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A MONOGBAPH

FEEE AND SEMI-PAEASITIC

COPEPODA OF THE BRITISH
ISLANDS.

G. STEWARDSON BEADY, M.D., F.L.S.,

PBOFESSOE OF NATUEAL HISTOEY IN THE TJNIVEESITY OF DTTEHiM COLLEGE

OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE J COEEESPONDINa

MEMBEE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

VOL. I.

LONDON:
FEINTED FOE THE EAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCLXXVIII.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH

FREE AND SEMI-PARASITIC COPEPODA,

INTRODUCTION.

SINCE the publication, by the Ray Society in 1850, of
Dr. Baird's work on the ' British Entomostraca,' much
has been done by various authors in this country as
well as on the Continent of Europe and in America, to
extend our knowledge not only of the morphology
and physiology of the group, but also of its distribu-
tion, both fossil and recent. Dr. Baird's work admi-
rably fulfilled its purpose of gathering togather what
was at that time known of the British species, a very
large amount of this knowledge being derived from
the painstaking researches of the author himself.
And though now of necessity somewhat obsolete
owing to the continued labours of more recent col-
lectors, no one who has studied the ' British Entomos-
traca ' can fail to have been largely indebted to Dr.

45277

2 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Baird's work, which, must always take rank among the
classics of natural history.

The number of species of non-parasitic Copepoda
noticed by Dr. Baird is thirteen, since which time
several species, both fresh-water and marine, have been
described by Sir John Lubbock, the Rev. Alfred
Merle Norman, the late H. Goodsir, and by myself
both singly and in conjunction with my friend, Mr.
David Robertson, of Glasgow. The species com-
prised in this Monograph will number, so far as at
present appears, one hundred and fifty-one.

The truly parasitic forms — fish-lice, &c., are ex-
cluded as not coming within the scope of my work.
They are of themselves sufficient to occupy an
independent volume, and to afford abundant work to
any naturalist whose time and opportunities allow of
his taking them in hand.

The researches of recent German writers — espe-
cially of Dr. Glaus — on the physiology, minute
anatomy, and embryology of the Entomostraca, are so
full and exhaustive, that anything I could have said on
those subjects would have been a mere epitome of
what can be better studied in the works of those
authors. I have, therefore, in the following pages,
confined my descriptions to the external form, not
travelling into details of physiological anatomy except
so far as necessary for purposes of classification and
specific description.*

I have not thought it needful to give exhaustive

* I hope, however, in an introduction to the second volume, to give
a brief outline of the state of our knowledge on these subjects.

INTRODUCTION. .5

lists of specific synonyms, this, in the case of species
known to the older authors having been excellently
done by Dr. Baird. I have, however, given as fully
as possible references to the descriptions of more
recent observers, and when practically useful, also to
those of older date, omitting such only as seemed to
be of slight or merely literary interest. A list of the
memoirs from which these details are taken is printed
at p. 27.

The great majority of the Copepoda are free swim-^
ming species, a considerable number, however, being
truly parasitic and living suctorially on the juices of
Fishes, Annelids, Crustacea, and other aquatic animals.
These do not enter into the scope of the present work.
Another group, which may be called semi-parasitic, is
found living (not suctorially nor attached in any way
to the body of the host, but moving freely) in the
cavities of various marine animals, notably in those of
Ascidians, both simple and compound. The genera
Notodelphys, Botachus, Ascidicola, Doropygus, Liclio-
molgus, and Notopteropliorus are among the most
important of this group. M. Hesse, of Brest, has
closely studied these animals, and has described many
species ; as also have MM. Claparede, T. Thorell, Van
Beneden, and others. Some species have also been
found, perhaps living suctorially — though this is open
to doubt — on the outer surfaces of sponges, sea-
urchins, and star-fishes ; to this list belong some
members of the genus Artotrogus. These semi-
parasitic Copepoda exhibit for the most part a
transitional condition of the mouth organs, inter-

4 BRITISH COPEPODA.

mediate between the true biting and chewing
apparatus of the free swimming species, and the
true suctorial mouth of the fish-lice and other
thorough-going parasites. From a consideration of
these peculiarities M. Thorell has proposed to arrange
the Copepoda under three sections — Gnathostomq,
Pcecilostoma, and Siphonostoma — which arrangement
though adopted by Claparede and others is rejected by
Glaus chiefly, as it appears, owing to a difference of
opinion as to the homologies of the various mouth
organs. In this work I adopt the three divisions
proposed by M. Thorell, because whatever opinion
may be held as to the nature of the component parts
of the mouth apparatus, each division seems to repre-
sent a well-marked natural group. Some remarks on
this part of the subject will be found at greater length
under the definition of the group Pcecilostoma.

Throughout the whole class Crustacea the mouth
organs, and other cephalic appendages, are liable to the
most profound modification according to the needs
and circumstances of particular groups, and on this
account the conformation of these parts offers a
most natural and trustworthy guide to classification.
In no order is this more conspicuously the case
than in the Copepoda, which, from the lowest and
absolutely inactive Epizoa,* to the most agile and
highly organised of the free swimming Calanidaa, offer
an endless variety of structure. So rudimentary,
indeed, in development, are some of the lower Epizoa,

* These, however, are often separated from the Copepoda to form an
independent order.

INTRODUCTION. 0

that without the evidence derived from the study of
their embryology, and the successive phases of their
life history, it would be impossible to assign them
with any certainty to the place which they are now
held rightly to occupy in the scheme of nature. And
though none of the species which form the subject of
the present Monograph, differ so widely as this, one from
another, there yet exist variations of great interest
pointing to very decided differences in mode of life.
Next to the mouth organs, the anterior antennae and
the first and last pairs of swimming feet exhibit the
most important variations of structure, the distinctive
peculiarities of these parts being mostly connected
with the sexual function, and therefore most fully
developed in the male sex. The anterior antenna,
which in the female is usually a simply-jointed,
slender, tapering limb, in the male not unfrequently
becomes partially swollen, nodose, hinged, or provided
with serrated plates for the purpose of affording a
more efficient grasp of the female, these modifications
occurring sometimes in one antenna only, as in many
Calanidas, sometimes in both, as in Cyclopidse. The
modifications of the fifth pair of feet are very various ;
in some of the Calanidse they become very powerful
auxiliary clasping organs, but more generally they are
quite rudimentary in both sexes (Cyclopidas), while in
most Harpacticida3, though rudimentary in the male,
they are usually somewhat more largely developed in
the female, where they are foliaceous in character and
appear to act as a support or protection to the
external ovisac.

D BRITISH COPEPODA.

The colouring of the Copepoda varies very con-
siderably, as does that of many larger Crustacea, with
that of their food material and of the vegetation
amongst which they live ; a large number of the
oceanic species are translucent and almost colourless,
but one of these — Anomalocera Patersonii — often
exhibits wonderfully brilliant tints of blue, red, and
green ; Peltidium interruptum, which is also chiefly an
oceanic species, is constantly of a deep reddish-brown
colour, and almost all the flat-bodied species (Pel-
tidiidae, Glaus) are banded to some extent, sometimes
very gorgeously, with shades of red or purple ; the
same may be said of some few species of Harpacticidas,
notably of Thalestris rufocincta, Norman, T. longi-
mana, Glaus, T. rufoviolascens, Glaus, and Westwoodia
nobilis, Baird. The colours of most of these are given
as faithfully as possible in the plates illustrating the
various species. The usual colour of the marine
Copepoda, however, is a transparent yellowish brown
or straw colour, against which the eye shows as a
spot of brilliant ruby red, the internal digestive and
glandular organs often being apparent as patches of a
darker brown. The ovisacs, especially in some fresh
water species, not unfrequently exhibit characteristic
tints of blue, brown, or green; but the colouring of
the inhabitants of fresh water seems to vary remark-
ably according to the locality and nature of food.
Thus, Diaptomus Castor, Jurine, is usually of some
shade of light brown, often with bluish ovisacs ; but
in an elevated Westmorland tarn I have found it of a
brilliant vermilion red ; and in peaty pools of no very

INTRODUCTION. 7

great elevation I have noticed Cyclops serrulatus to
assume a deep brownish-red colour. Similar instances
of variation might be noted in respect of many other
species. It is, nevertheless, very remarkable that in
many gatherings of Copepoda, the various species (or
at least some of them) may be unerringly picked out
by attending to the characters of colour only, and,
indeed, this is practically often by far the readiest way
of separating species under the low magnifying power
of a hand-lens.

Amongst the non-parasitic Copepoda there is very
great diversity of habit. Many of the marine species
pass their life apparently near the surface of the open
sea, and some of these — such as Calanus finmarchicus,
Gunner, and Anomalocera Patersonii, Templeton, are
frequently found in immense profusion, the first-
named species having been said to form a very
important part of the food of the Greenland whale,
and it is remarkable that in the Arctic Seas not only
do the Entomostraca attain an enormous development
in point of members, but also in individual size ;
Arctic specimens, for example, of Calanus finmarchicus
and Metridia armata being many times the bulk of
those taken in our own latitude ; the same observation
is well known to hold good in respect of the higher
Crustacea, Amphipods, &c., as has been pointed out to
me by the Rev. A. M. Norman. A large number of
species- haunt almost exclusively the forests of
Laminarias which grow on rocky coasts, at and below
low-water mark ; the fronds of Laminaria saccharina
in particular are the favourite abode of many species,

8 BRITISH COPEPODA.

more especially of the flat-bodied PorcellidiincB and
their allies, which appear to find shelter in the
numerous inequalities of its rugose fronds. Amongst
the groves of smaller algse with which tidal rock-pools
are often so densely overgrown, Copepoda are always
to be found in abundance, but though I have paid
particular attention to the matter I have not found
that the different species have any particular prefer-
ences as to the kinds of weeds which they haunt ; it is
probable that shelter rather than food is the reason of
their liking for these marine forests. The brackish
water of salt marshes and small estuaries sustains a
peculiar Entomostracan fauna, the most characteristic
members of which, amongst the Copepoda, are Temora
velox, Lilljeborg, Tachidius brevicornis, Miiller, and,
less commonly, Cyclops insignia, Glaus, Nannopus
palustris, Brady, Platychelipus littoralis, Brady, Meso-
chra Lilljeborgii, Boeck, and Delavaliapalustris, Brady;
with these there is usually associated a peculiar group
of Ostracoda, Cythere castanea, Sars, Cytheridea
torosa, Jones, Loxoconcha elliptica, Brady. The Mala-
costraca, Foraminifera, and other branches of the
fauna of such localities present likewise features of
great interest, but it is impossible here to enter fully
into the consideration of the subject ; the reader who
desires further information is referred to the papers
mentioned below.* Pools of sea water above, or at

* •' On the Crustacean Fauna of the Salt Marshes of Northumberland
and Durham," by G. S. Brady, C.M.Z.S. ('Natural History Trans-
actions of Northumberland and Durham,' vol. iii). " On the Ostracoda
and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers," by G. S. Brady, C.M.Z.S,
David Robertson, F.G.S., and H. B. Brady, F.L.S. ('Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' ser. 4, vol vi, 1870). " On the Zoology of

INTRODUCTION. 9

the extreme limit of high water mark, are very
frequently tenanted by a single species, Harpacticus
fulvus, Fischer, which is very rarely to be met with in
more purely marine situations. The bed of the sea,
down to the extreme depths attainable round the
British Islands, is inhabited by numerous Copepoda ;
on sandy bottoms the most abundant species are
Longipedia coronata, Glaus, and Ectinosoma spinipes,
Brady, but Copepoda of some kind are found in greater
or less abundance on all sorts of bottoms. One
exception must be made to this statement ; in various
hauls from a bottom of slimy argillaceous mud, the
product of the debris of disintegrating felspar rocks,
taken from a depression of the depth of fifteen to
twenty- five fathoms at the north end of Mulroy Lough,
County Donegal, Mr. Robertson and myself could not
detect one trace of life of any kind. The beds of
fresh water lakes seem to be very sparsely populated
with Copepoda, and as to swimming species it may, as
a general rule be said that the weedier the pool and
the smaller its extent, the more abundant in all
probability, the Entomostraca.

A few words as to the best modes of collecting
Copepoda will not be out of place here. In the case
of tidal marine pools and small fresh water ponds,
such as may easily be fished from the edge, a common
ring net fitted with a muslin bag and attached to the
end of a walking stick will answer every purpose.
This may be worked to and fro amongst the weeds

Hylton Dene," by George B. Brady (' Transactions of the Tyneside
Naturalists Field Club,' vol. vi).

10 BRITISH COPEPODA.

or in the clear water, and the results, when cleared
from coarse debris and extraneous materials, may either
be put at once into spirit or, if it is wished to keep
the Entomostraca alive, into water, fresh or salt as
the case may be. Marine surface-swimmers may be
taken in a similar way by working the net from the
side of a boat, or a tow net may be thrown over and
attached to the boat by a cord. A tow net put over-
board from a vessel anchored for the night in a tide-
way will often be found in the morning to have made
good captures. And it may be noted that surface net
gatherings made during the hours of dusk or darkness
are commonly of much greater interest than those
taken in daytime ; it seems certain that many marine
Crustacea which are found near the surface at night
recede towards the bottom on the approach of day-
light. Some of the pleasantest and most profitable
hours which I have ever spent have been when, after
a day's dredging, I have set out at sunset on a quiet
boating excursion for the purpose of capturing such
prey as could be got in the surface net. Many hours
of this kind spent in the company of my old friend
Mr. David Robertson, amongst the Scilly Islands, on
the Firth of Clyde, on the sheltered bays of Round-
stone and Westport, or on the stormier coasts of
Northumbria will long live in my memory, not only
by their results in the acquisition of valuable speci-
mens, but as times of unalloyed delight in the
contemplation of nature under a different guise from
that in which we usually see her.

The washing of fronds and roots of Laminaria?,

INTRODUCTION. 1 1

which may be dragged up by means of the hooked
grapnels used on many coasts by kelp burners, often
affords multitudes of Copepoda. The weeds should
be washed by agitation in a large tub of sea water,
and when the operation is completed, the water, after
being allowed sufficient time — a few seconds only —
for the subsidence of coarse material, is to be poured
off through a muslin net, on which the Copepoda, and
probably numerous other swimming animalcula, will
be intercepted. These may be cleaned while in the
net by repeated douches of sea water. The products
of the dredge, sand, mud, gravel, shells, &c.} should
be treated in a similar manner before being thrown
overboard. I have no doubt that this method of
procedure offers by far the best chance of extended
acquaintance with the microscope life of the sea bed,
and that numberless new species and interesting forms
of life may be discovered by its means.

The preservation of specimens is probably best
effected by alcohol in the form of rectified or methy-
lated spirit, but this agent has the disadvantages of
destroying many colours, and of rendering the animals
opaque by coagulating their albuminous tissues.
Still, among the numerous solutions which have from
time to time been recommended none are on the whole
so convenient or efficient. Perhaps the next best is a
solution of chloral hydrate (twelve grains to a fluid
ounce) in camphor water. As microscopic prepara-
tions, Copepoda are best mounted in some gelatinous
medium containing a very small quantity of glycerine.
Treated in this way mountings will keep in perfect

12 BRITISH COPEPODA.

condition for many years — eternally for anything I
know to the contrary — without the trouble of cement-
ing round the edges of the glass cover. The formula
which I habitually use is given below.* Before
dissecting Copepoda for microscopic examination they
should be macerated for a few hours in a solution of
caustic potash ; the fatty and granular tissues are by
this means removed and the details of structure
rendered clearly visible; the dissection is easily per-
formed under the microscope with fine needles, either
with or without the help of an erector.

The nomenclature of the body segments and append-
ages of the Copepodaj as of the Crustacea in general,
has been somewhat confused by the variety of terms
applied to the same part by different authors. It is,
therefore, necessary to explain the application of the
terms which I have here adopted. This will be
understood by an examination of the table, at p. 14,
which shows the names used by some recent writers
on the Entomostraca for the appendages of the first

* Take any quantity of Nelson's gelatine, and let it soak for two or
three hours in cold water which has previously been saturated with
arsenious acid ; pour off the superfluous water, and heat the soaked
gelatine until melted. To each fluid ounce of the gelatine add one
drachm of alcohol and mix well ; then add a fluid-drachm of the
white of an egg ; mix well while the gelatine is fluid, but cool. Now
boil until the albumen coagulates and the gelatine is quite clear.
Filter through fine flannel, and to each fluid ounce of the clarified
gelatine add six fluid di'achms of Price's pure glycerine, and mix well.
(' Carpenter's Microscope and its Revelations,' 3rd edition, p. 775.)

It is worth notice that this preparation is injurious to calcareous
structures, such, for instance, as the spicules of Echiuodermata, these
being in a comparatively short time completely dissolved by the
glycerine. If used for preparations of this kind the glycerine should
be omitted.

INTRODUCTION. 13

twelve (cepnalothoracic) somites. The abdominal
segments in the Copepoda have no limb-like append-
ages.

The preparation of this Monograph has involved
labour extending over several years, and in now bring-
ing that labour to a close I must express my warmest
thanks to all who have lent me their aid during the
progress of my work. Especially are my acknow-
ledgments due to Mr. David Robertson to whom
for kind and ever active help during many pleasant
excursions, as well as for gifts of numerous valuable
gatherings of Copepoda, I am very largely indebted ;
to the Rev. Alfred Merle Norman who with unvarying
kindness and liberality has placed his valuable collec-
tions at my disposal, to Mr. E. C. Davison, R.N., of
Sunderland, for many very interesting collections made
during the voyages of the "Porcupine" and at other
times ; to Sir John Lubbock, Dr. Glaus, and M. T.
Thorell for their liberal communication of information
and specimens.

14

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CLASSIFICATION.

THE sub-kingdom Annulosa, to which the Crustaceans
belong, is, according to the commonly accepted
arrangement, one of the primary divisions, and in the
number of its members by far the largest division, of
the animal kingdom. Its most conspicuous character
is that which is expressed by the term annulose, its
members being composed of a variable number of more
or less distant rings or body-segments (technically
termed somites), arranged in longitudinal series, one
behind the other. Besides the CRUSTACEA, a group of
which forms the subject of the present memoir, it
contains several other important classes, the most
familiar of which are the ANNELIDA (worms and leeches),
ARACHNIDA (mites and spiders), and the INSEOTA.

The CRUSTACEA, in their typical forms, are very
distinctly segmented, the number of somites being
variously reckoned at twenty or twenty-one ; some of
this number of segments are, however, in almost all
cases suppressed, and not recognisable except theo-
retically. Some or other of the somites almost always
carry appendages adopted for mastication, locomotion,

16 BRITISH COPEPODA,

and other purposes ; and respiration is usually carried
on by means of branchiae or gills. There is always an
external skeleton or " crust " composed of a hard
calcareous or a more flexible " chitinous " material,
from which investment the class derives its name.
All, or almost all, the Crustacea pass through a series
of metamorphic changes before reaching maturity.

The Crustacea are divided into several sub-classes,
the most important of which are the CIRRIPEDIA or
Barnacles ; MALACOSTRACA, including such animals as
crabs, lobsters, shrimps, sandhoppers, and woodlice;
and the ENTOMOSTRACA, one order of which forms the
subject of this monograph. The Entomostraca are
mostly very minute animals, the vast majority of living
species varying between one fifth and one fiftieth of an
inch in length. Some, however, are much larger, reach-
ing a length of an inch or an inch and a half. The Ento-
mostraca are somewhat difficult to define in a way at
once accurate and characteristic. The following is
Professor Huxley's statement : — " In the Entomo-
straca, if the body possesses an abdomen (reckoning
as such the somites which lie behind the genital aper-
ture) , its somites are devoid of appendages. Moreover,
the somites, counting that which bears the eyes as
the first, are more or fewer than twenty. There are
never more than three pairs of gnathites. The embryo
almost always leaves the egg in the condition of a
Nauplius ; that is, an oval body, provided with two
or three pairs of appendages, which become converted
into antennary organs and gnathites in the adult.
This division of the Entomostraca comprises the

CLASSIFICATION. 17

Copepoda, the Epizoa, the Branchiopoda, the Ostracoda,
and the Pectostraca.

" The COPEPODA. — In these Entomostraca, which
come nearest to the Eurypterida, the cephalic shield,
which is discoidal and not folded longitudinally, is
succeeded by a certain number of free thoracic and
abdominal somites. The antennules and antennae are
large, and, as in the Eurypterida, are organs of loco-
motion and sometimes of prehension. The anterior
thoracic members are converted into foot-jaws ; the
posterior serve as paddles, the limbs of each pair
being often united together in the median Imp, as in
Limulus. The embryo leaves the egg as a Nauplius."

CHARACTERS OF FAMILIES.

1. CALANID.S!. — Body elongated; abdomen distinct from thorax;
anterior antennas long, 24- or 25-jointed, that of the male, on the right
side only, partially thickened and geniculated ; posterior antennae large,
and usually 2-branched ; mandible-palp usually 2-branched. Both
pairs of foot-jaws large and well developed, many jointed, marginally
setiferous. First four pairs of feet 2-branched, outer branches 3-jointed ;
fifth pair similar to the foregoing pairs, or much modified (especially in
the male) and unlike on the two sides. Ovisac single.

2. MISOPHKIID.S;. — Like Calanidae, but that the anterior antennae are
composed only of 7 — 18 joints, and are much shorter than the cephalo-
thorax ; robust, and in general build decidedly cyclopoid.

3. CYCLOPIDJE. — Cephalothorax ovate and usually much more robust
than the abdomen ; anterior antennae seldom longer than the cephalo-
thorax ; those of the male alike on both sides and modified for the
purpose of clasping ; posterior antennae unbranched. Palps of mandi-
bles and maxillae usually well-developed. Foot-jaws mostly less deve-
loped than in Calanida. First four pairs of feet as in Calanidce ; fifth
pair rudimentary, alike in both sexes, and usually 1-jointed. Ovisacs
two.

4. NOTODELPHYID.S:. — Fourth and fifth body-segments of the female
usually coalescent, swollen dorsally to form a matrix or covering for
the ova after their passage from the ovarium. Anterior antennae short,
•5 — 15-jointed; posterior unbranched, 3-jointed. Mandible-palp 2-
branched. Foot-jaws and swimming-feet like those of Oyclopidce. Fifth
pair of feet rudimentary or altogether absent. No external ovisac.

5. BUPRORID.E. — Body pouch-like, not distinctly segmented. An-
tennae rudimentary, anterior 2- or 3-, posterior 1- or 2-jointed. No
mandible-palp. Mouth-organs minute; maxillae and foot-jaws short,
broad, and adapted for chewing or grasping. Feet very small, papilli-
f'orrn, 2-branched ; no external ovisac ; abdomen very small, furcate.
All the appendages of the body very small and imperfectly developed.

6. HARPACTICID^;. — Body sometimes complanate, but usually cylin-
drical; abdomen not sharply separated from the thorax. Anterior
antenna short, 4 — 10-jointed, length scarcely exceeding that of the first

CHARACTERS OF FAMILIES. 19

somite ; those of the male modified on both sides, so as to form clasping
organs. Posterior antennae 2 — 4-jointed, bearing a small secondary
1 — 4-jointed branch. Mandibles provided with a palp, which may be
either simple and very minute or larger and 2-branched. Maxillae
composed of a setiferous grasping segment and a more or less complex
laminar palp. First pair of foot-jaws jointed, with several marginal
setiferous processes ; second pair usually (not always) forming a strong
prehensile hand. First four pairs of swimming-feet 2-branched, first
pair usually unlike the rest, and converted into a prehensile appa-
ratus ; second, third, and fourth pairs alike or nearly so, and adapted for
swimming ; fifth pair foliaceous, larger in the female. Ovisac single,
very rarely double.

7. CoRYC-SHD^E. — Body subpyriform ; abdomen elongated, much nar-
rower than the cephalothorax. Anterior antennae 5 — 7-jointed, alike in
both sexes, short; posterior simple, 3 — 4-jointed, forming a strongly
clawed, prehensile hand. Mandibles, maxillae, and first pair of foot-jaws
mimite, destitute (or nearly so) of palps. Posterior foot-jaws prehen-
sible, and, in the male, powerfully clawed. First four pairs of feet
adapted for swimming, 2-branched. Fifth pair rudimentary, alike in
both sexes, rarely absent. One median eye, and usiially two large
simple lateral lenses. Ovisacs usually two.

8. SAPPHIRINID^:. — Body either elongated and subpyriform or broadly
ovate and complanate ; cephalothorax subovate and much broader than
the abdomen, which may be either broad or elongated and subpyriform.
Anterior antennae 5 — 7-jointed, alike in the two sexes ; posterior simple,
clawed or setose at the apex ; mandibles small, subulate, or very feebly
dentate ; maxillae small, and attached to the base of, or near to, the
mandible. First pair of foot-jaws setiferous at apex ; second pair
clawed in both sexes, but much more strongly in the male. First four
pairs of feet 2-branched and adapted for swimming ; fifth pair small,
usually 1-jointed. Ovisacs two.

9. AKTOTBOGID^. — Body broad, complanate; abdomen short, but
distinctly separated from the cephalothorax. Anterior antennae short,
9 — 20-jointed, those of the male often modified to a small extent for
clasping ; posterior short, 3 — 4-jointed, secondary branch (when present)
1-jointed. Mouth produced into a short bell-shaped, or into a long,
tubular siphon. Mandibles stilet-shaped, simple or provided with a
slender, filiform palp; maxillae composed usually of two setiferous
digits ; first and second pairs of foot-jaws simple, 2 — 4-jointed, strongly
clawed at the apex. First four pairs of feet 2-branched (fourth pair
rarely 1 -branched) ; fifth pair nidimentary or wanting.

20

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LIST OF MEMOIRS REFERRED TO IN THE

TEXT.

ALLMAN, G. J. Description of a new genus and species of Ento-
mostraca (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx),
1847.

BAIRD, W., M.D. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca
(Ray Society), 1850.

List of Entomostraca found in Berwickshire (Trans.
Berwickshire Nat. Field Club, vol i), 1834.

Arrangement of the British Entomostraca, with a
list of species (ibid., vol. ii), 1849.

History of British Entomostraca (Mag. Zool. and
Bot., vol. i), 1837.

