eaheens
oe
oon
ne
Ve uly YOM
ys
4" cues Yi
x
S
T
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLU
ZOOLOC
A
IN THE
Gift of:
2
y=
ae
a)
=
=
=)
ew
x
ae,
MUSEUM OF CoM
Wve
Yes
add
i
oN i
A Y
¢
Bh ih he
in AA fe
eye tuue je Yas
SO ed,
ery
¥eeyy y
\ ys
1 x ‘|
NS Ne 4
Nit S
pis
wee
phew 2 se
eT hw}
RICHARD 1, JOHNSON
LIBRA)
OF THE
DEPARTMENT CF MOLLUSKS
IN THE
Museum of Comparative Zoology
Gift of:
RICHARD I. JOHNSON
ieee
Yor eo Set
(ex RICHARD |, JOHNSON
Nee 1763
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
HOCENE CEPHALOPODA AND UNIVALVES
ENGLAND.
BY THE LATE
CONTINUED BY
SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G.S.
VOLUME. 1
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1849—1877.
vane
Oitmaa!
7 iba hi
a eS
IAEA ES aay
PRINTED BY
sg, B, ADLARD, BARTHOLORW CLOSE.
oe
as
He
A MONOGRAPH
THE EOCENE MOLLUSCA,
OR
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE OLDER TERTIARIES
OF ENGLAND.
BY
FREDERIC E. EDWARDS.
PART I.
CEPHALOPODA.
BF 22.57 B
} } I A
(le 7 7 ee)
LONDON :
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1849,
; — SE OL Mave
PRD A
=
PTH AN
LUO LO A
re,
A MONOGRAPH
THE EOCENE MOLLUSC,
OR
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE OLDER TERTIARIES
OF ENGLAND.
BY
FREDERIC E. EDWARDS.
PART II.
PULMONATA.
LA - Shea , A IN —-(L0 : JEs . we xy | ;
A \\ \ y .
LONDON :
PRINTED FOR THE PALASONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1852.
~ Viens
tee : J
. > ie sea ig Man
» : iy i, 2 - 2
ae Ab r a mi 7 * D his
( i , ile wing 5
~~
>
=
>
Al
| ti
Ui - rh 7 .
iy tee SP avn i
ce wee Regs a porcitta
Aa ne Pay oe |
UES Ui OO Wi
rr AG
5 eye ae Bees
A MONOGRAPH
OF
THE EOCENE MOLLUSCA,
OK
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE OLDER TERTIARIES
OF ENGLAND.
BY
FREDERIC E. EDWARDS.
ry aT
PART: Wie 70-14)
PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Kae , ae
GALE IBC FAUT = RRM i
“ve
(
LONDON :
PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
1854.
"
s ~ ;
Mo aH =
- a
- iA
ee
a = “ Nyt y) Saini!
moa a ema
F
vee ie i y
a Se a ee ae
Seek 1s Gv BLINN au
i PLES a iam
Vi OD PacaricMermel cia)
imran : ae
ae ATATHOVAREORON4
a pe ens
7 GA vA =~) ;
sO ri Oh
eaicters
RICHARD 1. JOHNSON
A MONOGRAPH
OF
THE EOCENE MOLLUSCA,
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE OLDER TERTIARIES
OF ENGLAND.
BY
FREDERIC E. EDWARDS.
PAR) DLE. No: Tt:
PROSOBRANCHIATA
(CONTINUED).
oD
P07 A} s a
(ZA Ml — Ad 44 xxii — xxvi7 p.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZOONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1856.
“tna Aviirrait MoI Mute Tor
AULAKOOEAD
]
A ;
i) ' im”
jae VO AWwa. oF SDH
. Wiwh Ctl wn het
RVATHOVARAOF OR
; rip yea
ba Nie. Far tale
1 ,
‘
PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
. $
= aut
fat ie
S$ 9b a
A MONOGRAPH
OF
THE EOCENE MOLLUSCA,
OR,
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS
FROM
THE OLDER TERTIARIES OF ENGLAND.
BY THE LATE
FREDERIC E. EDWARDS, F.G:S.
CONTINUED BY
SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G:S.
PART IV.
PULMONATA AND PROSOBRANCHIATA.
(INDEX TO VOLUME I AND DIRECTIONS FOR BINDING.)
Faces 33160; Pirate XXXIV.
Vif EG
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1877.
a
ral Wea wa ane ‘g t
Le ‘ wt
: | j ; a Ee,
: _ : = ; a “ai hs
0 Bar Sy, : 4% . a F :
' \ 4 } j ai , \j ag BY nis
Z wi . .
, : |
=
PRINTED BY Tr |
J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
gah “1
Lease fet wl. (eee )
Go the Subscribers,
Snorty after the publication of the first part of the Monograph of the Eocene Mollusca, I received
a note from Professor Owen, from which the following is an extract :—
“In reference to the theory of the siphon of the Nautilus, which you attribute to Mr. Wood, I know
you will excuse my referring you to a passage (p. 331) of my Lectures on Invertebrata, in which that
theory or function of the siphon is plainly though briefly laid down, and I am sure that our excellent
Treasurer would be the last person to claim the exclusive credit of the idea, unless his right to it was based
on a publication of it prior to 1843. The scrupulous care which characterises your reference to authorities,
assures me that if you have overlooked the passage in my Lectures you will be glad to be referred to it.”
Although I had derived much pleasure and instruction from Professor Owen’s admirable Lectures,
I must confess that the passage referred to had escaped my recollection; and I greatly regret that this
should have been the case, for I should have been glad to have availed myself of the powerful support it
affords to the theory I advocated. For the convenience of those Subscribers to whom the Lectures are not
immediately accessible, I shall extract the passage to which Professor Owen refers. After noticing
Dr. Buckland’s theory of the hydrostatic action of the siphuncle, and the objections against it, the
Professor advances the opinions to which I have referred in the ‘ Monograph,’ as to the function of the air-
chambers being that of a balloon, and as to the mode in which the animal alters the specific gravity of its
shell; and he concludes with the following paragraph,—the one referred to in his letter to me:
“Whatever additional advantage the existing Nautilus might derive by the continuation of a vascular,
organised, membranous siphon through the air-chambers, in relation to the maintenance of vital harmony
between the soft and testaceous parts, such, likewise, must have been enjoyed by the numerous extinct
species of the tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, which, like the Nautilus, were lodged in chambered and
siphoniferous shells.’
It is due to Professor Owen that I should, to the best of my power, repair my omission to refer to this
eminently suggestive passage ; and now, having brought it distinctly before the Subscribers, I leave it to
them to decide as to whom the credit of the siphuncular theory in question is due.
ine doe aay
July, 1852.
CORRIGENDA.
+ Substitute Sconce for Headon Hill, at p. 65, line 24; at p. 70, line 13; and at p. 78, line 15.
Fee) al ball. bie 2
e
//P60)
CONID&.
ist .Or, GRNERA, AND. oS PEC LES.
Conus, Linn. . 5
Conus antediluvianus, Desh. (nee Brug. nee Lamk. )
concinnus, Sow., t. 24, fig. 13, a—e
corculum, Sow. : <
deperditus, Brug., t. 25, fig. 2, a—e
deperditus, Sow. (non Brug.)
diadema, Ldw., t. 24, fig. 8, a—d
diversi formis, Se
Lamarckii, Hdw., t. 25, fig. 3, a—e
pyriformis, Sow. ; .
lineatus, Sol., t. 24, fig. 10, a—e
scabriculus, Sol., t. 24, fig. 9, a—c
velatus, Sow., t. 24, fig. 12 ‘
ConorRBIs, Swains . 6 :
Conorbis alatus, Hdw., t. 25, fig. 1, a, 6
dormitor, Sol., t. 24, fig. 11, a—e
Pievrotoma, Lamk. : .
Srcr. I.—Shells fusiform.
A. Sinus in the posterior margin of the whorl.
Pleurotoma acuminata, Sow., t. 27, fig. 3,a—d .
acuticosta, Myst, t. 28, fig. 14, a—e
attenuata, Sow., t. 27, fig. 6, a—e
biconus, Hdw., t. 33, fig. 7, a, 6
bracheia, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 9, a, 6
brevirostrum, Sow., t. 29, fig. 6, a, 6
coarctata, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 12, a—e
cocciphora, Hdw., t. 26, fig. 2
cochlis, Hdw., t. 33, fig. 6
conica, Hdw., t. 27, fig. 8 .
conoides, Sol., t. 33, fig. 5, a, 5
constricta, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 1, a—e .
crassa, Edw., t. 26, fig. 1, a—d
PAGE
187
194
196
199
191
194
190
190
194
190
199
198
193
202
202
200
203
230
249
237
318
263
258
245
217
272
239
317
256
212
Pleurotoma crassicosta, Hdw., t. 26, - 10, a,
curvicosta, Sow.
.
.
cymea, Edw., t. 26, fig. 4, a, b; and
t. 27, fig. 9
dentata, Lamk., t. 26, fig. 5
desmia, Hdw., t. 27, fig. 5
dilinum, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 15, a, 6
dissimilis, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 7,a—e .
exorta, Sol., t. 26, fig. 12, a, 6
Fisheri, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 14, a, 6
formosa, Charlesw. <
fusiformis, Sow., t. 27, fig. 1, a, 6
gomphoidea, Fduw., t. 28, fig. 13, a—f
gonicea, Hdw., t. 25, fig. 10
granulata, Lamk., t. 28, fig. 4, ane.
Headonensis, Ldw., t. 28, fig. 17, a—e
helicoides, Edw., t. 32, fig. 7, a, 6
helix, Edw., t. 25, fig. 7, a, 6
inarata, Sow., t. 25, fig. 6.
inflexa, Lamk., t. 28, fig. 3, a—c
innexa, Sol., t. 28, fig. 1, a—e
Keelei, Hdw., t. 26, fig. 6 .
leevigata, Sow., t. 26, fig. 9, a, 6
lanceolata, Hdw., t. 26, fig. 11, a, 6 .
Lehonii, Row., t. 31, fig. 13, a, 6
lepta, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 10, a—e
lissa, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 5, a, 6
macilenta, Sol., t. 26, fig. 13, a, 6
macrura, Hdw., t. 33, fig. 8, a, 6
microcheila, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 8, a—f
microdonta, Hdw., t. 27, fig. 4
nodosaria, Edw., t. 29, fig. 8, a, b
.
nodulosa, Lamk., t. 29, fig. 7, a—c .
planetica, Ldw., t. 26, fig. 3
ee
yA
CONIDA—LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
PAGE PAGE
Pleurotoma plicata, Lamk., t. 28, fig. 11, a—e 248 Pleurotoma gentilis, Sow., t. 30, fig. 1, a—e 280
pupa, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 9, a—e 253 granata, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 7, a—e - 308
pyrgota, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 16, a—e 257 Hantoniensis, Hdw,, t.31, fig.8, a—e 315
pyrulata, Desh., t. 27, fig. 7, a, 6 232 hemileia, Edw., t. 32, fig. 13, a, 6 314
rostrata, Sol., t. 26, fig. 8, a—e 218 insignis, Edw., t. 32, fig. 14, a, 6 301
scabriuscula, Hdw., t. 29, 2,a—ce 254 Koninckii, Wyst, t. 29, fig..15, a, & . 279
semicolon, Sow. = AD leviuscula, Hdw., t. 32, fig. 9, 4,6 . 310
sindonata, Hdw., t. 29, ro 12,.4,6 . 263 ligata, Ldw., t. 32, fig. 12, a, b ey Sie?
stena, Edw., t. 25, fig. 4, a, b 207 lima, Hdw%, t. 32, fig. 3, a—e - 296
subula, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 13, a, 6 267 mixta, Ydw., t. 30, fig. 5, a, 6 » (277
sulculosa, Hdw., t. 27, fig. 2, a—e 229 monerma, Edw., t. 32, fig. 1, a—e 292
symmetrica, Edw., t. 25, fig. 5, a, 6. 209 obscurata, Sow., t. 31, fig. 1, a, & 296
Tallavignesii, Row., t. 33, fig. 9. a,b. 270 parilis, Edw., t. 31, fig. 10,a—e . 309
terebralis, Lamk., t. 27, fig. 10, a—k 233 plebeia, Sow. 286
tereticosta, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 5,a—d . 250 Prestwichir, Edw., t. 30, fig. 3, we 282
teretrium, Hdw., t. 25, fig. 8 a—h 210 puella, Zdw., t. 31, fig. 15, a, 6 305
textiliosa, Desh., t. 26, fig. 7 222 pupoides, Edw., t. 32, fig. 11, a, 6 302
transversaria, Lamk., t. 25, fig.9,a,6 214 reticulosa, Hdw., t. 32, fig. 4, a, 6 298
transversaria, Sow. (non Lamk.) 213 rotella, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 4, a, 6 299
tricincta, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 6, a, b 252 rotundata, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 9, 4,6 . 307
turgidula, Edw., t. 29, fig. 4, a—e 251 scalarata, Edw., t.31, fig. 6,a,6 . 295
turpis, Hdw., t. 28, fig. 2, a—e = 3207) Selysii, De Hon., t. 29, fig. 17, a—d. 278
turrella, Morr. Cat. (non Lamk.) . 319 simillima, Edw., t. 30, fig. 4, a—e 283
undata, Lamk., t. 29, fig. 11, a, 6 261 teeniolata, Hdw., t. 30, fig. 13, a—e. 284
verticillum, Hdw., t. 29; fig. 3, a—e. 255 turbida, So/., t. 32, fig. 2, a—e 311
vicina, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 10, a, 6 . 266 yarians, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 12,a,6 . 293
Sct. 1.—Shells fusiform (continued). Leia pn Eee: ie ; 208
z. Sinus. on the shoulder of the whorl. Nolgent; PAst.,\t-130; tig alga eae =
Waterkeynii, Nyst, t. 30, fig. 8, a—e 275
Pleurotoma abnormis, Hdw., t. 30, fig. 14, a,b . 294 Wetherellii, Hdw., t. 29, fig. 16, a—d 285
acutisinuata, Hdw., t. 32, fig.5, a,b. 306 Woodii, Edw., t. 32, fig. 10, a,6 . 304
aspera, Edw., t. 29, fig. 14, a, 6 Oh} zeta, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 16 - 284
callifera, Bdw., t. 30, figs: 9,10,11, 4,5 291 zonulata, Hdw., t. 32, fig.6,a,6 . 317
eataphracta, Morr. Cat. lst Edit.
(non Broee.) . : . 311 Sect. I].—Shells coniform.
cedilla, Hdw., t..31, fig. 5, a, 6 - 300 Pleurotoma-amphiconus, Sow., t. 33, fig. 2, a, 6. 322
colon, Sow. . = 311 ‘clavicularis, Lamk. = 320
comma, Sow., t. 30, fig. 2. 281 glabrata, Lamk., t. 33, fig. 4 . 324
conifera, Edw., t. 31, fig. 3, a,.6 274 prisca, Sol., t. 33, fig. 1, a—e . 320
crebrilinea, Hdw., t. 30, fig: 6, ae. 290 semistriata, Desh., t.33, fig.3, a,6 . 323
curta, Hdw., t. 31, fig. 2, a, 6 + 805 | Borsonta, Bell. 4 ; o. o20
denticula, Basé., t. 30, fig. 7, a—h . 286 Borsonia Biaritzana, Row., t. 33, fig. 11, a, 6 + OLE
divisa, Edw., t. 31, fig. 17, a, 6 ens lineata, Hdw., t..33, fig. 14, a, 6 5 Sk)
fasciolata, Hdw., t. 30, fig. 12, a,6 . 286 semicostata, Hdw., t. 33, fig. 13, a, . 329
flexuosa, Munst., t. 32, fig, 8,a—e . 302 sulcata, Hdw., t. 33, fig. 12, a, 6 > 025
J//
PREFACE.
Owrne to failing health Mr. F. E. Edwards was unable to continue his Monograph
of the Eocene Gasteropoda after the year 1860, but with the facilities afforded by
specimens from his Cabinet I was enabled to produce some instalments of the
Monograph of the Bivalvia in the years 1864 and 1871. Mr. Edwards’ death took place
in 1875, and terminated the possibility of any further prosecution of the work by him,
his Collection having gone to the British Museum some years previously. I essayed, how-
ever, to make some progress with both portions of the work, and the solitary Plate of
the Gasteropoda now given was in consequence engraved. I found, however, that
owing to advanced years and other circumstances I was unable to carry out my wish,
and have been compelled to relinquish it with the solitary Plate referred to.
SEARLES V. WOOD.
Isr NovemeBer, 1876.
b
ot hel = 6 7 ey
ceo, shh a ae eM hrs ahs ey = MPs oy
rel baci alin ial! wee hae, ATK wat 60 “i bi : aut i 4
* hs fa “i ute | Wilt (aillyin fal/airs ‘ihe eis Wa still ee
anilig die ‘afta ay wer vary Lew PATA et Cay oa ait
oft nt ae af Au ssh Be (nal Vie Pinte nt can
he pial rs it i hil ia
ine 1 ue “a ¥)
t
oa
LS ie ea "I ij
an areas ae ri / tig Rviy POI al
mw a bi Nia: |
a) y | ; $s ae ; ’ } vi i ae
f . ; BS
] oral. P|
=
ct a og hans -
F piieaiae Dea ed: .
ss yen et Tet? Sa eae A I
= pe a Fis San a ee miro Ay : (tse ry Hg _
en i cL Tee Sah
Le Seva ees APS | ay,
wee? 5 lye, Vie nee? BiG” Oreo Aye MEN ily, Seow 7
oi VAy) Sal es Fe o§ via. ie gg, ae ay ta
ele Die Vy igh oles oom” Me SO Pe ee ai een 5 a
—) Maa y rte '
a a TAREE don fe ree ae et)’
eee Wl a BY) a Re tae KA EAS. rd
A Oe a no)
g*. PT hl! was lt Oe
> : 4 de ~~. TY genic?
; i ' nit vhs iP ality Sexy
y a a erper 8 onveiy Te | ier a Sah hel} i
ae they jah > ‘ ee Wad a4 ths)
ie
é '
| 4 ‘ ¥
= uhyy)
TT a. A
t
U
CORRIGENDA.
Page 65, line 24, substitute “ Sconce” for “ Headon Hill.”
”
”
70
78
”
”
13 ” ”
15 . ie
” 2
” ”?
In the head-lines to sheets 17, 18, and 19 (p. 129 e¢ seq.), for “ Pulmonata”’ read “ Prosobranchiata.”’
Page 126, line 10, for ‘‘ Cypraea” read “‘ Cypreee.”
14, for “figs. 3 a—d”’ read “ figs. 4 a—e.”
27, for * Basiugstoke”’ read “Cuffel, near Basingstoke.”’
28, for “(t. 25)” read “ (t. 5).”
30, after the word “size” insert “axis 1 in. and +4,ths;
133
134
155
155
158
”
?
14, for “figs. 4 a—e
” read “figs. 4 a—d.”
160, last line but one, after “axis” insert ‘‘2 inches nearly,”
Oe co
bo iS wmnwnwnd Ww
ies)
290
295
300, last line, add “ Highceliff.”
and 54th.”
, line 33, for “figs. 2 a—b” read “figs. 3 a—b.”
3 from bottom, add ‘‘ Nuneham”’ to the list of localities.
”
”
13, dele ‘* Barton.”’
last line, add “ Brook.”
rst line, for “fig. 13 a, 6” read “fig. 15 a, 6.”
, line 25, for ‘‘ Hampstead Railway Tunnel’’ substitute “ Potter’s Bar.”
, last line, add “‘ Highgate, Potter’s Bar, and Southampton.”
, line 17, add “ Hornsey.”
+}
”
16, for ‘‘ fig. 8 a—e”
8, add “ Highgate.”
read “fig. 6 a—e.”
diameter -°,ths of an inch.”
and after “diameter”
insert “1 in,
Aas |
4
ae oe NT Au
ae ar ah ie
, AY: ee
ae os as | Ja
i. . » - 7 ;
. a, MT PAOTTONS, co a
on eee ee
0 m4 qe! fin jn yi WIR Bai at Vrdy EYiolagitanvley a eee wa 4
a es = ee | Le i eu
. =< 1 r 7 ut { . a : i a os
ee are eae Wi fi hy | a) z ia? tee \- reel i Aa) | "4 oun ; val) val Ry Li
2 ata f ' " ; tLe LAY ie st ey
gipie. A 10 depen dh Bi! did) ¢ ry Priel tai eel lobe Oh) it green) ) ta!
M tsa , 4 PAL ire
. ‘ potit ie) ¥ Sn a mh ROE | 7 a
ih : Te Diduy fii 1 hiss j\ As aL ah th i iN ; rae
[ j iti A at 1 aake : ' 7 om
{
Gut :
" rf a) "hele 7 iy i
fi res ; A
awa iets ’ i+) >
7 ; j r : q if
(). deka Cc ee | ik jabs ole
4 as f - , J ‘ je elit a jays! ;
, ’ = =a i i ; > 1.4 ie
;
SU » 5 m 7
= ai% » ‘
‘
}
Y / / if
THE KOCENE CEPHALOPODA AND UNIVALVES.
DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.
The Monograph on the Eocene Mollusca (Cephalopoda and Univalvia) will be found in the
publications of the Paleeontographical Society issued for the years 1848, 1852, 1854, 1855, 1858, and
1877.
Cancel the title-pages affixed to the separate parts in the volumes for the years 1848, 1852, 1854,
Lee: oe 1855, 1858, and 1877, and substitute that provided in the volume for 1877. Cancel also the corrigenda
NE printed on slips in the volumes for the years(1852, 1854, 1855, and 1858, and substitute that provided in
SWAIN the volume for 1877. Cancel in addition the “List of Conide” (following page 330) printed in the
Ho. volume for 1858; and let the order of binding be—(1) New title-page to the complete Monograph (in
1877 vol.) ; (2) Preface (in 1877 vol.) ; }—-Netice to Sabsertbers{(sheet-7*im 1852 vol) ; (4) Corrigenda
Gee.
(in vol. for 1877) ; (5) Pages 1—361; and (6) Plates I—XXXIV.
—ORDER—OF BRBPRG AND DATES OF PUBLICATION.
PAGES PLATES | ISSUED IN VOL. FOR YEAR PUBLISHED
=< —s = wn |
Title-pagea! — 1877 February, 1877
SAN = —>¥ Preface = 1877 | ¥
jes otice to Subscribers -- | 1852 | August, 1852
: Corrigenda | = 1877 February, 1877
frbeinn z 1— 56 I—IX | 1848 July, 1849
57—120 X—XV 1852 August, 1852
121—180 XVI—XXIII 1854 May, 1855
181—240 | XXIV—XXVII | 1855 February, 1857
241—330 XXVITI—XXXIII 1858 | March, 1861
331—361 XXXIV 1877 | February, 1877
LE ae ee ag awa
A — , Wai“ a ete —=
d, 4 Io pes feud X fag = i
(g7en4 LP £ 4
letercter, oleieAtms [lila tes
:
LL if af Zi LL 7f) 2s EE =
ftot TL. CA lei nen -/ VY _L—IG . 0A: f=/& }: Gd £ Gi
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
MOLLUSCA FROM THE EOCENE FORMATIONS
OF ENGLAND.
FIRST CLASS—CHPHALOPODA. CvuviEr.
Mo.uvusca BracuiaTa. Poli.
Cfpuatoropes. Lamarck; Férussac.
CépHatopHores. De Blainville.
THE Cephalopoda form the first class of Molluscous Animals in the system
proposed by Cuvier, and consist of the several encephalous mollusca whose organs of
reptation are attached to the head. Possessing an organization more complicated
and more fully developed than that of the other molluscs, they have a higher rank
in the scale of existence. In a descending series they immediately succeed the
Vertebrata.
It is in this class that the latest indication of an internal skeleton will be found.
Among the more highly organized of the Cephalopods, the cephalic ganglia, to which,
from their importance and development, the term drain may still be applied, are
surrounded and protected by a cartilaginous process, called the cranial cartilage,
analogous with the cranium of a vertebrate animal, and in which the muscles of the
arms and tentacula are inserted. Other cartilages, subservient to the muscles of the
funnel and of the fins, where those organs exist, will be found in other parts of the
body, and may be said to represent, in rudiment, those portions of the skeleton which
in the vertebrate animals sustain their locomotive organs.
The Cephalopods are eminently social animals; they are all predatory and
voracious in the extreme, and appear to be nocturnal or crepuscular in their habits.
Some, the more highly organized, inhabit the deep seas only; others frequent the
coasts or shallow seas, or conceal themselves in holes in the rocks. M. d’Orbigny, to
whose recent work entitled ‘Mollusques vivants et fossiles’ I am largely indebted,
shows that to these various habits the zoological peculiarities of the different genera
are referable ; and he distinguishes the animals as pelagic (pelagiens), or littoral
(cOtiers), according to the fact of their frequenting the deep sea or the coasts.
The Cephalopoda have a distinct head, surrounded by arms or tentacula; they
possess organs of sight and hearing, closely resembling those of vertebrate animals,
1:
2 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
and they are endowed with the sense of smell. The eyes are placed on the sides of
the head, and in one of the two orders into which the animals are divided (the Dibran-
chiata) are, generally, lodged in an orbital cavity in which they move freely ; in some
genera, however, they are united to the outer integument, and are then incapable of
motion. When lodged in orbital cavities, they exhibit two distinct modifications, of
which M. d’Orbigny has availed himself for the subdivision of the order into two
groups (called respectively J/yopside* and Ovgopsidet). In the first modification,
which is found among the littoral Cephalopods, the eyes are wholly covered by the
skin of the head, which becomes thin where it passes over the ball of the eye; in the
other modification, which characterises the pelagic species, the orbital cavity is largely
open, and the eyes are in contact with the water.
In the tetrabranchiate Cephalopod, whose food is found principally at the bottom
of the sea, and to whom enlarged vision would be comparatively useless, the eye is
not lodged in an orbital cavity, but pedicillated, and assumes a simpler structure,
approaching that of the inferior mollusc.
These animals possess an external auditory opening, generally protected by an
external ear more or less complicated in structure. The organs of smell are supposed
to reside in certain pores or sacs, opening externally, termed by M. dOrbigny
aquiferous pores (ouvertures aquiferes), which are divided into cephalic, oral, anal, and
brachial pores according to their position, and are used by him as generic distinctions.
The mouth is terminal, and is furnished with two strong, horny beaks or jaws termed
mandibles, working vertically upon each other like the bill of a parrot, with which they
are usually compared.
The body is inclosed in a thick membranous skin or mantle, united along the belly
of the animal so as to form a muscular bag or sac, open at the upper extremity, and
containing the branchial apparatus and viscera. In its general shape it is round, or
more or less elongated, and cylindrical or depressed. To this body, distinguished as
the posterior portion of the animal, the anterior or cephalic portion, consisting of the
head and the arms or tentacula it sustains, is attached by one or more ligaments,
some internal, others formed by the continuation of the skin of the body, and termed
cervical or lateral ligaments, according to their position. The condition of these
ligaments varies with the habits of the animal, and upon it generic characters are
founded. They attain their greatest strength in the littoral Cephalopods, and in some
genera afford a sufficient attachment between the head and the body; but in the
Cephalopods more or less pelagic, in which the free and independent use of the organs
of prehension, and a simultaneous active exercise of the bodily locomotive function,
would be materially impeded by an extensive permanent attachment, the ligaments
are considerably reduced; so much so, in fact, that they would afford a very imperfect
* Myopside ; from pvw claudo, oxis visus.
Oigopside ; from évyw aperio, ois visus.
5 3 ¥: 2
CEPHALOPODA. 3
guard against the resistance caused by the rapid motion through the water of a mass
so large as the cephalic portion of the animal. To obviate this defect, a peculiar
apparatus is found in various Cephalopods, which, capable of bemg instantly brought
into action, provides an additional and firm attachment of the head to the body.
This apparatus is variable in form, and, except in three genera in which it is
not found, forms one of the most certain generic characters. It consists of one or
more cartilaginous or fleshy protuberances, placed on each side either of the inner
surface of the body or of the base of the head, which fit ito corresponding holes or
depressions formed for their reception in the opposite part of the head or body. This
apparatus, termed by M. d’Orbigny the apparatus of resistance (l'appareil de resistance),
has relation to the swimming power of the animal, and is more or less complicated as
that increases or diminishes.
The respiratory apparatus consists of two or four lamelliferous branchieze or gills,
lodged in chambers contained in the visceral sac, but separated from the viscera by a
membranous partition. The number of these gills has been adopted by Professor Owen
as an ordinal distinction ; and, in the system of classification proposed by him, to
which I shall hereafter refer, the Cephalopods are divided into dibranchiate and tetra-
branchiate orders according to the fact of their possessing two or four branchie. Into
the chambers containing the gills, the water is freely admitted by a valvular aperture,
and having served the purpose of respiration, flows, or is forcibly ejected by the
muscular contraction of the body, through the excretory tube or funnel (¢”/undibulum).
The water thus expelled in streams more or less powerful and frequently repeated, at
the will of the animal, causes a retrogressive movement, which forms its principal
mode of locomotion, from which circumstance the tube itself is called by M. d’Orbigny
the locomotive tube. The body thus becomes the most important locomotive agent ;
and as its size and shape must materially influence the retrogressive motion, we can
readily conceive that they will have relation to the exigencies of the animal for
swimming. Thus the pelagic species, in which the body, from its comparative size,
and its cylindrical form and tapering extremity, is adapted to contain a large quantity of
water, and to move through the sea with facility, are, as their necessities would require,
pre-eminently powerful swimmers; while, on the other hand, in the littoral species, to
which great retrogressive power would be not only unnecessary, but a source of
frequent injury, the body is small and rounded, or depressed, so as to afford a broad
surface on which the animal can rest upon the ground.
Among the dibranchiate Cephalopods the circulation is performed by the agency of
a central or systemic heart, of two lateral hearts, subservient to the propulsion of the
blood through the branchie, and thence called the dranchial hearts, and of a venous
system consisting of two principal vessels, vere cave, contained in a cavity called by
Professor Owen the pericardium, and communicating freely with the branchial
chambers, and of other subordinate trunks or vessels. In this cavity terminates the
4 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
tube called the siphon or siphuncle, which perforates and traverses the chambers of all
the multilocular shells, whether external or internal,* and by means of which, as it has
generally been supposed, the animal can diminish or increase the specific gravity of the
shell, and so facilitate its rising or sinking in the water.
In the recent WVaztili, the sole living representatives of the tetrabranchiate Cepha-
lopods, the lateral hearts are wanting, the enlarged surface of the branchial apparatus
rendering such additional means of circulation unnecessary.
The funnel or locomotive tube is placed beneath the head, and supports at its base
the apparatus for resistance before noticed. Its functions are various: it conveys
away the water inhaled for respiration after that object has been served, and, as we
have already seen, becomes, at the will of the animal, the principal locomotive agent ;
it is also the excretory tube. The condition of this organ is used by Professor Owen
as an ordinal character; in the dibranchiate Cephalopods the parietes of the funnel
are entire, while in the tetrabranchiate Cephalopods they are disconnected along the
ventral margins.
A peculiar provision for defence is found among the naked Cephalopods, which is
denied to those protected by an external shell; this provision consists of an organ for
secreting and expelling an inky fluid, by the effusion of which the animal, when
alarmed, is enabled to discolour the surrounding water, and thus to facilitate or conceal
its escape. The fluid is contained in a bladder-shaped sac, called the ix/-d/adder, and
its presence may be regarded as a certain indication of the dibranchiate type of
organization.t
In addition to the retrogressive power possessed by all the Cephalopods, and
derived from the agency of the funnel, the decapodous genera are provided with lateral
or terminal fins, more or less coriaceous, according as the habits of the animal are
more or less pelagic or littoral. The motive function of the fins, however, appears
to be secondary ;_ those organs being used chiefly to sustain or steady the animal, and
direct its course through the water. The position of the fins is used as a generic character.
The dibranchiate Cephalopods carry on their heads eight or ten arms, the place of
* In M. de Blainyille’s ‘ Mémoire sur 1’Animal de la Spirula et sur |’ Usage du Siphon des Coquilles
Polythalames,”’ the siphuncle is described as a solid tendinous prolongation of the retractor muscles, by
means of which the animal is enabled to withdraw the cephalic mass within a cavity formed by the anterior
extremity of the mantle, and thus to regulate the specific gravity of the body. It appears, however, from
Professor Owen’s examination of two specimens of S. Peronii (fragilis), captured and brought home by
Captain Sir Edward Belcher (see Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang), that the soft or membranous
siphon is in reality a ¢uée continued from the calcareous siphon and the last chamber of the shell, through
a semicircular aperture in the mantle, into the visceral cavity. ;
+ M. d’Orbigny, after referring to these means of escape in the Sepiz, says (Moll. Viv. et Foss., vol. i,
p. 134), that he is far from believing that the faculty is enjoyed by every species; and that, in fact, if it
exists among the Sepidee, it is at the least doubtful among the other Cephalopods, who possess but a small
quantity of the liquid, which they only expel when dying.
CEPHALOPODA. 5
which, in the tetrabranchiate Cephalopod, is supplied by a multitude of tentacula
grouped around the mouth. These arms or tentacula are organs as well of locomotion
as of touch and prehension. In the dibranchiate Cephalopod the arms are furnished
with suckers (acetabula), and are of two kinds, viz.: eight sessi/e arms encircling the
mouth, and connected at the bases by a muscular web more or less broad; and two
tentacular arms placed one on each side, and capable of considerable extension. The
Octopods are furnished with the sessile arms only ; the Decapods possess also the
tentacular arms. The development of the sessile arms appears to be in inverse ratio
with the retro-swimming power of the animal, and, consequently, as we have before
seen, with the size of the body. In the pelagic Decapods, which possess the highest
retro-swimming power, and whose body is comparatively large, the arms are short ;
while in the finless Octopods and the littoral Decapods, which have small bodies, and
are consequently bad swimmers, and whose habits require the means of creeping along
the ground, the arms are infinitely larger, and the connecting web is broader, so that
they serve also for reptation.
The arms, to adapt them more perfectly for prehensile purposes, are provided with
suckers placed zz serie, on the inner surface. These are sometimes simple, i. e.
unarmed ; but in some genera they are surrounded by a horny dentated hoop, and in
others are wncinated, or armed with sharp, horny hooks. When the prey is once
seized by this formidable apparatus, escape is hopeless. In the tetrabranchiate
Cephalopod, which is always attached to a dense calcareous shell, and whose principa!
food appears to be the crustacea or testacea living at the bottom of the sea, the
complicated mechanism of the arms entirely disappears, and the animal is provided
with numerous, small, retractile tentacles, by which the sense of touch, as necessary to
it as enlarged vision is to the dibranchiate Cephalopod, is largely developed.
The presence of the sucker bearing arms, or of the tentacula, is an ordinal
distinction, and has been adopted by the French naturalists for the designation of the two
orders, corresponding with the dibranchiate and tetrabranchiate orders of Professor
Owen, into which they have divided the Cephalopods; the armed and unarmed
conditions of the suckers are also used as subordinal and generic distinctions, and
characters of families and genera are founded upon the retractile power of the
tentacular arms.
Exclusive of the impulsion derived from the funnel, and the capacity to rise and
float in the sea which the chambered and siphoniferous shell affords, the tetrabranchiate
Cephalopod can only creep, like the gasteropods, along the bottom of the sea by means
of the free and expanded margin of the anterior extremity of the body.
The animal whose zoological peculiarities have been thus cursorily noticed, is
sometimes lodged in a symmetrical shell, wxi/ocular or camerated (multilocular), that is,
presenting a series of chambers divided from each other by thin partitions (septa), and
successively added by the animal to meet the exigencies of its increasing bulk, and in
6 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the last of which the body is contained. The partitions present the greatest variety
of form ; being in fact moulded upon the animal, they indicate corresponding zoological
peculiarities, and generic distinctions have been founded upon them. Among the
Nautilide, one of the families into which the tetrabranchiate Cephalopods are divided,
the posterior extremity of the body is round and without any projecting part, or /o4e
as it is termed, and the septa therefore are characterised by simple curvatures or
undulations, and their margins are always entire; and thus we are led by analogy to
believe, that in the C/ymenide the animal had an angular lobe on each side of the body,
from which the sinus, which characterizes their septa, would take its form; and that
in the Ammonitide the posterior extremity of the body had many lobes, the edges of
which were foliated, whence the septa assumed corresponding curvatures with foliated
margins. Sometimes, and this is most generally the case among the recent
Cephalopods, the animal is without the protection of an external shell; but it is
then supplied either with a calcareous chambered shell almost wholly buried in the
animal, or with a horny or calcareous substance, simple, or more or less complicated in
form and structure, wholly internal, and encysted in the back of the mantle. From
the presence or absence of the external shell, the Cephalopods have been, and in fact
still are, popularly divided into shell-bearmg and naked Cephalopods, although in the
systematic arrangement proposed by Professor Owen these terms have a more
restricted application.
The chambered shells are characterised by a peculiar apparatus, by means of
which, as it has been generally supposed, they are made subservient to hydrostatic
purposes, although the precise mode by which that end is attained is merely conjectural.
From Professor Owen’s description of the MVautilus Pompilius, it appears that the
posterior part of the visceral sac is prolonged in the form of a membranous tube,
which, passing through a short calcareous collar, formed in the disc of each septum,
and called the fesfaceous siphon, traverses the different chambers to the extreme nucleus
of the shell. This tube, with the calcareous collar which, more or less, covers and
protects it, is termed the siphon or siphuncle, and is found in all the multilocular shells
strictly so called, whether external or internal, recent or fossil ; and its position with
reference to the margin of the shell, is used as another distinction between the
Ammonitide, the Clymenide, and the Nautilide ; being ventral or external, that is, placed
near the outer margin, in the Ammonitide ; central, that is, at or near the middle of
the disc of the septum, in the NVautiide ; and dorsal, that is, close to the preceding
volution, in the Clymenide.
The process by which the external shells of the Cephalopods are constructed does
not appear to differ essentially from that used by the inferior molluscs. Professor
Owen has described the mode of growth in the Nautilus Pompilius ; and we are led
by analogy to the conclusion, that the shells of the extinct Wautili and the Ammonites,
and their various cognate genera, were formed in the same way. In the recent
- CEPHALOPODA. il
Nautilus the animal is attached to the shell by two large lateral muscles, called the
adherent muscles, and by a belt or cincture of horny matter, which completely encircles
the posterior part of the visceral sac, and expands at the sides into broad dises, which
serve as the medium of insertion of the adherent muscles ; and the prolonged posterior
extremity of the visceral sac, forming the membranous siphuncle, is a third mode of
attachment. As the animal increases in size, the adherent muscles and the cincture
gradually advance their line of attachment, and the membranous tube at the same time
lengthening in proportion, a cavity is thus formed between the septum and the lower
portion of the visceral sac. A deposition of calcareous matter by the surface of the
mantle then takes place, commencing at the sides of the shell, and proceeding towards
the membranous tube, round which it is continued backward, and forms the calcareous
or festaceous siphon. Thus, as the animal increases in bulk, the dwelling-chambers
are successively formed and converted into air-chambers, by means of which the specific
gravity of the shell and its contents is maintained nearly in equilibrio with that of the
surrounding water. During the growth of the animal the anterior portion of the
mantle secretes calcareous matter, which it deposits in successive layers on the margin
of the aperture; and thus the enlargement of the outer wall of the shell is effected.
I must add, that the theory of the gradual advance of the adherent muscles and the
cincture during the growth of the animal is opposed to the opinion of M. d’Orbigny,
who, in his hypothesis as to the function of the siphuncle, noticed subsequently,
maintains in effect, that the advance of the muscles (and, I presume, of the cincture
also) is periodic.
The Argonaut presents an extraordinary deviation from the general laws which
govern all other molluscous animals; inasmuch as the animal, although perfectly free
and unattached to the shell it inhabits, is not now considered to be a mere parasite,*
* It is foreign to the present purpose to enter into the question as to the parasitism of the Ocythoe ;
the experiments of Madame Jeannette Power, confirmed to a great extent by the observations of M. Sander
Rang and M. d@’Orbigny, and more recently by those of Mr. Adams, during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,
are generally considered as removing all doubt as to that animal being the fabricator of the shell in which
it is found; and the theory of parasitism is now rejected by nearly all naturalists. A detailed account of
the facts ascertained and recorded by Madame Power and M. Rang will be found in M. Rang’s Memoire,
published in Guerin’s ‘ Magasin de Zoologie,’ and in Madame Power’s ‘Observations on the Poulpe of the
Argonaut,’ translations of which are published in the ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ new series, vols. iii andiv. The
observations of Mr. Adams, published in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang,’ tend to prove that the
shell is constructed by the female Argonaut as a nest for receiving her eggs, and protecting them from injury,
resembling in some measure the rudimental capsules secreted by many marine Gastropods for the preser-
vation of the embryo. The animal firmly retains possession of this light caleareous shell-nest by means of
the broad expanded membranes of the posterior pair of tentacles; but when disturbed or captured, she
loosens her hold, and leaving her cradle to its fate, swims about independent of her shell. Having once
deserted the nest, it appears that she has not the power, or more properly the sagacity, to re-enter it.
Numbers of male Argonauts were taken by Mr. Adams, but always without shells. There are, however,
in this theory, difficulties which probably future observation may explain. In the first place, the shells
SP
8 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
as at first was supposed to be the case, but the actual fabricator of the shell ; and it is
believed that the broad membranes usually termed ve/a or velamenta, into which the
extremities of the posterior pair of arms are expanded, and which usually envelope
the shell, are the organs by which the deposition is effected; the mantle itself,
apparently, not being capable of a calcifying secretion.
The beaks or mandibles with which the mouths of the Cephalopods are armed, vary
in structure according to the habits of the animal. In the dibranchiate Cephalopod,
whose principal food consists of fish, the mandibles are sharp, and entirely composed
of horn; but, with the tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, the mandibles are blunt, and
cased at their extremities with hard calcareous matter, adapted for the crushing of
shells, and the defensive coverings of crustacea. The fossil substances called
Rhyncolites, resembling the mandibles of the recent Wawtilus, and found associated with
the numerous chambered shells so abundant in the secondary and transition forma-
tions, appear to be remains of Ammonites, and the other cognate extinct genera by
which those shells were inhabited.*
That the external chambered shells of the Cephalopods act in the same way as the
swimming bladders of fish, and serve as floats, is obvious from the circumstance that,
when deserted by the animal, they swim on the surface of the water. To an animal
seeking protection against its enemies, by an instantaneous sinking in the sea, this
tendency of the shell to float would prove a serious and dangerous impediment, if the
animal itself did not possess the means, in some way or other, of increasing on
the instant its specific gravity; and it has long been the opinion of naturalists
that the siphuncle is subservient to this purpose, although a difference of opinion
has prevailed as to the mode of operation. Dr. Hooke, so far back as the
beginning of the last century, expressed an opinion that the MVawti/vs had the power
of generating air to fill the deserted chambers, and that by the injection or exhaus-
tion of this air through the siphuncle, the specific gravity of the shell could be
diminished or increased. It is ascertained, however, that there is not any communi-
cation between the siphuncle and the empty chambers; and Mr. Parkinson, who, in his
‘Outlines of Oryctology,’ adopts an hypothesis similar to Dr. Hooke’s, suggests that the
tube is elastic and dilated by gaseous or aqueous fluids, the alternation of which
produces a corresponding change in the specific gravity of the shell. Dr. Buckland
are found in different stages of growth, and they always exhibit the usual indications of successive periodic
enlargements. Again, Mr. Adams states, “that it does not appear that the female is able to exist long when
disengaged from the shell.” How can these facts be reconciled with the theory that the shell is a mere xidus ?
* MM. de Blainville and d’Orbigny have founded on these remains two genera, which they have named
Conchorhyncus and Rhyncoteuthis. The reasons advanced for supposing that the Rhyncolites were not the
mandibles of any of the Nautilidee or Ammonitide already known, are far from conclusive ; and these
genera can only be regarded as arbitrary, though perhaps convenient, divisions, according to the peculiar
forms presented by the remains.
CEPHALOPODA. 9
maintains that a fluid is contained in the pericardium, the position of which is
alternately changed from that cavity to the siphuncle ; and that in this shifting fluid
the hydraulic balance consists, the chambers being filled with air alone, the elasticity
of which would admit of the alternate expansion and contraction of the membranous
siphuncle. Prof. Owen has pointed out objections to both these hypotheses. The only
organ apparently by which the gaseous fluids of Mr. Parkinson’s theory can be
secreted, is a small artery continued down the siphon, but which would not be adequate
for the purpose ; and the form and size of the siphon would not allow of an escape of
gas so free as to make the consequent sinking of the shell sufficiently rapid for
defensive purposes. In some extinct species of Vawti/us the membranous siphuncle
appears to have been capable of considerable dilatation, instances of which are
mentioned by Dr. Buckland; but Professor Owen states that, in all the specimens he
had examined, the membranous siphuncle, after the first chamber, presented an
inextensible and almost friable texture, and was coated beyond the extremity of the
testaceous siphon with a thin calcareous deposit; and that, in certain extinct species,
the testaceous or calcareous siphon extended from septum to septum, rendering a
dilatation of the membranous tube physically impossible. The calcareous siphon of
the recent Spirula, as is well known, exhibits this form of structure. It is ascertained
that, by the conversion of the dwelling-chambers of the animal into what may
be termed air-chambers, the specific gravity of the Nautilus, and of its shell,
may be maintained nearly in equilibrio with that of the sea. This equilibrium
would be very sensibly affected by the position of the body of the animal with
reference to the shell ; and Professor Owen therefore inclines to the opinion® that the
variation of the specific gravity is caused chiefly by changes in the extent of the surface
exposed to the water, according as the body may be expanded beyond the aperture of
the shell, or more or less withdrawn within the dwelling-chamber. At the same time it
is not improbable that the siphuncle, filled with the fluid propelled into it from the peri-
cardium, in consequence of the pressure caused by the contraction of the animal within
the shell, may assist in affecting the specific gravity; it certainly, however, does not
appear to be capable of varying the specific gravity of the shell sufficiently for the
wants of the animal, and that function, if attributable to it, must consequently be
merely secondary. I am therefore inclined to agree with M. d’Orbigny, who rejects
the supposition that the action of the siphuncle is hydrostatic. That naturalist assigns
to the membranous tube which enters the calcareous siphon, and communicates with
the pericardial cavity, a function widely different, and only to be called into action
when the animal constructs a new air-chamber. ‘ On this occasion,” he says, ‘‘ many
difficulties have to be overcome; the extremity of the body is attached above the last
* In this opimion M. de Blainville concurs (Mémoire sur Animal de la Spirula, &c.), and he shows
that a similar mode is used by the Spirula; the alteration of the specific gravity being effected by the with-
drawal of the cephalic mass into a cavity formed by the upper portion of the body.
0)
10 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
septum (en dessus de lu derniére cloison) by two powerful muscles; and the animal,
always increasing in bulk, must detach its body, and remove and place itself at a
determinate distance whenever it wishes to form a new partition. There must also
be left, between the penultimate partition and that which the animal is about
to construct, a space to be filled with air, while the animal is always under water.”
And M. d’Orbigny therefore suggests “that the membranous tube and pericardial
cavity are required, when the new chamber is constructed, to empty the water
contained in it, and to fill it with air before the siphon entirely closes its wall in the
interior of the new air-chamber.” This hypothesis does not appear to be more
satisfactory than the one involving a hydrostatic function. No allusion is made
in any way to the attachment of the animal to the shell by means of the horny
or epithelial cincture which, as we have seen, encircles the lower part of the body.
This cincture, in fact, hermetically closes the space between it and the last septum ;
and, unless it is detached, there would not be any external entrance through which
the water could penetrate, and the function, the object of the hypothesis, becomes
unnecessary. I cannot think therefore that this important attachment was overlooked;
and I assume that M. dOrbigny, when he says that the animal “must detach its
body,” means that it must detach not only the adherent muscles which he mentions,
but also the horny cincture, to which he does not allude. Conceding this to be the
case, then, the hypothesis in question assumes that the advance of the body, pre-
paratory to the formation of the new partition, is not gradual; but that the animal, by
sudden and nearly simultaneous efforts, detaches the adherent muscles and the
cincture, and removes its body to the necessary distance. In all other testaceous
molluscs, the advance of the adductor and adherent muscles is caused by the depo-
sition of new matter, by means of a thin membrane, part of the pallial membrane,
interposed between the extremity of the muscle and the inner surface of the shell.
The deposition is made, particle by particle, on the anterior part of the muscle,
portions of the posterior part probably becoming detached and absorbed; but this
process is so gradual, that the attachment of the animal to the shell—an attachment, in
fact, necessary to its existence—is not affected; and thus the muscle advances slowly
and imperceptibly. There does not appear to be any reason for supposing that a law
prevails among the cephalopodous molluscs different from that which regulates the
advance of the adherent muscle in the testaceous gasteropod. We may readily
conceive, on the contrary, that the entire detachment of the muscles and of the
cincture would be attended with considerable inconvenience to the animal; for, in
that condition, the fulerum or resisting power by which the animal is enabled to use
its tentacles and other organs efficiently, and which is essential to its existence, would
be temporarily lost. The sudden removal of the body forward would probably,
although it cannot be assumed that it would necessarily, cause the rupture of the
membranous siphon, for that organ may be sufficiently elastic to stretch to the required
CEPHALOPODA. 11
distance ; but the rupture is, in fact, required by the hypothesis, and the animal
would thus be deprived at once of all its means of attachment to the shell. Neither
by this periodic advance would the equilibrium of the specific gravity be maintained.
We are warranted, I think, in assuming that the specific gravity of the animal and its
shell, without the siphuncular aid, would be most nearly in equilibrio with that of
the surrounding sea immediately after the formation of a new septum. Now the
growth of the animal would constantly tend to derange this equilibrium, until the
period should arrive for the formation of the new septum. ‘The capability of the
animal, therefore, to rise and sink would be as constantly fluctuating, unless there
existed some mode of compensating for the increasing bulk of the body during the
interval between the formation of the penultimate septum and that of the last. This
compensation, however, would be provided in the case of a gradual advance of the
line of attachment; for the vacated part of the dwelling-chamber, filled with exhala-
tions from the animal, and increasing in size as the body is advanced, would become
an air-chamber as effective as if it were inclosed by a new septum; while, on the other
hand, a periodic advance of the muscles and cincture would deprive the animal of this
mode of maintaining the equilibrium.
I have mentioned the rupture of the membranous tube, which would be the
consequence of the sudden advance of the body ; in fact, the hypothesis which attributes
to this tube the function of carrying off the water admitted mto the vacated part of
the shell by the detachment of the cincture, requires, ev necessitate, that the tube
should be ruptured in order that the water should enter it; and in that case the
membranous siphon in the deserted chambers would consist of detached fragments
extending from septum to septum, and which, having fulfilled their object and become
severed from the animal, would no longer retain vitality. This, however, is not the
fact. The membranous tube is continued entire through all the septa to the extreme
air-chamber,* and is a vascular organized substance, provided with an artery and a
vein for its nutrition; and it maintains its vitality during the life of the animal. We
are compelled, therefore, to think that the function of the siphuncle must be coextensive
with the animal’s existence. On these grounds, the theory suggested by M. d’Orbigny
is not more satisfactory than the hydrostatic theory which he rejects. Whatever the
function may be, it is evident that the air-chambers themselves would be as efficient a
float without the siphon as with it; and the alteration of the specific gravity, as has
been stated, may and in all probability is, effected simply by the animal protruding or
withdrawing the cephalic mass from or into the dwelling-chamber of the shell, or, as
* Professor Owen, speaking of the specimen of Spirula Peronii ( fragilis), brought home by Sir Edward
Belcher, says: ‘‘On gently raising the exposed portion of the siphon with a needle, the soft siphon was
withdrawn, without sensible resistance, from the tube of the hard siphon; the siphon so withdrawn must
have reached nearly to the innermost whorl. It exhibited a slight segmentation, answering to the suc-
cessively sheathed parts of the calcareous siphon.”’
12 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
M. de Blainville has shown to be the case in Spirula, within a cavity formed by the
anterior extremity of the mantle. We may reasonably infer, therefore, that to assist
in varying the specific gravity is not the principal function of the siphuncle. But, in
any view, the preservation of the deserted chambers, as air-chambers, is essential to
the motive power of the animal; for it is only by their tendency to float when the
cephalic mass is protruded, that the animal is enabled to rise; and this nicely-
adjusted counterpoise is maintained, as we have seen, by the addition of new air-
chambers, as the animal and the shell increase in size. It is obvious, therefore,
that the hydrostatic balance would be destroyed if any one of the deserted chambers
were so injured as no longer to act as a float. Now it is known that the shells of the
testaceous molluscs are not wholly inorganic substances ; but that a vital communica-
tion is maintained between them and the animals, and that where this communication
ceases, the deserted whorls of the shell lose their vitality and become brittle ; the
calcareous matter falls off in particles, and the shell is much more susceptible of
injury. In Bulimus decollatus (Helix decollata, Linn.) and other similar shells, in which
the earlier whorls are wholly deserted, the animal on withdrawing its body forms
behind its extremity a concave septum. In these cases the apex of the shell, no longer
necessary, is easily broken off; in which state the shell is said to be decollated.* In
the siphoniferous shells, however, the preservation of the chambers, as air-chambers,
is, as we have already seen, essential to the motive power of the animal. It is true
that in the Nautilus, the mode of convolution, upon a vertical axis, is admirably
adapted to strengthen and protect the first-formed volutions; but in shells not so
constructed, and even in those possessing the nautiliform mode of convolution, it
would appear to be essential that the vitality should not be lost. How, then, is the
necessary communication between the animal and the air-chambers maintained, and
the vitality of the deserted shell preserved? It has been shewn that the siphuncle
traverses the chambers to the extreme nucleus of the shell, and that it is provided
with a small artery and vein; and we also learn from Professor Owen’s Memoir, that
in the Nautilus “a delicate pellicle, distinct from the tube, is continued over the
outer part of the testaceous tube, and also over the whole inner surface of the chamber.”
May we not then reasonably regard the siphuncle with its artery and vein, and the
pellicle lining the air-chambers, as the organs destined to maintain the vitality of the
shell, and feel ourselves justified in considering this office to be in fact the primary
function of the siphuncle ? And when we bear in mind that the internal shells, from
* Tam wholly indebted to my friend Mr. Searles Wood for the following theory as to the siphuncular
function, and the main arguments in support of it. The well-known conchological attaimments of that
gentleman exact respect for every opinion of his on subjects like the present; but independently of this,
the theory itself seems to me to be far more probable than any hitherto advanced as to the office of the
siphon ; and I therefore gladly avail myself of Mr. Wood’s permission to introduce his views of the subject
into my text.
CEPHALOPODA. ‘13
their terminal or, as in Spirula, their exposed position, are particularly lable to injury
from the shocks caused by the retrogressive movements of the animals, we shall find
that the hypothesis will be as applicable to them as to the external shells. In the
extended series of observations made by Dr. Carpenter upon the microscopic structure
of shells, it is shown by that gentleman that the outer covering or shelly mass of
molluscous animals is invariably permeated by an organized membrane, and he says
(Report Brit. Assoc., 1844, page 9): “I am much disposed to believe that in every
distinct formation of shell substance there is a single layer of membrane, and I am
further of opinion that this membrane was at one time a constituent part of the mantle
of the mollusc.” He further represents this membrane to have, more or less, a cellular
arrangement, the interstices of which are filled with carbonate of lime or inorganic
matter; and, at page 10, he says: ‘‘ Coupling the appearances which I| have myself
observed, with the observations of Mr. Bowerbank, on the formation of shell, and
keeping in view the general doctrines of cell action which I have elsewhere endeavoured
to develope, I am inclined to believe that these cells are the real agents in the pro-
duction of the shell, it being their office to secrete into their own cavities the carbonate
of lime supplied by the fluids of the animal.” He does not appear to have extended
his researches so far as to determine whether any or what amount of vitality is
possessed by these membranes; but from the continuity and intimate connexion of *
this beautiful network, permeating the entire substance of the shell, we may imagine
that some slight degree of vital existence pervades the whole membrane, by which it
is possible that the inorganic material is preserved from disintegration. In those
shells which appear to have been subject to the erosive action of acidulated waters,
or other external agency, such as the apices of Cerithia and the umbones of Cyrene,
the part most affected is that which is furthest removed from the main body of the
animal ; while that part of the shell which is in close proximity with the mantle is
not, or at least but little, altered; probably owing to its greater vitality, and to its
being the part most essential for the protection of the animal. Not only is the entire
formation of shelly matter permeated by an organic membrane, but in some of the
shelly coverings of molluscous animals in the order Brachiopoda, there is a very
peculiar structure, somewhat analogous with what has been before suggested as the
especial use of the siphuncular tube in the Cephalopoda. Dr. Carpenter has pointed
out that in most, or perhaps in all, of the nonplicated species of Terebratula, the whole
surface of the shell is perforated with innumerable pores, into which are inserted
vascular portions of the mantle of the animal, of a tubular form, and filled with fluid,
which have no communication with the exterior, but are closed at-the outer surface of
the shell, and occupy the entire space of the pores. These cecal appendages may be
for the purpose of distributing a greater degree of vitality through the body of the
shell; though for what especial purpose this provision is required in one group more
than another, it is not easy to explain; perhaps a greater degree of strength is
14 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
required in the zonplicated shell, for the preservation of an animal, whose habitation, for
the most part, is at a considerable depth, where the pressure of water is much increased,
than in the plicated species, the peculiar construction of which would afford sufficient
resistance, without that additional support which the smoother species may receive
from this singular structure of the mantle. If, however, a necessity exist for the
preservation of the shell in ordinary cases, how much more essential would it be that
some compensating power should be possessed by an animal whose existence, in all
probability, is dependent upon the buoyant principle of its partitioned shell; and how
probable does it appear that this, an ordinary provision, should be employed for its
protection.
The tubular character of the siphuncle suggests an hydraulic action. To explain
this, it is necessary to invest the animal with the power of emptying and filling the tube
at discretion ; and this power it may be presumed to derive from the pressure upon the
pericardial cavity, caused by the folding and contracting within the shell of the large
cephalic mass. Under this pressure the fluid would be injected the whole length of
the siphuncle, and, on the removal of the pressure, would return into the pericardium,
to be there renovated and vivified with the other fluids, to be again injected when the
animal returns within the shell. If the siphuncle had been a solid body, or composed
of muscles, fibres, &c., it would have required to be permeated with arteries, blood-
vessels, &c., for its sustenance; but by the simple process of the fluid returning into
the body of the animal, all the complicated apparatus necessary to sustain a fleshy
body is superseded ; circulation and renovation are accomplished, and the fluid is thus
maintained in a condition capable of affording the nourishment to the shell which the
present hypothesis requires.
The theories here suggested are, as all other theories on the same subject must
for the present be, merely speculative; for, to quote the observation of Professor
Owen,” “much remains to be done before the theory of the chambers and siphuncle
can rest on the sound basis of experiment and observation.” These alone will
satisfactorily determine the real purposes of the membranous siphuncle; but, for my
own part, I believe that the primary, and probably the only, function of that organ is to
maintain the vitality of the shell, and that it may be looked upon as an elongated
ceecum ; and that it is not, under any circumstances, used by the animal as a hydro-
static balance.
It is unnecessary here to particularise the various forms of external shells presented
by the extinct tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, inasmuch as, of the numerous genera
which swarmed in the ancient seas, only the Nautilus survived the secondary period.
The dibranchiate Cephalopods, with the exception of the genus Aryonauta (which,
with Bellerophon, constitutes Professor Owen’s family of testaceous Octopods), are without
* Memoir on the Nautilus Pompilius, p. 47.
CEPHALOPODA. 15
external shells; but they are provided with internal horny or calcareous substances,
encysted in the back of the mantle, and frequently not in any way attached to the
animal, but loose in the cells containing them. In the naked Octopods these internal
substances are of the simplest form, and consist of two short, horny, gelatinous styles.
Among the Decapods, they become gradually more complicated in structure. In the
Loligide, the Loligopside, and the Teuthide, they assume the form of a horny plate,
termed the g/adius, which in some genera is thin and feather-shaped, or more or less
spatulate, lanceolate, or ensiform; and in others, they are elongated, narrow, and termi-
nated posteriorily by a simple cup-shaped appendage. In the Sepzde the shell presents
aseries of thin calcareous plates, not siphoniferous, but separated by numerous exceed-
ingly minute pillars, and forming a convex mass terminated by a mucro or spine; in
the Belemnitide it consists of a chambered cone perforated by a siphuncle, and lodged
in a cavity formed in the upper portion of a calcareous rostrum, more or less pointed
or obtuse; and in the Spirulide, the sole remaining family, it is a calcareous,
horizontally convolute, multilocular, and siphonated shell, with distinct whorls, and
imbedded in the animal, but having portions of the last whorl merely covered by the
outer layers of the skin. These differences in structure appear to be always accom-
panied with distinct zoological forms ; and hence the Paleeontologist is enabled to form
a tolerably correct judgment of the analogy between the existing species and those
which inhabited the ancient seas, although the testaceous remains are, most frequently,
the only means of comparison afforded to him.
These internal shells are formed by secretions, from the internal surfaces of the
cells, of a horny or calcareous substance, which is deposited in successive layers, and
by the continual addition of which they increase in size as the growth of the animal
proceeds. Their functions are various, and in accordance with their particular
structure. When the internal shell is gelatinous or horny, as in the Octopoda, and in
the Loligide, Loligopside, and Teuthide, the function is chiefly to support and
strengthen the body, analogous with that of the bones in the vertebrate animals. It
appears that the greater or less length of the shell has always relation to the
swimming power of the animal. When the internal shell is horny or calcareous, and
contains parts filled with air, as is the case in the several other decapodous families, it
acts as a float; and in this function, like the external shell of the tetrabranchiate
Cephalopods, it represents the swimming bladder of fish; but the volume of air
contained within the shell is, apparently, in an inverse ratio with the swimming
power of the animal. In addition to these functions, the internal shells, which
are provided with a mucro or rostrum at their posterior extremities, as in the
Sepide and Belemnitide, are enabled by its means to break the force of the shocks
caused by the body striking against any hard substance in its retrograde motion. In
the recent Cephalopods this protection is confined to the Sepidz, the most littoral of
all the Cephalopods: to the deep-sea swimmers it is denied; it would in fact be
16 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
useless to them. We may assume, therefore, that in the extinct Cephalopods the
presence of the mucro or rostrum will indicate a littoral animal. M. d’Orbigny states
that he has always observed in the Sepia, the extremity of the mucro projecting
beyond the body, and it is not improbable that this part of the shell may be used, as
he suggests, for defensive purposes, and that it is protruded at the will of the animal.
The Cephalopods, highly organized as they are in comparison with the other
molluscs, are among the earliest forms of animal life which geology has brought to light.
The Silurian group, the most ancient fossiliferous formations with which we are
acquainted, contains the remains of one species of Nautilus, and of many species be-
longing to cognate genera. Several species of Goniatites, an anomalous genus be-
longing to the Ammonitide, and connecting that family with the Wawtilide, also occur.
As we ascend in the Palzeozoic series, we find that various of the primitive genera and
species disappear, and are succeeded by other forms, distinct from, although closely
allied to, them ; which, in their turn, are also lost. On passing into the Mesozoic
series a marked change takes place. Of the eight genera constituting the family
Nautilide, which lived during the Paleozoic epoch, Orthoceras* and Nautilus alone
survive ; and of the long series of species belonging to the latter genus, whose remains
are found in the carboniferous formations, every one disappears ; but an immense array
of Ammonites starts into existence, with septa at first comparatively simple, but be-
coming more complicated in structure in the succeeding formations. The dibranchiate
Cephalopods now first appear.t In the Oolitic group, twenty-five species of Belemnite,
and remains of various genera belonging to the families Loligide and Teuthide, have
been found. The Belemnites occur in incredible quantities, and sometimes form entire
strata. Passing into the Cretaceous group, we still find the Nautilus, though of
diminished importance ; the Ammonites are reduced in number to little more than a
fourth part of the species found in the Oolitic group, and new modes of convolution appear
in their shells, on which the several other genera constituting the family 4mmonitide are
founded. The family itself gradually diminishes as we ascend in the Cretaceous group,
and wholly disappears with the secondary period. The Belemnites appear to be the
sole representatives of the dibranchiate Cephalopods during this epoch, and with it
they also perish. On entering into the tertiary formations we find, that of the rich
and varied assemblage of tetrabranchiate Cephalopods which characterised the fauna
of the secondary period, only the Wawfi/i survived. On the Continent their remains
are found in the Eocene formations, and also in the Miocene formations, at Turin and
in Touraine ; but in this country they are confined to the older Eocene deposits. Of
* Von Hauer (Nene Cephalopoden aus dem rothen Marmor yon Aussee), describes several Ortho-
ceratites associated with Goniatites in the schistose beds of St. Cassian; those beds, I believe, are now
generally considered to belong to the Muschelkalk.
+ The remains described by Goldfuss and Bronn as Spirule, appear to belong to Gyroceras, a genus of
the Nautilide.
CEPHALOPODA. sly
the dibranchiate Cephalopods, two species of Argonaut have been found in the newer
tertiary formations on the Continent; and two genera belonging to the family
Belemnitide occur in the beds of the Paris basin, and in the Eocene formations of
England. The remains of one of these last are very closely allied to the recent Sepia,
and have been generally referred to that genus. M. Voltz, in his ‘Observations sur
les Bélemnites,’ pointed out certain differences which induced him to propose a new
genus, named by him “ Belosepia,” for their reception. The French Paleeontologists
reject this genus as having been proposed on insufficient grounds ; but, for the reasons
stated in a subsequent part, it ought, as it appears to me, to be retained. The other
remains found in the Paris basin, connect Belosepia with Belemnite; and the genus
Beloptera has heen established by M. Deshayes for their reception. Both these
genera occur in the London clay and in the Bracklesham sands ; and they, together
with certain remains found in the neighbourhood of London, and described by Mr.
James Sowerby in the Mineral Conchology as Leloptera anomala, and for the reception
of which I have proposed the new genus Belemnosis, are the only remains of dibran-
chiate Cephalopods which as yet have been found in the tertiary formations of England.
That these animals fulfilled in the ancient seas the office of repressing animal life
cannot be doubted. The living Cephalopods are voracious in the extreme; and, as
we find that throughout the transition and secondary groups the number of the
zoophagous Trachelipods is small in comparison with that of the phytophagous Mollusca,
it is not unreasonable to seek in the Cephalopods for that check upon an excessive
merease of submarine life, which the other zoophagous molluscs were too inconsiderable
in number to afford.*
There is scarcely any class in the animal kingdom of the anatomy and habits of
which zoologists have so long remained ignorant, or of which the systematic arrange-
ments proposed have been so conflicting as the class Cephalopoda. Composed, as it
is, of animals in their external construction and appearance remote from all others,
and widely differing among themselves, we need not feel surprised at the confusion
which characterises the older systems, based, as they all were, more or less, on artificial
characters, derived from the various conditions of the shell, or from modifications of
the dermal system; and the confusion was increased by the introduction among
the Cephalopods of numerous microscopic chambered shells, to which M. d’Orbigny
gave the name Foraminifera, but which the recent investigations of Dujardin
show to have been constructed by an inferior class of animals, belonging or allied to
the Zoophyta, and which he has named Rhizopoda. It would be foreign to the purpose
to enter here into any history or comparison of the different systems of arrangement
which have been proposed. In the eleventh volume of Lamarck’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle
des animaux sans vertebres,’ edited by MM. Deshayes and Milne Edwards the reader
* See Dr. Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i, chap. xv.
18 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
will find a most comprehensive and able review of the progress of this branch of
natural history.
The principle of classification adopted by Cuvier removed many of the difficulties
and inconsistencies which had previously prevailed; but it was still based, to a great
extent, on external characters. Attempts at arrangements, founded on higher
characters, were made by different authors; but the imperfect knowledge which
existed of the anatomy of the animals, prevented the establishment of a system in
which due regard could be paid to affinities indicated by internal organization. Of
late years, however, considerable additions have been made to our knowledge of the
anatomy of these animals; and in 1830, the arrival in this country of a specimen of
the pearly Nautilus, caught off the coast of one of the New Hebrides, enabled
Professor Owen to examine the internal structure of that animal, an opportunity which
had not occurred to naturalists since the time of Rumphius. The anatomy of various
other Cephalopods was also investigated by Professor Owen; and the additional
information thus obtained, led that gentleman, in 1836, to propose a system of classifi-
cation which, although at variance in many respects with all previous arrangements,
was at once received as one founded, in its general principles, on well-defined and
natural characters; and this system, accordingly, forms the basis of the more recent
classifications.*
All the Cephalopods the anatomy of which had been examined previously to the
arrival of the pearly Nautilus, respired by the agency of two branchie or gills,
and possessed three hearts, a systemic heart, and two lateral hearts; they were
also endowed with eight arms furnished with suckers, some genera having also two
elongated tentacula or additional arms. The pearly Nautilus, however, was found to
be possessed of four branchiee, and of only one heart; and, instead of arms, the mouth
of the animal was surrounded by numerous short tentacula. Availing himself of these
natural and well-defined characters, Professor Owen divided the Cephalopoda into two
orders: lst, Dibranchiata, comprising those furnished with two gills; and 2d, Zetra-
branchiata, comprising those furnished with four gills. The Dibranchiata were
subdivided into two sub-orders or tribes, according to the number and condition of
their locomotive organs; the first tribe (Octopoda) consisting of the Cephalopods with
eight arms, having the suckers simple, and the branchial chamber divided by a
diaphragm; the second tribe (Decapoda) consisting of those Cephalopods possessed
* Up to this time Spirula, as well as Belemnites, had been classed with Nautilus, and the other
Cephalopods which now form the tetrabranchiate order (Ceph. test. polythalamaces of Lam. ; Siphoniferes
of D’Orb.) Of the anatomy of the animal nothing was known; but the presence of an ink-bag, and the
acetabuliferous character of the arms had been shown by Lamarck and Peron; and from this fact Professor
Owen, aided by that knowledge of the laws of correlation which imparts such value to all his observations,
inferred that the animal must present the dibranchiate type of structure. The accuracy of this deduction
is now fully established.
CEPHALOPODA. 19
of eight arms, and two additional elongated tentacula. In this tribe the suckers are
armed, and the mantle supports two lateral or terminal fins. The ‘‘ Octopoda’ were
divided into two families, termed “ Wuda” and “ Testacea,” according to the absence or
presence of an external shell. In the second family was placed Bellerophon, an extinct
genus proposed by De Montfort for remains peculiar to the Paleozoic series, which
Defrance had associated with Argonaut, but which subsequently had been considered
as belonging to a heteropodous mollusc. The reasons which induced Professor
Owen to restore Bellerophon to a‘place among the Cephalopods are not stated. If
however, its remains belong to this class, they present the anomaly of the testaceous
Octopods having been without a representative from the end of the carboniferous
epoch until the deposit of the newer tertiary formations, when the family reappears in
the genus Argonaut. The decapodous Cephalopods were divided into four families,
according to the position of the fins, the nature of the internal shell, and the condition
of the infundibular cartilage. The ordinal and sub-ordinal distinctions of Professor
Owen have been adopted by M. Deshayes, but that naturalist has subdivided the
Octopoda and Decapoda each into two groups; the Octopoda according to their
possessing one or two rows of suckers, and the Decapoda according to the position of
the fins. These characters appear to be of secondary importance, and, by themselves,
can scarcely be considered as sufficient for more than generic distinctions. M.
d’Orbigny has availed himself of the presence of suckers and tentacles, characters
originally proposed by himself and M. Ferussac as ordinal distinctions, and accordingly
the Cephalopoda are divided by him into Acetabulifera and Tentaculifera. The sub-
ordinal distinctions of Professor Owen are adopted by this author ; but in his subdivision
of Octopoda he has drawn his characters from the presence or absence of the apparatus
for resistance, and the aquiferous pores. The Decapoda are arranged by him in two
groups, according to the modification in the structure of their eyes, to which I have
before alluded. The first group (J/yopsid@) is divided into three families. In two of
these, Sepide and Loligide, the characters are taken from the retractile power of the
tentacular arms, the condition of the internal shell, and the presence or absence of an
eyelid of a part of the auditory apparatus called by him the auricular crests (erétes
auriculaires), and of a superior ligament to the funnel; the character of the third
family (Spzrulide) rests entirely on the internal shell. The second group (Ozgopside)
also consists of three families, two of which, Loligopside and Teuthide, depend on the
presence or absence of a lachrymal sinus and the auricular crests, on the funnel being
or not being provided with an internal valve and ligaments, on the condition of the
aquiferous pores, and on the shell being with or without air-chambers. The Be/em-
nitide, the third family, is separated entirely by the character of the internal shell.
The peculiar modifications in the structure of the eyes among the decapodous
Cephalopods appear to be of sufficient importance to justify the subdivision of that
sub-order into the two groups proposed by M. d’Orbigny ; and inasmuch as the adoption
20 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
of that division involves the distribution of the genera forming Professor Owen’s
extensive family Zewthide between the two groups, and the characters on which
M. d’Orbigny has formed his families are at the least of equal importance with those
used by Professor Owen, I have adopted the classification proposed by M. d’Orbigny,
but with the following modification. That author has placed Beloptera and Spirulirostra
among the Spzrulide. Now the shells of these genera present a series of siphonated
air-chambers associated with a rostrum, and therefore bear a much closer affinity with
Belemnite than with the shell of the recent Spirula. I have, therefore, placed them,
as well as Belemnosis, among the Belemnitide ; and as I agree with Voltz in considering
Belosepia to have possessed a camerated and siphoniferous shell, I have also placed
that genus in the same family, notwithstanding the close affinity between its remains
and the internal shell of the recent Sepia.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CEPHALOPODS.
CEPHALOPODA.
MOLLUSCA
Octopoda
Dibranchiata
(Acetabu-
lifera; Fer.
et d Orb.)
D dae
E ecapoda
Tetrabranchiata.
(Siphonifera; Fer. et d’ Orb.
Tentaculifera ; d’ Ord.)
Octopidee
Philonexidee
Myopside . .
Oigopside . .
Nautilidee
Clymenide .
Ammonitidze
‘Sepide . .
Loligidee
Spirulide . .
Loligopsid .
Teuthidee . .
Belemnitidee .
Eledone.
Octopus.
*\ Pinnoctopus.
Cirroteuthis.
Argonauta.
( Philonexis.
‘Cranchia.
Sepiola.
Rossia.
Sepia.
: | Sepioloidea,
| Spirula.
Loligo.
Sepioteuthis.
Teudopsis.
Leptoteuthis.
Beloteuthis,
{~ . .
Loligopsis.
Chiroteuthis.
Histioteuthis.
Onychoteuthis.
Enoploteuthis.
Kelzeno (Acanthoteuthis, Wagr.)
Ommastrephia.
Belemnosepia Agaz. (Geoteuthis, Muns.)
Belosepia.
Beloptera.
Belemnosis.
Spirulirostra.
Conoteuthis.
[Betemtella
Belemnitella.
Belemnites.
“Nautilus.
Planulites (Lam).
Gyroceras.
Lituitus.
Campulites, Desh, (Cyrtoceras, Goldf.)
Phragmoceras.
Orthoceras.
Actinoceras.
Koleoceras (Portl).
Poterioceras M‘Coy (Gomphoceras, Sow.)
Aturia.
eancin
Turrilites.
Helioceras.
Goniatites.
Ammonites.
Crioceras.
Scaphites.
Ancyloceras.
Hamites.
Toxoceras.
Ptychoceras.
( Baculites.
22 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
OrpER—DIBRANCHIATA. Sts-orperR—DECAPODA.
Tribe—OIGOPSID®.
lst Family—BELEMNITID2.
The Belemnitide, the sixth family in the classification proposed by M. d’Orbigny,
consist, according to that author, of the genera in which the animal was provided
with an internal horny or calcareous shell, having at the posterior part air-chambers
superimposed in a nearly straight line in the form of a cone, and pierced on the
ventral part by a marginal syphon. The family is confined, according to that author,
to the three extinct genera, Conoteuthis, Belemnitella, and Belemnites.
The two latter genera, however, do not appear to fall strictly within the terms of
the definition; for the posterior parts of their shells consist, as is well known, of a
spathose guard, frequently of considerable size, the anterior extremity of which is
produced so as to form an alveolus for the reception of the phragmocone. If, as the
fact is, the genus Belemnites forms the typical genus of the Belemnitide, it would
surely be proper that those genera which, like the type, possess camerated siphoni-
ferous shells, terminated posteriorily by a calcareous guard, should, at all events, be
included in the family. It is difficult therefore to conceive on what sound principle
Spirulirostra and Beloptera, but more particularly the last genus, whose calcareous
remains present so striking a resemblance to those of Belemnites, instead of being
placed in this family, have been associated with Spzrw/a, with whose spiral discoidal
shell they present so little analogy.
It appears to be desirable that, for the present at least, the Belemnitide should
be extended so as to comprise all the genera in which the animal possessed an internal
horny or calcareous shell, with or without a terminal guard, but containing air-
chambers pierced by a ventral siphuncle ; whether those chambers were superimposed
in a nearly straight lme in the form of a cone, or ina spiral or subspiral line. As
thus enlarged, the Belemnitidz will consist of the following genera: Belosepia,
Beloptera, Belemnosis, Spirulirostra, Conoteuthis, Belemnoteuthis, Belemnitella, and
Belemnites.
Hereafter it may be desirable to form a division for the reception of genera in
which, as in Conoteuthis, the apex of the sheath is simple.
All attempts at a linear arrangement are absolutely futile ; but it will be seen
that in this, as in every case where several genera are grouped together, the
family presents aberrant forms leading to other groups; thus Be/optera, Belemnosis,
and Belosepia, leading to Sepide; Belosepia and Spirulirostra to Spirulide; and
Conoteuthis to Teuthide.
CEPHALOPODA. 23
Genus \st. Brvosepta.* Voltz. 1830.
Sepia. Cuvier; Férussac ; @ Orbigny ; Deshayes.
BELoOsEPIA. Bronn.
Animal unknown; but, from the affinities between its calcareous remains and the
internal shell of the recent Sepia, supposed to have more nearly resembled that genus
than any other existing Cephalopod, and may be thus described : 3
Body oblong, (?) naked, supporting two lateral fins extending its whole length ;
mouth terminal, furnished with two corneous mandibles, and surrounded by ten
prehensile acetabuliferous arms, of which two were longer than the others ; mantle
free at the anterior margin ; dranchie two.
Shell internal, oblong, semiconical, coarsely granulated or sulcated on the exterior,
internally smooth, containing a series of transverse laminz, perforated near their ventral
margins by large elliptical, sub-siphoniform openings, and terminating in a solid beak
or rostrum, inflected towards the dorsal aspect, and expanded at the anterior extremity
on the dorsal aspect into an elevated callus, and on the ventral aspect into a semi-
circular plate bent outwards over the base of the rostrum; the ventral margins
of the laminz converging towards the anterior extremity of the rostrum, and connected
by a thin calcareous plate.
Testa interna, oblonga, semiconicd, externe granulatd, interne levigatd ; septa trans-
versa, foraminibus ventralibus ellipticis subsiphonoidis perforata, continenti, et rostro solido,
antice, parte dorsali in callum proeminentem, parte ventrali in laminam supra rostrum
reflexam dilatato, posticé sursum inflexo, terminatd ; septorum marginibus ventralibus ad
basim rostri convergentibus et tenui lamind connexis.
The remains of this extinct Cephalopod have been long known as of frequent
occurrence in the Paris bas; they were noticed by Guettardt and were described by
him as the fossil teeth of sharks. They were also figured by Burtin,{ and by him
were considered to be internal bones of a fish’s head. To Cuvier paleontology is
indebted for pointing out their true character. In a short notice published in 1824, in
the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ that illustrious naturalist referred the remains
in question to a cephalopodous mollusc closely allied to the recent Sepia; and, in fact,
they, as well as the remains of another extinct Cephalopod which exhibited an
unquestionably camerated and siphoniferous structure, and for the reception of which
the genus Beloptera had been established by M. Deshayes, were placed by M. d’Orbigny
in that genus. M. de Blainville also in the first instance described them as the remains
of a Sepia; but afterwards, when he adopted the genus Beloptera for the Sepia
* Etym. Bedos, telum ; Xnzia, sepia.
+ Mémoires sur différentes parties des Sciences et Arts, 1783, Septitme Mémoire, pl. 2, figs. 29-30.
t Oryctyographie de Bruxelles (1784), pl. 2, fig. A.
24. EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Parisiensis, he confounded with it the remains in question. M. Voltz was the first to
examine these remains with the attention they deserve. This author instituted a com-
parison between the shell of the Beloptera Belemnitoidea, that of the Beloptera Sepioidea
(Sepia Parisiensis), and the recent Sepzon, and stated the reasons which induced him to
consider the Beloptera Sepioidea as belonging to a distinct genus, equally removed from
the Beloptera Belemnitoidea and the recent Sepia, and as forming a natural connexion
between Belemnites and Sepia; and he proposed the present genus, Belosepia, for
its reception. The principal ground advanced by him to justify this separation was,
that the remains of Belosepia indicated a camerated and siphoniferous structure in the
contents of the sheath, widely different from that of the Sepion ; and, if this opinion
be correct, there cannot be a doubt as to the propriety of the separation. M. Deshayes,
however, in his ‘ Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de Paris, without
questioning in any respect the accuracy of M. Voltz’s description, without referring
even to that author’s opinion as to the siphoniferous structure of the shell, but
simply relying on the analogy drawn from the general resemblance between the
remains of the Sepza Parisiensis and the Sepion, unhesitatingly rejected the genus
Belosepia as not possessing characters sufficiently distinct from those of Sepia;
although he considered that it would be desirable to form a section in the genus Sepia
for the reception of the fossil species. In this opmion M. Deshayes has been followed
by MM. Pictet and d’Orbigny. I cannot concur with these authors in the rejection of
M. Voltz’s genus. The Belosepion®™ appears to me to present peculiarities of structure,
indicating corresponding important zoological differences, which render it impossible
to regard the animal to which it belonged as forming part of the existing genus Sepia.
The Belosepion, like the internal shell of the Sepia, is a compound shell, and
consists of—Ist, a solid calcareous mucro, or rostrum, commonly called the beak,
inflected at the posterior extremity towards the dorsal aspect, and at the base ex-
panding on the dorsal aspect into an elevated, compressed, and more or less rugose
mass, called by M. Deshayes the ca//vs, and on the ventral aspect into a thick semi-
circular plate, bent outwards, in a radiated fold, over, but not touching, the upper
portion of the rostrum, denticulated on the margin, and continued laterally into the
parietes of the sheath.
2d. An inverted semiconical calcareous plate, termed the sheath, externally coarsely
granulated, internally smooth, but presenting a series of undulating impressions, con-
verging towards the inverted apex, where the sheath terminates in a conical cavity,
formed in the anterior portion of the rostrum, and strongly inflected towards the
ventral aspect, so that the posterior extremity presses against the origin of the radiated
fold.
* The term Belosepion is used here to describe the entire internal shell of the Belosepia ; in the same
way as the term Sepion (Sepiostaire of De Blainville) is used by English writers to describe the internal
shell of the Sepia, or what is usually known as “ Cuttlefish-bone.”
CEPHALOPODA. 25
3d. A thin calcareous layer, covering the whole of the inner surface and the
terminal cavity of the sheath; and
4th. A series of thin laminz or septa imposed one upon another, at first nearly
vertically, but assuming gradually a horizontal direction, owing to the convergence,
towards the origin of the radiated fold, of their ventral margms, which are nearly
straight, and connected by a calcareous plate, forming the ventral surface of the
sheath.
The undulating impressions which appear within the sheath are strongly defined
on the dorsal aspect, but become faint as they approach the ventral surface. M. Voltz
has described these undulations as impressions of the sutures of the alveolus ;* while,
on the other hand, M. d’Orbigny considers them to be lines of growth, and not marks
of the chambers, which, he says, in fact only occupied one half of the cavity. They
are, however, strictly analogous with the similar impressions found in the Sepion, and
are formed by the margins of the lamin or septa. Beimg formed in succession as
the new lamine are added, it is true that in that way they represent the progressive
increase of the shell; but they are not true lines of growth.
The extreme fragility of the lamine has not allowed of their preservation; but
their remains occur, not unfrequently, towards the posterior extremity of the sheath,
consisting of fine elevated lines, which traverse the whole circumference of the cavity,
and are, in fact, the dorsal and lateral margins of the laminz adhering to the inner
sheath. These lines are continued over the calcareous plate, which connects the
ventral margins of the laminz ; and it is evident, therefore, that the laminz extended
across the whole of the transverse area of the sheath.
The ventral margins are always convergent towards the origin of the radiated fold ;
and, consequently, the laminz within the terminal cavity slant in a direction opposite
to that of the laminz within the sheath, inasmuch as that the cavity extends wholly
below the origin of the fold. Owing to this, the arrangement of the chambers formed
by the septa somewhat resembles that of the air-chambers in Spirulirostra, except that
in the latter shell the plane of the septa is always at right angles with the axis ; while
in the elosepion it is at an angle more or less acute as the septa approach to, or
recede from, the point of convergence. In the cavity itself, the dorsal margins of the
lamine are distant; but as they approach that part of the sheath which is immediately
under the point of convergence, they are placed more closely to each other, and they
again become distant as the laminze emerge from the cavity. Owing to the convergence
of their ventral margins, the laminze, which as they emerge are nearly vertical, take a
direction gradually more and more slanting towards the anterior extremity of the
rostrum, until, on the shell attaiming its full growth, they assume a position nearly
* The word alveolus is used by this author in its original meaning, and is applied to the chambered
cone which Professor Owen has named the phragmocone. The term alveolus has been with greater propriety
restricted by the latter gentleman to the cavity in which the phragmocone was lodged.
“4
26 HOCENE MOLLUSCA.
horizontal. This arrangement of the lamine is well displayed in fig. 14, Tab. I, drawn
from a specimen found at Sheppy, for the use of which I am indebted to Mr. Dixon,
to whom it belongs. The ventral margins of the laminz extend quite across the
connecting plate before mentioned; and on each side, at a short distance from the
extremities, they expand into the lateral portions of the laminz, small projecting frag-
ments of which are sometimes still found adhering to the sides of the sheath. It is
evident from this that the opinion expressed by M. Voltz, that there existed in each of
the laminze an opening placed near the ventral margin, is correct. These openings
appear to have been of an elliptical form, with their shorter axes in a line from the
ventral to the dorsal surface, and were lined with an extremely thin calcareous sheath,
which extended throughout the whole series of the laminze, and of which portions are
frequently found adhering to the immer edges of the ventral margins and the lateral
fragments of the laminee. This sheath corresponds with the siphon of the Belemnites,
and is represented in the Sepion by the calcareous layer which, extending over the
posterior edges of the lamine, covers the entire surface of the last lamina, and it
presents, as M. Voltz states, an intermediate form between the narrow, straight siphon
of the Belemnites and the wide, open cavity of the Sepion.
Whether the spaces between the laminz were filled with minute columnar partitions,
similar to those which characterise the Sepion, or whether they were simple air-
chambers, we have not at present any evidence to determine. The probability is, that
they were simply air-chambers; for no trace whatever of any substance similar to that
termed the spongioid tissue of the Sepion has been found, which, had any such
substance existed, might reasonably have been expected; and the true siphonal
structure, to which the Belosepion presents so close an approximation, is always
associated with simple air-chambers. ‘The Belosepion, as its rostrum indicates, be-
longed to a Cephalopod eminently littoral in its habits, and the size, notwithstanding
the extraordinary development of the rostrum, leads us to believe that the animal was
not only smaller, but a less powerful swimmer, than the recent Sepia. We should
expect, therefore, to find in it some provision for buoyancy beyond that with which
the recent Sepia is furnished, not only for the purpose of increasing the swimming
power of the animal, but also as a compensation for the large and dense rostrum and
callus which characterise its remains. But if the interlaminar spaces were filled with
any substance resembling the spongioid tissue of the Sepion, the floating apparatus of
the Belosepion would be apparently inadequate to the wants of the animal. The form
and mode of superposition of the laminz, somewhat resembling the arrangement of
the septa in Spirulirostra, present a closer analogy with the phragmocone of the
Belemnites than with the plates of the Sepion. These considerations give additional
weight to the opinion of M. Voltz, founded on the appearance of what he terms the
“alveolar sutures,” that the Belosepion was a camerated and siphoniferous shell.
The rostrum of the Belosepion presents a structure analogous with that of the
CEPHALOPODA. 27
spathose guard of the Belemnite. It has a tendency to split in two along the centre,
in a vertical plane, from the ventral to the dorsal aspect; and it is composed of
successive conical layers, each enveloping the preceding layer, and exhibiting a fibrous
texture crosswise. The anterior lateral and dorsal portions present straight plates,
longitudinally fibrous, resembling the structure of the Beloptera Belemnitoidea, and the
external edges hang over each other, and give an imbricated appearance to that part
of the rostrum.
In order to appreciate the differences which appear to render it desirable that the
genus Belosepia should be retained, it may be well to give a short description of the
internal shell of the recent Sepia officinalis. This will be found to consist of five
distinct parts: Ist, an outer layer of calcareous matter, called the dwchler or sheath,
convex, rugose externally, and prolonged at the posterior extremity into a calcareous
spine, placed in the medial line, and inflected towards the ventral aspect; 2d, a series
of horny layers imposed one over another, extending over the posterior dorsal surface
of the buckler, and wholly enveloping and extending beyond the spine; 3d, a thin
horny layer spread over the whole of the internal surface, and extending beyond the
edges of the buckler, and which, in its turn, is entirely covered by, 4th, a calcareous
layer, which contains the spongioid tissue and, 5th, a series of convex horny lamine,
impregnated with carbonate of lime, placed horizontally, the posterior edge of each
succeeding lamina being a little withdrawn from that of the preceding lamina, so that
by this mode of superposition they present a depression or cavity immediately above
the origin of the spine, and gradually rise into a convex mass at the middle and
upper extremity of the shell. The spaces between the lamine act as air-chambers,
but there is not any siphuncle or siphonal opening ; and the surfaces of the lamin
are studded with an infinite number of minute columnar and sinuous partitions, placed
at right angles to the lamin, and giving them support.
It will be seen from this that the Belosepion, although bearing a close general
resemblance to the Sepion, still presents several strongly-defined differences. The
elevated calcareous mass or callus, which, in the Belosepion, terminates the sheath on
the dorsal aspect, attaining frequently a considerable size, is not found in the Sepion ;
and the fold, which in the latter is represented by a series of horny layers, distinct
from, but wholly enveloping, the spine, is, in the former, a thick calcareous plate,
formed by the expansion and retroflection of the anterior extremity of the rostrum, and
extending barely beyond the line of the callus. In the Sepion the rostrum is small, in
some species little more than rudimentary, and inflected, if at all, towards the ventral
aspect. In the Belosepion, on the contrary, it attains a very large size, and, as M. Pictet
observes, would indicate a gigantic animal if it were in relation to the animal in the
same proportion as the Sepion; and it is invariably inflected towards the dorsal aspect.
The internal lamine of the Sepion are horizontal, equidistant, and parallel, and so
arranged as to form a hollow at the posterior ventral portion of the sheath, but rising
28 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
into an elevated mass towards the middle ; while in Belosepion, after emerging from
the terminal cavity, m which they radiate, as it were, from the origin of the fold, they
are at first nearly vertical, with the edges of the ventral margins ranged in a line with
the ventral surface of the rostrum, and converging towards the inverted apex of the
sheath ; so that, as the sheath enlarges, the dorsal edges of the laminze become more and
more distant, and the laminz themselves tend gradually towards a horizontal position ;
and in fact, in an adult individual, the last laminz become nearly horizontal.
Owing to the different mode of arrangement of the lamin, the Sepion and
Belosepion differ materially in their shape and general aspect. In each the dorsal plate
or sheath is extended so as to embrace the laminz ; but in the Sepion, the lamine of
which are horizontal, and placed in a direction nearly parallel with the sheath, it is
necessarily much less convex and more extended than in the Pelosepion, in which the
laminze, being vertical, or more or less vertically inclined, present to it merely their
dorsal and lateral margins. The buckler of the Seyzon, and its contents, are, therefore,
in form an elongated oval, depressed in the direction from the ventral to the dorsal
aspect, and but slightly convex on the surfaces; while in the Be/osepion the sheath is
considerably shorter, enlarging gradually towards the anterior extremity, and presents
a deep semiconical cavity, containing within it the whole area of the lamine, and it is
obliquely truncated at the anterior extremity, and flat on the ventral surface, which
does not extend to half the length of the shell. The most important difference, however,
is, that the laminz of the Belosepion possess large ventral, siphonal, or siphoniform
openings, a structure which is not found nor represented in the Sepion.
These distinctions indicate corresponding zoological peculiarities ; and the animal,
although, perhaps, resembling Sepia more closely than any other recent Cephalopod, must
yet have presented such marked differences from it as to render it impossible satis-
factorily to refer its remains to that genus, and fully to justify the separation proposed
by M. Voltz. Ihave, therefore, retained that author’s genus, Belosepia, notwithstanding
the array of authorities against it; and I have the less hesitation in doing this, when I
find that Cuvier did not refer the remains in question to Sep7a, but to some Cephalopod
closely allied to that genus; and that M. de Blainville, when he adopted the genus
Beloptera, did not hesitate to remove them from the genus Sepia, to which he had
referred them, although he placed them, under some misapprehension, in the genus
Beloptera.
With respect to the place of Belosepia in the systematic arrangement, as the shell
presents a camerated and siphoniform structure and a terminal guard, and is therefore
more nearly related to Belemnite than the recent Sepia, I have removed it from the
family Sepide, in which M. d’Orbigny has placed it, to the family Belemnitide. It
seems to have prepared the way for the recent Sepia, and leads from that genus,
by a natural and easy transition through Beloptera and Belemnosis, into Belemnitella
and Belemnite.
CEPHALOPODA. 29
The specific characters are taken from the rostrum, the callus, and the fold. These
parts, however, are of secondary importance only, and would vary in form considerably,
not only with the age, but probably with the sex of the animal. Distinctions founded
upon them, therefore, must necessarily be somewhat vague and uncertain ; and, in fact,
M. Deshayes, from not attaching sufficient importance to changes resulting from age
or other circumstances, has proposed three distinct species, viz. Belosepia longispina,
B. longirostris, and B. Blainvillii, on remains which, as well as those of the B. Cuvieri (of
Deshayes), M. d’Orbigny considers to be varieties of the same species attributable to age.
Four well-defined species are known at present, viz. Ist, B. sepioidea (De Blainy.),
consisting of S. longispina, 8. longirostris, and 8. Blaimvilhi (Desh.) ; 2d, B. compressa
(De Blainv.); 3d, B. Cuvieri (Desh.), which I consider to be the B. Owenii of Sowerby ;
and 4th, B. brevispina (Sowerby). With the exception of the B. compressa, which
has not yet been found in England, they all occur in the eocene strata of this country.
The first three species are found in the Paris basin, and the B. Cuvieri has also been
found in the tertiary deposits of Belgium.
No. 1. BELOSEPIA SEPIOIDEA. De Blainv. Tab. I, fig. 1 a—.
BELOPTERA SEPIOIDEA; De Blainv. 1825. Mal. add. et correct. p. 621, tab. 11, fig. 7.
Serra Cuviert; D’Orb. 1825. Tab. Méth. de la Classe Ceph. p. 67.
BELOPTERA SEPIOIDEA ; De Blainv. 1827. Mém. sur les Bélem. p. 110, tab. 1, fig. 2, 2a, 26.
— — Sowerby. 1829. Min. Con. vol. vi, p. 183, tab. 591, fig. 1
Betosepria Cuviert; Voltz. 1830. Obs. sur les Bélem. p. 22, tab. 2, fig. 6a—g.
Srpra Cuviert; Galeotti. 1837. Mém. sur la Constit. Géogn. de la Proy. de Brabant, p. 140.
— tLoneIsptna; Desh. 1837. Foss. des Eny. de Paris, p. 757, tab. 101, fig. 4-6.
— LONGTIROSTRIS; 35 5 p- 758, tab. 101, fig. 10-12.
— Buarnvitir; Li a a Af fig. 13-15.
— Cvuviert; Bronn. 1837. Letheea Geognostica, p. 1127, tab. 42, fig. 19 a—e.
BELOPTERA LONGIROSTRUM; Morris. 1843. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 178.
SEPIA LoNGrRostRis ; Pictet. 1845. Traité élém. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 315.
— LONGISPINA; ss es f %
— Burarvini; 3 3s 3
— SEPIOIDEA; D’Orb. 1845-7. Moll. viv. et fos. vol. i, p. 269.
Betosgrra Cuviert; J. D. C. Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. of Bracklesham, Selsey,
and Bognor, &c., p. 109, tab. 9, fig. lla.
—_ LONGIROSTRIS ; 39 35 p. 109, tab. 9, fig. 15.
_— LONGISPINA ; 3 $ p- 109, tab. 9, fig. 12.
— BLAINVILLII ; 3 3 p. 109, tab. 9, figs. 16, 17.
Non Serra Cuvrert; Desh. Foss. des Env. de Paris, p- 758, tab. 101, figs. 7-9.
B. rostro elongato, crasso, acuto, recto aut plus minusve arcuato ; lamind ventrali
crassa, profunde radiatim sulcatd, in margine posteriori denticulatd ; callo dorsali pro-
Sunde et irregulariter rugoso, deorsum producto aut erecto.
30 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
This species presents considerable variations in the form, as well of the callus as
of the rostrum; and, in fact, M. Deshayes has separated it into the three species
B. longispina, B. longirostris, and B. Blainvillii, chiefly on account of the different
conditions of the rostrum. M. d’Orbigny, attributing the variableness of the rostrum
to the age of the animal, or to alterations caused by fossilization, to which I would also
add changes resulting from attrition, has united these species under the specific name
B. sepioidea, originally given by De Blainville. Possessing a long series of specimens,
comprising individuals in different stages of growth, and in which the peculiarities of
form, taken by M. Deshayes as specific characters, appear to pass gradually into each
other, I have no doubt as to the propriety of the union, proposed by M. d’Orbigny, of
the three species above mentioned. That author, however, has added to them a fourth
species, proposed by M. Deshayes, B. Cuviert ; but which, as it exhibits constant and
well-defined differences, I think should be retained.
The rostrum of B. sepioidea is elongated, and pointed at its posterior extremity;
on the inferior or ventral surface it is sometimes, particularly when young, nearly
straight, but more frequently it is bent, at about half the length, in an angle more or
less obtuse, towards the dorsal aspect; the dorsal surface presents a sharp cutting
edge, slightly arched, and, at its juncture with the callus, exhibits a depression, which
is strongly marked in mature specimens. At the base, immediately beneath the
callus, it is more or less dilated, and it is angulated at the margins; the ventral
surface is more or less convex. The ca//us is narrow, compressed, and deeply rugose ;
the posterior margin forms an acute angle with the axis of the rostrum, varying con-
siderably in different specimens. In some instances the inclination of the posterior
margin is at an angle more or less obtuse with the axis of the rostrum; a condition
which, as it appears to me, is attributable to the fracture and attrition of the extremity
of the callus, as the specimens in which this form occurs present a smooth worn ap-
pearance. The ventral plate, immediately beneath the rostrum, is nearly horizontal,
but presents a broad undulation, corresponding with the convexity of the ventral
surface of the rostrum; the lateral extremities, as they approach the sheath, gradually
diminish in breadth, and assume a nearly vertical position. In consequence of this
variation in breadth, the ventral plate, which, at the superior margin, is nearly semi-
circular, presents a regular semielliptical form on the posterior margin. It exhibits
on the ventral surface a series of sulci, radiating from the apex of the terminal cavity,
and varying in depth; and it is deeply and sharply denticulated on the posterior
margin. As the shell enlarges, the plate is thickened considerably by successive
layers added to the ventral surface. The last layers frequently do not envelope, but
are a little withdrawn from the margin of, the preceding layers, leaving the previous
denticulations partly uncovered ; and consequently the margin of the ventral plate, in
an adult specimen, often presents a double row of denticulations.
CEPHALOPODA. 31
The lateral portions of the sheath exhibit deep vascular impressions at the posterior
extremity.
The B. sepioidea is found plentifully at Bracklesham Bay, on the coast of Sussex ;
it is also found at Stubbington (near Gosport) and at Sheppy. In France it occurs,
according to M. d’Orbigny, in the lower calcaire grossier at Chaumont (en bas), Vivray,
and Saint Germain; in the upper calcaire grossier at Chaumont (en haut), Grignon,
Courtagnon, Parnes, Muchi-le-Chatel, &c., and, in the sandy beds above the calcaires
erossiers, at Tancrou, Aumont, Acy, &c.
The specimen (Pl. 1, fig. 14) exhibits nearly the entire form of the shell; it was
found at Sheppy, and enriches the cabinet of Mr. Dixon. The length is four inches,
and the breadth across the superior extremity of the sheath, if the cast were perfect,
would be rather more than an inch. The remains commonly found seldom consist of
more than the rostrum, with, occasionally, portions of the ventral plate, and, more
rarely, of the posterior extremity of the sheath. The ordinary size of the rostrum is
six tenths of an inch* long, and three tenths wide at the superior extremity.
No. 2. BrELosEpiA CuviERI. Deshayes. Tab. I, fig. 3 a—e.
Serra Cuvrert; Desh. 1837. Foss. des Env. de Paris, p. 758, tab. 101, fig. 7-9.
_ — Vyst. 1843. Deser. des Coq. et des Polyp. des Terr. tert. dela Belg.
p- 610, tab. 46, fig. 1.
— — Pictet. 1845. Traité élém. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 315.
— SEPIOIDEA (sp.); D’Orb. 1845-7. Moll. viv. et fos. vol. i, p. 269.
BeLosEPIA OweEnt; J. D. C. Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &e. p. 109, tab. 9,
fig. 13a.
Nec Serta Cuviert; D’Orb. 1825. Tab. Méth. de la Classe Ceph. p. 67.
Nec BreLosepia Cuviert; Voltz. 1830. Obs. sur les Bélemn. p. 22, tab. 2, fig. 6a-g.
Nec Szpta Cuviert; Sow. Min. Con. vol. vi, p. 183, tab. 591, fig. 1.
Nec Betosrpra Cuvier; J. D. C. Sow. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &e. p. 109, tab. 9, fig. 11a.
B. Testa extremitate posticali lateraliter dilatatd ; rostro brevi, crasso, arcuato, acuto,
ad basim latissimo ; lamind ventrali arcuatd, profundé sulcatd, in margine denticulata ;
callo dorsali profundé rugoso, margine inferiori recto aut sursum vergenti.
M. Deshayes, in his description of this species, refers to Beloptera sepioidea
(Beloptere de Cuvier) of De Blainville, and to the specimen figured by Mr. Sowerby
in ‘Mineral Conchology,’ as identical with it. The description given by M. de
Blainville is rather sub-generic than specific, and is too general for the purpose of
identity ; but the figures given by him are evidently those of a mutilated specimen of
* In stating the size of the shells I have used tenth parts of an inch, in order to facilitate a comparison
with the measurements of French shells; as tenths of an inch may be readily, and with sufficient accuracy,
converted into “millimetres” by taking 1 tenth as equal to 23 millim. The exact proportion is 305
millim. = 12 inches; i. e. ‘] in. = 2°54166 &c. millim.
32 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
B. sepioidea, and do not correspond with the specific description given by M. Deshayes.
Through the kindness of Mr. Sowerby I have had an opportunity of examining the
specimen from which his figure was taken, and it is unquestionably a B. sepioidea ;
the peculiar form of the rostrum being caused by the fracture of the posterior extremity,
and the abrasion of the lower part of the outer layers. The present species is well
defined by M. Deshayes; and as I have a series of specimens in different stages of
growth in which the distinctions are preserved, I do not hesitate to retain it.
The rostrum is short, thick, slightly arched, and very broad at the superior extremity ;
on the dorsal surface, at the posterior extremity, it is compressed, and presents a
cutting edge for about one half of the length; the superior extremity is marked by a
broad depression extending to the callus. The ventral plate is less elliptical, and the
denticulations less prominent, than in B. sepioidea. The callus is nearly perpen-
dicular to the axis of the rostrum, and enlarges rapidly, owing to the greater width of
the terminal cavity.
The specimen figured in Mr. Dixon’s work, under the name B. Owenii, appears to
belong to this species. Mr. Sowerby was probably induced, by the synonyms quoted
by M. Deshayes, to consider the Sepia Cuoiert of that author as identical with the
Beloptere de Cuvier of De Blainville; and as the specimen before him could not
be referred to that species, he proposed the species B. Owenzi for its reception. The
specific name Cuviert, however, having been improperly used by MM. d’Orbigny and
Voltz for the B. sepioidea of De Blainville, must now be retained for the present
species, to which it was applied by M. Deshayes, and it will consequently supersede
the name Owenit proposed by Mr. Sowerby. M. Nyst cites for his specimens
M. Deshayes’s description of B. Cuvieri, and has, in fact, copied the figures given by
that author. I have therefore considered them as identical.
Hitherto, I believe, B. Cuvieri has been found, in England, only at Bracklesham
Bay, where it is not by any means common. The French localities quoted by
M. Deshayes are Grignon, Courtagnon, Parnes (upper cal. gross.). M. Nyst gives
the sandy beds at Boitsfort, Assche, Jette, Foret, Uccle, and Ghent, as the Belgian
localities.
The length of the rostrum is 3 inch, and its breadth at the superior extremity
‘3 inch.
No. 3. BELOSEPIA BREVISPINA. Sowerby. Tab. 1, fig. 2 a—e.
BELOSEPIA BREVISPINA; J. D. C. Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist., &c., p. 109, tab. 9, fig. 14.
B. rostro per-brevi, crasso, acuto, in aspectum ventralem valde convexo et regulariter
arcuato ; lamind ventrali profundé sulcatd, vie denticulatad; callo dorsali in margine
inferiori compresso, sursum vergenti.
CEPHALOPODA. 33
A species much resembling the young of B. Cuvieri; but, according to the few
‘specimens we possess at present, it is distinguishable by the shortness and the greater
convexity of the inferior surface of the rostrum, and also by the dorsal surface, which
is rounder than in B. Cuviert, slants downwards, and, even in the largest specimens,
barely presents the cutting edge which distinguishes the two preceding species. The
callus is longer in proportion, and is so much compressed, as to present a narrow, almost
a sharp edge; and it enlarges more rapidly than even in the last species, owing to the
greater width of the terminal cavity.
The ventral plate is semicircular, and nearly smooth on the inferior margin, and,
owing to the width of the cavity, is transversely elliptical on the superior margin ; it
is also narrower and more deeply sulcated than in B. Cuvieri.
The B. brevispina is found at Bracklesham Bay, and is very rare. I possess four
specimens of different sizes, which all present the same characteristic form ; but it is
not improbable that a larger series would show that the species is but the young form,
or at all events only a variety, of B. Cuvieri.
The length of the rostrum is ‘2 inch; the width rather less than *2 inch.
Genus 2d. BrLopTERA. Deshayes.*
Animal unknown, but supposed to have been closely allied to the Belemnite, which,
as described by Professor Owen, appears to have been oblong; the head, surrounded
by ten arms, (?)} furnished, like those of the recent genus Oxychoteuthis, with a double
alternate series of slender, elongated, horny hooks; mandibles horny; (?) the body
purse-shaped, conical, elongated, supporting near the middle two lateral fins, rounded
and entire along their free margin; inclosing an ink-bag.
