m

l

5?

O

m

o

THE

RAY SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the BAY SOCIETY for
the Tear 1879.

LONDON:

MDCCCLXXX.

BfJ

A MONOGBAPH

FREE AND SEMI-PARASITIC

COPEPODA OF THE BRITISH
ISLANDS.

BY

G. STEWABJDSON BEADY, M.D., F.L.S.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM COLLEGE

OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ; CORRESPONDING

MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

OP THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

VOL. III.

LONDON:
FEINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCLXXX.

PBINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BABTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

A MONOGRAPH

BRITISH
FREE AND SEMI-PARASITIC COPEPODA.

VOL. III.

GENERAL ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE COPEPODA.

IN preparing this monograph it was not part of
my plan to enter at all into the consideration of the
physiology or internal anatomy of the Copepoda, but,
in compliance with the wishes of some of my friends,
expressed while the first volume was passing through
the press, I have put together, in the form of a
preface to this third volume, a condensed account of
some of the more important observations which have
hitherto been made on this part of the subject. It will
be at once apparent that what I have attempted is
nothing more than a general outline, in the production
of which I have been greatly indebted to the works of
Glaus, Gegenbaur, and Huxley. Had I included the
truly parasitic species, in whose anatomy, physiology,
and general habits of life so many points of the highest
interest occur, I should have been travelling beyond

VOL. III. A

45279

BRITISH COPEPODA.

the professed limits of my work, and have extended
this preface beyond reasonable bounds, — on which
account those species are noticed in the most cursory
manner, and only in elucidation of the proper subject
of the memoir.

The non-parasitic COPEPODA may be described as
ENTOMOSTRACA, having an elongated body of variable
form, but generally cylindrical, without a bivalved
shell, and showing more or less completely a division
of the body into numerous rings, or somites. There
are two pairs of antenna, three pairs of prehensile
and masticatory, or suctional, mouth organs, and five
pairs of feet, adapted chiefly for swimming. The
females are mostly fertilized by means of spermato-
phores ; the ova are usually carried in external ovisacs ;
when first hatched the larvae have only three pairs of
limbs, and go through several metamorphoses before
attaining the mature form.

The parasitic species, at one end of the series
approach very nearly in structure and general appear-
ance to the non-parasitic ; at the other end they are
extremely different, exhibiting, especially in the
males, many most remarkable examples of retrograde
development, so that without the study of their
metamorphoses it would be quite impossible to re-
cognise them as Copepoda, or even as Crustacea of
any kind. Yet even in these degraded forms — at any
rate in the females — natatory limbs in a very much
atrophied condition are almost constantly found.

GENERAL FORM. — The animal is usually somewhat
pear-shaped, rounded in front and tapering towards the

GENEEAL ANATOMY. 3

hinder extremity, convex on the dorsal and flattened on
the ventral surface. The degree of dorsal convexity,
however, is variable, the most common form of the
body being sub-cylindrical, but in many cases — notably
amongst the Poecilostoma, Siphonostoma, and in some
genera of the Harpacticidse (Zaus, Peltidium, For-
cellidium, Idya, Scutellidmni) — the animal is markedly
flattened, constituting a type of structure almost as
widely distinct from the normal Copepoda as are the
Isopoda from the Amphipoda, amongst the sessile-eyed
Crustacea. But in the genera of Harpacticidae here
referred to, the flattened form does not coincide with
any deep-seated differences of structure, for, indeed, in
some normal genera (Thalestris, Laophonte) we find
certain species assuming this form, but retaining all
the other characteristics of the genus to which they
belong. The directly opposite type of structure, in
which the animal is compressed laterally, occurs only
in the curious genus Amymone, a group of rare occur-
rence so far as our present knowledge extends, not
having been noticed outside of the European area.

The front of the body is covered by a mem-
branous shield or carapace, which falls rather loosely
over the bases of the limbs below, but behind
is continuous with the coverings of the thoracic
somites ; in front it is usually projected from the
forehead in the middle line, forming a rostrum, short
or entirely absent in some few cases, but often
moderately long and curved. In the Calanidse it is
usually long and slender, much curved, and furcate
nearly to its base. Behind the rostrum is commonly

BRITISH COPEPODA.

placed the median eye, often single to all appearance,
but really composed of two closely approximated
lateral eyes, embedded in a mass of black or crimson

pigment.

The head and the first thoracic segment are usu-
ally fused together, a fact which may be recognised
by the position of the first pair of swimming feet
(the first thoracic appendages), these limbs being
generally fixed to the hinder part of the first body-
segment, which is thus seen to be composed of all
the cephalic, and the first of the thoracic, somites.
In some cases a transverse indentation maybe noticed,
probably a trace of the " cervical suture " which is so
conspicuous a feature of the carapace in Crayfishes
and Lobsters. Instances are frequent, however, in
which the head is quite distinct from the thorax.

Theoretically, the Copepoda, like other Crustacea,
are composed of twenty or twenty-one somites
(twenty-one according to most authors, but twenty
if we follow Huxley, who does not look upon
the telson or last abdominal segment as a true
somite)! the entire series not being developed, how-
ever, in any one animal. Sometimes one or many
of the somites are suppressed, at other times several
are united into one segment, the real nature of
which is rendered evident by the attachment to it of
several appendages, each pair indicating the position
of an anchylosed somite. Probably in no case
amongst the Copepoda can more than sixteen or
seventeen somites be recognised by enumeration
either of appendages or segments. The somitic appen-

GENERAL ANATOMY. 5

dages or limbs, though very various in form and
function, may all be reduced to three component
parts — a basal portion or protopodite, which gives
support to two branches, termed respectively endo-
podite and exopodite. These parts are most clearly
developed in the swimming-feet, which are distinctly
made up of a peduncle and two branches, but in the
mouth organs the same structure may be traced,
though often modified to such an extent as to be
obscure and difficult of recognition.

The cephalon in the Copepoda is composed of
six somites, its appendages being one pair of eyes,
two pairs of antennge, one pair of mandibles, one pair
of maxillas, and two pairs of foot-jaws ; the thorax
consists of five somites, and has five pairs of appen-
dages in the form of swimming-feet ; the abdomen
has no appendages, but consists of five somites
and terminates in a forked tail, which ought probably
to be considered as a sixth somite ; in the female the
first two abdominal somites are generally united,
forming one large genital segment with a pair of
vulvar apertures. In parasitic species the abdo-
men is often very much, reduced in size, both
as respects the number and bulk of its somites, and
this is the case also in some genera which are only
partially parasitic, as Corycaus, Acontiophorus, Arto-
trogus and others. As regards the cephalic appendages,
it must be noticed that the so-called two pairs of foot-
jaws are in reality portions of one and the same
somitic appendage, but having the appearance of
perfectly distinct organs they have come to be con-

6 BRITISH COPEPODA.

sidered as such, and their characters so taken note of
by all systematists. The process of development,
however, has been traced by Glaus, so as to leave no
doubt as to the true nature of the organs.

APPENDAGES OF THE HEAD. — The eyes in their simplest
form — in Cyclops, for instance— appear as a red or
black spot in the middle of the frontal region, directly
over the brain, with which they are connected by a large
nerve, the spot when closely examined being found
to consist of two lateral eyes, closely approximated
and embedded in a mass of pigment ; the visual part
of the apparatus is composed of two refracting bodies,
or crystalline cones, and when more highly developed
may possess numerous lenses, so as to form something
like a facetted cornea. In some cases the eyes are
widely separated, and have between them, in the
median line, a simple, globular, pedunculated eye
(PontelUnce) ; in other cases, as in some Corycceidce,
the median eye is very small, while the lateral eyes
are large, destitute of pigment, and consist of simple
highly refracting lenses. In some parasitic species
only are the eyes entirely wanting. In Pleuromma
there is a supplementary eye, consisting of lenses
with black pigment matter, on one of the thoracic
segments.

The anterior antennce are usually large and conspicu-
ous organs, rising from hollows in the front of the
head on each side of the rostrum. They act in many
species (Calanidce, Cyclopidce) as very powerful swim-
ming organs, it being by their agency chiefly that these
animals propel themselves through the water; the

GENERAL ANATOMY. 7

motion is thus a succession of rapidly recurring jerks
corresponding with the separate sweeps of the antennas.
These organs vary greatly in length and in the cha-
racter of their setose armature. In the Harpactinidce,
as well as in most parasitic and semi-parasitic species,
the length of the anterior antenna falls short of, or at
any rate does not usually much exceed, that of the
first division of the body (carapace), while in the
Cyclopidce it often equals, or even exceeds, that of
the cephalothorax. In many Galanidce the length
of the antennae is still greater, not unfrequently
exceeding — sometimes very much exceeding — that of
the entire animal. There is, however, no instance of
this kind among British species, nor, so far as I know,
among any but distinctly pelagic forms. And it is
remarkable that, with this extreme length of the
antennae, there is usually asssociated a greatly in-
creased development of the apical lash of swimming-
set^ with which the organ is armed. Sometimes also,
as, notably, in the pelagic genus Euchceta, the mar-
ginal hairs, though few, become wonderfully long. The
antennas have, however, other important functions
besides those of locomotion ; some of the variously
formed setae with which they are in most cases largely
provided act, no doubt, as organs of special sensation—
the more simple hairs, perhaps, as tactile, the flattened
and club-shaped setae as olfactory organs. The flat-
tened, ensiform kind of appendage is seen on the
antennae of most of the Harpacticidce (e. g. Idyafurcata,
Plate LXVII, fig. 2 a), and the club-shaped form is seen
in great force in Isias clavipes (Plate VII, figs. 4, 5) as

8 BRITISH COPEPODA.

well as in other Calanidce ; these last-named organs are
always most largely developed in the males, and it is
not unlikely that they are subsidiary sexual organs, pos-
sibly endowed with a highly-developed sensuous faculty.
Besides the forms of antennal appendages here noted
other modifications exist, of which the special uses are
at present unknown.

The anterior antennas serve yet another essential
purpose, being adapted in the males as clasping organs ;
they, together with the fifth pair of feet, are in very
many species specially fashioned so as to insure a firm
grasp of the female. The number of joints found in the
anterior antennas varies from five or six in some semi-
parasitic species (Lichomolgus) and eight or nine in the
Harpacticidce, to twenty-four or twenty- five in the
Calanidce. In the females the antennas are always
alike on both sides of the body, but in the males
of many of the Calanidce the right antenna is modified
for the purpose of clasping ; while in all other non-
parasitic species the male antennas of both sides are
specialized for that purpose. In the semi-parasitic
Corycce-idce, Saphirinidce, &c., there is little or no
sexual difference in the anterior antennas, the clasping
function devolving on the posterior pair. The par-
ticular structural adaptations differ in different cases ;
in the Calanidce, as before stated, the right antenna
only is differentiated, the alteration consisting in one of
the joints not far from the apex being so articulated
as to form a hinge, by means of which the distal portion
of the limb can be flexed upon the basal portion.
Above and below the hinge the inner margins of the

GENERAL AXATOMY. 9

antennae are frequently armed with denticulated plates,
giving a firmer grasp. A very remarkable instance of
this structure exists in Gandace pectinata (Plate X,
fig. 2), also in the genera Centropages, Pontella, Para-
pontella, &c. ; other genera, such as Temora and
Diaptomus (Plate VI, fig. 7), are provided with one or
more strong spines in lieu of, or in addition to, the
denticulated plates. These spines are situated at
various points of the internal surface of the antenna
above the hinge-joint, and the limb itself is more or
less swollen in the same situation to give room for a
powerful flexor muscle. In the Pontellince this enlarge-
ment of the limb is excessive (Plate X A, fig. 2 ; Plate
XI, fig. 2). In the males of many Calanidce, however,
there is little or no difference of form between the
antennae of the two sides ; the difference is very slight
also in the Misophriidce. In most Cyclopidce there are
found differences of a kind similar to those already
described, but affecting equally both right and left
antenna (Plate XVII, fig. 5 ; Plate XXII, fig. 16) ;
there are here no denticulated plates and few spines,
but the limb is distinctly geniculated near the base as
well as near the apex, and the articulations of the
terminal segments are likewise very mobile. Amongst
the Notodelphyidce the structure of the male antennas
is somewhat similar to that of the Cyclopidce, but by
no means so well marked. In the Harpadicidce, where
the anterior antenna are very much smaller in com-
parison with the size of the animal, the hingement of
the male organ is not quite so obvious, though still
sometimes quite of Cyclopid type (Cantlwcamptus

10 BRITISH COPEPODA.

minutus, Plate XLIV, fig. 3 ; Eobertsonia tennis, Plate
XLI, fig. 3) ; the apex is, however, often strongly
clawed (Longipedia, Plate XXXIV, fig. 2 ; Euterpe,
Plate XL, fig. 2 ; Tachidius, Plate XXXVII, fig. 3,
&c.), and very frequently the two or three joints at the
proximal side of the claw are coalescent and greatly
enlarged, forming a pyriform or subglobose swelling
for the reception of strong muscular bands ; examples
of this structure are seen in the genera Tachidius
(Plate XXXVII, fig. 3), Harpacticus (Plate LXIV,
figs. 2, 13), Jonesiella (Plate XL VIII, fig. 3), and in
many others. The spinous and setose armature of the
antennae is, as a general rule, more profuse in the
males of all families ; a good illustration of this cha-
racter is seen in the case of Longipedia (Plate XXXIV,
figs. 2, 3). In Pcecilostoma and Siphonostoma the
sexual distinctions of the anterior antennas are not
strongly marked, consisting chiefly of imperfect hinge-
ments or contractions of the articulating surfaces
between various joints of the male organ.

The posterior or second pair of antennce are generally
much smaller than the anterior pair, and consist in
most cases of two branches ; they seem to be used
both as swimming and prehensile organs, and in para-
sitic and semi-parasitic species are specialized for
prehension much more decidedly than the anterior
pair. The main branch consists usually of three or
four joints, to the basal or second joint of which is
attached a " secondary" or " inner" branch of smaller
size, and composed of one or several joints. This
branch is in some cases altogether absent ; in others

GENERAL ANATOMY. 11

it is equal in size to the primary branch, and may be
numerously jointed (Longipedia, Calanidce, Misoph-
riidce). In Cyclopida} the secondary branch is want-
ing, and in most of the Harpacticidce it is reduced to
small dimensions or, in some few cases, is quite absent.
The limb is generally curvate, dilated at the apex, and
provided with numerous curved or geniculated setse at
the extremities and over the margins of both branches.
In the PcBcilostoma and Siphonostoma it consists of
only one branch, which in the male of the Corycceidce
(Plate LXXXIII, figs. 13, 14) is powerfully clawed,
and is used chiefly as a prehensile and clasping
organ.

The mandible consists, in its fully developed form,
of a masticating portion and a " palp ;" the first-named
division is in the form of an elongated, more or less
triangular plate, dilated at the distal extremity and
cut up into a variable number of tooth-like processes,
these being sometimes only slight serrations, some-
times large and powerful. The palp is variously
formed ; in the Calanidce, most of the Harpacticidce,
and in many Cyclopidce, it is composed usually of a
large basal joint, from which spring one or two
small setif erous branches ; these branches are generally
1- or 2-jointed, but may be absent altogether. In the
sub-families Porcellidiince and Idyince the setiferous
portions of the organ are very largely developed, form-
ing large laminated appendages, which are fringed
with densely ciliated filaments (Plate LXVIII, fig. 4 ;
Plate LXIX, fig. 11). In the genus Cyclops, while
the biting part of the mandible is well developed,

12 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the palp is atrophied, and is represented only
by two or three ciliated setee. In the Corycceidcv
the mandible is small and weak, its palp obsolete
or reduced to very small dimensions, while in some
Siphonostoma* the mandible itself is converted into
a long and slender piercing style, which is enclosed
in a tube resembling considerably the antlia of Lepi-
dopterous insects, and composed of prolongations
of the upper and lower lip (Plate XCIII, fig. 3) ;
in Cyclopicera, however (a genus here included
amongst Siphonostoma), there is an intermediate
condition of things ; the mandible is very much elon-
gated, slender, and finely toothed at the apex, being,
in fact, almost stylet-shaped, but not enclosed in any
sheath; the palp, also, is quite rudimentary (Plate
LXXXIX, fig. 4).

The maxillce are small appendages, composed of a
chewing portion, which is divided at the apex into
numerous rather long and slender curved teeth, and
of a complex, lobed, and setiferous palp, which
frequently has filamentous appendages, possibly of a
branchial character. In Cyclops the maxillae are very
small in all their parts ; in the Calanidce, on the
contrary, they are largely developed and possess
numerous plumose filaments (Plate I, fig. 5) ; in the
Notodelphyidce, also, the filamentous appendages are
large (e.g. Plate XXIX, fig. 5). The Harpacticidce

* The Pomologies of the mouth-organs in this group have been dis-
cussed by Glaus, Thorell, Buchholz, and others. The subject is not
without difficulty, and is treated under the description of the Siphono-
stoma (p. 26) at greater length than would be suitable in this prefatory
notice.

GENERAL ANATOMY. 13

have the maxillas very small, but numerously divided ;
there is usually a chewing portion pretty strongly
toothed, and a palp which is divided into two or
three setiferous digits, and has likewise two lateral
(? branchial) offshoots (Plate LYII, fig. 2, Plate LX,
fig. 6, Plate LXII, fig. 5, &c.), but this arrangement
is subject to endless variation as to the number and
development of the various parts. In parasitic species
the maxillae, though usually present, are often atro-
phied, and in the semi-parasitic forms belonging to
the groups Pcecilostcma and Siphonostoma, are ex-
tremely minute, and sometimes attached to the base
of the mandibles.

