r^
ru

_D
_D

a
a

a
m
a

THE

RAY SOCIETY

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for
the Year 1878.

LONDON

MDCCCLXXX.

"B ?3
A MONOGEAPH

FfiEE AND SEMI-PARASITIC

COPEPODA OF THE BRITISH
ISLANDS.

G. STEWARDSON BRADY, M.D., F.L.S.,

PEOFE8SOB OF NATUBAI. HISTORY IS THE TJNIVEBSITY OF DTTEHAM COLLEGE

OP PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCA8TLE-ON-TYNE ; COBBESPOHDING

MEMBEB OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

OP THE ACADEMY OF NATTJBAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

VOL. II.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCLXXX.

FEINTED BY J. E. ADLABD, BABTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

A MONOGEAPH

OF THE

BBITISH
FREE AND SEMI-PARASITIC COPEPODA

-
SECTION I. — GNATHOSTOMA, Thorell — (continued).

Family 6. HAEPACTICID^E, Glaus (in part).

BODY cylindrical, or, sometimes, flattened. Abdo-
men, in most cases, not sharply separated from the
cephalothorax. First pair of antennas short, composed
of few (4 — 10) joints, scarcely ever reaching beyond
the edge of the first body-segment ; in the male
forming on both sides a clasping organ. Second pair
2 — 4-jointed, bearing a secondary branch which is
usually small and made up of 1 — 4 joints. Mandibles
strongly toothed, provided with a palp which is either
simple, consisting of one or two joints, or more^omplex
and composed of a basal portion with two branches ;
in a few cases forming a laminated branchial appendage.
Maxillas usually well developed, consisting of a den-
tated cutting segment and a more or less complex
palp, which is made up of several setiferous digits
arranged in a somewhat radiated manner. First pair
of foot-jaws armed at the extremity with several strong
teeth, and on the inner margin with several (usually

VOL. n. A

2 BRITISH COPEPODA.

three) wart-like, setiferous processes. Second pair
sometimes foot-like, but mostly forming a strong pre-
hensile uncinate hand. First pair of feet mostly
(though not always) different from the following pairs
and converted into a prehensile apparatus ; second,
third, and fourth pairs adapted for swimming ; fifth
pair 2-jointed, foliaceous ; different in the two sexes,
the basal joint usually dilated and more or less embrac-
ing the smaller apical joint. Eyes as in Cyclops.
Heart wanting. Copulative organs in the female
symmetrical, in the male usually asymmetrical. Ovisac
in most cases single, rarely double.

This family, according to the arrangement here
adopted, contains thirty- three genera* and eighty- one
species, and is therefore by far the largest of the nine
families coming within the range of the present Mono-
graph. The limits of the family are precisely those
adopted by Glaus and Boeck, except that the group
erected by the former author into a separate family
under the name PeltididcB are here (as also by Boeck)
included amongst the Harpacticidce. There is, in
fact, no important structural difference between the
two, the point relied on by Glaus as distinctive being
the flattened form of the Peltididce, which is of no
great importance in itself, and is found in certain
species of some genrea (e. g. Thalestris)> the normal
form of which is cylindrical. The cylindrical form,
with an abdomen not much narrowed, and not mark-
edly distinct from the cephalothorax, must, however,

* Excepting Cylindropsyllus, which cannot at present be referred
with certainty to any family.

HAEPACTICID^. 3

be looked upon as the typical form of the family ; the
genera which depart from this rule being Zaus,
Peltidium, Porcellidium, Idya, and Scutellidium, all of
which are to a greater or less extent flattened from
above downwards. Amymone, on the other hand,
presents a peculiarity of the opposite kind, being flat-
tened laterally. The two pairs of antennae do not
present any remarkable abnormalities of structure ;
the mandibles, however, vary very considerably, more
especially as to the degree of development of the palp,
which in some cases is reduced to very small dimen-
sions (Canthocamptus, Attheyella, Laophonte, &c.) ;
the maxillge also vary a good deal in development, and
in Longipedia approach very nearly to the shape of the
same organs in the Galanidce. The usual digitate, sub-
triangular shape of the first pair of foot-jaws is lost in
some genera, as in Ectinosoma, Idya, and ScuteUidium,
where these limbs are prehensile and clawed; the second
foot-jaw constantly takes the form of a powerfully
clawed prehensile hand except in the genera Longipe-
dia, Ectinosoma, Zosime, and Brady a (sub-family Longi-
pediince), where it approaches somewhat to the structure
seen in Calanidce and Cyclopidce. The first pair of feet
has in general one or both branches adapted for
prehension, and more or less powerfully clawed ; but
in the genera belonging to the sub-families Longi-
pediince, Tachidiince, and Amymonince, it is formed for
swimming, being nearly or quite like the following pairs.
The second, third, and fourth pairs are always natatory
organs, and the outer branches are always 3 -jointed ;
the inner branch, however, has a variable number of

4 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

joints (one to three), and sometimes (Nannopus, Platy-
chelipus) is reduced to a small papilla bearing a few setse.
The genera in which two non-coalescent ovisacs occur
are very few, probably only two — Diosaccus and Dela-
valia.

Die

TNon-pre

in the
form
of a
pre-
hen-
sile
clawed '
hand :
ante-
rior
foot-
jaw

I

ignosis of Sub-families of Harpacticidce.

ihensile LonavoedMnts.

""forming a j

bearing
marginal
setiferous
processes,
but not
forming •<
an uncin-
ate hand ;
inner
branch of
first foot

>owerful c

not
elongate
nor
adaptec
for pre
hensioE

2- or
3-joint-
ed, •
elon-
gated

lai

d

'

L
r&

ii

1}

n.

f broad and
1-joint- 3 lamelliform Porcellidiince.
ed I
\, slender . . . Amymonina}.

2-jointed Nannopince.

3-jointed Tachidiince.

ad provided with
strong uncinate
terminal claws Sarpacticince.

tinged, f
nperfect- | 1-branched Canthocamp-
r clawed ; •{ tince.
landible- j
palp (J3-branched Stenheliince.

Sub-family 1. LONGIPEDIIN^!, BoecJc.

The characters which distinguish the genera belong-
ing to this section are as follows : — The accessory
branch of the posterior antenna is largely developed ;
mandible-palp 2-branched, the branches springing
from a large basal plate ; the posterior foot-jaws are
not formed for prehension, having no clawed hand ;
the first pair of feet is like the following pairs, both
branches being adapted for swimming and not at all
for grasping.

LONGIPEDIA.

The genera belonging to this sub-family are four :
Longipedia, Ectinosoma, Zosime, and Bradya.

Inner
branch

of

first

pair

of

feet

Diagnosis of Genera of Longipediince.

'2-jointed Zosime.

3-jointed ; f 5- or 6-Jointed Longipedia.

inner branch I

JJJLACt Ml CLJJ.U1J. I -) ;">*• j 1 -• rt • • 1 -I-I • •

nf wvstpvi'm- i 2- or 3-jomted ; r2-jomted ...Ectinosoma.
££££ .first pair of foot- ]

^ jaws well developed, C5-jointed ...Bradya.

Genus 1. LONGIPEDIA, Glaus (1863).

Body elongated, slender. Head united with the first
body-segment and produced into a long, curved beak.
Abdomen composed, in both sexes, of five segments.
Anterior antennas short, arcuate, indistinctly 5-
jointed. Accessory branch of the posterior antennas
large, 6-jointed. Mandibles (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4)
broad and distinctly toothed ; palp 2-branched, the
outer branch consisting of one, the inner of two joints.
Maxillas (Plate XXXIY, fig. 5) consisting of a basal
plate to which are attached a short and thick manduca-
tory process armed with a series of curved teeth, a
slender, setiferous, jointed palp, and a short, ovate
branchial plate. First pair of foot-jaws (Plate XXXIV,
fig. 6) 3-jointed, bearing several long marginal
processes which are densely setose at their apices.
Second pair (Plate XXXIV, fig. 7) short and broad,
3-jointed, fringed with numerous stout, plumose
setae. First four pairs of feet having both branches
3-jointed, and adapted for swimming; first pair
somewhat smaller than the rest ; second pair having

6 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the inner branch much elongated. Fifth pair, in the
male, f oliaceous ; in the female rudimentary.

1. LONGIPEDIA CORONATA (Glaus), Pis. XXXIV and

XXXV.

Longipedia coronata, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. Ill,

taf. xiv, figs. 14—24 (1863).

— — Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 29

(1864).

Anterior antennas short, 5-jointed, thickly beset on
the outer border with stout hairs, many of which are
strongly pectinate or plumose ; in the female (Plate
XXXIV, fig. 3) the antenna tapers somewhat toward
the extremity and terminates in two or three long,
simple setae, the last joint being the longest and most
slender ; in the male the organ is thicker, obtuse, and
more distinctly arcuate, the whole outer margin beset
with very strongly pectinate and plumose setee ; the
apex bears two stout falciform processes, and two or
three similar (but setose) appendages occur amongst the
hairs of the outer margin of the antenna. The posterior
antenna (Plate XXXV, fig. 1) consists of two nearly
equal branches, the main branch being composed of
four joints, of which the second and fourth are the
smallest; the secondary branch of six nearly equal
joints which are short in the female (fig. 1) and longer
in the male (fig. 2). The first pair of swimming feet
is armed in the male (fig. 4) with somewhat longer
spines than in the female (fig. 3). The inner branch
of the second pair of feet (fig. 5) is in both sexes
much elongated, reaching in the female as far as the

LONGIPEDIA. 7

termination of the thorax, in the male to the middle
of the abdomen, the last joint constituting about
three fourths of the whole length of the limb and
bearing three terminal and three lateral spines. The
feet of the third pair (fig. 6) are rather larger than
those of the fourth (fig. 7), and bear a series of marginal
spines on the first and second joints of the inner, and on
the second joint of the outer branch. The fifth foot in
the male (Plate XXXIY, fig. 8) consists of a moderately
broad central lamina bearing about eight marginal
setse, two of which are much longer than the rest and
are situated near the apex ; the two lateral segments
are smaller, one bearing a very long curved seta, the
other a short apical filament only ; the fifth pair in the
female (fig. 9) is rudimentary, consisting only of four
short setse. The first segment of the abdomen of the
male (Plate XXXY, fig. 8) has two lateral spines on the
inferior angles, while the fourth segment is armed with
a long, downward-pointing posterior spine ; the female
abdomen has none of these appendages, and the caudal
segments (fig. 9) are much narrower and more diver-
gent than in the male ; the longest of the two principal
tail setas is equal to about twice the length of the
abdomen. Length, i^-th. of an inch (1'4 mm.).

Longipedia coronata is often taken abundantly by the
dredge on sandy or gravelly bottoms in depths of from
one to thirty fathoms or more ; it also occurs, though
in less abundance, on muddy bottoms and amongst the
fronds of fuci between tide-marks. It is readily dis-
tinguishable from all other species by the great length
of the inner branch of the second swimming foot ; the

8 BEITISH COPEPODA.

short and exquisitely plumed antennae, and (in the
male) by the conspicuous posterior abdominal spine.
It is certainly one of the most common, as it is also
amongst the most beautiful, of British Copepods. The
following are some of the localities in which I have
taken it : — Abundantly on a sandy bottom off Seaton
Carew (Durham), four fathoms ; off Marsden, Sunder-
land, and Seaham, twenty to thirty fathoms ; Clifden
Bay, Ireland, four fathoms ; in tide-pools, Aranmore
(Ireland) ; Lough S willy, two fathoms ; off St. Mary
and St. Agnes, Scilly Islands, twenty to forty fathoms ;
Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; on weeds at Bell
Rock Lighthouse (Mr. E. C. Davison).

Genus 2. ECTINOSOMA, Boeck (1864).

Body much elongated, slender; abdomen not
separated from the thorax by any distinct constric-
tion, and remaining unflexed on the body after death
(PI. XXXVI, fig. 1). Head small, and united with
the first thoracic segment. Anterior antennae (fig. 2)
very short, much attenuated towards the apex, 5 — 7-
jointed, bearing numerous long setae. Posterior an-
tennae much larger and stronger (fig. 3), 3-jointed,
and having attached to the first joint a long 2- or 3-
jointed secondary branch; the last joint bears several
strong, spine-like, plumose hairs. Mandible (fig. 4)
slender, deeply cleft at the apex ; palp large, 2-jointed,
bearing several long setae and a short, simple, secon-

ECTINOSOMA 9

dary branch which arises from the first joint. Basal
joint of the maxilla (fig. 5) strongly clawed; palp
divided into numerous marginal, setiferous lobes.
First pair of foot-jaws (fig. 6) 2-jointed, broad, pro-
vided with two strong, terminal claws and marginal

D ' O

setse ; second pair (fig. 7) 3-jointed, long, and slender,
second joint the longest. Four pairs of swimming
feefc, all nearly alike, 2-branched, each branch com-
posed of three nearly equal joints (fig. 8). Each foot
of the fifth pair is composed of two angular, setiferous
laminae (fig. 9).

1. EOTINOSOMA SPINIPES, nov. sp. PL XXXVI, figs.

1—10.

Ectinosoma melaniceps, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iv, p. 435, pi. xx, figs.
1—12 (1872).

— — Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist., p. 130 (1873).

Anterior antennse 6-jointed, joints subequal, the
first three much stouter than the last three, and
having several setse of moderate length on the outer
margin, last joint with two long and two shorter setse
at the apex ; accessory branch of the posterior antenna
3-jointed, longer than the last two joints of the
primary branch. Posterior foot- jaw slender, the second
joint long (fig. 7) and bearing a series of six spine-like
hairs, terminal joint provided with one long and two
short apical setse ; one very long seta attached to the
basal joint. All the joints of the swimming feet, as

10 BEITISH COPEPODA.

well as their spines, fringed on the outer margins with
closely-set, stout, spine-like setaa. Basal joint of the
fifth pair of feet (fig. 9) produced internally into a
narrow quadrate lamina which bears two stout, apical
spines of moderate length and a series of about eight
spine-like setae on the inner margin ; the outer margin
of the basal portion forms a slender process which
is tipped with a plumose filament ; second joint
broader and shorter, tripartite at the apex, each lobe
giving origin to a single seta, the innermost of which
is the shortest. Caudal setae of moderate length.
Length of animal -^th of an inch (1'3 mm.).

I was at one time disposed to consider this very
well characterized species as identical either with
Boeck's E. melaniceps or E. curticornis, though differ-
ing from the former in several important points, espe-
cially in the absence of any black markings on the
head and in the configuration of the fifth feet ; in this
last respect it also seems to differ from E. curticornis,
so that on the whole it seems best to assign to it a
new specific name, spinipes. It is very generally dis-
tributed round the British Islands in water of mode-
rate depth — from low-water mark to forty fathoms,
and has been observed in the following places : — at
various points off the Durham and Yorkshire coasts in
company with Longipedia coronata, but not so abun-
dant; in tide-pools, Aranmore, Ireland; Lough Swilly,
two fathoms; Scilly Islands, ten to forty fathoms;
Douglas (Isle of Man), two to three fathoms ; Little
Cumbrae (Clyde), on weeds at ebb tide ; on weeds at
Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman).

EOT1NOSOMA. 11

2. EOTINOSOMA MELANICEPS, Boeck. PI. XL, figs. 17 —

20.

Ectinosoma melaniceps, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 30
(1864).

Anterior antennas 6-jointed (fig. 17), slender, gradu-
ally tapering, the first two joints short and rather
stouter than the rest ; third joint about twice as long
as the fourth or fifth, last joint very small. Second
foot- jaw (fig. 18) slender; the long middle joint finely
setose on both margins, last joint having three slender
apical spines. Swimming feet (fig. 19) much as in the
preceding species, but having the setae and spinous
armature much more slender and delicate. Basal
joint of the fifth foot (fig. 20) short and broad, its
inner margin devoid of setae and reaching only about
half the length of the outer segment, bearing two
apical setaa, one of which is very short and stout;
outer margin produced and having a small apical hair ;
second segment broad and short, 4-cleft at the
extremity, each digit bearing a single seta, all of
different lengths. Tail-segments very short. Length
y^th of an inch (*84 mm.).

This species does not differ very much from the
foregoing. It is, however, much smaller and more
delicate in structure, and is moreover always distin-
guishable by a a cloudy blackish patch on the head.
Its habitat is chiefly amongst weeds or mud, whilst
E. spinipes haunts, as has been already stated, sandy
or gravelly ground. I have found E. melaniceps

12 BRITISH COPEPODA.

sparingly amongst weeds near low-water mark at
St. Mary's, Scilly, and in a gathering taken from the
fronds of Laminarice in Shetland by the Rev. A. M.
Norman. Mr. Norman has also more recently (1877)
taken it at Oban.

3. ECTINOSOMA ERYTHROPS, nov. sp. Fl. XXXVI, figs.

11—17.

Anterior antennae 6-jointed, mandibular palp having
only a single terminal seta. First foot-jaw (fig. 14)
slender, terminal claws long and slender, middle joint
of second foot-jaw having only one long marginal seta.
Swimming-feet destitute of marginal spines, their inner
branches more elongated than in the preceding species
(fig. 16). Fifth pair of feet (fig. 17) much shorter than
in the two preceding species, and having much longer
setse, the longest of which is at least three or four times
longer than the foot itself; basal segment having two
setae on its inner portion ; terminal segment small,
reaching not much beyond the inner portion of the
first segment and bearing three long apical setae.
The head (fig. 11) bears close to its anterior margin
two distinct, brilliantly red, eye-spots. Length, -j^th
of an inch ("65 mm.).

A small, but apparently very distinct, species of
which I have seen only a few specimens, all of them
taken by the dredge in depths of from five to thirty
fathoms off the coasts of South Durham and North
Yorkshire,

EOTINOSOMA. 13

4. ECTINOSOMA ATLANTICUM (Brady and Robertson). PI.

XXXVIII, figs. 11—19.

Microsetella atlantica, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv,
vol. xii, p. 130; pi. ix, figs. 11—16 (1873).

Body ^th of an inch in length (fig. 11), excessively
slender, almost linear and much attenuated both
behind and in front : tail-segments (fig. 19) very short
and divergent. First cephalothoracic segment curvate,
much attenuated in front, and equal in length to the
five following segments. Anterior antennae (fig. 12)
slender, 6-jointed, sparingly setose; posterior large,
3-jointed, the first joint bearing a long 2- (or 3- ?)
jointed secondary branch (fig. 13). First foot-jaw
2-jointed, short and stout, provided with several apical
setae ; second foot-jaw (fig. 16) 3-jointed, with two
or three curved claw-like seise at the apex. First four
pairs of feet nearly alike ; long and slender ; branches
of nearly equal size (fig. 17). Fifth pair (fig. 18)
2-jointed ; internal portion of the basal joint produced
nearly as far as the apex of the second joint, and bear-
ing three apical setae, one of which is very long ; second
joint smaller, and bearing two long setae. The caudal
segments have two principal setse (fig. 19), the inner-
most of which is very short, the other as long as the
entire body of the animal. Colour yellowish.

Taken in the surface-net by Mr. E. C. Davison in
the open sea as follows : — Lat. 53° 24' N., long. 15°
24' W. ; lat. 53° 15' N., long. 11° 51' W. ; lat. 51° 22'

14 BRITISH COPEPODA.

N., long. 12° 25V W. ; and at 40 miles off the Skelligs ;
sparingly also in Kinsale Harbour.

This species was described by Mr. Robertson and
myself (loc. cit.) as the type of a new genus — Microsetella;
but on further examination I find no sufficient grounds
to maintain its separation from Ectinosoma. The
general habit and appearance of the animal coincide
entirely with that genus ; but it is worthy of note, that,
while all other members of the genus seem to haunt
the bed of the sea, this has been found only near the
surface, being taken by the tow-net. I have never
noticed its occurrence amongst dredged material.

The mouth organs being so extremely minute, I have
not succeeded in obtaining a satisfactory view of all of
them. There seems to be a mandible-palp, but I have
not been able to see it with sufficient distinctness to
describe or figure it ; and the same may be said of
the maxillae.

Genus 8. ZOSIHE, Boeck (1872).

Anterior antennas 6-jointed, very short and stout ;
posterior 2-branched, accessory branch 2-jointed;
mandible-palp composed of a large basal portion and
two small branches. First pair of foot-jaws having
three marginal setiferous digits; second pair small,
3-jointed, simple, terminating in a few seise. First
pair of feet having the outer branch composed of
three, the inner of two joints; both branches of

ZOSIME. 15

three following pairs 3-jointed. Fifth pair small,
2-jointed.

1. ZOSIME TYPIOA, Boeck. PL XXXIX, figs. 1—12.

Zosime typica, Boeck. Nye Slaegter og Arter af Saltvands-
Copepoder, p. 14 (1872).

Female. — Body robust, truncated in front; no
distinct separation between thorax and abdomen, head
small, coalescent with first thoracic segment ; rostrum
short, thick, and squared at the apex, which bears two
small hairs ; abdomen but little more slender than the
cephalothorax, tail-segments much narrower than
the last abdominal ring. First two joints of the
anterior antennae large and nearly equal, each of them
equal to the united lengths of the four following joints ;
all except the first joint densely clothed on the outer
margin with stout, strongly plumose hairs (fig. 3).
Second pair of antennse (fig. 4) 3-jointed ; basal
joint about as long as the two following, and giving
origin to a large triarticulate secondary branch ; both
branches plentifully provided with strongly plumose
spine-like setae. Mandible short, broad, and strongly
toothed (fig. 5) at the extremity ; basal joint of the palp
produced internally into a digitiform process (a).
Maxillae composed of a broad main segment (fig. 6),
with three or four small setiferous digits. Second
foot-jaws (fig. 8) having three apical seta3, one long
and plumose, the other two small. The two joints of
the inner branch of the first foot are of equal length ;

16 BBITISH COPEPODA.

the marginal spines of the outer branch are strongly
pectinate (fig. 9) towards the apices, and the longer
setae are plumose. The basal joint of fifth pair of feet
(fig. 11) is short and broad, and bears three long
plumose setae, the second joint is quadrangular, small,
and has three apical seta3, one much longer than the
other two ; in the male (fig. 12) the segments of the
fifth foot are even less developed, but bear an almost
exactly similar set of setae. The abdominal segments
are produced downwards at the angles into short spines.
The caudal segments are short, about twice as long as
broad, having two short spines on the outer margin
and two at the apex, the longest of which is about
equal in length to three rings of the abdomen ; while
the smaller is barely half as long as the other. Length,
-2\th of an inch ('9 mm.).

Several specimens of this curious and distinctly
characterized species were dredged twenty miles off
Sunderland, on a bottom of muddy sand in forty-five
fathoms water ; also five miles off Hartlepool on a
sandy bottom. M. Boeck's specimens were taken
amongst mud in Christiania fiord in a depth of sixteen
fathoms.

Genus 4. BRADYA, BoecJc (1872).

Anterior antennas very short, 7-jointed ; inner
branch of the posterior antennas of moderate size,
2-jointed (" 3-jointed," Boeck). Mandible-palp large,
2 -branched. Maxillar palp well developed. First

BRADYA. 17

foot-jaw large, 5-jointed (PI. XXXVIII, fig. 6) ; basal
joint elongated and provided with three marginal seti-
ferous digits, second joint very long, third, fourth, and
fifth extremely short, and bearing several long setae.
Second foot- jaw much shorter, 3- jointed, the last joint
short and bearing three curved terminal setae. First
four pairs of feet nearly alike (fig. 8) ; both branches
composed of three joints and adapted for swimming.
Fifth pair small, 2-jointed.

1. BRADYA TYPICA, Boeck. PL XXXVIII, figs. 1—10.

Bradya typica, Boeck. Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands-
Copepoder, p. 15 (1872).

Body -^th of an inch in length, cylindrical, exhibit-
ing no distinct separation between thorax and ab-
domen ; caudal segments tapering, and much narrower
than the last abdominal segment. Anterior antennas
(fig. 2) very short, 7-jointed; fifth and seventh joints
the smallest ; all beset on the outer margin with long
setae; inner branch of the posterior antennas (fig. 3)
as long as the outer branch, but much more slender,
2-jointed. Mandible (fig. 4) having rather slender
teeth, but a large palp the basal joint of which is much
elongated and bears two branches of moderate size.
Basal joint of the first foot-jaw (fig. 6) large ; its
three marginal processes somewhat long and slender,
each bearing about three apical setas ; second joint
also long and slender; three following joints very

VOL. n. B

IS BRITISH COPEPODA.

short and armed with numerous setse of moderate
length. Lower foot-jaw (fig. 7) 3-jointed; first joint
short and stout, second rather longer and having a
pectinate series of small cilia near the middle ; last
joint very short and armed with three strong, curved,
and plumose setae at the apex. The outer margins of
all the joints of the first four pairs of feet (fig. 8) are
fringed with spines, and their longer setae have pec-
tinate margins. Fifth pair of feet small (fig. 9), the
basal joint triangular and bearing two long setae on
the inner and one on the outer angle ; second joint
smaller, subquadrangular, bearing four setae, two of
which are of equal length with those of the basal
joint ; the other two much shorter.

I have seen only very few examples of this species,
not more than a dozen; these were taken off Porcressa
Bay (Scilly Islands) in a depth of twenty fathoms, and
off Hartlepool in twenty-five fathoms on a sandy
bottom. M. Boeck's specimens were found in com-
pany with the previous species, Zosime typica.

There may, perhaps, be some doubt whether the
species here described is rightly referred to M.
Boeck's Bradya typica. In some points the two
appear to differ, the only important divergence being,
however, as to the number of joints on the inner
branch of the posterior antennae. But this is a point
upon which a mistake may very readily be made ;
indeed it is one by no means always easy of determi-
nation, even when attention is specially directed to it.
I regret that an insufficient supply of specimens has
prevented my satisfying myself as to this particular,

TACHIDIUS. 19

and also as regards the maxillar palp, of which, very
possibly, my figure may be inaccurate.

Sul-family 2. TACHIDIINJI, BoecJc.

The species belonging to this sub-family agree with
the Longipediints in having the first almost exactly like
the three following pairs of feet, adapted for swim-
ming and not for grasping, and in having all the
branches of the swimming feet 3-jointed ; the acces-
sory branch of the second antenna consists of one or
two joints and is mostly small; the second foot-jaw
forms a clawed hand and is adapted for prehension,
and the fifth foot consists usually of only one joint.
To this division belong the genera Tachidius, Euterpe,
and Robertsonia.

Diagnosis of Genera of Tachidiince.

Both ("2-jointed , Euterpe.

branches j

• of first •{ 3-jointed; secondary fl -jointed Tachidius,

pair of | branch of posterior <
feet (_ antenna (.2-jointed Robertsonia.

Genus 5. TACHIDIUS, Lilljeborg (1853).

Cephalothorax broad, and not distinctly separated
from the abdomen; head united with first thoracic
segment ; abdomen'in both sexes 5-jointed. Anterior
antennas (PI. XXXVII, fig. 4) very short, 7-jointed.

20 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Posterior antennae 2-jointed, with a minute 1- jointed
inner branch. Mandible-palp short (fig. 6), consisting
of a basal portion and two short 1-jointed branches.
Maxilla armed with several curved teeth (fig. 7), and
having a small bilobed setose palp. First pair of foot-
jaws (fig. 8) divided into several setose segments ;
second pair elongated (fig. 9), 3-jointed, forming a
grasping hand, which terminates in a curved claw.
First four pairs of feet (fig. 10) nearly alike; both
branches 3-jointed. Each foot of the fifth pair con-
sists of a single broad fringed plate, larger in the
female than in the male. Ovisac single.

1. TACHIDIUS BREVICOENIS (Miiller). PL XXXVII.

Cyclops brevicornis, Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2414 (1776). Ento-

mostraca. p. 118 (1785).
Fabricius. Faun. Groen., 240 (1780).

Tachidius — Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib.,

p. 196, tab. xxii, figs. 12 — 16 ; tab. xxiii,

figs. 1, 2, 9 ; and tab. xxiv, figs. 17, 18 (1853).

Brady. Nat. Hist.Trans. Northumberland and

Durham, v. iii, p. 130, pi. v, figs. 1—9 (18681).

Boeck. Oversigt Norg. Copepoder,p.33 (1864).

Body robust, produced into a short, blunt rostrum ;
body-segments fringed on their posterior margins with
rows of minute teeth ; last three abdominal segments
about equal in length, those of the tail (fig. 1 6) rather
longer than broad. Anterior antennae of the female (fig.
4) 7-jointed ; first two joints large, third, fourth, and
fifth short and nearly equal, sixth nearly as long as the
two preceding, seventh very small, the whole limb beset

TACHIDIUS. 21

with rather long hairs, some of which are plumed with
strong spine-like seta3 ; in the male the fifth and sixth
joints form a large vesiculiform swelling (fig. 3), the
last joint forming a strong claw ; a curved spine is
also attached to the outer margin of the swollen joint
(fig. 3 a). Posterior antennae 2-jointed, the secondary
branch (fig. 5) small, 1- jointed. In the male the
inner branch of the second pair of feet (fig. 11) has its
marginal setae much reduced in size, and the second
joint has attached to its apex a strong spine which is
nearly as broad and quite as long as the much nar-
rowed terminal joint ; the outer branch of the third pair
has also very small marginal seta and is armed at its
extremity with three strong spines (fig. 12), one of
which is very long. Fifth pair of feet in both sexes
broad, subquadrate, single-jointed, much larger in the
female (fig. 13) than in the male (fig. 14), and bearing
several marginal setae, some of which are plumose.
The innermost of the two principal tail setae is much
the longest, and both are finely aculeate throughout
(fig. 16). The first abdominal segment bears on its
outer angles (fig. 15) two spines. Eye small, situated
near the base of the anterior antenna. Colour grey
or yellowish brown. Length -^th of an inch ('65 mm.).
There are probably few brackish marsh-pools in
which Tachidius brevicornis may not at times be found,
more especially in the autumn months, when long-
continued warmth has developed many successive
broods of these rapidly multiplying tribes. In pools
of this kind I have found it often in great abundance,
the following being some of the localities of which I

22 BRITISH OOPEFODA.

have memoranda : — Seaton Sluice (Northumberland),
Hylton Dene and Hartlepool (Durham), Oulton Broad,
Maningtree, and Lake Lothing (Suffolk), pond at St.
Mary's, Scilly Islands.

Genus 6. EUTERPE, Glaus (1863).

Anterior antennaB 7- jointed. Second pair of foot-
jaws elongated, 3-jointed, armed with a long, slender
claw. Both branches of the first pair of feet 2-jointed.
Abdomen in both sexes 5-jointed.

1. EUTERPE GRACILIS, Glaus. PI. XL, figs. 1 — 16.

Euterpe gracilis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 109,
t. 14, figs. 1—13 (1863).

Body slender, produced into a stout rostrum ante-
riorly, somewhat sigmoid in outline when seen from the
side, the dorsal cephalothoracic margin being strongly
arched (fig. 1). Abdomen short, about as long as the
last three thoracic segments, and not sharply separate
from the thorax. Anterior antennas 7-jointed ; shorter
than the first body-segment ; in the female (fig. 3) slen-
der, beset somewhat sparingly with hairs, and bearing
on the fourth joint (fig. 3a) a stout setose appendage ;
length of the several joints nearly equal; in the male
(fig. 2) the fifth and sixth joints are coalescent, and
form an elongated vesiculiform swelling; last joint

EUTERPE. 23

very small and armed with a long, curved, apical claw,
the whole forming a powerful prehensile organ. The
posterior antennae are 3-jointed and rather large, the
basal joint giving attachment to an accessory branch
composed of a single joint, which is smaller in the
female than in the male (fig. 4) ; in the latter sex it is
armed at the apex with a falciform claw, which, accord-
ing to Glaus, is used as an auxiliary clasping organ.
The mandibles (fig. 5) are short and stout, strongly
toothed, and bearing a short 2-branched palp. The
maxillae (fig. 6) are strongly toothed, and have a 2-
jointed clawed palp. The upper foot- jaw (fig. 7) bears
three marginal digits, which, as well as the terminal
segment, are provided with plumose setae ; the lower
(fig. 8) is exceedingly long and slender, 3-jointed, with
a very long curved claw at the apex. The swimming-
feet of the first pair are 2-branched, each branch con-
sisting only of two joints ; and in the male (fig. 9) the
inner branch is sharply flexed, the terminal joints of
both branches bear ou the inner margin and at the
apex five long, finely-plumose setae, but neither of
them possesses a prehensile claw. The three follow-
ing pairs of feet have both branches 3-jointed, the
inner branch, however, being in each case much
shorter than the outer (figs. 10, 11, 12) ; all the setae
of these limbs are plumose, but those belonging to the
first joint much more strongly so than the rest. The
fifth foot in the female is foliaceous, elongated, subovate
(fig. 13), bearing at the broad apex five spines, of which
the three median ones are plumose ; on the middle of
the external margin there is also a spine of nearly

24 BRITISH COPEPODA.

similar size ; in the male the fifth pair of feet (fig. 14)
is rather smaller, and consists of two tapering laminae
which are closely united almost to the apices, each of
which bears two nearly equal spines, the external
margins each having two slender setae ; the first male
abdominal segment (fig. 15) has attached to it a pair
of small bisetose appendages, much like rudimentary
feet. Caudal segments (fig. 16) subconical, a little
longer than the last abdominal ring ; tail setae two, the
innermost much the longer, stout and finely aculeate
along the margins, somewhat shorter than the abdo-
men, but about five times as long as the outer one.
The animal is of a deep brown colour, and is ^th of
an inch in length ('65 mm.).

The only specimens of this species which I have
seen occurred in a tow-net gathering made by my
friend, Mr. E. C. Davison, in Kinsale Harbour,
Ireland, during the cruise of the "Porcupine;" there
were several examples, but, except one or two, all were
males. The type-specimens described by Dr. Glaus
were taken at Heligoland, these two localities being at
present the only recorded habitats of the species.

Genus 7. ROBERTSONIA, nov. gen.

Abdomen separated by a distinct constriction from
the cephalothorax ; anterior antennae short, 7- or 8-
jointed ; inner branch of posterior antennae of moderate
size, biarticulate ; mandible-palp composed of a large

KOBERTSONIA. 25

basal joint and two small branches ; anterior foot-jaw
short and broad, posterior 3- jointed, well developed,
forming a prehensile hand. First four pairs of feet
nearly alike, each branch 3-jointed ; fifth foot foliaceous,
2- jointed. Last joint of the inner branch of the second
pair in the male converted into two or three strong
spine-like processes.