Shell internal, composed of two cones placed apex to apex, united, and expanding
on each side into wing-shaped appendages, obliquely inclined towards the ventral
aspect; the anterior cone smooth, longitudinally fibrous, hollowed into a deep conical
cavity, containing regular transverse concave septa, pierced by a ventral siphon.
B. Testa internd, duobus conis, apice ad apicem conjunctis, formatd ; utroque latere
duobus appendicibus aliformis, deorsum inclinatis, sustentd ; superficie dorsali convexd,
ventrali concavd ; cono anteriort levigato, longitudinaliter fibroso, cavitati conicd, profunda,
septa transversa continenti, excavato; septis concavis, regularibus, siphone ventrali
perforatis.
Guettard, the first author by whom these remains appear to have been noticed,
* Etym. Bedos, telum; zrepoy, ala.
+ The eight sessi/e or normal arms only have as yet been found preserved. Professor Owen states that
the traces of the superadded pair of tentacula are somewhat doubtful.
34 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
described them as the teeth of fish. Long subsequently, M. Deshayes examined
similar remains found in the Paris basin; and, having observed in them characters
which induced him to refer them to an extinct Cephalopod nearly allied to the
Belemnites, he proposed the present genus for their reception. M. de Blainville,
whose ‘ Manuel de la Malacologie’ was then in course of publication, and to whom
M. Deshayes had communicated his proposed genus, confounded with the remains
in question those of the so-called fossil Sepize (Belosepize); but in adopting the genus
Beloptera, he divided it into two sections, the first containing the fossil Sepiz,
which he characterised as species having wing-shaped appendages united at the
superior extremity of the rostrum; the second section containing the true Belopteree,
he described as species having the appendages distinct and the cavity conical, and with
chambers and a siphuncle. The mistake is continued by M. de Blainville, in the
Supplement to his ‘Mémoire sur les Belemnites,’ published in 1827. In 1830, Voltz
pointed out the differences which rendered it necessary to keep the two genera distinct ;
and, about the same time, M. Deshayes published, in the ‘ Encyclopédie Meéthodique,’
under the article Beloptere, the grounds which induced him to establish that genus.
Notwithstanding this publication, however, the error into which M. de Blainville had
fallen was repeated by MM. dOrbigny and de Feérussac, in their ‘Histoire des
Céphalopodes,’ and by Cuvier, in his Memoir on the bones of the fossil Cuttle-fish,
published in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles.’
Mr. Sowerby afterwards, when he adopted the genus provisionally for the curious
and unique fossil obtained from. Highgate, which he published in the ‘Mineral
Conchology’ under the name Beloptera anomala, confined the genus to those species
which contained a chambered cone like the Belemnites, and referred the species con-
tained in M. de Blainville’s first section to the genus Sepia. The absence, in the
Highgate fossil, of the lateral wing-shaped expansions, and of the blunt terminal
rostrum which characterise the two known species of e/optera, as well as other
characters to which I shall hereafter refer, seems to me to require the establishment
of a distinct genus for the reception of those remains; and the genus Beloptera will
be then confined to those species which possess lateral expansions, and which, as
M. Deshayes himself describes them, exhibit an entire conical and chambered cavity,
resembling that of the Belemnite, jomed to a terminal rostrum, like that of the
Belosepia.
As thus restricted, the Beloptere present, at the anterior extremity, a semiconical
cavity, slightly depressed on the ventral aspect, in which was contained a thin
calcareous layer, covering the entire inner surface. The mner cone formed by this
layer contained a series of transverse, regular, and exceedingly thin septa, traces
of which, consisting of their sutures or lines of junction with the inner sheath, are very
distinct. These sutures, as they approach the ventral aspect, are slightly bent down-
wards towards the inverted apex of the cone, and present an acute sinus-like inflection
CEPHALOPODA. 35
as they rise over a slight linear elevation, which traverses the whole length of the
alveolus, along the medial line of the ventral inner surface, evidencing the presence
and position of the siphuncle. The opening, or anterior extremity of the conical
cavity, is slightly elliptical, having the shorter axis in the direction from the ventral to
the dorsal aspect. The margin of the outer sheath is thin and sharp, and its ventral
paries is much thicker than the dorsal paries, and rises into an elevated mass, depressed
on the surface. The outer sheath itself is composed of a series of concentric layers,
and exhibits a fibrous texture, like the sheath of the Belemnite. The apex is pro-
longed into a dense calcareous mass, strongly inflected towards the ventral aspect,
and enlarged towards the posterior extremity, where it becomes attenuated, and is
obliquely truncated. This mass is composed of longitudinal laminz, radiating from
the apex of the cone, and so arranged, that the central lamine are ina plane extending
from the ventral surface to the back, and the rest in planes gradually diverging more
and more towards the back. The outer edges of the lamine are distinct and slightly
elevated, giving a rough sulcated appearance to the surface. The cone and the
calcareous mass into which it is prolonged expand laterally into two smooth semi-
elliptical appendages, inclined obliquely towards the ventral aspect, thin and sharp
on the outer edges, and gradually thickening as they approach their bases. These
expansions consist of two distinct series of layers, deposited on the ventral and dorsal
surfaces, and exhibit impressions which, as M. Deshayes remarks, are probably
attributable to the presence of a vascular system in the substance of the mantle.
It will be seen from the foregoing description that e/optera presents a much closer
analogy with the Belemnites than that exhibited by Belosepia. The open semiconical
cavity of the latter, in its typical form, nearly resembles the sheath of the Sepion ;
but the lamine, both in their mode of arrangement and in their large siphoniform
openings, present the first indications towards the phragmocone of the Belemnite.
In the aberrant form, Pelosepia compressa, both the sheath and the laminz recede
a step further from the Sepion type, and prepare the way for, and in fact connect
Belosepia with, Beloptera. In this genus a still nearer approach to Belemnite
appears; the wide, open, but shallow sheath of the Sepion, with its siphonless
and nearly parallel laminz, is lost, and is replaced by an entire conical sheath, con-
taining regular transverse septa perforated by a siphuncle, and exactly corresponding
with the sheath and phragmocone of the Belemnite. The fold of the Belosepion,
formed by the retroflexion and lateral enlargement of the ventral paries of the sheath,
largely developed in the typical form, disappears in Peloptera, and is represented by the
lateral expansions which characterise that genus, and which, greatly reduced in size
in Beloptera Levesquei, lead directly into the simple sheath of the Belemnite ; while the
strongly inflected rostrum of the Belosepion assumes the form of a somewhat conical
mass, and thus prepares the way for the elongated and regularly conical guard of
Belemnite.
36 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Exclusive of the Beloptera anomala (Sow.), for which I have proposed the genus
Belemnosis, only two species of Beloptera are as yet known, 1. e. B. Belemnitoidea, and
4b. Levesquei. Both species occur in the Paris basin, and in the Eocene beds of
England. The first has also been found at Laeken in Belgium, and at Biaritz.
The specific characters are taken from the conditions of the lateral expansions and
of the conical sheath.
No. 4. BELOpTERA BELEMNITOIDEA. De Blainville. Tab. 2, fig. la—g.
Toorn oF A FISH; (2) Guettard. 1783. Mém. sur les Glossopétres, tab. 2, figs. 10, 11, 12.
Betoptera BELEMNITOIDEA; De Blainv. 1825. Mal. add. et correct. p. 621, tab. 11, fig. 8.
Serra Parisrensis; Fér. et D’Orb. 1825. Tab. Méthod. des Céph., Ann. des Sc. Nat. vol. vii.
BELOPTERA BELEMNITOIDEA ; De Blainv. 1827. Mém. sur les Bélemn. p. 111, tab. 1,
figs. 3, 3a, 30.
— - J. D. C. Sowerby. 1829. Min. Con. vol. vi, p. 183, tab. 591,
fig. 3.
BELOPTERA BELEMNOIDEA; Voltz. 1830. Obs. sur les Bélemn. p. 20.
BeLoprera BELEMNITOIDEA ; Deshayes. 1830. Encye. Method. vol. ii, p. 135.
a= — Keferstein. 1834. Die Naturgeschichte der ErdkGrpers, &e.
p- 430, No. 2.
- _— Deshayes. 1837, Descrip. des Foss. des Eny. de Paris, p. 761,
tab. 100, figs. 4-6.
— — Bronn. 1837. Lethea Geog. p. 1129, tab. 42, fig. 18a-6.
— — Fér. et D’ Orb. 1839. Céph. Acetab. Seiches, tab. 3, figs. 7-9 ;
tab. 24, figs. 11-12.
- - Nyst. 1843. Deser. des Coq. et des Polyp. foss. &c. p. 612,
tab. 6, fig. 2.
= Pictet. 1845. Traite élément. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 316;
tab. 14, fig. 2.
— _ Deshayes. 1845-6. 2d Edit. de Histoire Nat. &e. p. 243.
= — D’ Orb. 1845-7. Moll. viv. et foss. vol. i, p. 308, tab. 14, figs. 1-4.
— — J. D.C. Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. of Bracklesham, &e.
p. 109, tab. 9, fig. 18.
B. testd ovato-elongatd, longitudinaliter recurvd; supra converd ; subtus concava,
depressa ; cavitate anticd sub-cylindricd : rostro obtuso, striato: appendicibus lateralibus
magnis, semicircularibus.
Shell oblong, compressed; the sheath straight and nearly elliptical; the ventral
paries considerably thickened and depressed on the medial line below the siphuncle,
so as to present an elevated sub-quadrate ridge, bifurcated at the posterior extremity.
The rostrum enlarges gradually for about two thirds of the length, and then diminishes
towards the extremity, which, in young specimens, is nearly conical in form, but in adult
ones becomes very obtuse, probably from attrition; it is inflected towards the ventral
aspect whence the shell presents longitudinally a somewhat arched appearance. The
CEPHALOPODA. 37
lateral expansions are inclined towards the ventral aspect, and give a convex form to
the dorsal surface, and a corresponding concavity to the ventral surface; they
are thick at the juncture of the rostrum and sheath, and become gradually thinner as
they enlarge, presenting a sharp cutting edge on their free outward margins. In this,
the typical species, they are largely developed, regular in form, and vary considerably
in size according to the age of the individual; in young specimens they present an
elongated semielliptical form, which, as the shell advances towards maturity, becomes
nearly semicircular.
Figs. 1f and lg represent a variety in which the inferior cone is shorter, broader,
and more compressed, and the wings are wider than in the ordinary specimens.
The B. Belemnitoidea is found in England at Bracklesham Bay, where it is some-
what rare. In France it is found in the nummulitic bed at Biaritz, in the Lower
Pyrenees ; the lower beds of the calcaire grossier at Vivrais, Grypseuil, and Pouchon
(Oise), and, in the middle beds, at Grignon, Parnes, Muchi-le-Chatel, Chaumont, &c.
It also occurs in Belgium, in the sandy beds at Laeken.
The size is eleven lines in length, and four lines and a half in width across the widest
part of the lateral expansions.
No. 5. BrLopTera LeEvEsQuE!. D'Orbigny. Tab. 2, fig. 2a—e.
Bexoprera Levesauet; D’ Orb. et Fér. 1839. Céphal. Acetab. Seiches, tab. 20, figs. 10-12.
— - Pictet. 1845. Traité élément. de Paleont. vol. ii, p. 316.
B. testa oblongo-elongatd, arcuatd, subtus carinatd, lateribus depressd, sub-excavatd ;
antice cylindrico-angustatd : rostro obtuso, striato: appendicibus lateralibus parvis,
linearibus.
Shell elongated, arched: the sheath straight and nearly cylindrical; the ventral
paries thickened, and laterally much compressed, so that, instead of the flat square-
shaped, bifurcating ridge which distinguishes the preceding species, it presents along
the middle of the sheath, beneath the siphuncular line, a somewhat acute angular keel,
which is continued on the upper part of the rostrum, and the sides of which are a
little depressed. The rostrum itself is larger, and is transversely more compressed,
and less inflected towards the ventral aspect, than that of B. Belemnitoidea.
M. d'Orbigny describes the species as destitute of lateral expansions ; but, in the
figures given by him, there are unquestionable indications of those appendages, very
slightly developed it is true, yet still representing the wing-shaped expansions which
characterise the genus. In one of the two English specimens, the only two with which
I am acquainted, and for the use of which I am indebted to Mr. Wetherell, the lateral
expansions are broken away, but their existence is evidenced by a deep suture on each
side where they were inserted into the shell. The other specimen unfortunately is
broken off just above the juncture of the sheath with the rostrum, at the precise part
38 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
at which the expansions would first appear ; but their presence is indicated by a slight
curve in the outline caused by their origin. I do not hesitate, therefore, to attribute
to this species the characteristic lateral enlargements, although they are very feebly
developed.
M. Deshayes, in his ‘ Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de Paris,’
mentions a specimen in his possession, too much mutilated for description, in which the
rostrum is smoother and more elongated, and the wings appear to be much narrower
than in B. Belemnitoidea, and not to be inclined downwards as in that species ; and for
which, when better known, he thinks it will be necessary to form a new species. May
not that specimen be referred to this species, which has been established since the
publication of M. Deshayes’s work ?
The English specimens of this species have hitherto been found only at Highgate,
and are exceedingly rare. In France, according to M. d’Orbigny, the species occurs
only in the lower strata of the Paris basm; that is to say, in the sands below the
nummulite bed, at Thury-sous-Clermont, Gilocourt, and Cuise-Lamotte (Oise).
The size is twelve lines long and three lines wide.
Genus 3d. BELeMNosts.* F. £. Edwards.
Betorrera; J. D. C. Sowerby.
Animal unknown but supposed to be closely allied to the Belemnite.
Shell internal, oblong, semiconical, with the apex inflected towards the ventral
aspect, and enlarged into an obtuse umbo, pierced by a pore on the ventral surface ;
the anterior part hollowed into a deep semiconical cavity extending to the pore, and
having the inner surface covered by two calcareous sheaths, one within the other,
continued over the ventral surfaces of, and enveloping, a series of transverse septa,
perforated by a ventral siphon.
Testa internd, oblongd, semiconicd, apice deorsum inflecto et in umbonem obtusum,
Jforamine perforatum, dilatato ; parte anteriori in cavitatem semiconicam, profundam, ad
foramen tendentem, et septa transversa, siphone ventrali perforata, continentem, eacavata ;
cavitatis superficie duobus laminis conicis, pertenuibus, circa septa productis et ea invol-
ventibus, obtectd.
The remarkable remains for the reception of which I propose the present genus
are described by Mr. J. Sowerby in the ‘Mineral Conchology,’ and are referred by
that author to Beloptera. M. Deshayes, in the first instance, in the ‘ Description des
Coquilles fossiles, &c.,’ expressed an opinion that they could not be placed in that
genus; subsequently, however, in the notice of the genus Beloptera, introduced in the
second edition of Lamarck, after speaking of Belop. Levesquez, he refers not only that
* Etym. Bedepuvoy, telum; evwas, conjunctio.
CEPHALOPODA. 39
species but also the Beloptera anomala of Sowerby to the genus Beloptera, the
principal character of which he states to be the association of a conical chambered
cavity, similar to that of the Belemnites, with the beak (rostrum) of the Sepia. M.
d’Orbigny also (Moll. viv. et foss.) refers to that genus the remains in question, which,
he says, resemble Beloptera Levesquei in the absence of the lateral wings, but are
distinguished from it as well by the want of the under part (the ventral paries) of the
shell and of a distinct beak,.as by the air-chambers being apparent on the under side.
These remains unquestionably bear a close affinity to Beloptera; but the peculiarities
they present appear to me to separate them distinctly from that genus, and fully to
justify the establishment of a new genus for their reception.
The shell of Belemnosis consists of an elongated semiconical sheath, the apex
of which expands into a short semicylindrical umbo, pierced on the ventral surface,
and inflected towards the ventral aspect. The sheath is convex on the dorsal surface,
and is without a ventral paries; the margins at the superior extremity are narrow,
and present outwardly sharp edges, which extend rather more than one third of
the length of the shell; as the margins approach the inferior extremity they expand,
and the inner edges gradually become nearer to each other, until they unite immediately
above the umbonal pore. The margins of the pore are elevated, and the pore itself
penetrates to, and communicates with, the air-chambers. The septa are transverse
and concave ; the presence of a siphuncle and its ventral position are indicated by
angular inflections on the sutural impressions along the medial line of the ventral
surface; the septa are contained in, and wholly enveloped by, a thin conical sheath,
which also is covered by a second and somewhat thicker conical layer lodged in the
outer sheath.
The principal character of Be/optera, viz., the association of the elongated rostrum
of the Sepion with the phragmocone of the Belemnite, fails in Belemnosis ; and the
lateral expansions which, assuming their fullest development in Beloptera Belemnitoidea,
still characterise B. Levesquei, although reduced in that species to prominent carinze,
are here wanting, or, at the utmost, are but feebly represented by the sharp outer
edges of the ventral margins of the sheath. In Be/optera, the outer cone, which
contains the inner sheath and its contents, and which exactly corresponds with the
phragmocone of the Belemnite, is entire; whereas, in elemnosis, the ventral paries
is wanting, or very thin. In this respect Belemnosis presents an analogy with Belem-
nitella (D’Orb.), a genus of the Belemnitidee, characterised by a fissure in the phrag-
mocone communicating with the external paries of the alveolus. This peculiar form of
Belemnite at present appears to be confined to the upper chalk formation, and it would
seem to connect the true Belemnite with the present genus, in which the fissure be-
comes largely expanded, resembling the wide cavity of Belosepia. Thus the transition
from Belosepia, through Belemnosis and Belemnitella, into Belemnite will be easy and
natural, and the chain of connexion between the latter genus and the recent Sepia will
be complete.
40 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
The principal character, however, which distinguishes Belemnosis is the aperture
forming a communication between the alveolar chambers and the sac in which the
shell was lodged. In all the camerated siphoniferous shells, I believe without exception,
the inferior extremity of the alveolus and phragmocone is perfectly closed, and the air-
chambers have not any direct communication with the pallial sac; and, in fact, commu-
nicate only with the pericardial cavity by means of the membranous siphuncle. Walch,
it is true, in his ‘ Recueil de Monumens, &c.,’ figured a Belemnite, which he described as
having a small circular hole at the extremity of a curved point; upon which figure,
with embellishments of his own, De Montfort proposed the genus Paclites, referred to
by Parkinson, and quoted by De Blainville. This genus, however, is universally
rejected, as founded on characters merely accidental or imaginary. M. dOrbigny
states, that in certain exceptional cases the extremities of the rostra of Belemnites, at
the last period of their growth, form tubular prolongations, and that they are also lable
to distortion from accident. The extreme points of the successive layers, which form
the spathose guard, are apparently, in some instances, more susceptible of disintegration
than the other parts, and thus tubular openings may be formed along what Voltz terms
the apicial line. But in all these cases the pore is merely terminal, and does not
extend far up the sheath. The structure found in el/emnosis, therefore, appears to
be peculiar to it; and would indicate an application of the siphuncular function,
whatever that function may be, different from that in all other siphoniferous shells,
and suggests a corresponding peculiarity in the organization of the animal.
From the absence of the elongated rostrum which characterises the Belosepia
and Beloptere, we infer that the animal of Le/emnosis was not littoral in its habits,
but existed in a comparatively deep sea; and the occurrence of the unique
specimen, upon which the genus is founded, at Highgate, where the organic remains
indicate a shallow-sea deposit, is attributable most probably to the casual drifting of
the animal.
No. 6. BrLemnosis pricata. ff. L. Hdwards. Tab. 2, fig. 3a—e.
BELOPTERA ANOMALA; Sowerby. 1829. Min. Con. vol. vi, p. 183, tab. 591, fig. 2.
— Morris. 1843. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 178.
— — Pictet. 1845, Traité élement. de Paleont. tom. ii, p. 316.
— — Deshayes. 1845-6. 2d Edit. de Hist. Naturelle, &c. par Lam.
= — D Orbigny. 1845-7. Moll. viv. et foss. tom. i, p. 309, tab. 14,
figs. 8-10.
B. testdé oblongo-elongatd, supra convead, umbone obtusissimo, lateraliter compresso,
et deorsum leviter inflecto terminatd: marginibus ventralibus antice depressis, postice
sub-convevis, facies externas acutas, internas, oblique triplicatas, prebentibus: foramine
umbonali circulari.
CEPHALOPODA. Al
This shell is oblong, regularly convex on the upper surface, and terminated by a
very obtuse, short umbo, compressed laterally, and slightly inflected towards the ventral
aspect. The ventral margins are depressed, and present outwardly sharp edges,
which extend rather more than one third of the length of the shell; the margins
assume a convex form as they approach the inferior extremity, and at about two thirds
of the length, become and continue nearly parallel until their union above the um-
bonal pore. The inner edges present three obscure, very oblique folds, from which
character the specific name is taken. The umbonal pore is circular, and extends to
the pyrites, with which the phragmocone is filled ; it is about one fourth of the breadth
of the shell in diameter. The septa are distant.
This unique and valuable specimen enriches the cabinet of Mr. Sowerby, whose
kindness in conceding the use of it for description I beg to acknowledge. It was
found in the clay removed in constructing the archway at Highway.
The length is °5 in.; the breadth at the upper extremity is *25 in., and across the
umbonal pore *15 in.
Orper—TETRABRANCHIATA. Owen.
Family—NavtTiLiv&.
According to Von Buch, the division, which has been made of the tetrabranchiate
Cephalopods into the two great families Nautilide and Ammonitide, has been determined
solely by the position of the siphuncle, which, in the latter family, is invariably placed
on the ventral margins of the septa; while, among the Wautilide, it is placed at or near
the centre of the discs of the septa. Other differences exist in the form and condition
of the septa, which, among the Wawtilide, are characterised by simple curvatures or
undulations, and by having their margins entire; while, among the dmmonitide,
the septa present a series of lobes or sinuous flexures, the margins of which are
foliated.
A third group, however, exists, m which the siphuncle is placed on the dorsal
margin, and the septa are distinguished by angular or rounded lateral lobes, but
their margins are perfectly simple. This group, for the typical forms of which
Count Mister established the genus C/ymenia, has been hitherto generally associated
with the Nautilidz ; but I propose to separate it as a distinct family, under the name
Clymenide.
The Nautilide will then be confined to those genera in which the siphuncle is
central or excentric, that is, placed at the centre of the disc of the septum, or between
that and the margin; or, more strictly, to those in which it is not placed either on the
ventral or on the dorsal margin.
As thus restricted, the Nautilide will consist of the following genera: Nautilus,
6
42 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Planulites, Lam., Gyroceras, Lituitus, Campulites, Desh. (Cyrtoceras, Gold.), Phragmo-
ceras, Orthoceras, Actinoceras, Koleoceras, Portl., and Poterioceras, M‘Coy (Gom-
phoceras, Sow.)
Of these genera, the Nautilus only has been found above the secondary formations.
The generic distinctions are taken chiefly from the position of the siphuncle, and
the mode of convolution or the form of the shell.
Genus 4. Nautitus—Gualtieri, Linneus.
Ocranus; BrsipHites. De Mont.
OmpuaLia. De Haan.
Gen. desc. Animal; 4ody oblong, posteriorly rounded, and terminating in a slender
membranaceous tube ; head above, with an ambulatory disc ; arms, nineteen (?) on each
side ;* /abial tentaculiferous appendages, four, arranged round the mouth; tentacula of
three kinds, viz. ophthalmic, lamellose, two on each side ; brachial, annulose, twenty on
each side; /adia/, annulose, twenty-four on each side; the whole body contained in
the last chamber of a large multilocular shell, and affixed by two lateral muscles.
Shell; discoidal, spiral, multilocular, with simple walls; the whorls contiguous,
the last covering the others; septa transverse, concave without, perforated in the disc,
margins quite simple.
Animal corpore oblongo, postice rotundato, tubo gracili membranaceo terminato ; capite
supra disco ambulatorio ; brachiis utrinque novemdecem ; (?) appendicibus labialibus ten-
taculiferis, guatuor, circum os dispositis ; tentaculis trium generum, quorum, ophthalmicis,
lamellosis, utrinque duobus ; brachialibus, annulosis, utrinque viginti ; labialibus, annulosis
utringue viginti quatuor ; toto corpore in camerd ultima teste magne multilocularis recon-
dito et musculis duobus lateralibus affixo.
Testa discoided, spirali, polythalamid, parietibus simplicibus ; anfractibus contiguis,
ultimo alios obtegente ; septis transversis, extis concavis, disco perforatis, marginibus
siemplicibus.
The Nautilus is the only genus of the Cephalopoda which, appearing among the
earliest forms of animal life, has survived the various changes which the earth has
undergone. The large family, of which it forms the type, flourished during the
Paleozoic epoch, and the Nautilus itself apparently attained its fullest development
during the deposition of the carboniferous series, at which period nearly fifty species
existed. Gradually diminishing in numbers, the genus passed through the Mesozoic
epoch into the tertiary era, which it has also survived; and though reduced to four
species, which have not any fossil representative,t it still exists in the tropical seas.
* M. Valenciennes states the number to be seventeen.
t The identification of the species in the Miocene formations of Turin cannot be relied upon.
CEPHALOPODA. 43
The Nautilus appears to have been known to Aristotle, of whose shell-bearing
polypi, the second is considered to be the Nautilus Pompilius ; the first species, the true
Nautilus of the ancients, and to which Gualtieri gave the name Cyméium, is the
Argonauta of Linneus. Although the shell of the recent Nautilus has long been
commonly known, little information existed as to the animal, beyond that given by
Aristotle, until a comparatively recent period. At the beginning of the last century
the Dutch naturalist Rumph drew the attention of zoologists to the animal of the
Nautilus; a description of which, illustrated by figures, he gave in his work
‘PD Amboinische Rariteitkamer.’ From Rumph’s description, which, however im-
perfect, was more intelligible than his drawing, De Montfort gave an imaginary
representation of the animal, wide of the truth, but which was adopted by Shaw.
After the time of Rumphius not any additional information was procured until the
arrival in England, in 1831, of aspecimen of the Nautilus Pompilius, taken by Mr. Bennett
in Marachini Bay on the south-west side of the island of Erramonga, one of the New
Hebrides. Itis true that in the preceding year MM. Quoy and Gaimard had published,
in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ an account of a portion of some unknown
molluscous animal, which they supposed to be the Nautilus Pompilius, found near the
island of Celebes; but the remains were too imperfect for satisfactory description,
and, in fact, they have generally been attributed to a Heteropodous Mollusc, either
Carinaria or Pterotrachea. The specimen brought over by Mr. Bennett was placed in
the hands of Professor Owen, who in 1832 published his Memoir before referred to
with minute anatomical descriptions and illustrations. In 1839 M. Valenciennes
published an account entitled ‘ Nouvelles Recherches sur le Nautile flambé,’ taken
from an individual transmitted to the Museum of Natural History at Paris. These
two works afford ample information as to the animal, but it is unnecessary to enter into
the details, a brief outline, sufficient for the present purpose, having already been
given. Of the soft parts of the animals which inhabited the fossil shells, no trace has
been found to assist the Paleeontologist, who must, therefore rely wholly on the
calcareous remains for specific distinctions. As regards the tertiary species, these
distinctions appear to be tolerably well defined ; and but little difficulty will be found
in the determination of the species.
The shell is smooth, spiral, and symmetrical ; suborbicular, or somewhat depressed,
and more or less round on the ventral aspect; the margins of the aperture are smooth
and simple ; the whorls are contiguous, and convoluted in a vertical plane, the last
being the largest and concealing the rest, by which character it is distinguished from
Planulites, the whorls of which are exposed. In some species the umbilicus is open;
but more generally it is closed, as in the adult specimens of the recent V. Pompilius, by
a deposition of nacreous or calcareous matter. The lines of growth are distinct, and
in some species strongly marked, giving a somewhat striated appearance to the shell ; and
they are reflected backwards, in which respect they differ from those of the Ammonitide,
AA EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
which are bent forwards. The chambers are separated by transverse partitions, more
or less undulated ; and in one species, VV. Parkinsoni, they are distinguished by lateral
angular lobes, resembling those of Aturia (Nautilus) zic-xac, and the margins are
invariably simple and entire. The discs of the septa are perforated at the centre, or
at parts more or less distant from the margins, but never at the margin, by a calcareous
siphuncle, variable in size and generally discontinuous, that is, extending more or less
into the preceding chamber, but not into the preceding siphuncular aperture. The
chambers themselves increase in size to the last, which is sufficiently large to contain
the whole of the animal; but the ratio of increase is apparently uncertain, and is
influenced probably by the growth of the animal, which would, of course, depend on
the supply of food and other circumstances.
The fossil substances termed R/yncolites, which occur so frequently in the older
formations, and which are generally believed to be the mandibles of some of the Tetra-
branchiate Cephalopods, with whose remains they are associated, have been found
both in the Paris basin and in the tertiary formations in Belgium; but I believe that
as yet they have not been found in the Eocene strata of England.
The specific characters in this genus are taken from the curvature of the septa,
the general outward form of the shell, (which, in fact, determines the shape of the
septum,) the position of the siphuncle and the condition of the umbilicus. With
respect to the terms dorsal and ventral, it must be borne in mind that they are used in
the following descriptions in a sense directly the reverse of that in which they have
been generally applied. The Nautilus, in its normal position, rests upon, or creeps
along the ground by means of, the free and expanded anterior portion of the mantle.
In this position the back of the animal is against the penultimate whorl of the shell,
and the ventral part is contained within the concavity of the dwelling-chamber. In
the following descriptions, therefore, the term dorsa/ is used to designate the parts
contiguous to the penultimate volution of the shell, and which have been generally,
though incorrectly, described as ventral; and the term veztra/, on the other hand, will
be applied to those parts on which the belly of the animal rested, and which hitherto
have usually been termed dorsal.
At present six species have been found in the tertiary strata of England, and they
are confined to the older Eocene deposits. In the contemporaneous strata of the Paris
basin two species occur, one of which is also found in Belgium ; but not either of
them has as yet been found in England; and four species have been described by
Sismonda and Michelotti, as occurring in the Miocene formations in Piedmont. Two
of these last species are referred by those authors to existing species; but the
accuracy of the identification is questioned.
CEPHALOPODA. 45
No. 7. NAUTILUS CENTRALIS. Sowerby. Tab. III, fig. la—c.
Navritus cenrrais, J. Sow. 1812. Min. Con. vol. i, p. 11, tab. 1, left-hand figure.
= AUSTRALIS (by error for CENTRALIS). Defrance. 1825. Dict. des Sc. Nat. vol. xxxiv,
p. 297.
— ceNTRALIS. Wetherell. 1836. Philos. Mag. and Journal, vol. ix, p-. 465.
= Bucktanvi.(?) Michelotti. 1840. Ind. rag. di alcuni Testacei de Cefal. foss. &e.
Ann. delle Scien. del Regno Lomb.-Veneto, p. 4.
— cENTRALIS. Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 182.
— Pictet. 1845. Traité élément. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 338.
pas — Sow. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &e. pp. 110, 121, tab. 14, fig. 28.
NV. testé globosd, in aspectu ventrali rotundatd ; aperturd semilunari ; umbilicatd,
umbilicis angustis, profundis ; septis extis concavis, simplicissinis, siphone central,
minimo, continuo perforatis ; lobis dorsalibus latis, haud reflevis.
The N. centralis, m the simplicity of the septa and the central position of the
siphuncle, nearly resembles the recent Nautili. It is a very ventricose, almost a
globose shell, much rounded on the ventral aspect; the aperture is bluntly lunate,
nearly semicircular, and is rather more than twice as wide as it is long; the open
umbilicus is narrow and deep ; the septa are concave outwardly, and simple, scarcely
presenting any undulation or second curvature whatever; the dorsal lobes are broad,
each being nearly one third of the width of the aperture, and they are bluntly rounded
on their superior margins; the siphuncle is very small, central, or nearly so, and
continuous. The lines of growth present broad undulations, and are strongly marked
and decussated.
Michelotti has described a Nautilus from the Miocene formations of the Colle de
Tormo, in Piedmont, to which he has given the name Buchlandi. He quotes
LV. centralis of Sowerby by the name JV. australis (an error into which he has fallen by
relying on Defrance’s quotation), and he considers his shell to be identical with it,
and, oddly enough, associates with it VV. zmperialis. The specific description given by
this author agrees tolerably well with that of the present species; but I have not
myself had any opportunity of comparing the Piedmontese with the English shell; and
as Michelotti does not mention his having compared the two, and he appears to have
trusted implicitly to Defrance, the accuracy of the identification must for the present
be considered as doubtful.
Mr. Wetherell, in his paper above quoted, gives this species and Naut. regalis as
characteristic of the middle division of the three which he thinks might be made of
the true London Clay. It occurs at Regent’s Park, Chalk Farm, Hyde Park, Richmond,
Sheppy, and Bognor; itis also found, though very rarely, at Bracklesham Bay.
The species does not appear to have attained a great size, the largest specimen not
exceeding 3°7 in. in diameter, by 3°3 in. across. The figs. 1 and 2, Tab. III, are taken
from specimens in the collection of Mr. Wetherell; fig. 3, from one in that of Mr.
Sowerby. The form of the septum is shown by fig. 2, Tab. VIII.
46 KOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 8. NAUTILUS REGALIS. Sowerby. Tab. IV.
NaUTILUs REGALIS. J. Sow. 1823. Min. Con. vol. iv, p. 77, pl. 355.
— _ Def. 1825. Dict. des Se. Nat. vol. xxxiv, p. 300.
— — Weth. 1836. Philos. Mag. and Journ. yol. ix, p. 465.
_ — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 183.
— — Pictet. 1845. Traité élément. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 338.
a — Sow. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &c. p. 120.
NV. Testa levigatd, sub-ventricosd, in aspectu ventrali compressa, obscure undulata ;
apertura obtuse-ellipticd ; umbilicis obtectis ; septis simplicibus, concavis, utroque latere
perparum undulatis, siphone sub-centrali perforatis ; lobis dorsalibus brevibus, rotundatis,
haud refleais.
The present species is distinguishable from the preceding by the closed umbilicus,
and by its general form, which is less ventricose than that of JV. centralis. It is a
smooth shell, flattened on the sides, and bluntly rounded, and obscurely undulated
on the ventral aspect. The aperture presents a subquadrate appearance. The
umbilicus is closed by a thickening of the lip, assuming the appearance of a solid
axis to the shell. The septa are nearly simple, presenting on each side slight undu-
lations, and the short, rounded dorsal lobes are deeply concave, and not reflected. In
the young shell the septum is characterised by a conical depression placed on the
dorsal margin close to the preceding whorl; as the shell enlarges this gradually
decreases in size and depth, and ultimately disappears. It was of course moulded on
a corresponding protuberance on the animal, probably an enlargement of the epithelial
cincture. In some species the cavity is very deep. It was on this character that
De Montfort, mistaking the depression for the mouth of a second siphuncle, founded
his genus Bisiphites. The siphuncle is small and excentric. The lines of growth,
like those of the preceding species, are decussated, and reflected backwards in broad
undulations.
The Nautilus regalis attained a large size. The specimen figured, for the use of
which I am indebted to Mr. Dixon, measures 9°5 in. in diameter, by 5 in. across. The
species occurs at Islington, Regent’s Park, Chalk Farm, Hyde Park, and at Bognor.
It appears to have been one of the most common of the English Kocene Nautili. The
septum is represented at Tab. VIII, fig. 5.
No. 9. NAvTILUS URBANUS. Sowerby. Tab. III, fig. 2 a—é.
NAUTILUS URBANUS. J.D. C. Sowerby. 1843. Min. Con. vol. vii, p. 36, pl. 628.
_ = Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 183.
— — Pictet. 1845. Traité élement. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 338.
NV. Testd discoided, in aspectu ventrali rotundatd, et obscuré undulata ; umbilicata ;
apertura subquadratd, elongatd ; septis oblongis, concavis, in utroque latere leniter undulatis
et siphone excentrico perforatis ; lobis dorsalibus perbrevibus, oblique truncatis, haud reflexis.
CEPHALOPODA. 47
A flat discoidal shell, rounded on the ventral aspect, and presenting obscure
undulations similar to those which characterise JV. regalis. The aperture has
an elongated, subquadrate shape; the umbilicus is narrow; the septa concave,
and slightly undulated; they present on each side, in a line with the preceding
whorl, a slight depression, which appears to be the first indication of the lateral
lobes so fully developed in the WV. Parkinsoni; the siphuncle is excentric ap-
proaching the dorsal margin; the dorsal lobes are short, very slightly concave,
obliquely truncated, and not recurved. The lines of growth are prominent, and
decussated more strongly than those of the two preceding species, and their undula-
tions are broad and shallow.
The Nautilus urbanus is distinguishable from JV. centralis by its flatness, and the
greater length of its aperture; and from JV. regalis by its open umbilicus, the
truncated extremities of the dorsal lobes of the septa, and its discoidal shape. It is
a very rare shell. The figures 2a, 24, Tab, III, are taken from the shells drawn in
‘Mineral Conchology, the only specimens with which I am acquainted. The larger
one, belonging to Mr. Sowerby, was found in excavating St. Katharine’s Docks,
near the Tower of London; the smaller one forms part of Mr. Bowerbank’s
collection, and was obtained from Sheppy.
The size of the larger individual figured is 7°4 in. in diameter, by 3°4 in. Fig. 4,
Tab. VIII, represents the septum.
No. 10. NAUTILUS IMPERIALIS. Sowerby. Tab. V.
NAUTILUS IMPERIALIS. J. Sow. 1812. Min. Con. vol. i, p. 9, tab. 1, upper and right-hand
figures.
_ -- Defrance. 1825. Dict. des Sci. Nat., tome xxxiv, p. 297.
— — Wether. 1836, Philos. Mag. and Journ. vol. ix, p. 465.
— Bucxuanpt. Michelotti. 1840. Indice ragionato, &e. p. 4.
_ IMPERIALIS. Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 182.
— _ Pictet. 1845. Traité élément. de Paléont. vol. ii, p. 338.
_ _ Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &e. pp. 110, 120.
N. Testé spheroidale ; umbilicatd, umbilicis angustis, profundis; apertura sub-
ellipticd, semilunari ; septis undatis, siphone mediocri dorso-excentrali perforatis ; lobis
dorsalibus latis et perparum reflexis.
This species is easily distinguished from the JV. centralis by the excentric position
of the siphuncle, as well as by the broad and reflected extremities of the dorsal lobes,
which form, as it were, an axis to the shell. Its orbicular form, the lunate shape of
the septa, and the recurved dorsal lobes, distinguish it as clearly from JV. rega/is and
NV. urbanus.
48 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
The Nautilus imperialis is a somewhat globose shell, rather narrow on the ventral
aspect, whence the aperture assumes a sub-elliptical form; the umbilicus is small and
deep. It is well displayed in the large figure, Tab. V, taken from a specimen in Mr.
Bowerbank’s collection, but generally, it is found open only in young shells; in the larger
specimens it is usually filled with pyrites or indurated clay. The septa are deeply concave,
and present a gentle undulation on each side; the dorsal lobes are very broad, inflected
towards the axis, and obliquely truncated on the inferior margins. The siphuncle is
moderately large, and excentric, being placed on the dorsal side of the centre of the
disc. It appears to vary in its position, gradually becoming more distant from the
dorsal margin as the shell enlarges. The lines of growth are reflected backwards in a
deep narrow wave, and in the specimens I have seen are not decussated as in the three
preceding species.
In the shell described by Michelotti under the name WV. Buchklandi, and with which
he has associated the present species, the siphuncle is central; and that character is,
in fact, the reason assigned by him for considering his shell to be identical with
NV. centralis as well as with NV. imperialis. Whether the alleged identification of JV.
Bucklandi with N. centralis be correct or not, it is obvious that the Piedmontese shell
cannot be referred to the present species. Defrance states that the JV. cmperialis
did not appear to differ from JV. centralis, and Michelotti has, in fact, relied implicitly
on that author; he has even copied the mistake made in quoting JV. centralis as
NV. australis.
The JV. imperialis attained a very large size; a specimen from Sheppy in the
Museum of the Geological Society measures 12 inches by 8°75 in. across. It appears
to have been widely spread, being found at Highgate, Hornsey, Brentford, Sheppy,
Cuffell near Basingstoke, Clewett’s Green, Newnham, Bognor, and Bracklesham.
The form of the septum is shown in Tab. VIII, fig. 1.
No. 11. Nautitus Sowersyl. /Vetherell. Tab. VI.
Navritus Sowersyl. Weth. 1836. Phil. Mag. and Journ. vol. ix, p. 466.
— -- Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 183.
—_— _ Sow. 1843. Min. Con. vol. vu, p. 35, pl. 627, fig. 1-3.
— _— Sowerby. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &c. p. 121, tab. 14, fig. 28.
N. Testa levigatd, lenticulari, ventrali aspectu anguste rotundatd ; umbilicata, apertura
sub-triangulari ; septis profunde concavis ; siphone continuo, prope margines dorsales posito,
perforatis ; utroque latere late undulosis et sublobatis ; lobis dorsalibus elongatis, valde
reflexis, oblique truncatis.
The WV. Sowerby: is an exceedingly well-marked species. Itis a smooth, discoidal,
convex or rather lenticular shell, somewhat resembling in shape the Dax form of
CEPHALOPODA. 49
Aturia (Nautilus) zic-zac, but it is narrower towards the margin, which circumstance .
gives a triangular form to the aperture. The septa (Tab. VIII, fig. 3) are very concave,
and present on each side a broad undulation, with a deep sinus-like depression
caused by a lateral lobe, more developed in this species than in JV. wrbanus, although
not attaining the size and importance of that which distinguishes V. Parkinsont.
The dorsal lobes are much recurved and obliquely truncated; the siphuncle is
moderately large, placed very near to the dorsal margin, and continuous. The strice
of growth towards the middle are suddenly bent backwards in deep undulations.
This species, which attained a size of 10 inches in diameter by 4°2 in. across, was
first obtained by Mr. Wetherell from the tunnel made at Chalk Farm for the Birmingham
Railroad. It has also been found in the cuttings now in progress between Whetstone
and Barnet for the Direct Northern Railroad, and it occurs at Sheppy and at Bognor,
where it is very common.
No. 12. Nautitus ParKinsonr. F. £. Edwards. Tab. VII.
Navriiire. Parkinson. 1811. Organic Remains, p. 105, pl. 7, fig. 15.
LV. testé discoided, apertura elongato-elliptica, parvetibus convexis ; umbilicis (?) ; septis
exttis concavis, in utroque latere angulariter lobatis, siphone, prope margines dorsales posito
perforatis ; lobis lateralibus brevibus, subtriangularibus, mucronatis ; lobis dorsalibus latis,
perparum concavis, ad extremitates attenuatis, reflexis.
Parkinson, in his work above cited, described the remains of a Nautilus, purchased
by him at the sale of Dr. Menish’s collection. These remains, which consist of the
casts of three chambers, afterwards came into the possession of Mr. Sowerby, who
has placed them at my service. Parkinson was ignorant of the locality whence
they came; but from their mineralogical character, the matrix being, in fact, the
substance known as cement-stone, it was supposed that they were found at Harwich.
Lately the Rev. Thomas Image, of Whipstead, near Bury St. Edmunds, has
forwarded to me for examination similar remains, unquestionably obtained at
Harwich, and consisting of the casts of two chambers, rather smaller than those
in Parkinson’s specimen, and in a matrix precisely similar. The question, therefore,
as to the locality of Parkinson’s specimen is set at rest.
These remains are particularly interesting, from the circumstance that in them the
angularly-lobed septum which characterises Aturia (Nautilus) zic-xac, and in that shell is
accompanied by a strictly dorsal siphuncle, is associated with one which, although very
excentric, is still so truly discal, as to prevent the shell being removed from the present
genus. The form of the septum is a good specific character, but it cannot be relied
upon as a generic distinction. The Nautilus Parkinsoni, therefore, although in general
appearance it closely resembles 4¢wria, must, in fact, from the position of the siphuncle
i
“4
50 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
be considered as an aberrant Nautilus, connecting that genus with Aturia, and leading
through the Clymenid@ into Goniatites and Ammonites.
The JV. Parkinsoni is a discoidal shell, with regular convex sides, and an elongated
elliptical aperture. The specimens do not exhibit the condition of the umbilicus.
The septa are outwardly moderately concave, with angular lobes on each side; the
dorsal lobes are very broad, somewhat concave, rounded at the extremities, and
reflected, although not much, towards the axis; the lateral lobes are short, wide at the
upper extremities, and they taper rather suddenly; their inferior margins are nearly
straight, but the superior margins present a deep sinus. The siphuncle is moderately
large, and is placed on the dorsal part of the septal disc, half way between the centre
and the margin. So far as the general character can be ascertained, the siphuncle
does not appear to differ from that of JVawtilus, and certainly does not present any
analogy with the wide trumpet-mouthed funnel which distinguishes Aéuria.
This species appears to have attained a greater size than any other of the tertiary
‘Nautili; the largest chamber in Parkinson’s specimen measures seven inches in
breadth, and nine inches in length; and this chamber was not the last, and conse-
quently not the largest.
Family—CiLYMENIDE&.
AcaNnID&. Pictet, Deshayes, D’ Orbigny.
Adopting the opinion of Von Buch, that the position of the siphuncle is the
principal, if not the only, character by which the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods can be
divided into families, it becomes impossible to include those genera in which the
siphuncle is placed on the dorsa/ margin, either among the Nautilide, in which it is
central or excentric, or among the Ammonitidz, in which it is placed on the ventral
margin. The only genera at present known to possess a strictly dorsal siphuncle, are
Clymenia, Munst. (Endosiphonites, Ansted), and Aturia, a genus proposed by Bronn for
the Nautilus Aturi, Basterot (V. zic-zac, Sow.) In fact, these genera have already
been considered by MM. d’Orbigny, Deshayes, and others, to form a subdivision of
the Nautilidz, to which those authors have applied the name Aganidee, founded on a
genus proposed by De Montfort for a shell from the mountain limestone. This shell,
however, possessed a ventral siphuncle, and belonged to the genus Goniatites.* The
name Aganide, therefore, cannot with propriety be retained as a family name for genera
characterised by a dorsal siphuncle; and I have adopted, in lieu of it, the name
Clymenide, founded on Munster’s genus.
* The shell figured and described by De Montfort as Aganides is, I believe, the Gontatites sphaericus of
Sowerby.
CEPHALOPODA. 51
The septa in the Clymenide are distinguished by lateral rounded or angular lobes ;
but the angular form is not peculiar to the family; since, as we have already seen, it
is found in Nautilus Parkinsoni, a species which, possessing an excentric siphuncle,
must*be considered as merely an aberrant form of Nautilus ; and the separation of the
Clymenide will depend entirely on the siphuncle being placed on the dorsal margin.
The two genera which belong to this family are distinguished chiefly by the mode
of involution of the shell; the whorls in Clymenia being exposed, while in Aturia the
last whorl conceals the rest ; they therefore bear to each other the same relation which
Planulites bears to the true Nautilus.
Genus 5th. ATuRIA.* Bronn, 1837.
Gen. desc. 4. testi discoided vel subventricosd, spirali, multiloculari, parietibus
simplicibus ; anfractibus contiguis, ultimo alios obtegente ; umbilicis clausis ; septis trans-
versis, numerosis, extis concavis, utroque latere angulariter lobatis et parte dorsali, magnd
siphone infundibuliformi, marginibus positd, retro prolongatis ; marginibus simplicibus.
Shell discoidal or subventricose, spiral, multilocular, sides simple: whorls con-
tiguous, the last concealing the others; the umbilicus closed; septa transverse,
numerous, concave outwardly, with an angular lobe on each side, and having the
dorsal part prolonged backwards, forming a large, marginal, funnel-shaped siphon ;
margins of the septa entire.
The angularly-lobed septum which distinguishes Nautilus Parkinsoni also forms a
prominent character in the well-known Highgate fossil, Naut. ztc-zac, figured and
described by Mr. Sowerby in the first volume of the ‘Mineral Conchology.’ Bronn,
in his description of the Dax shell Nautilus Aturi (Bast.), which he considered to be
distinct from JV. zic zac, suggested the propriety of forming a sub-genus, to be called
Aturia, for the reception of those tertiary Nautili in which, according to the sub-
generic description given by him, “the siphon is sub-ventral (i. e. sub-dorsal), and the
septa have a deep, narrow, lancet-shaped flap on each side.” ‘The siphuncle, however,
in the Dax shell, on which the genus is founded, is, in fact, strictly marginal; it is, as
Bronn himself describes it, a prolongation backwards of the dorsal part of the septum,
in the shape of a wide-mouthed funnel, extending quite across the preceding chamber,
and deeply into the mouth of the preceding funnel. As this funnel-shaped siphon
decreases in diameter, the dorsal paries gradually recedes from the margin, and the
intervening space is filled up with a calcareous deposit. The siphuncle, therefore, will
in some parts of its extent appear to be sub-marginal only : whereas the mouth of the
* Etym. Aturrus ved Aturus—the River Adour.
52 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
siphuncle, by which only the position can be determined, is perfectly marginal. The
Nautilus Aturi, which I consider to be identical with Nautilus zic-zac, is the type of
Bronn’s genus, and I therefore retain the name proposed by that author, although I do
not assent to the accuracy of his generic description.
The genus Clymenia, proposed by Count Munster for certain Nautiliform remains
occurring in the transition limestones of Fichtelgebirge, presents nearly the same
characters as those assigned by me to Afuria; except that in Clymenia the whorls are
exposed, and the siphuncle is described as narrow; whereas in Afuria the last whorl
conceals the others, and the siphuncle, at least in 4. z/c-zac, the typical species, is of
oreat size.
The genus appears to have been confined to the tertiary epoch, and it is widely
diffused. It occurs in the Eocene formations of England, France, Belgium, and
Germany ; in the Miocene deposits in the basins of the Gironde, in Italy, and in Malta.
It is also found in the Eocene formation in Clarke county, Alabama, (U.S.), and Conrad*
mentions a cast from the contemporaneous formation near Long Branch, New Jersey,
resembling Nautilus (Aturia) zic-zac, but more compressed, and which he has referred
to De Montfort’s genus Pelagus, and has named P. Vanuxemi. De Montfort’s Pelagus,
however, is described as having “cloisons lobées, persillées, dentelées, &c.” The
position of the siphuncle is not mentioned in De Montfort’s text; but in the figure he
has given it is placed on the ventral margin. The shell, therefore, on which the
genus Pelagus is founded is an Ammonite, and the species constituting the present
group cannot be associated with it.
No. 13. Aruria zic-zac. Broun. Tab. IX, fig. la—s.
Var.a. Navriius z1c-zac. Sow. 1812. Min. Con. vol. i, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 3.
Ammonites Waprprert. Van Mons. 1833. L’Institut. 1833, p. 272.
— — — 1834. Bull. de lAcad. de Brux. tome i, No. 17,
pp. 113, 118.
Navritus Desuayest1. De Koninck. 1834. Notice sur un Moule pyriteux du Naut. de
Desh.; Bull. Soc. Géol. de France; t. iv, p. 437.
— — Nyst. 1835. Rech. sur les Coq. foss. de la Prov. d’Anvers,
p- 35, No. 52.
= — De Koninck. 1837. Desc. des Coq. foss. de l’Argile de
Basele, p. 1.
— Aturt. Bronn. 1837. Leth. Geog. vol. ii, p. 1123, pl. 42, fig. 17a—e.
-- z10-ZAC. Desh. 1837. Desc. des Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, vol. ii, p. 765,
pl. 100, figs. 2, 3.
CryMenta ztc-zac. Michelotti. 1840. Amnal. Scient. reg. Lomb. Venet. p. 6.
* Conrad’s “ Observations on the Eocene formation, and description of one hundred and five new fossils
of that period, from the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi,” published in the Journal of the Academy of
Natural Science of Philadelphia.
CEPHALOPODA. 53
Navtitus zic-zac. Nyst. 1843. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xiv, p. 452.
_ _— — 1843. Desc. des Coq. foss. &c. des Terr. tert. dela Belgique,
p- 644, pl. 46, fig. 4.
— Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 183.
AcanrpEs Desnayesit. Sismonda. 1847. Method. Anim. invert. Pedemontii Foss. p. 57.
— iG-zaG. Pictet. 1845. Traité élément. de Paléont. Vol. ii, p. 341.
Naurrius (Ctymenta @) z1c-zac. Sow. 1849. Dixon’s Geol. Hist. &c. p. 109, pl. 8, fig. 19.
Var. 3. Navrite pe Dax. De Monéf. 1802. Buffon de Sonnini Moll. vol. iv, pp. 240, 252,
pl. 46, fig. 1.
Navritus Pompiius. Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol. y, p. 181.
— —_ — 1822. An. sans Vert. vol. xvi, p. 634.
— DesnAyesit. Defr. 1825. Dict. de Hist. Nat. vol. xxxiv, p. 200.
— Aturt. Bast. 1825. Desc. des Coq. foss. des Env. de Bordeaux, p. 17.
Orputites z1c-zac. De Blainv. 1825. Man. de Malae. p. 387.
Navritus (AcaNntDes) Aturt. D’Orb. 1825. Tab. method. de la Classe des Céph. p. 71.
— Syrno. Buckl. 1836. Bridgw. Treat. vol. i, p. 357, pl. 46, figs. 1-4.
— — Grateloup. 1838. Cat. des An. vert. et invert foss. du Basin de la
Gironde, p. 28.
Acanipes Arurt. Pictet. 1845. Traité element. de Paléont. Vol. ii, p. 341. ~
A, Testd ventricosd, levigatd ; umbilicis clausis ; septis concavis ; lobis lateralibus
angustis, acutis ; dorsalibus valde recurvis ; siphone magno, continuo, buccineforme.
Var. B. Zestd compressa, sub-discoided ; septis profundé concavis, lobis dorsalibus
angustioribus.
Shell ventricose, smooth ; umbilicus closed; septa concave; lateral lobes narrow,
pointed ; dorsal lobes much curved ; siphuncle large, continuous, trumpet-shaped.
There are scarcely any tertiary remains which have excited so much attention as
the present; not merely because the species is widely diffused, but because it presents
an intermediate form between the Nautili and the Ammonites ; and few fossils have
been referred to more genera, or have been distinguished by a greater number of
specific names.
The Aturia zic-zac was first described by Mr. Sowerby, sen., as Nautilus zic-zac,
from a specimen which was found on forming the tunnel of the Highgate Archway.
Several years afterwards M. Defrance described a specimen from the Paris basin, and
pointed out the differences which, in his opinion, rendered it difficult to refer the
species to the genus WVawtilus. M. Defrance considered the fossil described by him as
distinct from the /V. 2¢c-zac, and gave to it the specific name Deshayesit. Subsequently
Basterot described the well-known Dax fossil, which he named Naut. Atur’, and with
which he considered the Nawt. zic-zac to be identical. M. d’Orbigny and Sig.
Sismonda, not regarding the dorsal position of the siphuncle, but relying on the
angular lobes which characterise the septa, have referred the shell in question to
De Montfort’s Ayanides, a genus which, as has been before stated, was founded on a
Goniatite from the mountain limestone. Michellotti, on the other hand, has considered
54 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the present remains as forming part of Munster’s Clymenia, a genus distinguished
by its having the whorls exposed.
The Aturia zic-zac is a smooth, involute shell, more or less ventricose or depressed ;
the septa are outwardly deeply concave; and, owing to the regular curve in which
the dorsal lobes are reflected towards the axis of the shell, they present, when viewed
sideways, some resemblance to the letter S; the lateral lobes are more or less narrow,
and taper rather suddenly towards the inferior extremity, which extends nearly to the
preceding septum; but they are without the sinus which characterises the lateral lobes
of Naut. Parkinsoni. The English shells are generally either casts in, or filled with
pyrites, and it is difficult to ascertain the character of the siphuncle from them ; but
in the Dax shells, in which the calcareous siphon is frequently well displayed, it
presents a structure widely different from that of the Nautilus. The dorso-marginal
part of the septum, as I have before observed, is prolonged backwards in the form of
a wide trumpet-mouthed funnel, which extends not only into the mouth of the funnel
formed by the preceding septum, but along the preceding siphuncle almost to the
floor-of the third preceding chamber (see Tab. IX, fig. 2c). The calcareous siphuncle,
therefore, is, in fact, a continuous tube of considerable thickness, composed of portions
of two distinct tubes; and within this is contained a soft, friable, calcareous sheath,
which commences near the extremity of the funnel, where it touches the preceding
funnel, and extends to the end of the preceding funnel, to the imterior surface of
which it forms a sheath. Although, owing to the thickness of the walls and the
presence of the calcareous sheath, the actual tube within which the membranous
siphuncle was contained is not so capacious as might be expected from its external
appearance, it is yet considerably larger than that of any of the tertiary Nautili; and
indeed it is of such size and importance as fully to justify the name Sypho, which Grateloup
has given to the Dax shell. The siphuncle in the English specimens, so far as its
character can be ascertained, appears to correspond exactly with that of the Dax
shells. .
Great diversity of opinion has existed, and, in fact, still exists, as to the identity of
the Dax shell with the Nawt. xic-zac of Sowerby. The differences which have been
relied on for the separation of the two appear to me to result from the more compressed
form of the Dax shells; the specimen figured by Mr. Sowerby, although described as
“flattish,” being ventricose, and the outline of one of the septa drawn below the shell
conveying the idea of greater fulness than in fact characterises the fossil. M. Deshayes,
who compared the Dax shells with specimens as well from the Paris basin as from
Belgian and English localities, expressed an opinion that the differences were sufficient
to form, if not two species, at least two well-marked varieties. I have not myself had
an opportunity of examining any French or Belgian specimens; but, through the
kindness of Mr. Sowerby, Mr. Bowerbank, and Mr. Wetherell, who have afforded me
the use of their specimens, I have before me a series of shells from Sheppy and the
CEPHALOPODA. 55
neighbourhood of London, including the identical specimen figured by Mr. Sowerby.
Confining myself to external characters only, two distinct forms occur in this series,
the differences in which, although they may require a separation into varieties, are
not sufficient, in my opinion, for specific distinctions.
In the first variety, which is the true Naut. zic-zac, figured in ‘ Mineral Conchology,’
and which I have therefore taken for the typical form, the shell is ventricose, the
greatest width being little less than half the diameter; it is moderately round on the
ventral aspect, and the aperture is a somewhat elongated ellipsis. In the other variety (3)
the shell is more compressed, almost discoidal ; and consequently it is narrower on
the ventral aspect; the dorsal lobes are not so broad, and the aperture is of a more
elongated oval form.
The French, Belgian, and German shells correspond apparently with the first, the
typical form, and the Dax shells agree closely with the second variety. Michellotti
has used for the Piedmontese specimens the specific description given by M. Deshayes ;
but he adds, that “they present some trifling differences from the Paris specimens, as
do the latter from the London and Bordeaux shells.” As, however, the Piedmontese
shells are described as
typical form, although we should naturally expect to find the Dax type continued in
the Miocene formations of the Colle de Torino.
The Aturia zic-zac also occurs in the Miocene deposits in Malta, and the specimens
which I have seen from that locality present the depressed form of the Daxshells,
with which they agree in other respects.
Mr. Sowerby possesses a series of casts from the Eocene formation in Clarke
County, Alabama, of a species which approaches very near to the typical Afuria
zic-zac ; the chief distinction appears to be in the form of the lateral lobes, which in
the American shell extend quite to the margin of the preceding septa, and have their
extremities inflected towards the axis, and present the deep sinus which characterises
the lateral lobes of Nawt. Parkinsoni. The siphuncle is very large, and corresponds
with that of 4. 27c-zac. Conrad describes his Pelagus Vanuxemi as more compressed
than the latter shell, and he adds that “the angles of the septa appear to be in contact
near the periphery.” This appearance, which is attributable to the length of the
lateral lobes, and is represented in the figure given by Conrad by a continuous line
running parallel with the periphery of the shell, is also found in the Alabama specimens,
of which Conrad’s shell is possibly only a compressed variety.
The typical form, which is represented at Tab. IX, fig. lz, 14, drawn from the original
specimen figured in ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ for the use of which I am indebted to Mr.
Sowerby, is found at Highgate, Sheppy, and Bracklesham Bay. The variety B, which
corresponds with the Dax shells, was obtained from the railroad cutting at Chalk
Farm, and from the well sunk for the use of the Orphan School, at Haverstock Hill,
“ventricose,” they must for the present be referred to the
56 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
near Hampstead. The specimen figured (Tab. IX, fig. ly, 1/,) is from the former
locality ; it is the one drawn by Mr. Charlesworth in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History,’
vol. i, (new series,) p. 533, and forms part of Mr. Wetherell’s valuable collection of
fossils from Highgate and the neighbourhood.
The English shells are apparently young; they are much smaller than the Dax
specimens, the largest I have seen cannot have exceeded 1:6 in. in diameter.
PRINTED BY C. AND J. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
VEG Za (Ch: a l20 | ote Ko). PED.
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
MOLLUSCA FROM THE EOCENE FORMATIONS
OF ENGLAND.
ORDER—PULMONATA. CuviER.
PNEUMOBRANCHTATA, Lamarck.
PuLMoBRANCHIATA, De Blainville.
PULMONIFERA, Fleming.
Tue Molluscs forming this order breathe the free air by means of a chamber
termed the pulmonary sac or cavity, placed beneath the dorsal surface of the anterior
part of the mantle, and communicating with the atmosphere by a lateral opening,
which can be dilated or contracted at the pleasure of the animal. The roof and walls
of this chamber are lined with a network of pulmonary vessels, by which the blood is
exposed to the air, and the renewal of this vital fluid is effected by movements of the
floor of the chamber, analogous with those of the diaphragm.
The Pulmonated Molluscs are furnished with eyes, which are either placed at the
anterior extremities of two elongated cylindrical peduncles, or seated in the head of
the animal. Most of the genera in which the eyes are pedunculated, are also furnished
with shorter cylindrical tentacula, placed beneath the peduncles, but in some few
instances these appendages are wanting. In the genera in which the eyes are sessile,
the animal is furnished with two sub-cylindrical or compressed tentacles only. The
sessile eyes are variously placed; in some genera they are seated at the inner sides of
the bases of the tentacles ; in others at the outer sides ; and in others on the frontal
disc. The peduncles and tentacles are both contractile, and in by far the greater
number of genera they are also retractile, that is, capable of being withdrawn under
the skin. They are eminently sensitive organs of touch.
The head is well developed, and the mouth is provided with an apparatus
8
58 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
consisting of a horny dentated plate, placed transversely across the upper part,
and the sharp outer edge of which forms, as it were, the upper jaw. The cavity of the
mouth is furnished with a thin cartilaginous tongue, the anterior extremity of which
is of a flattened spoon-like form, and which plays against the edge of the horny plate,
answering the purpose of an under jaw. The remainder of the tongue is rolled up
into a tube closed at the end, and thickly covered with teeth, distributed in transverse
rows of various forms. The number of these teeth is almost incredible, amounting,
in one of the English slugs (Limar mazximus) to nearly 27,000, and ranging in
several of the snails from 10,000 to upwards of 20,000.* A dentition of a similar
character prevails among the Branchiated Gasteropods; and Professor Lovén has
proposed the employment, for the purposes of classification, of characters taken from
the form and arrangement of the teeth.
The free air-breathing Molluscs are, in some few instances, viviparous, but, for
the most part, they are oviparous. The eggs are either enveloped in a skin, or are
covered by a hard calcareous shell, which, among the larger Bulimi and Achatine, is
sometimes of considerable size. The larvee are in all cases shaped like the parent. The
generative organs present various modifications; in some genera the animals are
unisexual; but more generally they are hermaphrodite.
These Molluscs are, with few exceptions, provided with hard calcareous shells,
which are sometimes either internal or partly concealed beneath the mantle, but more
generally are external, and large enough to contain the whole, or nearly the whole,
of the animal. In some genera the foot of the animal is provided with a calcareous
or horny operculum ; in others the animal is without this appendage, and in the genus
Clausilia, the purpose of the operculum is answered by a peculiar apparatus termed the
clausium. The external shells present many modifications in the proportions and
conditions, as well of the spire and volutions, as of the aperture and columella. Certain
of these forms are accompanied by corresponding peculiarities of organisation, and the
genera which have been established for their reception may be considered types in this
order ; such are the genera Helix, Bulimus, Pupa, Succinea, Limnzea, Physa, Planorbis,
Cyclostoma, Helicina, Auricula, &c., and the Palzontologist will have little difficulty in
distinguishing them. Other genera, however, have been proposed from time to time
on characters taken from modifications of these typical forms; but a more intimate
acquaintance with the anatomy of the animals has latterly induced great caution in the
admission of these genera; since, in many cases, the Malacologist, after the most
careful investigation, has failed to detect any peculiarity of organisation corresponding
* Fora more detailed account of the oral apparatus, the reader is referred to Mr. W. Thompson’s highly
interesting ‘Remarks on the Dentition of British Pulmonifera,”’ in the ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,’
2d series, vol. vii, p. 86.
+ This is the case with some species of Helix, and with several species of Bulimus, for which Férussac,
on this ground, proposed the genus Partula.
PULMONATA. 59
with the modifications of the shell. In the extensive family of the Helicide, most
especially, has this occurred, and many of the genera ‘thus formed are consequently
either wholly rejected, or received provisionally until it is ascertained by further
examination whether or not there is anything except merely artificial characters to
support them.
The Gasteropods forming this order are all phytophagous. They are very widely
spread, being found in almost all parts of the earth, but they principally abound in
warm or tropical climates, where the largest species occur. They are, for the most
part, inhabitants of land, but many live in water, coming to the surface for respiration ;
of those which live in water, the greater number inhabit ponds, running streams, or
stagnant waters, but some few are marine animals, frequenting the shallow sea near
the shores, or salt-water marshes.
Two distinct forms of the opening by which the communication between the
pulmonary sac and the external air is kept up, are presented; and as each appears to
be accompanied by corresponding peculiarities of organisation, Mr. Gray has availed
himself of them for dividing the order into the two sub-orders, Adelopneumona and
Phaneropneumona.* In the first division the communication is through a lateral orifice
formed by the edge of the mantle, which, except at that part, is united along the left
side of the animal; in the second division the edge of the mantle is free or detached
along the nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open. ‘The animals comprised in the
first division are all hermaphrodite, and without an operculum ; while, on the contrary,
those which form the second division are unisexual and operculated. The genera
constituting this order had previously been divided, according to their habitats, into
terrestrial and aquatic (¢erricola and aquatica of Dr. Fleming); a mode of distribution
which brought together animals presenting important zoological differences. This
principle of subdivision may, however, be used with convenience in the Adelopneumona,
and Mr. Gray has, in fact, divided that sub-order into the three sections, Geophila,
Limnophila, and Thalassophila, the last two representing the aquatica of Fleming.t
Mr. Webster many years ago, (‘ Geol. Trans.,’ vol. ii,) noticed the occurrence in the
Purbeck beds of fossils resembling fresh-water shells, and in the Museum of Practical
Geology is a series of fossils from that formation, comprising Limneea and Planorbis.
Fossil remains, referred to the genus Avricula, have also been found, according to
M. Nyst, in the chalk formation in the department of the Aube in France. In the
* Etym., AdnAos, (hidden, concealed,) and gavepos, (open, exposed,) prefixed to rvevpwy, (the lungs.)
These sub-orders correspond with the divisions inoperculata and operculata, proposed by Férussac, and
adopted by Dr. Turton, M. Rang, and others, but as the names used by Mr. Gray express modifications of
the respiratory apparatus, which forms the character of the present order, I have adopted them, although
the words operculata and inoperculata are preferable from their simplicity.
+ Etym., yea (land), Acuxn (a pool or marsh), and @adacon (the sea), respectively prefixed to guXos
(loving).
60 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
fresh-water deposits of the Eocene epoch, remains of numerous species belonging to
various of the land and fresh-water genera, constituting this order, occur in abundance.
These species are, for the most part, without any living analogue, but some few occur
which appear to be identical with species still in existence.
I believe that, as yet, remains of land inhabiting genera have not been found below
the Eocene formations. It must not, however, be assumed from that circumstance that
these latter forms of animal life date their existence with the Eocene Epoch. The older
formations with which Geologists are at present acquainted, are, with the exception
of the Wealden group and the Coal-measures, of marine origin; and the preservation
in them of the remains of land-shells would be due only to accidental circumstances.
Individuals might occasionally be transported by rivers or currents of water into
estuaries, or be swept away by an irruption of the sea. To such a cause is to be
attributed the presence of a specimen of Bulimus ellipticus, found by Mr. Wetherell in
the London Clay at Primrose Hill; but the number deposited in the bed of the deep
sea by the agency of such casualties, must necessarily be small, and it need not excite
surprise that their remains have not occurred in the older formations.
Sus-Orper—ADELOPNEUMONA (Gray), INOPERCULATA (Férussac).
Sect. a. Terricoia, Fleming.
GropuHita, Férussac.
Family—HE.IciDz&.
Genus 6th. Henix. Linn., 1758; Brug., 1792; Lam., 1801.
Shell turbinated, orbicular, sub-globose, or depressed; spire more or less elevated,
with several convex whorls, generally smooth; the last often large and ventricose ;
aperture entire, transverse, oblique, lunate, or semi-ovate, impressed by the prominent
part of the body whorl, and sometimes furnished with one or more lamelliform teeth ;
peristome confluent with the columella, generally thickened internally, or having the
edge reflected, especially on the side covering the umbilicus ; without an operculum.
Notwithstanding that in Lamarck’s time but little was known of the comparative
anatomy of the animals belonging to this family, we must concur in the regret
expressed by M. Deshayes (2d edit., ‘Hist. Nat.,’ &c.) that that illustrious naturalist
did not attempt a systematic arrangement of the numerous species forming this genus.
A much more intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the animals has since
been acquired; and it appears that, although the shells present a great variety of
forms, differences of organisation of importance sufficient to justify the separation of
genera to receive them, do not exist, or, at all events, have not been observed in the
animals. This strong general resemblance extends, in fact, to the whole of the
PULMONATA. 61
Helicidee, and induced M. de Férussac to arrange the different genera as sub-genera
merely of the typical genus Helix.
The present genus, as defined by Lamarck, embraces considerably more than a
thousand living species; and may well be considered to be “deserving of subdivision,
were it only to assist the student in the difficult task of investigation.” Very many
genera and sub-genera (amounting, including the synonyms, to nearly two hundred,)
have, in fact, been proposed from time to time by different authors; but being
nearly all founded, more or less, on conchological differences, they are, with few
exceptions, rejected by the advocates of a strictly natural arrangement. M. Deshayes,
one of the most able advocates for a system of atfrangement dependent on anatomical
structure, admits the convenience of having recourse to artificial divisions in this genus
in which it is impossible to form natural groups; and suggests that the Helices may
be classed, by the form of the shell, in four sections, consisting of the planorbular
species, (Zonites, Montfort; Helicella, Lamarck,) the globose species, (4cavus, Montfort, )
the carinated species, (Jéerus, Montfort ; Carocolla, Lamarck,) and the trochiform or
turbiniform species (Pefasia, Beck; Geotrochus, Swain.): and that these sections may
be again subdivided into groups, according as the species are or are not umbilicated,
have the aperture simple or reflected, or are or are not furnished with teeth.
The fossil Helices are more numerous than might be expected with respect to land-
shells. Many extinct species, from the Freshwater deposits of the Paris basin,
have been described by MM. Brogniart, (‘Ann. du Mus.’ vol. xv, p. 378,) Deshayes,
(‘Descr. des Coq. Foss.,’ &c., vol. ii,) Matheron, (Ann. des Sci. et de ’Indust. du
Midi,’ vol. ii,) Michaud, (‘ Guerin’s Mag. de Zool.,’ 1837,) De Roissy, (‘ Guerin’s Mag.
de Zool., 1839,’) and Melleville, (( Mém. sur les Sables Tert. Inferieurs du Bassin de
Paris,’ p. 45;) and from the contemporaneous Freshwater formations in Germany by
MM. Zeiten, (‘ Petr. Wut., tab. xxix and xxxi,) Steininger, (‘ Bull. Soc. Géol. de
France,’ vol. vi,) Deshayes, (‘ Ency. Méthod. Vers.,) and Pusch, (‘ Polens. Pal.,’ p. 94.)
One species only, 1. globosa, has as yet been described from the synchronous deposits
in England; to this I am enabled to add eight species, one of which is identical with
an existing species, HZ. Jabyrinthica, Say., found in North America.
Many species also occur, mixed with marine remains in the Miocene formations of
Touraine, Dax, and Bordeaux, and in the Pleiocene formations of Piedmont, the Crag
of England, and its equivalent in Belgium; of these but few are extinct, by far the
greater number being referred to existing species.
Among the French species described by M. Deshayes is one (//. dubia), which, on
the authority of Mr. Underwood, is mentioned as occurring in the Isle of Wight. I
have not met with any specimen from that place; and M. Deshayes, as I learn from
that gentleman himself, entertaining doubts as to the English locality, I have not
considered 7. dudia as an English species.
62 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 14. Het1x Vectiensis. F. #. Hdwards. Tab. X, fig. 8 a—e.
H. testa orbiculato-depressd, umbilicatd ; superficie punctulis minutissimis confertis
aspersd; spird parum elevatd; anfractibus quinque sub-rotundatis, suturis depressis ;
apertura semi-ovalt, peristomate reflexo : umbilico profundo, semi-obtecto.
A somewhat convex shell, having the surface thickly covered with minute punctules.
The slightly elevated spire is composed of about five bluntly convex whorls, depressed
at the sutures. The aperture is semi-ovate, having the margins strongly reflected ;
that of the inner lip partly covering the umbilicus, which is deep and moderately wide.
The shells, when in the young state, are, like many others in this genus, slightly
carinated. In the general contour, this species much resembles the recent H. rufescens,
but it is distinguished as well by the punctulated surface, as by the less rounded
whorls, the more strongly reflected peristome, and the larger umbilicus.
Casts in the Limnzean limestone at Sconce are not uncommon; but specimens
with the shell preserved are rare. The casts may be separated from those of
H. D Urbani, with which, at first sight, they are liable to be confounded, by the
narrower umbilicus, and frequently by the impression of the reflected lip of this
species. Where the shell is preserved, the punctulated surface presents a character
by which it may be at once distinguished.
Diameter, 4-10ths of an inch; elevation, 2-10ths in.
Localities—Sconce near Little Yarmouth, and Headon-Hill, Isle of Wight.
No. 15. Her1x D’UrsBani. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. X, fig. 5 a—d.
H, testa orbiculato-depressd, levi, umbilicatd: spird subprominuld; anfractibus quingue
aut sex sub-rotundatis ; suturis perspicuis: aperturd semi-ovali, peristomate simplict ;
umbilico magno.
A smooth, depressed, umbilicated shell, with a slightly elevated spire; the five or
six volutions of which it is composed are bluntly convex, and the upper edges are so
much depressed as almost to present a channel at the suture; the aperture is semi-
ovate, with a perfectly simple unreflected lip; the umbilicus is wide, disclosing the
volutions within.
This species somewhat resembles H. Zemani of Brogniart, but the spire is less
elevated, and the umbilicus is more open.
The smooth and polished surface, which barely shows the lines of growth, and the
sharp lip prevent its being confounded with /. Vectiensis. When young, the whorls
are slightly carinated. A variety occurs in which the spire is much depressed, and
the whorls consequently assume a less bluntly convex form.
PULMONATA. 63
The species is not uncommon; but most generally casts only are found. In that
condition the wide umbilicus is the only character by which it can be separated from
HT. Vectiensis.
Diameter, 4-10ths of an inch nearly; elevation rather more than 2-10ths in.
Localities —Sconce and Headon-Hill.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to my friend John D’ Urban, Esq.,
whose Paleontological pursuits have enabled him to add several interesting species to
our Eocene Fauna.
No. 16. Hetix Gtosposa. Sowerby. Tab. X, fig. 2 a—d.
H. ctoposus. Sow. 1818. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 157, t. 170.
— Morris. 1843. Cat. of Brit. Fos., p. 147.
H. testd globoso-conoided, apice obtuso: anfractibus sex aut septem, transversim sub-
striatis, ultimo anfractu ad basin convexo; striis numerosis, trregularibus, tenuissimis ;
suturis perspicuis ; apertura depressd, semi-lunari, marginibus reflexis ; columella sub-recta;
umbilico obtecto.
This well known shell is globosely conical, with an obtuse apex; the spire is
formed of six or seven whorls, which exhibit obscure, transverse, irregular striee, or
lines of growth, so faint that, as Mr. Sowerby remarks, they are only to be seen in the
best preserved specimens. The base of the shell is very tumid, rising from the peri-
phery of the whorl with a bluntly convex swell until it nearly reaches the umbilicus,
into which it sinks abruptly, imparting an almost vertical slope to the columella. The
aperture in the adult shell is semilunate and depressed, with the margins reflected, that
of the inner lip entirely concealing the umbilicus. The young shell, like that of all the
globosely conical shells of this genus, presents a form very different from that of the
mature one. When in the young state, the whorls are subcarinated, increase rapidly
in size, and consequently are very convex, giving a sub-quadrate form to the aperture ;
and the shell presents a small umbilicus: but, as the shell approaches maturity, they
lose their sub-carinated form, increase in size more and more slowly, and become less
and less convex in their contour, so that, in the mature state, the aperture assumes a
semilunate form, and at this period of growth the umbilicus is concealed by the
reflected margin.
Specimens with the shell preserved are extremely rare, but casts in all stages
of growth are comparatively common at Sconce Point. In the young state the
casts resemble those of Helix occlusa; but the flattened base, the shorter and more
oblique columella, and the semi-ovate aperture, serve to distinguish the latter
species.
I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby for the use of the original specimen described
64 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ from which the larger figures are taken; fig. 2@ is from
a specimen in the cabinet of Mr. D’Urban.
Diameter, 2 iuches; elevation, 2°3 in.
Localities —Shalcome (near Ryde) and Sconce, Isle of Wight.
No. 17. Hrtrx occitusa. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. X, fig. 10 a—e,
H. testa sub-globosd, fulvo uni-fasciatd ; spird prominuld, quinquies vel seaies circum-
volutd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, ad suturam depressis, obscure ad basin striatis, sub-
planulatis ; apertura semi-ovatd, marginibus parum reflexis: margine columellari umbi-
licum occludentt.
A sub-globose shell, with a somewhat elevated spire, composed of five or six
rapidly enlarging convex whorls, depressed round the suture, and flattened on the
base. The surface presents numerous, very faint, oblique, irregular striz, produced
by the lines of growth. The aperture is of a regular semi-ovate form, having the
margins slightly reflected; the inner lip spreads over, and entirely closes the umbilicus.
The shell is ornamented by a narrow, brownish-yellow band running round the whorls,
just above the line of the suture, the colouring matter of which is retained, more or
less, in all the specimens I have seen, in which the shell is preserved.
This is a well-marked species, easily distinguishable when the shell is preserved.
The casts, which are more commonly found, resemble those of the young shell of
H. glohosa, but can be separated from them without difficulty by the flattened base and
oblique columella which present a strong contrast with the tumid base, and nearly
vertical columella of that species. The smaller number of the whorls and the narrower
umbilicus separate it as distinctly from H. Vectiensis and H, D’ Urban.
Diameter, 1-2 in.; elevation, # in., nearly.
Localities—Sconce and Headon Hill, where it occurs more rarely than any of the
preceding species.
No. 18. HELIX TROPIFERA. fF. 2. Edwards. Tab. X, fig. 3a—e.
/1. testa orbiculari, supra plano-convead, subtis convexo-turgidd, umbilicata : spird plus,
minusve elevata ; anfractibus quinque aut sex, ad peripheriam subcompressis, et carinatis ;
apertura transversd, subtrigond ; marginibus reflexis umbilico magno.
I have seen two specimens only, both casts, of this Helix; from the character of
the whorls and the aperture it would belong to Lamarck’s genus Carocolla,—the
Chilotrema of Dr. Leach. It is an orbicular shell, with a slightly elevated spire,
apparently variable in height; the upper sides of the five or six whorls, of which it is
formed, are nearly flat, and somewhat compressed near the periphery, which presents a
PULMONATA. 65
sharp keel; the under side is tumidly convex, rising with a regular swell until it
approaches the umbilicus, into which it sinks rather suddenly, presenting a blunt
angle which defines the umbilicus. In the smaller of the two specimens, the spire
is more elevated, and the underside of the body-whorl more convex than in the
other. The umbilicus is deep and moderately wide; the aperture transverse, and
wider than long. The specimen figured exhibits the impression of a slightly reflected
peristome. .
The present species is much less than the recent H. /apicida, the umbilicus is
smaller in proportion, the keel round the whorls more prominent, and, judging from
the cast figured, which appears to be that of a fully-grown shell, the aperture at
maturity does not present the downward inflection which characterises 1. lapicida.
The condition of the keel is apparently a character of little value, inasmuch as it
varies considerably in specimens of //. /apicida, some of which, particularly in the
young state, have it as acute and prominent as that of the present shell.
The smaller size of the umbilicus, and the absence of the downward inflection of
the aperture, are the most important differences; but these characters, even if constant,
would scarcely justify my considering the shell as more than a variety. With only
two specimens, however, and those casts, I do not venture to pronounce as to their
identity with the recent species. If, on more perfect specimens being obtained, it
should appear that the shell presents the granulated surface which characterises
HT. lapicida, 1 should feel little hesitation in referring it to that species.
The specimen figured belongs to Mr. D’Urban’s collection.
Size.—Diameter, } an inch; elevation rather more than 2-10ths in.
Locality.—Headon Hill, where, however, it is extremely rare.
No. 19. HeELix ompHAtus. F. LH. Edwards. Tab. X, fig. 5 a—e.
HELIX sTRIATELLA. S. Wood. Lond. Geol. Journ., vol. i, p. 118.
H. testa planorbulari, depressd, undato-costulato-lineatd, umbilicatd: anfractibus
quaternis, convexiusculis ; suturis conspicuis, depressis: aperturd rotundato-semi-lunari ;
marginibus simplicibus ; umbilico magno.
This shell, which belongs to the section represented by Zonites, Montfort,*
* The genus Zonites, as defined by Mr. Gray, embraces those Helices which have a depressed spire and
a lunate mouth, with thin simple lips. It is divided into two sections—Verticillate (Fér.), in which the
shell is brown, or varied, and striated; and Hyaline (Fer.), in which the shell is hyaline, greenish or pale
brown, and polished. It appears, from the observations of Mr. W. Thompson, to which I have before
referred, that, judging from the characters afforded by the dentition, the animal of Z. radiatus (one of the
Verticillate) is a true Helix; but that in four species of the Hyaling examined by him, the animals would
form a connecting link between Vitrina and the true Helices. Professor E. Forbes and Mr. Hanley, in
their ‘History of British Mollusca,’ restrict the genus to the Hyaline species.
A)
66 KOCENE MOLLUSCA.
(Helicella, Lamarck,) is somewhat discoidal, with a slightly elevated spire formed of
about four whorls, generally rounded or bluntly convex, but which, in two casts of
fully grown individuals in my cabinet, present a sub-carinated periphery. The
surface is covered with numerous regular raised lines, separated by shallow rounded
sulci; the limes are oblique, undulating, and rounded. ‘The margins of the
depressed semilunar aperture are simple and unreflected. The umbilicus is moderately
wide.
Mr. S. Wood, in his ‘ List of Shells from Hordwell Freshwater Bed,’ has referred
this shell to the North American species, 1. striatella, Anthony; but, although I feel
great hesitation in dissenting from his opinion, the differences between the two render
it difficult to maintain their identity, at all events, before we are better acquainted with
the influence of external conditions in modifying the forms of the animal and its shell.
I should add that I have only one specimen with the shell preserved, (the one referred
to by Mr. Wood, and which he has been kind enough to add to my collection,) and
that this specimen is in an imperfect state. On comparing this shell with the recent
H. striatella, it will be seen that in the latter species the spire is more elevated, the
lineation sharper, the sulci not so deep, the whorls wider, rounder, and less embracing ;
the suture not so depressed, and the aperture larger. Similar differences exist between
this and /. ruderata, a species from Cincinnati described by Binney. In ZH. perspectiva,
Say, which it somewhat resembles, the spire is more depressed, the lineation, like that
of H. striatel/a, is fainter and sharper, the volutions more numerous, the peritreme
more distinctly carinated, and the umbilicus wider.*
A shell occurs in the Pleistocene freshwater deposit at Clacton, which is referred
to H. ruderata: the striation resembles that of the present shell; but in other respects
it very closely resembles the American shell. M. Deshayes has described a fossil
shell from the upper freshwater formation of the Soissonnais (//. Ferrantii), to which
this species presents a general resemblance; but it is separated from that shell by the
more elevated spire, and the more numerous whorls ; and in H. Ferrantii the raised
lines appear to be fewer and less regular, and the umbilicus to be narrower.
Sixe.—Diameter + of an inch, nearly ; elevation 1-10th inch.
Localities —Hordwell Cliff ; Sconce.
* The H. striatella of Anthony is from Massachusetts, and, until recently, was considered to be merely
a variety of Say’s H. perspectiva, which is from Ohio and Lake Erie. Gould, in his ‘Report on the
invertebrate Animals of Massachusetts,’ has pointed out the distinctions. The H. ruderata of Binney is
from Cincinnati, and has also been considered as a variety of H. perspectiva ; it appears to belong rather to
Hi. striatella.
PULMONATA. 67
No. 20. HeLIx LAByRINTAICA. Say. Tab. X, fig. 7a—e.
Hewrx Lapyrintuica. Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 124.
— — Nicholson's Encycl. (Amer. Edit.), 4.
= — Férussac. Hist. Natur. des Moll., tab. lis, fig. 1; Prodromus,
No. iil.
oe = Binney. Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, tab. xxiv, fig. 1.
— — Gould’s Report of the Inverteb. of Massachus., p. 184.
— wasyrinturcus. S. Wood. Lond. Geol. Journ., vol. i, p. 118.
H.. testa minima, globoso-conicd, transversim lineatd, umbilicatd ; lineis obliquis, undosis,
numerosis ; spird plus minusve elevatd, sexies circumvolutd ; anfractibus convewis ad basin
sub-planulatis : apertura depresso-semilunari, peristomate reflexo : margine columellart uno
dente lamelliformi instructo : umbilico magno, profundo.
This pretty and very rare Helix is a small, roundedly-conical shell, with a more
or less elevated spire, composed of about six gradually increasing whorls, separated
by a clearly defined suture, and ornamented with numerous, elevated, obliquely trans-
verse, equidistant, raised lines, more or less prominent in different individuals. These
lines are somewhat acute, slightly undulated, and, running into the umbilicus, cover
the whole surface of the whorls. The base of the shell is but slightly convex; the
aperture of a depressed semilunar shape, with the peristome reflected. The columella
lip presents a large lamelliform tooth, prolonged within the aperture, and running
parallel with the suture. The umbilicus is deep and wide, being about one third of
the diameter. In one specimen in my cabinet, the spire is very much depressed,
almost planorbular, and the apex more obtuse.
This species derives additional interest from the fact that, having survived through
the inconceivably long spaces of time required for the deposit of the Miocene and the
more recent formations, and having become extinct in the hemisphere in which it first
appeared, it is now found among the living forms of North America. The recent //e/ix
labyrinthica, first described by Say, is spread over a wide range of country, extending
from Ohio to Florida, and from Missouri to Texas. Specimens from Texas, Ohio, and
Florida are preserved in the British Museum; and, after a careful comparison with
them of the fossil shells, it appears to me that differences of sufficient importance for
specific distinction cannot be detected between them; I therefore fully concur with
Mr. 8. Wood in the opinion expressed by him of their specific identity, and I do not
hesitate to refer the fossil shell to Say’s species.
In order to facilitate an examination into this identity, it will be useful to give
Say’s description in his own words. It is as follows: ‘Shell conic, dark reddish-
brown; body lighter; whorls five or six, with conspicuous, elevated, equidistant,
obtuse lines across, forming grooves between them; apex obtuse; lip reflected,
68 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
rounded ; pillar-lip with a large, lamelliform, elongated tooth, which appears to revolve
within the shell parallel to the suture; a smaller raised line revolves nearer to the
columella within the shell, but becomes obsolete before it arrives at the pillar-lip.
Umbilicus large. Breadth 1-10th of an inch.”
Taking the Texas shells, the form described by Say as the typical form of the
American species, the fossil shell presents, on comparison, the following variations :
lst. The shell is somewhat smaller; the spire, except in the specimen I have
noticed, is more elevated, the apex not so obtuse, and the whorls are less convex.
2d. The base of the shell is flatter, and the aperture not so rounded.
3d. The position of the larger raised line is more median, and the smaller raised
line is wanting; and,—
4th. The peristome is simply reflected, and not “ rounded” or thickened.
Now it will be seen that the differences firstly mentioned are such as frequently
occur in a series of individuals of the same species. The variable height of the spire,
evidenced in the fossil shells by the depressed form of the specimen before mentioned,
is a character also found in the recent species; since Gould, in his work above cited,
states expressly that “the shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, being
sometimes much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex;” an observation, the
accuracy of which the Florida specimens in the British Museum fully confirm ; and
this difference in the elevation of the spire will depend on, and in fact will denote, the
less or greater convexity of the whorls.
With respect to the flatter base, and the consequently less rounded aperture, the
same specimens from Florida exhibit a similar departure from the type; im one instance,
indeed, the base is so much flattened as to impart a sub-carinated form to the basal
periphery of the whorl.
The position of the larger tooth is equally variable in the Texas specimens; and,
as regards the absence of the second or smaller raised line, Gould says that, “usually
but one of them (7. e. of the raised lines) exists;” a statement, in fact, borne out by
some of the specimens from Ohio in the British Museum, in which the second line
is not perceptible.
It is evident, then, that these variations, occurring as they do in the recent shells,
cannot afford sufficient grounds for a specific distinction of the fossil shell; and the
only difference which apparently does not elude us on comparison, is the thickened or,
as Say describes it, the rounded outer lip of the recent shells. To rest specific
distinction on this character, one which, in general, is only an attribute of maturity, and
which, even if constant, could, at the utmost, merely serve to designate a variety,
would be an excess of refinement. But it cannot be affirmed that this variation is
constant, and a larger series of the fossil shells may show that even the thickened
outer lip is not wanting. Of the influence of varied conditions in modifying the form
of shells, very little is known or even conjectured ; but we may reasonably believe that
PULMONATA. 69
a change in the ordinary conditions of temperature, and of the nature and supply of
food, will be attended with appreciable differences in the development, although not in
the organisation, of the animal; and that these differences will be represented in, and
will modify the form of the shell. And to such a cause, perhaps, may be attributable
the distinction, trivial as it is, which, as we have seen, exists between the shell of
the living H. labyrinthica and those of its Eocene representatives.
The identity in question exhibits an instance of a terrestrial species surviving
important geological changes, and prolonging its existence through geological epochs
of very great extent, but to the probable duration of which no approximation even can
be made and yet preserving its normal form almost without modification ; an instance
unparalleled, if, as will probably prove to be the case, the various forms of Terebratula
referred to the recent 7. caput-serpentis belong to different species.
Brogniart, ((Ann. du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle,’ tom. xv, p. 380,) has de-
scribed a small trochiform Helix from the neighbourhood of Mans (//. Menard),
which, in the general character of its lineation, resembles this species. It is, however,
larger ; and the whorls, although described as being “nearly equal,” appear, from the
figure given, to enlarge more rapidly. The aperture is neither described nor repre-
sented, and it is impossible, therefore, to form any opinion as to the identity of the
shell with the present species.
Size.—Diameter, 1-10th in.; elevation 1-10th in.
Localities.—Hordwell Cliff ; Headon Hill.
No. 21. Heurx sus-LaByrintnica. F. 2. Rdwards. Tab. XI, fig. 4 a—e.
Hf. testd minimd, globoso-conicd, umbilicatd; spird elevatd, apice obtuso: anfractibus
sex, rotundato-convexis, gradatim majoribus, transversim lineatis : aperturd, obliqua, semi-
lunari, simplict (2); umbilico parvo.
I possess only one specimen, and that merely a cast, of this small and very rare
Helix. Although more pupiform than /Z. /abyrinthica, it approaches so nearly to that
shell that I feel great hesitation in referring it to a distinct species; on examination,
however, differences appear which scarcely justify my describing the shell as merely a
variety.
It is a small, globosely conical shell, with an obtuse apex, and formed of six
roundedly convex whorls, increasing in size very slowly. The impression of the
whorls in the matrix presents a faint lineation, too regular to be due to lines of
growth merely. The aperture is oblique and semilunar, but is too imperfect to enable
me to say whether the peristome was or was not thickened or reflected. On the
outer lip of the penultimate whorl are two linear impressions similar to those produced
by lamelliform teeth, to the presence of which they may, perhaps, be attributed; but
70 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
they are not continued towards, and do not appear at, the aperture. The columellar
lip does not present any evidence of teeth. The umbilicus is rather small.
On comparing this shell with 7. /abyrinthica, the distinctions appear to be that, in
the present species, the apex is more obtuse, approaching, in that character, more nearly
to the recent specimens of that species; the whorls enlarge more slowly, are more
roundedly convex, and but slightly, if at all, flattened on the base; the aperture,
partaking of the character of the whorls, is rounder, and the teeth, if present, are on
the outer lip, and not on the columellar lip, as in H. dabyrinthica ; the umbilicus is
smaller, and, if the shell were preserved, would, I think, be nearly closed.
Having only seen the single specimen in my collection, I propose the species with
hesitation, although the characters seem to me sufficient for specific distinction.
Size.—Hlevation 1-10th in. nearly; diameter 1-10th in., nearly.
Locality—Headon Hill.
No. 22. Hetrx Heaponensis. Ff. /. Hdwards. Tab. XI, fig. 5 a—d.
H. testd minutd, orbiculari, sub-depressd, umbilicatd ; spird prominuld ; anfractibus sex,
rotundatis, suturis perspicuis : apertura rotundato-semi-lunari, obliqud ; peristomate tncras-
sato, refleco ; margine externo tribus lamellis, penitissime decurrentibus, instructo : umbilico
lato, profundo.
A very small depressedly orbicular shell, with a somewhat elevated spire, com-
posed of six or seven rounded whorls, separated by a deep suture; the rounded
aperture is oblique, and impinged upon by the body whorl, which gives to it a semi-
lunar shape; the peristome is slightly thickened internally, and reflected ; and the outer
lip is furnished with three lamelliform teeth, extending far back into the whorls; the
umbilicus is wide and deep.
The H. Headonensis is apparently extremely rare; my specimen, which I believe to
be unique, is merely a cast, and the outward condition of the shell is not shown. The
species presents some analogy with the depressed variety of 1. /abyrinthica; but the
greater number of the whorls, and the different dentition of the aperture, distinguish it
from that shell. In general appearance it resembles the recent H. pulchella ; but the
spire is more elevated, the whorls more numerous, and, in the latter species, the
aperture is without the plaits which characterise the present shell. The species
appears to be well marked and perfectly distinct.
Size.-—KHlevation rather more than 1-20th in.; diameter 1-10th in.
Locality—Headon Hill.
PULMONATA. 71
Genus 7th. Butimus.* Scopoli, 1786.
Buummus, Brug., 1792; Lam., 1801.
Cocuiba, Adanson, 1757.
- CocuLostyLa, Férussac.
Gen. Char.—Shell oval, oblong, or turriculated, smooth, or longitudinally striated ;
spire obtuse, variable in length and in the number of the whorls, which are generally
few, and for the most part sinistral; aperture entire, oval, rounded anteriorly; outer
lip simple, generally reflected and confluent with the columella; inner lip reflected
over the body whorl; columella smooth.
This genus, originally proposed by Scopoli, was adopted by Bruguiére, and extended
so as to comprise animals essentially different in their organisation; many genera
have, in consequence, been since separated from it by Draparnaud, Lamarck, and
others. The animal closely resembles that of Helix ; but M. Deshayes states that it
presents a modification of the organs of generation sufficient for generic distinction.
The shells may be known from the /Helices by their more elongated spiral form ; from
the Limuee by the smooth columella, and from Pupa by the more regularly tapering
spire.
The genus contains very many living species distributed over the equatorial,
tropical, and warm temperate regions, as well of the new, as of the old, world.
According to Mr. Lovell Reevet the localities of nearly 600 species have been
ascertained; and of these, three fifths inhabit the western hemisphere, principally
central America ; and a large proportion, rather more than one third, of the remaining
species is found in the Phillippine Islands.
Several fossil species, from the Freshwater deposits of the Paris Basin, have been
described by MM. Brard, Brogniart, Lamarck, Defrance, Matheron, and Deshayes ;
and two distinct species (B. edlipticus, Sow., and B. politus, nov. spec.,) occur in the
* The etymology of this word is not ascertained. Adanson in 1757, in his ‘Histoire Naturelle du
Sénégal,’ applied the name Bulinus to a species of the shells which afterwards formed part of Drapernaud’s
genus Physa, but which have since been separated by Dr. Leach, under the generic name Aplevus ; and the
writer of the article “ Limneans,” in the ‘Penny Cyclopedia,’ suggests, and apparently with much proba-
bility, that the word Bulimus was used by mistake by Scopoli and Bruguiére for Bulizus. Studer seems
to consider Bulimus to have been intentionally substituted for Bulinus, and says that the alteration is
altogether inadmissible; and Hartmannn and Mr. Broderip concur in rejecting the name. Herrmansen
fancifully derives the word from fovArpos, ingens fames, in allusion, I presume, to the voracity of the
animal. The name Bulimus, however, whatever may be its origin or meaning, appears to be generally
adopted, and I have therefore retained it.
+ Mr. Lovell Reeve, “On the Geographical Distribution of the Bulimi,” &c., “Ann. and Mag. of Nat.
Hist.,’ 2d ser., vol. vii, p. 241.
72 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
contemporaneous deposits in England. The shell described by Mr. Sowerby
(‘Min. Con.,’ vol. iv, p. 89 bis, t. 366), as B. costellatus, is an Achatina. Two of
the French Eocene species have been found, mixed with marine remains, in the
Faluns of Touraine; but, as yet, no species has been found below the Eocene
formations.
No. 23. Butimus ELLIPticus. Sowerby. Tab. XI, fig. 2 a—/.
Buiimus eviipricus. Sowerby. 1822. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 46, t, 337.
— eNvIstRiaTus. G. Sowerby, jun., 1846. Lond. Geol. Journal, vol. i, p. 20.
B. testa sinistrorsd, ovali, elongata ; apice obtuso: anfractibus plano-convexis, superné
sub-canaliculatis; transversim lineatis; lineis obliquis, irregularibus, plus minus-ve numerosis ;
apertura sub-auriformi, peristomate simplici, margine columellari reflexo.
A sinistral, cylindrically-conical shell, with an apex more or less obtuse in different
individuals ; the whorls are slightly convex, depressed at the upper margin so as to
form an obscure channel running parallel with the suture, and covered with numerous
transverse raised lines, which are rounded, oblique, and vary considerably in number,
frequently in the same specimen. ‘The aperture is oblong and ovate; the sharp outer
margin is slightly reflected where it joms the columella, and is frequently thickened as
it spreads over the body-whorl.
Fig. 2f is taken from a specimen belonging to Mr. Wetherell, found in the exca-
vations in the London Clay at Primrose Hill for the London and Birmingham Railway.
The lineation of this fragment is fainter and more crowded, and the whorls appear to
be more angular at the base than in BZ. el/ipticus; these distinctions mduced Mr.
G. Sowerby to refer the shell to a distinct species. The faintness of the transverse
lines is, however, due to the worn state of the shell, which has apparently lost the
outer layer; and their number is a character too uncertain to be relied upon. The
specimen represented by fig. 2a, from Mr. D’Urban’s collection, shows on one side
of the penultimate whorl, lines nearly as crowded as those on the Highgate specimen,
while those on the opposite side of the same whorl are moderately distant; and
I have in my own collection a specimen, beautifully preserved, in which the same
discrepancy occurs. The angularity of the whorls is a character frequently found
in shells in an early stage of their growth, and I have several young shells of this
species, in which the whorls present a clearly defined angle running round the basal
periphery. On these grounds I have referred the specimen in question to the present
species.
A form occurs at Binsted, near Ryde, in which the whorls are flatter than in
ordinary specimens, and sub-turrited; in other respects it agrees with this shell, of
which, therefore, I consider it to be only a variety.
PULMONATA. 73
Size-—The specimens ordinarily found rarely exceed 25 inches in length by
9-10ths of an inch in diameter; one specimen, however, in my collection is above
3 inches long, and rather more than 1 inch and 2-10ths in diameter; and the
shell from which fig. 2¢ is taken, forming part of the valuable collection of the late
Mr. Dixon now in the British Museum, must have exceeded even those dimensions.
Localities. —Shalcombe, Binstead, Sconce, in the Isle of Wight.
No. 24. BULIMUS POLITUS. : . Tab. XI, fig. 1 a—d.
B. testa conicd, levissima, polita ; apice decidue ; anfractibus sub-conveais ; apertura
ob-ovali, anticé effusd, postice sub-angulatd, peristomate incrassato, reflexo.
The occurrence of this shell in the fuvio-marine deposit in Headon Hill in such
abundance as almost to be inconsistent with the supposition that it is a land shell,
suggests that it might be placed with those Paludinz, in which the margins of the
aperture are thickened or reflected, and of which an instance (Paludina Chastellii,
Nyst,) occurs in a similar formation in Hampstead Cliff. The aperture, however,
and the smoothness of the surface, place it, perhaps, more correctly in the present
genus, although the latter character is frequently shown in well-preserved specimens
of Paludina found in a somewhat similar matrix.
The shell is conical, with a smooth polished surface, on which faint lines of growth
are barely perceptible; the apex is subject to decollation, leaving about four convex
whorls ; the last of which, somewhat like that of Nematura, is slightly contracted near
the aperture, which is rounded and very effuse in front, and angulated behind; the
peristome is thickened and reflected. The length of the aperture is about 2-5ths of
that of the whole shell.
The specific name is one by which the shell is generally known. I do not know
by whom it was imposed, but it well describes the smooth and polished appearance of
the shell, and I have therefore retained it.
Size.—Elevation 2-10ths of an inch; Diameter 1-10th in.
Locality—Headon Hill.
Genus 8th. AcHATINA.* Lamarck.
Cocuuttoma, Férussac.
Gen. Char.—Shell oval or oblong, subturreted, with an elevated spire; generally
smooth, but sometimes longitudinally striated: aperture oval or pyriform, generally
greater in length than in width; outer lip thin, never thickened or reflected ; columella
* Etym., Diminutive of Aya@os, beautiful; or of Ayarns, an agate.
10
74 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
smooth, inflected and truncated at its base, forming a slight notch where it joins the
outer lip.
The third division made by Bruguiere in his genus Bulimus, consisting of those
species in which the columella is truncated at the base, was formed by Lamarck
into the present genus. From this Montfort withdrew his genera Liguus, (Chersina,
Humph.,) consisting of the conical forms in which the aperture is short and nearly
round; and Polyphemus, comprising the oblong sub-turreted species, with an un-
dulating outer lip, to which Bolten had already given the name Oleacina, and which
forms the genus Glandina of Schumacher and Say, and the sub-genus Cochlicopa of
Feérussac.
As some of the Bulimi present a sharp outer lip, the truncation of the columella
appears to be the only character by which the Achatinz can be separated from that
genus, and the value of this character must depend on its being the result of some
peculiarity of generic importance in the organisation of the animal. M. De Blainville
states that he has observed in the animal of Achatina zebra an interruption in the collar
where the two sides unite, as if caused by the exsertion (saillie) of the columellar
muscle, and to this he attributes the truncation of the columella; but, according to
Ferussac, this truncation is not the result of any peculiar organisation, as is the case
in other molluscous animals, the columella of whose shells present this character; and
that author therefore unites the Achatine to his genus Helix, of which they form the
sub-genus Cochlitoma; and M. Deshayes, on account of the similarity of organisation
presented by the animals of Bulimus and Achatina, proposes to re-unite Achatina
with Bulimus. The genus, however, is very generally adopted as well by English as
by foreign Malacologists, and I have therefore retained it.
The subdivisions proposed by Bolten and Montfort depend on the proportions
and other characters in the shell, of trifling importance, which are generally considered
as insufficient for generic distinction, however useful they may be for the division of
a genus into sections. The recent species 4. glans, and the cognate species which
form the genus G/andina, are confined to the West Indian Islands, and the adjacent
parts of the American Continent; and the peculiar form of the outer lip may be
used with convenience, as one of the indications of the limits of geographical dis-
tribution of species.
The Achatinz are generally large shells; some, in fact, attain a greater size than
any other land shells at present known, and many are covered with an epidermis.
Although generally dextral, they are in some species constantly sinistral. They are
found chiefly in tropical climates, and, according to Blainville,in marshy lands. Some
few are European, but only one or two small species occur in England. One fossil
species (4. pellucida) has been described by M. Deshayes from Parnes; and Bouillett,
in his catalogue of the fossil shells of Auvergne, has given another species, which he
refers to the recent 4. acicula (Lamarck).
—
t
PULMONATA.
No. 25. ACHATINA COSTELLATA. Sowerby. Tab. XII, fig. 1 a—/.
BuLIMUs cosTELLATUS. Sow. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 89 bis, t. 336.
Limnea Maxima. Sow. Ib., vol. vi, p. 53, t. 528, fig. 1.
Butts costevLatus. Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 140.
Limn2us Maximus. Morris. Ib., p. 148.
A. testa ovato-oblongd, apice sub-acuto ; anfractibus sex convexiusculis, longitudinaliter
costellatis, ad suturam adpressis et irregulariter sub-crenulatis ; costellis parum obliquas,
irregularibus: aperturd pyriformi, dimidium totius teste in longitudinem Jeré equant,
margine externo undato.
Var. ABBREVIATA. Fig. 1i—kh. A. testa ventricosiori, breviort ; anfractibus quinque,
convexioribus ; apertura longiort, spiram in longitudinem superantt.
Shell oval-oblong, with a somewhat acute apex; the six volutions, of which the
spire is formed, are more or less convex in different individuals, and are longitudinally
ribbed; the edges are slightly pressed against the preceding volution, so as to
present a narrow band running round the spire, parallel with the suture; the ribs are
rounded, irregular, rather oblique, and slightly thickened above the sutural band,
giving a rough crenulated appearance to the edges of the volutions; they are crossed,
saltierwise, by very faint obscure lines of growth, perceptible only in well-preserved
specimens. ‘The aperture is pear-shaped, and about half as long as the entire shell;
the outer lip undulated. The truncation of the columella, a character which the
imperfect state of the specimens figured by Mr. Sowerby did not enable him to detect,
places the shells, described by that author as Zimnea maxima and Bulimus costellatus,
in the present genus. The volutions are variable, being in some specimens less convex
than in others ; and the aperture in the young state is comparatively longer than that
of the mature shell. A similar change in the relative proportions of the spire and the
aperture at different stages of growth is not of infrequent occurrence, and is exhibited
in some of the recent species in this genus, particularly in Achat. striata, (Glandina
truncata, Pfeiffer.) These considerations, confirmed by the examination of along series
of shells of the present species in different stages of growth, have induced me to
consider Lu. costellatus as merely the young form of the shell figured as Limnea
maxima. ‘The more regularly conical form of the spire, the only distinction by which
the former is separable from the latter, is mainly due to the preservation of the shell
in the specimen figured, and is a character which cannot be relied upon.
The present species belongs to the group constituting the genus G/andina, and is
another instance of the approximation of an European Eocene land Mollusc to the
living forms of the Western world.
Size.—Axis 2} inches, nearly ; diameter 9-10ths of an inch.
