‘ , i Lay rex nies Bed a eee ue 1 7 PNG, ‘ et wi hb ‘ony # i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 86 A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON; TYPE OF A NEW FAMILY OF GOATSUCKERS BY \.u" HARRY C. OBERHOLSER Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture e P rv. ‘ co, ANGTO WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 ‘ Ae Pe ¥ o Shep bt me me ee ey P ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly-acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthro- pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the table of contents of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The ma- jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispen- sable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contribu- tions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 86 of the Bulletin series. Ricuarp RatTHsun, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum. Wasuineron, D. C., March 12, 1914. I i rnrchrn ely Lm tikee ¥ P ‘ vary | 4 oi rt a AV ANDER Pah TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Perit ACIP IGMR a ne tctctas sete sa 9 Sa). Sew ss ek ee eaee en og se eed ements wee VII eRe tes Po ota eats dk eA ee OLIN cele 1 ee MADEN 2 a8 3 ce ola ra a aes PI Se woke elaiy aie wae wile Sebaam ore 3 DU MMERE ee ASS. c etn eat se heals oid ta eee AGA eS ay tie ae eee een aae 3 MRR Pc crs ie id Pa hale a OES siatecia te aha Ueiee Ais etab Be ee mem asa 3 Renn O Me RIROLE US: OFS Seok cat od nce Sure AE Litera gos et ne oe ee ocho 3 EMRE ao sree ee Ie ca Se toes Soak oe orm nin capa a ee ae eta 3 PPpeiaeriene Giseri PHO 255 occ 32 o0 Ce cam lo sg eaa ene ave casees tect euaes 4 Rimtited) cist etION 222 25k Bao oo bee oe Seb odes deep seelgeseen eee 4 Warmanpe in enoric cCharseters...<62c' <3 252 )lsek Sec eke a ran alelna eens del 4 AONE: Suit) hg Oe ae esc je eG eee Sos mabe sage sae een emes 6 UCL TE ate Re eS ee eee eye remem ee cn 8 Wye 12 PREM IITIIEG GL LQPRMIBE St 0252) (tai om apres ai ho a Uo cisl alg! Salas ohare me ae 13 Soot MEL RIAL GAMES NO cok Risa NaI oie 3 5 Be OAS Sp wlnieh chante aye men eS iia 15 PUPCOGERINON OL SUDADECIEAS 230.5 seu ee coe. ties eae ah ece eee case 16 Pdeminecatton Of Specimens. 25). 5248208 Ie oP eee ese steed ae 17 “EUR ER SA CR aR INS DESI RRS OREURN PSM Se vuba Ube BR Neue Oren (Whe FLA Tes) Sh a 18 REAM EUR ha eto aid S25 sare os AK ak te rae se eA Ae CN ee aa 19 CP VEC os Gs A a ee Peni ain Uae BOUAEe arl eM Mb ye qelmrn api 2 1 25 19 Me ME TAPNIO WS. tanh oe so wie ose Sie See LS Se Re Oe ele era acl 20 LPT Cs DE Oe ee Le ee MEL ergs a Ras ae Rs nods Aembtioee n.B Sey nk 21 Key lospectes-and-subspecies: :.. 0... Jo2ce/55 02220 sees een wants 22 nerdetles. VITCUMAHUS , 1.500. Uencc2s nee aea eal ses paee lou eek ee Meee ase 26 CGY eae co a2 oes ee ak ees tal Cl 26 Bpeciue characters (adult miale),..0.-.0.2- 629. 2ceet et se Jaye 26 ReONeG etait eh 32 ek as Bae ae Se ae had be bia ee ee ae oe Pisa plumape..... 22.22 fee a te else oe 27 DWE DIORA: ee so) ena Soak ele ee co ykelbe ae cee 27 Pa meMReH 0 Soy aS) Skee Ee ek cet ids pe battens wae 27 Bena navarttGl).. 85.) 22 No Seas e eases ds aso ee eee 27 BPN reer wee i ua Ee RE ML CRP eR. f DLN Stott UE MOS A WE er 28 Paeraenol varihon eo. ols2 75 oY ew ta oe oe SOE ea ks 28 ropesmipun yr armeron Shr sf eRe Ube Le es eee ah 28 Gecgraplical mistnbudion.. 20.6.0. 40320 625s soc netic sed sealsegas ewes 30 Ia CEU OMLOS uo 2 eS Sarvs. Son each mae oetadomeme emer athe 30 RRC Sh rica SNe nigra acl NC ML alg AON a ath Rie ratate diet Bre 31 RIPPARMONE EL ae oh cig PnL Meets OAs ceatseie bo see alone haenie 32 18 LE OTIS cae ees eA Pe EAA deals pout er AU yl ec AR a eee ol 33 Rr ee hace ata) ee etnies wie cee rong a nk ean eae 34 Chordetles virginianns Viteinianus: . <0 22.6 5..5) 6. essen sn 2 FBee asia a 35 Chordeiles' virpinianus hesperis.. 2. < 21.) ..- 22. 2k os ee ee wees 46 Chordeiles wirrmianus sonnet... 1.245--/eese. sees eee es ne seeks 52 Wal CONTENTS. Genus Chordeiles—Continued. Chordeiles virginianus—Continued. Page. Chordeiles virginianus howell... 205.225 0505. 0s ane va oie Meneame ne 57 Chordeilesvirginianus henryi.:.2/22s2. .c--.2-- ocean eee 65 Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis§...::........-...2cap eee een eee ees ra Chordeiles virzinianus chapmanie. 2.00.00). sasc ee eee eee 75 Chordeiles:virginiantis weimuse-¢ 22 22/224 2.2 22 eee ee eee 80 Chordoiles virginiamusmanen 73. 4s). e. S03. 2 22 22s eee eee 82 Table of comparative measurements.........-.--.-----------.-2-see- 86 Chordeiles acutipennis: +... 282s se2ePees 2) oahu 2s 2 ee soe 87 SYNONYM se ses fe. = pos, Lee cease eee ete wad Ue noe cele eer 87 Specific characters (adult male).....22.02..0.--35 |, 2-324 occa 87 Adult fpmaleceo Vo po sk ole S W eS 2 87 First avium plumage. 22 oor eee kale ede e elk eit 87 Juvenal plumare jo ee i es en ale ae a 88 Nesthing plumage ino... eee Um ee er 88 Seasonal variation. 00. .5-8.. eens be te de nt os. ee ee 88 IEGEG otc wales cole eid. ts ore Se Ute a 0 ee rr 88 Tndiyidual variation. 2 002. 002225600) eo eee i ee ae 88 Geographical variation. ..1.2).05 = J. 2k les Seo ee ee 89 Geographical distribution. 2. ...00.52 2 stented see kale eee 90 Aonal distrib WHOM ioe sl i eee See ene Ue eet ees eee 91 BMV lOBOR Yee os ob teen dake came As eee awneete oe See 91 MMisorattOn fo a ee eee cele ook ona ote ane eee Reena 92 HEB DTNe < Hoh ns dicnch gee cceleisinm ee cis ee tape yale oe ee 92 SGOT Y io oo icnnin nto minyessiein, apie se sis ies een Se ee I ee 93 Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis...............-.----+-+--+----20-- 94 Chordeilesiacutipenmis exilis...... 2 cleo lige pheasant ae 98 Chordeiles acutipentiis nmicromerfis.......-.4-..-2 >. coe ee eee 100 Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.. 222.2 ..s.-.40 +246 ae ee eee 103 Chordeiles actitipennis anferior. - 52.100 52.2... eee des oe 109 Table of comparative measurements./22 2.2. 4.2/.255 0.4520 be ee eee 112 Chordeiles rupestriss< oi 2.0225 Ho. ah oe oiks Pinter eee Eee ae 113 SYMON YOM poo. Sea Sok edie hotles ees Lee | eee ee eee 13 Specific characters (adult male)... //..0..)...:.2 22 bee 113 Adult femaleci.: sec. 2. 02 222 2... oe cia ogee ere eae 113 Remarks. ose. faeces kis ok eo A ae ae 113 Geoeraphical distribution: : - 2.200625 3G Ou ele 113 Pabpitae oe ee oe lcd ae OEE OC ae tae 114 bad anil h esac: age ua apn ORM EEC MED RN MAL IU ARIA Se LR AS 114 EEISHOIY). Scale Muscle eso a ict Wa 6’ cliwim Sesliaya me Seer A ION Ta Lo Mk ass Meh eg 114 Chordeiles'rupestris rupestris.....).2s bes. el oe ineie a oie = enn 114 Chordeiles rupesttis xyostictiis. --..0. 10). + seseaten o-eteeeeeeer 116 Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus.....- - Lakes cubes So Ree eee 118 Prada 20 ay eg Be a ae os ea oe SNS ee al 121 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Puate 1, fig. 1.—Palatal surface of Caprimulgus europaeus.........---.------- 120 2.—Palatal surface of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus........- 120 2, fig. 1.—Palatal surface of Antrostomus carolinensis............--..- 120 2.—Palatal surface of Setochalcis vocifera vocifera .............-- 120 3.—Breeding ranges of the subspecies of Chordeiles virginianus. ....-... 120 4.—Breeding ranges of the Central American and North American sub- 120 species of Chordeiles acutipenmis. ..'0/ 2.3/2 oe ies oe als 120 5.—Breeding ranges of the South American subspecies of Chordeiles 120 Ute ATIVE MTL, Se ee Sa Se ac JS ane a aN a cae A ae ea 120 6.—Breeding ranges of the subspecies of Chordeiles rupestris.......-.-... 120 yr ¥: ¥ Gaus ie AG Rh de Me eel? pel A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAIN- SON, TYPE OF A NEW FAMILY OF GOATSUCKERS. By Harry C. OBERHOLSER, Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. The present study of the Caprimulgine genus Chordeiles found its origin in the attempt to identify the nighthawks of Texas. It soon became evident that nothing short of a thorough revision of the two North American species, Chordeiles virginianus and Chor- deiles acutipennis, would produce anything like satisfactory results. This was finally undertaken, partly at the instance of Mr. Robert Ridgway ; and the only other species of the genus, Chordeiles rupes- tris, has been included for the sake of completeness. By reason of the complicated and almost infinite variations due to sex, age, individuals, and geographic areas, the present group is one of the most difficult of all North American birds; and its elucidation has involved the expenditure of an incredible amount of time and labor. The material available consists altogether of 1,165 specimens, including the types of most of the valid forms (excepting Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, Chor- deiles virginianus minor, Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, Chor- deiles acutipennis ewxilis, and Chordeiles rupestris rupestris), and of one synonym, Chordeiles gundlachit Lawrence. These specimens are distributed among the three species as follows: Chordeiles virgini- anus, 780; Chordeiles acutipennis, 379; Chordeiles rupestris, 6. This material has been derived from the following sources: The United States National Museum, including the Biological Survey collection; the American Museum of Natural History; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in Cambridge, Massachusetts, including the collection of Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs; the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley, Cali- fornia; the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois; the Victoria Memo- rial Museum in Ottawa, Ontario; and the private collections of Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Mr. F. Seymour Hersey, Dr. G. C. Rinker, a 2 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. L. B. Bishop, Mr. J. H. Fleming, and Mr. A. C. Bent. To the authorities of these institutions, to the curators of their bird collec- tions, and also to the gentlemen above mentioned, the writer wishes here to express his thanks for their courtesies. Moreover, to Dr. Charles W. Richmond, of the United States National Museum, he is as usual indebted for many kindnesses in connection with the present investigation. The drawings of skulls on plates 1 and 2 were exe- cuted by Miss R. G. Collette. For the names of colors Mr. Robert Ridgway’s recently published Color Standards and Nomenclature: has been adopted as the standard. The numbering of the primaries is from the outermost, since this is so much more convenient in descriptive ornithology, although, of course, indefensible from a morphological standpoint. Detailed synonymy has been omitted under the forms of both Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, because such synonymy would be merely a duplication of that in Mr. Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America, part 6,? which is soon to appear. All measurements are in millimeters. The specimens used in the average measurements under each subspecies, and with which com- parisons are made, are taken just as far as possible from typical specimens—that is, from examples best exhibiting the differential characters. In the tables of detailed measurements all the birds used in the diagnostic averages, as well as all other than adult birds, are indicated by reference marks. The various dimensions of which use is made in the following pages have been taken as follows: Length of wing—Measured in a straight line from the bend of the closed wing to the end of the longest primary, with the primaries in their natural position—that is, not straightened. Length of tail—Taken with dividers from the point of insertion of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest. Exposed culmen.—Measured in a straight line from the beginning of the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla—that is, the chord of the exposed culmen. Length of tarsus —A straight line from the center of the heel joint on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe on the anterior side. Middle toe—Measured along the upper side from the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the base of the uncovered claw. 1 Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 (=January 16, 1913), pp. (1-4) ; i-iv; 1-44; frontispiece; pls. 1-53; Washington, D. C. 2 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. 6, 1914. In this volume Mr. Ridgway has adopted from my manuscript my conclusions regarding the subspecies of Chordeiles; but he has not seen the introductory portion of the present bulletin, pages 1—23. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 3 Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. Chordeiles Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1881 (1882), p. 496 (type, by original designation and monotypy, “ Chordeiles virginianus [Ca- primulgus americanus, Wils.]” qui Caprimulgus virginianus, Gmelin). Chordeilus “ Swatns.” Gray, List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 7 (type, by orig- inal designation and monotypy, Caprimulgus virginianus, Gmelin). Microrhynchus Lesson, L’Echo du monde Savant, July 16, 1848, col. 109 (type, by monotypy, Caprimulgus exilis Lesson) (nec Microrhynchus Dejean [Megerle MS.], 1821, Coleoptera; Bell, 1885, Crustacea). Chordiles “ Swains. 1831” TscHup1, Untersuch. Fauna Peruana, Ornith., 1846, p. 21 (type, by monotypy, “Ch. semitorquatus Cab. MSS. [=] Cap. pruinosus Licht. Mus. Berol. vid. Tsch. Consp. av. Nro. 37,” qui Caprimulgus exilis Lesson). Chordediles CaBANis [Wiegmann’s] Archy fiir Naturg., XIII, vol. 1, Novem- ber, 1847, p. 846 (nom. emend. pro Chordeiles Swainson). Ramphaoratus BoNAPARTE, Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint), (type, by virtual monotypy, Caprimulgus evilis Lesson). “ Chordedilus 1861 Cas.’ Gray, Hand-list Gen. Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 61 (in synonymy). Diagnosis.—Similar to Nyctiprogne Bonaparte, but bill stronger and broader basally; nostrils more rounded, more exposed, more tubular, and opening more obliquely, less laterally; tertials longer. Similar to Nannochordeiles Hartert,: but wing more pointed (less rounded), the third primary (counting from the outermost) much shorter than the first and second, instead of about the same length; tail more deeply emarginate. Chars. gen—Medium-sized, long-winged Chordeilidae; bill rather small and weak, decidedly hooked; nostrils rather large, strongly tubular, and opening obliquely; no long or conspicuous rictal bris- tles; no occipital, frontal, or nuchal crest; tail rather long, more than half (about 55-60 per cent) of wing, emarginate, the outer rectrices longest, all of moderate width, rounded or squarish at tips; wing long and pointed, the first or second primary (counting from the outermost) longest, the third shorter than either; tertials reaching nearly to the tip of sixth primary, or beyond; secondaries short, the shortest one not reaching the tips of primary coverts or not extend- ing far beyond; feet rather weak; tarsus feathered in front for about the proximal third; tarsus usually shorter than middle toe without claw ; outer toe slightly shorter than inner toe; exposed culmen about half the length of tarsus.’ Type.—Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin (by original designation and monotypy). 1 Nannochordeiles Hartert, Ibis, July, 1896, p. 374 (type, Chordeiles pusillus Gould). 2No osteological characters appear in this diagnosis, because proper comparative ma- terial of the most closely related genera is not available. Consult, however, pp. 6—9 of the present bulletin. 4 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Geographical distribution —Nearly all of South America, the West Indies, Central America, and North America excepting the far northern part. Faunal distribution.—All or parts of the Patagonian, Brazilian, Subandean, Amazonian, Antillean, and Central American subregions of the Neotropical Region; the Sonoran and Boreal subregions of the Nearctic Region; but avoiding the barren grounds and alpine summits of the circumpolar Arctic Region. Variance in generic characters—No two of the three species at pres- ent composing this genus, Chordeiles virginianus, Chordedles acuti- pennis, and Chordeiles rupestris, are exactly alike in structural char- acters, although they all agree with the generic diagnosis above given. In Chordeiles virginianus, type of the genus, the first (out- ermost) primary is usually longer than the second, occasionally about equal, but rarely shorter; the secondaries relatively short, the shortest usually not reaching the tips of the primary coverts by at least 5 millimeters, often much more; and the distance from the bend of the folded wing to end of shortest secondary generally less than from the. latter point to the tip of fourth primary (count- ing from the outermost); outer pair of rectrices relatively narrow and their tips much rounded; maxillo-palatines relatively rather broad and somewhat triangular; anterior processes of the palatines relatively rather broad and strong; vomer very narrow; pterygoids with an antero-exterior angle which approaches the palatine; inter- orbital region very broad; and the ridges on median portion of frontals not strongly developed. In Chordeiles acutipennis, however, the outermost (first) primary is usually shorter than the second, occasionally about equal or longer; secondaries longer than in Chordeiles virginianus, the shortest usually not falling short of the tips of the primary coverts by more than 3 millimeters, commonly longer or at least not shorter than the pri- mary coverts; the distance from the bend of the folded wing to the end of the shortest secondary greater, usually decidedly so, than the distance from the latter point to the end of the fourth primary; outer pair of rectrices relatively broader than in Chordeiles vir- ginianus, and their tips more truncate; maxillo-palatines relatively rather narrower and more elongated; anterior processes of the pala- tines more slender; vomer rather broader; pterygoids without a dis- tinct antero-exterior angle; interorbital region somewhat narrower; and the ridges on median portion of frontal bones more conspicuous. In Chordeiles rupestris the first (outermost) primary is longer than the second; the tertials are relatively longer than in Chordeiles virgi- nianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, usually reaching or overreaching —<-— THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 5 the tip of the sixth primary; the secondaries as in Chordeiles acuti- pennis; the tail-feathers as in Chordeiles virginianus; skull not examined. It is thus apparent that Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis differ in structural characters, which, were they trenchant and constant, instead of only average, would clearly warrant generic separation. But Chordetles rupestris appears to be practically inter- mediate between these two species, or, to be more exact, partakes of the structural characters of both, though in pattern of coloration it is widely different from either. In the small series examined the characters of Chordeiles rupestris, as above given, are pretty con- stant, but in a larger series greater range of variation would doubt- less be evident. The present case, therefore, might appear at first sight to be an ideal one for the profitable employment of sub- genera; since if anything more than personal caprice is to determine what is to be considered a genus and what a subgenus, it is probably to be found in the principle of intergradation, a principle of general acceptance as applied to species and subspecies; by which a full genus would be a group trenchantly defined by structural char- acters, even though these differences be relatively slight; and a sub- genus one the structural diagnostic characters of which intergrade through intermediate species with some other group, even if the extreme differences be relatively great. In the present case, however, we have a rather peculiar and unusual