical angle 120°.

Surface nearly smooth, shiny, with numerous, very fine, regular, concentric
linear ridges, and with radial punctate grooves near the umbo and near the
anterior and posterior margins. The grooves near the anterior margin are fewer
and more widely separated than those near the posterior margin.

1 'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. x (1853), p. 193 (sub -consobrina, d'Orbigny, 'Prodr. de Palcont.,'
(1850), p. 167).

LIMA.

15

Measurements

(i) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Length .32 31 . 29 . 29 23 mm.

Height . 33 . 32 . 29 . 26 . 23 „
(1, 2) Upper Greensand, Potterne.
(3, 5) „ „ Ventnor.

(4) „ „ Blackdown.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished by its compressed valves and rounded
outline.

Type. — From the Cenomanian of Le Mans.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Schlcenbachia rostrata) of Potterne
(Devizes) and Blackdown. Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Ventnor.
Chalk Marl of Folkestone.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) MJSTEBI, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 2,3. Text-fig. 4.

1896. LIMA SIMPLEX, A. J. Jukes-Browne. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lii, p. 152.

Description. — Shell ovate or subtrigonal, much compressed, a little higher than
long, oblique, considerably inequilateral; antero-dorsal margin long and

FIG. 4.— Lima (Plagiostoma) Meyeri, sp. nov. Upper Greensand, Warminster. Museum of Practical Geology,
No. 8838. Left valve and antero-dorsal view. Natural size.

straightened, ventral and postero-ventral margins rounded. Umbones small, close
together. Apical angle from 90° to 100°. Anterior area depressed, long and
narrow, with a few radial ribs and vertical grooves. Posterior ear small ; anterior
ear not seen.

Ornamentation consists of narrow, linear, shallow, pitted grooves which may

16 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

be confined to the anterior and posterior parts of the valves or may extend over
the whole surface. The grooves are somewhat irregular and the interspaces are
broad and flattened. At distant intervals a few well-marked growth-rings occur,
beyond which, in some cases, the ribs cease.
Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Length . 69 . 53 . 48 . 42 . 34 mm.
Height .71 . 56 . 52 . 47 . . " 37 „

(1 — 5) Upper Greensand, Warminster.

Affinities. — This species differs from Lima semiornata (p. 14) in being larger,
relatively higher, more trigonal in outline, and in having the radial grooves more
extensively developed. It is distinguished from Lima simplex, d'Orbigny,1 in
being much less convex, in the height being relatively less, the antero-dorsal
margin shorter, the anterior area smaller, and the anterior grooves less prominent.

The shell is relatively longer and the apical angle larger than in L. sub-conso-
brina, d'Orbigny.2 It is also relatively longer, with a longer antero-dorsal margin
and the radial grooves less well developed, than in L. cretacea (p. 22).

Types. — From Warminster. In the Museum of Practical Geology.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Warminster. Rye
Hill Sands and Chloritic Marl of Maiden Bradley. Cenomanian (Meyer's Beds 10
and 11) of Hooken and Dunscombe (Devon coast).

LIMA (PLACIOSTOMA) GLOBOSA (Smoerly), 1836. Plate IV, figs. 4 a — c, 5 a, />, 6 a — c.

1836. LTTCINA? GLOBOSA, J. de C. Sowerby. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv,

p. 335, pi. xi, fig. 2 (non Lucina
globosa, Homer, 1839).

1854. LIMA GLOBOSA. /. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171.
1895. E. Tiessen. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol.

xlvii, p. 473.

Description. — Shell very convex, of moderate size, oval, length considerably
greater than height, outline rounded with the antero-dorsal margin long and
straightened. Umbones incurved, blunt. Apical angle about 118°. Anterior
area large, very deep, limited by a sharp edge, with radial ribs. Ears small.

Surface of valves polished, with faintly-marked growth-lines at intervals;

1 'Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 545, pi. ccccxviii, figs. 5 — 7.

2 Ibid., p. 556, pi. ccccxxii, figs. 4 — 7 ; L. sub-consobrina, d'Orbigny, ' Prodr. de Paleont.,' vol. ii
(1850), p. 167.

LIMA. 17

ornamented with numerous pits having a regular radial and concentric arrange-
ment and giving rise (in some cases) to the appearance of slightly-raised radial
and concentric ribs. Near the ventral margin the pits become more elongated
(parallel with the margin) and their concentric arrangement may become wavy or
irregular. At the anterior and posterior margins the radial arrangement is often
more distinct than elsewhere. Sometimes on the median part of the valve the
concentric arrangement alone can be recognised.
Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Length . 31 . 27 . 25 . 24 . 22 . 20 . 18 . 12 mm.
Height . 25 . 23 . 21 . 21 . 19 . 17 . 16 . 10 „
(1—3, 5, 7, 8) Totternhoe Stone, Burwell.
(4) Chalk Marl, Ventnor.
(6) „ „ Clevancy.

Affinities. — This species closely resembles Lima albensis, d'Orbigny,1 from the
Gault of Ervy (Aube), Macheromeml (Ardennes), the Perte-du-Rhone, etc. I have
not seen any specimens of L. albensis, but it appears to differ from L. globosa in the
absence of the punctate ornamentation and in having a smaller apical angle.

L. globosa is distinguished from L. Hoperi (see below) by its smaller size, more
inflated valves, and by the close-set rows of radial and concentric pits.

Type. — In the Museum of the Geological Society, No. 1538, from the Chloritic
Marl of the Isle of Wight.

Distribution. — Gault of Folkestone. Red Limestone of Hunstanton. Upper
Greensand of "Warminster. Cambridge Greensand (base of Chalk Marl). Chalk
Marl of Ventnor, Clevancy, Chilcomb well (Winchester), Burham, Folkestone and
Cherry Hinton. Cenomanian of Wilmington. Totternhoe Stone of Burwell.
Zone of H. subglobosus of Chilcomb and Fulbourn.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) HOPERI, Mantell, 1822. Plate IV, figs. 7, 8a, b, 9«, b, 10,

lla, b, 12a, b.

1822. PLAGIOSTOMA HOPERI, G. MantelL Foss. S. Downs, p. 204, pi. xxvi,

figs. 2, 3, 15.

J. de C. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. Ill,
pi. ccclxxx.

1 ' Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 541, pi. ccccxvi, figs. 15, 16 ; 'Prodr. de Paleont.,'
vol. ii (1850), p. 138 ; Pictet and Eoux, ' Moll. Foss. Gres verts de Geneve ' (1852), p. 488, pi. xl,
fig. 9; Pictet and Campiche, "Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix " ('Mater. Pal. Suisse,' ser. 5, 1869),
p. 160.

3

18 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

1822. PLAGIOSTOMA MANTELLI, A. Brongniart. Descript. geol. envir. de Paris.

In Cuvier's Ossem. Toss., vol.ii,
pt. 2, p. 600, pi. iv, fig. 3.

1825. PACHYTOS HOPERI, M. J. L. Defrance. Diet. Sci. nat., vol. xxxvii, p. 207.
1827. PLAGIOSTOMA PUNCTATUM, S. Nilsson. Petrif. Suecana, p. 24, pi. ix, fig. 1.
1832. LIMA HOPERI, G. P. Deshayes. In J. G. Bruguiere, Hist. nat. des Vers et

des Moll. (Encyc. method.), vol. ii, p. 349.

1836. — MANTELLII, A. Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., vol. ii, p. 92, pi. civ, fig. 9.

— HOPERI, Goldfuss, Ibid., p. 91, pi. civ, fig. 8.

Lamarck. Anini. sans Vert. (ed. 2 by Deshayes and Milne-
Edwards), vol. vii, p. 120.

1837. PLAGIOSTOMA PUNCTATUM, W. Hisinger. Lethsea Suecica, p. 54 (not pi. xv,

fig. 3).

1838. LIMA HOPERI, H. G. Bronn. Lethaea Geognost., vol. ii, p. 682, pi. xxxii, fig. "8.

1839. — If. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des sachs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 1, p. 24 (? partim).

1841. — MANTELLII, F. A. Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 58.

— HOPERI, Romer. Ibid., p. 58.

— NILSSONI, Romer. Ibid., p. 57.

1842. — G-OLDFUSSI, F. v. Hagenow. Neues Jahrb. fur Min., etc., p. 555.

? 1846. — MANTELLI, H. B. Geinitz. Grundr. d. Verstein., p. 472, pi. xx, fig. 13.

— HOPERI, Geinitz. Ibid., p. 473, pi. xx, fig. 14.

— A. E. Reuss. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat., pt. 2,

p. 34, pi. xxxviii, figs. 11, 12.

1847. SOWERBYI, J. Mutter. Petref. der Aachen. Kreidef., pt. 2, p. 67.

1850. — HOPERI, H. B. Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb. in

Deutschland, p. 192.
SOWERBYI, Geinitz. Ibid., p. 192.

— HOPERI, A. Alth. Geogn.-palaeout. Beschreib. von Lemberg (Haidin-

ger's Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2), p. 240.
? — — MANTELLI, R. Kner. Verstein. v. Lemberg (Haidinger's Natur-

wissensch. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2), p. 29.

PLAGIOSTOMA HOPERI, var., J. de G. Sowerby, in F. Dixon. Geol. Sussex,

pp. 348, 356 (p. 383, ed. 2),
pi. xxviii, fig. 21.
1851-2. LIMA SOWERBYI, H. G. Bronn. Lethaea Geogn., ed. 3, vol. ii, pt. 5, p. 278,

pi. xxxii, fig. 8.
? 1852. HOPERI, R. Kner. Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-

nat. Cl., vol. iii, p. 318.

1854. — J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171 (partim).

1863. — S. PlacketJco. Das Becken von Lemberg (Jahresber. d. k. k.

zweit. Ober-gymnas. in Lemberg, 1863) , p. 19.
A. von StrombecJc. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xv, p. 148.
R. Drescher. Ibid., p. 355.

1869. E. Fame. Moll. Foss. de la Craie de Lemberg, p. 137,

pi. xii, fig. 19.

LIMA. 19

1870. LIMA HOPEBI, F. Romer. Geol. von Oberschles., p. 315, pi. xxxiv, fig. 10.
— F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste. Croix

(Mat^r Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
pp. 171, 173.

SOWEBBYI, Pictet and Campiche. Ibid., p. 173.

1872. — H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Saclisen (Palaeonto-

graphica, vol. xx, pt. 2), p. 41, pi. ix,
figs. 13, 14.
1877. — A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

II, Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht.,
p. 133, fig. 120.

1882. — HOPEBI, If. Schroder. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol.

xxxiv, p. 263.

1883. — SOWEBBYI, A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

III, Iserschicht., p. 115, fig. 87.

1888. — HOPEBI, A. Peron. L'Hist. Terr, de Craie, p. 149.

1889. — (PLAGIOSTOMA) HOPEBI. 0. Grieperikerl. Senon. v. Konigslutter

(Palseont. Abhandl., vol. iv),
p. 40.
HOPEBI, A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat.:

IV, Teplitz. Schicht., p. 84, fig. 78.

E. Holzapfel. Die Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palaeontogra-
phica, vol. xxxv), p. 240, pi. xxvii, fig. 5.

1892. (PLAGUOSTOMA) HOPEBI, E. Stolley. Die Kreide Schleswig-Holsteins

(Mittheil. a. d. Mineralog. Instit.
Univ. Kiel, vol. i), p. 237.

1893. HOPEBI, A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. : V,

Priesener Schicht., p. 100.

1894. B. Limdgren. Mollusk. i Mammillatus- och Mucronata-

zonerna (K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.
N. F., vol. xxvi, No. 6), p. 42.

1897. — R. Leorihard. Kreideformat. in Oberschles. (Palseonto-

graphica, vol. xliv), p. 46.

A. Hennig. Revis. Lamellibr. i Nilsson's ' Petrific. Suecana,'
(K. Fysiogr. Sallsk. i Lund. Handl., N. F.,
vol. viii), p. 30, pi. ii, fig. 13.

(PLAGIOSTOMA) HOPEBI, H. Woods. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liii,

p. 383.

1898. — HOPEEI, G. Miiller. Mollusk. Untersen. v. Braunschweig u. Ilsede,

p. 24, pi. iv, fig. 12.

1901. — A. Wollemann. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst.

fur 1900, vol. xxi, p. 15.

1902. — A. Wollemann. Liineburg. Kreide (Abhandl. d. k. preussisch.

geol. Landesanst., N. F., Heft 37), p. 58.
J. P. J. Ravn. Mollusk. Danmarks Kridtaflej. : I, Lamellibr.
(K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift. 6 Rsekke,
nat. og math. Afd., vol. xi), p. 99, pi. ii
fig. 18.

20 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Non 1847. — A.d'Orligny. Pal. Fran?. Terr. Cre't., vol. iii, p. 564, pi.

ccccxxiv, figs. 10—13.

— 1847. — MANTELLI, d'Orbigny. Ibid., p. 568, pi. ccccxxvi, figs. 3—5.

— 1850. HOPERI, d'OrUgny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

— MANTELLI, d'Orbigny. Ibid., p. 248.

— 1877. — HOPERI, A. Fritsch. Stud, im G-ebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

II, Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht., p. 134,
fig. 121.

— MANTELLI, Fritsch. Ibid., p. 134, fig. 122.

— 1872. — HOPERI, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palseonto-

graphica, vol. xx, pt. 2), p. 40, pi. ix,
figs. 11, 12.

— 1881. J. Kiesow. Cenomanverstein. a. d. Diluvium d. Umgeg.

Danzig's (Schrift d. naturf. Gesellsch. in
Danzig, N. F., vol. v), p. 414, figs. 9, 10.

? — 1893. — sp., cf. HOPERI, E. Michael. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xlv, p. 234.

Description. — Shell convex, oval, rounded, considerably inequilateral, longer
than high. Antero-dorsal margin rather long, slightly convex or nearly straight ;
postero-dorsal margin rather short ; the remainder forming a regular curve.
Umbones close together. Apical angle 115° to 117°. Ears rather small, with
growth-lines; the posterior longer than high and larger than the anterior ear.
Anterior area large, deep, with a more or less sharp border, often with radial
grooves which vary in number and are more distinct near the umbo than
anteriorly.