On some new genera and species of British Ento-
mostraca (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvii),
1846.

BOECK, AXEL . . . Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster iagttagne
Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopi-
dernes og Harpactidernes Familier (Scerskilt
aftrykt af Yidensk.-Selskab. Forhandlinger for
1864).

Tvende nye parasitiske Krebsdyr. (ibidem, 1859).

Nye Slaegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder

(ibidem, 1872).

BRADY, G. S., M.D. Reports of Deep-sea Dredging on the Coasts of
Northumberland and Durham — Pelagic Ento-
mostraca (Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. i), 1865.

On the Crustacean Fauna of the Salt Marshes of
Northumberland and Durham (Nat. Hist. Trans.,
N. and D., vol. iii), 1868.

Description of an Entomostracan inhabiting a Coal
Mine (Journal of Microsc. Science, vol. ix), 1869.

A list of the non-parasitic Copepoda of the North

28 BRITISH COPEPODA.

East Coast of England (Nat. Hist. Trans.

Northumberland and Durham, vol. iv), 1872.
On the Zoology of Hylton Dene (Trans. Tyneside

Nat. Hist. Club, vol. vi), 1864.
BEADY, G. S., and ROBERTSON, D. On Marine Copepoda taken in the

West of Ireland (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 4, vol. xii), 1873.
Report on Dredging off the Coast of Durham and

North Yorkshire in 1874 (Brit. Assoc. Report),

1875.
BUCHHOLZ, REINHOLD. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt in den

Jahren 1869 und 1870.
CLAUS, Dr. C. ... Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Entomostraken (Erstes

Heft), Marburg, 1860.
Die Copepoden- Fauna von Nizza. Ein Beit-rag

zur Charakteristik der Formen und deren Aban-

derungen " irn Sinne Darwin's," 1866.
Das Genus Cyclops (Weigmann's Archiv), 1857.
Die frei-lebenden Copepoden mit besonderer Be-

rucksichtigung der Fauna Deutschlands, der

Nordsee und des Mittelmeeres, 1863.
Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss parasitischer Cope-
poden nebst Bemerkungen iiber das System

derselben, 1875.

DANA, J. D Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedi-
tion, 1855.
FISCHEK, Dr. SEBASTIAN. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Entomostraceen

(Abhandl.der Konig. Bayer. Akad.derWissensch.

Bd. viii), 1860.

FRIC, Dr. ANTON. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, 1871.
GOODSIR, H. D. On several new species of Crustaceans allied to

Saphirina (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol xvi),

1845.

GUNNER Act. Hafn., 1765.

HELLER, C Untersuchungen iiber die Crustraceen Tirols (aus

den Beiichten des Medizinisch - naturwissen-

schaftlichen Vereines in Innsbruck), 1871.
HESSE, M Observations sur des Crustacea rares ou nouveaux

des cotes de France, troisieme article (Annales

des Sciences Naturelles, 5me ser., torn. 1) 1864.
JURINE, Louis... Histoire des Monocles qui si trouvent aux Environs

de Geneve, 1820.
KROYKR, H Karcinologiske Bidrag (in Naturhistorisk Tids-

skrift), 1846—49.

LIST OF MEMOTES BEFEREED TO IN THE TEXT. 29

LEACH Diet. Sc. Nat., xiv, Art. Entomostraca, 1819.

LILLJEBORG, W. De Crustaceis ex ordinius tribus, in Scania

occui'rentibus, 1853.

De under Svenska vetenskapliga Expeditionen till
Spetsbergen 1872 — 1873, derstades damlads Hafs
— Entomostraceer (Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetens-
kaps Akadamiens Forhandlingar, 1875).

LUBBOCK, Sir JOHN. On some Oceanic Entomostraca collected by
Capt. Toynbee (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii),1860.
Notes on some new or little-known species of Fresh-
water Entomostraca (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol.
xxiv), 1863.

Description of eight new species of Entomostraca
found at Weymouth (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. xx), 1859.

On Arctic Calanidse (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
2nd ser., vol. xiv), 1854.

MILNE-EDWARDS. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, 1834.

MuiiLER, O. F. ... Entomostraca seu Insecta testacea quse in aquis

Danise et Norvegiae reperit, 1785.
Zool. Dan. Prodrom., 1776.

NORMAN, Rev. A. M. Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland

Isles (British Association Reports), 1868.
Report of the " Valorous" Expedition (Proceedings
of Royal Society, 1876).

PHILIPPI, Dr. A. Fernere Beobachtungen iiber die Copepoden des
Mittelmeeres (Weigmann's Archiv), 1843; also
memoirs in the same publication in 1839 and
1840.

ROUSSEL DE VAUZEME. In Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1834.

SARS, G. O Oversigt af de indenlandske Ferskvandscopepoder,

1863.

TEMPLETON Transactions of Entomological Society, 1837.

THORELL, T Bidrag till Kannedomen om Krustaceer, som levfa

i arter af Slaegter Ascidia, L. (till 3L vet. akad.
inlemnad d. 14 September, 1859).

ULJANIN Reise in Turkestan, von Alexis Fedtschenko. Crus-
tacea, pars 1, 1875.

VAN BENEDEN. Recherches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique,
Crustaces, 1861.

WESTWOOD, J. O. Partington's Cyclopaedia, Art. Cyclops, 1836.

WHITE, ADAM ... Popular History of British Crustacea, 1857.

C

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRITISH
COPEPODA.

Families.

1. Calanidse,

Sub-Kingdom— ANNULOSA.

CLASS.— CRUSTACEA.

SUB-CLASS.— ENTOMOSTRACA.

Legion. — LOPHYROPODA.

Order. — COPEPODA.
Section 1. — Gnathostoma.
Sub -families.

Genera.

1. Calanus.

2. Metridia.

3. Pseudocalanus.

4. Candace.

2. Pontellinse

L *•«*

\ *•

L 3.

3. Cyclopidee

1. Notodelphyinse

4. Notodelphyidse . \ 2. Doropyginse

3. AscidicolinfB

(

7. Diaptomus.

8. Isias.

9. Centropages.
^ 10. Parapontella.

11. Pontella.

12. Anomalocera.
Misophria.
Pseudocyclops.
Cervinia.

1. Oithona.

2. Cyclopina.

3. Thorellia.

4. Cyclops.

5. Lophophorus.

1. Notodelphys.

2. Doropygus.

3. Notopterophorus.

4. Botachus.

5. Ascidicola.

5. Buproridae , 1. Enterocola.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE COPEPODA.

31

Families.

6. Harpacticidae . . .

Sub-families.

Genera.

(

' I. Longipedia.

1. Longipediinse ... «

2. Ectinosoma.
3. Zosime.

1

v. 4. Bradya.

!5. Tachidius.

2. Tachidiinse •

6. Euterpe.

7. Bobertsonia.

3. Amymoninse

8. Amyuione.

1

' 9. Stenhelia.

4. Stenheliinse 4

10. Ameira.

I

11. Jonesiella.

(

„ 12. Delavalia.

13. Canthocamptus

14. Attheyella.

15. Mesochra.

16. Tetragoniceps.

5. Canthocamptiinse •<

17. Diosaccus.

18. Laoplionte.

19. Normanella.

20. Cletodes.

21. Enhydrosoma.

6. Nannopiinae

22. Nannopus.
23. Platychelipus.

24. Dactylopus.

25. Thalestris.

26. Westwoodia.

7. Harpacticinse

27. Ilyopsyllus.

28. Harpacticus.

29. Zaus.

^ 30. Peltidium.

8. Porcellidiinse ....

. 31. Porcellidium.

9- Idyina3 1

" 32. Idya.

33. Scutellidium.

i

34. Cylindrosoma

1

„. (incertae sedis)

Section 2. — Poecilostoma.

7 Corvcasidaa 1 1< CoiTcaeus.

'°ryca E 1 2. Monstrilla.

8. Sapphirinid33 1. Lichomolgus.

Section 3. — Siphonostoma.

9. Artotrogidaa

1. Cyclopicera.

2. Artotrogus.

3. Dyspontius.

4. Solenostoma.

BRITISH COPEPODA.

Sub-Class-ENTOMOSTRACA, Miilkr.

(GNATHOPODA, H. Woodward.)

ORDER— COPEPODA.

Section I. — GNATHOSTOMA, Thorell.
Family 1. CALANIDJB, Dana.

BODY elongated ; composed of from ten to twelve
segments. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, much nar-
rower than the cephalothorax and prolonged at the
posterior extremity into two more or less cylindrical
caudal branches. First segment of thorax often
anchylosed with the head ; fourth and fifth segments
also often coalescent. Head only rarely divided
into two segments. Anterior antennae very long
and composed of twenty-four or twenty-five joints;
that of the right side in the male often modified for
grasping. Posterior antennaB large, composed of a
basal joint from which spring usually two branches,
the primary branch consisting of two, the secondary

34 BRITISH COPEPODA.

of several joints. Mandibles strongly toothed at
the apex, palp (usually) two-branched. Maxillas
strong, and provided with a many-lobed palp. Foot-
jaws strongly developed : first pair very broad ; the
basal joints having on the inner margin wartlike
processes from which spring long ciliated bristles ; the
distal extremity divided into three short joints which
are thickly beset with strong and long ciliated setae :
second pair longer and more slender, basal portion
forming two long oval joints ; apical portion usually
4 — 6- jointed. First four pairs of feet 2-branched, the
outer branches always three-jointed. Fifth pair either
like the foregoing, or much modified, unlike on the
two sides, and in the male forming clasping organs ;
a heart is present. Eyes either median and stalked
or paired (lateral) and sessile ; in the latter case being
often coalescent and composed of several lenses.
Sexual organs in the female symmetrical, in the male
asymmetrical. Ovisac single ; borne in front of the
abdomen.

This definition is framed so as to include the species
belonging to the two families Calanidas and Pontellidse
as described by Dr. Glaus. There being, as I think,
no sufficient ground for separating the latter as a
distinct family, I here follow Dana and Boeck in con-
sidering the whole as one family, comprising two sub-
families GalaninoB and Pontellince. The characters
which chiefly distinguish the two groups are those of
the eyes, footjaws, and anterior antennae, but Glaus
has pointed out that the genus Gentropages exhibits a
transition as regards the eye, while Centropages,

CALANID2E. 35

Temora, and other genera have characters very similar
to the Pontellinoe group in the antennae and footjaws.

The chief points of generic distinction are to be
found in the structure 'of the inner branches of the
swimming feet — more especially in those of the first
and second pairs, — in the characters of the fifth pair
of feet and of the mandibles, maxillae, and foot-
jaws. As regards the mouth organs the most
noteworthy modifications are those found in Candace,
where the mandible is remarkably slender and its palp
much dilated, the maxillae being at the same time
of quite abnormal structure ; and in Dias and Parapon-
tella where the apical portion of the lower footjaws is
so much reduced in size as to be almost aborted.

Specific distinctions have sometimes been founded
on the number of joints in the branches of the swim-
ming feet, but it must be borne in mind that this
character is liable to vary with the stage of development
of the animal. A table of such variations is given
amongst the remarks on the genus Cyclops, and I
hope, in an appendix to the second volume, to illus-
trate from Arctic specimens in the possession of the
Rev. A. M. Norman a somewhat similar process of
development in Calanus.

36

BRITISH OOPEPODA.

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CALANTJS. 37

Sub-family 1. CALANIN^E, Dana.

This sub-family is characterised by the presence of
only one eye which is made up of several lenses ; by
the 24 — 25-jointed anterior antennae and by the long
and slender form of both thorax and abdomen : rostrum
slender, and usually, if not always, furcate.

Genus 1. CALANUS, Leach (1819).

(LEACH, Diet. So. Nat., xiv, Art. Entomostraca.)
(Cetochilus, Boussel de Vauzeme, Glaus, Baird.)

Cephalothorax elongated, slender, consisting of five
segments. Head produced into an attenuated, forked
rostrum. Eyes small, situated at the back of the
head, near the middle line, and composed each of two
lenses. Anterior antennae very long, composed of
twenty-five joints ; alike on the right and left sides in
both sexes, and possessing no hinge-joint : those
of the male are provided with thickened, club-
shaped hairs. Posterior antennas two-branched, the
secondary branch having four small intercalated
median joints. Maxilla forming a broad laciniated
plate, armed with strong marginal setas, some of
which are plumose, and having attached to it two
short and broad leaflike processes, which bear long
branchial filaments. Mandibles large and strong, the
cutting portion ending in a wide sharply- toothed mar-

38 BRITISH COPEPODA.

gin ; basal joint of the palp large and broad ; branches
densely setose, one 4-, the other 2-jointed. Anterior
footjaws broad and strong; posterior elongated, the
terminal portion being divided into five joints ; both
pairs armed with numerous strong and long seise.
Five pairs of feet adapted for swimming, two-branched,
each branch being composed of three joints ; in the
male, however, the outer branches of the fifth pair
are somewhat modified. Abdomen of the male 5-, of
the female 4-jointed.

1. CALANUS FINMARCHICUS (Gunner). PI. I, figs. 1 — 12.

Monoculus finmarchicus, Gunner. Act. Hafn., x, 175, figs.

20—23 (1765).
Cetocliilus septentrionalis, Goodsir. Edin. New Phil. Journ., 35,

p. 339, t. vi, figs. 1—11 (1843).
Baird. Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 235,

t. xxx, figs. 1 a — g (1850).
— helgolandicus, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden,

p. 171, t. xxvi, figs. 2—9 (1863).
Calanus finmarchicus, Boeck. Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster

iagttagne Copepoder, p. 8 (1864).
Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland

and Durham, vol. iv, p. 424 (1872).

— magnus, borealis, and elegans, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol.
xiv (Aug. 1854).

Anterior antennse about as long as the body (figs.

2, 12), the twenty-third and twenty-fourth joints
bearing, the one at the apex, the other near the middle,
a long whip-like hair which is ringed and densely
ciliated ; in the male these hairs are more slender.
Posterior antennse two-branched (fig. 3), the outer

CALANUS. 39

branch consisting of two joints, the inner of seven,
four of which are very short ; the inner branch bears
long marginal hairs along almost its entire length.
The basal joints of the fifth pair of feet in both sexes
are minutely serrated on the inner margin (fig. 8).
The fifth pair of feet in the female are like the
preceding pairs, but in the male (fig. 11) have the first
and second joints of the outer branch greatly elongated
and are devoid of marginal hairs, the third joint being
small, pear-shaped, and provided only with a couple of
minute spines at the apex. The terminal spines of the
swimming feet (fig. 10) are long, awl-shaped, and
destitute of serratures or hairs. Tail setae about as
long as the abdomen. Length of the animal, including
tail setae, about one sixth of an inch (4 mm.). Colour
variable, sometimes almost pellucid, at others yellowish
or dark red ; the body is often loaded with large
highly refracting oil globules.

This species is found, often in immense numbers, all
round our coasts both in the open sea and between tide
marks, more especially in the early summer months.
It is essentially a pelagic species, loving the clear ocean
and not often to be met with in any great numbers
amongst weeds. It appears to be generally distributed
in the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, and the
European seas, and I have seen specimens collected by
Mr. Eaton in the southern hemisphere, which are in
no respect distinguishable from the northern species,
though possibly identical with one considered specifi-
cally distinct by R. de Vauzeme.* It has been said to

* ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' 1834.

40 BRITISH COPEPODA.

constitute no inconsiderable part of the food of the
whale.

The three species, G. magnus, borealis, and elegans,
described by Sir John Lubbock (loc. cit.) from speci-
mens taken in the Arctic Seas, seem to be founded,
as pointed out to me by Mr. Norman, on different
stages of development of the present species.

Having had no opportunity of seeing the old
descriptions given by Gunner and Leach, I here follow
M. Boeck who seems to have examined the literature
of the subject with much care. The conclusion is
that Gunner's description has been wholly misunder-
stood or overlooked by modern writers ; his Monoculus
finmarchicus (which has usually been identified with the
Temora longicornis of the present monograph) being
really the species now under consideration, Calanus
finmarchicus. Leach's genus Calanus was established
in order to receive Gunner's species, though the name
has been used by recent authors (Dana, Lubbock,
Glaus) to include species wholly different. If this
view be correct it is only right that the term Galanus
should revert to the species for which it was first
proposed ; the genus Cetochilus being at the same time
discarded.

Genus 2. METRIDIA, Boeck (1865).

(? Pleuromma, Glaus.)

Head separate from the first ring of the thorax, and
produced into a cloven rostrum : fourth and fifth

METEIDIA. 41

segments coalescent. Abdomen in the female consist-
ing of three, in the male of five segments. Anterior
antennae as long as the cephalothorax, 25-jointed in
the female, in the male 20-jointed and furnished with
a hinge between the seventeenth and eighteenth joints.
Second pair of antennae as in Calanus ; mouth organs
as in Calanus. First pair of feet smaller than the
rest : both branches of the first four pairs of feet
three-jointed; fifth pair, unlike the others, composed
of one branch only and dissimilar on the two sides ; in
the male formed for grasping.

The characters on which Boeck relies to separate
this genus from Pleuromma, Glaus, are the complete
separation of the cephalic from the thoracic segments,
the 3-jointed branches of the swimming feet, and the
absence of lateral eye-spot. It is possible that further
investigation may show these distinctions to be un-
founded, but the male abdomen as figured by Glaus in
the case of Pleuromma is distinctly different from that
of Metridia in being provided with lateral processes.
M. Boeck, however, is wrong in stating the number
of antennal joints in Metridia to be twenty-four. The
real number is twenty-five, and in this respect it
agrees with Pleuromma.

While this Monograph has been going through the
press Mr. Norman has pointed out to me that the
name Metridia (Metridium being already in use for a
genus of Actinozoa) must be withdrawn, but as it
seems doubtful whether Pleuromma ought or ought
not to be adopted as the generic appellation, I prefer
for the present to let Metridia stand.

42 BRITISH COPEPODA.

1. METRIDIA ARMATA, Boeck. PI. IT, figs. 1 — 12; PI.

LVI, figs. 19, 20.

Metridia armata, Boeck. Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster

iagttagne Copepoder, p. 14 (1865).

Paracalanus hibernicus, Brady and Robertson. Annals and
Magazine of Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii,
p. 126, pi. viii, figs. 1—3 (1873).

Rostrum obtuse ; anterior antennse (fig. 2) nearly
alike in both sexes, slender, a little longer than the
cephalothorax, thick at the base and tapering gradually
to the apex ; the nine basal joints (except the first,
which is very large) are broader than long, the rest
being from twice to thrice as long as broad except the
apical one, which is very short : each joint bears on
its outer margin one or two short setae (some of these
being in the male developed into thickened rod-like
appendages), and the seven or eight proximal joints
are each produced on the outer margin into a short
median spine or tooth; the last joint has one long and
two small setao, the penultimate one very long seta : in
the male the antenna is twenty -jointed, hinged between
the seventeenth and eighteenth joints (PL LVI, fig. 19).
Both branches of the posterior antennae are stout and
nearly equal in size. Mandibles (fig. 3) strong, with a
largely developed, biramose palp. Second pair of foot-
jaws (fig. 6) very slender. The swimming feet (fig. 7)
have the inner branch very short, only about half
the length of the outer branch, the last joint of which
is long and truncate at the apex ; marginal and
terminal spines very small, the latter (fig. 12) some-

METEIDIA. 43

what leaflike and minutely serrated on the outer edge.
Fifth pair of feet cylindrical, unbranched, in the male
four- and in the female three-jointed ; those of the
female, however, much shorter than of the male, and
having joints of nearly equal length (fig. 10) ter-
minated by two or three fine short setae. In the male
the first and fourth joints are much elongated (figs.
8 and 9), and the second joint bears a slender curved
process ; the foot of one side is also much more
slender than that of the other. The inner branch of the
second pair of feet in the male has the first joint very
much excavated at the upper and inner margin, the
lower margin of the excavation having alarge and strong
spine (PI. LYI, fig. 20 6) at the angle, and two smaller
ones internally. Abdomen of female 3-, of male 5-
jointed. Caudal setas short, scarcely half the length
of the abdomen (fig. 11). Length, exclusive of the
caudal seta3,* ^th of an inch (1'6 mm.). Arctic
examples belonging apparently to this species, taken
during the expedition of the "Alert" and "Discovery,"
and now in Mr. Norman's possession, are much larger,
measuring at least twice as much (yth of an inch).

I am indebted to my friend Mr. E. C. Davison, R.N.,
of Sunderland, for several collections of Entomostraca
taken in the tow-net off Ireland and in other localities,
and my knowledge of the present species is almost
entirely derived from these gatherings, in several of
which it occurred plentifully. The localities are as
follows, — off the mouth of the Shannon ; Galway Bay ;

* Except where otherwise stated, the measurements of length are in
all cases to be taken as exclusive of the tail setae.

44 PSEUDOCALANUS. .

off Loup Head ; Dingle Bay ; near Valentia ; Rockall
Bank; in lat. 51° 22' N., long. 12° 25' W., and lat.
53° 24' N.} long. 15° 24' W. I have myself taken it,
though very sparingly, in the surface-net amongst
the Scilly Islands.

It may be noted here that in most of the Calanidse
the apical spines of the outer branches of the swim-
ming feet afford excellent distinctive characters, and,
on this account, are carefully figured in the plates.
The first swimming foot is, however, usually, if not
always, destitute of a spine, its place being occupied
by a stout hair or seta.

Genus 3. PSEUDOCALANUS, Boeck (1872).

(Pseudocalanus, Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder,
1872. Clausia, Boeck, 1864. Calanus, Brady, 1865.)

Like the preceding except in the structure of the
feet, which are composed as follows. The outer branch
of the first four pairs is always 3-jointed ; in the first
pair the inner branch consists of only one joint, in
the second of two, in the third and fourth of three
joints. The fifth pair of feet in the female are alto-
gether absent ; in the male they form two very slender
limbs, 5-jointed on the right, 3-jointed on the left side.

The term Clausia, at first proposed by M. Boeck for
this genus, had been previously used by Claparede for
a genus of parasitic Copepoda. It was, therefore, in a
later publication, withdrawn by M. Boeck, the desig-
nation Pseudocalanus being substituted.

PSEUDOCALANUS. 45

1. PSEUDOCALANUS ELONGATUS, Boeck, PL III, figs 1 — 9.

Clausia elonyata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep. p. 10 (1864).
Calanus Clausii, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and

Durham, vol. i, p. 33, pi. i, figs. 1 —

11, 13 (1865).

Body elongated, ovate, anterior antennas in the
female (fig. 2) 25-jointed, the seventh and eighth (or
eighth and ninth ?) joints being coalescent, the rest
gradually increasing in length and tenuity as they
approach the distal extremity : in the male the number
of joints is reduced to twenty by the coalescence of
several, the seventh, eighth, and sixteenth joints
(fig. 3) thus becoming much elongated ; the two or
three terminal joints are swollen at the distal extremity
and contracted at the base, and in the male some of
the other joints are also similarly enlarged ; the outer
margin of the antennae is sparingly provided with
short hairs. Fifth pair of feet wanting in the female ;
in the male (fig. 8) they are long and slender, the left
consisting of three cylindrical tapering joints, of which
the middle is the longest ; the right of five joints, of
which the first three are nearly equal in length, the
fourth shorter and the fifth quite minute and claw-like.
The first abdominal segment in the female is much the
longest and is tumid in front ; in the male it is very
short : abdomen 4-jointed in the female, 5-jointed in
the male ; the caudal segments very short ; tail setre
also short, scarcely equal to half the length of the

46 BRITISH COPEPODA.

abdomen in the female, still less in the male (figs. 1,9).
Length about ^th of an inch (1'3 mm.). Colour
yellowish or reddish yellow, quite transparent.

P. elongatus is a very common species, being dis-
tributed all round the British Islands between tide
marks and in the open sea. It is often met with in
considerable numbers. M. Boeck points out that in
some specimens, which he supposes to be females,
there are traces of a fifth foot in a rudimentary stage.
I at one time also held this belief, but am indebted to
Dr. Glaus for suggesting to me that these specimens
are in reality immature males, and that along with the
imperfectly formed feet there are usually also other
signs of immaturity in the animal. The female must,
therefore, be considered to be constantly destitute of a
fifth pair of feet.

2. PSEUDOCALANUS ARMATUS, Boeck, PL IV, figS. 1 11.

Pseudocalanus armatus, Boeck. Nye Slsegter og Arter af Salt-
vands-Copepoder, p. 6 (1872).

Body elongated (fig. 1) ; head quite distinct from
thorax; fourth and fifth thoracic segments coalescent,
and produced at the dorsal angle into a strong back-
ward-projecting spine; ventral angle rounded off.
Anterior antennae in the female stout (fig. 2),
as long as the cephalothorax ; 1st and 2nd joints
large, and longer than the next following ten joints,
which are short and broad; the 13th joint is about

PSEUDOCALANTTS. 47

twice as long as broad, and the remainder are mostly
somewhat longer in proportion to their width, except
the last, which is very short ; the whole length of the
antenna beset on its outer margin with long and stout
hairs, those of the last five or six joints being especially
strong and transversely ringed. The anterior antennas
of the male (fig. 3) are more slender, and the joints
beyond the middle much longer, the 18th to the 24th
being especially slender ; the organ is not nearly so
densely setose as in the female. The posterior
antennas and mouth organs do not differ materially
from those of the genera already described ; the pos-
terior footj aw (fig. 7), however, has the first two joints
with only three marginal setas, near the middle of each
joint. The swimming feet are much larger and
stronger in build than in the preceding species, and
have their terminal spines (fig. 9) beset on the inner
margin with large and widely separated teeth. Fifth
foot of the male (fig. 10) even more slender than in the
preceding species, the last joint bearing at the apex two
small terminal setas, and on its inner margin a comb-
like series of about nine or ten moderately long hairs.
Caudal segments about as long as the last abdominal
segment ; setas nearly as long as the abdomen.
Colour very dark brown ; so opaque, indeed, that
scarcely any structure can be seen until cleared by
solution of potash. Length n>th of an inch (2*55
mm.).

My only examples of this species were dredged in
a depth of fifteen fathoms, off Portincross, Ayrshire,
and off the south end of the Island of Bute.