condition, for while there is more or less connection between the three species which would, by the above criterion, possibly form three subgenera, the intergrada- tion is complicated by the fact that all the structural characters separating the species are, in Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis at least, decidedly inconstant. To consider instable struc- tural characters of this sort as the basis for subgeneric separation seems to the writer certainly undesirable. These birds have, however, a decided interest for the student of evolution, because it is very evident that we have in these three species a case of genera in process of development. Unfortunately we have not sufficient osteological material to determine the amount of varia- tion in cranial characters; but to show, as far as possible by actual figures, the constancy of the external structural characters separating Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, and thus to indi- cate the state of their relative evolutionary divergence, the writer ex- amined a large number of specimens of each species and counted the individuals showing the different variations of the two most tangible characters, i. e., the comparative length of the outermost primary, and the relative length of the shortest secondary as com- 6 . BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pared with the primary coverts. A tabulation of these results is given herewith: Chatantars! Chordeiles vir- | Chordeiles acuti- ginianus. pennis. First primary: Longer han SGCOUs 2 snes keene aes sees eee eee eee eee meena series 90 (85.7%) 12 (11.5%) Maal toisacomd: sa. soo Sel. Se ce sa ce eA Nh arate ec 7 (6.6%) 11 (10.6%) Shorter than seconde ewes ewe oss eee csine Seem cteclee ae weeiaeesine ae ! (4.9%) 78 (75.0%) Longer than second on one rade but shorter on the other............ 3 (2.8%) 3 (2.9%) Totalmumber of birds examined 2 -ce S sce se ate eee one ee ewes ss 105 104 Shortest secondary: Vonger than primary coverts:. 2.05225... ccccsecceh acces secseneae sneer : tee 92 (82.9%) igual to;primary iCoveris \s.256- been ones oases) Seen aa mee eee oe es 3 (2.8%) 8 (7.2%) Shorter than pruaiary COVES. ue son oes eee ae ee eee eae ie (91.9%) 9 (8.1%) Longer than primary coverts on one side but shorter on the other. - . 0 (0.0%) 2 (1.8%) Total numberof birdsiexamined. oc3o-. 25 eee eee wen sy aed 112 111 The above figures are based on so large a number of specimens that their percentage would probably not be materially changed by the examination of a greater number. From these percentages it will be seen that Chordeiles virginianus is more stable in its structural characters, at least in the two here considered, than is Chordeiles acutipennis; or, in other words, is farther along in its differentiation. Thus, in Chordeiles virginianus the first primary is longer than the second in 85.7 per cent of the specimens, while in Chordeiles acuti- pennis it is shorter than the second in only 75 per cent. Also in Chordeiles virginianus the shortest secondary is shorter than the pri- mary coverts in 91.9 per cent; in Chordeiles acutipennis it is longer than the primary coverts in only 82.9 per cent. Further comparisons can easily be made from the table. Of the two characters here ex- ploited, the length of the secondaries thus seems to be the better. There does not seem to be any difference in these structural characters among the different subspecies of either Chordeiles virginianus or Chordeiles acutipennis; and the above percentages of the two species include representatives of various subspecies indiscriminately. Relationships—The genus Chordeiles has always without ques- tion been placed in the family Caprimulgidae. A careful examina- tion and comparison, however, of a series of skulls of Chordeiles virginianus and the skull of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, with erania of Antrostomus carolinensis, Setochalcis * vocifera, Phalaenop- tilus nuttallii, and Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli, and with Hux- ley’s figure of the skull of Caprimulgus europaeus? (see pl. 1, fig. 1), reveal differences that make advisable, indeed even necessary, the re- moval of Chordeiles from the family Caprimulgidae. So far as cranial characters are concerned, Chordeiles virginianus (see pl. 1, fig. 2) and Chordeiles acutipennis are generically identical, since aside from some unimportant details, which are surely not of more 1See p. 11. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 453. ——_ THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER, 7 than specific value, the skulls of these two species are the same. Both Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis are per- fectly desmognathous, as the figure of the former? and the pre- viously published figure of the latter* clearly show, which charac- ter alone in such a complete exemplification should be sufficient as a basis for recognition of a distinct family. In both species the maxillo-palatines meet on the median line and become ankylosed, at least in old birds, with each other and with the vomer. There is thus no doubt about their complete desmognathism. Besides this, however, Chordeiles differs from all the above-mentioned genera of Caprimulgidae in many other respects, as follows: Premaxillary (to cranio-facial suture) relatively as well as actually much shorter, only 37 per cent of the total length of the skull, whereas in Setochalcis vocifera it is 49 per cent; this, together with the actually as well as relatively much higher braincase, giving to the skull in general a curious humpbacked, pug-nosed appearance; interorbital portion of frontal region very much broader, medially depressed and fur- rowed, but laterally rising in a crest to the edge of the orbits, while in the other genera examined just the reverse is the case, the frontal region being rather inflated, with the orbital edges more or less rounded; vomer relatively narrow and slender; maxillo-palatines subtriangular instead of more or less strap-like or shoe-shaped ; mid- dle portion of palatines much broader, the lateral outline thus less constricted medially, more nearly straight, giving to the posterior portion a decidedly less flaring effect; antero-internal processes of palatines reaching to the maxillo-palatines; palatal opening between the halves of the premaxillary much smaller, narrower, and somewhat narrowly triangular instead of oval in shape; gall bladder absent; * rictal bristles wanting. Unfortunately I have been unable to examine the skulls of the South American genera commonly referred to the Caprimulgidae, so that it is impossible to determine with exactness which of the above characters are to be regarded as supergeneric. Doubtless some of them will prove, upon examination of all the remaining groups, to be merely generic. The same lack of material renders doubtful the precise limits of the family group which includes Chordeiles. The nearest ally of Chordeiles is without much doubt Nannochordeiles Hartert, and this certainly belongs to the same family, while Vycti- progne is probably also not distantly related. From external char- acters it would perhaps be better to include both Zurocalis and 1The statement of Beddard (Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, p. 239) that in Chordeiles virginianus the maxillo-palatines do not meet across the vomer is doubtless a slip or the result of examining an imperfect, abnormal, or immature skull, for in every one of the half dozen skulls we have examined these bones meet just as in Chordeiles acutipennis. 2 See plate 1, fig. 2. 3 Shufeldt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, pl. 59, fig. 4. * According to Beddard, Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, p. 242. 8 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Podager, though the latter is aberrant. The salient reliable differ- ential characters of the two families here most concerned are in part well shown on plates 1 and 2, accompanying the present paper, and are also all given in the tabular exposition below: Characters. Caprimulgidae. Chordeilidae. LEE ee eee ee See Schizopnathous tes. sc. nce ace wee Desmognathous. NWiOUHOT Stat aa oso met erale'ay= BTOSd as eee ceissneaseciee see eecleeee Narrow. Maxillo-palatines........ Strap-like, hook-like, or shoe-shaped . .| Subtriangular. Walatmessoccccson cscs Medially narrow, with lateral outline | Medially broad, with lateral outline much constricted. little constricted. Antero-internal proces- | Widely separated from maxillo-pala- | Reaching to maxillo-palatines. ses of palatines. tines. Premaxillary.- 3: 22.252: Long; 49 per cent of total length of | Short; 37 per cent of total length of skull. skull. Braincase..........----- WOWs sect sehen cesemeceeeatceeere amen High. Mrontals ss... 222225522 Medially convex... 55. -5.22---cs2ss- Medially concave. Gall bladder.-........... (eae Rees Beouecerbancodonce .2o5dee se Wanting. iletalipristles jesse. oa Mek OSeMt bene ee eee ee ela ieee ee tele ee Wanting. Included genera........- Systellura Ridgway .....-------------- Chordeiles Swainson. Stenopsis' Cassine. 22 - Steak wettest == Nannochordeiles Hartert. Antiurus Ridgway ..--.-..----------- Nyctiprogne Bonaparte. Nyctipolus Ridgway....--------------- Lurocalis Cassin.® Setochalcis Oberholser 4..-..-.--------- Podager Wagler.® Setopagis Ridgway. ..-.---------------- Phalaenoptilus Ridgway..-..-.--------- NYCI GTEUS NEISON.. < one e ac lsesiele cee Otophanes Brewster ....--.------------ Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte 5.........---. Antrostomus Bonaparte....-.--..-.--- Nyctidromus Gould.......---.-.------- Siphonorhis Sclater...-.--------------- Caprimulgus Linneus Eleothreptus Gray ..---- Bu elec eyoataigs sae Cosmetornis Glayico..co-0 ce ees eae Macrodipteryz Swainson....-.-.- ----- Scotornis Swainson.....-.-------.----- Hydropsalis Wagler.....--.----------- IMacropsdlis SClatere. s.c2 64 oceciaes aynconmis GOwds oss cea aaa eee Eurostopodus Gould’...........-.