Surface of shell nearly smooth. In the region of the umbo numerous linear
grooves with pits occur ; these may also extend on to the anterior and posterior
parts of the shell, and in some cases they are present on the middle of shell,
reaching a part of the way or even quite to the ventral margin. The grooves are
slightly wavy, sometimes discontinuous, and are deeper near the anterior and
posterior margins, and often more widely separated near the former. New
grooves are introduced at various distances from the umbo.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

Length 57 57 56 52 51 51 47 41 37 34 31 31 mm.
Height 52 50 52 50 47 46 42 39 32 32 28 26 „
(1) M. cor-anguinum zone, G-ravesend. (5, 10) M. cor-anguinum zone, Northfleet.

(2) Uintacrinus band, Devizes Eoad,

Salisbury.

(3, 6, 12) A. quadratus zone, East Harnham.
(4, 7) M. cor-anguinum zone, Gravesend.

(8) Chalk Kock, Underwood Hall, Dulling-

ham.
(9, 11) B. mucronata zone, Norwich.

Affinities. — This species was described by Brongniart under the name Plagios-
toma Mantdli from specimens which were sent to him by Mantell from near

LIMA. 21

Brighton — probably from Lewes. Mantell l regarded Plagiostoma Mantelli as a
synonym of his Plagiostoma Hoperi, and I think there can be no doubt as to the
correctness of that view.

Geinitz (1872) considered Lima Hoperi of Sowerby to be distinct from L. Hoperi
of Mantell, thinking that the former (which he named L. Sowerbyi) was distinguished
by being almost smooth, whereas the latter is covered with radial grooves. The
smooth and the grooved forms agree exactly in shape, and between these extremes
in ornamentation every gradation may be seen. Moreover, although one of the
specimens figured by Mantell (fig. 3) is ornamented all over, the others (figs. 2, 15)
possess grooves on the sides only. I think, therefore, that there can be no doubt as
to the identity of L. Hoperi of Sowerby and L. Hoperi of Mantell. Further, it
should be noted that Sowerby's specimens were sent to him by Mantell as examples
of his L. Hoperi.

The specimens figured by Geinitz (1872) as L. Hoperi (from the Planer-kalk of
Strehlen) are relatively higher (especially fig. 11) than Mantell's species, and are
probably examples of L. cretacea (see below).

L. Hoperi of d'Orbigny2 differs in having a smaller apical angle, in being
relatively higher, much compressed, and with the grooves more widely separated.
It may, however, be only a variety of L. Hoperi, Mantell. I have seen undoubted
examples of L. Hoperi, Mantell, from the Senonian of Marromme (near Rouen),
Lillebonne (Seine-Inferieure), and from other French localities. The form de-
scribed and figured by d'Orbigny as L. Mantelli is referred to below (p. 23).

L. Lamberti of Peron,3 from the zone of Micraster breviporus of Joigny, may be
only a variety of L. Hoperi. It is stated to differ chiefly in its greater length, but
in this respect it can, I think, be matched by some undoubted varieties of L.
Hoperi.

For the relation of L. Hoperi to L. globosa see page 17, and to L. cretacea
see page 23.

Remarks. — This species varies considerably in the extent of the ornamentation.
Some examples are smooth, save for the pitted grooves near the umbo ; in many
cases the grooves are continued on to the sides of the shell ; less frequently they
extend to the middle of the valve, and may even reach the ventral margin. I
have not seen sufficient examples, of which the exact horizons are known, to enable
me to determine whether any of the varieties are characteristic of certain zones.

Types. — I have not seen the types. The specimens figured by Sowerby are in
the British Museum. The types, and also Sowerby's specimens, came from the
Upper Chalk (probably from the zone of Micraster cor-testudinarinm or the zone of

*-

1 'Trans. Geol. Soc.,' ser. 2, vol. iii (1835), p. 206.

2 See Jukes-Browne, ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. Iii (1896), p. 152.

3 ' Hist. Terr, de Craie' (1888), p. 151, pi. ii, fig. 1,

22 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

M. cor-anguinum) near Lewes. An example from Cambrai is in the d'Orbigny
Collection at Paris, but it is probably not the specimen figured in the c Paleontologie
Francaise.'

Distribution. — (i) Zone of Terebratulina of Bevendean, near Brighton.1

(ii) Zone of Holaster pi anus of Winchester, Lewes, Dover, Kenley, Cuxton.
Chalk Rock of Boxmoor, Luton, LTnderwood Hall (Dullingham), Westley
Waterless.

(iii) Zone of Micmster cor-testudinarium of Lewes, Dover, Purley, Strood,
Chatham, Swaffham2 (Norfolk).

(iv) Zone of Micraster cor-anguinum of Winchester, Porton, Witherington,
Quidhampton, Lewes, the Sussex coast, St. Margaret's, Gravesend, Northfleet,
Hailing Pit (South Croydon).

(v) Zone of Marsupites testudinarius of the coasts of Sussex, Thanet, and
Yorkshire. Uintacrinus band of Devizes Road, Salisbury.

(vi) Zone of Actinocamax quadratus of East Harnham, Hursley (Winchester),
the coasts of Sussex and Yorkshire.

(vii) Zone of Belemnitella mucronata of the Dorset coast and Norwich.

(viii) Chalk of Trimingham.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) CEETACEA, nom. nov. Plate IV, figs. 13, 14 a — c, 15. Plate V,

figs, la, b, 2, 3, 4a, b.

? 1847. LIMA MANTELLII, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 568,

pi. ccccxxvi, figs. 3 — 5 (non L. Man-
telli, Brongniart).
? I860. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

LJEVITTSCULA, J. de C. Sowerby, in F. Dixon. Geol. Sussex, p. 347

(p. 382, ed. 2), pi. xxviii, fig. 14,
(non L. Iseviuscula, Sowerby,
1822).

? 1872. — HOPEBI, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palseontogra-

phica, vol. xx, pt. 2), p. 40, pi. ix, figs. 11,12.

? 1877. A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. : II,

Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht., p. 134,
fig. 121.

? MANTELLI, Fritsch. Ibid., p. 134, fig. 122.

? 1888. A. Peron. L'Hist. du Terr, de Craie, p. 151.

Description. — Shell of small convexity, oval, very inequilateral, higher than long.
Antero- and postero-dorsal margins nearly straight, the remainder forming a

1 Also recorded from the Terebratulina zone of South Dorset by Dr. Barrois.

2 This may be from the M. cor-anguinum zone.

LIMA. 23

regular curve. Umbones small, close together. Apical angle usually about 100°,
but sometimes only 90°. Ears small, the posterior larger than the anterior.
Anterior area of moderate size, very deep, with a sharp edge and numerous radial
ribs.

Ornamentation consists of numerous, well-defined, radial grooves with distinct
pits, covering the entire surface of the shell. The grooves are straight or slightly
wavy, and in some cases are linear, in others broader, the latter giving the appear-
ance of flattened or rounded ribs to the interspaces. The pits in the grooves some-
times extend into the sides of the ribs. New grooves may be introduced near the
ventral margin or occasionally near the middle of the valve. In well-preserved
specimens very fine concentric ridges are sometimes seen. A few growth-rings
are usually present.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Length . 32 32 26 21 21 17 16 12 11 mm.
Height . 37 35 30 24 22 19 19 14 12 „

(1) H. planus zone, Cuxton. (5 — 7) A quadratus zone, East Harnham.

(2) „ „ Cheveley. (8) M. cor-anguinum zone, Witheringtou.

(3) ,, „ Borsted. (9) Uintacrinus band, Devizes Road, Salisbury.

(4) A. quadratus zone, Whaddon railway cutting,

near Salisbury.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished from Lima Hoperi by having a smaller
apical angle, by being relatively higher and shorter, with the valves less convex,
the anterior area relatively smaller, the entire surface of the shell always orna-
mented, and the grooves usually deeper.

The specimen figured by d'Orbigny as Lima Mantelli is similar in form to some
examples of L. cretacea, but d'Orbigny states that the furrows are shallow and
without pits. A specimen, however, in the d'Orbigny Collection at Paris shows
pits in the grooves.

Lima Iseviuscula, Sowerby (in Dixon) is probably a small example of this
species, but its locality and horizon are not stated.

One of the specimens from the Planer-kalk of Strehlen figured by Geinitz
(1872) as L. Hoperi (fig. 11) agrees very closely with this species.

Distribution. — Zone of Terebratulina of Winchester. Zone of Holaster planus of
Twyford and Cheveley. Zone of Micraster cor- test udinarium of Borstal and
Cuxton. Zone of M. cor-anguinum of Micheldever, Witherington and Camp Hill
(South Wiltshire). Zone of Marsupites of Highfield. Uintacrinus band of Devizes
Road (Salisbury). Zone of Actinocamax quadratus of Winchester, East Harnham,
West Harnham, and Milford (Salisbury). Zone of Belemnitella mucronata of
Norwich. Chalk of Trimingham.

24 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

LIMA (PLAGIOSTOMA) MAKEOTIANA, d'Orbigny, 1847. Plate V, figs. 6a, b, 7 a, b.

1847. LIMA MABBOTIANA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9- Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 561,

pi. ccccxxiv, figs. 1 — 4.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 247.

1889. (EADULA) MABBOTIANA, 0. Griepenkerl. Senon. von Konigslutter .

(Palseont. Abhandl., vol. iv), p. 39.

Non 1850. - - MABOTTIANA, A. Alth. Geogn.-pal. Beschreib. v. Lemberg (Haidinger's

Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2), p. 240,
pi. xii, fig. 25. (L. AUM, Favre).

Description. — Shell of moderate convexity, oval, more or less trigonal. Antero-
dorsal margin rather long, nearly straight ; postero-dorsal margin much shorter ;
the remainder forming a regular curve. Umbones rather small, pointed. Apical
angle about 105°. Anterior area large, deeply depressed, sharply limited,
ornamented with 10 to 12 strong, rather narrow ribs, which bear, in places, small
nodular projections. Ears rather large, with growth-ridges, without ribs ; the
posterior rather larger than the anterior ear.

Ornamentation consists of 30 to 32 broad ribs with a few smaller ribs near the
posterior margin ; the ribs are smooth, with flattened or somewhat rounded
summits, and are separated by narrow rounded grooves. The grooves show, in
places, transverse ridges and grooves which may extend to the sides of the ribs,
giving them a notched appearance. Near the ventral margin, especially in old
specimens, the ribs become more flattened and the grooves shallower.

Measurements :

(i) (2)

Length . . . . 59 . 27 mm.

Height V .. . .60 . 28 „

(1, 2) Upper Chalk (B. mucronata zone), Norwich. The measurements of the larger specimen are
approximate only.

Affinities. — This is distinguished from other species found in the Chalk by its
strong ribs. In Lima Althi, Favre, the ribs are more numerous and not so broad.

Lima Marrotiana differs from most of the species which are referred to
Plagiostoma in having much stronger ribs, but in other respects it agrees closely
with that sub-genus.

Remarks. — The only specimens I have seen are from Norwich, where it appears
to be rare. The shell is usually more or less crushed, so that its proper outline is
distorted.

LIMA. 25

Types. — D'Orbigny's specimens came from the Lower Senonian of Dordogne,
Charente-Inferieure, Cambrai, and Aube.

Distribution. — Zone of Belemnitella mucronata of Norwich.

Sub-genus — ACESTA, H. and A. Adams, 1858.

(' Genera of Kecent Mollusca,' vol. ii, p. 558.)
LIMA (ACESTA) LONGA, Romer, 1841. Plate V, figs. 8 a, ~b, 9 — 11, 12 <z, b.

1836. LIMA ELONGATA, F. A. Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Oolith.-geb.,

p. 79, pi. xiii, fig. 11 (non elongata,
Sowerby).

1841. LONGA, Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Zreidegeb., p. 57.

1847. A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 529, pi.

ccccxiv, figs. 13 — 16.

1850. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 81.

1865. H. Coquand. Mon. Aptien de 1'Espagne, p. 149.

1868. P. de Loriol. Valangien d'Arzier. (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 4),

p. 41, pi. iii, fig. 11.

1869. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 128,
pi. clxi, figs. 6, 7.

1871. W. A. Ooster. Protozoe Helvetica, vol. ii, pp. 104, 123.

1877. G. Bdhm. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xxix,

p. 235.

1883. W. Keeping. Foss., etc., Neoc. Upware and Brickhill, p. 112,

pi. v, fig. 6.

1884. n. sp., 0. Weerth. Die Fauna des Neocom. im Teutoburg. Walde

(Palseont. Abhandl., vol. ii), p. 51.

? 1895. (PLAGIOSTOMA) cf . EOBINALDINA, F. Vogel. Holland. Kreide, p. 56.

1896. LONGA, A. Wollemann. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xlviii, p. 836.

1900. Die Biv. u. Gastrop. d. deutsch. u. holland.

Neocoms (Abhandl. d. k. preussisch. geol.
Land., N. F., pt. 31), p. 27.

Description. — Shell compressed, sub-triangular, rounded, considerably higher
than long, of small obliquity. Posterior and ventral margins convex; anterior
margin straight. Umbones pointed, close together. Apical angle small — about 70°.
Posterior ear large, not separated from the rest of the valve by a depression,
ornamented with radial ribs. Anterior ear smaller, much higher than long.

4

26 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Anterior area lanceolate, depressed, limited by a sharp edge, ornamented with
radial ribs.

Ornamentation consists of very numerous, small, somewhat flattened ribs,
separated by much narrower grooves. The ribs are usually wavy, and are not all
of equal size; posteriorly smaller ribs sometimes alternate with larger. The
grooves are punctate and vary somewhat in width. A few distinct growth-lines
are seen, below which the direction of the ribs may undergo some deflection.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Length . .37 35 31 23 21 20mm.
Height . . 62 58 56 37 35 32 „

(1, 2, 3, 5) Lower Greensand, Upware.

(4) Tealby Limestone, North Willinghain.
(6) Speeton Clay, Speeton.

Affinities. — Lima longa has a smaller apical angle and is relatively shorter than
L. undata, Deshayes 1 ; it is also clearly distinguished by the absence of the prominent
concentric scales, and by the occurrence of pits in the grooves.