48 BRITISH COPEPODA.

M. Boeck states that the inner branch of the first
pair of feet consists of two joints ; but after careful
examination I have not been able to see any separa-
tion into two segments. It is quite possible, however,
that this character may vary somewhat in different
individuals, as it certainly does in the case of Temora
longicornis. It seems not unlikely that in very old
specimens the separation of the segments may become
more distinct, but in this case the individuals examined
appeared to be fully grown and matured.

Genus 4. CANDACE, Dana (1846).

(DANA, American Journal of Science, ser. 2, 1846.)
(Ifionyx, Kroyer, 1849.)

Anterior antennae 23- or 24-jointed, that of the male
on the right side geniculated, and having the median
joints only slightly swollen. Posterior antennae stout ;
the secondary branch having no median joints.
Rostrum rounded. Mandibles twisted, narrow, ending
in two stout teeth, the palp very much expanded.
Maxillse bearing a long styliform process, masticatory
portion sub triangular. First pair of foot jaws very
strong, bearing long uncinate setae, second pair
slender and small. Fifth foot in the female composed
of one triarticulate branch on each side, those of the
male dissimilar, the right prehensile. Abdomen com-
posed in the female of three, in the male of five
segments.

CANDACE. 49

1. CANDACE PECTTNATA, nov. sp., PL X, figs. 1 — 12;
PI. VIII, figs. 14—15.

Body elongated and slender; anterior antennae
(fig. 3) as long as the body, 24-jointed, the thickened
basal portion 7-jointed, the remainder of about equal
thickness throughout and extremely slender; third
joint the largest, eighth to eleventh very short, seven-
teenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth the longest, the
whole sparingly setiferous : right antenna of male (fig. 1)
very slender beyond the hinge-joint and only slightly
swollen in the middle ; joint next above the hinge of a
smoky brown colour, armed with a crest or comb of
large and strong deeply coloured spines ; the joint
immediately above this principal armature and that
below the hinge bear dentated plates of the usual
character (fig. 2). The posterior antenna is large and
stout, the main branch bearing two and the secondary
branch one terminal brush of about six long seise.
Mandible-palp triangular, with two short setiferous
branches (fig. 4) at the terminal angles. The basal
portion of the maxilla (fig. 5) bears at its apex one
very long and several shorter setae ; styliform process
slender and carrying two apical setae. First pair of
foot jaws long and strongly armed ; second pair
slender (fig. 6). Inner branches of the swimming feet
two-jointed throughout (fig. 7) ; marginal spines of the
outer branches very small ; swimming setae all densely
plumose beyond the middle ; terminal spine of outer

50 BRITISH COPEPODA.

branch strongly pectinated on the outer and densely
hairy on the inner margin (fig. 8) ; these spines and the
plumes of the swimming setse deeply coloured.
Fifth pair of feet in the female simple, three-jointed ;
terminal joint long and curved, tapering to the ex-
tremity, which is sharp and twice dentated on the
outer margin. Fifth pair in the male one-branched,
that of the left side simple, four- jointed ; the right
having the last two joints modified into prehensile
form (fig. 10). Last joint of the thorax in the male
produced at one side into a long spine ; first abdominal
segment produced in a similar way, but on the opposite
side (fig. 11). Caudal segments very short; setae about
as long as the abdomen. Length of the animal nth of
an inch (2 '3 mm.).

A very few specimens of this interesting species
were dredged by Mr. Robertson and myself in June,
1873, on very bard ground and in a depth of about
forty fathoms, south-west of the island of St. Agnes,
Scilly. It appears to be quite distinct from any species
described by Dana, Kroyer, Glaus, or Boeck, though
the female antennas very nearly agree with those of G.
longimana, Glaus.

Genus 5. DIAS, Lilljeborq (1853)

(Acartia, Dana, in part.)

Body long and slender, head narrowed above and
produced into a slender rostrum. Abdomen consisting
in the male of five, in the female of three segments.

BIAS. 51

Anterior antennae, in the female, 20-jointed, armed with
long setae, nodose, and (in the male on the right)
geniculated. Primary branch of the posterior antenna
much elongated, secondary branch short and 1-jointed.
Labium very large, three-lobed, and setiferous, the
middle lobe very broad. Mandibles as in Calanus.
Branchial plates of the maxillae small. Anterior foot-
jaws largely developed and armed with many strong,
uncinate setae ; posterior pair provided at the base with
two large setiferous processes, the apical portion small.
The swimming feet have the internal branch of two,
the outer of three joints. The fifth pair of feet are
one-branched, those of the male prehensile. Eye
formed of several lenses.

The genus Acartia of Dana includes, no doubt, not
only some species of Dias, but others which are
properly referable to distinct genera. The term Dias
has been generally adopted for the following species,
and I have therefore retained it here.

1. DIAS LONGIEEMIS, Lilljeborg, PI. V, figs. 1- 14.

Dias longiremis, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus,
p. 181, tab. xxiv, figs. 1—13 (1853).

— Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden. p. 193,

taf. xxxiii, figs. 6 — 14, and taf. iii, figs. 1 and 2
(1863).

— — Boeck. Oversigt over de ved Norges Copepoder,

p. 12 (1864).

— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and

Durham, vol. i, p. 35, pi. i, fig. 14, and pi. ii,
figs. 11—18 (1865).

Calanus euchceta, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., series 2,
vol. xx p. 401, pi. x, figs. 1—6 (1857).

52 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

Head united with first ring of thorax, or only in-
distinctly separated. Anterior antennae as long as the
cephalothorax, the right of the male having nineteen,
the left twenty-one joints ; many of the antennal
joints in both sexes much swollen at the apices, giving
the organ a knotted appearance, the whole being beset
with scattered hairs, some of which are excessively
long : the ninth to the thirteenth joints of the male
right antenna are much swollen to provide for the
internal muscular apparatus, and the hinge is situated
between the fourteenth and fifteenth joints (figs. 2, 3,
4) . Anterior foot-jaw approaching in appearance that
of Pontella, its numerous strong setge being armed
with short rigid divaricating hairs. Posterior foot-jaws
bearing on the basal joint a papilliform process which
supports a single very long seta and three smaller
ones ; the second joint has a single long seta which
also springs from the summit of a papilla ; the remain-
ing joints are smaller and bear small marginal spines.
Terminal spines of the swimming feet long, slender,
sword-shaped, and finely serrated on the inner border.
These spines are peculiar, for instead of having one or
more small supplementary spines at their base, con-
nected with the last segment of the foot by a movable
joint, as is usually the case, the spine is, in this species,
formed by a mere arched and pointed process of the
outer edge of the foot (fig. 11). The fifth feet in the male
consist each of a four-jointed branch, forming a pair of
strong crooked and prehensile claws (fig. 13), the inner
margins of which, especially on the right side, are pro-
duced into wart-like projections, and the terminal joints

TEMORA. 53

are fringed with small spines or spine-like hairs. There
is, however, considerable variety in the conformation
of these organs. The fifth foot in the female (fig. 12)
is small, three-jointed, the basal joint stout and bear-
ing a single long seta, the next very small, and the
terminal joint forming a long and slender curved claw.
Abdomen very short, the first segment, in the female,
being much the largest ; caudal segments also short,
about twice as long as broad : tail-setas rather longer
than the abdomen. Length ^Oih of an inch (1'3
mm.). Colour yellowish, whitish, or pellucid. Dias
longiremis is found abundantly in the open sea and
between tide marks all round the British islands ; it
occurs sometimes also in brackish water, but in that
case is usually small and poorly developed.

Genus 6. TEMOEA, Ba/ird (1850).

(Cyclops (in part), Miiller. Calanus (in part), Leacli (fide Boeck), not
Monoculus, Gunner.)

Body elongated ; head distinct from the thoracic
segments; rostrum bifurcate. Fourth and fifth thoracic
segments either completely coalescent or their separa-
tion merely indicated by a furrow. Abdomen com-
posed of four segments in the male, of three in
the female. Anterior antennge twenty-four- or
twenty-five-jointed ; that of the right side in the
male having a hinge-joint and forming a prehensile
organ. Mouth organs as in Calanus. Inner

54 BRITISH COPEPODA.

branches of the first, second, third, and fourth pairs
of feet two-jointed. The fifth pair are composed
each of one branch, those of the male forming clasping
organs. Abdomen of the female three-, of the male
four- jointed.

1. TEMOEA LONGICORNIS, Muller, PI. Ill, figs. 10 — 19.

Cyclops longicornis, Miiller. Entomostraca p. 115, t. xix, figs.

7—9 (1785).
Temora finmarchica, Baird. Brit. Entom. p. 228, t. xxviii, figs. 1

a— g (1850).
Glaus. Die frei-leb. Copep., p. 195, t. xxxiv,

figs. 1—11 (1863).

Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans, Northumberland
and Durham, vol. i, p. 36, pi. i, fig. 15, and
pi. ii, figs. 1—10 (1865).

— longicornis, Boeck. Loc. cit., p. 15 (1865).

— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland

and Durham, vol. iv, p. 425 (1872).

Diaptomus longicaudaius, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 2, vol. xx pi. x, figs. 11 and 12
and pi. xi, figs. 12 and 13 (not Mono-
culus finmarchicus, Gunner) (1857).

Body wide in proportion to its length, dorsal margin
much arched, posterior dorsal angle rounded off,
ventral produced and subangular. Anterior antennsB
(fig. 12) rather longer than the cephalothorax, twenty-
five-jointed, the segments more attenuated and
increasing slightly in length towards the distal
extremity, the basal joint, however, being the largest of
all ; each segment bears two short slender hairs at its
apex. The right antenna of the male (fig. 11) has a

TEMORA. 55

movable hinge between the eighteenth and nineteenth
joints, the last four joints being very long and
apparently representing a coalescence of eight joints ;
the inner margins of the joints immediately above and
below the hinge are armed with finely denticulated
plates ; and the fourteenth to the eighteenth joints
(both inclusive) are swollen, apparently to give more
space for the powerful muscles by which the organ is
moved. The posterior antennae and the mouth-organs
do not differ materially from those which have been
already described. Inner branches of the first four pairs
of swimming feet two-jointed; those of the first
pair often apparently one-jointed owing to imperfect
division. The fifth foot in the female (fig. 16) consists
of a simple, cylindrical, and rather stout three-jointed
branch, the last joint being the longest and having
two small lateral, and two apical spines of about equal
size. The right fifth foot in the male (fig. 17) consists
of a large basal joint to which are articulated two
opposable claws, one of these being long, simple and
curved, the other composed of two broader joints, and
bearing at the apex two tooth-like spines and two
short hairs : the left foot is three-jointed, subchelate,
but unbranched. The terminal spines of the swimming
feet (fig. 19) are long and straight, with slightly
curved apex and finely serrated inner border. The
caudal segments (fig. 18) are extremely long and
slender, quite equal in length to the whole of the
abdomen, about eight or nine times as long as broad,
and bearing a single short lateral spine on the
external margin, about half way between the middle

56 BEITISH COPEPODA.

and the distal extremity : terminal setse plumose, not
quite equal in length to the tail segments. Colour
brown. Length ^th of an inch (1*3 mm.).

Temora longicornis is one of the most abundant of
the marine Copepoda. It occurs often in great
profusion in tidal pools amongst seaweeds, and is
likewise taken abundantly in the towing net in the
open sea. It seems, in fact, to be ubiquitous in the
British seas.

2. TEMORA VELOX, Lilljeborg, PI. VI, figs. 1 — 5.

Temora velox, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus
Cladoc. Ostrac. et Copep., p. 177, tab. xix, figs. 9
and 10, and tab. xx, figs. 1—9 (1853).
— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. i, p. 38, pi. i, fig, 16, and pi. iii,
figs. 1—11 (1865).

Body robust, dorsum strongly arched, head distinct
from the thorax, last thoracic segment in the female
produced into two strong spines at the ventral
angle. Anterior antennas (figs. 1, 2) rather short and
stout, not much longer than the cephalothorax, 24-
jointed, moderately tapered to the apex, toward which
the segments gradually increase in length, those near
the base, up to the twelfth, being much broader than
long, and those from the sixteenth onward about twice
as long as broad ; the middle portion of the antenna is
densely setose on the outer margin, but the setas are
more scattered toward the apex ; the right antenna of

TEMORA. 57

the male has two long apical joints, at the base of
which the hinge is placed, the two joints above and
one below being armed with serrated plates ; the llth,
12th, 13th, and 14th joints have each usually a dis-
tinct but short spine, the 15th and 19th bear also
similar but larger spines, and the number of joints is
reduced to twenty-one owing to the coalescence of
some of the number ; the middle of the male antenna,
as in the previous species, is much swollen. Fifth
pair of feet in the female (fig. 3) 4-jointed, the ter-
minal joint very small, rounded, and bearing two
stout setaa, one large and one small, the other joints
very much stouter, the penultimate produced below at
the inner angle into a long serrated spine; the 2nd
and 3rd joints bear each a single small seta. Fifth
feet of the male very large and powerful, and pro-
vided on their opposing edges with several spines —
mostly one in the middle of each joint ; each branch is
3-jointed, the basal joints large and swollen, the ter-
minal joint of one side ending in a blunt doubly
toothed broad extremity, that of the other side form-
ing a long slender claw. The middle segment of the
abdomen in the female is much the shortest (fig. 5) ;
the last abdominal and the caudal segments are beset
with irregularly scattered short hairs or prickles.
Caudal segments four times as long as broad ; about
equal in length to the terminal setaa, or to half the
length of the abdomen. The ova are borne in a large
undefined mass on the front of the female abdomen,
and large oblong spermatic tubes are often found
attached in the same situation in great numbers,

58 BRITISH COPEPODA.

depending from the vulva like a bunch of candles.
Length -jVth of an inch (1'5 mm.). When alive the
animal is of a pale brown colour, but on immersion in
spirit assumes a peculiar vinous red or purple.

Temora velox is an inhabitant, almost exclusively, of
the brackish water of estuaries and salt marshes, and
in such localities I have taken it pretty extensively.
I have only once met with it in the sea, amongst
Laminarice at Sunderland, and then only one or two
specimens were taken. The other localities in which
I have found it are, at Hylton on the Wear, Hartle-
pool, Alnmouth, Burgh Marsh near Carlisle, Cumbrae,
Pensarn (Merionethshire), Oulton Broad and Lake
Lothing (Suffolk), Whittlesea Dyke (Cambridgeshire),
and in pools near the river Stour at Manningtree. In
such situations it often occurs in immense profusion,
especially in autumn, when the water has become
heated by the direct rays of the sun.

Genus 7. DIAPTOMUS, Westwood (1836).

(Cyclops (in part), Miiller. Cyclopsina, Milne Edwards, 1840.)

Body elongated, compressed; head distinct from the
thorax, anterior antennae 25 -jointed, that of the male
on the right side hinged. Posterior antennae and
organs of mastication as in Calanus. Inner branches
of all the swimming feet three-jointed except the first,
which has only two joints. Fifth foot consisting of
two branches, prehensile in both sexes, the internal

DIAPTOMUS. 59

branch much the smaller. Abdomen of the male 5-, of
the female 3-jointed. Eye situated in the median
line.

1. DIAPTOMUS CASTOR, Jurine. PI. VI, figs. 6 — 13.

Cyclops cceruleus, O. F. Miiller. Entomostraca, p. 102, t. xv,
figs. 1—9 (1785).

— lacinulatus ( ? ), Miiller. Ibid., p. 105, t. xvi, figs. 4 — 6

(1785).

— rubens ($}, Miiller. Ibid., p. 104 t. xvi, figs. 1—3 (1785).
Monoculus Castor, Jurine. Histoire des Monocles que se trouvent

aux Environs de Geneve, p. 50, tabs. 4 — 6,

(1820).
Cyclopsina — M. Edwards. Nat. Hist. Crust., vol. iii, 427

(1840).
Diaptomm Castor, "Westwood. Partington's Cyclopaedia, art.

"Cyclops "(1836).

Baird. Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 219,
tab. xxvi, figs. 1, 2, 2 a—j (1850).

— Glaus. Die freil-ebenden Copep., p. 201,

t. xxxv, figs. 15 and 16 (1863).

— Lilljeborg. De Crust, ex. ord. trib., t. xii, fig.

10, t.xiii,figs. 1—10, t. xiv, figs. 1—4 (1863).

— Lubbock. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv,

p. 197, pi. xxxi, figs. 7—11 (1853).

— Westwoodii, Lubbock. Loc. cit., pi. xxxi, figs. 1 — 6.

— Castor, Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 225, fig. 22

(1871).

Anterior antenna (fig. 8) 25-jointed ; gradually
tapering from the base and beset with setse of mode-
rate length, one or two on each segment, except on
the terminal one, which has five at its extremity ; right
antenna of male (fig. 7) provided with a hinge-joint,
above which for the length of six segments it is much
swollen ; the 13th joint is armed with a strong mar-
ginal spine, and the 10th and llth with spines of a
similar kind though smaller ; the hinge is situated

60 BRITISH COrEPODA.

between the 18th and 19th joints. The posterior
antennse, the mouth-organs, and swimming feet present
no marked characters. The fifth pair of feet in the
female (figs. 10, 11) are alike on both sides, consisting
of a rudimentary one- or two- jointed inner, and a
much larger three- jointed outer branch. The inner
branch bears three apical spines of variable size, but
never very large ; the outer branch has the basal joint
very large, the second joint small, and the third in the
form of a broad sword-like spine attached toward the
inner side of the limb ; the second joint bears in addi-
tion two small apical spines or setas; both branches
are nearly straight. In the male (fig. 9) the foot of
the right side is much larger than that of the left, and
terminates in a long, curved claw ; the inner branch is
in both feet quite rudimentary. The last thoracic
segment in the female (fig. 12) is produced downwards
at each side into a conspicuous sharply spined process;
in the male (fig. 13) it is distinctly angulated, but
has no conspicuous spine. The abdomen consists in
the female of 3 and in the male of 5 segments ; the
caudal segments broad and short; terminal seta3
strongly plumose, and about half the length of the
abdomen. The eye is large and movable, and of a
brilliant red. The colour of the animal itself is very
variable ; yellowish, red, bluish-green, or brown ; once
I have seen it so red as to look like scraps of ani-
mated sealing-wax when swimming in the water. In
some cases the ovisac is of a different colour from the
rest of the animal. Length -£$ to y^th of an inch (1*3
to 2*1 mm.).

DIAPTOMUS. 61

Diaptomus Castor is of common occurrence in ponds,
lakes, and ditches ; its colour and perhaps its varia-
tions of structure probably depend much upon the
character and quantity of its food as well as upon dis-
tinctions of race. The largest specimens are usually
found in ditches and rather foul, weedy water ; those
of mountain tarns and lakes are, as a general rule,
considerably smaller, not exceeding -rg-th or -^th of an
inch in length. The most highly-coloured specimens
that I have seen were taken in Grisedale Tarn, under
Helvellyn, and are referred to above as being of a
brilliant vermilion -red. The form described by Sir
John Lubbock under the specific name Westivoodii does
not appear to me sufficiently well defined or permanent
in its characters to warrant its separation as a distinct
species ; it is indeed, so far as my observation goes,
much commoner than the typical D. Castor. The
characters upon which Sir J. Lubbock lays most stress
are, 1st, those of the fifth pair of feet, which do not
present any strongly-marked difference except as to
the inner branch of that of the female (fig. 11), which
is better developed than in the Castor form ; 2ndly,
in the angulation of the last thoracic segment, which
after all appears to me to be nearly as marked in one form
as in the other ; 3rdly, in the length and spinous
armature of the antennae, both of which are liable
to a good deal of variation ; but the spine on the
antepenultimate joint of the antenna of D. Westiuoodii
I have found in some cases to coexist with the other
distinctive characters of D. Castor. For these reasons
I think it best to unite both forms under the old

62 BRITISH COPEPODA.

specific name. The observations made as to the
ovisacs and spermatic tubes of Temora velox apply
equally to the present species.

Genus 8. ISIAS, Boeclc (1864).

Body moderately robust, with a well-rounded dor-
sum. Abdomen composed in the female of three, in
the male of five segments. Anterior antennae 24-
jointed, that of the right side in the male forming a
geniculated prehensile organ. Posterior antennae as
in Calanus. First four pairs of feet with both
branches triarticulate. Fifth pair of feet in the female,
having the outer branch 3-, the inner 1 -jointed; in the
male the outer branch consists of two, the inner of one
or two joints.

1. ISIAS CLAVIPES, Boeck, PI. VII, figs. 3—13.

Isias clavipes, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 18, (1864).

Anterior antennae of the female (fig. 4) 25-jointed,
about equal in length to the cephalothorax, joints short
and broad at the base, and gradually increasing in
length to the nineteenth, which is about four times
as long as broad ; first fifteen joints of the male
antennae each bearing a single club-shaped, ciliated,
auditory seta: hinge-joint of the 21-jointed right male

ISIAS. 63

antenna (fig. 5) situated between the eighteenth and
nineteenth joints ; eighteenth joint formed by the
coalescence of the normal eighteenth and nineteenth,
nineteenth by the twentieth and twenty-first, twentieth
by the twenty-second, twenty- third, and twenty -fourth.
Mouth organs and swimming feet as in Centropages
typicus. Fifth pair of feet, in the female, two-branched
(fig. 10), having the outer branch of three broad laminar
joints, the second of which is produced at the inner
margin into a strong ciliated spine ; the third joint is
as large as the other two together, is fringed internally
with swimming setaj and bears at the apex one large
and one small spine ; inner branch 1-jointed, rudimen-
tary, and bears two apical setas. Fifth foot of the
male (fig. 11) also two-branched, that of the right side
being the larger ; the outer branch in both cases 2-
jointed, the second joint large and forming, especially
in the right foot, a broadly expanded lamina, bearing
three or four small marginal spines, and on the right
side a large terminal ciliated spine ; inner branch
rudimentary; that of the right side provided with
swimming seta3 and 2- jointed. Terminal spines of the
swimming feet (fig. 12) elongated, narrow, and bayonet-
like, finely pectinated on the inner margin. Abdomen of
the female divided into four, of the male into five seg-
ments, third segment in the male produced in front into
a spiniforin papilla. Caudal segments as long as the
united length of the last two abdominal segments ;
seta3 equal to half the length of the abdomen. Length
•j^-th of an inch (1'5 mm.).

This fine and very distinct species appears to be

64 BRITISH COPEPODA.

generally distributed in the British seas, but nowhere
occurs in any great abundance. The localities from
which I have specimens are as follows : — Off Robin
Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, dredged in 35 fathoms ; dredged
off Portin cross, Ayrshire (20 fathoms) ; off Cumbrae
(15 fathoms), in Lough S willy, Ireland, (3 fathoms) ;
taken in the surface-net at Cumbrae, Bridlington Bay,
and at Killybegs, Donegal (Mr. E. G. Davison) ; and
amongst fuci in Clif den and Roundstone Bays, Ireland.

Genus 9. CENTROPAGES, Kroyer (1849).

(Ichthyophorba, Lilljeborg. Calanopia, Dana. P Catopia, Dana.)

Body elongated. Head distinct from thorax, more
or less distinctly divided by a groove into two seg-
ments, and produced into a cloven rostrum. Abdo-
men composed of five segments in the male, of three
in the female. Anterior antennae 24-jointed, that of
the right side in the male geniculated and prehensile.
Mouth organs as in Calanus, except that the anterior
footjaws are armed with strong bristles as in Pontella.
Both branches of the first four pairs of feet 3-jointed ;
outer branch of the right fifth pair in the male pre-
hensile, internal branch adapted for swimming. Eye
median and movable.

CENTROPAGES. 65

1. CENTROPAGES TYPICUS, Kroyer, PI. VIII, figs. 1 — 10.

Centropages typicus, Kroyer. Nat. Tidskr. anden. Rsekk( s andet

Bind, Side 588, (1849).
— Boeck. Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster

iagttagne Copepoder, p. 19, (1864).

Ichthyophorba denticomis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,

p. 199, pi. xxxv, figs. 1, 3—9 (1863).

— • — Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. N. & D., vol. i,

p. 40, pi. iv, figs. 1—6, (1864).

Body elongated ; last thoracic segment produced
downwards at each side (but more strongly in the
female than in the male), into a large and strong spine.
Anterior antennae as long as the body (fig. 1), bearing
a strong pointed tooth on the outer margins of the
first, second, and fifth joints ; right antenna of the male
(fig. 2) hinged between the eighteenth and nineteenth
joints, and bearing denticulated plates above and below
the hinge, much swollen in the middle, armed with a
strong hook-like spine on the margin of the sixteenth
joint. Fifth pair of feet in the female (fig. 9) much
like the preceding pairs except that the outer branch
has the middle joint produced internally into a very
long and strong spine ; in the male (fig. 10) the inner
branch is on both sides adapted for swimming, but
the outer branch of the right limb has the last two
joints developed into a powerful grasping organ by
the conversion of each joint into a curved claw, that
of the middle joint being stout, crooked, and denti-
culated at the extremity ; the outer branch of the left

66 BRITISH COPEPODA.

foot has only two joints. The terminal spines of the
swimming feet are sword-shaped, rather slender, and
finely serrated (fig. 7). The first segment of the female
abdomen bears three plumose spines, one of which is
stronger than the other two, and the second segment
is produced laterally into a papilla for the attachment
of spermatophores. Caudal segments short, about as
long as the last abdominal segment, setose on the
internal margins and bearing five strongly plumose
and rather rigid apical setae which are considerably
shorter than the abdomen. Length i^th of an inch
(1*6 mm.). Colour brown.

Except in littoral situations this species seems to be
at least as common in the British seas as the following
(0. Jiamatus). It is taken frequently in the North Sea
and in the Atlantic by the towing net; indeed few
gatherings thus made, if at all good ones, are entirely
without it. I have memoranda of its occurrence off
the West Coasts of Scotland and Ireland, the East of
England and Scotland, amongst the Channel Islands,
between Cornwall and Cape Clear, &c. It occurs,
too, amongst dredged material so frequently that it
can scarcely in all cases have been captured by the
dredge on its way up to the surface.

CENTROPAGES. 67

2. CENTROPAGES HAMATUS, Lilljeborg. Plate VIII, figs.

11—13.