The anterior and posterior foot-jaws (which are in
reality only the exo- and endo-podites of a single
somitic appendage) do not present features requiring
any lengthened description. They are in all cases
adapted for prehension. In the Calanidce, Cyclopidce,
and Notodelphyidce, the two pairs are not very dissimilar
in structure, consisting generally of from four to six
joints, which are in most cases marginally produced
into digitiform or wart-like eminences on their inner
side, and are more or less densely setiferous. In the
Harpacticidce, while the first foot-jaw is like those of
the preceding families, the second is usually in the
form of a strongly-clawed hand, and in some sub-
families (Tdyince, &c.) both pairs assume this cha-
racter; such, also, is the case in the semi-parasitic
Pcecilostoma and Siphonostoma. The subfamily Longi-
pediince, unlike the rest of the Harpacticidce, has the
posterior foot-jaw destitute of a clawed hand, those

14 BRITISH COPEPODA.

organs in Ectinosoma being excessively slender, and
almost linear in form.

THE APPENDAGES OF THE THOEAX are, in their simplest
form, five pairs of swimming-feet, each foot consisting
of a 2-jointed base and two 3-jointed branches, but the
number of joints, though never exceeding three, is
within that limit, subject to a good deal of variation.
The second, third, and fourth pairs are in almost all
cases constructed as simple swimming-feet, without any
other function, but the first pair, not unfrequently (as
in most Harpacticidce) has one of its branches con-
verted into a clawed prehensile limb, and the fifth
pair shows very extensive modification in almost every
case, often differing very considerably in the two
sexes, and sometimes being very much reduced in
size, or even altogether wanting. Though, as has
been already said, the second, third, and fourth pairs
of feet are constructed simply as swimming organs,
and present no peculiarities of form, there are some
exceptions to that statement. In Metridia armata the
inner branch of the second foot in the male has a very
remarkably excavated notch with spinous margin
(PI. LVI, fig. 20 &), and some foreign species, belong-
ing, probably, to two distinct genera, Metridia and
Undina, exhibit a similar structure,* sometimes in both
sexes. Again, in the genus Harpacticus the inner
branch of the second foot of the male has the middle
joint produced downwards into a strong spine, which
varies in character according to species, but, in some

* These species will be described in the ' Report on the Copepoda '
taken during the voyage of H. M.S. " Challenger."

GENERAL ANATOMY. 15

shape or other, is always present (PI. LXIV, figs. 7,
16; PI. LXV, fig. 11). The third foot of the male in
the same genus is sometimes (perhaps not always) con-
verted into a clasping organ, the outer branch being
bent across the inner and having its last joint armed
with several strong spines (PI. LXIV, fig. 20). In the
Calanidce and Misophriidce the fifth pair of the male is
usually specially adapted as a clasping organ, the limb of
one or both sides being reduced to a single branch, and
provided with an armature of spines or hooks, which
either entirely supersedes the swimming function, as
in Temora, or is superadded, as in Centropages; but in
other genera belonging to these families the sexual
alteration of the limb is not very great (Calanus).
Some pelagic genera, which are not represented in the
British seas (Euchceta, Undina}, though possessing in
the male a strongly developed prehensile fifth foot,
have in the female only four pairs of simple swimming-
feet. In Undina the male fifth foot is remarkably
long and very fantastic in shape, reaching sometimes
even beyond the extremity of the caudal segments.
The organ may not unfrequently be seen with sperma-
tophores adherent to its apex,* and is possibly used as
the means of conveying these bodies to the vulva of
the female. f It is remarkable, too, that in species so
constituted (especially in Undina Darwinii, Lubbock)
the spermatophores are very commonly found affixed
in a futile manner to the back of the thoracic rings of

* A similar condition is figured by Dr. Claus in the case of Euchata
prestandrece (' Die frei lebenden Copepoden,' pi. xxx, fig. 9).

f A similar function is performed by tbe maxillary palps (chela?) of
male spiders and by the hectocotylised arms of some cuttle-fishes.

16 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the female. In the Cyclopidce and Notodelphyidce the
fifth feet are usually rudimentary and alike in both
sexes, and in the HarpacticidcR they take the form of
small, marginally setose, foliated expansions, slightly
different in the two sexes, but generally larger in the
female, in which sex they serve sometimes as a
covering and support for the external ovisacs. In
the semi-parasitic groups these organs are generally
small, 1- or 2-jointed, and alike in both sexes.

THE NEEVOUS SYSTEM of the Copepoda is described as
consisting of a brain, which gives off various sensory
nerves, a sub-oesophageal ganglion, and a ventral
nerve cord, on which are situated ganglionic enlarge-
ments ; the antennary nerves are also thickened,
forming ganglionic rings.

From an investigation of the nervous system of
Cyclops, Mr. Marcus M. Hartog, F.L.S., of Owen's
College, Manchester, has recently made out some
other points which he kindly allows me to insert
here. The most important of these are, that " gangli-
onic swellings are found near the terminations of all
sensory nerve fibres ; that the ventral nerve cord
gives off at the end of the third segment of the body
a pair of superficial cutaneous nerves, and at the
fourth segment two pairs, one to the rudimentary
fifth legs and another to two ventral muscles which
rise from the sternal portion of the fifth segment.
In the first abdominal segment is the fork described
by Glaus and Leydig, but this takes its origin from
the superficial (ventral) aspect of the cord which is
continued onwards under the colleterial gland. After

GENERAL ANATOMY. 17

running obliquely outwards each branch of the fork
subdivides into two, an anterior and a posterior
branch, both sensory. At the commencement of the
third abdominal segment the ventral cord forks, its
branches diverge slightly in this segment, but more
in the next, rising to the sides of the intestine, and
having the ventral muscles of this segment superficial
to them. In the last segment they have left the
intestine and run about the horizontal median plane
straight into the axis of either branch of the f urea.

" The ventral cord in Cyclops is not differentiated
into distinct ganglia up to the second free (third)
thoracic segment : beyond this is an enlargement con-
taining ganglion cells at the posterior end of the
fourth, and another (very small) in the last thoracic
segment."

THE ORGANS OF SENSE, so far as they exist in the
tactile and olfactory rods of the antenna?, have already
received brief notice. Mr. Hartog has recently de-
scribed certain vesicles in the frontal region of Cyclops,
and others attached to the bases of the fifth pair of
feet and seated on a ganglionic enlargement of the
nerve supplying the feet, which vesicles he believes to
be auditory organs. In the male they contain one
or more highly refracting bodies floating freely in the
interior. Claus found a pair of these vesicles in the
brain of Calanella, and has figured them in * Die frei
lebenden Copepoden ' (plate vii, fig. 9).

THE DIGESTIVE CANAL has a short, straight gullet, a
large stomach, often with two ca3cal tubes, and an
intestine opening on the dorsal aspect of the last (or

VOL. in. B

18 BE1TTSH COI'EPODA.

last but one ?) abdominal segment. The hinder por-
tion of the alimentary canal is perhaps also uriniferous,
but there exist near the bases of the foot-jaws other
glandular organs, which may have a renal function.
In the males of parasitic Copepoda the digestive canal
disappears entirely.

RESPIRATION. — If we are right in assigning to certain
appendages of the mouth-apparatus (to which refer-
ence has been already made; see pp. 10, 11 *) a branchial
function, then we cannot altogether assent to the
commonly - received belief that respiration in the
Copepoda is carried on entirely by the dermic and
intestinal surfaces of the body, without the interven-
tion of any specialized respiratory apparatus. A sub-
rhythmic contraction of the hinder extremity of the
gut has, however, been noticed by Mr. Hartog in
several Copepoda (Cyclops, Diaptomus, Canthocamp-
tus), and by several observers in other Crustacea (e. g.
Astacus, Limnadia, Daphma) : this is, no doubt, a
respiratory movement.

CIRCULATION. — In many Copepoda no special circu-
latory organs have been found ; but in some there is
a tubular heart, situated in the last thoracic segment,
which drives forward the blood by a short vessel to
the brain and anterior parts of the body, the blood

* There can be no doubt that these setiferous plates are homologous
with the structures called in the Ostracoda branchial lamince by G. O. Sars.
But they do not appear to have any special internal circulation of the
vital fluids, and if their function be branchial, they must act only by
propelling waves of aerated water over the neighbouring surfaces. It
is, pei'haps, on the whole, most probable that the currents produced by
these ciliated appendages are subsidiary to nutrition rather than to
respiration.

GENERAL ANATOMY. 19

then passing through lacunae scattered throughout the
tissues of the animal, and finding its way back to the
heart, which it enters by slits in the walls of that
organ.

REPRODUCTION. — The sexes in the Copepoda are always
separate, sexual differences showing themselves even
externally in the form and structure of the body ; in
some, especially in parasitic species, the dimorphism
is most remarkable, the male becoming little more
than a motionless sperm-sac attached to the body of
the female ; but in the species which come within the
scope of this memoir the males are usually smaller,
more active, and less numerous than the females, the
chief external distinctions being found in the almost
constant conversion of the anterior antennae — less
constantly of the fifth pair of feet, and occasionally
also of the posterior antennas and foot-jaws — into
clasping organs. The ovaries and testes are placed in
the middle or in the sides of the cephalothorax, com-
municate with accessory glands, and have efferent
canals, which open by distinct apertures on the sides
of the first (or conjoined first and second) abdominal
somites. The efferent canal of the ovary may be
simple, or may give off laterally a number of pouches,
which hold the eggs (Corycceidce), while in some para-
sitic species it forms several terminal coils, in which the
eggs are detained; in the Notodelphyidce the duct is
converted into a large dorsal pouch or pseudo-uterus,
covered only by the integument, in which organs the
ova undergo partial development. In the free Cope-
poda, however, the ova pass at once into two (often coa-

20 BRITISH COPEPODA.

lescent) external ovisacs attached to the first abdominal
segment the coating of the ovisac being formed by the
secretion of a special gland, situated near the termina-
tion of the efferent duct, an enlargement of which
forms in many cases a " receptaculum seminis." In
the males the free-living forms have a simple testis ;
many of the parasitic and semi-parasitic (Corycceidce,
Sapphirinidce) a double testis, with two distinct vasa
deferentia, the right duct being sometimes atrophied.
In the coiled portion of the duct are formed the
spermatophores — masses of spermatozoids enclosed
in a capsule of hardened mucus, and usually fusi-
form or club-shaped. During copulation the male
affixes one or more of these bodies near the vulvar
aperture of the female, the contents passing into the
receptaculum seminis, and fertilizing the ova either in
the interior of the body or during their passage into
the ovisacs. In some cases the seminal fluid appears
to be inserted directly into the vulva without the
intervention of a spermatophore.

THE DEVELOPMENT of the free Copepoda from the
moment of rupture of the ovum to the attainment of
matured form presents a complex series of metamor-
phoses. The parasitic species present some of the
best marked examples of " retrograde development"
to be found in the whole animal kingdom, but these
do not come within the limits of our present subject.
The form of the young Copepod on its escape from
the egg is that known as NaupUus, having been de-
scribed by Muller under that name before its relation
to the Copepoda was known. The larva in this

GENERAL ANATOMY. 21

stage is oval, has a single frontal eye, three pairs of
limbs arranged round the mouth, and no frontal
appendages ; the mouth-organs proper are entirely
absent, and the posterior part of the body has no
appendages except a couple of setae in the neighbour-
hood of the anus. The anterior portion of the body
is equivalent to the three anterior cephalic somites,
its three pairs of limbs becoming eventually antennae
and mandibles. At the first moult the body becomes
elongated and new limbs appear in the following
order : — a fourth and fifth pair representing respec-
tively the maxillae and foot-jaws ; a sixth and seventh
which become the two anterior pairs of swimming-
feet. At this stage the larva still resembles a
Nauplius, and does not take on a Cyclopoid appear-
ance until after the next moult.* It then resembles
more closely the adult Cyclops as to the antennae and
mouth-organs, but the number of limbs and somites is
smaller ; the body in this condition is composed of an
oval cephalothorax, three thoracic and one long
terminal segment, which in succeeding moults be-
comes forked. In the Cyclopidce the posterior
antennae and the mandibles lose their accessory
branches, but in other families these parts are usually
retained. All the free, and many of the parasitic
species pass through a further series of moults, in the
course of which the still-wanting limbs and body-
segments appear, the limbs attaining, by successive

* In some Nauplii, if not in all, the terminal part of the intestine is
subglobular, and contracts periodically like the " contractile vesicle "
of a Rotifer.

22 BRITISH COPEPODA.

steps, their full number of joints and perfect develop-
ment.* Those parasites which miss the Nauplius
stage are hatched in Cyclops-form ; many of the
retrogressive species become fixed to some animal,
segmentation is lost, limbs and eyes disappear or
become atrophied ; the males, often dwarfed, being
permanently fixed near the sexual apertures of the
female.

* For details of this process in the genus Cyclops, see vol. i, p. 100.

NOTE.

CHANGE OF GENERIC NAMES.

The generic name LopJwphorus (vol. i, p. 121),
having been previously used to designate a genus of
Phasianidse, must be withdrawn. I therefore propose
to substitute the word Pterinopsyllus

Cylindrosoma (in Table of Genera, vol. i, p. 31) is
for a like reason discarded for Cylindropsyllus, and
Solenostoma (loc. cit.} for Acontiophorus.

BEITISH COPEPODA.

Section II. — PCECILOSTOMA, Thorell.*

THORELL'S division of the Copepoda into three groups,
G-nathostoma, Poecilostoma, and Siphonostoma, the
distinctions between which are found in the characters
of the mouth-organs, is disapproved by Glaus and some
other authors, chiefly, as I understand them, on the
ground of the gradual lapse of one series into the
other rendering it impossible to draw perfect lines of
demarcation, but partly, also, on the ground of a
difference of interpretation of the homologies of some
of the appendages. While differing from M. Thorell
as to the nature of some of these organs, I myself
think that his proposed division is a very natural
one, the three groups presenting characters which,
though differing in degree in various species, do point,
on the whole, to habits of life very remarkably
different, and deserving of expression in any natural
classification.

The three groups are denned by M. Thorell as
follows :

Series 1. GNATHOSTOMA.

Os mandibulis duabus libens tribusque paribus
maxillarum instructum, siphone nullo.

* See p. 31, vol. i.

26 BRITISH COFEPODA.

Series 2. PGEOTLOSTOMA.

Os mandibulis et siphone carens, maxillarum paribus
3 — 1 ( — 0) instructum.

Series 3. SIPHONOSTOMA.

Os in siphonem, mandibulas 2 plerumque inclu-
dentem, productum, et maxillarum paribus 3 — 0 in-
structum.

As regards the debateable anatomical points, it may
be useful if I quote, in the first place, some remarks
of M. Thorell, taken from a letter which he was good
enough to address to me some few years ago — before
the publication of Dr. Claus's 'Neue Beitrage zur
Kenntniss parasitischer Copepoden.' M. Thorell writes
as follows : — " You know, of course, that I have pro-
posed to divide the Copepoda into three parallel series,
Grnathostoma, Poecilostoma, and Siphonostoma, and
that I consider the Poecilostoma to be characterized
by having the parts of the mouth free, and formed
for stinging or licking, as also by the mandible being
absent. This view of the oral apparatus of the Psecil-
ostoma has been accepted by Claparede and a few
others, but it is not admitted by, for instance, Glaus,
who considers that the Poecilostoma have true man-
dibles, and who rejects the subdivision proposed by me.
The reasons which induced me to believe that the
Paacilostoma were destitute of mandibles, and that
what Glaus calls mandibles are the true maxillge, and
that his maxillas are maxillar-palpi, were — first, that
the " mandibles " are always placed far more back-
wards than the true mandibles of the Gnathostoma;

P(ECILOSTOMA. 27

secondly, that I sometimes, as, for instance, in Licho-
molgus albens, found a small longitudinal, semi-pipe-
formed depression or groove exactly at the place where
the sipho of, for instance, Dyspontius and Ascomyzon is
inserted, and which I therefore considered to indicate
the place where the sipho and mandibles ought to be
found if any mandibles existed ; and thirdly and chiefly,
that sometimes, as in the genus Lichomolgus, the so-
called ' maxillae ' are fixed on the ' mandibles ' (quite
as an ordinary palpus is fixed on a mandible or a
maxilla), and directed from the oral aperture, a cir-
cumstance with which I could find nothing analogous
in the class Crustacea, supposing Glaus' ' mandibles '
really to be mandibles."

The greatest difficulty which besets the discussion
of this question is the minuteness of the mouth-organs
in these animals, and the liability to displacement or
mutilation of the various parts in conducting a dissec-
tion, so that the organs of one and the same species
will often present very different appearances in differ-
ent preparations of the animal. There can be no
doubt, however, that the fact so strongly insisted on
by M. Thorell, — that of the coalescence, in Lichomolgus,
of the maxilla and mandible (or maxilla and palp) — does
really exist : the question remains, What is this palp-
like organ ? In appearance it is not unlike the poorly-
developed mandible- or maxilla-palp of many Grnathos-
toma, but it is also much like a single branch of such
a maxilla as we find in the genus Cyclopicera or Arto-
trogus, so that not much can be learned by comparison
of structure only. The point next to be considered is

28 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the nature of the appendages, — by Thorell called the
first pair of maxillae, by Glaus the mandibles, — to which
the palp-like organ is attached.