1. ROBERTSONJA TENTHS (Brady and Robertson).
PI. XLI, figs. 1—14.

Ectinosoma tenue, B. & R. Proceedings of the British Associa-
tion, p. 196 (1875).

Length -^th of an inch. Moderately robust ; head
united with the first thoracic segment, and pro-
duced into a long falcate rostrum (fig. 1) ; abdomen
distinctly narrower than the cephalothorax, and com-
posed of five segments, the posterior margins of which
are finely spinulose, and have three or four somewhat
larger spines at the outer angles (fig. 14). Anterior
antennas 8-jointed, short, only about half the length of
the first body-segment ; in the female densely beset on
the outer margin with long hairs, some of which are
strongly pectinate (fig. 2) ; in the male (fig. 3) the
joints are irregularly swollen at the distal, and con-
stricted at the proximal extremities ; the fifth joint is
produced on the outer margin, and bears a thick, club-
like appendage (fig. 3<z), the limb altogether being not
so densely setose as in the female. Posterior antennse
(fig. 4) 2-jointed, the large basal joint giving attach-
ment to a slender, biarticulated inner branch, which

26 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

bears two apical and two marginal seise ; the last joint
of the main limb is armed with several spine-like setae
at the apex and on the outer margin, and the basal
joint has one strong plumose seta. Mandible (fig. 5)
broad and strongly toothed at the extremity; basal
joint of the palp large. The maxilla (fig. 6) consists
of a small masticatory segment, and a 4-digitate palp,
the extremities of all the digits bearing three or four
long setse. The anterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) has three
marginal digits; the posterior (fig. 8) is 3-jointed,
first and second joints subequal, third small, slender,
and having three apical seta3, one of which is longer
than the others and forms a slender claw ; the basal
joint has four marginal setaB, two attached at the apex
being very long ; the second joint has a series of about
eight seta3 on its inner margin. The inner branch of
the first pair of feet (fig. 9) is rather longer than the
outer branch, the terminal joints in both cases being
rather long and slender ; the outer margins are fringed
with spine-like setae, those at the apex of each joint on
the outer branch being unusually large. The basal
portion of the limb is armed with three strong spines
(fig. 9, a, a, a), the innermost of which is broad and
lancet-shaped ; the second, third, and fourth pairs of
feet are somewhat similar, but their setose armature is
not quite so strong ; in the male the third joint of the
inner branch in the second pair (fig. 11) is converted
into two spine-like processes and two slender setae,
while the setae usually present on the inner margins of
the first and second joints are quite rudimentary. The
fifth foot (figs. 12, 13) is composed of two joints fringed

AMYMONE 27

with numerous marginal setge, some of which are
plumose, the basal joint dilated and embracing the
second joint; in the male the limb is much smaller
and less profusely setose, the inner segment of the
basal joint having only two strong apical spines and
a fringe of fine cilia along the inner margin. The
caudal segments are very short — the length being
less than the width, and bear several short and two
long setae, the inner and larger of which is finely and
shortly plumose, and about as long as the abdomen.

This very distinct and well-marked species is perhaps
not uncommon off the Durham coast, a considerable
number of specimens having been noticed in two
dredgings, — off Hawthorn, in a depth of twenty-seven
fathoms on a sandy bottom, and eff Seaham, in thirty-
seven fathoms amongst mud. It may be noted that
these two localities are in close proximity.

Suit-family 3. AMYMONIN.&, BoecJc.

Posterior antennae 3-jointed, with a small 1- or 2-
jointed inner branch ; mandible-palp 1-jointed ; maxil-
lar palp 2-jointed, slender. Anterior foot-jaw 3-jointed,
digitate ; posterior strongly chelate ; branches of first
pair of feet 1-jointed, of following pairs 3-jointed.

One genus only— -Amymone.

28 BRITISH COPBPODA.

Genus 8. AMYMONE, Claus (1863).

Body much compressed. Dorsal margin very con-
vex. Head and last thoracic segment very large, pro-
duced ventrally and approximating so as to give a
more or less circular outline to the animal. Abdomen
very short. Head united with the first thoracic
segment. First pair of antennae elongated, 6- or 8-
jointed; second pair 3-jointed, and bearing a small 1-
or 2-jointed secondary branch, last joint clawed.
Mandible-palp 1-branched;* maxillar palp elongated,
2-jointed. First foot-jaw slender, 3-jointed; second
much elongated, 2-jointed, and forming a strong
grasping hand. First pair of feet not prehensile, 2-
branched, each branch consisting of a single joint;
second, third, and fourth pairs with both branches
3-jointed. Fifth foot in the female composed of two,
in the male of one, joint. Integument excessively
tough and coriaceous, usually cellular or areolated.

1. AMYMONE SPH.EEICA, Claus. PI. XLIX, figs. 1 — 11.

Jmymone sphriceea, Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 114,
t. xx, figs. 1—9 (1863).

— — Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 32

(1864).

— falcata, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 296 (1868).

* Boeck says fa«o-branched — a mistake, unless his specimens belong
to a different species from those here described. The statement of the
same author as to the structure of the second and third pairs of feet
is also erroneous (" outer branch 2-jointed, inner 3-jointed ") both
branches being always 3-jointed.

AMYMONE. 29

First segment of the body produced ventrally into
a large triangular or broadly falciform promontory ;
last segment of the thorax and first of the abdomen
coalescent, produced in the female into a doubly-
hooked projection, and in the male into a long trian-
gular process, which nearly meets that of the
cephalothorax (represented by the dotted line in
fig. 1) ; abdominal segments and tail setae very short.
Anterior antennae in the female 8-jointed, slender, and
tapering; nearly as long as the first body- segment ;
joints decreasing in length from the first to the sixth,
last three nearly equal; in the male the first, second,
and fourth joints are long (fig. 2) and nearly equal,
the third, fifth, and eighth very short ; a hinge between
the sixth and seventh joints ; in both sexes the outer
margin of the limb is clothed with short hairs. Poste-
rior antennae (fig. 3) 3-jointed, long and slender, the
first joint giving attachment to a small 1- jointed,
secondary branch, which bears several apical setae ; the
last joint is clawed at the apex, and has likewise three
or four moderately long setae. Mandible (fig. 4)
slender; palp 2-jointed. Maxilla (fig. 5) slender;
palp 2-jointed, first joint short, second long, slender,
and curved, each joint bearing three or four strong,
curved, apical setae. First foot-jaw 3-jointed (fig. 6),
last joint very slender, and, like the previous one,
giving origin to a setiferous process. Second foot-
jaw (fig. 7) very long and strong, forming a powerful,
chelate, prehensile limb, the hand elongated, ovate,
bearing a comb-like series of teeth on the inner
margin ; claw long and curved. The four pairs of

30 BRITISH COPEPODA.

swimming-feet are nearly equal in length, but the
branches of the first pair (fig. 8) are only 1-jointed,
and their marginal setae are comparatively short;
branches of the three following pairs slender, the
outer branch (fig. 9) having two apical spines, one
long and one short ; setae of the inner margins long
and slender. Fifth pair in the female foliaceous, 2-
jointed, bearing a few marginal setae (fig. 10), the
joints nearly equal in length; in the male (fig. 11)
1-jointed, elongated, curved, bearing two long setae at
the apex, and one on the outer margin. Colour deep
yellowish brown. Length -g^rd of an inch ('77 mm.).
Dredged in twenty-five fathoms four miles off
Marsden (Durham) amongst rough sand ; in thirty-five
fathoms off Robin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire), amongst
Filagrana implexa, and off Red Cliff (Yorkshire) :
Oban (Rev. A. M. Norman). The Rev. A. M.
Norman also records the occurrence of " A. falcata"
which I believe to be properly referable to this species,
" amongst Laminarice in Bressay Sound " (Shetland).
Dr. Claus's specimens were found at Heligoland and
Naples, and Boeck's at Christiania.

2. AMYMONE LONGIMANA, Glaus. PI. XLIX, figs. 12,

13.

Amymone longimana, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 115,
t. xx, figs. 13, 14 (1863).

Anterior antennae of the female stout and 6-jointed
(Claus), of the male (fig. 12) closely similar to those of

STENHELTINJ).

31

the preceding species. Second foot-jaw (fig. 13) long,
the hand stout and subtriangular ; terminal claw short
and stout; the prominent inner margin of the hand
armed with a row of about eight spine-like setaB.
Length -^th of an inch ('5 mm.).

One specimen only was dredged in a depth of
twenty-seven fathoms off Hawthorn (Durham).

Sub-family 4. STEXHELITISLE, no:v. sub. -f am.

In this section the inner branch of the first pair of
feet is 2- or 3-jointed, has its first or last joint more
or less elongated and the limb partially adapted for
grasping by means of an imperfect hingement at the
apex of the first joint ; the second, third, and fourth
pairs have both branches 3-jointed ; the mandible-
palp is large and 2-branched, and the inner branch
of the posterior antenna is 2- or 3-jointed, and of
moderate size.

The genera are Stenhelia, Ameira, Jonesiella, and
Delava.Ua.

Inner
branch
of first
pair of
swimming-
feet

Diagnosis of Genera of Stenheliince.

("shorter than the outer branch Delavalia.

2- jointed

(. longer than the outer branch Jonesiella.

3-jointed; secondary ("small, 1-jointed Ameira.

branch of posterior <

antenna (.3-jointed Stenhelia.

32 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Genus 9. STENHELIA, Boeck (1864).

Anterior antenna 8- jointed; inner branch of the
posterior antenna of moderate size, 3- jointed, median
joint very small. Mandible-palp composed of a well-
developed basal joint and two small 1 -jointed branches.
Masticatory segment of the maxilla provided with a
few strong apical claws and two smaller setiferous
digitate segments ; from the outer margin spring three
small setiferous tubercles ; first pair of foot jaws having
one large terminal claw and three or four digitiform
setose processes ; second forming a grasping hand.
All the branches of the swimming-feet 3-jointed, the
inner branch of the first pair elongated, its first joint
being often about as long as the whole outer branch ;
last two joints small, and terminating in three long
setse without any claw. Fifth pair foliaceous, 2-jointed.
abdomen in both sexes 5-jointed.

The characters which chiefly distinguish this genus
from the Tacliidiina are the structure of the inner
branch of the first foot, the well-developed mandibular
and maxillar palps, and the 3-jointed inner branch of
the posterior antenna. From all except Robertsonia it
is also separated by the 2-jointed fifth foot.

1. STENHELIA HISPIDA, nov. sp. PL XLII, figs. 1 — 14.
Female. — Animal rather slender ; head united with

STENHELIA. 33

the first thoracic segment, and produced into a long
curved rostrum (fig. 1). Abdomen (fig. 1) 5-jointed,
the first two joints not coalescent. Anterior antenna
8-jointed, the second joint reaching to the extremity
of the rostrum ; the fourth joint is somewhat longer
than the preceding three, and the last four are much
shorter and more slender, their entire length being
only equal to that of the two preceding joints ; the
second, third, fourth, and eighth joints each bear several
apical setae, the other joints very few. Middle joint of
the inner branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 4) very
small. The second foot-jaw (fig. 8) has two spine-like
setas on the inner margin of the slender, oblong hand.
Outer margins of the swimming-feet densely fringed
with spine-like setaa ; first joint of the inner branch of
the first pair elongated, nearly twice as long as the two
following joints ; second joint smaller than the third ;
the outer branch scarcely reaches beyond the apex of
the first joint of the inner branch; branches of the
second, third, and fourth pairs all 3-jointed and nearly
equal, joints long and slender (fig. 10). Fifth pair
well developed (fig. 12), basal joint broad and long,
fringed with small hairs and provided also with five
stout plumose seta3 on the apex and internal margin ;
second joint broadly ovate, bearing five marginal seta3.
The third segment of the abdomen is the shortest, the
fourth the longest; caudal segments about as long as
broad ; outer terminal seta3 very thick for the first
half, then suddenly tapering to a hair-like fineness
(fig. 14) ; inner setse about twice as long, stout and
shortly plumose.

VOL. n. o

34 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Male. — Anterior antenna (fig. 3) constricted between
the third and fourth joints; fourth joint armed with
a very robust rod-like appendage (fig 3 a) ; first joint
of the inner branch of the first foot much thickened
(fig. 9), bearing a fringe of long spine-like setae on the
inner margin and one much longer apical seta ; the basal
portion of the foot has a large darkly-coloured chitinous
tubercle on its inner margin, just above the origin of
the inner branch (fig. 9 a). The second and third
joints of the inner branch of the second foot (fig. 11)
are converted into a long, chitinous, bayonet -like
spine, which is tuberculated near the base. Fifth
pair of feet (fig. 13) smaller and more angular than in
the female, the basal segment having only two principal
setae ; those on the outer margin of the second joint
short and stout. The tail setae in the male are not so
stout as those of the female. Length ^th of an inch
(1 mm.).

This fine species was first noticed by my friend the
Rev. Alfred Merle Norman amongst Entomostraca
washed off the fronds of Laminarice at Tobermory ; in
this gathering it occurred abundantly. I have since
dredged it in several places, but nowhere in great
numbers : — Clew Bay (Ireland) ten fathoms; off
Hartlepool five fathoms; and off Marsden (Durham)
thirty fathoms; Portincross (Ayrshire) fifteen fathoms;
Ventry Bay, Ireland (Mr. E. C. Davison).

The specific name hispida is the MS. name given
by Mr. Norman to his specimens, and on that account
is adopted here.

STENtlELIA. 35

2. STENHELIA IMA, Brady. PI. XLIII, figs. 1 — 14.

Canthocam/ptus imus, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iv, p. 436, pi. xix, figs.
1—5 (1872).

p rostratus, Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copopoden,

p. 122, t. xiii, figs. 5—8 (1863).

Animal very slender, rostrum slender, long, and fal-
ciform ; fourth joint of abdomen the longest. Anterior
antennae (fig. 2) very slender, the last four joints
much thinner than the rest : third, fifth, sixth, and
seventh joints short and nearly equal. In the male the
second and fourth joints are much elongated (fig. 3),
the latter bearing a stout rod- like appendage (fig. 3 a).
Second foot-jaw very slender (fig. 8), the long thin
hand having several hair-like spines on the inner
margin. First joint of inner branch of first pair of
feet very slender and longer than the outer branch,
ciliated on both margins and bearing one long
apical seta on the inner margin (fig. 9), second joint
very short, third more than twice as long as second ;
three terminal setse, one of which is much longer than
the rest. Both branches of the three following pairs
long, slender, and nearly equal ; inner branch of the
second pair in the male terminating in two slender
spines and a long seta (fig. 10). Inner segment of the
fifth foot in the female elongated, narrow, having five
or six marginal setse; second joint long and narrow,
subovate, six-setose, the two apical hairs much the
longest (fig. 12). The fifth feet of the male are very
much shorter and proportionately wider (fig. 13). The

36 EEITISH COPEPODA.

tail setae are a good deal swollen at the base (fig. 14).
Ovisac curvate, containing a small number of large
ova ranged in a single layer. Length y^th of an
inch ('85 mm.).

Hob. — Dredged in depths varying from ten to
thirty-five fathoms, off" Marsden on the Durham Coast,
off Red Cliff, Staiths, and Robin Hood's Bay (York-
shire) ; off Call urn's Hole, Bute ; Glen Sannox, Arran ;
St. Mary's, Scilly ; and Clew Bay, Ireland.

This agrees very closely with the somewhat scanty
details of character noted by Dr. Glaus for Ganiho-
camptus rostratus, but if that species really belongs to
the genus Canthocamptus as defined by Dr. Glaus
(having the fourth foot only 2- jointed), it cannot be
the same as the form now under consideration. With
this uncertainty I retain my own specific name,
though, if the two forms are really identical, the
term rostrata should have the preference on account
of priority.

Genus 10. AMEIEA, Boeck (1864).

Anterior antenna 8-jointed; inner branch of posterior
antenna small, 1 -jointed. Mandible-palp small, 1-
or 2-branched. Branches of all the swimming-feet
3-jointed ; outer branch of the first pair short ;
inner branch long, the first joint especially much
elongated.

AMEIEA. 37

1. AMEIRA LONGIPES, Boeck. PL LIII, figs. 1 — 10.

Ameira longvpes, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 49 (1864).

Rostrum of moderate length, obtuse; last abdo-
minal segment longer than the preceding; tail seg-
ments about as long as broad. The second joint of
the anterior antenna is much longer and wider than
any of the following, the third joint is of mode-
rate size, the rest short and nearly equal in length
(fig. 1). Hand and claw of the second foot-jaw
slender (fig. 5). First joint of the inner branch of
first swimming-foot longer than the entire outer
branch (fig. 6), ciliated on the outer margin, and
bearing one long seta below the middle, and another
at the apex ; second joint short, with one apical seta,
third twice as long as the second and bearing two
long and one short setae ; the inner branches of the
second, third, and fourth pairs are 8-jointed, and
shorter than the outer ; but the second pair in the
male (fig. 8) has the third joint converted into
a long slender spine ; fifth pair small, the basal joint
broad, its inner segment not much elongated (fig. 9),
and armed with four setae; second joint long, oval,
ciliated on the lateral margins, and having five long
terminal setae ; in the male the outer joint is much
shorter (fig. 10), and the setae of both joints are
reduced both in number and size. Length y^th of an
inch (*85 mm.).

A. longipes has been noticed in several dredgings,
but would seem to occur sparingly, not more than

08 BRITISH UOPEPODA.

about one specimen having been seen in each case.
The localities are as follows : — Off Portincross (Ayr-
shire) fifteen fathoms; off Sunderland and Seaham
(Durham) twenty-five to forty-five fathoms ; off Staiths
(Yorkshire) ; and on roots of Algae at Roundstone
(Ireland).

This species is perplexingly near in many characters
to Stenhelia ima, but is separated by the characters of
the first antenna, the 1-jointed branch of the second
antenna, and the outline of the fifth pair of feet.
Boeck characterises the mandible-palp as 1-jointed,
but in my specimens the 2-branched character is
perfectly evident. Nevertheless the difficulty of dis-
tinguishing between this and Stenhelia ima is great,
and, without dissection, insuperable. Indeed, I can
scarcely resist the impression that the two forms may
be varieties, or stages of development, of one and the
same species.

Genus 11. JONESIELLA, nov. gen.

Body slender, of nearly equal thickness throughout.
Abdomen not flexed on the thorax after death. An-
terior antennae small, 7- or 8- jointed; inner branch of
posterior antennas 2-jointed. Mandibles well deve-
loped; palp 2-branched. Second foot-jaw forming a
clawed hand. Maxillae and foot-jaws nearly as in
Stenhelia. First pair of swimming-feet short, inner
branch rather the longer, 2-jointed, bearing long
terminal setae, but no claws ; second, third, and fourth

JONESIELLA. 39

pairs having both branches composed of three joints ;
basal joint of the fifth pair very broad, second joint
smaller. One ovisac.

Seen from the side these animals have much the
appearance of the genus Ectinosoma, the first body-
segment being small and tapering towards the front,
the abdomen also slightly tapering and extended per-
sistently nearly in the axis of the cephalothorax ; the
structure of the swimming-feet is also very similar,
but the mouth-organs are entirely different. I have
much pleasure in naming the genus after my old and
valued friend, Prof. T. Rupert Jones, one of the
first and most zealous workers amongst the fossil
Entomostraca.

1. JONESIELLA FUSIFORMIS (Brady and Robertson). PI.

XLVIII, figs. 1—13.

Zosime fusiformis, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875).

Body elongated, slender ; head and first thoracic
segment coalescent, produced into a slender rostrum.
Anterior antenna 7-jointed, short, the last four joints
short and densely clothed with long hairs (fig. 2),
some of which are strongly pectinate or plumose ; the
fourth joint bears a long rod-like appendage (fig. 2 a),
and the fifth a peculiar, branched, spine-like seta
(fig. 25). In the male the antenna is irregularly
corrugated, and has a large vesiculiform swelling of
the fourth joint (fig. 3). Posterior antennae stout,
and armed on the second joint with several short
spines, some of which have pectinate margins (fig. 4),

40 BRITISH COPEPODA.

two or three being long and having their marginal
spines produced so as to form short branches. Man-
dibles (fig. 5) broad and strongly toothed; basal
joint of the palp large, and bearing two rather long,
biarticulate branches. Masticatory portion of the
maxilla (fig. 6) broad and strongly toothed ; palp well
developed. First two joints of the second foot-jaw
(fig. 8) finely ciliated along the upper margins; the
hand and nail both long and slender. First pair of
swimming-feet (fig. 9) robust and short ; inner branch
rather longer than the outer, its second joint longer
than the first ; outer and apical margins of the joints
fringed with large spines, those of the outer branch
being shortly plumose, while the longer setas are either
finely plumose or strongly pectinate. The other
swimming-feet have both branches 3-jointed and
nearly equal, the outer margins spinous and the larger
spines strongly pectinated (fig. 11). The inner branch
of the second foot in the male has the middle joint
produced into a large spine-like process (fig. 10),
first joint marginate with strong spines, last joint
long, slender, and bearing several long plumose seta3.
Basal joint of the fifth foot in the female (fig. 12)
broad and quadrate, with ciliated margins, and armed
along the distal border with five or six large thong-
like setse of various lengths ; outer joint much smaller,
similarly armed, but having only one large and several
small setae. The fifth foot in the male (fig. 13) is of
somewhat similar character, but much smaller; the
outer joint is large in proportion to the inner, and
the marginal spines are much fewer and smaller.

JONESTELLA. 41

Caudal segments very short and broad ; setas finely
aculeate. Length ^rd of an inch (1-1 mm.).

This species occurred plentifully in a dredging made
off Porcressa Bay, Scilly, in twenty fathoms, on a
bottom of hard sand ; also, less plentifully, in thirty-
five fathoms off Red Cliff, Yorkshire.

2. JONESIELLA. SPINULOSA (Brady and Robertson). PI.

XLVIII, figs. 14—17; and
PI. XLIX, figs. 14, 15.

Zosime spinulosa, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875).

This differs from the preceding species chiefly in
the structure of the mandibular palp and the first and
fifth feet. The basal joint of the mandible-palp is broad,
and the two branches short and stout (PI. XL VIII,
fig. 15). The second joint of the inner branch of the
second foot is twice as long as the first joint. The
basal joint of the fifth foot (fig. 17) is somewhat
rounded at the apex, and of moderate width ; not much
broader than the outer joint. Length -^jth of an inch
(•85 mm.).

The following are the localities in which J. spinulosa
has been noticed : — Westport Bay (Ireland), taken in
the tow-net ; dredged off Hartlepool on a sandy
bottom ; and in a depth of thirty-seven fathoms six-
teen miles off Hawthorn (Durham), on a muddy bottom;
in all cases sparingly.

The resemblance between this and the preceding
species is, perhaps, too close to be altogether satis-
factory, especially as specimens of the male of /.

42 BRITISH COPEPODA.

spinulosa have not been seen ; but the points of differ-
ence, as shown in the plates, seem to me to be too
well marked to allow of the two forms being brought
under one specific name.

Genus 12. DELAVALIA, Brady (1868).

Delavalia, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumbei-land and Dur-
ham, vol. iii (1868).

Animal like Dactylopus in general form ; rostrum
short and blunt, abdomen of the female 5-, of the male
6-jointed, tail-segments distant and rather divergent :
anterior antennae shorter than the first body-segment,
in the male hinged (Plate LI, fig. 3), but destitute of
a vesicular swelling, 8-jointed; inner branch of
posterior antennas composed of two or three joints ;
mandibles well developed, basal joint of the palp large,
and giving origin to two long, slender, 1 -jointed
branches. Maxillar palp well developed, multilobular ;
first foot-jaw composed of several digitiform seg-
ments, a small marginal 2-lobed palp, and a long
terminal claw. Second foot-jaw forming a slender
clawed hand. All the branches of the four pairs of
swimming-feet 3-jointed, except the inner branch of
the first pair, which has only two joints. Basal joint
of the fifth pair of feet very short and broad, second
joint leaf-like, ovate or subovate ; ovisacs two, large,
and containing a small number of large ova.

DELAVALIA. 43

1. DELAVALIA PALUSTRIS, Brady. PL L, figs. 1 — 8.

Delavalia palustris, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iii, p. 134, pi. v, figs.
10-15 (1868).

Rostrum short, broad, somewhat retuse at the apex,
and having two minute lateral setas. Anterior antenna
(fig. 2) shorter than the first body-segment, rather
densely hairy on the distal half, and devoid of a
flagellum : second joint of the posterior antenna (fig. 3)
fringed with a series of spine-like hairs on the outer
margin ; inner branch composed of two long, slender
joints. Mandible-palp (fig. 4) large, all the joints long
and slender; one of the terminal setae of the main
branch excessively long. First pair of swimming-feet
(fig. 6) short, the two branches nearly equal in length ;
inner branch 2-jointed, the second joint being slender
and about twice as long as the first : each branch
bears only two slender and moderately long spine-like
setae at its apex. Basal joint of the fifth pair (fig. 8)
almost obsolete, terminal joints distant, broadly ovate,
the distal extremity fringed with six subequal and not
very long setae. Anal operculum protected by two
curved lines of teeth. Caudal segments more than
twice as long as broad, distant, and slightly divergent.
Inner (or longer) tail seta about as long as the
abdomen ; outer seta half the length of the inner.
Length y^th of an inch ('85 mm.). Male unknown.

The only locality in which I have as yet found this
species is at the mouth of the Seaton Burn, Northum-

44 BRITISH COPE POD A.

berland, where it haunts the shallow pools which are
scattered over a small extent of salt marsh near the
river side: these pools, being subject to the occasional
overflow of the tide, are, of course, brackish, and,
towards the end of summer, swarm with microscopic
and even larger life of various kinds. I have no doubt
that they would well repay a more minute examination
than I have been able to devote to them. It may be
interesting here to note the Entomostraca which I have
taken in this marsh : the Copepoda are Cyclops
cequoreus, Tachidius brevicornis, Temora velox, Delavalia
palustris, Ectinosom.a (sp.), Laophonte (sp)., Platy-
chelipus littoralis, Dactylopus tisboides, and possibly
others of which I have not kept note ; and besides
these, the following Osfcracoda occur plentifully : —
Cythere castanea, Limnicythere inopinata, Cypris gibba,
Loxoconcha elliptica, Cytheridea torosa.

As regards the particular species now under con-
sideration— Delavalia palustris — it remains to be noted
that it is scarce in comparison with the other Copepoda
in whose company it occurs, though a few specimens
may almost always be found in a gathering from the
Seaton Marsh. Though I have dissected several spe-
cimens very carefully I have not succeeded in finding
the lower foot-jaw ; I can scarcely doubt that it really
exists, as in other species of the genus, though perhaps
very small. The mouth-organs of these mud-loving
creatures are very liable to get obscured by adherent
dirt, and difficult to recognise even after long-con-
tinued maceration in solution of potash.

DELAVALIA. 45

2. DELAVALIA EEFLEXA, Brady and Robertson. PL LI,

figs. 1 — 14.

Delavalia reflexa, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196, 1875.

Anterior antennas (fig. 2) somewhat more slender
than in the preceding species, the last three joints
nearly equal in length, third, fourth, and fifth a little
larger ; both joints of the posterior antennae (fig. 4) are
very long and slender ; the inner branch composed of
three joints ; basal joint of the mandibular palp (fig. 5)
very long, giving origin near the middle to a small
1-jointed branch, and at the extremity bearing another
long and attenuated 1-jointed branch; both branches
setiferous at the apex. Maxillary palp (fig. 6) well
developed ; first segment of the anterior foot-jaw ex-
panded and crutch-shaped (fig. 7 a). Inner branch of
the first foot (fig. 9) shorter than the outer, second
joint widened at the apex, and only about half as long
as the first ; inner branches of the third and fourth
pairs nearly as long as the outer, that of the second
pair (fig. 10) much shorter. Basal joint of the fifth
foot in the female (fig. 11) short, broad, and bearing
four long marginal setae on the inner segment ; second
joint (11 a} oblong, subquadrate, and having four
moderately long terminal setae ; in the male the fifth
foot is atrophied (fig. 12), the first joint (a) having
only two setae and the second (b) being reduced to a
small unisetiferous lobe. Caudal segments as in D.
palustris ; anal operculum smooth.

46 BRITISH COPEPOUA.

Delavalia reflexa was dredged by Mr. D. Robertson
and myself five miles off Hartlepool on a sandy bottom ;
several specimens were taken.

3. DELAVALIA EOBUSTA, Brady and Robertson. PI. LI,

figs. 15—21.

Delavalia robusta, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875).
Spio brunnea, Idem. Ibidem.

Rostrum as in D. palustris ; anterior antenna (fig.

15) curved, profusely setose, first joint the longest,
fifth shortest. Basal joint of the mandible-palp (fig.

16) of moderate length, branches about equal and
nearly as long as the base; palp and digits of the
upper foot-jaw (fig. 17) small and simple. Inner
branch of the posterior antenna 3-jointed. First pair of
feet like those of D. reflexa, but that the terminal setse
of the inner branch (fig. 19) are stronger and the
principal one plumose ; the second, third, and fourth
feet have both branches equal (fig. 20), each joint
being produced into a strong spine at the distal
extremity of the outer margin. Fifth feet like those
of D. reflexa, but more profusely setose. Caudal
segments as in the two preceding species. Length y^th
of an inch ('85 mm.).

This species was dredged in depths of twenty-five to
thirty-five fathoms in several places off the coasts of
Durham and Yorkshire ; off Staiths and Robin Hood's
Bay (Yorkshire) ; and off Hawthorn (Durham) ; in all
these places it occurred very sparingly.

CANTHOCAMPTIN^). 47

Sub-family 5. OANTHOCAMPTINJI, nov. sub-fam.

The characters which chiefly distinguish the species
belonging to this sub-family are as follow : — The inner
branch of the second antenna is usually 1-jointed, and
always very small ; the mandible-palp consists (usually)
of one branch only; the second foot-jaw forms a
grasping hand; the inner branch of the first foot is
elongated (usually 3-jointed), and more or less adapted
for prehension, sometimes, though not always, power-
fully clawed, while the fourth pair nearly always, and
sometimes also the second and third, have the number
of joints in the inner branch reduced to two, or even
one. Ovisacs one or two.

The genera which come under this sub-family are
Canthocamptus, Mesochra, Attheyella, Tetragoniceps,
Diosaccus, Laophonte, Normanella, Cletodes, and Enhy-
drosoma.

Diagnosis of Genera of Canthocamptince.

usually elongated, f 3 ^ed . (°ne -^thocamptus.
3"JQi°tl(^!ely j oiisacs ' {two ...Diosaccus.

4

2-jointed)
inner branch of I composed of one joint

fourth pair ^ only Attheyella.

) one strong uncinate claw. . .Laophonte.

earing at I two or more slender setae... Mesochra.
the apex J

un-

branch-

ed;

inner

branch

of first

pair of

feet

shorter than the ( 3-jointed Enhydrosoma.

outer branch, \
2-jointed ; mandi- 1 minute, or reduced

ble-palp C. to a few setae Cletodes.

bran ched ; C 1-jointed Tetragoniceps,

fifth pair <
of feet C2-jointed Normanella.

48 BE1TISH COPEPODA.

Genus 13. CANTHOCAMPTUS, Westwood (1836).

Posterior antenna 2- jointed, and having a small 1- or
2-jointed branch, attached to the basal joint ; mandible-
palp small, composed of one branch; second foot-jaw
slender, and forming a prehensile clawed hand. Inner
branch of the first pair of feet 3-jointed, elongated,
and flexed at the median joint ; of the second, third,
and fourth pairs 2- or 3-jointed.

1. CANTHOCAMPTUS MINUTUS (Miiller). PL XLIV, figs.

1—17.

(Not C. minutus. Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 122.)

Cyclops minutus, O. F. Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr. (1776). En-
tomostraca, p. 101, pi. xvii, figs. 1 — 7 (1785).
Monoculus staphylinus, Jurine. Hist, des Monocles, p. 74, pi. vii,

figs. 1—19 (1820).
Cyclopsina M. Edwards. Nat. Hist. Crust., iii, p. 428

(1840).

Canthocamptus minutus, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus
tribus, t. xiv, figs. 7 — 12 ; t. xv,
figs. 13—17 ; t. xvi, figs. 1—5 (1853).
Baird. British Entomostraca, p. 204,
t. xxv, figs. 4 — 8, and t. xxx, fig. 3
(1850).

— ? Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crus-
tacea), p. 26, pi. vii, figs. 1, 2 (1875).

— staphylinus, Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens,

p. 224, fig. 21 (1871).

— Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,

p. 121, pi. xii, figs. 4 — 14 ; pi. xiii,
figs. 1, 3, 4 (1863).

Female. — Body slender, elongated, not much con-
stricted between thorax and abdomen, straight during

CANTHOCAMPTUS. 49

life, but abdomen after death bent to a right or acute
angle on the thorax. Head coalescent with first
thoracic segment, rostrum short and blunt. Abdo-
men 4- jointed, the first joint being very large and
formed lay the fusion of two rings ; lower border of
each ring finely pectinated; the last joint produced
downwards at the dorsal angle into a short spinous
process. Anterior antennae slender, 8-jointed, about
as long as the first cephalothoracic segment, all the
joints nearly equal in length except the fifth, which is
very short, and the last, which is the longest and most
slender; the fourth joint has attached to its apex a
stout rod-like seta (fig. 2 a). The second antenna is
moderately long, 2-jointed, and has a small biarticu-
lated branch affixed to the inner margin of the basal
joint (fig. 8). The mandible (fig. 4) is stout and bears
a small biarticulated palp. The main stem of the
maxilla (fig. 5) is divided at the apex intp several claw-
like segments, and has two lateral lobes, one large and
bearing numerous setae, the other slender and having
only one apical claw; on the opposite margin is a
small bisetose tubercle. The first foot-jaw is divided
at the apex into three claw-bearing segments (fig. 6) ;
the second (fig. 7) is 3-jointed and narrow, the last
small and slender, terminating in a long, curved claw,
and a small seta. The inner branch of the first foot
(fig. 9) is about twice the length of the outer (which
reaches only to the apex of its first joint), the second
joint is short, and forms at its junction with the pre-
ceding a flexile hinge ; the last joint, which is long
and slender, has at its apex one very long, and two

VOL. II. T>

50 BRITISH COPEPODA.

shorter, setae, the longer one being geniculated in the
middle, and bearing on -the distal half a pectinately
arranged series of minute cilia; the outer branch has
all its joints armed with strong apical spines, between
which the external margins are closely ciliated. The
second and third pairs of feet have both branches 3-
jointed, the inner branches shorter than the outer (fig.
10) ; inner branch of the fourth foot (fig. 11) short,
2-jointed; basal joint of the fifth pair (fig. 15) broad,
the inner segment scarcely at all elongated, but bearing
five, stout, shortly -plumose setae; second joint ovate,
narrow, provided with one long apical and three mar-
ginal setae, all of which are plumose, the inner margin
has also two much shorter setae. Tail-segments (fig.
17) not much longer than broad, bearing two apical
setae, the innermost of which is at least three times
longer than the outer, and is minutely aculeate along
the margins; anal operculum (fig. 17 a) denticulated.
Length -^nd of an inch (I'l mm.).