Ichthyophorba hamata, Lilljeborg. De crustaceis, &c., p. 185,
t. xxi, figs. 1 — 5, 7 — 9, and t. xxii, figs.
9—12, (1853).
— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. N. & D. vol. i,

p. 39, pi. iv, figs. 7—10 (1865).
— angustata, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,

p. 199, t. xxxv, figs. 2, 10—12 (1863).

Diaptomus Bateanus, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2nd

ser.), vol. xx, p. 404, pi. xi, figs. 1—3 (1857).

Centropages hamatus, Boeck. Oversigt Copepoder, p. 20 (1864).

Body slender, smaller than the foregoing species ;
spines of the last thoracic segment also smaller.
Anterior antennse destitute of spines, of equal length,
but more slender than in G. typicus ; in other respects
the same. The fifth pair of feet in both sexes are also
similar to the same parts in C. typicus, but much more
slender, and the claw of the male right foot (fig. 13)
is not denticulated. The spines of the swimming feet
differ remarkably from those of C. typicus in having
their serrated armature much stronger and the teeth
separated one from another by a wide interval (fig. 12).
Length Yg-th of an inch (1'95 mm ).

This species, like the preceding, occurs not uncom-
monly at the surface in the open sea and appears to
have much the same distribution. I have once taken
it between tide marks, amongst Algas in rock-pools
near Ryhope (county Durham).

BEITISH COFEI'ODA.

GENUS 10. PAEAPONTELLA, nov. gen.

Head distinct from body. Fourth and fifth thoracic
segments united. Abdomen of the male 5-, of the
female, 3 -jointed. Right anterior antenna of the male
provided with a hinge-joint. Secondary branch of
posterior antenna large, 3-jointed. Maxilla minute,
consisting of a large basal joint with an elongated
terminal palp and two small branchial processes.
Mandible slender and twisted, terminal teeth sharp
and slender, two of them much longer than the rest
(fig. 5) ; palp consisting of a single 3-jointed branch.
Anterior foot-jaw bearing at the apex about six short
and strong, curved, plumose spines. Posterior foot-
jaw composed of a basal joint of moderate size, and
a rudimentary 3-jointed apical portion, the basal joint
bearing two large curved plumose setae and two smaller
ones. Inner branch of first pair of feet 3-jointed, of
second, third and fourth pairs 2-jointed. Fifth pair of
feet in the female simple, two-branched ; each branch
composed of a single joint ; in the male, adapted for
prehension, and composed of one branch on the left,
of two on the right side.

The species described by Sir John Lubbock under
the name of Pontella brevicornis appears to present
some characters distinct enough to require its removal
from the genus to which it has hitherto been assigned.
The 3-jointed inner branch of the first swimming foot,

PAEAPONTELLA. 69

the rudimentary lower foot-jaw and the comparatively
poor setose armature of the upper, the single -branched
mandibular palp and the peculiar structure of the
maxilla are points of difference which seem to me of
generic importance. I have had no opportunity of
examining living specimens, and cannot in my spirit-
specimens make out eyes of any kind, but I am dis-
posed to think that in this matter the species will be
found to belong to the subfamily Calaninse rather than
to Pontellinse.

1. PARAPONTELLA BEEVICOENIS, Lubloclc. Plate IX, figs.

1—16.

Pontella brevicornis, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd
ser., vol. xx, pi. xi, figs. 4 — 8 (1857).

Head separate from the thorax and ending in a
short forked rostrum. Superior antennaa 18-jointed
(fig. 3) about as long as the cephalothorax, mode-
rately slender, and (except on the right side in the
male) of nearly equal thickness throughout, the first
joint large, the next six small, the rest from twice to
thrice as long as broad, except the last which is about
four times as long as broad and bears a finger-like
apical process (longer in the male than in the female)
and about seven long apical setee ; each joint bears a
few short hairs, but the first, eleventh, thirteenth, and
sixteenth have each one larger apical seta ; the joints
of the right male antennae (fig. 2) are greatly reduced in
number by coalescence, the last three being very long

70 BRITISH COPEPODA.

and slender, the limb is much swollen at the hinge, and
again a little above, and is provided with denticulated
plates above and below the hinge joint; the setee are
but few except for a dense tuft at the extremity of the
last joint. The rudimentary apical portion of the
lower foot jaw (fig. 8) is obscurely (3 ?) jointed, and
on its upper margin bears a corrugated segment
sharply separated lengthwise from the lower portion of
the limb. Terminal spines of the swimming feet,
long, slender, and sword-shaped (fig. 13) ; the secon-
dary spine is much larger than usual, and both are
finely serrated on the inner edge. Fifth pair of feet
in the female (fig. 12) two branched; branches nearly
straight, cylindrical, and one-jointed ; the inner one
short and cloven at the apex, the outer twice as long,
bearing one short spine at the middle of the outer
margin, and one very long and two short at the distal
extremity. Fifth pair in the male (fig. 11) composed
of one branch on the left and two on the right side,
three-jointed ; those of the left foot broad and sub-
quadrate, the last joint spinous at the angles; first
joint of the right foot narrow, and having a short one-
jointed branch which ends in a curved claw ; second
joint short and armed with a curved spine on the
inner margin; third joint produced into a long slender
claw. Abdomen of the female (figs. 15, 16) three-
jointed ; the first segment short and stout, the second
smaller and produced downwards as far as the middle
of the dorsal surface of the third segment ; produced
also into two small lateral spines. Caudal segments
as long as the last abdominal segment in the female,

PONTELLUSM3. 71

in the male as long as the last two. The third and
fourth abdominal segments in the male each bear a
sharp projecting spine on the right side, and the last
thoracic segment is produced downwards into a hook-
like spine. The caudal seta3 are not as long as the
abdomen. Length of the animal yyth of an inch
(1'5 mm.). Colour dark brown.

This species is at times taken in great abundance
by the surface net. I have a gathering taken in this
way by Mr. E. C. Davison off the Yorkshire coast,
which more than filled a four ounce bottle, and con-
sisted of about equal quantities of P. brevicornis, Ano-
malocera Patersonii, and larval decapods. I have also
notes of its occurrence in surface gatherings from
Bridlington Bay, the Channel Islands, Westport Bay
(Ireland), and Kinsale Harbour; in gatherings made
amongst Algae and Zostera at Clifden Bay and the
Scilly Islands, as well as in tide pools on the Durham
coast ; also in dredged material from Cumbrae and
Portincross, Firth of Clyde.

Sub-family 2. — PONTELLIN^E, Dana.

Having two or more paired lateral eyes, in addition
to a large median eye which usually springs from
behind the rostrum as a projecting globe; in other
respects like Calanince.

72 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Genus 11. PONTELLA, Dana (1849).

(Pontia, Milne-Edwards.)

Head distinct from thorax ; fourth and fifth tho-
racic segments coalescent. Abdomen of the male 5-,
of the female (2- ?) or 3-jointed. Anterior antennae
23- or 24-jointed ; the sixth and seventh joints
coalescent or distinct ; the right antenna of the male
greatly swollen in the middle from the thirteenth to
the sixteenth, and hinged between the nineteenth and
twentieth joints; the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nine-
teenth united into one long joint, which is toothed on
the inner margin; the twentieth and twenty-first
joints also coalescent and toothed. Posterior antenna
having a well-developed secondary branch. Maxilla
(PI. 10A, fig. 6), well developed, composed of a
broad prehensile portion, with a large 3- or 4-lobed
branchial palp. Mandible-palp 2-branched, of mode-
rate size. Basal portion of the posterior foot-jaw
produced into three setiferous digits, apical portion
4-jointed, elongated. Inner branches of all the
swimming feet 2-jointed. Fifth pair of feet on the
right side only in the male, forming a powerful clasp-
ing organ, that of the left side much less strongly
developed.

PONTELLA. 7 3

1. PONTELLA WOLLASTONI, Lubbock. PI. X A, figs.

1—12.

Pontella Wollastoni, Lubbock. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, series
2. vol. xx, p. 406, pi. xi, figs, 9—11, 18,
and pi. x, fig. 13, (1857).

— helgolandica, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden
p. 208, taf. iii, figs. 5—7 ; taf. xxxvi, figs.
1—10 ; taf. xxxvii, fig. 7, (1863).

Body elongated ; anterior antennae about as long as
the cephalo thorax, that of the male, on the right side,
having two hook-like spines, one on the sixteenth and
one on the seventeenth joint (fig. 2). The inner
branch of the mandible palp is 4-, the outer 2-jointed.
The right foot of the fifth pair in the male is 4-
jointed (fig. 10) ; the second joint very broad, and
produced at the inner margin into a long hook- like
spine, the third joint slender, forming a movable
prehensile hand, to which is attached the fourth
joint in the shape of a strong claw; the foot of the
left side (fig. 9) consists of a broad 2-jointed basal
portion, to the extremity of which are attached two
short branches, one subtriangular, which terminates in
two small claw-like processes, the other broad,
2-jointed, the terminal joint bearing three mar-
ginal seta3, and a fringe of short fine hairs. The
rostrum is broad and strong. Lateral angles of the
last thoracic segment equal and armed with short
hooks. Abdomen slender ; the last two segments, in
the male, short ; caudal segments elongated, in the

74 BRITISH COPEPODA.

male, as long as the last three segments. Abdomen
of the female 3-jointed, both lenses of the paired eyes,
and that of the median eye, smaller than in the male ;
the fifth foot (fig. 11) is composed of a 2- jointed
basal portion, to which are attached two long sub-
triangular plates. Length ^fch of an inch (3 mm.).

This species is known to me only from the type
specimens which were taken by Sir John Lubbock at
Weymouth, and which by his kindness I have had
the opportunity of examining. They are not now in a
condition to allow of accurate description, and I am,
therefore, indebted chiefly to the excellent figures and
descriptions of Dr. Glaus and Sir John Lubbock, for the
account of the species here given. That the Pontella
helgolandica of Dr. Glaus is identical with Sir John
Lubbock's P. Wollastoni, there can be no doubt.

Genus 12. ANOMALOCERA, Templeton (1837).

(Irenceus, Goodsir.)

Body elongated. Head produced into a strong
furcate rostrum, distinct from the thorax and incom-
pletely divided by a transverse groove into two seg-
ments. The median eye is stalked. Lateral eyes
sessile, each composed of two lenses (fig. 14). An-
terior antennas 24- jointed, that of the right side in the
male forming a prehensile organ. Secondary branch
of the posterior antenna3 very small. Inner branch
(fig. 2) of first pair of feet 3-jointed, those of the three

ANOMALOCERA. 75

following pairs 2-jointed. Fifth pair of feet in the
female having a rudimentary inner, and a long two-
jointed outer branch ; in the male, the inner branch is
wanting, and the outer forms a prehensile organ.

1 . ANOMALOCERA PATEKSONII, Templeton. Plate XI, figs.

1—14, and Plate X, figs. 13, 14.

Anomalocera Patersonii, Templeton. Trans. Entom. Soc., vol. ii,
p. 35. t. v, figs. 1—3 (1837).

— Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 229, tab. xxvii,

figs. 1 a— i, 2 a— c, (1850).

— Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 21,

(1864).
Irenceus Patersonii, Goodsir. Edin. N"ew Phil. Journ., xxxv, p. 339,

t. vi, figs. 12—17; t. iv, figs. 1—9, 1843).
Glaus, Die frei-lebenden Copopoden, p. 206,

taf . ii, fig. 1 ; t. xxxvii, figs. 1—6, (1863).

Pontia Patersonii, Kroyer. Nat. Hist. Tidskrift, anden Rsekkes
andet Bind, p. 561, t. vi, figs. 1—7 (1849).

Body elongated ; inferior angles of last thoracic seg-
ment produced into large spine-like processes. An-
terior antennsB half the length of the body, 24-jointed,
those of the male (figs. 2, 3) provided with club-
shaped (auditory?) appendages, in addition to nume-
rous short hairs ; that of the right side in the male
excessively tumid in the middle from the thirteenth
to the sixteenth joint, and hinged between the
seventeenth and eighteenth joints. The fourteenth
joint bears a long, straight, dagger-like spine, which
is hooked at the apex and apparently jointed at
the base, much like the sting of a nettle. The
sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth joints have

76 BEITISH COPEPODA.

denticulated plates on their inner margins. The
number of joints is reduced by coalescence to twenty-
one. The main branch of the posterior antenna (fig.
5) is triarticulate ; the secondary branch composed of
five joints, of which all except the second are very
small. The branchial appendages of the maxillas (fig.
13, Plate X) are well developed, and the seta3 of the
prehensile lobes are strong and plumose. The ante-
rior foot-jaws (fig. 14, Plate X) are large and armed
with stout, curved, plumose seta3. Lower foot-jaws
(fig. PI. XI), 7-jointed, the basal joint very large, and
bearing five long, curved, plumose setse ; the remain-
ing joints slender. First pair of swimming feet small,
both branches three-jointed. Second, third, and
fourth pairs large, but having the inner branch two-
jointed, and the terminal spines (fig. 7) long and
slender, sword-shaped, finely serrated on the inner
and setose on the outer margin. Fifth pair of feet in
the female (figs 9, 10) two-branched ; the inner branch
rudimentary, consisting of one small joint with a
cloven apex ; outer branch long, two-jointed ; the first
joint long, bearing two small spines on the outer side,
and one long one at the inner apical angle; second
joint small, having three terminal spines, the inner-
most of which is longer than the other two, and is
roughened with a series of wart-like prominences on
the outer edge. Fifth foot of the male (fig. 8) com-
posed of one branch, four -jointed, the last two joints
forming a sort of grasping hand. The last thoracic
segment of the male is produced only on the right side
into a projecting spine. The inferior (ventral) angle

ANOMALOCERA. 77

of the first abdominal segment of the female (fig.
11) is produced backwards forming a rather slender
spine of about half the length of the second segment ;*
the third segment has a gibbous projection of the
dorsal margin. Caudal segments in the female un-
equal in size, about once and a half as long as broad
(fig. 12) ; in the male (fig. 13) slender and elongated,
about four times as long as broad. Caudal setas
scarcely as long as the abdomen, stout and plumose.
The rostrum is stout and furcate, the median eye
stalked (fig. 2), and forming a conspicuous dark-
coloured blue or brown globe ; the lateral eyes (fig.
14) consist each of two comparatively small trans-
parent circular lenses situated near the base of the ros-
trum. Length Y^-ths — y^jths of an inch (3 — 6 mm.).
In colour A. Pater sonii varies much ; it is seldom with-
out some trace of yellow and blue colouring, but not
unfrequently the tints are so vivid and varied as to make
the little animal quite a gorgeous object under the
microscope. The representation of these varied hues
given in fig. 1 is by no means exaggerated, and was
drawn with as much accuracy as possible from one of
many such specimens taken off Shetland by the
Rev. A. M. Norman. It may be noted that in the
antenna3 and abdomen blue generally prevails, but
over the body various shades of red, yellow, and
green.

Anomalocera Patersonii is generally distributed over
the Atlantic and the North Sea, as well as in the

* I have never been able to find the spine, which is said by Dr. Glaus
to exist on the first segment of the male abdomen.

F

78 BRITISH COPEl'ODA.

Mediterranean ; and often occurs in immense pro-
fusion.

Family 2. MISOPERIID./E. Nov.fam.

Anterior antennas 7- to 18-jointed, much shorter
than the cephalothorax. No supplementary eyes, no
furcate rostrum. Posterior antennae provided with a
large secondary branch ; mandible-palp large and two-
branched. Maxillae and foot-jaws as in Calanidce.

The characters here given are to a considerable
extent intermediate between those of the Cyclopidce and
Calanidce. The general habit of the three genera at
present included in the family — Misophria, Pseudo-
cyclops, and Gervinia — is decidedly akin to that of the
Cyclopidce ; so also are the anterior antennas and the
swimming feet ; the posterior antennas and mouth-
organs, on the other hand, more closely resemble the
Calanidce. Under these circumstances I propose to
constitute a new family, MisopJiriidce, for the recep-
tion of the three genera.

Diagnosis of Genera of Misophriidce.

16 — 18-jointed ; secondary C six -jointed Misophria.

branch of posterior <

antenna C two-jointed Pseudocyclops.

•g a

s a j

7 -jointed ;

secondary branch of

posterior antenna — four-jointed Cervinia.

MISOPHEIA. 79

Genus 1. MISOPHEIA, SoecJc (1864).

Form of the animal closely resembling that of
Cyclops. First pair of antennas many- jointed : second
pair large, two-branched, the primary branch composed
of four large joints (PI. XIII, fig. 12), the secondary
branch of six small ones and attached to the basal joint
of the larger branch. Mandibles (PI. XVIII, fig. 12)
large and strong, armed with several strong curved
teeth, palp large, composed of a large basal joint and two
one-jointed branchial branches. Maxillae (PI. XVIII,
fig. 11) strong and provided with a largely developed
palp which bears three appendages beset with branchial
filaments. First pair of foot- jaws (PL XIII, fig. 13)
short and broad and bearing four processes, each of
which has several stout setas at the apex. Second
pair (PI. XIII, fig. 14) more slender and like those of
the Galanidce. The swimming feet are like those of
Cyclops : fifth pair small and consisting of only one
branch.

1. MISOPHEIA PALLIDA, Boeck, Plate XIII, figs. 11 — 1 6,
and Plate XVIII, figs. 11, 12.

Misophria pallida, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 24 (1864).

First pair of antennas 1 6- jointed, and about half
the length of the first body segment (PL XIII, fig. 11 ;

80 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the first three *br four joints much thicker than the
rest, fourteenth and fifteenth joints the smallest, and
together about equal in length to the terminal joint.
The secondary branch of the lower antenna (fig. 12)
is much more slender than the primary, and is com-
posed of six small joints of nearly equal length. The
first pair of swimming feet are very small, and they, as
well as the following three pairs, have both branches
composed of three joints. The fifth pair of feet (fig.
15) are 1-branched, 3-jointed, the first joint broad and
short, the second somewhat narrower, but of about
the same length, the third longer and a little more
slender ; the first two joints each bear a stout apical
seta, the third three more slender setae. Last joints
of the abdomen very short, tail segments (fig. 16),
about as broad as long.

I had until lately seen but one example of this
species, which was taken off Hawthorn (Durham
Coast) on a sandy bottom in a depth of 27 fathoms,
but while these sheets have been going through the
press I Lave found other examples in a dredging from
Portin cross (Ayrshire), and in washings of Laminaria
roots from Mulroy Lough (Donegal). It would appear
to be of rare occurrence, as M. Boeck also had met
with only one specimen. Though placed by that
author amongst the Cyclopidse, I prefer to associate
Misophria with Pseudocyclops and Cervinia as a
distinct family. These genera must be looked upon
as transitional forms occupying a position between
the families C'alanidce and Cyclopidce. There are
some slight discrepancies between the description

PSEUDOCYCLOPS. 81

here given and that of M. Boeck; these result
probably from the observations in each case being
confined to a single specimen, but judging from
drawings kindly sent to me by that author, not long
before his death, I have no doubt of the specific
identity of the British and Norwegian specimens.

Genus 2. PSEUDOCYCLOPS, Brady (1872).

Body robust, head distinct from thorax ; abdomen
much more slender than the thorax, and composed of
four segments in the male, of three in the female.
Right anterior antenna of the male imperfectly hinged,
swollen in the middle. Posterior antenna 2 -branched,
the secondary branch large, 2-jointed, first joint much
expanded at the distal extremity, second joint small.
Mandibles well developed, broad and strongly toothed
at the extremity and having a large 2 -branched palp.
Maxillge provided with a large, many-lobed palp.
Upper foot-jaw robust, composed of three large basal,
and three or four small apical joints ; lower foot-jaw
4-jointed, bearing several long, setiferous marginal
processes. First four pairs of feet 2-branched, each
branch 3- jointed and adapted for swimming ; fifth pair
in the female composed of two 3-jointed branches, the
inner branch much reduced in size; fifth pair in the
male 2-branched, very complex in structure, adapted
for clasping, and closely resembling the male copulative
organs of some Ostracoda.

82 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Though decidedly Cyclopoid in general form and
appearance, this curious genus is perhaps more nearly
allied to the Calanidce, seeing that it agrees with the
members of that family in possessing a biramose
inferior antenna, and a large 2-branched mandible-
palp ; the maxillse and foot-jaws also agree with those
of the Calanidce, though the feet, except in the fifth
pair, resemble more closely those of the CyclopidaB.

M. Boeck thought that this genus belonged to the
male of his Misophria ; but in this opinion I am unable
to agree. Of the species first described (Pseudocy clops
crassiremis) it is true that I found only the male ; but
of P. obtusatus I have taken many specimens, both
male and female. From Misophria the genus is clearly
distinguished by several characters, notably the follow-
ing : the basal joint of the secondary branch of the
posterior antenna is excessively broad and truncate,
the succeeding joint or joints being very narrow, and
the fifth foot in the female is distinctly 2-branched,
each branch being triarticulate.

1. PSEUDOCYOLOPS CRASSiEEMis, Brady. Plate VII, figs.

1, 2, and Plate XII, fig. 14.

Pseudocyclops crassiremis, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumber-
land and Durham, vol. iv p. 431,
pi. xvii, figs. 1—8 (1872).

Left anterior antenna of male (PI. VII, fig. 2) 17-
jointed, basal joint large and stout, those next following

PSEUDOCYCLOPS. 83

very short and broad, gradually decreasing in breadth
to the fifteenth, which is about as long as broad ; last
two joints more slender, about twice as long as broad,
the whole limb densely beset on the outer margin,
especially towards the base, with long setae ; antenna
of right side (fig. 1) 10-jointed, the central joints much
enlarged, last two suddenly contracted and similar to
those of the left side, antepenultimate joint armed
with a strong lateral subfalciform process. Both
branches of posterior antennae bearing numerous long,
curved terminal setse, first joint of the lower branch
enlarged and truncate at the distal end. Maxillae com-
posed of four digitate lobes, each bearing four long
terminal setae. Lower foot-jaw stout, with almost
entire margins. Joints of swimming feet very broad,
subtriangular, much produced at the external distal
angle. Abdomen slender, 4-jointed, tail setae slender,
finely plumose, the longest equal to about twice the
length of the abdomen. Length of animal sVth of an
inch ('66 mm.).

Hob. — Off Seaham Harbour (Durham) dredged in a
depth of twenty to thirty fathoms. One specimen only
taken.

The type specimen of this species having been
destroyed in dissection, I have now no opportunity of
confirming the original description, and, though enter-
taining some doubt as to its distinctness, I retain it
provisionally until its claim to specific rank can be
further investigated.

84 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. PSEUDOCYCLOPS OBTUSATUS, Brady and Robertson. PI.

XII, figs. 1—13.

Pseudocyclops obtusatus, B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. iv, vol. xii, p. 128, pi. viii, figs.
4—7 (1873).

Cephalothorax very tumid, obtusely rounded in front
down to the rectangular and almost obsolete rostrum ;
dorsum strongly arched; first segment very large,
nearly equal in length to half the cephalothorax ; abdo-
men slender, in the male 5-, in the female 4- jointed.
Anterior antennae (figs. 2, 3) 18-jointed, stout, and
about equal in length to the first cephalothoracic
segment ; basal joints (except the first) extremely
short, gradually increasing in length to the terminal
joint, which is twice as long as broad, closely beset on
the anterior margin with hairs of moderate length ;
right antenna of the male swollen in the middle, but
having no true hinge-joint : posterior antennae 4-jointed
(fig. 4), with a large biarticulate secondary branch
springing from the basal joint. Mandible-palp (fig. 5)
large, having a uniarticulate secondary branch. First
four pairs of swimming feet (fig. 9) stoutly built, with
short setas and broad marginal lancet-shaped spines ;
branches subequal, triarticulate ; the setae of the inner
margins (fig. 12) are peculiar, consisting of short,
slender, abruptly truncated rods, from the extremities
of which spring solitary short hairs : fifth pair (fig.

CEEVINIA. 85

12) in the female having the inner branch very short,
and beset with a few short transverse rows of minute
setse ; those of the male (fig. 11) largely developed,
each formed apparently of two modified 3-jointed
branches, the outer branch on each side forming a
strong terminal spine, and on the right having also a
very large falciform claw ; the remaining processes form
a number of irregular laciniated plates. Abdominal
segments short ; caudal segments scarcely twice as
long as broad; the longest tail-seta about equal in length
to the abdomen. Length -^-rd of an inch ('77 mm.).

P. obtusatus was taken, rather sparingly, by my
friend Mr. David Robertson and myself in the surface-
net during a moonlight cruise in Roundstone Bay,
in July 1871. We have more recently found three or
four specimens in a dredging made off the Island of
Cumbrae in the Firth of Clyde, and others in washings
of Laminaria from Mulroy Lough (Donegal).

Genus 3. CERVINIA, Norman, MS.

Body cylindrical, head small, united with first
thoracic segment; abdomen 5-jointed, distinct from
thorax ; caudal segments elongated. Anterior an-
tennaa short, 7-jointed ; posterior larger, 3-jointed,
the basal joint large and bearing a 4-jointed secondary
branch. Mandible palp large, 2-branched; maxillar
palp composed of two digitiform segments. Anterior

86 BRITISH COPEPODA.

foot-jaw stout, 4-jointed, the three distal joints
densely setiferous at the apex, the basal joint bearing
three small marginal setiferous processes ; posterior
foot-jaw 5-jointed, with strong marginal spines and
several apical setae. All the swimming feet having
both branches 3 -jointed ; fifth pair either absent or
extremely small.

1. CERVINIA BEADYI, Norman, MS., PI. XXIV A, figs.

3—13.