----- 1By some authors, as, for instance, Beddard and Parker, the Caprimulgidae are considered schizognathous, although by Huxley originally placed in the aegithognathous series. It is, of course, true that they are not typically schizognathous, having some aegithognathous characters; but it is also evident that, all things considered, they are much nearer the schizognathous than to the aegithognathous type. 2 Except in the genera Lyncornis and Eurostopodus. 8 Provisionally included. 4See p. 11. 8 Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte (Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857, p. 215 [p. 9 of reprint]) con- tained originally three species: Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi (type of Ptilonycterus Ridgway, 1912); Caprimulgus nuttallii Audubon (type of Phalaenoptilus Ridgway, 1880); and Caprimulgus guianensis Gmelin (= Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin) (type of Nyctidromus Gould, 1838). The first species was thus last made type of anew genus; and this genus Nyctiphrynus was restricted by Gray (Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 59) to the same bird, Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi. I, therefore, now desig- nate Caprimulgus ocellatus Tschudi as the type of Nyctiphrynus Bonaparte, and Ptilonycterus Ridgway consequently becomes its synonym, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 9 The genera in the above lists are arranged in what seems to be their natural order, but manifestly the osteology of all must be studied before a finally satisfactory sequence can be devised. The Chordeilidae, by reason of their desmognathism and the loss of the gall bladder, seem to be a less ancient and less primitive group than the Caprimulgidae. The full and formal diagnosis! of the Chordeilidae, based, of course, almost entirely on Chordeiles, is as follows: CHORDEILIDAE, new family. Caprimulgi with sternum one-notched on each side; carotids two; syrinx tracheo-bronchial; oil gland present; ceca present; cervical vertebre 13; fourth (outer) toe with but four phalanges; claw of middle toe pectinated; muscular formula AXY >; biceps slip present; expansor secondariorum absent; glutaeus primus extending over bi- ceps; gall bladder lacking; powder downs absent; skull broad, the zygoma spreading and distinctly angular, the interorbital breadth great; braincase high; frontals medially concave; premaxillary short, only 37 per cent of total length of skull; palate perfectly des- mognathous; maxillo-palatines relatively broad and subtriangular, ankylosed with each other and with the vomer; palatines much in- flated posteriorly and across their middle portion, not meeting except at their hind ends, the foramina in their middle portion small, their lateral outines little constricted medially, their antero-external proc- esses long and slender, their antero-internal processes reaching to the maxillo-palatines; vomer long, slender, and pointed at its anterior end; basipterygoid processes well developed; rictal bristles wanting. The type genus of this family is Chordeiles Swainson. The geographical range of the family is as follows: South Amer- ica, Central America, North America, and the West Indies; thus practically all of the Neotropical and Nearctic zoogeographical regions. The genera to be included in the family Chordeilidae have already been discussed.? In making comparisons of the skulls of Chordeiles with those of several genera of true Caprimulgidae some interesting facts concern- ing the latter family were discovered. The current genus Anéro- stomus Bonaparte, by many authors considered to include a well- known group of American species, by others united with Caprimul- gus, is not only perfectly distinct from the latter, but is itself divisible into two very divergent groups. In the following comparisons the skulls of only three species, Caprimulgus europaeus, Antrostomus 1Characters common to all Caprimulgi are omitted. 2See p. 8 13732°—Bull. 86—14——2 10 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. carolinensis, and “Antrostomus ” vociferus, have been used, but skins of a considerable number of other American and Old World species have been examined. All comparisons with Caprimulgus, however, are entirely with Caprimulqus europaeus (see pl. 1, fig. 1), the type of Caprimulgus Linneus, for it is plain that the genus Caprimulgqus, even restricted to Old World species, is a very heterogeneous group, and much in need of careful revision, for which the writer has at present neither time nor adequate available material. In the first place, Antrostonwus carolinensis (see pl. 2, fig. 1), the type by subsequent designation? of the genus Antrostomus Bona- parte,* and apparently the only member of this group as I now re- strict it, differs greatly from Caprimulgus in both cranial and external characters, and is really more closely related to Vyctidromus than to either Caprimulgus or Setochalcis* Its diagnosis is as follows: Genus ANTROSTOMUS Bonaparte. Similar to Caprimulgus Linneus, but interorbital region of frontals narrower; palatines of very different shape, the distance from their posterior border to the posterior ends of the foramina in their middle portion much greater, nearly double, and these openings much smaller; the inflated posterior parts of the palatines them- selves produced on each side considerably farther back than at the median line, thus more drawn to a point, and the postero-external outline of palatines laterally much less convex, in fact almost straight ; vomer broader, and pointed, instead of bluntly rounded, at its anterior end; maxillo-palatines longer and relatively narrower, more strap- shaped, less shoe-shaped or hook-like; the palatal opening between the halves of the premaxillary smaller and more regularly oval; rictal bristles with long and conspicuous lateral filaments; tail more rounded; and pterylosis different.® All the other American goatsuckers commonly referred to the genus Antrostomus, excluding those recently removed to other genera by Mr. Robert Ridgway,° agree, so far as I have been able to exam- ine them, very closely in external generic characters, but I have seen the skull of only “ Antrostomus” vociferus, from which I have drawn the cranial characters for this group. Since there are external generic differences distinguishing all these species from both Cap- rimulgus and Antrostomus (carolinensis), and likewise so many and such excellent cranial characters in “Antrostomus” vociferus (see 1Caprimulgus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 193 (type, by tautonymy, Caprimulgus europaeus Linneus). 2 Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 7. ® Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List Birds Europe and North Amer., 1838, p. 8. *See p. 11. 5 See Clark, Auk, vol. 18, 1901, pp. 168-169. 6 Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, May 4, 1912, pp. 98-99. ee THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 11 pl. 2, fig. 2), it seems necessary to separate all these American species under the name— SETOCHALCIS,' new genus. Somewhat resembling Antrostomus Bonaparte (as_ restricted above), but interorbital region of frontals much wider; palatines with inflated posterior portion smaller, the postero-external angles more sharply pointed and little if any extended backward beyond the median part of the palatines; vomer somewhat more sharply pointed 3. maxillo-palatines smaller, shorter, less sharply pointed and much more widely separated; the oval palatal opening between the halves of the premaxillary more elongate; pterygoids not so far separated from the basisphenoid, resting almost against it for the anterior half of their length; rictal bristles without lateral filaments; second primary (counting from the outermost) longest, the third but little shorter, the first considerably shorter than the third and about equal to the fourth (in Antrvostomus the second primary is the longest, but the third is decidedly shorter, the first still a little shorter, but very much longer than the fourth) ; three primaries sinuate on their outer webs, instead of two as in Antrostomus, wing relatively shorter ; and pterylosis different.? Superficially similar to Caprimulgus Linneus, but palatines very differently shaped, the distance from their posterior border to the pos- terior ends of the foramina in their middle portion much greater, and these openings much smaller ; the postero-external angles of palatines much more sharply pointed, and the postero-external outline laterally much less convex, indeed nearly straight ; vomer broader, and pointed, instead of bluntly rounded, at its anterior end; maxillo-palatines more oval or strap-like, not so shoe-shaped or hook-like, and much more widely separated; the palatal opening between the halves of the premaxillary smaller, narrower, more oval (less ovate); pterygoids not so far separated from the basisphenoid, but resting almost against it for the anterior half of their length; second primary (counting from the outermost) longest, the third only a little less, the first consider- ably shorter than the third and about equal to the fourth (in Caprimulgus * the second primary is also the longest, but the third is decidedly shorter, the first still a little shorter or equal, but very much longer than the fourth); three primaries sinuate on their outer webs, instead of two as in Caprimulgus; tail more rounded; wing relatively shorter. The type of this genus is Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson. 1 Sic, ontéc, tinea; yadkéc, aVis Nocturna. 2See Clark, Auk, vol. 18, 1901, pp. 168-169. It should be remembered that all these comparisons with Caprimulgus refer to Capri- mulgus europaeus only. See p. 10. 12 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Its geographical range is as follows: South America, Central America, the West Indies, and North America excepting the northern and central western portions. The species and subspecies at present referred to this genus, of most of which the writer has examined skins, are as follows: Setochalcis sericocaudata (Cassin.)