Male. — Anterior antenna (fig. 3) constricted so as
to form a hinge between the fifth and sixth joints ;
thickly beset with short marginal hairs. The second
and third joints of the inner branch of the second foot
are incompletely separated (fig. 12), and the apical
setae are much reduced in size ; in the third foot the
inner margin of the second joint is produced into a
long, downward-pointing, spinous process (fig. 13),
while the third joint has only a single small apical seta,
all the other setae of the branch being wanting; the
joints of the fourth foot present the same characters
as in the female, except that the marginal setae of the

CANTHOCAMPTUS. 51

inner branch (fig. 14) are reduced in size, and the
small outer apical seta (a) is thickened and spine-like.
The basal joint of the fifth foot (fig. 16) has only two
principal spines on its inner segment. Abdomen
composed of five segments.

This pretty and graceful species occurs commonly
in small freshwater pools and ponds throughout the
country. I have no record of its occurrence at any
great elevation, nor have I ever found it in lakes or
very large sheets of water. The reason of this I take
to be that it prefers shallow water where the vegeta-
tion is abundant ; its colour seems to vary with the
character of the plants and Infusoria upon which it
probably feeds. The only considerable pieces of water
in which I have found it are the lake in Axwell Park
near Gateshead, and Holy Island Lough (Northum-
berland), but both these are really, as to size and
character of vegetation, big ponds rather than lakes.

Miiller's figures of Cyclops minutus, though in some
respects inaccurate, as was unavoidable in the absence
of the modern microscope, doubtless refer to the
species under consideration. Jurine, however, dis-
carded the name minutus, under the idea that still
smaller species of the genus might subsequently be
found, a reason which might have had some weight
had Muller called his animal minutissimus, but to which
we can scarcely allow any, as matters stand. It seems
to me due to the older author to retain his specific
name which has the claim of undoubted priority.

The females are very commonly found with a long,
narrow, and curved spermatic tube attached to the

52 BRITISH COPEPODA.

vulvar aperture of the first abdominal ring. There
appears never to be more than one of these tubes
attached to the same female, whereas in the case of
Temora and Diaptomus several of the spermatophores
may be seen depending side by side from the vulva of
the same individual. This difference, together with the
peculiarly hard and rigid character of the attached body
in the case of Canthocamptus, has induced Dr. Baird
and other authors to doubt the spermatic nature of
the tubes. I think, however, there need be no doubt
on the matter ; the tubes may indeed be seen in the
interior of the male organism before their extrusion,
just as is constantly noticed in the males of other
Copepods.

2. CANTHOCAMPTUS HIBEENICUS, nov. sp. Pi. XLVI,

figs. 1—12.

Anterior antenna (PL XLVI, fig 3) of the female
slender, 8-jointed, about as long as the first body-seg-
ment, and much like that of the preceding species. Inner
branch of the second antenna (fig. 4) very small, 1-
jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) having abroad hand
armed with a long apical claw. Inner branch of the first
pair of feet (fig. 8) scarcely twice as long as the outer ;
first joint longer than the entire outer branch, and
nearly twice as long as the united second and third
joints, both of which are extremely small. Inner
branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs shorter
than the outer, and 3 jointed, the first joint being very

CANTHOOAMPTUS. 53

small ffig. 9). Inner segment of the basal joint of the
fifth pair of feet (fig. 10) in the female , elongated,
fringed, bearing two long and three short apical setae ;
second or outer joint sub-ovate, finely fringed intern-
ally; externally bearing six long marginal setae. In
the male the limb is smaller, the basal joint short,
broad, and having six short setae of equal length
(fig. 11) ; second joint nearly like that of the female.
Caudal segments (fig. 12) somewhat longer than
broad ; inner seta about twice as long as the
outer ; anal operculum denticulated. LeDgth ^th of
an inch ('65 mm.).

G. hibernicus occurs plentifully in the Mullingar
Canal at Dublin, and in a lake near Newport, county
Mayo ; for specimens from both of these places I am
indebted to my friend Mr. David Robertson, of Glasgow.
From 0. minutus, which must be considered as the
type of the genus, it differs essentially in having the
inner branch of the fourth foot 3-jointed ; but in all
other important particulars its characters are those of
a true Canthocamptus.

3. CANTHOCAMPTUS PALUSTEIS, nov. sp. PI. XXXIX,

figs. 13—23.

Anterior antenna of the female slender, 8-jointed ;
second joint the largest ; last two much more slender
than the rest (fig. 13). In the male it is more robust, the
fifth and sixth joints coalescent (fig. 14), and forming

54 BRITISH COPEPODA.

a vesiculiform swelling, the last joint hooked. Acces-
sory branch of posterior antenna (fig. 15) very small,
biarticulate ; mandible-palp (fig. 16) small, biarticulate,
unbranched, and bearing four small setae. First foot-
jaw (fig. 17) divided into four setiferous segments ;
second small (fig. 18) and forming a clawed hand.
The first four pairs of feet have both branches 3-
jointed ; the inner branch of the first pair (fig. 19) is
rather longer than the outer, its first joint being as
long as the second and third together, and having a
long seta and three or four small hairs on its inner
margin ; the inner branches of the second, third, and
fourth pairs are considerably longer than the outer,
and the outer margins of all are fringed with spine-
like hairs ; the third and fourth pairs longer than the
first two. Fifth pair in the female (fig 21) 2-jointed,
the basal joint short and broad, its inner segment
fringed with three short, equal spines, and two longer
ones, besides numerous short hairs; the second joint is
sub-ovate, fringed with fine hairs and having five long
apical setae. In the male (fig. 22) the fifth pair is
obsolete, being reduced to a minute setiferous lobe.
Caudal segments very short, bearing two principal
setae, the outer half as long as the inner. Length -^-th
of an inch ('9 mm ).

This is a brackish-water species inhabiting the same
sort of localities as Tachidius brevicornis, from which,
however, it is perfectly distinct. I have taken it in a
large pond, subject to occasional tidal influx, at St.
Mary's (Scilly) ; in brackish pools by the River Stour,
at Manningtree, and in Oulton Broad (Suffolk) ; it

CANTHOCAMPTUS. 55

occurs also in a brackish-water gathering taken by the
Rev. A. M. Norman at Isle Oronsay, Skye.

It may be readily distinguished at sight from
Tachidius by its somewhat greater size, and more
slender and graceful figure, as well as by the longer
antennae.

4. CANTHOCAMPTUS TRISPINOSUS, nov. sp. PI. XLY,
figs. 15—22.

Anterior antenna 9-jointed (fig. 15), slender, the
last joint very small, third and sixth long, fifth short,
bearing numerous rather short hairs ; inner branch of
the posterior antenna small, 1 -jointed. Mandible-palp
minute. Lower foot-jaw moderately strong (fig. 19),
second joint having two slender spines on the external
margin. First pair of feet exactly like those of Can-
thocamptus minutus. Inner branches of the second,
third, and fourth pairs short, 2-jointed (fig. 20), the
first joint very small, the second elongated. Basal
joint of the fifth foot of the female (fig. 21) not at all
produced downwards, bearing three strong plumose
setae and a fringe of several minute cilia on the inner
margin ; second joint long and narrow, internal margin
densely fringed with small hairs, external corrugated
and bearded ; one long and two shorter apical setae,
and two on the external margin, all of which are
strongly ciliated. The segments of the abdomen,
except the last, are finely denticulated along the post-
erior margins (fig. 22) ; anal operculum smooth ;

5G BRITISH COPEPODA.

caudal segments about as long as broad, bearing three
stout marginal spines, and two plumose apical setae.
Length ^5-th of an inch (1 mm.). Male unknown.

The only known locality for this species is the river
Nene at Peterborough, where I took it sparingly in a
little weedy inlet.

This, and the following species, C. Northumbricus,
constitute a link between the two genera Cantho-
camptus and Mesochra, the first foot being similar in
structure to the typical Canthocamptus, having both its
branches triarticulate, while the remaining pairs of
swimming-feet have the inner branch biarticulate
after the manner of Mesochra. It seems better, how-
ever, to enlarge the generic definition so as to include
these forms, rather than to erect a new genus for their
reception, which would indeed, if the same principle
were fully carried out, necessitate the establishment of
not one but several new genera. The point on which
I base the separation of Canthocamptus from Mesochra
is the structure of the first foot, leaving altogether
out of sight the number of joints of which the three
following pairs are made up.

The most important specific characters of C. tri-
spinosus are found in the structure of the fifth pair of
feet, the very slender 9-jointed anterior antenna, and
the three spines of the caudal segments.

CANTHOOAMPTUS. 57

5. CANTHOOAMPTUS NORTHUMBRICUS, nov. sp. PI. XLV,

figs. 1—14.

Body robust ; abdomen of the female 4-, of the male
5-jointed. Anterior antenna (fig. 1) as long as the
first segment of the body, 9-jointed, almost exactly
similar to that of C. trispinosus. Secondary branch of
the posterior antenna very small, 1-jointed. Mandible
(fig. 4) very slender, palp minute. Second foot-jaw and
first pair of feet (figs. 7 and 8) as in C. trispinosus.
Inner branches of second, third, and fourth pairs of
feet 2-jointed (fig. 9), the first joint very small. In
the male the inner branch of the third foot (fig. 11) is
3-jointed, and the middle joint is produced downwards
into a long crooked spine ; the last joint has three
apical setse. Basal joint of the fifth foot in the female
broad, the inner segment not at all produced, but
fringed with six stout plumose setse; second joint
broad, quadrangular (fig. 12), and armed with five
stout plumose setse, one of which is much longer than
the rest ; in the male the inner segment of the basal
joint (fig. 13) has only three setse ; the second joint
small, sub triangular, and having a setose armature
somewhat similar to that of the female. The hinder
margins of the abdominal segments (fig. 14) are ser-
rated with two rows of small teeth, and the anal oper-
culum is also sparingly denticulated (fig. 14 a). Length
-sM;h of an inch (-9 mm.).

« o \ /

This species I have found only sparingly in the lake
at Bolam, Northumberland.

58 BEITISH COPEPODA.

Genus 14. ATTHBYELLA, nov. gen.

Like Canthocamptus, except that the inner branch
of the first pair of feet is scarcely at all elongated, and
is either 2- or 3-jointed; those of the second and third
pairs are 1- or 2-jointed, the first joint being very
small; and that of the fourth pair consists of only one
joint.

1. A'lTIIEYELLA SPINOSA, HOV. Sp. PI. XLIII, figS. 15

—18 ; and PL XLVI, figs.
13—18.

Female. — Anterior antenna. (PI. XLIII, fig. 15) 8-
jointed, joints subequal, fifth and seventh the smallest,
sparingly setose; secondary branch of posterior antenna
small (PI. XLVI, fig. 13), 1-jointed. First joint of
inner branch of first foot (PI. XLIII, fig. 17) about as
long as the united lengths of the last two joints ;
second and third joints nearly equal. Inner branches
of the three following pairs (PI. XLVI, figs. 15, 16)
very short. Basal joint of fifth pair (PL XLIII,
fig. 18, and PL XLVI, fig. 17) very broad; inner
segment produced, and bearing five or six very long
curled setae ; second joint narrow, and armed with a
few setae, two of which are very long. The abdominal
rings are fringed posteriorly with closely-set, long,
spine-like setae (Plate XLVI, fig. 18) ; the principal
tail setae. are rather short and divergent, thick, and

ATTHEYELLA. 59

twisted at the base, and the larger pair are shortly
plumose. Length -^g-rd of an inch ('77 mm.).

Male unknown.

A very few specimens only were found in an old
engine-pond at Murton Junction, near Sunderland ;
and a single example, which appears to belong to the
same species, occurred in a gathering sent to me by
Mr. David Robertson from an old canal at Peterhead.
The fifth foot of this latter specimen is represented at
PI. XLIII, fig. 18, and differs slightly from that of the
Murton specimens. More recently (July, 1877) I have
found A. spinosa in a gathering taken amongst weeds
in the river a little west of Pwllheli, Caernarvonshire, a
situation where it is quite possible that sometimes the
water may become brackish, though at the time of
my visit it was not perceptibly so. I at first sup-
posed these specimens to belong to Fischer's Cantho-
camptus horridus, to which they bear a very close
resemblance, but Fischer's figure distinctly represents
the first foot with a much elongated inner branch,
from which I infer that it cannot be identical with the
present species, which seems to be generically distinct
from Canthocamptus. I propose, therefore, for its
reception a new genus named after my friend Mr.
Thomas Atthey, of Grosforth, near Newcastle, to
whom we are indebted for the discovery of the next
species (A. cryptorum), and who, by his intelligent and
unwearying labours amongst the fossils of the Nor-
thumberland coal-field, together with an unsurpassed
manual skill in the preparation of his specimens, has
done so much for that branch of science..

CO BRITISH COFKPODA.

2. ATTHEYKLLA CRYPTORUM, Brady. PI. LII, figs. 1 —

18.

Canthocamptus cryptorum, Brady. Journal of Microscopical

Science, vol. ix, pi. vi, figs. 1 — 10
(1868).

Animal slender, about ^-th of an inch in length ;
head united with the first thoracic segment ; posterior
borders of all the body-rings finely pectinated. Ante-
rior antennae 8-jointed, shorter than the first body-
segment (fig. 2), the joints not much differing in
length ; the fifth joint in the male much swollen (fig. 3).
Mandible-palp (? absent). Inner branch of the
posterior antennaa 2-jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 8)
slender, the hand finely ciliated on the inner margin,
and terminating in a long, slender, and slightly curved
claw. Branches of the first pair of swimming-feet
(fig. 9) equal, spinous on the outer margins, the apical
spines of each joint very long ; inner branch 2-jointed,
the second joint slender and nearly twice as long as
the first. Inner branch of the second pair of feet
(fig. 10) only half as long as the outer, the first joint
only about one fourth the length of the second, which
bears two long apical seta3, four shorter setae on the
outer and one on the inner margin ; inner branch of
the fourth foot (fig. 11) small, 1 -jointed, fringed with
three long and three short setae. The inner branch of
the third pair (fig. 12) is 1 -jointed, tapering, and ends
in an extremely long, plumose seta, at either side of
which is a short spine and another plumose seta of

ATTHEYELLA. 61

little more than half the length. The basal portion
of the fifth foot is large (fig. 16), its inner portion
quadrilateral, the distal margin bearing six stout,
plumose, and unequal setae; the second joint small,
ovate, reaching as far as the extremity of the first
joint, bearing one long and four shorter setae. In
the male the inner branch of the second foot (fig.
13) is modified, having a long, flexuous, lateral
spine, while that of the third foot (fig. 14) is much
attenuated, and of the fourth (fig. 15) quite rudi-
mentary. The fifth pair (fig. 17) is much smaller,
and has also a smaller number of setae. The anal
operculum (fig. 18) is strongly spinous along its curved
posterior margin. The caudal segments are short and
broad, and the innermost or longest seta is more than
half the length of the body of the animal. Eyes
absent.

This little animal inhabits the damp roof of the
pit-workings of the low main, West Cramlington
Colliery, near Newcastle, living amongst films of gela-
tinous algae. Specimens, both living and dead, were
kindly sent to me by Mr. Atthey, but I was not able
to detect any eyes ; nor even with the most careful
dissection have I succeeded in getting a view of
the mandible-palp, the existence of which, however,
I can scarcely doubt. Apart from peculiarities of
structure, the species has a distinct interest on account
of its unusual habitat ; there can be no doubt, how-
ever, that similar situations, if minutely searched,
would disclose unsuspected forms of microscopic life.
I have, indeed, in this same gathering seen a species

62 BRITISH COPEPODA.

of Cyclops (?), which I have not been able to identify
or describe from want of sufficient material.

Genus 15. MESOGHEA, BoecJc (1864).

(Paratachidius, Brady & Robertson, 1873.)

First pair of antennae 7- or 8 -jointed; inner branch
of the second pair small, 1- or 2-jointed. Mandible-
palp of one branch. Inner branch of the first pair of
feet 2-jointed, the first joint being usually much elon-
gated, the second and third coalescent ; outer branch
shorter, 3-jointed. Inner branch of the second, third,
and fourth pairs 2-jointed, short.

There is nothing to distinguish Mesoohra from the
genus Canthocamptus excepting the structure of the
swimming-feet, the inner branches of which are con-
stantly 2-jointed.

1. MESOCHEA LILLJEBOEGII, Boeclc. PI. XLI, figs. 15 —

21 ; and PL XL VII, figs.
16—21.

Mesochra Lilljeborgii, Boeclc. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 51

(1864).
Paratachidius gracilie, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv,

vol. xii, p. 131, pi. viii, figs 8—16 (1873).

Rostrum large, longer than the first joint of the
anterior antenna ; head united with the first thoracic
segment ; first four abdominal rings bordered behind

MESOCHRA. 63

with rows of thickly set, short spines (PI. XLI, fig. 21),
last segment short and destitute of spines, caudal
segments a little longer than broad. Anterior antenna
of the female short, the joints of nearly equal size, the
third and fourth being, however, slightly longer than
the rest (PI. XLI, fig. 15). In the male the anterior
antenna is short and thick (fig. 16), corrugated and
obtuse, ending in a small aborted claw. Posterior
antenna 2-jointed (fig. 17), and having a very small
1-jointed branch attached to the middle of the inner
margin of the first joint. Second pair of foot-jaws
(fig. 19) small, terminal claw long and slender. First
joint of inner branch of first pair of feet (PI. XL VII,
fig. 17) longer than the entire outer branch, with
ciliated margins, and bearing below the middle of the
inner margin a moderately long seta ; last joint (coale-
scent second and third joints, Boeck) short, and
armed with two long and strong apical seta3 ; the three
joints of the outer branch with strong apical spines
and fringed margins, middle joint fringed also on
the inner margin, the three terminal setae of last
joint geniculated. First joint of the inner branch in
the three following pairs of feet not very much
smaller than the second joint (PI. XL VII. figs. 18 —
20). Inner segment of the basal joint of fifth pair
long and broad (fig. 21), and having six stout setae of
various lengths; second joint rather small, sub-quad-
rangular, and bearing five setae, the longest of which
are plumose. In the male the fifth foot is much smaller
(PI. XLI, fig. 20), and the inner segment of the basal
joint has only three setae. The anal operculum is

64 BRITISH COPEPODA.

devoid of spines. Inner tail seta twice as long as tlie
outer, and about equal in length to the abdomen.
The inner branches of the swimming-feet in the male
do not greatly differ from those of the female. Length
3^rd of an ioch ('77 mm.).

The localities in which I have met with this species
are few, but in these it occurs pretty plentifully ; in a
brackish tidal pond at Westport (Mayo) ; in a pool
just above high-water mark, and in ditches amongst
Utricularia minor, near Clifden (Galway) ; also in
brackish pools at Pensarn, Merionethshire.

2. MESOCHEA ROBERTSONI, nov. sp. PL XLVJI, figs.

1—15.

Animal robust; abdomen not much more slender
than the thorax, in the female 4-jointed, the last joint
short, and forming a projecting process at the posterior
dorsal angle ; caudal segments scarcely as long as
broad; anal operculum strongly denticulated (fig. 15).
Anterior antenna much shorter than the first body-seg-
ment, slender, 8-jointed (fig. 2), the joints nearly equal
in length ; accessory branch of the posterior antenna
small, 2- jointed. Posterior foot- jaw (fig. 6) small and
slender. First pair of feet (figs. 7, 8) very small,
larger in the male ; inner branch composed of two
nearly equal joints, and only slightly longer than the
outer branch ; inner branches of the second, third,
and fourth pairs (figs. 9, 10, 11) short, the first joint
extremely small. Basal joint of the fifth pair very

TETRAGONICEPS. 65

broad, the internal segment much produced (fig. 12),
and bearing four long and two short setaa, the longer
ones plumose ; second joint small, ovate, and having
one long and several small marginal setas ; the basal
joint in the male (fig. 13) is not much produced, and
has only two spine-like setae. The longer of the two
principal tail setaa is a little longer than the abdomen,
the other about half as long ; both are minutely plu-
mose. Length sVth of an inch ('68 mm.).

This I know only from Irish specimens. It occurred
in gatherings taken by Mr. Robertson and myself in
Lough Enask and Lough Arddery (two of the small
lakes of Connemara), and abundantly in a brackish
ditch near Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland, where it was
found by Mr. Robertson, after whom I have much
pleasure in naming it.

Genus 16. TETRAGONICEPS, nov. gen.

Animal elongated, cylindrical; head consolidated
with thorax ; abdomen elongated. Anterior antennae
8-jointed, slender ; posterior long, 3-jointed, with a
small 1- jointed inner branch. Mandible-palp slender,
2-branched ; maxillar palp moderately developed ;
second foot-jaw forming a prehensile clawed hand.
Inner branch of first pair of feet elongated, 2-jointed,
outer 3-jointed ; second, third, and fourth pairs with
the outer branch long and 3-jointed, the inner branch
2-jointed ; fifth pair 1 -branched.

This genus is well characterised by the very long

VOL. II. E

66 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

triarticulate posterior antenna, the presence of a small
branch on the mandible-palp, the uniformly triarticu-
late outer and biarticulate inner branches of the swim-
ming-feet, and by the one branched fifth foot.

1. TETRAGONICEPS MALLEOLATA, nov. sp. PL LXXVIII,

figs. 1—11.

First segment very broad and subtruncate in front,
rostrum short ; abdomen nearly as stout and quite
as long as the cephalo thorax, 5-jointed, first joint
shortest, last longest ; caudal segments slender, as
long as the last abdominal segment. Anterior an-
tenna (fig. 2) slender, somewhat longer than the first
cephalothoracic segment, 8-jointed; first joint as long
as the united lengths of the following five, and pro-
duced at the inner apical angle into a large and stout
curved prominence somewhat like the claw of a
hammer ; second joint about half as long as the first,
the following being the relative lengths of the several
joints, 14, 8, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4 ; posterior antenna (fig. 3)
composed of three elongated, nearly equal joints, to
the first of which is attached a small, slender, 1 -jointed
branch ; the terminal setae are slender and are attached
almost wholly to the apex. The hand of the second
foot-jaw (fig. 7) is slender, and has a long slender
apical claw. First joint of the inner branch of the
first foot slender (fig. 8), longer than the entire outer
branch, and having a single plumose seta on its inner
margin, second joint short, and bearing two short

TETRAGONICEPS. 67

apical setas ; inner branch of the second and third
pairs (fig. 9) not very much shorter than the outer
branch, that of the fourth pair (fig. 10) less than half
as long ; except a small, weak spine at the apex of
each joint of the outer branch, the feet are entirely
without spinous appendages ; each branch, however,
bears three apical setae, and the first joint of the inner
and the second of the outer branch have each one
seta. The fifth foot (fig. 11) is very large, consisting
of a single long, somewhat sternum-shaped joint,
broad at the base, then suddenly constricted and
tapering abruptly to the pointed apex ; three or four
marginal setae on the basal portion, and one towards
the apex. The caudal setae are short, the longest
being shorter than the abdomen. Length -^&th of an
inch ('9 mm.).

Three specimens only of this interesting species
were found amongst dredged material from a depth of
twelve fathoms inside St. Agnes (Scilly Islands). Its
characters are so remarkable as to need no comment.
The generic name Tetragoniceps was applied first in
MS. to this species, but afterwards erroneously to
Laophonte thoracica * (" Tetragoniceps longiremis ").
So far as this latter species is concerned, the new
generic name necessarily lapses.

* Brady and Robertson, ' Brit. Assoc. Report,' 1875, p. 196.

68 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Genus 17. DIOSAOCUS, Boeck (1872).

Anterior antenna 8-jointed, the peduncle (first four
joints) very long, flagellum (last four joints) short.
Inner branch of the posterior antenna 1- or 2-jointed.
Mandible-palp simple, 2-jointed. Outer branch of the
first foot very short, 3-jointed ; inner branch 3-jointed,
first joint much elongated, second and third extremely
short ; second, third, and fourth pairs having both
branches 3-jointed, except that the inner branch of the
second pair in the male is 2-jointed ; ovisacs two.

It is perhaps doubtful whether the characters of this
genus are such as to warrant its separation from
Dactylopus, the most important diagnostic marks being
the elongated peduncle of the upper antenna, the
1-branched mandible-palp, and the double ovisac. The
only British species is Diosaccus tetiuicornis, but M.
Boeck has described a second species from Norway,
under the name of D. abyssi.

1. DIOSACCUS TENUICORNIS, Glaus. PI. LIX,figs. 12 — 16,

and PI. LX, figs. 14—18.

Dactylopus tenuicornis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,
p. 127, t. xvi, figs. 17—23 (1863). Cope-
poden Fauna von Nizza, p. 28, t. iii,
figs. 17—19 (1866).

Nitdkra B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist.,

ser. iv, vol. xii, p. 137 (1873).

Body slender, elongated, head united with first thora-
cic segment, and produced into a long curved beak (PI.

DIOSACCUS. 69

LX, fig. 14). Anterior antennae slender; in the female
the first four joints are unitedly three times as long
as the following four, and somewhat sparingly setose.
Posterior antennae (PL LIX, fig. 13) large, 2-jointed,
the joints slender and nearly equal ; a small 1 -jointed
secondary branch springing from the middle of the
first joint. Mandible (fig. 14) short and stout, palp
short, 2-jointed. The hand of the second foot-jaw (PL
LX, fig. 16) is pear-shaped, swollen towards the base,
and fringed along the middle of the inner margin with
a number of short cilia ; terminal claw 2-jointed and
much curved. Outer branch of the first foot (fig. 1 7)
half the length of the first joint of the inner branch.
Inner branch of the second foot of the male (PL LIX,
fig. 15) short, 2-jointed, the third joint giving place to
two spines and a long seta. Fifth pair of feet 2-
jointed ; in the fem.ale (PL LX, fig. 18) the joints
are nearly equal in size, elongated, subquadrate, each
bearing five short setae, the larger of which are spine-
like and plumose ; in the male (PL LIX, fig. 16) the
joints are much reduced in length and bear fewer setae.
Caudal segments short, the outer tail seta about
one third as long as the inner. Length, ^5-th of
an inch (1 mm.).

This is an exceedingly distinct and graceful species,
and is in general easily recognised by its long, curved
antennas, and by the pyriform palm of the lower foot-
jaw ; it often occurs in considerable abundance. I
have notes of its capture in the following places : — In
surface-net, Westport and Roundstone Bays (abundant
in the last-named locality) ; on Laminariai, Clif den Bay ;

70 BEIT1SH COPEPODA.

on weeds at low-water -mark, St. Mary's, Scilly; in
surface-net at Cumbrae (Firth of Clyde) ; dredged in
fifteen fathoms, Portincross (Ayrshire) ; on weeds at
Hillswick, Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman).

Genus 18. LAOPHONTB, Philippi (1840).

(Laophonte, Philippi, Archiv fur Naturgescbichte, 1840. Cleta,
Claus, Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, 1863. Asdlopsis,
B. & R., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873.)

Body elongated, slender, hinder margins of the
segments usually fringed with fine teeth or serra-
tures. Anterior antennae 4 — 8-jointed; secondary
branch of the posterior pair small, 1 -jointed. Man-
dible-palp small, 1- jointed, or with a rudimen-
tary second branch. Maxillse strongly aculeate
and provided with a well-developed digitate palp.
First pair of foot-jaws strong, subtriangular, with
three or four setiferous marginal digits ; second pair
forming a slender clawed hand. First pair of feet
elongated, slender ; outer branch not more than half
the length of the inner, composed of two or three
joints and terminating in two or three slender setge ;
inner branch elongated, 2-jointed ; the first joint
excessively long, second short and bearing a long
movable claw at the apex. The second, third, and
fourth pairs have the outer branch composed of three,
the inner of two joints, except in some cases where
the inner branches of the second and third pairs in the
male are three-jointed and formed as in Harp actions.

LAOPHONTE. 71

The fifth pair has a very large basal joint, the internal
segment of which (and sometimes also the outer) is
usually much produced ; second joint smaller and
ovate. In the male the fifth pair is much smaller than
in the female.

This genus in anatomical structure, though not in
general appearance, very closely resembles Mesochra,
Boeck, but differs in the poorly developed mandible-
palp, and the strongly clawed inner branch of the first
pair of feet. The serrated or denticulated posterior
margin of the body-segments and the rigid, angular
build of the animal likewise furnish good distinctive
characters. The species called by Philippi (loc. cit.)
Laophonte is, I think, undoubtedly identical generi-
cally with those assigned by Glaus to the genus Cleta,
and of course has the claim of priority as to nomen-
clature. Asellopsis hispidus (loc. cit.), though very
abnormal in general appearance, seems to have no
special point of structure calling for generic separa-
tion.

1. LAOPHONTE SERRATA, Glaus, PI. LXXIII, figs. 1 — 14.

Cleta serrata, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 123, t. xv,
figs. 13—20 (1863).

Body elongated ; the first segment almost square
when viewed laterally, produced into a rostrum of
moderate size, and about equal in length to the three
following segments ; each segment considerably over-
laps the next one, forming a prominent dorsal angle ;
the fifth and sixth segments are constricted and the

72 BRITISH COPEPODA.

seventh is again more prominent and convex dorsally ;
the last abdominal segment has a sharp spine at the
postero-dorsal angle. The second, third, and fourth
segments are sometimes deeply tinged with purplish or
bluish black. The male (fig. 2) has a strongly gibbous
thorax, the outline of the animal when seen laterally
being not unlike a note of interrogation (?).

Anterior antenna 4-jointed (fig. 3), in the female the
third joint is the longest, the first joint has two small
spines, and the second, one very large and stout spine,
while the third and longest joint bears a row of several
small denticulations on the under margin ; the distal
half of the antenna is densely setose. In the male
(fig. 4) the same spines appear, but that of the second
joint is not so strongly developed ; the fourth joint
forms a vesiculiform swelling, and the limb is clawed
at the apex. The inner branch of the posterior an-
tenna is attached to the middle of the first joint (fig.
5), is very small, 1 -jointed, and bears four setse. The
mandible (fig. 6) is small, bluntly toothed at the apex,
and has a small 1 -jointed palp to which are attached
four setae. The posterior foot-jaw (fig. 8) is slender,
having an elongated subtriangular hand and a long
slender claw, which is quite as long as the hand itself.
The peduncle of the first pair of feet (fig. 9) is 2-
jointed, the outer branch very slender, 3- or sometimes
2- jointed (the last two joints being often coalescent)
and only half as long as the first joint of the inner
branch; the inner branch is very stout, and armed
with a strong falcate terminal claw. The second,
third, and fourth pairs have the outer branch (fig. 10)

LAOPHONTE 73

long and slender, the inner branch only about half as
long. The second pair in the male (fig. 11) is 3-
jointed, the last joint being armed with a slender curved
spine and four long setae. The fifth pair in the female
(fig. 12) has a very large triangular basal joint which
is often distinctly areolated, and has four long sub-
apical setae ; the second joint is large and ovate and
attached by a narrow neck near the outer angle of the
first joint ; it is densely ciliated round the margins
and has six stout setae externally. In the male (fig. 13)
the foot is much smaller, the basal joint scarcely at all
produced and bearing one external and two internal
setae ; the second joint small, angular, and 4-setose.
The caudal segments (fig. 14) are distant, moderately
slender, and about as long as the last abdominal seg-
ment; they bear a single stout apical seta, about
equal in length to the abdomen, and two short lateral
ones. Length -^th of an inch ('9 mm.).

This is by no means a common species. Mr. Robert-
son and I dredged a few specimens in a depth of ten
to twelve fathoms off St. Agnes (Scilly), and like-
wise took a few amongst weeds at St. Mary's ; we
have also taken it in Clew Bay, and at the roots of
weeds in Roundstone and Mulroy Bays. I have speci-
mens dredged by Mr. E. C. Davison in Ventry Bay.
These are all the British localities known to me, and
the species would seem, therefore, to be distributed
chiefly, if not entirely, on our western shores. As
Dr. Glaus' s specimens, however, were taken at Heli-
goland, it is probable enough that it may be found
also upon the east coast of Britain.

74 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. LAOPHONTE HORRIDA, Norman. PL LXXIV, figs.

1—11.

Cleta minuticornis, Buchholz. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt in den Jahren 1869 und 1870, p. 393,
pi. xv, fig. 3.

— horrida, Norman. Report of the " Valorous " Expedition,
p. 206 (Proceedings of the Royal Society), 1876.

Female. — Body elongated ; head separate from
thorax ; rostrum long and sharp ; dorsum strongly
jagged and spinous ; as seen from behind, rounded with
two sharp lateral angles (figs. 1, 2), the cephalic seg-
ment being produced in the median line into one
very large backward projecting spine (figs. 1 and 2),
the thoracic and first two abdominal segments each
having two spines ; first and second abdominal seg-
ments produced also into lateral angular spines and
marginally ciliated ; posterior margins of the seg-
ments denticulated (fig. 11) ; caudal segments about
twice as long as broad, rather longer than the last abdo-
minal segment, carrying one stout apical seta about two
thirds the length of the body, one much smaller and
very slender, and three very small external lateral
setse near the apex. Anterior antennae slender,
longer than the cephalic segment, 6-jointed, second
and third joints long and nearly equal, last three joints
short ; the comparative lengths being as follows :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

797223

Second foot-jaw (fig. 7), long and slender, hand elon-
gated and scarcely at all dilated. First pair of feet

LAOPHONTE. 75

(fig. 8) very long, with a long and slender 2-jointed
peduncle, the margins of which are densely ciliated ;
outer scarcely one third as long as the first joint of
the inner branch; inner branch stout and strongly
clawed. Second, third, and fourth pairs shorter,
slender, outer branches about twice as long as the
inner, densely ciliated on the external margins ; apical
spine of each joint very long and pectinated on the
edges ; first joint of inner branches very short, second
long and slender. Basal joint of the fifth foot very
large (fig. 10) ; segments much elongated, the outer
bearing one, the inner four long setae. Length ^jth of
an inch (1-3 mm.).