The anterior antennae are not longer than the first
body-segment, stout, and scarcely tapering towards
the apex, first three joints broader and longer
than the rest ; distal half densely clothed with
rather long setae, most of which are strongly plumose
(fig. 4). Posterior antennae (fig. 5) very stout,
3-jointed, longer than the first pair; basal joint very
large, about four times as long as the second, and
twice as long as the third joint, bearing on its upper
surface two hairs, and on the under a 4-jointed
secondary branch ; the second joint has 2 strong
spine-like setae at the apex, one of which is armed
with three long lateral spines near its point, the other
being densely clothed with short marginal setae ; the
last joint bears four strong curved terminal spines, the
two smaller of which are densely fringed with short
cilia, the other two with strong divaricate spines ;

CERVINIA. 87

the secondary branch has its two median joints very
short, and bears three terminal setae, each of the three
preceding joints bearing a single long plumose seta. The
biting extremity of the mandible (fig. 6) is broad and
strongly toothed, palp composed of a large basal
joint and two slender branches, one of which is
indistinctly 3-jointed; all these bear numerous long
plumose setae. The first pair of swimming feet
(fig. 10) is somewhat smaller than the following
pairs, and has both branches of nearly equal length,
the marginal spines are long and slender, the setae
short, and the first two joints narrowed at the bases.
The second pair (fig. 11) has the peduncle forming a
rounded process on the inner side (fig 2a) ; branches
subequal, with all the joints much narrowed at the
bases ; first joint of the inner branch (5) very large,
distally dilated, outer angle acute and slightly pro-
duced, inner forming two very long curved spinous
processes. Third pair (fig. 12) much like the second,
except that the inner branch is shorter, the bases of
the last two joints are not much narrowed, and the
first joint has only one large curved spine (c) ; the
fourth pair (fig. 13) has the inner branch very short,
the marginal spine of the first joint being reduced to a
curved bristle (d] ; the joints of the outer branch
are elongated and basally constricted. The fifth pair
were not observed, and are either entirely absent or
very small. Caudal segments slender, about five
times as long as broad, and equal in length to
the last two abdominal rings ; setae strongly plumose,
short, the longest about equal to the last four

88 BRITISH COPEPODA.

abdominal segments. Length -fj-tla. of an inch (1*5
mm.).

A few (three) specimens only of this very remarkable
copepod were taken by the Rev. Alfred Merle Norman
in the dredge at Oban, in July, 1877. Its distinctive
characters, especially as regards the antennse and feet,
will be recognised at a glance by reference to the
Plate, and need not be further dwelt upon. The
animal appears to be colourless or nearly so ; all Mr.
Norman's specimens are of the same sex, probably
females, though none of them bear ova.

Warn. 3. CYCLOPIDJE, Baird in part.

Body elongated ; cephalothorax ovate and usually
sharply separated from the abdomen, which is much
more slender. Anterior antenna of moderate length,
scarcely ever longer than the cephalothorax ; those of
the male alike at both sides and adapted for clasping.
Posterior antennas 4- jointed and destitute of a secondary
branch. Palps of mandibles and maxillae well developed,
or in some cases rudimentary. Foot-jaws nearly similar
to those of the Calanidce, but usually less strongly deve-
loped. First four pairs of feet alike or nearly so,
2 -branched and adapted for swimming; never in any
case for prehension. Fifth pair rudimentary, alike in
both sexes. Heart wanting. Eye consisting of two
coalescent lenses. Two ovisacs in the female.

The family Cyclopidce differs from Calanidce chiefly

CYCLOPID^;. 89

in the absence of a secondary branch from the
lower antennae, and in the conformation of the fifth
pair of feet, which are rudimentary, and alike in both
sexes, those of the male not being used as clasping
organs. The presence of two ovisacs in the female is
another distinctive character. From Harpactidce the
family is distinguished mainly by the conformation of
the foot-jaws and first pair of swimming feet, all of
which in the latter family form powerful clawed pre-
hensile organs ; other less conspicuous differences,
however, occur, as in the structure of the lower
antennae and the fifth pair of feet. The family at
present includes only five British genera, one of which
(Cyclops] is confined to fresh water; the rest are
exclusively marine.

Diagnosis of Genera of Cyclopidce.

rudimentary, reduced to /"prehensile ; with uncinate

a tubercle bearing two j terminal claws Thorellia.

^ branchial filaments.
P«

1
a

Lower foot-jaw (.not prehensile Cyclops.

two-branched,

r

many joints Oithona.

secondary branch •{ one joint; ") foliaceous Lophophorus.

composed of | fifth pair of > 2- or 3-jointed,

feet 3 cylindrical... Cyclopina.

90 BEITiSH COPEPODA.

Genus 1. OITHONA, Baird (1843).

(Zoologist, 1843.)

Body mucli like that of Cyclops, but greatly atten-
uated. Head quite distinct from thorax. First pair
of antennas (PI. XIV, fig. 2) much elongated, and, in
the male, adapted on both sides for clasping : second
pair (fig. 3) 4-jointed and destitute of any secondary
branch. Mandible-palp (fig. 4) elongated, slender,
bearing two stout dentated apical spines and a jointed
secondary branch, together with a ciliated wart-like
marginal process. Maxillae stout, having a short
2-branched palp. First pair of foot-jaws (fig. 6)
long and slender (somewhat like those of Calanus) ;
second pair (fig. 7) also as in Calanus, but the terminal
portion is indistinctly jointed. First four pairs of feet
(fig. 8) 2-branched, all the branches 3 -jointed. Last
pair of feet rudimentary, bearing two small setiferous
papillae.

1. OITHONA SPINIFEONS, Boeck. Plate XIV, figs. 1 — 9 ;

and Plate XXIV A, figs. 1, 2.

Oithona spinifrons, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 25

(1864).

? — helgolandica, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 105,
t. xi, figs. 10—12 (1863).

First pair of antennas about as long as the cephalo-
thorax, 10- (11-?) jointed, beset, especially near base and

CYCLOPINA. 91

apex, with numerous very long setae ; rostrum (PI. XIV,
fig. 1) small, pointed, and slender ; abdomen extremely
long and slender ; second joint long, third and fifth of
moderate length and about equal, fourth somewhat
shorter ; tail segments shorter than any of the abdo-
minal joints. Two median tail setae of nearly equal
length and about as long as the abdomen ; a small seta
attached near the base of external margin of caudal
segments. Length -g^th of an inch ('85 mm.).

I have found this species in many gatherings from
various parts of the British seas ; but, owing to the
minuteness, together with the extreme delicacy and
transparency, of the animal, have found it very difficult
to dissect and examine satisfactorily. I think there
can be little doubt of the identity of the species with
Boeck's 0. spinifrons, but I am not at all satisfied that
this is not synonymous with 0. helgolandica, Glaus.

The following are some of the localities in which it has
been observed : in the North Sea off Sunderland,Whitby
and Bridlington, and in the Firth of Forth ; off Cumbrae
in the Firth of Clyde ; off the Skelligs, and in West-
port Bay, Kinsale and Yalentia Harbours, Ireland. So
far as I know it haunts exclusively the surface of the
sea, being taken only in the towing-net.

Genus 2. CYCLOPINA, Glaus (1863).

(Die frei-lebenden Copepoden p. 103, 1863.)

Body elongated and cyclopoid in form. First pair of

92 BEITISH OOPEPODA.

antennae shorter than the cephalic segment, which is
separated from the thorax. Second pair 4-jointed, the
third joint very short ; no secondary branch. Mouth-
organs (figs. 4 — 7) as in the Galanidce. First four pairs
of feet 2-branched, both branches 3-jointed ; fifth pair
cylindrical, 2 — 3-jointed, composed each of one branch
only, alike in both sexes.

This differs from the following genus Tliorellia in
the structure of the mouth-organs, especially in having
a well-developed biramose mandibular palp, and in the
non-prehensile character of the second foot-jaw.

1. CYCLOPINA LITTORALIS, Brady. PI. XV, figs. 1 — 9.

Cyclops littoralis, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. iv, p. 429, pi. xvii, figs. 9 — 14
(1872).

Anterior antennae of the female short, 22- (23- ?)
jointed (fig. 2), joints from the third to the ninth very
wide, being about three times as broad as long, the
remainder subequal and about as broad as long ; the
seventh from the apex is produced considerably at its
outer angle, and the whole limb is rather thickly set
with long hairs. Mandible (fig. 4) provided with several
strong, sharp teeth ; palp 2-branched, the larger branch
3-jointed, the smaller composed of one joint. First and
second joints of the fifth foot (fig. 8) short and broad,
third much smaller and bearing four small terminal setae,
one of which is much longer and one much shorter than

CTCLOPINA. 93

the rest. Abdomen long and slender, the last two
joints about as long as broad and shorter than either
of the preceding two ; caudal segments (fig. 9) slender,
about four times as long as broad ; the innermost of
the two median tail setae is nearly twice as long as the
outer, the other two seta3 very short ; the caudal
segments bear also a seta on the external margin not
far from the base. Length ^5- th of an inch ('75 mm.).
C. littoralis, though distributed pretty generally
round the coasts of Britain, has never been found in
abundance, seldom more than one or two specimens in
a gathering. It is, however, a very well-marked and
distinct species and apparently quite different from
those described by MM. Boeck and Glaus. I have
found it amongst weeds between tide -marks on the
coasts of Northumberland and Durham (Whitley and
Eyhope), and in the same district in depths of 4 — 45
fathoms ; amongst the Scilly Islands in 14 fathoms ;
in Lough Swilly in 2 fathoms ; and in Mulroy Lough
(Donegal) in 16 fathoms.

2. CYCLOPINA GEACILIS, Glaus. PI. XXIV B, figs. 1 — 9,
and PI. XCI, figs. 10, 11.

Cyclopina gracilis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 104,
taf. x, figs. 9—15 (1863).

Body oblong-ovate, with a long and slender abdo-
men (fig. 9). First abdominal segment in the female
nearly as long as the following three ; last segment
very short, about half as long as the furca, the

G

94 BRITISH COPEPODA.

rami of which are three times as long as broad,
and have a short seta on the external margin not far
from the base ; the terminal tail setae are shortly
plumose, the longest scarcely as long as the abdomen.
Anterior antennae (fig. 2) 11-jointed, the seventh
joint much the longest and more slender than the
six basal joints. The following formula represents
the relative lengths of the joints :

1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
784625 14 64 4 5

The third joint of the posterior antenna (fig. 3) is
very short, the terminal setae sharply curved at their
apices. Mandibles (fig. 4) divided at the apex into
five sharp, slender teeth; basal portion of the palp
elongated, bearing one terminal seta and two 1- jointed
setiferous branches. Maxilla (fig. 5) having a large
3-lobed palp. Anterior foot-jaw (fig. 6) stout,
4- jointed, with several marginal setiferous processes ;
posterior slender, 5- jointed (fig. 7), the last three
joints very short. Marginal setae of the swimming-
feet (fig. 8) short ; spines of the outer branches sharp
and slender ; fifth pair of feet (fig. 9 a, a) 2-jointed, the
terminal joint bearing four apical, subequal setae.
Length ^-nd of an inch (*65 mm.).

Several specimens of Cyclopina gracilis were taken
by the Eev. Alfred Merle Norman at Oban during the
summer of this year (1877), and my own collection
contains a few examples found amongst Zostera at
Rathmullen (Lough S willy).

3. CYOLOPINA (?) OVALIS, Brady, Sec Appendix, vol. 2.

THORELLIA. 95

Genus 3. THORELLIA, Boeclc (1864).

(Thorellia, Boeck, Oversigt, &c., 1864. Cyclops, Norman, 1868. ? Euryte
Philippi, Weiginann's Arclaiv, 1843.)

Body cyclopoid in shape. First pair of antennas
much shorter than the cephalothorax, many-jointed ;
second pair 4-jointed, unbranched. Mandibles, maxillaa,
and first pair of foot-jaws as in Cyclops. Second pair of
foot-jaws (PL XVI, fig. 8) 4-jointed, and forming a pre-
hensile limb terminating in two uncinate claws. First
four pairs of feet 2-branched and adapted for swimming,
each branch 3 -jointed. Fifth pair of feet rudimentary,
composed of a single branch.

1. THORELLIA BRUNNEA, Boeck. PI. XVI, figs. 1 — 10.

Thorellia brunnea, Boeck. Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster

iagt. Copep., p. 26 <1864).
Cyclops nigricauda, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report,

p. 295 (1868).
— pallidus (young). Idem, ibidem, p. 295.

First pair of antennae in the female (fig. 2), 21-jointed,
much shorter than the first cephalothoracic segment
(which consists of the head fused with the first seg-
ment of the thorax) ; first joint much the largest,
second equally wide but much shorter ; following
seven joints very short in proportion to width ; next
ten about as broad as long ; last joint more than twice
as long as broad ; the whole limb beset on its upper
margin with long setae : in the male (fig. 3) the

96 BRITISH COPEPODA.

antennse are short, geniculated, and 14-jointed. Fifth
pair of feet (fig. 1 0) 2-jointed, first joint very small ; the
terminal joint bears three lancet-shaped spines and
one or two smaller setae. Abdomen of the female
4-jointed, the first joint as long as the united lengths of
the rest ; caudal segments as long as the three preced-
ing joints, very slender, about eight times as long as
broad ; in the male much stouter and only three or
four times as long as broad ; tail setae finely plumose,
the longest as long as the abdomen proper. Colour
brown, variously marked according to habitat ;
antennas or caudal segments or both sometimes
darkly tinged with brown, and a similarly coloured
band across tbe first segment of the body. Ovisacs
large and divergent. Length i^th of an inch
(1'4 mm.).

Thorellia brunnea occurs not very uncommonly on
the fronds of Laminaria saccharina and other fuci
in littoral situations and beyond low- water mark ; in
such a habitat Mr. Norman found it abundantly at
Tobermory in the island of Mull, and I have myself
noticed it in "Westport, Clifden, and Mulroy Bays,
Ireland, and on the Durham Coast. With Mr.
Robertson I have also dredged it off the Island of
Cumbrae, and off the Yorkshire Coast in a depth of
35 fathoms. Kinsale Harbour (Mr. E. G. Davison).

This genus would appear to be identical with Euryte
(Philippi), but the description and figures given by that
author (Weigmann's 'Archiv,' 1843) are not copious
enough to warrant my adopting his generic name.
M. Boeck notices that the eye is not placed in the

CYCLOPS. 97

middle line, but rather to one side, and I have myself
confirmed this observation. The point, however,
which most clearly marks out the genus as distinct, is
the peculiar structure of the lower foot-jaw, which is
only 4-jointed, and terminates in two remarkable
hooked claws.

Genus 4. CYCLOPS, Mailer (1776).

Body expanded in front, attenuated behind, com-
posed in the male of ten, in the female of nine seg-
ments. Head anchylosed with the first thoracic seg-
ment. Both anterior antennae, in the male, forming
powerful hinged clasping organs, shorter than the
cephalothorax. Posterior antennae uubranched, 4-
jointed. Mandible dilated and toothed at the extremity ;
palp reduced to a small tubercle, which bears two
branchial filaments. Maxillary palp obsolete ; maxillae
themselves conical and bearing several strong, curved,
apical teeth, and marginal setae. First pair of foot-jaws
slender, armed with several long marginal spines and
setae, 4-jointed. Second pair much more robust, some-
what like the first pair in the Calanidae; third joint
forming a broad laminar process, armed on the
margin with powerful claws ; the smaller apical joint
bearing in like manner two slender claws and
setae. First four pairs of swimming feet 2-branched,
both branches 3-jointed. Fifth pair rudimentary,
composed of riot more than three joints. One eye.
.Two ovisacs.

98 BRITISH COPEPODA.

As regards discrimination of species the genus
Cyclops is perhaps the most difficult and puzzling of
all the Copepoda. The rough characters dependant
on colouring and conspicuous structural peculiarities,
such as are in many groups appreciable with the help
of an ordinary pocket lens, are here either absent, or so
subject to variation as to be of small use as critical
marks, while the numerous examples in various
stages of development which are always met with in a
copious gathering of Cyclopidae constitute a source of
constant confusion. The only safe rule in this state
of things is to accept no specimens as types which do
not show amongst them ova-bearing females. I do not
at all believe that the fourteen species described in this
book are all, or nearly all, of what will be ultimately
recognised as British. It is impossible to think that
this number can represent the complete Cyclopid
Fauna of Britain, while Gr. 0. Sars has described
twenty-seven fresh-water species from Norway. Dr.
Anton Fric has, however, described only ten species
from Bohemia, Dr. Glaus thirteen from Germany, and
Uljanin fourteen from Turkestan. Heller also has
noted ten species from Tyrol, some of which (G. Glausii
and C. Gredleri] he considers to be new. The specific
name Clausii, however, cannot stand, having been
applied years ago by Sir John Lubbock to a British
species.

The genus appears to be confined entirely to fresh
or to fresh and brackish water, and it is probable that
the few marine forms which have been described
by various authors as species of Cyclops will, on

CYCLOPS. 99

further examination, be found to belong to some of the
allied genera. For example, Cyclops nigricauda, Nor-
man = Tlwrellia brunnea, Boeck ; and C. littoralis,
Brady = Cyclopina littoralis of this monograph.
Amongst species which must for the present remain
doubtful are C. ovalis, Brady, C. magnioeps, Lillje-
borg, and G. Clausii, Lubbock, of which last-named
I have seen no specimens, notwithstanding Sir John
Lubbock' s kind effort to supply me. Failing these, I
am unable to find sufiicient distinctive character in
the published description of C. Clausii to warrant my
retaining it here as a separate species.

The points on which specific diagnosis in this genus
chiefly depends are the characters of the first
antenna3 and fifth pair of feet. . As offering subsidiary
characters the spinous armature of the swimming
feet, together with the tail-segments and setse, are also
important. The mode of disposition of the ovisacs,
and to a certain extent the colouring of these and
other parts of the body, afford also useful helps to
diagnosis.

The following table, exhibiting the changes of
structure which take place during the development
of Cyclops, is taken from Dr. Claus's work on the
* Free-living Copepoda of Germany and the Mediter-
ranean,' p. 82.

100

BRITISH COPEPODA.

Numberofbody
segments.exclu-
sive of furca

Number
of pairs of
swim-
ming-feet

Condition of branches of
swimming-feet.

Superior
antennae.

First stage, of
about 0'4 mm.

1 5

2
2

1-jointed

5 -jointed.
6

in size

)

93

v J>

r

First two pairs with

)

Second stages

4 «

/ Q

^

2-jointed,
third pair with

I O 5J

L

1-jointed branches.

» "

Third stage

{ ?

4

4)

First three pairs with
2-jointed,
fourth pair, with

}« „

(

1-jointed branches

5 "

r i

4^
4j

As the preceding

(9

Fourth stage

1 s

4

2-jointed

8

8

4

5J

9

I 8

4

10

f 9

4

10

Last stage

9

4

3-jointed

10

(. 9

4

"

11

(A. Anterior antennae 17 '-jointed.)

1. CYCLOPS SIGNATUS, Koch. PI. XVII, figs. 4—12.

Cyclops signatus, Koch. Deutschlands Crustaceen, &c., H. xxi,

tab. viii (fide G. O. Sara) (1841).
— G. O. Sars. Oversigt af de indenlandske Fersk-

vandscopepoder, p. 33 (1863).
Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crustacea), p. 29,

t. ix, figs. 6—11 ; and t. xi, fig. 8 (1875).

Monoculus quadricornis fuscus, Jurine. Histoire des Monocles,

p. 47, pi. iii, fig. 2 ; and pra-
sinus, p. 49, pi. iii, fig. 5 (1820).

Cyclops qaadricornis var. c., Baird. British Entomostraca, p. 203,

t. xxiv, fig. 5 (1850).

CYCLOPS. 101

Cyclops coronatus, Glaus. Uber das Genus Cyclops ("Weig-

mann's Archiv, 1857), taf. ii, figs. 1 — 11 ;

and Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 97,

taf. ii, fig. 16, and taf. x, fig. 1 (1863).

— Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 218,

fig. 11 (1871).

— obesicornis, $ Templeton. Trans. Entom. Soc. London,
vol. i, p. 196, fig. 12 (fide Glaus) (1836).

Cephalothorax broadly ovate. Anterior antennae
(fig. 4) quite as long as the cephalothorax, attenuated
towards the extremity, and bearing on the last joint
a serrated ridge ; the two preceding joints also bear
longitudinal crests of a similar character, but not
toothed; these are interruptedly continuous with a
somewhat similar line, which courses down the
limb across most of the joints to near its base ; the
eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth
joints have the distal border edged with rows of fine
teeth. Posterior antennas (fig. 6) long and slender;
second joint fringed on its lower margin with a
comb-like series of short spine-like hairs ; third and
fourth joints much more slender. Fifth foot (fig. 11)
2-jointed ; basal joint large and broad, finely ciliated
on the inner margin, and bearing at the outer distal
angle a long seta ; second joint much smaller, pro-
duced at the apex into a small median process, which
gives attachment to a long slender seta ; two stouter
and shorter setae are attached to the lateral angles.
The first segment of the abdomen is as long as the
two following, the fifth is the shortest ; caudal seg-
ments broad and short, not equal in length to the two
preceding segments. Outer tail-seta very short; the
next equal in length to the whole abdomen, including

102 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the furca ; third about half as long again as the
second ; innermost half as long as the third. Length
of the female i^th of an inch (2*55 mm.^ that of the
male about one third less. Colour dusky brown or
approaching black, or bluish ; ovisacs dark.

This is one of the most widely distributed and
commonest of the genus, occurring not unfrequently
in ponds, lakes, and ditches. The characters of the
first and second antennae, together with those of the
ovisacs, suffice to distinguish it almost at a glance.

I have had no opportunity of seeing Koch's figures
of G. signatus, but Professor G. 0. Sars states that
they are quite characteristic and belong, undoubtedly,
to the species now under consideration.

2. CYCLOPS TENUICORNIS, Glaus. PI. XVIII, figs. 1 — 10.

Cyclops tenuicornis, Glaus. Das Genus Cyclops, t. iii, figs. 1 — 11 ;
Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 99, t. i,
fig. 3 ; t. ii, fig. 17 ; t. iv, fig. 5 (1857).

— Sars. Oversigt af de indenlandske Fersk-

vandscopepoder, p. 33 (1863).
Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crustacea),

p. 30, t. ix, fig. 12, 13 (1875).
Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 219,

fig. 12 (1871).

— quadricornis albidus, Jurine. Hist, des Monocles, p. 44,

t. ii, figs. 10, 11 (1820).

— var. &, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 202, pi. xxiv,

fig. 4 (1850).

Body somewhat narrower than in the preceding
species. Anterior antennas (fig. 2) nearly as long as

CYCLOPS. 103

tlie cephalothorax, broad at the base, and tapering
gradually to the extremity ; last three joints long and
slender and bearing a simple nntoothed longitudinal
ridge ; first, fourth, and seventh joints larger than
the rest, clothed on the outer margin, more espe-
cially near the base, with long hairs. Posterior
antennae very slender j the last two joints of
about equal length, the second shorter and finely
setose on the lower margin. Fifth foot (fig. 7)
2-jointed, first joint large and having one long
apical seta, second smaller, with one very long
and one small seta, and terminating in a small
process, which is provided with one long slender seta.
Caudal segments about twice as long as broad, some-
what longer than the preceding abdominal segment.
Longest of the tail setse (fig. 8) about equal in length
to the abdomen, densely plumose, as also are the setas
of the swimming feet. Ovisacs irregularly shaped and
and adpressed. Length -njth of an inch (2'55 mm.).

G. tenuicornis is a very abundant species, occurring
in lakes, ponds, and ditches, throughout England,
Scotland, and Ireland ; it appears to be of equally
common occurrence on the Continent of Europe, and
is very nearly allied to G. signatus, from which, how-
ever, it is distinguishable at once by the characters of
the antenna3.

104 BRITISH COPEPODA.

3. CYCLOPS STBBNUUS, Fischer. PI. XIX, figs. 1 — 7.

Monoculus quadricornis rubens, Jurine. Hist, des Monocles, p. 1,

pi. i, and pi. ii, figs. 1—9 (1820).

Cyclops pictus, Koch. Deutschlands Crust., H. xxi, tab. i (fide
Sars) (1841).

— strenuus, Fischer. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de

Moscow, torn, xxiv, p. 419, tab. ix,
figs. 12—21 (1851).

— — Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 27

(1863).

— quadricornis, Lilljeborg. De crust, ex. ord. trib., p. 150,

t. xiv, figs. 5, 6 ; t. xv, figs. 1 — 11 ; and
t. xxvi, fig. 19 (1853).

— brevicaudatus, Claus. Das Genus Cyclops, p. 34, t. ii,

fig. 12 ; Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,
. p. 100 (1857).
Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 221,

fig. 15 (1871).

Anterior antennae (fig. 1) reaching about to the
fourth thoracic segment, only slightly tapering
towards the apex ; last three joints much less slender
than in the foregoing species ; joints of the posterior
antennae short and stout. Joints of the swimming
feet destitute of cilia at the margins. Fifth foot
(fig. 6) composed of two joints, the first having a
moderately long apical seta, the second one very long
seta at the extremity, and a spine-like seta on the
inner margin. Caudal segments slender (fig. 7),
about three times as long as the last abdominal seg-
ment. Of the four caudal setae, the outer is the
shortest and only about half as long as the caudal
segments ; all the setae are finely plumose ; the
third seta is the longest, and about once and a half

CYCLOPS. 105

the length of the furca. Length rrth of an inch
(2-3 mm.).

This species does not appear to be so common as
either of the foregoing. I have memoranda of its
occurrence only in three places, Belsay and Plessy
(Northumberland) and Seaton Marsh (Durham).

4. CYCLOPS GIGAS, Glaus. PI. XX, figs. 1 — 16.

Cyclops gigas, Glaus. Das Genus Cyclops (Weigmann's Archiv,
Band xxiii), p. 207, t. xi, figs. 1 — 5; Diefrei-
lebend. Copep., p. 100 (1863).

— — Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 35 (1863).

— — Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 220, fig. 14

(1871).

Anterior antennae (fig. 1) reaching to the third seg-
ment of the body, broadest at the base and mode-
rately tapered towards the extremity. Mandibles
strongly toothed (figs. 2, 3). Setae of the swimming
feet densely plumose beyond the middle (figs. 7, 8).
Fifth foot (fig. 9) 2-jointed; the basal joint exces-
sively broad and bearing a very long bristle at the
outer angle; second joint much narrower and armed
with a small spine and a long seta. The borders of
the abdominal segments are beset with rows of small
serratures or comb-like points; caudal segments
moderately stout, equal to more than the length of
the two preceding segments. Of the four strongly
plumose tail setae (fig. 10), the outer is much the
shortest and distinctly shorter than the furca; the

106 BRITISH COPEPODA.

innermost is about twice as long ; the third is the
largest, being longer than the whole abdomen.
Colour brown. Length ^th of an inch (2'7 mm.).