The specimen represented by figs. 17 and 14, resembles the type in the crenulated
76 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
edges, and costellation of the volutions, in the shape of the aperture, and in the
character of the columella; and I consider it, therefore, as merely a variety. It is a
ventricose shell, with a shorter spire, and more convex whorls; the aperture is longer
in proportion, exceeding the spire in length, owing probably to the shell not having
attained maturity. The specimen, the only one I have seen, belongs to Mr. D’Urban’s
collection.
Size.—Axis 1 inch and 6-10ths; diameter, | inch, nearly.
Localities.—Sconce, Shalcombe, Binstead, Isle of Wight.
Genus 9th. Pupa.* Lamarck. 1801.
CocuLoponta, (sp.), Férussac.
CocHLopina, (sp.), Férussac.
CocHLoGENA, (sp.), Férussac.
Gen. Char.—Shell cylindrical, elongated, or sub-globose ; apex generally obtuse,
sometimes acuminated ; whorls numerous, slowly increasing, the last smaller than the
penultimate one; frequently striated or ribbed; aperture generally elliptical, some-
times sub-quadrate in front, and rounded behind; peritreme continuous, slightly
incrassated and reflected; outer lip dentated; teeth variable in number; one or two
plaits on the columella.
The present genus is one of the dismemberments effected by Lamarck of Bruguiére’s
genus Helix. The organisation of the animal bears a strong general resemblance to
that of the animals of Helix and Bulimus; and Ferussac has reunited the genus to
Helix, in which it is distributed among the sub-genera Cochlodonta, Cochlodina, and
Cochlogena. The shell, however, prevents striking dissimilarities, and in the animal,
according to M. Deshayes, the same modifications of the generative organs occur
which distinguish the animal of Bu/imus. The elongated cylindrical form of the spire,
the proportion of the last whorl to the penultimate one, and the direction of the
aperture which is parallel with the axis, distinguish the shell from /He/ixv ; and it is
separated from Lwlimus by the numerous and slowly increasing volutions, and by the
teeth and folds with which the outer lip and the columella are furnished. It is to
Clausilia that it bears the closest resemblance ; but from that genus it is separated as
well by the aperture as by the absence of the clausium, a character which, however,
can seldom be available to the Paleeontologist.
In the animals of several of the smaller species the peduncles only exist, the ten-
tacles becoming obsolete. Some of these species are sinistral and hyaline, and form
Miiller’s genus Vertigo. The animal, however, exactly resembles Pupa in everything
but the absence of the tentacles, and, inasmuch as their disappearance is very gradual
* Etym., from a supposed resemblance to the Pupa or Chrysalis of some insects.
PULMONATA. 77
in the smaller species, M. Deshayes attributes but trifling value to that character, and
proposes to suppress the genus altogether.
The living species are very numerous and widely disseminated, but the larger
ones are confined apparently to tropical climates.
The fossil species are few; one species (Pupa Defrancii) is described by Brogniart
from the Freshwater deposits of the Paris basin. Bouillet, in his catalogue
of the fossil shells of Auvergne, gives two others referred to recent species; and
Matheron describes two more species from the South of France, one from the Fresh-
water formation at Baux, and the other from the middle beds of the lignite formation
near Rognac.
No. 26. Pupa PERDENTATA. Ff. HL. Hdwards. Tab. XI, fig. 7 a—e.
P. testa cylindrica ; apice . . ? anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter costellatis,
ad basin sub-angulatis ; costellis aculis, numerosis, irregularibus, undulosis, parum obliquis ;
apertura sub-quadratd, multis lamellis inequalibus, penitissimé decurrentibus, utroque margine
enstructa.
The imperfect state of my specimens, which are merely casts, will not enable
me to do much more than to record the existence of this well-marked species. The
dentition they present rather belongs to Clausilia than to Pupa; but as this is a dextral
shell, and all the known Clausilie are sinistral, I refer it to the present genus. I
possess Six or seven specimens only, all without the apex, and the largest showing
only the last three whorls. The characters, so far as they can be given from these
fragments, are as follows :—Shell cylindrical, apparently elongated, and composed
of many whorls; the whorls nearly straight, longitudinally costellated, and bluntly
angulated at the base; the costellz sharp, oblique, numerous, irregular, undulating,
and separated by deep rounded sulci, and here and there one of them terminates
abruptly, bemg cut short by the confluence of the sulci. The aperture, owing to the
angular base of the body-whorl, assumes a subquadrate, or rather a lozenge shape ;
the outer lip presents no less than fourteen lamelliform teeth, six of which are large,
having smaller teeth between them; the columellar lip is armed with three large
Jamelliform teeth, and four smaller. These teeth are not merely marginal, as is usually
the case in this genus, but are continued, like those of Clausilia, far back into the
whorls.
Size—Axis . . ? diameter, 2-10ths of an inch nearly.
Locality.—Sconce, where it is very rare.
78 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 27. Pupa oryza. JF. 2. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 3a—d.
P. testa pared, ovato-cylindraced, ad utramque extremitatem equalter attenuata ; apice
sub-obtuso; anfractibus octonis, convewiusculis, longitudinaliter tenuissime costellatis ; suturis
profundis ; apertura ovato-oblongd, angustd, obliqua, quaternis dentibus magnis tnstructa.
A small cylindrical oval shell, tapering equally towards both extremities ; the apex
is rather blunt; the whorls, which are eight in number, are slightly convex, separated
by a deep conspicuous suture, and transversely costellated ; the costellz are numerous,
very slender, and oblique. The aperture is ovate-oblong, narrow, and somewhat
oblique; the outer lip is furnished with four prominent lamelliform teeth, of which
the two anterior are the longest.
I possess only one specimen, a cast, of this species; and the state of the aperture
does not enable me to say whether the columellar lip is furnished with teeth. The
species appears to be perfectly distinct.
Size.— Axis 2 lines; diameter 1 line.
Locality—Headon Hill.
Genus 10th. Cuausiu1a.* Draparnaud. 1805.
Gen. Chav.—Shell sinistral, cylindrical, elongated, consisting of numerous volutions,
generally transversely striated; rather blunt at the apex, and enlarged towards the
middle; aperture irregular, oval; peristome continuous, free, reflected, with several
columellar and other tooth-like plaits, and furnished with an appendage, termed the
clausium, attached to the columella, by which the aperture is partially closed when the
animal is withdrawn into the shell.
The clausium, from which the present genus derives its name, answers the purpose
of an operculum, with which, however, it presents no further analogy than that it
serves to enclose and protect the animal within the shell. It consists of a narrow, flat,
and very thin calcareous pedicle attached by the posterior extremity to the columella,
and expanding at the opposite end into a linguiform plate, which nearly closes the
aperture of the penultimate whorl, a small canal across the anterior part of the aperture
being left uncovered, probably for the purpose of respiration. In some species when
the outer lip presents teeth, the clausium is notched for their reception. This curious
appendage is formed when the animal approaches maturity, probably at the same time
with the projected reflected mouth. The pedicle is very flexible, and yields to the
* Etym. Clausium, (quasi clausus, closed, or claustrum, a door,) the appendage by means of which the
animal is enclosed in the shell.
PULMONATA. 79
slightest pressure, as the animal emerges from the shell, and the clausium is then
bent back against, and fits upon, the curved columella, but recovers its former position
by the recoil of the pedicle on the removal of the pressure when the animal withdraws
itself into the shell. This peculiar appendage was described first by D’Aubenton, and
subsequently by Miiller; and the group of shells characterised by its presence was
formed by Draparnaud into the present genus.*
The animal of Clausila, so far as its organisation is known, resembles that of Pupa,
but Lamarck considered that the differences in the form and condition of the aperture
to which I have already referred, were in themselves sufficient for generic distinction
without reference to the presence of the clausium. On the other hand, Férussac has
placed Clausilia in his genus Heliz, where it forms part of his sub-genus Coch/odina ;
and M. Deshayes has been induced, by the resemblance between the external characters
of the animals, by the similarity of their habits, and by the gradual passage from the
one genus to the other by intermediate species, to propose the union of the two genera.
Unless, however, peculiarity of structure or form in the shell is to be altogether
disregarded, the presence of so singular an appendage as the C/ausium must surely be
considered as sufficient ground for the separation of this genus.
Nearly two hundred living species, mostly small shells, are known; several are
found in this country, but they occur in great profusion in Southern Europe ; the larger
species belong to tropical climates.
Only three fossil species I believe have as yet been described; viz., C. antiqua, from
the Freshwater limestone of Ulm; C. maxima, from the neighbourhood of Dax, and
C. campanica, from the Freshwater limestone of Provins, in which the Paleotherian
remains occur.
No. 28. CLAuSsILIa STRIATULA. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XI, fig. 6 a—A.
Cl. testa subturritd, cylindracea, ad utramque extremitatem attenuatd, transversim
lineata : anfractibus numerosis, plano-convewis, ultimo ad basin porrecto ; apertura ovato-
pyriformi, obliqua ; peristomate soluto, parum reflexo : lamellis quinque, duobus margine
externo, tribus margine columellari, instructo.
A: cylindrical, subturreted shell, attenuated at each extremity ; the whorls are very
slightly convex, and covered with numerous rather oblique raised lines, separated by
broad rounded sulci, occasionally confluent ; the last whorl detaches itself, and projects
obliquely forward, terminating in an ovate, pyriform aperture, the margins of which
are free, and a little reflected. The outer lip presents two unequal plait-like teeth,
the smaller one near the middle, the larger one near the posterior angle of the
* A particular account of the Clausium has been given by Mr. Miller, in the ‘Annals of Philosophy,’
vol. i, p. 378; and by Mr. J. E. Gray, in the ‘Zoological Journal,’ vol. i, p. 212.
80 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
aperture. On the columellar lip are three similar teeth, one, very large, close to the
columella.
I have not been so fortunate as to meet with any specimen having more than
fragments of the shell preserved; the description therefore is principally taken from
casts. The chief characters presented by them, namely, the large pliciform teeth
and the produced aperture, are, however, plainly shown. The specimen represented
by figs. 6@ and 6 4 is, I apprehend, the young shell.
Size-—My most perfect specimen of the mature shell bas apparently lost the upper
six or seven whorls; in its present state it presents six whorls only. The length of
the axis is 6-10ths of an inch, nearly; the diameter 2-10ths, nearly. In a perfect
state it was probably nearly an inch long.
Locality— Sconce, where it is very rare.
Genus 11th. SuccinEA.* Draparnaud. 1801.
AmpuiBuLiMa, Lamarck, 1805; Hartm., 1821.
AmPHIBULIMUS, Montf., 1810.
CocutLouypRA, Férus., 1819.
Gen. Char.—Shell ovate, or ovately conical, rather elongate; volutions few; spire
short, pointed ; aperture large, entire, longitudinally ovate, oblique ; peristome sharp,
not thickened nor reflected, and confluent with the columella; inner lip spread over a
part of the body whorl; columella smooth, sharp-edged, with an imperforated axis.
This genus, first created by Draparnaud, has been received without question by all
Malacologists except Férussac, with whom it forms the sub-genus Cochlohydra in his
extensive genus Heliz. The animals, like all others of this family, present a strong
general resemblance to the typical Helix ; but, according to M. Deshayes, they offer
modifications of the generative organs, which differ alike from those of Heliz and of
Bulimus. WUamarck, in ignorance of Draparnaud’s genus, proposed his genus 4m-
phibulima, which he afterwards suppressed, adopting the name given by Draparnaud.
The shells are distinguished from @ulimus by the thin outer lip, and the rapidly
enlarging whorls; and from Limn@a, to which they more nearly approach in general
form, by the columella, which is thin, smooth, and sharp, and destitute of the oblique
fold which characterises the columella of the latter genus.
The Succinee are strictly land animals; for, although frequently covered by water
and capable of long submersion, they live habitually on land in damp marshy places,
near the margins of pools or ditches.
The living species are not numerous, and are found chiefly in temperate climates.
* Etym., Succineus, of amber, 7. e., amber-coloured.
PULMONATA, 81
The fossil species are very few. Two only have hitherto been described ; both from
the Pleiocene formations, and both referred to living forms, viz., S. putris and S. oblonga,
from the Mammaliferous Crag, (Wood’s ‘ Crag. Moll.,’ p. 5). The latter species is also
given by M. Nyst, (Coq. Foss. de Belg.,’ p. 446,) as occurring in the corresponding
formation in Belgium.
No. 29. SuccrneA rmpERspicua. SS. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 3a—d.
S. mrerspicua, S. Wood. 1847. Lond. Geol. Jour., vol.i, p. 118.
S. testd ovatd, ventricosd, tenui, levi; spird brevissimd, obtusa : anfractibus tribus,
convexis, ad suturam sub-depressis: apertura rotundato-ovatd, sub-verticali, bessem totius
teste in longitudinem superanti.
This exceedingly rare shell is thin, smooth, ovate, and composed of three
ventricose volutions, rather depressed at the suture. The spire is very short and
obtuse ; the aperture large, nearly vertical, and in length fully equal to two thirds of
the whole shell.
I have three specimens only of this shell: two from Hordwell, for which I am
indebted to Mr. S. Wood; the third is from Headon Hill.
Size.—Axis rather more than 2-10ths of an inch; diameter, 3-10ths of an inch.
Section PB. Aguatica, Fleming.
Limnopuita, Hartm.
HyeGropuita, Féruss.
Family—LiMn 21D 2.
Genus 12th. Limnama.* Zamarch.
Buccrinvn, (sp.,) Miiller, 1774.
Buiimvs, (sp.,) Scopoli, 1777 ; Bruguiére, 1792.
Lymnea, Lamarck, 1801; Risso, 1826; Valenc., 1833.
Limnevs, Draparnaud, 1805; Brogniart, 1810.
Lymnevs, Brard, 1809; D’Ord., 1841.
Lymnus, Montfort, 1810.
Loin, De Férussac, 1821; Nillson, 1822; Grateloup, 1838; Bronn, 1838.
Limnavus, Oken, 1815; Rossmasler, 1835; Turton, 1831.
Staenicoia, Leach, 1820.
Guinaria, Leach, 1820.
* Etym., Acuvaios, belonging to, or growing in, pools or marshes.
lt
82 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Lymyma, J. Sowerby, 1818; De Blainville, 1825; Desmarest.
Limnga, G. Sowerby, 1822; Fleming, 1828; G. Sowerby, Jun., 1840.
— Swainson, 1837.
LEPTOLIMNEA, Swainson, 1840.
Lymnopuysa, Fitzinger, 1833.
LymnuLa, Rafinesque, 1819.
Gen. Char.—Shell ovate or elongated, frequently turreted, generally thin, smooth ;
spire always apparent, more or less elevated: volutions convex, somewhat depressed,
sometimes ventricose, and rapidly enlarging; aperture large, entire, longitudinal,
ovate, with a tortuous columella bearing an oblique fold; peristome sharp edged.
The shells forming this genus, constituted part of the genus Bu/imus of Scopoli and
of Bruguiére ; they had previously been separated by Miiller from the other land and
freshwater Molluscs under the generic name Buccinum, applied to them by Lister and
Geoffroy. In lieu of this name, which has been applied by Linnzus to a group of marine
branchiate Molluscs, Lamarck substituted that of Zymuea, etymologically Limnzea.
The animal carries on its head two compressed triangular tentacles, enlarged at
their bases, at the inner and anterior parts of which the eyes are placed. Like most
others of this order, the Zimnee are hermaphrodite, and although the union of two
individuals is necessary for fecundation, as among the Helicide, yet impregnation is
not mutual, as in that group; but the same animal performs the male and female
functions successively with different individuals.
The genus, as at present defined, is composed exclusively of the thick dextral
shells, with a fold on the columella, in which the inner lip is not extended over the
body whorl; the genus Amphipeplea, (Nillson, the MS. genus Myzras of Dr. Leach,)
having been proposed for the dextral forms with a plaited columella, in which the
shell is thin and polished, and the inner lip expanded. The sinistral forms, without
the columellar fold, have been separated under the generic names Physa (Draparnaud),
and Aplerus (Fleming), the Bu/inus of Adanson. The propriety of these subdivisions is
questioned by Mr. G. Sowerby in his ‘ Genera of Shells ;’ but, besides the conchological
differences above mentioned, there are zoological distinctions which are generally
admitted as sufficient grounds for retaining them. These are, in Physa and Amphipeplea,
the condition of the mantle, the edge of which is lobed and capable of extension, so as
to cover the shell, which thence acquires the polished and shining surface characteristic
of those genera; and the form of the tentacles, which are elongated and filiform, and
not thick and triangular, as in the present genus. In Aplerus the edge of the mantle
is, as in Limnea, simple and not extendible over the shell; that genus, therefore, bears
the same relation to Physa which Limnea bears to Amphipeplea.*
* The propriety of these divisions is, to some extent, confirmed by the observations of Mr. W. Thompson,
to which I have before referred. That author, speaking of the dentition in the different genera of the
Pulmonata, states that “the character of Limneus appears to be to have one small central tubercle, as it were,
PULMONATA. 83
The Limneee are inhabitants of freshwater streams and pools, and occasionally of
brackish marshes. The living species are found in all parts of the world, but
principally in the temperate zones. In the fossil state, species have been found in the
Wealden formations; and they occur in great profusion in the freshwater deposits of
the Eocene epoch, and, in greater or less abundance, in nearly all the lacustrine
formations above those deposits. In England, as in the Paris basin, the fossil Limneez
occur in very different conditions in the various deposits; in the limestone of the
lower formation, called, from the abundance of their remains, the ‘‘ Limnzean Lime-
stone,” specimens with the shell preserved are very rare ; generally only the casts are
found, the shelly matter having been absorbed. In the upper marls they occur in
great profusion, and, although very fragile, usually in a beautiful state of pre-
servation.
It is exceedingly difficult, as both Lamarck and De Blainville have observed, to
distinguish the different species ; the length of the spire, the contour of the volutions,
and the size and shape of the aperture, characters by which species may be separated
with tolerable certainty, in other genera, are, in this genus, exceedingly variable, and
glide by imperceptible gradations from one extreme to another; so that reliance
cannot be implicitly placed on them. The character which appears to exhibit the
least variation is the columellar fold, although this also occasionally presents con-
siderable differences in form and condition. By this character, however, the genus
may be divided into two groups, one comprising the species in which the fold is
flattened ; the other consisting of the species in which it is rounded or sub-acute.
Each of these groups may, again, be subdivided into two sections, according as the
upper parts of the whorls, forming the sides of the spire, are convex or flat. By the
use of these artificial distinctions, the separation of the species will be much
facilitated.
Sect. a. Columellar fold compressed, generally bipartite.
No. 30. Limnzwa caupata. Ff. £. Hdwards. Tab. XII, fig. 2 a—e.
L. testé ovato-acutd, ventricosd, levi: anfractibus numerosis, convexiusculis, ultimo
penultimoque rapide crescentibus : ultimo obsoleté et irregulariter corrugato: spird conico-
« squeezed up’ between two very large lateral ones, each primary lateral having a very large apex internally,
with a small external one, while, at the edge, they have altered to one thick prolonged apex projecting
inwards, and irregularly lobed on its upper edge. Much the same arrangement prevails in Amphipeplea,
where, however, the tubercle of the lateral teeth is even still larger in proportion toits plate. Physa, again,
exhibits a multitude of teeth of a similar form, though different to any that I have seen in other genera.”
The dentition of Aplexus is not described.
84 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
subulatd : aperturd magna, in medio dilatatd, anticé coarctatd, spiram in longitudinem
superanti: plicd columellari compressa, proeminenti, valde obliquatd, obscure sulcata.
Var. ABBREVIATA; testd anfractibus septem vel octo; spird breviori; aperturd longiort.
Shell ovate-acute, ventricose, smooth, composed of eight or nine convex volutions,
of which the first five or six increase slowly, and the last enlarge rapidly; so that the
spire assumes a conical awl-like shape, while the body-whorl is very ventricose. The
last two volutions frequently present concentric, obscure, irregular corrugations, giving
a crumpled appearance to the shell, similar to that which distinguishes the recent
L. stagnalis. The aperture is large, effuse towards the middle, but contracted at the
anterior part, and somewhat larger than the spire. The columellar fold is flat,
prominent, rather strongly twisted, and generally obscurely sulcated.
A variety occurs (fig. 2c) in which the shell is more ventricose, the whorls fewer,
the spire shorter, and the aperture proportionally larger, equalling two thirds of the
whole shell.
The Z. cavdata, in its general appearance and awl-like spire, much resembles
L. stagnalis ; but, in the latter species, the whorls are more convex, the body-whorl
more ventricose, the posterior part of the aperture more effuse, and the columellar
fold is rounded, smaller, and more oblique. Individuals occasionally occur which,
from the small degree of convexity in the whorls would, at the first glance, be referred
to L. fusiformis; but they may be easily separated by the columellar fold, which, in
the latter species, is rounded, and presents a more graceful spiral than that of
LI. caudata.
Size.-—Axis 24 inch, nearly ; diameter 1 inch.
Localities —Hordwell Cliff and Headon Hill.
No. 31. LIMNHA PYRAMIDALIS. Desh. Tab. XIII, figs. 2a—, and 3 a—4.
LYMN©HA PYRAMIDALIS. Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 95, t. 20,
figs. 14, 15.
LIMNEA 5 J. Sow. 1825. Min. Con., vol. vi, p. 54, t. 528, fig. 3.
LIMN®A 33 Bouwill. 1836. Catal., des coq. foss. de Auvergne, p. 124.
LyMNEE PYRAMIDALE? Brard. 1810. Ann. du Mus., vol. xv, p. 407, t. 24, fig. 2.
LyMNEUs PyRAMIDALIS? Fér. 1814. Mém. geol., &., p. 60, No. 3.
L. testé ovato-acutd, ventricosd, levi; anfractibus septem vel octo convexis: apertura
magna, antice dilatatd, spiram in longitudinem superanti ; labio parum expanso ; columella
marginatda ; plicd columellart magna, compressa, obliqua, in medio sub-bipartita.
A smooth, ovate-acute, ventricose shell, composed of seven or eight convex whorls,
separated by a simple, well-defined, but not deep suture: the aperture, which is fully
as long as the spire, is large and effuse ; the inner lip but slightly spread over the
body-whorl, and the columella presents a margin formed by the thickened inner lip,
and bears a prominent oblique fold, obscurely sulcated.
PULMONATA. 85
The whorls enlarge more regularly in this species than in Z. cawdata, and the shell,
consequently, is more pyramidal in its general form; and the columellar fold is not so
prominent nor so much twisted as in that species. From L. /us/formis it is distinguished
by the greater convexity of the whorls, and the flattened sulcated fold. The rounder
whorls, the depression of the upper margin, and the acute fold of Z. ciucfa, separate it,
as clearly, from that species.
Although M. Deshayes, in his description of Z. pyramidalis, cites Brard without
comment, I feel great difficulty in referring his shell to Brard’s Z. pyramidalis. That
shell, judging from the description and figure, is elongated and narrow, and
corresponds, as well in the contour and proportion of the whorls and the form of the
aperture, as in the character of the depressed columellar fold, with LZ. longiscata, to
which species I think it belongs. It certainly appears to differ widely from the
ventricose and comparatively short shell described by M. Deshayes, in which the
aperture is large and effuse, and the fold prominent.* The English specimens referred
to L. pyramidalis of M. Deshayes, agree very well with that author’s description and
figure, but not with Brard’s; while, on the other hand, adult specimens of ZL. longiscata
frequently occur, which correspond with Brard’s LZ. pyramedalis.
The shell represented by fig. 3a—@, for the use of which I am indebted to
Mr. Sowerby, is narrower than the type of this species ; and the volutions are so flat,
and the general shape so fusiform, that, at first sight, it might be referred to L. fusi-
formis. The fold, however, is flattened and sulcated; and I therefore consider it to
be merely an aberrant form of L. pyramidalis, combining the columellar fold of that
species with the flat-sided spire and subfusiform shape of L. fusi/ormis.
Size.—Axis 2 inches; diameter, 9-10ths of an inch, nearly.
Localities —Hordwell; Headon Hill; and in France, La Villette, Montmartre , and
Vergnols, near Aurillac.
No. 32. Limnma toneiscaTa. Brard. Tab. XII, fig. 3 a—t.
Lymnfe erriciz. Brard. 1809. Ann. du Mus, vol. xiv, p. 432, t. 27, figs. 15, 16.
— PYRAMIDALE, Brard(?) 1810. Ib., vol. xv, p. 407, t. 24, fig. 2.
LIMNEUS LONGIscatuS, Brogn. 1810. Ib., p. 372, t. 22, fig. 9.
— — Brogn. 1811. Jour. de Phys., &., vol. 72, p. 421.
LyMNEUS Lonetscatus, Fér. 1814. Mem geol., &., p. 59, No. 1.
LimneEa LonetscatTa, Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 57, t. 343.
LyMN zA — Desh. 1824. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 92, t. 11,
figs. 3, 4.
— — Desh. 1824. Encycl. Meth. Vers., t. 2, p. 356, No. 1.
* This want of resemblance between the L. pyramidalis of M. Deshayes and that of Brard is noticed by
Bouillet in his Catalogue above referred to.
86 KOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Linea LoneiscaTa, Lyell and Murch, 1829. Mém. sur les dépots lacustres tert. du
Cantal.
LIMN®A — Bouill. 1836. Cat. des coq. foss., &c., p. 157, No. 6.
= — Gratel. 1838. Cat. des débris foss., &c., du Bassin de la Gironde,
p- 33, No. 100.
LyMNZA — Desh. 1838. Lam. Hist. Nat. &., 2d edit., vol. viii, p. 422, No. 7.
L. testa levi, elongata, sub-turritd, acuminata: anfractibus sex aut septem, convexius-
culis ; suturis sub-depressis : apertura ovato-acutd, antice dilatatd, spiram in longitudinem
vie equanti ; labro parum expanso ; columelld marginatd ; plied columellari lata, compressa,
parum eninenti, bipartita.
Var. pistorta; testd longiort, angustiori, anfractibus plus decurrentibus ; apertura
breviort.
This Limnzea is more abundant, and, although it presents many varieties of form, is,
perhaps, better characterised than any other fossil species. It is a smooth, elongated,
narrow, subturrited shell, composed of seven or eight convex whorls, somewhat
depressed at the suture. The aperture is oyal, rather effuse in front, and, in the
typical form, is a little shorter than the spire; the inner lip is thick, but does not
extend much beyond the aperture. The columellar fold is broad, flat, not very
prominent, and widely but not deeply sulcated.
A variety frequently occurs (fig. 3 e—A), in which the line of the suture runs below
the wide part of the whorl, giving an irregular distorted appearance to the shell, and
shortening the aperture, the length of which barely equals two fifths of the whole
shell.
Although there can be but little doubt that this is the true Lymnée efilée of Brard,
the columellar fold does not correspond with the description given by M. Deshayes,
in which it is represented to be small and rounded; but in the few French specimens
which I have had an opportunity of examining, the columellar fold corresponds with
that of the English specimens. I presume, therefore, that the form described by
M. Deshayes was a modification of the more general form.
The shell figured and described by Brard as L. pyramidalis, appears to me, as
I have already stated, from its elongated narrow shape, the form of the aperture,
and the slight elevation of the fold, to be merely an adult specimen of this species—
similar to that represented by fig. 3c and d. The “double suture,” or “narrow
spiral riband,” running along the edge of the suture, which Brard mentions as
distinguishing L. pyramidalis, frequently occurs in this, as well as in other species ;
it is not, however, a constant character in any, and cannot be relied upon as a specific
distinction.
A form occurs, rather plentifully, in Hordwell Cliff, which Mr. Wood (‘ Lond.
Geol. Journ.’ vol. i, p. 118,) has referred to Z. strigosa, (Brogn.) That species,
apparently, was proposed from casts or mutilated specimens, and is a questionable
PULMONATA. 87
one; M. Deshayes, in fact, (‘Descr. des Coq. Foss.,’ &c. vol. ii, p. 92,) has suggested
that it may be merely a variety of Z. dongiscata. The Hordwell shells, like the
French, are shorter, and the whorls are more convex; but they present the charac-
teristic fold of the present species, of which I consider them to be, therefore, only
a variety.
Size-—Axis, 2 inches; diameter, 8-10ths of an inch.
Localities —Hordwell; Headon Hill; Sconce. French: Belleville; Saint-Ouen ;
Fontainebleau; Rochechouart; Veaurs, and Vergnols, near Aurillac; Dax.
No. 33. Limnza sutcata. F. &. Hdwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 4a—d.
L. testé ovatd ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, convexiusculis, substriatis ; spird mediocre,
acutd ; apertura ovatd, spiram in longitudinem superanti ; margine eaterno parum obliquo ;
plicd columellari compressa, vie eminenti, profunde sulcata.
An ovate shell, composed of five or six slightly convex whorls on which the
lines of growth are very conspicuous, imparting a sub-striated appearance to the
surface; the spire moderately elevated and pointed. The aperture is ovate, and
rather longer than the spire; the outer lip but slightly oblique, and the columellar
fold compressed, not very prominent, and more deeply sulcated than in any other
species.
In general appearance this species resembles L. arenularia; but it may be distin-
guished by the flat and deeply sulcated fold.
Size-—Axis, rather more than | inch; diameter $ an inch.
Localities —Hordwell; Headon Hill.
No. 34. Limnmza GipposuLa. Lf. 2. Hdwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 8—e.
L. testé ovatd, sub-turritd ; spird brevi, sub-acutd ; anfractibus sex, gibbosulis, ultimo
magno, suturis profundis: aperturd acuto-semi-ovali, amplda, basi effusd, bessem totius teste
in longitudinem superanti; labro reflexo ; plicd columellari parva, parum tortuosd, sub-
compressa, obscuré sulcatd.
An ovate sub-turreted shell, with a moderately elevated and rather obtuse spire :
volutions six, somewhat gibbous, separated by a deep suture, and, in some specimens,
flattened round the upper margin; the last volution is proportionally large. The
aperture is semi-oval, dilated in front, acute behind, and exceeds in length two thirds
of the whole shell; the inner lip is reflected; the columellar fold small, somewhat
compressed, not much twisted, and obscurely sulcated.
This species resembles ZL. swé/ata more than any other; but the shell is larger,
the spire not so much elevated, the volutions more equally gibbous, the aperture
much longer and more effuse at the base, the fold not so much twisted and the outer
88 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
lip not so oblique. From JZ. ¢umida it is separated by the shorter spire and the flat
sulcated columella.
Size—Axis, 1 inch and 7-10ths; diameter, 9-10ths of an inch nearly.
Locality—Headon Hill.
No. 35. Limnza susLatTa. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XIII, fig. 4a—é.
L. testa ovato-acutd, ventricosd: anfractibus sex, conveais, levibus; apertura rotundato-
semi-ovali, per-obliqua, ampld, spiram in longitudinem paulo superanti; margine externo
reflexiusculo ; plicad columellari compressiusculd, angustd, parum eminenti, valde tortuosd.
A smooth, ventricose shell, with a moderately elevated spire, and an acute apex:
the six whorls of which it is formed are convex, and separated by a conspicuous but
not deep suture; the aperture is roundedly semi-oval, effuse, and a little longer than
the spire. The outer lip is very oblique, and slightly reflected; the inner one scarcely
extends beyond the aperture; the columella is much twisted, and the small narrow
fold is compressed and very little prominent.
Owing to the great obliquity of the aperture, the shell must have been carried by
the animal with the spire more raised than is usually the case in this genus; from
this peculiarity the specific name has been taken.
The present species approaches nearly to LZ. giddosula, but the spire is longer and
more pointed, the whorls more ventricose, and the aperture shorter in proportion, and
more oblique. The greater convexity of the whorls, the shorter spire, the narrow,
slightly projecting fold, and the effuse and oblique aperture, distinguish it from
L. pyramidalis. Vt appears to be rare.
Size-—Axis 14 inch; diameter 8-10ths of an inch.
Locality.—Headon Hill.
No. 36. Limnaa MIxTa. Ff. £. Hdwards. Tab. XII, fig. 5 a—é.
L. testa ovato-acutd ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus sex vel septem, convexiusculis, longi-
tudinaliter striatis, ultimo magno, sub-ventricoso: apertura ovali, anticé coarctatd, bessem
totius teste in longitudinem fere aquanti ; plicd columellari sub-rectd, angustd, compressi-
usculd, parum eminenti, obscure sulcatd.
An ovate shell, with a moderately elevated pointed spire; volutions six or seven,
slightly convex, almost flat on the upper parts composing the sides of the spire, and
marked more strongly than usual in this genus by conspicuous irregular lines of
growth ; the body whorl large and rather ventricose. The aperture is oval, contracted
in front, and, in length, nearly equal to two thirds of the whole shell; the colu-
mellar fold is very little twisted, narrow, slightly flattened, barely prominent, and
obscurely sulcated.
PULMONATA. 89
I propose this species with hesitation ; it may be only a variety of LZ. pyramidalis
or of LZ. gibbosula, but the characters it presents are so mixed, that it is difficult to
determine to which species it should be referred. The narrow, flat, and nearly
straight fold resembles very closely that of Z. gibbosula; but the spire is more
elevated, more pyramidal, the volutions more regularly convex, and the aperture not
so effuse. It is distinguished from the typical ZL. pyramidalis, not only by the
columellar fold, which in the latter species is larger, more oblique, and more
prominent, but also by the flatness of the sides of the spire, and the greater length of
the aperture ; and from the variety of that species, by the more contracted aperture.
In the character of the spire, and the contracted aperture, it approaches L. fusiformis;
but it is separated from it by the columellar fold, which in that species is rounded,
prominent, and more twisted.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 6-10ths; diameter, 8-10ths of an inch.
Locality.—Headon Hill.
No. 37. Limnza ovuM? Brogn. Tab. XIV, fig. 12 a—4é.
LIMNEUS OvuM, Brogn. 1810. Ann. du Mus., vol. xv, p. 374, tab. 22, fig. 13 a, B.
-— — Brogn. 1811. Journ. de Phys., &c., p. 422.
Lymneus — Férus. 1814. Mém. geol., &c., p. 60, No. 6.
Lymnma — Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 97, tab. 11,
figs. 15, 16.
a — Desh. Encyc. Méth. Vers., vol. ii, p. 361, No. 16.
— — RBouill. 1836. Cat. des coq. foss. d’Auv., p. 131, No. 13.
L. testé ovali, sub-ventricosd, acuminatd, sub-levi; anfractibus sex, convexis, ultimo
magno: apertura mediocri, ad basin sub-dilatatd ; columella marginatd ; plicd columellari
parva, compressa, sulcatd, anticé angulatd, parum tortuosd.
As I have not had an opportunity of comparing the English with French
specimens of this species, the identification cannot be altogether free from doubt.
The English shell is nearly smooth, ovate, and sub-ventricose, with a moderately
elevated and pointed spire; volutions six or seven, separated by a conspicuous but
not deep suture. The aperture is not wide, but is a little dilated in front, and is about
half the length of the entire shell: the columellar fold is small, compressed, obscurely
sulcated, very shghtly twisted, and scarcely projects into the aperture; the anterior
margin presents an acute ridge, formed by the prolongation of the sharp edge of the
peristome ; the inner lip is slightly reflected.
The aperture is not so contracted in front as M. Deshayes describes that of the
French shell to be; it agrees very well with Brogniart’s figure, but not with that given
by M. Deshayes, although the latter was taken from Brogniart’s specimen. In other
respects the English shells do not appear to differ from the French. x
elk
=
90 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
In the general contour, and in the proportions of the aperture, the present species
closely resembles Z. convera; but the small, flat, sulcated fold separates it from that
species.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-10ths; diameter, rather more than 6-10ths of an inch.
Localities —Headon Hill. French: Pierrelaie.
Sect. 46. Columellar fold rounded or sub-acute.
No. 38. Limnza FustFoRMIs. J. Sowerby. Tab. XIII, fig. 8 a—g.
Lymnm@a FustFoRMIS, J. Sow. 1818. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 155, tab. 169, figs. 2-3.
LIMNEA — G. Sow. Genera of Shells.
= = Lyell and Murch. 1829. Sur les dépéts lacustres, &c., du Cantal.
L. testd ovato-acutd, sub-fusiformi, levi; anfractibus septenis vel octonis, sub-planis,
ultimo ventricoso: aperturd ovatd, spiram in longitudinem vix equanti ; columella marginata ;
plica columellari. rotundatd aut sub-acutd, parum tortuosd.
Var. DEFORMIS, (fig. 8 c—e,) testd breviort; anfractibus sex vel septem, ventricosioribus :
apertura rotundato-ovali, spiram in longitudinem superantt ; plicd columellari rotundatd,
eminentior?.
A smooth ovate-acute shell, formed of seven or eight whorls, the upper sides of
which are nearly straight, giving a regular conical form to the spire, which is elevated
and pointed; the last whorl is ventricose; the lines of growth conspicuous and sharp.
The aperture is ovate, moderately large, and nearly as long as the spire; occasionally
the anterior part is somewhat contracted, imparting a sub-fusiform shape to the shell.
The columellar fold is thick, and, generally, rounded; but sometimes it presents a
rather sharp anterior margin; it is slightly and gracefully twisted.
Of this species, as of Z. caudata, a variety occurs (fig. 8 c—e) in which the shell
is much shorter, the volutions very ventricose, the aperture roundedly ovate, and the
fold rounded and prominent.
The contraction of the anterior part of the aperture, causing the fusiform shape to
which Mr. Sowerby refers, frequently occurs, but it is not by any means a constant
character ; in fact, the aperture is more generally somewhat effuse, as represented in
the figure 8.
This species approaches Z. pyramidalis more nearly than any other of the fossil
Limnee; ut the flatness of the sides of the spire, and the rounded fold, are
characters by which it may easily be distinguished. The variety resembles the short
variety of Z. caudata ; but the whorls are more ventricose, and the fold is not com-
pressed and sulcated, as in that species.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches nearly; diameter, 8-10ths of an inch.
Localities—Hordwell, Headon Hill, Sconce. French: Aurillac in the Cantal.
PULMONATA. 91
No. 39. Limnawa tTumipA. Ff. #. Hdwards. Tab. XIII, fig. 6 a—4é.
L. testa ovato-acutd, ventricosd, sexies vel septies circumvolutd ; spird elevatd, apice
acuminato ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo tumido: apertura ovata, ampla, bessem totius teste
in longitudinem fere equanti ; margine columellari reflexo ; plicd parum tortuosd, eminenti,
rotundatd, in medio sub-callosd.
An ovate, ventricose shell, with an elevated, pointed, rather subulate, spire ;
volutions six or seven, the early ones increasing in size slowly, the last two more
rapidly; the upper parts forming the sides of the spire are rather flattened, as in
L. pyramidalis; the body whorl large and tumid. The aperture is ovate, and in
length nearly equal to two thirds of the whole shell; the anterior margin, where it
joins the columella, is slightly reflected; the columella itself is not much twisted, and
the fold is prominent, round, and thickened towards the middle.
This species may be distinguished from Z. gzbdosula, by the round columellar fold
and longer spire; and from Z. fusiformis, by the more convex volutions, the tumid
body whorl, the longer aperture, and the nearly straight fold.
Size—Axis, 1 inch and 8-10ths nearly; diameter, 11-10ths of an inch.
Locality—Headon Hill.
No. 40. Limn#A COLUMELLARIS. J. Sowerby. Tab. XIII, fig. 9 a—Z.
LiMNEA COLUMELLARIS, Sow. 1826. Min. Con., vol. vi, p. 53, t. 528, fig. 2.
= = ? Lyell and Mur. 1829. Sur les depéts lacustres, &c., du Cantal.
L. testa ovato-ventricosd, sub-turritd, quinquies vel sexies circunwvolutd ; spira brevi,
apice acuto; apertura ovali, dilatatd, bessem totius teste in longitudinem Jere equanti;
plica columellari rotundatd, callosd, valde contortd, pro-eminenti.
I am indebted to Mr. Sowerby for the use of the original specimen described by
him of this species. It is a ventricose, oval shell, with a short pointed spire, and
formed of five or six very convex whorls, rather depressed at the suture, whence the
shell presents a subturreted appearance; the aperture is large, effuse, and nearly as long
as two thirds of the whole shell; the thick, callous-like fold is round, very prominent,
and much twisted.
If it were not for the convexity of the whorls and the size of the aperture, I should
be inclined to consider this shell to be only a variety of LZ. fusiformis; and that the
unusual contortion of the fold, a character to which individuals of that species occa-
sionally approach very nearly, is accidental. But in this species, the pyramidal shape,
which always distinguishes the spire of Z. fusiformis, is altogether wanting. From
L. tumida, which it resembles in the size of the aperture, it is also separated by the
92 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
greater flatness of the sides of the spire and the less prominent and less oblique fold
of that species. It appears to be very scarce.
Size.-—Axis, rather more than 1 inch; diameter, 3 an inch.
Locality. 'ordwell. French: Aurillac in the Cantal.
No. 41. Limnma suB-quADRATA. F. L. Edwards. Tab. XII, fig. 1 a—4.
L. testdé ovato-oblongd, turritd, levi; spird mediocrt, apice acuto: anfractibus sex aut
septem plano-convevis: apertura ovatd, anticé dilatatd, spiram in longitudinem superanti ;
labio incrassato reflexo ; columella subrectd, plicd parvd, viv eminenti, sub-acutd.
Shell ovate, oblong, turreted, smooth, with six or seven rather flatly-convex volu-
tions; spire moderately elevated, with an acute apex; aperture ovate, somewhat
effuse in front, and rather more than half the length of the whole shell; the inner lip
thickened, and a little reflected; the columella nearly straight, and presenting a small,
rather sharp fold, which scarcely projects into the aperture.
The turreted and depressedly convex form of the whorls gives a sub-quadrate
appearance to this shell, by which, as well as by its nearly straight columella, and
sharp and barely prominent fold, it may be distinguished from Z. conveva, which it
most nearly resembles.
Size.-—Axis, rather more than 14 inch; diameter, 8-10ths of an inch.
Locality—Headon Hill.
No. 42. Limnwa convexa. Ff. £. Edwards. Tab. XII, fig. 7 a—4é.
L. testé ovato-ventricosd, sexies circumvolutd ; anfractibus convexis, levibus ; spira
elevatd, apice sub-acuto: aperturd ovatd, anticé effusd, spiram in longitudinem superanti ;
labio reflexo ; plica columellari pro-eminenti, tortuosd, rotundata.
An ovate ventricose shell, formed of six smooth convex volutions, with a mode-
rately elevated and pointed spire: aperture ovate, effuse in front, and rather longer
than the spire; the inner lip slightly reflected; the columellar fold round, prominent,
and very oblique.
This species somewhat resembles LZ. sub-quadrata ; the whorls, however, are more
regularly convex, and do not present the turreted appearance which characterises that
shell; and the round columellar fold is much more prominent, and more strongly
twisted. In the convexity of the whorls it approaches Z. pyramidalis, but the flat
sulcated fold separates that species from this.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-10ths; diameter, 6-10ths of an inch.
Locality——Headon Hill. In Mr. D’Urban’s collection.
PULMONATA. 93
No. 43. Limnza costTeLiata. &. £. Edwards. Tab. XII, fig. 10 a—é.
L. testé ovato-ventricosd, sub-turritd ; spird mediocri, acuminata ; anfractibus quinque
vel sex, convevis, longitudinaliter sub-costellatis, et lineis incrementi subtilissimé striatis ;
costellis obscuris, irregularibus, remotiusculis : aperturd ovatd, ampla, spiram tn longitudinem
superanti ; labio refleco ; plicd columellari viv tortuosd, rotundatd, parum eminentt.
The striated Zimuee generally acquire that character from the conspicuous lines
of growth; but the present species presents obscure costelle, as well as the striation
due to the lines of growth. It is an oval, ventricose, sub-turreted shell, with a
moderately elevated spire and pointed apex, and formed of five or six convex volutions,
very finely striated by the lines of growth, and also longitudinally costellated; the
costella are obscure, irregular, and separated by broad shallow sulci, in which the
lines of growth are perceptible. The aperture is ovate, rather dilated, and a little
longer than the spire; the columellar margin strongly reflected, and the fold rounded,
slightly twisted, and but little prominent.
Independently of its costellated character, this species presents differences which
prevent its bemg confounded either with Z. strigosa (Brogn.), or L. substriata (Desh.).
In the first species, the shell is more elongated, the aperture smaller, and the colu-
mellar fold resembles that of LZ. /ongiscata, of which I think it is merely a variety; in
the latter, the spire is more elevated, the aperture much contracted in front, and
altogether narrower; and the fold is prominent and strongly twisted.
The present appears to be a well-marked species.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 1 inch; diameter, 4-10ths of an inch.
Localities —Hordwell ; Headon Hill.
No. 44. Limnama FABuLUM. Brogniart. Tab. XIV, fig. 10 a—d.
Limnevs FaBuLuM. Brogn. 1810. Ann. du Mus., vol. xv, p. 375, t. 22, fig. 16.
— — Brogn. 1811. Journ. de Phys., &e. vol. Ixxii, p. 423.
LyMNEUS — Fér. 1814. Mém. geol., p. 61, No. 13.
LIMNEA = ? Lyell and Mure. 1829. Sur les depdts lacust. tert. du Cantal.
LymN@A FABULA. Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. il, p. 96; t. 11,
figs. 11-12.
— — Desh. 1830. Ency. Méth. Vers., vol. 11, p. 361.
LyMNzEUs FABULUM. Defr. 1835. Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. xxvi, p. 462.
Limyza Faputa. Myst. 1836. Rech. coq. foss. de Hoesselt, &e., p. 20, No. 49.
LyMN#A FaBULA. Desh. 1838. 2d edit. Lam. Hist. Nat., vol. viii, p. 223, No. 9.
Limnzus rapota? Nyst. 1843. Desc. des coq. &c. foss. des Terr. tert. de Belg.,
p. 469, t. 38, fig. 18.
L. testé ovato-ventricosd, levi, acuminata ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, conveaiusculis:
apertura ovato-acutd ; plicd columellari sub-acutd, parum tortuosd.
94 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
A smooth, ovate, ventricose shell, with a short pointed spire, and formed of five or
six slightly convex whorls; the aperture pointedly ovate, and the columellar fold
somewhat angular and prominent, but not much twisted.
I have not had an opportunity of comparing the English with the French shells,
and I have therefore some hesitation in pronouncing as to their identity. My
specimens, however, agree very well with the description and figures given by
M. Deshayes, (which it must be remembered are taken from casts merely,) except
that the French shell is described as formed of four whorls only, and as having the
aperture contracted at the base; but the figures show six whorls, and the aperture, as
drawn, is scarcely more contracted than that of the English shell.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 8-l0ths of an inch; diameter, 4-l0ths of an
inch.
Localities —Hordwell. French: Jouy; Saint-Prix, Montmorency; Pierrelaic and
Lavergnol in the Cantal. Belgian: Kleyn-Spauwen.
No. 45. Limnawa cinota. F&. #. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 5 a—é.
L. testa elongato-ovatd, sub-turritd, sexies vel septies circumvoluta; spird exserta,
acuminata; anfractibus convexis, substriatis: apertura rotundato-ovatd, ampla, spiram in
longitudinem @quanti; plicd columellari parvd, angustd, rotundatd, parum tortuosa,
proeminenti.
An elongated ovate shell, with an elevated pointed spire; volutions six or seven,
very convex, almost ventricose, the edges of which are depressed along the suture,
and, generally, present a sharp stria running round them, parallel with and at a short
distance below the suture,—similar to that mentioned by Brard as characterising his
L. pyramidale: the lines of growth are so strongly marked that the surface of the
shell almost appears to be striated. The aperture is roundedly ovate, somewhat
effuse, and barely exceeds the spire in length; the columellar fold is narrow, rounded,
not much twisted, and prominent.
The line of suture frequently runs below the wide part of the whorl, giving a
distorted appearance, resembling that which is sometimes seen in ZL. longiscata, and
in fact the present shell presents a close analogy with that species. It is, however,
distinguished from JZ. longiscata, as well as from L. pyramidalis (Desh.), by the
round columellar fold, and the greater convexity of the whorls.
Size-—Axis, 14 inch; diameter, rather more than } an inch.
Locality—Headon Hill.
PULMONATA. 95
No. 46. Limnza anGusta. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 6 a—4é.
L. testa angustd, elongata, sub-turrita, quinquies vel sexies circumvolutd ; spird elevata,
acuminata ; anfractibus convexis, lineis incrementi obscuré striatis : apertura ovato-oblonga,
anticé sub-dilatatd, spiram in longitudinem parum superanti; plicd columellari crassd,
tereti, parum eminenti, sub-tortuosd.
If it were not for the thick, round, columellar fold, and the elongated aperture, I
should refer this species to L. longiscata, which it much resembles. It is a narrow,
elongated, sub-turreted shell, formed of five or six convex volutions, obscurely
striated by the lines of growth; the spire elevated and pointed. The aperture is
a longish oval, equal to half the length of the shell, and rather spread out in front ;
the columellar fold is thick, round, not very prominent, and but slightly twisted.
The long narrow shape of this shell separates it from every species except
L. longiscata ; from the latter shell it is easily distinguished by the fold, so opposite in
character to the broad, flat, sulcated fold which characterises that species.
Size-—Axis, 1j inch; diameter, not quite 3 an inch.
Localities —Hordwell; Headon Hill.
No. 47. LIMNHA ARENULARIA. Brard. Tab. XIV, fig. 13 a—d.
LymN&E pgs Gres. Brard. 1810. Ann. du Mus., vol. xv, p. 409, t. 24, fig. 5-6.
LyMNEUS ARENULARIUS. Féruss. 1814. Meém. geol. &. p. 61, No. 15.
LYMN#A ARENULARIA. Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii., 1 CB aul
figs. 7-8.
L. testa ovato-acuminatd, sub-turrita, levi; anfractibus septenis, convexiusculis, suturis
conspicuis : apertura ampld, semi-ovali, spiram in longitudinem superanti ; plicd columellari
rotundatd, minima, parum contortd, sub-proeminenti.
A smooth, ovate, oblong sub-turreted shell, with a moderately elevated and taper
spire; volutions seven or eight, slightly convex, separated by a conspicuous, but not
deep, suture, and occasionally striated by faint lines of growth: the aperture rather
large, semi-oval, a little dilated in front, and longer than the spire; the columellar fold
rounded, small, slightly twisted, and not very prominent.
The English shells correspond so nearly with M. Deshayes’s figures, and with
some French specimens, for which I am indebted to that gentleman, as not to leave
any doubt as to this identification, notwithstanding that M. Deshayes describes the
aperture as very oblique, and the columellar fold as much twisted, characters which
I have not found prominent either in the English or French specimens.
Size.—Axis, 4-10ths of an inch; diameter, 7-20ths of an inch.
Localities. —Hordwell; Headon Hill. french: Beauchamp, near Pointoise,
Valmondois.
96 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 48. LimnzA MINIMA. Sowerby. Tab. XIV, fig. 9 a—c.
LymN#A MINIMA. Sow. 1817. Min. Con. vol. ii, p. 156, t. 169, fig. 1.
L. testé minimd, ovato-elongatd, levi; anfractibus quinque aut sex, convexiusculis :
apertura ovali, spiram in longitudinem vie aquanti ; margine columellari reflexo ; plicd sub-
recta, rotundatd, parum eminentt.
It is not unlikely that this, as Mr. Sowerby has suggested, may be the young shell
of some species already described, probably of LZ. arenularia, to which, in its regularly
taper spire and rounded fold, it presents a close approximation. It is a very small,
smooth, elongated, ovate shell, with five or six rather convex volutions, separated by a
moderately deep suture : the aperture is ovate, and rather less than half the length of the
entire shell; the inner lip is strongly reflected, and the fold is round, nearly straight,
and very little prominent.
The figures are taken from the original specimen described by Mr. Sowerby in
‘Mineral Conchology.’
Size.—Axis, 3-10ths of an inch nearly; diameter, 2-10ths nearly.
Locality Headon Hill.
No. 49. Limnza REcTA. Ff. LH. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 7 a—4é.
L. testé ovato-ventricosd, sub-turritd ; spird mediocri, apice acuto; anfractibus sex
aut septem, convexis: apertura ovali, ampld, anticé dilatatd, longiori quam spira; margine
columellari sub-reflexo ; plicd parvd, viz tortuosd, parum eminenti.
The convexity of the whorls, the pointed spire, and the nearly straight rounded
fold, distinguish this from every other fossil species. It is a short ovate shell, with a
moderately elevated spire, and an acute apex; volutions six or seven, very convex, the
last one rather ventricose: the aperture large, of a roundedly ovate form, effuse in
front, and longer than the spire; the inner lip slightly reflected, and the small rounded
fold nearly straight, and scarcely impinging upon the aperture.
This shell much resembles ZL. ovwm (Brogn.); but the volutions are fewer and more
ventricose, and the aperture is more effuse. It does not appear to me to be referable
to any other species; and I have therefore, although reluctantly, described it as a
distinct species.
Stze.—Axis, 1 inch and 1-10th; diameter, 5-10ths of an inch.
Locality.—Headon Hill.
PULMONATA. 97
"
No. 50. Limnz4 TENUIS. &. HL. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 11 a—é.
L. testa tenui, ovato-ventricosd, sub-turrita ; anfractibus sex, conveais, ultimo magno ;
apice acuto: aperturd ovata, effusd, in longitudinem bessem totius teste feré equanti;
plicd columellari brevi, angustd, rotundatd, parum tortuosa.
This species presents so close an analogy with L. fwmida, that it would be difficult
to separate the two, if it were not for the great difference in size. The shell is very
thin, ovate, and formed of six convex volutions, depressed round the suture, which
character imparts to it a sub-turreted appearance; the spire is somewhat elevated and
pointed ; the body-whorl large and ventricose: the aperture ovate, effuse, and nearly
as long as two thirds of the entire shell; the columellar fold short, narrow, rounded,
and not much twisted.
Size.—Axis, 8-10ths of an inch; diameter, 4-10ths of an inch.
Locality —Headon Hill.
Genus 13th. PLANoRBIs. Geoffroy.
Coretus, Adanson, 1757.
Pranorzis, Geoffroy, 1767; Guettard, 1770; Miiller, 1773-4.
Gen. Char.—Shell discoidal, spire depressed ; volutions apparent above and below,
convoluted upon a nearly horizontal plane, thin, generally smooth, ventricose, some-
times carinated: aperture simple, lunate, crescent-shaped or sub-quadrate, impinged
upon by the preceding volution; outer lip generally thin, sharp edged, sometimes
thickened or reflected; columellar lip slightly spreading over the body whorl. No
operculum.
The animals belonging to this genus were placed by Linnzeus among the Helices ;
they had, however, been separated, as a distinct group, by Lister, nearly a century
previously, and formed the third section of the Lacustrine shells of that author.
Shortly before the publication of the Systema Nature, Adanson described a small
species to which he gave the generic name Coretus. The genus was afterwards defined
by Geoffroy under the present name Planorbis ; and Miiller, to whom it has been gene-
rally attributed, only adopted Geoffroy’s name.
The animal of Planorbis is elongated, slender, and strongly rolled up; the head is
furnished with two long contractile tentacles, at the internal bases of which the eyes
are placed; the orifices are on the left side; the organs of generation distinct.
Whether the shell of Planoréis is dextral or sinistral is a question which has been
much discussed, and, by some authors, is considered as still undecided. By
Linnzus, Miiller, and subsequent writers to the time of Cuvier, it was regarded as
dextral, and was described as supra umbilicata. The transposition in P. corneus of the
"13
98 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
orifices and the heart, all of which are on the side contrary to that in which they are
placed in the animals of dextral shells, induced Cuvier to consider that species as
sinistral : and in this opinion many eminent naturalists have concurred. M. Desmoulins,
however, has ascertained, by a careful anatomy of the animal of P. corneus, that,
although the orifices and the heart have an abnormal position, the organs of digestion
and generation, in fact, retain the position they hold in dextral molluscs; and that
author, therefore, maintains that nearly all the known species of Planorbis, as well
living as fossil, are dextral. M. Deshayes concurs in this opinion; and, after remark-
ing that the upper side may be distinguished from the under side by the obliquity of
the aperture, the superior margin of which is more produced, cites the observations of
M. Desmoulins as explaining the apparent anomaly of a sinistral animal in a dextral
shell, and how, in reality, the animal is dextral as well as the shell; there not being
any other derangement in the relation of its organs than with regard to the heart and
the termination of the digestive and generative organs. With regard to the shell, it
will be seen at once, on observing the manner in which it is carried by the animal,
that it is dextral, and that, as Mr. Benson has stated,* if it be viewed practically as
sinistral, and placed as such, the animal will be on its back, and will have to twist its
body half round in order to gain the ground with its foot. Mr. Benson, therefore,
proposes to consider that face as containing the apex, in discoidal shells, which is con-
tiguous to the back of the animal; and, he adds, this side may invariably be known in
Planorlus by the greater projection of the lip in that part, by the deeper depression
of the central umbilicus, and by the more considerable involutions of the whorls
occasioning a greater depth of suture. Mr. G. Sowerby, on the other hand, assertst
that the shell is sinistral, and that it is only needful to observe on which side of the
shell the very apex of the spire is actually to be seen, and, taking that side for the
upper, im conformity with the strict rules of analogy, it will immediately be evident
that the aperture is on the left side. This criterion, however, is seldom available ;
for, in general, the apex is concealed by the involution of the whorls, and the shell
presents, on each face, what may be easily mistaken for an umbilicus; and the diffi-
culty in determining which face contains the apex, and which the true umbilicus, is
not removed. It is well known that testaceous molluscs, when placed in conditions
unfavorable to healthy development, frequently depart from their normal form; and
that their shells, in consequence, are distorted, and become what are usually called
monstrosities. Thus, in Planordis, the animal, under such conditions, frequently loses,
to a greater or less degree, its strong convolution on a horizontal plane; and the shell
assumes, in conformity, a more or less elongated spiral form, with an elevated apex.
M. Desmoulins cites these monstrosities in support of his opinion, observing that,
when they occur, the whorls gradyally glide from left to right, down the imaginary
* Journal Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 744.
+ Genera of Shells. Gen. Planorbis.
PULMONATA. — oe
x
axis. A series of such distorted specimens of P. complanatus, taken from a pond near
Swansea, formed, I believe, by the waste water from a steam-engine, and of a high
temperature, is in the British Museum. These specimens have all assumed an elevated
spiral form; and the aperture is in every case dextral. Several specimens of P. vortea,
in Mr. Sowerby’s Museum, are similarly distorted ; and in them also the apertures are
dextral. On the whole, the better opinion appears to be that the shell, as well as the
animal, is dextral, notwithstanding the abnormal position of the heart and the orifices;
and in the following descriptions, therefore, I have considered the shell as dextral, and
I have applied the term wpper to that disc which is uppermost when the shell is placed
with the mouth on the right side of the spectator, and the term wnder to the opposite
disc.
The Planorées live in fresh water; more frequently in stagnant water or standing
pools, although, occasionally, they are found in gentle streams. They are widely
diffused, but abound principally in temperate climates. I believe that at present there
is not any species known as living in salt or brackish waters; and the specimens found
in the crag formation, and described by Mr. Wood, are referred to recent species
which are known to be pure fresh-water animals; and these shells are therefore consi-
dered to have been accidentally introduced.
Four species also occur in the estuarine or fluvio-marine deposits of the Eocene
epoch: viz., P. hemistoma (Sow.); P. obtusus (Sow.); P. biangulatus (nov. spec.); and
P. elegans (nov. spec.); but, like the crag specimens, they have, probably, been depo-
sited there by the agency of some river: they all occur in the pure fresh-water or
the transition formations.
Fossil species are numerous, but they abound principally in the formations of the
tertiary epoch; Prof. E. Forbes, however, states, (Brit. Mol., vol. iii, p. 146,) that
representatives of the genus, differing but slightly from species still living, are found
in fresh-water strata of even the oolitic epoch.
No. 51. PLANORBIS EUOMPHALUS. Sowerby. Tab. XV, fig. 6 a—c.
PLANORBIS EUOMPHALUS. J. Sowerby. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 92, t. 140, figs. 7—9.
= = G. Sowerby. Genera of Shells, fig. 5.
— — Deshayes. Lam. Hist. Nat., 2d edit., vol. viii, p. 397, No. 9.
P. testé supra sub-pland, ad peripheriam angulatd, subtus late et profundé cavata ;
anfractibus sex, sub-trigonis, vie involventibus, transversim lineis incrementi notatis,
aliquandoque concentricé striatis ; subtis ad marginem umbilicalem obtuse angulatis; striis
concentricis numerosis, irregularibus : apertura per-obliqud.
This well-known species, which at present appears to be confined to the fresh-
water formations of England, is easily distinguished from the cther fossil Plaxordes.
It is a large discoidal shell, nearly flat on the upper face, and presenting a wide and
100 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
deep umbilical cavity beneath ; the six or seven volutions of which the shell is formed,
are flat, or nearly so, above; convex below; and each but slightly embracing the
preceding volution; the apex is concealed by the involution of the whorls. A clearly
defined and rather acute angle, almost forming a keel, runs round the periphery of
the shell, and separates the upper from the under disc. This angle is always very
conspicuous in young shells; but as they approach maturity, it becomes more and
more obtuse, and frequently altogether disappears; the whorls then assume a trans-
versely oval form, approaching nearly to that presented by P. rotundatus. On the
under surface, the inner margins of the whorls are bent rather suddenly towards the
preceding whorl, and present, in consequence, an obtuse angle, which runs round
and defines the umbilicus. Transverse lines of growth are very conspicuous; and
frequently the surface of the shell also presents more or less numerous concentric
raised lines, some of which are larger and more prominent than the rest. The
aperture is sub-trigonal, slightly impinged upon by the preceding volution, and very
oblique.
This species presents a general resemblance to P. rotundatus; but, even when the
characteristic angle has become obsolete, it may easily be distinguished by the greater
breadth, and the flatness of the upper surfaces, of the whorls, the much larger concavity
on the under side of the shell, and the subtrigonal and more oblique aperture. From
P. discus it is separated by the more compressed form of that species, caused by the
greater width of the whorls, and the comparative flatness of their under sides ; and in
that species the whorls are more embracing than in this.
Size-—Diameter, 1 inch and 6-10ths.
Localities—Headon Hill; Hordwell.
No. 52. PLANoORBIS ROTUNDATUS. Brard. Tab. XV, fig. 4 a—e.
PLANoRBE ARRONDI. Brard. 1809. Ann. du Mus,, vol. xiv, p. 433, t. 27, figs. 19, 20.
PLANORBIS ROTUNDATUS, Brogn. 1810. Ib., vol. xv, p. 370, t. 22, figs. 4, 5.
—_ —_ Tb. 1811. Jour. de Phys., vol. Ixxii, p. 419, figs. 4, 5.
— SIMILIs. Fér. 1814. Mem. geol., p. 61, No. 1.
= RoTUNDATUS. Fér. 1814. Ib., No. 2, var. a.
= = Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., vel. i, p. 83, t. 9,
figs. 7, 8.
— a Desh. 1824—37. Encycl. Meth. Vers., &c., vol. i, p. 778, No. 2.
— — Bowd. Elem. of Conch., t. iv, fig. 7.
— — Lyell and Mur. 1829. Sur les depots, &c. du Cantal.
— —_ Bouillet. Desc. hist. et scient. de la Haute Auver., p. 18, figs. 6, 7.
— ~ Ib. 1836. Cat. des coq. viv. et foss. de l Auver., p. 115, No. 2.
—_ —_ Gratel. 1838. Cat. des deb. foss., &c., du bassin de la Gironde,
i p. 33, No. 102.
= = Desh. 1838. Lam. Hist. Nat., 2d edit., vol. viii, p. 394, No. 1.
PULMONATA. 101
P. testé levi sub-striatdve, superné sub-pland, subtus concavd ; anfractibus sex vel
septem, rotundatis, viv involventibus, inferné ad marginem umbilicalem sub-angulatis ; suturis
profundis : apertura parum obliqua.
A rather large shell, formed of six or seven nearly round volutions, separated by a
deep suture, and each slightly impinged upon by the preceding one; the volutions
are flatly convex on the upper sides, convex beneath, and, like those of P. exomphalus,
present an angle running round the inner margins near the umbilicus, which, as the
shell approaches maturity, becomes almost obsolete. The upper face is nearly flat ;
while the under side presents a moderately deep and wide concavity. The aperture
is transversely oval, and but slightly oblique. The strize of growth are very conspi-
cuous; and occasionally, although very rarely, the shells present fine concentric lines,
similar to those which characterise ?. ewomphalus ; in this species, however, the lines
are finer and more crowded, and seldom extend beyond the first three or four
volutions.
Brard states that, in P. arrondi, the whorls are perfectly round, and do not impinge
upon the succeeding whorls; and in these respects his shell does not agree with the
English specimens; but the figures, apparently, are taken from a cast, and the dis-
agreement may probably be attributed to that circumstance. Brogniart’s fig. 4, (var.
A, of that author,) agrees very well with our specimens, except that the aperture is
more oblique. In the figure given by M. Deshayes, the whorls are wider and more
flattened on the upper surface, and the upper margin of the aperture appears to be
more produced than in any English specimen I have seen; the shell, too, is larger
than our shells, and, in fact, strongly resembles those specimens of P. ewomphalus in
which the characteristic angle round the whorls has become obsolete.
The general resemblance and the distinctions between the present species and the
recent P. corneus, have been pointed out by the French authors cited; and, on com-
paring the two, it will be seen that in the latter species the whorls are fewer, rounder,
and enlarge more rapidly, and that in consequence, the shell is deeper and more
largely umbilicated than the fossil species.
MM. Ferussac and Deshayes mention a variety (probably the var. B of Brogniart)
in which the shell is smaller, rather more compressed, and nearly equally concave
above and below; | have not met with this variety among the English specimens.
Size.—Diameter, 1 inch and 2-10ths.
Localities —English: Sconce; Headon Hill; Hordwell. French: Aurillac, La
Vissiere, Lavergnol, in the Cantal; Saint-Prix; Palaiseau, Milon near Versailles; Triel;
Fontainbleau; La Villette.
102 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 53. PLANORBIS oBTUSUS. Sowerby. Tab. XV, fig. 1 a—e.
PLANORBIS OBTUSUS. Sow. 1818. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 91, t. 110, fig. 3.
P. testd depressd, levi; superné convexiusculd, subtis concava: anfractibus quinis,
obtusé-ovalibus, sese partim involventibus; suturis profundis : aperturd per-obliqua, obcordata.
This very pretty shell has a smooth, shining, nearly polished surface ; it is depressed,
nearly flat on the upper side, and moderately concave beneath. The volutions are five,
separated by a deep suture, slightly convex on both faces, but rather more compressed
on the under side than on the upper, obtusely rounded at the periphery, and each
nearly half concealed by the succeeding volution. The aperture is very oblique and
bluntly heart-shaped.
In the general form and rounded whorls, this species much resembles P. sparna-
censis (Desh.), but the whorls are not so numerous, and the aperture is more oblique.
The lenticular form and angulated margin of P. /ezs, will prevent its being confounded
with that species.
Size.—Diameter, 7-10ths of an inch.
Localities —Sconce ; Headon Hill; Upper mar., Hordwell.
No. 54. Pranorsis piscus. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XV, fig. 7 a—d.
P. testd valde compressd, quinguies circumvolutd, superné pland, subtus profunde
cavatd : anfractibus sex, rapide crescentibus, parum involventibus, subtus convexiusculis, ad
marginem umbilicalem angulatis: apertura per-obliqua, elongato-cordata.
This well-marked species appears to be peculiar to the fresh-water formation at
Sconce. It is a much compressed discoidal shell, nearly flat on the upper side and
deeply hollowed out below. The five or six whorls of which it is formed enlarge
rapidly, and each is slightly embraced by the succeeding one; they are much flattened
above, slightly convex below, and obtusely rounded at the outer edge. In the young
state, the inner margin is bent rather abruptly towards the preceding whorl, and pre-
sents an obtuse angle which defines the umbilicus, similar to that presented by P.
euomphalus and P. rotundatus. As the shell approaches maturity, the under side
assumes an almost regularly convex form, and the angle becomes obsolete. The
aperture is very oblique, and of an elongated heart-shape.
The species which most resemble the present are P. evomphalus and P. oligyratus.
From the first of these, it is distinguished by its more compressed discoidal form, and
the rounded periphery. The whorls also enlarge more rapidly, and are consequently
fewer and broader; and they embrace more of the preceding one than do those of
P. cuomphalus. The umbilical cavity also is not so wide. It is more difficult to
PULMONATA. 103
separate the present species, in the young state, from P. oligyratus ; but, in the latter,
the axis is longer, the whorls are more convex on the upper side, and the obtuse angle
which runs round the periphery, near the upper surface, gives a subtrigonal form to
the whorls and the aperture, quite distinct from the transversely oval form in the
present species.
Casts of this Planorbis occur in great abundance, but specimens with the shell
preserved are extremely rare.
Size.—Diameter, 1 inch and 6-10ths.
Locality Sconce.
No 55. PLANoRBIS OLIGYRATUS. F. HL. Edwards. Tab. XV, fig. 3 a—e.
P. testdé superné sub-pland, subtus cavatd: anfractibus quaternis, rapide crescentibus,
parum involventibus, ad peripheriam obtuse angulatis: subtus ad marginem umbilicalem
angulatis : apertura sub-trigond, parum obliquad.
The present, like the preceding species, is apparently confined to the fresh-water
formation at Sconce; but it is not so plentiful as P. discus. It is a moderately-sized
shell, formed of four rapidly increasing whorls, somewhat convex above, and rather
acutely angulated round the inner margins on the under side, just above the umbilicus.
The periphery, near the upper surface, presents an obtuse angle, from which the
whorls slope rather abruptly towards the umbilicus, assuming, in consequence, a sub-
trigonal form. The aperture is slightly oblique and bluntly obcordate, in consequence
of its being impinged upon by the preceding whorl. The umbilical cavity is deep, but
not very wide.
This species somewhat resembles the young shell of P. discus; but the greater
convexity of the under side of the whorls, and the small degree of obliquity, and the
shape of the aperture, will distinguish it. The adult shell of P. discus is easily sepa-
rated by its greater size and compression.
The specimens ordinarily found are, like those of the preceding species, casts
merely; with the shell preserved they are very rare. ~
Size.-—Diameter, 7-10ths of an inch.
Locality.— Sconce.
No. 56. PLANORBIS PLATYSTOoMA. WS. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 2 a—d.
PLaNnorsis PLatystoma. S. Wood. Lond. Geol. Journ., vol. i, p. 118.
P. testé parva, utrinque fere equaliter cavatd; anfractibus trinis, rotundatis,
tumidis, rapide crescentibus, supra depressiusculis, subtus conveais, singulo fere dimidium
antecedentis involventi: apertura magnd, per-obliqui, obtuse obcordatd, peristomate
aliquando reflexo.
104 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
A small smooth shell, formed of three tumid rapidly-enlarging whorls, each
embracing about one half of the preceding one ; the whorls are rounded, almost equally
convex above and below, but a little compressed on the upper side. The apex is
wholly concealed by the involution of the whorls. The aperture is wide, very oblique,
and bluntly heart-shaped; sometimes, in the adult shell, the peristome is reflected.
The upper side is slightly concave, and the under side presents a wide and moderately
deep umbilicus.
This species, which appears to have been first noticed by Mr. Wood, is so well
marked that it cannot be confounded with any other. It somewhat resembles the
young shell of P. oligyratus ; but, in the latter shell, the whorls are not so embracing,
the upper side is more flattened, and the under side is not so regularly convex. The
aperture, also, is narrower and much less oblique. The reflected lip, which frequently
occurs in the present species, evidences the maturity of the shell; and the difference
between the size of such specimens and that of the fully formed shell of P. oligyratus
confirms the separation of the two species. In addition to these distinctions, it may
be stated that the present species is found plentifully both in Headon Hill and at
Hordwell; but that as yet no specimen of P. oligyratus has heen found at either of
those localities.
Size.—Diameter 3-10ths of an inch.
Localities —Hordwell; Headon Hill; and Sconce.
No. 57. PLANORBIS LENS. Brogniart. Tab. XV, fig. 8 a—d.
PLANORBIS LENS. Brogn. 1810. Ann. du Mus., vol. xv, p. 372, t. 22, fig. 9.
_— — Tb. 1811. Journ. de Phys., &e. vol. Ixxii, p. 421.
— — Fér. 1814. Mém. geol., p. 61, No. 10.
— — Sow. 1818. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 91, t. 140, fig. 4.
—_— — Desh. 1824—37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 87, t. 9,
figs. 11—13.
— — Bouill. 1836, Catal. des coq. foss. de ’ Auvergne, p. 115.
— — Desh. Ency. Méth. Vers., &c., vol. iii, p. 783, No. 16.
— — Ib. 1838. Lam. Hist. Nat., 2d edit., vol. viii, p. 396, No. 7.
— Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 156.
An. PLANORBE ANGULEUX? Brard. 1810. Ann. du Mus,, vol. xiv, p. 435, t. 27, figs. 23-4.
P. testé parva, lenticulart, levi, utrinque parum, sed plus superne quam subtus, cavata;
anfractibus quaternis, singulo fere dimidium antecedentis involventi ; supra convexiusculis,
subtus plano-conveais, ad peripheriam acute angulatis ; aperturé parum obliqud, elongato-
cordata.
Mr. Sowerby, when he gave the name /. /ens to a British fossil, appears not to
have been aware that that name had previously been dedicated by Brogniart to a
shell from the Paris basin; but, by a singular coincidence, the shells described by
PULMONATA. 105
these authors appear to agree so closely that they must be referred to the same
species. I have not, it is true, had an opportunity of comparing the English with
the French shells; the identification, therefore, rests entirely on the figures and
descriptions given by MM. Brogniart and Deshayes; but, forming my opinion from
them, I cannot see any sufficient reason for considering the English shells as distinct.
The present species is a small lenticular shell, slightly concave on each disc, but more
so on the upper than on the under side: the whorls are four or five, each embracing
nearly one half of the preceding whorl; they are slightly convex on both surfaces, but
more so above than beneath, and acutely angulated round the periphery, a little below
the middle of the whorl. The aperture is of an elongated heart-shape, and not very
oblique.
Brogniart describes his shell as swelled out (bombé) and lenticular rather than
umbilicated; and this, owing to the slight concavity of the discs, may be taken as
the general character of the English shell. M. Deshayes, whose figures are drawn
from the original specimen, states that in Brogniart’s figure the shell is represented
with the sides too much swelled out, and with the marginal angle too near the
middle. Making due allowance for these errors, it will be seen that the contour of
the shell and the form of the aperture represented by Brogniart’s middle figure, agree
very well with those of the English specimens.* In the figure given by Mr. Sowerby
the aperture is represented as very obcordate, and it conveys the idea of the whorls
and the shell being more convex than they really are. M. Bronn, in his ‘ Lethea
geognostica,’ (p. 1011,) states that the shell described by Mr. Sowerby is more
depressed than that of the typical P. dens, and he refers it to a distinct species, which
he has named P. Sowerbyi. I fear that M. Bronn had not authentic specimens of our
P. lens before him ; for the figures he has given (Tab. XL, fig. 17 a—c,) do not correctly
represent that shell; but they, as well as his description, agree closely with another of
our Eocene Planorbes, which I have therefore referred to his species. The P. /ens of
‘Mineral Conchology’ appears to me, as I have already stated, to correspond so closely
with Brogniart’s P. /ens, that the two cannot be separated.
Férussac quotes Brard’s Planorbe anguleux as a synonym; but whether the present
species really is the same cannot well be determined without reference to the
original specimen, as both the description and the figure given by Brard are too
imperfect for the purpose of identification. I have, however, followed the example of
MM. Brogniart and Deshayes, in quoting Brard with a query.
Size—Diameter, 3-10ths of an inch nearly.
Localities—Hordwell, and Headon Hill, where it is moderately plentiful. rench:
Saint-Chaumont, Pantin, Limagne, Cournon.
* Judging from the aperture, Brogniart’s figures are reversed, probably owing to an oversight of the
artist.
“14
106 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 58. PranorBis TRoPIS. Ff. #. Hdwards. Tab. XV, fig. 10 a—d.
P. testé minutd, depressd, levi, superne parum concavd, subtus late umbilicata : anfrac-
tibus quaternis vel quinis, lente crescentibus, supra convexiusculis, infra sub-planis, ad
peripheriam carinatis, singulo dimidium antecedentis obtegenti: apertura obliqua, angusti-
cordatia.
Mr. Wood (‘London Geol. Journ.,’ vol. i, p. 118,) has referred this species to
P. planulatus (Desh.), observing, however, that “the figure by Deshayes is not so flat
and carinated as the English specimens, which more resemble. the P. evacutus (Gould).”
I have not seen any French specimens of P. planulatus; but, on comparing the
English shells with the description and figures given by M. Deshayes, I cannot concur
in referring them to that species. P. ¢ropis is a minute, compressed, polished
shell, a little sunk round the apex, and widely but not deeply umbilicated; the four
or five volutions, of which it is formed, are slightly convex above, nearly flat beneath,
and compressed near the outer margin so as to present a prominent keel, which runs
round the periphery a little below the middle of the whorl. The whorls are much
concealed, each embracing about one half of the preceding one; the aperture is very
oblique and of a longish heart shape.
Although the general resemblance between this species and P. planulatus must be
admitted, yet there are, I think, sufficient grounds for specific distinction. In the
present species, the whorls increase more slowly and are more concealed ; they are not
so convex above nor so flat beneath, and, consequently, the keel is near the middle of
the shell, and the aperture assumes an elongated heart shape; whereas, in P. planu-
latus, owing to the greater flatness of the under surface of the whorls, the marginal
angle (for, judging from the figure given by M. Deshayes, the term /ee/ is not
applicable,) runs round the base of the shell, and the aperture is sub-trigonal. The
English shell also appears to be smaller than the French one. On these grounds,
notwithstanding the distrust I feel at dissenting from Mr. Wood’s opinion, I consider
the present to be a distinct species. In the character and position of the keel, P. tropis
corresponds with P. evacutus; but in the recent shell, the whorls enlarge more rapidly
and are more convex, both above and below; the umbilicus is deeper, and the aperture
wider, than in the present species.
Size.—Diameter, not quite 3-20ths of an inch.
Locality.—Hordwell.
No. 50. PLANORBIS HEMISTOMA. Sowerby. Tab. XV, fig. 11 a—d.
PranorBis Hemistoma. Sowerby. 1818. Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 91; t. 140, fig. 6.
P. testa minutd, depressd, levi, superne profundé cavatd, subtus subpland, ter quaterve
circumvolutd ; anfractibus vie involventibus, ad peripheriam sub-angulatis, supra conveat-
PULMONATA. 107
usculis, ad marginem sinistram acute angulatis; infra subplanis; aperturd parum obliqud
subtrigonda.
A minute, smooth, much depressed shell, deeply concave on the upper side, almost
flat on the under side: volutions three or four, very slightly convex above, nearly flat
beneath, and compressed, almost angulated at the periphery above the middle of the
shell. The whorls can scarcely be described as embracing, inasmuch as the under
surface is wholly exposed, although the upper surface is partly concealed by the
succeeding whorl; the inner margin is bent, rather abruptly, towards the apex, and
presents a conspicuous angle, which runs round the cavity. The aperture is oblique,
but not much so, and subtrigonal, having the lower margin rounded.
This species somewhat resembles P. elegans; but it is smaller and more compressed,
and the subangulated periphery and flatness of the whorls impart a triangular form to
the aperture very different from the roundish, heart-shaped aperture of that species.
In P. biangulatus, the whorls are more convex, and the aperture is consequently almost
obcordate.
Size—Diameter, 1-10th of an inch nearly.
Localities—Hordwell; Plumstead; Sundridge; Rotherhithe.
No. 60. PLANORBIS ELEGANS. J. LZ. Edwards. Tab. XV, fig. 12 a—d.
P. testd minuta, politd, superne profunde cavatd, subtus parum cavata ; quater vel
quinquies circumvolutd, anfractibus lineis incrementi notatis, ad peripheriam rotundatis ;
supra convexis, ad marginem sinistram angulatis ; infra convewxiusculis ; singulo fere trientem
antecedentis obtegenti: apertura parum obliqud, obcordatda.
This very elegant little Planorbis is found in great abundance on Headon Hill, in
a deposit immediately above the upper fluvio-marine formation, associated with Bulimus
politus, Melanopsis carinatus, Melanopsis buccinoidea, a species of Neritina, as yet
undescribed, and AZelania muricata. It is a small polished shell, deeply but not widely
hollowed out on the upper disc, and slightly concave, almost flat, beneath: volutions
four or five, rounded on the periphery, marked by conspicuous lines of growth nearly
perpendicular to the axis, very convex, and presenting a sharpish angle running round
the inner margin, on the upper surface, and but slightly convex beneath ; each volution
embraces nearly a third of the one preceding it. The aperture is of a roundish heart
shape, and very slightly oblique.
Size.—Diameter, 3-20ths of an inch.
Localities—The deposit in which this Planorbis principally occurs is a transition
bed between the upper fluvio-marine and the pure fresh-water formations in Headon
Hill. I have also found it, but very sparingly, in the upper fluvio-marine formation
at Hordwell, and in the lower fluvio-marine or transition bed which intercalates the
upper series of the true marine and the lower fresh-water formations at Mead End.
108 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 61. PLANORBIS BIANGULATUS. F. F. Edwards. Tab. XV, fig. 138 a—d.
P. testé parva, compressiusculd, utrinque parum, sed fere equaliter cavatd : anfractibus
quinis, singulo antecedentem pauxillulo involventi; supra convexis, ad marginem sinistram
angulatis ; subtus convewiusculis, ad marginem externam obscure crenulatis: apertura wre-
gulariter obcordata, vie obliqua.
A small, somewhat depressed shell, slightly and nearly equally hollowed out on both
sides, but rather more so above than beneath. It is formed of four or five volutions,
convex on the upper side, and obtusely angulated round the cavity in consequence of
the somewhat abrupt inflection of the inner margin toward the preceding volution ;
nearly flat on the under side, and obscurely crenulated near the outer margin. The
periphery presents two angles; one, rather obscure, near the middle; the other, more
prominent, runs round the margin of the lower disc. The aperture is slightly oblique,
and of a short heart shape, but irregular in its form, owing to the greater convexity
and the angulated inner margin of the upper surface of the whorl.
This appears to be a well-marked species; the double angle on the periphery and
the crenulated under surface are characters which are not found in any other of the
Eocene species.
Size.—Diameter, 2-10ths of an inch.
Localities—Hordwell, as well in the pure fresh-water, as in the upper fluvio-marine
formation; and at Mead End, in the lower fluvio-marine or transition bed before
mentioned.
No. 62. PLaNnorBIs SowERBYt. Bronn. Tab. XV, fig. 9 a—d.
PLANoRBIS SoWERBYI. Bronn. 1838. Letheea geognost., p. 1011, t. xl, fig. 17 a—e.
P. testd parva, depressd, utrinque parum et fere equaliter cavata : anfractibus ternis vel
quaternis, rapide crescentibus ; supra convewis, infra subplanis, ad peripheriam carinatis,
singulo dimidium antecedentis obtegenti, carind inferiori; apertura elongato-cordatd,
per-obliqua.
The present species appears to be rare. It is a small depressed shell, slightly and
nearly equally hollowed out on both surfaces; but the umbilical cavity is the wider
and deeper of the two. The volutions are three or four, enlarging rapidly, convex
above, nearly flat beneath, and bearing a sharpish keel on the periphery, formed by
the compression of the outer margins, a little below the middle of the shell. The
whorls are much concealed, each embracing nearly half of the preceding one, and the
aperture is very oblique, and of an elongated heart shape.
This shell appears to me, as I have already stated, to have been mistaken by
M. Bronn for that described by Mr. Sowerby as P. /ens, and to have been correctly
PULMONATA. 109
referred to a distinct species. It certainly presents a general resemblance to P. Jens;
but the upper side is more arched, the under side flatter, the whorls enlarge more
rapidly, and the margins are more compressed and more acutely carinated than in
that species; the umbilical cavity, also, is not so deep, and the aperture is of a more
oblique and of a more elongated heart shape.
In the rapidly increasing size of the whorls and the condition of the marginal keel,
the present species presents an analogy with the recent P. exacutus (Gould); but in
the latter shell, the upper sides of the whorls are not concealed, the under sides are
more convex, the umbilical cavity is deeper, and the aperture is almost obcordate. In
P. tropis the shell is more compressed, the whorls enlarge more slowly, and the umbi-
lical cavity is wider.
Stze.—Diameter, 2-10ths of an inch.
Locality.—Sconce.
PLANORBIS CYLINDRICUS.—Mr. Sowerby has described a shell under this specific
name, (Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 90, t. 140, fig. 2,) the distinguishing characters of which
are the vertically flattened, adpressed volutions, concentrically striated on the under
surfaces, and the oblong quadrangular aperture. I have not met with any specimen
which presents these characters ; and as the original specimen, unfortunately, has been
broken, I cannot give any description or figure of the species. It is not improbable
that the shell described by Mr. Sowerby was a fragment, consisting of the early volu-
tions of one of the larger species I have described, possibly of P. rofundatus, in which
the whorls, in the young state, are somewhat adpressed and the aperture is
subquadrate.
Genus 14th. ANcyLus.* Geoffroy.
AncyLus, Geoffroy, 1767; Miiller, 1774; Draparnaud, 1805; De Roissy, 1805;
Férussac, 1819; Lamarck, 1820; Blainville, 1825; Guilding, 1821.
PaTsELua (spec.), Linneus, Bruguicre, Montagu.
HELcron (spec.), Montfort, 1810.
ANsULUS vel ANsyLUs, Gray, 1840.
Gen. Char.—Patelliform, thin, obliquely conical, sinistral ; apex rather pointed,
compressed, not lengthened nor spiral, turned sidewise towards the right margin and
backwards, not marginal: aperture oval or oblong, margins simple.
This genus, first withdrawn by Geoffroy from the Patelle, was rejected both by
Linnzeus and Bruguiére, but was revived by Draparnaud, and placed near the Limneide,
on account of the similarity between the animal and those of Limuea and Planorbis.
Férussac, who had noticed the occasional ascent of the animal to the surface of the
* Etym. Ay«inos, crooked, twisted.
110 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
water, and assumed that this was for respiration, also placed the genus among the
aquatic Pulmonata. On the other hand, Lamarck and Blainville, although they adopted
the genus, retained it, provisionally, the former, among the Calyptracea, the latter
among the Seutibranchia. Subsequently, the Rev. Mr. Guilding, in his ‘ Zoology of the
Caribean Islands,* gave the generic characters of the animal, and described the
respiratory apparatus as consisting of a small branchial plume placed on the left side,
near the excretory orifice; and M. Deshayes, misled by this description, has, in the
2d edition of Lamarck’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle,’ rejected the supposition of the animal
bemg a pulmonated mollusc. The more recent observations of the Rev. G. M.
Berkeleyt have shown, however, that the animal, in its organs of respiration, resembles
those forming the present order, and that it is, in fact, a true pulmonated mollusc.
The respiratory orifice is protected by a valvular enlargement of the margin of the
mantle, which, it is conjectured, was mistaken by Mr. Guilding for a branchial plume.
The genus, as originally proposed, embraced as well dextral as sinistral species. The
dextral species have been withdrawn by Mr. Gray, under the generic name /e/letia,
(Acroloxus, Beck;) a division the necessity for which has been questioned, but which,
for the reasons stated under the genus Vell/etia, 1 have adopted, and the present genus
is therefore confined to the sinistral species.
The animal is hermaphrodite, but the union of two individuals is necessary for
fecundation: the head is furnished with two cylindrical or triangular retractile ten-
tacles, oculated at their bases; the foot is short, and attached to the abdominal mass,
and the mantle is large and free, with a simple continuous margin. The living species
are not numerous; one only, 4. fluviatilis, is found in this country and in central and
southern Europe; the rest occur principally in central America. They live in fresh-
water, preferring gentle streams.
Four fossil species have been described and referred to this genus, all from the
Eocene formations, viz. 4. elegans (Sow.), from Hordwell; 4. depressus (Desh.), from
the neighbourhood of Versailles; 4. deperditus (Desmar.), from the fresh-water lime-
stone of Ulm; and 4. compressus (Nyst.), from the neighbourhood of Antwerp. The
first two are Ve//etig; the descriptions and figures of the last two are insufficient for
determining to which genus they belong.
No. 63. ANcyLtus? tatus. /. #. Edwards. Tab. XIV, fig. 15 a-d.
A. testa conoided, depressa, lata; vertice submediano : apertura oblonga, obovata.
The imperfect state of the only specimen I possess, prevents my doing much more
than to record the occurrence of this shell, which I refer to the present genus with
hesitation. It is distorted at the posterior extremity, and presents the appearance of
* © Zoological Journal,’ vol. iii, p. 535.
+ Ibid., vol. v.
PULMONATA. 111
a sinus somewhat resembling that in the shells of the Limacina, but greatly exag-
gerated; this, most probably, is due to the accident which produced the distortion, or
to some cause similar to that to which Mr. Gray attributes the sinus in Michaud’s
A. sinuosus. The shell also is thicker than is usual in this genus ; but the shelly matter has
been absorbed and replaced by carbonate of lime, and a slight thickening may have taken
place in that process. It may be described as sub-conical, and much depressed, with the
vertex about half way between the margin and the middle; the aperture is oblong and
widely obovate. Inthe great depression of the shell this species resembles A. (Velletia)
depressus, Desh.; but the aperture is more equally rounded at the extremities.
Size-—Length about { of an inch; width, about 2-]0ths.
Locality.— Sconce.
Genus 15th. VELLETIA.* Gray.
Acrotoxts, Beck, 1837.
Vetietia, Gray, 1840.
Gen. Char.—Dextral, with the apex turned sidewise towards the left margin; m
all other respects resembling Ancylus.
The dextral forms referred to Ancylus were first withdrawn by Beck, under the
generic name Acro/oxus, but without any description; the genus was afterwards defined
by Mr. Gray under that of Velletia. The animal, so far as its organisation is known,
as well as the shell, resembles Ancylus, except that it is dextral and not sinistral ;
and the genus has not been received without question, inasmuch as, apparently, it
depended on a character insufficient in itself for generic distinction. Mr. W. Thompson,
however, in his ‘ Remarks on the dentition of British Pulmonifera,’ to which I have
before referred, states that, in their dentition, “dAncylus and Velletia present widely
distinct characters, clearly showing that they do not belong to one genus. In Auxcylus
there are thirty similar lateral teeth in a straight line on each side of the central tooth,
and then there is a slight curve through a series of six more teeth, where a trifling
change in their form occurs. In Ve//etia, on the contrary, no part of the horizontal
row is straight; its central part is much arched, and is composed of the central tooth
and twelve lateral teeth on each side, which do not alter much in form. Then comes
one tooth of a different form, and lastly, six more on each side, which latter are in a
slight curve.”
ll.
12.
13.
14.
EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Re Mai
SSO &)
are
Sy
Oviform substances of the different sizes found in the fresh-water limestone at Sconce, in
the Isle of Wight.
An oviform embedded entire, in which the outer covering has been absorbed and replaced
by carbonate of lime; the cavity empty.
An oviform in a condition similar to No. 11, excepting that the cavity is partly filled with
crystals of carbonate of lime.
The impression left in the matrix by an oviform embedded entire, the outer covering of
which has been absorbed.
The internal cast of an oviform of which the outer covering has been absorbed.
123
ORDER—PROSOBRANCHIATA. M. Epwarps.
PECTINIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.
TUBULIBRANCHIATA,
”
ScUTIBRANCHIATA, oS
CYCLOBRANCHIATA,
”
PARACEPHALOPHORA DIoIcA, De Blainville.
To the free-air-breathing gasteropods succeed those which breathe, by means of
gills, the air diffused through the water in which they live. In them the head is more
or less fully developed, and the mouth is furnished with a riband-shaped tongue,
armed with numerous series of teeth, which present great varieties of form and
arrangement. In some cases the animals are hermaphrodite, the sexes being united
in the same individual, but in by far the larger proportion the sexes are distinct ; with
very few exceptions, they are all oviparous. In the larva state they are always
furnished with spiral shells, which, in some cases, as the animals approach maturity,
become rudimentary or altogether disappear; but more generally the shells become
largely developed, so as to contain the whole animals within them. The respiratory
organs exhibit many differences in structure and position,and these varied conditions were
adopted by Cuvier as ordinal distinctions in the systematic arrangement proposed by him.
De Blaimville, on the other hand, availed himself of the modifications in the repro-
ductive apparatus, and divided his second class “‘ paracephalophora,” into the sub-classes
dioica, in which the male and female sexual organs are in different individuals, and
monoica, in which the two sexes are united in the same individual. To these he added
a third division, ermaphrodita, in which he described the generative apparatus as
female only, a modification the existence of which subsequent investigation has
disproved. It appears, however, by the observations of Milne Edwards, that the
water-breathing gasteropods form two natural and well-defined divisions, which that
eminent naturalist has called respectively, opisthobranchiata and prosobranchiata, from
the position of the gills in relation to the heart.* In the first of these divisions, which
corresponds with the zudibranchiata, testibranchiata, and inferobranchiata of Cuvier, and
with the monoica and hermaphrodita of De Blainville, the respiration is effected by
* Etym. omo(e (in the after part, behind), and zpowsov vel zp@cov (advanced, pushed forward),
respectively prefixed to Bpayyia (the gills).
124 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
arborescent or fasciculated gills, which are not enclosed in a special cavity, but are
more or less completely exposed, either on the back or on the sides towards the hinder
part of the body. The reproductive apparatus is hermaphrodite (not in the sense used
by De Blainville, but meaning that the sexes are united in the same individual), and
the shell is either wanting or is merely rudimentary in the adult state. In the second
division, the abdomen, which is developed proportionately with the cephalic and
locomotive masses, is always protected by a shell, generally of sufficient size to contain
the whole animal. ‘The mantle forms over the cervical region a vaulted chamber, more
or less capacious, in which the branchiz are lodged and the excretory orifices are placed.
The reproductive organs, male and female, are borne by different individuals. This
division comprises Cuvier’s four remaining orders of the dranchifera, and corresponds
with De Blainville’s sub-class dioica. The branchize are composed of simple and par-
allel plates, arranged, somewhat like the teeth of a comb, along a vascular stem, and,
for the most part, are placed obliquely across the back, or are attached to the right
side of the neck.
In some genera in this order, the edge of the mantle is prolonged into a canal or
siphon, which can be extended at pleasure, so as to permit the free passage of water
into the branchial chamber, while the animal itself remains within the shell ; and where
this siphon exists, the front of the aperture of the shell presents a notch, or is produced
into a channel in which the siphon rests. In other genera the respiratory siphon is
altogether wanting, or its place is supplied by a lobe developed from the neck, and in
these genera the aperture is without the anterior notch or channel. Sometimes a
posterior tube exists with a corresponding notch or canal in the shell; but the function
of this posterior tube is simply to provide for the more easy efflux of water or the
ejection of the anal excretions from the branchial chamber. The head of the
prosobranchiate gasteropod is provided with tentacles, which serve as organs of touch,
and probably of smell, and with a proboscis which in some genera is retractile or
exsertile. The eyes, with which organs all are endowed, are generally placed either
at the bases, or on the extremities, or the sides of the tentacles; but in some genera
they are carried on pedicels specially appropriated for them.
The presence or absence of the respiratory siphon has been used for the subdivision
of the present order into two sections: Ist, Siphonosfomata, corresponding with De Blain-
ville’s order siphonobranchiata, and comprising such of the prosobranchiata whose pro-
boscis is retractile, and the margin of whose mantle is prolonged into a siphon, and whose
shell is, consequently, notched or produced into a channel in front: and 2d, //olostomata,
consisting of those in which the proboscis is not retractile, and the animal not being
provided with a respiratory siphon, the aperture of the shell is entire. The genera
comprised in the first section are all zoophagous, and are inhabitants of the sea or of
brackish water; those in the 2d section are, for the most part, phytophagous; the
greater number live in salt or brackish water; some, however, are inhabitants of fresh
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 125
water. This subdivision, although very convenient, is not, as Mr. Woodward* remarks,
altogether satisfactory ; inasmuch as several genera occur among the Aolostomata in
which the proboscis is retractile, or the shells are notched or furnished with an anterior
canal.
By far the greater part of the present order are furnished with an operculum, but
many are without that protection.
Since Lovén published the result of his examination of the dental apparatus of
Mollusca, much attention has been paid to the subject, and great importance is attached
to the condition of the lingual teeth. But the assistance derived from this character,
however valuable it may prove to malacologists, can be available indirectly only to the
paleontologist.
Family—Cy PREID&.
Genus 20th. Cypraa.t Linn. 1740.
Peripoivus, Adanson, 1757; De Blainville, 1825.
Cyprma, Lamarck, 1801; De Blainville, 1825.
Cyprea, Monftf., 1810.
CoccinEeLta, Leach, 1820.
Trivia—CyprovuLa—Lvponia, Gray, 1830.
Gen. Char.—Shell oviform, oblong or sub-globular, convolute, enamelled, generally
smooth, sometimes pustulous, transversely ribbed, or cancellated: spire short, depressed
visible only in the young state, when adult, concealed by the enamel; aperture long,
narrow, terminating at each extremity in a short canal; outer lip inflected, crenulated ;
inner lip crenulated.
The animal of Cyprza has a broad, sub-lunate head, terminating in a short retractile
muzzle, and bearing long subulate tentacles on bulgings, at the outer bases of which
the eyes are placed. The foot is broad, truncated in front, pointed, and sometimes
much produced behind; the mantle terminates in a siphon in front, and the lateral
margins, as the animal approaches maturity, expand into lobes, generally equal,
but frequently more or less unequal, and which can be extended at pleasure, so as
entirely or nearly to cover the shell, the edges meeting on the back or on the right
side, according as the lobes are equal or unequal. By these lobes is deposited the
testaceous matter which forms the enamel-like covering of the shell, characteristic of
the family ; the line of juncture being usually indicated, in recent cowries, by a groove
or a streak of a fainter colour. The outer surfaces of the lobes are generally covered
* continued.
inner lip effuse ; columellar plaits few.)
B. Transversely furrowed at the base only.
No. 99. VouuTa aTHLETA. Solander. Tab. XXI, figs. 7 a—e.
STRoMBUS ATHLETA. Soland. 1766. Brand. Foss. Hanton., p. 31; t. 5, fig. 66,
VoLutTa — Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 133; t. 396, figs. l—3.
— _ Defr. 1829. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. l viii, p. 480.
— — Desh. 1824-37. Desc. des coq. foss., vol. ii, p. 689; t. 93, figs, 12
—13.
V. testa rhomboidali, spinis magnis dispansis coronatd, ad basin sub-profunde emar-
ginata ; spird brevi, acuminata : anfractibus postice levibus, ad basin obsolete transversim
sulcatis: apertura effusd ; labro tenui, simplici ; labio parum effuso, postice incrassato ;
columella depressd, leviter arcuatd, tri-plicata.
Var. Fortis (tab. 21, fig. 7 e) testdé ovato-turbinatd, breviori, latiori ; anfractibus
antice valde attenuatis.
Shell rhomboidal, crowned with large spreading spines, and widely, but not deeply,
notched at the base; spire rather short and pointed. In young individuals, the
whorls are transversely furrowed, obscurely ribbed, and surmounted by two rows of
short, erect spines; but as the shell approaches maturity, the ribs become effaced, the
second, or sutural row of spines disappears, and is replaced by an irregular sharp
elevated line, and the spines of the first row become large, distant, and spreading ; the
transverse furrows disappear after the first three or four whorls, and the shell is after-
wards smooth, except at the base, where a few faint, almost obsolete, transverse furrows
appear. The aperture is elongate, and rather wide; the outer lip smooth and simple ;
the inner lip moderately spread over the body whorl, thickened at the upper part,
and not extending backwards beyond the suture; columella flattened in front, slightly
curved, and presenting one broad prominent fold in front, and two or three others,
small and indistinct, behind.
A variety occurs at Highcliff, which appears to correspond with the shell described
by M. Deshayes, more closely than do the Barton shells; it is more turbinate,
shorter, and comparatively wider than the type, and the whorls are much attenuated
in front.
The smooth and ventricose body and flattened columella distinguish this species ;
and at maturity, the large spreading spines give a strongly marked character to it.
Size.—Axis, 3 inches, nearly; diameter, 1 inch and 7-10ths, nearly.
Localities —Barton, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich). For the variety, Highcliff.
French : Monneville, Houdan (fide Desh.).
"21
162 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 100. VoxtutTa penupata. Sowerby. Tab. XXI, figs. 5 a—e.
VoLUTA DENUDATA. Sow. 1840. Min. Con., vol. 7, p. 6; t. 93, fig. 3.
— —_— — 1850. Dixon’s Geol. Suss., p. 120; t. 15, fig. 7.
V. testa ovato-oblongd, postice levi, antice transversim sulcatd, profunde emarginata ;
spird conicd, brevi, apice acuto ; costis brevibus, crassis, ad extremitates posteriores nodi-
geris ; antractu ultimo superne concamerato : aperturd elongato-ovali, postice angusta ; labro
simplici, intis levi ; labio expanso, incrassato ; columella tri-plicatd.
Shell oblong-ovate, ribbed, smooth, except towards the base, where it is transversely
furrowed; spire short, conical ; apex small, pointed; ribs thick, short, scarcely extend-
ing to the middle of the whorl, and terminating posteriorly in coarse, nodiform tubercles;
whorls rather ventricose in front, obtusely angulated at the shoulders; the space
between the tubercles and the suture convex, imparting a dome-like shape to the lower
part of the spire. The aperture is of a lengthened oval form, narrow, obscurely chan-
nelled behind, widely and deeply notched in front ; the outer lip simple, smooth within ;
inner lip much spread over the front of the body whorl, extending backwards far up
the spire, and thickened. The columella is flattened in front, and presents one thick,
prominent fold in front, and two or three smaller ones behind. In the young shell, the
whorls are crowned with three rows of small, nodiform spines, and the margins between
the front row and the suture are somewhat depressed. The two posterior rows, which
correspond with the front row, rise out of faint, elevated lines, which traverse the sutural
margin; as the shell is enlarged, these spines are lost, and the transverse lines become
stronger ; the direction of the suture also becomes less decurrent, so that each succeeding
whorl envelops more of the preceding one, and the margin of the last, in fact, covers the
front row of spines upon the whorl next to it; the margins also become convex, and
assume the dome-like shape characteristic of the later whorls.
Size.—Axis, 3 inches, nearly ; diameter, 1 and 7-10ths of an inch, nearly.
Localities—Bognor, where it is very common, and (fide Sow.) Brentford.
No. 101. Vouura sprnosa. Linneus. Tab. XXI, figs. 4 a, 0.
Lister. Hist. Conchyl., t. 1033, fig. 7?
Gualtieri. 1742. Index Test. Conch., t. 55, fig. E?
Conus sprnosus. Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th edit., p. 715, No. 271.
Buccinum (sp.) Walch. 1764. Das Steinreich System., &c., t. 11, fig. 2 a.
SrrompBus sprnosus. Linn. 1767. Syst. Nat., 12th edit., p. 1212.
— —_ Favanne. 1780. D’Argen. Conchyl., 3d edit., t. 66, fig. I, 9.
— — Schréter. 1783. Hinleit. in die Conch., vol. 1, p. 443, No. 24.
—_ — Gmel. 1788. Linn. Syst. Nat., 13th edit., p. 3518, No. 27.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 163
STROMBUs sPINOsUS. Chemn. 1795. Conchyl. cab., vol. xi, t. 212, figs. 3002—3.
VoLuTa spinosa. Lam. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 477, No. 2, and vol. xvii, p. 74,
No. 2.
—_ — Roissy. 1804. Buff. Moll., vol. v, p. 440, No. 7.
— — Lam. 1816. Tableau Encyclop. et Méth., t. 392, fig. 5 a—d.
— —_— — 1822. Hist. Nat., vol. vii, p. 348, No. 2.
— De France. 1829. Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. lviii, p. 474.
— — Desh. 1832. Encycl. Méthod. (Vers), vol. iii, p. 1143, No. 22.
— — — 1824—37. Dese. des Coq. Foss., vol. ii, p. 690; t. 92, figs. 7—8.
— — ? Galeotti. 1837. Mém. sur la Const. Géog., &e., de Brabant, p. 149,
No. 71, t. iii, fig. 16.
a — ?Nyst. 1843. Coq., &., de Belg., p. 589.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 168.
— — 1? Philippi. 1851. Paleontogr. Tert. Foss. Magdeb., p. 78, No. 169.
Nec. — — Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 30; t. 115, figs. 2—4.
nec. — os — 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 107; t. 5, fig. 16.
nec. — — var. Pratyspina. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 107; t. 5,
fig. 29.
V. testa turbinata, ad basin transversim striata, longitudinaliter partim costatd ; anfrac-
tibus acute angulatis, unicd serie spinarum coronatis ; spird brevi, apice acuto ; labro tenui,
simplict ; columella quadri-plicatd.
Shell turbinate, resembling in shape two unequal cones placed base to base, the
smaller of which is formed by the short pointed spire; whorls nearly straight, longitu-
dinally ribbed, much narrowed in front, and acutely angulated at the shoulder; the
margin between the spines and the suture rather concave. The ribs, which extend
only about half-way over the whorl, terminate at the shoulder in a row of short,
pointed spines. The sutural margin is bordered by an elevated line, which, occa-
sionally, in young shells, rises into small, pointed tubercles opposite to the spines. The
whorls at the base are traversed by several oblique furrows, which disappear towards
the middle of the shell, where the ribs take their rise. The mouth is narrow, and
somewhat quadrilateral, owing to the angularity of the upper part of the whorl; the
outer lip thin and smooth within; inner lip but little spread out. The columella,
which is rather flattened in front and nearly straight, presents one large prominent
plait in front, and three, sometimes four, feeble ones behind and, according to
M. Deshayes, a large smooth callus at the posterior extremity formed by the thickening
of the inner lip.
The shells from Barton, described by Mr. Sowerby (loc. cit.), and referred by him
to this species, present characters sufficiently distinct, as I have before observed, to
require that they should be separated. I have not met, in fact, with any shell from the
Hampshire beds corresponding with the true /. spinosa of the Paris basin, unless the
V. depauperata be regarded as a local variety; but the species occurs not unfrequently
at Bracklesham Bay.
164. EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
The French specimens are generally ornamented with numerous pale orange-
coloured bands; but the English matrix has been less favorable for the preservation of
the colouring matter, and specimens retaining traces of the original marking are very
rare.
The shells described in Mr. Dixon’s work as V. spinosa, and V’. spinosa, var. platy-
spina, (p. 107, t. 7, f. 22,) do not belong to this species; nor, apparently, do those
described by Galeotti from St. Josse-ten-Noode, St. Gilles, Foret, and Affighem in
Brabant ; in them, the ribs are thick, round, and prominent ; and the whole surface
presents a transverse sculpture. Philippi records a specimen of the present species
from Westeregeln, in the Museum at Halle; but as Dr. Beyrich does not mention the
species among the Volutes described by him from that locality, I have cited Philippi
with a query.
Stze.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-10ths; diameter, nearly 8-10ths of an inch.
Localities—Bracklesham Bay; Southampton. yenzch: Grignon, Courtagnon,
Parnes. German: Westeregeln in Magdeburg (fide Phil.)?
No. 102. VoLuTA DEPAUPERATA. Sowerby. Tab. XXI, figs. 8 a—e.
VOLUTA DEPAUPERATA, Sowerby. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 133, t. 396, fig. 4; vol. vii,
p- 32, t. 625, fig. 6.
— == Defr. 1829. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. lviii, p. 481.
non — — Desh. 1824-37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 684, t. 92,
figs. 5, 6.