Remarks. — In some cases, especially when the specimens are not perfectly
preserved, the ribs (as remarked by Wollemann) become indistinct on the middle
of the shell. This is the case in specimens from the Tealby Limestone, and in some
from the Speeton Clay, in which the middle part of the shell is almost smooth.
The outline of the shell and the relative size of the posterior ear are rather variable.

A specimen from West Dereham (Plate V, fig. 13) possesses finer ribs, but may
perhaps be only a variety of this species.

Types. — From the Hilsthon of Elligser Brink. A specimen from the same
locality (imperfect on the posterior side of the umbo) is figured by d'Orbigny and
is preserved in the Museum of Palaeontology at Paris. Two of the specimens from
Upware figured by Keeping are in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, and another
is in the collection of Mr. J. F. Walker.

Distribution. — Lower Greensand of Upware, Potton, and Brickhill. Tealby
Limestone (zone of Belemnites brunsviceiisis) of North Willingham. Upper part of
Speeton Series of Speeton.

LIMA (ACESTA) CLYPEIFOEMIS, d'Orbigny, 1847. Text-figure 5.

1847. LIMA CLYPEIFORMIS, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9- Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 543,

pi. ccccxvii, figs. 9, 10.
1850. — d'OrUgny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 166.

1 See d'Orbigny, p. 528, pi. ccccxiv, figs. 9 — 12 ; Pictet and Campiche, p. 133, pi. clxii, fig. 1.

LIMA. 27

1869. LIMA CLYPEIFORMIS, F.. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse ser. 5),
p. 168.

1871. BADULA (ACESTA) CLYPEIFORMIS, F. StoliczJca. Palaeont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii,
p. 414.

Description. — Shell very large, compressed, oval, rounded, only slightly oblique.
Height equal to or slightly greater than length. Antero-dorsal margin more or less

Fio. 5. — Lima (Acesta) clypeiformis, d'Orbigny. Upper Greensand, Chard. Eight valve. Taunton

Museum, x |.

straightened and relatively short. Ears rather small, the anterior larger than the
posterior. Surface of shell smooth, except for growth-lamellae at intervals.
Measurements :

Length . . . . . . . . . 160 mm.

Height . 168 „

Upper Greensand, Chard.

28 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHTA.

Affinities. — Lima subclypeiformis, Futterer,1 is stated to be related to L. dijpei-
formis.

Remarks. — This is the largest species of Lima known in the Cretaceous of
England. I have seen two specimens only, one of which is in the Museum of the
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society at Taunton, and the
other in the Exeter Museum. The occurrence of this species in England was first
recorded by Mr. Jukes-Browne.2

Type. — D'Orbigny's specimens came from the Cenomanian of Le Mans, etc.

Distribution. — Topmost bed of the Upper Greensand of Chard.

Sub-genus — MANTELLUM, J. F. Bolten, 1798.
(' Mus. Bolten.,' 2, p. 160.)

LIMA (MANTELLUM) PARALLELA (Sowerby) 1812. Plate V, figs. 14, 15 a— d.

1812. MODIOLA PARALLELA, /. de C. Sowerly. Min. Conch., vol. i, p. 31, pi. ix

(right-hand top figure).

1842. LIMA ELEGANS, A. Leymerie. Mem. Soc. geol. de France, vol. v, p. 27,

pi. vi, fig. 6. (Non Dujardin, non Nilsson.)

1845. ELONGATA, E. Forbes. Quart. Journ. Greol. Soc., vol. i, p. 248.

1846. ELEGANS, A. Leymerie. Statist, gcol. et min. de 1'Aube, pi. vi, fig. 7.

1847. COTTALDINA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 537,

pi. ccccxvi, figs. 1 — 5.
1850. — d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 119.

1854. PARALLELA, /. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171.

1855. COTTALDINA, G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 101.

1858. /. Vilanova-y-Piera. Mem. geog.-agric. de Castellon,

pi. ii, fig. 15.

— — PARALLELA, F. J. Pictet and E. Renevier. Foss. Terr. Aptien (Mater.

Pal. Suisse, ser. 1), p. 126,
pi. xix, fig. 1.

1865. — H. Coquand. Mon. Aptien de 1'Espagne, p. 148.

1869. — COTTALDINA, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 151, pi. clxvi, fig. 1.

1883. — FARRINGDONENSIS, W. Keeping. Foss., etc., Neoc. Upware and Brick-

hill, p. 112, pi. v, fig. 12.

1884. — COTTALDINA, O. Weerth. Die Fauna des Neocom. im Teutoburg.

Walde (Palaeont. Abhandl., vol. ii), p. 52.

1 ' Kreidebild. d. Santa Croce in den Venetianer Alpen' (Palseont. Abhandl., vol. vi, 1892),
p. 78, fig. 23.

2 ' Proc. Somerset Archseol. and Nat. Hist. Soc.,' vol. xlix, 1903.

LIMA. 29

1895. LIMA COTTALDINA, G. Maas. Zeitschr. der deutsch. geol. G-esellsch., vo .

xlvii, p. 267.

(RADULA) COTTALDINA, F. Vogel. Hollandisch. Kreide., p. 56.
1900. COTTALDINA, A. Wollemann. Die Biv. u. Gastrop. d. deutscli. u.

Holland. Neocoms (Abliandl. d. k.
preussisch. geol. Land., N. F., pt.
31), p. 35, pi. ii, figs. 2, 3.

Non 1847. PABALLELA, d'Orbigny. (See p. 31).

Description. — Shell moderately convex, oblique, oval or rounded-oblong, higher
than long. Antero-dorsal margin long, nearly straight, more or less parallel with the
postero-ventral margin ; postero-dorsal margin short, more or less nearly straight.
Anterior margin regularly rounded. Umbones sharp, only slightly curved ; apical
angle about 90°. Ears of moderate size. Anterior area rather large, slightly
convex ventrally, depressed near the umbo, usually smooth except for growth-
lines.

Ornamentation consists of 18 to 20 principal ribs, and sometimes of a few
smaller ribs near the posterior margin. The principal ribs are roof-like with sharp
summits ; they are strongest on the antero-dorsal part of the valve and become
less elevated and rather more widely separated in passing posteriorly ; the two or
three anterior ribs (near the anterior area) are rather smaller and closer together.
A small rib occurs at the bottom of the furrows between the main ribs ; smaller
linear ribs may occur on the sides of the principal ribs, especially on the posterior
part of the shell. Fine concentric growth-lines are seen on the ribs and furrows.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Length . 26 26 25 23 23 22 19 14mm.
Height . 21 22 20 19 18 17 16 11 „
(1, 4) Perwa-bed, Atherfield.
(2, 5) Hythe Beds, Lympne.

(3) Lower Greensand, Upware.
(6, 7) Hythe Beds, Hythe.

(8) Ferruginous Sands, Shanklin.

Affinities. — This species is closely allied to L. Royeriana, d'Orbigny,1 but in
the latter the ribs do not decrease in size nor become more widely separated on
the posterior part of the shell, and the small rib in the furrows is absent or
indistinct.

L. parallela is distinguished from L. gaultina (p. 31) by being relatively
shorter and less compressed, by the ribs on the posterior part of the shell being

1 'Pal. Fran?. Terr. Cret.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 527, pi. ccccxiv, figs. 5 — 8; Pictet and Campiche,
' Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix ' (1869), p. 142, pi. clxiv, figs. 4, 5.

30 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

more distinctly smaller than those on the anterior part, and by the presence of
the small rib at the bottom of each groove. See also L. farringdonensis (below).

L. expansa, Forbes,1 from the Hythe Beds of Hythe, is known to me only from
the type specimen which is preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society
(No. 2056). It is an internal cast in clay, somewhat crushed, and shows the
ribbing only imperfectly. I think it is probably an example of L. parallela, but
more specimens from the same horizon are needed before a confident opinion can
be given. Similar remarks apply to L. lingua, Forbes,2 which comes from the same
horizon and locality, and is likewise preserved in the Museum of the Geological
Society (No. 2058).

This and the following eight species are provisionally referred to the sub-genus
Mantellum, with which they agree in the form of the shell and, in many cases, in
the general character of the ornamentation. They differ, however, from the type
of Mantellum in having the valves closed or almost closed, but there is, as Phillip!
has pointed out, every transition from the species in which the valves gape widely
to others in which they are closed.

Remarks. — This species shows a fair amount of variation in the proportions of
length and height, and also in the obliquity of the shell.

The type-specimen of L. parallela is an internal cast, and consequently all
writers have found it practically impossible to make out the characters of the
species from Sowerby's figure. A comparison of the type with better preserved
specimens leaves no doubt in my mind that Sowerby's species is really identical
with the form described by d'Orbigny as L. Cottaldina. The latter author
referred a species found in the Gault (L. gaultinn, p. 31) to L. parallela, Sowerby.

Types. — The type is from the Hythe Beds of Maidstone and is preserved in the
British Museum (No. 43,292). The specimen from Upware figured as L. farring-
donensis by Keeping is in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

Distribution. — Pmia-bed and Atherfield Clay of Atherfield. Ferruginous Sands
of Shanklin. Hythe Beds of Hythe, Lympne, and Maidstone. Sandgate Beds of
Sevenoaks. Folkestone Beds of Folkestone. Lower Greensand of Faringdon and
Upware. Speeton Clay of Speeton.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) FARRINGDONENSIS, Sharpe, 1853.

1853. LIMA FARRINGDONENSIS, D. Sharpe. Quart. Journ. G-eol. Soc., vol. x, p. 198,

pi. vi, fig. 2.

Non 1883. — W. Keeping. Foss., etc., Neoc. Upware and Brick-

hill, p. 112, pi. v, fig. 12.

1 ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. i (1845), p. 249, pi. iii, fig. 11.

2 Ibid., p. 249, pi. iii, fig. 10.

LIMA. 31

Remarks. — The chief character in which Lima farringdoueusis differs from
L. parallela seems to be in the possession of well-marked ribs over the whole of
the anterior area. It also differs from the majority of examples of L. parallela in
that the ribs only decrease in size to a very small extent in passing from the
anterior to the posterior part of the shell; and further, the shell is less inequilateral
than is usual in L. parallela.

I am inclined to regard Lima farringdonensis as not more than a variety of
L. parallela, but without better material it is impossible to express a confident
opinion. Almost all the specimens seen are in the condition of internal casts in a
brownish ferruginous sandstone.

Type. — The figure given by Sharpe is taken from a gutta-percha cast of an
external mould. It was obtained from Seende and is preserved in the Museum of
the Geological Society.

Distribution. — Lower Greensand of Seende and Faringdon.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) GAULTINA, nom. nov. Plate V, figs. 16 — 20.

? 1827. PLAGIOSTOMA ELONGATA, /. de C. Sowerby. Min. Couch., vol. vi, p. 113,

pi. dlix, fig. 2 (upper figure only).
1847. LIMA PARALLELA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Franc. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 539,

pi. ccccxvi, figs. 11 — 14.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 138.

1855. G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 101.

1854. ELONGATA, J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171 (partim).

1875. A. J. Jukes-Browne. Quart. Jouru. Greol. Soc., vol. xxxi,

p. 296.
1897. PARALLELA, R. B. Newton. Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field

Club, vol. xvii, p. 88, pi. iii, fig. 11.

1900. E. T. Newton and A. J. Jukes-Browne. Cret. Rocks of

Britain, vol. i, p. 449.

Nou 1850. PLAGIOSTOMA PARALLELUS, /. de C. Sowerby in .F. Dixon. Greol. Sussex,

p. 356 (p. 386, ed. 2), pi. xxviii,
fig. 16 (=L. elongata, Sowerby).

Description. — Shell rather compressed, sub-quadrangular or nearly oblong, very
oblique, much longer than high, rounded posteriorly ; antero-dorsal margin long
and nearly straight, almost parallel with the postero-ventral margin. Apical angle
about 100°. Umbones pointed, close together. Ears of moderate size, the anterior
larger than the posterior. Anterior area large, slightly concave dorsally, orna-
mented with fine radial ribs.

Ornamentation consists of 18 to 20 main ribs with a few smaller ribs pos-
teriorly. The ribs are strong, with sharp summits, but become somewhat

32 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

weaker posteriorly. The sides of the ribs are ornamented with fine radial ribs, and
at the summit there is sometimes a rib with pointed projections. Concentric
growth-lines are present.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Length 39 34 29 29 28 17 mm.
Height1 28 23 20 18 20 12 „

(1, 4) Gault, Black Ven.
(2, 3, 5, 6) Gault, Folkestone.

Affinities. — Lima Iteriana, Pictet and Roux,2 appears to differ from this species
in having a small rib at the bottom of the groove, and in being relatively shorter.
Pictet and Campiche state that the small rib is not always present. I have seen
no trace of such a rib in even the best preserved examples of L. gaultina. See also
Lima elongata (p. 36).

Remarks. — One of the specimens figured by Sowerby as Plagiostoma elongata
(the upper figure 2 of Plate DLIX) is probably an example of this species, but since
it is an internal cast only, it is difficult to be sure of its identity without seeing
other specimens from the same horizon. The specimen in question, however,
agrees in form and in the characters of the ribs with other internal casts which
undoubtedly belong to this species. D'Orbigny referred this species to Lima
parallela (Sowerby) and also included with it L. elongata, Sowerby (p. 34).

Types. — The specimen figured by Sowerby, mentioned above, is stated to come
from the " Greensand of Folkestone." D'Orbigny's specimens of Lima parallela,
d'Orbigny non Sowerby, came from the Gault of Gerodot and Dienville (Aube).

Distribution. — Gault of Folkestone (zones ii, vii, ix). Gault of Ventnor and
Black Ven. Cambridge Greensand (derived). Upper Greensand (zone of
Schlwnbachia rostrata) of Devizes. Internal casts from the Speeton Clay (zone of
Belemnites jaculum, C 11) seem to be indistinguishable from this species.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) INTEELINEATA, Juices- Browne, 1877. Plate VI, figs, la, b.

1877. LIMA INTERLINEATA, A. J. Jukes-Browne. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. xxxiii, p. 502, pi. xxi, fig. 10.

Description. — Shell moderately convex, rounded-oblong. Umbones and ears
not seen.

1 Measured perpendicular to the hinge-line.

2 'Moll. Toss. Gres verts de Geneve ' (1852), p. 484, pi. xl, fig. 5 ; F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche,
'Foss. Terr. Crct. Ste. Croix ' (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5, 1869), p. 156, pi. clxvi, figs. 4, 5.