The mature form of G. gigas I have taken in Lough
Corrib (Ireland), and Lough Skene (Dumfries), and it
occurs abundantly in a gathering sent to me by the
Rev. H. A. Gratty from a pond at Donnington, near
York, and in one from a pond in Lambton Park
(Durham), for which I am indebted to the Rev. A. M.
Norman. A form which, at one time, I believed to be
specifically distinct, I have found abundantly in a
great number of localities ; it is characterised by
having all the branches of the swimming-feet in the
female 2-jointed, while in the male they are 3-jointed ;
but as I have never found any females bearing ovi-
sacs, as the antennse are only 11-jointed (this in itself
being a character of the last stage of development before
attaining maturity), and as the rudimentary (fifth) feet
and other organs closely agree with those of C. gigas,
I can scarcely doubt that it ought to be referred to
that species. The immature form is figured in
PI. XX, figs. 11 — 16. I have found it plentifully in
many of the lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland, and
Northumberland, in the " Broads " of Norfolk and
Suffolk, in Lough Skene (Dumfries), and in some
ponds in the County of Durham.

CYCLOPS. 107

5. CYCLOPS PULCHELLUS, Koch. PI. XVII, figs. 1 — 3.

Cyclops pulchellus, Koch. Deutschlands Crust., H. xxi, t. ii (1841).
— Sars. Oversigt af de indenlandske Fersk-

vandscopepoder, p. 37 (1863).

Body elongated, gradually tapered from above
downwards ; no marked separation between thorax
and abdomen ; the segments of the thorax, especially
the penultimate one, are produced and acuminated at
the posterior angles ; the last thoracic segment, how-
ever, is not angulated, and is scarcely broader than the
first abdominal ring. First pair of antennas about as
long as the first body segment. Abdomen slender
and gradually tapering ; caudal segments very slender,
five or six times as long as broad, and more than
equal in length to the last three abdominal segments.
Outer and inner caudal seta? very short, the middle
seta of moderate length, equal to that of the abdo-
men without the furca, finely plumose ; a small
seta on the external margin of the furca below the
middle. Fifth foot 2-jointed (fig. 3) ; joints about
equal in size ; the first bearing one seta of moderate
length ; the second one long seta and a short spine.
" Ovisacs elongate-ovate and widely divergent" (Sars).
Length -^ih of an inch (2'1 mm.).

This is one of the rarer British species. The
following are the only localities in which I have
known it to occur : — Bolam Lake and Paston Tarn
(Northumberland), and a pond at Tresco (Scilly).

108 BRITISH COPEPODA.

I have had no opportunity of comparing my speci-
mens with Koch's figures ; but they seem to agree in
almost all points with Sars' description, the only
important difference which I can discover referring to
the fifth foot; Sars says, " articulus basalis minimus,"
whereas in my specimens the joints are about equal in
size, and neither of them very small.

(B. Anterior antennce 14-jointed.)

6. CYCLOPS INSIGNIS, Glaus. PL XXI, figs. 1 — 9.

Cyclops insignis, Glaus. Das Genus Cyclops (Weigmann's
Archiv, Band xxiii), p. 209, t. xi, figs. 8—12 ;
Die frei-lebenden Gopepoden, p. 101 (1857).

— Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 38

(1863).

— Fric. Die Ki-ustenthiere Bohmens, p. 222,

fig. 17 (1871).

— Lubbockii, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iii, p. 127, pi. iv, figs.
1—8(1868).

Anterior antennae (fig. 1) rather shorter than the
first body-segment, 14-jointed, the eighth joint being
incompletely divided; first and eighth joints larger
than the rest; last two joints moderately long and
slender. Posterior antennas moderately robust. Man-
dibles (fig. 7) dilated at the a,pex; teeth broad and
strong. Anterior foot-jaws moderately robust and bear-
ing several plumose setae ; posterior foot-jaws strong,
with a powerful terminal claw. Fifth foot (fig. 6)
2 -jointed, first joint short and bearing a single seta ;

CYCLOPS. 109

second long, slender, and bisetose. The male has also
a foliated club-shaped 4-setose appendage (fig. 8 a) on
the first abdominal segment. Caudal segments (fig. 8)
long and narrow, at least six times as long as broad ;
the two median tail setse much longer than the rest,
the innermost of the two being the longest and about
twice the length of the f urea ; a short spine-like seta
on the outer margin of the caudal segment below the
middle. Length -^-th of an inch (-9 mm.).

The only places in which I have found this species
are at Hartlepool, where it occurred in brackish pools
near the border of the slake, and at Pwllheli, in a bend
of the river, not very far from the sea.

I at first thought it distinct from G. insignis or any
other known species, and described it under the
specific name Lubbockii> but I now believe my speci-
mens to be identical with C. insignis, though differing
slightly in some respects — especially as regards the
setose furniture of the antennas — from the typical
form described by Glaus.

(c. Anterior antennce ~L2-jointed.)

7. CYCLOPS SEERULATUS, Fischer. PI. XXII, figs. 1 — 14.

Cyclops serrulatus, Fischer. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de
Moscou, torn, xxiv, p. 423, tab. x, figs. 22, 23,
26—31 (1851).

— Lilljeborg. De Crust, ex ord. trib., p. 158,
t. xv, fig. 12 (1853).

H

110 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Cyclops serrulatus, Claus. Das Genus Cyclops, p. 36, figs. 1 — 3

(1857).

Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 45
(1863).

— Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 101,

t. i, figs. 1,2; t. iv, fig. 12 ; t. xi, fig. 3 (1863).
Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 222,
fig. 18 (1871).

— Uljanin. Beise in Turkestan (Crustacea),

p. 34, t. viii, figs. 1—8 (1875).

Body slender and elongated ; anterior antennee
slender, 12-jointed, reaching to the middle of the
third cephalothoracic segment, tapering gradually
towards the apex, the last three joints being very
long and slender. Fifth pair of feet 1 -jointed,
bearing two slender setaB and a ciliated lancet-shaped
spine. Abdomen slender and elongated ; caudal seg-
ments (fig. 6) slender, from four to six times as long
as broad, and bordered externally with a comb-like
row of minute spines. Tail seta3 beset with five short
cilia ; outermost and innermost seta? short, the others
of moderate length, the innermost and longest of
the two being not very much longer than the abdo-
men. Length -^gth of an inch ('98 mm.). The
colour is very variable, apparently depending much
upon the character of the food supply ; it may be
olive-green, dark brownish-red, or almost colourless.

C. serrulatus is an extremely common species,
more abundant, indeed, than any other of the genus,
occurring in all kinds of localities from the highest
mountain tarns down to pools on the very verge
of the sea, and seeming to delight as much in the
muddy ditch as in the clear waters of the lake. A

CYCLOPS. Ill

mountain form, which I at one time thought distinctj
and which differs from the typical serrulatus chiefly
in its darker colour and in the less profuse ciliation
of the various setae, is figured in PI. XXII, figs.
7—14.

8. CYCLOPS MACRURUS, Sars. PI. XXIV, figs. 1 — 5.

Cyclops macrurus, Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 45

(1863).

Cephalothorax elongato-ovate ; last segment fringed
at the angles with numerous fine hairs (fig. 3).
Anterior antennaB (fig. 2) very short and slender,
12-jointed, about equal in length to the first
segment of the cephalothorax, closely resembling
those of G. serrulatus except in length. The five
pairs of feet differ not at all from those of G.
serrulatus. Abdomen much attenuated ; penultimate
segment bordered on the posterior margin (fig. 4)
with a series of spine-like setae; the other segments
finely pectinated. Caudal rami exceedingly long and
slender, equalling in length the three preceding
segments ; smooth for the greater part of their
length, but towards the extremity of the external
margin bearing a series of four or five small spines
(fig. 5). The innermost of the two principal caudal
setae is about half as long again as the outer, and
both are finely plumose. Ovisacs adpressed. Length

nearly -^jth of an inch (1'3 mm.).

This species is distinguished from the foregoing by

the short antennae, the very long and slender tail

112 BRITISH COPEPODA.

segments, and the character of their spinous armature.
I have not recognised it as British except in a gather-
ing taken in Crag Lake, Northumberland, in Sep-
tember, 1876, but it is quite possible that it may have
been overlooked in other cases. Professor Sars states
that it occurs commonly in the larger sheets of water
in Norway, but that he has not noticed it in small
ponds.

(D. Anterior antennae 11 -jointed.)

9. CYCLOPS AFFINIS, Sars. PL XV, figs. 11 — 14; and
PL XXIV B, figs. 10—15.

Cyclops affinis, Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 47 (1863).
— — Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crustacea), p. 36,

t. xi, figs. 3—7 (1875).

In general appearance like C. phaleratus. Anterior
antennae much shorter than the first body-segment,
moderately stout and composed of eleven segments,
the last three of which are of nearly equal length.
Fifth pair of feet 1-jointed, bearing three apical setae,
the innermost of which is ciliated and much larger than
the other two. The caudal rami are only slightly
longer (PL XV, fig. 13) than those of G. phaleratus ;
of the two principal setae the inner is three times
longer than the outer, exceeding the whole length of
the abdomen, is finely aculeate, and at the same time
imperfectly jointed (fig. 14) in the middle, the termi-
nal portion being finely ciliated. The ovisacs are

CYCLOPS. 113

small and closely adpressed to the abdomen. Length
-^th of an inch (1 mm.)

The 11-jointed antennas and the structure of the
fifth foot, which consists of a distinct 1 -jointed
appendage, sufficiently separate this species from
C. phaleratus. It seems, however, to be of rare
occurrence, Professor Sars having noticed it but
twice, in the neighbourhood of Christiania, while I
have myself seen only a few specimens in a gathering
taken by Mr. David Robertson in a canal at Peter-
head, and one or two, which are doubtfully referable
to C. affinis, and were taken in the river at Pwllheli,
Carnarvonshire. A male of these "Welsh specimens
is figured in Plate XXIV B, figs. 10—15.

(E. Anterior antennce W-jointed.)
10. CYCLOPS KAUFMANNi,Z7^%m. PL XXIV, figs. 6—12.

Cyclops Kaufmanni, Uljaniii. Reise in Turkestan (Crustacea),
p. 38, t. xii, figs. 2—4 (1875).

Abdomen not distinctly separated from the cephalo-
thorax. Third, fourth, and fifth thoracic segments,
and all the abdominal segments minutely dentated
along their posterior margins. Anterior antennas
(fig. 7) 10-jointed; third, fourth, fifth, and eighth
joints small ; the rest of moderate length ; those at
the base considerably stouter; the whole antenna

114 BRITISH COPEPODA.

scarcely as long as the first cephalothoracic segment.
All the branches of the swimming feet 2-jointed
(fig. 10). Fifth pair of feet (fig. 11) 2-jointed,
first joint short and very broad, and armed on the
external angle with a long spine, second much
smaller, having one long spine at the apex and a
minute tooth at the inner angle. Caudal rami short,
finely and densely plumose, about equal in length to
the preceding segment; of the setae, the internal is
nearly twice as long as the external; of the two
intermediate setas the internal is somewhat longer
than the external, and about equal in length to the
whole abdomen. Length yg-th of an inch (1'4 mm.).

The only British locality in which this species has
been noticed is a pond in Lambton Park (Durham), a
gathering from which place, kindly sent to me by the
Rev. A. M. Norman, contained many specimens.
This is the more interesting, as from a pond in the
same park Mr. Norman years ago obtained fragments
(but no perfect specimens) of another Entomostracan
— Lynceus acanthocercoides, Fischer — which has not
been found elsewhere in Britain. C. Kaufmanni
appears not to be known on the continent of Europe,
the type specimens having been found in Turkestan.
It is, however, very closely allied to an Austrian
species — C. Clausii, Heller.

CYCLOPS. 115

11. CYCLOPS HELLERI, Brady. PI. XXII, figs. 15—18.

1 Cyclops Clausii, Heller (1871). Untersuchungen iiber die
Oustaceen Tirols, p. 7, taf . i, figs. 1, 2 (not
Cyclops Clausii, Lubbock. Trans. Linn.
Soc., vol. xxiv, part 2) (1863).

Anterior antennae (fig. 15) 10- (?) jointed, reaching
beyond the first cephalothoracic segment ; the sixth
and seventh joints larger than the rest. Both
branches of the first four pairs of feet 3 -jointed ; last
joint of outer branch in first and second pairs having
three spines, those of the third and fourth pairs only
two, on the outer margin ; first and second joints in
all cases having only one external spine. Fifth foot
(fig. 17) 2-jointed; basal joint wide and bearing one
long seta, apical joint smaller, bearing one long seta
and one short spine. Lower abdominal segments
pectinated with fine marginal serratures ; caudal
rami about equal in length to the last three abdo-
minal segments ; setae about equal in length to the
abdomen, and finely plumose.

I am not by any means sure that the species here
described is identical with that of Heller, though if
not so it is certainly closely allied to it, as well as to
C. Kaufmanni, Uljanin ; the anterior antennae corre-
spond, indeed, more exactly with those of the latter
species (being apparently 10-jointed, while those of
G. Clausii, according to Heller, have eleven joints) ;
but on the other hand the fifth pair of feet agree more

116 BRITISH COPEPODA.

closely with those of G. Clausii. I cannot help sus-
pecting that after all both C. Kaufmanni and C. Clausii
may be merely varieties of one and the same species.
As regards nomenclature, — Heller's specific name,
whether applicable to the present species or not, must
be discarded, having been used by Sir John Lubbock
to designate a far different form with 17- jointed
antennae. I therefore propose for this species the
name Helleri.*

I have found C. Helleri at Tresco (Scilly), Fenham,
near Newcastle, at Whitburn (County Durham), in
Oulton Broad (Suffolk), and in Lough Cam (Conne-
mara) .

12. CYCLOPS PHALERATUS, Koch. PI. XXIII, figs. 7 — 13.

Cyclops phaleratus, Koch. Deutschlands Crustaceen, &c., H. xxi,

tab. ix (1841).
Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder, p. 46

(1863).
Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crustacea),

p. 38, t. ix, figs, 1—5 (1875).

— canthocarpoides, Fischer. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des
Nat. de Moscou, torn. 24, p. 426, t. x,
fig. 24, 25, 32—38 (1851).
Lilljeboi-g. De Crust, ex ord. trib., p. 208

(1868).

Glaus. Das Genus Cyclops, p. 37, t. i,
figs. 6—10 (1857) ; Die frei-lebenden
Copepoden, p. 102, t. iv, figs. 1 — 4
(1863).

Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 223,
fig. 19 (1871).

Anterior antennae short and moderately stout, not

* The inscription on Plate XXII, " Clausii," should stand "Helleri."

CYCLOPS. 117

much attenuated towards the apex ; shorter than the
first segment of the body, 10-jointed ; the second,
fourth, fifth, seventh, and eighth joints are very
short; first, sixth, and tenth the longest (fig. 7).
Posterior antennae robust, with short joints. Fifth foot
(fig. 12) reduced to a single wide and short process,
which bears three subequal ciliated spines, the inner
border of the thoracic segment to which it is attached
bearing a row of about twelve small spines or
serratures. Mouth organs small. Abdomen not dis-
tinctly narrower than the cephalothorax, tapering
very gradually towards the extremity ; last segment
very short. Caudal rami subconical, about twice
as long as broad (fig. 13), and beset with small spine-
like hairs ; tail setae beset with very short marginal
cilia; the innermost of the two principal setae much
the longest. Length y^th of an inch (1 mm.).

C. phaleratus is one of the less common British
species, and likewise one of the most distinct and
most easily recognised. The following are the
localities in which I have found it : — Ormesby Broad
(Norfolk), Bolam and Sweethope Lakes (Northumber-
land), ponds at Gibside (Durham), Kinny Lough
(Co. Donegal), and near Westport (Mayo) : canal at
Peterhead (Mr. D. Robertson}.

118 BRITISH COPEPODA.

(F. Anterior antennae 8-jointed.)
13. CYCLOPS ORASSIOORNIS, Miiller. PL XXIII, figs. 1 — 6.

Cyclops crassicornis, Miiller. Entomostraca, p. 113, t. xviii,

figs. 15—17 (1785).

Sars. Oversigt Ferskvandscopepoder
p. 47 (1863).

— Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Ci'iistacea),

p. 39, t. viii, figs. 9—16; t. xii, fig. 1 (1875).

— pauper, Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, p. 223,

fig. 20 (1871).

Body depressed (fig. 1), only slightly attenuated
behind ; no distinct separation between thorax and
abdomen ; abdomen almost of the same diameter
throughout. Anterior antennae (fig. 2) composed of
eight short, stout joints ; only about half the length
of the first body-segment, densely beset with long
hairs, some of which are plumose ; first and fourth
joints much the largest. Posterior antennae stout,
last joint very short. Mouth organs very small.
Outer branches of the swimming feet (figs. 3, 4)
strongly spined on the external margin, last joint
bearing in the first three pairs three and in the fourth
only two spines. Fifth foot (fig. 5) rudimentary,
bearing three setae, of which the outermost is long and
slender. Margin of last abdominal segment serrated.
Caudal rami (fig. 6) somewhat divergent and dis-
tant, about four times as long as broad, and nearly

CYCLOPS. 119

equal in length to the preceding three abdominal
segments, which are very short ; external and internal
tail setae of about equal length, the innermost of the
two principal setae nearly twice as long as the outer,
equal to the abdomen in length and minutely plumose.
Length -2\th of an inch ("98 mm.).

G. crassicornis seems to be of rare occurrence in
Britain, and Sars makes the same remark as to its
distribution in Norway, where he has found it
only on muddy bottoms, at a depth of about a
couple of fathoms, in large sheets of water. My
examples, on the other hand, were taken by the hand-
net near the edges of lakes of very moderate size,
at Bolam (Northumberland), and Tresco (Scilly). I
have not noticed the colour of the animal, but
Professor Sars states it to be whitish or reddish,
with dark blue ovisacs and red eyes.

(G. Anterior antennce 6-jointed.)

14. CYCLOPS ^QUOEEUS, Fischer. PL XIX, figs. 8 — 10,
and PI. XXI, figs. 10—17.

Cyclops aquoreus, Fischer. Abhandl. der Akad. der Wissen-
schaft. Miinchen, Band viii, p. 654, t. xx,
figs. 26—29 (1860).

— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. iii, p. 128, pi. i.v, figs. 9 — 16
(1868.)

Body compressed, gradually attenuated from before

120 BRITISH COPEPODA.

backwards. Anterior antenna much shorter than
first segment of cephalothorax, 6-jointed, stout at the
base, and only slightly tapering towards the apex ;
fourth and sixth joints much the longest, third and
fifth very short. Mandibles dilated at the apex and
divided into several slender, sharp teeth. Upper
foot-jaws very slender. Maxilbs (PI. XIX, fig. 10)
strongly toothed, divisions of the palp short but
strongly setose. Fifth feet composed of a small basal
joint and a triangular lamina, dilated towards the
extremity, and bearing on the distal margin three
spines and one seta of moderate length ; outer and
inner margins finely ciliated. Abdomen slender, the
first joint about equal in length to the following two ;
last segment very short, and scarcely equal in length
to the caudal segments, which are scarcely twice as
long as broad. Outer and inner tail setas very
short ; innermost of the two intermediate setae the
longest ; about equal in length to the abdomen ; both
are fringed with fine short cilia. Ovisacs large
and almost adpressed. Length -gijth of an inch
(•85 mm.).

Cyclops cequoreus is probably a pretty common
inhabitant of the brackish pools of salt marshes. In
such situations I have found it at Seaton Sluice
(Northumberland), Manningtree (Suffolk), Pwllheli
(North Wales), Clifden (Ireland), and at St. Mary's
(Scilly). I have also specimens taken by Mr. Kobertson
near Belfast, and by the Rev. A. M. Norman in the
West of Scotland. Fischer's specimens were taken in
pools near the sea at Madeira, but the species does not

LOPHOPHORUS. 121

appear to have been observed by any other continental
author. Its characters are, however, very distinct,
especially as to the short 6 -join ted antennse and the
laminated subtriangular fifth feet ; and I do not
doubt that when the proper localities are searched
it will be found generally distributed round the
European shores.

Genus 5. LOPHOPHORUS,* nov. gen.

Anterior antennae (PL XIII, fig. 1) short and stout,
8- (?) jointed ; posterior (fig. 2) simple, 3-jointed.
Mandibles (fig. 3) dilated at the extremity, strongly
toothed, and provided with a 2-branched palp (fig. 4),
the primary branch of which is 3-jointed ; secondary
branch short, 1 -jointed, and attached to the basal
segment, which is much the longest of the three.
Maxillse (fig. 5) powerfully toothed and bearing three ex-
panded branchial plates. First foot-jaw (fig. 6) stout,
the last two or three joints armed with strong curved
spines ; second foot-jaw (fig. 7) very stout and robust,
otherwise somewhat like that of Cyclops. First four
pairs of swimming feet (fig. 8) 2-branched, the branches
3-jointed; fifth pair foliated (fig. 9), bearing a strong
resemblance to those of many Harpactidse.

* Xo^oc, a plume ; <}>kpu, I carry.

122 BETTISH COPEPODA.

1. LOPHOPHORUS INSIGNIS, 71017. Sp. PI. XIII, figS.

1—10, and PI. XV, fig. 10.

The anterior antennaB are half as long as the first
segment of the body, and densely clothed with
long, beautifully plumose setas, as also are the feet
and other limbs. The fifth foot (fig. 9) consists of
two foliated processes (the lower of which is much
the largest), and bears four large strongly pennate
setse and three simple setse. The tail appendages are
short (fig. 10), and have each two stout and
beautifully plumose setse, as well as two shorter
simple • hairs. Ovisacs two, broadly pear-shaped,
each containing three or four very large ova. Length
-2\th of an inch ('9 mm.).

Three specimens only of this very distinct and
beautiful Copepod occurred in a dredging made by
Mr. Robertson and the Rev. A. M. Norman, six miles
off the Durham coast, near Hawthorn, on a sandy
bottom, and in a depth of twenty-seven fathoms.

Family 4. NOTODELPHYIDJ:, Thorell.

Body composed of eleven or twelve segments ;
abdomen subcylindrical, narrower than the cephalo-
thorax, and divided at the extremity into two caudal
segments. First thoracic segment usually united with

NOTODELPHYID.E. 123

the head, fourth and fifth segments in the female
mostly coalescent, and forming the envelope of the
ovisac. Anterior antenna composed of from five
to fifteen segments ; posterior 3-jointed, simple, and
terminating in a strong claw or in several curved
setae. Mandibles strongly dentated and provided with
a 2-branched palp. Maxillae composed of a biting
portion, from which spring several short laminaB
fringed with branchial filaments. Two pairs of foot-
jaws somewhat similar to those of the Cyclopida3.
First four pairs of feet adapted for swimming and
2-branched ; fifth pair small or altogether absent.
No external ovisac, the ova being matured in a pouch
formed by the integument of the enlarged fourth
segment of the thorax.

The animals belonging to this family are found
almost exclusively in the branchial sacs or body
cavities of the simple (or rarely of the compound)
Ascidians. They are not true parasites, not being pro-
vided with any suctorial apparatus, moving about quite
freely within the body of the host, and not attaching
themselves in any way to its tissues. They are, indeed,
in all probability, Cyclopidae, which have become
modified in build by their inactive habits and the
restricted boundaries of their dwellings. It is evident
that under these conditions the long antennae and
limbs of the free-swimming species would be an
encumbrance, or at any rate could be of very small
service, and one would almost be inclined to believe
that these appendages must still be in course of
degradation owing to constant disuse. The clasping

124

BEITISH COPEPODA.

antenn93 of the male, too, are very much less
specialised than in the true Cyclopidas, and one is
tempted to query whether this may not be a slight
degree of that retrograde development which is so
conspicuously shown in the lower parasitic Crustacea,
where the males have become little more than mere
sperm-sacs.

This family is here represented by the genera
Notodelphys, Doropygus, Botachus, Notopterophorus,
and Ascidicold.

Synopsis of Genera of Notodelphyidce.

r

^one branch Doropygus.

f several short seise... Notodelphys.

External

three

two C simple... Botaclius.

and

joints ;

two

stout

internal

fifth pair

branches ;

claws ;

branches

of feet

posterior ^

dorsal

pro- "

of swim -

composed

antennae

margin

duced

ming feet

of

terminat-

of

into

composed

ing in

cephalo-

wing-

• NotopteropTiorus.

each of

thoracic

like

seg-

expan-

-

^ ments [_ sions _,

two ioints .. ...Ascidicola.

Sub-family 1. NOTODELPHYINJ:.

Body flattened, head consolidated with the first
thoracic segment ; six abdominal segments in both
sexes. Anterior antenna 10 — 15-jointed, and in the
male adapted for clasping, as in Cyclops. Caudal

NOTODELPHYS. 125

segments bearing numerous long, finely plumose
setae.

This sub-family contains only one genus — Noto-
delpliys.

Genus 1. NOTODELPHYS, Allman (1847).

Body elongated, cephalo thorax somewhat depressed,
abdomen much attenuated, cylindrical ; caudal appen-
dages consisting of four large plumose setae attached
to the apex of each segment, together with two or
three small lateral setae. Anterior antenna3 com-
posed in the male of 10 or 11, in the female of 15
joints ; posterior unbranched, armed at the apex
with a strong movable claw and several curved seta3.
Mandible-palp 2-branched ; basal portion very large
and broad, internal branch composed of two, external
of two or more joints. Maxillae composed of a
prehensile or biting segment, which is provided with
strong curved setae, and three or four broad laminae
fringed with plumose branchial filaments. Anterior
foot- jaws stout, subtriangular, 5- jointed, the basal
joint constituting the bulk of the limb ; posterior
slender, 3- jointed ; both pairs armed with numerous
strong curved setse on the inner margin. Branches
of the first four pairs of feet 3-jointed and beset with
finely plumose setas ; fifth pair very small, 2-branched,
branches composed of one joint only.

126 BEITISH GOPEPODA.

1. NOTODELPHYS ARMANI, Thorell. PI. XXY, figs.

1—10.