This remarkable and strongly characterized species
has been noticed in Britain as yet only on the
Atlantic coasts of Scotland and the north of Ireland,
but was found also by the German Polar Expedition in
the Arctic Sea. Buchholz, in his account of the
Zoology of that Expedition, refers it to Cyclops minuti-
cornis, Muller, an identification which certainly cannot
be accepted, and Mr. Norman in his report on the
Crustacea, &c., of the " Valorous " cruise, proposed
for it the specific name horrida, a term which I had
also myself previously applied to it, though only in
MS. My collection contains several specimens which
were dredged off the Island of Cumbrae amongst vege-
table and other debris, and one from a depth of fifteen
fathoms off Portincross (Ayrshire). Mr. Norman
found a single example in material from Oban, and,
lastly, I have noticed it in material washed from the
roots and fronds of Laminarice. in Mulroy Lough,

76 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Donegal. Female specimens only have been ob-
served.

3. LAOPHONTE THORACIOA, Boeck. PL LXXVII, figs. 1

—8.

Laophonte thoracica, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 54

(1863).
Tetragoniceps longiremis, B. & B. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196,

(1875).

Female. — Body elongated (fig. 1), subsigmoid when
seen laterally, posterior dorsal angles distinctly but
not very strongly prominent, margins denticulated ;
head united with the first thoracic segment, no ros-
trum; caudal segments very slender, distant, about
twice as long as the last abdominal ring ; principal
tail seta rather longer than the abdomen ; second
abdominal segment (fig. 8) produced laterally, the
angles rounded and densely ciliated; third segment
(fig. 8) also produced, but angulated and armed with
two lateral spines ; fourth segment not produced, setose
at the angle. Anterior antennae (fig. 2) slender, about
as long as the cephalic segment, 6- jointed, the joints
having the following proportionate lengths :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
8 11 8 li li 5

Secondary branch of posterior antenna (fig. 3) very
small, 4-setose. Second foot-jaw (fig. 4) excessively
long and slender, the hand almost linear and the
terminal claw very long. First pair of feet (fig. 5)
very long, peduncle long, slender, and biarticulate ;

LAOPHONTE. 77

external branch very slender, less than half the length
of first joint of outer branch; outer branch long and
moderately stout, with a long curved claw. Second,
third, and fourth pairs very slender, elongated (fig. 6),
outer branch twice as long as the inner, the last joint
as long as the preceding two. Fifth pair of feet
(fig. 7) long and narrow ; lateral segments of the basal
joint not much developed; inner segment 4-, outer 1-
setose , second joint attenuated, with ciliated margins ;
the apex bearing two, and the outer margin three, long
setae. Length ^8th of an inch ('52 mm.).

Apparently a rare species. Two or three specimens
only were seen in dredged material from a depth of
thirty fathoms, off Staiths and Robin Hood's Bay,
Yorkshire coast : one or two specimens, perhaps refer-
able to L. thoracica, occur in a series of Copepoda
taken by Mr. Norman at Oban, in a depth of twelve to
sixteen fathoms. The characters of the antenna,
second foot-jaws, and fifth pair of feet amply distin-
guish it from any other species. I am indebted to
the kindness of the late M. Boeck for drawings of L.
thoracica, and can scarcely entertain any doubt that
they refer to the species here described, though the
swimming-feet of the Norwegian species do not appear
in M. Boeck's figures to be quite so slender, nor the
fifth pair of feet so profusely setose ; this last con-
dition, however, may very easily have arisen from
accidental mutilation. Females only have occurred
amongst my specimens.

78 BRITISH COPEPODA.

4. LAOPHONTE SIMILTS, Glaus. PL LXXV, figs. 1 — 14.

Cleta similis, Glaus. Die Copepoden- Fauna von Nizza, p. 23, t. v,

figs. 13, 14 (1866).
? — forcipata, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report, p. 296

(1868).

Body slender (fig. 1) ; head rounded in front and
united with the first thoracic segment, dorsal angles
of the segments not produced, posterior margins finely
aculeate ; caudal segments about twice and a half as
long as broad, and longer than the last abdominal
joint ; setas finely ciliated, the inner one about as long
as the entire animal, the outer less than half as long.
Anterior antennaD (fig. 2) 8-jointed, the first three
joints long, the rest short and subequal ; in the male
the fourth joint forms a corrugated, pear-shaped
swelling (fig. 4), the last two joints being slender, and
together making a strongly curved claw. The man-
dible-palp is very small (fig. 5), but has a minute
lateral branch. The hand of the posterior foot-jaw
(fig. 8) is convex on the outer margin, and moderately
robust. Outer branch of the first pair of feet (fig. 9)
half as long as the first joint of the inner branch ; in
the male the inner branch of the second pair (fig. 10)
is 3- jointed, the second joint having an apical spine,
the last joint four, long, plumose seta3. The fifth pair
in the female (fig. 11) has a large basal joint, the inner
portion of which is much elongated, and bears inter-
nally four strong setaB ; the second joint is oblong, sub-
ovate, with five long setas on the outer margin, two of

LAOPHONTE. 79

which are very slender ; the margins of both joints are
densely ciliated ; in the male the fifth foot is very small
(fig. 12), the basal joint almost obsolete, and bearing
only two setaa, one external and one internal ; second
joint small and ovate, 4-setose. The first abdominal
segment has a pair of bi-setose appendages resembling
a rudimentary foot (fig. 14). Length y^th of an inch
(•85 mm.).

The anterior antennae of this species vary a good
deal in the comparative lengths of the different joints,
and sometimes one of the joints is altogether deficient
(fig. 3). The outer branch of the first foot is often,
if not always, 2-jointed owing to the coalescence of the
second and third joints — a condition which is met
with frequently in other members of the genus. Though
not agreeing quite accurately with the figures given in
Claus's memoir, this must, I think, be taken as a
northern variety of L. similis, Glaus. It is, perhaps,
the commonest British species of the genus, occurring
from above high-water mark to a depth of several
fathoms. Occasionally also it is found in brackish
pools, as for instance at Isle Oronsa, Skye (Rev. A. M.
Norman), and at Clifden, Co. Galway. The following are
the stations from which I have specimens : —Amongst
weeds in rock-pools, between tide-marks at Sunderland
and several places on the Northumberland coast ; Isle
of Aran, Clifden, Westport, Roundstone, and Ventry
Bay (Ireland) ; Scilly Islands, dredged in fourteen
fathoms, and plentiful on weeds between tide-marks.

80 BRITISH COPBPODA.

5. LAOPHONTE CUETICAUDA, Boeclc, PI. LXXIII, figs.

15— 18, andPl.LXXVI,
figs. 1—9.

Laophonte curticauda, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 55

(1864).

Body rather robust (fig. 1), dorsal angles not much
produced, rostrum very short ; caudal segments not
much longer than broad, and about as long as the last
abdominal ring. Anterior antennae (fig. 2) in the female
7-jointed; first three joints much longer than the rest,
the following three short and nearly equal, the last some-
what longer ; in the male the fourth and fifth joints are
swollen, the third very narrow, and the last two form
a prehensile claw. The posterior foot-jaw (PI. LXXIII,
fig. 16) has an elongated hand, the inner margin of
which is convex, terminal claw long and curved.
The first foot has a long 2- jointed peduncle (fig. 3)
which is ciliated on the outer margin ; the inner
branch is stout, the outer slender, 3-jointed and more
than half the length of the first joint of the inner
branch. The outer branches of the second, third, and
fourth pairs are stout and fringed with spine-like cilia,
the marginal spines long and rather slender ; inner
branches stout and 2-jointed (PI. LXXIII, fig. 17,
and PL LXXVI, figs. 4 and 6). In the male the inner
branch of the second pair (fig. 18) has three long
terminal setae, and one much shorter seta, which ends
in a strong hook ; the third pair (PL LXXVI, fig. 5)
has both branches very thick, the second joint of the

LAOPHONTE. 81

inner branch having four long apical setae, and a very
stout beak-like spine at the outer angle ; the last joint
of the outer branch has four very large terminal spines,
the longest of which is nearly as long as the limb
itself; and besides these, there are five or six small
subsidiary spines attached between the bases of the
larger ones ; the outer margins of both branches are
densely clothed with spine-like cilia. Fifth pair (figs.
7 and 8) short and broad, basal joint broadly trian-
gular, its inner portion large, bearing four or five
short setae on the outer, and three large and one short
on the inner margin, the rest of the margin being
shortly ciliated ; second joint very broadly ovate,
angulated internally, and bearing several slender setae
of various lengths ; in the male (fig. 9) the fifth pair
has both branches narrower, more angular, and some-
what less profusely setose. Length -g^nd of an inch
(•79 mm.).

This species is not unfrequently taken in the surface-
net not far from the shore, in tidal pools amongst Algce,
and by the dredge in small depths of water. I have
found it on mud-covered rocks at Whitburn (Durham),
amongst weeds at Sunderland, Little Cumbrae, Clifden,
Roundstone and Westport, and in tow-net gather-
ings from Westport Bay. It occurs also amongst
Copepoda dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman at
Oban, in a depth of five fathoms, and is common in
washings of Latninarice from Hillswick, Shetland.

The short and broad fifth foot, with the remarkable
angulation of the inner margin of its second joint, in
the female, together with the strongly marked cha-

VOL. 11. F

82 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

racters of the second and third pairs of feet in the
male, amply suffice to distinguish this from all other
species ; it is also much shorter and stouter than any
other known to me, having indeed, at first sight, more
the appearance of Dactylopus than of Laophonte. The
second and third feet of the male show an approach
to the structure of those limbs in Harpacticus ; and it
would seem almost desirable, on this ground, to esta-
blish a new genus for the reception of this species.

6. LAOPHONTE LONGICAUDATA, Boeck. PI. LXXIY, figs.

12— 15;andPl.LXXVI,
figs. 10—15.

Laoplwnte longicaudata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder,

p. 55 (1864).

— Hodgii, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iv, p. 437, pi. xxi, figs.
1—9 (1872).

— Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report,
p. 196 (1875).

Body more slender than in the preceding species ;
margins of the segments smooth ; caudal segments
long and slender, about twice as long as the last
abdominal joint (Plate LXXIY, fig. 15). Anterior
antennae (Plate LXXVI, fig. 10) rather short, 7- or 8-
jointed, first three joints much longer than the fol-
lowing four or five, the relative lengths being as
follows :*

1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

59622322
* These measurements apply only to the most common forms. When

LAOPHONTE. 83

In the male, the antenna is clawed, as in L. curticauda.
The outer branch of the first foot (fig. 12) is very
short, the inner long and slender ; the second foot-jaw
is smaller, but otherwise does not differ much from
that of the preceding species ; the inner branches of
the second, third, and fourth pairs (figs. 13, 14) have
the first joints longer than in curticauda. The third
foot in the male (Plate LXXIY, fig. 13) is only mode-
rately spinous, but the inner branch is 3-jointed, and
has a slender spine attached to the apex of the second
joint. Fifth foot (fig. 14) small, having both inner and
outer segments well developed, the inner having four
marginal setse, the outer one large apical, and several
minute marginal seta3; second joint elongate, ovate,
5-setose. Length y^rd of an inch ('77 mm.).

This species was met with in dredged material
from several places off the Durham coast : — Hartle-
pool ; Seaham, twenty to thirty fathoms ; Hawthorn,
twenty-seven fathoms. I have found a few examples
among Copepoda washed from weeds in Ventry Bay,
Ireland, and sent to me by Mr. E. C. Davison.

7. LAOPHONTE LAMELLIFEEA, Glaus. PL LXXV, figs.

15—23.

Cleta lamellifera, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 123,
"t. xv, figs. 21— 25(1863).

Body robust (fig. 15), arcuate ; rostrum short,

the antennse are only 7-jointed the variation takes place in the flagellum
or slender terminal portion, which then has three instead of four articu-
lations.

84 BRITISH COPEPODA.

hinder margins of the segments, except the last,
distantly denticulated ; the dorsal border of each
thoracic segment is produced below the middle, so as
to form a broadly rounded lip ; the abdominal segments
are only slightly convex dorsally. Caudal segments
(fig. 22) subconical, appressed, longer than the last
abdominal segment, with two small lateral setge and two
at the apex, the longest of which is scarcely as long
as the last segment of the abdomen. Anterior antenna
short and stout (figs. 16, 17), 5-jointed, the ensiform
appendage in the male very broad. Outer branch, of
the first pair of feet (fig. 20) about one third as long
as the inner. Lower foot-jaw (fig. 19) short. Fifth
foot (fig. 21) elongated; basal joint long and broad,
its inner segment oblong, subquadrate, and produced
nearly as far as the apex of the second joint which
is subtruncate, and bears four long setse, one at
the apex, and one at the middle of the inner margin ;
second joint long and narrow, 6-setose. The integu-
ment of the animal is thick and porous, the pores
being arranged in widely- separated irregular patches
(fig. 23). Length -^8-th of an inch ('9 mm.).

L. lamellifera is not a very abundant species ;
though I have notes of its occurrence in many different
localities, the number of examples obtained from each
place is usually small. I have found a very few speci-
mens on Laminarice and on muddy rocks near Sun-
derland, several in dredgings from a depth of twenty
fathoms among the Scilly Islands, off Port Dinlleyn,
North "Wales, Portincross (Ayrshire), and the Islands
of Cumbrae and Bute ; from two fathoms in Lough

LAOPHONTE. 85

Swilly (Donegal), and from dredgings made in Ventry
Bay by Mr. E.G. Davison ; also from weed- washings
at Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman).

8. LAOPHONTE HISPIDA, Brady and Robertson. PL

LXXXI, figs. 1—11.

Asellopsis hispida, B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii,

p. 137, pi. ix, figs. 6—10 (1873). •»

Body elongated, much depressed (fig. 1), lower
thoracic segments distinctly narrowed, the margins of
the first three abdominal segments produced down-
wards at the sides in an imbricated manner. Anterior
antennae (fig. 2) short, densely setose, 7-jointed, first
two joints not much longer than broad, third about
the same length but much narrower, fourth very short
and broad, fifth about twice as long as the fourth,
sixth and seventh equal and very small, the propor-
tionate lengths of the joints, beginning at the base,
being as follows — 9, 9, 9, 3, 5, 2, 2 ; posterior antennae
nearly as large as the anterior, biarticulate, bearing a
very small 1 -jointed secondary branch. Mouth-appa-
ratus as in the typical Laophonte; second pair of maxilli-
peds (fig. 6) 3- jointed, with an oval hand and long slender
claw. First pair of feet (fig. 7) having the inner
branch very long and biarticulate, the first joint much
elongated, terminal claw thick and strong ; outer
branch also biarticulate, the entire length being less
than half that of the first joint of the inner branch ;

86 BRITISH COrEPODA.

second, third and fourth pairs of feet (figs. 8, 9), with
the outer branch long and 3-jointed, the inner very
short and 2-jointed ; fifth pair (fig. 10) rather narrow
and elongated, the two laminae being of nearly equal
length, with finely ciliated margins, and a few short
seta3. Caudal segments (fig. 11) very broad, rounded ;
surface hispid towards the margins ; terminal setee
very short, the longest not much exceeding the length
of the segment itself. Length ^-th of an inch
(•73 mm.).

Several specimens of L. hispida were taken in the
surface-net in Westport Bay by Mr. Robertson and
myself. We have also dredged it sparingly in a depth
of from four to ten fathoms off the Durham coast, and
more abundantly on a bed of fine clean gravel off
Glen Sannox, Arran (N.B.), off the islands of Bute
Cumbrae, in depths of ten to twenty fathoms amongst
the Scilly Islands, and off Port Dinlleyn, Caernarvon-
shire.

The general habit of this species is very distinct
from all others of the genus, and I was at first induced,
more on this account than from any very marked
peculiarities of structure, to consider it as a distinct
generic type; but further investigation revealing no
points of structure materially different from those
belonging to the various species of Laophonte, I have
here assigned it to that genus.

NORMANELLA. 87

Genus 19. NORMANELLA, nov. gen.

Animal rigid, subcylindrical ; abdomen as wide as
the thorax and not distinctly separated from it;
caudal segments and setas small. Anterior antennae
short, 7-jointed ; secondary branch of posterior an-
tennae small, 1-jointed ; mandible palp small, with two
minute 1-jointed branches ; maxillar palp well deve-
loped, with several setose digits ; second foot-jaw
forming a small clawed hand. Inner branch of first
pair of feet elongated, 2-jointed, the second joint
short, and bearing two long apical setae ; outer branch
short, 3 -jointed ; inner branches of the second, third,
and fourth pairs 2-jointed ; fifth pair foliaceous,
2-jointed.

In general appearance this genus resembles Lao-
phonte and Cletodes. From the former, however, it
is separated by its branched mandible-palp and the
want of a prehensile claw on the first foot ; from Cletodes
by the presence of a branch on the posterior antenna,
by the branched mandible-palp, and the elongated
inner branch of the first pair of feet.

1. NOEMANELLA DUBIA, Brady and Robertson. PI.

LXXVIII, figs. 12—22.

Laophonte dubia, Brady & Robertson, Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196

(1875).

Female as seen laterally (fig. 12) somewhat con-

88 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

stricted in. the middle, which is the narrowest part of
the animal, posterior margins of the segments finely
denticulated, but not produced on the dorsum, except
the last abdominal segment, which has a posterior
spine ; rostrum short; caudal segments (fig. 22) shorter
than the last abdominal joint, and bearing three apical
setas, the largest of which is not much longer than the
last segment. Anterior antennae (fig. 13) 7-jointed,
densely setiferous on the outer margin, first three
joints larger than the rest, which are short and sub-
equal. Secondary branch of the posterior antenna
small (fig. 14), 1-jointed, and bearing four setse.
Mandible slender (fig. 15), palp slender, with two small
1-jointed branches. Second foot-jaw (fig. 18) small
and slender. Inner branch of first pair of feet (fig. 19)
long and slender, the second joint bearing two curved
apical setse, only one fourth as long as the first joint,
which has ciliated margins and a long marginal seta
near the apex. Fifth pair of feet (fig. 21) composed of
a large, subtriangular basal joint, and a smaller external
joint, both of which bear several long marginal seta3 ;
the internal portion of the first joint is largely de-
veloped, and reaches as far as the apex of the second.
Length yyth of an inch ('68 mm).

This species may perhaps have been often over-
looked, owing to its small size and its general resem-
blance to Cletodes and Laophonte. I have notes of its
occurrence as follows : — At New Grimsby and Por-
cressa Bay, Scilly, fourteen to twenty fathoms ; Clew
Bay ; off Marsden and Hartlepool (Durham coast), ten
to thirty fathoms.

CLETODES. 89

Genus 20. CLETODES, Brady (1872).

(Cletodes, Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
1872; Boeck, Nye Stegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder,
1872. Lilljeborgia, Glaus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza,
1866. Orthopsyllus, Brady & Robertson, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1873.)

Animal resembling Laophonte in general appearance;
abdomen as broad as the cephalothorax, and not
distinctly separated from it. Anterior antenna short,
4- to 6-jointed ; secondary branch of posterior antennas
1 -jointed, very small, or reduced to a few setre ; mouth-
organs like those of Laophonte. First pair of feet
small, non-prehensile ; ' inner branches of all the four
pairs of swimming feet composed of two joints, the
first of which is very short. Fifth pair narrow,
foliaceous.

The characters which I formerly supposed to sepa-
rate this genus from Lilljeborgia (Glaus), do not, on
further examination, hold good. There is mostly, if not
always, a small branch attached to the lower antenna ;
and the inner branches of the swimming feet, though
stated by Glaus, in the generic definition of Lillje-
borgia, to be " rudimentary," are yet described in the
text as 2-jointed ; there is, therefore, scarcely any
difference between it and Cletodes. The name Lillje-
borgia, however, having been previously used for a
genus of Amphipoda, must be discarded, as has already
been done by M. Boeck, in favour of Cletodes, the term
Orthopsyllus, which, in a previous memoir, was pro-

90 BRITISH COPEPODA.

posed as a substitute for Lilljeborgia, being also
allowed to lapse.

1. CLETODES LIMICOLA, Brady. PI. LXXIX, figs. 1 — 12.

Cletodes limicola, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iv, p. 438, pi. xxi, figs.
10—17 (1872).

— .pectinata, Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report
p. 196 (1875).

Animal, as seen from behind, elongated, distinctly
indented at each ring of the body. First segment of
cephalothorax short, about equal in length to the two
following ; second and third abdominal segments pro-
duced into spinous processes at the lower lateral
angles. Anterior antennae in the female (fig. 2) much
shorter than the first cephalothoracic segment; first
three joints nearly equal, fourth about half as long as
the third, fifth as long as the third, but much more
slender, sixth very short ; in the male (fig. 3) forming
at the fourth joint a large vesiculiform swelling, last
two joints elongated and uncinate. Hand of the pos-
terior foot-jaw short, ovate, often finely ciliated on the
inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender. Swim-
ming-feet slender ; the outer branches ciliated on the
margins, and bearing at the apex of each joint, on the
external margin, a long slender spine ; terminal setas
long and slender ; the middle joint has a long apical
seta at the inner margin ; inner branches 2-jointed,
the first joint very small, the second long, almost fili-

CLETODES. 91

form, and dividing at the extremity into one short and
one or two very long, lash-like branches ; first foot
much shorter than the rest. Basal joint of the fifth
pair (fig. 11) small, but produced into a long inner
segment, which has a ciliated inner margin and three
stout apical setas, and reaches nearly as far as the
end of the second joint ; second joint elongated,
narrow, bearing three stout, curved, marginal seta3,
and two at the apex. In the male (fig. 12) the two
branches are of nearly equal length, very narrow,
simple, the external branch bearing one, the internal
two, long apical setse. Caudal -segments short, but
longer in the male than in the female (?) ; seta3, one
on each segment, scarcely longer than the segment
itself. Length, -g^rd of an inch ('77 mm.).

I have included in this description the form which, by
Mr. Robertson and myself, was noted (in our * Report
of Dredging on the Coasts of Durham and Yorkshire ')
as a new species under the name Cletodes pectinata.
A re-examination of these specimens leads me to think
that there is no sufficient reason to separate them
from the previously described species, though it is
certainly very difficult to decide in these minute and
nearly allied forms as to how much latitude must be
allowed for variation. There occurs not unfrequently
a form with very long and slender caudal rami — almost
as long as those of C. longicaudata — which, except for
this peculiarity, I am unable to distinguish from C.
limicola. The difference is certainly not a sexual one,
as both forms are to be seen in the adult oviparous
females. For the present I am content to note the

92 BRITISH COPEPODA.

long-tailed form as a variety : — var. gracUis. This
species has in all cases occurred in dredgings from
depths of 20 — 45 fathoms, and usually amongst muddy
sand. It has been observed in the following locali-
ties : — Off the coasts of Durham and Yorkshire,
amongst the Scilly Islands, and in Westport Bay,
Ireland.

2. CLETODES LONGIOAUDATA, Brady and Robertson. PI.

LXXIX, figs, 13—19.

P Cletodes laticauda, Boeck. Nye Slaegter og Arter af Saltvands-

Copepoder, p. 20 (1872).

— longicaudatuK, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196
(1875).

Female. — Animal slender, elongated ; rostrum
moderately long ; caudal segments very long and
slender, about as long as the last three abdominal
segments ; at the upper fifth of the outer margin is
affixed a long slender spine (fig. 19), and at the apex
three setae, two of which are very small, but the
median one longer than the tail itself. The anterior
antennae (fig. 14) are 6-jointed, third joint the
longest, last three short and subequal ; ensiform fila-
ment very stout. Second pair of foot-jaws of mode-
rate size, with an ovate hand. Inner branch of the
first pair of feet (fig. 15) larger than the outer, its last
joint as long as the entire outer branch, cylindrical,
and bearing two long terminal setae ; inner branches
of second, third, and fourth pairs shorter than the
outer, the fourth having three, the second and third

CLETODBS. 93

two, terminal setae (figs. 16 and 17), the first .joint
minute ; marginal spines of the outer branches slender
and plumose. Fifth foot in the female (fig. 18) folia-
ceous, the distal joint long, bearing two long seta3 at
the apex, two on the outer, and one on the inner
margin, basal joint small, with three internal and one
external setas (fig. 12). Length ^nd of an inch ("79
mm.)

Several specimens were found amongst dredged
material, from a depth of five fathoms off Hartlepool,
and one or two from 7 — 29 fathoms off Portincross,
Ayrshire.

M. Boeck's description of Cletodes laticauda may
very possibly be meant to apply to this species, but
his account of the first pair of feet and of the caudal
segments does not agree accurately with my own
observations of those organs in C. longicaudata, and it
seems, therefore, best to adhere to the name already
proposed by Mr. Robertson and myself.*

* I leave the descriptions of the two species C. longicaudata and
C. limicola as originally written, but must express some doubt as to
their entire accuracy. That two distinct species are referred to I have
no doubt, but as they occur mixed up together in the same gatherings,
and are not readily distinguishable except when quite perfect, it is quite
likely that there may be some confusion between the two. The dis-
tinctions of sex especially, and of the fifth pair of feet, I have not been
able quite clearly to make out.

94 BRITISH COPliPODA.

3. CLETODES PROPINQUA, Brady and Robertson. PL

LXXVII, figs. 9—17.

Clet odes propingua, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875).

Animal, as seen laterally (fig. 10), arcuate, of nearly
equal thickness throughout ; seen from above (fig 9)
oblong, subtruncate behind ; abdomen nearly as stout
as cephalothorax ; rostrum minute; caudal segments
(figs. 16 and 17) short, subovate, distant, pointed at the
apex, not as long as the last abdominal segment.
Anterior antenna short (fig 11), not half the length of
the first body- segment ; last four joints much shorter
than the rest. Mouth-organs as in the preceding
species. Inner branch of first pair of feet (fig. 14)
shorter than the outer, marginal spines of the outer
branch very long and slender. Basal joint of the
fifth pair (fig. 15) in the female produced at the inner
side, bearing at the apex a lancet-shaped spine, and on
the margin two long setae ; terminal joint elongated,
subovate, with one long apical and three short marginal
set83. The fifth pair in the male are very similar to
those of the female. Caudal segments (fig. 16) pro-
vided with two or three small marginal hairs and
one apical seta, which is about as long as the last
abdominal ring. Length ^jth of an inch (*63 mm.).

I have notes of the occurrence of G. propinqua in
the following localities : — In twenty fathoms off St.
Mary's, and in fourteen fathoms, New Grimsby Har-
bour, Scilly ; Clew Bay, Ireland ; Tobermory (Rev.

CLETODES. 95

A. M. Norman) ; and in thirty-five fathoms off
Marsden, Durham coast. The number of specimens
found in each case was very small. The two figures
(16 and 17, in PI. LXXVII) show tail-segments of
different shapes, but whether they belong to male and
female of the same species, or to entirely distinct
species, I have not been able to satisfy myself.

4. CLETODES LINEARIS, Claus. PL LXXX, figs. 1 — 14.

Lilljeborgia linearis, Claus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza,

p. 22, t. ii, figs. 1—8 (1866).

Orthopsyllus — B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii,
p. 138 (1873).

Body elongated, nearly straight, cylindrical ; first
segment about as long as the three following. Ros-
trum moderately long. Abdomen as thick as the
thorax, and constituting half the length of the body.
Caudal segments very broad, scarcely equalling in
length the last abdominal segment; the posterior
borders of all the body-segments, except the last, are
fringed with rows of short rectangular teeth. An-
terior antennae short and stout, 4-jointed; in the
female (fig. 3) the inrer margin of the second joint
forms a very large and stout spine ; the third joint is
as long as the second, but only about half as broad,
the fourth is short and nearly square, truncate, bear-
ing several stout, short setae, and a curved spine at
the upper apical angle ; the second and third joints
also have several strong setae, and the ensiform appen-

96 BRITISH COPEPODA.

dage which, springs from the apex of the third, is
short, broad, and curved ; the anterior antenna of the
female (fig. 2) has the second joint developed into a very
large, subquadrate swelling, while the last two joints
are much more slender and form a strong claw-like
appendage, the last joint having also a subsidiary
spine at the base. Setae of the posterior antennas
(fig. 4) very strong and spine-like ; secondary branch
1 -jointed, of moderate size, and having four setaa.
Hand of the lower foot-jaw ovate, with a slender ter-
minal claw. Inner branch of the first foot (fig. 7)
rather longer than the outer, 2-jointed, terminating in
two long setas, the longest of which has an apical tuft
of spreading, root-like hairs; the outer branch has
three Betas, one of which also is tufted at the
apex. The second foot is shorter than the three
following pairs, and is much more slenderly spined ;
inner branch of the second pair (fig. 8) slender, not
much longer than the first joint of the outer branch,
2-jointed, the first joint extremely short, the second
having one marginal and two apical setas, all of about
equal length, and finely plumose beyond the middle.
Inner branch of the third foot robust (fig. 9), the two
joints subequal, bearing at the apex one long terminal
spine and two setas, the shorter of which is plumose
(these appendages are stouter in the male than in the
female) ; the terminal spines of the outer branch are
very short and thick. The fourth pair (fig. 10) has
the inner branch rudimentary, 2-jointed, and provided
with one stout apical seta and two shorter and more
slender; the second, third, and fourth pairs are of

ENHYDROSOMA. 97

nearly equal size, but short, being scarcely longer than
the width of the thorax ; the margins of all the joints
of the outer branches are fringed with spine-like setge,
and the apical spines are large and strong. The fifth
pair, in the female (fig. 11), has the basal joint well
developed and forming a large internal segment, which
bears five marginal setse ; outer branch subovate,
having four large and two small setae ; the margins of
both joints finely ciliated ; the tail-segments have at
the apex one stout seta about equal in length to four
of the abdominal joints, and on the lateral margins are
also three or four minute setae. Length, -^nd of an
inch (1*1 mm.).

This is a very distinct and at the same time one of
the least common of British species. I for a long
time knew it only from two specimens, one found on
a Sponge in Westport Bay, and one taken amongst
Algce at St. Mary's, Scilly ; but more recently I have
found several specimens in a collection of Copepoda
washed from the roots of Algce gathered in Round-
stone Bay.

\
Genus 21. ENHYDROSOMA, BoecJc. '

•*

(Boeck, Nye Slaegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder, 1872.)

Body subcylindrical ; first pair of antennae short and
stout, 5-jointed ; second pair nearly as large as the
first, 2-jointed, secondary branch small, 1-jointed;

VOL. LI.

98 BRITISH COPEPODA.

mandible-palp simple, 3-jointed. Maxilla-palp small,
2-jointed. First pair of foot-jaws small, with a
terminal claw and two or three marginal claw-like
setas ; second pair forming a prehensile hand. Inner
branch of the first pair of feet 2-jointed, non-pre-
hensile, shorter than the outer branch ; inner branches
of the second, third, and fourth pairs also short and
2-jointed ; outer branches 3-jointed ; fifth pair short
and broad, 2-jointed.

This genus differs from Cletodes in having a 1-
jointed secondary branch springing from the posterior
antennae, and in the elongated 3-jointed mandible-
palp.

1. ENHTDROSOMA CURVATUM, Brady and Robertson,

PL LXXXI, figs. 12— 15;
and PL LXXXII, figs.
11—19.

RMzothrix curvata, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197 (1875).

The anterior antennse (figs. 13 and 14, PL LXXXII)
are short and stout, and beset with numerous setaa,
many of which are strongly plumose ; the penultimate
joint in the male forms a large vesiculiform swelling
and the last joint is claw-like. The posterior antenna
(fig. 14) has attached to its apex three stout, lancet-
shaped setas, — one of which is strongly pectinate, — and
four or five smaller lateral setaa ; the secondary branch
bears two setas. The mandible (fig. 15) is bluntly

ENHYDBOSOMA. 99

toothed, the palp elongated, its first and second joints
each bearing one strong plumose seta, the last joint
four apical setae. The second foot-jaw (fig. 18) is well
developed, its terminal claw long and slender. Both
branches of the first pair of feet (PI. LXXXI, fig. 12)
have two very long terminal setae, which bear near
their apices three or four lash-like cilia. In the three
following pairs the inner branch is very small and has
three plumose terminal setae ; the outer branch is of
moderate size, and has three plumose setae at the
apex, while the marginal spines are elongated, slender,
and strongly pectinate. The fifth pair in the female
(PI. LXXXII, fig. 19) has the first joint very broad
and short, the internal segment fringed with five stout
plumose setae ; the second or outer joint is ovate,
crenulated on the external margin, bearing on the
inner margin two stout setae, and at the apex a short,
broad spine. In the male (PL LXXXI, fig. 14) the fifth
foot is smaller and is incompletely divided into two
laminae, each of which bears four or five plumose setae.
The caudal laminae are broadly ovate (fig. 15) and are
provided with five minute marginal setae. The animal
when seen from the side (PI. LXXXII, fig. 11) is
arcuate, the head and tail being sharply bent upon the
body ; the integument glabrous. Length ^yth of an
inch ("67 mm.).

I have not been able to identify this with either of
the two species (E. curticauda and E. longicaudata)
described by M. Boeck, the fifth pair of feet being
apparently quite different. E. curvata, though occur-
ring pretty plentifully in several widely separated

100 BRITISH COPEPODA.

localities, appears to be somewhat local in its distribu-
tion. I have notes of its capture as follows : — Off
Porcressa Bay and in New Grimsby Harbour (Scilly
Islands), dredged in 10—20 fathoms; abundant in a
depth of three fathoms on a sandy bottom, Lough
Swilly ; off the islands of Bute and Cumbrae, sixteen
fathoms ; off Portincross, Ayrshire, fifteen fathoms ;
off Port Dinlleyn, Carnarvonshire, ten fathoms ; off
Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (one specimen only
seen), thirty-five fathoms.

Sub-family 6. NANNOPIN.E, nov. sub-fam.

Anterior antennae short, 6-jointed ; secondary
branch of posterior antennas 1- jointed ; mandible-
palp 1 -branched, second foot- jaw forming a prehensile
claw. Inner branches of the first and second pairs of
feet 2-jointed, non-prehensile, of the third and fourth
pairs rudimentary, and consisting only of a few setge,
fifth pair foliaceous, 2-branched.