LIMA. 33

Ornamentation consists of 10 to 12 strong ribs with broad interspaces. On the
posterior part of the shell the ribs are more widely separated and the interspaces
flatter than on the anterior part. In the interspaces there are small radial ribs
separated by broad spaces.

Remarks. — The only specimens seen are a few imperfect internal moulds with
very small portions of the shell preserved. L. interlineata appears to be allied to
L. gaultina (see above) but is distinguished by possessing fewer ribs with broader
and flatter interspaces. The smaller radial ribs are perhaps also better developed
than in L. gaultina.

Type. — In the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

Distribution. — Cambridge Greensand (derived from the Gault).

LIMA (MANTELLUM) INTERMEDIA, d'Orligny, 1847. Plate VI, figs. 2a)b) 3, 4 a — c.

1847. LIMA INTERMEDIA, A. d'Orligny. Pal. Fraii9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 550,

pi. ccccxxi, figs. 1 — 5.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.

1869. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 168.

? 1877. A. Fritsch. Stud, im G-ebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

II, Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht.,
p. 134, fig. 123.

Description. — Shell moderately compressed, oblique, oval or rounded-oblong,
higher than long. Antero-dorsal border rather long and roughly parallel to the
slightly curving postero-ventral border; both curve gradually and regularly to
join the posterior border. Postero-dorsal shorter than the antero-dorsal border.
Umbones inconspicuous, close together. Apical angle about 100°. Ears small, of
nearly equal size, the posterior with three or four small radial ribs and with growth-
ridges. Anterior area moderately large, slightly convex except near the umbones,
smooth or with a few small ribs at the sides.

Ornamentation consists of 20 to 23 ribs. Those on the antero- ventral region
are strong and roof-like, and, in old specimens, bear a smaller rib on each
side; posterior to this region the ribs become much smaller and less elevated,
some being almost linear and with broad and nearly flat interspaces. At the
bottom of the furrows and in the middle of the flat interspaces there is a linear
rib. In well-preserved specimens very fine radial ribs and concentric lines
are seen.

5

34 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Measurements :

(i) (2) (3)

Length 35 . 30 . 30 mm.

Height 31 . 28 . 26 „

Thickness 18 . 17 . 16 „

(1, 2) Eye Hill Sands, Warminster.

(3) Upper Greensand, Longbridge, Devizes.

Affinities. — This species is closely allied to Lima parallela, but is distinguished
by being less convex (especially in the region of the umbones), by being rather
shorter and higher, and by the ribs decreasing in size rather more rapidly when
traced from the an tero- ventral region to the posterior region. The fine radial orna-
mentation is also perhaps rather better marked than in L. parallela.

L. intermedia differs from L. elongata (see below) in being less convex, relatively
shorter, in the ribs being less elevated and decreasing in size posteriorly, and in the
absence or indistinct character of the ribs on the anterior area.

It is also relatively shorter and higher than Lima gaultina, and the ribs on the
posterior half are much smaller and have broader and flatter interspaces. The
intermediate rib is distinct in L. intermedia, but is absent or indistinct in L. gaultina.

Type. — From the Cenomanian of Le Mans.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Longbridge, near
Devizes. Rye Hill Sands of "Warminster.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) ELONGATA (Soiverby), 1827. Plate VI, figs. 5, 6&— c, 7 a, b.

1822. PLAGIOSTOMA, G. Mantell. Foss. S. Downs, p. 129, pi. xix, fig. 1.
1827. ELONGATA, /. de C. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. vi, p. 113,

pi. dlix, fig. 2 (lower figure).
? 1847. LIMA ASTIEKIANA, A. d'Orbiyny. Pal. Fran?. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 549,

pi. ccccxx, figs. 4 — 7.

1850. PLAGIOSTOMA PAEALLELUS, J. de G. Sowerby in F. Dixon. Geol. Sussex,

p. 356 (p. 386, ed. 2), pi. xxviii, fig. 16.
1854. LIMA ELONGATA, J". Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171 (partim).

1869. — F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 168.

1870. F. Bdmer. Geol. von Oberschles., p. 343, pi. xxix, fig. 1.
? 1876. — H. Deicke. Tourtia von Miilheim a. d. Euhr, p. 27.

v 1877. — G. Bohm. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xxix

p. 234.
1897. _ R. Leonhard. Kreideformat. in Oberschles. (Paleeonto-

graphica, vol. xliv), p. 47.

1904. _ E. T. Newton and A. J. Jukes-Browne. Cret. Eocks of

Britain, vol. iii, p. 451.

LIMA. 35

Non 1836. LIMA ELONGATA, A. Goldfms. Petref. Germ., vol. ii, p. 87, pi. cii, fig. 13

(L. Miinsteriana, d'Orbigny).
F. A. Homer. Verstein. nord-deutsch. Oolith.-geb., p. 79,

pi. xiii, fig. 11 (L. longa, Eomer, 1841).

? — 1841. F. A. Eomer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 56.

- 1845. E. Forbes. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 248 (L.

parallela, Sowerby).

? — - 1846. A. E. Beuss. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat., pt. 2,

p. 33, pi. xxxviii, fig. 6, non 9 ( = L. Reussi,
d'Orb.).

- 1863. A. v. StrombecJc. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xv, p. 104 (L. Schmeisseri,
Wollemann).

?-- 1872. H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palseonto-

graphica, vol. xx, pt. 2), p. 40, pi. ix,
figs. 9, 10.

? — 1877. A. Fritsch. Stud, im G-ebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

II, Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht., p. 132,
fig. 116.

Description. — Shell of moderate convexity, subquadrangular or nearly oblong,
rounded anteriorly, much longer than high. Antero-dorsal margin long, nearly
straight, and nearly parallel with the postero-ventral margin; postero-dorsal
margin short, nearly straight. Apical angle about 100°. Umbones sharp, close
together. Ears of moderate size. Anterior area large, the dorsal part slightly
concave, ornamented with from five to seven fairly strong ribs which are crossed
by fine growth-ridges.

Ornamentation consists of 19 or 20 very strong ribs, with sharp, and some-
times (especially on the dorsal part of the shell) slightly serrate summits. The
ribs have usually at their summits a distinct ridge with a shallow furrow on each
side, which sometimes gives rise to the appearance of a ridge on each side of the
rib. The grooves between the main ribs are deep, rounded, distinctly limited, and
of about the same width as the ribs. On the'dorsal portions of the shell fine radial
ribs occur on both ribs and grooves ; on the ventral portions they are not seen.
Fine concentric growth-lines cross both ribs and grooves, and some few (at
intervals) are more. distinct.

Measurements :

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

34

27

26

25

24

24 mm.

24

18

20

20

18

17 „

Length
Height

(1. 3, 5, 6) Chalk Marl, Folkestone.

(2) H. subglobosus zone, Stoke Ferry.
(4) Chalk Marl, Ventnor.

36 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Affinities. — This species agrees in form with Lima gaidtina (p. 31), but is
distinguished (1) by the stronger ribs on the anterior area, (2) by the grooves being
relatively broader and more distinctly limited, (3) by the ribs being more elevated,
(4) by the fine radial ribs being usually indistinct except on the dorsal portions of
the shell.

The form from the Planer-kalk (Turonian) of Saxony figured as Lima
elongata by Geinitz seems to differ from this species in having fewer and more
rounded ribs, and in the ribs being more widely separated on the posterior part of
the shell than elsewhere. Similar remarks apply to the specimen figured by
Fritsch. Without the opportunity of comparing specimens I am unable to give a
definite opinion as to the Turonian form being distinct from L. elongata.

Lima Astieriana, d'Orbigny, is perhaps identical with L. elongata, but the summits
of the ribs appear to be somewhat more rounded.

Lima Reussi, d'Orbigny (L. elongata of Reuss) seems to differ from L. elongata
in having a smaller apical angle.

Remarks. — Under the name Plagiostoma elongata Sowerby figured two species.
It seems advisable to retain the name elongata for the one shown in the lower of his
two figures, since that form had been previously figured and described (but without
a specific name) by Mantell, and Sowerby refers to Mantell's figure as an example
of Plagiostoma elongata.

Types. — I have not seen the specimen figured by Mantell. Sowerby's type,
from the Chalk Marl of Hamsey, and also the specimen figured in Dixon's work are
in the British Museum.

Distribution. — The range is from the Chloritic Marl to the zone of Holaster snb-
globosus. Chloritic Marl of Eastbourne and the Isle of Wight. Chalk Marl of
Ventnor, Folkestone, and Prince's Risborough. Totternhoe Stone of Arlesey.
Zone of Holaster subglobosus of Blue Bell Hill (Burham), Stoke Ferry, and
Hunstanton.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) ELONGATA, var. ECHINATA, Etheridge, 1881. Plate VI, figs. 8, 9 a — c.

1881. LIMA ECHINATA, B. Eiheridge. In Penning and Jukes-Browne, Geol. Cam-
bridge, p. 144, pi. ii, fig. 2.

Remarks. — The examples described by Etheridge as Lima echinata agree
perfectly in form, in size, and in the number and character of the ribs with L.
elongata, but on the ridge at the summit of each rib there is a row of short spines
which are frequently rounded and stumpy, and on each side of the rib (outside the

LIMA. 37

shallow groove mentioned in the description of L. elongata) there is another row of
similar, but slightly smaller spines. In the furrows between the main ribs there
are transverse ridges.

On account of the close resemblance in the form and ribbing of L. echinata
to L. elongata, and also from the fact that in some specimens of the former the
ornamentation of the ribs is absent from a part of the shell and the ribs are then
indistinguishable from those of L. elongata, I am led to consider L. echinata as not
more than a variety of L. elongata. Further, in some specimens of L. elongata the
summits of the ribs are serrate.

L. elongata var. echinata presents some resemblance toL. Schmeisseri, Wollemann,1
from the Rhotomagensis-Plimer of Li'meburg.

Types. — In the Sedgwick Museum, from Burwell.

Distribution. — Totternhoe Stone (Holaster subglolosns zone) of Burwell and
Cherry Hinton. Also recorded in the ' Geological Survey Memoirs ' from the zone
of Schlwnlachia varians.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) CANTABRIGIENSIS, nom. nov. Plate VI, figs. lOa, />, 11, 12.

1881. LIMA ORNATA. R. Etheridge. In Penning and Juices-Browne, Geol. Cam-
bridge, p. 144, pi. iii, fig. 2 (non
ornata, d'Orbigny, 1847 ; lion
ornata, Buvignier, 1852).

Description. — Shell moderately convex, oval or rounded-oblong. Anterior
margin rounded. Umbones and ears not seen.

Ornamentation consists of 16 or 17 main ribs with a few small ribs at the
posterior end. The anterior ribs are strong, roof -like, with ridged summits ;
posteriorly the ribs become less prominent and the interspaces less depressed.
Both ribs and grooves are ornamented with fine, well- developed ribs, which are
closer together on the ribs than in the grooves ; usually three or four occur on
each side of a main rib and three in each groove. Numerous concentric ridges
occur and give rise to spiny projections where they cross the fine radial ribs.

Affinities. — In form this appears to be similar to L. parallela (p. 28), but has
fewer ribs and is much more highly ornamented. The small rib at the bottom of
the groove is not distinguishable from the other ribs.

It is more convex, has fewer ribs, and has the fine ornamentation better developed
than in L. intermedia.

Remarks. — This species is known by three specimens only. All are imperfect
near the umbo, but the fine ornamentation is well-preserved.

' Abhaudl. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst., 1ST. F.,' Heft 37 (1902), p. 55, pi. vii, fig. 9.

38 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

On account of the name ornata having been previously used by d'Orbigny and
by Buvignier for other species it is necessary to substitute some other name.

Types. — From the Cambridge Greensand (indigenous), preserved in the Sedgwick
Museum, Cambridge.

Distribution. — Cambridge Greensand (indigenous). Lower Chalk of Burwell.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) BRITANNTCA, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 13 a — d.

1857. LIMA ELEQANS, J. W. Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiii, p. 85, pi. ii,

fig. 3 (non elegans, Nilsson).

Description. — Shell moderately convex, sub-quadrate or nearly oblong, very
oblique. An tero -dorsal and postero- ventral margins more or less parallel ; pos-
terior margin rounded. Ears of moderate size, with a few ribs on the inner
portions, and with distinct growth-lines; the anterior larger than the posterior
ear. Anterior area not distinctly limited, covered with ribs similar to those on the
rest of the valve but of nearly uniform size.

Ornamentation consists of eighteen main ribs, which are strong on the anterior
part of the shell, but become smaller in passing to the posterior end. At the
summit of each main rib is a narrow, elevated, secondary rib, and on each side of
a main rib are two or three similar but rather small ribs. The secondary ribs are
separated by broad and rounded furrows. The summits of the secondary ribs
are usually sharp and even, but occasionally slightly serrate.

Measurement* :

Length . . . . . . . . 19 mm.

Height 24 „

Affinities. — This form, of which I have seen one example only, agrees with the
specimen preserved in flint from Moreseat (Aberdeenshire) which was described
and figured by Salter as Lima elegans (Nilsson). That specimen is now in the
Museum of Practical Geology. Nilsson's1 figure is scarcely sufficient to enable one
to determine the species, but from the recent illustrations given by Hennig2 it is
seen that the British specimens differ from Lima elegans in being more distinctly
oblong and especially in having more numerous secondary ribs.

1 'Petrif. Suecana' (1827), p. 26, pi. ix, fig. 7; Hisinger, ' Lethsea Suecica ' (1837), p. 55, pi. xv,
fig. 10.

2 Revis. Lamellibr. i Nilsson's 'Petrif. Suecana' (1897), p. 33, pi. ii, figs. 9, 10, 11, 24; Lima
elegans, Dujardin (' Mem. Soc. geol. de France,' vol. ii, 1837, p. 226, pi. xvi, fig. 1), is apparently
distinct from Nilsson's species.

LIMA. 39

Type. — In the collection of Mr. R. M. Brydone.

Distribution. — Lower part of the zone of Micraster cor-anguinum of Seaford.

LIMA (MANTELLUM) REICHKNBACHI, Geiuitz, 1839. Plate VI, figs. 14 a, 6, 15.