In considering this question we shall do well to
take a somewhat wider survey than merely of the
order Copepoda. Among the nearly related order
Ostracoda, for the most part consisting of true
Gnathostomous Crustacea, we find a group, — including
chiefly the genus Paradoxostoma, — in which the mouth
is modified for suctorial purposes in a manner at once
reminding one of the siphonostomous Copepoda. In
Paradoxostoma the tubular mouth is formed by the
coalescence of the labrum and labium, and the man-
dible assumes the form of a stilet, having a very
slender filiform palp, the almost exact counterpart of
the same organs in A.contioplwrus , Cydopicera, &c. (see
PI. LXXXIX, fig. 4, and PL XC, fig. 4). There
can be no doubt, I think, that in the well-marked
siphonostomous Copepoda, such as Acontiophorus, Dys-
pontius, and Artotrogus (Ascomyzon), the tubular mouth
is formed, as in Paradoxostoma, by the union of the
upper and lower lips, and that the filiform organs lying
immediately by the side of the siphon (see PI. XC,
fig. 1 c, and PI. XCI, fig. 6 c c) are modified man-
dibles and palps; in Artotrogus, indeed (PL XCIII,
fig. 3 b &'), we find this stilet-shaped mandible dis-
tinctly toothed at its apex. In the genus Cydopicera,
of which I have fortunately collected and examined
many specimens with great care, all the mouth-
organs are largely developed; there is an unmistak-
able mandible with a well-developed palp, a distinct

PCECILOSTOMA. 29

2-branched maxilla, and a- stout proboscidiform suc-
torial mouth (PI. LXXXIX, figs. 4, 5, 6). And it can
scarcely be doubted that the two-branched organ
shown in Plate LXXXVII, fig. 10 (Acontiophoi*us
armatus), is homologous with the mandible and palp
of Cyclopicera nigripes represented in* Plate LXXXIX,
fig. 4, and of G. gracilicauda (Plate LXXXIII, fig. 3).
To recur to the genus Lichomolgus. If we examine
again the disputed organ (PI. LXXXV, figs. 4, 12,
PL LXXXVII, fig. 3, PL LXXXVIII, fig. 11) we shall
find that it bears a very strong structural resemblance
to those appendages of siphonostomous genera which
have just occupied our attention, and the mandibular
nature of which is, I think, pretty conclusively shown.
I have therefore little doubt that this organ in Licho-
molgus ought to pass for a mandible, and inasmuch as
the mandibular palp amongst the Siphonostoma is
sometimes nearly or quite suppressed, but the maxilla
never, and, moreover, as when the mandible-palp does
exist it assumes a form totally different from the palp-
like appendage of the mandible of Lichomolgus; for
these reasons I am. disposed to regard this appendage
as a rudimentary maxilla. The opinion is confirmed
by a comparison of the maxilla of Gorycceus, which is
connected with the mandible in a manner very like
that of the supposed maxilla of Lichomolgus to its
mandible (see Plate LXXXIV, fig. 10).

30 BRITISH COPEPODA.

[Genus CYLINDROPSYLLUS, nov. gen.

Animal cylindrical, much elongated ; head united
with the thorax and having a sharp rostrum ; abdomen
4-jointed, as wide as the thorax, and not distinctly
separated from it. Anterior antennas short, 5-jointed ;
posterior 2-jointed, destitute of a secondary branch.
Posterior (?) foot-jaw small, provided with an apical
curved spine and several marginal setas (rest of the
mouth-organs unknown). First four pairs of swim-
ming-feet having the outer branch B-, the inner 2-
jointed; branches of the first pair very short and
nearly equal ; inner branch of the second, third,
and fourth pairs very short ; fifth pair rudimentary,
1 -jointed, foliaceous.

In the Table of Classification (vol. i, p. 31) this
genus is given as Cylindrosoma ; which name, however,
being already in use, is here altered to Cylindropsyllus.
Though given in the table amongst Harpacticidse, it
more probably belongs to the Pcscilostoma. For the
present I content myself simply with a description of
the species, without attempting to assign it to any
recognised family.

1. CYLINDROPSYLLUS LMVIS, nov. sp. PI. LXXXIV, figs.

1—8.

Animal of equal width throughout, the abdomen
being as wide as the cephalothorax and not separated
from it by any constriction; first body-segments as

31

long as the two next following ; rostrum as long as
the first joint of the anterior antenna ; abdomen equal
in length to the cephalothorax, and composed of four
nearly equal joints. Anterior antenna (fig. 2) about
as long as the first segment of the body, 5- jointed,
joints nearly equal in length, except the fourth, which
is much shorter than the rest; posterior antenna 2-
jointed, the last joint bearing about eight apical seise.
First pair of feet short; second and third (fig. 5)
longer ; fourth (fig. 6) rather longer than the third ;
the external branches of the second and third pairs
bear long and slender marginal spines, but those of the
fourth are very weak and small. The fifth pair
(fig. 7) consists of one small subquadrate joint, which
is fringed distally with five or six rather long seta?.
The caudal segments are very small, about twice as
long as broad, but scarcely more than one fourth the
length of the last abdominal somite; the tail-setas
(fig. 8) are three, two very short and one of consider-
able length, the latter being sharply geniculated above
the middle, and equalling in length the last three abdo-
minal segments. Length -rgth of an inch (1'4 mm.).

One specimen only of this remarkable Copepod has
come under my notice. It was dredged off Hartlepool,
in a depth of five fathoms, amongst muddy sand.
Without more knowledge of the mouth-apparatus, it
is impossible to assign to the species more than a
provisional place, but it seems to me not unlikely that
it may be found to be of parasitic or semi-parasitic
habits. It is very similar, in general character, to the
genus Ophthalmopachus, Hesse.]

32 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Family 7. COEYC^ID^;, Thorell.

Body composed of eleven or twelve segments,
elongated or subpyriform ; abdomen elongated, much
narrower than the cephalothorax ; head usually anchy-
losed with the first thoracic segment. Anterior
antennae alike in both sexes, 5 — 7-jointed ; posterior
simple, 3- or 4-jointed, forming a prehensile hand,
which is armed at the apex with a claw. Mouth-
organs (except the second pair of foot-jaws) minute,
and destitute, or nearly so, of palps. Posterior foot-
jaw forming a prehensile organ, and, in the male,
powerfully clawed. First four pairs of feet alike or
nearly so, and adapted for swimming, 2-branched.
Fifth pair of feet rudimentary, alike in both sexes,
seldom altogether absent. Heart wanting. In addi-
tion to the small median eye, there are usually two
large lateral eyes, each composed of a single lens.
The sexual organs, in both male and female, are
double and symmetrical. Ovisacs usually two.

The British genera belonging to this family are
Corycceus, and Monstrilla.

Genus 1. CORYG^EUS, Dana (1845).

(Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pkiladelph.)

Body elongated, subcylindrical; abdomen 2-jointed,
penultimate segment of the cephalothorax produced
ventrally into two hook-like processes (PL LXXXIV,

CORYOEUS. 33

fig. 14 a, and PI. LXXXIII, fig. 11 a a). Anterior
antennae 6-jointed, short; posterior uncinate, power-
fully prehensile, terminal claw much longer in the
male than in the female. Mandibles (PI. LXXXIY,
fig. 10) slender, divided into two apical teeth (a), and
bearing a minute setiferous palp (6) ; maxilla (fig.
lOc) composed of a single lamina, which bears several
marginal Iacinia3, and near the middle a crescentic
row of small setse (see also PI. LXXXIV, fig. 9). First
pair of foot-jaws short and stout, alike in both sexes,
apex produced into a stout hook-like spine, inner
margin bearing several setas (fig. 11). Posterior
foot-jaws elongated, 3-jointed, forming a strongly
uncinate prehensile hand (PL LXXXI, figs, 16, 17),
the claw very much larger in the male. First, second,
and third pairs of feet having both branches 3-jointed,
(PI. LXXXIY, fig. 12) ; inner branch of the fourth pair
(fig. 13) rudimentary, 1 -jointed; fifth pair (PI. LXXXI,
fig. 18), rudimentary, composed of a single small
setiferous joint. Last joint of the cephalothorax
(PL LXXXIV, fig. 14 b) very small and partially over-
lapped by the penultimate joint. Frontal eyes two,
each composed of a single large, colourless, highly
refracting lens, situated near the bases of the anterior
antenna3. <f Conspicilla (lentes frontales) fere unita,
maxima ; oculus impar parvulus ; oculi superiores
remoti, corpori pigmentato styliformi, plus minusve
curvato " (Glaus).

Dana notes the absence of the basal appendages of
the abdomen (fifth pair of feet) as a character of the
genus ; these, however, though present in such species

VOL. in. c

34 BEITISH COPEPODA.

as have come under my notice,are very minute, and have
probabty on that account been overlooked. By Glaus,
the inner branches of the swimming-feet are stated
to consist of two joints only, but in our British species
three joints are distinctly present. The visual organs
I have had no opportunity of examining in fresh
specimens and must, therefore, accept as correct Dr.
Glaus' description which, briefly, is as follows : — The
frontal lenses are large and very convex, and approach
each other towards the median line ; much behind
these, in the lower portion of the cephalothorax, lie the
elongated rod-shaped pigment bodies, slightly curved
and converging towards their bases ; the median eye-
spot is single, as in Sapphwma, and in the case of C.
germanus (anglicus) shows a pigment-spot in the
form of a half x, and one (or two ?) crystalline lenses.

1. CouYCJEors ANGLICUS, Lulbock. PL LXXXI, figs.
16— 19, PI. LXXXIII,ngs. 11—15,
and PI. LXXXIY, figs. 10—14.

Corycceus anglicus, Lubbock. On Eight New Species of Ento-
raostraca found at Weymouth (Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd ser., vol. xx, pi. xi,
figs. 14 — 17, 1857). On some Oceanic
Entomostraca collected by Capt. Toynbee
(Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii), p. 182,
pi. xxix, figs. 10, 11 (1860).
— germanus, Leuckart. Carcinologiscbes, Archiv fur

Naturg., t. vi, fig. 9 (1859).
— Thorell. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Krus-

taceer, t. xi, xii, fig. 17 (1859).
Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 156,
t. ix, figs. 1 — 4; t. xxiv, figs. 5, 6;t. xxviii,
figs. 1—4 (1863).

COBYC^OS. 35

Anterior antennae (PL LXXXIII, fig. 12) 6-jointed,
robust, about one third as long as the first cephalo-
thoracic segment; fourth joint somewhat longer than
any of the rest; setae of moderate length. Posterior
antennas 3-jointed (PI. LXXXIII, figs. 13, 14), the
basal joint bearing two very strong spine-like setae
(a, a) ; the second joint in the male is elongated, sub-
quadrangular, has a hooked process (fig. 14 6) at the
distal angle of the inner margin, and a row of minute
serratures along the middle of the joint) (c) ; in the
female (fig. 13) the joint is ovate and destitute of
spines and teeth ; the last joint is short, slender, and
armed with two pairs of short lateral spines and a
large terminal uncinate claw, which in the male
reaches beyond the extremity of the basal joint. The
inner branches of the first three pairs of swimming-
feet (PI. LXXXIY, fig. 12) are 3-jointed, and only
about half as long as the outer branches ; the outer
branches are armed with strong lancet-shaped spines
on the outer margin, the last joint very long, bearing
two marginal and two apical spines, the latter being
long and marginally ciliated (PL LXXXI, fig. 19).
The basal portion (peduncle) of the fourth pair
(PL LXXXIY, fig. 13) is elongated and angularly bent,
and the inner branch consists of one small bisetose
joint; the fifth foot is rudimentary (PL LXXXI,
fig. 18), consisting of a single minute joint, to which
are attached two long slender setae. The penultimate
thoracic segment (PL LXXXIY, fig, 14) is produced
into a long hook-like angle (a} ; the first abdominal
segment has a small anterior hook at its base (c), and in

36 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the male is elongated and indistinctly biarticulate, but
in the female is undivided. The abdomen of the male,
including the tail-setse, is equal in length to the cepha-
lothorax ; the caudal segments (PL LXXXIII, fig. 15)
are not quite double the length of the last abdominal
segment, the length of both together being just equal
to that of the first elongated division of the abdomen ;
in the female, however, the caudal lamina are longer.
The tail-setas of the male are short and stout, the
innermost and longest being about half as long as the
abdomen, the other two successively shorter ; the
caudal segments have also on the outer edge, a little
removed from the apex, a short slender seta ; in the
female all the tail appendages are shorter and more
slender. Length -^th °f an inch (*9 mm.). The
colour of the animal is a clear glaucous green.

Sir John Lubbock first described this species from
specimens taken at Weymouth ; Dr. Glaus also de-
scribes it in his work on the c Copepoda of the Mediter-
ranean and North Sea,' but without giving the precise
locality. Captain Toynbee's specimens were taken in
two widely separate localities, viz. lat. 7° 15' N., long.
27° 52' W., and lat. 13° 43' S., long. 33° 55' W. For
the gatherings in which the specimens here described
were found I am indebted to my friend Mr. E. C.
Davison, but although the species occurred in several
places — all of them off the Atlantic shores — it was in
no case met with abundantly, and although I have
myself frequently used the surface-net in those districts
I never to my knowledge took a single example of
Corycceus. The following are the localities of Mr.

MONSTJRILLA. 37

Davison's captures : — Between Cornwall and Cape
Clear ; near Valentia, and ofl^bhe Skelligs ; Dingle Bay,
Kinsale and Yalentia Harbours. In most, if not all,
cases the gatherings were made by the tow-net.

Genus 2. MONSTRILLA, Dana (1848).

Body elongated, compressed. Posterior antenna?,
and all the masticatory mouth organs, wanting.
Branches of all the swimming-feet 3-jointed ; fifth
foot consisting of one biarticulate branch. Abdomen
of the female composed of three segments. Eye
large, and situated on the forehead.

1. MOKSTEILLA ANGLICA,

Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. On Eight New Species of Ento
mostraca taken at Weymouth (Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx, 2nd series, pi. x,

figs. 7, 8, 1857).

Of this Copepod I know nothing except from the
description referred to above, the specimen itself
being unfortunately lost or mislaid. The following is
Sir John Lubbock's description of the animal : —
" Frons quadrata, angulis rotundatis. Cephalothoracis
segmentum primum postice paullo latius. Antennas
5-articulatee, setis antenna brevioribus. Abdomen
4-articulatum, segmentis subasqualibus. Styli caudales
oblongi, divaricati, setis 6-suba3quis, diffusis.

38

BRITISH COPEPODA.

" This species differs considerably from M. viridis.
In the first place the cejJhalothorax is rather broadest
behind instead of in the middle, and the three posterior
segments are somewhat moniliform, so that their sides
do not form an even line. The abdomen is 4-jointed,
and the basal segment bears on each side a large
plumose hair, which passes backward and outward.
Upon the fourth caudal seta (counting from the out-
side) is another, rather smaller than the other five.
It is so close to the fourth seta that it might easily be
overlooked. For the sake of clearness, however, I
have in my figure separated them. Length of- cephalo-
thorax '037 of an inch, of abdomen -012, total '049 ;
of antenna '027. Caught at Weymouth, October,
1857."

SAPPHIRINID^. 39

The woodcut here given is copied from Sir John
Lubbock's drawings, and represents, in one figure, the
entire animal, in the other a more enlarged view of the
anterior antenna.

Family 8. SAPPHIRINID^;, Thorell.

Body composed of eleven or twelve segments, either
long or subovate, abdomen broad or subpyriform,
cephalothorax subovate ; much broader than the abdo-
men ; head usually coalescent with the first thoracic
segment. Anterior antennae composed of five to seven
joints ; posterior simple, armed at the apex with a claw
or several curved setae. Mandibles small, subulate,
with a tapering extremity, or divided into a few slender
teeth; maxilla composed of a single small setiferous
digit attached near the base of the mandible; first
pair of foot-jaws bearing a few spine-like setae at the
apex; second pair bearing a terminal claw, which is
much larger in the male than in the female. First
four pairs of feet 2-branched, each branch 3-jointed,
except sometimes in the case of the inner branch of
the fourth foot, which may be only 1- or 2-jointed ;
fifth pair small, usually 1- jointed, ovisacs two.
Animals either free or living in the body cavities of
various Tunicata.

The only British genus is Lichomolgus.

40 BRITISH COPEPODA.

Genus 1. LICHOMOLGUS, Thorell (1859).

(BoecJtia, Brady, Macrocheiron, Brady.)

Body elongated, 'subpyriform, composed, in the male,
of twelve, in the female, of eleven, segments ; cephalo-
thorax ovate ; the head large and coalescent with the
first thoracic segment ; abdomen slender, first and
second segments united in the female, separate in the
male. Anterior antennae 6- or 7- jointed, alike in both
sexes, posterior shorter, simple, 3- or 4-jointed, and
bearing at the apex a few curved setae. Mandible
forming a slender ciliated stilet, dilated at the base,
but excessively slender and filiform beyond the middle ;
no palp. Maxilla springing from near the base of the
mandible, composed of a digitiform process, which
bears a few small setae. First pair of foot-jaws 2-
jointed, basal joint large, apical joint slender and
armed with a few terminal and marginal setae, some of
which are spine-like ; second pair 2-jointed, robust, in
the female bearing three or four spine-like setae, in the
male a large uncinate apical claw. First four pairs of
feet having both branches 3-jointed, except the fourth,
which has the inner branch 1- or 2-jointed ; fifth pair
of feet small, 1 -jointed, rudimentary.

Animals living either free or in the branchial sacs of
various simple Ascidians.

LICHOMOLGUS. 41

1. LICHOMOLGUS FUCICOLUS, Brady. PI. LXXXV, figs.

1—11.

Macrocheiron fucicolum, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumber-
land and Durham, vol. iv, p. 434,
pi. xviii, figs. 9—18 (1872).

Lichomolgus fucicolus, Brady & Robertson. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 140 (1873).