This sub-family contains only two genera, Nannopus
and Platychelipus, both of which are new.

Genus 22. NANNOPUS,* nov. gen.

Like Tachidius in general appearance. Head con-
solidated with thorax ; body-segments denticulated on

* vavvoq, dwarf; irovv, foot.

NANNOPUS. 101

the posterior margins. Anterior antenn-se short, 6-
jointed (?) ; outer branches of all the swimming-feet
3-jointed ; inner branches of the first and second
pairs 2- jointed, short, non-prehensile, of the third
and fourth pairs obsolete and reduced to a single seta.

1. NANNOPUS PALUSTHIS, nov. sp. PI. LXXYII, figs.

18—20.

Anterior antennae very short and stout, scarcely
half as long as the cephalic segment. Terminal seta3
of the outer branch of the first and second feet strongly
and distantly plumose ; inner branch not half as long
as the outer, first joint fringed with setae at the apex,
second having three terminal setae. In place of
the inner branch of the third and fourth pairs is a
small tubercle, which gives attachment to a long
plumose seta and two or three very small cilia.

I have seen only one or two specimens of this species,
which were so coated with mud that it was difficult to
get a distinct view of the limbs, nor did I at first
recognise anything very noteworthy about them, else
possibly a little extra care might have enabled me more
fully to elucidate their structure. There seems, how-
ever, to be no reason to doubt the complete distinctness
of the genus, and I therefore think it best to
describe it, even though imperfectly. Its nearest ally
is probably Jurinia, Glaus, but in that genus the third
and fourth pairs of feet have the inner branches well

102 BRITISH COPEPODA.

developed, while in Nannopus they are obsolete. The
second foot-jaw, which in Jurinia is said to be reduced
to a few setae only, has not been observed in Nannopus.
The specimens were taken in pools of brackish water
in a salt marsh at Seaton Sluice, Northumberland,
a locality which has yielded many interesting species
and which would doubtless well repay an attentive
investigation by some naturalist living within easy
reach of it.

Genus 23. PLATYCHELIPUS,* nov. gen.

Anterior antennas 6-jointed ; secondary branch of the
posterior antenna small, 1 -jointed; mandible-palp com-
posed of a single 2-jointed branch (PL LXXIX, fig. 20)
bearing four apical setas; maxilla (fig. 21) well de-
veloped, palp composed of three large setiferous digits ;
first foot-jaw (fig. 22) stout, having three large mar-
ginal segments, all of which bear short, strong setas ;
second pair of foot- jaws (PI. LXXX, fig. 19), forming
a clawed prehensile hand. First pair of feet having
both branches 2-jointed, the inner elongated and
slender, but not forming a clawed hand. Inner branch
of the second pair small, 2-jointed, outer branch
3-jointed ; the third and fourth pairs have the inner
branch reduced to a setiferous tubercle, the outer
strong and 3-jointed ; fifth pair, 2-branched, foliaceous.

This genus agrees very much with Nannopus, but it

* TrXaritc, broad ; X'A»7> claw; TTOVC, foot.

PLATYCHELIPUS. 103

is clearly separated from it by the 2-jointed branches
of the first foot. Only one species has yet been
observed.

1. PLA.TYCHELTPUS LITTOBALIS, nov. sp. PL LXXIX,

figs. 20—23 ; and PI.
LXXX, figs. 15—19.

Animal somewhat like Laophonte. Anterior antennas
6-jointed (PI. LXXX, fig. 15); first two joints large
and thick, third equally long but only about half as
broad, fourth and fifth about one third as long as the
third, sixth equal to the third but more slender. The
last four joints bear numerous short spine-like setae on
the outer margin, besides several which are longer and
more hair-like. The peduncle of the first pair of feet
is stout and 2-jointed, the basal joint being beset with
numerous setaa on its outer surface (fig. 16) ; the
second joint has two long spines on the inner and one
on the outer margin ; the outer branch is short and
2-jointed, the marginal spines slender ; inner branch
elongated, first joint longer than the entire outer
branch, second about half the length of the first and
terminating in a single, slightly curved, claw-like, but
slender seta, which is as long as the limb itself; the
inner branch of the second pair (fig. 17) is only
half as long as the outer, its two joints equal in length
but the second very narrow and bearing a long, slender,
terminal seta. The outer branches of the second,

104 BRITISH COPEPODA.

third, and fourth pairs are 3-jointed and bordered
with chitinous plates, their marginal spines extremely
stout, and in length much exceeding the width of the
limb ; the last joint has at the apex two long and
much more slender spines. Basal joint of the fifth pair
produced into a large quadrangular internal segment,
which has four apical spines and a few small cilia
(fig. 18) ; second joint smaller, subovate, its external
margin divided into five setge.

Several examples of this very distinct species were
noticed in a gathering from between tide-marks at
Lake Lothing, Suffolk, where the water of Oulton
Broad finds its way to the sea. Though the gather-
ing was made amongst the fronds of Fuci the water
would no doubt be brackish. I have more recently
found a few examples at Seaton Sluice, in the brackish
pools which have been spoken of in connection with
Nannopus palustris and other species.

Sub-family 7. HARPAOTICINJS, BoecJc (in part).

Body cylindrical, or, less commonly, broad and de-
pressed. First pair of antennae 5 — 9 -jointed ; secondary
branch of second pair 2- or 3-jointed. Mandible-
palp 2-branched, usually largely developed. First
foot-jaw triangular, not chelate ; with several digi-
tate marginal processes, second foot-jaw forming a
strong clawed hand; outer branch of the first pair
of feet always, inner branch usually, clawed and

DACTYLOPUS. 105

prehensile, first or second joint of the outer branch
elongated ; second, third, and fourth pairs with both
branches 3-jointed ; fifth pair 2-jointed and usually
foliaceous. One ovisac.

The genera belonging to this sub-family are Dacty-
lopus, Thalestris, Westwoodia, Ilyopsyllus (?), Harpac-
ticus, Zaus, and Peltidium. The genus Ilyopsyllus is
included provisionally only in this group ; its struc-
ture has not been fully made out, but the abnormal
form of the mandibles and antennae will probably
necessitate its removal to some other position.

Diagnosis of Genera of Harpacticince.

(~ f two joints Harpacticus.

three ("greatly elongated Thalestris.

joints ;

middle | not much f f aliaceous Dactylopus.

joint •{ longer than |

of the I the first joint ;•{ elon • ated, sub-
outer fifth pair of | falciform, and

-S
CO

both
branches

com-
posed of

[_branch [_ feet (^ strongly spined Peltidium.

the outer f one joint ; C two-branched Westwoodia.

branch | mandible- <

composed of 1 palp (. simple, bisetose Ilyopsyllus.

three, the
inner of ^two-joints Zaus.

Genus 24. DACTYLOPUS, Glaus (1863).

Body elongated, more or less cylindrical; first pair
of antennae usually 5 — 9-jointed ; in the male genicu-
lated ; inner branch of the second pair of moderate size,
2- or 3-jointed. Maxilla-palp well developed, the
basal portion numerously clawed and having one or
two lateral processes ; mandibles well developed, the

106 JJE1TISH COPEPODA.

palp composed of a wide basal joint and two uniarticu-
late branches ; anterior foot-jaws of moderate size,
posterior slender and forming a clawed hand. First
four pairs of feet having both branches 3-jointed ; inner
branch of the first pair elongated, first joint very long,
second and third extremely short and ending in two
slender claws, outer branch shorter, the middle joint
long, first and third short, ending in four claws ; fifth
pair 2-jointed, foliaceous. Ovisac single or double.

1. DACTYLOPUS TISBOIDES, Glaus. PL LIV, figs. 1 — 16.

Dactylopus tisboides, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 1 27,
taf. xvi, figs. 24—28 (1863) ; Die Copepoden-
Fauna von Nizza, p. 27, taf. iii, figs. 1 — 7
(1866).

— Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iii, p. 131 (1868).

? Normani, idem. Ibid., vol. iv, p. 441, pi. xx, figs.

13—17 (1872).

Body robust ; head produced into a short, conical
beak; anterior antennae in the female 9-jointed (8-
jointed, Glaus), tapering gradually from the base, the
seventh and eighth joints being much the shortest
(figs. 2 and 14) ; hinge-joint in the male (fig. 3) be-
tween the sixth and seventh joints. Inner branch of
the posterior antenna (fig. 4) 3-jointed. Second foot-
jaw slender, the hand elongate-oval and ciliated on the
inner margin, near the middle of which is a single long
seta. Outer margins of both branches of the first pair
of feet densely setose and spinous ; first joint of the
inner branch longer than the entire outer limb, and

DAOTYLOPUS. 107

armed above the middle of the inner margin with a
single, long, plumose seta (fig. 9) ; middle joint of the
outer branch thrice as long as the first or third, ciliated
on both margins, the cilia of the outer margift being
often strong and almost spinous ; the second, third, and
fourth pairs (fig. 11) have the branches nearly equal,
bearing long plumose setas, and ciliated on the external
borders ; the inner branch of the second pair in the
male (fig. 10) has the second and third joints coales-
cent, the outer margin deeply excavated above and
below the middle, and bearing one rather large crooked
spine, several strong short setae, and at the apex two
stunted spines ; setae of the inner margin three ; fifth
pair (figs. 12 and 15) in the female composed of two
subequal, broadly ovate joints, each of which bears
several rather long apical seta3 ; the outer joint has
also along its free margin a series of oblong, curved,
pellucid patches .(fig. 12 a) ; in the male the joints of
the fifth pair are, as is usual in the Harpacticinaa, more
angular, smaller, and less profusely setose (figs. 13 and
16). Caudal segments short; larger tail setae two
thirds the length of the body, outer setas about half as
long. Length -^th of an inch ('56 mm.).

This is probably the commonest British species of
the genus Dactylopus, occurring not unfrequently in all
kinds of localities, from the brackish water of estuarine
pools to depths of at least forty fathoms. I have notes
of its capture in the following localities: — Durham coast,
amongst Laminarice ; in brackish pools, at the mouth
of the Seaton Burn, Northumberland ; dredged off Red
Cliff and Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, in thirty-five

108 BRITISH COPEPODA.

fathoms ; brackish pools near the River Stour, at
Manningtree, Suffolk ; abundant on weeds at low
water mark, Little Cumbrae; off Portincross, Ayr-
shire, »fif teen fathoms ; Scilly Islands, ten to forty
fathoms ; brackish pools at Clifden, Connemara ; and
in surface-net gatherings from Westport Bay, Mayo.
It has also been found by the Rev. A. M. Norman
between tide-marks at Oban ; on weeds at Tobermory,
Mull ; Bressay Sound, Shetland ; and in brackish
water at Isle Oransa, Skye.

The range of variation of Dactylopus tisboides, especi-
ally as to strength and quantity of setose armature, is
very considerable. Two extreme forms, one from
brackish water, the other from a purely marine habitat,
are figured in the plate, but even in brackish water
one may sometimes meet with specimens nearly as
strongly spinous and setose as any of those from the
open sea, Speaking broadly, however, we may say that
there are two races or varieties of the species, charac-
terised in one case by a robust body and strong setae,
in the other by a slender body and delicate setae. It
is interesting to note that, in other species, especially
in those whose habitats — and consequently whose
manner of life — are of varied character, structural
variations not unlike those of D. tisboides are not
unfrequently to be found.

The following remarks of Dr. Glaus, with reference
to a species of a closely allied genus, are of much
interest : — " The stronger, and, on the average, the
larger form of Harpacticus nicceensis has a heavy,
strong body — ill-bred apparently, inactive, and want-

DACTYLOPUS. 109

ing in mobility ; the antennas clumsy, with their third
and fourth joints short and thick, the second joint
very long ; the second foot-jaw ends in a strong, mas-
sive, clasping hand ; the first pair of feet are armed
with doubly-curved claws ; the feet, especially the last
pair, are strong and clumsy, all the setas showing a
tendency to become plumose. The smaller and slen-
derer breed has larger antennas, the third and fourth
joints of which are much elongated ; the prehensile
apparatus of the foot-jaws and first pair of feet more
slender, and there is also a much slimmer, slen-
derer form of the limbs. In general structure and
conformation of body, in the peculiar arrangement
of setaa, the serration of the abdominal segments, in
short, in those points where distinct species mostly
diverge, there is here a striking agreement.
After diligent inquiry, these differences remained un-
explained, and I was inclined to consider them as
mere individual variations. But further investigation
of all parts of the body convinced me that two distinct
forms, with qualities diversely useful, had originated
two separate races, one slender, swift, and agile, the
other clumsy in figure, but robust and powerfully
armed. The two races are so far separate that inter-
mediate individuals partaking of the characters of both
are not met with. The upper antennas, however, in
each case show a tendency to similar variations ; at
the same time these variations are not so profound
that they might not have been acquired singly or in
combination. The differences in the relative size of
the claws and prehensile organs may be traced back

110 BRITISH COPEPODA.

to the youngest stages of growth. . . . Many
species may, no doubt, have been founded on characters
no more distinct than these, and on mere deviation
of character in the joints, which a critical investigation
would prove to be worthless."* It maybe noted that
many of the peculiarities here pointed out by Dr. Claus
— especially the strong, doubly-curved claws of the
first feet in the stronger, and the very slender simply-
curved claws in the weaker form — have their exact
counterparts in the two varieties of D. tisboides here
described.

2. DACTYLOPUS SIMILIS, Glaus, PL LV, figs. 14 — 16.

Dactylopus similis, Claus. Die Copepoden- Fauna von Nizza,
p. 25, taf. ii, fi^s. 29, 30 (1866).

This species differs little from D. Stromii except in
the proportionate lengths of the various antennal
joints, the length of the rostrum, and some other
minor points. The rostrum is very long and curved,
and the relative lengths of the joints of the anterior
antenna (fig. 14) may be expressed (allowing some
latitude for individual variation) as follows :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8.
20 12 883527

The lower foot-jaw, the first and all the following
pairs of feet differ scarcely at all from the same organs

* Die Oopepoden-Fauna von Nizza, Ein Beitrag zur Charakteristik
der Formen und deren Abanderungen, " im Sinne Darwin's," von Dr.
C. Glaus, Marburg und Leipzig, 1866.

DACTYLOPTJS. Ill

in D. Stromii. The setae of the fifth feet (fig. 1C)
are, however, more irregular in length than in D.
Stromii. Length Y§-th of an inch (*9 mm.).

A few specimens which I refer to this species were
dredged off Portincross, Ayrshire, in a depth of fifteen
fathoms, but noth with standing the careful examination
which Dr. Glaus has bestowed upon it, with the result
of separating it specifically from D. Stromii, I must
confess myself unable to see the propriety of that
step. The preferable course would, I think, be to
consider the present as a well-marked variety of what
must be admitted to be a variable species.

3. DACTYLOPUS STEOMII, Baird. PL LY, figs. 1 — 13.

Canfhocampius Stromii, Baird. Brit. En torn. p. 208, pi. xxvii,
fig. 3 (not Canthocamptus Stroinii of
Lilljeborg) ^1860).

Cyclops Baird. Mag. Zool. and Botany (1837).

Nauplius — Phillippi. Archiv fur Naturgesch.,

p. 69 (1843).

Dactylopus cinctus, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza,
p. 27, taf. iii, figs. 8—12 (1866).

Rostrum long and curved; anterior antennas 8-
jointed, slender, plentifully beset with not very long
hairs; the fourth joint bearing a long, curved, rod-
like "olfactory" appendage (fig. 1 &), the first four joints
(peduncle) stouter than the rest, last joint long and
slender ; in the male (fig. 2) the first, second, and fourth
joints are tumid, the third small and narrow, and there

112 BRITISH COPEPODA.

is a hinge between the fifth and sixth. Inner branch of
the posterior antennas (fig. 3) 3-jointed ; mandible-
palp (fig. 4) large and strongly setose ; maxillae (fig. 5)
strong, with a well-developed palp ; anterior foot-jaw
(fig. 6) 4-digitate ; posterior with a slenderly ovate
hand, which has a long plumose seta on the inner and
three short ones on the outer margin (fig. 7). Inner
branch of the first foot about twice as long as the outer ;
first joint very long, second scarcely as long as broad,
third about twice as long as the second, and bearing
two slender, slightly curved, terminal claws ; the first
joint has a strong apical seta, and is ciliated along the
inner margin ; the second joint of the outer branch is
rather larger than the first and about twice as long as
the third ; the margins of all the joints of the outer
branch bear long apical spines and pectinate rows of
stout seta^ (fig. 8). The second, third, and fourth
pairs have the joints more or less angulated at the
distal extremities (fig. 10), and those of the outer
branches are strongly spined ; the terminal joints
considerably longer than the others. The second pair
in the male is only 2-jointed, the last joint (fig. 9)
being reduced to a broad, lancet-shaped spine (fig. 9 a)
and a digitiform segment, which bears three setas.
The fifth pair in the female (fig. 11) has a broad basal
joint, produced internally, with ciliated margins and
five long seta?; the outer joint is broadly ovate,
ciliated internally, and bearing six large marginal setae.
In the male both lobes are much smaller, and the
inner one (fig. 12) has only two terminal seta3. The
caudal segments (fig. 13) are very short, the setaa of

DACTYLOPUS. 113

moderate length and imperfectly ringed (fig. 13 a), their
structure appearing under high powers of the micro-
scope somewhat like that of wool or human hair.
Length -2-5-th of an inch (1 mm.).

This is a widely distributed and very distinct species,
with a slender, tapering abdomen, which in preserved
specimens is usually only slightly bent upon the
thorax ; the colour is usually pale or golden yellow,
and the animal is frequently filled with small oil
globules, a character often sufficient to distinguish it
at once amongst other species. Some doubt must
rest upon the identification of this with Dr. Baird's
Canthocamptus Stromii, but as I am unable to suggest
any other species to which Dr. Baird's description
might better apply, I follow the nomenclature adopted
by Dr. Glaus and Mr. Norman.

The habitats given by Dr. Baird are : " Sea-shore
at Cockburnspath, Berwick, &c., amongst coralline and
seaweeds, 1835. Dover, North Foreland, September
1849." No one, however, so far as I know, has found
the species in these localities since Dr. Baird, nor has
it occurred (except in one instance) in any of the
numerous gatherings from different parts of the East
Coast which have passed through my hands. Mr.
Norman has recorded it from Lerwick ; I have speci-
mens taken at Ventry Bay, Valentia, and Killybegs
Harbour, Ireland, by Mr. E. C. Davison ; and it has
been dredged by Mr. Robertson and myself off Red-
cliff, Yorkshire ; off Port Dinlleyn, North Wales ; in
Clew Bay, and amongst the Scilly Islands, where also,
as well as in the Frith of Clyde, near Cumbrae, we

VOL. II. H

114 BRITISH COPEPODA.

took it by means of the surface-net. I am unable
to find any characters which distinctly separate
Dactylopus cinctus, Claus, from robust forms of
D. Stromii, and have frequently seen specimens
which, so far as I can ascertain, might be referred
equally well either to one species or the other.

I am disposed to think that a form described by me
some years ago, under the specific name " Normani,'*
may very probably belong to D. Stromii. For the
present, at any rate, it seems best to withdraw the
name, which can be re-established should further
research prove the species to be well founded. The
following is the description of D. Normani :*

" Closely approaching D. tisboides, from which it
differs, however, in the following particulars : — The
superior antennae are 8-jointed, and not so densely
setose, the proportionate lengths of the various joints
being as follows :

The secondary branch of the lower antennae bi-articu-
late, each joint bearing two moderately long setae.
Lower foot-jaw (gnathopod) simply chelate, the inner
margin of the hand fringed with short setae. Longer
branch of the first foot slender, bearing almost at the
extremity of the outer margin a short ciliated seta.
Fifth pair of feet large, outer branch subovate, bearing
three long setaB, one at the apex, one on each lateral
margin, and three shorter ones on the outer margin

* ' Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,' vol. iv, 1872.

DACTYLOPUS. 115

between the apical and lateral setas ; inner branch very-
much smaller, subquadrate, extending only half the
length of the outer, bearing four primary setaa, two of
them long and two of moderate length, the interspaces
being densely ciliated.

" Hob. — Roker, on Laminaria saccharina; rare."

4. DACTYLOPUS TENUIREMIS, Brady and Robertson. PI.

LYI, figs. 12—18.

Dactylopus tenuiremis, Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Repoi't,
p. 197 (1875).

Rostrum of moderate length, slender ; anterior
antennas very slender (fig. 12), about as long as first
body segment ; first four joints (or peduncle) stouter
than the flagellum; second and fourth joints much the
longest, about equal in length to the last three ; inner
branch of posterior antenna 2-jointed. Inner branch
of the first foot (fig. 16) nearly as in D. Stromii; outer
branch rather more slender. Basal joint of the fifth
foot (fig. 17) broad, triangular, bearing a row of five
long setaa from the apex to the middle of the inner
margin ; outer joint ovate, about as long as the basal
joint, its inner margin ciliated, outer margin and apex
fringed with eight seta3, the longest of which are at
the apex. Tail setaa (fig. 18) short, dilated at the
base, the longest about as long as the abdomen.
Length -4^th of an inch ('63 mm.).

Apparently a rare species ; found hitherto only

116 BEITISH COPEPODA.

sparingly in the undermentioned localities off the coasts
of Durham and Yorkshire. In forty-five fathoms
twenty miles off Sunderland, amongst muddy sand,
and in thirty to thirty-five fathoms off Robin Hood's
Bay, Staiths, and Red Cliff.

Allied to D. longirostrist Glaus, and D. minutus,
Glaus, as well as to D. Stromii, Baird, but differing
from these, especially in the structure of the antennas,
the first and fifth pairs of feet, and the tail setae.

5. DACTYLOPUS FLAVUS, Glaus. Plate LVI, figs. 1 — 11.

Dactylopus flavus, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, p. 28,
taf. iii, figs. 13—16 (1866).

Body depressed, robust ; abdomen short and broad ;
the second, third, and fourth segments — and in the
male the first segment also — pectinate on the posterior
margins ; rostrum rounded off. Anterior antennae 6-
jointed, much shorter than first body segment, joints
subequal (fig. 2) ; in the male (fig. 3) the fourth joint
forms a vesiculiform swelling. Inner branch of poste-
rior antenna 2-jointed. The hand of the second foot-jaw
(fig. 4) is long and slender, ciliated on the inner margin
and provided with one large seta, one also at the
apex of the preceding joint. The outer branch of the
first swimming-foot has the middle joint scarcely at
all larger than the other two (fig. 5), the entire length
of the branch being less than that of the first joint of
the inner branch; the apical spines of the first and

DACTYLOPUS. 117

second joints are exceptionally long and are pectinate
on the outer margin; the last joint bears at its ex-
tremity five geniculated setae ; first joint of the inner
branch robust, giving origin near the middle of the
inner margin to a very long plumose seta; second
and third joints equal, about as long as broad, the
second bearing two slender terminal setae. In the
male the first joint is excessively broad (fig. 6), and
just within its point of attachment is a stout lobe (fig.
6 a) with a curved spine and two or three small hairs.
The inner branches of the following pairs of feet are
considerably shorter than the outer. The fifth pair is
of moderate size, the basal joint short and broad (fig.
8), its internal segment not much produced, fringed
with a few short hairs and five setae of moderate length ;
the second or outer joint is small, about as long as
broad, and is also provided with five seta3. In the
male the basal joint is less developed (fig. 9) and has
only two setae, but the second joint is larger, more
angular, and bears five strong spine-like setae on the
outer, and one of more slender build on the inner
margin. The tail segments in the female (fig. 10) are
rather longer than broad, bearing three setae, the inner-
most of which is the longest, but scarcely equals the
length of the abdomen ; in the male (fig. 11) the last
abdominal ring is also partially divided, forming a
portion of the caudal fork ; the tail setae are consider-
ably dilated towards the base, and the inner angle of
the caudal segment gives attachment to a narrow
lancet-shaped spine (fig. 11 a). Colour yellowish
brown. Length -^nd of an inch ('6 mm.).

118 BRITISH COPEPODA.

This very well-marked species has occurred amongst
dredged material from several places, but except at
Red Cliff, where several examples were found, it seemed
to be extremely scarce. The following are the locali-
ties : — In twenty-seven fathoms off Hawthorn, Durham ;
thirty to thirty-five fathoms off Staiths, Red Cliff, and
Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire; Clew Bay, Ireland;
off Callum's Hole, Bute, sixteen fathoms ; Oban,
twelve to sixteen fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman).

6. DACTYLOPUS BBEVIOOBNIS, Glaus. PL LVII, figs. 10

—12 ; PI. LVIII, fig. 14.

Dactylopus brevicornis, Glaus. Die- Copepoden- Fauna von Nizza,
p. 29, taf. iii, figs. 20—25 (1866).

Body elongated ; abdomen short and broad ; rostrum
of moderate length. Anterior antenna? (fig. 10) ex-
cessively short and stout, thickly clothed with hairs,
five-jointed ; fourth joint short, fifth more than twice
as long and more slender. Inner branch of posterior
antenna 3-jointed. Mouth organs very similar to
those of D. tisboides. Lower foot-jaw short and stout
(fig. 11), the hand somewhat oblong- quadrangular and
bearing a stout, curved, terminal claw. Both branches
of the first pair of feet short and (PL LVIII, fig. 14)
nearly equal in length ; first and second joints of the
outer branch equal, twice as long as the third, which
is extremely short, truncate at the extremity, and
bearing five, strong curved setas, increasing gradually

DACTTLOPUS. 119

in length from without inwards ; the inner branch is
stout, with two stout, curved, terminal claws, and one
long, plumose, marginal seta. The fifth foot (PI.
LVII, fig. 12) has a stout and broad basal joint, the
inner segment of which bears five setaa of unequal
length ; the second joint is of moderate size and has
about six unequal setse and a few small marginal hairs.
Length -^nd of an inch (I'l mm.).

Mr. Norman has taken this species at Oban, and on
the fronds of Laminarice at Tobermory, and I have
myself found it not uncommonly on Laminaria sac-
charina at Sunderland ; Mr. Robertson has dredged it
in a depth of two to three fathoms off Douglas, Isle of
Man, and it occurred also in dredged material got by
Mr. Robertson and myself amongst the Scilly Islands,
in depths of twenty to forty fathoms.

The extremely short, somewhat conical, and densely
setose antennas distinguish this species at a glance
from any other with which I am acquainted.

7. DACTYLOPTTS MINUTUS. Plate LXVII, figs. 12 — 14.

Dactylopus minutus, Clans. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 126,
taf. xvi, figs. 14, 15 (1863).

Body very slender ; rostrum long. Anterior antenna
(fig. 12) elongated, slender, 9- jointed ; second and
fourth joints much the longest ; last five joints (fla-
gellum) more slender than the rest and subequal.
Outer branch of the first foot (fig. 13) slender, about
two thirds as long as the first joint of the inner branch ;

120 BRITISH COPEPODA.

inner branch ciliated on the upper half of the inner
margin, but destitute of long setse ; terminal claws two,
long, slender, and only slightly curved. " On the
lower borders of the four last body segments, and, in
the female, also on the line between the first and
second abdominal segments, a row of minute teeth.
The last abdominal segment shorter than the preced-
ing ; the caudal segments very short and broad ; the
inner tail seta longer than the abdomen, the outer
scarcely half as long. Two ovisacs." — Glaus.

My observations of this species have not been so
full as might be wished, owing to a scanty supply of
specimens. Possibly it ought to come under Boeck's
genus Diosaccus ; but I have no doubt whatever of the
identity of my specimens with D. minutus, Glaus. They
occurred very sparingly in a tow-net gathering, taken
at dusk, in Westport Bay, Ireland.

Genus 25. THALESTRIS, Glaus (1863).

Body slender and elongated, or broad and depressed.
Anterior antennae 9-jointed (sometimes 8- or 6-jointed,
Boeck). Inner branch of posterior antennae 2- or 3-
jointed. Mandible-palp large, 2-branched, the inner
branch usually the largest. Masticatory portion of
the maxilla provided with numerous strong teeth ; palp
large, its terminal segment usually armed with a large
claw; lateral segments sometimes reduced to a few
bristles. First pair of foot- jaws ending in a strong

THALESTEIS. 121

claw, and bearing three or more setiferous marginal
lobes. Second pair forming a strong prehensile hand.
Both branches of the first pair of feet form strong pre-
hensile organs with terminal claws, and are 3-jointed ;
first joint of the inner branch much elongated, second
and third very short ; first and third joints of the
outer branch short, the middle joints greatly elongated.
The second, third, and fourth pairs have both branches
3-jointed, and adapted for swimming, except in the
second pair of the male, where the inner branch has
the third joint wanting or very much reduced in size,
and converted into two or three strong spines. Fifth
pair of feet 2-branched, foliaceous ; both branches
in the male usually much reduced in size, the inner
often almost obsolete. Ovisac single.

1. THALESTEIS MYSIS, Claus. PI. LVIII, figs. 1 — 13.

Thalestris mysis, Claus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 130,

t. xviii, figs. 12—16 (1863).
— — Boeck. Ovevsigt Norgea Copepoder, p. 44(1864).

Body elongated, slender; abdomen very long, the
first two segments much longer than the rest ; ros-
trum of moderate size, sharp and slender. Anterior
antennae (fig. 2) 9-jointed ; the first four subequal
and considerably longer than the following joints.
Inner branch of the second pair of antennas 2-jointed
(fig. 4), armed with stout setse. Mandible-palp well
developed and strongly setose (fig. 5) ; maxilla also

122 BRITISH COPEPODA.

largely developed (fig. 6)^ The first foot-jaw (fig.
7) is strong, having a long apical claw and three setif-
erous marginal segments ; second foot-jaw (fig. 8)
slender, the hand somewhat angulated on the outer
margin and bearing a long terminal claw. First pair
of feet (fig. 9) elongated, both branches of equal
length ; outer branch terminating in four claws and
bearing a short spine in the middle of the outer
margin ; first joint of the inner branch very long, ex-
panded towards the base, ciliated along the outer, and
having a small plumose seta attached to the middle of
the inner margin ; last two joints very small and termi-
nating in two or three curved setae. The joints of the
three following pairs of feet are angular, dilated
towards the apices, and ciliated on the outer border,
while the common basal segment bears a comb-like
series of six teeth on its inner angle (fig. 11 a). The
inner branch of the second pair in the male (fig. 10)
has its second joint much narrowed and produced at
the apex, forming an abortive third joint (fig. 10 6),
which bears an apical spine and two long plumose
lateral setae, while springing from its base on the
outer side are three stout spines (fig. 10 c), one of
which is short, the other two long and sinuous. Fifth
pair of feet, in the female, very large and foliaceous
(fig. 12), the segments of nearly equal size ; outer
segment ovate ; margins finely ciliated beyond the
middle ; apex obliquely truncate and emarginate, and
fringed with seven short setae ; inner segment some-
what triangular, with rounded broad apex, which bears
four short hairs and a row of minute cilia, also a short

THALESTEIS. 123

seta towards the middle of the inner border ; in the
male the outer branch is much longer than the inner
(fig. 13), bearing three stout spines and two setae,
while the inner portion of the basal joint has only two
spines, one of which is very small. Caudal segments
as long as the last abdominal ring ; inner setse longer
than the abdomen, outer scarcely half that length.
The whole integument of the animal has a corrugated
or waved appearance, this being especially conspicuous
in the fifth pair of feet of the female. Length i^th
of an inch (1*8 mm.).

A very fine and well-marked species, apparently
local in its distribution, but sometimes occurring in
moderate abundance. I have specimens from the
undermentioned localities : — Westport Bay, Ireland,
taken in dredge and tow-net, but rare ; also in Kound-
stone and Clifden Bays ; Scilly Islands, dredged in ten
to twelve fathoms, and taken in the surface-net and
amongst weeds at low water; dredged in a depth of
five fathoms at Oban, and found also on the fronds of
Laminaria at Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman).

2. THALESTRIS HELGOLANDICA, Glaus. PI. LXI, figs.

9—14.

TJialcstns helgolandica, Claua. Die frei lebenden Copepoden,
p. 131, t. xvii, figs. 12—21 (1863).

Body robust ; abdomen short ; rostrum broad and of
moderate length. Anterior antenna (fig. 9) elongated,

124 BRITISH COPEPODA.

slender, 9-jointed; inner branch of the posterior antenna
broad, 3-jointed (fig. 10). Basal joint of the mandible-
palp almost quadrate. Hand of the second foot-jaw
almost exactly like that of the preceding species (fig.
11). Branches of the first pair of feet (fig. 12) elon-
gated, the inner rather the shorter. Basal joint of
the fifth pair of feet in the female broad, triangular,
its inner segment (fig. 14 «) tapering to the apex and
bearing four setas of moderate length ; outer segment
narrow, hastate, with ciliate margin and short ter-
minal seta ; second joint elongate-ovate, margin ciliated,
setae six, four moderately long, two short. Last
three abdominal segments short ; tail segments broad
and short. Length -2-2nd of an inch (1*1 mm.). Male
unknown.

Beside the general build, which is quite different
from that of the foregoing species, T. helgolandica is
well separated from all others by the characters of the
fifth pair of feet ; these, taken together with the 3-
jointed inner branch of the second antenna and the
absence of a rugose epidermis, form sufficient diagnostic
marks. It seems to be one of the rarer British species.
The Kev. A. M. Norman has found it at Oban and in
Bressay Sound, Shetland. I have myself dredged it
off the Durham Coast, in a depth of twenty-seven
fathoms, very sparingly, and in rather more abundance
off Port Dinlleyn, Carnarvonshire, in ten fathoms.

THALESTRIS. 125

3. THALESTKIS RTJFOCINCTA, Norman (M.S.). PI. LVII,

figs. 1_9.