1839. LIMA EEICHENBACHI, H. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Scliicht. u. Petref . des silchs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 1, p. 24, pi. viii,
fig. 4.

1841. KEICHENBACHII, F. A. Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreide-

geb., p. 57.

1843. — EEICHENBACHI, H. B. Geinitz. Die Verstein. von Kieslingswalda,

p. 23, pi. v, fig. 9.

1846. — A. E. Reuse. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat.,

pt. 2, p. 34.

1847. — KEICHENBACHII, A, d'Orbiyny. Pal. Fran9- Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 544,

pi. ccccxviii, figs. 1—4.
1850. — KEICHENBACHI, if. B. Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb.

in Deutschland, p. 190.

EEICHENBACHII, A. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 166.
1855. G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 101.

1867. — E. Gueranger. Album Paleont. de la Sarthe, p. 19,

pi. xxiv, fig. 5.

1869. — EEICHENBACHII, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse,
ser. 5), p. 168.

1872. — H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Pal-

seontographica, vol. xx, pt. 1),
p. 203, pi. xliii, figs. 1, 2.

1876. — EEICHENBACHI, H. Deicke. Tourtia v. Mulheim a. d. Euhr, p. 27.
1882. — EEICHENBACHII, P. de Loriol. Gault de Cosne, p. 101, pi. xiii, fig. 5.

Description. — Shell convex, oblong, oblique, rounded ventrally; antero-dorsal
margin long, nearly straight and almost parallel with the opposite margin. Height
considerably greater than length. Anterior area large, smooth, not depressed.
Ears rather small, the anterior somewhat larger than the posterior.

Shell ornamented with from seven to ten very strong ribs, which have rounded
summits and are separated by rounded grooves of about the same width as the
ribs. Small and narrow radial ribs are present on both ribs and grooves.
Measurements :

(i) (2) (3)

Length 29 . 25 . 21 mm.

Height 35 . 34 . 27 „

Thickness . 19 . 16 . — „

(1 — 3) Cenomanian, Wilmington.

40 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Remarks. — This species is easily distinguished by the very strong radial ribs.
The English specimens, which at present are known from three localities only, are
not well-preserved, so that the details of the ornamentation cannot be seen clearly.

The occurrence of L. Reichenbachi in England (from Wilmington) was first
noted by Mr. Jukes-Browne in 1898. The only specimens which I have seen are
now in the Museum of Practical Geology and the Sedgwick Museum.

Types. — From the Lower Planer (Cenomanian) of Plauen near Dresden.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asjper) of Warminster.
Chloritic Marl of Chard. Cenomanian Sandstone of Wilmington.

LIMA (MANTELLUM), sp. Plate VI, fig. 16 a, b.

Remarks. — A small specimen in the Museum of Practical Geology (No. 7896)
is similar in form and in the general character of its ornamentation to L. canta-
brigiensis (see p. 37), but the main ribs are not so strongly developed, the
interspaces are flatter, and the intermediate ribs are more prominent. It differs
from L. intermedia in its more distinctly oblong form and in the occurrence of
well-developed intermediate ribs.

This specimen resembles closely the lowest of the three figures referred to Lima
elegans by Guer anger.1

Distribution. — Chloritic Marl of Chardstock.

Sub-genus — CTENOIDES, II. and A. Adams, 1858 (ex Klein, 1753).
(' Genera of Recent Mollusca,' vol. ii, p. 557).

LIMA (CTENOIDES) KAPA, d'Ortigny, 1847. Plate VI, figs. 17«— f. Plate VII, fig. 1.

Text-fig. 6.

1847. LIMA KAPA, A. d'Orligny. Pal. Franc. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 546, pi. ccccxix,

figs. 1—4.
1850. — — A. d'OrUgny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 166.

H. B. Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb. in Deutsch-

land, p. 188.

1855. — — G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 101.
1867. — — E. Gueranger. Album Palcont. de la Sarthe, p. 19, pi. xxiv,

figs. 16, 17.

i ' Album Palcont. de la Sarthe ' (1867), p. 18, pi. xxiv, fig. 1.

LIMA. 41

1869. LIMA EAPA, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 168.

1871. RADULA (CTENOIDES) RAPA, F. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna

S. India, vol. iii, p. 414.

1872. LIMA RAPA, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palseontographica,

vol. xx, pt. 1), p. 206, pi. xliii, fig. 4.

Description. — Shell moderately and regularly convex, with ovate outline, nearly
equilateral, considerably higher than long, margins evenly rounded. Umbones
small, pointed, close together. Apical angle about 85°. Ears rather large, much

Fio. 6. — Lima (Ctenoides) rapa, d'Orbigny. Upper Greensand, Haldon. British Museum, No. L. 15616.

Interior of right valve. Natural size.

higher than long, with fine radial ribs ; the anterior ear larger than the posterior,
the latter with its outer angle obtuse.

Ornamentation consists of numerous fine radial ribs which diverge slightly from
a median or nearly median line or sometimes in places from two lines. These ribs
are slightly raised and rounded, and are separated by very narrow grooves ;
near the anterior and posterior margins the ribs become much narrower and
sharper, and may bear small pointed projections. The ribs are slightly wavy
and their course is often more or less sharply deflected where they pass the
growth-lamellae. Numerous fine linear concentric ridges occur, and also some
growth -lamellae.

6

42 CRETACEOUS LAMELL1BRANCHIA.

Measurements :

(i) (2) (3)

Length 66 . 43 . 30 mm.

Height 90 . 59 . 41 „

(1 —3) Upper Greensand, Haldon.

Affinities. — L. rapa is closely related to L. divaricata (p. 44) but the valves
are less flattened and the anterior part slopes gradually to the margin ; the outline
is more regularly ovate, and the anterior and posterior ribs are much narrower
than the others. L. rapa is usually considerably larger than L. divaricata.

Types. — From the Cenomanian of Coudrecieux and Le Mans.

Remarks. — The presence of this species in English deposits appears to have
been recognised first by the late Mr. C. J. A. Meyer ; it was recorded by Mr.
Jukes-Browne in 1896.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand of Haldon. Cenomanian (Meyer's Bed 10) of
Dunscombe.

LIMA (CTENOIDES) TECTA, Gold/us^, 1836. Plate VII, figs. 2, 3.

1836. LIMA TECTA, A. Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., vol. ii, p. 91, pi. civ, fig. 7.

1837. — FRONDOSA, F. Dujardin. Mem. Soc. geol. de France, vol. ii, pp. 216,

227, pi. xvi, fig. 10.
1839. — LAMELLOSA, H. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des siichs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 1, p. 23.

1841. TECTA, F. A. Earner. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb., p. 58.

1847. — A. d'Orbigny, Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 547, pi. ccccxix,

figs. 5—8.

1850. H. B. Geinitz. Das Quadersandst. oder Kreidegeb. in Deutsch-

land, p. 188.

— A. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, pp. 166, 247.

— ?, A. Altli. Geogn.-pal. Beschreib. Uingeb. v. Lemberg

(Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol. iii,
pt. 2), p. 243.
? 1852. — — ?, E. Kner. Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wissensch. Math.-nat.

01., vol. iii, p. 318, pi. xvii, fig. 7.
1867. E. Gueranger. Album Paleont. de la Sarthe, p. 19, pi. xxiv,

fig. 11.

1869. — — E. Fame. Moll. Foss. de la Craie de Lemberg, p. 135.
1869-70. — F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste. Croix

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
pp. 168, 170, 173.

1871. KADULA (CTENOIDES) TECTA, F. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna

S. India, vol. iii, p. 420,
pi. xxx, fig. 12.

LIMA. 43

1872. LIMA TECTA, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Palaeontograpliica,

vol. xx, pt. 1), p. 206, pi. xliii, fig. 3.

1877. A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. : II,

Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht., p. 130, fig. 113.

1894. — B. Lundgren. Mollusk-faunan i Mammillatus och Mucronata

zonerna (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
vol. xxvi, No. 6), p. 43.

1895. F. Vogel. Hollandisch. Kreide, p. 18.

— cf. TECTA, E. Tiessen. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xlvii,

p. 474.

1898. TECTA, G. Miiller. Mollusk. Untersen. v. Braunschweig u. Ilsede, p. 27.

1902. M. v. Pdl/y. Mittheil. a. d. Jahrb. d. k. ungarisch. geol.

Anstalt, vol. xiii, p. 275, pi. xx, fig. 5.

description. — Shell convex, much flattened, sub-ovate, slightly oblique,
considerably higher than long ; antero-dorsal part sloping steeply to the antero-
dorsal margin which is rather long and straightened. Umbones small, only slightly
incurved. Ears rather large, relatively high, the anterior larger than the posterior.

Ornamentation consists of numerous small radial ribs, which are rounded, and
smooth or nearly smooth. At fairly regular intervals the course of the ribs is
interrupted by strong growth-lamellae, ventrally to which the direction of the ribs
is sometimes deflected. Growth-lamellse, and sometimes ribs, are present on the
ears.

Measurements :

Length ........ 27 mm.

Height Vt • ' ' 39 »

From the Cenomauian (Bed 11) of Dunscombe.

Affinities. — This species is related to L. divaricata (see p. 44), but is
distinguished by the growth-lamellae, by the ribs not diverging from a median
line, and by the absence of the fine concentric ridges. Lima essertensis, de Loriol,1
from the Urgonian, is a similar form but is distinguished by the growth-lamellae
being more closely placed.

Remarks. — This species has a considerable stratigraphical range, extending
from Lower Cenomanian to Senonian. It has been recognised in France, Holland,
Scandinavia, Saxony, Bohemia, Hungary, etc. In England it has been found in
the Cenomanian of Devon only, having been discovered and identified by the late
Mr. C. J. A. Meyer, and first recorded by Mr. Jukes-Browne. The examples from
the Arrialoor Group, described by Stoliczka, seem quite indistinguishable from the
European forms.

1 • Foss. Corall. Valang. et Urgonien de Mt. Saleve ' (1866), p. 83, pi. D, fig. 12 ; also in A. Favre,
' Eecherch. geol. Savoie,' vol. i (1867), p. 388, pi. c, fig. 23 ; Pictet and Campiche, • Terr. Cret. Ste.
Croix ' (1869), p. 139, pi. clxiii, fig. 7.

44 CRETACEOUS LAMELLTBRANCHIA.

Types. — From the Senonian of Maestricht. D'Orbigny's specimens came
from the Cenomanian of Le Mans and from the Senonian of Tours and Loir-et-
Cher.

Distribution. — Cenomanian (Bed 11) of Dunscombe.

LIMA (CTENOIDES) DIVARICATA, Dttjardin, 1837. Plate VII, figs. 4a—d, 5, 6a, b.

1837. LIMA DIVAKICATA, F. Dujardin. Mem. Soc. geol. de France, vol. ii, p. 227,

pi. xvi, fig. 7.

1840. ARCUATA, If. B. Geinitz. Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des sachs.

Kreidegeb., pt. 2, p. 57, pi. ix, fig. 7.

1841. — DIVARICATA, _F. A. Rom&r. Die Verstein. d.uord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 58.
1850. — A. (VOrbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

— GRANOSA, /. de C. Sowerby iu F. Dixon. Geol. Sussex, p. 347 (p. 382,

ed. 2), pi. xxviii, figs. 24, 25.

1854. — /. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171.

1859. MYTILUS? SPECTABILIS, /. M tiller. Petref. der Aaclieu. Kreidef., supple-
ment., p. 10, pi. vii, fig. 10.

1870. LIMA GRANOSA, F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste. Croix.

(Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 169.
— DIVARICATA, Pictet and Campiche. Ibid., pp. 171, 173.

1871. RADULA (CTENOIDES) GRANOSA, F. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii, p. 415.
DIVARICATA, Stoliczka. Ibid., p. 415.

1872. LIMA DIVARICATA, H. B. Geinitz. Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Pal-

aeontographica, vol. xx, pt. 1),
p. 205, pi. xlii, fig. 18.
1889. — A. Fritsch. Stud, hn Gebiete der bohrn. Kreideformat. :

IV, Teplitz. Schicht., p. 83, fig. 77.
E. Holzapfel. Die Mollusk. Aachen Kreide (Palseon-
tographica, vol. xxxv), p. 241,
pi. xxvii, fig. 7.

1897. — GRANOSA, H. Woods. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liii, p. 383.
1902. DIVARICATA, M. v. Pul/y. Mittheil. Jahrb. d. k. ungarisch. geol.

Anstalt, vol. xiii, p. 274, pi. xx, fig. 4.

Description. — Shell convex, flattened, the anterior marginal part sloping
steeply, the posterior part more gradually ; outline rather variable, more or less
ovate or approaching to oblong, considerably higher than long, only slightly
unsymmetrical. Umbones rather small, not much incurved. Ears relatively
short and high, not sharply limited ; the anterior larger than the posterior.

Ornamentation consists of numerous small radial ribs which diverge from a
median or nearly median line or sometimes in part from two lines forming an

LIMA. 45

inverted W. The ribs are slightly raised and often somewhat wavy or irregular,
especially near the growth-ridges. The ribs and grooves are crossed by numerous
concentric linear ridges. The ribs are sometimes nodular, the nodules having a
concentric arrangement. At intervals, usually rather distant and fairly regular,
distinct growth-lamellae are seen.
Measurements :

(i) (2) (3)

Length 37 . 20 . 22 mm.

Height 51 . 37 ^ 32 „

(1) Chalk, Newtimber.

(2) B. mucronata zone, Norwich.

(3) H. planus zone, Dover.

Affinities. — See L. (Ctenoides) rapa (p. 42) and L. (Ctenoides) tccta (p. 43).
L. divaricata also presents some resemblance to Lima Holzapfeli, Hennig,1 found
in the Danian of Faxe.

Remarks. — This species has hitherto been known in England as Lima granosa,
Sowerby. After making a careful comparison I feel no hesitation in regarding
it as identical with the widely-distributed L. lUvaricata, Dujardin. This form is
comparatively rare in England, and the part of the shell near the umbo is usually
wanting or imperfectly preserved.

Type. — From the Chalk (? Lower Senonian) of Touraine. Sowerby does not
mention the locality or the horizon from which he obtained Lima granosa, and I have
not succeeded in finding the type.