Body elongated, first segment equal to more than
half the length of the cephalothorax, which tapers
gradually to its last joint ; the abdomen in both sexes
is composed of five joints (figs. 1, 10), but in the male
the first joint has its lower angles produced into two
short sharp spines, and is much enlarged both in
length and breadth, being as long as the rest of
the abdomen, including the caudal segments ; in
the female the first abdominal segment is formed
by the union, often imperfect, of the first and second
somites (the line of separation between the two being
quite visible in immature specimens), and, like that of
the male, is about equal in length to the remaining
half of the abdomen, the angles of the true first somite
at the line of junction being, however, smoothly
rounded off. Rostrum short and sharp ; anterior
antenna (fig. 2) slender, 7-jointed, nearly as long as
the first body segment, second, fourth, and fifth joints
longer than the rest, third joint shortest; the whole
limb beset at the apex and on the outer margin with
rather short slender hairs. Posterior antenna (fig. 3)

42 BRITISH COPEPODA.

3-jointed, bearing a few short marginal setae, and at
the apex of the third joint four long rigid setae and a
large falciform claw, which is denticulated on its
inner margin, and equal to half the length of the
antenna. The mandible (fig. 4 a) is small, pyriform,
dilated at the base, and produced into a long stilet-
shaped extremity, which is ciliated on both margins ;
the maxilla (fig. 4 &) forms a short digitiform process
attached near the base of the mandible, and bearing
four slender apical setae. Basal joint of the anterior
foot-jaw (fig. 5) large and stout, bearing a single
curved and ciliated seta (fig. 5 a) at the distal extre-
mity ; terminal joint (b) produced laterally into a
slender apical seta, and pectinated at the base with
fine teeth, which become gradually finer and more hair-
like towards the apex. Posterior foot-jaws 2-jointed,
the last joint in the female (fig. 6) short and broad,
bearing a short, robust, curved spine at the apex, and
on the margin two or three more slender spines ; in
the male (fig. 7) the second joint is elongated, oval,
bearing a fringe of hairs and a single stout curved
spine on the inner margin, and at the apex an ex-
tremely long falciform claw, the apex of which reaches
as far as the middle of the basal joint. The joints of
the inner branches of the swimming-feet are, in the first
three pairs, produced into short spines at the external
angles ; the marginal spines of the outer branches are,
as in other species of Liclwmolgus, lancet-shaped, the
central axis being bordered by an almost pellucid
membranous margin ; the fourth pair (fig. 9) has the
outer branch much elongated, the spines and setae

LICHOMOLGUS. 43

being proportionately long and slender ; the inner
branch 2-jointed, scarcely exceeding in length the
first joint of the outer branch, and bearing only two setae
at the apex of the second joint. Fifth pair of feet (fig.
10 a), alike in both sexes, composed of a single long
curved joint with two apical setse. The caudal seg-
ments are parallel, subcylindrical, about thrice as long
as broad, and equal in length to the last two abdominal
segments ; the setae are four on each segment, two
short, lateral or subapical, and two apical, which are
much longer, the innermost of the two being equal to
about two thirds the length of the abdomen; these
longer setae are jointed and suddenly constricted in
the middle. The colour of the animal is usually a deep
brown, but varies with habitat. Length of the male
-^g-th of an inch (1 mm.), of the female -^th of an inch
(1-3 mm.).

LicJiomolgus fucicolus inhabits chiefly the littoral
and Laminarian zones, but occurs not unfrequently in
greater depths ; it is a very well marked and, in the
British seas at least, a widely distributed species, as will
be evident from the following list of localities in which
I have taken it : — Amongst fuci, near low water-mark,
on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham (St.
Mary's Island and Ryhope), at the end of summer;
dredged four miles off Hawthorn and Marsden
(Durham), amongst rough shelly sand, in a depth of
about twenty-five fathoms; off the Yorkshire coast
near Scarborough, Robin Hood's Bay, and Red Cliff, in
depths of about thirty-five fathoms ; amongst weeds at
Clifden, Roundstone, and "Westport (Ireland) ; and in

BRITISH COPEPODA.

Lough Swilly, amongst muddy sand, from a depth of
eight fathoms.

This species is interesting as being an example of
an entirely free-living Lichomolgus, about whose usual
haunts there can be no doubt. I have not seen a
single specimen in any collection of ascidicolous
species, and from its usual dark brown colour and its
frequent occurrence on the fronds of fuci I think that
its nourishment is, in all probability derived either from
the juices of algaD, or from still more minute animals
living upon their fronds.

The differences between this and the typical forms
of Lichomolgus do not seem important enough to
warrant the retention of the generic term Macro-
cheiron, which I at one time applied to it. The
7- jointed anterior antenna is met with in some other
species (L. liber), while the long-clawed, 3-jointed,
posterior antenna may be accepted as of not more
than specific importance.

2. LICHOMOLGUS LI BEE, Brady and Robertson. PL

LXXXVI, figs. 1—13.

Lichomolgus liber, B. & B. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197 (1875).

In general appearance like the last species, but
somewhat more robust ; joints of the first pair of
antennae (fig. 2) stouter, the last joint much the
shortest, and only about one fourth as long as the
second ; third and sixth joints about once and a half

LICHOMOLGUS. 45

as long as the last. The basal portion of the man-
dibular stilet (fig. 4) bears a comb of fine tooth-like hairs
on its outer margin ; the marginal pectination of the
first foot-jaw (fig. 5) is of a finely setose character; the
second foot-jaw of the female (fig. 6) has a subpyriform
terminal spine; that of the male (fig. 7) has an elon-
gated subovate hand, which is fringed with short cilia
along the proximal half of its inner edge, and is armed
at the apex with a long falciform claw. The swimming-
feet are not very different from those of the preceding
species, except the fourth (fig. 10), which has its inner
branch uni-articulate, and as long as the first two joints
of the outer branch. The fifth foot (fig. 11) consists
of a single slender, subulate joint, to the base of which
is attached a stout seta, equal in length to the joint
itself. The abdomen of the female (fig. 12) consists
of five segments, the first and second being distinctly
separate ; in the male (fig. 13) the first segment is
much enlarged, and produced backwards into two
strong lateral spines ; all the joints in both sexes are
much broader than long ; the caudal segments are
about twice as long as broad, and equal in length to the
last abdominal somite ; terminal setaB five, subequal,
finely plumose, and about half as long as the abdomen.
Length -^nd of an inch (1*1 mm.).

I have notes of the occurrence of this species in
dredgings from Marsden and Hawthorn (Durham
coast), 20 — 27 fathoms; off Scarborough; off the
south end of the island of Bute, 16 fathoms ; and
amongst muddy sand, Lough Swilly, in a depth of
7 — 8 fathoms. As in the case of L. fucicolus,

46 BRITISH COPEPODA.

I do not know of its occurrence in the cavities of
Ascidians.

The distinctly divided first abdominal segment of
the females of this species, though unmistakeably
observed in all which I have dissected, may very
probably be a sign of immaturity, none of my
specimens having been found with ova ; and I suspect
also that the undivided inner branch of the fourth foot
may be explicable in the same way.

3. LICHOMOLGUS ARENICOLUS, Brady. PI. LXXXVII,

figs. 1—7.

Boeckia arenicola, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. iv, p 430 (1872).

Body elongated, subpyriform; anterior antenna)
about half as long as the first segment of the body,
6-jointed (fig. 2), second joint much the longest, third
less than one third as long, fourth, fifth, and sixth nearly
equal, and about two thirds thelengthof the second joint.
Mandibles (fig. 3) much like those of L. liber. Last joint
of the first pair of foot-jaws (fig. 4) armed with six
nearly equal marginal spines. Last joint of the second
foot-jaw forming, in the male (fig. 5), a broadly ovate
hand, roughened with numerous denticulations, and
bearing a long terminal falcate claw. The fifth foot
(fig. 7) is in the form of a long subclavate joint, bear-
ing on the broad truncate apex three setse, one of which
is short, the other two nearly as long as the limb itself ;

LICHOMOLGUS. 47

the outer margin has a long spine at a little distance
from the apex, and is fringed with closely-set cilia ;
the inner margin has, near the middle, a series of five
or six stout seta?. The abdomen is slender, the first
segment swollen, and twice as long as any of the rest,
second, third, and fourth segments about as long as
broad ; caudal laminaB longer than the last abdominal
segment, and about thrice as long as broad, bearing one
short seta about the middle of the outer margin, and
three at the apex, of which two are long and one very
short, the innermost about equal in length to the four
abdominal segments. The ovisacs of the female are
large and divergent, reaching nearly to the extremity
of the abdomen. Length -j^-th of an inch (1'9 mm.).

I have seen only three specimens of this species,
one of which was dredged off Battery Point, Cumbrae,
one off Robin Hood's Bay, in a depth of thirty fathoms,
and one off Seaton Carew (Durham), in four fathoms,
on a sandy bottom. There can be no doubt of its
specific distinctness, but various details of structure
remain yet to be worked out.

4. LICHOMOLGUS THORELLII, Brady and Robertson. PI.

LXXXVIII, figs. 1-9.

Lichomolgus Thorellii, B. & B. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197

(1875).

Anterior antennaB (fig. 1) 7-jointed, the last joint
very small, third about twice as long as the seventh.

48 BRITISH COPEPODA.

The maxilla (fig. 3) is bisetose ; the anterior foot-jaw
(fig. 4) has a broad basal and an attenuated apical
joint, which bears four stout terminal setae, and at the
base one long ciliated spine and two shorter spines.
The last joint of the posterior foot-jaw is in both sexes
short and broadly ovate, in the female bearing four
stout spines (fig. 5), in the male (fig. 6) a fringe of mar-
ginal setae and a long curved terminal claw. The
inner branch of the fourth foot (fig. 7) is 1-jointed,
stout, nearly as long as the entire outer branch, and
has a truncate extremity, from which spring two long
and stout spines, and which is produced into a sharp
tooth at the internal angles ; the margins densely and
finely ciliated. Fifth pair of feet uncinate, bisetose.
The abdomen of the female (fig. 8) is very slender, the
first joint considerably longer than the following three,
third joint very small, only about half as long as broad,
second joint twice as long as the third, fourth nearly
twice as long as the second. The tail-segments are
excessively long and narrow, equal in length to the
first abdominal somite, and about ten times as long as
broad ; the external margin bears one small seta near
its middle, and the apex four or five slender setse, one
of which is nearly as long as the entire abdomen
(tail -segments included), another about half as long,
the rest being quite small. The first abdominal
segment of the male (fig. 9) is as broad as long, trun-
cate behind, its posterior angles each bearing a stout
spine and two or three short setae ; the remaining four
segments are from side to side only about one third
the bulk of the first, otherwise they and the caudal

LICHOMOLGUS. 49

segments differ scarcely at all from those of the
female.

I have not met with this species except off the coasts
of Durham and Yorkshire, in which district I have
memoranda of its occurrence as follows :— Off Marsden,
twenty-five fathoms, amongst coarse, shelly sand, one
specimen only ; off Hawthorn, twenty-seven fathoms,
one specimen ; a few in a dredging, chiefly of Filagrana
implexa, in thirty-five fathoms, off Robin Hood's Bay.

5. LICHOMOLGUS FUBCILLATUS, Thorell. PL LXXXVIII,

figs. 10—14.

Lichomolgus furcillatus, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i ascidier, p. 74,
tab. xiii, fig. 20 (1859).

The anterior antennas (fig. 10) are 6-jointed, the
second joint once and a half as long as the third ;
third, fourth, and fifth equal; last joint less than one
half the size of the preceding. Mandibles (fig. 11)
very slender, and but slightly ciliated near the base.
Inner branch of the fourth foot 2-jointed. Fifth foot
(fig. 14 a), narrow, oblong, bearing two apical setaa.
First abdominal segment in the female nearly as long
as the three following segments ; second, third, and
fourth equal, not quite as long as broad ; caudal ap-
pendages twice as long as the last segment, and about
four times as long as broad, bearing one short seta
beyond the middle of the outer margin, also four apical
setae, two of which are short, and two long, the
VOL. in. D

50 BEITISH COPEPODA.

longest being in length about equal to the abdomen.
Length yg-th of an inch (1-5 mm.).

A few specimens only of this species have been
found, and though they differ in some respects from
those of L. furcillatus, as figured by Thorell, more
especially in the characters of the caudal segments and
the fifth pair of feet, the differences do not seem
sufficiently pronounced to warrant their separation
from that species. The British habitats are the fol-
lowing : — In the branchial sac of Corella parallelo-
gramma, Shetland (from specimens collected by the
Rev. A. M. Norman) ; taken in the tow-net in Round-
stone Bay and Westport Bay ; dredged in a depth of
7 — 8 fathoms, amongst muddy sand, in Lough Swilly ;
and in Mulroy Lough (Donegal), ten fathoms. Single
specimens only were found in each case.

6. LICHOMOLGUS FORFICULA, Thorell. PL LXXXV, figs.

12—16, and PL LXXXVI,
figs. 14—18.

Lichomolgus forficula, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i ascidier, p. 73,
tabs. 12, 13, fig. 19.

Anterior antenna (PL LXXXVI, fig. 14) 6-jointed,
first three joints of equal length, about thrice as long
as broad, fourth rather shorter, fifth half as long as
the third, sixth half as long as the fifth ; second and
third joints clothed with unusually long marginal
hairs. Posterior antennas 3-jointed, having two stout

LIOHOMOLGUS. 51

uncinate terminal claws in place of the usual brush of
setae. Mandible (PL LXXXV, fig. 12) densely clothed
at the base with long marginal setas, those of the outer
side the longest, and densely plumose ; maxilla digiti-
form, bisetose. Spines of the anterior foot-jaws long
and slender (PL LXXXVI, fig. 16), each bearing a
series of long setse on the external margin near the
base; last joint of the second foot-jaw, in the/emaZe,
short and broad (fig. 17), bearing a single short uncinate
claw; in the male (PL LXXXV, fig. 13) subovate,
and ending in one short and one very long falcate
claw. Inner branch of the fourth swimming-foot
(fig. 14) 2- jointed, first joint short and bearing a
single seta, second nearly twice as long, somewhat
pear-shaped, with a broad truncate apex, from which
spring two spine-like setse ; fifth foot consisting of a
single joint with two terminal setae. First abdominal
somite of the male (fig. 16) much swollen, rounded
below, the other segments all very short; caudal
appendages slender, jointed in the middle, as long as
the last five abdominal segments, terminal setae rudi-
mentary ; in the female (PL LXXXVI, fig. 18) the
second and fifth abdominal somites are much elongated,
and the first is scarcely at all tumid.

In the " Last Report of Dredging among the Shet-
land Isles," Mr. Norman records this species as having
been found in the " water passages and branchial sac
of Ascidia mentula." It occurs also in a collection of
Copepoda found by Mr. Norman in Ascidians dredged
at Oban and kindly sent to me by him for examina-
tion ; and I have myself found it amongst specimens

52 BRITISH COPEPODA.

dredged in a depth of ten fathoms, on a bottom chiefly
of nullipores, in Mulroy Lough, Donegal.

Section III.— SIPHONOSTOMA, Thorell.
Fam. 9. ARTOTROGID^E, nov. fam.

Body broad, depressed, rounded or subovate, com-
posed of 10—12 segments, first segment very large,
and composed of the coalescent cephalic and first
thoracic somites. Anterior antenna 9— 20-jointed,
alike, or nearly alike, in both sexes ; posterior short,
composed of three or four joints, sometimes bearing a
small 1-jointed secondary branch, and at the apex a claw
or a few curved setse. Mouth produced into a siphon
composed of the elongated labrum and labium ; man-
dibles stilet-shaped, simple or provided with a filiform
palp ; maxilla3 usually 2-branched and setiferous ;
first and second pairs of foot-jaws simple, prehensile,
clawed at the apex, 2— 4-jointed. First four pairs of
feet 2-branched (except the fourth pair of Dyspontius),
each branch 3-jointed. Fifth pair small and com-
posed of one or two joints, or altogether wanting.

Animals usually free, but sometimes living in the
cavities, or on the integument, of various marine Inver-

tebrata.

The British genera are Cyclopicera, Acontiophorus,

Artotrogus, and Dyspontius.

CYCLOPICERA. 53

Genus \. CYCLOPICERA, Brady (1872).

Ceplialotliorax broadly ovate ; abdomen and last
segment of thorax much narrower ; head united with
first segment of thorax ; abdomen of the male 4-, of the
female 3-jointed. Anterior antenna shorter than the
first somite, 19- or 20-jointed ; posterior 3-jointed,
and provided with a very small secondary branch.
Labrum and labium produced into a short and wide
suctorial mouth. Mandible stilet-shaped, and provided
with a simple filiform palp ; maxilla two branched, the
branches slender, digitiform, and setiferous at the apex.
Anterior foot-jaws 2-, posterior 4- jointed, nearly alike
in general shape and in size, strongly clawed and
adapted for prehension. First four pairs of feet short
and stout, both branches composed of three joints ;
fifth pair small, 2-jointed ; ovisacs two.

The many-jointed antennas, together with the very
well marked characters of the mandibles, maxilla^ and
foot-jaws, separate this genus at once, and very
decidedly, from the foregoing. It seems, indeed, to
occupy a position intermediate between Lichomolgus
and Acontiophorus, approaching the latter genus in the
characters of the antennas and swimming-feet, but
differing considerably as regards the mandibles and
the extent of development of the siphonal mouth.
From Artotrogus it differs only in the character of the
mandibles (the extremities of which show an approach

54 BRITISH COPEPODA.

to the ordinary toothed character, and are also pro-
vided with a palp), and in the less elongated suctorial
mouth. It may be doubted, however, whether further
examination may not show the propriety of uniting
both genera under Artotrogus (Ascomyzon, Lilljeborg).

1. CYCLOPICERA NIGRIPES, Brady and Robertson. PI.

LXXXIX, figs. 1—11.

Cyclopicera nigripes, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197 (1875).

Robust ; cephalothorax broadly ovate (fig. 1) ; abdo-
men short and stout, the first and second somites
having their posterior margins produced into sharp
lateral angles. Anterior antennas (fig. 2) composed of
nineteen joints, the first the largest, the second to the
ninth at least twice as broad as long, tenth to six-
teenth narrower, and about as broad as long, seven-
teenth and nineteenth fully twice as long as broad,
eighteenth about one third as long as the nineteenth ;
the first joint has at its apex a long sharp spine, the
other joints each bearing one or more very short setae,
besides which the ante-penultimate joint gives attach-
ment to a sword-shaped olfactory appendage, and the
last bears four or five long apical setae. First joint of
the posterior antennas (fig. 3) long, and bearing a
minute 1-jointed secondary branch; second joint
about half as long as the first; third still shorter,
bearing two small setae and a long, slender, curved
claw. Mandible (fig. 4) stout, stilet-shaped, almost

CYCLOPICERA. 55

imperceptibly serrated at the apex ; palp slender,
bearing one very long and one short terminal seta.
Maxilla (fig. 5) 2-branched, each branch elongated,
digitiform, simple, and armed apically with three long
and stout seta3. Anterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) 2-jointed,
and armed with a long doubly-curved claw; second
pair (fig. 8) longer, 3 -jointed, with a long and
slender falciform claw. First four pairs of feet (fig. 9)
short and stout, nearly equal in size, both branches
3-jointed; fifth pair (fig. 11 a, a) 2-jointed, the
terminal joint broadly ovate, bearing two marginal
spines and three apical seta3. First abdominal somite
in both sexes large, quadrangular, sharply emarginate
in the middle, and having its lateral angles produced
into sharp spines posteriorly; the second somite is
about half as long and similarly angulated, and so
also is the third in the male, though not in the female ;
the second and third somites in the male are equal in
length, but in the female the second is considerably
shorter ; the fourth somite in the male is short, being
about equal in length to the caudal segments, which
are stout, and a little longer than broad; terminal
seta3 four in the male, five in the female, finely
plumose, two about as long as the abdomen, the rest
short. Colour pale brown, the feet smoky black, a
character which at once distinguishes the animal
amongst others. Ovisacs two, large, nearly spherical,
and divergent. Length -^th of an inch (1*2 mm.).