Body elongated, slender ; rostrum very long, curved
and sharp ; anterior antennae 9- jointed, the first joint
nearly as long as the following three ; inner branch of
the posterior antenna 2-jointed. Mouth organs large
and well developed; second foot- jaw (fig. 4) very similar
to those of the two preceding species ; first joint
setose on the outer margin ; inner margin of the hand
finely ciliated, nearly straight, and bearing a short
seta over the middle ; outer margin angulated and also
provided with a short median seta ; terminal claw
long, slender, and having three slender setae attached
near the base. First pair of feet (fig. 5) stronger and
more powerfully clawed than in T. mysis, but other-
wise very similar ; inner branch of the second pair in
the male (fig. 6) indistinctly 3-jointed, the last two
joints being imperfectly separated; apex armed with
one short crooked spine and two short setae; the
spines of the outer branch in all the swimming-feet
have strongly aculeate margins (fig. 6 a a). Inner
segment of the basal joint of the fifth foot in the
female (fig. 7) elongated, subtriangular, bearing five
setae on the inner margin ; second joint ovate ; distal
half of the outer margin four times indented and bear-
ing six setae of unequal lengths ; the margins of both
joints densely ciliated; in the male (fig. 8) the basal
joint is broad, its inner segment convex, but only

126 BRITISH COPEPODA.

slightly produced and armed with three spine-like
setse ; second joint triangular, beset with five or six
seta3 on the outer, and one near the apex of the inner
margin. First two joints of the abdomen (fig. 9) very
wide and fringed with small cilia ; the second joint
produced downwards into two broad triangular pro-
cesses (b b), third joint forming two similar but smaller
projections (c c) ; all the abdominal joints, as well as
the caudal segments, very short and broad. Length
•^•th of an inch (1 mm.). Colour yellowish, more or
less banded with deep crimson, the parts of the body
which exhibit the colouring being usually the second
and third thoracic segments and two or three of the
median joints of the upper antenna, but the bases of
the limbs, tail, &c., are liable to partake in the red
colouring.

This is a widely distributed species, and sometimes
occurs in considerable abundance ; it is readily dis-
tinguished from all other species of Thalestris by the
aculeate character of the spines of the swimming-feet.
It has occurred sparingly in dredgings from the coast
of Durham and Yorkshire — off Marsden, ten fathoms,
Hawthorn, twenty-seven fathoms, and Red Cliff, thirty-
five fathoms ; Scilly Islands, ten to twelve fathoms,
and also on alga3 in Porcressa Bay, St. Mary's;
dredged off Cumbrae and Portincross, Firth of Clyde ;
Port Dinlleyn, North Wales ; Clew Bay and Lough
Swilly, Ireland ; plentiful on fronds of algae in Mulroy,
Clifden, Birtirbuy and Ventry Bays ; Oban (Rev. A.
M. Norman).

THALESTRIS. 127

4. THALESTRIS HAEPACTOIDES, Glaus. PL L, figs. 9 — 1C;

and PI. LIX, fig. 1.

Thalestris harpactoides, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden,
p. 133, taf. xix, figs. 2—11 (1863).

Body very slender and elongated, subsigmoid in
outline ; abdomen scarcely at all narrower than the
cephalothorax ; each segment bordered by a more or
less distinct belt ; rostrum of moderate size, slender ;
anterior antenna (fig. 9) 9-jointed, slender; inner
branch of lower antenna 2-jointed. Second foot-jaw
(fig. 12) slender; hand elongated, ovate, much like
that of T. rufocincta, but the terminal claw is devoid of
basal setae, and is only 1 -jointed. Mouth organs and
first pair of feet also like those of rufocincta, but the
marginal setae of inner branch longer. The fifth pair
of feet in the female have a large, broadly triangular
basal joint (fig. 14) with ciliated inner margin, and five
setae of moderate length ; second joint broadly oval,
ciliated, obliquely truncate, and dentate distally, bear-
ing six setae, not much longer than the first joint ;
fifth feet of the male (fig. 1 5) almost exactly like those
of rufocincta. Abdominal segments (fig. 16) short
and wide, ciliated laterally, the first two scarcely
wider than the rest, and not produced into lateral
angles ; posterior margins of the last two segments
finely dentate ; the second segment has also two spine-
like appendages (a a). Caudal segments about as long
as broad, armed with a small spine on the outer angle;
tail setae rather short, the inner one about as long as

128 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the abdomen and finely aculeate. Length -2\rd of an
inch (I'l mm.).

One of the less common British species. I have
scarcely ever myself taken it, but am indebted to my
friend, Mr. E. C. Davison, of Sunderland, for surface-
net gatherings in which it occurred, from Grimsby,
Teesmouth and Killybegs. The Rev. A. M. Norman
mentions it as found " at Hillswick, Shetland, among
weeds;" and I have a single specimen, apparently
belonging to the same species, which was dredged
amongst the Scilly Islands. It occurs also in gather-
ings of Copepoda, made by the Rev. A. M. Norman,
between tide-marks at Oban, and in material dredged
in a depth of five fathoms at the same place.

5. THALESTRIS CLAUSII, Norman. PL LXII, figs. 1—12.

Thalcstris Clausii, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 297 (1868).
Paraihalestris Clausii, Brady and Bx>bertson. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 136 (1873).

Animal robust, stout and heavy in all its parts ;
rostrum short and blunt, not as long as first antennal
joint; anterior antenna of the female (fig. 2) 9-jointed,
gradually tapering to the apex ; third and fourth joints
of the male antenna constricted, the fifth swollen and
forming the base of the conical distal half of the limb
(fig. 3). Secondary branch of the posterior antenna
2- join ted. Branches of the mandible-palp (fig. 4) two,
one small and bearing a single setas, the other larger

THALESTEIS. 129

and profusely setose. Maxilla (fig. 5) strongly clawed,
the lateral segments of the palp well developed (a, a) ;
anterior foot-jaw (fig. 6) stout, its lateral segments
stout and bearing short claw-like setae. Posterior foot-
jaws (fig. 7) large and broad; hand broadly ovate,
its inner margin nearly straight, outer strongly convex ;
proximal half of the inner margin finely ciliated and
bearing a single spine-like seta near the middle — the
outer margin has also a few fine cilia; terminal claw
stout, shorter than the hand, and bearing two fine
setae near the middle. Branches of the first pair of
feet (fig. 8) very stout, nearly equal in length, and
smooth on the inner margin, which has only one
short seta near the middle ; upper half of outer
edge of the inner branch strongly ciliated ; last
two joints very short, with two sub-equal ter-
minal claws; the outer branch has three strong
terminal claws, and a short seta, its whole external
margin densely ciliated ; peduncle bearing at the
external angle a ciliated lanceolate spine ; first and
second joints each with an apical spine ; the three
following pairs of feet are short and thick ; inner
branch of second pair in the male 2-jointed, the second
joint produced into a narrow apical portion and armed
with one very short and two long spines (fig. 9).
Fifth pair in the female short, the two joints nearly
equal in length (fig. 10), the outer broad, sub-ovate, cili-
ated, and bearing six short setae on the apical portion ;
inner joint sub -triangular, five short setae on the distal
half of the inner margin, the first of which is plumose.
The fifth pair of the male (fig. 11) has the outer branch
VOL. n. i

180 BRITISH COPEPODA.

longer than the inner, short and broad, four setae on
the outer margin, one long plumose apical seta, and one
short seta on the inner margin ; inner branch bearing
three strong, sub-equal, spine-like setae ; caudal seg-
ments short and broad ; internal seta as long as the
abdomen, external about half as long; in the female
swollen at the bases, but not so in the male.

Length -2^-nd of an inch (1*1 mm.).

Thalestris Clausii was described by the Rev. A. M.
Norman from specimens found " amongst Laminariae
in Bressay Sound, 1867 ; and also at Tobermory, in the
Isle of Mull, in 1866." It occurs also in gatherings
made recently by Mr, Norman at Oban. It is, in fact,
one of the commonest, perhaps the commonest, British
species of Thalestris, often occurring plentifully in the
littoral zone amongst weeds, and not unfrequently in
the open sea, where it is taken by the surface-net. In
such situations I have found it frequently on the
Northumberland and Durham coasts; in Birtirbuy,
Clifden, and Westport Bays (Ireland), the Scilly
Islands, and Cumbrae (Firth of Clyde).

The characters, on the strength of which this
species was separated from the rest of the genus, are
certainly insufficient ; I therefore here return to the
old generic term.

THALESTBIS. 131

6. THALESTRIS RUFO-VIOLASOENS (?), Glaus. PI. LXI,

figs. 1—8.

Thalestris rufo-violascens, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von

Nizza, p. 33, taf. iv, figs. 18—22
(1866).

Body of the female robust; first four segments
much wider than the rest and produced laterally into
projecting angular processes ; body-segments bordered
with chitinous bands and marginally ciliated, rostrum
broad and short. Anterior antennae 9-jointed, the
proportionate lengths of the joints being as follows :
8, 12, 9, 7, 3J, 4, 2J, 2|, 3. Inner branch of posterior
antenna 2-jointed. Mandible and palp (fig. 3) strong
and well developed ; first foot-jaw (fig. 4) having a
stout terminal claw and three digitiform marginal
segments ; second foot-jaw (fig. 5) very large and
stout, hand very broad, its inner margin straight, and
having two rows of short spine-like cilia extending
along its whole length, outer margin excessively
convex; claw strong and very much curved, with a
single accessory curved seta on the inner margin.
First pair of feet (fig. 6) robust, branches sub-equal,
margins smooth, terminal claws extremely long, joints
of the outer branch in the second, third, and fourth
pairs of feet contracted at the bases (fig. 7), first joint
much expanded at the apex, its inner angle truncate
and giving attachment to a long seta, second joints
somewhat similar but less prominent ; outer border of
the first joint ciliated and bearing a strong apical

132 BRITISH COPEPODA.

spine, that of the second joint beset with a series of
six short spines, and one large spine at the apex ; last
joint fringed with six spines which increase in length
from the first to the last, the last being very long and
plumose. Fifth pair large, both joints nearly equal,
the inner large and sub-triangular, the outer broadly
ovate (fig. 8), both joints bordered by wide chitinous
plates ; on the inner joint six spine-like apical setee
— three long and three short; on the outer also six
setae, three of which are much more slender than the
rest ; inner margin ciliated. Caudal segments broader
than long, fringed with numerous short, spine-like
cilia ; inner tail- seta dilated at the base, much shorter
than the abdomen ; outer about half as long.

I have some doubt whether the species here de-
scribed is rightly referred to rufo-violascens, Glaus, but
if not so it must be very closely allied to that species.
The most conspicuous characters are the very strongly
arched and clawed foot-jaw, the peculiar form of the
joints of the outer branches of the swimming-feet,
the large chitin-bordered fifth foot, and the general
outline of the whole animal. This seems to be a very
rare species in Britain. I have seen only very few
examples, — two from Mr. Norman's washings of
Laminarise in Shetland, and two or three washed off
weeds dragged up near the " Allans," Cumbrae (Firth
of Clyde).

THALESTEIS. 133

7. THALESTEIS SEKRULATA, nov. sp. PI. LIX, figs. 2 — 11.

Male. — Body elongated, of nearly equal thickness
throughout, first segment unusually small. Anterior
antenna short and robust. Inner branch of posterior
antenna 2-jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) very
strong, hand broad, sub-quadrate, outer margin
strongly arched, inner sinuous and fringed with two
separate rows of spine-like cilia, the distal row sub-
crescentic and tending inwards towards the middle
of the hand; terminal claw stout, falciform, about
half the length of the hand; first joint bearing a
spine and three or four setaB at the extremity of its
inner margin. Outer branch of the first foot much
more slender than the inner (fig. 8), terminating in
two long, slender spines, and a short seta; outer
margin closely ciliated, having a short seta below the
middle and one at the apex of the first joint ; pedun-
cle armed at the outer angle with a broad plumose
seta, and at the inner with a stout curved spine ; inner
branch very broad, and bearing a seta near the middle
of its inner margin, outer margin ciliated, terminal
claws two, one long and one short; these, as well as
the claws of the outer branch, are closely and finely
pectinated on the concave margins ; outer margins of
all the swimming-feet fringed with spines. Inner branch
of the fifth foot (fig. 9) short, broadly triangular, 3-
setose ; outer branch elongate sub-ovate, inner margin
ciliated, outer with three or four short and one long

134 BRITISH COPEPODA.

seta near the base, and four more towards the apex,
from which spring three setse, one much larger than
the others. Last abdomina Isegment very short, tail-
segments (fig. 11) about thrice as long, tapering
towards the apex and armed with a row of serratures
along the greater part of the outer margin. Second
foot of the male like that of the following species
(T. hibernica). The limbs are all short, but the first
pair of feet are longer than the others. Length
Yg-th of an inch (1*7 mm.).

I have seen only one specimen — a male — of this
species, which was dredged on a bottom of muddy
sand in New Grimsby Harbour, Scilly ; depth fourteen
fathoms. The characters of the posterior foot- jaw and
tail-segments are abundantly sufficient to distinguish
it from any described species.

8. THALESTEIS HIBEENICA, Brady and Robertson. PL LXII,

figs. 13—17, and PL LXIII,
figs. 14, 15.

Thalestris hib&rnica, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xii, p. 135, pi. viii, figs. 17—19 (1873).

Body slender, rostrum of considerable length.
Anterior antennae 9-jointed, of moderate length, rather
thickly clothed along the anterior margin with shortish
hairs ; second, third, and fourth joints nearly equal,
about twice as long as broad ; fifth, sixth, seventh,
and ninth also nearly equal, and about half the length

THALESTEIS. 135

of the foregoing; penultimate joint much smaller.
Anterior antennae of the male shorter and swollen,
third joint very short and constructed, fourth much
the longest and as wide as the two basal joints, armed
with a long falciform appendage, fifth and sixth joints
about half the length and breadth of the fourth,
seventh and eighth very small, last joint as long as the
fifth, but very narrow ; a few crowded setae on the
margin of the second joint, and three small ones at
the apex of the last joint : inner branch of posterior
antennae 2'jointed. Mouth-organs as usual in the
genus. Lower foot-jaw (PI. LXIII, fig. 15) terminat-
ing in a slender clawed hand, in shape approaching that
of T. longimana, the hand being irregularly angular
and subcrescentic, with the internal angle slightly
setose ; the claw strong and well curved. First pair
of swimming-feet (PI. LXII, fig. 14) almost as in T.
longimana, except that the terminal claws and setae
are longer and more slender, the two branches being
nearly equal, and the long claw equal in length to the
branch itself. The inner branch of the second pair of
feet in the male is, as usual, 2-jointed (PI. LXII, fig. 15),
the three terminal spines being uncommonly small
and slender (a). Fifth pair of feet in the female
(fig. 16) having both branches of nearly equal length,
the inner branch broad, sub-quadrate, and bearing five
setae on the distal extremity, the margins between the
setae ciliated; outer joint smaller, ovate, with six
terminal setae, four of which are small and slender,
the apical two being larger. The fifth foot in the male
(fig. 17) is smaller; inner segment short and broad,

136 BRITISH COPEPODA.

3 -setose ; outer narrow, quadrate, armed with one
long, and four short, terminal setae. Length -^jth of
an inch (1'05 mm.).

This is very similar in many respects to the following
species (T. longimana) ; but, besides the less gibbous
outline, less vivid colouring and more delicate skin, it
differs considerably in several anatomical points,
especially in the structure of the fifth pair of feet in
both sexes, and the inner branch of the fifth pair in the
male. The posterior foot-jaw, though similar in general
character to that of T. longimana, is much less robust
and less angular. T. hibernica was taken very spar-
ingly in the tow-net in Westport Bay (Ireland) and
rather more plentifully in a gathering off Cumbrae
(Firth of Clyde). Oban (Rev. A. Norman).

9. THALESTEIS LONGIMANA, Glaus. PI. LX, figs. 1 — 13.

Thalestris longimana, Clans. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden,
p. 130, t. xviii, figs. 1—11 (1863).

Body very robust, cephalothorax much arched
dorsally, integument tliick and tough, rostrum broad
and blunt, body-segments bordered with chitinous
marginal bands, which are often deeply coloured,
brownish or blood-red, the general colour of the
animal being yellowish. Anterior antennas (figs. 2, 3)
9- jointed, joints of the peduncle long and stout, those of
the flagellum short ; inner branch of the posterior an-
tenna (fig. 4) 2-jointed, short ; mandible (fig. 5) strong,
with a large, well-developed palp ; maxilla (fig. 6)

THALESTRIS. 137

rather strongly clawed, the lateral processes of the palp
broad and stout. Anterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) strong and
numerously segmented ; posterior (fig. 8) having a
remarkably large and powerful hand., broad at the
base, with a serrated or file-like, deeply-concave,
inner margin, and shaped much like that of Harpac-
ticus chelifer, with a strongly produced angle at the
proximal end of the concavity ; terminal claw more
than half the length of the hand, much curved,
stout, and armed with two small accessory spines
near the base. First pair of feet (fig. 9) very long
and slender, subequal, each branch with only one
long terminal claw and one short seta ; outer branch
bent on the peduncle in a knee-like angle; margins
only very slightly ciliated; the second, third, and
fourth pairs of feet are successively much shorter ;
fifth pair, in the female very large, at least as long as
the first two abdominal segments ; the outer branch
elongated, subquadrate (fig. 11), bearing five setae on
the distal margin, which is also finely ciliated ; inner
branch narrower, subovate, margins ciliated and having
four setse on the outer margin and apex. Last ab-
dominal segment very short, tail-segments rather
longer ; outer tail-seta very short and slender, inner
thrice as long, strong, and much dilated at the base.
Length -rg-th of an inch (1*4 mm.).

A very fine species and one of frequent occurrence,
varying much in colour, from a uniform deep brown
or red, to a golden yellow with red bands and blotches ;
otherwise very constant in character. It occurs most
frequently in the laminariau and littoral zones amongst

138 BRITISH COPEPODA.

weeds, but is sometimes dredged abundantly, and is
also taken by the tow-net in the open sea. On the
Durham coast it is not uncommon between tide-
marks. (Sunderland, Kyhope, &c.)

I have specimens found amongst dredged material
from Portincross (Ayrshire), and in surface-net
gatherings taken by Mr. E. C. Davison in the har-
bours of Yalentia and Killybegs (Ireland). I have
dredged it abundantly amongst the Scilly Islands,
where, also, it was got in the surface-net; dredged
also off Scarborough, and in Lough S willy. Mr.
Norman has taken it in Bressay Sound, Shetland, at
Oban, and at Tobermory, amongst weeds.

10. THALESTRIS PELTATA (Boeclc). PI. LIII, figs. 11 — 19.

Amenophia peltata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 45

(1864).

Body depressed, broadly ovate ; abdomen con-
stricted at the base, and narrower than the cephalo-
thorax. Rostrum short, obtusely rounded. Ante-
rior antennae 9-jointed (fig. 12) ; first four joints
(peduncle) much longer and broader than those of the
terminal portion (flagellum), the first, third, and
fourth joints being nearly equal in length, the second
almost as long as the third and fourth together. Inner
branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 13) 3- jointed.
Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 16) slender, hand elongated and
bearing a single seta on the middle of the inner
margin. Branches of the first pair of feet nearly

THALESTRIS. 139

equal (fig. 17) ; first joint of the inner branch having
a series of cilia along the proximal half of the inner
margin, and a long seta near the middle ; two terminal
claws on the last joint, which, like the preceding joints,
is very short ; outer branch densely ciliated along the
outer margin, the elongated second joint armed near
the middle with a long pectinated spine ; the short
terminal joint bears five long claws, some of which are
finely ciliated. Inner joint of the fifth pair of feet
broad and short (fig. 19) ; margin clothed with short
cilia, bearing two long ciliated seta? at the outer angle,
and two shorter ones more internally; outer branch
elongated, subquadrangular ; outer marginal portion
hispid, inner margin closely ciliated ; apex broad, and
armed with several short spines. Lateral margins of
the abdominal segments finely aculeate ; caudal seg-
ments short and broad. The animal (according to
Boeck) is of a brown colour, banded with red across
the second and third segments of the body, and first
and last abdominal rings.

One specimen only was found in dredged material
from a depth of forty fathoms off St. Agnes (Scilly).

This species was removed by Boeck from the genus
Thalestris, on the ground of the eyes being widely
separate and placed towards the sides of the head,
a character represented in my figure from a drawing
kindly sent to me by that lamented naturalist. This
ground of generic separation seems to me, however,
scarcely sufficient to warrant the breaking up of
the older genus, which is not yet so overgrown as
to require disintegration on the 'score of convenience.

140 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Moreover, it is doubtful whether some other species
here referred to Thalestris (notably T. rufocincta)
might not also, considering their general conformation,
have to accompany T. peltata in any generic migra-
tion. On these grounds I think it better, for the
present, to ignore the genus Amenophia. I have not,
in my single specimen, been able to observe accurately
the position of the eyes, and have therefore, in this
respect, as well as in that of colour, simply recorded
the statements of M. Boeck.

Genus 26. WESTWOODIA, Dana, 1855.

(Harpacticus, in part, Baird.)

Cephalothorax large and robust ; abdomen slender.
Head and first thoracic ring coalescent; rostrum of
moderate size ; first pair of antennae 6-jointed, second
pair 2-jointed, with a 2-jointed inner branch. Man-
dibles elongated, slender ; palp consisting of a long,
narrow, basal joint, with two small, 1-jointed branches.
First foot- jaw stout, provided with a strong terminal
claw and three marginal, setiferous digits. Second
foot-jaw forming a stout, grasping hand. Inner
branch of the first foot 1-jointed, outer branch 3-
jointed ; the first joint much elongated, second and
third joints rudimentary and terminating in two claws.
Both branches of second, third, and fourth pairs of
swimming-feet 3- jointed ; fifth pair foliaceous, two
branched.

WESTWOODIA.

141

1. "WESTWOODIA NOBILIS, Baird. PI. LXIII, figs 1 — 13.

Arpacticus nobilis, Baird. Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, ii, p. 155,

1845 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, p. 416,

t. 9, figs. 5, 5 a, 6, c, d (1846) ; Brit. Entomo-

straca, p. 214, tab. 28, figs. 2, 2 a— e (1850).

Westwoodia nobilis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 118,

t. 21, figs. 1—9 (1863).
— Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 35 (1864).

Anterior antennae short, in the male 6-jointed (fig. 3),
in the female 7-jointed, rather stout (fig. 2), third joint
much the longest, toothed on its upper edge, last
four nearly equal, and altogether scarcely as long
as the preceding joint ; all the joints setiferous. Inner
branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 4) rather large,
2-jointed. Hand of the second foot-jaw (fig. 8) oblong-
ovate, having a long spine-like seta near the middle of
the inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender.
The outer branch of the first pair of feet (fig. 9) con-
sists of one joint, which is large, ovate, and bears several
marginal spines and seta? ; the inner branch is 3-
jointed, the first joint being much elongated and
having a very long plumose seta near the middle of its
inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender. The
inner branches of the three following pairs of swimming-
feet are much shorter than the outer, the first two
joints in both branches, but especially in the inner,
being unusually broad and angular. The inner branch
of the second pair in the male is only 2-jointed and
has modified spines. Fifth pair of feet of moderate
size and not very different in the two sexes, the mar-

142 BRITISH (JOPEPODA.

ginal setae in the male being, however, stouter ; the
inner segment of the basal joint is broad and large,
and of about the same length as the outer segment,
which forms a subquadrate plate bearing five seta3 ;
the setse of the inner plate are three in the male (fig.
12) and five in the female (fig. 11). Caudal segments
short, about as long as broad (fig. 13). Inner tail-
seta longer than the abdomen, outer not much shorter.
Length -^-th of an inch ('9 mm.).

Dr. Baird^s specimens of Westwoodia nobilis were
obtained in Berwick Bay, at Dover, and the North
Foreland. I have found it rarely on Laminarise
near Sunderland, and in a depth of two fathoms
at Cumbrae ; on weeds between tide-marks at Round-
stone ( Galway ) ; Yentry Bay and Mulroy Lough
(Donegal), fourteen fathoms ; Portincross, Ayr-
shire, ten to thirty fathoms ; also near St. Agnes
(Scilly), ten to twelve fathoms. Mr. Norman has
noticed it amongst weeds at Oban and at Tobermory
(Mull). This, though widely distributed, is one of the
less common of the British Copepoda, occurring
nowhere in any considerable numbers. Dr. Baird
states that the " whole animal is beautifully coloured
with green, red, and purple ;" this has not been by any
means usually the case with such specimens as I have
taken ; but in those sent to me by my friend, Mr.
Norman, from Oban — where it was found amongst
weeds between tide-marks — the head, last thoracic
somites, and tail are marked with deep brownish red;
the eye also is conspicuously large and red.

ILYOPSYLLUS. 143

Genus 27. ILYOPSYLLUS, Brady and Robertson (1873).

Body tumid and gibbous. Anterior antennas
very short, 5-jointed, basal joint greatly dilated;
posterior stout, destitute of a secondary branch.
Mandibles small, and bearing a simple bisetose palp.
First pair of feet stout, and strongly spined, internal
branch composed of one, external of three joints,
second, third, and fourth pairs having both branches
tri-articulate. Abdomen short and tapering towards
the extremity ; caudal setas spathulate.

1. ILYOPSYLLUS COEIACEUS, B. and R. PI. LXXXII,

figs. 1—10.

Hyopsyllus coriaceus, B. and R. Arm. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 132, pi. ix, figs, 1 — 5

(1873).

Body very tumid ; seen laterally (fig. 2) the ventral
line is almost straight, the dorsal excessively arched,
so that the cephalothorax forms almost a semicircle ;
seen from below (fig. 1), the outline is like that of a
spear-head rounded off in front ; greatest width situate
in the middle, and equal to half the entire length of
the body; posterior half abruptly tapered. First
cephalothoracic segment very large, forming half the
length of the animal. Anterior antennae (fig. 3) 5-
jointed, sparingly setose, very minute, the basal joint

144 BRITISH COPEPODA.

excessively dilated, and produced anteriorly into an
overlapping, hood-like beak ; posterior antennae (fig. 5)
simple, biarticulate (?), the second joint armed with
six strong spines, one of which is very long. Man-
dibles (fig. 6) extremely small, with a small bisetose
palp. First pair of feet (fig. 7) short and thick;
internal branch 1- jointed, and bearing two strong
terminal spines, one longer than the other; external
branch 3-jointed, bearing at the truncated apex of the
last joint two spines similar to those of the inner
branch, and also two very long curved setae ; second,
third, and fourth pairs of feet (fig. 8) having both
branches triarticulate and nearly equal, more slender
than the first pair, each joint bearing at its apex a sub-
verticillate series of sharp slender spines. Abdominal
segments beset round the posterior margins with fine
spine-like setae, the last two cut into rectangular
notches. Caudal segments (fig. 10) very small, each
bearing one large and two small setae, the larger ones
curved, their anterior halves dilated and spathulate.
Colour dark vinous red ; skin excessively thick and
tough. Length ^th of an inch ('43 mm.).

The habitat of this remarkable species is amongst
black peaty mud and roots of seaweeds at the upper
end of Rouudstone Bay, near high-water mark, where
it was found by Mr. Robertson and myself in 1872.
It is to be regretted that our specimens were not
noticed until after the mud in which they were taken
had been completely dried ; had we been able to pre-
serve them in spirit it is probable that more accurate
knowledge of the mouth-apparatus and some other

HARPACTIOUS. 145

organs might have been obtained. As things stand we
have been unable, with the most careful dissection, to
find any trace of maxillae or foot-jaws except (doubt-
fully) of a very feeble posterior foot- jaw, neither
have we seen any trace of a fifth pair of feet. The
remarkably short and thick limbs of this little creature,
together with its flattened ventral surface, its short,
stout, and dilated tail-setse, and general absence of deli-
cate setose encumbrances, seem to fit it admirably for
the sort of locality in which it was found, to which and
similar situations it is probably exclusively confined.

Genus 28. HARPACTICUS, Milne-Edwards (1838).

Body elongated, or broad and depressed. Head
united with the first thoracic segment; first and
second abdominal rings, in the female, coalescent.
First pair of antennse 8- or 9 -jointed. In the male
the fifth and sixth joints form a vesiculiform swelling.
Mandible-palp 2-branched, large. Second pair of
foot-jaws strongly developed. Outer branch of the
first pair of feet 3-jointed, inner branch 2-jointed,
both springing from a large, common, basal joint;*
first and second joints of the outer branch elongated,
third joint rudimentary; second joint of the inner
branch very short ; three following pairs of feet with
both branches 3-jointed ; in the male the inner branch
of the second pair is modified by having the second joint
produced into one or more spines, while in the third
* Both branches 2-jointed, Boeck.

VOL. II. K

146 BRITISH COPEPODA.

foot the outer branch is converted into a stout clasping
organ, which is bent across the inner branch, and had
its last joint armed with several strong spines. Ovisac
single.

1. HAEPAOTICUS CHELIFER (Muller). PI. LXV, figs.

1—15; and PI. LXIV,
figs. 19, 20.

(Not Harpacticus chelifer, Lilljeborg.)

Cyclops chelifer, O. F. Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2413 ; Ento-

mostraca, p. 114, taf. xix, figs. 1 — 3 (1776).
Nauplius — Philippi. Weigmann's Archiv, p. 69 (1843).
Arpacticus — Baird. Brit. Entomostraca, p. 212, t. xxix,

figs. 2, 3, 3 a— g (1850).
Harpacticus — Clans. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 135,

t. xix, figs. 12—19 (1863).

— Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 37 (1864).
p gracilis, Glaus. Loc. cit., p. 135, taf. xix, fig. 20.

P — elongatus, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 38

(1864).

Body elongated, slender, cylindrical, rostrum rather
long and curved, reaching beyond the first joint of
the anterior antenna. Anterior antennae (PI. LXV,
fig. 2) elongated, slender, 9-jointed, third and fourth
joints longer than the first two, fifth joint short,
sixth nearly twice as long, last three very small.
Anterior antenna of the male hinged between the
fourth and fifth joints, the next two joints forming a
corrugated vesiculiform swelling, and terminating in a
crooked, claw-like appendage. Inner joint of the
posterior antenna (fig. 4) 2-jointed. Mandibles (fig. 5)
broad and strong, basal joint of the palp large, and
giving attachment to two slender and nearly equal

HARPACTIOUS. 147

setiferous branches. Maxillae (fig. 6) well developed,
bearing two marginal, subovate, setiferous lobes, and
several digitiform clawed processes. Posterior foot-jaw
(PI. LXV, fig. 8 ; and PL LXIV, fig. 19) having a very
strong subtriangular hand, the outer margin of which
is strongly convex, while the inner is produced near
the middle into an angular promontory, beyond which
it is deeply excavated ; the angle is strongly toothed
or spined, and the teeth are continued, though of
smaller size, along the concave portion of the hand;
the apex gives attachment to a large falciform claw,
and the distal portion of the concave margin bears
one, or sometimes two, smaller claws. Outer branch
of the first foot elongated, the first joint* marginally
ciliated, the cilia being arranged either in a continuous
series (fig. 9) or in three separate groups (fig. 10),
second joint ciliated in the middle, and having one
rather longer seta at the distal end of the row ; apex
3-clawed, inner branch about half as long as the outer,
and armed with two terminal claws. The inner
branch of the second foot in the male (fig. 11) has the
outer angle of the median joint produced downwards
into a long bayonet-like spine, which is about three
times as long as the small and almost obsolete third
joint. Outer branch of the third foot of the male (PI.
LXIY, fig. 20) curved, and armed at the apex with three
strong spines. Fifth pair of feet (PI. LXV, figs. 12,
13) consisting of an ovate outer, and a broad, sub-
quadrate inner (or basal) joint; the inner portion of
the basal joint bears about five plumose seta3 of
irregular size, and its outer portion is more or less

148 BEITISH COPEPODA.

ciliated ; the external ovate joint is fringed with cilia,
and bears also five ciliated apical setae of unequal
length ; in the male (fig. 14) the basal joint is obsolete,
and the outer plate, though more angular, is very
similar to that of the female. The second and third
abdominal rings (fig. 15) are denticulated along the
hinder border and at the angles. Caudal segments
very short and broad. Inner tail seta about twice as
long as the outer, and finely aculeate beyond the
middle. Length -^th of an inch (-98 mm.).

This fine species is of common occurrence in the
littoral and laminarian zones, and is likewise frequently
taken by the dredge, and by the towing-net in the open
sea. Different examples vary very much in amount of
setiferous and spinous armature (especially in the fifth
pair of feet) as well as in slenderness or robustness of
build, and it seems to me that it is on mere degrees
of variation in these respects that the species gracilis,
Glaus, and elongatus, Boeck, have been founded. I have
often met with examples which might have been referred
to one or other of these species, but have been unable to
find any permanent and trustworthy diagnostic mark
separating them from the typical H. chelifer. I there-
fore prefer to consider the two as varieties only. The
foot, represented in Plate LXY, fig. 10, and the foot-
jaw in fig. 8, are, I believe, well-marked examples of
those organs in the gracilis form, specimens of which
from the Mediterranean Professor Glaus has been
good enough to send me. It is, however, only right
to add that Dr. Glaus has examined the subject with
great care, comparing specimens from widely separated

HAEPACTIOUS. 149

localities, and appears to be convinced of the specific
distinctness of his H. gracilis.

It is scarcely needful to note the numerous localities
from which I have memoranda of the occurrence of
this species. I have found it in many places on the
coasts of Durham and Northumberland, as well as in
Galway, Mayo, the Scilly Islands, and the Firth of
Clyde. Mr. Norman also notes its occurrence at
Tobermory in the Island of Mull.

2. HAEPACTICUS FULVUS, Fischer. PI. LXIV, figs. 1 — 11.

Harpacticiis fulvus, Fischer. Beitrag. zur Kenntniss der Entom.

(Abhandl. der Konig. Bayer. Akad.,

Bd. viii, p. 656, t. i, figs. 30—33; t. ii,

figs. 34—39 (1860).

chelifer, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib., p. 200,

tab. xxii, figs. 2—11 (1853).
crassicornis, Brady and Robertson. Brit. Assoc.

Report, p. 196 (1875).
curticornis, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder,

p. 38 (1864).

Tigriopus Lilljeborgii, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report,
p. 296 (1868).