V. testa ovato-oblongd, partim costatd, antice transversim sulcatd, postice levi; spiraé
brevi, apice acuto; anfractibus sub-ventricosis, postice acute angulatis, und serie spinarum
donatis, margine suturali sub-convexo: labro simplici, tenui ; labio parum expanso ; colu-
mella biplicata.
Shell oval-oblong, longitudinally ribbed, transversely furrowed in front, otherwise
smooth, with a short pointed spire: whorls rather ventricose, acutely angulated at the
shoulder. The ribs, which are not numerous, extend over about two thirds of the whorl,
and terminate at the shoulder in a row of short erect spines. In young shells a second
row of small pointed tubercles, corresponding with the spines, runs round the suture ; but
they soon disappear, and generally are replaced by an irregular raised line. The margin
of the whorls, between the shoulder and the suture is slightly convex. The aperture is
of a lengthened-oval shape, rather effuse and widely but not very deeply notched in front ;
the outer lip thin and smooth; the inner lip but slightly spread out; the columella
rounded, nearly straight, and furnished with two unequal folds. The surface of the
shell is ornamented with transverse, narrow, orange-coloured bands, resembling those
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 165
in the French specimens of V. spinosa, with which species the present one is
closely analogous, and of which it appears to me to be merely a local variety. It is
in fact, only distinguished by the more ventricose whorls, the more effuse aperture, the
rounded columella, and the greater obliquity of the columellar folds.
Brander’s shell (fig. 67), referred by Mr. Sowerby to this species, belongs to
V. luctatria ; and the French shells which M. Deshayes has described as V. depauperata
also appear to be quite distinct; they are longer, narrower, and more regular in form,
and have a more elevated and thicker spire ; and the surface of the whorl is obscurely
striated.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 9-10ths; diameter, not quite 1 inch.
Localities.—Barton (fig. 8 a), and the fluvio-marine formation at Hordwell, and at
Colwell Bay (figs. 8 4, c), in which latter place it occurs in abundance.
No. 103. VoLUTA GEMINATA. Sowerby. Tab. XXI, figs. 3 a, 6.
VotuTa GEMINATA, Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv. p. 136; t. 398, fig. 1.
V. testé ovatd, ventricosd, antice coarctatd, costatd, sub-turritd ; spird mediocriter
elevatd, apice acuto ; anfractibus postice levibus, ad basin transversim sulcatis, ad margines
suturales depressis ; costis pro-eminentibus, sub-crassis, postice bind serie spinarum nodifor-
mium coronatis; aperturd oblongo-ovali, antice angustiori ; labro tenero, simplict ; labro
late expanso, postice incrassato ; columella arcuatd, tri-plicatd.
Shell ovate, ventricose, contracted towards the base, ribbed; spire moderately
elevated, apex very small, pointed ; whorls five or six, smooth on the middle and at the
posterior extremities, transversely furrowed toward the base, and flattened at the sutural
margin ; ribs prominent, rather thick, rounded, extending to the transverse furrows, and
surmounted by two rows of short, erect, connected, nodiform spines, with a rounded,
depression between them; the flattened margins of the whorls form a shallow obscure
channel round the spire, imparting to it a turret-like aspect. The aperture is of a
lengthened-oval shape, narrowing toward the base; the outer lip thin, sharp, and
smooth within; the columellar lip much spread out over the body-whorl, but not
extending backwards beyond the suture; the columella much curved, and furnished
with three oblique folds.
The present species appears to be confined to the neighbourhood of Lyndhurst,
where it was first discovered many years ago by Sir Charles Lyell.
Size-—Axis, rather more than 1 inch and 3-l0ths; diameter, 7-l0ths of an
inch, nearly.
166 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 104. VotuTA HorRIDA. LF. &. Edwards. Tab. XXI, figs. 2 a—e.
V. testd oblongo-ovatd, costatd, postice levi, antice transversim sulcata; anfractibus
duplict serie spinarum dentiformium donatis ; costis numerosis, lateraliter compressis, fere
ad basin tendentibus, postice tuberculatis et in mucrones primam seriem spinarum forman-
tes, prolongatis ; sulcis transversis latis, profundis, costas fortiter decussantibus ; spatio
inter series spinarum concavo ; labro tenui, simplict ; columelld uniplicata.
Shell ovate-oblong, armed with two rows of short, upright, pointed spines, ribbed,
smooth behind, transversely furrowed in front; ribs numerous, thick, angular, com-
pressed sideways toward the aperture and terminating posteriorly in sharp conical
points forming the front row of spines. The ends of the ribs, immediately in front of
the spines present a rounded depression at the anterior margin of which they rise into
small tubercles. The transverse furrows are wide and deep, strongly decussating the
ribs. The posterior margins of the whorls, between the rows of spines, are sunken and
concave ; the outer lip is thin, sharp-edged, smooth within? ; the columella presents a
single very oblique fold.
The sharp erect conical spines and the prominent ribs, deeply cut by the transverse
furrows are characters so distinct, that I am unwilling not to record the species, although
the only specimen I possess has lost the spire and is otherwise imperfect. It appears
to be a young shell, and the actual character of the outer lip cannot be stated with
certainty ; there are not any traces of the columellar lip preserved.
Size.—Axis, (without the spire) 3 inch, nearly ; diameter, rather less than 3-10ths
of an inch.
Locality—Bracklesham Bay ; very rare.
No. 105. Votuta Forest. FL. Hdwards. Tab. XXI, figs. 1 a—d.
V. testa turbinatd, costata, postice levi, antice transversim sulcatd ; spird elevatd, apice
acuto ; costis sub-distantibus, vie ad sulcos tendentibus, postice in tuberculos lateraliter com-
pressos elevatis, deinde bind serie brevium spinarum coronatis ; apertura elongato-ovali,
angustd, postice sub-canaliculatd, antice late emarginatd ; labro intis incrassato, ad marginem
acuto ; labio effuso ; columella recta, biplicata.
Shell turbinate, ribbed, transversely furrowed at the base, smooth behind; spire
elevated, pointed, with a small conical apex; ribs rather distant, extending scarcely
beyond the middle of the whorls, rising at the posterior extremities into large, prominent,
laterally compressed tubercles, and crowned with a single row of short, erect, tooth-like
spines. The sutural margin is depressed and bordered by a raised line, which occa-
sionally rises into minute pointed tubercles; aperture of a lengthened oval form,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 167
narrow, obscurely channelled behind, and widely notched in front; the outer lip
thickened within, thin and sharp at the edge ; inner lip moderately spread over the body-
whorl, and presenting at the suture a callus-like thickening, which forms the left side of
the posterior canal; the columella nearly straight, and furnished with two or three not
very oblique folds, the front one of which is the most prominent.
The present species approaches closely to V. geminata, but is much more turbinate,
resembling in general form V. spinosa ; and the anterior tubercles are different in their
character ; in the present species they are simply an enlargement of the ribs themselves,
while in V. geminata, a transverse line runs round the shoulder, and rises into tubercles
where it crosses the ribs; the aperture in / Forbesii is also narrow and more
regularly ovate. This species is found in Hempstead Cliff; and I have dedicated it to
the late much lamented Prof. E. Forbes, by whose researches the position of that
formation in the tertiary series, so long misunderstood, has been ascertained.
Size.—Axis, 7-10ths of an inch; diameter, 4-10ths of an inch.
No. 106. Voxuta catva. Sowerby. Tab. XXI, figs. 6 a, 6.
VoLuTa caLvA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 187; t. 7, fig. 28.
V. testé pyriformi, antice transversim obsolete sulcatd, ceterum levi, ad basin vie
emarginatd ; spird brevi, conicd, apice acuto: anfractibus angulatis, unicd sine spinarum
donatis, superne concavis, marginibus anfractu precedenti adpressis : aperturd elongato-ovali ;
labro tenui, simplicc ; labio parum effuso ; columella subrectd, bis vel ter plicatd.
Shell pyriform, obscurely ribbed, slightly notched at the base, and presenting
several faint, almost obsolete, transverse furrows in front, smooth elsewhere ; spire
short, conical, with a small pointed apex: whorls angulated at the shoulder, and
crowned with a single row of short, pomted tubercles; the margins pressed against
the spire ; the space between the suture and the row of tubercles concave. The aper-
ture of a lengthened oval shape ; outer lip thin, sharp-edged, smooth within ; inner lip
very thin and but little spread out; and the columella furnished with two nearly equal
folds in front, and a third very feeble one behind.
The specimens are generally simply coronated ; but, in some instances, the elevated
bases of the tubercles are prolonged into very short, faintribs. The angulated shoulder
and the tubercles distinguish this species from the young shell of V. Selseiensis, with
which only it might be confounded.
Size.—Axis, 1} inch, nearly; diameter, 7-10ths of an inch.
Locality Bracklesham Bay, where it is somewhat rare.
168 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 107. VoxtuTa SeusErensis. JF. £. Edwards. Tab. XXII, figs. 3 a—/
VoLuTA LABRELLA. Sow. 1840. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 8; t. 614, fig. 2.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 167.
— — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 187; t. 5, figs. 12—14.
BULBULA. — — — — — p. 186; t. 7, fig. 35.
nec. — LABRELLA. Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p.479, No. 10, vol, xvii, p. 74,
No. 14.
nec. — BULBULA. Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 479, No. 11.
V. testé ovato-turbinatd, ventricosdé, antice transversim sulcatd, ceterum levi ; spird
brevi, conicd, apice acuto: anfractibus prioribus costas et sulcos tranversos, sese decussantes,
gerentibus ; anfractibus ceteris unico sulco transverso prope margines suturales exaratis,
marginibus ad spiram adpressis ; peripherid anfractuum primo convexd, deinde gradatim
plus plusque rotundatd: apertura elongato-rhomboidal, antice profunde emarginatd, postice
sub-canaliculatd ; labro postice incrassato, antice acuto, levi ; labio parum effuso, incrassato,
postice magnum callum oblongum, anfractum a spird separantem, formanti ; columella
leviter arcuatd, compressa, biplicatd.
Shell ovately turbinate, ventricose ; spire short, conical, with a small, pointed apex ;
the first two or three whorls ornamented with numerous slender longitudinal ribs
decussated by transverse furrows, which disappear rather suddenly at the third whorl ;
the whorls then become perfectly smooth, except towards the base, where they are
traversed by broad more or less conspicuous furrows. The aperture is of an elongated
rhomboidal form, deeply notched in front, and terminating posteriorly in an obscure
channel; the outer lip smooth within, thickened behind, and stretching outwards
into a wing-like projection; the middle and front parts thin and sharp-edged; the
columellar lip but little spread out, and very much thickened, forming at the posterior
extremity a large callus, which gradually separates the margins of the whorls more and
more widely from the spire ; the columella is curved, flattened, and furnished with two
oblique, nearly equal folds, and sometimes with a third feeble and indistinct one behind.
The middle whorls are convex at the shoulders, but as they become more and more
detached from the spire by the increasing callus, the shoulders become more and more
bluntly round.
The shells referred by Mr. Sowerby to /. dudbula are without doubt the young of
the present species ; but even in this state (figs. 2 a, 6), although they much resemble the
French shells, they present dissimilarities which sufficiently indicate a distinct species. In
V. bulbula, the shell is more fusiform, with a longer spire; the margins of the whorls
are without the transverse furrow ; the outer lip, even in the adult shell, is not thickened ;
the inner lip is very thin, more widely spread over the body-whorl, and without the
thickening or callus which distinguishes the present species; the columella is nearly
straight and round; the folds are more slender, and placed nearer the middle of the
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 169
columella, and the basal furrows are fainter and more numerous, becoming, in fact,
almost obsolete on the mature shell.
The present species certainly presents a close analogy with /”. /abrella (Lamk.) to
which the adult shells have been referred; but a careful comparison will show, I think,
that they are not a mere local variety of that species, but distinct from it. In /.
Selseiensis, the whorl is more convex, and the general form of the shell is consequently
more ovate and less turbinate ; the shoulder is always obtusely rounded, and never pre-
sents the prominent keel which characterises /. /aére//a, nor even the angular periphery
which, in some specimens, is substituted for the keel; the transverse furrows are lost
after the very early whorls, while in the French species they are continued more or
less distinctly until maturity. But the principal differences will be found in the con-
dition of the lips; for in V. dadrel/a, the outer lip is much less thickened, and does not
assume the wing-like expansion found in the present species; the inner lip is more
widely spread over the front of the body-whorl and, although thickened at the pos-
terior extremity, does not form the large callus which, by separating the margin of the
whorl from the spire, forms so conspicuous a character in /. Se/seiensis.
Sixe-—Axis, 2 inches and 7-10ths nearly; diameter, rather more than 1 inch and
6-10ths.
Locality.—Bracklesham Bay, where it is not uncommon.
Section A. (Pullus small, conical) continued.
b. Shell fusiform ; costated, transversely striated ; inner
lip narrow.
a. Columellar plaits few.
No. 108. VoLura ancusta. Deshayes. Tab. XXIII, figs. 3 a, 4.
VoLura ANGUsTA, Desh. 1824-37. Desc. des Coq. Foss., vol. ii, p. 697; t. 94, figs. 5, 6.
— = Sow. 1844. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 34, t. 626, figs. 1—3.
=: = Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 107, t. 5, fig. 19 (non t. 7, fig. 37).
V. testa elongata, sub-fusiformi, angustd, costatd, ad basin late emarginatd ; spird pro-
ductd sub-conicd, apice acuto : anfractibus depresso-conveaiusculis, superne tenuissime striatis ;
ultimo anfractu spiram longitudine fere equanti ; postice tuberculoso-costatd, ad basin levi :
apertura elongatd, angustd ; columelléd rectd, obscure triplicatd ; labro acuto, simplict ;
labio angusto.
Shell fusiform, much elongated, narrow, ribbed, and widely but not very deeply
notched at the base ; spire conical, produced, nearly as long as the last whorl ; apex small,
pointed: whorls depressedly convex, ornamented with exceedingly fine transverse
striz ; ribs distant, not prominent, extending to nearly the middle of the whorl, and
"22
170 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
rising at the shoulder into obtuse laterally compressed tubercles ; the transverse strize
are lost on the middle and front parts of the last whorl, and are only faintly traceable
towards the sutural margin. The aperture is elongated, narrow, with nearly parallel
margins; the outer lip simple, sharp-edged, angular at the posterior extremity,
smooth within; inner lip narrow; the columella is nearly straight, and, according to
M. Deshayes, is furnished with three folds, of which one only is visible in front, but
the other two are seen when the outer lip is broken.
The much-varying forms of V. muricina, suggested to M. Deshayes the probability
that this might eventually prove to be merely a narrow variety of that species, to
which in fact it bears a very strong resemblance: the transverse striation is common
to both species, and much value, cannot, I think, be attributed to the greater or less
number of the feeble posterior columellar folds. I should be strongly inclined, there-
fore, to regard this as a variety of V. muricina, were it not for the difference in the
size of the pullus, which, m V. angusta, ismuch smaller than in V. muricina ; and, as it
is uncertain how far external conditions may influence the development of the shell in
embryo, I have retained the species.
The shell represented in Mr. Dixon’s work, t. 7, fig. 37, does not, in my opinion,
belong to this species ; for the pullus, though small, is obtuse, not conical and pointed ;
and the notch is very deep: it is, I think, a large specimen of V. uniplicata.
Size —Axis, 3 inches nearly; diameter, 9-10ths of an inch.
_ Localities —Bracklesham Bay. French: Rétheuil, Soissons, Cuise-Lamotte,
(fide Desh.)
No. 109. VotutTa costaTa. Solander. Tab. XXII, figs. 5 a—d.
Voxuta costata, Soland. 1766. Brand. Foss. Hant., p. 24; t. 3, fig. 45.
— — Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. iii, p. 163; t. 290, figs. 1 (non figs. 2 and 4).
Nec — — Grat. 1847. Conchyl. foss., &c. del’Adour; Supp. t. 1, fig. 14da— 6.
nec — — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol. &e., of Suss., p. 107; t. 5, fig. 24.
V. testé ovato-fusiformi, costatd, lineis transversis ornatd; spird elevatd, conicda ;
apice acuto: anfractibus convexiusculis ; costis angustis inermibus ; apertura oblongo-ovah,
ad basin sub-profunde emarginatd ; labro simplici, tenui ; labio angusto ; columella sub-rectd,
quadri-plicata.
Shell ovately fusiform, longitudinally ribbed and ornamented with numerous trans-
verse raised lines; spire conical, elevated, being as long or nearly as long as the
aperture, and terminating in a small pointed pullus; whorls six or seven, exclusive of
the pullus, and rather convex; the ribs simple, narrow, sharp, slightly curved and
extending to the base, numerous on the early whorls, but becoming more distant as the
shell is enlarged. The transverse lines, which are decussated by the lines of growth,
are very slender, and irregular; every third or fourth line being thicker and more
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 171
elevated than the others, except towards the base, where the more prominent lines
are placed nearer to each other, and the intermediate ones become very faint or
altogether obsolete.—Aperture of an oblong-oval form, rather deeply notched in front ;
outer lip simple, sharp-edged and smooth within; inner lip very narrow, and thin ;
columella nearly straight, and furnished with two oblique folds in front, and two or
three slender, obscure ones behind.
Brander’s specimen in the British Museum, is unfortunately mislaid, and I have not
been able to refer to it; but, judging from the description and figure given in his
* Fossilia Hantoniensia,’ the present Volute must be the true /. costata of Solander ; for
the word zzermis, used by that naturalist in his description, cannot be applied to the
shells, distinguished by the thick nodiform terminations of their ribs, which have been
referred by Mr. Sowerby to that species.
D’Orbigny (Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 852, No. 267) has recorded this Volute as
identical with the Cochlea mixta of Chemnitz, (V. costaria, Lamk.); but in that species
the shell is longer and narrower, the surface quite smooth, except at the base; and the
columella curved and furnished with two folds only. The two shells appear to me to
be quite distinct from each other.
The shell from Bracklesham Bay figured in Mr. Dixon’s work (t. 5, fig. 24) as
V. costata, is a specimen of V. Maga; and those from Dax and Saubrigues, which
Grateloup has considered to be identical with Solander’s shell (fig. 45) appear to belong
to a different species ; they are represented as sub-turreted, with numerous rounded
ribs, and with many folds on the columella, extending nearly to the posterior extremity
of the aperture.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches nearly ; diameter, 8-10ths of an inch nearly.
Locality.—Barton.
No.110. Votura HuMEROSA. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXII, figs. 6 a, 6.
VoLuta costata. Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. iii, p. 163; t. 290, figs. 2 and 4 (non fig. 1.)
Testé ovato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, costatd, transversim tenuissime lineatd, ad basin
profunde et late emarginatd ; spird productd, apice acuto: anfractibus sub-planis ; costis
distantibus, crassis, rotundatis, postice nodigeris ; apertura ovato-rhomboidali, postice sub-
canaliculatd ; labro incrassato, intus levi; labio angusio, crasso ; columelld flecuosd, bis
vel ter plicata.
Shell ovately fusiform, sub-turreted, longitudinally ribbed, transversely finely
striated; the base deeply and widely notched, and much bent backwards; spire ele-
vated, but shorter than the last whorl ; apex small, pointed: whorls five or six, exclu-
sive of the embryonic whorls, very slightly convex, and flattened at the sides; ribs
distant, broad, obtuse, reaching almost to the base, and at the posterior extremities
172 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
swelling into large, rounded tubercles. Aperture ovately rhomboidal, terminating
behind in a narrow, but conspicuous, channel; outer lip smooth within, thickened
towards the suture, otherwise thin and sharp-edged; inner lip narrow, thick, particu-
larly at the posterior extremity, where it forms almost a callus ; columella curved, and
furnished with two prominent folds in front, and sometimes a third faint one behind.
The Volutes which I propose to separate under the present specific name, have been
confounded hitherto with the preceding species (V. costata, Sol.) ; they appear, how-
ever, to be specifically distinct. The shells are broad, obtusely angulated at the
shoulders, with flattened sides; the ribs are more distant, thicker, and rounder, and on
the last two whorls rise at the shoulder into large tubercles; the transverse lineation
is more regular, and the aperture wider, and not contracted behind; the inner lip is
much thicker, the columella more curved, and furnished with two folds, or, occasion-
ally only, with a third faint one behind; and the base is much more bent backwards,
owing to the deeper anterior notch. Specimens occasionally occur in which, owing to
the tubercles being less prominent than usual, the spire is more regular in form, and
the shells present a general resemblance to V. costafa ; but the whorls still preserve the
flatness of the sides, and the ribs their characteristic roundness; and the condition of
the columella and the inner lip show, in fact, that the individuals in question are merely
a variety of the present species.
Stze.—Axis, 2 inches and 2-10ths; diameter, 1 inch and 1-10th nearly.
Localities— Barton, and Bracklesham Bay.
Section A. (Pullus small, conical.
b. Shell fusiform ; costated, transversely > continued.
striated ; inner lip narrow)
B. Columellar plaits numerous.
No. 111. Votuta Maca. F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXII, figs. 2 a—/.
VoLuTta MAGORUM. Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. iii, p. 164; t. 290, fig. 3.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 168.
— HARPULA. Sow. 1840. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 7; t. 614, fig. 1.
a — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 167.
— costaTA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 107, t. 5, fig. 24.
i MAGNORUM (ex errore). D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 353, No. 281.
— opecora? Beyr. 1853. Die conchyl. des Norddeut. tertiarg. vol. 1, p. 73; t. 4,
figs. 5 a—b.
Nec. — MAGORUM. Broce. 1814. Conchol. foss., Subapen., vol. ii, p. 307; t. 4, fig. 2.
nec. — HARPULA. Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 478, No. 9, and vol. xvii, p. 78,
No. 13.
V. testé ovato-fusiformi, unduloso-costatd, inermi, transversim tenuissime striata, ad
basin profunde emarginatd ; spird obtusa ; apice sub-acuto; anfractibus sex vel septem,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 173
depresso-convexis: apertura oblongo-ovali, antice effusd ; labro ad marginem tenui, acuto,
iatis incrassato ; labio angustissimo, crasso ; columella leviter arcuatd, pluries plicatd, plicd
penultima majori.
Shell ovately fusiform, ribbed, transversely furrowed, deeply notched, and bent
backwards at the base; spire elevated, obtuse, with a small conical pullus ; whorls
six or seven, exclusive of the embryonic shell, convex, flattened at the sides, and
separated by a deep suture. Ribs numerous, thick, rounded, slightly waved, and pro-
longed to the base ; transverse furrows shallow, irregular, becoming faint, frequently
almost obsolete, over the middle of the whorl. Aperture of an oblong-oval shape, wide
in front, narrowing behind ; outer lip simple, sharp-edged, and thickened within ; inner
lip very narrow, thick; columella slightly curved and furnished with ten or twelve
folds, of which the front one is very oblique and moderately prominent, and the last
but one larger and more transverse; the others rise almost to the suture, becoming
feebler and more transverse as they ascend the columella. The ridge or crest on the
columella, found in all the deeply notched species, is half concealed by the thick inner
lip, but bulges out beyond the contour of the whorl.
The specimen of V’. magorum figured by Brocchi was imperfect, and his description
is short and unsatisfactory ; it is, therefore, difficult to decide whether the shells
described by Mr. Sowerby have been correctly referred by him to the Subapennine
species. Judging, however, from Brocchi’s figure and description, the V7. magorum
appears to be a more regularly convex shell, attenuated more equally at the extremi-
ties, and to have a more conical spire than the English shells. It is stated, also, to be
smooth ; but much reliance cannot be placed on this character, for Brocchi describes
the shell as convertita in ispato, and the transverse furrows may have become
obliterated in that process. The ribs are more numerous, and are slender and straight ;
the columellar folds also are more oblique, and the three front ones are nearly equal.
The aperture appears to have been but slightly notched in front, inasmuch as the
uninterrupted contour of the body whorl does not present the ridge caused by the
retroflexion of the base, which always accompanies a deep notch. ‘These distinctions,
I think, show that the English shells, although closely allied to, are yet distinct from,
Brocchi’s species, or at all events that they cannot be safely considered as belonging
to it.
The shells (figs. 2 a, 6) referred by Mr. Sowerby to /. harpula (Lamk.), are only
young shells of the present species, and are distinguished from the French species as
well by the transverse striation as by the shorter and more obtuse spire, the more
distant, thicker, and rounded ribs, the thinner outer lip, and the greater obliquity
of the columellar folds.
Dr. Beyrich (/oc. cit.) has described a Volute from Westeregela (Voluta decora)
which resembles the present species so closely that it is difficult to separate the two.
The chief differences appear to be that the transverse striation is perceptible on the
174 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
spire only, just below the suture, and on the front half of the body whorl ; the whorls,
although described as “almost flat,” appear from the figure to be roundedly convex,
and to be contracted towards the base, the columella is without the ridge, the presence
of which evidences a deep notch, and the columellar folds appear to be nearly equal in
size. In all other respects the two species agree. As to the transverse striation, that
character becomes feeble on the last whorl of some of the English shells, and the
absence of it in the only specimen of V’. decora, possessed by Dr. Beyrich, and from
which his description is taken, may be due to an imperfect preservation of the surface ;
the only difference, in fact, of specific value, is the character of the notch. Dr. Beyrich
himself expresses great doubt whether the VY. magorum of Sowerby is the same as his
shell, and, without an actual comparison of the shells, I cannot venture to affirm their
identity. If they should prove to belong to the same species, the name V. decora
imposed by Dr. Beyrich will supersede the one I have given.
Individuals of the present species occur, although very rarely, at Bracklesham Bay,
and usually retain traces of their ornamental colouring, consisting of numerous dark
brown transverse bands, which I have not found in specimens from other localities.
Size.-—Axis, 2 inches and 3-]0ths ; diameter, | inch.
Localities —Barton, Highcliff, Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.), Bracklesham Bay.
German: Westeregeln in Magdeburgh (fide Beyrich) ?
No. 112. Voruta BRANpERI. Deshayes. Tab. XXII, figs. 4a, 6.
VOLUTA BRANDERI. Desh. 1824—37. Descr. des Coq. foss., &c., vol. u, p. 701; t. 90,
figs. 15 —16.
— _- Defr. 1829. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. lviii, p. 477.
VV. testd ovato-oblonga, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd, ceterum levi; spird mediocri,
acuminata, apice acuto: anfractibus convexiusculis ; costis crassis, rotundatis : apertura
elongata, angustd, ad basin profunde emarginatd ; labro incrassato, simplici ; labio angusto ;
columella triplicata et rugis transversalibus instructa.
Shell oval-oblong, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, otherwise smooth ; spire mode-
rately elevated, and terminating in a small, conical pullus: whorls six or seven, slightly
convex; ribs rather numerous, thick, round, extending in front almost to the base, and
prolonged backwards to the very edge of the whorl, where they terminate abruptly,
forming, with their truncated extremities, a flattened ledge, which gives a turreted
aspect to the spire. The only specimen I possess consists of the spire, the front part
of the shell being broken away; but in the French shells the whorls are traversed
at the base by several undulating striz; the aperture is of a lengthened oval shape,
deeply notched in front; the outer lip is much thickened, and smooth within; the
inner lip is narrow, and the columella presents three moderately oblique folds in front,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 175
of which the middle one is the largest and most prominent, and several transverse
raised lines behind. Fig. 44, taken from a French specimen, is introduced for com-
parison, and to shew the perfect shell.
In general appearance, this Volute resembles V. maga ; but it is quite smooth ex-
-cepting where a few faint lines traverse the base; the spire is turreted, more slender,
and tapering; and the ribs more numerous and more prominent.
Mr. Sowerby has described* a Volute from the tertiary formation in Cutch
(V. dentata), which somewhat resembles the present species; but the ribs terminate
posteriorly in erect, pomted tubercles, the surface of the shell is concentrically striated,
the outer lip is plicated within, and the columella presents only two, nearly equal, pro-
minent folds.
Size.—According to M. Deshayes, axis, | inch and a half; diameter, three-quarters
of an inch.
Locahties—Bracklesham Bay. French: Monneville, Valmondois (fide Desh.) ; Les
Clergis, Acy (fide D’Orb.).
No. 113. VouuTa prRoTENSA. Sowerby. Tab. XXIII, figs. 5 a—e.
VoLUTA PROTENSA. Sow. 1840. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 5; t. 612, figs. 6, 7.
V. testd fusiformi, protensd, transversim striata, in-juventd obscure costatd ; spird
acuminata, apice acuto: anfractibus convexiusculis, ad margines suturales depressis: aper-
turd angustd, profunde emarginata ; labro simplici, tenui, acuto ; labio angusto ; columella
pluries plicata.
Shell fusiform, elongated, transversely striated, obscurely ribbed in the young state ;
spire elevated, being as long as the aperture, and terminating in a small, pointed apex :
whorls six or seven, rather convex, depressed round the sutural margin, and having
the edge pressed against the spire: aperture narrow, deeply notched at the base ;
outer lip simple, thin, and sharp-edged ; inner lip very narrow; columella straight,
furnished with six or seven distant oblique folds ascending to the top of the columella ;
the fold in front is the largest and most prominent, the others thread like, and nearly
equal.
This appears to be a well-marked species, quite distinct from all the other Eocene
Volutes.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches; diameter, 6-10ths of an inch.
Localities. —Chalk Farm, Whetstone, Potter’s Bar.
* Grant’s Geology of Cutch, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. v, p. 322; t. 25, fig. 26.
176 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Section B. Pullus sub-papillary.
a. Shell pyriform ; inner lip effuse ; columella plaits few.
No. 114. Voxuta citHaRA. Lamarck. Tab. XXIII, figs. 6 a—e.
Henckel. 1760. Pyrotol., t. 5, fig. 9.
Favanne. 1780. D’ Argeny. Conchyl. (3d edit.), t. 166, fig. 4.
Burtin. 1784. Oryctogr. de Bruxelles, t. 15, D.
CirHara@pus. Chemn. 1795. Conchy. cab., vol. xi, t. 212, figs. 2098, 2099.
Votuta Harea. Laumk. (non Linn). 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 476, No. 1; and
vol. xvii, p. 74, No. 1.
— cITHARA. — 1816. Tab. Encyclop. et méthod., t. 324, figs. 1 a, b.
— — — 1822. Hist. nat., &e., vol. vii, p. 346, No. 1.
— De France. 1829. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. lvii, p. 474.
— arpa. Desh. 1833. Encycl. méthod. (Vers), vol. iii, p. 1143, No. 21.
— cirHara. Desh. 1824—37. Descr, des Coq. foss., &c, vol. u, p. 681; t. 90, figs.
12:
_ — Sow. 1842. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 31; t. 625, figs. 1—3.
— — WNyst. 1843. Desc. des Coq., &c., dela Belg., 590, No. 508.
— — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 106; t. 5, fig. 17.
— cytHara. D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont, vol. ii, p. 353, No. 277.
V. testa ovato-oblongd, costatd, postice levi, antice coarctatd, transversim sulcatd, late
emarginatd ; spird brevi, sub-muricatd, apice sub-papillari : anfractibus conveais, ventricosis ;
costis distantibus, postice bispinosis: labro tenui, levi; labio antice expanso ; columella
quinguies plicata.
Var. ANGULATA (fig. 6 4) testd breviori, latiort, costis numerosioribus ; anfractibus
angulatis, unica serie spinarum coronatis.
Shell ovate-oblong ventricose, contracted in front, ribbed, smooth except towards
the base, where it is transversely furrowed ; spire short, armed with short spines ; apex
conical, sub-papillary: whorls convex, rounded at the shoulder; ribs distant, extending
to the middle of the whorls, crowned with two or three rather blunt, nodiform spines,
which are lost on the last whorl of the fully formed shell. The aperture is effuse, and
widely notched in front; the right lip is thin, sharp-edged, smooth within; the
columellar lip thin, widely spread over the front part of the body whorl; columella
furnished with one prominent very oblique fold in front, and three or four smaller ones
behind.
The English specimens agree perfectly with the French shells, and the examination
of a longer series of specimens than that to which Mr. Sowerby had access, shows that
individuals occur here, as well as in France, having the spire considerably produced
(fig. 6 a).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. Li
A short variety, (fig. 6 4), is also found, in which the whorls are angulated at the
shoulder, the ribs are shorter, more numerous, and crowned with single, sharp, erect spines.
Size.—Axis 4 inches; diameter, 2} inches.
Localities—Bracklesham Bay. French: Grignon, Courtagnon, Parnes (fide Desh.),
Hattencourt, Hermes (fide D’Orb.). Belgian: Brussels, Panisel, near Mons (fide Nyst).
Section B. (Pullus sub-papillary) continued.
b. Shell fusiform ; inner lip narrow ; columellar plaits few.
No. 115. VotutTa unripLicata. Sowerby. Tab. XXIII, figs. 2 a—e.
VoLUTA UNIPLICATA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., pp. 107 and 188, t. 7,
figs. 45, 46.
— aneusta. Sow. 1850. Idem., t. 7, fig. 37.
V. testd fusiformi, obsolete costatd, in juventd transversim tenuissime striata, ad basin
obscure sulcatd, profunde emarginatd ; spird conicd, apice sub-papillari ; anfractibus de-
presso-convextusculis, obtuse angulatis ; apertura oblongo-oval ; labro incrassato, intus levi ;
labio angusto, crasso ; columelldé leviter arcuatd, uniplicata.
Shell fusiform, faintly ribbed, obscurely sulcated towards the base, and deeply
notched in front; spire elongated and nearly conical; pullus sub-papillary : whorls
rather convex, flattened at the side, and obscurely angulated at the shoulder; in the
young state they are ornamented with crowded, very fine, transverse striz. The ribs
are prominent, thick, rounded, and produced nearly to the base; but on the last two or
three whorls they become obsolete, and are replaced by a row of obscure, blunt tubercles
placed on the angle of the shoulder ; the transverse striation is also lost, and the body
whorl is smooth, except where the shallow, faint, basal furrows appear ; the aperture
is of a lengthened oval shape; the outer lip thickened near the suture, rather sharp-
edged towards the front, and smooth within ; the inner lip narrow and thick ; the colu-
mella slightly curved, and furnished with one prominent fold, placed nearer to the
anterior extremity than is usually the case.
Fig. 2 @ is taken from the shell figured in Mr. Dixon’s work (t. 7, fig. 37) as
V. angusta.
This species, which appears to be well characterised, is not uncommon.
Size.—Axis, 3 inches nearly ; diameter, 9-10ths of an inch.
Locality —Bracklesham Bay.
178 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 116. VonuTa Muricina. Lamarck. Tab. XXIII, figs. 1 a—e.
Lister. 1685. Hist. Conchyl., t. 1033, fig. 6?
Favanne. 1780. D’Argeny. Conchyl. (3d edit.), t. 66, fig. 1.
CocuLea MIxTa? Chemn. 1795. Conchyl. cab., vol. xi, t. 212, figs. 3010—3011.
VoLuTa murRicINA. Lamk. 1816. Tableau Encyclop. et méth., t. 383, fig. 1 a—é.
—_— — — 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 477, No. 4; vol. xvii, p. 75, No. 5.
— — — 1822. Hist. nat., &., vol. vii, p. 350, No. 5
— — Defr. 1829. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. lviii, p. 475.
— — Desh. 1833. Encyl. méth. (Vers), vol. iii, p. 1144, No. 24.
— — — 1824—37. Deser. des Coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 697; t. 91,
figs. 183—19; t. 93, figs. 3—4; t. 94, figs. 3—4.
a= — Sow. 1844. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 31; t. 626, figs. 4—6.
a — — 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 107; t. 5, fig. 20.
V. testa ovato-fusiformi, ad basin sub-productd, late emarginatd, antice levi, postice
longitudinaliter tuberculato-costatd ; spird elongatd, apice obtuso: anfractibus angulatis,
in juventd tenuissime transversim striatis, ultimo anfractu spiram in longitudine vie super-
anti: aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; labro simplict; labio angusto; columelld ter vel quater
plicatd, inter plicas anteriores sulco lato exaratd.
‘Shell ovately fusiform, produced, and widely, but not deeply, notched at the Bice: ;
spire long and pointed, with a sub-papillary apex ; whorls six or seven, obscurely fur-
rowed at the base, smooth elsewhere, wide and angulated at the shoulder, crowned
with a single row of pointed, pyramidal tubercles, having their bases prolonged into
obtuse ribs, which are lost about the middle of the whorl; the last whorl is conical,
and rather longer than the spire. In the immature shell the whorls are ornamented
with numerous, very slender, transverse striz, which are lost as the shell approaches
maturity. The aperture is of an oblong oval shape; outer lip rather thick, with a
blunt margin ; inner lip narrow, thickened; columella round, curved, furnished with
one large, prominent fold in front, and two or three smaller folds behind, and deeply
furrowed between the two front folds.
The ribs sometimes, particularly in young specimens, extend far down the
whorl, almost to the base, and the tubercles are rounded: specimens also occur which
are narrower, and more slender than the typical form; and, again, others are found
wider and shorter, according to the condition of the ribs. Indeed, as both M. Deshayes
and Mr. Sowerby have remarked, the shell is so variable in this respect, as to render it
difficult to define. The transverse striation is found as well on the French as on the
English shells, although that character is not noticed either by Lamarck or Deshayes.
Size.—Axis, 3 inches and 4-10ths ; diameter, 1 inch and 6-10ths.
Localities —Bracklesham Bay. French: Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon
(fide Desh.), Chaumont (fide D’Orb.).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 179
Section C. Pullus papillary.
a. Shell fusiform ; inner lip effuse ; columella plaits few.
No. 117. VotutTa WETHERELLII. Sowerby. Tab. XXIII, figs. 4 a—d.
Votuta WETHERELLII. Sow. 1836. Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., and Journ. of Science,
3d ser., vol. ix, p. 463, note.
— —_ Sow. 1840. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 5; t. 612, figs. 1—5.
V. testé fusiformi, elongata, ad basin parum emarginatd? in juventd concentrice lineata,
deinde levi ; lineis confertis, sublilissimis ; spird conicd, apice papillari : anfractibus sex vel
septem, conveaxis, marginibus ad spiram adpressis: apertura elongato-ovali ; columella sub-
recta, triplicata ; labro ?; labio effuso.
Shell fusiform, elongated, slightly produced in front; spire conical, elevated, and
terminating in an obtuse papillary apex : whorls six or seven, convex, with the margins
pressed against the preceding volutions, and presenting a broad, shallow depression,
which runs round the spire between the shoulder and the suture. The earlier whorls
are ornamented with numerous concentric raised lines; these lines are much crowded,
and so very fine as to be searcely visible by the naked eye, and do not detract from
the apparently even surface; the last whorl is smooth. Aperture of a lengthened oval
form, columella nearly straight, and furnished at maturity with moderately oblique
folds, of which the one in front is the smallest, and that in the middle the largest;
inner lip widely spread over the body-whorl, but not extending backwards beyond the
suture; the base, apparently, but slightly notched, as the columella does not present
any prominent ridge. The outer lip is not preserved in any specimen I have seen.
This Volute presents a remarkably close analogy with the well-known Crag species
V. Lamberti ; but it is a longer, narrower shell, with a much smaller pullus ; and the
columella presents three unequal folds instead of the four nearly equal folds which
characterise that species. It appears to be confined to the lower formations in the
neighbourhood of London, and has not as yet been found, I believe, at Highgate.
Size.—The actual dimensions cannot be stated accurately ; those of the largest of
the specimens figured must have been, axis, 5 inches, nearly; diameter, 1 inch and
8-10ths, nearly.
Localities —Camden Town, Chalk Farm, Haverstock Hill, Hornsey, Copenhagen
Fields, Holloway, Whetstone, Potter’s Bar, Bayswater, Brentford, Sheppey.
180 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Genus 24th. Mrrra.* Lamarck. 1801.
Mirra, Turris, Montf., 1810.
CyzinpRa, Impricaria, Schum., 1817.
Trara, Mirreona, Con@iix, Mitretia, Swains., 1840.
VuLprcuta, Gray, 1840.
Gen. Char.—Shell fusiform, smooth, longitudinally ribbed or cancellated; spire
elevated, pointed: aperture longitudinal, narrow, notched at the base, and without a
canal, or at most with a very short one; outer lip sometimes thickened, generally
sharp-edged, internally smooth or crenulate; columella plaited, folds regular, nearly
transverse, the anterior one the smallest.
The Mitres are distinguished from the Volutes, with which they had been associated
until they were separated by Lamarck, by their more elongated, less ventricose form,
and by the character of the columellar plaits, which are more transverse and regular,
with the smaller one in front, a disposition the reverse of that which characterises the
Volutes.
The animal has a small, narrow head, with short, pointed tentacles, on the external
sides or bases of which the eyes are placed; but some species from the Mediterranean,
according to M. Deshayes, bear pedicels much shorter than the tentacles, united
to them, and terminated by the ocular points. The foot is narrow, truncate in front,
pointed behind; and the anterior margin of the mantle is produced into a short,
cylindrical canal. But that which chiefly distinguishes the animal of J/itra, is the great
length of the proboscis, which, in some species, considerably exceeds that of the shell.
The Mitres, as defined by Lamarck, have been subdivided into several genera,
dependent chiefly on conchological distinctions. In some of these divisions the
animals, according to observations recently made by Dr. Gray, exhibit modifications
of the lingual teeth closely resembling those characteristic of other genera; and that
eminent naturalist, therefore, regards the J/tre as forming a family distinct from the
Volutide, with which they have usually been associated. The small, narrow foot, and
elongated proboscis lead, apparently, to the same conclusion.
The living J//tre are very numerous; upwards of 350 species being known ;
of these one is from the coast of Greenland, and some few small species are found in
the Mediterranean. With these exceptions, the J/tre are confined to tropical or sub-
tropical seas, where they are found, according to Messrs. Adams, chiefly on the shores
of islands, but few species inhabiting continental shores. They appear to be deep-sea
molluscs, most of the species ranging in depth from 15 to 80 fathoms, although some
few are littoral.
* Etym. Merpa, a turban or covering for the head, worn by the Persians and other Asiatics.
fuelTL GaIL. (A: [tl—-240 - LE> . XK RK). lPSb.
PROSOBRANCHIA'TA. 18]
In a fossil state, the genus first appears in the cretaceous formations, in which five or
six species are stated to occur; but during the tertiary epoch, the species became much
more numerous. More than forty have been described from the eocene strata, and a
still greater number from the more recent deposits. From the English eocene strata,
four species have been noticed ; of these, three, described by Mr. Sowerby in ‘ Mineral
Conchology,’ appear to be confined to this country ; the fourth occurs at Bracklesham,
and is identical with a species abundant in the Paris basin. Three additional species
are now described for the first time.
No. 118. Mirra scasra. Sowerby. Tab. XXIV, fig. 6 a—c.
SMALL LATTICED LYMINGTON WHELK, Pet. 1764. Gazophyll., t. 73, fig. 9.
Buccinum scaBricuLum, Soland. (non Gmel.) 1766. Brand. Foss. Hant., p. 15, fig. 20.
Mirra scaBra, Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 142, t. 401.
= = Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 151.
— _ D'Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 355, No. 313.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss. (2d edit.), p. 258.
M. testa ovato-acutd, costulis longitudinalibus et lineis transversis sese decussantibus
scabratd, ad basin profunde emarginaté: spird conicd, apice obtusiusculo: anfractibus
convexis, marginibus posticis tenuibus: aperturd elongato-ovali, postice angustatd ; labro
incrassato, sub-marginato, intus crenulato ; columella quadri-plicata, plicis distantibus, fere
transversis ; labit ared pliciferd incrassatda.
Shell ovately oblong, slightly ventricose, deeply notched at the base, with a conical
spire, terminating in a small, slightly obtuse apex, formed of two smooth, nearly round,
embryonal volutions; whorls seven or eight, exclusive of the embryo, and covered
with irregular longitudinal ridges, and conspicuous lines of growth, decussated by
sharp, transverse, raised lines slightly thickened at the points of decussation, roughen-
ing the surface of the shell; the posterior margins are thin, and pressed against the
preceding whorls. The aperture is of a lengthened oval shape, narrowed posteriorly ;
the outer lip sharp and thin in the young shell, but irregularly thickened at maturity,
and presenting an obscure, slender, raised border along the outer edge, and a blunt
triangular tooth-like callus on the inner edge, near the posterior extremity; the colu-
mella is furnished with four distant, nearly transverse folds, of which the anterior one
is much the smallest; and some specimens also present one or two obscure transverse
lines towards the posterior part of the columella. The inner lip is very narrow, and
much thickened where the folds are placed. Owing to the great depth of the notch,
the base of the shell is more bent backwards than is usually the case in the fossil
Mitre, and presents the prominent. crest or ridge which, as we have seen in the
Volutes, always accompanies a deep notch.
24
182 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
In the general form of the shell, the condition of the apex and of the outer lip,
the columellar plaits, and the deep anterior notch, this M/itra so much resembles
M. labratula, that it might almost be regarded as merely a variety of that species in
which the longitudinal ribs and transverse lines found in the young state have been
continued on the mature shell. I have not, however, met with any smooth specimen
of the present species, and mature individuals of J. /abratu/a are, apparently, always
smooth, with the exception of a few obscure transverse lines near the suture, or at the
base. This want of intermediate forms, therefore, confirms the title of JZ. scabra to
specific distinction.
Size.—Axis, 11-12ths of an inch; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Locality—The species appears to be confined to the Barton beds. I have not
met with it elsewhere.
No. 119. Mirra LaBRATULA. Lamarck. Tab. XXIV, fig. 3 a, 6.
Mirra LaBRraTuLa, Lamk. 1803. Ann. du Mus., vol. ui, p. 58, No. 5, t. 3, fig. 6.
— LABRATELLA, J6. 1816. Tab. Encycl. et Method., t. 392, fig. 3a, 8.
— .LaBratuLa, J6. 1822. Hist. Nat., vol. vii, p. 325, No. 5.
— — Defr. 1824. Dict. des Sci. Nat., vol. xxxi, p. 491.
— — Desh. 1830. Encye. Méthod. (vers.), vol. ii, p. 465, No. 42.
= — Ib. 1824—37. Deser. des Coq. Foss. &c., vol. ii, p. 672, t. 88, figs.
9, 10, 18 and 19.
— — Meller. 1843. Mem. sur les Sables tert. inf., &c., de Paris, p. 17.
-_- — Roissy. - Buff. Moll., vol. v, p. 443.
— monoponta, Sow. (non Lamk.) 1850. Dix. Geol., &c., Suss., p. 106, t. 7, figs. 20, 21.
— taBratuLa, D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 354, No. 296.
M. testa ovato-acutd, levi, aliquando in juventd costulis et striis transversis decussatd,
ad basin profunde emarginatd : spird conicd, apice obtuso: apertura elongata, angustd ;
labro incrassato, sub-marginato, intus unidentato ; columella quadriplicata.
Shell ovately oblong, slightly ventricose, smooth; sometimes in French specimens
the early volutions present obscure undulating ribs, decussated by irregular, transverse,
fine, raised lines, which altogether disappear on the last volution, or are reduced to a
few faint lines, nearly obsolete, at the base, or round the sutural margin: the spire is
conical with an apex formed, like that of J/. scadra, of two roundish embryonal whorls,
and, as in that species, the base is deeply notched, and bent backwards. The aperture
is of a long, ovate shape, and rather narrow; the outer lip thickened, slightly bent
outwards, so as to form a narrow, raised border along the outer margin, and furnished,
generally, with a blunt, tooth-like callus on the inner edge, near the posterior extremity ;
the columella presents four prominent, almost transverse folds, the posterior three of
which are nearly equal, and are larger than the one in front. ®
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 183
All the English specimens I have seen belong to the smooth variety, and do not
present the longitudinal ribs and transverse lines which are sometimes found on the
earlier whorls of the French shells, nor have I met with any specimen presenting the
concentric striz on the surface which characterise the variety from Courtagnon and
the neighbourhood of Valognes.
I have already mentioned the strong resemblance between this species and J.
scabra ; in fact, with the exception of the scabrous aspect of the latter, it would be
difficult to point out specific differences between the two.
M. Deshayes states that in some of the French specimens traces of the natural
colouring remain, consisting of longitudinal iron-reddish coloured bands. The English
specimens, imbedded in a less favorable matrix, do not present any traces of their
original colouring.
Size —Axis, 11-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Bracklesham Bay, where it is somewhat rare. French: Grignon,
Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon, Chaumont, Valognes, St. Felix, Le Tomberay (fide
Desh.), and Laon (fide Mellev.).
No. 120. Mirra parva. Sowerby. Tab. XXIV, fig. 1 a—c, and 2 a—c.
Mirra parva, Sow. 1825. Min. Con., vol. v, p. 37, t. 430, fig
silly,
pumita, J6. 1825. Min. Con., vol. v, p. 37, t. 430, fig. 2.
parva, J6. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 106.
— Morris. 1843. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 151.
pumina, 16. 1843. Cat. of Brit. Foss., p. 151.
parva. D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 355, No. 314.
pumita. Ié. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 355, No. 315.
parvA. Morris. 1854. Cat. of Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 258
pumiILA. Jb. 1854. Cat. of Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 258
io 0)
M. testa parva, ovato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, concentrice sulcata, ad basin via emarginata :
spira elevatd, acuminatd : anfractibus convexis, uno sulco prope marginem suturalem cir-
cumdatis ; suturis distinctis: apertura lanceolata ; labro undato, acuto, intis plicifero ;
columella quinquies plicata.
Var. SEMILEVIS. Testa anfractibus uno sulco prope marginem suturalem circumdatis ;
et ad basin obscure sulcatis, caterum levi ; spird exsertior?.
Var. PUMILA, fig. 2 a—e. Testa fasciolis elevatis concentricis et costellis longitudi-
nalibus decussatd.
Var. B. Testa costellarum longitudinalium experti.
Shell small, ovately fusiform, transversely furrowed, and but slightly notched at
the base; spire elevated, pointed, and formed of seven or eight convex volutions,
184 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
separated by a deep suture, and with the margins thickened and rather depressed, giving
a sub-turreted character to the spire ; the furrows are broad, round, and nearly regular ;
the posterior furrow is deeper than the others, and from this circumstance the margin
of the whorls assumes the appearance of a rim. The aperture is narrow, and of a
lengthened oval form; the outer lip waved, sharp-edged, and plicated within, at a
short distance from the margin; the columella is nearly straight, and presents near the
middle two rather prominent and nearly transverse folds, and in front of them three
others more oblique, and of which the anterior one is much the smallest.
In the variety semilevis, the whorls are nearly smooth, presenting only the deep
sulcus round the sutural margin, and a few obscure furrows, almost obliterated, near
the base; and the spire is rather more elevated than in the type.
In the variety pumila, the surface of the whorls presents numerous longitudinal,
regular, slightly waved costellz, not much elevated, but extending almost to the
base, and crossed by concentric raised bands, which decussate them, and impart a
rough aspect to the shell. The concentric bands are irregular, more or less nume-
rous in different individuals, and rather flattened on the upper surface. When the
costelle are well defined, the concentric bands, at the points of decussation, rise into
little tubercles; the marginal band, thus tuberculated, forms the crenulated edge to
the whorls noticed by Mr. Sowerby; but this does not appear to be a constant
character.
Occasionally specimens occur (var. (3) in which the longitudinal costellee are alto-
gether wanting, and the whorls present only the concentric bands.
If we look only at the extreme forms figured in ‘Mineral Conchology,’ it need
not excite surprise that Mr. Sowerby, who had not any intermediate forms before
him, should have described the variety pumila as a distinct species. On an atten-
tive examination, however, it will be seen that the distinction between that
variety and the type lies in the character of the transverse marking, which in
the type consists of shallow, rounded furrows; while in the variety it assumes
the form of flattened bands. This difference, however, which is attributable to the
greater or less depth of the furrows, cannot be regarded as of specific value; and the
occurrence of ribless specimens with transverse bands, shows that the presence or
absence of the costellee is not a character on which reliance is to be placed.
The apex of the shell appears to have been very susceptible of erosion, for speci-
mens with the embryonal whorls preserved are very rare.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 3-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch,
nearly.
Localities. —For the type, Highcliff, where it is found in profusion, Barton, Alum
Bay (No. 29, Prestw.), where the variety semé/evis is abundant, and Brockenhurst ;
and for the variety pumila, Highgate, Basingstoke, Bracklesham Bay, Bramshaw (New
Forest), and Barton. The species appears to be confined to England.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 185
No. 121. Mirra porrecta. F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXIV, fig. 7 a—c.
Mirra porrecra, Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 258.
M. testé elongato-fusiformi, gracili, ad basin concentricé sulcatd, ceterum levi; spird
porrecta : anfractibus depresso-convewis, unico sulco prope marginem suturalem circumdatis ;
marginibus posticis simplicibus: apertura angustd, lineari ; labro acuto, intis crenulato ;
columella quinquies plicata.
Shell elongated, fusiform, slender; smooth, except at the base, where it is tra-
versed by several broadish, obscure furrows; the spire elevated, nearly equalling the
aperture in length; the volutions, seven or eight, flatly convex, with the posterior
margins simple, and bordered by a deep furrow, which runs round the shell near the
suture. The aperture is narrow, with nearly parallel margins ; the outer lip sharp-
edged, and finely and regularly crenulated within; the columella presents five sharp
folds, of which the anterior two are very oblique, and much smaller than the others.
In the smooth surface, margined whorls, sharp outer lip, and columellar folds, this
Mitra resembles AZ. marginata (Lamk.), from the Paris basin. It is, however, a much
narrower and more slender shell; the margins of the whorls are without the crenu-
lations which characterise that species, and the outer lip is finely crenulated within.
The species appears to be perfectly distinct.
Size.—Axis, 4-12ths of an inch; diameter, 1-8th of an inch.
Localities—Barton, Bracklesham Bay.
No. 122. Mirra opssa. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXIV, fig. 4 a—d.
M. testa ovato-oblongd, ad basin concentrice sulcata, ceterum levi; spird acuminata,
aperturam in longitudine vie equanti ; anfractibus convexiusculis, antice coarctatis, postice
marginatis ; apertura elongato-ovali ; columella terties plicatd.
An ovately oblong shell, smooth except at the base, where it is traversed by a few
obscure furrows ; spire elevated, nearly as long as the aperture, and terminating in a
small, pointed pullus, formed of two round, smooth, unequal volutions; the whorls,
which are five in number, exclusive of the embryo, are flatly convex, and contract
rather suddenly in front; the posterior margin is bordered by a shallow furrow, which
runs round the suture, and the edge is depressed and flattened, giving somewhat of a
turreted appearance to the spire. The aperture is ovate, moderately wide, and termi-
nates in front in a short, wide canal, formed by the sudden contraction of the whorl ;
the columella is nearly straight, and presents three oblique distant folds.
The general form, the width and greater size of the shell, and the number of the
186 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
columellar plaits, distinguish this species from the smooth variety of J/. parva, and
from MV. gracilis. It is extremely rare: the specimen figured is, I believe, unique.
Size.—Axis, 5-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than 2-1]2ths of an inch.
Locality —Highceliff.
No. 123. Mirra votutirormis. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXIV, fig. 5 a—c.
Mirra voLurirormis. Morr. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 258.
M. testd parva, oblonga, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd, antice transversim lineata,
postice concentrice sulcatd, ceterum levi; spird exsertd, in longitudine dimidium totius
teste superanti: anfractibus planis, antice subito coarctatis, ad suturas marginatis et
unica serie tuberculorum instructis ; costis crebris, elevatis, rectis, fere ad basin tenden-
tibus, postice nodulosis: aperturd angustd ; labro intus plicato ; columella quadriplicata ;
labio angustissimo, postice incrassato.
Shell small, oblong, turreted, longitudinally ribbed ; spire elevated, exceeding the
aperture in length; whorls five or six, exclusive of the embryonal whorls, with the
sides nearly straight, and contracting suddenly towards the base, where they present
five or six transverse, coarse, raised lines; the sutural margin is bordered by a single
row of round tubercles, corresponding with the ribs; the posterior surface is con-
centrically furrowed; the middle surface smooth; the ribs, which are numerous,
prominent, and straight, extend to the transverse raised lines on the base, and
terminate, posteriorly, in a double row of knobs or tubercles, somewhat larger than
those which run round the suture, and from which they are separated by a deep
furrow. The aperture is lanceolate, and, owing to the contraction of the whorls,
terminates anteriorly in a short, narrow canal, which is slightly emarginate in front;
the outer lip is plicated within; the inner lip very narrow, and thickened near the
suture, where it forms an oblong callus; the columella is slightly curved, and furnished
with four oblique folds, gradually increasing in size as they ascend the columella.
The specimen figured is, I believe, unique. It is apparently an immature shell ;
but the characters are so strongly marked, and so distinct from those of the other
English Eocene Mitree, that it cannot be passed unnoticed.
Size.—Axis, 3-12ths of an inch: diameter, somewhat less than 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.— Barton.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 187
Family—Con1v.
Genus 25th. Conus. Linn.
Conus Brug.; Lamarck ; Cuvier ; De Blainv.
Votuta, Browne (not Linn.), 1756.
Srrompus, Adan. (not Linn.), 1757.
Cucutius, Bolten, 1798.
Conartius, Dumér., 1806.
Ruomsus, Montfort, 1810.
Conutts, Rafin. (not Fitzing.), 1814.
PunctTicuLis—CoronaxIs—ConiLituHeEs, Swains., 1840.
StrepHanoconus, March, 1852.
CYLINDRELLA, Swains. (not Pfeiffer), 1840.
Dernproconus, J6. 1840.
Lirnoconus, Mirch, 1852.
CyuinpeEr, Montfort, 1810.
Textrtia, Swains., 1840.
Hermes, Montfort, 1810.
THELICONUs, Swains., 1840.
Leproconus, Jd. 1840.
Ruizoconus—CueEtyconvs, Moreh, 1852.
Sect. a Nupecua, Klein, 1753.
Routus, Montfort, 1810.
Urricuius, Schum., 1817.
TULIPARIA, Swains., 1840.
Sect. 6 Conorsis, Ib. 1840.
Gen. Char.—Shell inversely conical, turbinate, rarely ventricose, smooth or con-
centrically furrowed or striated; spire truncate, short, or more or less elevated ; whorls
numerous, coronated or simple; aperture linear, narrow, slightly effuse, and emarginate
in front ; outer lip thin, and sharp at the edge, smooth, sometimes thickened within,
generally straight, occasionally curved, notched at the suture; columella straight,
smooth, truncate in front; covered with an epidermis, and operculated; operculum
small, corneous.
In the genera which constitute the families Cypreide and Volutide, the animals
are distinguished by their large mantles, capable, as we have seen, of great extension.
In the present genus, the type of the family to which its name is given, the animal is
furnished with a narrow mantle, prolonged in front into a short, fleshy siphon, resem-
bling that of the Volutes and Mitres, by which water is conveyed to the branchial
chamber. The head is small, and carries two subulate tentacles, near the free extre-
mities of which the eyes are placed: it terminates in a retractile, proboscis-like muzzle,
188 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
at the end of which is the mouth, surrounded by a funnel-shaped veil: the teeth are
elongate, subulate, and arranged in two series. The foot is simple, oblong, narrow,
and truncated in front; im the middle it presents a pore, the function of which is not
ascertained ; and it bears, on the posterior extremity, a small, ovate, horny operculum,
barely exceeding in length a third part of the aperture, and very narrow, so as to
permit the animal to withdraw far within the shell. The epidermis, which covers the
shell, is thick, and frequently very tenacious.
The cone-animal is endowed with the power of dissolving the calcareous matter
on the outer surface of the inner whorls, which are thus made exceedingly thin,
whatever degree of thickness they may have originally possessed. This power of
absorption is possessed by many other molluscs, but, according to Mr. George Sowerby,
is confined to those furnished with an operculum. It affords a valuable assistance to
the Palzeontologist.
The present genus, although comprising very many species, remains almost as
Linneeus left it. The foregoing list of synonyms shows, indeed, that many dismem-
berments have been proposed; but at present these appear to depend principally
on differences in the shells. In Klein’s proposed genus MVwéecula, however, the shell
of which is sub-cylindrical, the animal, according to M. Quoy,* is furnished with a
large foot, not entirely retractile within the shell; the margin of the muzzle is fringed,
and the operculum is curved and unguiculate: these peculiarities apparently justify
the division in question being retained as a sub-genus.
The wide semicircular notch which, in many of the cones, separates the outer
lip from the suture, closely resembles the sinus characteristic of the Pleurotome,
and in some of the fossil species in which the outer lip is generally very much
curved, it is difficult to determine to which genus the particular shell should be
referred. In the well-known Eocene species, Conus dormitor (Sol.), for instance, the
shell outwardly possesses quite as much of the character of a Plewrotoma as of that
of a Cone; and Mr. Swainson has, in fact, taken it as the type for a genus which he
has named Conordis, and which, in his circle of affinities of the Conie, he regards as
the representative of the Pleurotome. ‘This division depends entirely on the external
characters of the shell: no living representative, I believe, has as yet been found,
and the animal is therefore unknown. It is certain, however, that it was a true cone-
animal; for, on breaking the shell of a specimen of Conus dormitor, the inner whorls
will be found reduced by absorption to a membrane-like thinness ; and the capability
to effect this is not, I believe, possessed by the animal of P/ewrotoma. The proposed
genus is not well defined by its author, and is not generally received, although it
may be usefully adopted as a section of the present genus. The characters appear to
be the elevated conical spire, the produced base representing the canal which dis-
* Zoologie of the Voyage of the Astrolabe.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 189
tinguishes the Pleurotome; the condition of the outer lip, which is much thickened
within, and so strongly arched as to be almost semicircular in form; the deep, wide
sinus, which divides the posterior extremity of the outer lip from the suture, and
exactly resembles the notch by which the Psewdotome (a section of the Pleurotome
proposed by Bellardi) are distinguished ; and the elevated, reflected anterior margin of
the columellar lip, forming the right wall of the anterior canal.
The recent cones, distinguished by the beauty and variety of their colouring, are
very numerous: three hundred and sixty-nine species are enumerated by Messrs.
Henry and Arthur Adams in the different divisions adopted by those authors; and,
excepting two species which are found in the Mediterranean, all are inhabitants of
tropical seas, abounding chiefly in those of Asia. They inhabit fissures and holes
in rocks, and coral reefs, ranging in depth from low-water mark to thirty or forty
fathoms.
In a fossil state, the genus first occurs in the upper cretaceous strata. M.
Deslongchamps, it is true, has referred to it certain shells from the lias of Calvados,
exactly resembling cones in outward form, and which, if the genus were correctly
determined, would present the anomaly of the cones not being represented during the
long epoch which elapsed between the deposit of the middle lias and that of the
upper chalk. M. D’Orbigny, however, found, on examination, that the inner whorls
were as thick as the outer ones; and from this circumstance he has inferred that the
shells in question are not true cones, and he has referred them to Acteonina, a genus
peculiar to the Oolitic formations, and proposed by him for certain Acteon-like shells,
without teeth or folds on the columella. And thus the apparent anomaly disappears.
In Europe two species only have hitherto been found in the Chalk—one from Tours,
described by Dujardin; the other from Martigues (Bas du Rhone), described by
Mathéron: and from the eocene strata, sixteen species have been described by
Solander, Bruguiére, Lamarck, Sowerby, and Deshayes. After the eocene era, the
genus disappears from our Fauna; although, on the Continent, it appears to have
been largely developed during the miocene and pleiocene epochs, sixty-seven species
having been described by Grateloup, Michelotti, Brocchi, Borson, and other authors,
from the formations of those periods, in France, Italy, and Germany. In America
only four species, I believe, have as yet been found—one in the Chalk of South
Carolina, a second in the eocene strata of Alabama, and two in the more recent
formations.
bo
or
190 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 124. Conus p1aApEMA, F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXIV, fig. 8 a—d.
CoNUS DIVERSIFORMIS, Sow. (non Desh.) 1841. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 26, t. 623, figs.
Os14510.
_ — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 143.
— i Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 108, t. 8, fig. 10.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 244.
C. testa conicd, oblongd, sub-turritd, coronatd, levi, ad basin transversim obscure
sulcatd ; spird elevatd, sed trientem totius teste longitudine nequaquam equanti ; anfracti-
bus numerosis, angulatis, marginibus posticis depressis, sub-cavatis, concentrice lineatis :
apertura angusta ; labro mediocriter arcuato, postice late emarginato.
Var. PYRIFORMISs (fig. 8 d). Testd spird depressd.
Conus PyRiFoRMIs, Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., pp. 108 and 189, t. 8,
fig. 18.
= — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 244.
A smooth, oblong, conical shell, with a turreted spire, formed of numerous
(10—12) volutions, and moderately elevated, varying to some extent in different
individuals, but never attaining a height equal to a third part of the length of the
shell. The whorls are nearly straight on the sides, with the posterior margins much
depressed, somewhat concave, and ornamented with four or five thickish, concentric,
raised lines, separated by shallow, rounded furrows; the angles of the whorls present
a series of oblong, regular tubercles, which are continued almost to the last whorl,
when they are replaced by a rounded, cord-like thickening of the shoulder; the front
part of the whorls is traversed by shallow, irregular furrows, which are effaced
towards the middle part of the shell. ‘The aperture is narrow, with parallel margins ;
the outer lip moderately arched, and presenting a wide, shallow curvature between
the angle and the suture.
The specimens separated by Mr. Sowerby, under the specific name pyriformis, have
a much depressed spire associated with the tuberculation, and other characters which
distinguish the present species, of which, therefore, | regard them as a variety only.
The shells for which I propose the specific name, C. diadema, were referred by Mr.
Sowerby, in part to C. deperditus (Brug.), and in part to C. diversiformis (Desh.). In the
former species, however, the shell is narrower and more turbinate, with a more curved
outer lip, and the tuberculation on the spire, where it occurs, is feeble and lost on the
very early whorls; and in the latter species, M. Deshayes, in his description, states
expressly that the angles of the whorls are somewhat sharp, and always simple ;*
+ It is somewhat difficult to appreciate the distinct specific value of the shells constituting the species
C. diversiformis, without an examination of a series of specimens equal to that upon the study of which
M. Deshayes proposed the separation. To the unschooled eye they appear to be only broader forms of
C. deperditus, with more variable spires.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 191
while in the English shells, the angles of the whorls are blunt and strongly tubercu-
lated, resembling in that character C. sw/ciferus (Desh.), to which, indeed, I should be
inclined to refer them, notwithstanding the transverse sulcation from which the name
is taken, but on which much stress is not to be placed, as it does not appear to be a
strongly marked character; the shell of C. swciferus, however, is thick and ponderous,
with a narrower aperture, and a deeper curvature in the outer lip. In C. Lamarchir
(a name which [ propose to give to the eocene species still miscalled C. antedilu-
vianus), the tubercles are also found, but they are not so prominent nor so persistent
as in the present species; the shell, also, is narrower, with a sub-conical and more
elevated spire, and it never attains the size of C. diadema. The only other eocene
tuberculated species at all resembling the present one, is C. crenulatus (Desh.) ; but in
that species the shell is perspicuously furrowed, even in its mature state, and the spire
is shorter and more conical.
Size-——Axis, 2 inches and 10-12ths (72 millim.); diameter, 1 inch and 8-12ths
(42 millim.).
Locality —Bracklesham Bay, where it is common.
No. 125. Conus cepPEerpDITus. Bruguicre. Tab. XXV, fig. 2 a—c.
D’ Argenv. 1742. Conchyl. Append., 2d edit., p. 349, t. 29, fig. 8.
? Walch. 1768. Traité des Petrifact., vol. ii, p. 102, t. 43, fig. 4.
Favanne. 1780. D’Argeny., Conchyl., 3d edit., t. 66, fig. G 1.
Conus DEPERDITUS, Brug. 1789. Encycl. méth., vol. i, p. 691, No. 80, t. 337, fig. 7.
— — Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. i, p. 386; vol. xv, p. 441, No. 6.
— — Def. 1818. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. x, p. 261.
— = Lamk. 1822. Hist. Nat., vol. vii, p. 528, No. 6.
— — Desh. 1823. Dict. class. d’ Hist. nat., vol. iv, p. 388.
— = Ib. 1824—37. Descr. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 745, t. 98,
figs. 1, 2.
— — Galeotti. 1837. Const. geog., &c., de Brabant, p. 148, No. 63.
— — Bronn. 1838. Lethea geog., vol. 1, p. 1118, t. 42, fig. 14. (ex plur.
syn.)
— — Sow. 1841. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 25, t. 623, fig 5 (non figs. 1, 2).
— — ? Nyst. 1843. Coq., &c., de Belg., p. 583, No. 501.
— _— Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 143.
— — D Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. 11, p. 355, No. 336.
— — ? Bell. 1851. (Foss. nummul. du Comté de Nice), Mém. de la Soe.
Géol. de France, 2d ser., vol. iv, p. 219, No. 65.
— autont? Beyr. (non Michel.) 1853. Die Conchyl. des Norddeut. tertiir., p. 24,
t. 1, figs. 4—6.
— oveperpitus, Roissy. 1804. Buff. Moll., vol. xlv, p. 409, No. 10.
ConrbitHEs CINGULATUS, Schlot.? 1820. Die Petrif., vol. i, p. 125, No. 3.
192 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Nec Conus DEPERDITUS, Broce. 1814. Conch. Foss. Sub-app., vol. ii, p. 592, No. 10, t. 3, fig. 2.
nec — — Bors. 1821. Oritt. Piem., p. 14, No. 13.
nec — — Brongn. 1823. Terr. tert., &c., du Vicentin, p. 32.
nec — — Bast. 1825. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., de Bord., p. 39.
nec — — Bronn. 1831. Italiens tertiargeb., p. 12, No. 5.
nec — — Pusch. 1837. Polens Paleont., p. 115, No. 2.
nec — — Grat. 1838. Cat. zool., &c., de la Gironde, p. 47, No. 422.
nec — —_— Ib. 1838. Tabl. statist. &c., de Adour, t. 19, No. 22.
nec — —_ Ib. 1840. Conchyl. foss., &e., de l Adour, t. 2, figs.18, 19.
nec — _— Sismon. 1847. Synop. method., &c., Pedem. Foss., p. 44.
nec — — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 108, t. 8, fig. 9.
C. testa turbinatd, elongata, levi, ad basin transversim obsolete sulcata ; spird promi-
nuld, acutiuscula : anfractibus numerosis, angustis, angulatis, marginibus posticis depressis,
strias tenues concentricas gerentibus ; ultimo anfractu regulariter conoideo, sursum dilatato :
apertura angusta ; labro tenui, simplici, valde arcuato, postice profunde emarginato.
Shell oblong, turbinate, with a moderately elevated mucronate spire, variable in
height, but rarely exceeding a fourth part of the whole length of the shell, and ter-
minating in a smooth, conical pullus, formed of three volutions; whorls numerous
(10—12, exclusive of the pullus), bluntly angulated at the shoulders, nearly straight
on the sides, with the posterior margins depressed, narrow, somewhat concave, and
concentrically lined; the concentric lines are usually four or five in number, sharp,
irregular, unequal, separated by moderately deep, rounded furrows, and frequently
decussated by the lines of growth. In some specimens the early whorls are very
finely tuberculated on the shoulders, and concentrically sulcated ; the tubercles, how-
ever, disappear after the third or fourth volution, and the shoulders are afterwards
smooth and simple: the concentric furrows also become gradually effaced on the
posterior portion of the whorls as the shell approaches maturity, and ultimately are
altogether lost, leaving only a few very obscure waved furrows traversing the base of
the shell. The last whorl is conical, much attenuated in front, with nearly straight
sides ; the aperture is linear and narrow; the outer lip, which is thin, sharp-edged and
much arched, presents a shallow but wide curvature at the posterior extremity.
M. Deshayes states that traces of the natural colouring are sometimes found in the
French shells, consisting of narrow, transverse bands, occasionally interrupted by
irregular, zigzag patches, following the direction of the lines of growth. Similar traces
appear, though very rarely, in the English specimens.
This species appears to be confined to the middle eocene strata; for the shells
from Ronca (Vicent.), described by Brongniart as C. deperditus, D’Orbigny regards as
belonging to a distinct species, which he has named C. Brongniarti, and to this species
the shells described by Bellardi from the nummulitic beds at Nice, probably are also
referrible. Subsequent comparison has shown that specific differences also exist in
the various shells from the more recent deposits which have been referred to the
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 193
present species. Thus the Sub-apennine shells, described by Brocchi, and those from
Perpignan and Cassel, recorded by Sismonda, have been separated by Bronn under
the name C. Brocchii ; while to those from Dax and Gaas, described by Grateloup,
M. D’Orbigny has given the name C. Gratelouwpi ; and he has referred to the same
species certain shells described by Pusch, to which Eichwald had given the name
C. argillecola. The cones described by Mr. Sowerby as belonging to the present
species are young shells of C. diadema.
Dr. Beyrich (‘Die Conchylien des Norddeutschen tertiirgebirges,’ vol. i, p. 24)
has described some shells from the North German tertiaries, which he has referred to
C. Alliont (Michel.), but which agree so well with the present species, that it is
difficult to separate them. That author states that, in C. deperditus of the Paris
basin, the shells are comparatively wider, the concentric lines on the margins of the
whorls more strongly marked, and the angles at the shoulders sharper than in
the German specimens. These differences do not appear to be greater than may be
fairly attributed to variations of local conditions, and I have therefore cited Dr.
Beyrich’s shell, but with a query. The English shells are wider, and appear to have
attained a greater size, than the French shells ; and the edges of the shoulders, instead
of being somewhat sharp and elevated, as in the latter, are rounded or flattened
obliquely ; in all other respects our shells agree so well, that I have no doubt of their
specific identity.
Size.—Axis, 23 inches, nearly (63 millim.); diameter, 1 inch and 5-12ths (36
millim.).
Localities —Bracklesham Bay, Bramshaw (New Forest), at which places they are
not uncommon. rench—Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon, &c. (fide Desh.)
Belgian—Afflighem (fide Galeotti), Rouge-Cloitre, Saint Josse-ten-Noode and Groenen-
dael (fide Myst). German—Westeregeln in Magdeburgh, Hermsdorf, Freinwalde and
Buckow, and Freden, near Alfeld (fide Beyrich). Ttalian—La Palarca (fide Bellardi) ?
No. 126. Conus vexatus, Sowerby. Tab. XXIV, fig. 12.
Conus VELATUS, Sow. 1841. Min. Con., vol. vii, p. 27, t. 623, fig. 7.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 143.
— — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, pp. 108 and 189, t. 8, fig. 17.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 244.
C. testa levi, oblonga, turbinatd, antice sub-productd ; transversim obsolete sulcatd ;
spird conicd, prominuld, trientem totius teste longitudine paulo superanti: anfractibus
angulatis, inermibus ; marginibus posticis declivis, sub-concavis, lineas concentricas et rugas
194 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
curvas obliquas sese decussantes gerentibus, ad suturam incrassatis, plicatis: apertura
angusta ; labro valde arcuato, postice late emarginato.
Shell smooth, oblong, turbinate, somewhat produced at the base, where it presents
traces of transverse sulcation: spire conical, slightly elevated, barely exceeding in
height a third part of the whole length of the shell: whorls narrow, angulated, and
smooth round the shoulders; the posterior margins much depressed, very slightly
concave, and presenting four or five rather coarse, raised, concentric lines, which are
crossed and decussated by prominent, curved, wrinkle-like elevations, corresponding
with the curvature in the outer lip; the edge is thickened, and presents a raised
border round the suture, plicated by the extension of the marginal wrinkles over the
surface. The aperture is narrow ; the outer lip much arched, and separated from the
suture by a wide, moderately deep curvature. The surface of the shell is much
eroded, and the lines of growth are consequently more conspicuous than is usually the
case ; these, with the decussated lines on the spire, “give the shell,’ Mr. Sowerby
says, “the appearance of having been enclosed in a net or net-veil; whence the
name.”
The specimen from which the figure is taken, and on which the species was
founded, forms part of Mr. Bowerbank’s collection, and is, I believe, unique. In the
general character the shell resembles C. deperditus ; hut the more elevated posterior
margins, the thickened and plicated edges of the whorls in the present species,
apparently justify the separation.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 4-12ths; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Locality—Bracklesham Bay.
No. 127. Conus Lamarck, F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXYV, fig. 3a—e.
ConUs ANTEDILUVIANUS, Desh. (nec Brug., nec Lam.) 1824—37. Descr. des coq. foss.,
&e., vol. ii, p. 749, t. 98, figs. 13, 14.
—- — Bronn. 1838. Lethea Geog., p. 1118.
— peEpERDITUS, Sow. (non Brug.), 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 108, t. 8,
fig. 9.
— ANTEDILUVIANUS, D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 355, No. 335.
— concrxnus, Phil. (non Sow.) 1846. Tert. foss. Magdeb. (Paleont., vol. i, p. 80, No. 183).
= — Beyr. (non Sow.) 1853. Die Conchyl. des Norddeutse. tertiarg., vol. i,
p- 21, t. 1, fig. 2.
C. testa oblongo-turbinatd, levi, ad basin transversim sulcata ; spird elevatd, acuminata,
trientem totius teste longitudine superanti: anfractibus angustis, nodulosis, marginibus
posticis oblique depressis, sub-concavis, ad suturam tenuiter plicatis ; anfractu ultimo conico :
apertura lineari, angustd ; labro tenui, arcuato, postice emarginato.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 195
Var. FILIFER. Testa latiori; marginibus posticis anfractuum concentrice lineatis ;
liners irregularibus, aliquando granulatis.
Shell oblong, inversely conical, smooth, with an elevated, nearly conical spire, in
height a little exceeding a third part of the whole length of the shell, and terminating
in a small pointed pullus of three volutions. The whorls, 8—10 in number, exclusive
of the pullus, are narrow, angulated at the shoulders, the posterior margins slanting
backwards towards the preceding whorl, and concave; the sutural edge finely plicated
by the strongly marked lines of growth. The early whorls present on the shoulders a
row of small rounded tubercles, which are continued, more or less, on the later whorls,
in different individuals. The aperture is straight and narrow; the outer lip thin, sharp-
edged, not much arched, and separated from the suture by a wide, shallow curvature.
In the specimens from Bracklesham Bay, forming the variety /i/:fer, the shells are
wider than in the type, the posterior margins of the whorls present concentric lines,
variable in number, and occasionally finely granulated where they are decussated by
the lines of growth, and a single row of very small, bead-like knobs runs round the
sutural edge, instead of the plication usually found there, in this respect somewhat
resembling C. concinnus. The specimens from Bramshaw agree better with the French
shells than do those from Bracklesham Bay; in the latter the shells generally are
somewhat wider, the tubercles on the angles of the whorls disappear more early, and
the shoulders are blunter than in the typical form. J regard these differences, however,
rather as merely local variations than as sufficient to justify the separation of the shells
from the present species, with which they agree in the elevated spire, the slanting
concave margin and crenulated edge of the whorls, and the size of the shell itself.
With regard to the nomenclature of the French shell, much confusion has arisen,
the origin of which is explained by M. Deshayes in a note in the 2d edition of
Lamarck’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle’ (vol. xi, p. 155). From this it appears that the shell
described by Bruguiére as having been found at Courtagnon, and to which he gave the
name C. antediluvianus, was, in fact, a Sub-apennine shell, and that Lamarck, misled by
this, quoted C. antediluvianus as a Paris-basin species in his Mémoire, published in the
‘Annales du Musée.’ In 1814, Brocchi, in his work, applied the name given by
Bruguicre to the Sub-apennine shells, to which it strictly and properly belongs; but
Lamarck, in 1822, in the first edition of his ‘Histoire Naturelle,’ again recorded
Bruguicre’s species as occurring in the environs of Paris. Subsequently, M. Deshayes,
in his ‘ Description des coquilles fossiles,’ &c., pointed out the fact that Bruguicre’s
description referred to an Italian species not found in the Paris basin; but unfortu-
nately, in describing the French Eocene shells, he applied Bruguicre’s name to them.
Bronn also, in the ‘ Letheea Geognostica,’ retained the name C. antediluvianus for the
Paris-basin species, erroneously associating it with C. concinnus (Sow.), a species per-
fectly distinct; and he proposed the specific name C. Apenninicus for the Sub-apennine
shells. The same author subsequently, in his ‘ Index Palzeontologicus,’ again united
196 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the so-called C. antediluvianus of the Paris basin with the English C. concinnus, retaining
for them the name of the latter. It is obvious that the name aztediluvianus belongs to
the Sub-apennine shell, and cannot be applied correctly to the French eocene species ;
and the attempts of MM. Bronn, Nyst, and others to remove the difficulty by giving a
new name to the Italian species, can but increase the confusion. Dr. Beyrich, who
fully appreciated the specific distinctness of the forms, has observed (‘ Die Conchyl.,’
&c., p. 20), that “there will not be any necessity for a new name for the older eocene
species of the Calcaire Grossier if the union proposed by Bronn be adopted.” In the
description of C. concimnus, 1 have stated the characters in which I consider that
species to be perfectly distinct; and it is a cone which, although recorded by Mr.
Sowerby as occurring at Barton, is, I believe, peculiar to the older eocene strata,
and cannot be associated with the present species. It becomes necessary, therefore,
to give a new name tothe middle eocene species, and I propose to distinguish it as
C. Lamarckit.
Stze.—Axis, 1 inch and 7-12ths (40 millim.); diameter, 9-12ths of an inch, nearly
(18 millim.).
Localities.—Bracklesham Bay, Bramshaw. /rench—Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon
(fide Desh.); Vaudancourt, Hermes (fide D’Oré.).
No. 128. Conus concinnus, Sowerby. Tab. XXIV, fig. 13 a—e.
Conus concrnnvs, Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 180, t. 302, fig. 2.
— — Morr. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 142.
— — D’ Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 356, No. 337.
Nec — — Phil. 1846. Tert. Foss. Magdeb. (Palzeont., vol. i, p. 80, No. 183).
nec — _— Beyr. 1853. Die Conchyl. des Norddeutse. tertiarg., vol. i, p. 21, t. 1,
fig. 2.
C. testa elongato-turbinatd, levi, ad basin concentrice sulcatd ; spird elevata, sub-conica :
anfractibus angustis, sub-planis, angulatis, ad angulos nodulosis ; marginibus posticis
declivis, duas vel tres lineas elevatas granulatas gerentibus, ad suturas marginatis, plicatis
vel moniliferis : apertura angustissimd ; labro valde arcuato, postice late emarginate.
Var. B. Testa spatiis inter suturas et angulos anfractuum tres vel quatuor lineas elevatas
simplices gerentibus.
Shell elongate, turbinate, concentrically furrowed at the base; spire elevated, but
variable in height, sometimes nearly equalling a half, sometimes not much exceeding a
third part, of the whole length of the shell: whorls seven or eight, exclusive of the
pullus, very narrow, nearly straight on the sides, angulated at the shoulders, with the
posterior margins slanting backwards; the edges round the suture thickened, and
either plicated or furnished with a single row of rather small bead-like nobs; the space
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 197
between the edge and the shoulder is straight, and ornamented with two or three
concentric raised lines, very finely granulated. The shoulders bear a single row of
prominent, round tubercles, placed at regular and not distant intervals, and continued
throughout. The aperture is straight, and very narrow; the outer lip much arched,
and presenting a wide, shallow curvature at the posterior extremity. The concentric
furrows cover the whole surface of the young shell, but become more or less effaced as
the shell is enlarged, and on the last whorl they are confined to the anterior portion
of the shell; through all stages of growth the basal furrows are deep and sharp-
edged.
A variety occurs at Lee, near Southend, in which the sutural edge and margin of
the whorl present four thick, prominent lines, rounded and smooth on the upper surface,
and devoid of the granulations which characterise the type.
I have already noticed the fact, that Bronn has regarded the present species,
apparently confined to the lower eocene strata, as identical with the so-called C. ante-
diluvianus of Lamarck; and Dr. Beyrich, adopting that opinion, has applied the name
concinnus to a shell from the German Tertiaries which belongs to C, Lamarckii. The
narrower form, the smaller number of the volutions, the large rounded tubercles on the
shoulders, the more depressed margins of the whorls, with their thickened edges and
concentric rows of granulations, or strong elevated lines, and the deep, sharp-edged
furrows, barely effaced on the posterior part by the outer coating of the shell,—appear
to me sufficiently to distinguish the present shells from those of the middle eocene
epoch. Ido notagree, therefore, with M. Bronn and Dr. Beyrich, in referring both to
the same species ; and in this view, apparently both M. Deshayes and M. D’Orbigny
concur.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 3-12ths (82 millim.); diameter, rather more than 6-12ths
of an inch (between 13 and 14 millim.).
Localities—Highgate ; Fortess Green, near Kentish Town; Lee, near Southend.
Mr. Sowerby cites Barton, but I have never met with any specimen from that locality ;
and the specimen on the authority of which Barton is cited (‘ Min. Con., t. 302,
lowest fig.) does not present the characteristic form of C. concinnus ; it is much muti-
lated, but it has rather the appearance of a worn specimen of C. scadbriculus. M.
Deshayes (2d edit. of ‘Lam. Hist. Nat.’) states that this species occurs in the
environs of Paris; it is not mentioned, however, in his ‘ Description des Coquilles
Fossiles,’ and M. D’Orbigny has not given any French locality for it. At present
this cone appears to belong exclusively to the earlier eocene fauna.
198 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 129. Conus sScABRICULUS, Solander. Tab. XXIV, fig. 9 a—e.
Conts scaBRicuLus, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 15, t. 1, fig. 21.
_ _— Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. iii, p- 180, t. 303, figs. 1, 2.
— — Desh. 1824-37. Deser. des coq. foss., &e., vol. li, p. 751, t. 98,
figs. 17, 18.
—_ —_ Jb. 1845. Lam., Hist. Nat., 2d edit., vol. ii, p. 158, No. 11.
— —_ D’ Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 416, No. 1472.
non — _ Stsm. 1847. Syn. Meth., &c., Pedemont. foss., p. 44.
C. testé utrinque conicd, antice sub-productd, lineis concentricis, elevatis, ornatd ; spird
elevatd, acuminata ; lineis concentricis acutis, denticulatis, aliquando confertis, aliquando
distantibus ; alternis sepissime minoribus, sepe inermibus : anfractibus planis, postice obtuse
angulatis ; marginibus sub-concavis, ad suturam granulosis: apertura lineari, angustd, bessem
totius teste paullum superanti ; labro tenurssimo, leviter arcuato, postice sinuoso.
Shell oblong, doubly conical, slightly produced at the base, and ornamented with
concentric raised lines; spire elevated, pointed, terminating in a very small conical
pullus, formed of three smooth volutions. The concentric lines are sharp, and very
variable in their character; sometimes numerous, sometimes distant, and very fre-
quently the alternate lines are smaller than the others. Most generally the concentric
lines rise, at regular intervals, into short, tooth-like tubercles, having their bases
prolonged, both in front and behind, into short, rounded ribs, more or less prominent
according to the size of the tubercles, and separated by deep, pit-like hollows. The
whorls, exclusive of the pullus, are six or seven in number, flat at the sides, slightly
contracted towards the base, obtusely angulated at the shoulder, longitudinally ridged
by regular conspicuous lines of growth, and bordered at the suture by a row of small
granulations ; the space between the shoulder and the suture is traversed by two or
three smooth, prominent lines. The aperture is straight, narrow, slightly emarginate
in front, and in length, rather more than two thirds of the whole shell; the outer lip
is smooth within, thin, sharp on the edge, of a flattened elliptical form, and separated
from the preceding whorl by a moderately wide, but not deep, sinus. The columella
is slightly curved inwards.
Not infrequently, the alternate smaller lines, where they do occur, are smooth
and simple; and the same character sometimes, although very rarely, distinguishes
the whole transverse lineation. In the latter instances the surface of the shell between
the raised lines is flat and smooth, except where it is ridged by the lines of growth.
This pretty and well-marked species is, apparently, confined to the middle eocene
strata; and the shells referred to it by Sismonda, from Piedmont and Turin, are
considered by M. D’Orbigny to belong, in fact, to Michelotte’s C. ornatus.
Size. —Axis, 4-5ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than 3-10ths of an inch.
Localities. —Barton. French—Monneville (fide Desh.), Chavangon (fide D’ Oré.).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 199
No. 130. Conus LINEATUS, Solander. Tab. XXIV, fig. 10 a—c.
Conus Ltinuatus, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 15, t. 1, fig. 22.
— corcuLum, Sow. 1841. Min. Conchol., vol. vii, p. 27, t. 623, figs. 8, 9.
— .tneatus, Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 143.
— corcutum, Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 142.
— — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 109.
— utveatus, D’Ord. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 355, No. 334.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 244.
— corcutum. Ib. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 243.
non — _ LINEATUS, Chemn. 1795. Conchyl. Cab., vol. x, p. 27, t. 138, fig. 1285.
C. testd utrinque sub-conicd, lineis concentricis ornatd, antice sub-productd ; lineis
concentricis equalibus, levibus, confertis ; spird elevatd, acuminata, sub-nodulosé : anfrac-
tibus planis, postice obtuse angulatis, marginibus sub-concavis, concentrice lineatis, ad
suturam depressis, granulatis: aperturd lineari, angustd, longitudine bessem totius teste
Jere equanti ; labro tenuissimo, leviter arcuato, postice sinuato.
Shell oblong, doubly conical, ornamented with transverse raised lines; spire
elevated, coronated, terminating in a small pointed pullus, consisting of two or three
smooth volutions ; the transverse lines are smooth, regular, numerous, and separated
by rather deep, rounded furrows ; the whorls, which are five or six in number without
the pullus, are flat at the sides, slightly contracted and produced in front, angulated
at the shoulders, and depressed at the sutural margins, forming a narrow ledge running
round the spire, the outer edge of which is finely granulated; the space between the
margin and the shoulder is slightly concave, and presents two or three faint, concentric,
unequal, raised lines. The early whorls bear on the shoulders a row of transverse,
oblong tubercles, imparting a somewhat nodulous character to the spire, but lost on the
last whorl, the shoulder of which is smooth. The aperture is straight, narrow, and
about two thirds of the whole shell in length; the outer lip, which is but slightly
curved, presents a shallow sinus at the posterior extremity: the columella is nearly
straight.
Brander’s shell, deposited in the British Museum, is unfortunately mislaid, and I
have not been able to compare with it the shells now described. They agree, how-
ever, with Solander’s description and figure in all respects except in the striation.
Brander’s shell, which was apparently a larger and an older specimen than any I
possess, and was probably somewhat worn, is described as obsolete striata ; while the
transverse lines on my specimen are generally bold and clearly defined.
The Bracklesham Bay shell, described by Mr. Sowerby as C. corculum, is a little
shorter in the spire; but, in all other respects, it agrees exactly with the present
species, to which, therefore, I have referred it.
200 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Lamarck, and, since his time, MM. Deshayes and D’Orbigny, have considered
C. lineatus as identical with C. stromboides (Lamk.), from the Paris basin. These two shells
do not appear to me, however, to be referable to the same species, for in the French
species the shell is narrower, the spire more elevated, and formed of more numerous
volutions ; the whorls, also, are more rounded at the shoulders, the transverse lineation
is feebler and more irregular, and the outer lip is more strongly arched than in the
English shells. I have, therefore, not cited C. stromboides as a synonym of the presen
species.
So closely does C. lineatus resemble C. scabriculus, from which, in fact, it is only
distinguished by its smooth, crowded, concentric lines, separated by rounded furrows,
that it ought, perhaps, to be regarded as merely a variety into which the smooth lined
specimens of the latter species would lead ; but, without an examination of Brander’s
shell, I do not venture to question Solander’s species.
Size-—The dimensions of my largest specimen are—axis, 7-12ths of an inch;
diameter, rather more than 3-12ths of an inch : those of Brander’s shell were, according
to the figure—axis, 10-12ths of an inch ; diameter, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities.— Barton, Bracklesham Bay. Very rare.
Section—CoNORBIS.
No. 131. Conus porMiToR, Solander. Tab. XXIV, fig. 11 a—e.
Conus pormitor, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 16, t. 1, fig. 24.
— — Sow. 1821. Min. Con., vol. iui, p. 179, t. 301.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 143.
— — D’ Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 356, No. 338.
— _ G. Sow. . Gen. of Shells, Conus, fig. 8.
C. testa crassiusculd, fusiformi ; utrinque conicd, concentrice lineata, antice sub-productd,
vin emarginatd, paulo retroflead ; lineis concentricis elevatis, equalibus, irregularibus, sub-
distantibus ; interstitiis concavis, lineis incrementi tenuissime crenulatis: aperturd linear,
angusta ; labro acuto, rotundato-elliptico, intis incrassato, postice late sinuato ; labit margine
anteriort elevatd, productd.
Var. seMinupa. Testd ad basin transversim sulcatad; anfractibus postice unico
sulco exaratis, ceterum levibus.
Shell rather thick, fusiform, resembling two nearly equal cones, placed base to base,
and ornamented with concentric raised lines; the spire, forming the shorter cone, is
elevated, pointed, and terminates in a very small conical pullus of three volutions; whorls
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 201
seven or eight, exclusive of the pullus, rounded at the shoulders, nearly straight on the
sides, somewhat produced in front, and very slightly bent backwards. The concentric
lines are equal, not very distant over the middle of the whorls, but varying in that
respect in different individuals ; more crowded at the base and on the shoulders, distant
on the posterior margins, which are much elevated, and pressed against the preceding
whorls; occasionally on the last whorl of mature specimens additional faint lines
appear. The spaces between the lines are very slightly concave, and finely crenu-
lated by the lines of growth, which are very perspicuous over the whole surface of
the shell. The aperture is narrow, straight, except at the base, where it is a little
deflected, and scarcely emarginate ; the outer lip thin and sharp on the edge, very
much thickened within, faintly crenulated on the inner margin by the concentric lines,
of a roundedly elliptical shape, and detached from the suture by a wide but very
shallow curvature. The anterior margin of the columellar lip is elevated and pro-
longed in front, where it serves as the wall of the rudimentary anterior canal formed
by the produced base of the shell.
In specimens from Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst, the middle and upper parts of
the whorls are perfectly smooth, with the exception of a single furrow which traverses
the posterior margins; and the base of the shell presents numerous shallow furrows,
which extend almost up to the middle of the whorl, instead of the sharp elevated lines
which characterise the typical form.
This well-known species, peculiar, I believe, to the Hampshire basin, forms the
type of Mr. Swainson’s genus Cozordis. In the elevated conical spire, the almost
semicircular form of the outer lip, and the produced base of the whorls, it presents
the closest analogies with that section of the Pleurotomz formed of P. prisca, P.
amphiconus, P. linearis, and similar species. Indeed, so closely does it approach to
some of these, that, judging from external characters only, it is difficult to decide to
which genus it should be referred. The straight, narrow aperture, however, is cer-
tainly that of a cone, and indicates a necessity that the animal, in order that it might
withdraw into the inner whorls, should be enabled to enlarge the space within the
shell; a necessity which, as I have already stated, was met by the power of absorp-
tion possessed by the animal. The curvature in the outer lip, also, is quite distinct
in its character from the sinus in the outer lip of the Pleurotome.
Size-—Type—Axis, | inch and 1-12; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch. Var.—Axis,
1 inch and 3-12ths; diameter, 6-12ths of an inch.
Localities—Barton, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich), Lyndhurst, and Brockenhurst
(New Forest).
202 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 132. Conus auatus, /. #. Hdwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 1 a, 6.
C. testa sub-fusiformi, utrinque conicd, concentrice sulcatd, antice sub-productd, retro-
head, emarginatd ; spird acuminatd, in longitudine trientem totius teste superanti: anfrac-
tibus convexiusculis, sub-angulatis ; marginibus posticis angustis, concavis, concentrice
sulcatis ; sulcis concentricis irregularibus, postice evanescentibus: apertura angustd ; labro
aliformi, fere semicirculari, acuto, intis incrassato, antice crenulato, postice perparum brevi-
terque emarginato ; labio antice reflexo, producto.
Var. uEeMiuissa. Testa breviori, latiori, postice levi ; marginibus anfractuum valde
cavatis, unico sulco concentrico exaratis.
Shell nearly fusiform, doubly conical, concentrically furrowed, rather produced and
bent backwards at the base, and deeply notched; the concentric furrows are irregular,
crowded, and sharp-edged over the base, more distant and obscure as they ascend the
shell; the spire is pointed, elevated, rather more than a third part of the whole shell
in height, and terminates in a very small, conical pullus. The whorls are rather
convex, slightly angulated at the shoulder, and a little thickened on the edge round
the suture; the posterior margin is narrow, rather concave, and traversed by two or
three deepish furrows. The aperture is narrow and nearly straight, with the anterior
extremity slightly curved outwards and backwards; the outer lip is remarkably large,
almost semicircular, thickened within, thin and sharp on the edge, and separated from
the suture by a very small but rather deep curvature; the inner lip produced, reflexed,
and curved backwards; the columella presents a broad, elevated ridge or “crest”
in front.
A variety occurs at Brockenhurst, in which the shell is shorter and wider; the
posterior portion of the whorl is smooth; the angle on the shoulder sharper and more
clearly defined, and the posterior margin more concave, and traversed by a single
obscure furrow.
The presence, in this species, of concentric furrows instead of the sharp, elevated
lines which characterise C. dormitor, is not a character to which much specific value
can be attached, as these ornaments interchange by insensible degrees; but the
depressed, concave posterior margin of the whorls, the very large wing-like, outer lip,
the small, narrow, but deep curvature which separates the outer lip from the suture,
and the deep anterior notch, with its usual accompaniment, the elevated crest on the
columella, appear to me to justify the separation of the present species. Even the
variety which, with its half-smooth half-sulcated surface, so much resembles the var.
seminuda of C. dormitor, is easily distinguishable by these characters.
Size.—Type—-Axis, ] inch and 5-12ths, nearly; diameter, rather more than
§-12ths of an inch. Variety—Axis, 1 inch; diameter, § inch.
Localities—Type: Bramshaw. Variety: Brockenhurst, Lyndhurst.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 203
Genus 26th. PLEUROTOMA.* Lamarck.
Turris, 1797, Humphreys.
Pievrotoma, 1801, Lamarck.
Pievrotomartus, 1806, Dumér.
Pievroromus, 1810, De Montf.
Turricuta, 1817, Schum. (not Klein).
Prirurotoma, 1840, Swainson.
— (exe. sect. A) 1847, Bellardi.
Surcuna, 1853, ddams.
Gernot, 1757, ddanson.
CRASSISPIRA,
Bracuytoma,
Conorieura, 1844, Hinds.
Gmnota, 1853, ddams,
Sect. Driuia, 1834, Gray.
i 1840, Swains.
Gen. Char—Shell fusiform, turreted, or conoid, ribbed or concentrically striated,
sometimes smooth; spire elevated: aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a canal
more or less elongated; outer lip thin, with a deep fissure or notch near the posterior
extremity ; columella smooth, nearly straight. Oyerculwm pointed, nucleus apical.
This genus, first indicated by Humphreys under the name Zwrris, was established
by Lamarck for various shells, which by Linnzeus, Chemnitz, and others, had been
placed with Murex, and by Brugniére with Fusus. The animal is very similar to that
of the Cone, and, like it, presents a strong resemblance to those of the Muricide, from
which it is mainly distinguished by the peculiar character of the dentition. It has a
small, flat head, provided with a siphon varying in length, and with cylindrical tentacles
wide apart, on bulgings near the bases of which the eyes are placed; and the mouth
terminates in a small, fleshy proboscis. The foot is oblong, truncated at each extremity,
of nearly uniform width, and thin at the edge ; and the mantle has a notch or slit on the
right side which corresponds with, and is represented by, the sinus in the shell. The
function attributed to this notch is the more ready expulsion of the excretory matter,
but the precise way in which it is subservient to that purpose is not known. Appa-
rently it is intended, as Mr. Swainson asserts, for the protrusion of some particular
organ of the animal; but the existence of such an organ is not noticed by MM. Quoy
and Gaimard in their description of the anatomy of the animal of Pleurotoma Babylonica,
nor has it as yet been ascertained. The lingual teeth are elongate, subulate, arranged
in two series ; but, as in the Cone animal, the central or rachidian teeth, usually found
in other families, are wanting.
* Etym. [Idevpa, the side; and Toy}, an incision.
204 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
When Lamarck first established the present genus, he at the same time separated
the species whose shells terminate in a short canal, under the name Clavatula, a
genus which, as defined by the author, rested wholly on characters taken from the
shell, and which was afterwards withdrawn by him as not tenable. In this suppression
subsequent writers have concurred until recently, when, a better knowledge of the
animal having been acquired, characters have been pointed out which are generally
considered as sufficient to justify the separation, and the genus has accordingly been
adopted, and has been re-defined by Dr. Gray. The most prominent of these charac-
ters are the shape of the foot, which is large and ovular, and the condition of the
operculum, the nucleus of which, instead of being apical as in the true Pleurotoma, is
placed nearly at the middle of the right margin. The shell also, it must be observed,
presents an emargination near the anterior extremity of the outer lip, similar to that
found among the S¢rombide, and a thick callosity at the hind part of the columella near
the suture, characters which are not found in the present genus.
The genus P/eurotoma, as originally defined, comprised a large number of species,
and the list of synonyms shows how strongly the necessity for some subdivision has
been felt. Some of the proposed divisions, however, so far as the present imperfect
knowledge of the animals will enable the student to estimate their value, appear
to rest on conchological distinctions, and as yet are not generally accepted. In others,
however, the animals exhibit distinct characters, which, taken in conjunction with
modifications of the shells, are received as of sufficient generic value. Thus in
Bela (Leach), the eyes are placed on the upper part of the tentacles, which are
approximate, and the outer lip of the shell is simple, or with a slight sinus confluent
with the suture; and in Mangelia (Leach; Defrancia, Millet; Raphitoma, Bellardi),
the eyes are sub-pedicelled, the foot is short, tapering behind, and enlarged in front at
each corner into a hook-shaped projection, and the dentition, according to Messrs.
Forbes and Hanley, presents a simple rachidian tooth in addition to the two lateral
subulate teeth of the present genus; the animal, also, is without an operculum,
and the outer lip of the shell has a sinus resembling that found in the notched
species of Bela.* Again, in Perrona (Schum.; Tomella, Swains.), the nucleus of
the operculum is placed near the middle of the right side, as in Clavatula, of which
genus, in fact, it appears to be only a smooth form; and again, in Drillia (Gray),
according to Messrs. Adams, the eyes are placed near the lips of the tentacles, which
are very slender and approximated, and the outer lip presents a small sinus in front,
like the one in C/avatula already noticed. A more extended knowledge of the animals
may hereafter support others of the proposed genera; but, in the mean time, they can
be received only as subdivisions for facilitating the arrangement of the very numerous
species which crowd the present genus.
* Messrs. Forbes and Hanley have united Mangelia and Bela, using the latter name to distinguish the
op erculated species from those without an operculum, which, with those authors, form the true Mangelie.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 205
With regard to the genus Clavatula, several shells are found among the English
eocene Pleurotome, which, agreeing with Lamarck’s definition of the genus, might be,
perhaps correctly, referred to it; but since that genus, as re-defined, depends on
zoological characters, and on the condition of the operculum, criteria which are not
available to the palzeontologist, and the species themselves do not exhibit any characters
by which they can be separated from the true P/leurotome, those shells have been
referred, in the following descriptions, to the present genus.
Bellardi, in his elaborate and most useful work, ‘Monografia delle Pleurotome
fossile del Piémonte,’ has divided the Pleurotome into three genera, Plewrotoma,
Borsonia, and Raphitoma. The first comprises the true Pleurotomee and the Clavatulee
of Lamarck ; and with these are associated some fusiform shells generally referred to
Fusus, the outer lips of which present, not the true notch or slit characteristic of a
Pleurotoma, but a wide undulation, which the author regards as a “rudimentary sinus.”
No other reason is assigned, and this certainly does not appear to be a sufficient one,
for placing the shells in question in the present genus. Several of the so-called eocene
Fusi present this undulation in the outer lip; and inasmuch as to refer them to the
present genus would, in my opinion, uselessly create much confusion, I have left them
among the Fusz, where they were first placed. The second genus, Borsonia, is proposed
for certain shells in which the true sinus of a Pleurotoma is associated with a fold on
the columella.* The remaining genus, Raphitoma, consists of those species in which
the sinus is very small and confluent with the suture, and the canal is indistinct, a
division which corresponds pretty accurately with MWangelia (Leach). The Pleurotcme
are again divided into three sections, according to the size and shape of the sinus;
namely, Pseudotomate, or false-notched shells, composed of the fusiform species before
mentioned, in which the outer lip presents the so-called rudimentary sinus ; megafomate,
or widely-notched shells; and macrotomate, or deeply-notched shells. The last
section is again sub-divided into five groups; de/fordee, in which the canal is but little
produced, and the sinus is placed in an angular depression ; pteroidee, in which the
canal is elongated, the outer lip aliform and produced in front, and the sinus is in a
depression ; carinifere, having the canal as long as the spire, and the sinus on a keel ;
excavate, in which also the canal is as long as the spire, but the sinus is between the
shoulder and the suture; and emicycloidales, having the canal indistinct, and the sinus
semicircular, and placed in a depression.
Although this classification will render great assistance in the study of the present
* Shells referable to this division, as enlarged by Rouault, occur in our middle eocene strata; the
genus Borsonza will therefore be noticed in its proper place.
+ Bellardi cites Tomella, Swains., as corresponding with his section Megatomate ; that section,
however, consists of two species only, P. cataphracta, Broc., and P. ramosa, Bast., in both of which the
shells are many whorled, turreted, coronated, and concentrically striated, and therefore do not at all agree
with Mr. Swainson’s definition of his genus T’omelia.
27
206 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
genus, the distinctions between some of the groups will, I think, be found to be difficult
of practical application; nor will the groups proposed embrace all the forms which
occur in the English eocene fauna. The employment of a few broadly marked
characters, which the eye can readily seize, will afford, in fact, more effectual aid to
the student; and with this view I have adopted the division of the Pleurotome, pro-
posed by M. Deshayes, into fusiformes and conoidales ; but the fusiformes I have divided
into two sections, distinguished by the position of the sinus, a prominent and unvarying
character; while the size and, to some extent, the shape of the sinus are subject to
modification. The first section will comprise the species in which the sinus is placed
in the margin, that is to say the space between the suture and the shoulder, or widest
part of the whorl; the second section will embrace those in which the sinus is placed
on the shoulder of the whorl. Each of these sections will be sub-divided into two
groups, respectively consisting of the species having the canal produced, and the
species in which the canal is short or indistinct.
The genus Pleurotoma is one of peculiar interest ; it seems to form a central group,
in which either the animals present close affinities with those of the neighbouring
genera, or the shells, radiating through aberrant forms in which the typical characters
are prominently retained, present striking analogies with those of apparently distant
genera; analogies which, if not suggestive of affinities, at least show the repetition of
similar forms in dissimilar groups. Thus the passage from the true fusiform P/ewro-
tome through the conoidal forms of that genus into the species of Cove forming the
section Conorbis, and so into the true Cones, is a transition so gradual and so
perfect as in itself to afford the strongest evidence of the intimate connection of
the present genus with the Conidz. So, again, the passage through ZLachesis into
Murex—that through the shells before referred to with the so-called rudimentary
sinus in the outer lip into the true Fvsus ; and also that through Borsonia into Turbinella
or Fasciolaria ; while the short posterior canal in the species forming Swainson’s genus
Brachytoma, and the anterior notch on the outer lips of the Dri/ie, present strong
resemblances to the Strombide.