This fine and very distinct species is generally dis-
tributed, but seems to occur in greatest abundance on
the north-east coast of England. I have notes of its

56 BRITISH COPEPODA.

occurrence in the following dredgings : — Off .Marsden
and Hawthorn (Durham), twenty-five to twenty-seven
fathoms, on rough sand ; three miles off Robin Hood's
Bay (Yorkshire), on rough sand, thirty fathoms ; five
miles off the same place, amongst shells and gravel,
thirty fathoms ; and under similar conditions off Red
Cliff", Staiths, and Scarborough, in the same district ;
in washings of Laminarice from Hillswick, Shetland
(Rev. A. M. Norman) ; dredged in the Firth of Clyde
off Callum's Hole (Bute) ; off Portincross (Ayrshire),
fifteen fathoms, and in Lough Swilly, seven fathoms ;
one or two specimens taken also off Sunderland in the
surface-net.

2. CYCLOPIOERA LATA, Brady. PI. LXXXIX, fig. 12 ;

and PI. XC, figs. 11—14

Cydopicera lata, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. iv, p. 433, pi. xviii, figs. 3 — 8
(1872).

Ascomyzon echinicola, Norman. Last Report of Dredging
among the Shetland Isles (Brit.
Assoc. Report, p. 300, 1868).

In the female the anterior antennae (PI. XC,
fig. 1 1) are 20-jointed, the last joint shorter than the
penultimate; in the male (fig. 12) 17- jointed, the
eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth, and the sixteenth
and seventeenth joints being confluent; the fifth foot
(PL LXXXIX, fig. 12) is small, 1- jointed, and has
two apical setas ; the first joint of the female abdomen
is rounded at the angles and fringed with a few short

CYCLOPICERA. 57

cilia on the middle of each margin ; caudal appendages
about as long as the last abdominal segment ; longest
seta? equal in length to the abdomen.

One specimen was found amongst alg86 in tidal pools
at Roker, near Sunderland ; and a few were dredged
in Lough S willy, in a depth of about eight fathoms,
amongst muddy sand. Found also by the Rev. A. M.
Norman upon Echinus esculentus in Shetland.

This does not differ very materially from G. nigripes,
except in the number of antennal joints and the cha-
racter of the fifth pair of feet and abdominal segments,
which are rounded and not at all angular. The
animal is also less robust and colourless. I am not at
all sure that it may not be an immature form of
Artotrogus (Ascomyzon) Lilljeborgii, the development of
which has not, as yet, been accurately observed.

Ascomyzon echinicola, Norman, while differing in
form of mouth and mandibles from the typical Asco-
myzon, seems to agree with Cyclopicera lata, so far as
I can make out from the type-specimens kindly lent
me by Mr. Norman. In this case, though the specific
name echinicola has the claim of priority, it is, I
think, inadmissible, the animal being certainly by no
means always, or even, perhaps, very commonly, para-
sitic on Echini. For the present, at any rate, it
seems to me best to consider the species identical
with C. lata, and to accept that name.

58 BEITISH COPEPODA.

3. CYOLOPICERA GRACILICAUDA, nov. sp. PI. LXXXIII,

figs. 1—10.

Anterior antennas (fig. 1), slender, 20-jointed, first
ten joints much shorter than broad, eighteenth and
twentieth joints the longest, being three or four times
as long as broad ; the whole limb is sparingly clothed
with slender setae on its outer margin ; the posterior
antenna (fig. 2) has one slender terminal claw, and a
minute secondary branch attached near the middle of
its first joint ; the extremity of the mandible is dis-
tinctly divided into teeth (fig. 3); fifth foot (fig. 10)
composed of two joints, the first of which is small and
has a small spine-like process at its distal angle, the
second curved, elongated, about five times as long as
broad, and bluntly serrated at the apex. Abdomen
slender, the first joint elongated ; caudal segments very
long and slender, length nearly equalling that of the
first two abdominal somites, and ten or twelve times
greater than the breadth ; the principal seta is about
as long as the abdomen.

A single specimen of this species was dredged in a
depth of thirty-five fathoms off Robin Hood's Bay,
Yorkshire.

ARTOTEOGUS. 59

Genus 2. ARTOTEOGUS, Boeck (1859).

(Artotrogus, Asterocheres, Boeck, Tvende nye parasitiske Krebsdyr, 1859.
Ascomyzon, Thorell, Om Krustaceer i Asoidier, 1859.)

Body broad, suborbicular or subpyriform ; cephalo-
thorax broadly ovate, composed of eleven somites, the
first of which is united with the head ; abdomen com-
posed of four segments, the first and second of which
are, in the female, coalescent. Anterior antenna com-
posed of nine, ten, or twenty joints, shorter than the
first body segment; posterior 4-jointed, bearing a
strong apical claw, unbranched or furnished with a
very small secondary branch. Mouth produced into a
siphon, which reaches near or beyond the hinder
margin of the first segment of the cephalothorax.
Mandible elongated, filiform, without a palp. Maxilla3
2-branched, setiferous at the apex. First and second
pairs of foot- jaws simple, bearing a strong apical claw,
first composed of two, second of four joints ; first four
pairs of feet having both branches 3 -jointed ; fifth pair
rudimentary, composed of one joint only. Animals
living in the branchial sacs of simple Ascidians or on
the integument of various marine Invertebrata.

The three genera, Ascomyzon, Thorell, Asterocheres,
and Artotrogus, Boeck, appear to differ in no essential
character. The smaller number of antennal joints
found in Artotrogus cannot be looked upon as a cha-
racter of generic importance, yet this, together with
the more rounded outline, is really the only definable

60 BRITISH COPEPODA.

distinction. With this view I have here discarded the
name Ascomyzon, which, though published in the same
year with Artotrogus, seems to have been a little later,
M. Boeck's pamphlet being referred to in M, Thorell's
work on the ' Crustacea inhabiting the Interior of
Ascidians.' Asterocheres is set aside as being generi-
cally synonymous with the less objectionable term
Artotrogus.

1. ARTOTROGUS BOEOKII, Brady. PL XCI, figs. 1 — 9.

Ascomyzon Lilljeborgii, Thorell, Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, p. 78,
tab. xiv, fig. 21 (1859).

Anterior antennae 20-jointed, exactly similar in struc-
ture to those of the preceding genus. Mandibles
simple, produced into a long filiform seta, and desti-
tute of a palp (PL XCI, fig. 3). Fifth pair of feet
ciliated on the margins, and bearing two apical setae.
First abdominal segment fringed below the middle on
each margin with a series of about ten short setae.
Caudal segments about as long as broad ; setee five,
the larger ones about as long as the abdomen and
finely plumose.

I know this species only from two or three speci-
mens taken in the surface-net, and amongst weeds, at
a depth of two fathoms, in Westport and Roundstone
Bays, Ireland. M. Thorell's specimens were obtained
from Ascidia parallelogramma, in which he states that
it frequently occurs. I have not myself seen any
examples taken from Ascidians.

ARTOTROGUS. 61

The specific name Lilljeborgii having been used by
M. Boeck (prior to the publication of Thorell's work)
to designate an Aster oclieres, which genus is, as I
think, identical with Artotrogus, I propose in this case
to substitute the word Boeckii for the unavoidably
disused Lilljeborgii.

Possibly the organs here called mandibles might
more properly be looked upon as palps only, in which
case the mandible proper is altogether absent. These
organs, whatever they are, are placed quite outside of
the base of the siphon, as is plainly shown in fig. 6,
and, except in A. magniceps, I have not found any
trace of a mandible included within the siphon itself.
Further research may show that the species here
asigned to Artotrogus include two distinct types of
structure as to the mouth organs, but I have not been
able to satisfy myself on this point, owing to lack of
specimens for dissection.

2. ARTOTROGUS MAGNICEPS, nov. sp. PL XCIII, figs.

1—9.

Artotrogus orbicularis, Brady and Robertson. Brit. Assoc.
Report, p. 197 (1875). (Not Arto-
trogus orbicularis, Boeck.)

First segment (fig. 1) equal in length to more than
half of the whole body, width equal to two thirds the
length of the body ; second, third, and fourth segments
narrow, and produced laterally into acutely angular
wing-like processes, which are directed backwards ; all

62 BRITISH COPEPODA.

the segments separated from each other by deep inden-
tations ; the joints of the abdomen, except the first, are
extremely small, the whole abdomen being only equal
in length to the second and third thoracic segments ;
caudal segments scarcely longer than broad; apical
setae five, three very short, the longer of the two
principal equal to about half the length of the body.
Anterior antenna 10-jointed, slender, of about equal
width throughout (fig. 2), almost destitute of setse
except at the apex, which is furnished with several
small, and two or three moderately long, setse, and
also with a slender olfactory appendage ; the relative
lengths of the joints as in the following formula :

1,_2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

10 17 3 3 8 3 9 6 7 15

The extremities of the two limbs of the siphon are
somewhat lancet-shaped (fig. 3 a, a) and ciliated, and
the end of the mandible (V) is denticulated on one side.
The anterior foot-jaw (fig. 5) has a small subsidiary
claw near the apex, and the second joint of the poste-
rior pair (fig. 6) is ciliated along the outer margin.
Maxilla composed of two very slender digits (fig. 4),
each of which has two apical setaa, the shorter of the
two being marginally ciliated. The outer margins of
the first and second joints of the swimming-feet are
straight and fringed with closely-set short cilia, the
angles armed with two stout lancet-shaped spines, the
joints constricted at the proximal, and dilated at
the distal, extremity; last joint ovate, bearing three
spines on the outer, five long setas on the inner margin,
and a long finely denticulated spine at the apex ; the

AETOTEOGUS. 63

inner branch of the fourth foot is small, almost desti-
tute of setee, and terminates in two very small spines
(fig. 7). Fifth pair of feet (fig. 8) 1-jointed, quadrate,
bearing one long and two short apical setae. Shell
structure (fig. 9) areolated, finely punctate.

One specimen dredged in a depth of fifteen fathoms
off Portincross, Ayrshire, and one in thirty fathoms off
Red Cliff, Yorkshire.

3. AETOTEOGUS NOEMANI (Brady and Robertson). PL XCI,

figs. 12—15 ; PL XCTI, fig.
14; and PL XCIII, fig. 10.

Dyspontius Normani, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197 (1875).

This is, in general appearance, much like the pre-
ceding species ; the abdomen of the male (PL XCIII,
fig. 10) is elongated, and has the last joint dilated
distally and longer than either the second or third
joints ; caudal appendages wide, and shorter than the
last abdominal joint, each bearing four subequal plu-
mose setae, the longest of which is not more than equal
to the last three abdominal somites. Anterior an-
tenna (PL XCI, fig. 12) 9-jointed, stout, its outer
margin and apex bearing numerous short subequal
seta3 ; the relative lengths of the joints are as follows :

1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9.
84 11 444358

Posterior antenna simple, composed of four nearly
equal joints (fig. 13), and bearing three small terminal

64 BRITISH COPEPODA.

spine-like setae. Second pair of foot-jaws (fig. 14)
powerfully clawed, and armed with four stout curved
spines on the inner aspect, one of these springing from
near the middle of the second joint. Fifth pair of feet
apparently wanting. The shell structure (PI. XCII,
fig. 14) exhibits numerous circular elevations, each of
which bears a minute seta on its summit.

This seems to agree with the genus Dyspontius in
every respect except that the fourth pair of feet are
2-branched. Though it approaches very closely in
most of its characters to A. magniceps, it must, I
think, be considered quite distinct by virtue of its
more densely setose, fewer-jointed, and stouter ante-
rior antennae, the median spine of the second joint of
the posterior foot-jaw, and the characters of the caudal
segments and setse ; the shell-structure, also, and the
joints of the swimming-feet, differ somewhat. A few
specimens only were dredged on the Durham coast,
six miles off Hawthorn, in a depth of twenty- seven
fathoms.

4. ARTOTROGUS LILLJEBORGII, Boeck.

Asterocheres Lilljeborgii, Boeck. Tvende nye parasitiske Krebsdyr,
p. 6, tab. ii, figs. 1—11 (1859).

The siphon here is much less elongated than in the
foregoing species, the anterior antennae are slender
and 18-jointed, and the fifth pair of feet are 2-jointed.
The cephalothorax is very wide in proportion to its
length.

DYSPONTIOS. 65

Two or three specimens, undoubtedly belonging to
this species, I obtained from a sponge dredged in
WestportBay, Ireland, but the dissections which I made
are unfortunately not in a condition good enough to
allow of minute description. Nor would any good end
be served by transferring M. Boeck's description to
these pages. The siphonostomous Copepoda require
and will well repay a laborious investigation, a work
of no very great difficulty, if only a liberal supply
of specimens could be obtained. Those which are
to be found in the simple Ascidians might probably
be obtained readily in sufficient numbers ; but in the
case of the free-living species, seeing that they are but
seldom found, and then must be picked out with great
labour from a mass of dredged or net-collected
Microzoa, the impediments are rather serious. Except
Cyclopicera nigripes, which occurred in some plenty
amongst material dredged off the Yorkshire coast,
I have rarely met with more than two or three
examples in a single gathering.

Genus 3. DYSPONTIUS, Thorell, 1859.

Like Artotrogus, except that the posterior antenna
consist of only three joints, the fourth pair of feet are
destitute of an internal branch, and the fifth pair are
altogether wanting. The abdomen contains, in both
sexes, one segment more than in Artotrogus.

VOL. in. E

66 BRITISH COPEPODA.

1. DYSPONTIUS STEIATUS, Thorell. PI. XCII, figs. 1 — 13.

Dyspontius striatus, Thorell. Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, p. 81
tab. xiv, fig. 22 (1859).

Anterior antennae (fig. 2) 9 -jointed in the female
(10-jointed, Thorell), 11-jointed in the male (fig. 3) ;
the following formulae represent the relative lengths of
the antennal joints in the two sexes ; female :

1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9;
5712 1| 2235

male :

1, 2, 3, 4. 5. 6. 7. 8, 9, 10, 11;
56111* 1142 3 1

all the joints are sparingly setose on the outer margin,
the last bearing, in addition to several apical setae, a
long olfactory rod ; in the 'male the eighth joint has a
small blunt hook on the outer margin ; the last joint of
the female antenna is marked near the apex with'
several surface irregularities, which obscure its struc-
ture, but it appears to be undivided. Posterior
antennae (fig. 4) 3-jointed, the first joint bearing a
very minute, almost obsolete, secondary branch ; last
joint armed with three apical spines, that in the middle
long' and strong, the outer scarcely half as long, and
the innermost extremely small. Maxillae (fig. 5) com-
posed of two slender digits, one bearing two, the other
one long, apical seta ; mandibles and foot-jaws like
those of Artotrogus. The first three pairs of swimming-
feet have both branches 3-jointed, the marginal spines

DYSPONTIUS. 67

of the outer branches small, lancet-shaped, and
bordered with extremely minute cilia; the first joint of
the inner branch has a spine and a long seta near the
middle of its inner edge, the second a spine and three
setae, as well as four apical spines, two of which are
minute ; the third joint also has two spines on its outer
margin. The peduncle of each swimming-foot is pro-
duced internallyinto a very large and prominent rounded
angle (figs. 8, 9, a, a). Fourth pair of feet (fig. 9) elon-
gated, 1-branched, destitute of marginal spines; firstand
second joints with one seta, third with four seta3 and a
long terminal spine. No fifth foot. First abdominal
segment bearing at the posterior angles three slender
spine-like setae (fig. 10). Abdominal somites, except
the first, much broader than long ; caudal segments
scarcely longer than broad, about equal to the last ring
of the abdomen ; seta? five, the longest about equal in
length to the abdomen, the next half as long, the rest
very small. The shell is semi4ransparent, rather thick,
corrugated (fig. 13), and mare- or less sparingly beset
with minute prickles on some portions of the cuticular
surface. Length -^th of an inch (1*8 mm.}.

This, though widely distributed, seems to be a very
scarce species ; in most of the localities here noted it
was represented only by a single example. On weeds
at Tobermory and Hillswick (Shetland), (Rev. A. M.
Norman) ; dredged in a depth of forty fathoms off
St. Agnes, Scilly Islands ; in twenty-seven fathoms off
Hawthorn (Durham) ; in thirty-five fathoms off Red
Cliff and Robin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire).

The number and proportions of the antennal joints

68 BRITISH COPEPODA.

in the specimens here described, differ somewhat from
those given by Thorell, who had seen only one speci-
men, a female. The accuracy of my own drawings I
have verified by reference to several specimens, and it
is, perhaps, better for the present simply to amend
M. Thorell's description than to introduce another
specific name on the strength of these not very impor-
tant differences. M. Thorell asserts dubiously the 1-
branched character of the fourth foot ; of this character
there can be no doubt, nor, so far as I have been able to
ascertain, of the entire absence of the fifth pair. The
Scandinavian specimen on which the genus is founded,
though taken in the open sea by Prof. Lilljeborg, is
nevertheless supposed by M. Thorell to be a true
internal parasite. In this supposition, however, I
cannot concur. Though truly suctorial in structure
these creatures may very likely obtain supplies of
nutriment from the fronds of algae, from decaying or
dead organic matter, as well as by attacking, from the
outside, some or other of the invertebrate animals.
This, no doubt, is the case with the somewhat simi-
larly constituted Ostracoda, Paradoxostoma and its
allies.