Rostrum short and blunt. Anterior antennae (fig. 1)
robust, second and third joints longer than the fourth,
and nearly equal, seventh and eighth joints very short,
about half as long as the sixth and ninth, which are
nearly equal. Inner branch of the posterior antenna
rather large, 3-jointed (fig. 3). Lateral segments of
the maxilla (fig. 4) slender. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 5)
forming a broadly ovate or sub-pyriform chelate hand,
without an angular promontory, but bearing a strong
bristle on the inner margin which is strongly convex,

150 BRITISH COPEPODA.

while the outer margin is only moderately so ; terminal
claw stout, sub-falciform. First pair of feet (fig. 6
and 6 a) thick and short ; first joint of the outer
branch elongated, ciliated on the external margin, and
bearing one short apical seta, second joint scarcely
more than half the length of the preceding, truncate at
the apex, which is armed with four or five short and
strong curved claws, and one long straight bristle, the
whole (as remarked by Mr. Norman) bearing a strong
resemblance to the foot of a feline animal ; inner
branch much shorter, its first joint long, ciliated on
the upper half of both margins, the internal edge
bearing also near the apex a long ciliated seta;
terminal joints small, 2-clawed. The inner branch of
the second foot in the male (fig. 7) has the first joint
short, broad, and armed at the outer angle with
a long plumose hair, second joint produced at each
apical angle into a long and strong spine, the outer
one being strongly ciliated ; third joint slender, shorter
than the spinous processes of the preceding joint, and
furnished with four apical seta3, one of which is very
long. The spines of the third foot in the male are
not unduly developed. The outer and inner segments
of the fifth pair of feet are of nearly equal length and
breadth in ike female (fig. 9), and each bears five
marginal setse of moderate length ; in the male the
inner segment is reduced to a single seta (fig. 10), the
outer one being fairly developed, quadrate, and bearing
four marginal setse. Margins of abdominal segments
not denticulated, but spinous at the angles. The last
segment of the abdomen is cleft, the caudal segments

HARPACTICUS. 151

(fig. 11) about as long as broad, and the inner of the
two principal tail-setse is excessively long, being quite
equal in length to the whole body of the animal.
Length -^rd of an inch (I'l mm.).

Considerable interest attaches to this species on
account of its wide geographical distribution. It
is restricted almost exclusively to the uppermost
margin of the littoral zone, haunting more especially
shallow pools at or above high-water-mark, and often
occurring in prodigious numbers towards the end of
summer when the water has become warm with
prolonged exposure to the sun. In such situations it
occurs almost everywhere round the British Islands,
and has been found by Continental naturalists in
various places on the coasts of the Baltic and North
Seas. I have also had specimens sent to me
from Kerguelen Island in the southern hemisphere,
where it was found by Mr. Eaton of the " Transit of
Venus Expedition." Some specimens which are
indistinguishable from H. fulvus were dredged by Mr.
Robertson and myself in a depth of thirty-five fathoms
off the Yorkshire coast, and were noted by us in the
British Association Report for 1875, as a new species
under the name H. crassicornis. This name must,
however, now be withdrawn, as, notwithstanding the
unusual nature of the habitat, there seems nothing to
separate these specimens from the species now under
consideration. In one fresh-water locality (Kinny
Lough, County Donegal) we have found this species ;
but there is little reason for surprise here, the Lough
being in close proximity to the sea, almost on the sea-

152 BRITISH COPEPODA.

level, and very possibly, during storms or excessively
high tides, exposed to some admixture of salt water.

3. HARPACTICUS FLEXUS, Brady and Robertson. PL LXIV,

figs. 12—18.

Harpacticus flexus, B. & E. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xii, p. 134, pi. ix, figs. 17—21 (1873).

First pair of antennae (fig. 12) rather short, 8-
jointed : first four joints in the female of nearly equal
length, last four also subequal, but less than one-half
the length of the preceding ; in the male (fig. 1 3) the
second joint is very short, the fifth and sixth coalescent
and forming a vesiculiform swelling, the last two
joints claw-like. Inner branch of the second antenna
minute, 2-jointed. Second foot-jaw small, hand elon-
gated, oval, with a slender curved terminal claw.
First pair of feet (fig. 15) not materially different from
those of H. chelifer, but more slender. Outer branch
of second foot in the male (fig. 16) very similar to that
of H. chelifer ; third foot strongly spined. Body con-
stricted at the base of the abdomen. Fifth pair of feet
in the female (fig. 17) as in H. chelifer ; in the male
(fig. 18) the marginal setee are shorter and spine-like.
Length -^th of an inch ('64 mm.).

Taken by the surface-net in Westport Bay, Ireland.
Dredged in depths of ten to twenty fathoms amongst
the Scilly Islands, off Bute, and in one or two fathoms
at Kames Bay, Cumbrae (Firth of Clyde), and in Lough
S willy (Donegal).

ZAUS. 153

The form of the lower foot-jaw and the 8-jointed an-
terior antenna separate this species distinctly from H.
chelifer. In other respects the two are closely similar,
H. flexus being, however, much more sparingly pro-
vided with spines and cilia. This general resemblance
may lead to the suspicion that the one is perhaps only
an immature form of the other, and but for the totally
different form of the lower foot- jaw, one might very
readily be led to adopt that view. In some of the
localities mentioned above, the species occurred in
tolerable abundance.

Genus 29. ZAUS, Goodsir (1845).

Body broad and depressed; head distinct from
cephalothorax ; rostrum broad and truncate. Anterior
antennae 9-jointed ; posterior 2-jointed, inner branch
slender, 2-jointed. Mandibles small, palp slender,
2-branched. First pair of feet 2-branched ; outer
branch indistinctly 3-jointed, the median joint very
short ; inner branch 2-jointed, short, last joint rudi-
mentary ; ovisac large, adpressed, single. In other
respects like Harpacticus.

1. ZAUS SPINATUS, Goodsir. PI. LXVI, figs. 1 — 9.

Zaus spinatus, Goodsir. " On several new species of Crustaceans
allied to Saphirina;" Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., vol. xvi, p. 326, pi. xi, figs. 1—8 (1845),

154 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Zaus spinosus, Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 146,

taf. xxii, fig. 25 ; taf. xxiii, figs. 1—10 (1863).
Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 40 (1864).

Cephalothorax much expanded, the posterior lateral
angles of the various segments produced and overlap-
ping ; abdomen considerably narrowed and constricted
at the base; margins of the first body-segment beset
with a few short rigid projecting set 83 ; integument
simple, not pitted nor perforated. Anterior antennas
slender, shorter than first body- segment, 9 -jointed; first
joint short, third much the longest, second and fourth
shorter and nearly equal ; last five joints minute ; the
whole limb clothed with rather short setae : posterior
antennae (fig. 3) 2- jointed, the first joint bearing a
small 2- jointed inner branch ; the second terminating
in four geniculated setae and three spines, each of
which bears a brush-like appendage composed of
radiating tactile (?) filaments (fig. 4). Mandibles
(fig. 5) small ; palp composed of a basal joint and two
small setiferous branches. Maxillae and first pair of
foot-jaws small. Second pair of foot-jaws (fig. 7)
small, the hand quadrate and bearing two small and
thick, crooked claws. First pair of feet (fig. 8) 2-
branched, inner branch short, terminal joint very
small and bearing one or two claws, one of which is
minute ; outer branch 3-jointed, the median joint small
and indistinctly separate ; last joint dilated at the apex,
and bearing four slender falciform claws, the inner mar-
gins of which are beset with comb-like rows of minute
setae. The three following pairs of feet are 2-branched,
each branch being 3-jointed, the terminal joint of each

ZAUS. 155

outer branch bearing on its external margin, near the
apex, three marked spines (fig. 8), each of which is
bordered externally with a closely appressed series of
radiating filaments, each group having much the appear-
ance of a minute hair-brush. Outer branch of the fifth
pair of feet in the female (fig. 9) elongated, quadrate,
bearing five terminal setas, and closely ciliated on the
outer margin ; inner branch short and broad, densely
ciliated, and bearing two long and two or three short
hairs : in the male, the inner segment is obsolete, the
outer not much different from that of the female. Caudal
segments short and broad ; inner tail-setae stout, about
as long as the abdomen, outer scarcely half as long.
Colour pale yellowish, the central body-segments some-
times tinged with lilac or blue. Length ^g-th of an
inch ('52 mm.).

This species does not seem to be of very frequent
occurrence, but is perhaps commoner on the east coast
than elsewhere. It was first found by Mr. Goodsir in
the Firth of Forth, and I have taken it in several places
on the coasts of Durham and Northumberland, usually
amongst Laminaria saccharina or other Fuci. Dredged
in 10 — 12 fathoms amongst the Scilly Islands, and in
Ventry Bay on seaweeds. Mr. Norman has found
it amongst weeds in Balta Sound, Shetland, and
between tide-marks at Oban.

156 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. ZAUS GOODSIBI, Brady. PI. LXVI, fig. 10—13.

Zaus ovalis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 146, tab. xxii,
fig. 18, and tab. xxiii, figs. 11—18 (1863).

Body elongated, depressed, sub-pyriform, first seg-
ment about one third the length of the animal ;
rostrum large, much broader than long, slightly
rounded in front ; abdomen narrower than the cephalo-
thorax. Anterior antennae slender and tapering,
9- jointed ; first, second, and third joints longest and
sub-equal, fourth and sixth much shorter and nearly
equal, the rest minute ; the male anterior antenna (fig.
11) is stouter, less tapered, and more profusely setose at
the apex, the fifth and sixth joints small and con-
stricted, the seventh somewhat swollen, but not
vesiculated. Posterior antennae and mouth-organs not
materially different from those of Z. spinatus. Swim-
ming feet also like those of Z. spinatus, except that
the terminal claws of the inner branch of the first pair
are much more slender and longer (fig. 12). Outer
segment of the fifth pair of feet in the female (fig. 13)
elongated, subovate, margins hispid, apex bearing five
plumose setae ; inner segment almost obsolete, bearing
four setae, one of which is long and plumose ; in the
malet the inner portion is entirely wanting. The
abdomen gradually tapers backwards, and the posterior
angles of its first two segments, as well as all those of
the cephalothorax, are much produced and acutely

ZAUS. 157

angular; caudal segments large, about twice as long
as broad ; length of the principal tail- setae about
equal to that of the abdomen. Colour deep yellowish-
brown. The integument is marked with closely-set
subcircular foramina or pits, especially towards the
front of the body. Length of the animal Yrih of an
inch (1'5 mm.), greatest width ^g-rd of an inch.

The following are the localities from which I have
notes of the capture of this species : Portincross
(Ayrshire), dredged in fifteen fathoms ; off Staiths,
Red Cliff, and Robin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire), thirty-
five fathoms ; Bridlington Bay, one specimen taken in
the surface-net. These localities, it will be seen, are
all except one on the Yorkshire coast ; and in each case
the number of specimens found was very small, so that
Z. G-oodsiri must be looked upon as one of the rarest,
as it is certainly one of the finest, of British Har-
pacticidse.

Dr. Claus has identified this species with Good sir's
Sterope ovalis, and considers Sterope armatus of that
author to be simply the male of the same animal. I
am unable, however, to agree with this view. Goodsir's
figures, if meant to represent this species, are certainly
very unfortunate, showing in both cases an abruptly-
rounded abdomen, without any distinct caudal seg-
ments. Moreover, in 8. ovalis the anterior segment of
the body is stated to be as long as the entire length of
the remaining segment, and the posterior legs to be
armed on the lateral edges with strong spines, of which
the two terminal are the longest. Both these characters
are certainly incorrect as applied to the present species.

158 BRITISH COPEPODA.

It is, indeed, difficult to say with any degree of cer-
tainty what species Goodsir had in view, his written
and engraved descriptions being altogether inadequate.
On this account I venture to propose a new specific
name, Goodsiri, for the form here referred to.

Genus 30. PBLTIDIUM, Philippi (1839).

(Alteutha, Baird, 1845. Carillus, Goodsir ; Sterope, Goodsir (in part),

1845.)

Body depressed, incised between the segments, ovate
or subovate, abdomen not distinctly separate from the
cephalothorax ; integument very strong and thick ;
caudal segments and setae short. Anterior antennas
shorter than the first body-segment, 9-jointed, slender
and tapered in the female, in the male knotted and
clawed at the apex ; posterior antennae 4-jointed, a small
2-jointed secondary branch attached to the apex of the
second joint. Mandibles minute, basal joint of the
palp expanded distally, and bearing two 1 -jointed
branches, the innermost of which is the longest ; each
branch as well as the base bears three setae, and the
longer branch has also a small lateral uni-setiferous
digit. Maxillae very small ; palp much larger than the
masticatory portion, composed of a basal joint and
three setiferous segments, the middle being the largest,
clawed at the apex, and provided with a short lateral
setiferous process. First pair of foot-jaws laterally

PELTIDIUM. 159

digitate, clawed at the apex (not unlike those of Thales-
tris), second pair elongated, 3-jointed, terminating in a
strong clawed hand. All the swimming feet have both
branches elongated and 3-jointed, but the first pair
has the outer branch very long and angularly flexed,
the last joint very short, and terminating in two or
three prehensile claws. Fifth pair simple, stout, 2-
jointed, the second joint much elongated, and strongly
spinous on the outer margin and apex.

Goodsir's figure of the first foot of Garillus oblongus
is so characteristic that there can be no doubt of the
identity of that species with some member of the
present genus, while his representation of the second
foot-jaw ("second thoracic leg") would lead me to
suppose that the species in view must have been Al-
teutha depressa, Baird. As regards Sterope interrupta
of the same author — the figures and description of the
posterior pair of feet also point to the genus Alteuiha,
and the general form of the animal to A. bopyroides,
Glaus. Though there must, for the present, be some
doubt as to the species referred to by Philippi (Weig-
mann's Archiv.,' 1839), there can be none, I think, as
to the genus, which by the structure of the limbs and
mouth-organs, most of which are clearly figured by
Philippi, is distinctly shown to be identical with Al-
teuiha and Carillus. The name Peltidium being older
by six years than those of Baird and Goodsir, must
therefore be adopted as the generic appellation.

Though, in general outline and in the depressed
form of the animal, these species exhibit an approach
to the previous group — Zaus, Scutellidium, and Parcel-

160 BEITISH COPEPODA.

lidium — they differ very remarkably in the structure of
the mouth-organs and the first pair of swimming- feet,
as well as in the minor characters of other parts.
Altogether, indeed, these organs are much nearer in
structure to those of the typical Harpacticidce than
are those of the immediately preceding genera.

1. PELTIDIUM DEPRESSUM (Baird). PI. LXXII, figs. 1 — 5.

Alteutha depressa, Baird. Trans. Berwick Nat. Club, ii, p. 155
(1845); Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 216,
tab. xxx, figs. 1, 2 (1850).
Carillus dblongus, Goodsir. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi,

pi. xi, fig. 12 (1845).
Peltidium purpureum, White. Popular History of British Cru«-

tacea, p. 308, pi. xviii, fig. 4 (1857).
— ? Philippi. "Weigmann's Archiv, p. 131,

taf. iv, figs. 12, 13 (1839).

Alteutha purpurocincta, Norman Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 298
(1868).

Body ovate ; first segment nearly one half the length
of the body; rostrum large, broad, and prominent;
second joint of the anterior antenna (in the female)
longest ; first, third, and fourth nearly equal to each
other, and about two thirds the length of the second ;
last five joints very small, all rather densely setose
(fig. 2). Second foot-jaw (fig. 3) 3-jointed; hand
ovate, shortly setose on the inner margin. Fifth foot
not spinous on the sides, but armed at the truncate
apex with three strong spines, the innermost of which
is the longest (fig. 4). Caudal lamellse nearly twice as
long as broad, not tapered to the apex, bearing four
terminal spines, the innermost the longest, the outer-

PELTIDIUM. 161

setae short and stout. Eyes large and of a bright
ruby red, situated considerably behind the origin of
the first pair of antennas. Integument dense and
tough ; colour yellowish olive, except the second and
third segments, which are of a deep bluish purple, the
fourth and fifth segments also more lightly stained
with the same colour. Length iV^n o^ an inch
(1-33 mm.).

This beautiful species haunts chiefly the fronds of
Laminarite, and will probably be found wherever
L. saccharina grows. Mr. Norman notes it as being
abundant at Hillswick, Shetland; Mr. Spence Bate
has found it at Plymouth, and Dr. Baird in Berwick
Bay. I have found it at Sunderland and Cullercoats,
and in Clifden Bay, Ireland. It does not often occur
amongst dredged material, but I noticed it on one
occasion amongst coarse sand from a depth of four
fathoms at Sunderland.

It is possible that Philippi's figure may be intended
to apply to this species, but if so it is unfortunate,
and must have been taken from a specimen distorted
by pressure. At any rate there can be no doubt that,
though the figures are poor, Dr. Baird's description
of Alteutha depressa is applicable to this and to no
other British species.* I have therefore adopted his
specific name, regretting the necessity of discarding
the more characteristic ones of Philippi and Norman.

* Specimens wholly without colour are sometimes met with, and I
do not doubt that it was from such a one that Dr. Baird drew his
figures and descriptions. In any other case it would have been im-
possible for him to omit noting the very striking coloration of the
animal.

VOL. II. L

162 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. PELTIDIUM INTERRUPTUM (Goodsir). PI. LXXI, figs.

4—15.

Sterope interrupta, Goodsir. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi,

pi. xi, fig. 10 (1845).
Alteutha bopyroides, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 143,

taf. xxii, figs. 10—17 (1863).
— norvegica, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 48

(1864).

Body elongated, ovate, deeply incised at the junctions
of the thoracic segments. Second joint of the female
anterior antenna somewhat swollen, otherwise the organ
in both sexes is nearly like that of the preceding species
(figs. 4, 5). Second joint of the posterior foot-jaw
(fig. 11) very short, the hand ovate and ciliated on the
inner margin. Fifth pair of feet (fig. 14) extending
beyond the middle of the abdomen, sword-shaped,
strongly spinous ; three stout blunt spines — the
middle one the largest — at the apex, and two on the
external margin ; one slender marginal seta near the
middle. Caudal segments short and broad, armed
with four setae, three of which are about as long as the
segment itself, and one about twice as long. Integu-
ment (fig. 15) thick, porous, very opaque, variously
coloured with dark yellowish or reddish brown ; the
caudal segments and the antennae pale. Length ^nd
of an inch (I'l mm.).

This is a very common oceanic species all round
our shores, but is only rarely met with between tide-
marks. The female is at least as common as the
male, although Dr. Glaus had not met with a specimen

PELTIDIUM. 163

at the time of writing his work on the Copepoda.
The only females, with ova, which I have seen were
dredged in a depth of ten fathoms off the Durham
coast.

Dr. Glaus' s description of the lower foot-jaw (" styli
basali elongato non articulato ") is scarcely correct,
there being a very small joint intercalated just behind
the hand.

3. PELTIDIUM ORENULATUM, nov. sp. PI. LXXII, figs.

6—15.

Body subovate, broader in front than behind, in-
cised at the junctions of the thoracic segments.
Anterior antennaB slender; first two joints longest,
third and fourth about half as long ; next four very
short ; last about as long as the seventh and eighth
together. Peduncle of the posterior foot-jaw (fig. 9)
composed of two equal joints ; hand subquadrate and
marginally ciliated. The fifth foot in the female (fig.
10) has three rather sharp and slender apical spines
(one long and two short), together with two smaller
spines on the inner edge near the apex ; that of
the male (fig. 11) has one large curved apical and
four much smaller marginal spines, all of them very
blunt ; the first abdominal segment has also a strong
spine at the outer angle (fig, 11 a) ; the inner angle of
the peduncle is produced and crenulated (fig. 10 a).
The produced angles of the abdominal segments in

164 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

the male are crenulated ; so also is the anal operculum
(fig. 14 a), the lower border of the last abdominal
segments (6), and of the thoracic segments (fig. 12).
Caudal segments broader than long, bearing three
principal setse, the innermost of which is stout, and
about half the length of the abdomen, the outer very
much shorter. Integument thick and closely per-
forated (fig. 35). Colour yellow, the hinder portion
of the first segment, and the abdomen, tinged with
brown or orange, the last thoracic and margins of
first abdominal segment with bluish purple. Length
Yg-th of an inch (1 mm.).

Apparently a very local species. On Algas near low-
water-mark at St. Mary's and St. Agnes (Scilly
Islands), where it was also taken in the surface-net in
the evening. A few specimens only amongst roots of
Algas between tide-marks at Eoundstone, Connemara.

Sub-family 8. POEOELLIDIIN.E, Boeck.

Body much depressed; secondary branch of pos-
terior antenna 1 -jointed; mandible-palp forming a
large setiferous lamina. Anterior foot-jaw not clawed,
posterior forming a prehensile hand. Inner branch of
first foot broad, 1 -jointed; fifth pair forming broad
laminar expansions; caudal segments broad and
laminated.

The genus Porcellidium is the only representative of
this sub-family.

PORCELLIDIUM, 165

Genus 31. POECELLIDIUM, Glaus (1860).

(Thyone, Philippi.)

Body oval, depressed, in the female 6-, in the male
7-jointed. Anterior antenna 6-jointed, in the male
obtuse, knotted, and adapted for clasping; poste-
rior 4-jointed, secondary branch of moderate size,
1-jointed, attached to apex of second joint. Man-
dible-palp large, forming an irregularly shaped, oblong
lamina, beset with numerous stout ciliated filaments.
Maxilla composed of a toothed masticatory branch,
with a complex, 4-digitate palp. Anterior foot-jaw
not forming a prehensile hand, divided at the apex into
short digits, which bear slender, terminal, claw-like
setas ; posterior foot-jaw 3-jointed, elongated, simple,
with two small, crooked, apical claws, and a laminar
appendage. Outer branch of first pair of feet short,
3-jointed ; inner branch composed of one excessively
broad triangular joint, which is clawed at the apex,
claws bearing delicate laminar expansions. Second,
third, and fourth pairs with both branches 3-jointed,
branches subequal, except in the second pair, which
has the outer branch very short ; fifth pair laminar,
subtriangular ; caudal segments lamellar.

166 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

1. POEOELLIDIUM TENUICAUDA, CldUS. PI. LXIX, figS. 10

—13; PI. LXX, fig. 5.

Porcellidium tenuicauda, Clans. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der

Entomostraken, 1 Heft, p. 6,
taf. 2, figs. 10—18 (1860).
Die frei-lebenden Gopepoden,
p. 140 (1863).

First segment not quite half the length of the body ;
caudal segments acutely pointed behind, the two toge-
ther forming a heart-shaped lamina. Anterior antenna
6-jointed ; last two joints very short. Outer branch
of the second foot only as long as the first joint of the
inner branch. Fifth pair of feet large, triangular,
reaching as far as the extremity of the abdomen, very
wide at the base, acutely pointed behind, divided
longitudinally by a rib-like, curved line; margins
finely ciliated ; a single short seta near the middle of
the outer margin. Integument thick and marked
with thickly-set small circular impressions. Colour
yellowish, the central portion of the body often
tinged with deep crimson. Length Ysrd of an inch
(1-1 mm.).

Of rare occurrence. I have not seen more than
half a dozen specimens, most of which were found
amongst Laminarice in the west of Ireland : — Birtirbuy,
Clifden, and Ventry Bays. One specimen dredged off
St. Agnes (Scilly), in a depth of ten fathoms.

POROELLID1UM. 167

2. PORCELLIDIUM FIMBKIATUM, CldUS. PI. LXX, figS. 1 — 4.

Porcellidiumfimbriatum, Clans. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p.
140, t. xxii, fig. 1 (1863).

Body scarcely at all attenuated behind, broadly
oval, width equal to two thirds of the length ; integu-
ment pitted, as in the preceding species. Mouth-
organs and swimming-feet scarcely different from
those of the previous species. Fifth pair of feet (fig.
1 a) forming two broadly triangular plates, with finely
ciliated margins, between which the caudal segments
are intercalated; last thoracic segments (fig. 1 6)
produced backwards into long triangular laminae,
which reach as far as the apices of the fifth feet.
Caudal segments (c) elongated, broad, laminar, with
broad, finely ciliated extremities. Colour yellowish or
pale olive, often tinted with red and violet. Length
Yjth of an inch (1 mm.).

P. fimbriatum, like the rest of the genus, occurs
chiefly on the fronds of Laminarice and other seaweeds ;
it is also sometimes taken by the dredge in consider-
able numbers, in localities where decomposing Algae
and other vegetable matters are deposited. Clifden,
Birtirbuy and Ventry Bays (Ireland) ; Cumbrae and
Portincross (Firth of Clyde); St. Mary's (Scilly) ;
Alnmouth (Northumberland) ; Oban, Hillswick, and
Lerwick (Rev. A. M. Norman).

168 BRITISH COPEPODA.

3. POKCELLIDIUM viBiDE (PMUppi). PI. LXX, figs. 6 — 8.

Thyone viridis, Philippi. Weigmann's Arcliiv, p. 190, taf. 4,

fig. 2 (1840).

Porcellidium dentatum, Glaus. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ento-

mostraken, p. 8, pi. ii, figs. 19
—22 (1860).

— — Die frei-lebenden Oopep., p. 140

(1863).

Body very broadly oval, width equal to three fourths
of the length, not at all attenuated behind, more or
less truncated in front, especially in the male ; in-
tegument only slightly pitted. Anterior antennae
4-jointed, with coalescent second, third, and fourth
joints. Last thoracic segment proportionately much
broader and less elongated than in the two preceding
species ; fifth pair of feet (fig. 8 a a) quadrate, dilated
at the extremity, and fringed with about six small
sharp spines ; caudal laminae (b b) also quadrate, with
obtuse, broad extremities, which bear four small setae
at the outer and two at the inner angles. In the
male these plates project somewhat beyond the apices
of the fifth feet. Colour greenish yellow. Length
4^th of an inch ('63 mm.).

Found in the same situations as the preceding, and
equally, if not more, abundant. The list of localities
given for P. fimbriatum applies accurately to the
present species.

There seems little reason to doubt the identity of this
species with Phillppi's Thyone viridis ; the serration of
the lower border of the fifth foot is very distinctly
marked in that author's figure, and I do not know any

POKCELLIDIUM. 169

other form to which that character would apply. The
generic term Thyone, however, having been previously
in use to designate a genus of Echinodermata, must give
place to the name proposed by Glaus.

4. POECBLLIDICJM SUBEOTUNDUM, Norman. PL LXXI,

I. 1—3.

Porcellidium subrotundum, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 297

(1868).

Body short, subcircular, nearly as broad as long, sub-
truncate in front, broadly rounded behind; anterior
antennae 6-jointed, short, not reaching the sides of the
cephalo thorax. Last thoracic segment (fig. 3 a)
laciniated at the angles; fifth pair of feet (6) triangular,
with a few spine-like setae on the distal margin ; caudal
lamellae broad and square ; three setae on the outer
and one on the inner distal angle. Colour pale
yellowish green, more or less tinged with pale purple
or violet ; integument not pitted. Length -^rd of an
inch (77 mm.).

Not so common as either of the two foregoing
species, but occurring in similar positions. Hillswick,
Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Clifden and Birtirbuy
Bays, and Portincross (Firth of Clyde).

I retain this species more out of deference to
Mr. Norman's practised judgment in the matter of
specific distinctions, than from any conviction of my
own as to its validity. Indeed I am very much disposed
to suspect that it may be found to be a form of the

170 BEITISH COPEPODA.

female P. viride t the very poorly developed or almost
obsolete fourth body-segment being probably a mark
of immaturity. It must be admitted, however, that the
size of the animal — fully equal to that of P. viride —
is an argument against this view. But I have seen no
male referable to P. subrotundum, and the caudal
laminae, as well as the antennae, are almost identical
with those of the female viride.

Sub-family 9. IDYINJI, nov. sub-fam.

Cephalothorax more or less depressed. Anterior
antennas 7 — 9-jointed ; inner branch of the posterior
pair 1 — 4-jointed. Mandible-palp well developed,
2-branched, or provided with complex setiferous plates.
Both pairs of foot-jaws forming elongated clawed
hands. Inner branch of first pair of feet 2-, outer
3 -jointed ; three following pairs having both branches
3-jointed; fifth pair elongated, 2-jointed. One ovisac.

This group includes only Idya and Scutellidium,
which are very like each other in habit and general
appearance. The structure of the mandible-palp is,
however, widely different in the two genera, and might
probably be safely used as the basis of separation into
two sub-families.

IDYA. 171

Genus 32. IDYA, Philippi (1843).

(Tisbe, Lilljeborg, Glaus.)

Cephalothorax broad and somewhat depressed ;
abdomen narrow, 5-jointed. Head coalescent with,
the first thoracic segment. Anterior antenna 7- or
8-jointed, elongated; inferior 3-jointed, with a large
4-jointed secondary branch. Mandible long and
strongly toothed ; palp 2-branched, basal joint short,
branches 1 -jointed, long and slender, setiferous at the
apices. Maxilla armed with several slender terminal
teeth; palp well developed. First and second foot-
jaws nearly alike, uncinate; first 'pair 2-, second 3-
jointed. Inner branch of the first pair of feet 2-
jointed, clawed; outer branch short, 3-jointed; the
three following pairs having both branches 3-jointed.
Fifth pair elongated, 2-jointed.

In the tendency to flattening and lateral expansion
of the cephalothorax, and the uncinate form of the first
foot-jaws, as well as in the dilatation and peculiar
armature of the first pair of feet and the elongated
fifth foot, this genus exhibits a distinct departure
from most of the Harpacticidse which have been
described in the foregoing pages. These characters
are even more marked in the next succeeding genus,
Scutellidium. The genus Harpacticus, in the struc-
ture of the first pair of feet, and Zaus, both in that
character and in the lateral expansion of the body,

172 BRITISH COPEPODA.

show a condition intermediate between the flattened
Peltidian group, on the one hand, and the typical
Harpacticids, such as Thalestris and Dactylopus, on
the other.

As regards the generic term Idya, I think Boeck is
doubtless right in identifying Philippi's genus with
Lilljeborg's Tisbe, and as the former has the claim of
priority it becomes necessary to discard the latter and
better-known name.

1. IDYA FURCATA (Baird). PI. LXVII, figs. 1—11.

Cyclops fur catus, Baird. Mag. Zool. and Bot., i, p. 330, t. ix, figs.

26—28 (1837).
Cyclopsina furcatus, Milne Edwards. Hist. Nat. Crust., iii, p. 429

(1834).

Canthocamptus furcatus, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 210, tab. xxv,

figs. 1, 2 ; tab. xxx, figs. 4, 5, 6 (1850).

Nauplius furcatus, Philippi. Weigmann's Archiv, p. 69 (fide

Baird and Clans) (1843).
Tisbe furcata, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus,

tab. xxv, figs. 1—5, 11, 12, 17 (1853).
— Clans, Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 115, taf. xv,
figs. 1 — 10 (1863). Die Copepoden-fauna von
Nizza, p. 21, taf. iv, figs. 16, 17 (1866).
Tisbe ensifera, Fischer. Abhandl. der Konig. Bayer Akad., B. viii,

p. 668, t. iii, figs. 67—70 (1860).

Idya furcata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 34 (1864).
— barbigera ? Philippi. Weigmann's Archiv (1843).

Body elongated, pyrif orm ; anterior antennae (fig. 2)
slender, 8-jointed, first four joints (peduncle) consider-
ably stouter than the rest ; the comparative length of
the joints, though variable, may be stated as follows :

1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
10 18 13 8 3 3 2 8

IDTA. 173

All the joints are somewhat sparingly setose, and the
fourth bears a long curved (olfactory?) appendage
(fig. 2, a) ; in the male (fig. 3) the median joints are
swollen and coalescent, and the terminal joints are
constricted at the points of articulation. The posterior
antennae are 3- jointed (fig. 4), and bear several
terminal setge, five of which are geniculated ; the
inner branch is long and 4-jointed. First and second
foot-jaws (figs. 7, 8) slender, with long curved claws.
The inner branch of the first pair of feet consists of
two long joints, the first of which is much dilated
above ; each joint bears a very long plumose marginal
seta (fig. 9, a, a), and the last is armed at the apex
with two slender claws ; outer branch 3- jointed, short,
and broad ; last joint very small and truncate, armed
with seven moderately long and stout setae, the five
shorter of which bear on their concave margins a few
secund spine- like apical cilia; the first and second
joints also bear each a single stout plumose seta.
Fifth pair of feet (fig. 11) 2-jointed, first joint short,
setiferous at the angles, second elongated, marginally
ciliated, and at the apex bearing five long setae, smaller
in the male. Fourth and fifth abdominal segments
very short ; caudal segments short, about as long as
broad. Inner tail-seta nearly as long as the body of
the animal, outer about half as long, both finely
aculeate in their entire length. Animal usually colour-
less or pale milky white, often yellowish, and some-
times distinctly banded with pale lilac or purple.
Length -^th of an inch (1 mm.).

This species is almost ubiquitous in the British seas,

174 BEITISH COPEPODA.

at any rate in the littoral and laminarian zones,
occurring usually in considerable numbers, though
never in the countless swarms of some of the larger
oceanic species. It is occasionally found amongst
dredged material, but possibly this may, in some cases
at least, arise from its being entangled during the
upward passage of the dredge through the water ; in
the open sea it is often taken by the tow-net. Dr.
Glaus has taken it both in the North Sea and in the
Mediterranean, M. Boeck on the coast of Norway, and
Fischer in Madeira (?). With so wide a range of
distribution we need not wonder that its range of
variation is likewise great, and Dr. Glaus has pointed
out (loc. cit.) some of the characters, especially the
lengths of the antennal joints, which are thus liable
to vary ; I have no doubt that a minute examination
would show great diversity of structure — perhaps even
some well-marked races or varieties — in the species as
it exists on our own shores. At one time, indeed, I
was disposed to think that two or more species had
been grouped under one name, but further examina-
tion showed this idea to be untenable, and without
more time than I had at my disposal it would have
been impossible to attempt satisfactorily any un-
ravelling of the complicated problems connected with
race variation.

SCUTELLIDIUM. 175

Getms 33. SCUTELLIDIUM, Glaus (1866).

(Porcellidium, Boeck, 1864. Aspidiscus, Norman, 1868.)

Body depressed, subovate. Anterior antennae 9-
jointed, with very short median joints ; posterior
3-jointed, the inner branch short, 1 -jointed (?). Man-
dible-palp (PI. LXVIII, fig. 4) large and complex,
bearing numerous stout setiferous filaments ; maxillary
palp (fig. 5) provided with two very long and stout
ciliated seta3. Both pairs of foot-jaws forming
clawed hands. First pair of feet prehensile, very
like those of Idya. Fifth pair foliaceous, the outer
branch much elongated. One ovisac.

1. SCUTELLIDIUM TISBOIDES, Glaus. PI. LXYIII, figs.

1—10

Scutellidium tisboides, Glaus. Die Copepoden-fauna von Nizza, p.
21, taf. iv, figs. 8—15 (1866).