Distribution. — Zone of Terebratulina of Hitchin. Zone of Holaster planus of
"Winchester, Dover, and Cheveley, Blue Bell Hill, Burham (? H. planus zone).
Chalk Rock of Cuckhamsley. Zone of Micraster cor-anguinum of Micheldever.
Zone of Actinocamax quadratus of Salisbury. Zone of Belemnitella mucronata of
Salisbury and Norwich.

Sub-genus — LIMATULA, 8. V. Wood, 1839.

('Mag. Nat. Hist.,' new series, vol. iii, p. 233.)
LIMA (LIMATULA) TOMBECKIANA, d'OrMgny, 1847. Plate VII, figs. 7 a, b, 8 a — c, 9 a, b.

1847. LIMA TOMBECKIANA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 534,

pi. ccccxv, figs. 13 — 17.
1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 82.

1 ' Bih. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.,' vol. xxiv, No. 7 (1899), p. 10, pi. i, figs. 1, 2 ; Eavn,
• Mollusk. Danmarks Kridtafl I. Lamellibr. ' (1902), p. 100, pi. ii, fig. 15.

46 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

? 1854. LIMA SEMISULCATA, J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 172 (jjartini).
1855. TOMBECKIANA, G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 100.

1861. P. de Loriol. Anim. Invert. Foss. Mt. Saleve, p. 95,

pK xi, fig. 11.

1869. P. de Loriol and V. Gillieron. Urgon. infer, de

Landeron, p. 19, pi. i, fig. 17.
F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5), p. 148.

1871. RADULA (LIMATULA) TOMBECKIANA, F. Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii, p. 414.
— LIMA TOMBECKIANA, W. A. Ooster. Protozoe Helvetica, vol. ii, pp. 104,

123, 140.

1883. W. Keeping. Foss., etc., Neoc. Upware and Brick-

hill, p. 111.

Description. — Shell oval, inflated, higher than long, produced a little more
anteriorly than posteriorly. Umbones rather small, close together. Ears equal.
Margins of valves rounded, the posterior with a greater curvature than the
anterior.

Ornamentation consists of from 13 to 16 strong, rounded or slightly keeled
ribs separated by narrow grooves. The ribs are confined to the median part of
the shell, and the anterior and posterior parts are without ribs. The ribbed portion
is not quite symmetrically placed, the anterior smooth portion being rather larger
than the posterior smooth portion. Very fine concentric ridges are present on the
shell, and may form scale-like projections where they cross the ribs.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (4) (5) (G)

Length 9 9 8 8 7 11 mm.

Height 12 11 12-5 13 10 15-5 „

(1 — 5) Hythe Beds, Court-at-Street.
(6) Lower Greensand, Brickhill.

Affinities. — Some specimens of L. Tombecldana approach very closely L.
Fittoni from Blackdown and Haldon (see p. 48), and it is quite possible that the
latter is only a local variety of the former since some examples found in the Upper
Greensand of Charm outh and Potterne (Plate VII, fig. 10) seem indistinguishable
from L. Tombecldana. As a rule L. Tombecldana differs from L. Fittoni in having
the ribbed part of the shell more nearly symmetrical in position, in the shell being
rather longer and rather more convex with the umbonal part more pointed, and
in the ribs being more rounded.

L. Tombeckiana differs from L. semisulcata, Nilsson, in being smaller, relatively
longer, less symmetrical, and with the umbonal part more pointed. In this con-
nection, however, it should be noted that Hennig 1 considers that specimens which
1 Eevis. Lamellibr. i Nilsson's ' Petrific. Suecana ' (1897), p. 29.

LIMA. 47

he has seen from the Lower Greensand of Atherfield and Blackgang belong to
L. semisulcata. L. TombecJciana also resembles L. suprajurensis, Contejean,1 found
in the Upper Jurassic.

Types. — D'Orbigny does not give the locality of the type, but says that he
obtained specimens from the Neocomian of Neuchatel, Auxerre, Saint Sauveur, etc.

Distribution. — Hythe Beds of Court-at-Street near Lympne. Lower Greensand
of Brickhill. Tealby Limestone (zone of B. brunsvicensls) of North Willingham.

LIMA (LTMATULA) DUPINIANA, d'Orligni/, 1847. Plate VII, figs. 11 a — c.

? 1845. LIMA SEMISULCATA, E. Forbes. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 248

(non semisulcata, Nilssoii).
1847. LIMA DUPINIANA, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Oct., vol. iii, p. 535,

pi. ccccxv, figs. 18 — 22.
1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 81.

1854. J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 171.

1855. G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 100.
1865. — H. Coquand. Mon. Aptien de 1'Espagne, p. 151.
1869. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse,
ser. 5), p. 150.

1871. RADULA (LIMATULA) DUPINIANA, F. Stoliczka. Palaeont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii, p. 414.

Non 1883. LIMA DUPINIANA, A. Fritsch. Stud, im Grebiete der bohm. Kreideformat. :

III, Iserschichten, p. 112, fig. 81.

Description. — Shell oval, moderately convex, much higher than long, nearly
equilateral, with the posterior margin more convex than the anterior. Umbones
very small, pointed, close together. Ears unequal.

Ornamentation consists of from ten to fourteen very narrow radial ribs,
usually with sharp summits, separated by broad rounded grooves. The anterior
and posterior parts of the shell are without ribs, and the posterior part is con-
siderably larger than the anterior. Very fine concentric ridges are present.

Measurements :

(i) (2)

Length . 11 . 8 mm.

Height . 21 . 14'5 „

(1) Tealby Limestone, North Willingham.

(2) Ferruginous Sands, Shanklin.

1 'Kimmerid. de Montbeliard ' (1859), p. 351, pi. xxvii, fig. 9 ; de Loriol and Cotteau, ' Portland,
de 1'Yonne ' (1868), p. 205, pi. xiv, figs. 1, 2.

48 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Affinities. — This species is easily distinguished from L. Tombeclciana (see p. 45)
by its relatively higher and less inflated form, by the narrow ribs, and by the less
symmetrically placed ribbed area.

In its narrow ribs L. Dupiniana resembles L. subseqiiilaterrtlis, d'Orbigny (see
page 49) but the ribs in the latter are distributed over the greater part of the
shell and are more widely separated and more numerous.

The specimens referred to L. semisulcata by Forbes are poorly preserved, but
probably belong to this species.

Types. — From the Neocomian of Marolles (Aube) and Saint Sauveur (Yonne).

Distribution. — Tealby Limestone (zone of B. Ipunsvicensis) of North Willing-
ham. Ferruginous Sands of Shanklin. Atherfield Beds of Red hill. Hythe Beds
of Hythe (fide Topley).

LIMA (LIMATULA) FITTONI, d'Orbigny, 1850. Plate VII, figs. 12 — 14, 15 a — c.

1836. LIMA SEMISDLCATA, J. de C. Soiverby. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv,

pp. 336, 359 (not 129, 158), pi.
xi, fig. 10.

1850. — FITTONI, A. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 82.
1854. SEMISULCATA, J. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss., ed. 2, p. 172 (partim).

1869. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suissc,
ser. 5), p. 166 (partim).

Description. — Shell oval, moderately convex, higher than long, slightly in-
equilateral, with rounded margins, the posterior being more convex than the
anterior. Umbones small, close together. Ears equal.

Ornamentation consists of from 13 to 15 radial ribs with sharp summits,
separated by narrow grooves. Pointed projections are present on the summits
of the ribs, especially near the ventral border of the shell. The anterior and
posterior parts of the shell are without ribs. The ribbed area is unsymmetri-
cally placed, and the anterior smooth part of the shell is considerably smaller
than the posterior part. Fine concentric ridges are seen on well-preserved
specimens.

Measurements :

(i)

(2)

(3)

(*)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Length

10

9

8

8

7

7

6 mm.

Height .

16

14

14

13

12-5

12

10 „

(1, 3—7) Upper Greensand, Haldon.

(2) „ „ Blackdown.

LIMA. 49

Affinities. — This form was referred by Sowerby (in Fitton) to the Senonian
species L. s&tnisulcata, Nilsson,1 but has been regarded by most later writers as
distinct from that species, and was named L. Fittoni by d'Orbigny.

L. Fittoni differs, as a rule, from L. semisulcata in its smaller size, and in having
the ribbed area less extensive and much more asymmetrical in position, though
occasionally, however, it is nearly symmetrical. It also appears to differ in
having a relatively shorter hinge-line and less equilateral form.

For the relation of L. Fittoni to L. TombecJdana see p. 46.

Type. — The type is Lima semisulcata, Sowerby (non Nilsson) from the Upper
Grreensand of Blackdown. A specimen in the Bristol Museum is regarded as the
type, but does not agree very well with the figure.

Distribution. — Upper Grreensand (zone of Schloenbachia rostrata) of Blackdown
and Haldon. Cenomanian of Axmouth (Bed 12 of Meyer), Dunscombe (Bed 10),
and Pinhay.

LIMA (LIMATULA) SUBJIQUILATERALIS, d'Orbigny, 1847. Plate VII, figs. I6a, b, 17.

1847. LIMA SUB^QUILATEBALIS, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii,

p. 558, pi. ccccxxiii, figs. 1 — 5.
1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.

1870. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret.

Ste. Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse,
ser. 5), p. 169.

1871. EADCTLA (LIMATULA) SUB^QTJILATEBALIS, F. Stoliczka. Palaeont. Indica,

Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii,
p. 415.

Description. — Shell oval, or rounded oblong, pointed at the umbones, nearly
equilateral, about twice as high as long, of moderate convexity. Anterior margin
less curved than the posterior. Ears equal, smooth, with pointed ends.

Ornamentation consists of about 20 very narrow ribs separated by broad,
slightly concave, interspaces which are crossed by growth-lines. Ribs are absent
near the anterior and posterior margins.
Measurements :

Length .... 10 mm.

Height . . . . 19 „

Upper Grreensand, Warminster.

Affinities. — See Lima Dupiniana (p. 48) and Lima sp. (p. 52).
Remarks. — I have seen only two English examples of this species, both of

1 For references, see p. 51, footnote.

7

50 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

which are more or less imperfect, but after an examination of specimens of
L. subaequilateralis from Le Mans in the Museum of Palaeontology at Paris I am
inclined to refer them to that species. In the specimens from Le Mans the
number of ribs is sometimes greater than is shown in D'Orbigny's figure, also the
ears may be less sharply separated from the valve, and in one case the hinge-line
was seen to be relatively longer.

Types. — From the Cenomanian of Le Mans. The specimens here figured are
in the British Museum.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Warminster.

LIMA (LIMATULA) DECUSSATA, Gold/uss, 1836. Plate VII, figs. 18a, b, 19, 20 a, b.

1836. LIMA DECUSSATA, A. Goldfuss. Petref. G-erm., vol. ii, p. 91, pi. civ, fig. 5.

1837. PLAGIOSTOMA GRANULATUM, W. Hisinger. Lethaea Suecica, pi. xv, fig. 7.
1841. LIMA DECUSSATA, F. A. Romer. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 55.

1846. A. E. Reuss. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat.,

pt. 2, p. 32, pi. xxxviii, fig. 15.

1847. — SEMISULCATA, J. Muller. Petref. der Aachen. Kreidef., pt. 1, p. 33.
1850. — DECUSSATA, A. (VOrbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

— SEMISULCATA, R. Kner. Verstein. v. Lemberg (Haidinger's Natur-

wiss. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2), p. 29.

— DECUSSATA, A. Alth. Greogn.-palseont. Beschreib. v. Lemberg (Haid-

inger's Naturwiss. Abhandl., vol. iii, pt. 2),
p. 241.

— SEMISULCATA, Allh. Ibid., p. 242.

1863. DECUSSATA, A. v. Strombeck. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.,

vol. xv, p. 151.

? — 8. Placketko. Das Becken von Lemberg (Jahresb. d.

k. zweite Ober-Gymnas. in Lemberg),
p. 20, pi. i, fig. 19.

1866. — K. A. Zittel. Die Bivalven d. Gosaugeb. (Denkschr. d.

k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien, vol. xxv),
pt. ii, p. 105, pi. xvi, fig. 4.

1869. E. Favre. Moll. Foss. de la Craie de Lemberg, p. 136.

1870. F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse, ser. 5),
p. 174.

1871. EADULA (LIMATULA) DECUSSATA, F. Stoliczka. Palaeont. Indica, Cret.

Fauna S. India, vol. iii, p. 415.

1888. LIMA DECUSSATA, A. Peron. L'Hist. du Terr, de Craie, p. 145, pi. i, fig. 18.

1889. — E. Holzapfel. Die Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palseon-

tographica, vol. xxxv), p. 242, pi. xxvii,
fig. 4.

LIMA. 51

1900. LIMA DECUSSATA, C. Gagel and F. Kaunhowen. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol.

Landesanst. fur 1899, p. 232.

1902. J. P. J. Ravn. Mollusk. i Danmarks Kridtafl. : I. Lam-

ellibr. (K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift.,
6 Raekke, nat. og. math. Afd., vol. xi),
p. 96, pi. ii, fig. 11.

A. Wollemann. Fauna d. Liineburg. Kreide (Abhandl.
d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst.,
N. F., Heft 37), p. 57.

Description. — Shell inflated, ovate or rounded-oblong, nearly equilateral. Urn-
bones small. Ears rather small, nearly equal.

Ornamentation consists of numerous sharp ribs, separated by narrow grooves.
The ribs become less distinct on the anterior and posterior parts of the shell.
Numerous fine concentric ridges occur, and sometimes give rise to a tubercular
appearance on the summits of the larger ribs.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Length 10 9 7 7 6'5 mm.

Height . 13-5 12 11 10-5 9'5 „

(1, 2, 4, 5) A. quadratics zone, East Harnham.

(3) Uintacrinus band, Devizes Eoad, Salisbury.

Affinities. — L. semiaulcata, Nilsson,1 is distinguished from L. decussata by the
ribs being limited to the median part of the shell, and by the relatively higher
valves.

Peron thinks that L. pectinata, d'Orbigny, may be only a variety of L. decussata.
It appears to differ from the latter in having the ribs more tubercular and usually
fewer in number.

Type. — From the Senonian of Rinkerode, near Miinster.