The living species of Pleurotoma are very numerous, upwards of 459, including
those forming the different sub-genera, having been described: they are found in all
parts of the world, but principally in the seas of China and Western America, ranging
in depth from low-water mark to 100 fathoms. In the fossil state they first appear in
the upper cretaceous strata, from which four species referred to this genus have been
described by Goldfuss, Sowerby, and D’Orbigny. During the tertiary epoch the
genus was largely developed; upwards of 90 species, from the eocene formations of
Europe, have been described by Lamarck, Sowerby, Deshayes, Melleville, and other
writers ; while from the more recent formations nearly 200 species have been recorded
by Brocchi, Grateloup, Basterot, De Koninck, Nyst, Bellardi, Sowerby, 5. Wood,
Hornes, and the many other authors who have described the mollusca of the newer
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 207
tertiary deposits. In the Western hemisphere, which presents a large proportion of
the living species, the genus does not appear to have had so large a development ;
twenty-three species only from the tertiary deposits in the United States have been
described by Conrad and Lea, and three species from the newer tertiaries of Chili have
been described by Sowerby. The genus is largely represented in the English eocene
fauna, but as yet comparatively few species have been described or identified.
The shells of the Plewrotome appear to have been peculiarly subject to modification
by external conditions, and, as De Blainville has remarked, it is “apparently with
them as with the Cerithia, the Ammonites, and other genera which contain many
species ; each locality presents different forms.”
Section 1. Shells fusiform.
A. Sinus in the posterior margin of the whorl.
a. Canal elongated.
No. 133. PLEuRoToMA sTENA, /. H. Edwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 4a, 6.
P. testi elongato-fusiformi, angustd, sub-turritd, fasciis et filis spiralibus, lineis incre-
menti decussatis, omnino tectd; spird productd, apice acuminato : anfractibus convexius-
culis, angulatis, obtuse carinatis, postice sub-concavis, ad suturam crenulatis ; filis concen-
tricis numerosis, inequalibus ; anfractu ultimo antice gradatim attenuato et in canali longo,
recto, eveunti: apertura elongato-ovali ; labro vie arcuato ; sinu labrali angusto, profundo
in margine collocato.
Shell elongate, fusiform, narrow, ornamented with numerous spiral bands, the
spaces between which, as well as the surface between the shoulder and the suture,
and sometimes even the spiral bands, are covered with numerous fine, thread-
like, unequal, raised lines, decussated, or rather roughened, by the lines of growth;
the spire, which is formed of seven or eight volutions, is much produced ; the whorls
are slightly convex, sharply angulated at the shoulder; the posterior margins de-
pressed and slightly thickened at the edge, where one or two raised lines, stronger than
the others, and crenulated by the lines of growth, run round the suture; the space
between the suture and the shoulder is concave, giving somewhat of a turreted aspect
to the spire. The spiral bands are irregular, narrow, flat on the surface, sharp edged ;
the posterior band runs round the shoulder, forming a blunt keel, and the space
between it and the band immediately in front of it is wider than those between the
other bands, and is concave; the bands, as they approach the anterior part of the
shell, become closer, narrower, and less prominent, while, on the other hand, the con-
centric lines become stronger, more elevated, and more distant, until the two blend
together, and form the round, coarse, raised lines which cover the base of the shell
208 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
and the canal. The body whorl is gradually much attenuated in front, and terminates
in a long, nearly straight canal. The aperture is of a lengthened oval shape; the
outer lip slightly arched; and the sinus, which is in the middle of the margin, is
narrow and deep.
The young shell of the present species presents some resemblance to the variety
Pagoda of P. terebralis ; but the latter shell is proportionably wider and shorter, and
is distinguished as well by the smooth posterior margins of the whorls as by the sharp-
edged keel, which is turned upwards, forming a deep channel round the margin.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches and 10-12ths; diameter, 8-]12ths of an inch.
Localities —Highgate, Clarendon Hill, Shenfield, and Southampton.
No. 134, PLEUROTOMA INARATA, Sowerby. Tab. XXV, fig. 6.
PLEUROTOMA INARATA, Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geology, &c., of Sussex, pp. 102, 183, t. 6,
fig. 21.
— —_— Morris. 1854. Cat. of Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 270.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, spiraliter lineatd ; spird conicd, acuminata: anfractibus
conveaxiusculis, postice sub-concavis, marginatis, ad suturam leviter crenulatis ; ultimo
anfractu in canali longo, angusto, subrecto exeunti ; striis spiralibus numerosis, lineis inere-
menti decussatis, alternis vel trinis crassis, ceteris tenuibus: apertura ovatd ; labro arcuato,
sinu profundo, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell fusiform, elongated, ornamented with spiral, raised lines: spire elevated,
conical, pointed: whorls convex, thickened on the margin, where they present a raised
border running round the suture, feebly crenulated at the edge, and traversed by two
or three slender, concentric, raised lines; the space between the suture and the shoulder
slightly concave, and covered with very fine, thread-like, concentric, raised lines,
which are crowded near the raised border: the last whorl terminates in an elongated,
nearly straight canal, almost as long as the spire. The spiral lines on the middle and
front parts of the whorls are numerous, strongly decussated by the lines of growth,
and unequal; every alternate or third line being thick, prominent, and sharp on the
edges, and the intermediate lines thread-like and slender. The aperture is ovate, the
outer hp much arched, and the sinus, which is placed in the depression between the
suture and the shoulder, is deep, moderately wide, and sub-trigonal in shape.
This species appears to be the analogue of the Barton and Highcliff species,
P. rostrata, from which it is distinguished by the absence of the tubercles and the ribs,
or undulations on the shoulders.
Size.-—Axis, 2 inches and 2-12ths; diameter, rather more than 8-12ths of an
inch.
Locality —Bracklesham Bay.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 209
No. 135. PLEURoTOMA HELIX, 7. HL. Hdwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 7 a, 6.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, fasciis spiralibus, lineis incrementi asperatis,
cincta ; spird elevatd : anfractibus convewis ; marginibus posticis latis, cavatis, lineas con-
centricas filiformes inequales gerentibus, ad suturam crenulatis ; fasciis spiralibus angustis,
numerosis, alternatim majoribus et minoribus: aperturd elongato-ovali, in canali longo ter-
minantt ; labro valde arcuato ; sinu angusto, profundo, in margine collocato.
Var. RICNA. Testa anfractibus sub-angulatis ; fasciis spiralibus numerosioribus, tribus
minoribus inter majores apparentibus.
Shell lengthened, fusiform, and covered with concentric bands, roughened by the
strongly marked lines of growth; spire elevated: whorls convex, rounded at the
shoulder, produced in front; the posterior margins wide, channeled, and bordered
round the suture by two or three bands strongly crenulated; the middle of the margin
presents three coarse, rounded, raised lines, and on each side of these three or
more fine thread-like lines. The line of the suture is very decurrent, and runs at some
distance below the wide part of the whorl, giving a screw-like appearance to the spire.
The spiral bands are numerous, rounded at the edges, and unequal, the alternate ones
being smaller than the others. The aperture is of a narrow, ovate form, and terminates
in a longish straight canal; the outer lip is much arched, and the sinus, which is deep
and moderately wide, is placed in the middle of the margin.
Specimens occur at Potter’s Bar (var. r7cva), in which the shoulders of the whorls
are angulated, and a fine thread-like line runs on each of the smaller spiral bands.
The specimens figured were obtained from the railway cutting at Primrose Hill,
and form part of Mr. Wetherell’s collection.
Size.—The exact dimensions cannot be given, but those of the largest specimen
figured must have been—axis, nearly 3 inches; diameter, 11-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Primrose Hill and Potter's Bar.
No. 136. PLEUROTOMA syMMETRICA. J. #. Hdwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 5 a, 6.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, gracili, spiraliter fasciatd, in juventé costulaté; spird
elevatd : anfractibus convexiusculis, marginibus posticis vie cavatis, ad suturam marginatis,
erenulatis ; ultimo anfractu in canali longo exeunti ; fasciis spiralibus irregularibus, lineis
incrementi asperatis : apertura ovali elongata ; labro valde arcuato ; sinu mediocriter lato,
parum profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell lengthened, slender, fusiform, ornamented with numerous spiral bands, and,
in the early stages of its growth, obscurely ribbed: spire elevated, pointed: whorls
210 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
(8—10) slightly convex ; the posterior margins narrow, very slightly depressed, rather
thickened at the edges, and presenting round the suture two raised lines, obscurely
granulated ; in front of these, two or three fine, thread-like lines run along the middle
part of the margin, granulated by the lines of growth, which are much elevated until
they cross the shoulder, and give a wrinkled appearance to the margin. The spiral
bands over the other parts of the whorls are numerous, irregular, and unequal ; smaller
ones alternating with large ones. The aperture is narrow, and of an oblong-oval
form; the outer lip arched, and the sinus, which is moderately wide, and not very
deep, is placed in the front part of the margin, immediately behind the shoulder.
In the ornamentation the present species resembles P. heliz, but the narrow posterior
margin, the position of the sinus, and the slight but nearly regular convexity of the
whorls, giving a symmetrical appearance to the shell, distinguishes it as well from
that species as from P. erassa.
Size.—The largest specimen figured would be, if perfect—axis, nearly 4 inches ;
diameter, 1 inch.
Localities.—Potter’s Bar, Chalk Farm, Southampton, Shenfield.
No. 137. PLEUROTOMA TERETRIUM. F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 8 a—s.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, spiraliter lineatd : anfractibus convexiusculis, marginibus
posticis concavis, concentrice lineatis, ad suturam marginatis ; suturis perspicuis ; ultimo
anfractu valde producto, in canali longo exeunti ; lineis spiralibus irregularibus, alternatim
Suniculosis et tenuibus, lineis incrementi per-asperatis ; apertura elongato-ovali ; labro valde
arcuato ; sinu lato, profundo, in margine collocato.
Var. NANovis. Testd breviori, latiori ; marginibus posticis anfractuum pauaillum
cavatis.
Var. CREBRILINEA. Testd minori, graciliori : anfractibus obsolete tuberculatis, lineis
sprralibus numerosis, equalibus, fortiter decussatis.
Var, TuBERCULATA. Testd graciliori: anfractibus sub-angulatis, tuberculatis, ad
suturam crenulatis : lineis spiralibus confertis, sub-equalibus.
Var. LATIMARGINATA. Tesla minori: spird tuberculatd: marginibus anfractuum
latissimis, contra spiram expressis.
Shell elongate, fusiform, ornamented with numerous spiral, raised lines; spire
elevated, formed of 7—9 volutions: whorls somewhat convex, separated by a perspi-
cuous suture, and much produced in front, the last whorl terminating in a long, nearly
straight canal; the posterior margins concave, slightly thickened, and occasionally feebly
crenulated at the edge. The spiral lines over the middle and front parts of the whorls
are irregular, thickish, cord-like bands, alternating with slender, thread-like lines, and
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 211
all much roughened, almost decussated, by the lines of growth; the spiral lines on the
posterior margins are numerous and nearly equal, the two or three nearest the suture
being rather more prominent than the others. The aperture is of a lengthened, ovate
form; the outer lip much arched; and the sinus, which is placed in the front part of
the marginal depression, is deep and moderately wide. Specimens frequently occur
(var. nanodis, fig. 8 6) in which the shell is shorter and wider than in the typical form,
and the margins of the whorls not being so much depressed and hollowed out, give a
nearly conical form to the spire; but the character of the concentric lineation, the
shape and position of the sinus, and the form of the outer lip, correspond with those of
the type.
Other forms also occur which, although presenting differences in the proportions or
ornamentation of the shells, or in the form of the outer lip, agree in other respects
so closely with the present species, that they appear to me to be merely varieties
of it.
In the first of these forms (var. credrilinea, fig. 8f), the shell is smaller and nar-
rower, the spire more pointed and obscurely tuberculated ; the spiral lines are slender,
numerous, and deeply cut by the sharp, prominent lines of growth, and the margins of
the whorls are finely plicated. In the next form (var. ¢uéerculata, fig. 8 c—e) the spire is
more slender; the concentric ornamentation resembles that of the variety crebrilinea,
but the whorls are angulated, and present a single row of slightly oblique, oblong
tubercles, which are continued, in some instances, even on the last whorl of the fully
formed shell. The third variety (var. /atimarginata, fig. 8 g,h) resembles the preceding
variety in the proportions of the shell, and the angular and tuberculated whorls, but
the posterior margins are widely spread out, and pressed against the preceding
whorls, which are covered by them almost up to the tubercles. In all the last three
varieties, the outer lip is not so much arched as that of the typical form.
This species so closely resembles one from Tortona (P. granulosa, Bon.; P. Sis-
monde, Bell.), that it is difficult to separate the two. In the Italian shell, the whorls
appear to be more numerous, and the posterior margins present from three to five
rows of bead-like granulations near the suture; but, judging from the figure and
description given by Bellardi, the two species appear to agree in the form of the
whorls, the character of the spiral ornamentation, the condition of the outer lip, and
the position and shape of the sinus. The differences pointed out are scarcely sufficient
to justify the separation of the present species; but without an actual comparison of
the shells themselves, I do not venture to identify a form from the older eocene
deposits in this country with one from the pliocene formations of Italy.
Size.—Of the type; axis, 2 inches and a half; diameter, 10-12ths of an inch. Of
the variety fwberculata ; axis, 1 inch and 7-12ths; diameter, not quite half an inch.
Localities—The species is found, in all its varieties, at Highgate; the variety
crebrilinea also occurs at Potter's Bar and Shenfield; and the variety fwberculata at
212 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Southampton, Shenfield, Clarendon Hill, Primrose Hill, Haverstock Hill, and Alum
Bay (No. 4, Prestwich). In the variety credrilinea, from Shenfield, the body-whorl is
short, and rather suddenly contracted in front, and the lineation is very fine and nearly
equal.
No. 138. Prevurotoma crassa. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 1 a—d.
P. testa elongato-Susiformi, longitudinaliter costulatd, spiraliter fasciatd ; spird elevata,
acuminata: anfractibus convexis, antice subito coarctatis ; marginibus posticis concavis,
concentrice granuloso-lineatis, ad suturam incrassatis, oblique plicatis ; suturis perspicuis ;
fasciis spiralibus numerosis, plus minusve latis, crassis, cum lineis concentricis filiformibus
alternantibus, lineis incrementi per-asperatis : apertura oblongo-oval ; labro leviter arcuato ;
sinu lato sub-triangulari in media margine collocato ; canali antico, longo, recto.
Shell elongate, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally banded: spire elevated,
being nearly as long as half the shell, and poimted: whorls many (9—11), convex,
rather suddenly contracted, and much produced in front; the posterior margins
hollowed out, thickened and strongly plicated by the prominent lines of growth on
the sutural edge; the ribs rounded, moderately distant, rather oblique and short,
not extending, even in young shells, much in front of the shoulder, and lost on the
last whorl of the fully grown shell. Several coarsish concentric lines traverse the
margins of the whorls, and are decussated by the lines of growth; two or three on
the sutural edges are thicker and more elevated than the others, and from the deep
decussation assume the appearance of a double row of coarse granulations: the bands
over the middle and front of the whorls are more or less broad, prominent, rather
closely set, and separated by strong, thread-like lines, the whole much roughened by
the lines of growth: the body whorl is produced in front into a long, moderately wide,
and nearly straight canal. The aperture is of an oblong, ovate shape; the outer lip
arched, but not much; and the sinus, which is placed in the middle of the margin, is
wide and subtrigonal. Occasionally specimens occur in which the shell is wider, and
the spire not so much produced ; but in all other respects agreeing with the typical
form.
Size.—The large specimen figured would be, if perfect—axis, 4 inches and 3-1! 2ths;
diameter, 1 inch and 4-12ths.
Localities.—-Clarendon Hill, Southampton, Shenfield.
No. 139. PLEUROoTOMA PLANETICA. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 3.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, undique spiraliter lineata ; spird elevatd, acumi-
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 213
natd: anfractibus numerosis, angulatis, convexis, sub-ventricosis, in juventd tuberculatis ;
marginibus posticis latiusculis, concavis ; ultimo anfractu in canali longo, recto, terminanti ;
striis spiralibus numerosis, inequalibus, lineis incrementi asperatis ; striis duobus vel tribus
ad humeros prominentioribus: aperturd pyriformi ; labro arcuato ; sinu lato, profundo, in
margine collocato.
Shell elongate, fusiform; spire much produced, pointed: whorls many (10—12),
convex, somewhat ventricose, angulated at the shoulders, much attenuated, and pro-
duced in front, the last whorl terminating in a long, straight, moderately wide canal ;
the posterior margins are rather wide, depressed, channeled along the middle, and
somewhat thickened at the edge, so as to present a broadish, slightly elevated border
round the suture. The angulated shoulders, and depressed posterior margins of the
whorls, give a turreted character to the spire. Two sharp, elevated, and rather distant
spiral lines run round the border, and several faint and unequal lines traverse the
hollow part of the margins. On the middle and front parts of the whorls the spiral
lines are numerous, irregular, and unequal, a slender, thread-like line occasionally
occurring between thicker and more elevated lines; two or three on the shoulder are
more prominent and distant than the rest. The aperture is pear-shaped, rounded
behind, contracted in front; the outer lip much arched; the sinus wide, very deep,
sub-trigonal in form, and placed a little in front of the middle part of the margin.
This elegant Pleurotoma is apparently confined to the middle eocene strata; it has
hitherto been obtained only from Bramshaw and the synchronous beds at Bracklesham
Bay.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches and 9-12ths; diameter, 10-12ths of an inch.
No. 140. PLEURoToMA GonrzaA, F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXV, fig. 10.
PLEUROTOMA TRANSVERSARIA, Sow. (non Lam.) 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Suss., p. 102.
— Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 270.
P. testd elongato-fusiformi, turritd, lineis spiralibus omnino tectd ; spird elevatd :
anfractibus depresso-convexis, angulatis, obscure carinatis ; marginibus posticis latis, sub-
concavis, ad suturam crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu in canali mediocri, subrecto, exeunti ; lineis
spiralibus tenuibus, confertis, irreguluribus: apertura lanceolaté ; labro rotundo-arcuato ;
sinu mediocriter lato, profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, turreted; spire elevated, apparently much exceeding
the last whorl in length: whorls rather convex, flattened at the sides, and angulated
at the shoulders, which slightly project, and present the appearance of an obscure,
rounded keel; the posterior margins are very wide, hollowed out, and crenu-
lated round the suture; the last whorl contracts rather suddenly in front, and
28
214 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
terminates in a widish, moderately long, and nearly straight canal. The whole surface
of the shell is covered with very fine, spiral, raised lines, rather distant in front, crowded,
unequal, and irregular over the middle part of the whorls, where very slender, thread-
like lines frequently alternate with thicker and more prominent lines; three or four
faint lines run along the middle of the posterior margin, and on each side of them are
several others, rather stronger and decussated by the lines of growth. The aperture
is lanceolate; the outer lip large, and roundly arched; and the sinus deep, moderately
wide, and placed in the very middle of the collar: the columella is slightly twisted.
The shell figured forms part of my collection, and is the specimen which Mr.
Sowerby (loc. cit.) has referred to P. transversaria (Lam.); but the long, turreted spire,
the angulated whorls, the character of the transverse lineation, the shape of the outer
lip, and especially the position of the labial sinus, seem to entitle it to specific distinc-
tion. The species is very rare.
Size—lIf the specimen figured were perfect, the dimensions would be—axis,
2 inches and 4-12ths nearly; diameter, 10-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Bracklesham Bay.
No. 141. PLEUROTOMA TRANSVERSARIA, Lamarck. Tab. XXV, fig. 9 a, 4.
PLEUROTOMA TRANSVERSARIA, Lamk. 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 166, No. 6.
— a Ié. 1822. Hist. Nat., vol. vii, p. 98, No. 1.
— — De Blainv. 1826. Dict. des se. nat., vol. xli, p. 389.
-— — Desh. 1832. Encye. méthod. (Vers.), vol. iii, p. 796, No. 14.
oe -- Ib. 1824-37. Descr. des coq. foss., &e., vol. ul, p. 450,
t. 62, figs. 1, 2.
Nec PLEUROTOMA TRANSVERSARIA, Grat. 1838. Tabl. stat. des. coq., &c., de Adour, p. 13,
No. 152.
nec _ — Ib. 1838. Cat. zool., &e., de la Gironde, p. 45, No. 382.
nec — — Ib. 1847. Conchyl. foss., &c., de ? Adour, supp. Pleurot.,
t. 1, fig. 11, No. 19.
nec — — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 102.
P. testé elongatofusiformi, spird acuminata: anfractibus conveatusculis, postice et
antice tenuissime lineatis, ceterum levibus ; marginibus posticis depressis, sub-canaliculatis ;
ultimo anfractu in canali longo, angusto, exeunti: aperturd ovata ; labro tenuissimo, arcuato ;
sinu mediocriter lato, profundo, in margine collocato.
Var. cypua (fig. 9 4). TZestdé minori; anfractibus conveais; marginibus posticis
depressioribus.
Shell fusiform, elongated, with an elevated, nearly conical spire: whorls (10—11)
slightly convex, and depressed, almost channeled, on the posterior margins; the
space between the suture and the shoulder is covered with numerous, very fine, spiral,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 215
raised lines, which, in well-preserved specimens, are decussated by the lines of growth ;
the middle part of the whorl in the adult shell is quite smooth, and the body-whorl,
which is rather longer than the spire, terminates in a long, narrow, nearly straight
canal, ornamented with numerous, somewhat irregular, obliquely transverse, raised
lines ; these lines, which are very fine and undulating, gradually become more and more
feeble as they ascend the canal, and ultimately disappear towards the middle of the
whorl. The aperture is ovately oblong; the right lip very thin, and much arched ;
the sinus, which is placed in the margin, just behind the shoulder, is wide and
moderately deep.
In the specimens from Lyndhurst (var. cypha), the whorls are more convex, the
posterior margins more depressed, and the outer lip less roundly arched than in the
typical form, and the shells themselves are smaller; but in the ornamentation, and in
the position and shape of the labial sinus, they agree with P. ¢ransversaria, of which
they appear to be merely local varieties.
The shells from Dax and the environs of Bordeaux, described by Grateloup, and
to which M. Deshayes refers as being possibly a variety of the Paris basin species,
are specifically distinct, and have been named P. opis by M. D’Orbigny; and the
specimen from Bracklesham Bay which Mr. Sowerby (Dixon’s ‘Geol., &c.) has
referred to the present species, also appears to be specifically distinct, and I have
separated it accordingly under the name P. gonica.
Our English specimens have attained a less size, and are somewhat narrower,
than the French ones, but in all other respects they agree well.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 10-12ths; diameter, rather more than 7-]2ths of an inch.
Localities. —Brockenhurst, Lyndhurst. /rexch—Parnes, Grignon, Chaumont (fide
D Orb.) ; Marquemont, Lattainville, Hermes, Neuvillebose, Saint-Felix (fide Graves) ;
Betz, department de l’Oise (fide De L/ain.)
No. 142. PhreurotoMa crm, F. HL. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 4a, 6. Tab. XXVIU,
tig Oo:
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, latiusculd, tuberculatd, undique spiraliter lineatd ; spird
elevald, sub-conicd ; anfractibus convewis, angulatis ; marginibus posticis latis, vie cavatis .
tuberculis numerosis, parvis, nodiformibus, obliquis ; lineis spiralibus confertis, subtilissimis,
undulosis, antice eminentioribus, postice fere obsoletis: apertura oblongo-ovali, in canali
longo, recto, exeunti ; labro arcuato, tenui ; sinu profundo, in margine collocato.
Var. NANA. Testa minori, angustiort : canali longiori ?
Shell rather broad, fusiform, with an elevated, nearly conical spire, formed of nine
or ten volutions: whorls convex, sharply angulated at the shoulders, where they present
216 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
a row of numerous, obliquely compressed, small, knob-like tubercles. The whole surface
of the whorls is covered with very fine, slightly undulating, closely set, thread-like,
concentric raised lines, irregular, unequal, and roughened by the lines of growth; these
lines are prominent on the canal and the front part of the shell, but become more and
more faint, and at last are almost effaced as they approach the shoulders of the whorls.
The posterior margins are wide, very slightly channeled along the middle, and orna-
mented with numerous slender, concentric lines, four or five of which, running along
the sutural edge, are more prominent than the rest, and are decussated by the oblique
lines of growth of the sinus, forming a riband-like border to the whorls. The aperture
is of an oblong, oval form, and terminates in front in a long, straight canal ; the outer
lip is thin, sharp-edged, and much arched ; the sinus is deep, not very wide, and placed
a little in front of the middle of the collar.
In the variety zana (Tab. XXVII, fig. 9), which is proposed for an immature
specimen from Colwell Bay, in my collection, the shell is much smaller and narrower,
and, apparently, the canal is more produced; but on this last point I cannot speak
with certainty, as the canal is not perfect in any of the specimens of the type I have
seen. In the general form of the shell, however, in the nearly conical spire, the
character of the ornamentation, the position and shape of the sinus, and the roundedly
arched outer lip, the specimen in question agrees so exactly with the true P. cymea,
that I can only regard it as a variety of that species dwarfed by unfavorable con-
ditions.
This Pleurotoma, which at first sight might be considered to be a local variety of
P. dentata, is distinguishable from that species by the greater width of the shell, the
more conical spire, the wider posterior margins of the whorls, the character of the
transverse ornamentation, and the numerous small, knob-like tubercles which take the
place of the sharp-edged transverse teeth, characteristic of P. dentata. It more resem-
bles P. ¢ransversaria, as well in the shape and relative proportions of the shell, as in
the form and position of the sinus and the character of the concentric lineation; and
a larger series of specimens may eventually lead to the conclusion that it is merely a
variety of that species. The tuberculated and sharply angulated whorls, however,
characters to which I am not aware that P. transversaria offers any approach, appa-
rently entitle the shells in question to specific distinction.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 4-12ths; diameter, $ inch
Locality —Brockenhurst and Colwell Bay, at each of which places it appears to be
very rare.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 217
No. 143, PLreuRotoma cocctpHora, F. 2, Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 2.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, longitudinaliter costellaté, undique spiraliter granuloso-
lineatis - anfractibus convexiusculis, angulatis, ad suturas incrassatis, granulatis ; margini-
bus posticis mediocriter latis, vie cavatis, lineas filiformes confertas gerentibus ; costellis
angustis ; lineis spiralibus numerosis, fortiter decussatis, inequalibus, lineis majoribus cum
lineis tenuibus alternantibus : apertura ovali; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu fere semicirculari,
in margine collocato.
Shell elongate, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and having the whole surface orna-
mented with spiral raised lines ; spire elevated, pointed : whorls (7—9) slightly convex,
angulated ; the posterior margins moderately wide, nearly straight, and covered with
fine, thread-like, concentric lines; two on the sutural edge are more prominent than
the others, and decussated by the lines of growth so as to present a double row of
fine granulations; the last whorl is produced in front into a long, and apparently
nearly straight, and moderately wide canal; the costella are narrow, rather short,
barely extending beyond the middle of the whorl, and are more or less distant in
different specimens; the spiral lines over the middle and front parts of the shells are
numerous and unequal, a slender, thread-like line occasionally intervening between
others thicker and more prominent; all are deeply and regularly decussated by the
lines of growth, so that the larger lines assume the appearance of rows of bead-like
knobs. The aperture is of an oblong, oval shape; the outer lip slightly arched; and
the sinus, which is placed towards the front of the margin, is wide, not very deep,
and almost semicircular.
This Pleurotoma closely resembles the young shell of P. crassa, of which, if it
were not for the great difference in size, it might be considered to be only a local
variety; the spire, however, is shorter and more conical, the whorls more angulated,
less convex and more gradually attenuated in front; the posterior margins narrower
and less concave; and the sinus nearer the shoulder, and rounder than in that
species. The spiral lines also, broken into rows of beads by the lines of growth,
form an ornamentation quite distinct in character from the broad, coarse bands which
characterise P. crassa.
The specimen figured forms part of Mr. Wetherell’s collection.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 1 inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Locality—Highgate, where it is apparently very rare.
218 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 144. PLEUROTOMA RosTRATA, Solander. Tab XXVI, fig. 8 a—c.
Movrex rostratus, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 21, t. 2, fig. 24.
PLEUROTOMA ROSTRATA, Sow. 1818. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 104, t. 146, fig. 3.
— — De Bil. 1826. Dict. des. sci. nat., vol. xli, p. 390.
— — Morris. 1842. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 157.
_— suB-RosTRATA, D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 359, No. 406.
-- rostrata? Phil. 1851. Tert. Foss. Magdeb. (Palzont., vol. i, p. 64), No. 118.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 270.
Nec Pirvroroma rostrata, De Kon. 1837. Desc. des. coq. foss., &c., de Basele, Boom, &c.,
p. 24, No. 23.
nec — — Nyst. 1843. Desc. des. coq. foss., &c., de la Belg., p. 522, t. 42,
figs. 2, 3.
nec — — Ib. 1843. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xiv, p. 453.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, angusta, turrita, undique spiraliter lineata ; spird elevata,
acuminata: anfractibus numerosis, convexis, in medio oblique tuberculatis ; marginibus
posticis concavis, ad suturam aliquando paulum tncrassatis et cingulo duplict crenulato
cinctis, aliquando simplicibus ; lineis spiralibus in margine tenuibus, ceteris elevatis,
rotundatis, irregularibus, inequalibus, lineis incrementi per-asperatis: aperturd oblongo-
ovali, in canali prelongo, angustato, subrecto productd; labro aliformi; sinu profundo
mediocriter lato, in margine collocato.
Var. antiqua. Testé latiori, breviort ; anfractibus subangulatis.
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, turreted, having the whole surface covered with spiral
raised lines; the spire much elevated, being nearly half the length of the whole
shell, and pointed; the whorls are numerous (10—12 without the pullus), very
convex, and armed near the middle with a single row of oblique tubercles, more or
less prominent in different individuals; the posterior margins are moderately wide,
concave, occasionally thin, and nearly smooth along the sutural edge, but more fre-
quently slightly thickened, plicated, and ornamented with two prominent concentric
lines, granulated by the lines of growth. The spiral lines in the middle of the posterior
margin are close-set and very slender; over the other parts of the whorl they are pro-
minent, rounded, irregular, unequal, small filiform lines intervening between larger
ones; and all are very much roughened, almost granulated, by the lines of growth.
The aperture is of an oblong, ovate form, and terminates in front in a long, rather
narrow, and somewhat curved canal; the outer lip is roundedly arched and wing-like ;
the sinus is deep, moderately wide, subtrigonal, and placed in the middle of the margin.
In the specimens from Highcliff (var. antigua, fig. 8 c), the shells are wider, and
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 219
proportionately shorter than in the type, and the whorls are slightly angulated
at the shoulders.
Much confusion exists among several of the Continental authors with respect to
this species, in consequence of the shell figured as P. rostrata in ‘Mineral Con-
chology’ having been considered by them as distinct from the Murex rostratus of
Solander, although Mr. Sowerby cites the latter as a synonym. Thus M. de Koninck
has described a pleurotoma from Basele and Boom, which he has referred to
P. rostrata of Sowerby, but without having cited Brander’s figure ; and this pleurotoma,
Nyst, after stating that it differs essentially from J/wrev rostratus, but that it is without
doubt Sowerby’s P. rostrata, regards as merely a variety of P. Selysii (De Kon.), to which
latter species he refers it. The same author subsequently describes another species,
from Basele, Boom, &c.,as identical with Brander’s shell, but he excludes P. rostrata of
Sowerby. The description given by M. de Koninck agrees tolerably well with the
present species ; but, assuming that the shells described by that author belong, in fact,
to the same species as those represented by Nyst (P. Selysiz, t. 40, fig. 11 and P. ros-
trata, t. 42, figs. 2, 3), 1 do not think that any one familiar with the English shells can
regard either of them as identical with the species figured by Brander, and described
by Sowerby. Philippi has recorded a single specimen from Gorzig, in the Museum at
Halle, which he has referred to the present species. This author, however, has not
given either figure or description, and as, under the circumstances to which I have re-
ferred, the accuracy of this identification cannot be assumed, I have cited Philippi
with a query. At present there appears to be every reason for believing that the true
P. rostrata of Solander is confined to the upper beds of the middle eocene forma-
tions of England; and, although Mr. Morris gives Highgate and Sheppey as localities,
I am not aware of its occurrence at either of those places, nor even at Bracklesham
Bay, which is also given as a locality by the same author.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 43 inches; diameter, not quite 1 inch.
Localities—Barton, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich), and Highcliff.
No. 145. Preuroroma Kegxet, F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 6.
P. testé fusiformi, turritd, tuberculatd spiraliter fasciatd ; spird elevatd, acuminate :
anfractibus conveais, ad humeros angulatis, unicd serie tuberculorum spiniformium munitis ;
marginibus posticis latis, concavis, concentrice lineatis, ad suturas crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu
turbinato, in canali longo exeunti; fasciis spiralibus, irregularibus, inequalibus, fasciis
crassis cum aliis tenuibus alternantibus : apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro valde arcuato, sinu
mediocriter lato profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell fusiform, turreted, tuberculated, spirally banded; the spire much elevated,
220 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
pointed, formed of nine or ten volutions : whorls angulated at the shoulders, and armed
with a single row of large, pointed, rather distant tubercles; the posterior margins
wide, concave, thickened and obliquely plicated at the suture, and ornamented with
several fine concentric raised lines ; of these, two running round the border are more
elevated than the rest, and are decussated and feebly granulated by the plication on the
edge, and two others, running along the hollow part of the margin, are also rather pro-
minent and granulated by the lines of growth. The last whorl is somewhat turbinate,
and terminates in front in a long, moderately wide, straight canal. The bands on the
middle and front surfaces of the whorls are numerous, coarse, irregular, and very
unequal, and much roughened by the lines of growth; three or four over the middle
part of the whorls are thicker and more prominent than the rest, and between them
appear two or three smaller unequal bands. The aperture is of an oblong, ovate form ;
the outer lip much arched; the sinus deep, moderately wide, sub-trigonal, and placed
in the very middle of the margin.
This beautiful and well-marked species was first obtained from the Artesian well
at Southampton, by Mr. Keele, to whom I have ventured to dedicate it.
Size.—Axis, 3 inches and 3-12ths; diameter, 1 inch and 1-12th.
Localities. —Southampton and Shenfield.
No. 146. PLEuRoToMA DENTATA, Lamarck. Tab. XXVI, fig. 5.
PLEUROTOMA DENTATA, Lamk. 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 167, No. 8; vol. vii, t. 13,
fig. 1.
os — Id. 1822. Hist. nat., vol. vii, p. 99, No. 13.
= — De Bl. 1826. Dict. des sci. nat., vol. xli, p. 395.
— COSTULIFERA ? Bronn, 1827. Zeitschrift fiir Mineral., band ii, p. 535, No. 120.
_— DENTATA, Ii. 1831. Italiens tertiargeb., p. 46, No. 222.
— _ Desh. 1832. Enc. méth. (Vers), vol. iii, p. 797, t. 440, fig. 8,
No. 16.
—_ Ib. 1824-37. Descr. des coq. foss., &e., vol. ii, p. 452, t. 62,
figs. 3, 4, 7, 8.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 157.
— —_ Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 102, t. 6, fig. 24.
— — Rouault. 1848. Desc. des foss., &c., de Pau (Mem. de la Soc. Géol.
de France, 2d series, vol. iii, p. 484), No. 92, t. 16, fig. 24.
— _— D' Orb. 1853. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 358, No. 382.
— —_— Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 270.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, undique concentrice lineatd ; spird elevatd, acuminata :
anfractibus conveaiusculis, angulatis, dentato-tuberculatis ; marginibus posticis mediocriter
latis, vie cavatis, ad suturas pauxillum incrassatis ; ultimo anfractu in canali longo termi-
——————a
ae ee te
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 221
nanti ; striis concentricis confertis, irregularibus, in marginibus posticis tenuissimis ; ceteris,
strits eminentioribus cum aliis tenuibus alternantibus: apertura angusto-ovali ; labro
arcuato, tenut ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato ; canali subrecto, antice reflexo,
emarginato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, having the whole surface ornamented with concentric
raised lines; the spire much elevated, being nearly as long as the body-whorl,
pointed, and formed of ten or eleven volutions. The whorls are rather convex, sharply
angulated at the shoulders, and armed with a row of transversely compressed, tooth-
like tubercles, rounded in front, sharp, sometimes almost carinated at the edges,
varying both in number and prominence in different individuals, and occasionally
having their bases prolonged into short, rounded costelle; the posterior margins
are moderately wide, straight, or but very slightly hollowed out, and a little thickened
at the sutural edges, where they are sometimes obliquely plicated by the lines of
growth of the sinus; the surface between the suture and the shoulder is covered with
very fine, almost obsolete, concentric lines, two of which, running round the sutural
edge, are more elevated than the rest; the middle and front parts of the whorls are
ornamented with numerous, irregular, undulating, thread-like, raised lines; of these
some are prominent, and between them appear two or three others very slender, so
much so, in fact, as to be barely perceptible by the naked eye. The aperture is of a
narrow, ovate form, and terminates in a long, moderately wide, and nearly straight
canal, bent backwards, and notched at the anterior extremity; the outer lip is thin,
sharp-edged, and slightly arched; the sinus wide, rather deep, sub-trigonal in form,
and placed in the very middle of the margin; the anterior extremity of the columella
presents a prominent ridge or crest, formed by the notch of the canal.
This species is very common and widely distributed in the French formations; in
England it is, apparently, confined to the middle beds of the Bracklesham Bay series.
Our specimens are narrower than the French type; and in this respect and in the
character of the transverse ornamentation they agree with the variety a of Deshayes ;
I have not met with the other variety recorded by that author, nor do our shells
appear to have attained the size of those from the French beds. D’Orbigny,
(loc. cit.) gives Claiborne, in Alabama (U.S.), as a locality. I cannot but think,
however, that this identification is somewhat questionable. The present species is
the type of a group of closely analogous forms, and two English species (P. exorta
and P. macilenta, Sol.), which, as will be afterwards shown, are perfectly distinct,
have in fact been confounded with it. No authority is cited by the author, and
[ have therefore given Claiborne as a questionable locality.
Size.-—Axis, | inch and 7-12ths (40 millim.); diameter, not quite 7-12ths of an
inch (15 millim., nearly).
Localities —Bracklesham Bay; Bramshaw. /ench—Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy,
Courtagnon, &c., La Chapelle pres Senlis, Valmondois (fide Des/.), Cuise-Lamotte,
29
222 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Acy-en-Mulcien, Fosse-Martin, Ermenonville, Ver (fide Graves), Laon (fide
Mellev.), Bos dArros (fide Rouault). North American— Claiborne, Alabama (fide
d Orb.) ?
No. 147, PLEUROTOMA TEXTILIOSA, Deshayes. Tab. XXVI, fig. 7.
PLEvRotoMA TEXTILIOSA, Desh. 1824-37. Desc. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 454, t. 62,
figs. 5, 6.
— —_ D’ Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 417, No. 1480.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, angustd, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter costatd, spiraliter
subtilissime lineatd ; spird elevatd, acuminata : anfractibus sub-convenis, angulatis ; margi-
nibus posticis angustis, concavis, ad suturam inerassatis ; costis distantibus, obtusis ; lineis
spiralibus confertis, inequalibus, lineis incrementi sub-decussatis: apertura ovato-angusta,
mm canali mediocrs exeunti ; labro acuto ; sinu lato, trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell elongate, fusiform, narrow, longitudinally ribbed and ornamented with
numerous, very fine, concentric, raised lines; the spire, which is formed of eight or
nine volutions exclusive of the pullus, is poimted and much produced, fully equalling
the last whorl in length : the whorls are slightly convex, and angulated at the shoulders ;
the posterior margins narrow, hollowed out, and thickened at the edges so as to form
an elevated border round the suture; the whole of the margin is covered with very fine,
regular, closely set, concentric lines, of which those on the border are more conspicuous
than the rest. The longitudinal ribs are rather distant, round, thick, and short, barely
extending to the middle of the whorls, and terminating abruptly at the shoulders,
where they present a sharp keel-like edge, which gives somewhat of a turreted aspect
to the spire. The concentric lines over the front and middle parts of the whorls are
very numerous, unequal, and irregular; some of them, slender and thread-like, are
prominent and more or less distant, and the intermediate spaces are covered with
exceedingly fine lines, scarcely perceptible by the naked eye; the whole are roughened
by the lines of growth. The aperture is of a narrow, ovate form, and terminates in
front in a moderately long canal, slightly notched at the anterior extremity ; the outer
lip is thin, sharp-edged, and expanded behind; the sinus which is wide, deep, and
somewhat trigonal in form, is placed a little in front of the middle part of the
posterior margin of the whorl; the columella is slightly twisted and presents a con-
spicuous but not very prominent crest. M. Deshayes states that the columella is
“sub-perforated at the base,” presenting there a narrow, shallow “ umbilical opening,
partly covered by the inner lip;” this opening, however, is not truly umbilical, but a
shght hollow caused by the ridge or crest being imperfectly overlapped by the inner
lip, and is a character very variable, and sometimes wanting.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 223
The present species is an intermediate form between P. crassicosta and P. dentata ;
but the thick, rounded, distant ribs, the crowded transverse ornamentation, and
the broader and shorter canal, render it easily distinguishable.
Stze— Axis, 1 inch and 5-12ths nearly (35 millem.); diameter, half an inch (13
millem.). The French shells attained a somewhat larger size.
Localities—Bracklesham Bay; Bramshaw. rench—Monneville (fide Desh.),
Aumont, Acy-en-Mulcien (fide D’Ord.). It is very rare in England, but, apparently,
common in the French beds.
No. 148. PLheurotoma ExorTA, Solander. Tab. XXVI, fig. 12 a, 4.
Murex Exortvs, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 20, fig. 32.
Prevrotoma ExorTA, Sow. 1816. Min. Conchol., vol. 1i, p. 104, t. 146, fig. 2.
a — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 157.
— — Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &., of Sussex, p. 102.
— — D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 359, No. 408.
Nec Prevrotoma Exorta, Nyst. 1835. Recher. sur les coq. foss., &c., d’Anvers, p. 28, No. 27.
nec _ — De Kon. 1837. Descr. des coq. foss., &c., de Basele, Boom, &c., p. 22,
No. 21.
nec —_— — D Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ili, p. 13, No. 195 m.
P. testd elongato-fusiformi, turritd, undique spiraliter lineaté: spird elevatd, sub-
conicd, nodulosd : anfractibus convexis, prioribus obscure costellatis ; ultimo anfractu sub-
conico scilicet sensim attenuato, in canali longiusculo exeunti ; marginibus posticis declivis,
cavatis, ad suturam incrassatis, transversim exilissime lineatis ; striis spiralibus nonnullis
remotiusculis, eminentioribus, acutis ; ceteris subtilissimis equalibus : apertura lanceolata ;
labro valde arcuato, tenui ; sinu lato, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, turreted, ornamented with spiral raised lines; the spire
elevated and terminating in a small pointed pullus formed of two or three smooth
volutions: whorls convex, the earlier ones very broadly and obscurely ribbed, giving a
nodulous aspect to the spire; the posterior margins are somewhat thickened on the
sutural edge, and but slightly depressed, so that the spire presents a nearly conical form ;
the space between the suture and the shoulder is channeled and covered with very
fine and regular concentric lines, so slender as scarcely to be visible by the naked eye
or to detract from the smoothness of the surface. On the middle and front parts of
the whorls, some of the spiral lines, rather distant from each other, are sharp and
elevated; the rest, which cover the intermediate spaces, are very fine, close-set,
and regular, although somewhat unequally prominent. The aperture is lanceolate,
and terminates in a moderately long canal, gradually diminishing in width, and thus
224 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
assuming the sub-conical form described by Solander as the chief distinction between
P. exorta and P. macilenta. The outer lip is thin and much arched; and the sinus,
which is wide and sub-trigonal, is placed in the very middle of the margin.
The elevated transverse line on the shoulders of the whorls, broken by the
undulations caused by the ribs, occasionally presents a resemblance to the denticula-
tion characteristic of P. dentata; and this circumstance probably led to P. exorta
being considered as identical with P. dentata. The two species are, however,
distinct; in this the shell is wider and shorter, the spire thicker and more conical,
the whorls not so much angulated, the posterior margins narrower and less depressed,
and the anterior canal shorter and more conical.
Nyst,in his ‘Recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d’Anvers,’ has recorded
certain shells from Boom which he has referred to the present species, and for which he
has given Sowerby’s diagnosis verbatim. Subsequently, De Koninck, in his ‘ Coquilles
fossiles de Basele, Boom, &c.,’ described some shells from those localities under the name
P. regularis, and other shells he referred to the present species. These different shells,
Nyst, in his later work, ‘ Description des coquilles, &c., dela Belgique,’ considered to be
merely individuals of the same species in different stages of growth, and that author
referred them, erroneously as I have already shown, to P. rostrata (Sol.) Unfortunately
I have not any specimens of the Belgian species to refer to; but, assuming that
De Koninck’s P. exorta is but the young shell of his P. regularis, and judging from
the figures given by him of the latter species and from those given by Nyst of the so-
called P. rostrata, it is impossible to accept the identification of the Belgian shells with
the present species as correct; a conclusion at which D’Orbigny has apparently also
arrived, as that author has placed P. rostrata (Nyst) and P. regularis (De Kon.) in his
“26th étage,” under the specific name P. exorta (Nyst), in forgetfulness, probably, of
that name having been previously used by Solander.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 1-12th; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Barton, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich), Highcliff, Bracklesham Bay.
No. 149. PLEUROTOMA MACILENTA, Solander. Tab. XXVI, fig. 13 a, 6.
Murex Maciientvs, Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton., p. 30, fig. 33.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, angustd, turritd, undique spiraliter lineata, longitudinaliter
costatd: spira elevatd, acuminata : anfractibus convexiusculis, angulatis ; marginibus posticis
concavis, ad suturam paulum incrassatis, transversim subtilissime lineatis ; lineis spiralibus
numerosis, inequalibus, quibusdam filiformibus pretenuibus, inter alias eminentiores, acutas
apparentibus ; costis numerosis, angustis, obliquis, fere ad caudam tendentibus: aperturd
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 225
oblongo-ovali, in canalt longo, angusto exeunti ; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu lato, in margine
collocato.
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically
lined: the spire, consisting of nine or ten volutions, is pointed, elevated, forming
nearly a half of the length of the whole shell. The whorls are slightly convex and
angulated at the shoulders; the posterior margins concave, slightly thickened round
the suture, and covered with fine, thread-like, concentric lines, one or two of which
near the edge are stronger and more prominent than the rest. The spiral lines over
the middle and front parts of the whorls are numerous, irregular, unequal; some, more
or less distant from each other, are prominent and sharp, and the intermediate spaces
are occupied by two or three, occasionally by four, very slender and regular lines; the
longitudinal ribs, which are rather numerous, narrow, and oblique, reach almost to the
anterior canal. The aperture is oblong and ovate, and terminates in a moderately
long, straight, and narrow canal; the outer lip is thin and slightly arched; the sinus
wide, semi-circular in shape, and placed in the middle of the margin.
The present species, distinguished by its long costated spire, appears to be
peculiar to the English middle eocene strata ; Defrance, it is true, refers to it, although
with doubt, as a synonym of P. dentata, but a slight comparison of the shells will
prevent the two species being confounded. It presents closer resemblances as well
to P. textiliosa, as to P. crassi-costa; from both of these species, however, not-
withstanding the similarity in the ornamentation, it may be easily distinguished by
the slenderer and more numerous ribs, and the longer and narrower anterior canal.
Stze-—The dimensions cf my largest specimen are—axis, 1 inch and 4-12ths;
diameter, 5-12ths of an inch. ‘Those of Brander’s specimen, although represented in
the figure given by him as considerably larger, are, in fact, very nearly the same.
Localities —Barton, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich), Highcliff, Bracklesham Bay.
No. 159. PLEuRoToMA crassi-costa, F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 10 a, 0.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, angustd, turritd, costatd, undique spiraliter lineata ; spira
elevatd ; anfractibus convextusculis, angustatis ; marginibus posticis latiusculis, concavis,
tenuissime lineatis, ad suturam incrassatis, cingulo duplici ornatis ; ultimo anfractu parvo,
repente coarctato, in canali lato, longo, subrecto exeunti ; costis distantibus, brevibus, crassis :
lineis spiralibus confertis, inequalibus, nonnullis eminentioribus fortibus, ceteris evilibus :
apertura oblongo-ovata ; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu lato, fere semicirculari, in margine
coljocato. ’
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, turreted, ribbed, and having the whole surface orna-
mented with concentric lines: the spire, formed of eight or nine volutions exclusive of
the pullus, is moderately elevated and pointed; whorls slightly convex, sharply angu-
226 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
lated at the shoulder; the posterior margins rather wide, hollowed out, and thickened
on the sutural edge, which is bordered by two or three prominent, raised lines; the
remaining surface of the margin is covered with very fine, close-set, concentric lines ;
the last whorl is small, and terminates in a wide and long canal, a little curved
near the anterior extremity. The ribs are distant, rounded, short, not extending to
the middle of the whorl, prolonged over the posterior margins almost to the suture,
and bearing at the shoulders of the whorls a row of transverse tooth-shaped tubercles.
The spiral lines over the middle and front parts of the whorls are numerous and
unequal; some, at nearly regular and not very distant intervals, are rather thick and
prominent, and between these appear two or three slender, thread-like lines. The
aperture is ovate, the outer lip moderately arched, and the sinus, which is placed in
the middle of the margin, is wide but not deep.
The P. crassi-costa bears a close resemblance to P. dentata, of which, perhaps, it
may prove to be merely a local variety. It presents, however, certain peculiarities of form
which appear to me sufficient to justify the separation. Thus the shell is narrower,
the spire relatively more produced; the posterior margins of the whorls are not so
wide, the whorls themselves smaller and more suddenly contracted in front, and the
longitudinal ribs thicker and more distant. From P. ¢eztiliosa it is distinguishable by
the character of the transverse ornamentation, and the thick, rounded, and more
distant ribs of that species. It approaches very nearly to a species from the sables
moyens, at Senlis, at present unpublished, but which M. Deshayes purposes to
describe under the name P. Michelini, in his forthcoming appendix; without a
comparison, however, with a better series of specimens of that species than I possess,
I do not venture to pronounce on the identity. Should the English and French shells
prove, eventually, to belong to the same species, the name proposed by M. Deshayes
will be entitled to priority.
Size.—Axis, 15 inch; diameter, not quite half an inch.
Locality — Bramshaw.
No. 15]. PreuRoTOMA LANCEOLATA, Ff. £. Edwards. Tab. XXVI, fig. 11 a, 6.
P. testé elongata, angustd, fusiformi, spiraliter lineatd : spird elevatd, sub-conied, tuber-
culatad: anfractibus convexiusculis ; marginibus posticis mediocriter latis, pauxillum
declivis, vie cavatis, transversim exilissime lineatis; ultimo anfractu antice gradatim
attenuato, in canali longo exeunti: apertura lanceolata ; labro valde arcuato ; sinu lato
sub-trigono, in margine collocato. .
Shell long, very narrow, fusiform, ornamented with spiral, raised lines: the oar
elevated, nearly conical, and terminating in a small, smooth, pointed pullus of two
volutions: the whorls, 9—11 in number, are but slightly convex, and in the young
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 227
state are tuberculated, or roundedly costellated ; the posterior margins are moderately
wide, very little depressed, nearly straight, and almost smooth, or ornamented with
concentric lines, so faint and slender as to be almost imperceptible without the aid of
a magnifying glass; the last whorl is produced in front, and, diminishing very
gradually, terminates in a long, nearly straight canal. The aperture is lanceolate; the
outer lip thin, sharp edged, and much arched; and the sinus, which is very wide, and
sub-trigonal in shape, is placed a little in front of the middle part of the margin.
. The long, narrow, lanceolate form, and nearly conical spire of this Pleurotoma
distinguish it from all its congeners.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 4-12ths ; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Barton and Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich), where it is not very
common.
No. 152. PLEUROTOMA L&VIGATA, Sowerby. Tab. XXVI, fig. 9 a, 4.
PLevROTOMA LHviGata, Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 120, t. 387, fig. 3.
— _: Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 157.
— — D’ Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paleont., vol. ii, p. 359, No. 412.
Nec Prevrotoma LmviGcaTuM, Phil. 1836. Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 199, t. 11, fig. 17.
nec — LHVIGATA, De Kon. 1837. Coq. foss. de Basele, &c., p.27, No. 27, t. 1, fig. 5.
nec — _ Mellev. 1843. Mém. sur les sables infer., &c., de Paris, p. 63,
t. 8, figs. 9—11.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, angustd, turritd, transversim tenuissime lineata: spird
elevatd, acuminaté: anfractibus convexis, antice subito coarctatis, prioribus oblique costel-
latis ; marginibus posticis angustis, depressis, sub-canaliculatis, levibus ; ultimo anfractu
an canalt longo, angusto, terminanti: apertura oblonga, ovata ; labro valde arcuato, tenui ;
sinu lato, fere semicirculart, in margine collocato.
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, turreted, costellated, and spirally lined: the spire
elevated, pomted, terminating in a pullus of two round, smooth volutions; whorls
convex, rounded on the shoulders, contracted rather suddenly in front; the posterior
margins narrow, depressed, slightly hollowed out, having the sutural edges thin and
quite simple, and the surface smooth, almost polished, presenting only very feeble lines
of growth of the sinus. The ribs are distant, rounded, oblique, and extend almost to
the front part of the whorl in the young shell, but become shorter and less prominent
as the shell enlarges, and altogether disappear on the body-whorl of the fully formed
shell; the spiral lines are very slender, sharp, but little elevated, irregular, unequal,
and decussated by the lines of growth. The aperture is of an oblong, ovate form, and
terminates in front in a long, narrow, and slightly curved canal; the outer lip is much
228 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
arched, and the sinus, which is wide and almost semicircular in shape, occupies the
whole width of the margin.
Specimens occasionally occur in which the transverse lineation is nearly obliterated,
and the whorls present a smooth, almost a polished, surface. The individuals figured
by Mr. Sowerby were apparently in this condition ; this smoothness, from which the
specific name was taken, is, however, only an exceptional character.
The present species presents some analogy with P. macilenta; but the shell is
narrower, the whorls more convex, more rounded on the shoulder, and more contracted
in front; the canal is narrower, the outer lip more arched, and the sinus wider.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-12ths; diameter, rather more than 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities—Barton, Muddiford (Highcliff). Mr. Sowerby also gives Highgate,
but I do not know of any specimen from that locality. The species is, apparently,
confined to the upper beds of the middle eocene deposits, and is not common.
No. 153. PLEUROTOMA FUsIFORMIS, Sowerby. Tab. XXVII, fig. 1a, 6.
PLEUROTOMA FUSIFORMIS, Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 119, t. 387, fig. 1.
— — Morris. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 157.
Non PLEUROTOMA FUSIFORMIS, Sow. 1831. Trans. Geol. Soc., 2d series, vol. iii, p. 418, t. 39,
fig. 20.
P. testé elongata, fusiformi, angustd, subturritd, longitudinaliter costatd, spiraliter
fasciatd: spird elevatd, acuminata: anfractibis angulatis ; ultimo anfractu antice sensim
attenuato, in canali longo, lato, terminanti ; marginibus posticis concentrice tenuiter lineatis,
pauxillulum cavatis; costis rotundatis, ultimo anfractu evanescentibus ; fasciis spiralibus
numerosis, wregularibus, tnequalibus, lineis incrementi scabratis: aperturd lanceolata ;
labro arcuato ; sinu lato, sub-profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, narrow, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally banded: the
spire, which, in the larger specimen figured, consists of eight volutions exclusive of
the pullus, is elevated, forming nearly two fifth parts of the whole length of the shell.
The whorls are sharply angulated at the shoulders, giving a turreted appearance to
the spire; the posterior margins are moderately wide, slightly depressed, a little
thickened and crenulated round the suture, and ornamented with fine, concentric,
raised lines, two or three of which, immediately behind the shoulder, are stronger than
the rest, and granulated by the lines of growth of the smus; the longitudinal ribs are
rather numerous, rounded, and extend to the middle of the whorls, but become obso-
lete on the body-whorl of the adult shell; the spiral bands over the middle and front
parts of the whorls are numerous, unequal, irregular, becoming more distant on the
canal, where occasionally fine, thread-like lines rise between them; the bands are
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 229
much roughened by the lines of growth, giving a scabrous aspect to the shell: the
body-whorl is attenuated very gradually in front, assuming a nearly conical shape, and
terminates in a long, rather wide, and nearly straight canal. The aperture is lanceo-
late, the outer lip moderately arched, and the sinus, which is placed in the margin
immediately behind the shoulder, is wide, moderately deep, and almost semicircular
in form.
No foreign analogue of this well-marked species has as yet been noticed; and
at present P. /usiformis appears to be confined to the older eocene strata in the
neighbourhood of London, where it is exceedingly rare. Mr. Sowerby, it is true, has
applied the name toa Pleurotoma from the so-called transition beds between the lower
tertiaries and the upper cretaceous formation at Gosau, a notice of which is con-
tained in a memoir ‘On the Structure of the Eastern Alps,’ by Prof. Sedgwick and
Sir Roderick Murchison, published in the ‘Geological Transactions’ of 1831; but
that shell is a short, wide, strongly costated shell, perfectly distinct in character from
the Highgate shell, and the name /wszformzs was used apparently in forgetfulness of its
having been previously applied to the present species. The Gosau shell has been
since distinguished by D’Orbigny as P. swbfusiformis.
The specimens figured form part of Mr. Wetherell’s collection.
Size.—lf the larger specimen were perfect, the dimensions would be—axis, 1 inch
and 9-12ths; diameter, 6-12ths of an inch. Those of the specimen figured in ‘ Mineral
Conchology’ appear to be—axis, 2 inches and 1-12th; diameter, rather more than
7-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Highgate.
No. 154. PLeuRotoma sutcutosa. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXVII, fig. 2 a—e.
P. testi elongata, fusiformi, sub-turrita, concentrice sulcatd : anfractibus conveaiusculis,
angulatis, tubcreulatis; marginibus posticis pauaillulum cavatis, transversim interrupte
lineatis, ad suturam incrassatis: aperturd oblongo-ovali, in canali longiusculo exeuntt ;
labro valde arcuato ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Var. B. Testd tuberculis longitudinaliter compressis, ultimo anfractu evanescentibus,
mmstructd.
Shell elongated, fusiform, transversely sulcated; spire formed of seven or eight
volutions, moderately elevated, pointed: whorls rather convex, angulated at the
shoulders, where they present a series of oblong, longitudinally compressed, and more
or less oblique tubercles; the posterior margins slightly hollowed out, thickened on
the sutural edge, round which runs an elevated, sharp line, granulated by the lines of
growth of the sinus; the space between this line and the angle of the whorls is occu-
30
230 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
pied by three or four concentric lines, broken into oblong granulations, more or less
widely separated by smooth spaces, formed at the successive stages of growth by the
margins of the sinus; the angulated shoulders, and somewhat depressed margins of
the whorls, give a turreted character to the spire. The tubercles are rather numerous,
and prominent in all stages of growth; the transverse furrows deep, but not
wide, and separated by rounded ridges, which are narrow near the shoulders, but
become broader over the middle and front parts of the whorls, and on the canal.
The body-whorl is suddenly contracted near the middle, and produced anteriorly into
a wide, moderately long canal. The aperture is of a narrow, oblong, oval shape; the
outer lip roundedly arched, almost semicircular in form; and the sinus, which is placed
in the middle of the margin, is deep, rather wide, and sub-trigonal.
Specimens occur (Var. (3, fig. 2 4) in which the tubercles are compressed, and a
little prolonged, in the direction of the axis, imparting a sub-costellated appearance
to the earlier whorls, and becoming obsolete as the shell approaches maturity.
This species presents a very close analogy with P. fusiformis, with which, in fact,
it may be easily confounded. On comparing the two shells, however, it will be found
that, in the present species, the shell is wider; the spire relatively more produced and
tuberculated, not costated ; the body-whorl more contracted, and less conical, in front ;
the canal wider and shorter; the outer lip more roundedly arched; and the sinus
deeper, more trigonal, and placed nearer the middle of the margin. These distinctions,
and the different ornamentation, which consists of deep conspicuous furrows instead of
the rough spiral bands which characterise P. /wsiformis, appear to me to justify the
separation.
Size.—The dimensions of the largest specimen figured would be, if the shell were
perfect—axis, 1 inch and 5-12ths; diameter, not quite half an inch.
Localities.—Highgate and Potters’ Bar, at both of which localities it is rather
scarce.
No. 155. PLEUROTOMA ACUMINATA, Sowerby. Tab. XXVII, fig. 3 a—d.
PLEUROTOMA ACUMINATA, Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. 11, p. 105, t. 146, fig. 4.
— — D’ Orb. 1850. Index Paléont., vol. ii, p. 359, No. 420.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 269.
Nec Prevrotoma acuminata, Nyst. 1836. Rech. coq. foss. de Hoesselt et Vliermael, p. 32,
No. 83.
nec a — De Kon. 1837. Desc. des coq. foss. de Basele Boom, &c., p. 24,
No. 24.
nec — Nyst. 1843. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xiv, p. 454, No. 27.
nec a — Ib. 1843. Descr. des coq., &c., de la Belgique, p. 519, t. 42,
fig. 1 a, 6.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 231
P. testé elongatd, angustd, turritd, acuminatd, longitudinaliter costatd, concentrice
sulcatd : anfractibus conveviusculis; marginibus posticis angustis, concavis, transversim
granuloso-lineatis, ad suturam plicatis; sulcis concentricis confertis, antice distantio-
ribus ; spatis sulcos separantibus lineis incrementi granulatis: apertura oblongo-ovali,
in canali lato, longiusculo exeunti; labro arcuato; sinu fere semicirculari, in margine
collocato.
Var. a.— Testa latiori, breviort.
Var. B.—Testd laevigata ; sulcis transversis semi-obliteratis.
Shell elongated, narrow, turreted, pointed, longitudinally ribbed and concentrically
furrowed; the spire, formed of eight or nine volutions, much produced, equalling in
length three fifths of the whole shell. . The whorls are slightly convex ; the posterior
margins narrow, channeled, ornamented with several concentric raised lines, a little
thickened at the suture, and plicated by the lines of growth of the sinus, which, in
some specimens, are prominent over the whole margin, granulating the concentric
lines; the last whorl is rather suddenly contracted in front, and terminates in a wide
but not very long canal. The furrows in front of the shoulder are close-set, regular
and equal, but, where the whorl begins to contract, they become more distant and
irregular: the surface of the intervening spaces is granulated by longitudinal ridges
formed by the elevated lines of growth; the longitudinal ribs are rather numerous,
narrow, and extend to the middle of the whorls. The aperture is of a narrow, oblong-
oval form; the outer lip but slightly arched, and the sinus, which is wide and almost
semicircular in shape, is placed a little in front of the middle part of the margin.
Specimens occasionally occur (Var. a, fig. 3 4, c) in which the shell is wider and shorter,
and the spire is relatively not so much produced; and others, again (Var. [, fig. 3 @),
in which the ribs disappear as the shell is enlarged, the transverse furrows are shal-
lower and more closely set, and the lines of growth less prominent, giving to the
surface a levigated appearance, as if it had been rubbed smooth.
MM. Nyst and De Koninck have severally described certain shells from Basele,
Boom, and Kleyn-Spauwen, which they have referred, erroneously in my opinion, to
the present species. In the general character of the ornamentation these shells
apparently agree with the English shells; but with them, judging from the figure
given by Nyst, the spire is relatively longer, the whorls more convex, the posterior
margins less depressed, giving a more conical and less turreted form to the spire ; the
body-whorl more suddenly contracted, and the columella more arched: the characters,
however, which most clearly distinguish the Belgian shells are the form and position of
the sinus, which is wide and very shallow, and is placed on the shoulder, and not, as
in the present species, in the margin of the whorls.
Size.-—Axis, 1 inch and 38-12ths diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
232 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Localities Highgate, Hornsey, Potters’ Bar, and Clarendon Hill, at which last
locality both varieties occur.
The specimens represented by figs. 3a and 3, form part of Mr. Wetherell’s col-
lection.
No. 156. PLEUROTOMA PYRULATA, Deshayes. Tab. XXVII, fig. 7 a, 4.
PLEvROTOMA PyRULATA, Desh. 1824-37. Descr. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 449, t. 66,
figs. 1—3.
P. testi elongatd, angusta, piruliformi, spiraliter lineatd: spird mediocriter elevata,
sub-conicd ; anfractibus angulatis, in medio convexiusculis, antice sensim attenuatis ; mar-
ginibus posticis declivis, vie cavatis, concentrice tenuissime lineatis ; ultimo anfractui in
canali pre-longo terminanti ; lineis spiralibus acutis, irregularibus, inequalibus, lineis tnere-
menti fortiter decussatis: apertura elongato-ovali ; labro parum arcuato ; sinu latiusculo,
profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, narrow, concentrically lined: the spire, formed of eight or nine
volutions, is pointed and moderately elevated, not equalling in length a third part of
the whole shell; the whorls are convex at the middle, bluntly angulated at the
shoulders; the posterior margins but slightly depressed, giving a nearly conical form
to the spire; slightly thickened at the edge, where they present two strong, prominent,
raised lines, which run round the suture, and form a border to the whorls; the space
between the suture and the shoulders is slightly channeled, and covered with several
very slender, unequal, raised lines ; the body-whorl diminishes gradually towards the
base, and terminates in a very long and nearly straight canal. The gradual tapering
of the whorls, joined to the rather short, conical spire, gives to the shell somewhat of
the form of a long, narrow pear, from which appearance the specific name is taken.
The spiral lines over the middle and front parts of the whorls are numerous, irregular,
and unequal, slender thread-like lines alternating with thicker and more prominent
lines; all are beautifully and regularly decussated by the strongly marked lines of
growth. The aperture is of a long, narrow, oval form; the outer lip slightly expanded
towards the middle; and the sinus, which is placed in the middle of the margin is deep
and not very wide.
The French shells, in their typical form, are narrow, with a rather short spire;
but, apparently, specimens from different localities present considerable variations,
not only in the relative height of the spire and width of the shell, but also in the stria-
tion. The specimens from Compiegne, for instance, as M. Deshayes has recorded,
have the spire more produced, the angle of the whorls more prominent, and the con-
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 233
centric lines more numerous; and in some specimens from Cuise-Lamotte, in my
cabinet, the spire is also much elevated, the shell relatively narrower, and the concen-
tric lines close-set, slender, and regular. In the English specimens the relative height
of the spire and the character of the concentric lineation agree with those of the
specimens from Compiegne; but the shell is wider, and the margins of the whorls
are not so much depressed. These differences, however, attributable probably to local
conditions only, do not suggest a doubt of the correctness of the identification.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 5-6ths of an inch (11 millim.); diameter, 3-12ths of
an inch (rather more than 6 millim.).
Localities—Clarendon Hill. French—Compiegne (fide Desh.) ; Cuise-Lamotte,
Trosly-Breuil (fide Graves) ; Laon (fide J/ellev.) MM. Deshayes and D’Orbigny also
give Parnes; but M. Graves speaks with doubt of that locality.
No. 157. PLEUROTOMA TEREBRALIs, Lamarch, var. Tab. XXVIUL, figs. 10 a—z.
PLEUROTOMA TEREBRALIS, Lamk. 1804. Anm. du Musée, vol iii, p. 266, No. 20.
— — Ib. 1822. Hist. nat., &c., vol. vii, p. 101, No. 25.
— a De Blainv. 1826. Dict. des sci. nat., vol. xli, p. 391.
— — Desh. 1832. Encl. méth. (Vers.), vol. iii, p. 799, No. 21.
— _— Ib. 1824-1837. Desc. des coq., &c., vol. ii, p. 455, t. 62,
figs. 14—16.
Var. \st. piTRopis; fig. 10a. P. testé parvuld, elongatd, fusiformi, angustd, turritd,
lineis spiralibus eleganiissime granulatis ornatd; spird elevatd, acuminatd ; anfractibus
bicarinatis ; marginibus posticis depressis, concavis, ad suturam granulatis, ceteris levibus,
vel tenuissime plicatis; carind posticd acutd, denticulatd ; carind anticd fascioli-formi,
denticulato-plicata ; liners spiralibus plus minusve distantibus, inequalibus ; ultimo anfractu
antice valde attenuato in canali longo exeunti; sinu lato, fere semicirculari, in margine
collocato.
Var, 2d. CONCINNA; fig. 107, %. Testa parvd, bicarinatd, lineis spiralibus pereque
granulatis, undique, etiam in marginibus anfractuum, ornatd ; carind anticd granulata ;
lineis spiralibus numerosis.
Var. 3d. GYRATA; fig. 100, d. Testdé bicarinatd ; carinis fascioli-formibus, crassis,
oblique plicato-denticulatis ; lineis spiralibus inequalibus, granulosis.
Var. 4th. PULCHERRIMA; fig. 10e. Zestd parva, bicarinatd ; carind posticd denti-
culatd ; carind anticd rotundatd, levi ; lineis spiralibus elevatis, rotundatis, simplicibus vel
obsolete granulatis, suprd canalem confertis, ceteris distantibus.
Var. 5th. REvoLuTA; fig. 107. Testa bicarinatd ; marginibus posticis anfractuum
ad suturam levissime crenulutis ; carind posticd acutd, obsolete plicato-denticulatd, superne
revolutd ; caring anticd lineisque spiralibus granulatis.
234 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Var. 6th. pacopa; fig. 10%. Zestd latiori, fasciolis et lineis spiralibus elevatis
cinctd: anfractibus bicarinatis, ad suturam marginatis; carinis simplicibus, singulis
unico sulco exaratis; carind posticd superne revolutd ; fasciolis numerosis, inequalibus,
levibus.
The typical form of this elegant Pleurotoma is distinguished by the smooth concave
margins of the whorls, by the remarkable regularity of the denticulation on the keel,
resembling the teeth of a circular saw, and by the close-set rows of even, bead-like
granulations, which cover the middle and front parts of the shell, slightly dimi-
nishing in size as they approach the anterior extremity of the canal. The shell, upon
which Lamarck formed the species, was found at Parnes; and, apparently, the orna-
mentation which characterises it is confined in the French specimens to those from
the “calcaire grossier.” The species occurs, also, in the older eocene formations of that
country; but the shells from them are generally of smaller dimensions, and present
more or less strongly marked deviations from the typical ornamentation. In England
the species has not as yet been found above the older eocene deposits; several forms,
indeed, occur in them; one or two of which apparently agree with French varieties ;
but neither among them, nor, as I believe, among those from the “groupes glauco-
nieux’”’ of France, does the exact ornamentation of the typical P. terebralis of Lamarck
occur.
In the first variety (ditropis), which corresponds with specimens in my cabinet from
‘uisse-Lamotte, the shell is much smaller than that of the type, elongated, fusiform,
narrow, turreted, and beautifully ornamented with concentric rows of regular bead-
like granulations; the spire is pointed and much produced, being rather more than
two fifths of the length of the whole shell. The whorls are somewhat convex, sharply
angulated, and carinated at the shoulders; the posterior margins rather depressed,
slightly channeled, and perfectly smooth, except round the suture, where they are
bordered by a single row of small regular granulations ; occasionally a specimen occurs
in which the smoothness of the surface is broken by very fine curved plications formed
by the successive margins of the sinus. The keel on the shoulder is sharp, prominent,
and denticulated with great regularity: in front of this, just where the whorl begins
to contract, is a thick concentric band, rather obliquely plicated, and so prominent as
to present the appearance of a second keel on the whorl; the ends of the plications
project beyond the edges of the band, giving to it a denticulated appearance. The
concentric rows are unequal, irregular, and more or less distant in different specimens,
but closer and more regular towards the anterior extremity. The last whorl is much
attenuated in front, and terminates in a moderately long canal: the sinus is rounded,
deep, and wide, occupying almost the entire width of the margin.
In the next variety (concinna) the shell is somewhat larger than that of the preceding
variety, but yet smaller than that of the type; the front keel is narrower and less
prominent than in the variety ditropis, and is evenly granulated ; the concentric rows
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 235
of granulations are more numerous, and the margins of the whorls present, in addition
to the sutural row of beads, three very slender concentric lines granulated by the lines
of growth of the sinus. It has been before stated that one of the more prominent
characters of the true P. ¢erebralis is taken from the perfectly smooth concave margins
of the whorls; and the granulated margins in the present case would apparently
indicate a distinct species; but the occasional occurrence of a plicated margin in the
last variety prepares the way for the present form; and as this agrees in all the more
important characters with the variety ditropis, I have regarded it as merely another
variety of P. terebralis.
The shell in the variety gyrata (fig. 10 6—d) is smaller than that of the type, and
doubly keeled; but both keels are thick, band-like, and strongly and obliquely plicated,
and have a denticulated appearance from the plications being continued over the edges
of the bands; the plications, following the curve of the line of growth, are less oblique
on the anterior keel than those on the posterior keel. A single slender raised line,
finely granulated, traverses the space between the keels; the front part of the whorl is
ornamented with several concentric raised lines, granulated with great regularity ; of
these, the one next to the anterior keel, in some specimens (as in fig. 10 4), and that
next but one, in others (as in figs. 10c and ¢), is the thickest and most prominent ;
the others slightly diminish in size as they approach the anterior extremity of the
canal.
The next variety, pulcherrima (fig. 10 e and g),* appears to correspond with the
variety a from Compicgne, noticed by M. Deshayes. In this variety the shell is small
and doubly-keeled; the posterior or shoulder-keel denticulated, the anterior keel
rounded and obscurely plicated, almost smooth; the front part of the whorls is
ornamented with several distant, thickish, concentric lines, which also are smooth and
simple, or but very feebly granulated; the whorls are bordered round the suture by a
thickish raised line, obscurely granulated or plicated; the margins and the spaces
between the keels and between the concentric lines are perfectly smooth.
The variety revoluta (fig. 10 f) is a modification of the variety pu/cherrima ; in it the
sutural edges of the whorls are very faintly crenulated; the shoulder-keel is sharp,
obscurely plicated and denticulated, and the edge is bent upwards: the anterior keel is
round and feebly plicated, and the concentric lines are slender and finely granulated.
In the last variety to be noticed, the variety Pagoda (fig. 10 4), the granula-
tion and denticulation, which in the typical form and the preceding varieties form
more or less prominent characters, are wanting; and a new mode of ornamentation
prevails. In this variety the shell, which is relatively wider, is doubly-keeled, and
ornamented with simple spiral bands; the margins of the whorls are concave, and
* TI have adopted for the shells forming this variety, the name by which they have been distinguished
as a species in Mr. Wetherell’s cabinet.
236 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
quite smooth, except where two slender, faintly crenulated, raised lines form a border
round the suture. The keels are band-like and simple; the surface of each is traversed
by a shallow but conspicuous furrow ; the edge of the shoulder-keel is sharp, smooth,
and bent upwards like that of the keel which characterises the preceding variety. The
space between the two keels and the surface of the front part of the whorls is orna-
mented with numerous narrow, unequal, round-edged bands, between some of which
a slender line occasionally appears ; these bands are smooth, or but slightly roughened
by the lines of growth.
A form intermediate between and connecting the last two varieties occurs, in which
the sharp, smooth-edged, and furrowed shoulder-keel of the variety Pagoda is associated
with an obscurely plicated anterior keel, and faintly granulated spiral lines.
Although the shell for which the variety Pagoda is proposed, differs so much in the
ornamentation from the typical form, I do not regard it as specifically distinct. In the
several varieties described, the characteristic ornaments of the species have been
modified, and have become gradually less prominent, until at last, in the variety
revoluta, they are almost obliterated; and the intermediate form, before noticed, con-
nects that variety with the one in question, which, in fact, merely presents in strength a
character of ornament which has already appeared in other varieties.
All the varieties are rare except the varieties gyrata and Pagoda, which appear to
be more abundant.
Size.—Of the var. ditropis—axis, 5-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-]2ths of an inch:
of the var. concinna and pulcherrima—axis, 7-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather
more than 3-12ths of an inch: -of the var. gyrafa—axis, 1 inch, nearly; diameter,
rather more than 5-12ths of an inch: and of the var. Pagoda, if the shell were per-
fect—axis, 1 inch and 2-12ths, nearly ; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities— For the var. ditropis—Highgate, Potters’ Bar, Hornsey, Hampstead;
for the var. concinna—Highgate, Potters’ Bar, Hornsey, Finchley ; for the var. gyrata—
Hornsey, Southampton, Shenfield; for the var. pulcherrima—Highgate and Clarendon
Hill; and for the var. revoluta and Pagoda— Clarendon Hill. French — Parnes,
Grignon, Beyne, Mouchy-le-Chatel, Compiégne (fide Desh.), Chaumont, Amblainville,
Cuisse-Lamotte, Pont-Sainte-Maxence (fide Graves).
The specimens, fig. 10 4 and 4, are from Mr. Wetherell’s cabinet.
No. 158. PLEUROTOMA MicroponTA, £. L. Hdwards. Tab. XXVII, fig. 4.
P. testa elongatd, fusiformi, tuberculatd, spiraliter exilissime lineatd: spird elevatd,
b-conicd: anfractibus angulatis, unicd serie tuberculorum denti-formium munitis ; margini-
bus posticis latis, paucillum cavatis, ad suturam cingulo triplici, distanter plicato, cinctis :
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 237
ultimo anfractu antice repentissime coarctato, in canali angusto, longiusculo, terminanti ;
lineis spiralibus confertis, inequalibus, nonnullis eminentioribus, denticulatis : apertura
oblongo-ovali; labro valde arcuato, intus plicato; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, tuberculated, and ornamented with very fine, concentric,
raised lines; spire nearly conical and much produced, exceeding one half of the whole
shell in length ; whorls convex, sharply angulated at the shoulders, where they pre-
sent a single row of small, rather close-set, tooth-shaped tubercles; the posterior
margins wide, frequently extending almost to the angle of the preceding whorl, slightly
channeled, and bordered round the suture by three sharp, elevated lines, crossed by
distant, oblique plications, corresponding with the tubercles on the shoulders of the
whorls ; the space between the suture and the shoulder is covered with very fine and
nearly equal concentric lines. The spiral lines over the middle and front parts of the
lmes are numerous, very slender, but unequal; every fourth or fifth line being rather
thicker and more prominent than the rest, and denticulated; the intermediate lines
are simple, nearly equal, and so fine as to be barely perceptible by the naked eye.
The body-whorl is suddenly much contracted in front, and terminates in a narrow, but
not very long canal: the aperture is of an oblong oval form; the outer lip much
arched and plicated within, and the sinus, which is wide and sub-trigonal in shape,
is placed a little in front of the middle part of the margin.
The present species presents some resemblance to P. cymea, but is easily distin-
guishable by the more elevated spire, the more numerous and smaller tubercles, the
character of the transverse ornamentation, and the shorter canal.
Stze.—Axis, 1 inch and 2-12ths; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch, nearly.
Localities.—Highcliff, where it is very abundant, and Bracklesham Bay.
Section 1—Shells fusiform.
A. Sinus in the posterior margin of the whorl.
6. Canal short or indistinct.*
} continued.
No. 159. PLEUROTOMA ATTENUATA, Sowerby. Plate XXVII, fig. 6 a—e.
PLEUROTOMA ATTENUATA, Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 103, t. 146, fig. 1.
— — Ib. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 102, t. 6, figs. 11, 14.
— — Morris. 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 269.
* The sub-divisions dependent on the length of the canal are, it is unnecessary to say, merely artificial,
and towards the extremes of the two, species occur which may be referred, apparently with equal propriety
to either sub-division: in shells with a short canal, however, the anterior notch is generally wider and
deeper, and consequently the crest on the columella will be more prominent.
31
238 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Nec PLEUROMOMA ATTENUATA, Desh. 1824-37. Deser. des coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 483, t. 68,
figs. 6, 8.
nec — — Dujar. 1837. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. 1, p. 291, t. 20,
fig. 22.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd, costatd, undique spiraliter lineatd: spird elevatd,
acuminata ; anfractibus angulatis, unicd serie nodorum spiniformium, costas coronantium,
armatis ; marginibus posticis latis, declivis, ‘concavis, ad suturam pauxillum incrassatis,
tenuiter crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu antice sensim attenuato, in canali longiusculo, lato,
terminanti ; costis brevibus, sub-distantibus, rotundatis; lineis spiralibus numerosis, in
marginibus tenuibus ; ceteris inequalibus: aperturd lanceolata ; labro arcuato ; sinu lato,
subtrigono, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and ornamented with con-
centric raised lines: the spire, formed of eleven or twelve volutions exclusive of the pullus,
is much elevated and pointed; the whorls, angulated at the shoulders, are gradually
attenuated towards the base, assuming an almost conical form; the body-whorl termi-
nates in a wide, moderately long canal, rather deeply notched at the anterior extremity ;
the posterior margins are wide, slightly bent towards the preceding whorls, channeled
along the middle, thickened at the sutural edge, and bordered by two thickish, promi-
nent, raised lines, granulated or feebly plicated by the lines of growth. The ribs are
rather distant, short, oblique, rounded, and terminate at the shoulder in large, trans-
versely compressed, spiniform tubercles, the bases of which are frequently prolonged
backwards half-way across the posterior margin. The whole surface of the whorls is
covered with close-set concentric raised lines, which are thread-like and nearly equal
on the margins, but irregular and unequal over the middle and front parts of the
whorls; one or two more or less slender lines intervening between thicker and more
prominent lines: the whole surface is roughened by the lines of growth, which in the
Bracklesham Bay specimens are very prominent, and give a coarse, rugged character
to the shell. The aperture is of a long, narrow, lanceolate form ; the outer lip mode-
rately arched; and the sinus, which is wide, not very deep, and sub-trigonal in shape,
is placed in the margin. The columella is nearly straight, and presents a large promi-
nent crest or comb at the anterior extremity.
M. Deshayes (/oc. cit.) has given the specific name aftenuata to certain shells from
the older eocene beds of France, quite distinct from the present species, to which, in
point of priority, the name belongs ; and Dujardin has fallen into the same error with
regard to a Pleurotoma from Touraine. D’Orbigny, in his ‘Prodrome,’ has distin-
guished the French eocene shells by the name své-attenuata, and the miocene shells by
that of pseudo-attenuata.
Size.—Axis, 4 inches, nearly; diameter, 1 inch and 2-12ths.
Localities —Although Mr. Sowerby (Dixon’s ‘ Sussex,’ p. 102) and Mr. Morris
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 239
both cite Barton as a locality for this well-marked species, I have not been fortunate
enough to meet with any specimen of it from that locality; it is confined, I believe, to
the lower beds of the middle eocene formations. It is found plentifully at Bracklesham
Bay, of which locality it may be said to be one of the characteristic fossils: it
also occurs at Stubbington and White-Cliff Bay, and in the synchronous beds at
Bramshaw.
No. 160. Pueurotoma conica, /. #. Edwards Tab. XXVII, fig. 8.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, omnino concentrice sulcatd, unica serie tuberculorum munita ;
spira conicd, elevatd, dimidium totius teste in longitudine superanti: anfractibus convextus-
culis, untice subito coarctatis, suturd conspicud separatis ; marginibus posticis latis, pauxil-
lulum declivis, cavatis ; ultimo anfractu in canali longiusculo terminanti ; tuberculis longi-
tudinaliter compressis, obliquis, curvis: apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro arcuato ; sinu lato,
sub-trigono, in parte anticd marginis collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, concentrically furrowed, and bearing on the shoulders a
single row of tubercles: the spire conical, rather thick, and much elevated, exceed-
ing one half of the whole shell in length. The whorls are slightly convex at the
shoulders, rather suddenly contracted in front, and separated from each other by a
very conspicuous suture; the posterior margins are wide, very slightly depressed,
rather deeply channeled along the middle, and a little thickened on the sutural edge.
The tubercles, which are somewhat numerous, are longitudinally compressed, narrow,
oblique, and curved; the concentric furrows are nearly regular, shallow, and separated
by narrow, rounded ridges, of which, as they approach the beak, every alternate one
becomes more prominent than the rest. The aperture is of an oblong-oval form, and
terminates in front in a slightly produced, widish canal; the outer lip is moderately
arched ; and the sinus, which is placed in the very front part of the posterior margin,
almost on the shoulder of the whorl, is wide and sub-trigonal in shape.
This species, characterised by its thick, elevated, conical spire, is apparently con-
fined to the older eocene beds in the neighbourhood of London. I have not met with
any specimen of it either from Clarendon Hill or from the synchronous formations in
Hampshire.
Size-— Axis, 11-12ths of an inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Locality—Highgate.
240 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 161. PLEuRoToMA DEsmiIA, Ff. /. Edwards. Tab. XXVIL, fig. 5.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, tuberculatd, spiraliter fasciolatd et lineaté: spird sub-
conicd, valde producta : anfractibus conveais, sub-angulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis ; mar-
ginibus posticis depressis, concavis, concentrice lineatis, ad suturam cingulo duplici,
distanter plicato, cinctis ; ultimo anfractu repente coarctato, incanali breviculo exeuntt :
fasciolis numerosis, antice simplicibus, ceteris inequalibus, nonnullis majoribus, crasse
granulatis, cum aliis minoribus simplicibus, alternantibus: apertura ovali; labro valde
arcuato, intus plicato ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, tuberculated, and ornamented with concentric bands
and raised lines; the spire rather thick, nearly conical and much elevated, almost
equalling two thirds of the whole shell in length: the whorls short, convex, and
obscurely angulated at the shoulders, where they present a double row of small,
transverse tubercles; the posterior margins much depressed, hollowed out, and con-
centrically lined along the middle, and bordered round the suture by a double line,
distantly and obliquely plicated by the lines of growth of the sinus, which are very
prominent over the whole width of the margin; the last whorl is suddenly contracted
in front, and terminates in a rather short and narrow canal, widely notched at the
anterior extremity. The spiral bands over the middle and front parts of the whorls
are divided with much regularity into rows of coarse, oblong granulations, placed
nearly below each other in an oblique direction, following the curve of the outer lip,
and giving an appearance of plication to the whorl: the rows of granulations, which
are separated by thickish, raised lines, rounded on the surface, diminish in size towards
the front part of the whorls, until, on reaching the canal, they barely exceed the
intervening lines in size, and the granulations become nearly obliterated. The
aperture is of an oval form; the outer lip much arched, projecting in front, and _pli-
cated within; and the sinus, which is placed rather towards the front of the margin,
is wide, moderately deep, and sub-trigonal in form. The columella is slightly curved,
and presents in front, at the anterior extremity, a conspicuous crest or comb.
The present species, in the young state, somewhat resembles P. microdonta, but
the shell is narrower, the spire relatively longer, and the canal shorter; the regular
granulations which characterise the concentric ornamentation also render it easily
separable. It is apparently confined to the middle eocene formations of Barton, where
it is not uncommon.
Stze.—Axis, 1 inch and 8-12ths, nearly ; diameter, half an inch.
fl. Gb. HE. (A 24-570. (Er. KUL -~*K 6), BOO.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 941
No. 162. Pxrevroroma 1nnExa. Solander. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 1, a—e.
Murex InNeExts. Sol. 1766. Brand. Foss. Hant., p. 19, fig. 30.
PLEUROTOMA INNEXA. Forbes. 1856. Tert. Fluv. Mar. Format., &e.; Mem. Geol. Surv.,
p. 154, t. 5, fig. 5.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, reticulato-crenulatd: spird sub-conicd, elevata: anfractibus
viz convewis, lineas elevatas concentricas, et costellas longitudinales, sese decussantes,
gerentibus ; marginibus posticis angustis, spiraliter sulcatis, ad suturam granulatis ; ultimo
anfractu in canali patulo, per-brevi, exeunti; costellis acutis, usque ad basin tendentibus,
arcuatis, tuberculatis: aperturdé oblongo-ovali, angustd ; labro aliforme, intis nonnunquam
obscure denticuluto ; sinu lato, rotundato, in margine collocato ; labio angusto, incrassato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, and ornamented with concentric and longitudinal raised
lines, nearly equally prominent, and which, from their decussation, present the
appearance of fine network. The spire is thick, nearly conical, and much elevated,
almost equalling two thirds of the entire length of the shell. The whorls, eight or nine,
exclusive of a pointed pullus of three volutions, are short, very slightly convex, nearly
flat-sided ; the posterior margins are very narrow, and present a more or less shallow
“transverse furrow; they are thickened on the edge of the suture, which is bordered
by a single row of small, round, or somewhat oblong, granulations. The longitudinal
ribs, which are narrow and sharp, extend from the marginal granulations to the very
front of the whorl, and are rather strongly curved over the middle ; in general the
ribs are a little more prominent than the concentric lines, and are thickened at the
points of decussation, like the knots of a net, forming rows of small tubercles, the
last of which, immediately in front of the margin, is more prominent than the rest.
The concentric lines are irregular, close-set at the base, distant over the front of
the whorl, and become more or less crowded as they approach the posterior margin.
The aperture is of a narrow, oblong-ovate form, and terminates in a short, wide canal,
rather deeply notched in front; the outer lip is much arched, sharp at the edge,
thickened within, and presents three or four thick, tooth-like callosities, of which the
posterior one in front of the sinus is large and prominent; the inner lip is narrow
and thickened ; the columella is slightly curved, and bears in front a small crest ;
the sinus is rounded and wide, occupying the whole width of the margin.
The figure of this shell, given by Brander, is not executed with the felicity which
usually characterises that author’s work, and to this circumstance, probably, is to be
attributed the difficulty which the Continental writers have had in identifying the
species. Thus Lamarck and, after him, Deshayes, referred P. inzexa, although with
doubt, to P. wndata (Lamk.), from which species, however, it is easily distinguished
31
242 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
by the narrower form of the shell, the more conical spire, the reticulated character of
the ornamentation, the narrower margin of the whorls, and the shape of the sinus.
Again, M. Nyst, with equal hesitation, has suggested the identity of P. innexa with his
P. Stoffelsii; the latter shell, however, differs in the more pointed spire, the greater
length of the whorl, the absence of the longitudinal lineation, and the position of
the sinus, which, judging from the figure given by the author, is on the shoulder
of the whorl. To P. dubia (Def.), a species from the Calcaire grossier, P. innexa
presents a very close resemblance; but the French shell is much smaller, the spire
less obtuse, the costelle fewer, more prominent in character, bifurcated and not
decussated, and the transverse lineation is comparatively feeble. I am indebted
to M. Deshayes for some specimens of a species from Damery, hitherto undescribed,
which appears to be smaller and narrower than the present species, but in other
respects to agree closely with it. A comparison of P. czmera with a larger series of
the Damery shells will probably establish the identity.
Stze.—Axis, 9-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Highcliff, Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestwich), Colwell
Bay, Bracklesham Bay, and Whitecliff Bay (fide Forbes).*
No. 1638. Pxieurotoma inFLExa. JLamk. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 3, a—e.
PrLevroroMa INFLEXA. Lamk. 1804. Ann. du Musée, vol. iii, p. 267, No. 22.
—_ SEMICOLON. Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 104, t. 146, fig. 6.
— INFLEXA. Lamk. 1822. Hist. nat., &c., vol. vii, p. 101, No. 27.
— — Desh. 1824-37. Coq. foss., &c., de Paris, vol. ii, p. 475, t. 66,
figs. 11—13.
— — Bronn. 1849. Index Palzontol., p. 1005.
— SEMICOLON. Bronn. 1849. Idem, p. 1009.
— INFLEXA. D’Orb. 1850. Prod. de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 357, No. 359.
— sEMICOLON. D’Orb. 1850. Idem, p. 359, No. 423.
— INFLEXA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 103.
— puBIA? Defr. 1824-37. Desh., Cog. foss., &c., de Paris, vol. ii, p. 481, t. 67,
figs. 12—14.
Nec — SEMICOLON. Nyst. 1836. Coq. foss. de Hoesselt, &c., p. 32, No. 84.
nec — — Nyst. 1843. Coq., &c., de Belgique, p. 527, No. 451.
nec — — S. Wood. 1848. Crag. Moll., p. 54, t. 6, fig. 3, a, 0.
P. testé fusiformi, sub-turritd, costellatd, transversim obsolete lineata: anfractibus
numerosis, angustis, sub-planis, ad suturam crenulatis ; costellis in medio inflexis, sepissime
* T suspect that specimens of P. infleca (Lamk.), a form belonging to the Bracklesham Bay series of
deposits, have been erroneously referred to P. innexa, which that species much resembles. I do not know
of any specimen of P. innexa coming either from Bracklesham Bay, or from Stubbington, Bramshaw, or Brook.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 243
bifurcatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, ad basin tenuissime striato: aperturd ovali, in canali
brevi, mediocriter lato, exeunti ; labro tenuissimo, intis plicato ; sinu lato, minime profundo,
sub-semicirculari, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, narrow, ribbed, and spirally lined: spire elevated, formed of eight
or nine volutions exclusive of the pullus: whorls slightly convex, short, and
thickened at the sutural margin, which is ornamented with a single row of bold,
roundish or oblong beads, imparting somewhat of a turreted character to the spire.
The surface of the whorls presents numerous costelle, long, narrow, curved, swelled
at the top, and corresponding with the marginal granulations, so as to resemble
a semicolon, from which circumstance the name given by Sowerby was taken ;
the costelle, as they pass over the centre of the whorl, bifurcate and disappear
towards the base of the shell: the concentric lines are not very prominent, but
are most conspicuous on the anterior part of the shell, becoming feeble as they ascend
the whorl; they become almost obsolete in the adult shell. The aperture is ovate,
one third of the whole length of the shell, and terminates in a short, moderately
wide canal; the outer lip is slightly arched, very thin, and plicated within; the
sinus is wide, shallow, nearly semicircular, and placed in the margin.
This species presents a very close resemblance to P. zanexa, of which many
may perhaps be inclined to regard it as a local variety. The shell, however, is
narrower ; the spire more slender; the sutural granulations and the extremities of the
costellz closely approximated instead of being separated by a wide, well defined
furrow; the costelle themselves bifurcated, and the transverse lineation closer and
less prominent than in P. ianeva
It is difficult to distinguish P. dubia (Def.) for the present species. In Defrance’s
species the longitudinal ribs are fewer and rounder ; but the ornamentation of the two
appears to be similar in the essential characters, and I should have regarded the two
species as identical. M. Deshayes, however, with the advantage of an extended
comparison, has considered P. dubia as distinct, an opinion in which both Bronn
and D’Orbigny concur, and I have therefore cited Defrance’s species with a doubt
as to the identification.
Nyst has referred some shells from Vliermael to P. semicolon (Sow.), which are
described as granulated, angulated at the shoulders, and concentrically striated,
but not as being costellated ; these shells cannot, therefore, be considered as correctly
identified.
The Crag Pleurotome, referred by Mr. S. Wood, doubtingly, to this species,
appear to be distinct; they are both broader shells, with angulated and strongly
tuberculated whorls, the posterior margins of which are wide and broadly concave ;
and the cost, which in the present species form a prominent character, appear
to be obscure or wanting; while, on the other hand, the transverse lineation, which
in P. inflewa is a subordinate character, is in the Crag shells strong and distinct ;
244 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the sinus also is placed on the shoulder. The variety (fig. 3, 2) somewhat resembles
the P. denticula of Basterot, and the other shell (fig. 3, 4) more nearly approaches the
typical form of P. plebeia. Mr. Wood speaks of P. semicolon (Sow.) as being a
common and well-known Barton shell; but I have never seen a specimen from that
locality. The species appears to be limited to the Bracklesham Bay sands and the
synchronous beds ; it is rare.
Stize.—Axis, 7-12ths of an inch (15 millim.); diameter, 2°3-]2ths of an inch
(5 millim.).
Localities.—Bracklesham Bay, Stubbington, Bramshaw, Brook. French: Grignon,
Mouchy (fide Desh.), Les Groux, Hermes, Cuisse-Lamotte, Ver, Acy-en-Mulcien
(fide Graves).
No. 164. Pxievroroma terra. F. £. Ldwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 10, a—e.
P. testé parva, fusiformi, gracili, spiraliter lineutd, semi-costellatd: spird elevata :
anfractibus depresso-convexis, ad humeros angulatis ; postice unico sulco profunde exaratis,
ad suturam granulato-marginatis ; lineis spiralibus elevatis, acutis, haud distantibus ;
costellis crebris, per-brevibus: aperturd angusto-ovali, antice in canal brevi, indistincto,
terminanti ; sinu lato, semicirculari, in margine collocato.
A small, slender, fusiform shell, spirally lined, and ribbed: the spire narrow,
pointed, elevated, forming nearly two thirds of the whole length of the shell: the
whorls flatly convex, angulated at the shoulders; the posterior margins furrowed by
a deep sulcus, and somewhat thickened and granulated round the suture; the
concentric lines elevated, sharp, and moderately close ; the longitudinal ribs rather
numerous, very short, not extending beyond the middle of the whorls, narrow,
and slightly oblique. The aperture is narrow, oval, terminating anteriorly in a wide,
short, indistinct canal; and the sinus, which is wide and semicircular, is placed in the
margin.
This species is closely allied to P. infleza, but the shell is slenderer, with a more
broadly furrowed posterior margin; the costelle also are shorter, the transverse
lineation more prominent, and the sinus wider and more rounded.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 3-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than
}-12th of an inch.
Localities —Stubbington and Bracklesham Bay, at both of which places it is rare.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 245
No. 165. Preuroroma coarctata. F. LH. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 12, a—c.
P. testé sub-fusiformi, costellatd, concentrice lineatd: spird elevatd, conoided :
anfractibus convexiusculis, antice valde coarctatis ; postice unico sulco exaratis, ad suturam
tuberculatis ; costellis arcuatis, per-brevibus ; apertura ovali, in canali brevi, latiusculo,
exeunti ; labro arcuato, inttis dentato ; sinu sub-trigono, profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell elongate, fusiform, ornamented with longitudinal ribs and sharp, concentric,
raised lines: the spire, which is composed of seven or eight whorls, is rather conical,
pointed, and elevated, forming almost two thirds of the whole length of the shell.
The whorls are slightly convex, and suddenly much contracted towards the middle,
so as to be almost angulated; a deep concentric furrow runs round the posterior
margin, the sutural edge of which is thickened and presents a single row of round or
oblong tubercles, varying in size in different specimens: the ribs are arched, sharp,
and rarely extend beyond the middle of the whorl. The aperture is oval and
terminates anteriorly in a short, wide canal; the outer lip is arched, sharp-edged,
and armed within with two or three teeth, the largest of which is placed immediately
in front of the sinus; the sinus itself is deep, sub-trigonal, and wide, occupying
the whole breadth of the margin.
This Pleurotoma is smaller and narrower than P. cxxzexa, to which it bears some
resemblance; but the contracted whorls and short ribs distinguish it from that
species.
Size—Axis, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality —Highchff, where it is not uncommon.
No. 166. Pxievroroma microcnEita. VF. #. Hdwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 8, a—/.
P. testé parva, crassa, fusiformi, nodulosd: spird obtusd: anfractibus convexiusculis,
ad humeros sub-angulatis ; marginibus posticis canaliculatis, ad suturam unica serie tubercu-
lorum ornatis; ultimo anfractu costellas angustas et lineas concentricas acutas, sese
decussantes, gerenti : apertura elongato-ovali, in canali per-brevi terminanti ; labro leviter
arcuato, acuto, intits incrassato, plicifero; sinu lato, sub-profundo, sub-trigono, anticd
in margine collocato. ;
Var. provucta, testa angustiori ; spird elevatiori ; lineis spiralibus eminentioribus.
Shell small, thick, fusiform, and having the whole surface ornamented with
concentric rows of round, knob-like tubercles: the spire, which equals the last whorl
in length, is obtuse and pointed: the whorls, six or seven in number, exclusive of the
246 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
pullus, are slightly convex and angulated at the shoulders ; the posterior margins rather
wide, deeply channelled, apd bordered by a series of closely-set, knob-like tubercles ;
the shoulders present a single row of oblong tubercles, divided by a concentric sulcus,
and from these tubercles arise narrow, curved costellz, which extend almost to
the very front of the whorl, and are decussated by sharp, concentric, raised lines,
not quite so prominent as the costellz, forming small tubercles at the points of
decussation ; the costella and concentric lines, in the earlier whorls, are nearly
concealed by the succeeding whorl, and are only perfectly seen on the body-whorl.
The aperture is of an oblong-oval form, terminating in a wide, short canal ; the outer
lip is but slightly arched, sharp on the edge, and thickened and strongly plicated
within ; the sinus, which is placed in front of the margin, is wide, rather deep, and
sub-trigonal in shape. A variety occurs in which the shell is narrower, the spire
relatively longer, and the concentric lines more prominent.
This seems to be a well-marked species, of which I have not been able to find a
foreign representative.
Size.—Axis, 4-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Highcliff, where it is found rather abundantly, Alum Bay (No. 29,
Prestwich), Barton.
No. 167. Pievrotoma pissimiLis. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 7, a—e.
P. testé parva, crassa, rugose costatd, omnino concentrice lineata: spird brevi, obvusd,
nodulosd: anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros sub-carinatis, postice sulco profundo
spiraliter exaratis, marginatis ; costis brevibus, latis, rotundatis ; lineis concentricis plus
minusve numerosis, per-elevatis, denticulatis: aperturd oblongo-ovali, in canali brevi,
latiusculo exeunti ; labro sub-recto, acuto, intus unicam plicam dentiformem gerenti ; labio
angustissimo ; sinu lato, profundo, trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell small, thick, coarsely ribbed, concentrically lined: the spire wide and
rather short, being less than two fifths of the whole length of the shell: the whorls
rather convex, slightly carinated at the shoulders, and bordered round the sutural
margin by a sharp, elevated, ridge-like line, the space between which and the
shoulder is traversed by a deep, round furrow, in which two or three feeble concentric
lines are seen. The ribs are few in number, very short, broad, rounded, and separated
by narrow furrows ; they become nearly obsolete, and frequently altogether lost on
the last whorl; the concentric lines are sharp, much elevated, more or less numerous
in different specimens, and generally denticulated by the lines of growth. The
broad, short, posterior terminations of the ribs, left exposed by the overlapping of the
succeeding whorls, resemble tubercles, and give a coarsely nodulous character to
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 247
the spire. The aperture is of an oblong-ovate form, and terminates anteriorly in
a short, but distinct and moderately wide, canal ; the outer lip is very slightly arched,
nearly straight, sharp-edged, and presents within, near the posterior extremity,
and immediately under the shoulder, a single large, tooth-shaped callosity ; the inner
lip is very narrow, barely extending to the front of the columella; the sinus is nearly
triangular in form, deep and wide, extending across the whole of the posterior
margin.
Size—Axis, 3°4-12ths of an inch; diameter, 1°75-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Highcliff, where it is not uncommon; Haverstock Hill.
No. 168. Pievrotoma compnuowsEa. J. &. Fdwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 13, a—/.
P. testd angustd, elongata, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter costatd, concentrice lineata :
spird acuminata, elevaté: anfractibus depresso-convexis, ad humeros sub-angulatis ;
marginibus posticis latiusculis, concavis, ad suturam distanter granulatis ; ultimo anfractu
brevi, antice coarctato; costellis curvis, brevibus, plus minusve numerosis; lineis con-
centricis, supra margines fere obsoletis, caeterum elevatis, acutis, sepe denticulatis :
apertura oblongo-ovali, in canali brevi, sub-recto exeunti; labro sub-aliformi, acuto, sinu
Jato, minime profundo, in margine collocato.
Var. avira, testa anfractibus unica serie tuberculorum coronatis.
A long, narrow, turriculate shell, ribbed, and concentrically lined: the spire,
which forms two thirds of the whole shell, consists of seven or eight volutions :
the whorls are flatly convex on the sides, angulated at the shoulders, contracting
rather suddenly in front, and having the posterior margins widely channelled and
bordered on the sutural edge by a single row of round, rather distant granules,
corresponding with the ribs, and variable in size; the angulated shoulders and
channelled margins give a turriculate character to the spire. The longitudinal ribs are
more or less numerous in different specimens; they are curved, sharp, and terminate
abruptly where the whorl contracts ; the concentric lines over the posterior margins
are close-set, and so fine as to be barely visible to the naked eye; over the middle
and front parts of the whorl they are moderately distant, elevated, sharp, and generally
denticulated where they cross the ribs. The aperture is of an oblong-oval shape, and
terminates in a wide, short, but distinct and nearly straight canal; the outer lip is
expanded anteriorly, sharp-edged, and smooth within; and the sinus, which is wide,
rather shallow, and rounded, is placed in the margin.
I possess specimens both from Clarendon and Southampton, in which the ribs are
wanting, and the whorls are girt round the shoulders with a single row of knob-like
tubercles ; in all other respects these shells agree with the typical P. gomphoidea,
of which, therefore, I consider them to be a variety.
248 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Size.—Axis, rather less than half an inch; diameter, not quite 2-12ths of an inch.
Localities—Barton, Highcliff, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich). For the variety:
Clarendon and Southampton.
No, 169. Pxieurotoma puicata. Lamk. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 11, a—e.
PLevroroma pLiicaTa. Lamk. 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 169, No. 14.
— — Lamk. 1822. Hist. natur., &c., vol. vii, p. 100, No. 19.
— Desh. 1824-37. Deser. des Coq. foss., &c., vol. li, p. 487, t. 66,
figs. 17—19.
Nec — — Bast. 1825. Mem. Geol. sur les Env. de Bord., p. 64, No. 6.
nec — — Des Moul. 1834. (Dufrén. Terr. tert., &c., du Midi de la France.)
Ann. des Mines, 3d series, vol. iii, p. 122.
nec — — Phil. 1836. Enum. Moll. Sicil., p. 198, No. 5.
nec — _— Grat. 1847. Conchyl. foss., &c., du bass. de l’Adour (Atlas) ;
Pleurot., t. 2, No. 20, fig. 36.
P. testa crassa, elongato-fusiformi, angustda, longitudinaliter costatd, omnino concentrice
lineaté: spira mediocriter elatd, sub-acuminatd: anfractibus convexis, suturd perspicud
divisis ; costis rotundatis, obliquis, arcuatis, distantibus ; lineis concentricis filiformibus:
regularibus : apertura angustd, ovali, in canali brevi exeunti ; labro acuto, intus incrassato’
postice, prope sinum, callum nodiformem gerente ; sinu lato, profundo, sub-trigono, in margine
collocato.
Shell thick, elongated, fusiform, rather narrow, longitudinally ribbed, and having
the whole surface covered with concentric, raised lines; the spire, which consists
of six or seven volutions, exclusive of the pullus, is moderately elevated, forming
nearly one half of the whole length of the shell ; the whorls convex, and separated by
a perspicuous suture. The longitudinal ribs are prominent, rounded, oblique, slightly
curved, distant, numbering only six or seven on each whorl, and becoming nearly
obsolete on the body-whorl; the intermediate spaces are nearly flat, imparting
a polygonal aspect to the spire ; the concentric lines are rather numerous, elevated,
rounded, clearly defined, and regular, giving to the shell the appearance of being
bound with thread; the two or three lines over the shoulder are, in general, more
distant, and a very little more prominent, than the others. The aperture is of a
narrow, Oval form, and terminates in a wide, short canal; the outer lip is moderately
arched, sharp on the edge, much thickened within, where it presents a long, rather
broad, and elevated ridge, extending quite into the canal, and terminating behind,
immediately in front of the sinus, in a round, knob-like callus; the sinus is broad,
deep, somewhat triangular in shape, and placed in the margin.