Cephalothorax broad, rounded in front; second,
third, and fourth segments very short; abdomen
much narrowed. Anterior antenna3 9-jointed, the
first three joints large (fig. 2), fourth and eighth very
short, fifth, sixth, and seventh shorter still, terminal
joint longer and slender ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth
joints are each successively narrower than the preced-
ing, the last three being slender and of nearly equal
width. Foot-jaws short and stout; last joint of the
first pair (fig. 6) slender and bearing two curved apical

176 BRITISH OOPEPODA.

claws ; hand of the second pair (fig. 7) dilated at the
base, subpyriform, terminating in three strong claws.
Both branches of the first pair of feet (fig. 8) are
3-jointed and thick, the last joint being in both cases
extremely small, and the terminal claws expanded
into delicate pulvilliform appendages ; the first joint
of the inner branch is much dilated towards the base ;
the external margin is ciliated, the internal ciliated
near the base, and gives origin, near the middle, to a
large plumose seta ; the second joint has a single
short seta ; first joint of the outer branch ciliated
externally, and provided with a large plumose apical
seta ; second and third joints each with one plumose
apical seta ; the outer branch is much the shorter of
the two. Three following pairs of feet 2-branched,
each branch composed of three joints ; the second pair
much shorter, however, than the third and fourth, des-
titute of marginal spines, and having the inner branch
shorter than the outer; first joint of the outer branch
fringed externally with a number of .spine-like
setae ; the external margins of all the joints in the
third and fourth pairs (fig. 9) are beset with short,
stout spines, those of the first joints more slender
than the rest, the limb being very similar to that of
the Calanidas. The fifth pair is2-jointed (fig. 10), the
basal joint marginally ciliated, elongated, and cleft at
the apex, each segment bearing a single long seta;
second joint much elongated, narrow, marginally
ciliated, with irregular transverse rows of hairs
towards the internal margin, one long seta on the
external margin, and three at the apex. The last

SOUTELLIDIUM. 177

cephalothoracic segment (fig. 1) in the female is ex-
tremely small ; the first abdominal segment is formed
by the almost complete union of two segments, the
point of junction being marked by a chitinous line
on each side ; the remaining abdominal segments, as
well as those of the tail, are very short and broad.
The inner tail-setse are considerably longer than the
abdomen. Eye consisting of one central and two
lateral lenses. Ovisac large, circular, and extending
considerably beyond the extremity of the tail. Length
-a^g-th of an inch (-98 mm.).

Excepting one imperfect specimen, which had four
deep red bands across the body, I have not seen the
male of this species, but Dr. Glaus figures it, describ-
ing the anterior antennae as being modified for clasping,
and the fifth pair of feet diminished in size, as is usual.
Dr. Glaus asserts the secondary branch of the posterior
antenna to be 4-jointed, but after repeated examina-
tion, I have failed to satisfy myself of the exact state
of the case. In some of my specimens the branch
appeared, indeed, to be indistinctly (and perhaps 4-)
jointed, but the articulations were so faint that I
should have overlooked them altogether without care-
ful search ; and even yet I should hesitate to affirm
that there is more than a single joint.

8. tisboides seems to be of rare occurrence. I have
taken one or two specimens at Roker, near Sunder-
land, on fronds of Laminaria saccharina, a few on
weeds in tide-pools at Clifden and Roundstone, and
a rather larger number on weeds in Porcressa Bay,
Scilly.

VOL. II. M

178 BRITISH COPEPODA.

2. SCUTELLIDIUM FASCIATUM (Boeclf). PI. LXYIII, fig.

11 ; and PI. LXIX, figs.
1—9.

Aspidiscus fasciaius, Norman. Brit. Association Report, p. 298

(1868).

Porcellidium fasciatum, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder,
p. 56 (1864).

Body ovate, abdomen much narrower than the
cephalothorax, head and first thoracic segment coales-
cent ; segments of the thorax produced backwards in
acutely pointed, curved, and imbricated processes.
Anterior antennas 9-jointed, slender, gradually tapered
from base to apex ; first, second, and third joints in the
female increasing progressively in length, remaining
joints very short ; in the male the limb is somewhat
flexuous, and hinged between the fifth and sixth joints
(PL LXVIII, fig. 11); the fourth joint is longest, the
second somewhat shorter, the first, third, fifth, and
sixth still shorter and subequal, the last three very
short. The posterior antenna (PI. LXIX, fig. 2) has a
long, slender, secondary branch springing from the apex
of the first joint, dilated somewhat beyond the middle,
bearing three strong lateral seta3, and at the apex five,
one of which is exceedingly long ; the terminal seta3 of
the main branch are rather short, geniculated, and
minutely hooked or clawed at the apices, and the last
joint has two minute file-like or aculeated processes
near the extremity. Mandibles and maxillae very
similar to those of the preceding species. Anterior

SCUTELLIDIUM. 1 79

foot-jaw (fig. 4) slender, 2-jointed, the last joint bear-
ing a long, closely pectinated, apical spine and one seta,
which is also pectinate or plumose. Posterior foot-jaw
(fig. 5) short and robust, the hand irregularly quadrate,
and terminating in a short crooked claw. The first pair
of feet lie in close apposition, and, like the following
pairs, cross each other near the extremities when at rest;
they do not differ materially from the same structures
in 8. tisboides ; the last two joints of the inner branch
of the first foot are, however, very small, and the last
joint of the outer branch (fig. 6) bears on the outer
margin five curved spines, and at the apex a strongly
curved seta. The second pair, as in S. tisboides, is
almost spineless, but the third and fourth have mar-
ginal spines, and the two distal joints of the outer
branches (fig. 7), besides having densely setose mar-
gins, have also curved rows of short spine-like hairs
scattered over the surface. Fifth pair elongated, 2-
jointed (fig. 8), the first joint larger than the second,
both having ciliated outer margins; the first also
a seta at each distal angle ; the second three long and
two smaller setae. In the male the fifth foot is some-
what similar (fig. 9), but very much smaller than in
the other sex, reaching only to the extremity of the
firsk abdominal ring, while in the female (fig. 1) it ex-
tends almost to the base of the caudal segments. Last
thoracic segment, in both sexes, very small (fig. 9) ;
the first abdominal segment in the female very much
larger than the following ones ; in the male (fig. 9)
all five segments are distinct and — except the first,
which is longer than the rest — nearly of equal width

180 BRITISH COPEPODA.

caudal segments very short; principal tail-setae nearly-
equal to the length of the body ; outer setae about half
as long. The eye consists of one central and two lateral
lenses, and is of a ruby-red colour; the integument is
marked by distant circular punctures or impressions,
more especially near the edges of the carapace. Ovi-
sac large, circular, and single. The colour of the
animal is a clear yellowish brown or olive; there is
usually, but not always, a brilliant ruby patch extend-
ing nearly across the body behind the first segment,
and the glandular organs are less distinctly tinged
with the same colour. Length of the female ^B"th of
an inch ('98 mm.), of the male ^th of an inch
(•64 mm.).

This species occurs often abundantly on the fronds
of Laminarice ; on the coasts of Northumberland and
Durham, wherever L. saccharina grows, it may be
found plentifully; also in Shetland (Rev. A. M.
Norman), Yentry Bay (Rev. E. G. Davison), Clifden
Bay, and the Scilly Islands. No doubt this list might
easily be much extended.

The brilliant colouring and considerable size of the
species render it a very showy and attractive object,
and it is surprising that, as it occurs so commonly on
the British shores, it should not yet have been noticed
elsewhere in Europe except by M. Boeck, in Norway.
In this respect it is a match for Cythere albomaculata
amongst the Ostracoda, an excessively common British
form, which has, as yet, not been recognised on the
continent of Europe. Mr. Norman (loc. cit.} has
proposed a new genus for the reception of this

APPENDIX.

181

animal, but the structural resemblances between it
and the Scutellidium of Glaus are so striking, and
the differences so extremely slight, that I think it best
to include both in the same generic group.

APPENDIX.*

CYCLOPINA (?) OVALIS, Brady.

Cyclops ovalis, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. 4, p. 429, pi. xviii, figs. 1, 2
(1872).

Anterior antennae 24- jointed, as long as the cephalo-
thorax, slender, and nearly equal in
width throughout, joints about
equal in length and breadth at the
base, gradually increasing in length
towards the apex, the terminal
joint being about thrice as long as
broad, each joint bearing a single
short, delicate hair on the external
margin, the twenty-second and
twenty-third one on each margin,
the last having four or five apical
seta3. Caudal segments about four
times as long as broad ; setae about
as long as the last three abdo-
minal somites.

* See vol. i, p. 94.

VOL. IT.

N

182 APPENDIX.

Habitat. — One specimen only taken off Sunderland
in the surface-net.

My knowledge of this species is confined to the
single specimen from which it was originally described.
Seeing, however, that no true marine Cyclops is
known (the species described as such being insuffi-
ciently examined as to structure of mouth-organs,
&c.), it seems more probable that C. ovalis will be
found to belong either to the genus Cyclopina or to
Cyclopicera.

Fig. 1 in the woodcut represents the anterior
antenna; fig. 2, the posterior abdominal segments
and tail.

PLATE XXXIV.

Longipedia coronata.

Fig. 1. Male, seen from side.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Anterior antenna, female.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot- jaw.

8. Foot of fifth pair, male.

9. Foot of fifth pair, female.

PLATE XXXV.

Longipedia coronata (continued).

Fig. 1. Posterior antenna, female.

2. Posterior antenna, inner branch of male.

3. Foot of first pair, female.

4. Foot of first pair, male.

5. Foot of second pair, male.

6. Foot of third pair.

7. Foot of fourth pair.

8. Part of abdomen and tail, male.

9. Part of abdomen and tail, female.

PLATE XXXVI.

Ectinisoma spinipes.

Fig. 1. Adult seen from side.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of fifth pair.

10. Last segments of abdomen, and tail.

Ectinosoma erythrops.

11. Anterior part of head and anterior antennae.

12. Mandible-palp.

13. Maxilla.

14. First foot-jaw.

15. Second foot-jaw.

16. Foot of first pair.

17. Fifth pair of feet.

I 10 E etiYiosomsL spinnoes

II — 1 / i erytrrrops

PLATE XXXVII.

Tachidius brevicornis.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Adult male.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna, female.

5. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

6. Mandible.

7. Maxilla.

8. First foot-jaw.

9. Second foot-jaw.

10. Foot of first pair.

11. Inner branch, of second foot, male.

12. Outer branch of third foot, male.

13. Fifth pair of feet, female.

14. Foot of fifth pair, male.

15. Angle of first abdominal segment.

16. Tail.

PI

57

>Wy del.

-W.Sollick Hth

WJIeft&Coxmp.

TsLch.id.ius Lrevicornis

PLATE XXXVIII.

Bradya typica.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. Firstfoot.

9. Fifth foot.

10. Tail.

Ectinosoma atlanticum.*

11. Adult (female?).

12. Anterior antenna.

13. Posterior antenna.

14. Mandible.

15. First foot-jaw.

16. Second foot-jaw.

17. Firstfoot.

18. Fifth foot.

19. Tail.

* On the plate, for Ectinosoma atlantica, read Ectinosoma at-
lanticum.

Plate 38

AT.HolUck

1—10. .Brady a typica.

11 — 19. Ectinosoma atlan.ti.ca.

Ttf.WeetACS

PLATE XXXIX.

Zosime typica.

Fig. 1. Female seen from above.

2. Female seen from side.

3. Anterior antenna, female.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Firstfoot.

10. Second foot.

11. Fifth foot, female.

12. Fifth foot, male.

OantJiocamptus palustris.

13. Anterior antenna, female.

14. Anterior antenna, male.

15. Inner branch, posterior antenna.

16. Mandible.

17. First foot-jaw.

18. Second foot-jaw.

19. Firstfoot.

20. Fourth foot.

21. Fifth foot, female.

22. Fifth foot, male.

23. Tail.

Plate 39.

.. i. 1—12. Zosime typica.

13-23. Canthocamptus palustris.

PLATE XL.

Euterpe gracilis.

Fig. 1 . Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Anterior antenna, female.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Second foot.

11. Inner branch of third foot.

12. Fourth foot.

13. Fifth foot, female.

14. Fifth foot, male.

15. Appendages of first abdominal segment of

male.

16. Tail of male.

Ectinosoma melaniceps.

17. Anterior antenna.

18. Second foot-jaw.

19. Firstfoot.

20. Fifth foot.

Plate 40.

G.S. Brady del.
A.T.EoU.ifk bOh.

1 — 16. Euterpe gracilis.
17—20. Ectinosoma melamceps

PLATE XLI.

Robertsonia tennis.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot- jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Third foot.

11. Inner branch of second foot, male.

12. Fifth foot, male.

13. Fifth foot, female.

14. Posterior abdominal segments and tail.

Mesochra Lilljeborgii.

15. Anterior antenna, female.

16. Anterior antenna, male.

17. Posterior antenna.

18. Mandible.

19. Second foot-jaw.

20. Fifth foot, male.

21. Posterior abdominal segments and tail.

fO

Plate 41.

G.S.Brouiy del.
AT.XolUdc Uth.

1—14. Rotertsonia tenuis.
15-21. Mesochra Lillj eborgii

W.West, * C? unp.

PLATE XLIL

Stenhelia hispida.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot of male.

10. Third foot.

11. Second foot of male.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

14. Tail of female.

Plate 42.

StenKelia hispida.

PLATE XLIII.

Stenhelia ima.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot- jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Inner branch of second foot, male.

11. Fourth foot.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

14. One of tail segments.

Attheyella spinosa.

15. Anterior antenna, female.

16. Second foot- jaw.

17. First foot.

18. Fifth foot (variety),

Plate 43.

1 — 14. Stenkelia ima
15—18. Attheyella spinosa

-

PLATE XLIY.

Canthocamptus minutus.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

9. First foot.

10. Third foot.

11. Inner branch of first foot.

12. Inner branch of second foot, male.

13. Inner branch of third foot, male.

14. Inner branch of fourth foot, male.

15. Fifth foot, female.

16. Fifth foot, male.

17. Tail.

Plate 4-4.

OS Brady dtl.
AT.HoUick tiih.

Carrtho camptus mi nut us

"W.Vbst 4 C? imp-

PLATE XLV.

Cantliocamptus Northumbricus.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.
5% Maxilla.

6. First foot- jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Fourth foot.

10. Inner branch, second foot, male.

11. Inner branch, third foot, male.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

14. Abdomen and tail, male.

Canthocamptus trispinosus.

15. Anterior antenna, female.

16. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

17. Mandible and palp.

18. First foot-jaw.

19. Second foot-jaw.

20. Inner branch of second foot.

21. Fifth foot, female.

22. Posterior abdominal segments and tail.

Plate 45.

. 1-14 Can thoc ampins NorthumJoricus
15- 22 ,trispinosu.s.

PLATE XLYI.

Canthocamptus liibernicus.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Anterior antenna, female.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Second foot.

10. Fifth foot, female.

11. Fifth foot, male.

12. One of the tail segments.

Attheyella spinosa.

13. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

14. Maxilla.

15. Second foot.

16. Fourth foot.

17. Fifth foot, female.

18. Posterior abdominal segments and tail

Plate 46

uJ

.

an

th.o

am.ptus hiLernicas
13 - 18 . At th eyella spinosa.

West a C? imp.

PLATE XLVIL

Mesochra Robertsoni.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. First foot- jaw.

6. Second foot-jaw.

7. First foot, female.

8. First foot, male.

9. Second foot.

10. Third foot.

11. Inner branch of fourth foot.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

14. Inner branch of second foot, male.

15. Tail.

Mesochra Lilljeborgii.

16. First foot- jaw.

17. First foot.

18. Second foot.

19. Inner, and part of outer, branch of fourth

foot, female.

20. Inner branch of fourth foot, male.

21. Fifth foot, female.

Plate 47.

. . ,.

AT.SoKde Uth.

1 — 15. Mesochra l^pbertsoni.
16-21. Mesoclnra Lilljeborgii

PLATE XLYIII.

Jonesiella fusiformis.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot- jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Firstfoot.

10. Inner branch of second foot, male.

11. Third foot.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

Jonesiella spinulosa.

14. Anterior antenna, female.

15. Mandible and palp.

16. Second foot-jaw.

17. Fifth foot, female.

Plate 48

oify del.

1—13 elonesielL
14-17.

fusiformis
STnrralo sa .

PLATE XLIX.

Amymone sphcerica.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot- jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Third foot.

10. Fifth foot, female.

11. Fifth foot, male.

Amymone longimana.

12. Anterior antenna, male.

13. Posterior foot- jaw.

Jonesiella spinulosa.

14. First foot.

15. Third foot.

AT.Eollick lifh

1 — 11/Amymone SpKoerica.
12—13. longimana,.

14-15. Jones iell a spmulosa.

PLATE L.

Delavalia palustris (female).

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. Firstfoot.

7. Third foot.

8. Fifth foot.

Thalestris harpactoides.

9. Anterior antenna, female.

10. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

11. Maxilla.

12. Second foot- jaw.

13. Inner branch of second foot, male.

14. Fifth foot, female.

15. Fifth foot, male.

16. Abdomen of female.

Plate 50.

G.S. Brady del.
ArHoltelttt:

1 — 8 D ela.va.li a. pa.lustris.9
9~l£>TKa,lestris liarpa-ct oid.es.

PLATE LI.

Delavalia reflexa.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot- jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Second foot.

11. Fifth foot, female.

12. Fifth foot, male.

13. Caudal segments, female.

14. Caudal segments, male.

Delavalia robusta (female).

15. Anterior antenna, female.

16. Mandible and palp.

17. First foot-jaw.

18. Second foot-jaw.

19. Firstfoot.

20. Second foot.

21. Caudal segments.

1 — 14. Celavalia reflexa.
15-21. Delavalia. rotiista.o

TK.Vfest t C?vnp.

PLATE LIT.

Attheyella cryptorum.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot- jaw.

8. Second foot- jaw.

9. First swimming foot.

10. Second foot.

11. Fourth foot.

12. Inner branch of third foot, female.

13. Inner branch of second foot, male.

14. Inner branch of third foot, male.

15. Inner branch of fourth foot, male.

16. Fifth foot, female.

17. Fifth foot, male.

18. Anal operculum and base of tail.

Plate 52

to.

AttKevella crypt or-u.m

PLATE Lin.

Ameira longipes.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Second foot-jaw.

6. Foot of first pair.

7. Foot of third pair.

8. Foot of second pair, male.

9. Foot of fifth pair, female.

10. Foot of fifth pair, male.

Thalestris peltata (male ?).

11. Adult male.

12. Anterior antenna.

13. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

14. Maxilla.

15. First foot- jaw.

16. Second foot-jaw.

17. Foot of first pair.

18. Foot of third pair.

19. Foot of fifth pair.

Plette 53.

(LeL.

1—10. Ameira longipes
11 — 19. Thalestris peltatst.

PLATE LIY.

Dactylopus tisboides.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot- jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Firstfoot.

10. Inner branch of second foot, male.

11. Fourth foot.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

14. Anterior antenna, female,")

15. Fifth foot, female, I brackish water

16. Fifth foot, male, vanet^

Plate 54.

Dactvlorcu-s tisboide

V/West I C°tmj).

PLATE LV.

Dactylopus Stromii.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Inner branch of second foot, male.

10. Third foot.

11. Fifth foot, female.

12. Fifth foot, male.

13. Tail ; a, portion of seta more highly magnified.

Dactylopus similis.

14. Anterior antenna, female.

15. Second foot- jaw.

16. Fifth foot, female.

Plate 55.

'1UL

ilis

PLATE LVI.

Dactylopus flavus.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Second foot-jaw.

5. First foot, female.

6. First foot, male.

7. Third foot.

8. Fifth foot, female.

9. Fifth foot, male.

10. Tail of female.

11. Tail of male.

Dactylopus tenuiremis.

12. Anterior antenna.

13. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

14. Mandible and palp.

15. Second foot-jaw.

16. Firstfoot.

17. Fifth foot.

18. One of the tail segments.

Metridia armata.

19. End of right anterior antenna of male.

20. Inner branch of second foot of male.

Pla.te 56.

~11 13

,
19^20 Metri da a, 9i:rma,-heL.3

PLATE LVIL

Thalestris rufocincta.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Maxilla.

3. First foot- jaw.

4. Second foot-jaw.

5. First foot.

6. Second foot of male.*

7. Fifth foot of female.

8. Fifth foot of male.

9. Abdomen of female.

Dactylopus brevicornis.

10. Anterior antenna, female.

11. Second foot-jaw.

12. Fifth foot, female.

* The letters a a, referring to the aculeate margins, are omitted
in the plate.

1 - 9 . Titalo stne rufo .jincta

PLATE LVIII.

Tkalestris mysis.

Fig, 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. Mandible palp.

6. Maxilla,

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Inner branch of second foot, male.

1 1 . Second foot, female.

12. Fifth foot, female.

13. Fifth foot, male.

Dactylopus brevicorwis.

14. First foot.

Plate 58.

1 — 13 . Thai e s tris My si s
14 . -D ac tyl opus br evi c o i°n

PLATE LIX.

Thalestris harpactoides.
Fig. 1. Adult male.

TJialestris serrulata, male.

2. Adult animal.

3. Anterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Fifth foot.

10. Appendage of first abdominal segment.

11. Tail.

Diosaccus tenuicornis.

12. Adult male.

13. Posterior antenna.

14. Mandible and palp.

15. Inner branch of second foot, male.

16. Fifth foot, male.

Plate 59.

1. Thalestris harpaetoid.es o
2-11. „ serrulata c5

12-lS.Diosaccus teruii corals £

W.Wtstt'C? vnf.

PLATE LX.

Thalestris longimana.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. First foot.

10. Inner branch, second foot, male.

11. Fifth foot, female.

12. Fifth foot, male.

13. Tail.

Diosaccus tenuicornis.

14. Anterior antenna, female.

15. First foot-jaw.

16. Second foot-jaw.

17. Firstfoot.

18. Fifth foot, female.

Plate 60.

..
ATKOuk

1-13. Thalestris Ion giro. ana.
14-18. Diosaecus tjemiicorms

TVWest HC'imf.

PLATE LXI.

Thalestris rufoviolascens, female.

Fig. 1. Adult animal.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Mandible.

4. First foot-jaw.

5. Second foot-jaw.

6. First foot.

7. Fourth foot.

8. Fifth foot.

Thalestris helgolandica, female.

9. Anterior antenna.

10. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

11. Second foot-jaw.

12. First foot.

13. Third foot.

14. Fifth foot.

Plate. 61.

G.SBr-ady dtt.

1-8. Thalestris rufcrviolascens

n, i n

9-14i.

i 1 1 1- n

helgolandica ?

Tf.Tf&st

PLATE LXII.

Thalestris Clausii.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. First foot.

9. Inner branch of second foot, male.

10. Fifth foot, female.

11. Fifth foot, male.

12. Tail segment.

Thalestris hibernica.

13. Anterior antenna, female.

14. First foot.

15. Inner branch, second foot, male.

16. Fifth foot, female.

17. Fifth foot, male.

Pla,te 62

—12. ilialestris Clausii

PLATE LXIII.

Westwoodia nobilis.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair,

10. Foot of second pair, female.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

12. Foot of fifth pair, male.

13. Abdomen and tail, female.

Tkalestris hibernica.

14. Anterior antenna, male.

15. Second foot-jaw.

Pla,te S3

1 — 13. Westwoodia nobilis .
14, 15. Thalestris hibernica..

PLATE LXIV.

Harp actions fulvus .

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female.

2. Posterior antenna, male.

3. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

4. Maxilla.

5. Second foot-jaw.

6. Foot of first pair ; a, end of outer branch, more

highly magnified.

7. Inner branch, second foot, male.

8. Foot of third pair.

9. Foot of fifth pair, female.

10. Foot of fifth pair, male.

11. Tail.

Harpacticus Jiexus.

12. Anterior antenna, female.

13. Anterior antenna, male.
14» Second foot-jaw.

15. Foot of first pair.

16. Inner branch of second foot, male.

17. Foot of fifth pair, female.

1 8. Foot of fifth pair, male.

Plette

1 11 HsLirpaetic-us fulvxis .
12~18 „ flenzs.

19,20. „ che lifer

PLATE LXV.

Harpacticus chelifer.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna; a, spine of the same more

highly magnified.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of first pair, variety.

11. Inner branch of second foot, male.

12. Foot of fifth pair, female.

13. Foot of fifth pair, female, variety.

14. Foot of fifth pair, male.

15. Abdominal segments and tail.

Ha,rpa,eticus c lie life L-.

PLATE LXVI.

Zaus spinafvs.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, male.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Extremity of same, more highly magnified.

5. Mandible and palp.

6. Second foot-jaw.

7. Foot of first pair.

8. Apex of outer branch of second, third, and fourth

swimming feet.

9. Foot of fifth pair, female.

Zaus Goodsiri.

10. Adult female.

11. Anterior antenna, male.

12. Foot of first pair.

13. Foot of fifth pair, female.

10~13

spina,tus.
Gooclsir>i.

PLATE LXVII.

Idyafurcata.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female ; a, olfactory appendage.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna,

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of third pair.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

Dactylopus mirnttm.

12. Anterior antenna, female.

13. Foot of first pair.

14. Foot of fifth pair, female.

PlsLte 67.

1~ " 11 loLya fur cat st

-] A -pi j_ ~\

LQ U actjrlopus

PLATE LXVIII.

Scutellidium lisboides.

Fig. 1. Adult female; a, last thoracic segment; dy first
abdominal segment ; c, chitinous bands.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible and palp.

5. Maxilla and palp.

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of third pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair, female.

Scutellidium fasciatum.

11. Anterior antenna, male.

Plate 68.

1-10 S cut elli dram .tis]o oides?

fa sc let-bum £

FLATE LXIX.

Scutellidium fasciatum .

.Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Mandible and palp.

4. First foot-jaw.

5. Second foot-jaw.

6. Foot of first pair.

7. Outer branch of fourth foot.

8. Foot of fifth pair, female.

9. Last thoracic segment and abdomen of male.

Porcettidium tenuicauda.

10. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

11. Mandible and palp.

12. Maxilla.

13. Foot of second pair.

Plate 69.

- 9 SciitellicLmm iksciatuaii.
10-13 Porcellidiuni temiicaTicLa.

PLATE LXX.

Porcellidium fimbriatum.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. First foot-jaw.

3. Second foot-jaw.

4. Foot of first pair.

Porcellidium tenuicauda.

5. Adult female.

Porcellidium mride.

6. Adult female.

7. Anterior antennae of male.

8. Fifth pair of feet, abdomen, and tail of male.

1 — ^ Porcelliclrum

5 , , t en-ui c eai<ia .

6 — 8 ,, viride.

PLATE LXXI.

Porcellidium subrotundum.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Second foot-jaw.

3. Fifth pair of feet and caudal segments.

Peltidium interruptum.

4. Adult female.

5. Anterior antenna, male.

6. Posterior antenna.

7. Inner branch of posterior antenna.

8. Mandible and palp.

9. Maxilla.

10. First foot-jaw.

11. Second foot-jaw.

12. Foot of first pair.

13. Foot of third pair.

14. Foot of fifth pair, male.

15. Portion of integument.

Plsute 71

1 — 3 Poreellidruzn s~ULb:ro tun dura.
4*— 15 Peltidi-uxn inter imp tuna.

PLATE LXXII.

Peltidium depressum.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Posterior foot-jaw.

4. Fifth foot, female.

5. Caudal segment, female.

Peltidium crenulatum.

6. Adult female.

7. Anterior antenna, female.

8. Anterior antenna, male.

9. Posterior foot-jaw.

10. Foot of fifth pair, female.

10 a. Inner angle of peduncle of fifth foot.

1 1 . Foot of fifth pair, (male) and angle of first abdo-

minal segment («).

12. Hinder margin of thoracic segment.

13. Abdomen of female.
"14. Abdomen of male.
15. Portion of integument.

72.

AI.HoUick'l&t,

~ b Pe Itid'ium-
' " '15

~ffMstk.Co.vnp.

sum .

PLATE LXXIII.

Laophonte serrata.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Adult male.

3. Anterior antenna of female.

4. Anterior antenna of male.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Mandible.

7. Maxilla.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of third pair.

11. Inner branch of second foot, male.

12. Foot of fifth pair, female.

13. Foot of fifth pair, male.

14. Abdomen and tail.

Laophonte curticauda.*

15. Mandible.

16. Second foot-jaw.

17. Inner branch of second foot, female.

18. Inner branch of second foot, male.
* For the numerals 12 — 15 on the Plate read 15 — 18.

Pleute 73.

1 — l^Lstoplionte se:rr-£Lt£t
12 — 15 curtio

-

PLATE LXXIV.

Laophonte horrida.

Fig. 1. Adult female, from side.

2. Adult female, from above.

3. Secondary branch of posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. First foot-jaw.

m

7. Second foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of second pair

10. Foot of fifth pair, female.

11. Transverse view of thoracic segment.

Laoplionte longicaudata.

12. Second foot-jaw.

13. Foot of third pair, male.

14. Foot of fifth pair, female.

15. Caudal segment.

PI set e 74

JVestkCo imp.

1 11 LsLOpliOTrte laorirideL ?.
~~15 ., lonqicaiidata.

PLATE LXXV.

Laophonte similis.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, female, variety,

4. Anterior antenna, male.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of second pair, male.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

12. Foot of fifth pair, male.

13. Caudal segments.

14. Appendage of first abdominal segment.

Laophonte lamellifera.

/

15. Adult female.

16. Anterior antenna, female.

17. Anterior antenna, male.

18. Inner branch, posterior antenna.

19. Second foot-jaw.

20. Foot of first pair.

21. Foot of fifth pair, female.

22. Caudal segments.

23. Portion of integument more highly magnified.

Plate 75.

similis.
xiellifepSL.

PLATE LXXVI.

Laophonte curticauda.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Foot of first pair.

4. Foot of third pair, female.

5. Foot of third pair, male.

6. Foot of fourth pair, female.

7. Foot of fifth pair, female.

8. Foot of fifth pair, female, variety.

9. Foot of fifth pair, male.

Laophonte longicaudata.

10. Anterior antenna, female.

11. Anterior antenna, male.

12. Foot of first pair.

13. Inner branch, second foot, female.

14. Inner branch, third foot, female.

15. Foot of fourth pair.

PleLte 76

I 9 La-op Konte

longi.cauda.tst.

PLATE LXXVIL

Laophonte thoracica.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Inner branch, lower antenna.

4. Second foot-jaw.

5. Foot of first pair.

6. Foot of third pair.

7. Foot of fifth pair, female.

8. Abdomen and caudal segments.

Cletodes propinqua.

9. Adult female, from above.

10. Adult female, from side.

11. Anterior antenna, female.

12. Anterior antenna, male.

13. Second foot-jaw.

14. Foot of first pair.

15. Foot of fifth pair, female.

16. Tail of female.

17. Tail of male.

Nannopus palustris.

18. Adult female.

19. Foot of first pair.

20. Foot of third pair.

Plate 77

8 LsLoplionte '
9-1-7 Cletodes pr
18 20 Nannopus palustns.

PLATE LXXVIII.

Tetragoniceps malleolus.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla,

6. First foot-jaw.

7. Second foot -jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of third pair.

10. Foot of fourth pair.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

Normanella dubia.

12. Adult female.

13. Anterior antenna, female.

14. Inner branch of lower antenna.

15. Mandible.

16. Maxilla.

17. First foot-jaw.

18. Second foot-jaw.

19. Foot of first pair.

20. Foot of second pair.

21. Foot of fifth pair, female.

22. Caudal segments,

\ \

1 ^A^JCf-9 onic eP s m stile olata?. moK*<

PLATE LXXIX.

Cletodes limicola.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Mandible.

6. Maxilla.

7. First foot-jaw.

8. Second foot-jaw.

9. Foot of first pair.

10. Foot of third pair.

1 1 . Foot of fifth pair, female.

12. Foot of fifth pair, male.

Cletodes longicaudata.

Adult female.

Anterior antenna, female.

Foot of first pair.

16. Foot of third pair.

17. Foot of fourth pair.

18. Foot of fifth pair, female.

19. Tail.

Platychelipus littoralis.

20. Mandible.

21. Maxilla.

22. First foot-jaw.

23. Foot of third pair.

Pla.te.79

10 11

^~

l~12,Cletodes limioola,.

...
£0-23,Pla,tyclielipus littoi?alis

PLATE LXXX.

Cletodes linearis.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Anterior antenna, male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. First foot-jaw.

6. Second foot-jaw.

7. Foot of first pair.

8. Foot of second pair.

9. Foot of third pair, male.

10. Foot of fourth pair.

11. Foot of fifth pair, female.

12. Foot of fifth pair, male.

13. Caudal and last abdominal segments.

14. Portion of integument, highly magnified.

Platychelipus littoralis (female).

15. Anterior antenna.

16. Foot of first pair.

17. Foot of second pair.

18. Foot of fifth pair.

19. Second foot-jaw.

--14, Cletodeslinearis.

15-19, Pla^tychelipiis littoralis

PLATE LXXXI.

Laophonte hispida.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Mandible.

4. Maxilla.

5. First foot-jaw.

6. Second foot-jaw.

7. Foot of first pair.

8. Inner branch of second foot.

9. Foot of fourth pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair.

11. One of the caudal laminae and a portion of the

abdomen.

Enhydrosoma curvatum*

12. Foot of first pair.

13. Foot of third pair.

14. Fifth pair of feet, male.

15. Caudal laminae.

Corycceus anglicus.

16. Second foot-jaw of male.

17. Second foot-jaw of female.

18. Foot of fifth pair.

19. Terminal spines of one of swimming feet.

* On the plate, for Enhydrosoma curvata read Enhydrosoma cur-
vatum.

Plate 81.

-ll.La,opliOTite Lispida 9.
12~15 , Enliydro soma cur vat a .
16~13 .Corycoeiis ecn ^licus.

TKBSstA.Gj.TWv.

PLATE LXXXII.

Ilyopsyllus coriaceus.

Fig. 1. Female, seen from below.

2. Female, seen from side.

3. Anterior antenna, female.

4. Anterior antenna, male.

5. Posterior antenna.

6. Mandible.

7. Foot of first pair.

8. Foot of third pair.

9. Fifth pair of feet, male.

10. Abdomen and tail.

Enhydrosoma curvatum.*

11. Adult male, seen from side.

12. Anterior antenna, male.

13. Anterior antenna, female.

14. Posterior antenna.

15. Mandible.

16. Maxilla.

17. First foot-jaw.

18. Second foot-jaw.

19. Fifth pair of feet.

* On the plate, for Enhydrosoma curvata read Enhydrosoma cur-
vatum.

Plate 82

1— 10 JnTOpsyll-u.S ccxriaoe-us.

cur-vata..