The number of joints composing the anterior an-
tenna of what I suppose to be the male of this species
— eleven, as opposed to nine in the female — excites a
doubt as to whether the two forms are specifically the
same. Possibly they are not, but I have, at present,
no means of deciding the question. In other respects
the two are apparently identical.

ACONTIOPHOEUS. 69

Genus 4. ACONTIOPHOEUS, Brady, nov. gen.

(Solenostoma, Brady and Robertson.)

Like Artotrogus, except that the anterior antennse
are 11- jointed; the posterior, instead of a claw, have
two lancet-shaped apical spines, and are 4-jointed ;
the fifth pair of feet are 2-jointed ; the siphon longer
than the cephalo thorax, and very slender.

1. ACONTIOPHOEUS SCCTTATUS (Brady and Robertson). PL

XC, figs. 1—10.

Solenostoma scutatum, B. & B. On Marine Copepoda taken in
the West of Ireland (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. iv, vol. xii, p. 141, 1873).

Body subpyriform (fig. 1) ; cephalothorax broadly
ovate ; head united with the first thoracic somite, the
segment thus formed being very large and equal to
nearly half the entire length of the body ; abdomen of
the female 3-jointed, the first segment large, and com-
posed of two coalescent somites. Posterior angles of
all the body-segments rounded off", or only very
slightly produced. Anterior antennas (fig. 2) very
short, scarcely one third as long as the first segment
of the body, stout at the base, and gradually tapering
to the apex, densely clothed on the outer margin and
apex with long fine hairs, some of which are plumose ;
to the seventh joint is attached a long curved olfactory

70 BRITISH COPEPODA.

appendage. The following formula represents the
relative lengths of the various joints :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
9 7 2 1 2 5 2i 2i 3 ^3 4

Posterior antennae (fig. 3) 4-jointed, the last joint
armed at the apex with two strong lancet-shaped
spines, together with one long and four or five very
short setae ; at the base of the external margin are
also a few small setae ; the second joint gives origin to
a 1-jointed secondary branch, which terminates in a
long plumose seta. Mandible (fig. 4) simple, consist-
ing of a short stout peduncle bearing a very long
plumose seta (probably also a filiform palp, though I
have not seen this). Maxillae (fig. 5) composed of two
stout digits, one of which bears three, the other four,
stout, curved, and densely plumose setae. The foot-
jaws are precisely similar to those of Artotrogus.
Siphon (fig. 6) excessively long and slender, reaching
as far as the middle of the caudal segments. Outer
and inner branches of the swimming-feet nearly equal
in length, 3-jointed, all the joints much constricted at
the base (fig. 9), first and second joints dilated at the
apex, third elongated and narrow; the distal margins
of the first and second joints are strongly dentated,
and in the inner branch are, at the outer angles, pro-
duced downwards into sharp spines ; the marginal
spines of the outer branch are long and dagger-
shaped, the last joint of both branches bearing a long
subulate and much attenuated apical spine. Fifth
pair of feet (fig. 10) stout, 2-jointed, first joint shorter
than broad, and bearing one long seta, second longer

ACONTIOPHOIUJS. 71

than broad, and furnished with five long, subequal,
terminal setae. Caudal segments about thrice as long
as broad, and nearly equal in length to the last two
abdominal somites ; terminal setae five, finely plumose,
three short and two of moderate length, the longest
being more than equal to the length of the abdomen.
Length -^th of an inch ('98 mm.).

This, though nowhere an abundant species, is gene-
rally distributed round the British Islands ; the follow-
ing are the localities in which it has been observed.
Taken in the surface-net at night in Round stone
and Westport Bays, and on Laminaria saccharina in
Clifden Bay, Ireland; dredged off Portincross, Ayr-
shire, and in forty fathoms off St. Agnes (Scilly
Islands) ; in thirty to thirty-five fathoms off Robin
Hood's Bay, Staiths, and Red Cliff (Yorkshire) ; and
in twenty-seven fathoms off Hawthorn (Durham).

2. ACONTIOPHORUS AEMATUS, 710V. sp. PL LXXXVII,

figs. 8—15.

Ascomyzon ornatum, Brady and Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report,
. p. 197 (1875).

Anterior antenna (fig. 8) 6-jointed, very slender,
densely clothed with fine setae, some of which are
plumose; the relative lengths of the joints are as
follows :

1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
7273113222 2 4 4 1| 3 3

72 ACONTJOPHORUS.

Some of the setae of the basal joints are very, stout and
almost spine-like. Mandible (fig. 10) simple, filiform ;
palp consisting of one long simple seta. Maxilla two-
lobed (fig. 11), one lobe minute and bisetose, the other
larger and furnished with three long plumose setae.
Posterior antennas and foot-jaws nearly like those of
A. scutatus. Fifth foot (fig. 15 a, a) composed of one
broad subovate branch and bearing five long marginal
seta3. Abdomen (female) of three segments, the first
constituting more than half the length of the abdomen,
and composed of two coalescent somites ; second seg-
ment scarcely half as long, posterior angles of both
produced backwards and overlapping the succeeding
segment ; third segment about as long as the second ;
caudal appendages scarcely longer than broad, each
bearing five plumose setae, the largest of which are
longer than the abdomen. Length rg-th of an inch
(1*5 mm.).

Two specimens only found, both dredged off the
Yorkshire coast, near Scarborough and Robin Hood's
Bay.

The word ornatum was applied to this species by a
misprint in the ' British Association Report,' and is
not properly applicable ; armatum was chosen for the
specific name with reference to the spinous setaa of
the anterior antennas.

73

NOTE ON THE GENUS TEMOBA.

In the definition of this genus (vol. i, p. 53) the
inner branches of the first, second, third, and fourth
pairs of feet are stated to be two- jointed. This is
correct as far as the typical species, T. longicornis, is
concerned; but, in the case of T. velox, the inner branch
of the first pair consists of only one joint. It is there-
fore necessary to amend the generic character as
follows : — Inner branch of the first pair of feet one- or
two-jointed; of the second, third, and fourth pairs
two -jointed.

Dr. Glaus makes the one-jointed inner branch of the
first pair a generic character, and it would therefore
appear that he has found it to hold good in T. longi-
cornis, on which species and T. armata his description
is founded. But, though I have noted in my remarks
on T. longicornis that there is often, in British speci-
mens, only an imperfect division of the branch into
two joints, there can be no doubt that this is a sign of
immaturity or imperfect development. Possibly there
may be race-variations, and it would be interesting to
know whether the specimens described by Dr. Glaus —
probably from Heligoland — exhibit constant characters
in the jointing of the first foot.

INDEX

VOLUMES I, II, AND III.

PAGE

Anatomy of the Copepoda .... in, 1

Antennae, anterior .... in, 6

„ posterior .... in, 10

„ sensory hairs of . . . . in, 7

Appendages, nomenclature of . . i, 14

„ of the head .... in, 6

„ of the thorax .... in, 14

Circulatory system .... in, 18

Development ..... in, 20

Digestive system ..... in, 17

Eyes ...... in, 6

Feet, various forms of . . . in, 14

Foot-jaws ..... in, 13

General form ..... in, 2

Mandibles ..... in, 11

Maxillae ...... ill, 12

Nervous system ..... in, 16

Organs of sense ..... in, 17

Reproduction ..... in, 19

Respiratory system .... in, 18

Somites, number of .... in, 4

Spermatophores ..... in, 15

Classification of British Copepoda . . i, 30

Collecting, different modes of . . i, 9

76

INDEX.

Colours of Copepoda .

Definition of term Copepoda

Development of the Copepoda

Families of the Copepoda, characters of

Genera, synopsis of

Generic names, changes of

Habitat and modes of life of Copepoda

Hartog's observations on nervous system of Cyclops

Memoirs referred to in text

Preservation of Copepoda

Table of classification of Copepoda

PAGE

1.8

i,17

m, 1

i, 18

1,20

in, 23

i,3,7

in, 16

1,27

i.ll

i,30

Acartia

A contiophorus

„ armatus .

„ scutatus .

Alteutha

Ameira

„ longipes

Amymone

„ longimana
„ sphserica

Amymoninee

Anomalocera .

„ Patersonii

Artotrogidse

Avtotrogus

„ Boeckii
„ Lilljeborgii .
„ magniceps
„ Normani

Ascidicola

,, rosea

Ascidicolinae

Ascomyzon

Asellopsis

Aspidiscus

Asterocheres .

i,50

in, 23, 69
. in, 71
. in, 69
. ii, 158

i, 31 ; ii, 36
. n, 37

i, 31 ; ii, 28
. n, 30
. n, 28

i, 31 ; ii, 27

. i, 30, 74

i,75

i, 31; ni,52
i, 31 ; in, 59
. in, 60
. in, 64
. in, 61
. in, 63
i, 30, 145
. i, 145
i, 30, 144
. in, 59
. n, 70
. ii, 175
in, 59

INDEX. 77

PAGE

Attheyella . . . . . i, 31 ; n, 58

„ cryptorum . . . . u, 60

„ spinosa . . . . . u, 58

Botachus . . . . . i, 30, 140

„ cylindratus . . . . i, 140

Bradya . . . . . i, 31 ; II, 16

„ typica . . . . . ii, 17

Btiproridse . . . . . i, 30, 146

Calanidse . . . . i, 30, 33, 36

Calaninse . . . . . . 1, 30 37,

Calanopia . . . . . i, 64

Calanus . . . . . i, 30, 37, 44, 53

„ fmmarchicus . . . . i, 38

Candace . . . . . . i, 30, 48

„ pectinata . . . . i, 49

Canthocamptiinse . . . . 1, 31 ; n, 47

Canthocamptus . . . . i, 31 ; n, 48

„ hibernicus . . . . n, 52

„ minutus . . . . n, 48

„ Northumbricus . . . . n, 67

,, palustris . . . n, 53

„ trispinosus . . . n, 55

Carillus . . . . . . n, 158

Catopia . . . . . i, 64

Centropages . . . . . . i, 30, 64

„ typicus . . . . i, 65

„ hamatus . . . . i, 67

Cervinia . . . . . . i, 30, 85

Bradyi . . . . .1,86

Cetochilus . . . . . i, 37

Clausia . . . . . i, 44

Cleta . . . . . . u, 70

Cletodes . . . . . i, 31 ; n, 89

„ limicola . . . . . n, 90

„ linearis . . . . n, 95

„ longicaudata . . . . n, 92

„ propinqua . . . . II, 94

78 INDEX.

PAGE

Coiliaca . . . . . I, 145

Corycseidse . . . . i, 31 ; in, 32

Corycseus . . . . . I, 31 ; in, 32

„ anglicus ..... in, 34

Cyclopicera . . . . . i, 31 ; in, 53

„ gracilicauda .... in, 58

„ lata ..... in, 56

„ nigripes ..... in, 54

Cyclopidse . . . . . . i, 30, 88

Cyclopina . . . . . . I, 30, 91

„ gracilis . . . . I, 93

„ littoralis . . . . 1, 92

„ ovalis . . . . .n, 181

Cyclops . . . . . i, 30, 53, 95, 97

„ sequoreus . . . . i, 119

affinis . . . . . i, 112

„ crassicornis . . . . I, 118

gigas . . . . . I, 105

„ Helleri . . . . . i, 115

„ insignis . . . . I, 108

„ Kaufmanni . . . . i, 113

„ macrurus . . . . I, 111

„ phaleratus . . . . i, 116

„ pulchellus . . . . i, 107

„ serrulatus . . . . • I, 109

„ signatus . . . . I, 100

„ strenuus . . . . I, 104

„ tenuicornis . . . . 1, 102

Cyclopsina . . . . . i, 58

Cylindropsyllus .... in, 23, 30

„ Isevis ..... in, 30

Cylindrosoma . . . . . i, 31 ; in, 23

Dactylopus . . 1, 31 ; n, 105

„ brevicornis . . . . . n, 118

„ flavus . . . . .n, 116

„ minutus . . . . . n, 119

„ similis . . . . . n, 110

Stromii . . . . . II, 111

INDEX.

79

Dactylopus tenuiremis
„ tisboides

Delavalia

„ palustris
„ reflexa
„ robusta

Diaptomus

„ Castor

Bias .
„ longii'emis

Diosaccus

„ tenuicornis

DoropygiusB

Doropygus

„ auritus
„ Normani
„ porcicauda
„ pulex

Dyspontius

striatus

PAGE

. ii, 115
. ii, 106

i, 31 ; ii, 42

. ii, 43

. ii, 45

n, 46

. i, 30, 58

i,59

. i, 30, 50
i,51

i, 31 ; ii, 68
. ii, 68
i, 30, 132
i, 30, 132
. i, 135
. i, 136
. i, 138
. i, 133
i, 31 ; in, 65
. in, 66

Ectinosoma

„ Atlanticum

„ erythrops ,

„ melaniceps

„ spinipes

Enhydrosoma .

„ curvatum .

Enterocola

„ eruca

Euterpe

„ gracilis

Euryte ?

Gnathostoma .

Harpacticidse .
Harpacticinse .
Harpacticus

I, 31 ; II, 8

. ii, 13

. ii, 12

. II, 11

ii, 9

i, 31 ; n, 97

. ii, 98

i, 30, 147

. i, 147

i, 31 ; ii, 22

. n, 22

i, 95

1,30,33; II, 1; III, 25

I, 31 ; II, 104
I, 31 ; II, 145

80 INDEX.

PAGE

Harpacticus chelifer . . . . II, 146

„ flexus . . . . .11, 152

fulvus . . . . .II, 149

Ichthyophorba . . . . . I, 64

Idya . . . . . . 1, 31 ; ii, 171

„ furcata . . . . . . n, 172

Idyinse . . . . 1, 31 ; n, 170

Ifionyx . . . . . I, 48

Ilyopsyllus '. . . . . I, 31 ; II, 143

„ coriaceus . . . . n, 143

Irenseus . . . . . I, 74

Isias . . . . . . . 1, 30, 62

„ clavipes . . . . . I, 62

Jonesiella . . . . . 1, 31 ; n, 38

„ fasiformis . . . . . II, 39

,, spinulosa . . . . II, 41

Laophonte . . . . . I, 31 ; II, 70

„ curticauda . . . . . n, 80

„ hispida . . . . n, 85

„ horrida . . . . n, 74

„ lamellifera . . . . n, 83

„ longicaudata . . . . n, 82

„ serrata . . . . n, 71

,, similis . . . . n, 78

„ thoracica . . . . . n, 76

Lichoraolgus . . . . i, 31 ; in, 40

„ arenicolus ..... in, 46

„ foificula ..... in, 50

„ fucicolus ..... in, 41

,, furcillatus ..... in, 49

„ liber ..... in, 44

„ Thorellii ..... in, 47

Lilljeborgia . . . . . n, 89

Longipedia . . . . . i, 31 ; n, 5

„ coronata . . . . . n, 6

Lougipediinse . . . . i, 31 ; n, 4

INDEX. 81

PAGE

Lophophorus . . . . . i, 30, 121 ; m, 23

,, insignis . . . . i, 122

Mesoclira . . . . . I, 31 ; n, 62

„ Lilljeborjii . . . . n, 62

„ Robertson! . . . . n, 64

Metridia . . . . . . i, 30, 40

„ armata . . . . i, 42

Nauplius ...... in, 20

Misophria . . . . . . i, 30, 79

„ pallida . . . . i, 79

Misophriidse . . . . . . i, 30, 78

Monstrillla . . . . . i, 31 ; in, 37

„ anglica ..... in, 37

Nannopiinse . . . . i, 31; n, 100

Nannopus . . . . . i, 31 ; 11, 100

„ palustris . . . . . H, 101

Normanella . . . . . i, 31 ; 11, 87

„ dubia . . . . n, 87

Notodelphyidse ... i, 30, 122

Notodelpliyinae . . . . i, 30, 124

Notodelphys . . . . . i, 30, 125

„ agilis . . . . .1, 130

„ Allmani . . . . i, 126

,, ceruloea . . . . i, 130

„ prasina . . . . I, 131

Notopterophorus ... 1, 30, 141

„ elongatus . I, 144

„ papilio . . i, 142

Oithona . . . i, 30, 90

„ spinifrons . I, 90

Orthopsyllus . . n, 89

Parapontella . . I, 30, 68

„ brevicornis . I, 69

Paratachidius . . n, 62

Peltidium . i, 31 ; n, 158

VOL. IIT. G

82 INDEX.

PAGE

Peltidium depressum . . . . . u, 160

„ crenulatum . . u, 163

„ interruptum . . . . u, 162

Platychelipus . i, 31 ; 11, 102

„ littoralis . . . , . n, 103

Pleuromma . . . . i, 40

Poecilostoma . . . . I, 31 ; in, 25, 26

„ nature of mouth organs . . . in, 26

Pontella . . i, 30, 72

„ Wollastoni . i, 73

Pontellinse . . . i, 30, 71

Pontia . ... I, 72

Porcellidiinae . I, 31 ; n, 164

Porcellidium ... I, 31 ; n, 165

„ fimbriatum . . . . n, 167

„ subrotundum . . . . II, 169

„ tenuicauda . . . . II, 166

„ viride . . . . . n, 168

Pseudocalanus . . . . . . 1, 30, 44

„ armatus . . . . I, 46

., elongatus . . . 1, 45

Pseudocyclops . . i, 30, 81

„ crassiremis . . . 1, 82

,, obtusatus . . . i, 84

Pterinopsyllus ... . in, 23

Robertsonia . . . i, 31 ; n, 24

„ tenuig . . . n, 25

Sapphirinidse . i, 31 ; in, 39

Scutellidium . i, 31 ; 11, 175

„ fasciatum . . . . . II, 178

„ tisboides . . . . . n, 175

Sipnonostoma . . . I, 31 ; ill, 26, 52

„ moutb organs of . . . in, 28

Solenostoma . . ni, 23, 69

Stenhelia . i, 31 ; n, 32

„ hispida . n, 32

„ ima . • n, 35

Stenheliina3 i, 31 ; n, 31

INDEX. $3

PAGE

Sterope . . . . . . n, 158

Tachidiinse . . . . . i, 31 ; n, 19

Tachidius . . . . . i, 31 ; II. 19

., brevicornis . . . . n, 20

Temora . . . . . i, 30, 53 ; in, 73

„ longicornis . . . . i, 54

„ velox . . . . . i, 56

Tetragoniceps . . . . . I, 31 ; II, 65

„ malleolata . . . n, 66

Thalestris . . . . i, 31 ; 11, 120

Clausii . . . . .n, 128

„ harpactoides . . . . . n, 127

„ Helgolandica ... . n, 123

„ Hibernica . . . . . n, 134

„ longimana . . . . . n, 136

„ mysis . . . . .11, 121

,, peltata . . . . . n, 138

„ mfocincta . . . . . 11, 125

„ rufoviolascens . . . . n, 131

„ serrulata . . . . . n, 133

Thorellia . . . . . i, 30, 95

„ brunnea . . . . i, 95

Tisbe . . .11, 171

Westwoodia . . . . i, 31 ; n, 140

„ nobilis . . . . . n, 141

Zaus . . . . . i, 31 ; n, 153

„ Goodsiri . . . . . . n, 156

„ spinatus .... .n, 153

Zosime . . . i, 31 ; n, 14

„ typica . . . . . u, 15

FEINTED BY J. E. ADLAKD, BAETHOLOMEW CLOSE.