The English shells present several points of disagreement with those from the
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 249
Calcaire grossier, and may be regarded by some, perhaps not unreasonably, as
specifically distinct rather than as constituting a local variety. Thus, in the French
shells, the posterior margins of the whorls are so feebly lined that to the naked eye
they appear to be smooth ; the ribs are more numerous, narrower, and less prominent ;
the concentric lines are rather more crowded and more feeble, becoming nearly
obsolete ; and the shells themselves are thinner. It appears to me, however, that
these variations can scarcely be regarded as of specific value; while in the relative
proportions, the general character of the ornamentation, the condition of the outer lip,
particularly the characteristic callus, and the shape and position of the sinus, the
French and English shells correspond. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to
regard the English shells as forming merely a coarse, strongly marked variety of the
French species.
The shells from Dax and Bordeaux, referred to this species by Basterot and
Grateloup, appear to be distinct, and Desmoulins has separated them under the name
P. variabilis. According to Bronn, they correspond with certain Pleurotomoid shells
previously separated by Millet as Defrancia variabilis.
Size—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch (17 millim.); diameter, 3-12ths of an inch
(63 millim.)
Localities—Bramshaw, Brook. reach: Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon
(fide Desh.), Halaincourt (fide Graves).
No. 170. Pxievroroma acuticosta. Wyst.? Tab. XXVIII, fig. 14, a—e.
PievRoroma acuticosta. Nyst.? 1843. Coq., &c., foss. de Belg., p. 529, No. 454,
tab. 42, fig. 5.
— — Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2d edit., p. 269.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter costellatd, concentrice lineatd: spird
elevatd, acuminata: anfractibus conveaiusculis, postice depressis, sub-canaliculatis ; ultimo
anfractu antice coarctato, in canali brevi, indistinclo, latiusculo terminanti; costellis
obliquis, angustis, sub-distantibus ; lineis concentricis ewilibus, numerosis: apertura ovata ;
labro leviter arcuato acuto ; sinu lato, sub-semicirculari, in margine collocato.
Shell oblong, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, concentrically lined; spire pointed,
much produced, nearly equalling three fifths of the entire length of the shell; whorls,
eight or nine, slightly convex; the posterior margins somewhat depressed and
furrowed ; the last whorl contracted in front and forming a wide, short, and indistinct
canal. The longitudinal ribs are narrow, rather distant, rounded on the upper
surface, and slightly oblique ; the concentric lines very slender, irregular, close-set,
becoming obsolete over the posterior margins. The aperture is of an oblong-oval
32
250 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
form; the outer lip a little arched, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within; the sinus
wide and nearly semicircular, and placed in the posterior margin.
The figure of P. acuticosta in M. Nyst’s work is, unfortunately, so indistinct that
it affords but little assistance towards an identification. The English shell, however,
agrees tolerably well with the description given by that author, and I have referred
it to M. Nyst’s species, although with hesitation, as | have not had an opportunity
of comparing it with any Belgian specimen.
The English shells which the present Pleurotoma most nearly resembles, are
those referred to P. plicata (Lamk.); but this species differs from them in the more
slender form of the shell, the more depressed margins of the whorls, the narrower,
more numerous, and more regular coste, and the finer transverse lineation ; and, in the
specimen I possess, the outer lip is not thickened within, nor does it present the callus
which characterises P. plicata.
The species appears to be very rare.
Size.—Axis, 4 inch; diameter, rather more than 2-1 2ths of an inch.
Localities.—Barton. Belgian: Gremittingen (Lower Limburg series).
No. 17]. Pxievroroma tereticosta. Ff. 2. Hdwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 5, a—d.
P. testaé fusiform, sub-turritd, costellata, spiraliter fasciolatd: spird obtusiusculd,
elevatd, in longitudine aperturam e@quanti: anfractibus depresso-convexis, ad humeros
sub-angulatis, postice sulco profundo exaratis, marginatis ; ultimo anfractu antice coarctato,
in canalem brevem latum producto ; costellis numerosis, leviter arcuatis, rotundatis, brevibus;
Jasciolis spiralibus crebris, irregularibus, alternatim latiusculis et angustioribus ; fasciolis
anterioribus elevatis, ceteris fere obsoletis: sinu lato, minime profundo, triangulari, in
margine collocato.
Var. soror, testa spiraliter sulcata ; canali antico brevior?.
Shell fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally girt with ribbon-like bands :
the spire is thickish and moderately elevated, not exceeding the aperture in length :
the whorls, five or six in number without the pullus, are rather flat-sided and bluntly
angulated at the shoulders; the posterior margins narrow, deeply furrowed, and
much thickened at the edges, where they present a moderately wide band running
round the suture. The longitudinal ribs are numerous (twelve to fourteen), slightly
curved, round and smooth on the upper surface, short, not extending beyond the
middle of the whorl, tapering towards the front, and occasionally bifurcated ; the
posterior extremities are continued over the shoulder up to the sutural band; the
spiral bands are numerous and irregular, ribbon-like bands alternating with other
narrower bands; over the anterior canal and the front part of the whorl up to
the termination of the ribs, these bands are elevated and distinct; elsewhere they
are nearly obsolete. The body-whorl contracts rather suddenly about the middle,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 251
and thence tapers gradually towards the front, so as to form a wide and short, but
distinct, canal; the aperture is of a compressed-oval shape; and the sinus, which is
placed in the marginal furrow, is wide, shallow, and triangular in form.
The general resemblance between the present species and P. turgidula might
suggest the propriety of uniting the two; but, on a careful examination, differences
will be found which seem to justify their separation. Thus, in the present species,
the spire is more obtuse ; the whorls more contracted in front ; the posterior margins
deeply furrowed and bordered at the suture by a broad, thick band; the longitudinal
ribs are more numerous, more decided in character, and less oblique ; and the sinus
is shallower and more pointed.
A specimen in my cabinet, obtained from the Artesian well at Southampton, has
the surface of the shell spirally furrowed instead of banded, and the anterior canal
a little shorter and wider. These differences, however, do not appear to be
sufficiently important for specific distinction, and I have therefore regarded the shell
in question as a variety of the present species.
Size.—Axis, 6-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than 2-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Highgate, Southampton.
No. 172. Pteurotoma tureiputa. F. H. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 4, a—c.
P. testa fusiformi, sub-turritd, spiraliter sulcatd, costellatd: anfractibus sub-ventricosis,
ad humeros angulatis, postice declivis vie cavatis, ad suturas unicd serie granularum
instructis ; sulcis spiralibus irregularibus, minime profundis, fere obsoletis ; costellis obliquis,
angustis: aperturd ovali, antice in canali breviusculo exeunti; labro arcuato; sinu sub-
trigono, latiusculo, media in margine collocato.
Shell fusiform, sub-turreted, concentrically furrowed, and longitudinally ribbed ;
the spire, formed of six volutions exclusive of the pullus, is moderately elevated,
forming rather less than half of the shell: the whorls are roundedly convex, almost
ventricose, and bluntly angulated at the shoulders; the posterior margins, which
slope gently backwards, are nearly straight, and the sutural edge is girt by a single
row of small, round tubercles. The concentric furrows are numerous, irregular,
and almost obsolete over the posterior margins and middle of the whorls, but
a little deeper and more perspicuous over the front; the longitudinal ribs are
rather numerous, narrow, oblique, and very short, barely extending to the middle
of the whorl, and slightly swelled at the posterior extremities; on the last whorl
the ribs become reduced to small and not very prominent tubercles. The aperture
is oval, and terminates in front in a short, but distinct and moderately wide, canal ;
the outer lip is slightly arched; the sinus, placed in the very middle of the posterior
margin, is wide, rather shallow, and somewhat triangular in form.
252 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Size.—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Locality —Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestwich ?); rare.
No. 173. Pxievroroma pitinum. F. H. Edwards. Tab. XXVIIL fig. 15, a, 4.
P. testé minima, oblonga, fusiformi, granulatd, concentrice lineatd: spird obtusius-
culd, sub-conicd: anfractibus sub-convevis, duplici serie granulorum coronatis, spatio
rater series concavo, levi; ultimo anfractu antice valde coarctato, in canalem latis-
simum, brevem, reflerum producto ; lineis spiralibus, acutis, sub-distantibus : apertura ovali;
labro acuto, leviter arcuato, intis plicato; sinu latissimo, mediocriter profundo, sub-
trigono, anticad in margine collocato.
Shell very small, oblong, fusiform, spirally girt by a double row of small, bead-like
tubercles, concentrically lined; spire rather thick, nearly conical; whorls slightly
convex ; the posterior margins concave, smooth, bordered in front and behind by the
rows of tubercles; the last whorl much contracted in front, and terminating in a
very wide, short, but distinct, canal, a little bent backwards ; the concentric lines
thin, sharp, and rather distant. The aperture is of an oval form; the outer lip
slightly arched, expanding towards the front, sharp-edged, and plicated within; the
sinus very wide, moderately deep, somewhat triangular in shape, and placed in the
front part of the posterior margin.
This Pleurotoma is allied to P. microcheila, the var. producta of which closely
resembles it; but the wide posterior margins, the greater regularity of the granula-
tions, and the broad anterior canal, distinguish the present species.
Size.—Axis, not quite 3-12ths of an inch ; diameter, 1-1! 2th of an inch.
Locahty.—Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich).
No. 174. Prteurotoma tricincta. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 6, a, 3.
P. testé parva, elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, spiraliter lineatd: spird acuminata,
breviusculd, aperluram in longitudine vie equanti: aufractibus depresso-convewis ; postice
profunde canaliculatis, marginatis ; ultimo anfractu in canalem brevem, latum, producto ;
Tineis spiralibus ewilibus, filiformibus, irregularibus, sub-clathratis: aperturd oblongo-
ovali ; labro arcuato ; sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell small, oblong, fusiform, indistinctly turreted, concentrically lined; spire
pointed, rather short, not equalling the last whorl in length ; whorls flatly convex at
the sides; the posterior margins deeply hollowed, giving the turreted aspect to the
spire, and ornamented with a series of roundedly curved plications, formed by the
successive elevated margins of the sinus; the sutural edge is bordered by a sharp,
ridge-like, raised line ; the last whorl is contracted in front, and terminates in a very
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 253
wide, short, indistinct canal. The spiral lines are slender, thread-like and irregular,
others, finer still, occasionally intervening ; all are much roughened, almost decus-
sated, by the prominent lines of growth; from the upper three lines, left uncovered
by the succeeding whorl, the specific name is taken. The aperture is of a narrow,
oval form; the outer lip roundedly arched, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within ;
and the sinus, which extends over the whole breadth of the margin, is wide, rather
deep, and somewhat triangular in form.
The only two specimens I have seen of this rare Pleurotoma do not appear to
have attained their full growth; the characters, however, are sufficiently distinct
to justify the present notice.
Stze.—Axis, 4-12ths of an inch, nearly; diameter, 1-8th of an inch.
Locality.—Potter’s Bar.
No. 175. Pxreuroroma pupa. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 9, a—e.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter plicatd, concentrice lineatd: spird obtust-
usculd, sub-conicd: anfractibus conveeiusculis ; postice plicatis, unico sulco angusto exaratis,
ad suturam aliquando lined elevatd filiform cinctis, aliquando granulatis ; costellis crebris
angustis, arcuatis, in ultimo anfractu obsoletis; lineis concentricis acutis, plus minusve
numerosis, costellas decussantibus: aperturd angustd, ovali, in canali brevi, obliquo
exeunti; labro leviter arcuato, intis plicato; sinu sub-trigono, profundo, in margine
collocato.
Var, a, testd graciliori ; spird acutiori.
Shell oblong, fusiform, with an elevated, somewhat obtuse, and nearly conical
spire, forming one half of the entire shell; whorls six or seven, slightly convex,
longitudinally plicated, concentrically lined, and separated by a conspicuous suture ;
the posterior margins are thickened round the sutural edge, and present a narrow,
concentric furrow, corresponding with the smaller extremity of the sinus, and finely
plicated ; the narrow space between this furrow and the suture is girt by a thickish,
elevated, thread-like line, generally simple, but sometimes—more especially in the
early whorls—decussated by the successive margins of the sinus, so as to present
a row of rather coarse granulations. ‘he longitudinal plications are numerous, and
curved ; they are slightly prominent on the shoulder, but become attenuated as
they pass over the middle of the whorl, and are frequently altogether lost on the last
whorl of the mature shell. The concentric lines are prominent, sharp, more or less
distant in different specimens, and feebly denticulated, where they cross the lon-
gitudinal plications. The aperture is of a narrowish, oval form, and terminates
in front in a short, but distinct and moderately wide, canal, to which the twisted
columella gives an oblique direction ; the outer lip is slightly arched, thin, and sharp
254 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
on the edge, and frequently, but not invariably, armed within with three or four
pliciform teeth ; the sinus is deep, three-cornered, and placed in the margin.
A variety occurs in which the shell is slenderer, and the spire more pointed.
Size.—Axis, 6-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than 2-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Barton, Highcliff, for the type; Bramshaw and Alum Bay (Stratum
No. 4, Prestwich), for the variety.
No. 176. Pieurotoma scapriuscuta. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 2, a—e.
PievuroToma DeEcussata, Lamk.? 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 267, No. 25.
P. testé sub-turritd, tuberculatd, omnino concentrice lineata: spird obtusiusculd, elatd,
in longitudine dimidium totius teste superanti: anfractibus convewxis, antice coarctatis,
ad humeros sub-angulatis, unicd serie tuberculorum instructis ; marginibus posticis declivis,
vie cavatis, granulato-marginatis ; lineis concentricis elevatis, sub-distantibus, simplicibus
vel leviter denticulatis; apertura obovatd, in canali lato, brevi terminatd ; lobro arcuato,
acuto, intis plicato ; sinu lato, profundo, sub-trigono, media in margine collocato.
Var. a, testa tuberculis verticaliter productis, costellas simulantibus.
Shell turriculated, tuberculated, and ornamented with concentric, raised lines,
which cover the whole surface: the spire, consisting of six or seven volutions, is
rather thick and elevated, forming a little more than one half of the entire shell. The
whorls are convex, slightly contracted in front, and bluntly angulated at the shoulders,
where they present a single row of small, oblong tubercles, more or less distant in
different individuals, and crossed by the concentric lines, two of which are generally more
prominent than the rest ; the posterior margins are moderately wide, gently depressed,
very slightly concave, and thickened and granulated round the sutural edge. The
concentric lines are prominent, sharp, and not very distant, varying in this respect in
different specimens ; they are generally simple and smooth on the edge, but sometimes
denticulated by the strongly marked lines of growth. The aperture is of a broadish,
oval shape, and terminates anteriorly in a wide and short, but distinct, canal; the
outer lip is much arched, sharp-edged, and plicated within ; the sinus is wide, deep,
somewhat triangular in form, and placed in the middle of the margin.
A variety occurs, rather plentifully, in which the spire is more pointed, and the
tubercles on the shoulders of the whorls are lengthened both in front and behind,
so as to form short, narrow ribs.
This shell presents so close a resemblance to P. decussata (Lamk.), that I am
reluctant to consider the two as specifically distinct. The French shell is generally
narrower, and the body-whorl is less contracted in front and more conical than in the
English specimens ; and M. Deshayes describes it as being much shorter than the
spire; but in a series of French specimens, for which I am indebted to the liberality
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 255
of that gentleman, the spire forms, ina majority of instances, very little more than half
of the length of the shell, and the diameter, in some individuals, is relatively greater
than that of the English shells. The tubercles are larger and coarser in the French
shells, and the plication within the outer lip is found in them, although that character
is not noticed by M. Deshayes.
The chief distinctions between the English and French shells appear to lie in
the more conical form of the whorls and the coarser tuberculation in the latter ;
but these distinctions give very different aspects to the shells, and I have not
ventured absolutely to refer the English shells to the French species, although they
may perhaps be fairly regarded as forming a local variety.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch (11 millim.) ; diameter, rather
more than 2-12ths of an inch (5 millim.).
Localities.—Highcliff (where it is rather abundant) and Barton.
No. 177. Pieurotoma verticittum. Ff. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig 3, a—e.
P. testd turriculatd, longitudinaliter costellatd, omnino concentrice lineatd: spiré
elata, acuminata: anfractibus planulatis, ad humeros angulatis, antice coarctatis ; mar-
ginibus posticis depressis, sub-rectis, vie cavatis, obscure lineatis, ad suturam granulatis ;
ultimo anfractu in canali brevi terminanti ; costellis crebris, arcuatis, acutis, fere ad
basin tendentibus ; lineis concentricis irregularibus, acutis, denticulatis: aperturd ovalt ;
labro arcuato, acuto, intis plicato ; sinu profundo, sub-trigono, anticd in margine collocato.
Var. testa costellis brevioribus, tuberculiformibus, ultimo anfractu obsoletis.
Shell turriculate, longitudinally ribbed, concentrically lined : spire pointed, elevated,
considerably exceeding the aperture in length ; whorls, eight or nine, flat-sided, slightly
angulated at the shoulders, and much contracted in front; the posterior margins
depressed, very slightly channeled, nearly straight, and most generally bordered round
the sutural edge by a row of small tubercles. The longitudinal ribs are numerous,
thin, sharp, and obliquely curved, and extend almost to the very front of the shell ;
the concentric lines are elevated and sharp, and cover the whole surface of the shell ;
over the margins of the whorls they are moderately close and regular; but over
the middle and front parts of the whorls they become more elevated, more distant,
and somewhat irregular, very fine lines occasionally intervening between the more
prominent ones; these concentric lines strongly decussate the longitudinal ribs,
rising into small, sharp tubercles at the points of decussation. The aperture is rather
widely oval, and terminates anteriorly in a short, but distinct, canal; the outer
lip is arched, and somewhat dilated in front; the inner lip narrow, but thick and
prominent ; and the sinus, which is three-cornered in shape, deep, and wide, is placed
in the front part of the margin.
Occasionally specimens occur in which the longitudinal ribs are lost on the last
256 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
whorl, and are much shortened on the earlier whorls, assuming the appearance of
oblong tubercles ; and the decussation by the concentric lines disappears.
The present species presents a close analogy with P. scabriuscula, with which
it may, especially in the young state, be readily confounded. On comparing adult
shells, however, it will be found that, in this species, the shell is wider, the spire
more pointed, the whorls less bluntly angulated at the shoulders, and more
depressed and more deeply channeled round the margin, giving a decidedly turreted
character to the spire; the whorls themselves are more numerous and _ shorter,
and, in the typical form, the sharp ribs and prominent concentric lines give a rougher
aspect to the surface. In the varieties a somewhat closer approximation will be
found in the ornamentation of the two species; but, in other respects, the charac-
teristic distinctions are preserved.
From P. constricta, the only other species with which it might be confounded,
it is separated by the depressed margins, and more sharply angulated shoulders
of the whorls, the more regular costellation, and the deep, narrow sinus of that species.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Barton, Highcliff; not common.
No. 178. Pievroroma constricta. F. EF. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 1, a—e.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter costellatd, concentrice lineata: spird
conoided, sub-acuminatd, aperturam in longitudine paullo superanti: anfractibus depresso-
convewis, ultimo anfractu in canali brevi, terminanti ; marginibus posticis leviter declivis,
canaliculatis, plicatis, ad suturam marginatis ; costellis crebris, angustis, obliquis ; lineis
concentricis, acutis, denticulatis: apertura oblongo-ovali; labro leviter arcuato; sinu
angusto, profundo, trigono, anticd in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically lined; the
spire, formed of seven or eight whorls, is rather conical, pointed, and moderately
elevated, barely exceeding the body-whorl in length; whorls flatly convex; the
posterior margins widely and deeply channeled, thickened at the sutural edges, and
bordered by a single sharp, prominently raised line; the surface of the marginal
furrow presents a series of prominent, curved plications, formed by the successive
margins of the advancing sinus. The longitudinal ribs are numerous, slender,
oblique, slightly curved, and extend almost to the very front of the whorl; the
concentric lines are sharp, prominent, more or less distant in different individuals,
and denticulated at the points where they cross the ribs. The aperture is of an
oblong-oval form, and terminates in front in a short, moderately wide, canal; the
outer lip is but slightly arched, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within; the sinus
is trigonal, narrow, very deep, and placed in the front part of the margin.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 257
The present species much resembles P. innewa, with which, in fact, at first sight,
it may be easily confounded; on a closer inspection, however, differences will be
detected which render it impossible to regard it as even a strongly-marked
variety of P. inneva. In the general form, P. constricta is a slenderer shell, with a
more pointed spire, and, instead of the shallow, obscure furrow, bordered by a row
of granulations which runs round the posterior margins of the whorls in P. iznera,
the present species presents a wide, conspicuous channel, defined by a sharp, elevated
ridge; the outer lip is much less arched, and is not thickened or plicated within,
and the sinus is deep, narrow, three-cornered, and placed in the front part of the
margin, instead of the wide, rounded sinus extending over the whole width of the
margin which characterises P. innewa.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Barton, Highcliff, Highgate.
No. 179. Preurotoma pyroota. F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 16, a—c.
P. testi sub-fusiformi, turritd, longitudinaliter obscure costulatd, concentrice sulcata :
anfractibus ad humeros carinatis, antice planulatis, sub-conicis, postice canaliculatis,
transversim lineatis, crenato-marginatis ; costellis antice bifurcatis, sub-obsoletis: apertura
oblongo-ovalt, in canali brevi exeunti ; labro intis plicifero ; sinu lato, sub-semicirculari, in
margine collocato.
Var. a. Testaé costellis distinctioribus, productioribus: anfractibus antice granoso-
lineatis, cetertim levibus.
Shell sub-fusiform, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically furrowed :
the spire, which consists of seven or eight volutions, exclusive of the smooth, conical
pullus, is moderately elevated, forming about one half of the entire shell ; the whorls
flat-sided, giving a nearly conical aspect to the anterior part of the shell, sharply
carinated at the shoulders, and having the posterior margins channelled and bordered
round the suture by a sharp, elevated line, simple or feebly crenulated, the concave
space between which and the shoulder is smooth; the keel on the shoulders is
notched with much regularity, presenting a row of oblong, somewhat oblique, rib-like
tubercles. These tubercles are prolonged anteriorly, and bifurcate, forming two
curved, narrow, obscure ribs, which are lost as they cross the middle of the whorls ;
the concentric furrows are shallow and wide, the intervening spaces becoming
gradually more elevated and sharper as they approach the base of the shell. The
aperture is of a narrow, elongated, oval form, and terminates in front in a short, wide
canal; the outer lip is slightly arched, somewhat thickened and plicated within ;
and the sinus, which extends over the whole margin, is wide and deep, and nearly
semicircular.
33
258 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Specimens occur, constituting a local variety, in which the ribs are more distant
and prominent, and extend to the very front of the shell; four or five distant, elevated,
concentric lines cross the whorl over the anterior canal, and are granulated at the
points where they are intersected by the lengthened ribs; elsewhere the whorls
are smocth.
A miocene shell, described by Brocchi (Murex reticulatus—Pleur. ramosa, Bast.),
presents a very close analogy with this Pleurotoma, as well in the general shape as in
the character of the ornamentation ; it is distinguishable, however, by the greater size
of the shell, which attains a length of nearly three inches, the greater narrowness
and the simple margins of the whorls, the relatively longer spire and shorter aperture,
the shape and position of the sinus, and the condition of the outer lip, which is
smooth within. A Pleurotoma also occurs in the nummulitic beds near Pau,
described by Rouault (Pleur. Tallavignesii), to which I have referred some shells from
Nuneham and Southend, and which, in the young state particularly, much resembles
the present species; but in that shell the whorls are more contracted in front; the
posterior margins spirally lined, wider, and not so depressed; the longitudinal
plications are more oblique, the lineation finer and more close; the anterior canal
longer ; the outer lip more arched ; and the sinus not so deep.
Size.—Axis, 10-12ths of an inch nearly; diameter, rather more than 3-12ths
of an inch.
Localities —Bramshaw, for the type; Brockenhurst, for the variety.
No. 180. PievroroMa BrevirostruM. Sow. Tab. XXIX, fig. 6, a, 3.
PLEUROTOMA BREVIROSTRUM. Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 120, t. 387, fig. 2.
— — Bronn. 1848. Index Paleont., p. 1002.
— — D’ Orb. 1852. Prodrome de Paléont., 25° Etaye, No. 411.
Nec PLEUROTOMA BREVIROSTRUM. Sism. 1847. Syn. Meth. Anim. Invert. Pedem. foss., p. 32.
nec _— — Bell. 1847. Pleurot. Foss, del Piem. (Mem. R. Accad. delle
Se. di Torino), p. 607, t. 4, fig. 9.
nec — — Naumann. 1853. Atlas zu sein. Lehrb. der Geogn., t. 70,
fig. 4.
P. testa elongata, angustd, turritd, longitudinaliter nodo-costata, concentrice lineata :
spird elevatd, acuminata : anfractibus medio angulatis ; marginibus posticis latis, declivis,
vie cavatis, sub-levibus, ad suturam incrassatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, antice coarctato ;
costis crassiusculis, brevibus; lineis concentricis filiformibus, sub-regularibus: apertura
obovatd, in canali brevi, mediocriter lato, leviter arcuato et retrorsum refleco exeuntt ;
sinu lato, profundo, subtrigono, media in margine collocato.
Shell narrow, elongate, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally lined: the
spire, which consists of nine volutions exclusive of the pullus, is pointed and much
elevated, forming nearly two thirds of the entire shell. The whorls are sharply
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 259
angulated at the shoulders, to which the last but one of the concentric lines, more
prominent than the others, gives the appearance of being carinated. By this keel-like
line, the whorl is nearly equally divided ; the anterior half, covered with the concentric
lines, is flat-sided; the posterior half, forming the margin of the whorl, is very
, slightly channelled, almost straight, and smooth, except where it presents obscure
curved lines, indicating the earlier outlines of the sinus, and is bordered round the
suture by a single coarsish, thread-like, raised line. The posterior margins slope
backwards, at an angle with the shoulders corresponding with that formed by the
anterior portion of the whorl, giving a regular zig-zag outline to the spire. The ribs
are moderately distant, not very broad, rounded, and short, barely extending to the
middle of the whorls ; the concentric lines are thread-like, rather thick, and separated
by concave furrows as wide as the lines; excepting the one on the shoulders, they
are nearly equal and regular. The aperture, which is of a widish-oval shape,
terminates in front in a short, slightly oblique, and not very wide canal, the anterior
extremity of which is a little bent backwards ; the outer lip, as indicated by the lines
of growth, is arched; and the sinus, which extends over the whole width of the
margin, is deep and subtrigonal in shape.
The wide, straight margins, angular shoulders, and zig-zag outline of the
whorls, which characterise this species, are not noticed in the description, nor
represented in the figure given in the ‘ Mineral Conchology.’ he present Pleurotoma,
as described and figured in that work, would appear to resemble a well-known
Miocene species (Murex oblongus, Brocchi, the Pleurotoma dubia, Jan.; P. obeliscus,
Des Moul.; and P. multinoda, Grat.); and this, probably, has misled Bellardi and
other continental authors into referring the Miocene shells to P. drevirostrum. In
these shells, however, the posterior margins of the whorls are narrow and concave,
the sides nearly parallel with the axis, the ribs long, extending to the front of the
whorls, and the anterior canal is very short and wide. P. brevirostrum, in fact,
more nearly resembles P. Lamarchki, Bell (P. semistriata of Partsch), a species
described by Hérnes as occurring in the Tertiary Beds of Germany ; and it agrees so
closely with some Miocene shells, from the neighbourhood of Vienna, in the British
Museum, that the latter cannot be regarded as specifically distinct. These shells
have been, I think incorrectly, referred to P. oblonga; they are smaller and narrower
than P. Lamarcki, and the margins of the whorls are not quite so concave, but they
may be, probably, a variety of that species.
The shell on which the present species was founded, and for the use of which I am
indebted to Mr. Sowerby, was presented to the late Mr. Sowerby by Lady Burgoyne,
by whom it was stated to have been found at Muddiford; Ido not know of any
other specimen having hitherto been found, although the beds at Muddiford, High-
cliff, and Barton have, probably, been explored more thoroughly than any other
Eocene deposit in England. The shell in question does not present the aspect of
260 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
shells from that locality ; and I am strongly inclined to think that by one of those
accidents, which the greatest care will not always prevent, a shell from the Miocene
beds of Germany or Italy has been mixed with Hampshire fossils, and that thus an
erroneous locality has been given. The matrix, unfortunately, has been entirely
removed, and this evidence is not available. Under these circumstances, I retain
the species, for the present, as one of the English Eocene Pleurotome, but with
niuch doubt.
Stze—Axis, 13 inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Locality. —Muddiford ?
No. 181. Prevroroma noputosa. JLamk. Tab. XXIX, fig. 7, a—c.
PievrotoMa NopDuLosA. Lamk. 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 170, No. 18.
= — — 1822. Histoire Naturelle, &c., vol. vii, p. 101, No. 25.
— — Desh. 1824-37. Deser. des Coq. foss., &e., vol. ii, p. 466,
t. 65, fig. 1I—14.
P. testé elongata, fusiformi, undique spiraliter lineatd: spird elevatd, acuminata :
anfractibus ad humeros angulatis, nodulosis ; lineis filiformibus, sub-regularibus ; nodulis,
obtusis, crassis, obliquis: ultimo anfractu per-brevi, postice concavo, antice depresso-convezo,
repente coarctato, in canali brevi, latiusculo, obliquo, terminanti: aperturd oblongo-ovalt ;
labro tenue, aliforme ; sinu latiusculo, paullo profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, having the whole surface covered with concentric raised
lines : spire pointed, produced, much exceeding the aperture in length ; whorls angulated
at the shoulders, where they present a series of blunt, thickish, rather oblong, tubercles,
somewhat distant from each other, very slightly oblique, and becoming feeble and
obscure on the last whorl; the posterior margins are a little concave. The last whorl
is very short, flatly convex at the sides, contracted rather suddenly in front, and termi-
nates in a short, and somewhat wide canal. The spiral lines are thickish, rounded,
thread-like, equal, and nearly regular ; the aperture is of an oblong-oval shape; the
outer lip thin, wing-like, projecting at the middle, and smooth within ; and the sinus,
which is placed in the margin, is rather wide, not very deep, and triangular in form.
Lamarck describes the concentric lines which ornament the French shells as very
thin; while in the English specimens the lineation is strong and coarse. This
difference in the character of the sculpture on the Eocene shells of the two countries is
not of unfrequent occurrence, and may be attributed to outward conditions only.
The sinus in the outer lip is described by Deshayes as being “narrow and deep ;”
but in a series of specimens from Grignon, for which I am indebted to that gentle-
man, the sinus corresponds pretty closely with that found in the English specimens.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 261
In all other respects the shells agree ; and I do not feel any doubt, therefore, as to the
accuracy of the identification.
With the Grignon specimens, I received some from Damery, in which the tubercles
are thin and compressed, resembling small, oblique ribs ; they form a variety, probably
not known to Deshayes at the date of his work above cited, and therefore not noticed
by him. Our English shells present the thick rounded tubercles characteristic of the
type, and from which the specific name was taken.
Size.—My specimens have not attained the size of the French shells; of the
largest the axis is 9-12ths of an inch nearly (18 millim.); the diameter 3°5-12ths of an
inch nearly (7 millim.).
Localities.—Stubbington. French: Grignon, Parnes, Courtagnon, Damery (fide
Desh.) ; Lattainville (fide Graves).
No. 182. Preuroroma Noposaria. £7 2. Edwards, Tab. XXIX, fig. 8 a, 4.
P. testé turritd, tuberculo-costaté, spiraliter lineatd : spird acuminata, elevatd: anfrac-
tibus convexis, ad humeros sub-angulatis ; marginibus posticis depressis, vie canaliculatis,
ad suturam lined elevatd cinctis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, autice valde coarctato, in canalem
brevem producto ; lineis spiralibus ewilibus, proeminentibus, sub-distantibus : aperturd
ovata ; labro parum arcuato ; sinu lato, sub-semicirculari, anticd in margine collocato.
Shell narrow, turreted, ribbed, concentrically lined: spire pointed, produced,
much exceeding the last whorl in length: whorls convex on the sides, rather bluntly
angulated at the ‘shoulders, and crowned with a row of small, oval-shaped, vertical
tubercles, impressed by the concentric lines ; the posterior margins are depressed, very
slightly furrowed, almost straight, and bordered round the suture by a single slender
raised line ; the spiral lines are slender, very prominent, and rather distant. The last
whorl is short, and somewhat suddenly contracted towards the front, and terminates
in a short, narrowish canal. The aperture is ovate ; the outer lip slightly arched, and
the sinus wide, nearly semicircular, and placed in the very front of the margin.
I possess but an imperfect specimen of this species, but the characters are so
distinct that it appears worthy of being recorded.
Size.—Axis, 5-12ths of an inch ; diameter 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality. Southampton.
No. 183. Prevroroma unpata. Lamk. Tab. XXIX, fig. 11, a, 6.
PLevRotoMA uNDATA. Lamk. 1604. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 169, No. 9.
— — Lamk. 1822. Hist. nat., &c., vol. vii, p. 99, No. 14.
--- — Desh. 1824-37. Descr. des Coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 456; t. 63,
figs. 11—13; t. 64, figs. 21—23.
262 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Nec Pinvrotoma uNDATA. Bast. 1825. Mem. Géol. sur les Env. de Bordeaux, p. 64, No. 7.
nec _— — V. Hauer. 1837. Fossth. imtert. Becken vy. Wien. Jahrb., p. 419,
No. 98.
nec — — Grat. 1838. Cat. Zool., &c., du Bass de la Gironde, p. 46, No. 394.
nec _— — Grat. 1840. Conchyl. foss., &c., du Bass. de l’Adour (Atlas
Pleurot., t. 2, fig. 36).
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, lineis spiralibus costulisque longitudinalibus
ornatd: spird acuminatd: anfractibus convexiusculis, postice sub-canaliculatis ; lineis
concentricis crassiusculis, depressis, numerosis, undatis ; costulis undatis, variis: apertura
angusto-ovatd, antice in canali brevi exeunti; labro tenuissimo, arcuato ; sinu latiusculo,
marginibus sub-parallelis, anticd in margine collocato.
Shell oblong, fusiform, somewhat turreted, ornamented with spiral lines and
longitudinal ribs; the spire pointed, produced, always exceeding the last whorl in
length ; whorls eight or nine (exclusive of a smooth, conical pullus of three volutions),
convex, short, and bluntly angular on the shoulders. The posterior margins are
slightly channelled; the sutural edges, in the young shells, are frequently bordered by a
single row of small, roundish tubercles, which disappear on the fourth or fifth whorl,
and the edges then become feebly and distantly crenulated, or they present three or
four prominent, thread-like lines. The concentric lines are numerous, irregular, fine
and thread-like over the margins, rather thick and depressed over the middle and
front parts of the whorl, and slightly wavy on the last whorl; the longitudinal ribs
are short, oblique, curved, and very variable in different specimens, both in size and
number, sometimes being moderately large and distant, sometimes small and crowded.
The aperture is of an oblong-oval form, and terminates in front in a short, somewhat
narrow, and nearly straight canal; the outer lip is very thin, much arched, and
expanded towards the middle; the sinus is moderately wide, deep, with nearly parallel
margins, and placed in the very front of the margin, immediately behind the shoulder.
The transverse lineation in the English specimens is, as is not unfrequently the
case, of a coarser character than that found in the French shells; and there is also a
slight difference in the condition of the posterior margins. These variations, however,
do not appear to be of sufficient importance to justify the separation of the English
shells.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 2-12ths (30 millim.); diameter, nearly 5-12ths of an inch
(10 millim.).
Localities—Stubbington ; French: Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon (fide
Desh.), Saint-Felix, Ully-Saint-Georges (fide Graves), la Vallée de l’Aisne (fide
Melleville).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 263
No. 184. Prevroroma sracuEta. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, figs. 9, a, 4.
P. testd parva, sub-fusiformi, turritd, longitudinaliter costata, concentrice lineata :
spira obtusiusculd aperturam in longitudine paullo superanti: anfractibus planulatis,
ad humeros angulatis, postice concavis, et unicd serie nodulorum munitis; ultimo
anfractu valde coarctato, in canalem breviusculum producto ; costis numerosis, obliquis,
angustis, fere ad basin tendentibus ; lineis concentricis sub-distantibus, acutis, irregu-
laribus: apertura angustd, ovali; labro leviter arcuato, intis prope sinum calloso ; sinu
lato, brevi, in margine collocato.
Shell small, fusiform, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, concentrically lined: the
spire rather thick, and moderately elevated, being a little longer than the aperture : the
whorls flat-sided, angulated at the shoulders ; the posterior margins narrow, channelled,
and furnished with a single row of largish round knobs, alternating with the ribs ;
the last whorl is much contracted in front, and ends in a wide, somewhat short, and
oblique canal. The longitudinal ribs are moderately thick, rounded on the surface,
separated by concave spaces as wide as the ribs, oblique, tapering towards the front,
and extending to the anterior canal; the concentric lines are distant, prominent, and
thread-like. The aperture is of a narrow, oval shape; the outer lip slightly arched,
starp on the edge, thickened within near the apex of the sinus, and presenting two
transverse, oblong callosities, similar to those which characterise P. callifera; the
sinus is shallow, rounded, and wide, extending over the whole of the posterior
margin.
The only specimen I possess has probably not attained its full growth, but it
presents an union of characters which distinguishes it from all its congeners. It is
apparently very rare.
Size.— Axis, 3°5-12ths of an inch; diameter, 1°5-12ths of an inch.
Locality.— Barton.
No. 185. Pxrevroroma sinponata. F. #. Eiwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 12, a, 6.
P. testé parva, gracil, fusiform, undique spiraliter lineatd, clathratd: spird sub-
conicad, acuminata: anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros sub-carinatis, postice plicatis,
marginatis; lines spiralibus elevatis, filiformibus, irregularibus, supra margines fere obsoletis ;
lined unicd humeros cingenti eminentiori, in juventd denticulatd : aperturd ovali, antice in
canalt indistincto exeunti ; labro leviter arcuato, ad marginem posticam late sinuato.
A small, slender, fusiform shell, spirally lined, and having an elevated, nearly conical
and pointed spire, formed of six or seven volutions ; the whorls very slightly convex
and sharply keeled round the shoulders; the posterior margins wide, sloping gently
264 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
backwards, slightly channelled, a little thickened on the sutural edge, and bordered by
a thickish raised line, the space between which and the shoulder is ornamented with a
series of rather closely set, curved plications, formed by the successive margins of the
sinus. The spiral lines are very faint, scarcely visible to the naked eye, over the
margins of the whorls, but elevated, thread-like, and irregular over the middle and
front parts, where they are strongly decussated by the lines of growth, which are
prominent and regular; the surface of the whorls is finely cancellated by these
decussating lines, suggesting the idea of the shell being covered with very
fine linen; whence the name. The posterior line, girding the shoulders, is more
elevated than the rest, giving the whorls the appearance of being sharply carinated ;
on the early whorls this posterior line is broken into oblong denticulations, which
disappear as the shell approaches maturity. The aperture is of an oval form, and
terminates in front in a short, wide canal; the outer lip is slightly arched, and
presents a moderately deep sinus, extending across the margin, and somewhat
triangular in form.
This very pretty shell appears to be quite distinct ; it is rare.
Size —Axis, 5-12ths of an inch nearly ; diameter, not quite 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Stubbington.
No. 186. PLEurRoroma GraNutata. Lamk. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 4, a—e.
PLEUROTOMA GRANULATA. Lamk, 1804. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 266, No. 21; vol. vii,
t. 13, fig. 4, a, 6.
— — Lamk. 1822. Hist. nat., &c., vol. vii, p. 101, No. 26.
_ — Desh. 1824-37. Descr. des Coq. foss., &c., vol. ii, p. 476; t. 67,
figs. 1—3.
Non PLEUROTOMA GRANULATUM. PAil. 1851. Tert. foss. Magdeb. (Paleeontograph., vol. 1,
p- 67, No. 127; t. 9, fig. 13).
Var. rormosa (Charlesw.). P. testa clongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter
granulato-costellatd, concentrice lineata: spird productd, dimidium totius teste in longitudine
paullulo superanti: anfractibus convexiusculis, sub-angulatis, postice sub-canaliculatis, ad
suturam granulatis ; costellis numerosis, undosis, fere ad basin tendentibus ; lineis concen-
fricis crebris, duabus vel tribus lineis posticis proeminentioribus : apertura oblongo-ovali,
in canal brevi, latiusculo exeunti ; labro aliforme; sinu lato, sub-semicirculari, in margine
collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, ornamented with numerous longitudinal, narrow ribs,
which are crossed by concentric, raised lines, and thickened into small, round knobs at
the points of intersection, imparting a granulated character to the surface: the spire,
formed of seven or eight volutions, is rather obtuse, and moderately elevated, somewhat
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 265
exceeding the aperture in length. The whorls are slightly convex; the posterior
margins somewhat depressed and concave. giving a turriculate aspect to the spire; a
single row of roundish or slightly oblique, oblong granulations runs round the sutural
margin, the space between which and the shoulder is nearly equally divided by a
raised line granulated by the prolongation of the costellae over the margins; the
costella, which are more or less curved in different individuals, extend a little beyond
the middle of the whorls, and gradually attenuate as they recede from the shoulders ;
the concentric lines are prominent, numerous, and irregular ; the two lines on the
shoulder and on the margin being more elevated than the rest. The aperture is of an
oblong, oval shape, and terminates in front in a short, moderately wide canal; the
outer lip is thin, sharp on the edge, and wing-shaped; and the sinus, which is wide
and nearly semicircular, occupies the whole breadth of the margin.
This Pleurotoma is one of the shells figured under the superintendence of Mr.
Charlesworth, for the British Natural History Society, and the elegant ornamentation
which characterises it, well merits the epithet selected for a specific name. The shell,
however, in its general form and the character of the ornamentation, so closely
resembles P. granulata (Lamk.), that it is difficult, if not impossible, satisfactorily to
separate the two. It will be found, on comparison, that the English shell is broader,
the spire not so pointed, and proportionately shorter, and the aperture, consequently,
relatively longer than in the French shell. These distinctions may fairly be attributed
to external conditions, and I therefore regard the English shell not as a separate
species, but merely as a strongly marked local variety of P. granulata.
Size.—Axis, 5-12ths of an inch nearly (10 millim.); diameter, 2-12ths of an inch
(4 millim.)
Localities.—Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestwich); Highcliff, where it
occurs in such profusion that it may be regarded as one of the characteristic shells of
that deposit ; and Bracklesham Bay. French: Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon
(fide Desh.), Monneville, Varinfroy (fide Graves).
No. 187. Pievroroma Heavonensis. F. HL. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 17, a—c.
Pievroroma Heaponensis. (Edw. MSS.) Morris. 1856. Forbes’s Tert. Fluv. Mar. Format.,
&c.; Mem. Geol. Surv., p. 155, t. 5, fig. 4.
P. testé gracili, fusiformi, longitudinaliter semi-costellatd, spiraliter sulcatd: spiré
elevatd, longitudine dimidium totius teste paulo superanti: anfractibus convexiusculis,
postice unico sulco profundo exaratis, ad suturam marginatis ; costellis numerosis, per-
brevibus, angustis, obliquis ; sulcis spiralibus regularibus, sub-distantibus : apertura elongato-
ovali, in canali latiusculo, brevi, exeunti; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu sub-triangulari, lato,
minime profundo.
34
266 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Shell slender, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically furrowed ; spire
pointed, elevated, forming rather more than half of the whole shell; whorls, six or
seven, flatly convex; slightly thickened at the posterior edge, and bordered by a
spiral, sharp, elevated, ridge-like line, which runs round the sutural margin, the
space between which and the shoulder presents a deep, round furrow, obliquely
plicated by the successive margins of the sinus. The longitudinal ribs are numerous,
oblique, rounded, and very short, barely extending to the middle of the whorl,
and frequently altogether lost on the last whorl; the spiral furrows are regular,
moderately distant, and rather deep. The aperture is of a lengthened, ovate form,
and terminates in front in a short, but distinct, and moderately wide, canal ; the sinus
is somewhat three-cornered in shape, wide, but not very deep, and placed in the
margin.
Size.—Axis, 3-10ths of an inch ; diameter, 1-Sth of an inch.
Localities.—Headon Hill, Colwell Bay, Hordwell (Upper Marine formation),
Lyndhurst ; and Whitecliff Bay (fide Forbes).
No. 188. Pxiruroroma vicina. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 10, a, 4.
P. testa parva, politd, gracili, fusiformi, omnino concentrice crebri-sulcatd: spird
sub-conicd: anfractibus planulato-convexis, in juventd costellatis et sub-angulatis ; mar-
ginibus posticis declivis, viv cavatis, plicatis, unicd lined elevatd prope suturam cinctis :
apertura angustd, ovali, antice in canali brevi, lato exeunti; labro acuto, arcuato ; sinu
lato, sub-trigono, anticd in margine collocato.
Shell small, polished, slender, fusiform, ornamented with numerous, close-set,
shallow furrows: the spire elevated, forming rather more than half of the shell ;
the whorls, six or seven, very slightly convex; the posterior margins, which slope
gently backwards, are nearly straight, giving a sub-conical shape to the spire, and are
girt round the suture by a single elevated, ridge-like line, in front of which appears a
series of numerous curved plications formed by the successive margins of the sinus.
The early whorls are obliquely ribbed and slightly angulated at the shoulders, but
both these characters disappear as the shell approaches maturity. The aperture
is of a narrow, oval shape, and terminates in front in a short, wide canal; the outer
lip is sharp on the edge, arched, projecting most towards the anterior extremity ; and
the sinus, which is wide, moderately deep, and sub-trigonal in form, is placed in the
very front of the margin.
This shell very closely resembles P. H[eadonensis, of which it may perhaps prove
to be merely a variety. It is distinguished by the more slender form, the shorter
spire, the more closely furrowed and less convex whorls, the absence of the costellz,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 267
except in the young state, and the nearly straight margins of the whorls instead
of the deeply furrowed margins which characterise that species.
Size.—Axis, 4-12ths of an inch; diameter, 1-8th of an inch.
Locality.— Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich); rare.
No. 189. Preuroroma turpis. Ff. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 2, a—e.
P. testa elongata, fusiform, spiraliter sulcatd, in juventd costellatd: spird productd,
bitrientes totius teste in longitudine fere equanti: anfractibus convexiusculis ; ad humeros
angulatis ; postice declivis, late cavatis, ad suluram crenulatis; ultimo anfractu antice
sensim attenuato, in canali perbrevi terminato; sulcis spiralibus crebris, undulatis,
obscuris: apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro arcuato, acuto; sinu sub-triangulari, lato, medio-
criter profundo, in margine collocato.
Shell long, fusiform, spirally sulcated, and, in the young state, longitudinally
ribbed ; the spire much produced, forming nearly two third parts of the whole shell ;
whorls, seven or eight, slightly convex, angulated at the shoulders; the posterior
margins slope gently backwards, are plicated round the sutural edge, and are deeply
channeled, imparting somewhat of a turreted character to the spire; the body-whorl
tapers towards the front with so gradual a contraction as to be almost conical. In the
young shell the whorls present rather numerous, nearly straight ribs, which are lost
about the fourth or fifth whorl. The spiral furrows are shallow, close-set, slightly
undulating, obscure, and frequently decussated by the lines of growth. The aperture
is a lengthened, ovate form, and terminates in front in a short, wide, indistinct canal ;
the outer lip is arched, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within; and the sinus is three-
cornered in shape, not very deep, and wide, extending across the whole width of the
margin.
This Pleurotoma presents a general resemblance to P. pyrgota; the latter species,
however, may be easily distinguished by the finely crenulated and more sharply
angulated shoulders of the whorls and the prominent, ridge-like line which borders
the suture.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 1] inch; diameter, 1-3d of an inch.
Localities.—Clarendon, Southampton.
No. 190. Prevroroma susuta. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 13, a, 6.
P. testa subulatd, spiraliter obsolete lineatd, fere levi: spird elaté, sub-conicd :
anfractibus antice planiusculis, postice cavatis, ad suturam sub-incrassatis, marginatis ;
268 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Tineis spiralibus parum eminentibus, undulatis, supra margines posticas exilissimis, crebris,
ceteris distantioribus : aperturd oblongo-ovali (2), in canali brevi exeunti ; labro sub-recto ;
sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, sub-trigono, media in margine collocato.
Shell subulate, concentrically obscurely lined, almost smooth; spire nearly
conical, elevated, equalling the aperture in length; whorls six (exclusive of a rather
large, smooth pullus), depressedly convex, with gently sloping margins, widely chan-
nelled, slightly thickened round the suture, and girt by a narrow, raised band,
rounded on the upper surface, and traversed by a single, faint, elevated line; the last
whorl is much contracted in front, and terminates in a wide, short, but distinct, canal.
The spiral lines are very faint, nearly obsolete, scarcely detracting from the otherwise
smooth surface of the shell; over the margins they are close-set, but become more
distant over the middle and front parts of the whorls. The aperture is concealed
by the matrix, but, apparently, it is of a lengthened oval shape; the outer lip, as
displayed by the lines of growth, is but slightly arched, nearly straight ; and the sinus,
which extends almost across the margin, is wide, moderately deep, and somewhat
triangular in form.
The specimen figured is the only one I possess of this Pleurotoma; the nearly
smooth surface, and tapering, conical spire, associated with the short, anterior canal
and marginal sinus, distinguish it, however, from all its congeners.
Size.—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch nearly ; diameter, not quite 3-12ths of an inch.
Locality.— Basingstoke.
No. 191. Preuroroma utssa. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 5, a, 4.
P. testdé brevi, lata, fusiformi, costellatd, concentrice obsolete sulcati, politd: spird
sub-conicd, dimidium totius teste vix a@quanti: anfractibus planulato-convewis, postice
canaliculatis, levibus, marginatis ; ultimo anfractu antice coarctato, in canalem brevis-
simum producto ; sulcis transversis rotundatis, distantibus, sulcis anterioribus perspicuis,
ceteris obsoletis: apertura obovatda ; labro arcuato, acuto ; sinu lato, fere semicirculart, in
margine collocato.
Shell short, wide, fusiform, with a smooth, shining surface, longitudinally ribbed,
concentrically furrowed ; spire rather short, barely equalling the aperture in length ;
whorls, six exclusive of the pullus, flatly convex on the sides ; the posterior margins
smooth, deeply furrowed, and bordered round the sutural edge by a thick, raised band
rounded on the upper surface ; the last whorl is slightly contracted in the front, and
produced into a short, very wide, canal ; the longitudinal ribs are vertical, short, thick,
rounded, smooth on the upper surface, and separated by spaces equalling the ribs
in breadth; the ribs themselves are lost on the last whorl of the mature shell ; the
concentric furrows are rather wide ; they are rounded and perspicuous over the canal
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 269
and front part of the whorl, but become obsolete over the middle and upper parts,
so as not to detract from the otherwise smooth and shining surface. The aperture is
of a narrowish, oval form ; the outer lip arched, projecting slightly towards the front,
thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within ; and the sinus wide, nearly semicircular, and
extending across the whole width of the margin.
The characters of this Pleurotoma are sufficiently well marked to merit distinction.
Although presenting a close resemblance to Plewrotoma tereticosta in the general
appearance, yet the smooth and shining surface of the shell, the more obtuse spire, the
greater width of the whorls, the thicker and more distant ribs, the more conical
form of the body-whorl, and the different condition of the sinus, separate the two
species.
Size.—Axis, 5-]2ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Potter’s Bar. .
No. 192. Prevroroma Fisnert. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 14, a, 4.
P. testé elongata, turriculatd, longitudinaliter costatd, concentrice lineatd: spird
productd, acuminata: anfractibus brevibus, convewis, ad humeros angulatis; marginibus
posticis latis, depressis, paululo cavatis, ad suturam tuberculatis ; cetertim levibus ; ultimo
anfractu sub-conico ; costellis latiusculis, rotundatis ; lineis concentricis antice distantibus ;
supra partes medianas anfractium numerosioribus, irregularibus ; supra margines posticas
obsoletis: apertura ovali, in canali brevi, lato exeunti; sinu lato, sub-trigono, anticad im
margine collocato.
Shell long, narrow, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally lined; the spire
pointed and much produced, forming nearly two thirds of the whole length of the
shell. The whorls, seven or eight without the pullus, are short, angular at the
shoulders, and nearly conical in front; the posterior margins wide, depressed, a little
concave, and smooth, except on the sutural edge, where they present a single row
of rather large and distant rhomboidal knobs, divided by a transverse furrow across
the middle. The longitudinal ribs are short, broad, nearly vertical, rounded on
the upper surface, and separated by concave spaces as wide as the ribs, which,
in the last whorl, become reduced to oblong tubercles. The transverse lines are
sharp and elevated, distant, and separated by smooth, flat spaces over the front of the
whorls, but they become more numerous and irregular as they ascend the whorl from
the middle towards the shoulder, and are altogether lost on the posterior margins.
The mouth is of an oval form, and terminates in front in a wide and short, but
distinct canal; the outer lip is thin, sharp-edged, and slightly arched, and the sinus,
which is placed in front of the margin, is wide and somewhat triangular in shape.
This Pleurotoma approaches most nearly to P. gomphoidea, but the more turreted
270 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
spire, the short, nearly conical whorls, the broad, upright ribs, the distant, transverse
lineation, and the short, anterior canal, render it easily distinguishable. I dedicate
the species to the Rev. Osmond Fisher, the rector of Elmstead, near Colchester,
a zealous and indefatigable fellow-labourer in this branch of Eocene Paleontology,
to whose researches I am indebted for the discovery of the locality from which
the species has been obtained.
Size.—Axis, not quite 5-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch nearly.
Locality — Brook (New Forest).
No. 193. Pievroroma Tattavienesut. Rouault. Tab. XXXII], fig. 9, a, 4.
PLEvRoTOMA TALLAVIGNESII. JRowaulé, 1848. Descr. des Foss. du Terr. Eocéne des Eny.
de Pau; (Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. iii, 2d ser.,
p. 482, t. 16, figs. 18, 19.)
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd, transversim irregulariter lineata, longitudinaliter
costellatd : anfractibus converiusculis, angulatis ; postice concavis, ad suturam marginatis ;
costellis numerosis, angustis, obliquis, bifurcatis ; aperturd elongato-angustd, in canalem
rectum longiusculum producta ; labro arcuato ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, turreted, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically lined ;
the spire moderately elevated, not equalling the last whorl in length: the whorls
rather deep and slightly convex, almost flat-sided, and sharply angulated at the
shoulders ; the posterior margins wide, slanting, concave, and thickened along the
sutural edge, where they present either three or four prominent, raised lines, or
a narrow, ribbon-like band, sometimes bisected by a concentric furrow: the whole
surface between the suture and the shoulders is ornamented by a series of curved
plications, caused by the successive edges of the advancing sinus. The longitudinal
ribs are numerous, narrow, oblique, much curved, and short, not extending beyond
the middle of the whorls; they are not very prominent, and most frequently bifurcate
shortly after their origin on the shoulders ; the last whorl is much produced in front,
where it forms a longish and moderately wide canal. The aperture is of a lengthened
oval form; the outer lip is much arched, and presents in the posterior margin a
widely sub-trigonal sinus.
The present species affords another instance of the identity of forms hitherto
found only in the Lower Eocene deposits in England with forms characteristic of
the Nummulitic Beds of France; but the English specimens agree so well with the
figures and description given by Rouault, and more especially with his Var. a, that,
the identity can scarcely be questioned.
I have already pointed out the differences between the present species and
P. pyrgota, the only English Pleurotoma which resembles it.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 271
Size.—If the shell were perfect the axis would be about 1 inch and 4-12ths
(34 millim.); diameter, 5-12ths of an inch (11 millim. nearly).
Localities —Southend, Nuneham. /rench: Bos d’Arros (fide Rovault.
Additional Species*.—Subdivision a. Canal elongated.
No. 194. Prevroroma Lenonu. ouault. Tab. XXXI, fig. 13, a, 4.
Pievrotoma Levonit. Rouwault. 1848. Foss. du Terr. Eocéne des Env. de Pau; (Mém. Soe.
Geol. de France, vol. iii, 2d ser., p. 485, t. 16, fig. 26.)
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, transversim lineatd, longitudinaliter costellatd : anfractibus
convexiusculis ; marginibus posticis declivis, ad suturam leviter crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu
spiram in longitudine superanti; costellis obliquis, angustis ; lineis transversis tenuibus,
erebris, sub-regularibus : aperturd ovato-angustd, in canalem longum, angustum, sub-rectum,
productd ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, in margine collocato.
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and ornamented with concentric,
raised lines ; the spire is moderately produced, not equalling the last whorl in length.
The whorls are slightly convex, with rather wide, slanting margins, slightly thickened,
and very finely crenulated by the lines of growth along the sutural edge. The
longitudinal ribs are rather prominent, narrow, not very distant, oblique, and curved,
corresponding with the lines of growth, short in front, barely passing beyond the
middle of the whorls, but reaching backwards to the very suture; the concentric
lines extend over the ribs, and are fine, close-set, regular, and nearly equal. The
aperture is of a narrow, ovate form, and terminates in front in a long, narrow, and
nearly straight canal; the sinus is wide, sub-trigonal, and placed in the margin.
The English shells agree so well with the description and figures given by Rouault,
that there does not appear to be any reasonable doubt of their identity with the
species described by that author.
Size.—Axis, 7-12ths of an inch, nearly (14 millim.); diameter, 2-12ths of an inch
(4°5 millim.)
Localities.—Highgate Archway. French; Bos d’Arros (fide Rowault).
No. 195. Pxrevroroma macrura. LF. 2. Hdwards. Tab. XXXIIL, fig. 8.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter costellatd, omnino concentrice
lineata: spird breviusculd, in longitudine trientem totius teste vix superanti: anfractibus
* The following three species, Nos. 194, 195, and 196, have been obtained since the publication
of the first subdivision of the section distinguished by the sinus being placed in the margin; they are now
added in order that the present monograph may contain descriptions of all the known English Pleurotome.
272 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
convexiusculis, postice concavis, oblique plicatis ; ultimo anfractu antice in canalem rectum,
prelongum producto ; costellis numerosis, rotundatis, brevibus ; lineis transversis confertis,
supra partes anticas et medianas anfractium inequalibus, supra margines posticas tenuibus,
regularibus : apertura obovatd : labro leviter arcuato in margine late sinuato.
Shell long, fusiform, somewhat turreted, ribbed, and ornamented with concentric,
raised lines, which cover the whole surface. The spire is pointed and short, scarcely
exceeding one third of the whole length of the shell, The whorls are slightly convex,
and bear on the shoulders a single row of rather closely set, short, oblique ribs,
rounded on the upper surface, and separated by concave spaces as wide as the ribs ;
the posterior margins are broadly furrowed, and present a series of fine, curved
plications, caused by the successive margins of the sinus; the last whorl is much
contracted in front, and produced into a very long, straight canal. The transverse
lines over the front and middle parts of the whorls are close-set, prominent,
unequal, thickish, thread-like lines alternating with slender ones; over the posterior
margins the concentric lines are very fine, numerous, equal, and granulated by the
marginal plications. The aperture is of an oblong-oval form; the outer lip but
slightly arched; and the sinus, which is placed towards the front of the margin,
is wide, sub-trigonal, and not very deep.
This species appears to be very rare; and although my specimens are rather
crushed, the long, narrow beak is too remarkable to be passed without notice.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 1-12th nearly ; diameter, 4-1 2ths of an inch.
Locality.—Finchley.
No. 196. PLeurotoma cocuus. Ff. #. Hdwards. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 6.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd: spird acuminata: anfractibus conveais, brevibus,
ad humeros obtuse angulatis ; postice late excavatis, marginalis, transversim subtilissime
lineatis, cetertin levibus ; ultimo anfractu repente coarctato, in canalem longum producto :
apertura obovatd ; labro aleformi ; sinu profundo, sub-trigono, media in margine collocato.
A long, fusiform, turreted shell; with a much-produced, pointed spire, formed of
nine or ten whorls: the whorls are convex, and obtusely angulated at the shoulders ;
the posterior margins remarkably wide, depressed, broadly furrowed, and orna-
mented with numerous, close-set, very fine, concentric, raised lines, nearly regular and
equal, except those near the sutural edge, where five or six concentric lines, thicker
and more prominent than the others, form a border round the suture; the middle
and front parts of the whorls are smooth; the last whorl much contracted and
produced in front into a long, straight canal. The aperture is of an oblong-oval
form; the outer lip wing-shaped, projecting towards the front ; and the sinus, which
is placed in the middle of the margin, is deep and triangular.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 273
This Pleurotoma, which is remarkable for the smooth surface and the short,
cup-like form of the whorls, appears to be quite distinct; it presents a close
resemblance to P. regularis (Van Bened.); but it is narrower, with a more pointed
spire ; and the whorls are shorter, wider, and with more depressed margins.
Size-—The extremity of the anterior canal is broken off; the axis of the perfect
shell would be nearly 3 inches and 1-4th; diameter, 9-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Shinfield.
Section I (Shells fusiform) continued.
B.—Sinus on the shoulder of the whorl.
a. Canal elongated.
No. 197. Pxreurotoma aspera. F. &. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 14, a, 6.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, sub-turritd, lineis elevatis longitudinalibus spiralibusque
sese decussantibus undique asperald: spird elevatd: anfractibus antice planulatis, ad
humeros obtuse carinatis, postice cavatis, marginatis ; ultimo anfractu in canalem longum
contortum, recurvum, producto; carind tenioleformi, denticulatd: lineis longitudinalibus
acutlis undatis ; lineis spiralibus pre-eminentibus, denticulatis; apertura oblongo-ovatd ;
labro leviter arcuato, acuto, intis plicato ; sinu oblongo, profundo, ad humerum collocato.
Shell oblong, fusiform, with a turreted, pointed spire, rather elevated, nearly
equalling the aperture in length; the whole surface ornamented with numerous
sharp, undulating, longitudinal, raised lines, decussated by concentric, raised lines,
more prominent than the longitudinal lines, and denticulated at the points of
decussation, imparting a rough character to the shell. The whorls are flat-sided,
girt round the shoulders by a narrow, slightly raised, ribbon-like band, which gives to
them the appearance of being obtusely keeled; and the posterior margins are concave,
slightly thickened at the edge, and bordered by a sharp, elevated line, which runs
round the suture; the band on the shoulders presents a series of narrow, vertical
tubercles, corresponding with the longitudinal lines. The aperture is of an oblong-
ovate form, and terminates in front in a long, narrowish, slightly curved canal,
bent backwards at the anterior extremity ; the outer lip is a little arched, thin, and
sharp on the edge, thickened and strongly plicated within; and the sinus, which
is placed on the shoulder, is oblong and very deep, with nearly parallel margins.
Occasionally specimens occur in which the posterior margins of the whorls,
between the sutural ridge and the shoulders, are smooth ; others, in which the margins
, 35
274 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
are covered by numerous very fine, closely set lines, either perfectly simple or feebly
decussated by the longitudinal lines; and again, others in which the longitudinal
lines are almost obsolete.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Barton, Highcliff.
No. 198. Pxrevrotoma conirera. Ff. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 3, a, 6.
P. testa angustd, elongato-fusiforii, sub-turrita, undique spiraliter lineata: spird
elevatd, acuminata: anfractibus ad humeros sub-angulatis, in juventa tuberculatis, deinde
angusta teniold cinctis ; postice leviter cavatis, marginatis ; antice planulatis, sub-conicis ;
ultimo anfractu in canalem latum, mediocriter longum, reflecum producto ; lineis spiralibus
elevatis, filiformibus, confertis, sepe irregularibus: apertura sub-quadratd ; labro ad
humerum sinuato; sinu latiusculo, profundo, sub-trigono; columella contortd, antice
cristata.
Shell narrow, elongated, fusiform, sub-turreted, and ornamented with concentric
raised lines; the spire pointed, elevated, rather exceeding the aperture in length ;
the whorls, seven or eight, exclusive of a small, smooth, sharply conical pullus of
three volutions, are slightly channelled along the posterior margins, bluntly angulated
at the shoulders, flatly convex at the sides, and tapering gradually towards the base ;
in the young state they present at the angle a row of small, vertical tubercles, but this
ornament is lost on the third or fourth whorl, and is thence replaced by a narrow,
smooth, ribbon-like band; the posterior margins are thickened round the sutural
edge, which is crenulated and bordered by two spiral lines more prominent than the
other marginal lines. The last whorl is produced in front into a long, wide canal,
curved by the columella, and having the anterior extremity slightly bent backwards ;
the flattened sides and tapering form of the whorls impart to the spire the appearance
of a succession of inverted cones, gradually diminishing in size, each being half con-
cealed by the succeeding one. The elevated spiral lines are numerous and thread-
like ; sometimes they are regular and equal in size, but more frequently a very fine line
intervenes between two thicker lines ; and they are generally roughened by the prominent
lines of growth. ‘The aperture is sub-quadrate; the outer lip but little arched, thin,
sharp-edged, and smooth within; the sinus is placed on the shoulder and is deep,
rather narrow, and triangular in form; the columella is slightly twisted, and at the
anterior extremity presents a small crest caused by the reflexion of the canal.
The present species appears to be well-marked; I do not know of any other
Pleurotoma resembling it in the peculiar form of the spire, or in the elegant con-
centric lineation which adorns it. It is rare.
Size.—Axis, 10-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities.— Bracklesham Bay, Bramshaw.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 275
No. 199. Prevroroma Vorcer:. Phil. Tab. XXX, fig. 13, a, 6.
Pievroroma Voucert. PAillipi. 1846. (Tert. Foss. Magdeb.) Paleontogr., vol. i, p. 69;
t. 104, fig. 2.
— _ Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 271.
P. testd gracilt, fusiform, lurritd, tuberculatd: spird acuminatd: anfractibus convewis,
ad humeros carinam acutam, serie tuberculorum dentiformium instructam, gerentibus ;
marginibus posticis latis, concavis, levissimis ; ultimo anfractu pluribus lineis spiralibus
filiformibus, irregularibus, cincto, antice repente coarctato, in canalem longum producto:
apertura ovali; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu latissimo, sub-profundo, triangulart, ad carinam
collocato. :
Shell slender, fusiform, turreted, tuberculated: spire pointed, elevated, nearly
as long as the aperture: whorls, six or seven, exclusive of the pullus, convex, sharply
carinated at the shoulders ; keel prominent, armed with a single row of rather closely
set, small, tooth-like tubercles; the posterior margins wide, concave, and very
smooth; the last whorl, which is ornamented over the middle with several thread-
like, moderately distant, and nearly equal, raised, concentric lines, is contracted
suddenly towards the front, and produced into a long, straight, and rather wide canal.
The aperture is oval, the outer lip slightly arched, and the sinus, which is placed
on the keel, is very wide, moderately deep, and triangular in form.
In the English specimens, the spire is rather more slender than that of the
specimen figured and described by Philippi, and the spiral lines on the last whorl are
nearly equal ; in all other respects the two shells agree perfectly.
Size.—Axis, 7-12ths of an inch nearly (14 millim.); diameter, rather more than
2-12ths of an inch (5 millim.)
Localities.—Potter’s Bar, where this pretty species appears to be very rare.
Philppi’s specimen is from the neighbourhood of Magdeburg ; but the precise locality
is not known.
No. 200. Prevroroma Warterxeynu. Myst. Tab. XXX, fig. 8.
PLEUROTOMA sTRIATULA. De Kon. (non Dw.) 1837. Coq. foss. de Baesele, &c., p. 27,
No. 28, t. i, fig. 6.
= Warerkrynu. Nysté. 1843. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France,vol. xiv, p. 454, No. 29.
_ — Nyst. 1843. Coq., &., foss. de Belgique, p. 518, t. 41, fig. 4.
—_ STRIATULA. Bronn. 1848. Index Palzont., p. 1010. ;
_— Waterkeynit. D'Or, 1852. Prod. de Paleontol, 26° Etage, No. 195, k.
P. testé elongaté, sub-turritd, undique concentrice lincatd: spird elevatd, acutd :
276 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
anfractibus convexiusculis, in medio obtuse carinatis ; . postice sub-concavis ; lineis concen-
tricis ewilissimis, confertis, regularibus, lineis .incrementi perspicuis decussatis: apertura
ovato-oblongda, antice in canali longo exeunti; labro aleforme, ad carinam sinuato ; sinu
angusto, profundo, trigono,
Shell oblong, sub-turreted, having the whole surface ornamented with concentric
raised lines ; the whorls, seven or eight exclusive of the pullus, are slightly convex,
and bear on the shoulders an elevated widish-keel, rounded on the upper surface; the
posterior margins are wide and slightly concave ; and the last whorl, which is rather
suddenly contracted in front, terminates in a moderately long, rather wide, and nearly
straight canal. The concentric lines are slender, resembling very fine threads ; regular,
closely set, and decussated by the prominent lines of growth over the middle and front
parts of the whorls ; they are more distant and cancellated by the successive reflected
margins of the sinus over the posterior margins. The aperture is of an oblong-oval
form; the outer lip much arched, nearly semicircular, but projecting a little towards
the front, thin and sharp at the edge, and smooth within; the sinus is placed on the
shoulder, and is rather narrow, deep, and somewhat triangular in shape.
The ornamentation of the English shells varies from that of the Belgian specimens ;
in the former, the concentric lines are remarkably slender, crowded over the middle
and front parts of the whorls, and more distant on the margins ; in the foreign shells,
on the other hand, they are thick and strong, and are distant over the middle of the
whorls and crowded over the margins. The lines of growth in the English shells
appear to be more prominent than in the Belgian specimens, and the concentric lines
are therefore strongly decussated in the former, while in the latter they are described
by M. de Koninck as sub-clathratis. In our specimens also, the successive lips of
the sinus are very prominent, and the concentric lines over the margins are strongly
decussated. In determining the identity of this shell, the distance in time must be
taken into consideration, the Belgian shells belonging to the newer Eocene, and the
English to the older Eocene ; and notwithstanding the differences indicated, I believe
that both are correctly referable to the same species.
The specific name, striafula, imposed by M. de Koninck had been previously applied
by Dujardin to a Miocene Pleurotoma from Mantelin, and the name Waterkeynii
substituted for it by M. Nyst, must therefore be adopted.
M. de Koninck describes the species as very rare in Belgium; it appears to be
equally so in England.
Size.—Axis, 11-12ths of an inch nearly (23 millim.); diameter, 4-12ths of an
inch nearly (8 millim.)
Localities.—Potter’s Bar. Belgian : Basele, Anvers (fide De Kon.), Kleyn-Spauwen
(fide Myst).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 277
No. 201. Preuroroma mixta. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 5, a, 6.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, turitd, costellata, concentrice sulcatd simul atque omnino
exilissime lineaté et cancellatd: spird elevatd, obtusé: anfractibus depresso-convexis,
obtuse angulatis, prioribus costatis, ceteris ad humeros fasciold spiral cinctis ; postice
concavis, ad suturam marginatis ; ultimo anfractu coarctato, in canalem longum, obliquum,
producto ; sulcis concentricis latis, minime profundis ; lineis concentricis elevatis, irregu-
laribus, lineis incrementi fortiter decussatis : apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro arcuato, sub-
dleformi, ad humerum sinuato ; sinu latiusculo, profundo, sub-trigono.
Shell lengthened, fusiform, turreted, ribbed, spirally furrowed, covered with
fine, concentric, undulating, raised lines, and cancellated; the spire is rather
thick and elevated, exceeding the aperture in length. The whorls are bluntly
angulated at the shoulders, flatly convex at the sides, almost conical in front ;
the posterior margins concave, and slightly thickened and crenulated on the
sutural edges, where they present two rather distant concentric lines, more
elevated than the rest. The early whorls are obliquely costellated, but the
costelle become feeble and obscure on the penultimate whorl, and are altogether
lost on the last whorl, their place being supplied by a smooth, narrow, ribbon-like
band, which girds the whorls round the shoulders, and is defined by two prominent
lines and traversed along the middle by a third. The last whorl contracts gradually
towards the front, and terminates in a long, moderately wide, oblique canal, slightly
bent backwards at the extremity. The concentric furrows are wide, rather shallow
and rounded, and the concentric lines are numerous, irregular, thread-like, and
strongly decussated by the very prominent lines of growth. The aperture is of a
lengthened, oval shape ; the outer lip much arched, wing-shaped, projecting towards
the middle, and apparently smooth within; and the sinus, which is placed on the
shoulder, is moderately wide, very deep, and nearly triangular in form.
In the shape of the whorls, this Pleurotoma somewhat resembles P. conifera ; it is,
however, a longer shell, and the mixed character of the ornamentation, different from
that of any other English Pleurotoma, entitles it to specific distinction. It is
apparently very rare.
Size-—Axis, | inch and a half; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Locality —Barton.
278 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 202. Prevroroma pivisa. Ff. HL. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 17, a, 6.
P. testé fusiformi, longitudinaliter costellatd, spiraliter obscure lineata: spird obtusd,
conicd : anfractibus convexis, postice sulco concentrico exilissime lineato exaratis ; costellis
crassis, rotundatis, obliquis, curvis, ad suturam tendentibus, sulco marginali divisis ; lineis
sptralibus confertis, obsoletis: apertura ovali, antice in canali longiusculo exeunti; labro
valde arcuato, ad humerum sinuato ; sinu lato, paulo profundo, sub-trigono.
A wide, fusiform shell, longitudinally ribbed and concentrically lined ; the spire
thick, conical, and elevated, forming nearly one half of the entire length of the shell; the
whorls, seven or eight, exclusive of the pullus, convex ; the posterior margins narrow,
hollowed out by a moderately wide and shallow spiral furrow, the concentric lines
over which are more prominent and distinct than those over the other parts of the
whorl; the last whorl contracts somewhat suddenly towards the front and terminates
in a widish, moderately straight canal. The ribs are numerous, thick, rounded
on the upper surface, arched and long, stretching backwards to the sutural margin,
and extending in front to the canal; immediately behind the shoulder they are
crossed by the marginal furrow, by which they are divided in two, giving to the spire
the appearance of being girt by a double row of tubercles. The spiral lines on the
early whorls are sharp and distinct ; but on the later whorls, except over the marginal
furrow, they are so feeble and obscure as scarcely to interfere with the smoothness of
the surface. The aperture is oval; the outer lip much and regularly arched; and the
sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, wide, shallow, and triangular in form.
The present species appears to be perfectly distinct ; it is very rare.
Size.—Axis, 10-]2ths of an inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Bracklesham Bay.
No. 203. Pxieuroroma Serysi. De Koninck. Tab. XXIX, fig. 17, a—d.
Pievrotoma SgEtysil. De Kon. 1837. Coq. foss. de Basele, &c., p. 25, t. 1, fig. 4.
ROSTRATA. —_ — Ibid., p. 24, No. 23 (non Sol.) (excl. syn.)
_— ACUMINATA. — — Ihbid., p. 24, No. 24 (non Sow.) ‘
— Serysil. Nyst. 1843. Coq. et Polyp. foss. de Belg., p. 515, t. 40, figs. 11 a,
: 11 4, and 12.
= — WNyst. 18413. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xiv, p. 453.
P. testa fusiformt, turritd, undique concentrice lineatd ; spird acuminata : anfractibus
convexiusculis, postice excavatis, crenulatis, ad humeros tuberculato-plicatis ; ultimo anfractu
in canalem longiusculum producto ; lineis concentricis supra margines et humeros conferlis,
exilibus, regularibus ; c@teris crassioribus, distantioribus, irregularibus ; plicis flexuosis :
apertura oblongo-ovali ; sinu latissimo, triangulari, ad humerum collocato.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 279
Shell fusiform, elongated, turreted, concentrically lined: the spire pointed, elevated;
whorls, seven or eight, without the pullus, slightly convex ; the posterior margins con-
cave and plicated along the sutural edge, where they present two or three very fine, sharp,
elevated lines ; the shoulders obscurely angulated, and ornamented with a series of
rather distant tubercles, which on the early whorls are elongated, straight, and vertical,
but on the last whorl become pliciform and curved ; the last whorl is much contracted
in front and produced into a rather long and widish canal. The concentric lines over
the posterior margins and shoulders are close-set, regular, slender, and not very
prominent ; over the middle and front parts of the whorls they become more elevated,
thicker, and more distant, with very fine, thread-like lines occasionally intervening.
The aperture is of a narrow, elongated, oval form; the outer lip slightly arched,
simple and smooth within; and the sinus, placed on the shoulder, is very wide,
moderately deep, and triangular.
A close comparison of the English shells with Belgian specimens has confirmed me
in the conclusion at which Mr. Morris and myself had arrived when a series of the
latter was first submitted to us by Sir Charles Lyell ; the shells from the two localities
agree so closely that I do not feel any doubt of their specific identity.
It is a rare shell in England, although apparently abundant in Belgium, and in case
the position of the Limburg beds has been rightly determined, the occurrence of this
species in England is attended with additional interest from its being another
instance of the reappearance of shells of the London Clay period in the fauna of the
Upper Eocene epoch under nearly analogous mineral conditions.
Stze.—Axis, | inch and 7-12ths (40 millim.); diameter, 6-12ths of an inch (13
millim. nearly).
Locahties.—Highgate; Hampstead Railway Tunnel; Finchley; Muswell Hill.
Belgian: Basele, Boom, Anvers (fide De Kon.), Rupelmonde, Gremittingen (fide Myst.)
No. 204. Pxrevroroma Konincxn. Nysf. Tab. XXIX, fig. 15, a, 6.
PLeuRnoToMa LauviGata. De Kon. (non Sow.) 1837. Cog. foss. de Basele, &c., p. 27, t. 1,
fig. 5.
— Konrncxir. Nyst. 1843. Bull. Soc. Géol. de Fr., vol. xiv, p. 454.
= _— Nyst. 1843. Coq. foss., &c., de Belg., p. 517, t. 41, fig. 3.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, concentrice linedta: spird elatd, acuminata : anfrdactibus
convexis, ad humeros in juventaé arcuato-plicatis, deinde inermibus ; ad suturam, lineato-
marginatis ; ultimo anfractu antice gradatim attenuato ; lineis concentricis confertis, sub-
regularibus : apertura oblongo-ovali ; canali antico, longiusculo, angusto; labro leviter
arcuato, ad humerum sinuato ; sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, sub-trigono.
A long, fusiform shell, ornamented throughout with concentric, raised lines; the
spire, formed of six or seven volutions without the pullus, is pointed and much
280 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
produced, equalling the aperture in length. The whorls are convex, and in the young
state, the shoulders present a series of curved and rather oblique plications ; but as
the shell enlarges, these become gradually smaller and indistinct, and at length
altogether disappear on the last two whorls. The posterior margins are bordered
round the suture by a narrow, elevated band, formed of two fine, undulating, thread-
like lines, feebly crenulated; the last whorl tapers gradually and symmetrically
towards the front, and terminates in a moderately long and narrow canal; the
concentric lines are very numerous, a little more crowded in the margins than over
the rest of the whorls, where they are even and regular. The aperture is of a narrow,
oval shape; the outer lip thin, and but slightly arched; and the sinus, which is
on the shoulder, is wide, moderately deep, and triangular in form.
The present Pleurotoma agrees so closely with P. Koninckii, that the identification
can scarcely be questioned.
Size —Of the perfect shell, axis rather more than 1 inch and 2-12ths (30 millim.
nearly) ; diameter, nearly 4°5-12ths of an inch (10 millim.)
Localities.—Highgate, Potter’s Bar, Hampstead Tunnel. elgian: Basele, Boom,
and Lethen (fide Wyst.).
No. 205. Prevuroroma centitis. Sowerby. Tab. XXX, fig. 1, a—e.
PLEUROTOMA GENTILIS. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 183, t. 6, fig. 25.
P. testdé elongato-fusiformi, turritd, acuminatd, spiraliter lineatd, longitudinaliter
costatd: anfractibus antice convexis, postice concavis, ad suturam marginatis ; costis
numerosis, brevibus, rotundatis ; lineis spiralibus supra margines posticas fere obsoletis,
ceteris elevatis, trregularibus: apertura late ovali, in canali longo, angusto, sub-recto
exeuntt ; labro arcuato, acuto ; sinu lato, sub-trigono, summum ad humerum collocato.
Var. verusta; testd minori; marginibus posticis anfractium plus cavatis ; costis
longitudinalibus crassioribus ; lineis spiralibus exilioribus.
Shell fusiform, elongated, longitudinally ribbed, and spirally lined: the spire,
consisting of eight or nine whorls, is pointed and moderately produced, nearly
equalling the aperture in length: the whorls are convex at the sides, deeply concave
round the posterior margins, and somewhat thickened along the sutural edge ; the last
whorl is much contracted in front, and produced into a long, nearly straight, narrowish
canal. The longitudinal ribs are numerous, rounded, and short, barely extending over
the middle of the whorl ; the concentric lines are nearly obsolete over the hollowed
margins, but very prominent over the other parts of the whorls, where they are rather
thick and irregular, the lines in front of the shoulder being thicker and more
elevated than the rest. The aperture is widely oval; the outer lip much arched,
sharp on the edge, smooth within ; and the sinus, which is placed at the very top of
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 281
the shoulder, almost in the margin, is wide, moderately deep, and somewhat three-
cornered in shape.
Specimens occur in the London Clay in which the shell is smaller, the posterior
margins of the whorls more roundedly concave, the ribs thicker and less numerous,
and the concentric lines much finer and more closely set. I have described these as
at variety of P. gentilis, but they may possibly be regarded as a distinct species.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-12ths; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities. — Bracklesham Bay, Bramshaw, for the typical form; Clarendon,
Alum Bay (Stratum No. 4, Prestwich), for the variety.
No. 206. Pievroroma comma. Sow. Tab. XXX, fig. 2.
PLrvroroma comMA. Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 105, t. 146, fig. 5.
— — ? Phil. 1836. Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 200, No. 8.
—= — ? Phil. 1844. Faun. Moll. regn. utr. Sicil., p. 175, No. 11.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, turritd, costellatd, concentrice lineata : anfractibus con-
vewiusculis, postice concavis, medio levibus, et ibi costellas numerosas, curvas gerentibus :
apertura ovatd, in canalem longiusculum, sub-rectum, productd ; sinu ad humerum collocato (?).
Shell elongated, fusiform, turreted, ribbed, and concentrically lined ; whorls but
slightly convex ; almost straight-sided, concave along the posterior margins, smooth in
the middle, and bearing round the shoulders a row of close-set short ribs, swelled at
the upper part, curved and pointed below, somewhat resembling a comma ; from which
circumstance the specific name was taken. The aperture is ovate, and terminates in
front in a moderately long and slightly curved canal; sinus on the shoulder (?).
The specimen on which this species was founded formed part of a collection
which belonged to the late Mr. Holloway, of Portsmouth, and was presented by him to
the Portsmouth and Portsea Literary and Philosophical Society. I have myself care-
fully searched through the museum belonging to that institution, for the specimen,
but without success; and as I do not know of any other specimen, the above
description has been prepared and the figure taken, by the permission of Mr.
Sowerby, frem those contained in the ‘ Mineral Conchology.’
Philippi has referred some shells from the basaltic tufa of Militello, in Sicily, to
P. comma; but in the uncertainty which attends the present species, from the imperfect
figure given of it in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ and the want of any existing specimen
for comparison, the identification must be accepted with hesitation. De Koninck has
also erroneously referred to it certain shells from Basele, which Nyst subsequently
distinguished as P. crenata; and the species has been quoted, by both Nyst and
Bellardi, but with doubt, as identical with Basterot’s P. denticula. ‘To this last-men-
36
282 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
tioned species P. comma certainly presents a general resemblance, but is separable from
it by the short curved costelle, which ornament the shoulders, instead of the quadrate
tubercles which distinguish P. denticula. The English species most closely resembling
P. comma is P. obscurata, a species which may be reasonably expected to occur in
the nearly synchronous deposit at Stubbington, and in which the narrow, oblong,
compressed tubercles approach very nearly in character to the short costelle of
P. comma; the principal distinction appears to be in the condition of the middle of
the volutions, which in P. odscurata are transversely lined instead of being smooth as
in P. comma; but, although this difference does not appear to be of much value, I have
not ventured, in the absence of any specimen of P. comma for comparison, to regard
the two species as identical.
Locality.—Stubbington.
No. 207. Pievroroma Prestwicuy. Ff. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 3, a—d.
P. testé elongata, sub-fusiformi, longitudinaliter costatd ; spiraliter lineatd: spird
elevaté acuminatd: anfractibus rotundato-convewis ; costellis numerosis, curvis; lineis
spiralibus confertis, trregularibus, supra partes medias anfractuum obsoletis; ceteris
perspicuis : apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro arcuato, acuto ; sinu ad himerum collocato, lato,
profundo, sub-trigono.
Var.: testa anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros angulatis, antice sub-conicis.
Shell lengthened, fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, spirally lined: the spire pointed,
elevated, rather exceeding the aperture in length: the whorls, eight or nine, roundedly
convex, a little thickened round the suture, and very generally bordered by two or
three raised lines; the last whorl is much contracted in front and produced into a
long, open, narrow canal. The longitudinal ribs are numerous, varying in number in
different specimens, rounded, curved, scarcely extending in front to the middle of the
whorls, but continued backwards to the very suture; the concentric lines close set
and irregular, almost obsolete over the middle of the whorls, but elsewhere prominent
and well defined; for the most part they are thick and rounded, but frequently
smaller thread-like lines intervene. The aperture is of an oblong-oval shape; the
outer lip much arched, projecting at the middle, thin and sharp on the edge,
smooth within; and the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, very wide, rather
deep, and triangular in form.
A variety occurs plentifully in which the whorls are less convex on the sides,
giving a subconical character to the spire, and are bluntly angulated at the shoulder ;
and the front part of the last whorl is not so much contracted as in the type.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 4-12ths; diameter, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Clarendon, where both forms are abundant, and Alum Bay (Stratum
No. 4, Prestwich).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 283
No. 208. Prevroroma simiuuima. F. EB. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 4, a—c.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, costellatd, omnino spiraliter lineata: spird
elata, acuminata: anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros obtuse angulatis ; postice concavis,
marginatis ; costellis numerosis, angustis, sub-rectis ; lineis spiralibus confertis, filiformibus,
erreguaribus: aperturd ovali, in canali longo exeunti; labro arcuato; sinu lato, medio-
criter profundo, sub-trigono, ad humerum collocato.
Var. crasstinga ; testd anfractibus acute angulatis, tribus vel quatuor lineis supra
medias partes cinctis.
A long, narrow, fusiform shell, ribbed and covered with elevated spiral lines : spire
sub-turreted, pointed, equalling the aperture in length; whorls, seven or eight
exclusive of the pullus, slightly convex, bluntly angulated at the shoulders, hollowed
round the posterior margins and thickened at the sutural edges, which are bordered
by one or two prominent raised lines. The ribs are numerous, narrow, nearly
straight, short, not extending beyond the middle of the whorls, and becoming obsolete
on the last whorl of the mature shell; the spiral lines are closely set, fine, thread-like
and regular over the margins and shoulders of the whorls, but over the middle
these lines alternate with others still more slender. The aperture is oval and
produced in front into a long, narrowish, and nearly straight canal ; the outer lip is
arched, and presents at the posterior part on the shoulder of the whorl, a very wide
and moderately deep sinus, triangular in shape.
In the variety noticed, the whorls are more sharply angulated, and they present
over the middle, three or four coarse, elevated lines, with an occasional intervening
slender line ; but in other respects the shells agree with the typical form.
In the general aspect the present species closely resembles P. Prestwichii ; but it
may be distinguished from it by the turreted spire, the depressed concave posterior
margins and the less convex sides of the whorls, and especially by the character of the
longitudinal ribs, which are more numerous, straighter, and narrower, and do not
extend backwards beyond the shoulders ; whereas the coarse, obliquely curved ribs in
P. Prestwichii reach up to the very suture; and the transverse lineation is also of a
finer character. From P. Wetherellii, to which it also approaches, the present
species is separated by the more slender form, the more vertical ribs, and the
narrower posterior margins of the whorls.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 1 inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Highgate, Potter’s Bar, Hampstead, Muswell Hill, Southampton,
Alum Bay (Stratum No. 4, Prestwich), and Clarendon, at which latter place it is
common. ‘The variety occurs at Highgate, Potter’s Bar, and Southampton.
284 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 209. Puievrotoma zeta. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 16.
P. testa oblongo-fusiformi, sub-levi: spird sub-conicd: anfractibus convexiusculis ;
marginibus posticis angustis, concavis ; ultimo anfractu antice repente coarctato, in canalem
longum, angustum, producto, supra canalem obscure lineato: labro vix arcuato, fere recto ;
sinu lato, minime profundo, ad humerum collocato.
A nearly smooth, oblong-fusiform shell, with a somewhat conical spire; the
whorls slightly convex, having narrow posterior margins, obscurely channelled, with
a simple sutural edge; the last whorl much contracted in front, and terminating
in a long, rather narrow canal, over which appear a number of close-set, irregular,
and very obscure concentric raised lines; the outer lip is scarcely curved, nearly
straight, projecting towards the front, and the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder,
is wide and very shallow.
Although I possess but one specimen, and that imperfect, the smooth surface of the
shell, and the narrow, nearly straight outer lip, are characters so uncommon among the
fusiform Pleurotome, that the present species ought not to be passed without notice.
The outline of the outer lip, indented by the sinus, somewhat resembles the form
of the Greek letter zefa, from which circumstance the specific name is taken.
Size.—Axis, estimated at 1 inch and 8-]2ths; diameter, } inch.
Locality.—Bracklesham Bay.
No. 210. PLevrotoma tzniotata. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 13, a—e.
P. testé angustd, elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, concentrice lineata: spird elatd,
acuminata : anfractibus depresso-convevis, ad humeros teniold cinctis, in guventd tuberculatis;
marginibus posticis latis, concavis, obsolete regulariter sulcatis ; ultimo anfractu in canalem
longum prolongato ; lineis concentricis supra medias partes anfractuum elevatis, sub-dis-
tantibus, supra canalem minoribus, crebrioribus, fere obsoletis: apertura oblongo-ovali ;
labro sub-aliforme, ad humerum profunde sinuato.
A long, narrow, fusiform, and somewhat turreted shell, spirally lined ; the spire
pointed and much produced, considerably exceeding the aperture in length; the
whorls, seven or eight without the pullus, are flatly convex, separated by a deep and
very perspicuous suture, and girt round the shoulders by a narrow, slightly elevated,
ribbon-like band, giving to the shell an appearance of being obscurely keeled; in
the young state the shoulders present a series of small, rather closely set, tooth-
like tubercles, which are lost in the later whorls. The posterior margins are concave,
and very wide, sometimes concealing the preceding whorl up to the shoulder; the
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 285
hollow space between the suture and the shoulder is traversed by several irregular,
shallow, almost obsolete furrows. The body whorl is much contracted in front, whence
it tapers gradually to the base, forming a long, wide, and nearly straight canal: four or
five concentric lines cross the middle of the last whorl; these lines are rounded,
rather distant, and separated by wide concave spaces ; over the front of the whorl,
and as they descend the canal, the concentric lines become gradually closer and less
prominent, and at last are almost obsolete on the anterior extremity of the canal.
The aperture is of an oblong-oval form; the outer lip arched, somewhat wing-shaped,
projecting slightly towards the posterior extremity; and the sinus, which is placed
on the shoulder, is rather wide, very deep, and triangular.
In the series forming part of Mr. Wetherell’s collection, two or three specimens
occur in which the line of the suture being less decurrent, the margins of the whorls
extend quite up to the shoulders; the shell, consequently, is a little wider, and the
spire not so much elevated; but this difference appears to be accidental and scarcely
constitutes a variety.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 1-8th; diameter, not quite 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Highgate Archway, Cuffell.
No. 211. Pxieuroroma WetHerectu. VF. &. Edwards. Tab. XXIX, fig. 16, a—d.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, costellatd, undique spiraliter lineata: spird mediocriter
elatd, sub-conicd : anfractibus sub-angulatis, suturd perspicud separatis, antice convewius-
culis ; marginibus posticis latis, sub-rectis ; costellis numerosis, curvis ; lineis spiralibus
medianis distantibus, crassis, pre-eminentibus ; ceteris filliformibus, crebrioribus : apertura
oblongo-ovali, in canali longo ewxeunti ; labro arcuato; sinu lato, profundo, ad humerum
collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, ribbed and concentrically lined ; the spire moderately
elevated, rather thick, and nearly conical: the whorls, seven or eight, bluntly angu-
lated at the shoulders, and slightly convex in front ; the poséerior margins wide and
nearly straight. The ribs vary much in size, being more or less lengthened in the
direction of the axis in different individuals; the concentric lines over the middle of
the whorls are more or less distant, thick, and very prominent; over the shoulders
and posterior margins they are finer, thread-like, more closely set, and irregular. The
aperture is oblong-oval in shape, and terminates in front in a long, wide, and slightly
oblique canal; the outer lip is much arched, thin and sharp on the edge, and
smooth within; and the sinus is moderately wide, deep, sub-trigonal, and placed
on the shoulder.
A variety occurs in which the posterior margins of the whorls are narrower, and
the sutural edges slightly thickened.
286 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
The present species is found plentifully at Highgate, and I have dedicated it to my
friend Mr. Wetherell, so long and so well known for his zealous labours in the London
Clay, and his unrivalled collection of fossils from Highgate and the neighbourhood.
Size-—Axis, 1 inch and 7-12ths; diameter, 6-12ths of an inch nearly.
Localities.—Highgate, Holloway.
No. 212. Prevrotoma rasciotata. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 12, a, 6.
P. testa elongata, fusiformi, sub-turritd, omnino spiraliter fasciolatd : spird elevata, in
longitudine bi-trientes totius teste superanti: anfractibus planulato-convewis, sutura
perspicud divisis, ad humeros obtuse carinatis ; marginibus posticis latissimis, sub-rectis,
contra spiram expressis: fasciolis spiralibus confertis, crassis, rotundatis, sub-regularibus,
lineis incrementi fortiter asperatis: aperturd ovato-oblongd, antice in canali longiusculo,
patulo, exeunti ; labro aliforme, acuto ; sinu profundo, latiusculo, ad humerum collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, sub-turreted, having the whole surface covered with
narrow spiral bands; spire pointed, produced, fully equalling three fifths of the
shell in length; whorls, seven or eight exclusive of the pullus, flatly convex on the
sides, separated by a deep, perspicuous suture, and bearing on the shoulders a wide,
slightly prominent keel, rounded on the upper surface, from which the spire derives
its turreted appearance; the posterior margins are very wide, nearly straight, and
extend up the spire almost to the keel on the preceding whorl; the spiral bands are
‘numerous, thick, rounded on the upper surface, nearly regular, and much roughened,
almost cancellated, by the coarse, prominent lines of growth. The aperture is of
an oblong-oval form, and terminates in front in a wide, moderately long canal ; the
outer lip is much arched, and presents at the shoulder a deep and rather wide sinus.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 9-12ths; diameter, 7-]2ths of an inch nearly
Localities.—Highgate, Railway Tunnel, Kilburn.
No. 213. Pievroroma penticuLa. Basterot. Tab. XXX, fig. 7, a—i.
PLEUROTOMA DENTICULA. Bast. 1825. Deser. Géol. du Bass. tert. Sud-ouest de la France,
p. 63, t. 3, fig. 12.
— -— Defr. 1826. Dict. des Sciences nat., vol. xli, p. 396.
— — Grat. 1832. Tab. des Coq. foss., &c., de Dax, p. 320, No. 318.
= = Grat. 1838. Catal. zool., &c., du Bass. de la Gironde, p. 46,
No. 388.
— _ Desm. 1842. Rev. de Pleurot., p. 47, No. 25.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 287
PLEUROTOMA DENTICULA. Nyst. 1843. Descr. des Coq., &e., de la Belg., p. 526, t. 44,
fig. 2.
— Bell. 1845. Monogr. Pleurot. foss. Piem. (Mem. R. Accad. Sc.
di Torino, 2d ser., vol. ix, p. 576, t. 3, fig. 7).
= — Rouault. 1848. Foss. du terr. Eocene des Env. de Pau (Mem. Soc.
Géol. de France, 2d ser., vol. iii, p. 484, t. 16, fig. 22).
— SUBCARINATA? Rowault. 1848. Ibid., t. 16, fig. 23.
— PLEBEIA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 184, t. 6, fig. 23.
-- — Morris. 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 270.
— — Forbes. 1856. Mem. Geol. Surv. (Tert. fluv.-mar. form., &c.),
p- 154, t. 5, fig. 1, a, 6 (excl. var. 6, fig. 2).
P. testa fusiformi, turritd, concentrice lineata : spird elata, acuminata : anfractibus ad
humeros carinatis, tuberculatis ; postice concavis, ad suturam lined elevatd, acutd, cinctis ;
ultimo anfractu brevi, in canalem longiusculum, sub-rectum producto ; tuberculis transversim
oblongis, medio sulcatis ; lineis concentricis supra canalem et margines posticas anfractuum
Jiliformibus, sub-equalibus, supra medias partes elevatioribus, irregularibus: aperturd
obovata ; labro drcuato, acuto, ad humerum sinuato ; sinu profundo, sub-trigono.
Var. 1, tonaava (fig. 7d); testa minori, angustiori : marginibus posticis anfractuum
tuberculisque exilissime lineatis ; tuberculis distantioribus, erassioribus.
Var, 2, Macrosta (fig. 7 e); testd breviorr: ultimo anfractu tres vel quatuor lineas
transversas eminentiores in medio gerentt.
Var. 3, mutica; testd spird obtusiusculd; lineis concentricis ad interstitia inter
lineas majores et supra margines exilissimis, confertis, regularibus, equalibus ; tuberculis
minoribus, ultimo anfractu sepe obsoletis.
Var. 4, GRACILENTA (fig. 7/); testd minori, graciliori: lineis concentricis elevatis,
acutis, regularibus.
Var. 5, conuuus (fig. 79); testd graciliori: spird elatiori, sub-conicd : marginibus
posticis anfractuum paullo declivis, vie cavatis; tuberculis minoribus, compressis, denti-
FSormibus ; lineis concentricis per lineas tncrementi sub-decussatis, postice numerosioribus,
regularibus, ceterum distantibus : canali antico breviort.
Var. 6, ODONTELLA (fig. 7 2); testd minor’, graciliori: lineis concentricis supra
margines anfractuum exilissimis ; tuberculis mininis, sub-dentiformibus,
Shell fusiform, turreted, pointed, spirally lined, tuberculated: the spire, formed
of eight or nine volutions, exclusive of a longitudinally ribbed conical pullus, is much
produced, being nearly double the length of the aperture. The whorls are flatly
convex at the sides, and rather broadly carinated at the shoulders, round which they
present a series of transversely oblong tubercles, which are furrowed across the middle,
and sometimes become obsolete on the last whorl ; the posterior margins are narrow,
concave, and bordered round the suture by a very prominent, sharp, ridge-like line ;
and one or two fine concentric lines traverse the hollow of the margins. The concentric
lines over the anterior canal are rather close-set, thread-like, and nearly equal ; over
288 KOCENE MOLLUSCA.
_ the middle of the whorls they become more prominent, thicker, and irregular,
very slender lines occasionally intervening between the larger ones: the last whorl is
short, and terminates in front in a moderately long, narrow, and nearly straight canal.
The aperture is obovate; the outer lip much arched, thin, sharp-edged, and most
generally smooth and simple within, although in young specimens from Bramshaw
the outer lip is occasionally plicated ; the sinus, which is on the shoulder, is moderately
wide, deep, and triangular in form.
The present species is widely spread, and in England ranges from the London
Clay to the fluvio-marine deposits of Headon Hill; it is very variable, almost every
locality presenting some modification of the dimensions or characteristic ornamentation
of the shell. The typical forms described by Sowerby as P. pledcia are confined
to the middle Eocene deposits ; in the older deposits the species is represented by two
varieties. In the first of these, var. /ongeva, from Highgate, the shell is narrower,
and the posterior margins of the whorls, as well as the tubercles, are ornamented
with very slender raised lines; this variety is narrower than the shells from the
Bolderburg, referred by Nyst to Basterot’s species, but it agrees with them in all
other respects, particularly in the peculiar modification of the transverse lineation
which characterises the latter shells. In the other variety, macrodia, from Clarendon,
the spire is shorter, the posterior margins of the whorls are smooth, or they only present
one or two feeble concentric lines, and the tubercles on the shoulders are more distant,
larger, and coarser than in the typical form. In this modification the shells agree
with those from Bos d’Arros, forming Rouault’s var. D of P. denticula; and with it
I should also have unhesitatingly associated the shells from the same locality consti-
tuting that author’s species P. subcarinata, were it not for the different condition
attributed to them of the embryonal whorls, of which the last two are described
as being smooth instead of longitudinally ribbed. But for this distinction, the
mature shells could not be satisfactorily separated from those forming the var.
D of P. denticula, the slight differences which exist in the condition of the trans-
verse lineation and of the tubercles not being, of themselves, of specific value.
May not the smooth surface be due to disintegration, the outer layer of shelly matter
in the pullus being, in general, more susceptible of decomposition than that in the
mature shell? Recognising, however, the value of the character pointed out by
Rouault, | have cited his species with doubt.
Among the forms found in the middle Eocene deposits at Bracklesham Bay,
Brook, and Bramshaw, are those constituting the variety gracilenta; in these the
shell is smaller and slenderer, the concentric lines are acute and nearly even, and
the tubercles are neither so wide nor so prominent. This variety presents a close
resemblance to some shells from Cuise-Lamotte (Sab. inf.), presented to me by
M. Deshayes, and by him named P. denticulata.
In the upper Eocene deposits at Lyndhurst, Hordwell, Colwell Bay, and Headon
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 289
Hill, the species is represented by the variety odontel/a; in this the shell is more
slender and shorter than in the typical form; the posterior margins are smooth
or very feebly lined, and the tubercles are smaller and more pointed.
Besides these varieties, other forms occur which apparently are confined to the
middle Eocene deposits. In the first of these, constituting the variety mutica, from
Highcliff, the spire is obtuse, the concentric lines over the posterior margins and
in the spaces between the prominent lines in front are crowded and so fine as
to be barely visible to the naked eye; and the tubercles are very small, close-set, and
frequently obsolete on the later whorls, which then present a simple, keel-like line on
the shoulders.
Tn another variety, conw/us, from Highcliff and Barton, the shell, as in the varieties
gracilenta and odontella, is smaller and more slender than in the type; the spire is
more produced, the margins of the whorls are nearly straight, imparting a
conical character to the spire; the concentric lines over the margins are sharp,
regular, and decussated by the prominent lines of growth, while those over the
middle of the whorls are thin, elevated, distant, and simple; the tubercles are
small and compressed, frequently assuming a tooth-like appearance; and the an-
terior canal is short and somewhat oblique. In all these varieties, however, the
essential specific characters are preserved.
This species forms one of a group of Pleurotome which present a very
striking similarity in their general aspect and ornamentation; they are all
distinguished by the lengthened spire, the prominent transverse lineation, and
the obtuse, tuberculated carina on the shoulders of the whorls, caused by the
successive thickened extremities of the labial sinus. To this group belong P.
(Murex) monilis (Brocchi) and P. trifasciata (Bellardi); species which appear to be
separable from the present, not so much by differences in the transverse
lineation or the condition of the carina, as by the greater width of the shells and
the shorter and more cup-like form of the whorls. These peculiarities are parti-
cularly noticeable in the figure of P. denticula, as figured by Basterot. I have
not been able to procure any well-authenticated Bordeaux specimens of Basterot’s
species; but the typical form of the shells described by Sowerby as P. plebeia so
closely resembles not only specimens from Léognan, referred to P. denticula, with
which I have compared them, but also those from Tortona and the environs of Turin
referred to the latter species by Bellardi, while the varieties /ongeva and macrobia
agree so well with the shells from the Bolderberg recorded by Nyst, and those
from Pau described by Rouault, that in my opinion the English shells cannot be
satisfactorily regarded as specifically distinct. The differences will be found to lie
chiefly in the transverse lineation, the condition of the tubercles, or the internal
plication of the outer lip. Now, the transverse lineation is a very variable character
in the present species, frequently differing in specimens from the same locality ; the
37
290 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
tubercles, as already observed, are due to the thickening of the extremity of the sinus,
for the more easy protrusion of the excurrent siphon, and they may be reasonably pre-
sumed to be liable to variation; and, with regard to the plication of the outer lip,
I have adverted to the occurrence of specimens from Bramshaw, in which that cha-
racter is found. On these grounds I have considered that the shells described by
Sowerby as P. plebeia ought to be referred to Basterot’s P. denticula, although the
figure given by Basterot is well calculated to lead to a different conclusion.
Size.—Axis, rather more than | inch (26 millim.); diameter, not quite 4-12ths of
an inch (8 millim.)
Localities.—London Clay: Highgate, Potter’s Bar, Southampton, Clarendon, Alum
Bay (Stratum No. 4, Prestw.) I/iddle Hocene: Bracklesham Bay, Stubbington,
Brooke, Bramshaw, Highcliff, Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestw.),
Brockenhurst. Upper Eocene: Lyndburst, Hordwell, Colwell Bay, Headon Hill,
St. Helen’s. French: Environs of Bordeaux, Dax, Touraine. Jtalian: Tortona,
Environs of Turin. Be/gian: The Bolderberg, near Hasselt.
No. 214. Pievroroma creprivinga. Ff. L. Edwards. Tab. XXX, figs. 8, a—c.
P. testdé elongato-fusiformi, turrité, omnino transversim subtiliter lineatd: spird
obtusiusculd, elevatd: anfractibus depresso-conveais, ad humeros fasciold elevatd ceu carina
cinctis, postice concavis, marginatis; ultimo anfractu brevi, cyathiformi, antice valde
coarctato: apertura ob-ovatd, in canali longiusculo exeunti; labro leviter arcuato, ad
humerum sub-triangulariter sinuato.
A long, fusiform, turreted shell, ornamented with numerous concentric, raised
lines ; the spire, formed of eight or nine volutions, is rather obtuse, and moderately
elevated, forming half the length of the entire shell. The whorls are very slightly
convex on the sides, deeply furrowed round the posterior margins, and angulated at
the shoulders, round which they are girt by an elevated, ribbon-like band, forming an
obtuse keel ; the last whorl is short and much contracted in front, which imparts to it
a cup-like form. The whole surface of the whorls is covered with numerous, very fine,
close-set, raised lines ; these lines, over the posterior margins of the keel, are equal
and regular, but over the middle and front parts of the whorls they become unequal,
other lines, slightly thicker and more prominent, occasionally intervening between the
slender lines. The aperture is nearly oval in form, and terminates in front in a mode-
rately long and nearly straight canal; the outer lipis but slightly arched and smooth
within, and it presents at the shoulder a wide, three-cornered sinus.
I feel much hesitation in separating this Pleurotoma from P. denticula, of which it
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 291
may be regarded as a variety. The shell, however, is wider, the spire more obtuse,
and the body-whorl shorter and more contracted in front; these differences,
joined to the peculiar transverse lineation and the smooth, untuberculated keel, have
induced me to regard the species as distinct.
Size—Axis, 10-12ths of an inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch nearly.
Locality.—Stubbington.
No. 215. Prevroroma cauuirera. JF. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 9, a, 4; fig. 10,
CRANES ERLE Y OU
P. testd sub-turrita, omnino concentrice lineatd: spird obtusiusculd: anfractibus
depresso-conveais ; ad -humeros angulatis, fasciold tuberculatd sulcoque spirali bipartitd
cinctis ; marginibus posticis concavis, ad suturam lined elevatd marginatis ; lineis concen-
tricis supra medias partes anfractuum et canalem distantibus, irregularibus, per-elevatis,
denticulatis ; supra humeros et margines posticas exilibus, confertis: aperturd ovali, in
canalt breviusculo, obliquo exeunti; labro arcuato, ad humerum profunde sinuato, intis
callos duos oblongos, alterum verticalem, alterum transversum, gerente ; sinu lato, triangulari.