* Setochalcis rufa rufa (Boddaert). Setochalcis rufa otiosa (Bangs). Setochalcis saturata (Salvin). Setochalcis badia (Bangs and Peck) .? Setochalcis salvini (Hartert).* Setochalcis cubanensis (Lawrence). Setochalcis vocifera vocifera (Wilson). Setochalcis vocifera arizonae (Brewster).‘ Setochalcis vocifera macromystax (Wagler).° Setochalcis vocifera oaxacae (Nelson).° Setochalcis vocifera chiapensis (Nelson). Setochalcis ridgwayt ridgwayi (Nelson). Setochaleis ridgwayt goldmani (Nelson).” Phylogeny—tThe genus Chordeiles, like the American branch of the family Caprimulgidae, is of South American origin. This is evi- dent from the facts that two of its three species, Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris, are still permanently resident there; that the forms of Chordeiles acutipennis which live in Central America and Mexico are more or less migratory; and, futhermore, that Chor- deiles virginianus, the remaining species, though at present entirely West Indian and North American in its distribution during the breeding season, returns entirely to South America to pass the winter. It-seems probable that the present genus with its two nearest ge- neric allies, Nannochordeiles and Nyctiprogne, had a common im- mediate ancestor; though, perhaps, Vannochordeiles, which is really 1 This is the original spelling of the specific name. 2This is apparently the same as the subsequent Antrostomus nelsoni Ridgway (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, May 4, 1912, p. 90). 3 This is the same as Antrostomus notabilis Nelson, of later date. 4This is a perfectly good race, differing from Setochalcis vocifera macromystar of the eastern, central, and south central parts of Mexico, from southern Coahuila to Guerrero, in lighter and more brownish coloration both above and below. It was originally de- scribed by Mr. William Brewster as Antrostomus vociferus arizonae (Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vol. 6, 1881, p. 69) from the Chiricahua Mountains in southern Arizona. It ranges north to southern Arizona and central western Texas; west to Arizona; south to Jalisco, Mexico ; east to Durango, Mexico, aud central western Texas. 5 This is Caprimulgus macromystae Wagler (Isis, 1831, col. 533), which has no more specific locality than ‘‘ Mexico.” Since, in view of the several subspecific forms since described, it is desirable to have a more definite type-locality, we designate as such . Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico. ® Still known from only the type specimen, a female, and if distinct from Setochalcis vocifera macromystax Wagler, is certainly but a subspecies of Setochalcis vocifera, 7 Clearly not more than subspecifically different from Setochalcis ridgwayi. a hl i ed THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 13 a small, somewhat modified Chordeiles, is a more direct offspring of the latter group. The real relationship and therefore the origin of the three species of Chordeiles is a problem of some difficulty. It seems probable, however, that Chordeiles virginianus, to have become, in structure, pattern of coloration, and color so well differentiated specifically from both Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris; to have estab- lished itself entirely outside of South America; to have spread over and permanently occupied as a summer home so large an area; and to have become modified into so many geographic races, notwithstand-~ ing the very brief period in each year during which the modifying in- fluences could be operative, must be a relatively ancient species. On the other hand, Chordeiles acutipennis, less stable than Chordeiles virginianus in structural characters, less dispersed into territory where it is migratory, modified into fewer subspecific forms, and these less strongly differentiated from the parent stock, and still largely resident in South America, seems to be of more recent origin. But Chordeiles rupestris, which is very different from Chordeiles acutipennis in pattern of coloration and in structure, and which occupies approximately the same area in South America, probably, therefore, developed simultaneously from the same ancestor. Fur- thermore, the close superficial resemblance in color and markings which Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis from northern South America bears to Chordeiles virginianus minor from Jamaica and Cuba is at least suggestive, if not significant. Thus we naturally arrive at the hypothesis that all three species of Chordeiles were de- rived from a common ancestor, probably resembling Chordeiles vir- gimianus in structure and Chordeiles acutipennis in coloration, but now extinct, from which Chordeiles virginianus first became differ- entiated, and afterwards both Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris, the latter so greatly specialized, as it is now seen to be in color pattern, by some unknown agency, possibly individual variation and subsequent fortuitous, temporary segregation. The only region where the two species, Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, occupy a common breeding area is in the southwestern United States and extreme northern Mexico. Here the former seems to have immigrated first, and from the north and east; while afterwards Chordeiles acutipennis, then a perfectly distinct species, extended its range northward from southern Mexico until it overlapped that of Chordeiles virginianus, and it seems to be still pushing northward. Sequence of forms.—An ideal linear sequence of species and sub- species, which shall show their proper phylogenetic relationship, is, - however, desirable, probably out of the question in a complicated group like the genus Chordeiles. As some such arrangement is, of 14 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. course, necessary for the sake of convenience, and as it is more satis- factory for a list or technical treatise to begin the catalogue of sub- species under each species with the “ typical,” or rather the first-de- scribed race, the name of which the species as a whole bears, the writer has tried to arrange the subspecific forms in as natural an order as is possible under these circumstances, and this sequence he has fol- lowed in the detailed treatment of the forms of the genus. A linear arrangement more satisfactory from the standpoint of re- lationship may, of course, be obtained by disregarding the purely arbitrary placing of the first-described form of a species at the head of the list of subspecies. Such a list, with due regard for the phy- logeny and present-day affinities of both species and subspecies, and one which seems to the writer to express, as eloquently as a mere list can, their known or assumed relationships, is as follows: Chordeiles virginianus minor. Chordeiles virginianus vicinus. Chordeiles virginianus chapmant. Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. Chordeiles virgintanus virginianus. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. Chordeiles virginianus howelli. Chordeiles virginianus henry. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis. Chordeiles acutipennis exilis. Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. Chordeiles acutipennis inferior. Chordeiles rupestris rupestris. Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus. Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus. The necessity of beginning in each species with the oldest or lowest form brings into juxtaposition, in a linear arrangement, the lowest or oldest form of any one species with the highest or most recent form of the preceding species, but there seems to be no better way. In the above list this is most noticeable with regard to Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, for, of the races of the former, Chordeiles virginianus minor is undoubtedly the one most closely allied to Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, though of neces- sity placed farthest from it serially. The sequence of subspecies under each species is also difficult to ex- press in a single linear list, owing to the fact that some races are about equally related to two or three others. Thus in the case of = THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 15 Chordeiles virginianus the subspecies are properly placed in their phylogenetic order as far as the fourth, for Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis is surely a pale form derived from Chordeiles virginianus chapmani. But Chordeiles virginianus virginianus is without doubt also an offshoot from Chordeiles virginianus chapman, and subspecifi- cally not very closely allied to Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. The rest follow in their presumed natural order. In Chordeiles acutipennis a practically natural order is possible, the only races which require comment in this connection being Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis and Chordeiles acutipennis exilis. Were the linear sequence to be strictly geographical, that of the first three races of Chordeiles acutipennis would be Chordeiles a. exilis, Chordeiles a. acutipennis, Chordeiles a. micromeris; for the first is geographically isolated from the Central American form not only by a hiatus in the breeding range but by the interpolation of Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis. This race, Chordeiles acutipennis exilis,' is, however, in some characters a departure from Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis in the direction of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, though not exactly intermediate, and is probably the result of envi- ronmental conditions somewhat similar to those of the last-mentioned form. In the case of Chordeiles rupestris, the material is so limited that only a suggestive opinion is possible. If all the characters of Chor- deiles rupestris xyostictus? and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus,? par- ticularly of the latter, prove constant in a larger series, the former is probably the one most closely allied to Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, since it differs only in colors, whereas Chordeiles rwpestris zaleucus differs also in pattern of coloration. Species and subspecies—There seem to be only three specific types referable to the genus Chordeiles, namely, virginianus, acutipennis, and rupestris; but these are so trenchantly different from each other both structurally and in pattern of coloration that there can be no question of their entire distinctness. All the other forms are clearly subspecies. The 17 forms here recognized are distributed as follows: Chordeiles virginianus, with 9 races; Chordeiles acutipennis, with 5; and Chordeiles rupestris, with 3. For convenience of reference a list of all these, with their type localities, is added here: ‘See p. 98. 