Distribution. — Uintacrinus band of Devizes Road, Salisbury. Zone of Actino-
camax quadratus of East Harnham and Ashley Hill. Zone of Belemnitella mucronata
of Clarendon.

LIMA (LIMATULA) WINTONENSIS, sp. nov. Plate VII, figs. %la,b, 22 a — d.

Description. — Shell inflated, ovate, nearly equilateral, pointed dorsally.
Ornamentation consists of 15 or 16 strong, rounded ribs on the median part of
the valve only. The ribs are separated by very narrow grooves, and bear many

1 'Petrif. Suecana' (1827), p. 25, pi. ix, fig. 3; Hennig, Eevis. Lamell. i Nilsson's 'Petrif.
Suecana' (1897), p. 28, pi. ii, figs. 14, 17.

52 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

strong ridges placed concentrically and regularly. Below a growth-ring the
ridges are sometimes situated more closely together. One or two ribs at the
margins of the ribbed area are rather smaller than the others. The parts between
the ribbed area and the anterior and posterior margins of the valve are smooth
except for faint growth-lines.
Measurements :

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

7

6

5-5

5-5

5 mm.

10

8

8

7-5

7 „

Length
Height

(1) Chalk, Clayton.
(2 — 5) A. quadratus zone, Winchester.

Affinities. — This species is distinguished from L. decussata (p. 50) by being
more pointed dorsally, by having fewer ribs, which also are rounded and confined
to the median part of the valve, and by the strong ridges which extend across the
ribs.

In outline this species resembles Lima pectinata, d'Orbigny,1 but differs in
having fewer ribs, in the absence of ribs on the anterior and posterior parts of the
valves, and in the ribs not being carinated and having ridges across them
instead of tubercles at the summits.

This species resembles closely the form figured by Geinitz 2 as L. semisulcata,
Nilsson.

Distribution. — Zone of Actinocamax quadratus of Winchester. Upper Chalk
(probably zone of Micraster cor-testudinarium) of Kenley.

LIMA (LIMATULA), sp. Plate VII, fig. 23 a, b.

Description. — Shell inflated, oval, nearly equilateral. Umbones small. Hinge-
line relatively long. Ears not sharply limited, nearly equal.

Ornamentation consists of about 20 narrow ribs, separated by very broad and
shallow interspaces in which very fine radial ribs may be seen. The ribs anterior
to the median line are closer together and rather stronger than the others. On
the parts of the valves next to the ears ribs appear to be absent.
Measurements :

Length ........ 6*5 mm.

Height 9 „

1 'Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret.,' vol. iii (1847), p. 572, pi. ccccxxvii, figs. 15—19.

2 « Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen,' pt. 2 (1873), p. 53, pi. xvi, fig. 14.

LIMA.

53

Affinities. — In the character of its ornamentation this form resembles Lima sub-
xquilateralis, d'Orbigny (see p. 49), from the Cenomanian of LeMans, but the shell
is not so high, is less pointed in the umbonal region, and has a longer hinge-line.

In outline this form resembles the example figured by Ravn J as Lima Forch-
hammeri, von Hagenow, but possesses a much larger number of ribs.

Remarks. — I have seen one specimen only, which is in Dr. Blackmore's
collection.

Distribution. — Zone of Belemnitella mucronata of Clarendon (Salisbury).

Sub-genus — LIMEA, H. G. Bronn, 1831.

('Italiens Tertiiir-Gebilde und deren Organische Einschliisse,' p. 115.)
LIMA (LIMEA?) COMPOSITA (Sowerby), 1836. Plate VII, figs. 24a, 6, 25 a, b, 26.

1836. PECTEN COMPOSITUS, J. de C. Sowerby. Trans. Q-eol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iv,

pp. 241, 342, pi. xvii, fig. 20.
1847. LIMA CENOMANENSIS, A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Fran9. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 552,

pi. ccccxxi, figs. 11 — 15.

1850. d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 167.

1867. E. Gueranger. Album Paleont. de la Sarthe, p. 19,

pi. xxiv, figs. 4, 9.

1870. F. J. Pidet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Cret. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse,
ser. 5), pp. 161, 168.
LIMEA F. StoliczJca. Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S. India,

vol. iii, p. 416.

LIMA R. Windmoller. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landes-

anst. fur 1881, pp. 24, 29.

1871.

1882.

Measurements :

Length
Height

(]) (2) (3) (4) (5)

12-5 11 10 9 9

15 13 11-5 10-25 10

(1, 3 — 6) Upper G-reensand, Warminster.
(2) Rye Hill Sand, Maiden Bradley.

(6)

8 mm.

Affinities. — This form is closely related to Lima granulata (see below). The
ornamentation appears to have been similar in both cases, but in L. composita the
scale-like spines on the ribs are much less perfectly preserved and usually appear
as tubercles only. In L. composita the shell appears to be rather less oblique and

1 'Molluskerne i Danmarks Kridtaflej. I. Lamellibr.' (1902), p. 97, pi. ii, fig. 12.

54 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

more nearly equilateral than in L. granulata; the height is also slightly greater
and the umbones rather more prominent ; the ribs appear to be narrower and to
have sharper summits. The smaller convexity of L. composita mentioned by
d'Orbigny does not seem to be constant.

Remarks. — An examination of the type of Pecten compositus, Sowerby, shows
that it is an example of this species (see Vol. I, p. 188, footnote), and con-
sequently the specific name composita must take the place of cenomanensis.

The French examples which I have seen are, on the average, larger than the
English.

Types. — The type of L. cenomanensis came from the Cenomanian of Le Mans.
The type of Pecten compositus is in the Bristol Museum; it is labelled
" Blackdown " but is not siliceous and is more probably from Warminster.

Distribution. — Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper) of Warminster. Rye
Hill Sand of Maiden Bradley. I have not seen the specimens recorded in the
Memoirs of the Geological Survey from the zones of Schloenbachia varians and
Holaster subglobosus of Hunstanton.

LIMA (LIMEA ?) GKANULATA (Nilsson), 1827. Plate VII, figs. 27a — c, 28, 29a, I.

1827. PLAGIOSTOMA GRANULATUM, S. Nilsson. Petrif. Suecaua, p. 26, pi.

fig. 4.

1833. GRANULOSUM, S. Woodward. Geol. Norfolk, pp. 48, 51,

pi. v, fig. 26.

1836. LIMA GRANULATA, A. Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., vol. ii, p. 89, pi. ciii, fig. 5.

1837. PLAGIOSTOMA GRANULATUM, W. Hisinger. Lethsea Suecica, p. 54 (not the

figure, pi. xv, fig. 7).

1841. LIMA MURICATA, F. A. Earner. Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb.,

p. 55.

1842. GRANULATA, F. v. Hagenow. Neues Jahrb. fur Min., etc., p. 555.

1846. — A. E. Reuss. Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat.,

pt. 2, p. 32, pi. xxxviii, fig. 21.

1847. A. d'Orbigny. Pal. Franc. Terr. Cret., vol. iii, p. 570,

pi. ccccxxvii, figs. 5—9. (Named
L. granosa on plate.)

1850. — d'Orbigny. Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii, p. 248.

1851. — PSEUDOCARDIUM, INFLATA ET DENTATA, J. Milller. Petref . der Aachen.

Kreidef., pt. 2, pp. 67, 68.

1855. GRANULATA, G. Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de 1'Yonne, p. 102.

1870. — C. Schliiter. Neues Jahrb. fur Min., etc., p. 950.

F. J. Pictet and G. Campiche. Foss. Terr. Oct. Ste.

Croix (Mater. Pal. Suisse,
ser. 5), p. 170.

LIMA. 55

1876. LIM^EA GRANULATA, D. Brauns. Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Naturwiss.,

vol. xlvi, p. 386.

? — LIMA GRANULATA, H. Deiclte. Die Tourtia von Miilheim a. d. Ruhr, p. 27.
1881. LIMEA GRANULATA, K. A. Zittd. Handb. d. Palaeont., vol. ii, p. 27.

1888. LIMA GRANULATA, A. Peron. L'Hist. Terr, de Craie, p. 147.

1889. LIMEA GRANULATA, 0. Griepenkerl. Senon. von Konigslutter (Palaeont.

Abhandl., vol. iv), p. 41.

LIMA GRANULOSA, E. Holzapfel. Die Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palaeon-

tographica, vol. xxxv), p. 239, pi. xxvii,
fig. 6.

— GRANULATA, A. Fritsch. Stud, im Gebiete der bohm Kreideformat. :

IV, Teplitz. Schicht., p. 83, fig. 76.

1893. — Fritsch. Ibid., V, Priesener Schicht., p. 100.

1894. B. Lundgren. Mollusk-faunan i Mammill. och Mucron.

zonerna(K. SvenskaVet.-Akad. Handl.,
N. F., vol. xxvi, No. 6), p. 42.

1897. A. Hennig. Eevis. Lamell. iNilsson's'Petrific. Suecana'

(K. Fys. Sallsk. i Lund. Handl., N. F.,
vol. viii), p. 26, pi. ii, figs. 6 — 8.

1898. G. Miiller. Mollusk. d. Untersen. v. Braunschweig u.

Ilsede (Abhandl. d. k. preussisch. geol.
Landesanst., N. F., Heft 25), p. 29, pi. iv,
fig. 6.

1901. A. Wollemann. Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst.

fiir 1900, vol. xxi, p. 16.

1902. Wollemann. Liineburg. Kreide (Abhandl. d. k. preussisch.

geol. Landesanst., N. F., Heft 37), p. 57.

J. P. J. Ravn. Mollusk i Danmai'ks Kridtaflej. I. (K.

Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., 6 Raekke,

nat. og. math. Afd., vol. xi), p. 101.

Non 1837. F. Dujardin. Mem. Soc. geol. de France, vol. ii, p. 226,

pi. xvi, fig. 4 (=: L. Meslei, Peron, 1888).

Description. — Shell very convex, oval, slightly oblique, with rounded outline ;
height a little greater than length. Apical angle very large. Umbones small,
incurved, close together. Ears of moderate size, nearly equal, rather low arid
long, with a few spiny ribs.

Ornamentation consists of numerous (usually from 22 to 24) strong ribs with
sharp summits, separated by narrow furrows. Each rib bears three rows of scale-
like spines, one row being at the summit and one on each side. The spines are
placed near together, at regular intervals, and curve upwards from the surface of
the shell, the terminal parts sometimes becoming quite erect. The middle row is
rather larger than the rows on the sides. In some cases the spines are represented
by granules. On the anterior and posterior parts of the shell the ribs may be

56 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

smaller than elsewhere, but the middle rows of spines are here often relatively
larger.

Measurements :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

Length 19 16 15 11 10 10 10 8 9'5 16 21 mm.
Height 21 18 16 J2%5 11 10-5 11 9 10 18 ?24 „

(1 — 5) J3. mucronata zone, Norwich.

(6) ,, „ Alderbury.

(7) A. quadratus zone, East Harnham.

(8) B. mucronata zone, Clarendon.
(9—11) Chalk of Trimingham.

Affinities. — The form from the Lower Senonian of Touraine described and figured
as Lima granulata by Dujardin, is regarded by Peron ] as belonging to another
species which he names Lima Meslei. Peron states that L. Meslei differs from L.
granulata in having more numerous ribs ornamented with fine granules of which
the middle row is not larger than the lateral rows ; further, the ribs disappear on
the anterior and posterior parts of the shell, and the ears are without ornamen-
tation.

Radala scabricula, Stoliczka,2 from the Arrialoor Group, is closely related to
Lima granulata, but owing to the imperfect preservation of the single valve on
which the species is founded, an exact comparison is not possible. The ornamen-
tation, however, seems to differ, since it apparently consists of small tubercles of
nearly equal size. It has been suggested by Holzapfel and Hennig that Lima
pseudocardium, Reuss,3 may be identical with L. granulata, but the ornamentation
on the ribs of that species appears to be unknown.

Remarks. — This species has been referred to Limea by Brauns, Zittel, and
Griepenkerl, but later writers — Holzapfel, Hennig, and Ravn — retain it in the
genus Lima since they find no evidence of the existence of a taxodont hinge.
The specimens which I have seen do not show the hinge.

The outline of the shell varies to some extent in L. granulata, depending mainly
on the obliquity of the valves. The appearance of the ribs varies considerably and
is probably due chiefly to the state of preservation ; in the more perfect specimens
the terminations of the scale-like spines become erect, in others the spines are
in the form of sloping scales, whilst in some cases they are represented by
tubercles only. The number of ribs also shows variation.

1 ' L'Hist. du Terr, de Craie' (1888), p. 148, pi. i, figs. 21—24.

2 ' Palseont. Indica, Cret. Fauna S. India' (1871), vol. iii, p. 419, pi. xxx, fig. 8.

3 'Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreideformat.' (1846), pt. 2, p. 33,. pi. xxxviii, figs. 2, 3; Greinitz,
"Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen " (' Palaeontographica,' vol. xx, pt. 1, 1872), p. 204, pi. xlii, figs. 14, 15 :
see also Brauns (1876), Fritsch (1877, 1883), Michael (1893), Leonhard (1897).

The figures are of natural size unless the amount of enlargement or reduction is stated.

PLATE I.

Genus — LIMA, Bruguiere.

Lima canalifera, Goldfuss. Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper], Ventnor.
Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge ; except fig. 2, York Museum. (P. 1 .)

1, 5, 6 a, 7 a, left valves ; 6 b, antero-dorsal view ; 7 b, portion x 2.

2, 3, 4, right valves.

PAUEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4

Vol. 11 PLATE 1

7a,

T A Brock, del

CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

London Stereoscopic Co. in

PLATE II.

LIMA (continued).

FIGS.

1. L. Galliennei, d'Orb. Upper Greensand (zone of Schloenbachia rostrata),

Devizes. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8798. a, right valve;

b, antero-dorsal view ; c, antero-ventral portion X 3. (P. 3.)

2. L. vectensis, Woods. Upper Greensand (zone of Pecten asper), Isle of

Wight. Ventnor Institute, a, left valve ; b, antero-dorsal view ;

c, portion X 3. (P. 4.)

3 — 7. L. subovalis, Sow. (P. 5.)

3. Upper Greensand, probably Warminster. Bristol Museum. Left valve X 1|.

4. Upper Greensand, Warminster. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8805.

a, right valve x 1£ ; b, antero-dorsal view x l£.