Var. RaPuivM (fig. 11, a, 6) ; testd minori, angustiori ; spird graciliori ; lineis concen-
tricis sub-distantibus, regularibus, simplicibus.
Var. MONILIGERA (fig. 10, a, 6) ; testd spird elatiort : anfractibus postice granulato-
marginatis ; liners transversis medianis distantioribus, pre-denticulatis.
Shell elongated, turreted, ornamented with concentric, raised lines; the spire
somewhat obtuse and elevated, exceeding the aperture in length; the whorls, seven or
eight, flatly convex and angulated at the shoulders, round which runs a narrow,
elevated band, traversed along the middle by a deep furrow, and presenting a series
of close-set, regular, vertical tubercles, divided by the transverse furrow, and separated
by concave spaces as wide as the tubercles; the posterior margins, which slope
gently backwards, are concave and bordered round the suture by an elevated, sharp-
edged, ridge-like line; the last whorl is much contracted towards the middle, and
terminates in front in a rather short, moderately wide, oblique canal. The concentric
lines are irregular, prominent, and evenly and rather strongly granulated ; they are
very fine and thread-like, close-set, regular, and simple, over the shoulders and pos-
terior margins of the whorls; distant over the middle of the whorl, but more close
over the canal. The aperture is ovate: and the outer lip, which is arched, thin, and
sharp on the edge, presents within two oblong callosities ; of these one is narrow, ver-
tical, curved, and distant from the edge, and it extends from the sinus to the canal ;
the other is placed transversely, immediately over the posterior end of the vertical
292 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
callus, with the curved extremity of which it forms a wide, transverse groove, running
into the sinus; the sinus is placed on the shoulder, and is wide, very deep, and
triangular in form.
Specimens occur rather plentifully at Highcliff, constituting the variety raphium,
in which the shell is smaller and narrower, the spire more slender and_ pointed,
the margins of the whorls not so concave, and the concentric lines are moderately
distant, even, regular, and smooth. Another variety, moniligera, is also found, but
more rarely, in which the spire is longer, the elevated line bordering the posterior
margins of the whorls is coarsely granulated, and the median transverse lines are
more distant and more prominently denticulated.
In the general aspect of the shell and the character of the ornamentation, this
Pleurotoma closely resembles the middle Eocene forms of P. denticula; but the
callosities which present themselves on the inner surface of the outer lip indicate a
peculiar modification of the excretory tube protruded through the sinus, which
apparently entitles the present Pleurotoma to specific distinction.
Size.—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities—Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestw.), Highcliff, where it is
abundant, and Brook.
Section II. Shells fusiform.
B. Sinus on the shoulder.
6. Canal short or indistinct.
‘ continued.
No. 216. Pievroroma monermMa. Jf. #7. Hdwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 1, a—e.
P. testé angusta, elongatd, turritd, undique concentrice lineatd: spird elevatd, in
longitudine bitrientes totius teste fere equanti, acuminatd: anfractibus convexiusculis,
postice concavis, ad suturam bi-lineatis, ad humeros sub-angulatis, noduloso-plicatis ; ultimo
anfractu per-brevi, in canali lato, indistincto exeunti ; plicis numerosis, verticalibus, arcuatis,
utrdque extremitate sub-nodulosis ; lineis concentricts supra margines posticas et humeros
anfractium exilibus, confertis, equalibus, ceterum prominentibus, distantibus, irregularibus :
apertura oblongo-ovali; labro arcuato, simplici; sinu lato, profundo, sub-trigono, ad
humerum collocato.
Shell narrow, elongated, turreted, and ornamented with concentric, raised lines,
which cover the whole surface ; the spire, formed of seven or eight whorls, exclusive of a
smooth, conical pullus of three volutions, is pointed and much produced, being nearly
twice the length of the aperture. The whorls are slightly convex and obscurely angu-
lated at the shoulders, where they present a series of regular, rather closely set, vertical
plications, transversely furrowed along the middle, and swelled into small tubercles at
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 293
each extremity: these plications, which vary much in different individuals and
frequently in the same specimen, become gradually less prominent as the shell
approaches maturity, and are altogether lost on the last whorl. The posterior
margins of the whorls are concave and bordered round the suture by two fine, thread-
like, raised lines, frequently granulated by the lines of growth. The concentric lines
over the posterior margins and shoulders of the whorls are very fine, closely set, equal,
and but slightly raised ; over the middle and front parts of the whorl they are distant,
irregular, elevated, occasionally faintly granulated, and separated by broad, flat spaces,
not infrequently traversed by single, very slender lines. The aperture is of an
oblong-ovate form, and terminates in front in a wide, but short and indistinct, canal.
The outer lip is much arched, rather wing-shaped, thin and sharp on the edge,
and smooth and simple within; and the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is
wide, very deep, somewhat triangular in form, with a broad extremity.
This Pleurotoma presents a remarkably close analogy with P. wniserialis (Desh.), to
which species, in fact, it has generally been referred. It is, however, a wider and
coarser shell, with a blunter spire, and the plications are more vertical, more irregular,
and not so crescent-shaped as in the French shells; these variations, joined with the
different condition of the sinus, which, in the French shell, is described as narrow,
not deep, and with parallel margins, apparently justify a separation of the two
shells.
Size.—Axis, one inch and 4-12ths; diameter, rather more than 5-12ths of an inch.
Localities—Middle Hocene ; Barton, Highcliff. London Clay, Clarendon.
No, 217. Pirzvroroma vagians. J. £. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 12, a, 3.
P. testa elongata, turritd, omnino concentrice lineatd: anfractibus sub-convexis ; ad
humeros obtuse angulatis, plicato-crenatis ; antice repente coarctatis; marginibus posticis
concavis, ad suturam marginatis ; plicis angustis, cuneiformibus, obliquis ; lineis concentricis
posticis numerosis, equalibus ; lineis medianis distantioribus, prominentioribus, granulatis :
apertura ovali, in canali patulo, brevi, exeunti ; labro leviter arcuato, acuto, intis levi; sinu
ad humerum collocato sub-profundo, triangulari.
Shell elongated, turreted, concentrically lined ; the spire, formed of six or seven
volutions, is rather thick, pointed, almost mucronate, at the extremity, and much
produced, equalling 3-5ths of the entire shell in length. The whorls are slightly
convex, bluntly angulated at the shoulders, and ornamented with a single row of
narrow, oblique, wedge-shaped crenulations, rather closely set in the early whorls, but
becoming more distant on the penultimate and last whorls; the posterior margins
are deeply furrowed and thickened round the suture, where they present a sharp,
ridge-like iine, frequently crenulated. The concentric lines over the posterior margins
294 KOCENE MOLLUSCA.
and shoulders of the whorls are rather thick, equal, regular, and not very prominent ;
over the middle they are elevated, more distant, separated by concave spaces as
wide as the lines themselves, and granulated; the last whorl is much contracted
in front, and terminates in a wide and short, but distinct, canal. The aperture is
widely ovate ; the outer lip but slightly arched, thin, and sharp-edged, and smooth
within; the sinus is moderately deep, rather wide and triangular in form, and
placed on the shoulder.
The present Pleurotoma closely resembles P. monerma, but the plications on the
shoulders of the whorls are very distinct in character, and the transverse lineation in
this species is bolder, coarser, and more closely set; the aperture is more widely oval,
and the sinus also is neither so deep nor so wide. These differences appear to be
constant, for although possessing a good series of each species, I do not find specimens
presenting intermediate characters, and in a comparison of the two series the eye at
once recognises the distinctions.
Size-—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Highcliff.
No. 218. PLeuroroma aBnormis. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXX, fig. 14, a, bd.
P. testa sub-turritd, sub-conicd, longitudinaliter costatd, omnino concentrice sulcatd: spird
productd, obtusiusculd: anfractibus convexiusculis, postice canaliculatis, suturd undulata,
simplici divisis ; ultimo anfractu in canali angusto, sub-obliquo terminato ; costis sub-dis-
tantibus, longis, rotundatis, postice obliquis, ad humeros angulatis, antice curvis, attenuatis ;
suleis numerosis, sub-equalibus: apertura ob-ovatd; labro leviter arcuato, acuto; sinu
latissimo, minime profundo, triangulari, ad humerum collocato.
A turreted, nearly conical shell, longitudinally ribbed, and having the whole surface
covered with concentric furrows: the spire rather obtuse and much produced, being
nearly half as long again as the aperture. The whorls, eight or nine in number, are
very slightly convex, channeled round the posterior margin, and separated by a
simple suture, rendered undulating by the ribs of the preceding whorl. The ribs are
rather numerous (twelve or thirteen), depressedly convex on the upper surface,
long, extending from the suture to the canal, and separated by spaces equalling the
ribs in width ; on the margin the ribs are very oblique, but they are bent at a slightly
obtuse angle when they reach the shoulder, whence they are prolonged, and become
much attenuated towards the front of the shell, forming a gentle curve corresponding
with the outline of the outer lip. The concentric furrows are numerous, regular,
moderately deep, rather narrow, and separated by bands somewhat wider than the
furrows, and rounded on the upper surface. The aperture is nearly oval, and
terminates in front in a short, slightly oblique, and narrow canal; the outer lip is
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 295
slightly curved, projecting towards the front, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within ;
the inner lip is very thin; the columella nearly straight and cylindrical; and the
sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is very wide, shallow, and triangular.
This singular species appears to be exceedingly rare; only four specimens are known
to me, one of which (the figured specimen) is in my own collection, the other three
form part of Mr. Wetherell’s collection.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-12ths ; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Finchley.
No. 219. Puieuroroma scauarata. F. #. Ldwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 6, a, 6.
P. testa elongato-fusiformt, turritd, tuberculatd, spiraliter lineata: spird acuminata,
elevatad: anfractibus angulatis, brevibus, convexiusculis; marginibus posticis angustis,
depressis, ad suturam granulato-lineatis ; ultimo anfractu repente coarctato, antice in cana-
lem brevem, obliquum, producto ; tuberculis numerosis, obliquis ; lineis spiralibus confertis,
Jiliformibus, irregularibus, sub-clathratis : apertura ovali ; labro leviter arcuato, ad humerum
sinuato ; sinu latiusculo, sub-profundo, sub-trigono.
Shell elongate, fusiform, turreted, tuberculated, spirally lined ; spire pointed, much
produced, being more than half as long again as the aperture; whorls, eight or nine,
exclusive of the pullus, angulated at the shoulders, and slightly convex in front ;
the posterior margins very narrow, depressed, furrowed, and bordered round the
suture by a narrow band, traversed by one or two raised, spiral lines, which are
occasionally broken into small, roundish, oblong tubercles ; the last whorl is short,
much contracted in front, and produced into a rather wide, short, but distinct, and
oblique canal. The tubercles are numerous, oblong, narrow, slightly oblique, and a
little compressed anteriorly. The spiral lines are crowded, thread-like, irregular,
and unequal, slender lines frequently intervening between thicker lines; and they
are roughened, almost decussated, by the conspicuous lines of growth. The aper-
ture is oval, the outer lip very slightly arched, sharp-edged, and smooth and simple
within ; and the sinus, which is placed on the angle of the whorl, is moderately
wide, not very deep, and somewhat triangular in form.
The coronated whorls, with their depressed, almost tabulated, margins, and
the roughened lineation, give a marked character to this Pleurotoma, and will readily
distinguish it from P. obscurata.
Size.—Axis, nearly 11-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Bramshaw, where it is not uncommon, Brooke, and Stubbington.
296 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 220. Pxirurotroma opscurata. Sowerby. Tab. XXXII, fig. 1, a, 6.
PLEUROTOMA oBsCURATA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 184, t. 7, fig. 19.
_ _ Morris. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 270.
P. testd angustda, turritd, omnino concentrice lineata, undulato-costatd : spird elevatd :
anfractibus numerosis, convexiusculis ; postice canaliculatis, ad suturam unicd serie tuber-
culorum cinctis ; antice coarctatis ; lineis concentricis crebris, exilibus, regularibus ; costis
numerosis, brevibus, curvis, ad humeros pre-eminentibus: apertura ovali, in canali brevi,
paullulo reflexo, exeunti; labro aliformi, ad humerum anguste et profunde sinuato ;
columelld sub-rectd. —
A long, narrow, turreted shell, ornamented with numerous curved ribs, and
having the whole surface covered with raised, spiral lines ; the spire, which is formed
of ten or eleven volutions, exclusive of the pullus, is much elevated, forming 3-5ths of
the entire length of the shell; the whorls are flatly convex, and much contracted in
front ; and the posterior margins are slightly channeled, and thickened round the suture,
where they present a single row of oblique, oblong tubercles. The ribs are numerous,
short, and curved, following the outline of the outer lip; they are thick, rounded,
and prominent on the shoulders, imparting somewhat of a turreted character to
the spire, and they taper rapidly as they cross the middle of the whorls, where they
are lost ; the spiral, raised lines are thread-like, numerous, and irregular. The
aperture is of a roundish-oval form, and terminates in front in a short, but distinct,
rather wide, and nearly straight canal, having the anterior extremity slightly bent
backwards ; the outer lip is curved, wing-shaped, with the front part much pro-
jecting ; the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is of a narrow, deep, oblong
form; the columella nearly straight, and crested by the reflexure of the canal.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 3-12ths; diameter, rather more than 10-12ths of an
inch.
Locality—Bracklesham Bay.
No. 221. Preurotoma uma. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 3, a—ce.
P. testa elongatd, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter curvo-plicatd, concentrice scabro-lineatd,
tuberculato-carinatd : spird elatd, obtusd: anfractibus planulatis, ad humeros angulatis ;
postice concavis, ad suturam granulatis ; ultimo anfractu brevi, antice coarctato, in canali
brevi obliquo, terminato ; plicis longitudinalibus numerosis, acutis, ad basin tendentibus ;
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 297
Lineis concentricis medianis granulato-nodosis, wrregularibus, alternatim filiformibus et
tenioliformibus ; apertura ob-ovali ; labro aliformi ; sinu angusto, profundo, marginibus
sub-parallelis.
Shell elongated, slightly turreted, longitudinally plicated, concentrically lined ; the
spire obtuse, pointed at the extremity, and much produced, being half as long again
as the aperture; the whorls, eight or nine, exclusive of a small, smooth pullus of two
turns, are nearly straight-sided and angular on the shoulders, where they are girt bya
narrow, slightly elevated band, which is furnished with a single row of small, close-set
tubercles, in some few specimens rounded or oblong, but most generally narrow,
curved, and pliciform ; the posterior margins are narrow, concave, and bordered round
the suture by a band, formed of two or three concentric lines more prominent than the
rest, and presenting a series of small, oblong, or roundish tubercles ; the last whorl is
much contracted in front, where it forms a rather wide, short, but distinct, and oblique
canal, notched at the extremity. The longitudinal plications are numerous, sharp,
and curved, and they extend to the very base of the shell; the concentric lines
over the shoulders and posterior margins are undulating, regular, even, rather
thick, and separated by perspicuous furrows ; over the middle and front parts of the
whorls they are depressed, irregular, and unequal, narrow ribbon-like lines alternating
with fine thread-like lines; at the points where they are intersected by the longi-
tudinal plications, they rise into oblong tubercles, or become coarsely granulated, as
the concentric line is more or less broad. The aperture is nearly oval; the outer lip
wing-shaped, projecting most towards the posterior extremity, very thin and sharp on
the edge, and smooth within ; and the sinus, which is on the shoulder, is narrow and
very deep, with nearly parallel margins.
The roughly granulated surface of this Plearotoma has somewhat of the aspect of a
coarse file, from which resemblance the specific name is taken. The species presents
a very close analogy with the variety recorded by Deshayes of P. dicatena (Lamk.)
In the French shells, however, the margins of the whorls are more depressed, and the
spire, consequently, is slenderer, and tapers more regularly ; the tubercles on the
shoulders are longer, more prominent, and more distant, and the anterior canal is
wider. In the shape and position of the sinus, as well as in the condition of the
sutural tubercles and of the transverse sculpture, the shells agree, except that the
decussation caused by the more prominent lines of growth have given to the English
shells the scabrous aspect which characterises them. It may, perhaps, be considered
as merely a strongly marked variety of Lamarck’s species.
Size—Axis, 10-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum, No. 29, Prestw.), and Highcliff, at all
of which places it is somewhat rare.
38
298 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 222. Pxrevrotoma reticutosa. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 4, a, 3.
P. testé elongato-fusiformi, undique concentrice lineatd: spird acuminata: anfractibus
convevis, ad humeros sub-angulatis et teniold depressa, obsolete curvo-plicata et sulco spirali
angusto exarata, cinctis ; postice concavis, ad suturam marginatis ; ultimo anfractu in cana-
lem latum brevem, antice reflexum, producto ; lineis concentricis supra margines et humeros
anfractuum confertis, tenuibus; ceterum fortibus, sub-distantibus, irregularibus; omnino liners
incrementi asperatis : apertura oblongo-oval ; labro arcuato, acuto, ad humerum sinuato;
sinu latiusculo, profundo, sub-trigono.
Shell elongated, fusiform, having the whole surface covered with spiral, raised
lines ; spire pointed, produced, nearly equalling the aperture in length. The whorls,
six or seven in number, are convex and bluntly angulated at the shoulders, which
present a depressed, narrow, ribbon-like band, bearing a series of rather closely set,
faint, crescent-shaped plications, formed by the successive rounded extremities of the
sinus, and which are divided along the middle by a narrow but perspicuous furrow ;
the posterior margins are slightly concave, and bordered round the sutural edge by a
coarse, elevated line ; the last whorl is produced in front into a short, very wide, and
slightly curved canal, the anterior extremity of which is bent a little backwards. The
concentric lines are numerous and irregular, slender, and rather closely set over the
margins and shoulders, but distant, thread-like, and much elevated over the middle
and front parts of the whorls; and they are decussated by the perspicuous lines
of growth, whence the surface has somewhat the appearance of being covered
with fine network. The aperture is of a lengthened, oval form ; the outer lip arched,
thin, sharp at the edge, and smooth within ; the sinus, which is placed at the shoulder,
is rather wide, deep, and somewhat triangular in form, with a rounded extremity;
and the columella is nearly straight, and presents a small crest in front.
In the general character of the ornamentation this Pleurotoma resembles P.
conifera ; but the lineation is of a rougher and more decided character ; the shell
itself is wider, the spire relatively shorter, the whorls more convex, the anterior canal
shorter and wider, and the sinus not so deep nor so narrow. ‘These differences strike
the eye at once on comparing the two; and as the present shell occurs in a newer
and distinct formation, I have retained it as a distinct species.
From P. crenata (Nyst), with which it also presents a close analogy, it is separable
by the wider and more concave margins, and the crenulated and tuberculated shoul-
ders of the whorls in that species.
Size—Axis, 1 inch and 1-]2th ; diameter, 5-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Barton, where it is rare.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 299
No. 223. Pirurotoma roretta. J. £. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 4, a, 4.
P. testa turritd, longitudinaliter arcuato-costellata, undique transversim sulcatd : spird
elata, acuminata: anfractibus sub rectis, ad humeros angulatis ; postice concavis, granulato-
marginatis ; ultimo anfractu antice repente courctato, sub-angulato, in canalem brevem, latius-
culum, emarginatum, producto ; costellis distantibus, angustis, ad basin tendentibus, sepe
bifurcatis, postice sub-tuberculosis ; sulcis transversis supra margines posticas et humeros
confertis, angustis ; caeterum latioribus, distantioribus: aperturé obovatd ; labro arcuato ;
sinu lato, profundo, sub-semicirculari, ad humerum collocato.
A rather wide, turreted shell, longitudinally ribbed, and concentrically furrowed :
the spire is pointed, much elevated, being nearly twice the length of the aperture, and
formed of four or five volutions, exclusive of a smooth, lengthened, sub-cylindrical pullus.
The whorls are nearly straight-sided, and angulated at the shoulders ; the posterior
margins narrow, concave, and slightly thickened round the suture, where they present
a series of small, rounded, rather distant tubercles ; the last whorl is suddenly con-
tracted, so as to become obtusely angulated towards the front, and it terminates in a
short, but distinct, and moderately wide canal, the anterior extremity of which is
notched. The costelle are rather distant, curved and narrow, and are swelled on the
shoulders into small, oblong tubercles; thence they taper gradually, becoming sharp
and elevated lines, not unfrequently furcated, towards the front, and they extend to
the very base of the whorl ; the concentric furrows are narrow, shallow, close-set, and
regular over the posterior margins and shoulders, but are wider, deeper, and more
distant over the middle and front of the whorls. The aperture is nearly oval ; the
outer lip thin, sharp-edged, and arched; and the sinus, which is on the shoulder, is
wide, moderately deep, and rounded at the extremity.
This species presents some analogy with two Pleurotome from Cuise Lamotte, at
present undescribed, but which have been named respectively P. plicatel/a and P.
normalis by M. Deshayes, to whom I am indebted for specimens ; in the first of these
species, however, the shell is more slender, the spire more conical and pointed, the
whorls more regularly convex, the posterior margins not so deeply channeled, the
anterior canal longer, and the sinus wider and more trigonal ; and in P. zormalis the
shell is wider, the spire more conical, the posterior margins of the whorls deeper
and simple on the sutural edge, the costee more distant and shorter, and the canal
longer ; the transverse ornamentation also consists of very slender, closely set, raised
lines, and the sinus is placed in the margin.
Size.
Localities—Highcliff, where it is not uncommon, and Barton, where it appears to
be very rare.
Axis, 5-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2°5-12ths of an inch.
300 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 224. Pxreuroroma cepitta. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 5, a, 6.
P. testa turritd, tuberculatd, undique transversim lineata: anfractibus convewiusculis,
ad humeros obscure angulatis, plicatis ; postice concavis, tuberculato-marginatis ; ultimo an-
Jractu antice in canal lato, breviusculo, terminato ; plicis numerosis, angustis, brevibus, ar.
cuatis ; liners transversis regularibus; supra margines et humeros confertis, filiformibus, equa-
libus ; ceterum crassioribus, distantioribus: aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro aliformi, ad
humerum late breviterque sinuato.
Shell turreted, tuberculated, and concentrically lined ; the spire pointed, moderately
elevated, barely equalling the aperture in length; the whorls, six or seven, exclusive
of a small, conical pullus of two volutions, slightly convex, obscurely angulated on
the shoulders, and armed with a row of rather numerous, short, curved, pliciform
tubercles ; the posterior margins are slightly hollowed, and are thickened round the
sutural edge, which is girt by a row of small, knob-like tubercles, not very distant from
each other ; the last whorl is much contracted in front, and produced into a rather wide
and short but distinct, and oblique, canal, notched at the anterior extremity. The
transverse lines over the shoulders and posterior margins of the whorls are slender,
depressed, regular, equal, and close-set ; those over the middle and front of the body
whorl are coarser, and more distant, being separated by spaces as wide as themselves ;
they are somewhat undulating, and are roughened by the lines of growth. The
aperture is of an oblong-oval form; the outer lip wing-shaped, projecting at the
middle, thin, sharp-edged, and smooth within; and the sinus, which is wide, not very
deep, and almost semicircular, is placed on the shoulder.
The present species is distinguished from P. rofel/a by the longer and more convex
whorls, the short and curved folds on the shoulders, the wider and somewhat longer
anterior canal, and the broader and shallower sinus. Like that species, it presents an
analogy with P. xormalis (Desh., sp. ined.), but the wider and straighter posterior
margins, with their simple sutural edge, and the more sharply angulated shoulders of
the whorls, the more slender and regular concentrical lineation, and the marginal
position of the sinus of the latter shell, render the two species easily separable.
Size.—Axis, 6-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather less than 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities —Barton and Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.), at both of which places
it appears to be rare.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 301
No. 225. Pxreuroroma insienis. F. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 14, a, 3b.
P. testé sub-turritd, transversim denticulato-lineata : anfractibus depresso-convexiusculis,
ad humeros angulatis, tuberculatis ; marginibus posticis canaliculatis, ad suturam fasciolé
per-elevata, fastigui-formi, cinctis ; ultimo anfractu, antice costellato, in canalem breviusculum
producto ; tuberculis numerosis, pliciformibus, obliquis ; lineis concentricis supra margines
posticas et humeros exilibus, regularibus; supra medium ultimi anfractis distantibus,
elevatis, scabratis: aperturd ovali ; labro arcuato, ad humerum sinuato ; sinu lato, trian-
gulart.
A somewhat broad, turreted shell, ornamented with concentric, raised lines; the
spire, which consists of five or six volutions, is pointed and moderately elevated,
forming about half the length of the whole shell. The whorls are angulated at the
shoulders, and armed with a series of closely set, narrow, laterally compressed, oblique
tubercles ; the posterior margins are deeply channeled and are girt near the suture by
a much-elevated, ridge-like band, which is granulated in the earlier whorls; the last
whorl is depressedly convex on the sides, much contracted towards the front, and
terminates in a narrow and rather short canal. The concentric lines over the poste-
rior margins and immediately in front of the shoulder, are slender and rather closely
set, distinct, and regular: on the middle of the last whorl appear four or five regular,
concentric, raised lines; of these, the one nearest the shoulder is granulated and
separated from that next in front by a very narrow, concave furrow ; the raised line,
second from the shoulder, is transversely denticulated, and in front of this appear
two other almost equally prominent and moderately distant lines, which are also denti-
culated; the intermediate spaces are nearly flat, and are traversed along the middle by
very fine and scarcely perceptible raised lines, also denticulated. Three or four much
elevated sharp, or faintly granulated, concentric lines traverse the canal. The bases of
the denticulations on the posterior median line, are prolonged into rather broad,
flat, longitudinal ribs, which extend to the origin of the canal. The aperture is oval ;
the outer lip arched and indented at the shoulder by a very wide, moderately deep,
sub-trigonal sinus.
This species presents some analogy with P. denticula ; but the shell is broader, the
spire shorter, the tubercles on the shoulder narrow and fold-like, the sinus much
wider, and the sculpture different in character. It is apparently very rare.
Size—Axis, rather more than 4-12ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Alum Bay (Strat. No. 4, Prestw.)
302 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.,
No. 226. Prevuroroma ruexuosa. Minster. Tab. XXXII, fig. 8, a—e.
PLEUROTOMA FLEXUOSA. Munst. 1835. Leonh. and Bronn, Jahrbuch, p. 449.
—_— — Goldf. 1826—1844. Petrefacta Germ., vol. iii, p. 21, t. 171,
fig. 7.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter flecuoso-plicatd, spiraliter lineata : spird
elatd, sub-conicd : anfractibus depresso-conveviusculis ; postice ad suturam sulco angusto
ecaratis, lineato-marginatis, nonnunquam granulatis: aperturdé oblongo-ovali, antice in
canalem breviusculum, ad basin emarginatum, productd ; labro leviter arcuato, ad humerum
late sinuato ; sinu mediocriter profundo, triangulari.
A long, narrow, fusiform shell, ornamented with numerous longitudinal plications
and spiral raised lines; the spire is pointed and elevated, forming almost three fifths
of the entire length. The whorls, seven without the pullus, are depressedly convex,
nearly flat-sided, imparting a conical aspect to the spire; the posterior margins are
rather deeply, but not widely, channeled, and are bordered round the suture by a sharp,
prominent line, generally simple, but sometimes crenulated by the lines of growth; the
last whorl is much contracted towards the front, and terminates in a wide and short,
but distinct, canal, slightly notched at the extremity. The longitudinal plications are
narrow and curved, and extend from the sutural border to the middle of the whorl ;
the spiral lines are numerous, slender, nearly equal, and rounded on the surface. The
aperture is of an oblong-oval form, the outer lip very slightly arched, and the sinus,
which is on the shoulder, is wide, not very deep, and triangular in shape.
The present species presents a close analogy with P. Prestwichii, but it is a
narrower and slenderer shell, with a longer spire and less convex whorls, a straighter
outer lip, and a shorter anterior canal. Our English specimens agree closely with a
specimen of P. fleeuosa from Hermsdorf, part of a series from the older Tertiaries of
Germany, presented by Dr. Wedding to the British Museum.
Size.—Axis, 8-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch, nearly.
Localities.—Shenfield, Southampton, Clarendon, Highgate? Alum Bay (No. 4,
Prestw.) German: Sternberg (fide Goldf.), Hermsdorf (fide Wedding).
No. 227. Pxievurotoma pupoipes. F. £. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 11, a, 4.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, omnino concentrice sulcatd: spird elatd, conoided: anfrac-
tibus sub-convexis, inermibus, postice cavatis ; ultimo anfractu ad humerum fasciola angusta
cincto, antice in canalem brevem obliquum prolongato ; sulcis concentricis confertis, regu-
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 303
laribus, equalibus: apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro fere recto ; sinu lato, mediocriter pro-
Jundo, rotundato, ad humerum collocato. é
Shell elongated, fusiform, concentrically furrowed; the spire nearly conical and
moderately elevated, not quite equalling the aperture in length. The whorls, seven or
eight without the pullus, are depressedly convex and are smooth and without ornament
on the shoulders; the posterior margins, which slope very gently backwards, are
traversed by a rather wide and deep concave furrow, and their sutural edge is simple ;
the last whorl is girt round the shoulder by a narrow, riband-like band, scarcely
elevated above the surface ; it is much contracted towards the front, and terminates
in a wide and short, but distinct, canal, notched at the anterior extremity. The con-
centric furrows are numerous, not very deep, even, and regular, and are separated by
ridges of equal width with themselves, and rather depressed on the upper surface.
The aperture is of an oblong-oval shape; the outer lip is very little arched, nearly
straight, and situated on the shoulder; and the sinus is wide, moderately deep, and
rounded at the extremity.
This species is closely analogous with P. flecuosa (Miinst.), of which, perhaps, it
may be considered a variety ; but the posterior margins are wider and more broadly
furrowed, and the whorls do not present the curved costelle, nor are they bordered
round the suture by the sharp, elevated line, found in that species.
Size.—Axis, 9-12ths of an inch, nearly ; diameter, not quite 3-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Clarendon, Alum Bay (Stratum No. 4, Prestwich), and Potter’s Bar.
No. 228. Pxrevrotoma variata. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXtI, fig. 11.
P. testa elongata, angusta, sub-cylindricd, sub-turritd, longitudinaliter obsolete plicatd,
transversim irregulariter sulcatd : spird elatd, bi-trientes totius teste fere equanti: anfrac-
tibus convexiusculis ; marginibus posticis paullulo cavatis, ad suturam granoso-lineatis ;
suleis transversis supra margines posticas et humeros angustis, confertis ; ceterum latioribus,
distantioribus : apertura ob-ovali, in canali brevi, obliquo exeunte; labro valde arcuato ;
sinu lato, profundo, ad humerum collocato.
Shell long, narrow, somewhat turreted, and ornamented with obscure longitudinal
plications, and irregular concentrical furrows: the spire is obtuse, sub-cylindrical, and
much produced, being nearly double the length of the aperture. The whorls are depres-
sedly convex ; the posterior margins, which slope gently backwards, are very slightly
furrowed, and are bordered round the suture by a single row of very small granula-
tions. The transverse furrows over the posterior margins and shoulders of the whorls
are narrow, shallow, and irregular, those near the suture being more closely set than
the others; over the middle and front parts of the whorls the furrows are broader and
304 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
wider apart, being separated by spaces as wide as themselves ; they are flattened on
the upper surface and roughened by the lines of growth. The whorls present a series
of faint, almost obsolete, longitudinal, curved plications, representing the successive
edges of the outer lip, and which on the last whorl extend almost to the base. The
aperture is nearly oval, and terminates in front in a wide, short, and oblique canal ;
the outer lip is much arched, thin, and sharp-edged ; and the sinus, which is placed
on the shoulder, is very wide, deep, and almost semicircular in shape.
Size.—Axis, nearly 6-12ths of an inch; diameter, not quite 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Clarendon, where it apparently is very rare.
No. 229. Pievurotoma Woop. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 10, a, 6.
P. testa turriculatd, omnino concentrice lineata : spird elevatd, acuminata : anfractibus —
planulatis, ad humeros obtuse angulatis, et carind latissimd, rotundatd, in medio spiraliter |
suleatd, instructis ; marginibus posticis angustissimis, depressis: lineis concentricis supra
partes medias et anticas anfractium sub-distantibus, latis, depressis ; supra carinam et
margines posticas fere obsoletis: aperturd sub-quadratd, in canali brevi exeunte : labro
parum arcuato ; sinu semicirculari, ad carinam collocato.
Shell turreted and spirally lined, with a pointed, elevated spire, rather longer
than the aperture ; whorls, eight, exclusive of the pullus, nearly straight at the sides,
and obtusely angulated at the shoulders, where they present a very broad, prominent,
rounded keel, traversed along the middle by a narrow and shallow furrow, repre-
senting the progress of the extremity of the sinus; the posterior margins are exceed-
ingly narrow, depressed, and concave, and are simple on the sutural edge. The concentric
lines over the middle and front parts of the whorls are rather numerous, regular,
band-like, depressedly convex on the upper surface, and separated by deep concave
furrows, equalling the bands in width; over the keel and posterior margins the con-
centric lines are nearly obsolete. On the early whorls the lines of growth are very
perspicuous, resembling small, oblique coste ; these are lost on the last two whorls.
The aperture, owing to the somewhat flat sides and the depressed posterior margin of
the whorls, is subquadrate in form, and terminates in front in a short, moderately wide
canal, rendered slightly oblique by the curve of the columella; the outer lip is very
little arched, almost straight, and is smooth within; and the sinus, which is on the
keel, is moderately wide and semicircular.
This well-marked Pleurotoma is extremely rare ; I have dedicated it to Mr. Searles
Wood, by whom it was discovered, and to whose liberality I am indebted for the
specimen figured.
Size.—Axis, 5-12ths of an inch, nearly; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality —Headon Hill.
~ PROSOBRANCHIATA. 305
No. 230. Pieurotoma curta. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXJ, fig. 2, a, 6.
P. testé parva, subfusiformi, turritd, tuberculo-plicatd, undique transversim sulcata :
spira sub-conicd, acuminata ; anfractibus conveaiusculis, ad humeros sub-angulatis, tuber-
culatis ; postice concavis, granulato-marginatis ; ultimo anfractu repentissime coarctato, in
canalem brevem producto ; tuberculis sub-distantibus, oblongis, bifurcis, plicas duas arcuatas
formantibus ; sulcis transversis confertis, supra canalem perspicuis, ceterum fere obsoletis :
apertura obovali ; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu lato, brevi, sub-trigono, ad humerum collocato.
Shell small, rather fusiform, turreted, tuberculous, and concentrically furrowed :
the spire, somewhat conical, pointed, and moderately elevated, being of equal length
with the aperture. The whorls are very slightly convex, and bluntly angulated at
the shoulders, where they are furnished with a row of short, vertical, oblong tubercles,
which bifurcate in front, and are produced into two narrow, oblique, unequally arched,
fold-like costellz, which extend to the beginning of the canal; the posterior margins
are rather deeply channeled and bordered round the suture by a single row of small,
round granulations, corresponding with the tubercles on the shoulders ; the last whorl
is suddenly and much contracted towards the front, resembling that of P. coarctata ;
the transverse furrows are numerous, perspicuous over the canal, but elsewhere
nearly obsolete. The aperture is rather widely oval; the outer lip moderately arched ;
and the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is wide, rather deep, and semi-
elliptical in form.
I know only the figured specimen of this species, and this is probably an imma-
ture individual. It presents a close resemblance to P. dracheia, with which, without
a careful examination, it may be easily confounded. On comparing the two shells,
however, it will be seen that in the present species the spire is more regularly tapering,
the posterior margins a little more depressed and more deeply channeled ; the granu-
lations round the suture smaller, and placed opposite to the tubercles on the shoulders,
and the body whorl much more contracted. These differences, with the bifurcated
tubercles, the different character of the transverse ornamentation, and especially the
shape and position of the sinus, are sufficient to entitle the present shell to specific
distinction.
Size.—7-24ths of an inch; diameter, 3-24ths of an inch.
Locality— Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.)
No. 231. Pxrevrotroma purtta. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig, 15, a, 4.
P. testa clongato-fusiformi, spiraliter granoso-lineatd : spird elevatd, obtusiusculd, sub-
conicd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros unicd serie tuberculorum brevium ornatis ;
39
306 _ EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
postice sulco spirali, ewilissime lineato, exaratis ; ad suturam duplici lined elevatd undulata
marginatis ; ultimo anfractu in canali brevi, latiusculo, recurvo, desinente : lineis spirali-
bus alternatim crassis et tenuissimis ; lineis crassis per-elevatis et per lineis incrementi
granulatis : aperturdé ovali; labro leviter arcuato ; sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, sub-
trigono, ad humerum collocato ; columella arcuatd, cristata.
Shell elongate, fusiform, and ornamented with concentric, granulated, raised lines ;
spire thick, nearly conical, and much produced, fully equalling three fifths of the entire
shell in length. The whorls, eight exclusive of the pullus, are slightly convex, and
girt round the shoulders by a single row of small, oblong, curved, comma-like tuber-
cles ; the posterior margins are nearly straight, and furrowed by a broad, deep sulcus,
which is traversed by a few concentric lines, so faint as scarcely to detract from the
smoothness of the surface; the sutural edge is thickened, and bordered by two closely
set, undulating, sharp, raised lines; the last whorl contracts somewhat suddenly in
front and terminates in a short, rather wide, and curved canal, slightly bent backwards
at the anterior extremity. The spiral lines are unequal, thick prominent lines alter-
nating with very slender, thread-like lines ; the larger lines are granulated with much
regularity by the successive margins of the outer lip; the smaller lines are but faintly
decussated. ‘The’ aperture is rather widely oval; the outer lip slightly arched and
sinuated at the shoulder; the sinus very wide, moderately deep, and triangular in
form; and the columella, which is a little twisted, presents a small crest in front.
This species presents an elegant ornamentation, quite distinct in character from
that of any other English Eocene Pleurotoma. It appears to be exceedingly rare.
Size.—Axis, 11-12ths of an inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch, nearly.
Locality.— Barton.
No. 232. Prevroroma acutisinuata. Ff. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 5, a, 6.
P. testd elongato-fusiformi, gracil, sub-turritd, acuminata, undique spiraliter lineata :
anfractibus conveviusculis, ad humeros angulatis, postice declivis, concavis ; lineis spiralibus
confertis, irregularibus : aperturd sub-quadratd, in canali brevi exeunte ; labro paululum
areuato ; sinu ad humerum collocato, latissimo, minime profundo, trigono, ad apicem acute
angulato.
Shell slender, oblong-fusiform, somewhat turreted, and ornamented with con-
centric, raised lines, which cover the whole surface ; spire pointed, elevated, exceeding
the aperture in length. The whorls, seven or eight in number, are depressedly
convex at the sides, and sharply angulated, almost keeled, at the shoulders; and the
posterior margins which slope gently backwards, are slightly channeled and girt by a
single raised line round the suture. The spiral lines are close-set, threadlike, equal,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 307
and regular on the posterior margins and shoulders; over the middle of the whorls
four or five thicker and coarser lines appear, between which finer lines intervene ; and
over the front of the last whorl and the canal the lines again become close-set, equal,
and regular; the whole are roughened, those over the margins almost decussated, by
the lines of growth. The aperture is subquadrate, and terminates in a short, mode-
rately wide, and nearly straight canal; the outer lip is very slightly arched, almost
straight ; and the sinus, which is very wide, shallow, and pointed at the extremity, is
placed on the shoulder.
The transverse lineation, associated with the acutely angular whorls and the wide,
pointed sinus, distinguish this Pleurotoma from all its congeners ; the species is appa-
rently very rare.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 9-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Locality —Bracklesham Bay.
No, 233. Pieurotoma rotunpata. JL. #. Hdwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 9, a, 0.
P. testaé oblongo-fusiformi, turritd, omnino spiraliter eailissime lineatd ; anfractibus
depresso-convexis, ad humeros rotundatis vel obtuse angulatis, in juventd arcuato-crenulatis,
deinde inermibus ; postice sub-depressis, concavis, plicato-marginatis ; ultimo anfractu in
canalem longiusculum angustum producto ; lineis spiralibus confertis, eailibus, inequalibus,
erregularibus : apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro leviter arcuato, ad humerum sinuato; sinu
latiusculo, mediocriter profundo, sub-semi-elliptico.
An oblong, fusiform, turreted shell, covered with very fine transverse lines; the
spire is somewhat cylindrical, pointed, and produced, nearly equalling the aperture in
length. The whorls, six or seven, are depressedly convex, and rounded at the
shoulders, which in the young state present a close-set series of narrow, crescent-
shaped plications, but which afterwards become round and simple, or occasionally are
girt with a very narrow and slightly elevated, keel-like band, imparting an obscurely
angulated appearance to the shoulder; the posterior margins are slightly depressed,
deeply concave, and bordered round the suture by a prominent band, formed of two or
three undulating, raised lines, finely plicated ; the last whorl is much contracted about
the middle, whence it tapers gradually towards the base, forming a moderately long
and rather narrow canal, The spiral lines are very fine, even, and close-set over the
posterior margins and shoulders of the whorls ; over the middle and front parts they
are more distant and irregular, broader and somewhat depressed lines alternating with
exceedingly slender lines ; and all are more or less feebly granulated by the lines of
growth. The aperture is of an oblong-oval shape; the outer lip moderately arched,
and the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is rather wide, not very deep, rounded.
at the extremity, and of a nearly semi-elliptical shape.
308 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
This species approaches nearly to P. granata ; but the depressed and deeply con-
cave margins and rounded shoulders of the whorls give a peculiar character, by which
it may readily be distinguished. It also presents a close resemblance to a Pleurotoma
from the upper and middle Eocene deposits of Germany, figured by Beyrich (‘Die
Conchylien des norddeutschen Tertitirgebirges, tab. xxix, fig. 4); but descriptions by
that author of the Pleurotome figured by him have not been yet published, and
without them, or a comparison of the shells themselves, it is unsafe to express any
opinion as to the identity of the two species.
Size—Axis, 11-12ths of an inch, nearly; diameter, rather more than 4-12ths of
an inch.
Localities.—Highgate, Potter’s Bar, Chalk Farm.
No. 234. Pievroroma cranata. F. 2. Hdwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 7, a—c.
P. testa oblongo-fusiformi, turritd, undique transversim granoso-lineatd : anfractibus
depresso-conveais, ad humeros obtuse carinatis, noduloso-crenatis ; marginibus posticis latis,
profunde cavatis, ad suturam incrassatis, lineatis, plicatis ; ultimo anfractu antice sub-
conico, in canali lato, brevi, desinente; lineis transversis supra margines et humeros
anfractuum exilibus, numerosis, regularibus ; supra medias partes crassioribus, inequalibus,
lineis majoribus minoribusque alternantibus ; omnino liners incrementi elegantissime granu-
latis: apertura ob-ovatd ; labro tenui, valde arcuato ; sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, ad
humerum collocato ; columella contortd, callosd.
A broad, fusiform shell, the whole surface of which is beautifully ornamented with
finely granulated, concentric, raised lines; the spire, formed of five or six volutions
exclusive of the pullus, is turreted, pointed, and moderately elevated, not quite
equalling the aperture in length. The whorls are bluntly and obscurely keeled round
the shoulders, on which they present a series of rather closely set, oblong, obliquely
curved plications, variable in size in different specimens, and frequently lost on the
last whorl; the posterior margins are wide, embracing the preceding whorls nearly
up to the shoulders, deeply channeled, thickened and fineiy plicated round the suture,
where, occasionally, they are girt with one or two raised lines more prominent than the
rest. The suture itself is deep and very perspicuous, owing to the great width of the
margin of the whorl. The last whorl is flatly convex and much contracted towards the
front, whence it tapers nearly regularly to the base, presenting somewhat of a conical
form ; and the anterior canal is wide and short, but distinct. The concentric lines over
the margins and shoulders of the whorl are numerous, regular, very slender, and thread-
like ; over the middle and front parts they are thicker and more prominent, closely set,
and unequal, larger lines alternating with smaller ones ; all are very regularly and closely
granulated by the lines of growth. The aperture is of a wide, oval form ; the outer lip
thin and sharp on the edge, and much arched ; the sinus, which is wide, moderately
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 309
deep, and triangular, is placed on the shoulder, and the columella is twisted, and bears
a single, oblique, and obscure, fold-like callus near the middle.*
This, as well as the preceding, species presents a close analogy with a Pleurotoma
from the lower Eocene deposits of Germany, figured, but not as yet described, by
Beyrich (‘ Norddeuts. Tertidrgeb.,’ tab. xxix, fig. 3); and for the reasons before stated,
the identity cannot he satisfactorily ascertained.
Size.—Axis, 7-12ths to 9-12ths of an inch, nearly ; diameter, rather more than
3-12ths of an inch, nearly 4-12ths.
Localhities—Highgate, Potter’s Bar.
No. 235. Pxirvroroma pariuis. F. E. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 10, a—e.
P. testa oblonyo-fusiformi, undique concentrice lineata : spird sub-conicd elevatd : an-
Sractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros obtuse angulatis, inermibus ; marginibus posticis latis,
concavis, ad suturam exilissime crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu sub-conico, in canalem brevem,
latiusculum, prolongato ; lineis concentricis confertis, supra partes anticas mediasque anfrac-
tium inequalibus, lineis incrementi asperatis ; supra margines regularibus, granulatis :
apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro tenui, sub-semicirculart ; sinu profundo, marginibus sub-paral-
lelis, ad humerum collocato ; columelld contortd, callosd.
Shell elongated, fusiform, and covered with numerous, fine, concentric, raised
lines ; the spire, formed of seven or eight volutions exclusive of the pullus, is pointed,
nearly conical, and moderately elevated, equalling the aperture in length. The whorls
are slightly convex, with broad, concave margins, and are separated by a deep, well-
defined suture, along the edge of which they present a series of fine crenulations, which
give a wrinkled appearance to the margin ; in the early whorls the margins overlap
the preceding whorls up to the shoulders, but in the later whorls the shoulders ave
more exposed. The last whorl is nearly conical, and terminates in front in a mode-
rately wide and short, but distinct, canal. The concentric lines are closely set ; over
the front and middle of the whorls they are irregular and unequal, very slender
lines alternating with thicker, thread-like lines, and they are roughened, almost
granulated, by the lines of growth; over the margins and shoulders, the concentric
lines are even, regular, and finely granulated. The aperture is of an oblong-oval
form; the outer lip is much arched, almost semicircular, thin, sharp on the edge, and
smooth within, and it presents at the shoulder a wide and very deep sinus, with
nearly parallel margins and a rather widely rounded extremity; the columnella is
slightly twisted, and bears about the middle an obscure, oblique, fold-like callus.
* The callus on the columella of P. granata, P. parilis, and of some other shells referred to Pleurotoma,
suggests the propriety of placing those species among the Borsonie ; but this callus is not, in fact, a true
fold, but merely a thickening caused by the contortion of the columella; and, therefore, the species in
which it is found are carefully excluded by Bellardi from his genus.
310 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
The close resemblance which this Pleurotoma presents to P. granata, both in form
and in ornamentation, would lead to its being regarded rather as a variety of, than
as distinct from, that species; but the narrower and less concave margins, and the
simple, rounded shoulders of the whorls, the more conical form of the spire and of
the last whorl, and especially the deep, oblong sinus, distinguish it.
Like P. rotundata and P. granata, this species presents a close analogy with
certain shells from the lower Eocene deposits of Germany, figured, but not as yet
described, by Beyrich (‘ Norddeutschen Tertitrgeb.,’ tab. xxix, fig. 2); but on the
grounds before mentioned, it would be hasty to assume the identity of the English and
German shells.
' Stze-—Axis, 10-12ths of an inch; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Highgate, Potter’s Bar.
No. 236. Prteurotoma ta&viuscuta. fF. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII; fig. 9, a, 6.
P., testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, leviusculd: anfractibus convexiusculis; ad
humeros in juventd tuberculatis, deinde simplicibus, postice et antice transversim lineatis,
ceterum levibus ; marginibus posticis canaliculatis : aperturd oblongo-ovali, in canali angusto,
brevi, exeunte ; labro leviter arcuato, tenui ; sinu lato, breviusculo, sub-trigono, ad humerum
collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, nearly smooth ; the spire, formed of six or seven volu-
tions, is rather thick and pointed, and is nearly as long as the aperture. The whorls
are slightly convex, and in the early stages of growth present on the shoulders a series
of close-set, oblong tubercles, which become obliterated on the third or fourth whorl,
after which the shoulders are smooth; the posterior margins are ornamented by three
or four concentric, raised lines; of these the one nearest the suture is sharp and
ridge-like, and more prominent than the others, and immediately in front of this the
margin is traversed by a rather deep, narrow channel; the other marginal lines are
feeble and somewhat obscure; the middle of the whorls is smooth; the front parts
and base are covered with numerous, close-set, raised lines, rounded on the upper
surface; these lines are irregular and unequal, fine lines alternating with thicker ones.
The aperture is of an oblong-oval form, and terminates in front in a narrow, short,
but distinct canal; the outer lip is thin, smooth within, and but slightly arched ;
and the sinus, which is on the shoulder, is wide, not very deep, and somewhat three-
cornered.
The smooth surface of this Pleurotoma is not a common character, and entitles it
to specific distinction.
Size. —Axis, rather more than 7-12ths of an inch; diameter, 5-24ths of an inch.
Locality.—Brockenhurst.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 311
No. 237. Prevroroma tursipa. Solander. Tab. XXXII, fig. 2, a—c.
Murex rurpipus. Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton, p. 19, fig. 31.
PLEUROTOMA coLon. Sow. 1816. Min. Con., vol. ii, p. 106, t. 146, f. 7, 8.
— caTaPHRACTA. Morr. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. (Ist Edit.), p. 157; (non Broce.)
— coton. Morr. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. (1st Edit.), p. 157.
— TuRBIDA. Morr. 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss. (Ist Edit.), p. 157.
— coLon. Bronn, 1848. Index Paleont., p. 1003.
— TURBIDA. Bronn, 1848. Index Paleont., p. 1011.
_ coton. D’Orb. 1852. Prod. de Paleont., 25° Etage, p. 359, No. 409.
— TURBIDUS. D’Orb. 1852. Prod. de Paléont., 25. Etage, p. 359, No. 413.
— coton. Morr. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 269.
— TURBIDA. Morr. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 270.
Nec. Pxiuvroroma TuRBIDA. Lam. Encycl. Méthod., t. 451, f. 8.
Nec. = — Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 97, No. 5.
Nec. — coLon. Desh. 1824-37. Coq. foss., &c., de Paris, vol. ii, p. 492, t. 66, f. 4, 7.
Nec. — — WNyst, 1835. Rech. coq. foss. d’Anvers, p. 28, No. 26.
Nec. _ — Wyst, 1836. Rech. coq. foss. de Hoesselt, &c., p. 30, No. 78.
Nec. _ — De Kon. 1837. Coq. foss. de Basele, &c. p. 20, No. 19.
Nee. — TuRBIDA. Nyst, 1843. Coq., &c., foss. de Belg., p. 513, t. 40, f. 8.
Nec. — —= Grat. 1847, Conch. foss., &c., de l’Adour, Atlas, t. 3, No. 21, f. 26.
P. testa oblonga, sub-fusiformi, turritd, undique concentrice lincald: spird elevati,
obtusa: anfractibus depresso-convexis ad humeros in juventd carinam obtusam crenatam
transversim sulcatam, gerentibus, deinde curvo-plicatis; marginibus posticis concavis, ad
suturam scabro-plicatis et duabus vel tribus lineis elevatis, acutis, cinctis ; ultimo anfractu
sub-conico ; lineis concentricis supra margines et humeros anfractuum confertis, exilissimis,
sub-aqualibus ; supra medias partes nonnullis crassis, prominentibus, fastigiiformibus, dis-
tantibus, ceterum exilibus ; omnino sub-clathratis: aperturd elongato-ovali, in canali bre-
vissimo, ad basin profunde emarginato, exeunte ; labro tenui, sub-semicirculari ; columella
contortd, callosd, cristata ; sinu latiusculo, profundo, marginibus sub-parallelis, ad humerum
collocato.
Var. B testa anfractibus ad humeros fortiter tuberculatis ; lineis concentricis medianis
et anticis sub-denticulatis.
Shell oblong, sub-fusiform, turreted, concentrically ridged and lined ; spire rather
thick, pointed, and much elevated, forming nearly 3-5th parts of the entire length.
The whorls, nine or ten without the pullus, are depressedly convex ; in the young state
they present round the shoulders an obscure, obtuse keel, bearing a closely set series
of narrow, vertical, slightly curved tubercles, defined at each end, and occasionally
also traversed by fine, raised, thread-like lines ; these tubercles and the keel gradually
become less prominent as the shell enlarges, and frequently altogether disappear
on the last two or three whorls, which then present only a series of numerous very
fine, thread-like, curved plications, formed by the successive, rounded extremities of
312 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the sinus ; the posterior margins are rather deeply channeled, and are thickened round
the suture, where they are girt by two or three fine, raised lines, decussated by
numerous, rather coarse plications. The concentric lines in the hollow part of the
margins and over the shoulders are numerous, slender, sharp, and regular; over the
middle and front parts of the whorls rise several prominent, rather thick, ridge-like
lines, varying in number and thickness in different individuals ; and over the inter-
mediate spaces two or three fine, thread-like lines are generally found, although in
some specimens, in which the ridges approach more closely, these intermediate lines
are wanting; all the lines are decussated by the sharp, perspicuous lines of growth
giving a finely reticulated aspect to the surface of the shell. The aperture is ofa long,
narrow-oval shape, and terminates in front in a wide, very short, and indistinct canal,
deeply notched at the extremity; the outer lip is almost semicircular, thin, sharp on
the edge, and smooth within; the inner lip is rather thick, projecting, and curved
outwards at the anterior extremity; the columella is very slightly twisted and bears,
about the middle, a single, obscure, fold-like callus ; the front part presents a strongly
marked crest, due to the anterior notch. The sinus is placed on the shoulder of the
whorl, and is deep and moderately wide, with nearly parallel margins.
The present species is very variable in the ornamentation; the most common and
most strongly marked variety (Var. (3) is the one figured in ‘ Mineral Conchology’ (tab.
exlvi, fig. 8), in which the tubercles on the shoulders are prominent and without the
transverse furrow found in the typical form ; and the concentric lines over the middle
and front parts of the whorls are obscurely denticulated.
The shells figured and described by Sowerby as P. co/on are, as that author sug-
gested, the young of Solander’s species. Jn the young state the proportions of the spire
and of the body whorl are nearly equal, and the character of the ornamentation on the
shoulders of the whorls is more strongly marked ; and in the figure given by Brander,
P. turbida is represented as having a wider shell and a more pointed and slenderer
spire than, in fact, characterise the species. Without an examination of the shell in
all stages of growth, therefore, a doubt of the identity might reasonably be entertained.
The shell described by Lamarck as P. turdida, in forgetfulness, probably, of that
name having been already used by Solander, is a Sub-Apennine shell, which had already
been named Murex cataphractus by Brocchi; and this circumstance may have led to
the English shell having been at one time referred to Brocchi’s species, from which,
however, it is quite distinct.
Deshayes also has referred to P. colon some shells from the Soissonnais, which,
although presenting a close resemblance to the present species, are specifically distinct ;
the prominent and strongly crenulated band round the suture of those shells, resembling
that found in P. alligata, is quite different in character to the margination in P.
turbida ; and although the crenulation on the shoulders of the whorls resembles that
which is found in the present species, it may have arisen from some variation of
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 313
form in the animal, and is not due, as in P. furbida, to the successive terminations
of the sinus, which in the French shells is placed in the margin of the whorl, and not
on the shoulder, as in this species. These two shells, therefore, cannot, with pro-
priety, be referred to the same species ; and D’Orbigny has in fact distinguished the
French shells by the specific name pseudo-colon.
The shells from’ Basele, Boom, Schelle, and Antwerp, referred in the first
instance by Nyst, and afterwards by De Koninck, to P. co/on, are also specifically
distinct, and have been subsequently separated by Nyst, under the name of P. crenata.
There still remain to be noticed certain shells from Vliermael and Lethen ; these,
in the first instance, were also referred by Nyst to P. colon; but that author, in his
description of the fossils of Belgium, has erroneously considered P. colon of Sowerby
as specifically distinct from P. ¢urbida of Solander, and has treated the shells in
question as belonging to P. turéida. I have not seen any specimens of the Vliermael
and Lethen shells ; but, judging from the specimen figured in Nyst’s work, apparently
a full-grown shell, I do not consider that it has been correctly referred to the present
species; the spire is shorter and more conical, the whorls are more convex, the
posterior margins wider and less depressed, and the sutural edges not thickened ‘nor
girt by the prominent, raised lines found in the present species; the tubercles on
the shoulder are much less prominent, the body whorl is contracted in front into
a narrow, somewhat lengthened, canal, the outer lip is not so much curved, and
the sinus is apparently triangular and much wider and shallower.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 1]-12ths; diameter, rather more than 7-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Barton and Highcliff, at both of which places it is very common. In
Morris’s catalogue, Highgate is also given as a locality for P. colon; but I am not
aware of the present species having been found there.
No. 238. Pxievroroma tiegata. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 12 a, 0.
P. testa scabra, elongato-turbinatd, sub-fusiformi, concentrice fasciolis crassis, quasi
Juniculis, ligatd : anfractibus convexiusculis, ad humeros curvi-crenatis ; marginibus posticis
latis, transversim tenuiter lineatis, et sulco profundo exaratis, ad suturam incrassatis, longi-
tudinaliter crasse plicatis ; ultimo anfractu conpideo, in canalem latum, brevem, ad basin
paululo emarginatum, producto ; fasciolis concentricis crassis, preeminentibus, sub-distan-
tibus, rotundatis, interstitiis sub-planis : aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro valde arcuato, acuto :
sinu latiusculo, profundo, marginibus parallelis, ad humerum collocato ; columella contortd
sub-callosd, antice cristata.
Shell rugged, elongated, fusiform, and ornamented with thick, rounded bands, as if
bound with cords ; the spire, formed of eight or nine volutions, is nearly conical, and
moderately elevated, being as long as the aperture. The whorls present round the
40
314 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
shoulders a series of slightly curved, irregular crenulations, more or less closely set in
different specimens; the posterior margins are very wide, covering the preceding
whorls up to the shoulders ; they are deeply channelled, and much thickened round
the sutural edge, so as to form a broad, elevated band, which is crossed by numerous
narrow, vertical plications, corresponding with the crenulations on the shoulders ; the
whole surface of the margins, and also the shoulders, are covered with fine, concentric,
raised lines, which are most prominent over the sutural band; the body whorl is flatly
convex, nearly conical, and terminates in front in a wide, short, but distinct canal,
rather deeply notched at the anterior extremity. The concentric bands are thick and
very prominent, rounded on the upper surface, and rather distant; the intervening
spaces are flat, and traversed, in some specimens, by one or more thread-like raised
lines, and in others by flattened bands, similar in character to the principal bands, but
much narrower and less prominent. The aperture is of an oblong-oval form; the
outer lip much arched, almost semicircular, thin and sharp on the edge, and smooth
within ; the sinus, which is placed on the shoulder, is deep and not very wide, with
nearly parallel margins ; and the columella is slightly twisted, and presents near the
middle an obscure callus.
This strongly marked species is, I believe, peculiar to Bramshaw ; at least I have
not met with it elsewhere. In its general aspect and the character of the ornamenta-
tion, it strongly resembles the Soissonnais shells referred by Deshayes to Solander’s
P. colon; but, as I have already pointed out, the sinus in those shells is placed in the
marginal furrow, and not on the shoulder, as in the present species.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 13 inch ;.diameter, 7-12ths of an inch.
No. 239. Preuvroroma nemiLeia.” F. #. Bdwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 13, a, d.
P. testa fusiformi, utrinque sub-conicd, transversim fasciolatd : anfractibus ad humeros
obtuse angulatis, in juventd plicatis, deinde levibus ; antice planulatis, postice declivis, paulo
concavis, ad suturam concentrice lineatis ; caterum levibus; fasciolis transversis sub-distan-
tibus, parum elevatis, interstitiis concavis ; ultimo anfractu ad basin emarginato : apertura
angusta, sub-quadratd, in canali patulo, indistincto, exeunte ; labroleviter arcuato ; sinu ad
humerum collocato, lato, profundo, marginvbus sub-parallelis ; columella leviter contortd.
Shell fusiform, rather narrow, presenting somewhat of the appearance of two
cones placed base ‘to base, transversely furrowed and banded, but with the surface
smooth and shining: the spire, formed of seven or eight volutions, is elevated, equalling
the aperture in length. The whorls are obtusely angulated at the shoulders, round
which, in the very young state, they present a series of regular, closely set,
long, narrow, vertical plications, which gradually become more and more faint as
the shell is enlarged, and ultimately disappear on the fourth or fifth whorl, after
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 315
which the shoulders are without ornament ; the sides of the whorls in front of the
shoulders are very nearly straight ; the posterior margins slope gently backwards, and
are very slightly channelled. The sutural edge presents either a single, sharp, ridge-like
line, or, more generally, two sharp and very slender, raised lines, separated by a concave
furrow ; in the early whorls it is strongly crenulated, but the crenulations afterwards
become faint and almost obsolete ; the hollow space between the margin and the
shoulder, and the shoulders themselves in the later whorls, are smooth and shining.
The concentric bands are depressed, more or less broad in different specimens, and
separated by rather deep, concave furrows, which are frequently traversed by a single,
very fine, raised line. The last whorl, which is nearly conical, is slightly notched at
the base and feebly crested in front. The aperture is narrow, long, and sub-quadrate,
and terminates in front in a wide, short, indistinct canal; the outer lip is moderately
arched, thin-edged, and smooth within; the sinus is wide and deep, with nearly
parallel margins, and is placed on the shoulder; and the columella is cylindrical
and very slightly twisted.
This Pleurotoma has a close analogy with P. turbida, for which, in the young
state, it may be mistaken; but the greater narrowness, and the smooth, shining
surface, of the shell, the more conical form as well of the spire as of the body whorl,
the unornamented shoulders of the later whorls, and the narrow, subquadrate
aperture, sufficiently distinguish it from that species.
Size.—Axis, 1 inch and 2-12ths, nearly; diameter, rather more than 5-12ths of
an inch.
Locality— Alum Bay (Stratum No. 29, Prestw.)
No. 240. Prevroroma Hantoniensis. Ff. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXI, fig. 8, a—e.
PLEUROTOMA PLEBEIA, var. 6. Forbes. 1856. Tert. fluvio-mar. form., &c. (Mem. Geol.
Surv.) po54, t.-5, f5 2:
P. testa turritd, transversim lines elevatis crassis cinctd : spird acuminata : anfractibus
depresso-conveais, carind obtusa, nodoso-crenatd, bipartitis; marginibus posticis sub-depressis,
excavatis, transversim exilissime lineatis, ad suturam crenulatis ; ultimo anfractu antice valde
coarctato, in canalem patulum, ad eatremitatem emarginatum, producto ; lineis trunsversis
supra medias partes anfractuum crassis, preeminentibus, sub-distantibus, irregularibus; tinter-
stitiis sepe ewiliter lineatis: apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro tenui, simplici, valde arcuato :
columella contortd, obscure callosd ; sinu latiusculo, triangulari, ad carinam collocato.
Shell turreted, concentrically and coarsely lined: spire pointed, elevated, a little
exceeding the aperture in length. The whorls, eight or nine exclusive of a smooth,
conical pullus, are depressedly convex, divided unequally at the shoulder by an obtuse
316 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
keel, bearing a row of moderately distant, nodulous tubercles ; the posterior margins
are depressed, concave, bordered round the suture by two sharp, elevated lines, crenu-
lated by the lines of growth; the hollow space between these lines and the shoulder is
traversed by numerous very slender lines, so fine as scarcely to be visible without the
aid of a magnifying glass or to detract from the otherwise smooth aspect of the sur-
face ; the concentric lines over the middle of the whorls are very prominent, thick,
cord-like, rather distant, and irregular; two or three fine, thread-like lines very
often appear in the intervening spaces. The last whorl is much contracted towards
the front, and terminates in a short, distinct, and very wide canal, rather deeply
notched at the anterior extremity. The aperture is of an elongated, oval form; the
outer lip much arched, thin and sharp on the edge, and smooth within; the sinus,
which is placed on the keel, is very wide, moderately deep, and triangular in shape ; and
the columella is slightly twisted, and presents about the middle a very obscure callus,
and at the anterior extremity the crest, which usually accompanies a well-defined,
anterior notch.
This Pleurotoma is, as Professor E. Forbes (/oc. cit.) has observed, much thicker,
wider, and larger than P. plebeia (denticula), of which, nevertheless, from an
assumed identity of sculpture in all essential points in both shells, that author con-
sidered it to be merely a variety. In this opinion I cannot concur. Without attaching
too much weight to the great differences in the size and relative proportions of the
two shells, although, when associated with other distinctions, these are not without
importance, it will be seen that, in fact, the sculpture is not identical with that of
P. denticula, and that there are other dissimilarities sufficient to separate the present
Pleurotoma from that species. With regard to the crenulation on the shoulders of the
whorls, that character is due, as before observed, to the thickening of the shell at the
extremity of the sinus, and a greater or less similarity in that ornament must necessarily
prevail in all the species forming the group to which the Pleurotome in question belong ;
but in this species, the crenulations are more transversely oblong and nodulous than
those which characterise the upper Eocene forms of P. denticula ; the spire also is more
pointed and shorter, the posterior margins more depressed, the transverse lineation
much more coarse and prominent, and the anterior canal shorter and wider, and deeply
notched at the extremity. On these grounds, therefore, I have separated the present
species from P. denticu/a, although I have much hesitation in dissenting from the
opinion of Professor E. Forbes. I may add that I possess a series of each form
from the same locality, Lyndhurst, in which the distinguishing characters of the two
species are constantly maintained, without the occurrence of any intermediate form.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 8-12ths; diameter, 8-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Brockenhurst, Lyndhurst, Roydon, and Whitecliff Bay (fide Forbes).
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 317
No. 241. Preuvroroma zonutata. fF. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 6, a, 6.
P. testa parvd, elongato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, omnino concentrice lineata : anfractibus
depresso-convexis ; marginibus posticis sulcatis ; ultimo anfractu sub-conico, tn canali lato
revi terminato; lineis concentricis crassiusculis, per-elevatis, sub-distantibus : .apertura
ovali ; labro sub-recto, acuto, intis plicato ; sinu lato, profundo, sub-trigono, ad humerum
collocato.
Shell small, elongate, fusiform, and concentrically lined ; the spire is elevated,
exceeding the aperture in length,and somewhat turreted; thewhorls are flatly convex, and
furrowed round the posterior margins, the sutural edge of which is bordered by a single
prominent line; the last whorl is nearly conical, and terminates, anteriorly, in a very
wide, short, but distinct and oblique, canal ; the concentric lines are rather thick, much
elevated, moderately distant, and nearly equal over the whole surface. The aperture
is of a widely ovate form ; the outer lip nearly straight, thin and sharp on the edge, and
plicated within ; the sinus is placed on the shoulder, and is very wide, deep, and sub-
trigonal in shape, with a much-rounded apex ; and the columella is slightly twisted.
A very pretty and somewhat rare shell, the prominent and nearly equal transverse
lineation of which gives to it a screw-like appearance. It appears to be quite
distinct.
Size.—Axis, 4-]2ths of an inch; diameter, 1-8th of an inch.
Localities. —Highcliff, Barton, Alum Bay (Stratum, No. 29, Prestw.)
No. 242. Preurotoma conoipeEs. Solander.* Tab. XXXIII, fig. 5, a, 6.
Murex conoiprs. Sol. 1766. Brand., Foss. Hanton, p. 14, fig. 17.
— — Morr. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 270.
Non. Pxievurotoma conompEa. WNyst, 1843. Descr. des coq., &c., de Belg., p. 515, t. 40, fig. 9.
P. testa utrinque sub-conicd, sub-turrita, longitudinaliter denticulato-plicatd, concentrice
lineald: spird elevatd, acuminatd ; anfractibus ad humeros acute angulatis, marginibus
posticis declivis, valde cavatis, ad suturam unicd lined, aliquando fastigitformi, aliquando
* The descriptions of this and the following two species, P. biconus and P. helicoides, have, been,
accidentally, misplaced; the species form part of the first section, in which the sinus is placed in the
margin of the whorls.
318 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
denticulatd, cinctis, ceterum laevibus; ultimo anfractu conico, antice in canali patulo
indistincto, terminato, ad basin emarginato : aperturd angustd, sub-quadrata ; labro arcuato,
acuto, intis plicato ; sinu latiusculo, sub-semicirculart, in margine collocato.
Shell fusiform, somewhat turreted, longitudinally plicated, and transversely lined ;
the spire conical, pointed, elevated, forming rather more than half of the shell. The
whorls are sharply angulated at the shoulders ; the posterior margins slope gently back-
wards ; they are deeply channelled, and are bordered round the suture by an elevated
line, which, in some specimens, is sharp and ridge-like, in others denticulated ; the
hollow space between this line and the shoulders is smooth; the last whorl is nearly
conical, and terminates in front in a wide, indistinct canal, slightly emarginate at
the extremity ; this form of the body whorl, with the conical spire, imparts to the
shell the appearance of two cones placed base to base. The longitudinal plications,
which extend to the very base of the shell, are numerous, narrow, oblique, curved,
and thickened at the points, where they are crossed by the transverse lines, imto
small, tooth-like tubercles ; the transverse lines are moderately distant and sharp.
The aperture is very narrow and subquadrate, resembling that of the cones; the
outer lip is moderately arched, sharp-edged, and strongly plicated within; the
sinus, which is placed in the margin, is rather wide and nearly semicircular.
Some shells from Lethen and Vliermael have been referred by Nyst to this species,
although with doubt ; judging from the figure given by that author, the margins of the
whorls in those shells appear to be narrower, and the longitudinal plications thicker and
less numerous, than in this species, and the body whorl is convex, contracted in front,
and terminates in a perspicuous canal ; the shells in question are, in fact, quite distinct
from the “ festa ecaudata, utrinque sub-conica,”’ described by Solander, and D’Orbigny
has distinguished them as P. sub-conoides.
Size.—Axis, 9-12ths of an inclr; diameter, nearly 4-12ths of an inch.
Localities. —Barton, Highcliff, Alum Bay (No. 29, Prestwich).
No. 243. Pxievroroma Biconus. F. F. Rdwards. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 7, a, 6.
P. testa biconicd, concentrice lineata: spird sub-turritd, acuminata: anfractibus ad
humeros angulatis, granoso-tuberculatis ; postice cavatis, ad suturam lined fastigiiformi
cinctis, ceterum levibus ; antice sub-rectis: lineis concentricis elevatis, acutis, sub-dis-
tantibus, interstitiis concavis: aperturd angusto-ovali, in canali patulo indistincto exeunte ;
labro leviter arcuato, acuto, intis plicato; sinu lato, breviusculo, sub-trigono, in margine
collocato.
Shell doubly cone-shaped and concentrically lined; the spire, which is a little
shorter than the aperture, is somewhat turreted and pointed. The whorls, five or six
without the pullus, are rather sharply angulated at the shoulders, which present
ee e ——————EEEeEeEeEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeeEeEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEEEEEE—eESESs--
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 319
a series of very small, closely set, regular, rounded tubercles, frequently lost on the
last whorl of the adult shell; the posterior margins are channelled and bordered
round the suture by a single elevated, sharp, ridge-like line, the space between which
and the suture is smooth; the body whorl is nearly straight-sided, and tapers
gradually towards the front, assuming a nearly conical shape, and it terminates in
a wide and indistinct canal, slightly notched at the extremity. The aperture is narrow,
and of an oblong-oval shape; the outer lip very slightly arched, thin and sharp
on the edge, and plicated within ; and the sinus, which is wide, very shallow, and sub-
trigonal in form, is placed in the margin of the whorl.
This Pleurotoma, in its general aspect, presents a very close analogy with P.
conoides, of which, on a cursory inspection, it might be regarded as a variety merely.
It is, however, a broader shell, the spire is not so much produced, and the sculpture
consists of simple, transverse lineation, without the denticulated, longitudinal plication
which distinguishes that species ; the outer lip also is much less arched, and the sinus
is wider, shallower, and more triangular.
Size.—Axis, 7-12ths of an inch; diameter, 3-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Highcliff.
No. 244. Prevrotoma weticorpes. LF. &. Hdwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 7, a, 6.
Ss
PLEUROTOMA TURRELLA. Morr. 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 270 (non Lam.).
P. testdé elongato-fusiformi, angustd, transversim lineata: spird elevatd, sub-conicd,
acuminatd : anfractibus numerosis, ad humeros et prope suturam bi-carinatis ; marginibus
posticis latiusculis, paululo declivis, sub-rectis; ultimo anfractu brevi, convewiusculo, in canali
patulo indistincto exeunte, ad extremitatem profunde emarginato ; lineis transversis omnino
lineis incrementi eleganter clathratis ; suprd margines posticas crebis, exilissimis, regu-
laribus ; caterum elevatis, acutis, irregularibus: aperturd angusto-ovali ; labro areuato :
sinu lato, brevi, triangulari, anticd in margine collocato.
Shell long, narrow, fusiform, transversely lined: the spire nearly conical, pointed,
and much elevated, being almost twice the length of the aperture. The whorls, nine
or ten in number, present a narrow, elevated kee] round the shoulders, and a sharp,
raised, ridge-like line, like a second keel, round the edge of the whorls, at a little
distance from the suture; these keels give to the spire a screw-like appearance ; in
the early whorls the keel on the shoulders is transversely denticulated. The posterior
margins, which slope but slightly backwards, are wide, covering the preceding whorl up
to the shoulder, and are very obscurely channelled, almost straight; the last whorl
is short, convex, and produced in front into a wide and somewhat indistinct canal,
deeply notched at the extremity. The concentric lines over the margins are rather
320 EOCENE MOLLUSCA. |
close-set, regular, and very slender; over the middle and front parts of the whorls
they are sharp, rather distant, unequal and irregular, slender and slightly raised lines
alternating with other lines thicker and more prominent; all are beautifully decus-
sated by the prominent lines of growth. The aperture is of a narrow, oval form; the
outer lip moderately arched, thin and sharp on the edge, and smooth within; the
sinus, which is wide, short, and triangular, is placed in the front of the margin, the
apex being immediately behind the keel; and the columella is slightly twisted, and
crested in front. In the specimens from Highcliff the shell is comparatively wider,
with a shorter spire, but the sculpture is identical.
This Pleurotoma presents a close resemblance to P. twrrella (Lamk.) from the
Calcaire Grossier, with which, in fact, I had formerly associated it; but a careful
examination of a larger series of specimens than I then possessed has induced me to
change that opinion. In the French species the shell is smaller, the spire much less
produced, the whorls more convex, the posterior margins more slanting, the body
whorl more conical, the keel on the shoulder not so prominent, the transverse
lineation more crowded and less bold and decided in character, and the sinus nar-
rower, deeper, and placed in the middle of the margin. The English shells present
altogether a character so distinct, that I am unwilling to regard them even as varieties
of Lamarck’s species.
Size—Axis, 15-24ths of an inch (16 millim.); diameter, not quite 5-24ths
(5 millim.).
Localities—Barton and Highcliff, at both of which places it is somewhat rare, but
rather less so at the latter locality.
Section II.—Szells coniform.
4
2
bo
>
On
Pievroroma prisca. Solander. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 1, a—e.
Murex priscts. Sol. 1766. Brander, Foss. Hanton, p. 15, f. 25 and 44.
PLEUROTOMA CLAVICULARIS. Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mus., vol. iii, p. 165, No. 3.
os — Roissy, 1804. Buffon, Moll., vol. vi, p. 73.
— — Lamk. 1816. Tab. Encyclop. et Meéthod., t. 440, f. 4.
— — Lamk. 1822. Anim. sans Vert., vol. vil, p. 98.
— priscus. Sow. 1823. Min. Con., vol. iv, p. 119, t. 386.
—_ CLAVICULARIS. Brongn, 1823. Terr. tert. du Vicent., p. 73.
— — De. Blainv. 1826. Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. xli, p. 388.
— prisca. De Blainv. 1826. Idem.
= —_ Bronn, 1831. Ital. Tertiirgeb., p. 47, No. 321.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 321
PLEUROTOMA CLAVICULARTS. Desh. 1832. Encyclop. Mécthod. (Vers.), vol. iii, p. 796,
No. 12.
— — Desh. 1824-37. Coq. foss., &c., de Paris, vol. ii, p. 437, t. 69,
f. 9, 10, and 15-18.
— prisca. Desh. 1824-37. Idem, vol. ii, p. 436, t. 69, f. 1, 2.
— CLAVICULARE. Phil. 1846. Tert. foss. Magdeburg, p. 63, No. 113.
— cLAVicuLARIS. Bronn, 1848. Index Palzontol., p. 1002.
— Prisca. Bronn, 1848. Idem, p. 1008.
— CLAVICULARIS. Rouwault, 1848. Foss. du térr. éoc., &c., de Pau (Mém. Soe.
Geol. de France, 2d ser., vol. iii, p. 481), No. 83.
— Prisca. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., of Sussex, p. 102, t. 7, fig. 24;
and p. 119, t. 14, fig. 30.
— — Bell. 1851. Foss. Nummul. du Comté de Nice (Mém. Soc. Geol.
de France, 2d ser., vol. iv, p. 222), No. 86.
— CLAVIcULARIS. Bell. 1851. Idem, No. 87.
—_— — D’ Orb. 1852. Prod. de Paléontol., vol. iil, p. 359; 25° Ktage ;
Parisien, A, No. 404.
_— Prisca. D’Ord. 1852. Idem, vol. iii, p. 416; 25° Etage; Parisien, B, No.
1475.
— cLavicuLaris. Wyst. 1836. Coq. foss. de Hoesselt, &c., p. 31, No. 79.
P. testa elongato-fusiformi, sub-glabrd : spird elatd, sub-conicd, acuminata : anfractibus
ventricosis, postice lineato-marginatis, ad basin transversim sulcatis, ceterum levibus ; ultimo
anfractu in canali lato, indistincto, exeunte, ad extremitatem sub-profunde emarginato :
apertura oblongo-ovali ; labro aliformi, tenui, acuto; sinu lato, breviusculo, sub-trigono,
anticam in marginem collocato ; labio antice incrassato, reflexo ; columella leviter contorta,
antice cristata.
Shell elongated, fusiform, nearly smooth; the spire almost conical, pointed, and
moderately elevated, being of equal length with the aperture. The whorls are slightly
ventricose; when young, the whole surface is covered with moderately distant,
concentric, raised lines, in which state it resembles P. ji/osa (Lamk.) ; these lines, how-
ever, are lost on the fourth or fifth volution, and the whorls afterwards become
smooth and shining, except at the base and over the posterior margins, round the
sutural edges of which last run three or four fine threadlike, raised lines, occasionally
replaced by two or three shallow, obscure furrows ; the last whorl is nearly conical,
obscurely sulcated at the base and deeply notched at the extremity ; the anterior canal
is wide, very short, and indistinct. The aperture is narrow and of an oblong-oval form ;
the outer lip wing-shaped, projecting towards the front, thin and sharp on the edge, and
smooth within ; the sinus, which is in the very front of the margin, is wide, moderately
deep, somewhat triangular in form, and widely rounded at the extremity ; the inner
lip is much thickened, and is produced and bent outwards in front, giving an umbilicated
appearance to the columella, which is slightly twisted and prominently crested to-
wards the base. ‘
It appears to me to be impossible, satisfactorily, to separate P. clavicularis from
4]
322 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the P. prisca of Solander. It is true that in Lamarck’s species the shell is smaller and
narrower, the spire more tapering, the whorls not so ventricose, and the sinus rather
wider and shallower; but whether these differences, even when constant, are by them-
selves of specific value may be questionable: and it must be stated that the English
shells are variable in the length of the spire and the condition of the whorls, which, in
some specimens, are less convex than in others, and, in fact, I have, in my collection,
a Barton specimen which, so far as the proportions and shape of the shell may be
relied on, cannot be regarded as specifically distinct from P. clavicularis. The only
distinction to which, apparently, any consideration is due, lies in the condition of the
sinus. In the shell figured by Deshayes as P. prisca, the sinus is represented as
placed in the front of the margin with the apex almost on the shoulder, and as being
deep and rather narrow, with nearly parallel margins ; now, this does not correspond
with the sinus in Solander’s species, which, although similarly placed, is intermediate
in form between the sinus in P. prisca of Deshayes and that in P. clavicularis. I
have already suggested that the sinus may be, reasonably, expected to be liable to
variation in its dimensions, and too much importance, therefore, must not be attri-
buted to mere differences in size and proportion. On these grounds, I have, not-
withstanding the array of authorities against me, considered P. clavicularis of
Lamarck as merely a variety of Solander’s species.
Size.—Axis, 2 inches and 11-12ths (74 millim.) ; diameter, 11-12ths of an inch
(23 millim.) The specimen represented by fig. 1 d, is upwards of 3 inches in length ;
but the body of the shell having been twice broken and repaired by the animal, the
diameter cannot be accurately stated.
Localities. —Barton, Highcliff, Bramshaw, Stubbington, Bracklesham Bay.
French: Grignon, Parnes, Mouchy, Courtagnon, Valmondois, Acy, Tanerou (fide
Desh.), Cuisse-Lamotte, Marquemont, Saint Félix, Gomerfontaine, Les Groux,
Hermes, Chateaurouge, Mouy, Monneville, Neuvillebosc (fide Graves), Bos d’Arros
(fide Rouault). falian: Palarea (Nice), (fide Bellardi), Montecchio-Maggiore on the
Vicentin (fide Brongniart).
No. 246. Prevroroma aMpuHiconus. Sow. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 2, a, 4.
PLEUROTOMA AMPHICONUS. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., Sussex, p. 183, t. 8, f. 7 and 8.
P. testa glabra, angulo obtuso inequaliter bipartitd, utrinque conicd ; anfractibus pos-
tice et antice undulato-sulcatis, ceterum levibus : aperturd angusta, marginibus sub-parallelis,
in canalem brevem, ad extremitatem profunde emarginatum, producta ; labro arcuato, ad
humerum late breviterque sinuato ; labio antice producto, reflexo ; columella cristaté.
Shell nearly smooth, obtusely angulated at the shoulders, presenting the appearance
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 323
of two unequal cones placed base to base, the smaller one of which is represented by
the spire ; the whorls, seven or eight without the pullus, are straight on the sides and
taper regularly towards the base; the posterior margins slope gently backwards, con-
cealing the preceding whorl up to the angle of the shoulder, giving a straight-sided,
conical shape to the spire, which forms about two fifths of the entire length of the
shell. Two or three narrow, obscure furrows traverse the space between the suture
and the shoulders ; and the front of the last whorl also presents numerous transverse,
undulating furrows, the ridges between which are a little roughened by the lines of
growth; the remaining surface of the whorls is smooth and shining. The aperture is
long and narrow, with nearly parallel margins, resembling that of a Cone, and terminates
in front in a wide, short, and indistinct canal, deeply notched at the anterior extremity.
The outer lip is much arched, and presents on the shoulder a very wide, shallow sinus,
with a broadly rounded apex ; the inner lip is elevated and bent outwards at the base,
giving an umbilicated appearance to the front of the shell; and the columella is cylin-
drical and strongly crested.
The present species is distinguished by the inequality of the two cones of which it
appears to be formed, and by that character and by the wide, shallow sinus it may
be easily separated from P. prisca, which, in other respects, it resembles. It does
uot appear to have an analogue among the French coniform Pleurotome.
Stze.-—Axis, 24 inches ; diameter, | inch.
Locality.—Bracklesham Bay, to which it appears to be peculiar. I have not met
with it elsewhere, not even at Stubbington or Bramshaw.
No. 247. Prevuroroma semisrriata. Deshayes, Tab. XXXIII, fig. 3 a, 5 0.
PLEUROTOMA SEMISTRIATA. Desh. 1824-37. Desc. des Coq. foss., &e., vol. 11, p. 443, t. 69,
figs. 5, 6.
Non PLEUROTOMA SEMISTRIATA. Partsch. 1837. v. Hauer. Vorkomm. foss. Thierr. tert. Beck. v.
Wien; Jahrb., p. 419, No. 107.
P. testd biconicd, transversim obsolete lineatd ; spird elatd, acuminata ; anfractibus
conveaiusculis, postice obsolete sulcatis; ultimo anfractu gradatim attenuato, conoidco,
concentrice distanter et exilissime lineato, antice transversim sulcato, ad basin sub-profunde
emarginato : apertura elongato-angustd ; labro acuto, aliforme, arcuato ; sinu lato, trian-
gulari, in margine collocato.
Shell elongated, fusiform, tapering gradually towards each extremity and presenting
the appearance of two cones placed base to base ; the spire moderately elevated, nearly
equalling the last whorl in length, and pointed. The whorls, seven without the pullus, are
slightly convex, smooth and shining; the posterior margins, which slope gently back-
wards, present two or three very shallow, nearly obsolete, concentric furrows ; the last
324 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
whorl is obscurely angulated at the shoulder, and tapers gradually and equally towards the
base ; it presents, in front, several shallow, obliquely transverse furrows, which become
more and more feeble as they ascend towards the middle of the whorl, where they are
replaced by some distant, very slender, scarcely perceptible, raised lines ; the anterior
canal is wide, indistinct, and rather deeply notched at the extremity. The aperture is
of a long, narrow, oval shape; the outer lip much arched, projecting a little towards
the anterior extremity; the sinus, which is placed in the margin, is wide, moderately
deep, and triangular in form; the columella is cylindrical and slightly oblique ; and
the columellar lip is elevated and bent outwards, imparting somewhat of an umbili-
cated character to the base of the shell.
Although presenting a close analogy with P. prisca, this Pleurotoma is more sym-
inetrical in its outline ; the last whorl is more regularly conical, and the sinus wider,
shallower, and more trigonal; these differences and the delicate, transverse linea-
tion, confined to the middle and upper parts of the whorls, apparently separate the
present species from Solander’s.
The shells from Baden, to which Partsch gave the specific name semistriata, are
fusiform, costellated shells, sharply angulated at the shoulders, and having depressed,
concave margins ; they are referred to by D’Orbigny, in his ‘ Prodrome,’ as P. swb-semi-
striata, while some shells from Tortona, which Bellardi has regarded as also belonging
to Partsch’s species, have been named by him P. Lamarck.
Size-—Of the specimen figured, axis, rather more than 11-12ths of an inch, (24
millim.) ; diameter, 4-12ths of an inch (9 millim.)
Localities —Bramshaw. French: Parnes, Mouchy (fide Deshayes), Gomerfontaine,
Gypsevil, Amblainville, Chateaurouge, Hermes, Saint Félix, Acy-en-Mulcien (fide
Graves).
No. 248. Pxieuroroma cuaBrata. Lamarck. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 4.
PLEUROTOMA GLABRATA. Lamk. 1802. Ann. du Mas., vol. iii, p. 184, No. 4.
— — Lamk. 1822. Anim. sans Vert., &c., vol. vii, p. 98, No. 9.
= — Desh. 1824-37. Descr. des Coq. foss., &e., vol. ii, p. 439, t. 69,
£5 7518:
P. testa utrinque sub-conicd, sub-turritd, glabra : spird acuminata, ultimo anfractu bre-
viori: anfractibus convewxiusculis, obtuse angulatis ; marginibus posticis angustis, cavatis,
concentrice lineatis; ultimo anfractu antice transversim sulcato, ad basin emarginato :
apertura elongato-angustd ; labro tenut, dilatato ; labio antice producto, reflexo ; columella
cylindraced, cristatd : sinu lato, brevissimo, in margine collocato.
Shell doubly conical, somewhat turreted, nearly smooth ; the spire pointed, mode-
rately elevated, forming nearly two fifths of the whole length. The whorls, eight or nine
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 325
without the pullus, are slightly convex and bluntly angulated at the shoulders ; the pos-
terior margins are narrow, rather deeply channelled, very finely plicated round the
suture, and ornamented with several transverse raised lines, of which the one nearest the
edge is the most prominent ; the whorls in front of the shoulders are smooth; the last
whorl tapers gradually towards the base, and is nearly conical, and over the front part
presents numerous transverse furrows, which become gradually obsolete as they mount
towards the middle of the whorl; the anterior canal is wide, indistinct, and notched
at the extremity. The aperture is long, narrow, with straight, nearly parallel sides,
and, like that of P. amphiconus, resembles the aperture of a Cone; the outer lip is
much expanded, approaching nearly to a semicircle in form, and is thin and sharp-
edged ; the columellar lip is thickened and produced in front ; the columella is nearly
cylindrical, and presents a prominent ridge or crest at the anterior extremity; and
the sinus, which is placed in the margin of the whorl, is wide, but very shallow, re-
sembling in appearance that which characterises Bellardi’s section, Psewdotomate.
I possess only one specimen of this Pleurotoma; it has attained a larger size than
that attributed by Deshayes to the French shells, but the relative proportions are
the same in both. The transverse furrows over the base of the English shell are
coarser, and extend higher up the whorl than in the French shells, but in other
respects, and particularly in the narrow, concave, posterior margins of the whorls and
the peculiar character of the sinus, the two agree.
Size.—Axis, | inch and 9-12ths (45 millim. nearly) ; diameter, 9-12ths of an inch
(19 millim.)
Localities—Bracklesham Bay, where it is very rare. Jreuch: Grignon, Parnes,
Mouchy (fide Desh.), Chaumont, Lattainville, Gomerfontaine, Mouy, Saint-Félix,
Ully-Saint-Georges, La Croix blanche near Chambors (fide Graves).
Genus 27th. Borsonia. Bellardi, 1837.
Corpisria. Rowuault, 1848.
Among the fossil shells found in the Miocene beds of Turin, occurs one species
possessing all the general characters of Pleurotoma, that is to say, an elevated, pointed
spire, a lengthened straight anterior canal, and a wide semicircular sinus, placed in
the depressed posterior margin of the whorl, but distinguished from the true Pleuro-
toma by the presence of a single fold on the columella; and Bellardi, influenced by the
importance generally attributed to the presence or absence of undoubted folds on the
columella, was induced to establish the present genus for the reception of the species
in question. It has been seen that among the English Pleurotome before described are
326 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
several, the columellze of which present an oblique, obscure, fold-hke callus, similar to
that which characterises the columella of P. cataphracta (Brocc.) and P. Delucii (Nyst.);
but in these instances the character is due to a callosity occasioned by the contortion
of the columella. The fold presented by Bellardi’s species (Porsonia prima) is nearly
transverse, sharp, and well defined, and appears to be a true columellar fold, quite dis-
tinct in character from the callosity to which Ihave referred. That author, therefore, in
defining his genus, has carefully excluded those species which present merely a callus-
like prominence, distinct from and not to be confounded with the elevated and clearly
defined fold, characteristic of Borsonia.
Subsequently other Pleurotomoid shells, from the Eocene formations in the environs
of Pau, were noticed by M. Rouault, on the columella of which two or three folds
were found; and that author, misapprehending apparently the true character of the
fold in Borsonia, which he says appears to be only a small ridge on the left margin, and
not a part of the columella, proposed the genus Cordieria for such Pleurotomoid shells
as possessed two folds or more on the columella. The careful manner in which
Bellardi has restricted the character of the fold in Borsonia, and the absolute want of
any distinct generic value in the presence of one or more additional folds, appear to
render the further division of the group proposed by Rouault unnecessary.
The genus Borsonia is not admitted by D’Orbigny ; but, without entering into the
question whether and under what conditions the presence or absence of clearly
defined folds on the columella is to be regarded of generic value, it is convenient, at
all events for the present, to retain Borsonia as a well-marked section of a genus
already overcrowded with species.*
Two representatives of the genus are found still living, both inhabitants of tropical
seas. In addition to the species noticed by Bellardi, three other Borsoniz from Biaritz
and Bos d’Arros, in the neighbourhood of Pau, have been recorded by Rouault. With
one of these (B. Biaritzana), a species from the middle Eocene beds in England, de-
scribed by Sowerby as Pleurofoma curvicosta in Dixon’s ‘Geology’ &c., of Sussex, corre-
sponds so closely that I have not ventured to retain it as distinct. Certain shells from
Grignon and Parnes, described by Deshayes as Plewrotoma nodularis, present two folds
on the columella, and will therefore belong to the present genus ; and the description of
a sixth species (Borsonia sulcata), from the upper Eocene beds, has also been given in
Professor E. Forbes’s memoir on the tertiary fluvio-marine of the Isle of Wight. To
these two more species are now added.
* The genus in question establishes a passage between Pleurotoma and Fasciolaria, or rather Turbinella,
the folds being higher up the columella and more transverse than those of Fasciolaria, and approaching
more nearly in position and character to those of Turbinella.
-
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 327
No. 249. Borsonita Braritzana. Rowault. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 11, a, 4.
Borsonta Brarirzana. Row. 1848. Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, 2¢ série, vol. vy, p. 207.
— Pauensts. Rou. 1848. Idem.
Corpieria BrarirzaAna. Rou. 1848. Desc. des Foss. du térr. Eocene, des Env. de Pau
(Mem. Soc. Géol. de France, 2d series, vol. iii, p. 488,
tabyeli7apuSs (0, 5/0, a).
PLEUROTOMA cuURVICosTA. Sow. (non Lamk.) 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., Sussex, p. 183,
tab. 7, fig. 17.
— _- Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 270.
FascIoLaRIa BIPLICATA. Sow. 1850. Dixon’s Geol., &c., Sussex, p. 134, t. 5, fig. 7.
— — Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 248.
B. testd elongato-fusiformi, turritd, longitudinaliter nodoso-costatd, spiraliter lineata :
spiraé acuminatd, elevata, in longitudine aperturam paullo superanti: anfractibus conveais,
postice canaliculatis ; costis latis, rotundatis, brevibus ; lineis spiralibus crebris, filiformibus :
apertura oblongo-ovatd, antice in canali lato brevique exeunte ; labro sub-recto, in margine
sinuato ; sinu lato, mediocriter profundo, semicirculari ; columella sub-cylindricd, biplicata.
Shell elongated, fusiform, ribbed, and spirally lined; the spire pointed and
elevated, somewhat exceeding the aperture in length. The whorls, eight or ten
without the pullus, are convex, and bluntly angulated at the shoulders, and the pos-
terior margins slope gently backwards and are concentrically furrowed. The longitu-
dinal ribs are distant, very broad, rounded, and somewhat swelled, so as to become
almost nodulous, on the shoulder; the concentric lines are numerous and thread-like,
even and regular on the posterior margins and shoulders of the whorls ; elsewhere
they are unequal, more prominent lines alternating with the slender lines, and all are
more or less strongly decussated by the lines of growth. The aperture is of an oblong
ovate form, and terminates in front in a very wide and short, but distinct, canal; the outer
lip is nearly straight, and presents a wide but not very deep sinus, placed in the posterior
margin of the whorl; the columella is somewhat cylindrical and nearly straight, and
presents, a little behind the middle, two slightly oblique, narrow folds, which do not
extend to the front of the columella, and which, consequently, are scarcely visible
unless the outer lip is broken off. -
The specimen figured and described by Mr. Sowerby (loc. cit.) as P. curvicosta,
forms part of my collection ; at that time the aperture was closed by the matrix, and
the columellar folds, therefore, were not detected. These folds have since been ex-
posed to view, and there cannot be now any doubt of the identity of P/ewrotoma cur-
vieusta (Sow.) and Fusciolaria biplicata.
The shells from Bos d’Arros, described by Rouault, apparently do not attain so
large a size as our English shells; in them the last whorl is longer, apparently, than
328 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
the spire, one of the transverse lines near the middle is more elevated than the
others, and the columella sometimes presents a third fold, much smaller than the
other two. In all other respects the shells from the two localities agree perfectly,
and the differences do not appear to me to be sufficient to justify their being considered
as specifically distinct.
The shells which Rouault, in the first instance, separated under the specific name
Palensis were subsequently ascertained by that author to be the adult shells of B.
Biaritzana, and were united by him to that species.
Size.—Axis, ] inch and 5-12ths; diameter, 7-]2ths of an inch, nearly.
Localities—Bracklesham Bay and Bramshaw, at both of which places it is not
uncommon. french: Bos d’Arros.
No. 250. Borsonia sutcata. F. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 12, a, 6.
Borsonta suteata. Morris, 1856. Forbes’s Tert. fluvio-mar. Form., &c., p. 154, t. 5,
fig. 3, 3 a, 3 6.
B. testa ovato-fusiformi, semi-costatd, transversim sulcatd ; spird sub-turritd, acuminata :
anfractibus convextiusculis ; marginibus postices excavatis, ad suturam marginatis, ceterum
levibus ; costis crassiusculis, rotundatis ; sulcis transversis sub-distantibus, irregularibus :
apertura oblongo-ovatd, in canali perbrevi, latissimo, exeunte ; labro arcuato, postice sinuato,
antis plicato; sinu lato, paululum profundo, rotundato: columella oblique biplicatd, plicis
sub-equalibus.
A small, ovately fusiform shell, longitudinally ribbed and spirally furrowed ; the
spire, formed of from six to eight volutions, is moderately elevated, rather exceeding
the last whorl in length, and is somewhat turreted. The whorls are slightly convex; a
deep, smooth furrow runs round the posterior margins, which are bordered round the
suture by an elevated, ridge-like line; the last whorl is nearly conical, and terminates
in front in a short, but distinct, and very wide canal. The longitudinal ribs are rather
broad, very short, not extending beyond the middle of the whorls, and are lost on the
last whorl of the mature shell; the spiral furrows are wide, rather deep, concave,
somewhat distant, and separated by spaces wider than themselves, and rounded on
the upper surface. The aperture is of an oblong-ovate form; the outer lip is mode-
rately arched, sharp on the edge, and plicated within ; and it presents, at the posterior
extremity, in the marginal furrow, a wide, but not very deep, rounded sinus ; and the
columella is slightly arched, and bears, about the middle, two nearly equal, moderately
oblique folds.
In general aspect this species presents a strong resemblance to Borsonia (Pleuro-
toma) nodularis (Desh.) ; but in that species the shell is wider and shorter, and the
surface is nearly smooth, except over the canal, which is traversed by a few concentric,
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 329
raised lines, so faint as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye; the longitudinal ribs
also are thicker and more distant, and they extend to the very front of the whorl.
Size.—Axis, rather more than 6-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather more than
2-12ths of an inch.
Localities.—Headon Hill, and Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight; and Hordwell.
No. 251. Borsonza semicostata. J. L. Edwards. Tab. XXXIII, fig. 13, a, 6.
B. testé ovato-fusiformi, semi-costatd, omnino.spiraliter lineata: spird elatd, turrité .
anfractibus convewiusculis, postice canaliculatis ; costis numerosis, rotundatis ; lineis spi-
ralibus elevatis, acutis, supra margines .anfractium evilibus, regularibus ; ceterim irregu-
laribus, sub-distantibus, duabus sub-mediunis elatioribus : apertura oblongo-ovali, in canalen
latum perbrevem productd ; labro leviter arcuato, postice sinuato, intus levi; columella
oblique inequaliter biplicatd, plicd antica nunori.
Shell small, ovately fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, and covered with raised, con-
centric lines ; the spire turreted and elevated, exceeding the aperture in length. The
whorls, which are six in number without the pullus, are convex, and channelled round
the posterior margins ; the last whorl is rather suddenly contracted towards the front.
tapering thence gradually towards the base, where it terminates in a very short, wide
canal. The ribs are rather numerous, not very broad, rounded on the upper surface,
of equal thickness, and short, ending abruptly where the whorl contracts ; the trans-
verse lines over the posterior margins are very fine, even, and regular; a sharp,
elevated line crosses the shoulders, in front of which appear four other elevated lines,
which gradually become more and more prominent and distant as they recede from
the shoulders; the front two are more prominent and wider apart than the rest ; they
are separated by a broad, concave furrow, and swelled into small, tooth-like knobs,
where they cross the longitudinal ribs; the lines over the front part of the whorl and
the canal are irregular and very obscure, almost obsolete. The aperture is of an
oblong-oval shape; the outer lip is very slightly arched, and presents a shallow and
not very wide, rounded sinus, placed in the marginal depression; the columella
is nearly straight, and furnished with two unequal, oblique folds, placed near the
middle, the front one of which is the smaller.
In general aspect, this shell so closely resembles Lorsonza sulcata, that a doubt
may fairly be raised whether it ought not to be regarded as.a variety of that species.
It will be seen, however, on comparison, that in B. swlcata the spire is longer, that
the posterior margins are not so wide nor so deeply channelled, and that they are
spirally lined, and not smooth; that the cost are narrower and more numerous, and
the transverse ornamentation quite distinct in character; that the outer lip is not so
42
330 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
much arched, and is smooth within; and that the columellar folds are more oblique,
more unequal, and not so prominent.
Size-—Axis, 4-12ths of an inch; diameter, rather less than 2-12ths of an inch.
Locality.—Barton, where, apparently, it is rare.
No. 252. Borsonia tingata. fF. 2. Edwards. Tab. XXXII, fig. 14, a, 4.
B. testa parva, ovato-fusiformi, sub-turritd, lineis spiralibus costellisque longitudinalibus
sese decussantibus, omnino clathratad: anfractibus convexis, postice sulco concentrico pro-
Sunde exaratis, ad suturam lineato-marginatis ; lineis spiralibus elevatis, irregularibus ; cos-
tellis numerosis, angustis, pliciformibus, arcuatis: apertura oblongo-ovali, antice in canali
brevi, latiusculo, exeunte ; labro sub-recto, postice profunde sinuato, intts plicifero ; colu-
nella parum tortuosd, biplicatd.
Shell small, ovately fusiform, sub-turreted, and ornamented with concentric lines
and longitudinal ribs, imparting to the surface, by their decussation, the appearance
of a fine lattice-work ; the spire is of equal length with the aperture, and is rather
thick and pointed. The whorls, five or six without the pullus, are convex; the
posterior margins slope very gently backwards, and are traversed by a deep, but not
very wide, furrow, feebly crenulated; the sutural edge is bordered either by a single,
rather thick, elevated line, sometimes granulated, or by a narrow band, formed of two
elevated lines, separated by a shallow, but perspicuous furrow ; the longitudinal ribs,
which are subordinate in character to the concentric lines, are not very prominent,
but numerous, narrow, fold-like, oblique, slightly arched, and sharply defined at their
posterior extremities by a concentric line, which borders the marginal furrow and
gives an angulated appearance to the shoulders; in front of this are two equal, closely
set, not very prominent lines, and to these succeed other sharp, equal, transverse
lines, which become gradually more distant until they reach the anterior canal, over
which the transverse lines again approach more closely. The aperture is of a rather
narrow, oblong-oval form, and is produced in front into a short, moderately wide, canal ;
the outer lip is nearly straight, and presents, at the posterior margin, a deep, semi-
elliptical sinus ; the columella is slightly twisted, and bears at the middle two oblique
and nearly equal folds.
This well-marked species is found at Highcliff; it is somewhat rare.
Stze.—Axis, 7-24ths of an inch; diameter, 2-12ths of an inch.
/ Le SHl— SU (ERE KK -/) rp.
PULMONATA. 331
Genus 6th.—Hewix. Linné, 1758.
For generic character see anié, p. 60.
No. 253. Hexrx Morrisi, / &. Hdwards, MS., Tab. XXXIV, fig. 5 a, 4.
Spec. Char. H. Testé orbiculata, lenticulatd, subdepressd, obsolete striato-plicatd, ad
peripheriam angulatad ; spird brevi; anfractibus quinis convewiusculis, suturd simplict
junctis, lente crescentibus; ultimo majore, subtus convexiusculo, levigato, umbilicato ;
apertura paulo obliqua, subquadratd ; labro acuto simplici.
Diameter, 3ths of an inch.
Locality. Sconce (Edwards).
After my plate had been arranged I ascertained that several species of this genus,
belonging to the Upper Eocene of the Isle of Wight, which had not been figured by Mr.
Edwards, were in his cabinet, and I have been here able to introduce one of these as above
referred to, and as Mr. Edwards had probably given to it a careful examination, and
satisfied himself that it was a new species, I have much pleasure in adopting the name
he has proposed for it.
It slightly resembles a shell from the Lower Tertiaries of France, H. Hederti,
Deshayes (‘ An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par.,’ tom. ii, p. 813, pl. lu, figs. 5—7); but,
judging from the figure, it appears to possess several differences. M. Deshayes also figured
and described a shell (‘ Dese. de Coq. Foss. des Env. de Par.,’ p. 55, pl. vi, fig. 3), to which
he gave the name of 7. dubia, from near Versailles, and he gave for it also the locality
of the Isle of Wight; but in his second work, at p. 826, he has doubted the propriety of
that statement, and thinks that his shell is an incomplete specimen of /7. J/oraguesi, but the
figure of this (dvza) more resembles our shell than does any other. Mr. Edwards, he
says, has denied the presence of 7. dudia in our English beds, and I have not the means
of making a comparison.
I fear that some of these fossil /e/ices must be carefully compared with the specimens
of the foreign species before a perfect identity or non-identity can be relied on ; and this
I am not able to do. M. Deshayes has not given as a synonym any //eliz from the
English 'Tertiaries.
43
332 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Fam.—CYCLOPHORID Ai.
Genus 28th—Cyrctostoma. Lamarck, 1799.
Generic character. ‘Shell turbinated, thin ; axis perforated, aperture oval, peristome
continuous, simple or expanded, epidermis thin, operculum shelly paucispiral.”
A large group of land shells have been described under the above generic name,
which seem to have only one character in common, viz. a circular mouth, with a thickened,
expanded, or reflected peritreme, the shells themselves being some of them nearly
cylindrical like C. fanulum, or discoidal like C. planorbulum ; and they have in conse-
quence been separated into numerous proposed genera, depending for those divisions
principally, if not entirely, upon the differences in the angle of volution.
Two species from our Eocene deposit at Sconce have been described by Mr. Edwards
under one of these divisions, called Cyc/otus, with a depressedly conical form (see his
remarks on the Genus, p. 116 of his work).
No. 254. Cyctostoma ? Mumia, Lamarck. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 2 a—d.
CycLostoma MuMIA, Lamk. An. du Mus., t. viii, pl. xxxvii, fig. 1 a, 6, 1806.
— — Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par., p. 76, pl. vii, figs. 1, 2, 1824.
_- — Id. An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., tom. ii, p. 882, 1858.
— — Forbes. Mem. Geol. Surv. Isle of Wight, p. 68, 1856.
—_— —- Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 244, 1854.
—- — J.W. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss., pl. ii, 1866.
MeGaLomastoma Mumia. Sandberger. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 217, t. ii, fig.
20, and t. xv, fig. 16 a—e, 1872.
Spec. Char. (C. “ Testé cylindraceo-conicd, transversim striatd, striis longitudinalibus
subtillissimis ; apertura oblique ovata ; labro crasso.’—Desh.
Length, \ inch; breadth, 3ths of an inch.
Locality. Brading Harbour, Forbes. Sconce, Ldwards.
France, Grignon and numerous other Upper Eocene localities.
This fossil is said to be abundant in some of the numerous localities given for it in
the Upper Eocene beds of France. It is at Grignon in association with many marie
shells, and it appears to be there of larger dimensions than our own specimens. It has
long been known, and its habits have been frequently a subject of discussion from its
occurrence with a marine fauna. In this country specimens ‘are not abundant, and all
that I have seen are casts. M. Deshayes describes five distinct varieties :
PULMONATA. 333
Var. A. Testa majore striis transversis numerosioribus.