2 See p. 116. 3 See p. 118. 16 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Name. Type-locality. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus........--.------- Eastern Virginia. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis..........--------+---- Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. Chordeiles virginianus sennetti...........----------- 50 miles west of the Pembina Mountains, central northern North Dakota. Chordeiles virginianus howelli}..........-.--------- Lipscomb, northwestern Texas.. Chordeiles virginianus henryi....-...-.-----+-----+- Fort Webster, southern New Mexico. Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis 2...........---+--- Valley of Aserri River, near San José, Costa Rica. Chordeiles virginianus chapmani.........---.------- Gainesville, northern Florida. Chordeiles virginianus vicinus.........-------+---- Long Island, Bahama Islands. Chordeiles virginianus minor.........-.--------+--- Northern coast of Cuba. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis.........-------- Cayenne, French Guiana. Chordeiles acutipennis evilis 8...........-...-------- Northern Chile. Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris 4........-.------- Xbac, northern Yucatan, Mexico. Chordeiles acutipennis terensis........-.-------+--+- Ringgold Barracks, near Rio Grande City, southern Texas, Chordeiles acutipennis inferior 5.......-.-.--------+- Triunfo, southern Lower California, Mexico. Chordeiles rupestris rupestris....-....------+--+200- Rocky islands of the Rio Negro, northern Brazil. Chordeiles rupestris ryostictus §...........-.--+----- Bogota, Colombia. Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus7.....-...----- ‘ole meee Pebas, northern Peru. 1 New subspecies; see p. 57. 5 New subspecies; see p. 109. 2 See p. 71. 6 New subspecies; see p. 116. 3 See p. 98. 7 New subspecies; see p. 118. 4 New subspecies; see p. 100. Recognition of subspecies—All but two of the forms here treated as subspecies are found to intergrade with some one or even several other forms, either by gradual mergence across an intermediate geo- graphic area, or if isolated on islands or elsewhere, then by individual variation, and in the first case not infrequently both geographically and individually, so that each species is made up of a complete chain of connected races. The two exceptions mentioned are Chordeiles rupestris yostictus® and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus,? both being little-known birds of probably limited distribution, the characters of which are such as reasonably presuppose their subspecific, rather than specific, relationship, for which reason we have here assigned them such a rank. The problem of the number of subspecies to be recognized is, as in the case of similar wide ranging and plastic animals, a somewhat difficult one, particularly in Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis. The great individual variation seriously complicates the situation, for however few may be the subspecific divisions of particularly these two species, such subspecies will more or less overlap those of one or more others, hence the characters can in no case be more than average. There are, notwithstanding this exces- sive and troublesome individual variation, well-marked geographic 8 See p. 116. ®See p. 118. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER, 17 differences which, upon examination of proper series, are apparent at a glance; and there are also other geographic variations, not very evident, except by careful study, and which may or may not have special significance according to the attitude of the investigator. The nominal designation of these small and apparently more or less ephemeral differences may, it seems to me, properly be left until future time and study shall make sucha course advantageous. For the pres- ent purpose, therefore, the writer has contented himself with recog- nizing in nomenclature such differences of size, pattern, and color as appear to maintain during the breeding season a fair average differ- entiation and uniformity over an isolated or reasonably different or extensive geographic area. The results, while they thus bring into evidence probably all the significant geographic variations of the several species, at least in so far as the available material warrants, are at the same time not excessive subdivision. Fewer subspecies would obscure interesting geographic variations, with little or no gain in the ease of identification of given specimens; more would seem, from the outlook of our present material, superfluous and inadvisable. Identification of specimens.—The naming of subspecies is most important in that it brings into prominence the facts of geographic distribution and evolution and provides convenient handles for their use. In the case of migratory birds it furnishes a means, often of great value, sometimes indispensable, of tracing their wanderings. Given any certain number of races, therefore, of a Chordeiles or species of any other genus, with a mass of undetermined material, it naturally follows that proper identification must precede any use of the facts which such material exhibits. This, however, in difficult groups, like Chordeiles, is often a matter of considerable difficulty, and for satisfactory results requires a good series of authentic speci- mens for comparison, coupled with a thorough knowledge of differ- ential characters and variations. In the present genus, so great and so complicated is the variation of individuals, sex, and age, that it is absolutely necessary to make comparisons with specimens of the same sex and age and with typical series. On this account very full comparisons are, in the following pages, made under the head of each subspecies. As is always the case with subspecies, the differences separating which are only average, there are specimens in nearly all the races of Chordeiles, which individually are not separable from certain individuals of some other race. With breeding birds of this kind identification is in most cases comparatively easy, for if their respective localities are within the known range of any sub- species they are, of course, identifiable as individual variants of such 18 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. subspecies. But birds from intermediate areas require more careful examination, dnd often a series from a locality is necessary for their proper allocation. Since, however, the certain breeding period of Chordeiles is comparatively so short, most of the specimens col- lected are either migrants or not surely breeding birds, and their subspecific determination becomes often a matter of great difficulty, and sometimes of more or less uncertainty as well. For obvious reasons an attempt has been made to name every specimen handled in the present investigation, and the results are contained in the lists of specimens under each subspecies. With such a large proportion of specimens of unknown breeding origin, in a group which presents so many puzzling and overlapping vari- ations as do the subspecies of Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, it is too much to hope that I have correctly placed every single individual of the large number that I have examined; but I have carefully scrutinized and compared every one, so that the final determination as printed represents, in each individual case, the best opinion I can offer with the means at my present disposal. Some doubtful specimens have been identified and reidentified dur- ing the progress of the work as many as six or eight times, not always, it must be admitted, with the same result! In instances such as those mentioned above, where a given variant specimen can be matched by individuals belonging to two or even more races, the specimen has been assigned to that form by the average subspecific characters of which it is most closely approached; and, in deter- mining this, both the average of single characters among individuals of the same form, and an average of all the differential characters of the given subspecies are taken into consideration. This seems to be the only logical way to treat such cases, and by it we probably much more closely approximate the truth than by any other method. Variation—The species of this genus have a wide range of all kinds of variation excepting seasonal, which is at a minimum, due partly to the comparatively little abrasion to which the plumage is subject; partly to the great similarity of freshly molted birds to those in worn plumage, for there are, on the fresh feathers, no differently colored tips or edges to wear off; and partly, in the case of a semiannual molt, to the sameness of successive adult plumages. Individual variation is often so great as seriously to complicate the problem of geographic forms, as well as to render difficult the identification of specimens. Furthermore it is just as great in the sedentary as in the migrant forms. This is, however, fully treated under the various species and subspecies. Sexual differences are about equally great in all the species. In Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles virginianus they are of very q 4 ‘ ‘ ' | THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 19 similar kind, and are mostly differences of color; while in Chordeiles rupestres they consist more in the pattern of coloration. The variation due to age is likewise about the same in Chordeiles virginianus and Chordeiles acutipennis, and is so great that there is no difficulty at all in distinguishing immature from adult birds. The immature plumages of Chordeiles rupestris appear to be unknown, but their relative differences are probably much the same as those of the other species of the genus. Geographic variation is not so great as in many other birds of even less but otherwise similar geographic range but of greater plasticity. This variation has been kept down in part, doubtless, by the extensive migration of the northern forms; but it probably can not be fully ac- counted for in such a way, since the species least or not at all migra- tory, Chordeiles acutipennis and Chordeiles rupestris, are seen to be, if anything, less variable than the highly migratory Chordeiles virginianus. Apparently such a condition of limited geographic vari- ation is induced also by the excessive individual variation in species of this genus; by their inherent smaller degree of plasticity; as well as by the phylogenetic age of the species, as compared with those of other genera. The last may also be a determining factor in the species of Chordeiles, as compared with each other; and if Chordeiles acuti- pennis and Chordeiles rupestris are of more recent evolution than Chordeiles virginianus, as seems probable, this may be, in geographic variation, an offset to their more sedentary habits. General habits—The nighthawks of this genus are birds of the open country. Being strong of wing, they are of easy though power- ful flight, and spend much time in the air, where they obtain most of their insect food, which their great mouths admirably fit them to scoop in while on the wing. Their feet are weak, and not well adapted to perching in the ordinary way; so the birds rarely alight high up in trees, but crouch on the ground or other flat surface, on posts, fence-rails, rocks, prostrate trees, or low branches; and, when on a branch, log or fence-rail, sit almost invariably lengthwise of the perch. These nighthawks build no nest, but deposit their two well-mottled eggs on the ground or similar places. The young are practically helpless for some time after birth. Unfortunately these birds furnish a good mark for the hunter, and often on this account fall to the gun of the sportsman or pot-hunter. They deserve a much better fate, for they are beneficial birds, living almost entirely, if not exclusively, on insects. History—tThe earliest account of any species of this genus is by Catesby,t who in 1743 described Chordeiles virginianus as the 1 Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahama Islands, vol. 2, Appendix, 1743, p. 16, pl. 16. 20 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. “ Whippoorwill, Caprimulgus minor Americanus.” The South Amer- ican Chordeiles acutipennis was first brought to notice by Buffon,1 who gave, under the name “ L’Engoulevent acutipenne de la Guyane,” a description and a brief note on its habits. Both these species, when subsequently given a binomal name, were referred to the genus Caprimulgus Linneus, as was also a third species described later by Spix? as Caprimulgus rupestris. Swainson was the first author to recognize their structural differences from Caprimulgus, and first separated the nighthawks generically as Chordeiles.* Another spe- cies, described as Chordeiles pusillus,* has since been made the type of a new genus Vannochordeiles by Dr. EK. Hartert.2 Further species which have been at one time or another by some authors referred to Chordeiles, but which all belong in other genera, are Siphonorhis americanus, Nyctiprogne leucopyga, Nytipolus hirundinaceus,° Luro- calis semitorquatus, Lurocalis natterert, and Nyctibius leucopterus. Nomenclature—Swainson’s name for this generic group, Chor- deiles, first proposed by him in 1832," is by several years the earliest appellation, and is of undoubted application, since it is monotypic, and has for its type by original designation “ Chordeiles virginianus (Caprimulgus americanus Wils.),” which is, of course, none other than Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin. A subsequent generic name is Microrhynchus Lesson,’ type by monotypy, Caprimulgus exilis Lesson; but besides being 11 years antedated by Chordetles Swainson is, furthermore, untenable under any circumstances by reason of Microrhynchus Dejean,® a genus of Coleoptera, and Aicrorhynchus Bell,?® a genus of Crustacea. In 1857 Bonaparte, either unaware of Microrhynchus Lesson, or considering it unusable, proposed Ram- phaoratus ™ in the following fashion: 9. Ramphaoratus, Bp. 35. truncatus, Bp. Mus. Br. (caberculatus? Jardin. 36. exilis, Less. pruinosus, Tschudi). From this it is evident that he intended to include two species: the first an undescribed form to be based on specimens in the British Museum, and which he regards as probably or possibly identical with 1 Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux, orig. ed., vol. 1779, pp. 547-548. 2 Avium Spec. Noy. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2. 3’ FHauna Bor.-Amer., vol, 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496, #Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 182. 5 Ibis, July, 1896, p. 574. 6 See p. 97. 7 Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496. 8 L’BHcho du Monde Savant, July 16, 18438, col. 109. ® Catalogue des Coleoptéres, 1821, p. 98 (Megerle MS.). ” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, p. 88. 11 Rivista Contemporanea, vol. 9, February, 1857, p. 215 (p. 9 of reprint). ee a THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. ie “ caberculatus”” Jardine, this undoubtedly a misprint for [Capri- mulgus| labeculatus Jardine, a synonym of Chordeiles acutipennis; and the second species, Caprimulgus evilis Lesson, with which he synonymizes Caprimulgus pruinosus Tschudi. Since the Ramphaora- tus truncatus of Bonaparte is a nomen nudum, it leaves Caprimulgus exilis Lesson as the virtually monotypic type of Ramphaoratus. The generic term Chordeiles has, like so many others, suffered at the hands of emenders, who, in seeking to “ improve ” the name, have in some cases made it worse.- This is an excellent example of the impossibility of formulating any satisfactory rule for the emenda- tion of names, because, as in the present instance, there are often several different ways of spelling the same word, by varying the terminations, all of which are orthographically and classically cor- rect, and merely a matter of preference. The best course, therefore, from the standpoint of either reason or convenience, is to adhere to the original spelling of generic names, even though in some instances this be, from a classical point of view, evidently wrong. The name Chordeiles has been spelled in at least five different ways, including the original, and under the International Code of Nomenclature most of these would be regarded, so far as their form is concerned, as tenable generic terms. Mr. G. R. Gray in 1840? first changed the name to Chordeilus, designating the type, as in the original Chor- deiles, Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin. Next Tschudi in 1846? spelled it Chordiles, and included only “Ch[ordiles]. semitorquatus Cab.,” which is, of course, the same as Caprimulgus ewilis Lesson. In 1847 * Cabanis emended it to Chordediles, and the type of this is, of course, the same as that of the original Chordeiles. In 18694 Mr. G. R. Gray credits Cabanis with the orthography “Chordedilus,” supposedly used in 1861; but, after careful search, I have not been able to locate the reference. There may be still other spellings of Chordeiles buried in the literature, but I have been unable to discover them. The word Chordeiles is derived from the Greek yoedy, a string (of a lyre or other musical instrument), and 8 |) 1555 haw ie atts eee OOF tea aera 7.1) 13 14.2 M. Shu- |187. 5/107 TANTS) 1 2529 Mfeldi.] 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 36. 2 Specimen described on p. 35. 46 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HESPERIS Grinnell. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis GRINNELL, Condor, vol. 7, November 22, 1905, p. 170 (Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, California). Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but male with upper surface lighter, the ground color more brownish, the light markings more numerous, particularly on back, scapulars, tertials, and superior wing-coverts; the posterior lower parts less washed with buffy, and the dark bars averaging narrower. Measurements—Male: Total length (in flesh), 220.7-260.3 (aver- age, 240.5) mm.;1 extent of wing, 568.2-609.6 (588.9) .* Female: Weight, 4 ounces avoirdupois.? Male:* Wing, 183-211 (average, 200) mm.; tail, 107-120 (112.9) ; exposed culmen, 6.0-8.0 (6.9) ; tarsus, 13.8-15.2 (14.3) ; middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.7). Female:* Wing, 187-203 (194.9) mm.; tail, 105-119 (112.2); ex- posed culmen, 6.1-8.0 (7.0); tarsus, 13-15.2 (14.5); middle toe, 14.2-16 (15.3). Ty pe-locality—Bear Lake, 6,700 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. Geographical distribution—Extreme western United States and southern edge of southwestern Canada; south in winter, probably to South America. Breeds in the Upper Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones, north to Indian Head and Maple Creek, southern Saskatchewan; Many Island Lake, near Walsh, southeastern Al- berta; Trail, southeastern British Columbia; and Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, northwestern Washington; west to Aberdeen, central western Washington; Astoria, Newport, and Glendale, western Oregon; Humboldt Bay and Ukiah, northwestern California; Au- burn in Placer County, central California; and the Kern River Lakes and Santa Barbara, southwestern California; south to Ven- turia County, and to the South Fork of the Santa Ana River, and Fish Creek in the San Bernardino Mountains, southwestern California; east to Sugarloaf Peak in the San Bernardino Mountains, south- western California; Furnace Creek in Death Valley, southeastern California; Mount Magruder, southwestern Nevada; Eureka, central Nevada; Fairfield, north central Utah; Promontory, central north- ern Utah; Blackfoot, southeastern Idaho; Upper Geyser Basin, in Yellowstone National Park, northwestern Wyoming; Bozeman, Great Falls, and the Bear Paw Mountains, central Montana; and Indian Head, central southern Saskatchewan. Migrates southward through Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Winters probably in South America. iTwo specimens. 