5. Same horizon, etc. No. 8804. Left valve, a, median portion X 8 ; b, posterior

portion x 8.

6. Greensand bed at the base of the Chalk, Folkestone. Sedgwick Museum.

a, right valve ; b, portion x 8.

7. Cambridge Greensand. Sedgwick Museum, a, right valve x H; b, antero-

ventral portion x 8.

8, 9. L. scabrissima, Woods. Upper Greensand (zone of P. asper), Warminster.
Museum of Practical Geology, Nos. 8815, 8816. (P. 7.)

8 a, left valve ; b, antero-dorsal view.

9 a, right valve ; b, portion x 4.

10, 11. L. aspera (Mant.). Lower Chalk (Totternhoe Stone). Sedgwick Museum.
(P. 8.)

10. Cherry Hinton. Bight valve.

11. Cherry Hinton. Left valve.

PAUEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4

Vol.11 PLATE 11

^.Ercclt.del

CRETACEOUS LAME LLI BRAN CHIA

London Stereoscopic Co. imp.

•

PLATE III.

LIMA (continued).

FIGS.

1 — 4. L. aspera (Mant.). Lower Chalk (Totternhoe Stone). 1 — 3. Sedgwick
Museum. 4. York Museum. (P. 8.)

1. Burwell. a, right valve x 1£; 6, median portion x 6.

2. Cherry Hinton. Left valve.

3. Burwell. Anterior area of right valve x 1 £.

4. Burwell. Right valve.

5 — 9. L. (Plagiostoma) subrigida, Homer. Claxby Ironstone, Benniworth
Haven. Sedgwick Museum (P. 10.)

5 a. Right valve ; b, antero-dorsal view.

6. Left valve.

7. Antero-ventral part of right valve.

8. Portion of right valve x 6.

9. Left valve. Portion of a young individual X 8.

10. L. (Plagiostoma) sp., cf . Orbignyana, Matheron. Lower Greensand (Ferru-
ginous Sands), Shanklin. British Museum, No. L 15754. a, right
valve X 1 J ; b, anterior view of the same X 1 J ; c, portion x 6.
(P. 12.)

11 — 13. L. (Plagiostoma) villersensis ? Pict. and Camp. Lower Greensand,
Faringdon. Sedgwick Museum. (P. 13.)

11 a, left valve x 1£; b, portion x 4.

12 a, left valve x 1| ; &. anterior view, natural size.

13. Left valve.

14 — 16. L. (Plagiostoma) semiornata) d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Ventnor. (P. 14.)

14. York Museum. Left valve.

15. Sedgwick Museum. Right valve.

16. York Museum. Left valve, a, anterior part x 3 ; b, postero-dorsal part x 3.

PAL^tONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4 .

Vol.11 PLATE Hi

in

t.Brcck. del

CRETACEOUS LAME LLI BRAN CHIA.

London Stereoscopic Co.

PLATE IV.

LIMA (continued).

FIGS.

1. L. (Plagiostoma) semiornata, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Ventnor. York
Museum. Left valve. Portions of this specimen are enlarged on
pi. iii, figs. 16fl-,6. (P. 14.)

2, 3. L. (Plagiostoma) Meyeri, Woods. Upper Greensand, Warminster.
(P. 15.)

2. Right valve. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8839.

3. Left valve. Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

4 — 6. L. (Plagiostoma) globosa (Sow). Lower Chalk. 4, 5. Totternhoe
Stone, Burwell. 6. Zone of Holaster subglobosus, Fulbourn. Sedgwick
Museum. (P. 16.)

4 a, left valve ; b, dorsal view x 1£ ; c, portion x 12.

5 a, right valve ; b, mid- ventral portion x 12.

6 a, right valve ; b, dorsal view ; c, median portion x 12.

7 — 12. L. (Plagiostoma) Hoperi, Mant. (P. 17.)

7 — 10. Zone of Actinocamax quadratus, East Harnham. Dr. Blackmore's collection
7. Left valve ; 8 a, right valve ; 8 b, anterior area of left valve ; 9 a, left valve
9 b, dorsal view ; 10, left valve.

11. Zone of Belemnitella mucronata, Norwich. Norwich Museum. 11 a, right

valve ; 1 1 b, anterior area of the same.

12. Zone of Micraster cor-anguinum, Gravesend. Mr. Dibley's collection. 12 a, left
valve ; 12 b, portion x 6.

13 — 15. L. (Plagiostoma) cretacea, Woods. Dr. Blackmore's collection. (P. 22.)

13, 15. Zone of Actinocamax quadratus, East Harnham. 13. Right valve x 1£.

15. Left valve.

14. Upper part of zone of A. quadratus, Whaddon railway cutting, a, right valve :
6, antero-dorsal view x If ; c, portion x 6.

PA L/E ONTOGRAPH 1C AL SOCIETY, I9O4

Vol.11 PLATE

Brcck.del

IRETACEGUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA

London Stereoscopic Co. imp

PLATE V.

LIMA (continued).

FIGS.

1 — 4. L. (Plagiostoma) cretacea, Woods. (P. 22.)

1. Zone of Adinocamax quadratus, East Harnham. Dr. Blackmore's Collection.

a, left valve ; b, portion X 6.

2. Zone of Micraster cor-testudinarium, Borstal. Mr. Dibley's Collection. Left

valve.

3. Zone of Holaster planus, Cheveley. Sedgwick Museum. Left valve.

4. Zone of Micraster cor-testudinarium, Cuxton. Mr. Dibley's Collection, a, left

valve ; b, postero-ventral portion x 4.

5. L. (Plagiostoma) sp. (? var. of cretacea). Chalk (? zone of Holaster planus),
Burham. Sedgwick Museum. Left valve.

6, 7. L. (Plagiostoma) Marrotiana, d'Orb. Zone of Belemnitella mucronata,
Norwich. Norwich Museum. (P. 24.)

6 a, left valve ;'&, mid- ventral portion x 3.

7 a, anterior area of right valve ; b, median portion of left valve of same specimen.

8 — 12. L. (Acesta) longa, Romer. (P. 25.)

8. Lower Greensand, Upware. Mr. J. F. Walker's Collection, a, right valve ; b,

portion below the middle of the valve x 5.
9, 10. Lower Greensand, Brickhill. Eight valves. Sedgwick Museum.

11. Tealby Limestone (zone of Belemnites brunsvicensis), North Willingham. Right

valve. Sedgwick Museum.

12. Speeton Clay, Speeton. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8781. a, right

valve ; b, portion x 4.

13. L. (Acesta) sp. Lower Greensand, West Dereham. Sedgwick Museum
(collected by Mr. Jukes-Browne), a, right valve; b, antero-dorsal
view ; c, portion X 5. (P. 26.)

14, 15. L. (Mantellum) parallela, Sow. Lower Greensand (Perna-loed), Ather-
field. (P. 28.)

14. Left valve. Sedgwick Museum.

15. British Museum, No. L 5066. a, left valve ; b, dorsal view ; c, portion at

anterior end x 3 ; d, mid- ventral portion x 6.

16 — 20. L. (Mantellum) gaultina, Woods. Gault. 16 — 19, Black Ven. 20,
Folkestone. Sedgwick Museum. (P. 31.)

16 a, left valve ; b, antero-dorsal view.

17. Eight valve.

18a, ,, 6, antero-dorsal view.

19. „ median portion x 6.

20. Left valve

PAL/EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4 .

16b

CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

PLATE VI.

LIMA (continued).

FIGS.

1. L. (Mantellum} interlineata, Jukes-Browne. Cambridge Greensand,
Cambridge, a, right valve ; 1), ventral part of left valve X 3. (P. 32.)

2 — 4. L. (Mantellum) intermedia, d'Orb. Rye Hill Sands, "Warminster.
(P. 33.)

2. York Museum, a, right valve ; b, antero- ventral part x 4.

3. Brighton Museum. Left valve.

4. Sedgwick Museum, a, right valve ; b, antero- dorsal view ; c, posterior ear of

right valve x 4.

5 — 7. L. (Mantellum) elongata, Sow. Chalk Marl, Folkestone. (P. 34.)

5. Mr. J. F. Walker's Collection. Eight valve.

6. Sedgwick Museum, a, left valve ; b, antero-dorsal view ; c, mid- ventral portion

x 3.

7. Sedgwick Museum, a, right valve ; b, antero-ventral part x 8.

8, 9. L. (Mantellum) elongata, var. echinata, Eth. Sedgwick Museum. (P. 36.)

8. Totternhoe Stone, Burwell. Left valve. One of the types.

9. H. subglobosus zone, Burwell. a, left valve; b, antero-ventral portion x 4; c,

posterior portion x 4.

10 — 12. L. (Mantellum) cantabrigiensis, Woods. Sedgwick Museum. (P. 37.)

10. The type. Cambridge Greensand. a, left valve ; b, posterior portion x 6.

11. Antero-ventral portion of left valve X 6.

12. Lower Chalk, Burwell. Eight valve x 1|.

13. L. (Mantellum) britannica, Woods. Zone of Micraster cor-anguinum,
Seaford. Mr. R. M. Brydone's Collection, a, right valve; b, antero-
dorsal view X 1^ ; c, portion at antero-ventral margin X 6 ; d, por-
tion at postero-ventral margin X 6. (P. 38.)

14, 15. L. (Mantellum) Reichenbachi, Geinitz. Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
(P. 39.)

14. Cenomanian Sandstone, Wilmington, a, left valve ; b, antero-dorsal view.

15. Chloritic Marl, Chard. Eight valve.

16. L. (Mantellum), sp. Chloritic Marl, Chardstock. Museum of Practical

Geology, No. 7896. a, left valve ; b, postero-ventral portion X 6.
(P. 40.)

17. L. (Ctenoides) rapa, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Haldon. British Museum,

No. L 15612. a, right valve ; b, median portion a short distance above
the ventral margin X 3 ; c, portion near the anterior margin X 5.
(P. 40.)

PAL/CONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4 .

Vol.11 PLAT!

16a

London 1S

CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

PLATE VII.

LIMA (continued}.

FIGS.

1. L. (Ctenoides) rapa, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Haldon. British Museum,
No. L 15613. Eight valve. (P. 40.)

2, 3. L. (Ctenoides) tecta, Goldf. Chalk Marl (Bed 11), Dunscombe. Sedgwick
Museum. 2, left valve. 3, mid- ventral portion of another specimen
X 2. (P. 42.)

4 — 6. L. (Ctenoides) divaricata, Duj. (P. 44.)

4. Chalk, Newtimber. Brighton Museum, a, right valve ; b, median portion above

the middle of the valve x 4 ; c, postero-ventral portion x 4 ; d, median
portion near the ventral margin x 4.

5. Belemnitella mucronata zone, Norwich. Sedgwick Museum. Left valve.

6. Micraster cor-anguinum zone, Micheldever. Winchester College, a, portion of

left valve ; b, portion of the same x 8.

7 — 9. L. (Limatula) Tombeckiana, d'Orb. Hythe Beds, Court-at- Street.
Museum of Practical Geology. (P. 45.)

7. No. 8821. a, left valve x 1£ ; b, ventral portion x 5.

8. No. 8822. a, right valve x H ; 6, anterior view x H ; c, ventral portion x 5.

9. No. 8824. a, right valve x 2 ; b, anterior view x 2.

10. L. (Limatula) TombecJciana ?, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Charmouth.

Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8818. Right valve X 2. (P. 46.)

11. L. (Limatula} Dupiniana, d'Orb. Tealby Limestone, North Willingham.

Sedgwick Museum, a, right valve ; 6, anterior view ; c, ventral part
of ribbed area X 8. (P. 47.)
12 — 15. L. (Limatula) Fittoni, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Haldon. (P. 48.)

12. Sedgwick Museum. Left valve x 2.

13. Sedgwick Museum. Right valve x 1|.

14. British Museum, No. L 15615. Eight valve x 1£.

15. British Museum, No. L 15615. a, left valve ; b, posterior view ; c, ventral

portion x 3.

16, 17. L. (Limatula) subaequilateralis, d'Orb. Upper Greensand, Warminster.

British Museum, No. 88928. (P. 49.)

16 a, left valve x 1£; 16 b, anterior view x 1J. 17, ventral portion x 6.
18 — 20. L. (Limatula) decussata, Goldf. Actinocamax quadratus zone, East

Harnham. Dr. Blackmore's collection. (P. 50.)

18 a, right valve x 2 ; b, ventral portion x 6.

19. Median portion x 9.

20 a, right valve x 2 ; b, anterior view x 2.

21, 22. L. (Limatula) wintonensis, Woods. (P. 51.)

21. Chalk, Clayton. Brighton Museum, a, right valve x 2; 6, median portion x 6.

22. Actinocamax quadratus zone, Winchester. Dr. Eowe's collection, a, right
valve x 2 ; b, anterior view x 2 ; c, posterior view x 2 ; d, median portion x 8.

23. L. (Limatula) sp. Belemnitella mucronata zone, Clarendon. Dr. Black-
more's collection, a, right valve X 2 ; 6, ventral portion x 9. (P. 52.)

24 — 26. L. (Limea ?) composita (Sow). Upper Greensand, "Warminster. (P. 53.)

24. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8786. a, right valve x 2; b, anterior
view x 2.

25. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8783. a, right valve ; b, median part x 6.

26. Museum of Practical Geology, No. 8784. Left valve x 1J.

27 — 29. L. (Limea ?) granulata, (Nilss). Belemnitella mucronata zone. (P. 54.)

27. Norwich. Norwich Museum, a, left valve ; b, anterior view ; c, portion x 6,

with section of a main rib.

28. Norwich. Sedgwick Museum. Left valve x 1£.

29. Alderbury. Dr. Blackmore's collection, a, right valve x 1| ; b, median

portion x 8.

PAL/EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I9O4 .

Vol \\ PLATE

.oadon Sterec

CRETAC ECUS LAM E LLI B RAN C HIA .

RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library

or to the

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

University of California
Richmond Field Station, Bldg. 400

1301 South 46th Street
Richmond, CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

To renew or recharge your library materials, you may

contact NRLF 4 days prior to due date at (510) 642-6233

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

MOV Q2'20Q7'

<