Testa striis transversis distantioribus odsoletis ; longitudinalibus subnullis.
Testa levigatd ; labro incrassato.
Testa tribus lineis rufis picta.
Testdé angustiore clathratd, striis transversis distantioribus et longitudinalibus
2?
3)
29
FOO
raris; labro reflexo, rare marginato.
M. Deshayes has given the figure of an operculum of what he considered might
belong to this species, but as it was not found in position this is uncertain. The apex of
this shell is generally broken in the French specimens, but this probably is accidental ;
my figures 2 6, d are from a specimen in Mr. Edwards’ Cabinet, which have the
volutions slightly convex ; figures 2 a, ¢ are made from a fragment in my own cabinet,
with more flattened volutions, and the shell of it appears to have been more cylindrical
than Cy. mumia. This fragment has upon it a few broad spiral striz, and I thought
possibly it might be the cast of some species of Cylindrella, a genus not uncommon on
the western side of the Atlantic, and for this reason I had it represented, but I now
believe it to be only a variety of C. mumia, although the cast of a shell represents the
volutions as more convex than would the shell itself; the matrix only filling the cavity
after the absence of the animal.
Genus 29th.—Cauuta. Gray, 1840.
This genus appears to have been proposed in the year 1840 for a group of the
Family Cyclophoride by Dr. J. E. Gray, when he gave an undescribed species as the
type, and it forms another division of a large group of shells once united under the name of
Cyclostoma. Since then Chenu (p. 490) has thus described the genus:—‘“ Coquille pupiforme,
couverte Pun enduit lisse, brillant. Overture arrondie, un peu dévice, péristome mince oper-
cule mince, membraneva, a tours étroits. C. lubrica, Sowerby, f. 3631-2.” Callia is closely
united to Pupina, differing from it in not having an open canal at the base of the aperture,
which characterises the former genus; and as our shell seems destitute of this canal, I
have thought it best to give the only species of this group known to me from the British
Kocenes under this generic name, because it has been previously adopted for it, without
expressing any opinion of my own as to the propriety of the generic division of the group.
No. 255. Caiuta (?) Lavis, &. #. Edwards, MS. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 3 a—c.
Purina? tavis, F. Edwards, MS.
Catrra? — Sandb. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 298, taf. xvii, fig. 13, 1872.
334 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
Height, =sths of an inch.
Locality. Sconce (Edwards).
This shell has been figured by Sandberger, as above referred to, who says (p. 298),
“ Pupina (?) levis, F. Edwards, in litt. et specim., 1861,” but the specimens in Mr.
Edwards’ cabinet in the British Museum have the name Cistula levis attached. This
I mention to prevent confusion hereafter.
Genus 30th.—Pomatias. Hartmann, 1821.
This generic name does not appear to be generally adopted, and there is some little
confusion respecting it from the great similarity of the two generic names, Pomatia,
Beck, 1837, a portion of Helix (H. pomatia?), and Pomatias, Hartmann, 1821
(Cyclostoma patula). The British Eocene shell having, however, been figured by
Sandberger under this generic name, I think it best to retain it so.
No. 256. Pomarttas tamELLosvus, F. &. Hdwards, MS. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 4 a, 6.
PoMATIAS LAMELLOSUS, Sandb. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 299, t. xvii, fig. 14, 1872.
CycLostomMa LAMELLOSUM, F. E. Edwards, MS.
Height, §ths of an inch.
Locality. Weadon Hill (Edwards).
This is, I believe, very rare as a British fossil, and I know it only in Mr. Edwards’
cabinet, by a specimen from which my figure is taken. That given by Sandberger was
also taken from a specimen sent to him by Mr. Edwards.
Genus 7th—Buuimus. Scopoli, 1786.
For generic character see ante, p. 71.
No. 257. Butimus RILLyeEnsis ?, Deshayes. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 9 a, 0.
Pura Rittyensis, Boissy. Mém. Soc. Géol. de Fr., 2nd ser., t. iii, p. 273, pl. v,
fig. 15, 1848.
—— — Chenu. Man. de Conch., t. i, p. 443, fig. 3259, 1859.
BuLimus — Desh. An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. i, p. 830, pl. ly, figs. 3, 4,
1860.
Ampuipromus RittyEnsis, Sandberger. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 152, t. vii,
fig. 5, 1871.
PULMONATA. 335
Spec. Char. “ B. Testa sinistrorsd, ovato-oblongd, spird longiusculd, convead, apice
obtuso ; anfractibus septenis, sensim crescentibus, viv convexiusculis, suturd pland, lineari
junctis, longitudinaliter et oblique densé striatis, striis equalibus, regularibus, sublamellosis,
ultimo anfractu dimidiam partem teste equante oblique paulo deflexo, basi imperforato ;
apertura ovato-semilunari ; labro tenui, laté expanso, reflexo.”—Desh.
Height, 14 inch ; breadth, $ inch.
Locality. Britam: Dulwich (4. Boft).
France: Rilly (Deshayes).
A specimen from which the figure above referred to has been taken is from the
cabinet of Mr. Arthur Bott. It is a cast only, the shell having entirely disappeared, but
seems to correspond with the French fossil, except that our specimen has the last volution
somewhat smaller, and the body is apparently rather larger. Our specimen has, how-
ever, been slightly distorted and thrown out of its regular form. ‘The figure by
M. Deshayes represents the French shell as being spirally striated; but the disappear-
ance of the exterior of our specimen renders it impossible to say what might have been
the ornamentation of the English fossil. I have therefore thought it most prudent to
add a note of interrogation to the specific name.
This genus when first proposed contained many hundred species with shells that
varied much in outward appearance, some being terrestrial and some aquatic in their
habits. It has since been separated into a large number of genera or sections, some of
these depending upon differences in the animals which are not available by the
paleontologist.
No. 258. Butimus convexus, F. #. Edwards, MS. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 6.
Spec. Char. B. Testd elongata, turritd ; anfractibus 6 convevis, suturd depressd, basi
convexd, apertura ovatd, labro acuto, simplici, columella subreflexd, umbilico parvo.
Height, 14 inch; breadth, Zths nearly.
Locality. Sconce (Hdwards).
A fine specimen with the above name is in Mr. Edwards’ collection, and I know of
no species with which it can be identified or even to which it presents a close approxima-
tion. I have adopted the name given to it by Mr. Edwards.
The nearest fossil with which I can compare it is Bulimus mirus, Desh., but our shell
differs so materially from the figure given of this species that it is scarcely necessary to
mention their possible connection. The French shell, however, is the nearest ally I can
find, and I mention it only for the purpose of comparison when the two shells of each
species can be placed together.
336 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 259. Butimus? (Pomatras?) Vuctiensis, 7. #. Edwards. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 7 a, 6.
Spec. Char. B. Testa elongato-conicd, spird elevatd, apice acuminato ; anfractibus
septenis subplanis, lente crescentibus, suturd distinctd, basi subangulatd, apertura obliqua ;
labro acuto simplici.
Height, ~;ths of an inch; dreadth, 3;ths of an inch.
Locality. Sconce (Hdwards).
This is another fossil from that rich locality in the Isle of Wight in Mr. Edwards’s
Collection. I have adopted the specific name which he has given toit. As to the genus
it does not from its shape strictly deserve the name of Budimus, and I have therefore
referred it only provisionally to that genus ; indeed, so close do some of the so-called
Cyclostome approach other shells called Bu/imi that it is difficult to draw a satisfactory
line between them. ‘The nearest resemblance to this shell known to me is Bulimus
turgidulus, Desh., ‘ An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par.,’ t. xi, p. 833, pl. liv, figs. 25—27 ;
but judging from the figure and description of that species, it is, I think, quite distinct.
Genus 11th.—Svuccinza. Draparnaud, 1801.
For generic character see an/é, p. 80.
No. 260. Succinza Sparnacensis? Deshayes. Tab, XXXIV, fig. 10*.
Succrvea SparnacEnsis, Desh. An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. ii, p. 795, pl. hii,
figs. 30—32, 1858.
Spec. Char. 8S. Testa elongato-ovatd, obliqud, tenut, levi ; spird acutiuscula ; anfrac-
tibus depressis ; apertura ovatd, obliqua, antice subdilatatd ; columella tenui ; labro acuto.
Length, j3sths of an inch.
Locality. Headon Hill (#dwards).
A very perfect specimen of a species of Succinea is in Mr. Edwards's Cabinet, of
which the figure as above referred to is a representation. It has somewhat the appear-
ance of a recent specimen from its perfection, but seems to want the amber-coloured
tinge of the common living shell. So little difference is shown among the so-called
species of this genus that it becomes a matter of extreme difficulty to distinguish them ;
I give it, however, as a fossil from its being in Mr. Edwards’s Collection and marked from
Headon Hill, but I cannot warrant its genuineness. The specific name of gracilis is
attached to Mr. Edwards’s specimen, and I would have adopted it, but this name has been
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 337
used by the late Mr. Alder for a variety of Swecinea putris (very well figured by Capt.
Brown in his ‘ Brit. Conchology,’ pl. xlii, figs. 34, 35), and I thought the double use of
this name would cause confusion. Our present shell so much resembles a species
figured and described by M. Deshayes that I have referred it as probably identical,
though with doubt, as I am unable to compare it with a specimen of the French Eocene
species and have to rely on the figure. In describing this fossil M. Deshayes observes
that it is exceedingly difficult with his shell (of which I presume he must have had more
than one specimen, as he speaks of it as being in his own cabinet and also that of
M. Dutemple) to point out a difference. He says (p. 795), ““ Cette espéce a beaucoup de
rapports avec le Succinea putris, qui habite en Europe; mais elle n’en a pas moins avec
d’autres qui se plaisent dans les regions chaudes de I’Inde et de ’Amerique,”’ and I can
fully endorse this remark. In comparing the figure of our shell with specimens of the
common living British species in my own cabinet (S. putris) there does appear to be a
slight difference, the fossil having its volution a trifle less inflated or convex, or rather
they seem to be more depressed. The French shell is from the “ Lignites of Bernon near
Epernay,” a deposit which is considered to be equivalent to our Lower Eocene, whereas
ours comes from the upper division of that formation. It is to be feared we attach
more importance to trifling variation in our specific determination of these freshwater
shells than we do to those which come from salt-water deposits.
Genus 31st.—Bytuinta.’ Gray, 1824 (Prideaux, MS.).
Generic Character. Shell conical, turbinated ; volutions convex; aperture slightly
angular behind; peristome simple, entire, continuous ; operculum testaceous, irregularly
concentric, with its nucleus nearly in the middle.
Animal oviparous, eyes sessile.
This genus has been separated from Paludina in consequence (as it is said) of its
being oviparous, while Pa/wdina is ovoviviparous; but this distinction is not well
established, and if it were it would be unavailing to the paleontologist. It differs in
having a calcareous operculum, while in Pa/udina this is corneous. It is also said that
the eyes of Bythinia are somewhat differently placed.
1 The name for this genus has been variously spelt :
Bithinia, J. BE. Gray, G. P. Deshayes.
Bithynia, Watelet.
Bythinia, Jeffreys, Sandberger.
338 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 261. Bytuinta conica ? Prevost. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 8 a, 6.
PaLupina conica, Prév. Journ. de Phys., p. 11, 1821.
_— _— Desh. Cog. foss. des Env. de Par., t. xi, p. 129, pl. xvi, fig. 7, 1824.
— ?impvrata, S. Wood. Lond. Geol. Journ., p. 118, 1846.
Birninta conrca, Desh. An.sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. ii, p. 494, 1858.
Hyprosra (Brruynta) conica, J. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss. pl. ii, 1866.
AssIMINEA contca, Sandb. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 212, t. xi, fig. 11, 1872.
Spec. Char. “ B. Testa ovato-conicd, levigutissimad, acuminata, anfractibus planu-
latis, suturd superficial separatis ; apertura ovato-angulatd ; marginibus acutis.’—Desh.
Height, ~5ths of an inch.
Locality, Britain: Hordle (S. Wood), Headon Hill (Ldwards).
France: Vaugirard (Deshayes).
I have copied the specific diagnosis as given by Deshayes for B. conica which seems to
correspond so precisely with that of our fossil that I think the two may fairly be referred
to one and the same species. Many years ago I found a specimen of this genus at Hordle
to which I gave the name of Paludina? impurata from its very close resemblance to the
one so common in our own freshwaters, and so very abundant in the freshwater deposits
of our Upper Tertiaries, at Grays and Clacton (Paludina impura, Brard, Helix tentaculata,
Linné).
The figures given in my plate are somewhat enlarged. This species may probably
be variable where a large number of individuals are found like these specimens of B.
tentaculata so numerous at Grays and Clacton, where they show a considerable variation
in their proportionate dimensions, some being much more elongated than others, a varia-
tion which produces one also in the tumidity of the volutions.
Dr. Sandberger has referred this to Assiminea, a genus proposed by Dr. Leach
for a shell found in the Woolwich marshes and sent by him to the late Dr. Fleming
with the name Assiminea Grayana “as the type of a new freshwater genus,’ ‘ Hist. Brit.
An., p. 275. This shell much resembles that of Bythinia, but it is described as having
an operculum that is spiral, while that of By/Ainia is increased by concentric layers; and
although we have not the operculum of this shell to guide us, it seems so very closely to
resemble our cominon shell Bythinia tentaculata, that I think it must belong to the same
genus.
‘The operculum when it can be obtained is, I think, a good character to assist in
establishing a genus, but the operculum of our species has not yet been found. In
Paludina and Bythinia the operculum is increased by concentric layers, while in /Hydrodia,
Nematura, and Assiminea it is spiral. A small shell, Vematura pupa, Nyst, is very abundant
in our Upper Eocene Beds at Headon Hill, but its operculum has not yet been found, as
in all probability it was a corneous one. The late Mr. G. B. Sowerby figured and
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 339
described (‘ Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ for 1837, p- 217) a recent species, V. De/te, in which the
operculum is represented zw séfd, and this is spiral and horny. M. Bosquet has,
however, figured a fossil found in the Limbourg Beds as Nematura pupa (‘ Reck. Paléont.
Terr. Tert. du Limb.,’ 1859, p. 7, pli, fig. 6), and at fig. 7 he represents what he thinks
may be the operculum of this species, but which is quite different in form from the one
figured as recent, being in shape like Ancylus ? latus (F. Edwards, ‘Eocene Moll.,’
p. 110, pl. xiv, fig. 15), and of which the late Dr. S. P. Woodward, in his ‘ Manual
of Mollusca,’ p. 16, says, “This fossil appears to be a Limaz.”
The following Fluviatile shells from the Lower Tertiaries of England may, I think,
be separated into genera or sectional divisions, as indicated by the operculum ; and had
I been able to continue this work, it was my intention to have done this.
1. Prrnarztia, Ldwards, 1860.
“Shell subcylindrical; spire obtuse, more or less produced; aperture oval-oblong,
rounded in front, narrowed behind; columella straight or very slightly twisted, arched
anteriorly ; outer lip simple, acute; inner lip thickened.”
Operculum unknown.'
Type. P. Rickmani, Edwards?
2. Patupina, Lamarck, 1812.
“ Operculum horny, irregularly concentric, having its nucleus on the inner side.”
Type. Helix vivipara, Linné.
3. Byruinia, J. #. Gray, 1821.
“Operculum testaceous and solid, irregularly concentric, having its nucleus nearly in
the middle.’
Type. Helix tentaculata, Zinné.
?4. Amnicoua, Gould and Haldemann, 1841.
“Shell ovate-conical, thin ; spire acute, composed of a few rounded whorls ; aperture
small, oblique, and roundedly ovate; lips continuous, simple. Operculum horny, spiral,
with few volutions.”
Type. Avonicola Parkinsoni, Sandberger.
1 Tn Mr. A. Bott’s cabinet is a fossil which has the appearance of an operculum. This I intended to
have had figured. It is of an elongately oval or lanceolate form, and apparently with concentric ridges,
though these are not very distinct. I think possibly it may have belonged to the above genus.
* A shell resembling this generically is figured and described by Prof. Deshayes as Ampullaria
problematica (‘An. sans Vert. du. Bas. de Par.,’ tom. xi, p. 521, pl. xxxvi, figs. 1, 2), and another,
possibly the same species, is figured and described by Melleville in his ‘ Mém. sur les Sab. Tert. Infér.,’
p- 72, pl. x, fig. 1, as Buccinum arenarium.
+4
340 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
5. Assim1nEA, Leach, 1816.
“ Operculum horny ; paucispiral nucleus on the inner side of the mouth.”
Type. Assiminea Grayana, Leach.
6. Hyprosia, Hartmann, 1821.
“Operculum horny and thin, marked with flexuous and rather strong lines of
growth, and having a small lateral spire of three whorls.”
Type. Turbo ulvee, Pennant.
7. Nematura, Benson, 1836.
“Operculum spiral, horny, of few volutions, somewhat concave externally, rather
larger than the aperture.”
Type. Nematura Delta, Benson.
P 8. Vanvata, Willer, 1874.
“ Operculum horny, circular, slightly compressed in the middle, forming a concentric
spire of from 10 to 12 whorls, the outer edges of which are thickened and raised so as
to project over and partly overlap the succeeding whorl.”
Type. Nerita piscinalis, Miller.
Genus 13th.—Puanorbis. Geoffroy, 1767.
For generic character see ante, p. 97.
No. 262. PranorBis Lavicatus ? Deshayes. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 1 a—é.
PLANORBIS L&VIGATUS, Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par.,t. xi, p. 85, pl. x, figs. 1, 2,
1824.
— = Id. An. sans Vert. du Bas de Par., tom. ii, p. 746, 1858.
—_ — Prestwich. Geol. Journ., vol. x, p. 118, 1854.
_ — Whitaker. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, p. 576, 1872.
Spec. Char. “Pl. Testa discoided, levigatissimd, tenui, symmetricd, depressd,
rotundatd, anfractibus quaternis, valdé apparentibus ; utroque latere umbilico equali.”—
Desh.
Diameter, =3;ths of an inch.
Locality. Brit.: Dulwich (Boft.), Counter Hill (Whitaker), Peckham (Meyer).
France: Bernon, near Epernay (Deshayes).
Two or three specimens of this species have been found in our English beds, but all
that I have seen are in the condition of casts; they, however, appear to correspond with
PULMONATA. 341
the figure and description given by M. Deshayes. The species, as he says, much
resembles the young state of P/. rotundatus, but the sutures are deeper, and it approaches
nearer in form to P/. Sparnacensis. his latter shell is, however, spirally striated,
whereas our species is said to be perfectly smooth—a feature which our specimens, being
casts, of course do not show; but Sparnacensis appears to have a larger number of
volutions in the same space, and from what can be seen of the form of the volution in
our specimen it appears to have had a semilunate aperture, the volutions on the under
side being rather more convex than those on the upper, which is the flatter of the two.
The figure represents a specimen from Mr. Bott’s cabinet, and is the most perfect one
that I have seen.
Planorbis elegans, ¥. Hdwards, ‘ Eocene Moll.,’ p. 107, tab. xv, fig. 12 a—d, so far as
figures and description go, appears to correspond with P/. Baudoni, Desh., ‘ An. sans
Vert. du Bas. de Par.,’ t. xi, p. 750, pl. xlvi, figs. 28—31.
Genus 12th.—Limnazxa. Lamarck.
For generic description see azfe, p. 81.
No. 263. Limwnaa nxoneata, Marcel de Serres. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 10.
Lingus ELoNGATUS, Sandb. Land- und Stissw.-Conch., p. 287, t. xvi, fig. 6, 1872.
_ — Marcel de Serres. Ann. Sci. Nat., p. 179, pl. xii, fig. 7, 1844.
Spec. Char. ‘ Testé ovato-conicd, turritd, apice peracutd, anfractus septem paulo
convex, suturis tenuibus disjuncti, transversim subtiliter striati, ultimus inflatior 3 omnis
altitudinis equat ; aperturd ovali, basi paulo dilatatd columella tenui, paulo contorta.’—
Sandberger.
Height, 13th of an inch; width, } an inch.
Locality. Hordle (S. Wood).
Three individuals of this form are in my cabinet, having been found by myself at
Hordle, and I have assigned them to the above species with some doubt.
The spire of this shell is small and tapering, with about eight volutions ; these are
slightly convex like those of Z. dongiscata, but there is no flatness or semisulcation on
the left lip or columella; on the contrary, this is sharp and prominent. It seems also to
differ from Z. fusiformis, which has more flattened volutions, and a comparatively larger
aperture. I had previously considered it as an aberrant form of Z. pyramidalis with
closer volutions. Figure 11 of the same Plate represents a specimen belonging to the
recent British species, Z. stagnalis, which I have introduced in order to show the varia-
342 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
tion to which some of the species of this genus have been subject, and the consequent
uncertainty which attaches to their identification.
Sandberger has figured and described a British fossil under the above name e/ongatus,
which, he says, was received from Mr. Edwards, but his figure is rather less elongated
than are my specimens.
I have not seen any specimen of Zimnea from the Lower Eocene of England, neither
have I seen any fossil from either our Upper or Lower Eocene beds that can be referred
to the genus Physa, though several species of that genus have been figured by
M. Deshayes from the Paris Basin.
Fam.—NERITID A.
Genus 32nd.—Neritina. Lamarck, 1809.
Generic Character. ‘‘ Testa tenuis, semiglobosa vel ovalis, subtus planulata, non
umbilicata ; aperturd semi-rotundd ; labro columellari planulato; margine acutiusculo
subrecto, plerumque denticulato, labro externo intus nec dentato nec crenulato ; operculum
testaceum semicirculare ; interne appendice laterali instructum.”
This has been separated from Verita, and intended for those species which inhabit fresh
water ; but there is little or no difference in the form and general character of the shells of
the two genera, and most of our present species inhabit waters that are neither salt or
fresh, as it is to be presumed did their fossil congeners. They can only be distinguished
under the above respective generic names by the paleontologist, according to the
indication of habit which at their association with either known marine or estuarine species
affords, although among living species there are two (JV. viridis and NV. meleagris) which,
belonging to the section grouped as WVeritine, nevertheless, are found in the sea.
This diagnosis of WVeritina, as given by Lamarck (fenuis), is not restricted to the
number of shells that have have been figured and described under this generic name,
several of them being as thick and ponderous as many of the species called Werita.
Some are not externally smooth, but are ornamented with ridges and carme ; others have
denticulations more or less upon the outer and inner lips, while the opercula of Werita
and WVeritina are thick and possess the same characters alike. M. Deshayes, in the
second edition of Lamarck’s ‘ Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert.,’ vol. vii, p. 565, has made some
very just remarks upon the similarity of these genera; and in his last work, ‘ Hist. des
An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par.,’ he has grouped all these hitherto called Neriting as
simply a section of Verifa. As, however, I am describing land and fluviatile shells of
the older Tertiaries, I have thought it best to retain the name of Weritina for those
species which, if not restricted to a habitat in fresh water, are met with where the water
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 343
is not purely salt, and where also they are found in association with such truly freshwater
genera as Limnea and Planorbis. The most general distinction among existing species
is that the Weriting are generally smooth shells and free from spiral ridges, but this rule
is not without exception, as some few species possess spiral strize or depressed ridges.
The form of the species of this genus varies, but in a slight degree, and the larger
number of the fossils have the external markings well preserved ; but these markings are
so variable on specimens even of the same species, not unfrequently resembling the mark-
ings usual on other species, that they do not afford much assistance in their specific
separation. The dark lines seem to be as well preserved on some of our fossils as are the
red spots on other shells of older date; so that the preservation of colour on several of
our Tertiary species is not reserved to red alone.
No. 264. Neritina cLosuius, Férussac. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 18 a, 6.
NERITINA GLOBULUS, Férussac. Hist. des Moll. Pl. de Neritines Foss., fig. 14, 1851.
— _ Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par., p. 151, pl. xvii, figs. 19 20,
1824,
== == Desh. An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. xi, p. 22, 1858.
— — Whitaker. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, p. 576, 1872.
— unrpLicaTa, J. Sow. Min. Conch., t. ecclxxxv, figs. 9, 10, 1823.
a CALLIFERA ? G. B. Sow. Genera of shells; Neritina, fig. 7, 1855.
Spec. Char. N. Testa ovato-globulosd, spira brevissimd, planiusculd, anfractibus tribus,
ultimo maximo oblongo levigato, supra convexo, subtus concavo ; apertura magna late
semilunart ; ared columellari pland, levigatd, margine acuto, in medio paulo eacavato,
posterius unidentato.
Diameter, + of an inch.
Localities. Brit.: Charlton (S. Wood), Plumstead, Peckham, New Cross ((/ever).
France: Epernay, Mont Bernon (Deshayes).
This is by no means rare, and it appears to be restricted to the Lower Eocene Forma-
tion in England, as it is also said by M. Deshayes to be in France.
The apex of this shell is very slightly elevated, and generally more or less eroded ;
the volutions are indicated by a narrow line of suture ; the columella is broad, flat, and
moderately sharp when the specimen is in good condition, and furnished with one
prominent tooth at the upper part, but on the lower the denticles are obsolete or very
minute, and there are no spiral striz on the exterior. ‘his is a plain-looking shell ;
and sometimes portions of the epidermis have been preserved on the specimens.
344 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 265. Neritina consoprina, Férussac. ‘lab. XXXIV, fig. 13 a, 6.
NERITINA CONSOBRINA, Férussac. Hist. des Moll. Pl. de Neritines Foss., fig. 12, 1820.
— — Desh. Coq. foss. des Eny. de Par., tom. ii, p. 153, tab. xix,
figs. 5, 6, 1824.
_— — Id. (2nd edit. Lam.). Hist, An. sans Vert., tom. viii, p. 595,
1838.
— — Id, An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. exi, p. 22, 1858.
— = Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 264, 1854.
— — Whitaker. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, p. 579, 1872.
— ornatTa? Melleville. Sables..Tert. Inf., p. 50, pl. vi, figs. 9, 10, 1843.
Spec. Char. NN. Testa ovato-globosd, spird brevi, obtusissimd ; anfractibus tribus, ultimo
maximo convexo, levigato, aperturd semilunari, ared columellart latissimd, in medio tenut
dentatd, posterius uniplicatd, labro dextro plano.
Diameter, + of an inch.
Localities. Britain: Charlton (S. Wood), Peckham (Meyer).
France: Lignites, Epernay (Deshayes).
Specimens of this species do not appear to be very rare from the Woolwich beds, and
Mr. C. J. Meyer sent me for examination a good series of them.
So far as Iam able to determine this species, its greatest difference from globulus
consists in a more elevated spire and in a broad depression on the upper part of the volu-
tion a little below the suture. It is not so globular. The specimens from near Epernay
are said to have retained much of their original colour ; “sur le dernier tour on voit trois
zones transverses inégales, blanchatres sur un fond d’un brun noir quelquefois roussitre ;”
Desh., Lamarck, 2nd edit. The specimens which I have seen, however, are of one uniform
colour.
Neritina pisiformis, Férus., is given by Mr. De la Condamine in ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.,’ vol. vi, p. 446, and by Mr. Prestwich, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. x, pp. 103 and
118, as from the Lower Eocene Beds at Woolwich and Charlton, and it is on this authority
inserted by Mr. Whitaker, as he informs me, in his lists in the ‘Geol. Survey Memoir,’
pp. 576 and 579; but I have seen nothing among the specimens of my collecting
friends which could by that name be specifically distinguished from JV. globulus or from
LV. consobrina. Probably the shell thus referred to may have been a variety of one or the
other of these, unless the shell now called WV. jaspidea should be the one intended.
No. 266. Neritina vicina ?, Melleville. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 15 a, 6.
NERITINA vicina, Mellev. Mém. Sables Tert. Inf. du Bas. de Par., p. 51, pl. vi,
figs. 11, 12, 1843.
— — Whitaker. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, p. 579, 1872.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 345
Spec. Char. N. Testé minutd, ovato-oblongd, transversd ; spird brevi depressa ;
supra convexd, subtus concavd ; anfractibus tribus, primis minimis, ultimo maximo, levigato,
nitido ; apertura semilunari ; ared columellari latd, plandé aut subconcavd.
Diameter, 3th of an inch.
Localities. Britain: Charlton (S. Wood).
France: Env. de Chalons (Deshayes).
A small shell in my cabinet, figured as above, seems to correspond with the figure
and description given by M. Melleville in some respects, but not quite so in others ; and
I have in consequence put a mark of doubt to the name. It differs from the small and
young specimens of glodulus (uniplicata, Sow.), a shell abundant in the Woolwich beds,
in being more expanded or extended outwardly ; and there is a difference in the left lip
or columella which is thicker and not so flat, and is destitute of a tooth on the upper
part. It is less elevated in the spire than consodrina and more expanded than jaspidea.
Unfortunately I have only met with the one specimen of this shell, which is figured.
No. 267. Neritina sasprpEa ?, Deshayes. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 17 a—e.
NerITINA JasPIDEA, Desh. An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par., t. iii, p. 20, pl. Ixy, figs.
14—16, 1858.
Spec. Char. “WN. Testé ovato-oblongd, supra-convead, subtus concavd ; spird brevi,
oblusissimd, submarginatd ; anfractibus tribus, primis minimis, ultimo maximo, levigato,
nitido ; lineis fuscis irregularibus, undulatis, plus minusve numerosis ornato, aliquantisper
zonolis angustiusculis interruptis ; aperturd obliquad, minimd, semilunarr ; ared columellari
latd, pland vel concavd, declivi; margine columellari acuto, concavo, posterius unidentato.”
—Deshayes.
Diameter, +th of an inch.
Localities. Britain: Dulwich (Meyer).
France: Brimont, Chalons-sur-Vesus, Gueux (Deshayes).
Some specimens beautifully marked have been obligingly sent to me for examination
by Mr. C. Meyer, two of which with very varied markings I have had figured as above
and referred them with doubt to jaspidea. Our specimens do not conform strictly to
the one given and described under this name by M. Deshayes, but they differ greatly
from the little shell which I have called WV. vieixa, which is much more expanded in its
volutions, has a more extended aperture, and appears to be destitute of exterior orna-
mentation, though, as before observed, this latter is not a reliable character. The
specimens figured much resemble a recent Jamaica form, WV. pupa. The prominent
tooth, shown by M. Deshayes, is indistinct in the British fossil.
346 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
No. 268. Neritina concava, J. Sowerby. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 14 a—e.
Neritina concava, J. Sow. Min. Conch., tab. ecelxxxv, figs. 1—8, 1823.
_ — Desh. (2nd edit. Lamk.). An. 8s. Vert., t. vili, p. 597, 1838.
— _ Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 264, 1854.
— = J. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss., pl. iii, 1866.
_ — Lyell. Students’ Elemts. of Geol., p. 231, 1871.
- — Sandberg. Wand- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 267, tab. xv, fig. 13, 1872.
NERIvTA — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg., p. 436, pl. xxxvii, fig. 30, 1843.
Spec. Char. N. Testé ovato-globosd, levigatd, apice obtuso; lineolis fuscis parallelis
vel reticulatis tenuissimis ornaté; anfractibus supra concavis ; apertura semicirculart ;
columellé arcuatd, in medio tenuiter denticulatd.
Diameter, 2ths of an inch.
Localities. Hempstead (Morris), Headon Hill, Muddiford (S. Wood).
Belgium: Kleyn-Spauwen (/Vys/).
This species is abundant at Headon Hill, and the operculum also is sometimes found,
a figure of which I have given. This operculum is flat on the exterior, and has not the
curvilinear depression possessed by that of WV. Forbest?. ‘The projecting prominent teeth
on the inside appear also to be different from that on the operculum of Fordesii, the
two bifurcations of the denticle being unequal in size, and expanding more widely. The
outer lip of our shell is plain and sharp, the inner moderately extended; and the
columella is sharp-edged and slightly concave, and has upon its centre about half a dozen
fine denticles. These shells are variously ornamented on the exterior, generally having
fine cancellated openings, produced by lines of oblique brownish colouring matter,
crossed by similar oblique lines which together form small, lozenge-shaped, white spaces,
but the lines are sometimes confluent.
This species is not mentioned as a fossil of the Paris Basin, but the shell from Kleyn
Spauwen, as given by M. Nyst, appears to be identical with it, and that author has
given as a synonym of it JV. picta, of Dubois, from Volhynia, though with a doubt. In
the description of Dubois’ species, however, the words “ columella unidentata”’ occur, a
character which our species does not possess.
Mr. Whitaker, in his ‘Memoir, at p. 579, has introduced concava as from the
Woolwich beds at Charlton, but this I have not been able to verify, and I conclude that
it was inserted on the authority of the reference by J. Sowerby in ‘ Min. Con..,’ tab. 385,
of that shell to Charlton, an erroneous reference, as poimted out by Mr. Prestwich in
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ vol. x, p. 121. Mr. Sowerby also in the same table represents
a specimen said to be from Highgate, but it does not look like our own shell, as the
volutions (which in that figure are sinistral) do not exhibit that concave depression on
their upper part which is peculiar to this species, and from which its name was, I
presume, given. Some specimens have a white spiral band, like that upon JV. ornata.
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 347
No. 269. Nzrivina tristis, Forbes. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 12 a, 4.
NeERITINA TRISTIS, Forbes. Mem. Geol. Surv. Isle of Wight, p. 46, 1856.
= — J.W. Lowry. Chart Brit. Foss., pl. ii, 1866.
Spec. Char. N. Testd fuscd, ovato-oblongd, tenui, spird brevi, obtusd, anfractibus
tribus, ultimo magno, apertura magnd semilunari, columella pland margine simplict, labro
acuto, edentulo.
Diameter, 33;ths of an inch.
Locality. empstead (Forbes).
A few specimens were many years ago given to me by the late Edward Forbes with
the above specific name attached. These appear to differ from JV. concava in having a
rather less elevated spire and a slight depression round the upper part of the volution,
as in concava; but I can discover no angularity in the volutions. It is of a umform
sombre or brownish colour, from which I presume it received its name. ‘This has not
been figured in the ‘Geol. Survey Memoir,’ but it is very well represented by Mr.
Lowry in his ‘Illustrations of British Fossils’ above referred to. Forbes described it
(‘ Memoir Geol. Survey,’ p. 46) as “a small globose shell, with volutions rather angulated ;
aperture semilunate, inner lip obscurely denticulated, surface smooth without ornamen-
tation.”
No. 270. Neritina aperta, J. Sowerby. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 20 a, 6.
Nerita aperta, J. Sow. Min. Conch., t. eecexxiv, figs. 2, 3, 4, 1823.
= — Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 264, 1854.
— — J. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss., pl. ii, 1866:
Nerivina (Mirruxa) areria, Sand. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 269, t. xv, figs.
15, 15 a, 1872.
Spec. Char. NV. Testd subglobosd, apice depresso, viv conspicuo ; anfractibus 2—3 ;
lineis tenuibus ornatd ; aperturd semilunari; margine dextro, acuto ; columella pland,
margine acuto, in medio minute denticulatd, posteriore unidentatd.
Height, + of an inch; diameter, ths of an inch.
Localities. Colwell Bay (J. Sowerby), Headon Hill, Milford (S. Wood).
The shell figured by Sowerby as above referred to is a good representation of a small
specimen of this species, which is not rare in the Upper Eocene of Hampshire and the
Isle of Wight. I have not, however, seen any so small as those represented in figures 3
and 4 of tab. 424 of ‘ Min. Conch.,’? which, no doubt, were immature specimens. The
ornamentation is variable, as pointed out by Mr. Sowerby, and the shells have more or
45
348 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
less of the original colour remaining upon them; but those I have from Milford, which
appear to be of the same species, though rather larger, are destitute of colour or markings
of any kind. The upper part of the outer lip is generally, though not always, slightly
elevated above the vertex, and somewhat thickened within, at some distance from the
edge. The inner lip is thick and flattened, with a sharp edge to the columella, which
has a few denticles in the centre and a distinct tooth at the upper part.
This species seems to partake of the characters by which the genus JVerifa is
distinguished as well as of those of the genus Weritina, in which I have placed it.
No. 271. Neritina Forsesu, S. Wood. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 16 a—e.
Spec. Char. N. Testdé ovato-oblongd, levigatd, tenuissime lineolatd vel ornatd ;
spird depressé; anfractibus rapidé crescentibus, aperturd semilunari expansd ; area
columellari lata, pland, in medio tenuissimé denticulatd ; labro acuto simplict.
Diameter, 2ths of an inch.
Locality. Weadon Hill (S. Wood).
This is equally abundant with JV. aperfa, and I have separated it in consequence of
its difference in form. Our present shell is narrower; that is to say, it has a more
extended outer lip, the aperture being wider or more expanded from the inner lip to the
outer than in the preceding species. The apex is also much depressed, and the upper
part of the shell is nearly flat, with spire indicated by a narrow depressed suture. The
coloured markings are various.
I have obtained several specimens of this species with its operculum in position, and
this adjunct I have had figured. The inner side of the operculum is furnished with a
prominent projection at the lower part, which is bifid or forked, expanding at an angle of
about 45°. The outer side of this operculum shows a curvilinear depression with a
corresponding elevation on the inner surface. V. Fordesdi much resembles JV. fluviatilis,
but that shell has a more elevated spire. It does not differ greatly from JV. ¢ransversa,
Ziegler, figured by Rossinasler, ‘ Icon.,’ pl. vii, fig. 121, but I have not specimens of
that species with which to compare it.
No. 272. Neritina zonuta, 8. Wood. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 19.
Spec. Char. WN. Testé rotundato-ovatd, levigatd ; vertice depresso ; anfractibus con-
veniusculis, zonulatis aut parum angulatis, superné concavis; lineolis fuscis parallelis
PROSOBRANCHIATA. 349
vel reticulatis tenuissimis ornatd; aperturd semilunari ; columelld arcuatd, in medio
denticulata.
Diameter, 33;ths of an inch.
Locality. UWeadon Hill (8S. Wood).
This is a fossil of which I have myself found several specimens at the above locality.
It resembles JV. apyerta in outward form, its most material difference consisting in its
having six or seven very distinct ridges or carinule not quite equidistant, and some-
what rounded, but these the artist has unfortunately not sufficiently shown m the figure.
No one, however, on comparing specimens with those of aperta, would fail to perceive
these carinule.
No. 273. Nerivina puanunata, F. 2. Hdwards, MS. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 21 a, 6.
NERETINA PLANULATA, J. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss., pl. iti, 1866.
_ = Sandberger. Land- und Siissw.-Conch., p. 2638, t. xv, fig. 14,
1872,
Spec. Char. “ Testd globosd, apice obtuso, paulo eroso. Aunfractus tres infra suturas
tenuissimas subimpressi, ceterum convent, nitidi, flavidi, guttulis albis equoliter conspersis
aut seriatim depositis variegati; ultimus ceteris omnibus quadrato altior, Apertura
paulo obliqua semilunari, margine dextro et basali tenui, acuto, pariete et columella callo
nitido, leviter concavo, intus medida parte plicd supremd maxima et duodecim minoribus
obtusis munito obtectis. Operculum semitunare, inferné apophysibus duabus arcuatis
discrepantibus armatum.”—Sandberger.
Height, ~sths of an inch.
Locality. Weadon Hill (Hdwards).
A very determinable figure is given of a shell under the above name by Mr. Lowry,
who tells me it is a MS. name given by Mr. Edwards. This has been figured and
described also by Sandberger from a specimen sent to him by Mr. Edwards. Our shell
is prettily ornamented with diagonal and dark wavy lines. I have not the species.
Genus 33rd.—Nerita. Adanson.
For generic characters see anfé, p. 342.
No. 274. Neriva tricartnata, Lamarck. Tab. XXXIV, fig. 22 a, 4.
NerITA TRICARINATA, Lamk. Ann. du Mus., tom. viii, pl. Ixii, fig. 4 a, 6, 1806.
— — Desh. Coq. foss. des Eny. de Par., t. ii, p. 160, 1824.
350 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
NERITA TRICARTINATA, Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 264, 1854.
= = J. Lowry. Chart Brit. Tert. Foss., pl. iii, 1866.
Spec. Char. WN. Testé ovata, supra convexd, subtus convexiuscula ; anfractibus tribus,
ultimo magno, spiraliter tricarinato ; spird retusd ; aperturd semicirculari ; ared columellart
plana, margine minuté denticulato, labro acuto.
Diameter, 35;ths of an inch.
Localities. Bracklesham (£dwards).
France: Retheuil, Cuise-la-Motte, Houdan (Deshayes).
The figure I have given is from a specimen in Mr. Edwards’ cabinet. The shell has
a fine denticulation on the sharp edge of the columella, but appears to be destitute of any
prominent tooth on that edge, so far as I have been able to detect, in which respect it
seems to agree with Deshayes’ figure. ‘Ihe imside of the outer lip, however, appears to
be free from those denticulations which usually ornament those species which are grouped
under the generic name JVerita. This species is especially distinguished by being
ornamented with three prominent spiral ridges, between which the surface is covered with
regular and somewhat fine striz. This species is said by M. Deshayes to be common in
some localities of the Paris Basin, especially in the sands of Cuisse-la-Motte. He also
observes that several varieties of it occur in the Calcaire grossier. I am not aware of its
having occurred in England in any other bed than the Bracklesham. M. Deshayes thus
describes the operculum of this species (‘ An. sans Vert. du Bas. de Par.,. t. iii, p. 17) :—
“Tl est lisse en dessus, obliquement partagé par une étroite depression, qui part du
sommet. Il est fort remarkable en ce qu'il porte deux apophyses ; lune sudapiciale,
bifide, c'est celle qui existe invariablement dans toutes les espéces; Vautre mediane
consiste en une proéminence aplatie et pointue, qui glisse en dessous du bord
columellaire.”
INDEX.
*,* The Synonyms are printed in Italics.
ACHATINA, Lamarck
n costellata, Sowerby
AGANIDES Aturi, Pictet ; see Aturia zic-zac.
FS Deshayesii, Sismonda ; see Aturia zic-zac.
A zie-zac, Pictet; see Aturia zic-zac.
AMMONITES Wapperi, Van Mons; see Aturia zic-zac.
AMNICOLA, Gould and Haldemann.
AMPHIDROMUS Rillyensis, Sandberger ; see Bale Rillyensis:
ANCYLUS, Geoffroy :
5 elegans Sowerby ; see Velletia elegans.
+ latus, /. 2. Edwards
ASSIMINEA, Leach
ATURIA, Bronn .
re zic-zac, Bronn
BELEMNOSIS, F. 2. Edwards
SS plicata, F. #, Edwards
BELOPTERA, Deshayes ; :
3 anomala, Sowerby ; see Belemnosis plicata. °
re Belemnitoidea, De Blainville
a Levesquei, d@’ Orbigny .
rs longirostrum, Morris ; see Belosepia sepioidea.
BELOSEPIA, Voltz
me brevispina, Sowerby
" Cuvieri, Deshayes ‘
Ms Oweni, J. Sowerby ; see Belosepia Cuvier.
“ sepioidea, De Blainville
BORSONIA, Bellardi
Aa Biaritzana, Rouault
a lineata, F. #. Edwards .
he Palensis Rouault ; see Borsonia Biaritzana.
wi semicostata, fF. #. Hdwards
“n suleata, F. 2. Edwards .
46
PAGE
339
109
110
340
352 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
BUCCINUM scabriculum, Solander ; see Mitra scabra and Voluta digitalina.
BULIMUS, Scopoli
3 convexus, F’. EZ. ieee
3, costellatus, Sowerby ; see Achatina costellata.
A ellipticus, Sowerby
a heterostomus, Ff. Z. Edwards
A politus, fF. #. Edwards
5 Rillyensis, Deshayes
59 tenuistriatus, J. Sowerby ; see Bulimes nilperee
- Vectiensis, F. 2. Edwards
BYTHINIA, Gray
a conica, Prévost
CALLIA, Gray °
"i levis, F. 2. Edwards
CLAUSILIA, Draparnaud . 4
5 striatula, F. H. Edwards
CLYMENLIA zic-zae, Michelotti; see Aturia zic-zac.
COCHLEA mixta? Chemnitz; see Voluta muricina.
CONOLITHES cingulatus, Schlotheim; see Conus deperditus.
CONUS, Linné
a alatus, F. E. ERP
5 Allioni ? Beyrich ; see Conus deperaitens
ee antediluvianus, Deshayes ; see Conus Lamarckii.
3 concinnus, Sowerby :
- coneinnus, Phillipi; see Conus Lamarckii.
5 corculum, Sowerby ; see Conus lineatus.
e deperditus, Brugniére ,
me deperditus, Sowerby ; see Conus Lamarckii.
5 diadema, F. LE. Edwards ,
5 diversiformis, Sowerby ; see Conus diadema.
5 dormitor, So/ander 5
- Lamarckii, F. E. Edwards .
in lineatus, Solander
33 scabriculus, Solander
5 spinosus, Linne ; see Voluta spinosa.
a velatus, Sowerby : :
CORDIERIA Biaritzana, Rouault ; see Boras Biaritzana.
CRASPEDOPOMA, Pfeiffer
- Elizabeth, F. E. ieanen
CYCLOSTOMA, Lamarck . A
= lapnellooums F. E. Edwards; see Pomatias famtelleuee
° mumia, Lamarck
CYCLOTUS, Guilding
3 cinctus, F. 2. Edwards
= nudus, fF. #. Edwards
337,
202
196
191
190
200
194
199
198
193
118
119
332
332
115
117
117
INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 353
PAGE
CYPRABA, Linné ‘ ; ; : : : - 1
rs Bartonensis, F. 2. adberds : : ‘ : P 230)
33 Bowerbankii, Sowerby . : ; : ; . 129
* Coombii, Sowerby ; see Cyprzea tuberculosa.
3 Deshayesii, Gray ; see Cyprea tuberculosa.
5 globosa, Sowerby ; see Cyprza globularis.
5 globularis, F. 2. Edwards ; . : en : 5 ME)
py inflata, Lamarck ; ; 6 : : : +) 126
S oviformis, Sowerby : ; : : : 28)
oviformis ? Galeotti; see Cypreea inflata.
55 pediculus ? Webster; see Cypreea Wetherelli.
rp platystoma, F. E. Ldwards : é : ; : . 132
PA Prestwichii, F. E. Ldwards c : ; : : 134
es tuberculosa, Duclos ; : ; : : ‘ 6 USL
a Wetherellii, F. £2. Edwards 3 : : ‘ s 5 188
FASCIOLARIA biplicata, Sowerby ; see Borsonia Biaritzana.
HELIX, Linné ; é : ‘ j : = (ei)
a d’Urbani, F. £. dards F F : 3 : : OZ;
F globosa, Sowerby . ‘ : : ; 4 : 6 8}
. Headonensis, F. 2. Edwards 3 ; : : : eA0
», labyrinthica, Say . 5 ; : 5 : : OY,
a Morrisii, F. ZH. Edwards : F : ; , eo
os ocelusa, F'. 2. Edwards 3 F : é . j ae 4.
», omphalus, F. £. Edwards . 5 . : : 5
» striatella, 8. Wood; see Helix oniphalus
ms sub-labyrinthica, F. 2. Edwards : : é ; F 6 (HY)
ue tropifera, F. L. Edwards. : ; é P : . 64
» Vectiensis, FP. 2. Edwards . : : : : ; 3) 62
HYDROBIA, Hartmann . ; ‘ : : : ; . 340
LIMNAA, Lamarck : ‘ : F : , 81, 341
6 angusta, F. HL. Edwards . : ‘ : : : o — UH)
5 arenularia, Brard , ‘ : ‘ j ‘ ce. ANE
As caudata, F. E. Edwards . : P j : : SS
35 cincta, F. FE. Edwards. . 3 z 2 ; : 94
D columellaris, Sowerby : : , : : é 5 Wil
+ conyexa, F. FE. Edwards . , ‘ 3 P : 5
+ costellata, F. H. Edwards j 3 ; : ; 1 93
> elongata, Marcel de Serres : ; 2 , : 5 oxi
- fabulum, Brogniart : F 3 ; ; i 5 EB
“s fusiformis, J Sowerby . : ‘ ‘ P : oO
354
EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
LIMN AA gibbosula, F. 2. Edwards
longiscata, Brard 3
maxima, Sowerby ; see Achatina costellata.
minima, Sowerby
mixta, F. #. Edwards
ovum, Brogniart
pyramidalis, Deshayes
recta, F. EH. Edwards
sublata, F. #. Edwards
subquadrata, Ff. 2. Edwards
suleata, #. #. Edwards
tenuis, F. L. Edwards
tumida, F. 2. Edwards
MARGINELLA, Lamarck .
MEGALOSTOMA mumia, Sandberger ; see Cyclostoma mumia.
"3 bifido-plicata, Charlesworth
- eburnea, Lamarck : :
55 gracilis, F. £. Edwards 3 d
op miliacea (?), Philippi; see Marginella ovulata.
53 ovulata, Lamarck
* pusilla, 7. 2. Edwards
a simplex, F. 2. Hdwards
5 vittata, fF. E. Edwards
MELAMPUS, Montfort. 5
35 tridentatus, 7. #. Edwards
MITRA, Lamarck
labratella, Lamarck ; see Mitra labratula.
labratula, Lamarck ;
monodonta, Sowerby ; see Mitra labratula.
obesa, F. LE. Edwards
parva, Sowerby
porrecta, F. . Edwards
pumila, Sowerby ; see Mitra parva.
scabra, Sowerby :
volutiformis, #. £. Edwards
MITRULA aperta, Sandberger ; see Neretina aperta.
MUREX conoides, Solander ; see Pleurotoma conoides.
exortus, Solander ; see Pleurotoma exorta.
innexus, Solander; see Pleurotoma innexa.
priscus, Solander ; see Pleurotoma prisca.
macilentus, Solander ; see Pleurotoma macilenta.
rostratus, Solander ; see Pleurotoma rostrata.
suspensus, Solander; see Voluta suspensa.
turbidus, Solander ; see Pleurotoma turbida.
INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.
NAUTILUS, Gualtiert
PA Aturi, Bronn ; see Aturia zic-zac.
6 Bucklandi, Michelotti; see Nautilus imperialis.
- centralis, Sowerby ;
5 Deshayesti, De Koninck ; see Aturia zic-zac.
4s imperialis, Sowerby
“i Parkinsoni, F. £. Edwards
regalis, Sowerby
“5 Sowerbyi, Wetherell :
P sypho, Buckland ; see Aturia zic-zac.
3 urbanus, Sowerby
NEMATURA, Benson
NERITA, Adanson . :
» aperta, Sowerby; see Neritina aperta.
A concava, Nyst; see Neritina concava.
me tricarinata, Lamarck
NERITINA, Lamarck
PS aperta, Sowerby ;
3 callifera, Sowerby ; see Neritina globulus.
55 concava, Sowerby
A consobrina, F'érussac
BS Forbesii, S. Wood
A globulus, Mérussae
50 jaspidea ?, Deshayes
_ planulata, F. 2. Edwards
5 tristis, Forbes :
5 uniplicata, Sowerby ; see Neritina globulus.
5 vicina’, Melleville
a zonula, S. Wood
OVULA, Brugniére :
Bs ? antiqua, F. £2. Edwards :
» tuberculosa, Duclos; see Cyprzea tuberculosa.
OVULUM retusum, Sowerby ; see Cypreea oviformis.
PALUDINA, Lamarck
PEDIPES, Adanson ;
Fy glaber, F. . Edwards
PITHARELLA, Edwards ‘
ps Rickmani, Edwards .
PLANORBIS, Geoffroy. c
5 biangulatus, #. £. Edwards
Fr cylindricus, Sowerby
+ discus, F’. 2. Edwards
na elegans, F'. HL. Edwards
AR enomphalus, Sowerby .
355
PAGE
42
45
47
49
46
48
46
340
342, 349
349
342
347
546
344
348
343
345
349
347
344
348
134
136
339
114
gS
339
339
340
108
109
102
107
99
356
EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
PLANORBIS hemistoma, Sowerby
”
leevigatus ?, Deshayes
lens, Brogniart
obtusus, Sowerby
oligyratus, F. E. Edwards
platystoma, S. Wood
rotundatus, Brard ; : j
similis, Férussac ; see Planorbis rotundatus.
Sowerbyi, Bronn
tropis, Ff. £. Edwards .
PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck .
abnormis, Ff. #. Edwards
acuminata, Sowerby . 4
acuminata, De Koninck ; see Pleurotoma Nelysii.
acuticosta, Vyst
acutisinuata, fF. #. Edwards
amphiconus, Sowerby
aspera, F. HL, Edwards
attenuata, Sowerby .
biconus, F. 2. Ldwards
bracheia, F. LH. Edwards
brevirostrum, Sowerby é ;
callifera, F. LH. Edwards . ‘
cataphracta, Morris ; see Pleurotoma turbida.
cedilla, F. 2. Edwards 5
celavicularis, Lamarck ; see Pleurotoma prisca.
coarctata, F’. 2. Ldwards
cocciphora, Ff. L. Edwards
cochlis, F. 2. Edwards
colon, Sowerby ; see Pleurotoma turbida.
comma, Sowerby
conica, Ff. 2. Edwards
conifera, Ff. 2. Edwards
conoides, Solander .
constricta, Ff. #. Edwards ;
costulifera ?, Bronn; see Pleurotoma dentata.
crassa, F. 2. Edwards
crassi-costa, /’. 2. Edwards
crebrilinea, F. £. Edwards
curta, FP. L. Edwards
curvicosta, Sowerby ; see Borsonia Biaritzana.
cymea, Ff. FE. Edwards 0
decussata, Lamarck ? ; see Pleurotoma scabriuscula.
dentata, Lamarck
denticula, Basterot . 5 :
var. conulus, /’. #. Hdwards
a gracilenta, F. E. Edwards
,
INDEX OF GENERIC AND
PLEUROTOMA denticula, var. longeeva, F. HL. Edwards
macrobia, F. #. Edwards .
mutica, Ff. 2. Edwards
odontella, F. 2. Edwards
desmia, F. 2. Edwards
dilinum, #. 2. Edwards
dissimilis, F. EZ. Edwards
divisa, f, 2. Edwards
dubia?, Defrance; see Pleurotoma inflexa,
exorta, Solander
fasciolata, F. H. Edwards
Fisheri, F. £. Edwards
flexuosa, Miinster
fusiformis, Sowerby .
gentilis, Sowerby
glabrata, Lamarck
gomphoidea, Ff. E. Edwards .
goniea, F. H. Edwards
granata, F. LH. Edwards
granulata, Lamarek
Hantoniensis, F. #. Ldwards .
Headonensis, F. ZH. Edwards .
helicoides, F. E. Edwards
helix, F. 2. Edwards
hemileia, F. #. Edwards
inarata, Sowerby
inflexa, Lamarck
innexa, Solander
insignis, F. 2. Ldwards
Keelei, F. EL. Edwards
Koninckii, Myst
leevigata, Sowerby
levigata, De Kon. ; see Pleurotoma Koninckii.
leviuscula, F. #. Edwards
lanceolata, F. E. Edwards
Lehonii, Rouault
lepta, #. HL. Edwards
ligata, I’. E. Edwards
lima, F’. LE. Edwards
lissa, F. #. Edwards
macilenta, Solander .
macrura, 7. £. Edwards
microcheila, F. #. Edwards
microdonta, F'. #. Edwards
mixta, fF. E Hdwards
monerma, F. #. Edwards
nodosaria, F. 2. Edwards
SPECIFIC NAMES. 357
one S&S
oo =
358
EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
PLEUROTOMA nodulosa, Lamarck .
”
”
obscurata, Sowerby .
parilis, F. 2. Edwards
planetica, F. 2. Edwards 5
plebeia, Sowerby ; see Pleurotoma denticula.
plebeia, var. 6, Forbes ; see Pleurotoma Hantoniensis.
plicata, Lamarck
Prestwichii, #. E. Edwards
prisea, Solander
puella, F. #. Edwards
pupa, Ff. #. Hdwards
pupoides, /. E. Edwards
pyrgota, Ff’. #. Edwards
pyrulata, Deshayes .
reticulosa, F. H. Edwards
rostrata, Solander 3 ;
rostrata, De Koninck ; see Pleurotoma Selysii.
rotella, F. H. Edwards
rotundata, Ff. #. Edwards
sceabriuscula, FP. H. Edwards .
scalarata, F'. H. Edwards
Selysii, De Koninck
semicolon, Sowerby ; see Pleurotoma inflexa.
semistriata, Deshayes
simillima, F. 2. Edwards
sindonata, Ff. #. Hdwards
stena, fF. 2. Hdwards
striatula, De Koninck ; see Pleurotoma Waterkeynii.
subcarinata ?, Rouault ; see Pleurotoma denticula.
subrostrata, d’ Orbigny ; see Pleurotoma rostrata.
subula, F. . Edwards
sulenlosa, F. #. Edwards
symmetrica, F. #. Hdwards
teeniolata, #. HL. Edwards
Tallayignesii, Rowault
terebralis, Lamarck, var.
53 var. concinna, F’, #. Milaete!
9 ditropis, F. LE. Edwards .
6 gyrata, F. E. Edwards
Pe pagoda, F. 2. Edwards
A pulcherrima, F. £. Edwards
a revoluta, F. H. Edwards .
tereticosta, 4. 7. Hdwards
teretrium, Ff. 2. Edwards
Ay var. crebrilinea, F. 2. ase
x latimarginata, F. H. Hdwards
5 nanodis, #. H. Edwards ..
PAGE
260
296
309
212
248
282
320
305
253
302
257
232
298
218
299
307
254
295
278
323
283
263
207
267
229
209
284
270
233
233
233
233
234
233
233
250
210
210
210
210
INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.
PLEUROTOMA teretrium, var. tuberculata, #7. E. Edwards
5 textiliosa, Deshayes .
rp transversaria, Lamarck :
PA transversaria, Sowerby ; see Pleurotoma goniza.
A tricincta, #. £. Edwards
5 turbella, Morr. ; see Pleurotoma helieonien
35 turbida, Solander
turgidula, F. #. Edwards
Fe turpis, F. #. Edwards
5 undata, Lamarck
3 varians, F'. 2. Edwards
55 variata, F. EL. Edwards
.; verticillum, F. £. Edwards
z vicina, Ff. L. Edwards
35 Volgeri, Phillipi
FP) Waterkeynii, Myst
5 Wetherellii, F. 2. Edwards
a Woodii, F. L. Edwards
5 zeta, F. EF. Edwards
” zonulata, Ff. EL. Ldwards
POMATIAS, Hartmann
es lamellosus, F. 2. Renae
PUPA, Lamarck .
» oryza, Ff. £. Hdeehds
» perdentata, F. L. Edwards
», Réllyensis, Boissy ; see Bulimus Rillyensis.
SEPIA Blainvilii, Deshayes ; see Belosepia sepioidea.
», Cuvieri, dOrbigny ; see Belosepia sepioidea.
» longirostris, Deshayes ; see Belosepia sepioidea.
», longispina, Deshayes ; see Belosepia sepioidea.
», Parisiensis, Férussac ; see Beloptera Belemnitoidea.
STROMBUS ambiguus, Solander ; see Voluta ambigua.
., athleta, Solander ; see Voluta athleta.
» dubius, Solander; see Voluta luctatrix.
», luctator, Solander ; see Voluta Solandri.
» luctator, Solander; see Voluta luctatrix.
» spinosus, Linné; see Voluta spinosa.
SUCCINEA, Draparnaud
A imperspicua, S. Wood
45 Sparnacensis ?, Deshayes
VALVATA, Miller
VELLETIA, Gray
» elegans, Sowerby
47
360 EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
PAGE
VOLUTA, Linné . : : ; F : 5 : . 144
59 ambigua, Solander : : elt : b . 150
ss ambigua, Lamarck ; see Voluta teats.
5 ambigua, var. monstrosa, Sowerby ; see Voluta suspensa.
x angusta, Deshayes : : - : 5 . 169
p angusta, Sowerby ; see Voluta vii plieata: ;
5 athleta, Solander : é : - ‘ : > Gn
3 bicorona, Webster ; see Voluta ambigua.
5 Branderi, Deshayes ; : : 3 ; pe lz!
5 bulbula, Sowerby ; see Voluta Baleeioneie.
5 calva, Sowerby . : ; : ; 3 : Bays
45 cithara, Lamarck ; : : : ; : - alAG'
a5 crenulata, Lamarck ; ; ; ‘ j ; . 154
is costata, Solander ; A : : : é . 170
os costata, Sowerby ; see Voluta humerosa.
3 crenulata, Sowerby ; see Voluta digitalina.
A crenulata, Webster ; see Voluta suspensa.
55 decora? Beyrich ; see Voluta maga.
s denudata, Sowerby : c : : ; < . 162
5 depauperata, Sowerby : . : 5 . 6 . 164
Ps devexa ?, Beyrich ; see Voluta nodosa.
Ps digitalina, Lamarck ‘ 5 : : 3 j 5 | et
RS elevata, Sowerby : : : : ‘ : Sele
“5 Forbesii, F. 2. Ldwards . : : ‘ : : 2 66
1 geminata, Sowerby 2 : ‘ F , ; Go
35 Harpa, Lamarck ; see Voluta cithara.
5 harpula, Sowerby ; see Voluta maga. .
horrida, F. #. Edwards. ; : 3 : : . 166
33 humerosa, Ff. 2. Edwards . ; : : 5 ; BAL
5 labreila, Sowerby ; see Voluta Selseiensis.
55 lima, J. Sowerby ; see Voluta digitalina.
i luctatrix, Solander : : , : : ; . 47
= maga, F. 2. Edwards : ; ‘ ; : ; aliae
so magorum, Sowerby ; see Voluta maga.
+ muricina, Lamarck : : ‘ : : : . 178
3 musicalis, Webster ; see Voluta luctatrix.
D nodosa, Sowerby 5 ‘ : : : : . 148
5 pugil, #. 2. Edwards d : : ; 4 : . 159
protensa, Sowerby 4 : ; ; : 3 » 1S
3 recticosta, Sowerby : : : . : : an Wey
- scabricula, d’Orbigny ; see Voluta digitalina.
scalaris, Sowerby . é : : : : . 156
- Selseiensis, /. 2. Ldwards : ; : ; ; . 168
3 Solandri, /. 2. Edwards . : : : : : . 155
i spinosa, Linné . ; ss : 5 ‘ 5 AG
spinosa, Sowerby ; see Volta pugil.
5 spinosa, Webster ; see Voluta Solandri.
INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC
VOLUTA spinosa, var. platyspina, Sowerby ; see Voluta pugil.
subambigua, @Orbigny ; see Voluta elevata.
suspensa, Solander
tricorona, Sowerby
uniplicata, Sowerby
Wetherellii, Sowerby
NAMES. 361
PAGE
158
159
NAG
179
orl
TAB. L.
Fig.
1. Belosepia Sepioidea, p. 29.
la—e. Var. B. longirostris.
a. Dorsal aspect.
4. Side view.
c. Ventral aspect.
1d—/. Var. B. longispina.
d. Dorsal aspect.
e, &. Side views.
J. Ventral aspect.
lg—. Var. B. Blainvillii.
g- Side view.
h. Do. ofa cast of the Belosepion (B. Sepioidea).
2. Ventral aspect.
bo
. Belosepia brevispina, p. 32.
a. Dorsal aspect.
6. Side view.
c. Ventral aspect.
3. Belosepia Cuvieri, p. 31.
a, d. Ventral aspect.
6. Dorsal aspect.
c. Side view.
4. Dorsal aspect of the Belosepion (B. Sepioidea).
. Longitudinal section of ditto.
6. Enlarged view of the terminal cavity and rostrum in the same section.
7. Enlarged view of an obliquely transverse section of the terminal cavity.
8. Dorsal aspect of the sepion (Sepia officinalis).
9. Longitudinal section of ditto.
10. Enlarged view of section of the rostrum of ditto.
JDe C.S.
TABS bata
-d. Front view, ditto.
e. Portion of the whorl magnified.
_ 8. Helix Vectiensis. No. 14, p. 62.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Under surface of a cast, magnified.
ec. Front view, magnified.
d. Back view of a cast, ditto. +
e. Portion of the whorl, magnified. ‘i
9. Pedipes glaber. No. 66, p. 115.
a. Back view, nat. size.
6. Ditto, magnified
c. Front view, ditto.
10. Helix occlusa. No. 17, p. 64.
a. Front view of a specimen with the shell preserved.
4. Back view of ditto.
c. Front view of a cast.
d. Under surface of ditto.
e. Back view of ditto.
11. Cyclotus nudus. No. 68, p. 117.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
12. Operculum of Cyclotus.
a. View of the outer disc.
4. Side view.
WN WW pn
J.De C.
Sowerby fecit.
a
TAB. XI.
Fig.
1. Bulimus politus. No. 24, p. 73.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Ditto, magnified.
ce. Back view, natural size.
d. Ditto, magnified.
i)
. Bulimus ellipticus. No. 23, p. 72.
a. Front view
6. Side view.
c. Fragment of a large specimen in the Brit. Mus.
d. Side view of a cast.
e. Side view of a cast, young.
J. Fragment from Primrose Hill. (B. ¢enwistriatus, G. Sow.)
3. Succinea imperspicua. No. 29. p. 81.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Ditto, magnified.
c. Back view, natural size.
d. Ditto, magnified.
4. Helix sub-labyrinthica. No. 21, p. 69.
a. Front view of a cast, natural size.
4. Impression of the whorl, magnified.
c. Back view, magnified.
. Helix Headonensis. No. 22, p. 70.
a. Upper surface of a cast. Natural size.
4. Ditto, ditto, magnified.
c. Portion of the whorl of ditto, magnified.
d. Front view of ditto, magnified.
6. Clausilia striatula. No. 28, p. 79.
a. Front view of a cast of a young shell, nat. size.
4. Ditto ditto, magnified.
ce. Front view of cast with parts of the shell preserved, nat. size.
d. Ditto, ditto, magnified.
e and g. Views of casts of adult shells, showing the aperture, nat. size.
f and h. Ditto ditto, magnified.
7. Pupa perdendata. No. 26, p. 77.
a. Back view of a cast (shell partly preserved), natural size.
6. Ditto ditto, magnified.
ec. Front view of ditto, natural size.
d. Ditto ditto, magnified.
e. Impression of the whorls in the matrix, magnified.
Or
Mbalbeexilee
J. De C. Sowerby fecit
d Back view of ditto.
: e. Front view of a cast. s
4% f. Ditto of ditto, shell partly preserved. Young st
iy fi gy. Back view of a cast of a young shell. :
ee A. ‘Front view of ditto. Svcd:
a ; ote ‘Back view, var. abdreviata.
ag _k. Front view, ditto.
2. Limnza caudata. No. 30, p. 83.
a. Side view. \ \
6. Front view. .-. ae
c. Ditto, var. abbreviata.
3. Limnea longiseata. No. 32, p. 85.
a a. Back view, intermediate state of growth.
b. Front view, ditto.
c. Front view, adulshell.
d. Back view, ditto.
e and g. Back views, var. distorta.
f and h. Front views, ditto.
&
ig
ria
~ : 5
Pe » eh
Sie. be
e - .
————
Tabeexdie
J.De C. Sowerby fee
iy
; ‘j Ryne y, rs
ee cy
“=
if vig ‘yt VFR) ke
Fig.
LE
2 and 3.
‘
TAB. XIII.
Limnza subquadrata. No. 41, p. 92. |
a. Front view. :
6. Back view.
Limneea pyramidalis. No. 31, p. 84.
a, a. Front views.
6, 6. Back views.
. Limnea sublata. No. 35, p. 88.
a. Side view.
6. Front view.
. Limnza mixta. No. 36, p. 88.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limnea tumida. No. 39, p. 9).
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limneea convexa. No. 42, p. 92.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
Limnea fusiformis. No. 38, p. 90.
a. Back view of specimen from Headon Hill.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Back view of ditto. Var. deformis, intermediate size.
d. Front view of ditto ditto adult shell. ,
e. Back view of ditto ditto ditto
J, g. Front views of shells from Sconce. Intermediate stage
of growth.
9. Limnea columellaris. No. 40, p. 91.
10.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
Limnzea costellata. No. 43, p. 93.
aand 6. Front views.
a ii ae
mm 0 3
C
Aven) . S000,
C sarearhsr-
lo
Fig.
il
a |
TAB. XIV.
Bulimus heterostomus. No. 70, p. 119.
a. Front view of a cast, nat. size.
4. Ditto, magnified.
ec. Side view of ditto of the aperture, magnified.
d. Impression of the whorls in the matrix, magnified.
. Velletia elegans. No. 64, p. 112.
a. View from above, nat. size.
6. Ditto, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
d. View of the aperture, ditto.
. Pupa oryza. No. 27, p. 78.
a. Side view, nat. size.
6. Ditto, magnified.
. Limnea suleata. No. 33, p. 87.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limneea cincta. No. 45, p. 94.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limnezea angusta. No. 46, p. 95.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limnea recta, No. 49, p. 96.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
. Limnea gibbosula. No. 34, p. 87.
aand 6. Front views.
c. Back view.
Fig.
9. Limnzea minima. No. 48, p. 96.
10.
tele
12.
13.
14.
a. Back view, nat. size.
4. Front view, magnified.
c. Back view, ditto. "
Limnea fabulum. No. 44, p. 93.
a. Front view.
4. Back view.
Limnzea tenuis. No. 50, p. 97.
a. Front view.
4. Back view.
Limnea ovum? No. 37, p. 89.
a. Front view.
b. Back view.
Limnea arenularia. No. 47, p. 95.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
Craspedopoma Elizabethe. No. 69,p. 118.
a. Front view, nat size.
b. Ditto, magnified.
c. Impression in the matrix, magnified.
d. View of the base ditto.
15. Ancylus? latus. No. 63, p. 110.
a. Side view, nat. size.
b. View from above, magnified.
Tab. XIV.
J.De C.Sowerby fecit
Fig.
1.
6.
TAB. XV.
Planorbis obtusus. No. 53, p. 102.
a. View of the upper disc (distorted specimen).
4. Side view.
ec. Ditto (distorted specimen).
d. View of the under disc.
e. View of the upper disc.
. Planorbis platystoma. No. 56, p. 103.
a. View of the upper disc, nat. size.
4. View of the under disc, magnified.
c. View of the upper disc ditto.
d. View of the aperture ditto.
. Planorbis oligyratus. No. 55, p. 103.
a, 6. Views of the aperture.
ce. View of the under disc.
d. View of the upper disc.
e. View of the under disc of a cast.
. Planorbis rotundatus. No. 52, p. 100.
a. Side view showing the aperture.
6. View of the under disc.
c. View of the upper disc.
. Planorbis euomphalus. No. 51, p. 99.
a. View of the upper disc. Young shell.
b. Ditto ditto ditto.
c. Side view, showing the aperture in ditto.
d. View of the under disc of ditto.
Planorbis euomphalus. No. 51, p. 99.
a. Side view of adult shell.
6. View of the under disc of ditto.
ce. View of the upper disc of ditto.
. Planorbis discus. No. 54, p. 102.
a. View of the upper disc, with the shell preserved (intermediate
stage of growth).
6. View of the under disc of a cast.
c. Side view of a cast.
d. View of the upper disc of a cast.
10.
Ashe
. Planorbis lens. No. 57, p. 104.
g
View of the upper disc, nat. size.
b. Side view, magnified.
c. View of the under disc, ditto.
d. View of the upper disc, ditto.
. Planorbis Sowerbyi. No. 62, p. 108.
a. View of the upper disc of a cast, nat. size.
b. Ditto ditto magnified.
c. Side view of ditto, showing the aperture, ditto.
d. View of the under disc of ditto, magnified.
Planorbis tropis. No. 58, p. 106.
a. View of the under disc, nat. size.
b. Ditto ditto magnified.
c. Side view of ditto ditto.
d. View of the upper disc _ ditto.
Planorbis hemistoma. No. 59, p. 106.
a. View of the under disc, nat. size.
b. Ditto ditto magnified.
c. Side view of ditto ditto.
d. View of the upper disc _ ditto.
Planorbis elegans. No. 60, p. 107.
a. View of the under disc, nat. size.
b. Ditto ditto magnified.
c. Side view of ditto ditto.
d. View of the upper disc _ ditto.
. Planorbis biangulatus. No. 61, p. 108.
a. View of the upper disc, nat. size.
6. Side view of ditto magnified.
c. View of the under dise ditto.
d. View of the upper disc _ ditto.
abe
J.De C. Sowerby fecit
oh
AP ee ttt are il
Hit se na
Soike Bi
Pe ifr mot thi
i, Velerj 9 VSP Meares 7 i Hea
wif Wée> aih 1007
7 oy as te ifs
ay, emifing Bil; vray 7)
wii, @ ayy
OR Se ee oa
Vibiy Monel *
webphihal A
L314 ane aot pate j
=)
*
a _
_ =
ee
TAB. XVI.
Fig.
1. Cyprza oviformis. No. 71*, p. 128.
a. Back view, adult shell from Primrose Hill.
4. Front view of the same.
c. Front view, adult shell from Highgate.
d. Front view, adult shell (globose var.) from Whetstone.
e. Back view, young shell (first stage) from Barnett.
/. Front view of the same.
g. Side view, (shell in second stage), from Potter's Bar.
h. Side view, adult shell, showing the inner whorls.
2. Original specimen from the well on Hampstead
Heath, described as Ovulum retusum.
cho)
. Cypreea tuberculosa (Var. Coombii). No. 75, p. 131.
Front view.
3. Cyprea globularis. No. 73, p. 130.
a. Back view.
4. Front view.
. Cyprzea inflata. No. 71, p. 126.
a
a. Back view.
4. Front view.
Tab. XVI.
J-De C Sowerby fecit
“ tis ate nate atid
Sr
: rat
ri ie
——
Nate we i wis rr 2 ees 7
i r
- fort
pay " Uva made Pili Maes. 2 3
DA ATED Ph aD - ;
Nt eNO Owen ate, 8
7 -
an Hitysing' erik: #
ue ‘is yi? ae AEE LE | est
HF wiles Mihie . c ~ A
Hcl Wile VAS Wahu S
Te) Maes i ir }
ha -), teé A \
7 i” of hi
, i, ,
\ | , y
i if) ya '
aL AY ny i! p
‘ . ce |
ni} i . ;
TAB. XVII.
1. Cyprzea Bowerbankii. No. 72, p. 129.
a. Back view, shell from Highgate.
4. Front view of the same.
c. Back view, shell from Bracklesham Bay.
d. Front view, ditto.
2. Cyprza Prestwichii. No. 78, p. 134.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view of the same, magnified.
c. Front view of the same, ditto.
3. Ovula? antiqua. No. 79, p. 136.
a. Back view, natural size.
b. Back view of posterior extremity, magnified.
4, Cypreea Wetherellii. No. 77, p. 133.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Back view of the same, magnified.
c. Front view of the same, ditto.
5. Cypreea tuberculosa, (Var. Coombii). No. 75, p. 131.
Back view.
6. Cypreea Bartonensis. No. 74, p. 130.
a. Back view.
b. Front view.
“I
. Cypreea platystoma. No. 76, p. 132.
a. Back view of young shell, natural size.
b. Back view of the same, magnified.
Front view of the same, ditto.
. Back view of adult shell, natural size.
. Back view of the same, magnified.
SSG yD
Front view of the same, ditto.
Tab. XVII.
IDe C. Sowerby feecit.
a deen ae
eee: Re Fe ea
is Mi! atvalreorts Bee
Su gh
arc Pl A ¥
; 2 ea ba)
rc ‘ie 1
1G
" a ai ee
nee Wty ea yale
: ee ;
The ae ae
\
eee bt.
st te
a
i
we =
a8
i
.
ae
a)
p
OS é :
¢
A =
i
TAB. XVIII.
Fig.
1. Marginella eburnea. No. 80, p. 137.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
2. Marginella bifido-plicata. No. 81, p. 139.
a. Front view of adult shell from Barton, natural size.
4. Front view of the same, magnified.
ec. Front view of young shell, from ditto, ditto.
d. Side view of adult shell, ditto, ditto.
e. Front view of adult shell, Var. from Alum Bay, nat. size.
J. Side view of the same, magnified.
g. Front view of the same, magnified.
3. Voluta luctatrix. No. 87, p. 147.
Back view, adult shell.
4. Marginella gracilis. No. 82, p. 140.
a. Front view, natural size.
4. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
5. Marginella ovulata. No. 83, p. 141.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view, magnified.
c. Front view, ditto.
Note.—The posterior extremity of the outer lip is imperfect.
6. Marginella pusilla. No. 84, p. 143.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
7. Marginella vittata. No. 86, p. 144.
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
8. Marginella simplex. No. 85, p. 143.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view, ditto.
Tab. XVI
J De C Sowerby fecit
¢
ea Be: uF ake GO i
AWE ASH Nbn i Waly fehl ?
-tibagtyans | Avityth: ee fey
aa
Pi ibe
(TT) eo / 0 oir ts .
es ij pall
4 hits Rue t
my fit ou) ST
TAB. XIX.
Fig.
1. Voluta nodosa. No. 88, p. 148.
. Back view of adult shell from Barton.
a
4. Front view of the same.
c. Back view of adult shell from Highgate.
d. Front view of ditto, ditto.
e. Back view of young shell from Bracklesham Bay.
J. Front view of adult shell, ditto.
g. Back view of ditto, ditto.
h. Front view of ditto, ditto.
Note.—Portions of the inner lip in the specimens, figs. la and 1/, are broken off.
2. Voluta digitalina, (Var. ima). No. 90, p. 151.
a. Back view, adult shell.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Front view, ditto, with outer lip thickened and plicated.
3. Voluta luctatrix. No. 87, p. 147.
a. Front view, adult shell.
6. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
c. Front view, ditto.
d. Back view, young shell.
e. Front view, ditto.
4. Voluta ambigua. No. 89, p. 150.
a. Back view, adult shell.
6. Front view of the same.
c. Back view, (Var. compressa).
Tab eee
ae
Winn
J.De C.Sowerby feeit.
a bit
4 py Node ding
Es i *
g
Cn
TAB. XX.
’ Voluta crenulata. No. 92, p. 154.
a. Back view.
4. Front view.
. Voluta elevata. No. 91, p. 153.
. Back view, young shell.
. Back view, adult shell.
Back view, adult shell from Southampton.
. Front view of the same.
Fe)
. Voluta recticosta. No. 95, p. 157.
Back view.
. Voluta suspensa. No. 96, p. 158.
a. Front view, young shell.
6. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
c. Front view, ditto.
d. Back view, adult shell.
. Voluta scalaris. No. 94, p. 156.
a. Back view, shell from Highcliff.
4. Back view, shell from Barton.
c. Front view, ditto.
j). Voluta Solandri. No. 93, y. 155.
. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
4. Front view, ditto.
c. Back view, adult shell.
d. Front view, ditto.
a
. Voluta tricorona. No. 97, p. 159.
a. Back view, young shell from Primrose Hill.
b. Back view, shell of mid-growth from ditto.
c. Back view, adult shell from Copenhagen Fields.
d. Front view, adult shell from Potter’s Bar.
Tab. XX .
: seta. rs
ony
tcci
S« we rl Vv
(
J.De
> \
! r
t 2 ~ “
, : “ “
7 @ ‘? ’ ; " .
oyu F
R «Vv : ' 7
. 5 ,
’ *t, i .
.
vt ‘
‘ ,
Ae <
. -
‘
-
J +
it
¥ 1
% ; ,
Fig.
. Voluta Forbesii. No. 105, p. 166.
On
6.
~I
TAB AX:
a. Back view, young shell, natural size.
6. Back view, adult shell, ditto.
ce. Front view of the same, magnified.
d. Back view, ditto, ditto.
: Voluta horrida. No. 104, p. 166.
a. Back view, natural size.
4. Back view, magnified.
ce. Ribs, magnified.
. Voluta geminata. No. 103, p. 165.
a. Back view, adult shell.
6. Front view, ditto.
. Voluta spinosa. No. 101, p. 162.
a. Back view.
4. Front view.
. Voluta denudata. No. 100, p. 162.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
6. Front view, adult shell.
c. Back view, young shell.
Voluta calva. No. 106, p. 167.
a. Back view, adult shell.
5. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
. Voluta athleta. No. 99, p. 161.
a. Front view, adult shell from Barton.
6. Back view, ditto, ditto.
c. Back view, shell of mid-growth, ditto.
d. Front view of the same.
e. Back view (Var. Fortis), adult shell from Highcliff.
. Voluta depauperata. No. 102, p. 164.
a. Back view, adult shell from Barton.
6. Back view, ditto from Colwell Bay.
c. Front view, ditto, ditto.
a De ¢ Sowerby fecit
wie emits ae
a - a ;
i bie. a @! We yal “a in sane ae) ; =
oe “ie a mt ; d
iy
TAB. XXII.
Fig.
1. Voluta pugil. No. 98, p. 159.
a. Back view.
6. Front view.
c. Back view, (Var. platyspina).
2. Voluta maga. No. 111, p. 172.
a. Back view, young shell described in Min. Con., as to
V. harpula.
4. Front view of the same.
c. Back view, young shell.
d. Front view, shell of mid-growth (V. Jagorum of Sow.).
e. Front view, adult shell.
jf. Back view of the same.
3. Voluta Selseiensis. No. 107, p. 168.
a. Back view, young shell (/. dubula of Sow.).
6. Back view, ditto.
ec. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
d. Back view of the same.
e. Front view, adult shell (Vv. dabrella of Sow.).
J. Back view, ditto.
4. Voluta Branderi. No. 112, p. 174.
a. Back view, adult shell from Bracklesham Bay.
é. Front view, French specimen of mid-growth.
5. Voluta costata. No. 109, p. 170.
a. Back view, adult shell.
i. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
c. Front view of the same.
d. Back view, young shell.
6. Voluta humerosa. No. 110, p. 171.
a. Back view, adult shell.
4. Front view of the same.
Tab. XXII.
J.De C. Sowerby. tecit.
*
ea sath io
ar fi
n
_
=
a
~ J
ie.
<% f
oa ee
“
r ’
- =) ant
-
a ita
: aly? a a BIW ole,
Hote. ey ine rie e
ft th fou 7c: Ae
: me *t rok bt ce is ee,
te , ee WBeaha nasa cig he
= Pe
< i - ; 7 ante de heel 1 Seat A =i
7
NA a kt ry ae aw ie ‘ie re ve “
Pee aL Ay Baia gshye ee
siti shed ews OF x
TAB. XXIII.
Fig.
1. Voluta muricina. No. 116, py. 178.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
b. Side view.
c. Back view, adult shell
2. Voluta uniplicata. No. 115, py. 177.
a. Side view, adult shell.
4. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
c. Back view, ditto.
3. Voluta angusta. No. 108, p. 169.
a. Front view, young shell.
4. Back view, adult shell.
4. Voluta Wetherellii. No. 117, p. 179.
a. Back view, young shell with the pullus.
4. Side view, adult shell.
c. Back view, young shell.
d. Front view, adult shell.
or
. Voluta protensa. No. 113, p. 175.
a. Side view, shell from Whetstone.
4. Back view, ditto.
c. Front view, adult shell from Potter's Bar.
6. Voluta cithara. No. 114, p. 176.
a. Back view, adult shell.
6. Back view, (Var. angulata).
c. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
Tab. XXII.
J.De C. Sowerby fecit
TAB. XXIV.
. Mitra parva, No. 120, p. 183.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view, magnified.
c. Front view, ditto.
. Mitra parva (var. pumila). No. 120, p. 183.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view, magnified.
c. Front view, ditto.
. Mitra labratula. No. 119, ». 182.
a. Back view.
6. Front view.
. Mitra obesa. No. 122, p. 185.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view, magnified.
c. Front view, natural size.
d. Front view, magnified.
. Mitra volutiformis. No. 123, p. 186.
a. Back view, natural size.
6. Back view, magnified.
c. Front view, ditto.
. Mitra scabra, No. 118, p. 181.
a. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
6. Front view, adult shell.
c. Back view, ditto.
. Mitra porrecta. No. 121, p. 185:
a. Front view, natural size.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Back view, ditto.
_ Conus diadema. No. 124, p. 190.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
6. Back view, adult shell.
c. Front view, ditto.
d. Back view, ditto. (Var. pyriformis.)
. Conus scabriculus. No. 129, p. 198.
a. Front view.
6. Back view.
c. Side view.
11
13.
TAB. XXIV (continued).
. Conus lineatus. No. 130, p. 199.
a. Front view, natural size.
4. Front view, magnified.
c. Front view, (specimen described as C. corculum, Sow.)
. Conus dormitor. No. 131, p. 200.
a. Side view.
6. Front view.
c. Back view.
2. Conus velatus. No. 126, p. 193.
Back view.
Conus concinnus. No. 128, p. 196.
a. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
6. Back view, adult shell.
c. View from above, showing the posterior margins of the
whorls forming the spire.
Tab. XXIV.
JDeC.Sowerby se
sarge pel ii ae aihy sar
git cana Bertin Thy si f
a 7
walt Fin Lanes’ ie Hii rays é
7 x ¥ } , ie a
’ Oe ay PY al Jerid ie
hii isin fiir 4 the my ayy pen! deyys a
' i] ‘
sWgeS aT |) ition ae'y Soult
TAB. XXV.
Fig.
1. Conus alatus. No. 132, p. 202.
a. Back view.
b. Side view.
2. Conus deperditus. No. 125, p. 191.
a. Back view, young shell.
6. Front view, shell of mid-growth.
c. Side view, adult shell.
3. Conus Lamarckii. No. 127, p. 194.
a. Side view, young shell, from Bracklesham Bay.
a.* Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
6. Front view, adult shell, from ditto.
6.* Front view, adult shell, from Bramshaw.
c. Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
4. Pleurotoma stena. No. 133, p. 207.
a. Back view, young shell, from Southampton.
6. Back view, adult shell, from Highgate.
5. Pleurotoma symmetrica. No. 136, p. 209.
a. Front view, young shell, from Highgate.
6. Back view, adult shell, from Southampton.
6. Pleurotoma inarata. No. 134, p. 208.
Side view, adult shell.
7. Pleurotoma helix. No. 135, p. 209.
a. Side view, adult shell.
b. Side view, shell of mid-growth.
8. Pleurotoma teretrium. No. 137, p. 210.
a. Back view, adult shell, from Highgate.
4. Back view, adult shell, from ditto. (Var. xanodis.)
c. Back view, young shell, from Southampton. (Var. fuderculata.)
d. Back view, young shell, from ditto. ditto.
e. Back view, shell of mid-growth, from ditto.
jf. Back view, adult shell, from Highgate. (Var. crebrilinea.)
gy. Back view, Highgate specimen. (Var. /atimarginata.)
h. Back view, ditto. ditto.
9. Pleurotoma transversaria. No. 141, p. 214.
a. Back view, Brockenhurst specimen.
6. Back view, Lyndhurst specimen. (Var. cypia.)
10. Pleurotoma goniza. No. 140, p. 213.
Back view.
Tab. XXV.
sc
JDe C.Sowerby
| |
sia mh mis oe r oe
eu neg Pu Ae Gaol, onioadh an oO
wy. se 4 >
re eh Pe, at ire cin wl May a7 tiie 5 ene ae
ae i Ta a |
TAB. XXVI.
Fig.
1. Pleurotoma crassa. No. 138, p. 212.
a. Back view, young shell, from Southampton.
6. Back view, shell of mid-growth, from Shenfield.
c. Back view, ditto, from Shenfield.
d. Back view, adult shell, from Nuneham.
2. Pleurotoma cocciphora. No. 143, p. 217.
Back view, adult shell.
3. Pleurotoma planetica. No. 139, p. 212.
Back view, shell of nearly full growth, from Bramshaw.
4. Pleurotoma cymza. No. 142, p. 215.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth, from Brockenhurst.
6. Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
5. Pleurotoma dentata. No. 146, p. 220.
Back view.
6. Pleurotoma Keelei. No. 145, p. 219.
Back view, nearly adult shell, from Shenfield.
7. Pleurotoma textiliosa. No. 147, p. 222.
Side view, shell from Bracklesham Bay.
8. Pleurotoma rostrata. No. 144, p. 218.
a. Side view, shell past mid-growth, from Barton.
6. Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
c. Front view, adult shell, from Highcliff. (Var. antiqua.)
9. Pleurotoma levigata. No. 152, p. 227.
a. Side view, shell of mid-growth, from Barton.
6. Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
19. Pleurotoma crassicosta. No. 150, p. 225.
a. Front view, adult shell.
6. Back view, ditto.
11. Pleurotoma lanceolata. No. 151, p. 226.
a. Front view, adult shell.
6. Back view, ditto.
12. Pleurotoma exorta. No. 148, p. 223.
a. Side view, adult shell.
6. Back view, ditto.
13. Pleurotoma macilenta. No. 149, p. 224.
a. Front view, adult shell, from Barton.
b. Back view, adult shell, from ditto.
Tab. XXVI
Fig.
1.
10.
TAB. XXVII.
Pleurotoma fusiformis. No. 153, p. 228.
a. Back view.
6. Front view.
. Pleurotoma sulculosa. No. 154, p. 229.
a. Back view, young shell, from Potters’ Bar.
4. Back view, shell of mid-growth, from ditto.
c. Back view, adult shell, from Highgate.
. Pleurotoma acuminata. No. 155, p. 230.
a. Back view, adult shell, from Highgate.
6. Front view, adult shell, from ditto.
ce. Front view, adult shell, from Hornsey, smooth variety.
d. Front view, adult shell, from Clarendon Hill.
. Pleurotoma microdonta. No. 158, p. 236.
Side view, adult shell, from Highcliff.
. Pleurotoma desmia. No. 161, p. 240.
Front view, shell nearly adult.
. Pleurotoma pyrulata. No. 156, p. 232.
a. Back view, adult shell.
6. Side view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma attenuata. No. 159, p. 232.
a. Side view, shell nearly adult.
6. Side view, adult shell.
c. Back view, shell of mid-growth.
. Pleurotoma conica. No. 160, p. 239.
a. Back view, adult shell.
Pleurotoma cymea. No. 142, p. 215.
a. Back view, young shell, from Colwell Bay.
Pleurotoma terebralis, var. No. 157. p. 233.
a. Back view, shell magnified (var. ditropis), from Hampstead.
b. Back view, shell magnified (var. gyrata), from Hornsey.
c. Back view, shell natural size (var. gyrata), from Shenfield.
d. Back view, shell magnified (var. gyrata), from Southampton.
e. Back view, shell magnified (var. pulcherrima), from Highgate.
f. Back view, shell natural size (var. revoluta), from Clarendon Hill.
g. Back view, shell magnified (var. pulcherrima), from ditto.
i. Back view, shell natural size (var. Pagoda), from ditto.
i. Front view, shell natural size (var. concinna), from Potters’ Bar.
k. Front view, shell magnified (var. concinna), from Highgate.
NoTE.—The lines indicate the size of the specimens.
Tab. XXVII.
J DeC. Sowerby se.
TAB. XXVIII.
Nors.—The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
Fig.
1. Pleurotoma innexa. No. 162, p. 241.
a. Side view of young shell, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Ditto of adult shell, nat. size.
: e. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
2. Pleurotoma turpis. No. 189, p. 267.
a. Side view, nat. size; from Clarendon.
6. Ditto — of body-whorl, magnified.
c. Back view, nat. size.
3. Pleurotoma inflexa. No. 163, p. 242.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
4. Back view, ditto; from Bramshaw.
ec. Side view of body-whorl, magnified.
4.°Pleurotoma granulata. No. 186, p. 264.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Front view, ditto.
ce. Side view of body-whorl, magnified.
5. Pleurotoma lissa. No. 191, p. 268.
a. Back view, magnified; from Potter’s Bar.
6. Front view, ditto.
6. Pleurotoma tricincta. No. 174, p. 252.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Potter’s Bar.
6. Ditto — of body-whorl! and part of the spire, magnified.
7. Pleurotoma dissimilis. No. 167, p. 246.
a. Side view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
8. Pleurotoma microcheila. No. 166, p. 245.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Front view, magnified.
c. Side view of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
d. Front view, magnified (var. producta); from Highcliff.
e. Back view, magnified (ditto).
f. Front view of body whorl, magnified (ditto).
Fig.
9. Pleurotoma pupa. No. 175, p. 253.
10.
13.
14.
We
a. Side view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
c. Front view, magnified.
Pleurotoma lepta. No. 164, . 244.
a. Side view, magnified ; from Stubbington.
6. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
c. Back view, magnified.
. Pleurotoma plicata. No. 169, p. 248.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Ditto — of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
c. Back view, nat. size.
. Pleurotoma coarctata. No. 165, p. 245.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Side view of body-whorl, magnified.
Pleurotoma gomphoidea. No. 168, p. 247.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Highcliff.
6. Front view, ditto.
G: Ditto — of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
d. Back view, nat: size; from Clarendon.
e. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
ji. Front view (var. avita), nat. size; from Southampton.
72. Ditto (ditto) magnified.
Pleurotoma acuticosta. No. 170, p. 249.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Ditto of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
. Pleurotoma dilinum. No. 173, p. 252.
ai. Front view, magnified ; from Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.)
a2. Side view, magnified.
6. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
. Pleurotoma pyrgota.. No. 179, p. 257.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Ditto of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
Pleurotoma Headonensis. No. 187, p. 265.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Headon Hill. _
b. — Ditto of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
c. Front view, magnified.
10
&
‘0
I
13
St
J.De C.Sowerby. fecit
TAB. UXOX DX:
Note.—The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
Higgs
1. Pleurotoma constricta. No. 178, p. 256.
a. Side view, natural size ; from Barton.
6. Ditto of body-whorl, magnified.
c. Front view, nat. size.
2. Pleurotoma scabriuscula. No. 176, p. 254.
a. Back view, magnified; from Highcliff.
6. Side view, ditto.
ce | Ditto; ditto.
3. Pleurotoma verticillum. No. 177, p. 255.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
b. Ditto of body-whorl, and part of the spire, magnified.
c. Front view, nat. size.
4, Pleurotoma turgidula. No. 172, p. 251.
a. Back view, nat. size ; from Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw. ?)
6. Side view, ditto.
ce. Ditto — of the body-whorl, magnified.
5. Pleurotoma tereticosta. No. 171, p. 250.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Highgate.
b. Ditto, magnified.
Cc. Ditto, (var. soror), nat. size; from Southampton.
d. .. Ditto, (ditto) magnified.
6. Pleurotoma brevirostrum. No. 180, p. 258.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Muddiford ? (A/us. Sow.)
6. Front view, ditto.
7. Pleurotoma nodulosa. No. 181, p. 260.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Stubbington.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Side view, magnified.
8. Pleurotoma nodosaria. No. 182, p. 261.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Southam) ton,
6. Front view, ditto.
Fig.
9. Pleurotoma bracheia. No. 184, p. 263.
a. Side view, magnified; from Barton.
6. — Ditto, ditto.
10. Pleurotoma vicina. No. 188, p. 266.
a. Side view, magnified ; from Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.)
6. Front view, ditto.
11. Pleurotoma undata. No. 183, p. 261.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Stubbington.
6. Front view, ditto.
12. Pleurotoma sindonata. No, 185, p. 263.
a. Side view, magnified ; from Stubbington.
6. Front view, ditto.
13. Pleurotoma subula. No. 190,.p. 267.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Basingstoke.
b. Ditto, magnified. .
14. Pleurotoma aspera. No. 197, p. 273.
a. Back view, nat. size ; from Barton.
b. Side view, “ditto; from Highcliff.
15. Pleurotoma Koninckii. No. 204, p. 279.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Railway Tunnel, Hampstead.
6. Back view, ditto.
16. Pleurotoma Wetherellii. No. 211, p. 285.
a and d. Back views of young shells, nat. size ; from Highgate.
b. Back view of adult shell, ditto; (Mus. Weth.)
C. Front view of ditto.. -
17. Pleurotoma Selysii. No. 203, p. 278.
a. Front view of shell of mid-growth, nat. size; from Muswell Hill
(Mus. Weth.) ..
&. Side view ditto, ditto.
c. Back view of adult shell, nat. size (dus. Weth.)
d. Ditto — of shell of mid-growth, ditto (ditto).
Tab. XXIX.
16
J.De C. Sowerby. ¥ecit
TAB. XXX.
Norr.— The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
Fig.
1. Pleurotoma gentilis. No. 205, py. 280.
a. Front view, natural size; from Bracklesham Bay.
4. Back view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
2. Pleurotoma comma. No. 206, p. 281.
Front view, nat. size; from Stubbington.
3. Pleurotoma Prestwichii. No. 207, p. 282.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Clarendon.
6. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
c. Back view (var.), nat. size.
d. Side view (var.), ditto.
4, Pleurotoma simillima. No. 208, p. 283.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Clarendon.
4. Side view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
5. Pleurotoma mixta. No. 201, p. 277.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Front view, ditto.
6. Pleurotoma crebrilinea. No. 214, p. 290.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Stubbington.
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
_ Pleurotoma denticula. No. 213, p. 286.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
b. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
ec. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
=I
d. Ditto (var. dongeva), nat. size; from Highgate.
e. Ditto (var. macrobia), ditto; from Clarendon.
uf Ditto (var.gracilenta), ditto; from Brook, in the New Forest.
g. Side view (var. conulus), ditto; from Barton.
h. Back view (var. odontella), ditto; from Colwell Bay.
Fig.
8.
10.
13.
5:
Pleurotoma Waterkeynii. No. 200, p. 275.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Potter’s Bar.
6. Back view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
. Pleurotoma callifera. No. 215, p. 291.
a. Front view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
4. Side view, ditto.
Pleurotoma callifera, var. monilifera. No. 215, p. 291.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Front view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma callifera, var. raphium. No. 215, p. 291.
a. Back view, magnified; from Highcliff.
6. Side view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma fasciolata. No. 212, p. 286.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth, nat. size ; from Highgate.
4. Front view, adult shell, ditto; from Railway Cutting, at
Kilburn. .
Pleurotoma teniolata. No. 210, p. 284.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Cuffell (Aus. Prestw.)
6. Front view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, ditto.
. Pleurotoma abnormis. No. 218, p. 294.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Highgate.
6. Front view, ditto.
Pleurotoma Volgeri. No. 199, p. 275.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Potter’s Bar.
4. Ditto, magnified.
Tab. XXX.
J.De C.Sowerby fecit.
TAB. XXXI.
Notr.—The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
1. Pleurotoma obscurata. No. 220, p. 296.
a. Front view of shell of mid-growth, nat. size ; from Bracklesham Bay.
6. Back view of adult shell, ditto.
. Pleurotoma curta. No. 230, p. 305.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Alum Bay (Strat. No. 29, Prestw.)
4. Front view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma conifera. No. 198, p. 274.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
6. Front view, ditto; from Bramshaw.
. Pleurotoma rotella. No. 223, p. 299.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Side view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma cedilla. No. 224, p. 300.
a and J. Back views, magnified ;, from Barton.
. Pleurotoma scalarata.- No. 219, p. 295.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Side view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma granata. No. 234, p. 308.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Highgate.
6. Back view, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
. Pleurotoma Hantoniensis. No. 240, p. 315.
a. Back view, shell of mid-growth, nat. size; from Lyndhurst.
b. Side view, ditto, ditto; from Brockenhurst.
c. Front view, adult shell, ditto.
9. Pleurotoma rotundata. No. 233, p. 307.
10.
I
16.
Lele
a. Front view, nat. size; from Highgate.
4. Front view, ditto; from Potter’s Bar.
Pleurotoma parilis. No. 235, p. 309.
a. Side view, nat. size ; from Highgate.
4. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
c. Front view, nat. size.
Pleurotoma variata. No. 228, p. 303.
Front view, magnified ; from Clarendon.
. Pleurotoma varians. No. 217, p. 293.
a. Side view of young shell, magnified ; from Highcliff.
6. Back view, adult shell, nat. size.
. Pleurotoma Lehonii. No. 194, p. 271.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Highgate (Mus. Weth.)
b. Back view, magnified.
. Pleurotoma Fisheri. No. 192, p. 269.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Brook (New Forest).
4. Back view, magnified.
. Pleurotoma puella. No. 231, p. 305.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Back view of the body-whorl, magnified.
Pleurotoma zeta. No. 209, p. 284.
Back view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
Pleurotoma divisa. No. 202, p. 278.
a. Front view, shell of mid-growth, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
6. Back view, adult shell, ditto.
ita
Tab. XXXT.
J.De C. Sowerby fecit.
TAB. XXXII.
Nore—The lines indicate the actual dimesions of the specimens.
Fig.
1. Pleurotoma monerma. No. 216, p. 292.
a. Back view, young shell, nat. size ; from Highcliff.
4. Side view, adult shell, ditto.
c. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
bo
. Pleurotoma turbida. No. 237, p. 311.
a. Side view, adult shell, nat. size; from Barton.
5. Back view, shell of mid-growth, nat. size.
c. Side view, ditto ditto; from Highcliff.
3. Pleurotoma lima. No. 221, p. 296.
a. Side view, shell of mid-growth, nat. size ; from Barton.
4 and c. Back views, adult shells; ditto.
4. Pleurotoma reticulosa. No. 222, p. 298.
a. Side view of young shell, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Back view, adult shells, ditto.
5. Pleurotoma acutisinuata. No. 232, p. 306.
a. Side view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
é. Outer lip, showing the sinus, magnified.
6. Pleurotoma zonulata. No. 241, p. 317.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Barton.
6. Side view, _ ditte.
7. Pleurotoma helicoides. No. 244, p. 319.
a. Side view of young shell, magnified ; from Barton.
6. Ditto of adult shell, ditto.
8. Pleurotoma flexuosa. No. 226, p. 302.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Shinfield (Mus. Prestw.)
4. Back view, ditto, from Clarendon.
c. Front view of the body-whorl of fig. 2, magnified.
Fig.
9. Pleurotoma leviuscula. No. 236, p. 310.
it.
12.
14.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Brockenhurst.
4. Ditto of the body-whorl, magnified.
. Pleurotoma Woodii. No. 229, p. 304.
a. Back view, magnified; from Headon Hill.
6. Ditto, of the body-whorl, magnified.
Pleurotoma pupoides. No. 227, p. 302
a. Back view, nat. size; from Clarendon.
6. Ditto of the body-whorl, magnified.
Pleurotoma ligata. No. 238, p. 313.
a. Front view of shell of mid-growth, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Side view of adult shell, ditto.
. Pleurotoma hemileia. No. 239, p. 314.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Alum Bay (Strat. No, 29, Prestw.)
6. Back view, — ditto.
Pleurotoma insignis. No. 225, p. 301.
a. Back view, magnified ; from Alum Bay (Strat. No. 4, Prestw.)
b. Part of the body-whorl, much magnified.
Tab. XXXI1.
J.De C.Sowerby, fecit
rr.
~
Fig.
. Pleurotoma prisca. No. 245, p. 320.
bo
TAB. XXXIIL.
Notr.—The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
a. Side view of adult shell, nat. size ; from Barton.
5. Side view of young shell, ditto.
c. Front view of adult shell, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
d. Front view ditto, ditto; from Barton.
e. Side view of shell of mid-growth, ditto; from Bracklesham Bay.
. Pleurotoma amphiconus. No. 246, p. 322.
a. Side view of shell of mid-growth, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
6. Back view of adult shell, ditto.
. Pleurotoma semistriata. No. 247, p. 323.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Front view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma glabrata. No. 248, p. 324.
Front view, nat. size; from Bracklesham Bay.
. Pleurotoma conoides. No. 242, p. 317.
a. Back view of adult shell, nat. size; from Barton.
6. Side view of shell of mid-growth; ditto.
. Pleurotoma cochlis. No. 196, p. 272.
Back view of adult shell, nat. size; from Shinfield (Mus. Prestw.)
. Pleurotoma biconus. No. 243, p. 318.
a. Back view of adult shell, magnified; from Highcliff.
6. Side view, ditto.
. Pleurotoma macrura. No. 195, p. 271.
a. Back view of shell in the matrix, nat. size; from Finchley.
6. Part of the body-whorl, magnified.
Fig.
9. Pleurotoma Tallavignesii. No. 193, p. 270.
a. Side view of young shell, magnified; from Nuneham.
6. Back view of adult shell, nat. size; from Southend (Mus. Prestw.)
10. Metula juncea.
a. Back view, nat. size; from Barton.
4. Side view, ditto.
c. Front view, ditto.
11. Borsonia Biaritzana. No. 249, p. 327.
a. Front view, nat. size; from Bramshaw.
6. Back view, ditto; from Bracklesham Bay.
The specimen represented by fig. 11, 4, is that figured and described
in Dixon’s ‘Geology, &c., of Sussex,’ as Fasciolaria biplicata.
12. Borsonia sulcata. No. 250, p. 328.
a. Front view, magnified ; from Colwell Bay.
6. Back view, ditto.
13. Borsonia semicostata. No. 251, ». 329.
a. Front view, magnified; from Barton.
6. Side view, ditto.
14. Borsonia lineata. No. 252, p. 330,
a. Front view, magnified; from Highcliff.
6. Side view, ditto.
Tab. XXXL
J.De C. Sowerby. fecit
PLATE XXXIV.
Notr.—The lines indicate the actual dimensions of the specimens.
Fra.
1, a, 6. Planorbis leevigatus, No. 262, p. 340. Dulwich.
2, a—d. Cyclostoma? mumia, No. 254, p. 332. Sconce.
3, a—c. Callia? levis, No. 255, p. 333. Sconce.
4, a, 6. Pomatias lamellosus, No. 256, y. 334. Headon Hill.
5, a, 6. Helix Morrisii, No. 253, py. 331. Sconce.
6. Bulimus convexus, No. 258, p. 335. Sconce.
Thy Gy » ? Vectiensis, No. 259, p. 336. Sconce.
8, a, 6. Bythinia conica? No. 261, y. 338. Headon Hill.
9, a, 6. Bulimus Rillyensis, No. 257, py. 334. Dulwich.
10. Timnea elongata, No. 263, py. 341. Hordle.
10g: Succinea Sparnacensis ? No. 260, y. 336. Headon Hill.
bis Limnea stagnalis, y. 341. Recent.
12, a, 6. Neritina tristis, No. 269, py. 347. Hempstead.
Nee CA 4s consobrina, No. 265, p. 844. Peckham.
14,a—e. _,, concava, No. 268, y. 346. Headon Hill.
1, a, a vicina ? No. 266, p. 344. Charlton.
16, a—c. x Forbes, No. 271, p. 348. Headon Hill.
17,a—c. ,, jaspidea P No. 267, p. 345. Dulwich.
18; a, 6. i globulus, No. 264, py. 343. Peckham.
19. i zonula, No. 272, p. 348. Headon Hill.
20, a, b. z. aperta, No. 270, p. 347. Headon Hill.
ae a planulata, No. 273, p. 349. Headon Hill.
22, a, 6. Nerita tricarinata, No. 274, p. 349. Bracklesham.
Tab XXX/V
29},
CLP.Sowerby.
72
he ly aia AAA 2 fr “aR AAA am A aa alnar
oe “\ nanahrah- - A AARA PAA AA nN ‘A AR AAR RAO
Wey nanan a BROAN C= 2a Noe iso:
whale) Waa yr ae ag MARA Ra AR ANAA SAAR
nN NS Anan agacne eho f a aan
. f Ap vy
anes SN ath TAK A ty Na Awana
AN be P Maa
an
AA RRA AAS
AARNAR ANA AA
AAAS
A ANA Aapnnnr
A pal OY
lala
Bannin
mt
¥ ae
uA & =A ‘
4 Pe
AR
aaa Ve? Val
|
|
057
te SP ay
eee A
~ DOA Awa: ANS
AR NARS
Pa
WAITINMT
3 2044 072 229
b> >
>>
$33
a
»
Anni nanan .
Apcagae