? Notodelphys ascidicola, Allman. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

vol. xx, pi. i, figs. 1—13 (1847).
Baird. Brit. Entorn., p. 238, pi. xxx,

figs; 7, 8 (1850).

Allmani, Thorell. Bidrag till Kannedornen om
Krustaceer soni lefva i arter af
Slagtet Ascidia, p. 31, tabs, i and
ii, fig. 1 (1859).

? — elegans, Thorell. Loc. cit., p. 39, tab. iv, fig. 5.

? rufescens, Thorell. Ibid., p. 35, tab. ii, fig 2.

Anterior antennae (fig. 2) shorter than the first
body-segment, stout at the base and gradually taper-
ing to the apex, densely beset along its whole length
with finely plumose hairs; the second joint is very
short, the first, third, fourth, and fifth large, the
fourth and fifth nearly equal, and twice as long as any
of the remaining joints, which are short and of nearly
equal length. Posterior antenna (fig. 3) robust, the
third and most slender joint being scarcely more than
twice as long as broad. Mandible palp (fig. 4) stout,
the outer branch 3-jointed.* The maxilla (fig. 5)
consists of a strongly clawed or setose prehensile
portion, with a branchial palp, which is composed of
two large and two small Iamina3, bearing marginal
plumose filaments. The anterior foot-jaws (fig. 6)
are very stout, bearing several short digitiform

* This is misrepresented in the plate, the portion shown as a long
terminal joint being in reality the thickened base of the large apical

seta.

NOTODELPHYS. 127

marginal segments, all of which have stout apical
setse, the stronger ones being plumose or pecti-
nated, last three joints very small ; posterior foot-
jaws (fig. 7) slender, 3- jointed, with several plu-
mose marginal setae, that arising from the second
joint being much the strongest ; the terminal joint is
very small, the penultimate much larger, and the
first three or four times as large as the second. The
first pair of swimming feet (fig. 8) has the external
margin of the first joint of the outer branch fringed
with short strong hairs (" dentibus angustis, dense
serratus," Thorell) ; the margins of the two following
joints, as well as those of the inner branch, are
perfectly smooth ; in the following pairs of feet, how-
ever (fig. 9), all the joints of the inner, as well as the
first of the outer branch, are finely fringed on their
external borders ; all the setaa are very finely plumose
(much more finely than could be shown in the
engraving). The fifth pair of feet (fig. 10) are com-
posed each of two 1-jointed branches, the outermost
of which is of oblong subquadrangular outline, and
bears a long spine at the apex, and a short tooth -like
process on the inner margin ; the inner branch is
broader and shorter, and has two apical setas, the
innermost of which is stout and spine-like ; there are
also four small teeth on the inner margin ; the
peduncle of the foot is armed at its inner angle with a
row of about six small spines. Caudal segments
about once and a half as long as the preceding
abdominal ring ; the small lateral setas situated a little
below the middle of the external margin ; internal

128 BE1TISH COPEPODA.

margin of the segments finely ciliated. The ovarian
sac forms a conspicuous prominence on the back of
the animal, and has its angles well rounded. The
ovaria, according to Thorell, are greenish yellow, the
ova brown green. Length* of female -j-th — ^th of an
inch, of male -jVth — -j^-th of an inch (3 — 5 and 1| — 2
mm.).

Mr. Norman has recorded this species as occurring
in the " branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia
venosa " from Shetland. I have not myself seen any
British specimens, and my drawings have been made
entirely from Swedish specimens, for which I -am
indebted to the kindness of M. Thorell. The follow-
ing list of localities is given by Dr. Baird (loc. cit.), but
it must be remembered that at the date of his work
the Ascidian parasites were scarcely at all known, and
it is extremely probable that many of the specimens
then named N. ascidicola might now be referred to
other species of the genus. " Belfast Bay ; Strang-
ford Lough, County Down; W. Thompson and GL C.
Hyndman, Esqrs., Killery Bay, County Galway; R.
Ball and W. Thompson, Esqrs., Bangor, County
Down ; R. Peterson, Esq., Glandore Harbour, County
Cork, Dublin Bay, and Southampton Water ; G-eorge
J. Allman, Esq. In the branchial sac of the Ascidia
communis."

The characters upon which M. Thorell has founded
the seven species of Notodelphys described in his
work are mainly the length and proportions of the

* The lengths of the species of Notodelphys, except N. prasina, are
those given by M. Thorell.

NOTODELPHYS. 129

caudal segments and the position of the lateral setae
upon their external margins, together with the
appearance of the external margin of the first joint of
the outer branch of the first foot. The marginal
spines of this branch, the setose armature of the
second antennae, and of the fifth pair of feet, &c.,
afford other means of specific diagnosis ; but it seems
to me that the distinctions are, in some cases, at any
rate, much too trivial, and that in all probability a
more extended investigation would lead to the conclu-
sion that at best some of these forms deserve to be
classed only as varieties. In the case of the present
species the distinctions drawn between it, N. rufescens,
and N. elegans, do not appear to be of specific import-
ance.

As regards Mr. Allman's description and figures of
Notodelphys ascidicola, it must, I fear, remain doubtful
to which species of the genus they were meant to
refer j it is, indeed, more than probable — from the
number of localities given in Mr. Allman's paper that
several species of Notodelphys were the subjects of
description, while some of the figures (14, 15, and 21)
undoubtedly refer to a quite distinct genus — Ascidicola,
Thorell. It seems best, therefore, to follow M. Thorell,
discarding altogether the specific name Ascidicola,
which, however, will stand as the designation of a
separate genus.

130 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. NOTODELPHYS CEEUL^EA, Thorell. PI. XXVII, figs.

10—13.

Notodelphys cerulcea, Thorell. Loc. cit., p. 37, tabs, iii and iv,

fig. 4 (1859).
? tenera, Thorell.. Ibid., p. 36, tab. iii, fig. 3.

This species differs scarcely at all from the prece-
ding. The posterior antennae (fig. 11) have near the
margin of the apical joint two subcrescentiform rows
of small cilia, the branches of the fifth pair of feet
(fig. 13) are somewhat shorter and wider than in
N. ascidicola, and the first foot has the outer margin
of its first joint (fig. 12) either smooth or very finely
denticulated. The ova and ovaria are said to be blue.
Length of female ^th — -^th of an inch (3 — 4^ mm.),
of male ^-th — ^th of an inch (1^ — If mm.).

I cannot find any good reason for separating this
from the foregoing species, but for the present retain
it, giving drawings of the more prominent distinctive
characters.

I have notes of its occurrence in the following
British localities : — In Ascidia parallelogramma, off
Hawthorn (Durham Coast) ; in Ascidia parallelo-
gramma and A. venosa, Shetland, and from between
tide-marks, Eoundstone (Rev. A. M. Norman}.

3. NOTODELPHYS AGiLis, Tliorell. PI. XXVI, figs.

1—10.

Notodelphys agilis, Thorell. Loc. cit., p. 40, tabs, iv, v, fig. 6 (1859).

The caudal segments of the abdomen are here more

NOTODELPHYS. 131

than twice as long as the preceding segment, and the
lateral seta is placed on the middle of the external
margin (fig. 9). Both branches of the fifth pair of
feet (fig. 10) are very much smaller than in either
of the foregoing species and much more slenderly
spined. Length of female fVth — ^th of an inch
(2 — 3 mm.), of male y^-th of an inch (3 mm.).

N. agilis has occurred in Ascidians taken off the
coasts of Durham and Yorkshire, in depths of from
twenty to thirty fathoms, and among specimens from
the branchial sac of Ascidia sordida, Shetland, sent to
me by the Rev. A. M. Norman.

4. NOTOPELPHYS PEASINA, Thorell. PI. XXX, figs.

11—15.

Notodelphys prasnia, Thorell. Loc. cit., p. 41, tab. v, fig. 7 (1859).

The caudal segments (fig. 15) are in this species
much shorter and stouter than in any other, their
length being not more than equal to the breadth.
The two principal tail seta?, more especially the inner
one, are very broad. The branches of the fifth pair
of feet (fig. 14) are very small, the outer about thrice
as long as broad, the inner about as broad as long.
Length of female yVth of an inch (2'3 mm.).

This species was more abundant than any other in
a collection of Entomostraca taken from the branchial
sacs of Ascidia mentula at Oban by the Rev. A. M.
Norman, to whom I am much indebted for the

132 BRITISH COPEPODA.

opportunity of examining his captures. Mr. Norman
has also recorded N. prasina as occurring in the same
Ascidian in Shetland.

Sub-family 2. DOROPYGESLE, nov. sub.-fam.

Body more or less compressed ; anterior antennas
short, 8 — 10-jointed; in the male not modified for
clasping. Caudal segments curved and bearing very
small apical spines.

Genus 2. DOEOPTGUS, Thorell (1859).

Body dorsally elevated, somewhat compressed ;
caudal segments bearing at their apices curved spines
or hairs. Anterior antennas 8- to 10-jointed; very
small, about one third the length of the first body
segment, posterior 3-jointed, terminating in a curved
claw. Basal joint of the mandible - palp large,
2-branched, the external branch composed of one,
the internal of two joints. Maxillae composed of a
prehensile aculeated portion, and three or four more
or less rounded segments, which are fringed with
finely plumose branchial filaments. First pair of foot-
jaws broad, subtriangular, 5-jointed, the last joint
minute ; second pair elongated, 3-jointed ; both pro-
vided with numerous strong marginal setaa. Branches
of the first four pairs of feet usually 3- (rarely 2-)

DOEOPYGUS. 133

jointed, setae naked or finely plumose ; fifth pair small,

1- jointed. Inhabiting the branchial sac of various
simple Ascidians.

1. DOEOPYGUS PULEX, Thorell. PL XXVIII, figs.

1—12.

Doropygus pulex, Thorell. Loc. cit., p. 46, tab. vi, fig. 8 (1859.)

Adult female. — Cephalothorax produced into a
short, blunt, triangular rostrum, third and fourth
thoracic segments united to form the ovarian envelope.
Abdomen much narrower than the cephalothorax
(fig. 1), and bent upon it so as to form almost a right
angle. Fifth abdominal segment longer than the
fourth (figs. 11, 12), partially furcate, and divided
into two subtriangular segments. Caudal segments
very long and slender, transversely divided near the
middle, curved and divergent, and bearing three or
four minute apical setae. Anterior antennae 10-
jointed, the two basal joints about once and a half
the width of the third joint, the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth progressively decreasing in width, the last
four subequal as to width, the sixth joint longer than
any except the first. The whole limb is densely beset
with long hairs on the external margin and apex, and
the second joint has also two conspicuous tooth-
like spines. The posterior antenna (in the adult)
has the claw longer than the second joint (fig. 5,
PL XXVIII, is taken from an immature specimen, and

134 BRITISH COPEPODA.

does not show correctly the relative lengths of the
joints in the adult). The first pair of feet (fig. 8) have
both branches broad, 3-jointed, and of nearly equal
length, all the joints short and broad, the terminal
ones broadly rounded or subtruncate at the apex ;
marginal setse long, stout, and densely plumose ;
spines of the external branch long and stout. The
second, third, and fourth pairs (fig. 9) are longer than
the first, the spines of the external branch are smaller,
the setaB also much smaller and destitute of plumes.
The fifth pair consist each of a single small bisetose
lamina. The caudal segments are about as long as
the preceding four abdominal rings, slender, curvate,
and jointed near the middle, the apices bearing three
minute hairs (figs. 11, 12).* Length i^th of an inch
(2'1 mm.).

Many immature specimens of this species were
found in Ascidians dredged by Mr. Robertson, the
Rev. A. M. Norman, and myself, off" the coasts of
Durham and Yorkshire, and also by Mr. Norman at
Oban and Shetland. Except a few kindly sent to me
by M. Thorell, I have seen no adult of D. pulex. On
this account, probably, my drawings do not in all
respects agree with those of M. Thorell. The British
species of the genus, and, indeed, all the Ascidian
parasites of Britain require much closer and more

* The figures of anterior antennae and caudal segments given in
PL XXXI, figs. 1 and 2, represent either an unnamed species or a
variety of D. pulex; at present I prefer to adopt the latter supposition,
as the general characters of the specimens coincide with those of D.
pulex: The specimens were found by Mr. Norman in Ascidians from
Boundstone Bay, Ireland.

DOROPYGUS. 135

extended investigation than I have had the oppor-
tunity of bestowing upon them. I believe, however,
that the representations given in these plates, though
unavoidably incomplete, will be found to be correct as
far as they go.

2. DOROPYGUS AURITUS, Thorell. PI. XXIX, figs. 1 — 11;

Doropygus aurilus, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, &c., p. 50,
• tabs, vii and viii, fig. 10 (1859).

Adult female. — Thoracic segments separated at
their junctions by deep sulci, and produced into
gibbous prominences ; head as seen from the side
sub triangular ; caudal segments (fig. 11) stout and
slightly curved, and armed at the apices with four or
five curved hook-like spines. Anterior antennae
(PL XXIX, fig 2) having the first two joints
greatly dilated, and bearing several stout setae, but
no spines, 8-jointed. The swimming feet do not
differ materially from those of D. pulex, except
that the inner branch of the first pair (fig. 8)
is only 2-jointed, and the setae of all are distinctly
plumose. The second joint of all — more especially of
the outer — branches is much shorter than the first
and third. Fifth pair of feet (fig 10) small, oblong-
ovate, bearing a few irregularly placed, minute,
marginal cilia, the basal portion having also a small
setiferous tubercle or rudimentary external branch.

136 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Length of female Jth — ^-th of an inch (3J — 5 mm.), of
male -<f§-th of an inch (1 mm.).

Mr. Norman records this species as having been
taken from " the branchial sac and water-passages of
Ascidia mentula" in Shetland. I have myself seen no
specimens except Swedish ones sent by M. Thorell,
from which my figures were drawn.

3. DOEOPYGUS NORMANI, %oi;. sp. PI. XXXII, figs.

1— H.

Adult female. — Cephalothorax subpyramidal, attenu-
ated towards the front, ovarium broadly rounded
behind. Anterior antennae (fig. 2) 10-jointed, the two
basal joints very broad, the second short and bearing
two stout spines on the outer margin, the remaining
eight joints successively narrower to the apex and
subequal, the fourth and seventh, however, being
longer than the rest ; the whole limb dorsally beset on
its outer margin with long setas, which are either
very indistinctly, or not at all, plumose. Apical claw
of the posterior antenna (fig. 3) very much shorter
than the second joint. The mandible-palp (fig. 4) has
the outer branch (a) slender, indistinctly biarticulate,
and provided with five setae, the inner branch (6)
3-jointed, its last joint bearing a series of minute
spine-like cilia on the outer margin. The " external
lamina" of the maxilla (fig. 5, I e) bears four setae,
the "ultimate lamina" (I u) seven, and the "middle

DOEOPYGUS. 137

lamina " (/ m) four seise, all of them being, as usual,
finely and densely plumose, and doubtless branchial in
function. The first foot-jaw (fig. 6) does not differ
materially from that of D. pulex ; the second (fig. 7) is
small, subovate, and fringed with about ten plumose
hairs. Branches of the first pair of feet (fig. 8)
nearly equal ; marginal spines of the external branch
long and slender ; branches of the second and third
pairs (fig. 9) subequal, the external branch bearing
setae in place of spines, the internal branch 2-jointed ;
fourth pair (fig. 10) more slender and sparingly seti-
ferous, the joints of the outer branch dilated and
obliquely produced at the distal extremity, and
narrowed at the base ; fifth pair (fig. 11) three or four
times notched towards the extremity of the inner
edge, and bearing two short terminal setae ; penulti-
mate abdominal somite rather shorter than the last,
which is partially divided so as to form two sub-
triangular segments (fig. 13). Caudal rami (fig. 10)
distant, nearly straight, about once and a half as long
as the last abdominal segment, bearing two very
minute apical hooks (fig. 14). Length nearly ^th of
an inch (3'3 mm.).

This species is undoubtedly very nearly allied to, if
not identical with D. psyllus, Thorell, but the maxillae
and foot- jaws differ decidedly from those of that
species as described in M. Thorell's work. The
replacing of the spines of the third and fourth feet by
long setae, and the dentated margin of the last joint of
the inner branch of the mandible palp are dis-
tinctive characters, as also is the serrated outline of

138 BEITISH COPEPODA.

the spines of the first feet* (fig. 12). Whether these
distinctions will be found on further research to hold
constantly good, one may perhaps doubt, but for the
present there seems no sufficient reason for withholding
from this form a specific name. But the inconstancy
of characters amongst the Notodelphyidse is extremely
bewildering, and until much more attention has been
paid to them it is impossible to define with accuracy
the limits of species. In this particular instance
the difficulty is the greater owing to M. Thorell's
imperfect account of his Doropygus psyllus, of which
he had found only two specimens, a number which
is often insufficient for the purpose of complete
description.

Doropygus Normani occurred in some abundance in
a collection of parasites found in the cavities of
Ascidians which were taken between tide-marks at
Roundstone, Ireland, by the Rev. Alfred Merle
Norman, whose name I am glad to have the oppor-
tunity of associating with the species.

4. DOROPYGUS PORCICAUDA, nov. sp. PL XXVII, figs.

1—9 ; and PI. XXXIII, 14—16.

Adult female. — Basal joint of the anterior antenna

* The substitution of setae for spines on the mai-gins of the external
branches of the swimming feet is an important feature, if constant,
but in some examples one or more of the setae were wanting, and there
seemed to be small spines closely adpressed to the limb ; I could not,
however, satisfy myself whether or no these might be the scars or
broken extremities of lost setse.

DOROPYGUS. 139

very large, bearing several long, stout, and often
densely plumose seta3 (fig. 2), and two slightly curved
spines; second, third, fourth, and fifth joints succes-
sive more slender, sixth and seventh of about equal
width, last three much smaller; the whole limb is
beset with stout seta3 which, except on the basal joint,
are only slightly or not at all plumose. Terminal
claw of the posterior antenna (fig. 3) much shorter
than the second joint. Both branches of the first
pair of feet (fig. 5) 3-jointed, their seta3, like those of
the other feet, finely plumose ; marginal spines entire
at the edges. The articulations of the outer branches
of the second, third, and fourth pairs of feet (figs.
6, 7) are very oblique, each segment being contracted
at base and dilated at apex, as in D. Normani ; the
maxillae agree in every respect with D. Normani, but
the second pair of foot-jaws (PI. XXXIII, fig. 15) are
like those of D. pulex, to which species also the caudal
segments closely approximate in character. The
species seems in fact to occupy an intermediate
position between D. pulex and D. Normani. Fifth foot
simple, bearing two short seta3 at the apex, which is
obliquely truncate (fig. 8), inner margin ciliated.
Last abdominal segment (fig. 9) partially divided so
as to form two subtriangular portions ; caudal seg-
ments elongated, much longer than the united lengths
of the two preceding, convoluted at the apex, and
bearing three minute terminal hairs. Length yth of
an inch (4 mm.).

140 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

Doropygus porcicauda was found very commonly in
Ascidians dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman in
Birtirbuy Bay, Ireland ; also in specimens of Ascidia
parallelogramma dredged in a depth of twenty- seven
fathoms off Hawthorn on the Durham Coast.

Genus 3. BOTAOHUS, Thorell (1859).

Body elongated, narrow, fusiform; caudal rami
armed at the apex with curved spines. First pair of
antennae 8-jointed (9-jointed, Thorell) ; second pair
3-jointed, clawed at the apex. Mandible-palp 2-
branched, the inner branch 2-, the outer 1- jointed.
Maxillae composed of a basal masticatory portion and
a trilaminar setiferous palp; first pair of foot-jaws
stout, subtriangular, 5-jointed; second pair slender,
setiferous at the apex. First four pairs of feet with
both branches 3-jointed, joints of the inner branch
hispid at the margins; fifth pair rudimentary, 1-
jointed.

1. BOTACHUS CYLINDRATUS, Thorell. PI. XXXIII, figs.

1—13.

Botachus cylindratus, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, p. 55,
tab. ix, fig. 12 (1859.)

Female. — Animal elongated, curvate (figs. 1, 2),
abdomen slightly more slender than the thorax;

NOTOPTEROPHORUS. 141

caudal rami abruptly flexed upon the abdomen, bear-
ing two strong curved spines and a few setae (fig. 13).
Anterior antennae short, bent at a right angle in the
middle (fig. 3) ; distal half densely setiferous ; poste-
rior antennae (fig. 4) stout. The inner branches
of the swimming feet are short (figs. 10, 11) and
destitute of marginal spines, but bear three or four
slender terminal setae ; the marginal spines of the
outer branches (fig. 11, a) are surrounded with a
delicate ciliated lamina. Fifth pair (fig. 12) 1-jointed,
with three apical cilia, two long and one short.
Length -fV^ of an inch (1*4 mm.).

In the branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia
mentula, Shetland and Oban (Rev. A. M. Norman).

I

Genus 4. NOTOPTEROPHORUS, Costa (1852).

Body composed of ten segments and provided with
several dorsal wing-like expansions ; anterior antenna
10- (8-, Hesse) jointed ; posterior 3-jointed, clawed at
the apex. Mandibles, maxillae, and foot-jaws, similar
to those of Doropygus. Inner branch of first pair of
feet 2-jointed ; the rest have both branches 3-jointed.

Except for the peculiar wing-like dorsal appendages
there seems to be little to separate this genus from
Doropygus. Perhaps, indeed, we may look upon
these expansions as only an extreme development,
with modification, of the dorsal gibbosities of D.
auritus.

142 BBITISH COPEPODA.

1. NOTOPTEEOPHORUS PAPiLio, Hesse. PI. XXXI, figs.

3—12.

NotoptcropTwrus papilio, Hesse. Annales des Sciences Naturelles
(1864), ser. 5, Zool., tome i, p. 338, pi. xi,
figs. 1—13; vol. iii, p. 221 (1865).

The animal is composed of a slender body, on the
dorsal aspect of which the delicate membranous
integument is produced into six (Hesse) large bifur-
cated wing-like expansions (figs. 3, 4). The antennae
are very like those of Doropygus ; the anterior (fig. 5)
are 10-jointed, the first two joints being very large,
the rest very much narrower and shorter, and tapering
gradually to the apex ; the posterior are 3-jointed
(fig. 6), the joints successively decreasing in size from
the first ; terminal claw small. Mandible well
developed (fig. 7) ; basal joint of the palp large,
secondary branch small, 1 -jointed. Inner branch of
the first pair of feet (fig. 11) 2-jointed, shorter than
the outer branch ; the first joint short ; second joint
of the outer branch very short. Fifth pair appa-
rently absent. Caudal segments of moderate length,
cylindrical, tapering, and armed at the apices with
four small hook-like spines (fig. 12). " Colour of the
head white, of the occiput, the first two abdominal
segments, and the eye purplish-red ; the rest of
the abdomen yellow, and the intestinal tube black,
thorax apple-green ; feet and membranous expansions
white." Length -^th of an inch (5 mm.).

NOTOPTEROPHORUS. 143

Found by the late Mr. Albany Hancock in the
branchial sac and water-passages of Ascidia mentula
from Shetland, and more recently by the Rev. A. M.
Norman in Ascidians from Oban, Loch Fyne, and
Herm (Channel Islands).

My knowledge of this species is derived entirely
from M. Hesse's memoir, and from specimens kindly
given and lent to me by my friend the Rev. A. M.
Norman ; but owing to the long immersion of the
animals in spirit I have not been able to observe
satisfactorily many of their characters, especially
those of the delicate membranous wing-like expan-
sions, which, when exposed to the action of alcohol,
become shrivelled, opaque, and shapeless. I therefore
give a short abstract of M. Hesse's description : —
These expansions, which are six in number, are mem-
branous, flat, papillose, hyaline, contractile, and fixed
by the base to different parts of the body. The first
is triangular, divided at the extremity into long
lashes, and fixed to the back of the neck, forming a
sort of hood for the protection of the head ; the other
four expansions are lateral, placed two at the base of
the neck, the other two at the middle of the second
thoracic segment ; they, especially the second pair, are
much larger than the first, and are also divided into
lash - like extremities. These appendages, closely
resembling in general effect the wings of a butterfly,
are, of course, not used in the same way, but are
nevertheless moved with considerable energy by
means of the powerful muscles to which they are
attached, and they are endowed at all points with a

144 BRITISH COPEPODA.

contractility which modifies their form according to
the will of the animal. The use of these expansions
is unknown, but may probably, M. Hesse thinks, be to
act as points d'appui for the movements of the
creature, or to aid in removing obstacles from its
path. For my own part I find it difficult to believe
that these excessively delicate organs can be of much
use for such purposes, or to understand why, if they
are so used, they should be entirely wanting in so
many other species which live under the same condi-
tions. We must, I think, admit that their use is at
present quite unknown.

[NOTOPTEROPHOEUS ELONGATUS, Bucliholz. Beitrage zur

Kenntniss der Innerhalb des Ascidien lebenden

parasitischen Crustaceen des Mittelmeeres, p. 127,

taf. viii, fig. 6, and taf. ix, fig. 6.

One or two specimens, which, I have no doubt, were

referable to this species, occurred amongst those sent

to me by my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, but

they seem to have been lost during examination, and

I am now, unfortunately, unable to figure or describe

them.]

Sub-family 3. ASCIDICOLIN^, Nov. sub-fam.

First and second thoracic segments coalescent ;
abdomen composed in the female of five, in the male
of six segments. Matrical envelope formed by a

ASCIDTCOLA. 145

division of the covering of the fifth somite into two
laminar folds.

Genus 5. ASCIDICOLA, Thorell (1859).

(Coiliaca, Hesse.)

Body elongated, narrow, subcylindrical ; abdomen a
little narrower than the cephalothorax ; caudal rami
short, armed with several seta3. Anterior antennae
7-jointed (5- or 6- jointed, Thorell), short and stout ;
posterior 3 -jointed, clawed. Extremity of the man-
dible divided into several sharp, slender teeth ; palp
simple, 2-jointed. Maxillae composed of two seti-
ferous laminae. First pair of, foot-jaws short and
broad, 2-jointed ; second pair small 1-jointed, seti-
ferous. Four pairs of very small feet, branches
2-jointed ; fifth pair wanting. Two ovaries. Ovisacs
composed of two delicate leaf-like laminae.