PLATE LXXXIII.

Cyclopicera gracilicauda.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna.

2. Posterior antenna.

3. Mandible.

4. Maxilla.

5. Labrum.

6. Anterior foot-jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of fourth pair.

10. Abdomen ; a, fifth foot.

Gorycceus anglicus.

11. Adult male.

12. Anterior antenna.

13. Posterior antenna of female.

14. Posterior antenna of male.

15. Tail of male.

Plate 83.

1 10, Cyclop 10 era.

anglicus

PLATE LXXXIV.

Gylindropsyllus* Icevis.

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Posterior foot- jaw (?).

5. Foot of second pair.

6. Foot of fourth pair.

7. Foot of fifth pair.

8. Caudal lamina with setse.

Corycceus furcifer.

9. Mouth organs ; a, labrum ; 6, mandible

c, maxilla ; d, anterior foot-jaw.

Corycceus anglicus.

10. a, mandible ; b, palp ; c, maxilla.

11. Anterior foot- jaw.

12. Foot of third pair.

13. Foot of fourth pair.

14. Lower thoracic and first abdominal segments.

* In the inscription of the Plate, for Cylindrosoma read Cylindro-
psylhis.

Plato. 84-.

1 — ' 8 , C ylin dx> o s oraei loe vis .

9JCopyccens furcifer.
10-14- ,, sm. g lie -as. '

PLATE LXXXV.

Lichomolgus fucicolus.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. &, mandible ; b, maxilla.

5. Anterior foot-jaw.

6. Posterior foot-jaw of female.

7. Posterior foot-jaw of male.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of fourth pair.

10. Abdomen of female ; a, fifth foot.

11 . Abdomen of male.

Lichomolgus forficula. *

12. f Mandible.

13. Posterior foot-jaw of male.

14. Inner branch, fourth foot.

15. Foot of fifth pair.

16. Abdomen of male.

* In the Plate, for forcicula read forficula.
f In the Plate, for 12—18 read 12—16.

Plate 85.

Tff.Wtst*C? imp-

. omolg-us facie olus.
forci:f ulsu

PLATE LXXXYI.

Lichomolgus liber.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Anterior foot-jaw.

6. Posterior foot-jaw of female.

7. Posterior foot-jaw of male.

8. Foot of first pair.

9. Foot of second pair.

10. Foot of fourth pair.

11. Foot of fifth pair.

12. Abdomen of female.

13. Abdomen of male.

Lichomolgus forficula.

14. Anterior antenna.

15. Posterior antenna.

16. Anterior foot-jaw.

17. Posterior foot- jaw of female.

18. Abdomen of female.

* u? imp.

1 — 13 LiclioTnolgixs liter.
141"! 8 forficula,.

PLATE LXXXVII.

Lichomolgus arenicolus.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna, female.

3. Mandible; a, maxilla (?).

4. Anterior foot-jaw,

5. Posterior foot-jaw of male.

6. Foot of first pair.

7. Foot of fifth pair.

Acontiophorus armatus.*

8. Anterior antenna.

9. Posterior antenna.

10. Mandible.

11. Maxilla.

12. First foot- jaw.

13. Second foot- jaw.

14. Siphon.

15. Abdomen and fifth foot.

* In the inscription of the Plate, for Solenostoma armatum read
Acontiophorus armatus.

13

1 — 1 Lac]ao:m.olg-u.s arenicolus.
8— 15 SolenostoxnaL a,zixaa,'tum.

WWestkCe.ivy

PLATE LXXXYIII.

Lichomolgus Thorellii.

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna.

2. Posterior antenna.

3. Maxilla.

4. Anterior foot- jaw.

5. Posterior foot-jaw of female.

6. Posterior foot-jaw of male.

7. Foot of fourth pair.

8. Abdomen and tail of female.

9. Abdomen and tail of male.

Lichomolgus furcillatus.

10.* Anterior antenna.
. 11. Mandible.

12. Anterior foot-jaw.

13. Foot of first pair.

14. Abdomen and tail ; a fifth foot.

* In the inscription of the Plate, for figs. 1 — 14 read 10—14.

1 —

5 Tlaorellii.
fun?eillatas .

Wffat&Ct.tmp

PLATE LXXXIX.

Cyclopicera nigripes.

Fig. 1. Female seen from below.
a. Anterior antenna.
6. Posterior antenna.

c. Mandible.

d. Maxilla.

e. Anterior foot- jaw.
/. Posterior foot- jaw.

g-k. 1st — 5th pairs of feet.
I. Labrum.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Labrum.

7. Anterior foot-jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of second pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair.

11. Abdomen and tail of male.

Cyclopicera lata.

12. Abdomen of female,

Plate 89.

'•2

GSBraJy Ad.
,A tith-.

1— H,Cy clop ic era TII gripes
latsL.

PLATE XC.

Acontiophorus scutatus* (female).

Fig. 1. Female seen from below,

a. Anterior antenna.

b. Posterior antenna.

c. Mandible.

d. Maxilla.

e. Anterior foot- jaw.
/. Posterior foot-jaw.
s. Siphon.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Posterior antenna.

4. Mandible.

5. Maxilla.

6. Siphon.

7. Anterior foot- jaw.

8. Posterior foot-jaw.

9. Foot of third pair.

10. Foot of fifth pair.

Gyclopicera lata.

11. Anterior antenna of female.

12. Anterior antenna of male.

13. Posterior antenna.

14. Maxilla.

* In the inscription of the Plate, for Solenostoma scutatum read
Acontiophorus scutatus.

Plate 90

1" 10, SolerLOstoTna. scru-tatimi?
1H.41, Cyclopic era, . lata, .

PLATE XCI.

Artotrogus Boeckii* (female).

Fig. 1. Anterior antenna.

2. Posterior antenna.

3. Mandible.

4. Maxilla.

5. Posterior foot-jaw.

6. First segment of body.

a. Anterior antenna.

b. Posterior antenna.
cc. Mandibles.

dd. Maxillse.

ee,ff. First and second foot- jaws.
g. Siphon.

7. Foot of third pair.

8. Abdomen ; a, fifth foot.

9. Fifth foot, var.

Gyclopina gracilis (male).

10. Abdomen and fifth foot.

11. Anterior antenna.

Artotrogus Normani (male).

12. Anterior antenna.

13. Posterior antenna.

14. Second foot-jaw.

15. Foot of third pair.

* In the inscription of the Plate, for Artotrogus lAlljcborgii read
Artotrogus BoecJcii.

Plate 91.

1—& Artotrog-us Lillj eJoorgii
10,11 Cyclopina graciliso.
12-15 Art otrogiis

PLATE XCII.

Dyspontius striatus.

Fig. 1. Adult male.

2. Anterior antenna of female.

3. Anterior antenna of male.

4. Posterior antenna.

5. Maxilla.

6. Anterior foot- jaw.

7. Posterior foot-jaw.

8. Foot of third pair.

9. Foot of fourth pair.

10. Appendage of first abdominal segment, male.

11. Terminal spines of swimming-foot.

12. Abdomen of female.

13. Shell-structure.

Artotrogus Nbrmani.

14. Shell- structure.

Pleute 9 2

1 — ISDysp orituxs striatuis.
ll' Artotrogizs Normani.

PLATE XCIII.

Artotrogus magniceps (female).

Fig. 1. Adult female.

2. Anterior antenna.

3. Siphon.

a a. Extremities of siphonal limbs.
a. Same more highly magnified.
b. Mandible.

b'. Extremity of same more highly magni-
fied.

4. Maxilla.

5. First foot-jaw.

6. Second foot-jaw.

7. Foot of fourth pair.

8. Foot of fifth pair.

9. Shell-structure.

Artotrogus Normani.
10. Adult male.

I

10

INSTITUTED 1844.

FOR THE PUBLICATION OF WORKS ON
NATURAL HISTORY.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION ONE GUINEA.

LIST

OF

COUNCIL, OFFICERS, LOCAL SECRETARIES,
AND SUBSCRIBERS,

TOGETHER WITH THE

TITLES OF THE PUBLICATIONS OP THE SOCIETY,
CORRECTED TO AUGUST, 1880.

Counril anfc ©fte af %

Elected 28t7i May, 1880.

SIE P. DE MALPAS G$EY EGERTON, BAET., M.P., F.R.S.

Cmmtil.

Sir A. BEADY, F.G.S.

Dr. BBAITHWAITE, F.L.S.

J. DEANE, Esq., F.L.S.

J. FLOWEB, Esq., M.A., F.Z.S.

C. H. GATTY, Esq., F.L.S.

F. GBTTT, Esq., F.L.S.

E. HAEEIS, Esq., F.L.S.

R. HUDSON, Esq., F.R.S.

H. LEE, Esq., F.L.S.

R. M'LACHLAN, Esq., F.R.S.

W. MATHEW8, Esq., F.G.S.

H. T. MENNELL, Esq., F.L.S.
Dr. J. MIIIAE, F.L.S.
F. P. PASCOE, Esq., F.L.S.

B. WOODD SMITH, Esq., F.Z.S.
H. T. STAIUTON, Esq., F.R.S.

C. STE-WAET, Esq., F.L.S.
Professor TENNANT, F.G.S.
Capt. C. TYIEE, F.L.S.
Dr. E. HAET VINEN, F.L.S.
J. J. WEIE, Esq., F.L.S.

Dr. S. J. A. SALTER, F.R.S., F.L.S., 44, New Broad Street, B.C.

Rev. THOMAS WILTSHIRE, M.A., F.L.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E.

LIST OF LOCAL SECRETARIES.

Aberdeen

Bath ...

Belfast

Birmingham

Dublin

Edinburgh

Lancaster

Leeds ...

Liverpool

Manchester

Norwich

Oxford

Warrington

Professor Trail.
J. W. Morris, Esq.
Professor Cunningham.
W. R. Hughes, Esq.
Dr. W. E. Steele.
Professor Balfour.
T. Howitt, Esq.
L. C. Miall, Esq.
Isaac Byerley, Esq.

E. W. Binney, Esq.

F. W. Harmer, Esq.
Professor Lawson.
T. G. Rylands, Esq.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBEBS.*

Aberdeen, University of, Aberdeen.

Adlard, J. E., Esq., Bartholomew close, E.G.

Allman, Professor, F.R.S., &c., Sunny hill, Parkstone, Poole, Dorset.

Alvey, Thomas, Esq., 200, Pentonville road, N.

American Institute, New York.

Andrews, Arthur, Esq., Newtown House, Blackrock, Dublin.

Angelin, Professor, Stockholm.

Argyll, Duke of, F.R.S., Argyll Lodge, Kensington, W.

Armstrong, Sir W. G., F.R.S., The Minories, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Army and Navy Club, 36, Pall Mall, S.W.

Asher, Messrs., 13, Bedford street, W.C.

Ashmolean Society, Oxford.

Asiatic Society, Royal, Bombay.

Athenseum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

Aubrey, Rev, H. GK W., Rectory, Hale, Salisbury.

Babington, Professor Charles C., M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge.
Babington, the Rev. Professor Churchill, F.L.S., Cockfield Rectory,

near Sudbury, Suffolk.
Baer, Herr J., Frankfort.

Bailliere, Messrs., 20, King William street, W.C.
Bain, J., Esq., 1, Haymarket, S.W.

Baker, Alfred, Esq., 59, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Balfour, Professor, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., L.S., Local Secretary, 27,

Inverleith row, Edinburgh.
Balfour, F. M., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge.

* The Subscribers are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or
omissions in this List, and of any delay in the transmission of the Yearly Volume.

Balfour, Prof. I. Bailey, D.Sc., 11, Billhead Gardens, Glasgow.

Baltimore, Peabody Institute.

Bastian, Dr. H. C., F.R.S., F.L.S., 20, Queen Anne street, W.

Bath Microscopical Society, Bath.

Beaufoy, Executors of the late G., Esq., South Lambeth, S.

Belfast Linen Hall Library, Belfast.

Belfast Queen's College, Belfast.

Bell, Dr. W. R., 8, Rutland park villas, Perry hill, Catford bridge,
S.E.

Bentley, Professor, F.L.S., King's College, Strand, W.C.

Bergen, Museum of, Bergen.

Berlin Royal Library, Berlin.

Binks, J., Esq., Wakefield.

Birmingham Free Library, Birmingham.

Birmingham Old Library, Birmingham.

Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, Birmingham.

Blackwall, John, Esq., F.L.S., Hendre House, near Llanrwst, Denbigh-
shire.

Blatch, W. G., Esq., Small Heath, Birmingham.

Blomefield, Rev. L., F.Z.S., 19, Belmont, Bath.

Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., Guestling, near Hastings.

Boston Public Library, U.S., Boston.

Boswell, Dr. J. T., Balmuto, Kirkcaldy, N.B.

Brady, Sir A., F.G.S., Maryland point, Stratford, Essex, E.

Brady, H. B., Esq., F.L.S., Hillfield, Gateshead.

Braikenridge, Rev. G. W., M.A., F.L.S., Clevedon, Bristol.

Braithwaite, Dr. R., F.L.S., The Ferns, Clapham rise, S.W.

Bree, Dr. C. R., F.L.S., East hill, Colchester.

Brevoort, Dr. J. Carson, New York.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.

Bristol Microscopical Society, Bristol.

Brockholes, Mrs. J. Fitzherbert, Clifton hill, Garstang, Lancashire.

Brodrick, W., Esq., Little hill, Chudleigh, South Devon.

Brook-Ter., Geo., Esq., Fernbrook, Huddersfield.

Broome, C. E., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Elmshurst, Batheaston, Bath.

Browell, E. M., Esq., Buckingham Palace, S.W.

Brown, Charles Henry, Esq., London street, Southport, Lancashire.

Browne, Dr. Henry, Woodheys, Heaton Mersey.

Browne, Rev. T. H., F.G.S., High Wycombe, Bucks.

Buckton, G. B., Esq., Weycombe, Haslemere, Sussex.

Burn, Dr. W. B., Ecclesbourne, Bedford hill road, Balham, S.W.

Burton, John, Esq., Lee terrace, Blackheath, S.E.

Bury District Co-operative Provision Society (Limited), Market street,

Bury, Lancashire.
Busk, Professor George, F.R.S., F.L.S., 32, Harley street, Cavendish

square, W.
Byerley, I., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Seacombe, Cheshire.

Cambridge University Library.

Cambridge, Downing College.

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College.

Cambridge, St. Catharine's College.

Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College.

Cambridge, Trinity College.

Campbell, F. M., Esq., Rose hill, Hoddesdon.

Carpenter, Dr. A., High street, Croydon, S.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B., F.R.S., 56, Regent's park road, N.W

Cartwright, Rev. W. H., Butcombe Rectory, Wrington, Somerset.

Carus, Dr. Victor, Leipsic.

Cash, W., Esq., Elmfield terrace^, Savile park, Halifax.

Chapman, E., Esq., Frewen Hall, Oxford.

Cheltenham Permanent Library, Cheltenham.

Chicago Library, Chicago.

Christiania, University of.

Christison, Sir R., Bart., 42, Moray place, Edinburgh.

Church, Dr. W. S., 130, Harley Street, W.

Clark, J. A., 1 1, Duncan place, London fields, Hackney, E.

Clark, J. "W., Esq., Scroope House, Trumpington street, Cambridge.

Cleland, Professor, 2, The College, Glasgow.

Clermont, Lord, Ravensdale park, Newry, Ireland.

Collings, Rev. W. T., M.A., F.L.S., Hirzel House, Guernsey.

Colman, Jeremiah J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich.

Cooke, Benjamin, Esq., 103, Windsor Road, Southport.

Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.

Coppin, John, Esq., Kingfield House, by Corbridge-on-Tyne, R.S.O.

Cork, Queen's College, Cork.

Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.

Craven, Alfred E., Esq., 36, Princes Gate, S.W.

8

Cresswell, Rev. R., Teignmouth, Devon.

Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., F.L.S.,, Farnham Hall, Ware, Herts.

Crowley, Philip, Esq., Waddeu House, Croydon, S.

Cruickshank, Alexander, Esq., 12, Rose street, Aberdeen.

Cunningham, Professor R. 0., Local Secretary, Queen's College, Belfast.

Currey, Fred., Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S., 3, New square, Lincoln's inn,

W.C.
Curtis, William, Esq., Alton, Hants.