1. ASCIDICOLA EOSEA, Thorell. PI. XXX, figs. 1 — 10.

Ascidicola rosea, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, p. 59, tabs.
ix and x, fig. 13 (1859).

Notodelphys asddicola (jun.), Allman. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

vol. xx , pi. i, fig. 14, and pi. ii,
figs. 15 and 21 (1847).

Female. — Anterior antennae (fig. 2) extremely short,
stout, 7-jointed, beset with numerous short setae ;
terminal joint of posterior antennae long and narrow,
bearing two apical claws (fig. 3). Mandible-palp

146 BRITISH COPEPODA.

(fig. 4) armed with six stout spine-like setae, two of
which are much longer than the rest. Lobes of the
maxillae (fig. 6) broad, and armed at the apices with
several stout setae ; first pair of foot-jaws (fig. 7) very
broad, shortly aculeate at the apex; second pair
(fig. 8) much smaller and more slender, 1 -join ted,
bearing four slender terminal setae. Outer branches
of the swimming feet bearing on the basal joint one
short apical spine, and on the second joint four or five
somewhat longer spine-like setae. The basal joint of
the inner branch in the first pair (fig. 9) is destitute
of setae, but the second joint bears four short spines,
and one excessively long seta ; the basal joint in the
second, third, and fourth pairs has a single apical
seta of moderate length, while the second joint bears
three very long setae. The penultimate segment of the
abdomen bears at the posterior angles a brush of
minute hairs. Length l-5th of an inch (5 mm.).

This species occurred not uncommonly in specimens
of Ascidia mentula dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman
at Oban and in Birtirbuy Bay, and in Ascidia sordida
at Shetland ; my own collection contains several
specimens taken from Ascidians which were dredged
off the Durham Coast.

Family 5. BUPROEID^I, Thorell.

Body not distinctly segmented, anterior antennae
small and rudimentary, two- or three- jointed, poste-
rior one- or two-jointed. Mandibles destitute of palps.

ASCIDICOLA. 147

Maxillae and foot-jaws small, short and broad, adapted
for grasping. Feet small, first four pairs two-branched.
No external ovisac. Abdomen very small.

Genus 1. ENTEROCOLA, Van Beneden (1861).

Head distinct from thorax ; anterior antennae simple,
two-jointed, posterior one (?) -jointed. Mouth-organs
minute, rudimentary. Posterior foot-jaws larger, 2-
jointed and having a rudimentary palp. Four pairs
of feet, short, two branched, much like the antennae
in general appearance ; abdomen rudimentary, bifid.

The mouth-organs, especially, of this genus seem to
require more minute examination. The animal is of a
sedentary and degraded type, very like in general ap-
pearance, as M. van Beneden remarks, to some of the
Tardigrada. I have not myself seen any perfect speci-
mens, and though, in deference to Dr. Claus' opinion,
associating it with Buprorus, I must confess some
doubt as to whether this may ultimately be found to
be its proper position. M. van Beneden has not
given any precise definition of the genus, but the
foregoing is condensed so as to embody what appear
to me the most important points of his description.

1. ENTEROCOLA ERUCA, Norman.

Enterocola eruca, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report,
p. 300 (1868).

" Allied to Enterocola fulgens, Van Beneden (' Re-

148 BRITISH COPEPODA.

cfterches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique, Crus-
taces' (1861), p. 149, pi. 26), but is apparently
distinct. The feet have one branch, stout, papillary,
not furnished with any claw, the other much more
slender, terminating in three minute curved spines.
The fifth segment of the body has a cylindrical tuber-
cular process on each side of the back. The abdomen
is composed of two (? three) articulations, and ter-
minates in a furca, the branches of which are shorter
than broad and are furnished with a spine at the tip.
Adhering to the intestine of Ascidia intestinalis"

Mr. Norman's single specimen of this animal, though
kindly placed at my disposal, is not in a condition
to allow of any satisfactory dissection, owing to the
unfortunate drying up of the preservative spirit. I am
unable, therefore, to add anything to the description
quoted above, which doubtless embodies all that could
be made out by examination of the animal in its entire
» condition.

PLATE I.

Calanus finmarchicus.

Fig. 1. Rostrum.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla, (ft) branchial plates.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of fifth pair.

9. Abdomen of female.

10. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

11. Right fifth foot of male.

12. Terminal joints of anterior antenna of male.

Plstte .1.

Ca,l anus finmetrchicus

PLATE II.

Metridia armata.

Fig. 1. Male seen from right side.

2. Anterior antenna of male.

3. Mandible and palp.

4. Maxilla.

5. Anterior foot-jaw.

6. Posterior foot-jaw.

7. Foot of third pair.

8. Fifth pair of feet of male.

9. The same seen laterally.

10. Fifth pair of feet of female.

1 1 . Abdomen of female.

12. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

Metric! '

PLATE III.

Pseudocalanus elongatus.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.
• 2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Posterior foot- jaw.

6. Swimming foot of first pair.

7. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

8. Fifth pair of feet of male, a left, b right.

9. Abdomen of male.

Temora longicornis.

10. Male seen from side.

11. Right anterior antenna of male.

12. Anterior antenna of female.

13. Posterior antenna.

14. Posterior foot- jaw.

15. Foot of fourth pair.

16. Foot of fifth pair of female.

17. Fifth pair of feet of male, a right, b left.

18. Caudal segments.

19. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

1 — 9. Pseudccalar.us elongatus
-19. 1

PLATE IV.

Pseudocalanus armatus.

Fig. 1. Female seen from left side.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Anterior antenna of male.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla ; b branchial plates.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of second pair.

9. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

10. Foot of fifth pair of male.

11. Abdomen of female.

Plate 4.

'idocalanus armatus

PLATE V.

Dias longiremis.

Fig. 1. Female seen from right side.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Right anterior antenna of male.

4. Left anterior antenna of male.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Mandible and palp.

7. Maxilla.

8. Anterior foot- jaw.

9. Posterior foot- jaw.

10. Fourth swimming foot.

11. Terminal spine of the same.

12. Fifth foot of female.

13. Fifth pair of feet of male.

14. Abdomen of female.

Plate 5

G.S_Bra<iy del.
A. T HoUidr UOi,.

Dias 1 engine mis

PLATE VI.

Temora velox.

Fig. 1. Male seen from right side.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Fifth foot of female.

4. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

5. Abdomen of female.

Diaplomus Castor.

6. Male seen from above.

7. Anterior portion of anterior antenna of male

(" Westwoodii").

8. Anterior antenna of female (" Castor").

9. Fifth pair of feet of male.

10. Fifth pair of feet of female (" Westwoodii").

11. Inner branch of fifth pair (" Castor").

12. Abdomen and extremity of thorax of female

(" Westwoodii").

13. Abdomen and extremity of thorax of male

(" Westwoodii").

Plate 6

1—5. Temora velox.
6 -13. JDiaptomiis

PLATE VII.

Pseudocy clops crassiremis.

Fig. 1. Right anterior antenna of male.

2. Left anterior antenna of male.

Isias clavipes.

3. Male seen from right side.

4. Left anterior antenna of male.

5. Right anterior antenna of male.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot -jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Firstfoot.

10. Fifth foot of female.

11. Fifth foot of male.

12. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

13. Mandible and palp.

1~ 2. Pseia-do cyclops craLysi
3-13.Isias claviioes.

PLATE VIII.

Centropages typicus.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.

2. Eight anterior antenna of male.

3. Apical joints of left anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Posterior foot-jaw.

7. Terminal spines of swimming foot.

8. Third swimming foot.

9. Fifth foot of female.

10. Fifth pair of feet of male.

Centropages hamatus.

11. Right anterior antenna of male.

12. Terminal spines of swimming foot.

13. Eight fifth foot of male.

Candace pectinata.

14. Posterior antenna.

15. Anterior foot-jaw.

Plate 8

1 — 10. Centropages typicus .
li— 13. Centre/pages h.am.atus . 14-. Candace

W.Vfat * T" unf

pectinata.

PLATE IX.

Parapontella Irevicornis.

Fig. 1. Male seen from above,

2. Right anterior antenna of male.

3. Left anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot-jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. First swimming foot.

10. Third swimming foot.

11. Fifth pair of feet of male.

12. Fifth foot of female.

13. Terminal spines of swimming foot.

14. Abdomen of male.

15. Second and third segments of female abdomen

seen from behind.

16. Abdomen of female seen from side.

Plate 9

rady del
'

VWestkCo-imp.

Par ap o nt e 11 a, ir e vie o rnis .

PLATE X.

Candace pectinata.

Fig. 1. Right anterior antenna of male.

2. Hinge joints of the same.

3. Anterior antenna of female.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla and palp.

6. Posterior foot-jaw. -

7. Fourth foot.

8. Terminal spine of same.

9. Fifth pair of feet of female.

10. Fifth pair of feet of male.

11. Abdomen and last thoracic segment of male.

12. Abdomen of female seen laterally.

Anomalocera Patersonii.

13. Maxilla and palp.

14. Anterior foot -jaw.

2.

G.S-Bra .:-,• oti
A.T.HolUcJc ath.

i — 12. Ca n i

13, 14-, Anotnalocera Pa'

I (,'?

PLATE XA.

Pontella Wollastoni.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna of female.

2. Anterior antenna (right) of male.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Mandible-palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot- jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Left foot of fifth pair, male.

10. Right foot of fifth pair, male.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

12. Abdomen of male.

(The figures in this plate are taken from the work
of Dr. Glaus, * Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,' &c.)

Pla.te 10 A

Po-ntella, Wo lists toni.

PLATE XI.

Anomalocera Patersonii.

Fig. 1. Male seen from right side.

2. Right anterior antenna of male, with eye.

3. Left anterior antenna of male.

4. Anterior antenna of female.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Posterior foot-jaw.

7. Terminal spine of swimming foot.

8. Fifth pair of feet of male.

9. Fifth foot of female.

10. Spine of same more highly magnified.

11. Abdomen of female seen laterally.

12. Caudal segments of female.

13. Caudal segments of male.

14. Rostrum and lateral eyes.

Plate.ll

Anomalo c ei~a. Pa-terscriii

PLATE XII.

Pseudocyclops obtusatus.

Fig. 1. Male seen from right side.

2. Right anterior antenna of male.

3. Left anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot-jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Terminal spine, &c., of swimming foot.

11. Fifth pair of feet of male.

12. Foot of fifth pair of female.

13. Abdomen of male.

Pseudocyclops crassiremis.

14. Fifth pair of feet of male.

Plate 12.

I— 13 , Ps eu-d_o cyclop 3 olotusatus.
l^r1, e r a s s-ir eim s .

PLATE XIII.

Lophophorus insignis.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna of female.

2. Posterior antenna.

3. Mandible.

4. Mandibular palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of fourth pair.

9. Foot of fifth pair.

10. Abdomen and tail.

Misophria pallida.

11. Anterior antenna of female.

12. Posterior antenna.

13. Anterior foot-jaw.

14. Posterior foot- jaw.

15. Foot of fifth pair.

16. Tail.

n.a.te.13 .

"10 , Li oplaoplionis insi§nis.
11-16, Misopliria p alii da.

PLATE XIV.

Oithona spinifrons.

Fig. 1. Rostrum.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla (?).

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. One of swimming feet.

9. Abdomen and last thoracic segments of female ;

(a) fifth foot.

* Plate.

Oitliona. spmifrons

PLATE XV.

Cyclopina littoralis.

Fig. 1. Female seen from left side.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna of same.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Fifth foot.

9. Caudal segments.

Lophophorus insignis.

10. Female seen from above.

Cyclops affinis.

11. Anterior antenna of female.

12. Fifth foot.

13. Tail.

14. Part of one of tail seta3, more highly magnified.

Pla.te.15.

BEdCat 1-9 . Cyclopina, littor alls .

10.L oplioplioynzs msi^ms. 11-^4^. Cyclops affinis

PLATE XVI.

Thorellia brunnea.

Fig. 1. Female seen from left side.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

7. Anterior foot- jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Swimming foot, one of third pair.

10. Last thoracic segment, with fifth pair of feet
and first two abdominal segments.

Pla.be 16.

u.V Ad .

Am .

Tliorellia.

V

PLATE XVII.

Cyclops pulchellus.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Foot of fifth pair.

Cyclops signatus.

4. Anterior antenna of female.

5. Anterior antenna of male.

6. Posterior antenna.

7. Mandible and palp.

8. Maxilla.

9. Anterior foot-jaw.

10. Posterior foot-jaw.

11. Foot of fifth pair.

12. Abdomen and tail.

17.

-S.Cy clops -pule}! ellus.

/L-19

r u-*' s

PLATE XVIII.

Cyclops tenuicornis.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Mandible and palp.

4. Maxilla.

5. Anterior foot-jaw.

6. Posterior foot-jaw.

7. Fifth foot.

8. Caudal segment and setae.

9. Anterior antenna, penultimate stage of de-

velopment.

10. Labrum.

Misophria pallida.

11. Maxilla.

12. Mandible and palp.

PUtelS.

1~'10, Cyclops teiruicomi;
11— 12.Misoph.riaL pal lid a

PLATE XIX.

Cyclops strenuus.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna of female.

2. Mandible and palp.

3. Labrum.

4. Anterior foot-jaw.

5. Foot of fourth pair.

6. Foot of fifth pair.

7. Abdomen and tail.

Cyclops fsquoreus.

8. Female seen from above.

9. Anterior antenna of male.
10. Maxilla.

Pla.te.19.

'•ifk Jxtfi

PLATE XX.

Cyclops gigas (adult female).

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna.

2. Mandible and palp.

3. Labrum.

4. Maxilla and palp.

5. Anterior foot-jaw.

6. Posterior foot-jaw.

7. Fourth foot ; apical joint of outer branch.

8. Fourth foot ; apical joint of inner branch.

9. Fifth foot.

10. Abdomen and tail.

The same, penultimate stage of development.

11. Anterior antenna.

12. Mandible and palp

13. Posterior foot-jaw.

14. One of swimming feet.

15. Fifth foot.

16. Abdomen and tail.

tie 20.

PLATE XXI.

Cyclops insignis.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna of female.

2. Anterior antenna of male.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Fifth foot.

8 a. Appendage of first abdominal segment of
male.

9. Caudal segment and setae.

Cyclops cequoreus.

10. Anterior antenna of female.

11. Posterior antenna of female.

12. Mandible.

13. Anterior foot-jaw.

14. Posterior foot-jaw.

15. One of first pair of swimming feet.

16. Abdomen and lower segments of thorax.

17. Foot of fifth pair.

1 S.Cyclops in si-,

9 17, ., • acre us,

PLATE XXII.

Cyclops serrulatus.

Fig. 1. Posterior antenna.

2. Mandible and palp.

3. Anterior foot-jaw.

4. Posterior foot-jaw.

5. Foot of fifth pair.

6. Caudal segments.

Variety of same.

7. Female seen from above.

8. Anterior antenna of same.

9. Mandible.

10. Maxilla.

11. Anterior foot-jaw.

12. Foot of first pair.

13. Fourth foot ; last joint of outer branch.

14. Foot of fifth pair.

Cyclops Helleri.*

15. Anterior antenna of female.

16. Anterior antenna of male.

17. Foot of fifth pair.

18. Abdomen and caudal segments of male.

* In inscription of Plate XXII, for Clausii, read Helleri.

Q Cyclops se r^nl a.tu s

y

var.Ttiontanus.

Clausii.

PLATE XXIII.

Cyclops crassicornis.

Fig. 1. Female seen from below.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Foot of first pair.

4. Foot of second pair.

5. Foot of fifth, pair.

6. Abdomen and tail.

Cyclops phaleratus.

7. Anterior antenna of female.

8. Posterior antenna.

9. Maxilla.

10. Anterior foot-jaw.

11. Posterior foot-jaw.

12. Foot of fifth pair.

13. Male seen from above.

1" 6, Cyclops crstssiGGi-ms.
7~13 , „ .pli al e p sLtu. s .

PLATE XXIV.

Cyclops macrurus.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Fifth foot.

4. Penultimate abdominal segment.

5. Caudal segment.

Cyclops Kaufmanni.

6. Female seen from above.

7. Anterior antenna of same.

8. Labrum.

9. Maxilla.

10. One of swimming feet.

11. Fifth foot.

12. Portion of abdomen.

1 I I

1 — 5, Cyclops

6 ~12, „ Kanfmanm.

PLATE XXIV A.

Oithona spinifrons.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Bight anterior antenna of male.

Cervinia Bradyi.

3. Adult (female?).

4. Anterior antenna.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Mandible and palp.

7. Maxilla.

8. First foot-jaw.

9. Second foot-jaw.

10. Foot of first pair.

11. Foot of second pair.

12. Foot of third pair.

13. Foot of fourth pair.

Pla,te.£4;A.

PLATE XXIV B.

Cydopina gracilis ? .

Fig. 1. Adult female (after Glaus).

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla and palp.

6. Anterior foot- jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of fourth pair.

9. Abdomen and tail, with (a, a) fifth feet.

Cyclops affinis $ ?

10. Anterior antenna.

1 1 . Labrum.

12. Anterior foot-jaw.

13. Foot of fifth pair.

14. Appendage of first abdominal segment.

15. One of caudal rami with setae.

Plate 34..B

i ~ 9
lU-15 Cyclops ' stfrmis ?

PLATE XXV.

Notodelphys Allmani.

Fig. 1. Female from above.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna of same.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of third pair.
10. Foot of fifth pair.

(These figures are drawn from Scandinavian speci-
mens sent by M. Thorell.)

Plstte 25

(3. S. Brady &>*•••

WWeet&Co.vnp.

No to cLelplnys Allmri

PLATE XXVI.

Notodelpliys agilis.

Fig. 1. Female, adult.

2. Male, adult.

3. Anterior antenna of female.

4. Anterior antenna of male.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Maxilla.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Abdomen and fifth pair of feet of male.
10. Foot of fifth pair, female.

Plsute

No to d elpliys a,gilis

PLATE XXVII.

Doropygus porcicauda (female).

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Anterior foot-jaw.

5. Foot of first pair.

6. Foot of second and third pairs.

7. Foot of fourth pair.

8. Foot of fifth pair.

9. Terminal segments of abdomen,

Notodelphys cerultea (female).

10. Anterior antenna.

11. Posterior antenna.

12. Outer branch of first foot.

13. Fifth pair of feet,

PI a.te 27.

-t r\ T\ ' 1

1 — 9,D oropycj-us porcica-XLolsu.

10 — 13,Notodelptys ccer-ulea..

PLATE XXVIII.

Doropygus pulex.

Fig. 1. Adult female, with ova (after Thorell).

2. Female, younger.

3. Adult male.

4. Anterior antenna of female.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Mandible and palp.

7. Anterior foot- jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of fourth pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair.

11. Caudal segments of female.

12. Caudal segments and abdomen of male.

Doi»opygus pulex.

WWtS6St.Cf.9Hf.

PLATE XXIX.

Doropygus auritus (female).

Fig. 1. Female with ova (after Thorell).

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot- jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of third pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair.

11. Caudal segment.

PLATE XXX.

Ascidicola rosea (female).

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Anterior portion of body, a, anterior antenna ;

b, posterior antenna ; c, mandible ; d, maxilla ;
e, anterior foot-jaw ; /, posterior foot-jaw ;
#, first foot.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot-jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.
10. Foot of third pair.

Notodelphys prasina (female).
(From Scandinavian specimens sent by M. Thorell.)

] 1 . Anterior antenna.

12. Mandible.

13. Outer branch of first foot.

14. Foot of fifth pair.

15. Caudal and last abdominal segments.

10 Ascidie ola rosea,
11 15 Not.odelpL.ys pr

PLATE XXXI.

Doropygus pulex ? var.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna of adult female.

2. Caudal segments.

Notopterophorus papilio.

3. Female from above.

4. Female from side (after Hesse).

5. Anterior antenna.

6. Posterior antenna.

7. Mandible.

8. Maxilla.

9. Anterior foot- jaw.

10. Posterior foot-jaw.

11. Foot of first pair.

12. Tail, seen laterally.

Pla,te 31.

GS. Brady oLJs.
-'

1 , 2 Doropyg\is pi£Lejc
3 ~12 Notopt-eroplioms psupalio .

PLATE XXXII.

Doropygus Normani.

Fig. 1. Adult female, seen from side.

2. Anterior antenna of same.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot- jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of second pair.

10. Outer branch of fourth foot.

11. Foot of fifth pair.

12. Marginal spine of fifth foot (highly magnified) .

13. Caudal segments.

14. Extremity of same, more highly magnified.

Pla.te32

Cr. S.Br-cuiLy

AI.EoW.fc.- U

oropygus

Normani.

PLATE XXXIII.

Botachus cylindratus.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Young male ?

3. Anterior antenna of adult female.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. Anterior foot-jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of second pair.

11. Foot of fourth pair, &, spine of outer branch,

more highly magnified.

12. Foot of fifth pair.

13. Tail.

Doropygus porcicauda.

14. Mandible, extremity.

15. Posterior foot-jaw.

16. Extremity of tail.

Plate 33.

oropygns porcicaoidsL.

BAY SOCIETY.

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Ramsay, Professor A., F.R.S., Museum of Economic Geology, S.W.
Katcliff, C., Esq., F.G.S., Wyddrington, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Rawson, W. H., Esq., Mill House, near Halifax.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, E.G.
Rideout, "W. J., Esq., 51, Charles street, Berkeley square, W.
Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Bruche Hall, near Warrington.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, S.W.
Robinson, Rev. George, Tartaraghan, Loughgall, Armagh.
Rolleston, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., Oxford.

Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.
Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S,, 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde park, W.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.

Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.R.S., Treasurer, 17, New Broad street, E.G.
Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S. , 2, Clarence place, Gravesend.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, near Wellington,
Somersetshire.

13

Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, W.

Scott, Dr. Wm., Lissenderry, Aughuacloy, Ireland.

Sharp, I., Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield.

Shrapnel, F. K., Esq., F.R.M.S., 2, The Avenue, Peckham Rye.

Sion College Library, London Wall, E.G.

Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.

Sladen, Rev. E. H. M., The Gore, Bournemouth.

Slatter, Rev. John, The Vicarage, Streatley, Reading.

Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.

Smart, Robert B., Esq., 176, Waterloo place, Oxford road, Manchester.

Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.

Smith, Capt. R., Frankfort Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin.

Sopwith, Thos., Esq., F.R.S., &c., 103, Victoria street, Westminster,
S.W.

Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.

Southport Free Library.

Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.G.

St. Andrew's University Library, St. Andrew's.

Stainton, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., R.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Statter, William, Esq., Wakefield.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Warberry House, Bishopsdown Park, Tun-
bridge Wells.

Steele, Dr. W. E., 15, Hatch street, Dublin.

Stephenson, J. W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house
street, E.G.

Stewart, C., Esq., F.L.S., St. Thomas's Hospital, Newington, S.W.

Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.

Stowell, Rev. H. A., Breadsall Kectory, near Derby.

Strasbourgh University Library.

Stubbins, J. Esq., Chester College, Old Lane, Halifax.

Sunderland Subscription Library, Sunderland.

Swanston, W., Esq., 15, University street, Belfast.

Taunton Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.

Taunton College School Library.

Tawney, E. B., Esq., F.G.S., 16, Royal York crescent, Clifton, Bristol.

Tebbs, H. V., Esq., 15, Knight Rider Street, Doctors' Commons, B.C.

Tennant, Professor James, F.G.S., 149, Strand, W.C.

Thomson, Professor Allen, Glasgow.

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Thomson, Dr. Thomas, F.R.S., 6, Bower terrace, Maidstone.

Thomson, Prof. Sir Wyville, Edinburgh.

Thwaites, Dr. G. H. K., F.R.S., Peradenia, Ceylon.

Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Torquay.

Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., Honington Hall, Shipston-on-Stour.

Trail, Prof. W. H., M.B., King's College, Old Aberdeen.

Tristram, Rev. Canon H. B., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., The College,
Durham.

Trubner & Co., Messrs., London.

Tuckett, F. F., Esq., 10, Baldwin street, Bristol.

Tuckwell, Rev. W., Local Secretary, The College School, Taunton.

Tudor, Richard A., Esq., 21, Church View, Bootle, Liverpool.

Tuely, 1ST. C., Esq., Mortimer Lodge, Princes road, Wimbledon park,
S.W.

Turner, Professor W., F.R.S.E., Anatomical Museum, University of
Edinburgh.

Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., 317, Holloway road, Hollo-
way, N.

Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Varenne, E. G., Esq., Kelvedon, Essex.

Vass, M., Leipzig.

Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.

Vigurs, Dr. R. C., Local Secretary, Falmouth.

Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.S., 17, Chepstow villas West, Bayswater, W.

Wade, C., Esq., Birmingham.

Wakefield Mechanics' Institution, Wakefield.

Walker, Alfred 0., Esq., Chester.

Warden, Dr. Charles, 272, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Warrington Museum and Library, Secretary of, Warrington.

Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.

Washington Library of Congress, U.S.

Waterhouse, J., Esq., F.R.S., Wellhead, Halifax.

Watford Natural History Society.

Webster, W., Esq., The Downs, Bideford, Devon.

Weir, J. J., Esq., 6, Haddo Villas, Blackheath, S.E.

Wells, J. R., Esq., 20, Fitzroy street, Fitzroy square, W.C.

15

West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, S.E.

Wheldon, J., 58, Great Queen street, W.C.

White, A., Esq., F.L.S., West Drayton.

White, Dr. F. B., 2, Athol place, Perth.

Wills, A. W., Esq., F.C.S., Wylde Green, Erdington, Birmingham.

Wilson, Dr. E., "Westal, Cheltenham.

Wiltshire, Rev. T., M.A., F.L.S., G.S., Secretary, 25, Grauville

park, Lewisham, London, S.E.

Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 117, Pembroke road, Clifton, near Bristol.
Wollaston, T. V., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Barne Park terrace, Teignmouth.
Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
Wright, Professor E. P., Local Secretary, Trinity College, Dublin.

Yale College, New Haven, U.S.

Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 4, St. Hildas terrace, Whitby.

York Philosophical Society, York.

Young, Dr. J., Local Secretary, College, Glasgow.

Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W.

PKINTBD BY J. E. ADLABD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.