Darwin, C., Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Down, Kent.
Dawson, Professor J. W., F.R.S., F.G.S., M'Gill College, Montreal.
Deane, Jas., Esq., F.L.S., 17, The Pavement, Clapham, S.W.
Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.
Devonshire, Duke of, 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dickie, Prof. G., M.D., F.L.S., 16, Albyn terrace, Aberdeen.
Dickinson, Wm., Esq., Jun., Warham road, Croydon.
Dickson, Professor Alexander, Glasgow.
Dohrn, Dr. Anton, Naples.

Douglas, J. "W., Esq., 8, Beaufort gardens, Lewisham, S.E.
Douglas, Rev. R. C., Manaton Rectory^Moreton Hampstead, Exeter.
Douglas, W. D. R., Esq., Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.
Drewitt, Drewitt 0., Esq., Jarrow Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Drosier, Dr. W. H., Cambridge.
Dublin, National Library.
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy.
Dublin, Trinity College.
Dublin, College of Surgeons.
Dublin, Hon. Society of King's Inn.
Ducie, Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S., 16, Portman square, W.
Dunning, J. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 24, Old buildings, Lincoln's
inn, W.C.

East Kent Natural History Society, Canterbury.
Edge-worth, M. P., Esq., F.L.S., 6, Notham gardens, Oxford.
Edinburgh College of Physicians.
Edinburgh, Library of University of.
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
Edinburgh, Royal Society of.

Edinburgh Royal Physical Society.
Edinburgh Royal Medical Society.
Egerton, Sir P. de M. Grey, Bart., M.P.,F.R.S., G.S., President, 28s,

Albemarle street, W., and Oulton park, Tarporley, Cheshire.
Elliot, Sir W., F.L.S., Hawick, Roxburgshire.
Elphinstone, H. W., Esq., F.L.S., 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,

W.C.

England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
England, Bank of, Library, London, E.G.

Enniskillen, the Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., 65, Eaton place, S.W.
Eyton, T. C., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S., Eyton, Wellington, Salop.

Ferguson, W., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Kinmundy House, near Mintlaw,

Aberdeenshire.

Ffarington, Miss M. H., Worden HaH, near Preston.
Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
Flower, J., Esq., M.A , F.Z.S., Fairfield road, Croydon, S.
Flower, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., Royal College of Surgeons, W.C.
Ford, J., Esq., 1, Market street, Wolverhampton.
Foster, C., Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.
Fowler, Rev. W. W., Repton.

Fox, Rev. W. D., Broadlands, Sandown, Isle of Wight.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin.
Fuller, Rev. A., Itchenor, near Chichester.

Galton, Capt. Douglas, F.R.S., F.L.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor

place, S.W.

Garner, Robert, Esq., F.L.S., Stoke-upon-Trent.
Garneys, W., Repton, Burton-on-Trent.
Gatty, C. H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead,

Sussex.

Geological Society, London, W.C.
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta.

George, Frederick, Esq., 10, Finchley road, St. John's wood, N.W.
Gerold and Sons, Messrs., Vienna.
Gibson, G. S., Esq., F.L.S., Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow Philosophical Society, Glasgow.
Glasgow University, Glasgow.

10

Godman, F. D., Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.

Goode, J. F., Esq., 3, Regent place, Birmingham.

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Manse of Birnie, by Elgin, N.B.

Gore, R. T., Esq., 6, Queen square, Bath.

Gottingen, University of, Gottingen.

Gould, John, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., 26, Charlotte street, Bedford square,

W.C.

Gray, Wm., Esq., 75, Petergate, York.
Graham, W., Esq., F.R.M.S., Ludgate hill, Birmingham.
Green, R. Y., Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Grut, Ferdinand, Esq., 9, King street, Southwark, S.E.
Giinther, Dr., F.R.S., British Museum, W.C.

Hackney Microscopical and Natural History Society, 1 94, Mare street,
Hackney, E.

Haeckel, Professor, Jena, Prussia.

Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Walton Hall, Wakefield.

Hamburgh Town Library, Hamburgh.

Hamilton, Dr. E., F.L.S., F.G.S., 9, Portugal street, Grosvenor square,
W.

Hancock, John, Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Harford, F., Esq., Ocean Marine Insurance Company, 2, Old Broad
street, B.C.

Harmer, F. W., Esq., Local Secretary, Oakland House, Cringleford,

Norwich.

Harper, P. H., Esq., 30, Cambridge street, Hyde Park,.W.
Harris, Edw., Esq., F.G.S., Rydal Villa, Longton Grove, Upper

Sydenham.

Harris, Dr. F., F.L.S., 24, Cavendish square, W.
Harvey, Dr. J. R., 7, Upper Merrion street, Dublin.
Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.
Hawkins, Dr. B. L., "Woburn, Beds.
Hayek, Herr Gustav Edler von, Vienna.
Hepburn, Sir T. B., Bart., Smeaton, Preston Kirk, N.B.
Hey, Samuel, Esq., 36, Albion street, Leeds.
Hicks, Dr. John B., F.R.S., 24, George street, Hanover square, W.
Hicks, Dr. J. Sibley, 2, Erskiue Street, Liverpool.
Hillier, J. T., Esq., 4, Chapel place, Eamsgate.
Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.

11

Hinde, R., Esq., Lancaster.

Hoest, Dr., Copenhagen.

Holdsworth, E. W. H., Esq., F.L.S., 84, Clifton hill, Abbey road, N.W.

Hooker, Sir J., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Kew, W.

Hope, A. J. B., Esq., M.P., 1, Connaught place, W.

Hopkinson, J., Esq., F.Z.S., F.G.S., Wandsford House, Watford.

Houghton, Rev. W., F.L.S., Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.

Hovenden, F., Esq., Glenlea, Thurlow Park, Dulwich, S.E.

Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose.

Howitt, Thomas, Esq., F.R.C.S.E., Local Secretary, Lancaster.

Huddersfield Literary and Scientific Society.

Huddersfield Naturalists' Society.

Hudson, R., Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., Clapham common, S.W.

Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Thome Villa, Hands-
worth, Birmingham.

Hull Subscription Library.

Humphry, Professor, F.R.S., Cambridge.

Hunt, John, Esq., Milton of Campsie, Glasgow.

Hutchinson, R., Esq., 29, Chester street, Edinburgh.

Huxley, Professor T. H., F.E.S., Museum Practical Geology, Jermyn
street, S.W.

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, Dr. F.R.S., F.G.S., Ware Priory, Herts.
Jenner, Charles, Esq., Easter Duddingsten Lodge, Portobello, Edin-
burgh.
Jordon, Dr. R. C. R., 35, Harborne road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Kenderdine, F., Esq., Morningside, Old Trafford, Manchester.

Kibbler, Dr. R. C., 61, King Edward road, Hackney, E.

Kilraarnock Library, Kilmarnock.

Kitson, J., Esq., Elmete Hall, Leeds.

Knapp, A. J., Esq., Llanfoist House, Clifton, near Bristol.

Lancaster Amicable Book Society, Lancaster.

12

Lawson, Professor, F.L.S., Local Secretary, The Botanic Gardens,

Oxford.
Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., 43, Holland street, Blackfriars road,

S.E. ; and Ethelbert House, Margate.
Leeds Philosopical and Literary Society, Leeds.

Leicester, Alfred, Esq., 9, Adelaide terrace, Waterloo, near Liverpool.
Leicester Free Library, Town Hall, Leicester.
Leipzig, University of, Leipzig.

Lendy, Captain A. F., F.L.S., F.G.S., Sunbury House, Sunbury.
Lewis, H. K., Esq., 136, Gower street, W.C.
Lindsay, Charles, Esq., Ridge Park, Lanark, N.B.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L.S., Leytonstone.
Liverpool Athenaeum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Royal Institution, Liverpool.
Liverpool Library, Lyceum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Medical Institution, Liverpool.
Liverpool Microscopical Society.
Liverpool Free Library, Liverpool.
Lobley, J. Logan, Esq., F.G.S., New Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall,

S.W.

London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.G.
London Library, 12, St. James's square, S.W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.
Lubbock, Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.L.S., R.S., 15, Lombard street, E.C

McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, N.W.

Mclntosh, W. C., M.D., F.L.S., Perth County Asylum, Murthly.

M'Lachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., 39, Limes grove, Lewisham, S.E.

Maclagan, Professor Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edin-
burgh.

Madras Government Museum, Madras.

Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, 69, Upper Thames street, E.C.

Manchester Free Public Library, Manchester.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.

Manners, Geo., Esq., F.L.S., F.S.A., Dingwall road, Croydon.

Mansell-Pleydall, J., Esq., Whatcombe, Blandford.

Martin, C. M., Esq., St. John's Cottage, Merridale road, Wolverhamp-
ton.

13

Margate Microscopical Society.

Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathews, W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Waterloo street, Birmingham.

Medlycott, W. C., Esq., Ven House, Sherborne, Dorsetshire.

Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W, S., 16, Netting hill square, W.

Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan's buildings, Idol lane,
B.C.

Microscopical Society, Royal, King's College, Strand, London.

Millar, Dr. John, F.L.S., F.G.S., Bethnall House, Cambridge road, N.E.

Milner, E., Esq., Springfield, Warrington.

Mitchell, P. S., Esq. (Messrs. Barber Brothers) Cowper's court, Corn-
hill, E.G.

Mitchell Library, the, Glasgow.

Mivart, Prof. St. George J., F.R.S., 71, Seymour street, Hyde park, W.

Morris, J. W., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Belmont, Bath.

Moseley, Sir T., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent.

Munich Royal Library, Munich.

Murray, J., Esq., 3, Clarendon crescent, Edinburgh.

Museum of Economic Geology, London, S.W.

Naylor, John, Esq., Bank, King street, Liverpool.

Naylor, M. E., Esq., Wakefield.

Nelson, Rev. John, Alborough Rectory, Hanworth, Norwich.

Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle.

Newman, J. P., Esq., 54, Hatton garden, E.G.

Noble, Capt. Jesmond, Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich.

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses, Durham.

Nottingham Free Library.

Nottingham High School.

Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, Nottingham.

Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford Magdalen College.

Paisley Philosophical Society, Paisley.

Parke, Geo. H., Esq., Infield Lodge, Barrow-in-Furness,

14

Parker, "W. K., Esq., F.R.S., 36, Claverton street, S.W.

Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne Park, W.

Peck, R. Holmaii, Esq., B.A., F.L.S., Elmfield, Penge lane, S.E.

Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach.

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.

Penny, Rev. C. W., Wellington College, Wokingham.

Penzance Public Library, Penzance.

Phend, J. S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Plymouth Institution, Athenaeum, Plymouth.

Power, H., Esq., 3?A, Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.

Pumphrey, C., Esq., Southfield, King's Norton, near Birmingham.

Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., 56, Harley street, Cavendish square.

Quekett Club, University College.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford.

Ramsay, Professor A., F.R.S., Museum of Economic Geology, S.W.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, B.C.
Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Bruche Hall, near Warrington.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, S.W.
Robinson, Eev. George, Tartaraghan, Loughgall, Armagh.
Rolleston, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., Oxford.

Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.
Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S,, 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde Park, W.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.
Rowe, J. B., 16, Lockyer street, Plymouth.

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.

Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.R.S., Treasurer, 44, New Broad street, E.G.
Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S. , Milton, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, near Wellington,
Somersetshire.

15

Scientific Club, 7, Savile row, W.

Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, \V.

Scott, Dr. Wra., Lissenderry, Aughuacloy, Ireland.

Sharp, I., Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield.

Sion College Library, London Wall, E.G.

Slack, H. L, Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.

Sladen, Rev. E. H. M., The Gore, Bournemouth.

Slatter, Rev. John, The Vicarage, Streatley, Reading.

Slatter, F. J., Esq., Evesham.

Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.

Smart, Robert B., Esq., 176, Waterloo place, Oxford road, Manchester.

Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.

Smith, Capt. R., Frankfort Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.

Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.

South London Microscopical Club.

Southport Free Library.

Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.G.

St. Andrew's University Library, St. Andrew's.

Stainton, H. T., Esq., F.R.S., L.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Warberry House, Bishopsdown Park, Tun-
bridge Wells.

Steele, Dr. W. E., Local Secretary, 15, Hatch street, Dublin.

Stephenson, J. "W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house
street, E.G.

Stewart, C., Esq., F.L.S., St. Thomas's Hospital, Newington, S.W.

Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.

Stoke Newington Medical Society, per R. Harris, Esq., Secretary,
57, Darnley road, Hackney.

Stowell, Rev. H. A., Breadsall Rectory, near Derby.

Strasbourgh University Library.

Stroud Natural History and Philosophical Society.

Stubbins, J. Esq., Chester College, Old lane, Halifax.

Sunderland Subscription Library, Sunderland.

Swain, E., Esq., 34, Elsham road, Kensington, N.

Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King street, Belfast.

Tebbs, H. V., Esq., 15, Knight Rider street, Doctors' Commons, B.C.

16

Tennant, Professor James, F.G.S., 149, Strand, W.C.

Thomson, Professor Allen, Glasgow.

Thomson, Dr. Thomas, F.R.S., 6, Bower terrace, Maidstone.

Thomson, Prof. Sir Wyville, F.R.S., Edinburgh.

Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Torquay.

Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., Honington Hall, Shipston-on-Stour.

Trail, Prof. W. H., M.B., Local Secretary, King's College, Old Aber-
deen.

Tristram, Rev. Canon H. B., LL.D., F.R.S., The College, Durham.

Trubner & Co., Messrs., London.

Tudor, Richard A., Esq., 21, Church View, Bootle, Liverpool.

Turner, Professor W., F.R.S.E., Anatomical Museum, University of
Edinburgh.

Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., 317, Holloway road, Hollo-
way, N.

Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Varenne, E. G., Esq., Kelvedon, Essex.

Vass, M., Leipzig.

Vicars, John, Esq., sen., Seel street, Liverpool.

Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.

Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.S., 17, Chepstow villas West, Bay swater, W.

Wakefield Mechanics' Institution, Wakefield.

Walker, Alfred 0., Esq., Chester.

Warden, Dr. Charles, 272, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.

Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.

Washington Library of Congress, U.S.

Watkinson Library, Harford, Con., U.S.A.

Watford Natural History Society.

Webster, W., Esq., The Downs, Bideford, Devon.

Weir, J. J., Esq., 6, Haddo villas, Blackheath, S.E.

Wells, J. R., Esq., 20, Fitzroy street, Fitzroy square, W.C.

West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, S.E.

17

White, A., Esq.,F.L.S., West Drayton.

White, Dr. F. B., 2, Athol place, Perth.

Wills, A. W., Esq., F.C.S., Wylde Green, Erdington, Birmingham.

Wilson, Dr. E., Westal, Cheltenham.

Wiltshire, Rev. T., M.A., F.L.S., G.S., Secretary, 25, Granville

park, Lewisham, London, S.E.

Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 117, Pembroke road, Clifton, near Bristol.
Wood, E., Esq., Richmond, Yorkshire.

Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
Wright, Professor E. P., Trinity College, Dubliu.

Yale College, New Haven, U.S.

Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 4, St. Hildas terrace, Whitby.

York Philosophical Society, York.

Young, Dr. J., College, Glasgow.

Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES

RAY SOCIETY.

FKOM THEIE COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO
AUGUST, 1880.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

FOR THE FIRST YEAR, 1844.

I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-

lated by H. E. Strickland, Jun., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.

II. Memorials of John Bay : consisting of the Life of John

Ray, by Derham ; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ' Biographic
Universelle ; * Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith : the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SECOND YEAR, 1845.

I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated

from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.

22 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

III. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE THIRD YEAR, 1846.

I. Meyen's Geography of Plants. Translated from the German

by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.

II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated

from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and
E. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. Eleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE FOURTH YEAR, 1847.

I. Oken's Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from

the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.

II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the

German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tulk. 8vo.

III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Medusse.
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
4to.

FOR THE FIFTH YEAR, 1848.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologiae. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. I. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 23

II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,

F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SIXTH YEAR, 1849.

I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical

Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.

8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.

By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE SEVENTH YEAR, 1850.

I. Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. II. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE EKGHTH YEAR, 1851.

I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the

Rev. W. A Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A,, F.R.S. Vol. I. Ten Plates. 8vo.

24 LIST OP ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE NINTH YEAR, 1852.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. III. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TENTH YEAR, 1853.

I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A., F.R.S. Vol. IL Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-

cluding Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
8vo.

FOR THE ELEVENTH YEAR, 1854.

Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologiae. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. IV. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE TWELFTH YEAR, 1855.

A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By
Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE THIRTEENTH YEAR, 1856.

A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.

ISSUED BY THE BAY SOCIETY. 25

FOR THE FOURTEENTH YEAR, 1857.

A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE FIFTEENTH YEAR, 1858.

The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SIXTEENTH YEAR, 1859.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
4to.

FOR THE SEVENTEENTH YEAR, 1860.

An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE EIGHTEENTH YEAR, 1861.

On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Conifers. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S. , Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.

26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE NINETEENTH YEAR, 1862.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE TWENTIETH YEAR, 1863.

The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1864.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-SECOND YEAR, 1865.

I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.

Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bower-

bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

FOR THB TWENTY-THIRD YEAR, 1866.

I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by
J. J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE EAT SOCIETY. 27

II. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea. By Professors Eschricht,

Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg. Edited by W. H. Flower,
F.R.S. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. Nitzch's Pterylography, translated from the German.
Edited by P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1867.

I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the

Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. 4to.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1868.

I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S,

8vo.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1869.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1870.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II. Eleven Plates.
Imp. 4to.

28 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE TWENTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1871.

A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J.
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Seventy-eight Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-NINTH YEAR, 1872.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. M'clntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE THIRTIETH YEAR, 1873.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By "W. C. M'clntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. continued. Thirteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE THIRTY-FIRST YEAR, 1874.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. III. Ninety-two Plates, 8vo.

FOR THE THIRTY-SECOND YEAR, 1875.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. I. Forty-two Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE THIRTY-THIRD YEAR, 1876.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. I. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 29

FOR THE THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1877.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S, Vol. II. Fifty Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE THIRTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1878.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. II. Forty- nine Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE THIRTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1879.

I. A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. III. Eleven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the work.)

FEINTED BY J. E. ADLAED, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.