2 One specimen, 3 Ten specimens, from California, Oregon, and Montana. 4Ten specimens, from California, Oregon, and Idaho, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 47 Remarks.—The female of this race differs in color from the male in her usually more buffy posterior lower parts; rather highter, more brownish (less blackish) ground color of the upper surface, with light markings there averaging darker, duller, less sharply contrasted with the dark areas, and usually somewhat more ochraceous or brownish (less whitish). She is, in fact, more like Chordetles virgini- anus howelli* than is the male. She is even more different from the female of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus than is the male from that form, being rather readily separable by her lighter, more brownish (less blackish), more heavily light-mottled upper parts, these light markings paler tawny or ochraceous; paler under sur- face, the dark brown areas less blackish, the tawny and ochraceous parts, including the throat, paler, the posterior portion more nar- rowly barred and less strongly tinged with buff or tawny. The juvenal and first autumn plumages are distinguishable from the same stages of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus and Chordeiles virginanus chapmani by their lighter upper surface, the ground color of which is more brownish, the light markings usually some- what more buffy and more numerous. Most specimens are, on the upper surface, very much like adult male Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, occasional birds almost indistinguishable, but are rather more brownish and buffy. Individual variation in color is very marked, more so in the female than in the male. In the male the ground color of the lower parts is normally creamy white, varying to pure white and to cream buff; in the female normally cream buff, varying to cream white and to ochraceous buff, the light throat-patch ranging from ochraceous buff to buffy white. The upper surface of the male is normally blackish brown, with considerable light mottling, mostly of white and grayish white, with some buff. The general impression is lighter than in Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, darker than in Chor- deiles virgintanus sennetti. Sometimes it is more blackish, some- times more brownish, and the mottlings are occasionally, at least in part, ochraceous buff. The upper surface of the female is normally as described above, but varies occasionally (No. 161983, U.S.N.M., Quincy, California, June 21, 1889) to dark grayish brown with ex- tensive white, scarcely any buff, markings, practically as in typical male Chordeiles virginianus sennetti; to a more extensively blackish general color (No. 94978, U.S.N.M., Fort Klamath, Oregon, July 25, 1883), with few light markings, very much like the adult male Chor- deiles virginianus virginianus, to a more rufescent brownish, though dark color (No. 19839, Carnegie Mus., Beaverton, Oregon, June 28, 1884), with nearly all the light markings buff, ochraceous, or tawny, 1 See p. 57. 48 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. very closely resembling the adult male of Chordeiles virginianus henry; or even to a lighter brown, very much mottled (No. 6819, J. Grinnell, Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, California, July 22, 1905), like the male of Chordeiles virginianus howelli. As in Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, there is little or no geo- graphical variation in this race. Breeding birds from southern Cali- fornia seem to be practically identical in both color and size with those from northern California, Idaho, western Montana, and other parts of the breeding range. Breeding birds from Nevada seem to be all Chordeiles v. hesperis, and identical with California specimens. One breeding example from the Hood River, Oregon (No. 156571, U.S.N.M., June 21, 1897), looks like Chordeiles virginianus virgint- anus; but others from North Dalles and Fort Steilacoom, Washing- ton, from Heppner and the John Day River, Oregon, are surely Chor- deiles v. hesperis; and while all the breeding birds available from Oregon and southern Washington are somewhat intermediate between CO. v. virginianus and C. v. hesperis, they are much nearer the lat- ter. A single specimen from the Milk River, at latitude 49°, Mon- tana (No. 67646, U.S.N.M., July 24, 1874), others from the Sun River and elsewhere in western and central Montana, as well as southern Idaho, are practically indistinguishable from California examples of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. One half-grown bird in juvenal plumage from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Na- tional Park, northwestern Wyoming (No. 62256, U.S.N.M., Aug. 20, 1872), is apparently the present form, being much too grayish for Chordeiles virginianus howelli,s and too dark for Chordeiles vir- ginianus sennetti. Breeding birds from Trail, southeastern British Columbia, close to the boundary of the State of Washington, verge toward Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but are decidedly nearer Chordeiles v. hesperis. A series of breeding specimens from Maple Creek, southwestern Saskatchewan, and two individuals from Indian Head, Saskatchewan, incline somewhat toward Chordeiles v. sen- netti, but are clearly the present form. Average measurements of breeding specimens from different parts of the range compare as follows: x xr Mai Exposed Middle Localities. Wing. Tail. caine Tarsus. tae mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Five males, from southern California........--.----- 200 113.5 7.2 14.3 14.7 Five males, from Oregon and Montana......-....-.- 200 112. 2 6.7 14.4 14.8 GwpyMAle; trom Utah so. a8 2 Soe sale nee) tose cebite nae 195 107.5 6.9 15 16 Five females, from southern California. ......-.---.-- 194.1 112.5 6.9 14 15 Five females, from Oregon and Idaho........-..--..-- 195.6 111.9 7 15 15.6 One fermale tron, Witeby. eo eeccoe eco ae cies 187 108 6.6 14.5 16.3 a 1 See p. 57. senda . THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 49 Like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, this nighthawk lingers late in the spring south of its breeding range. A single typical male taken at Johnson Lake, Valley County, Montana, June 3, 1910, and another obtained at Saratoga, southeastern Wyoming, June 7, 1911, are evidently both but transients. So are also one taken by Alex Wetmore at Greybull, in Bighorn County, central northern Wyo- ming, June 14, 1910, and another at the same locality on June 15 of the same year, for the breeding bird of this region is Chordeiles virginianus howelli; and, furthermore, Mr. Wetmore assures us that the species had first arrived in this valley only a few days previous, and appeared to be on the move. Likewise the autumn migration begins very early, sometimes, at least, by the middle of July, thus before the breeding season is over, as the following records of prac- tically typical specimens indicate: One taken, July 14, 1909, at Wins- low, Arizona, by C. Birdseye; one, August 3, 1904, at Tres Piedras, New Mexico; one, August 11, 1902, in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, by H. S. Swarth; one, August 18, 1909, at Tuba, Arizona, by E. W. Nelson; and another, September 1, 1908, in Buckskin Valley, Iron County, Utah, by W. H. Osgood. It has been reported from Poway, San Diego County, California, during migration, but apparently not certainly from Lower Cali- fornia. Three specimens collected by Dr. C. W. Richmond on the Escondido River, 50 miles above Bluefields, Nicaragua (No. 128370, U.S.N.M., adult male, Sept. 17, 1892; No. 128371, U.S.N.M., adult male, Sept. 17, 1892; and No. 128373, juvenal male, Oct. 28, 1892), are apparently typical Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The last one (No. 128373) is the example mentioned by G. K. Cherrie* as like the type of his new race, Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, but darker. An adult female (No. 27101, Field Mus.) from Miravalles, Costa Rica, is certainly Chordeiles v. hesperis, although M. A. Car- riker, jr., has recorded it as Chordeiles virginianus virginianus.? This nighthawk breeds chiefly during June and July, sometimes as early as May 24; at Big Stick Lake, near Maple Creek, Saskatche- wan, Dr. L. B. Bishop found eggs on July 19, 1906. According to Joseph Grinnell it breeds chiefly in the Canadian Zone, though also in the upper part of the Transition Zone, in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. In other localities, however, it nests regularly all through the Transition Zone and also in the Upper Austral Zone. Specimens examined.—Specimens to the number of 120 have been seen, from the localities in the subjoined list: Alberta.—Many Island Lake, near Walsh (July 13, 1906). British Columbia.—Trail (June 13, 14, and 16, 1902). 1 Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 136. 2 Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, 1910, p. 501. 50 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Saskatchewan.—Indian Head (June 18, 1892) ; Maple Creek (June 14, 1905; June 5, 1906; July 4 and 30, 1906) ; Hay Creek, near Maple Creek (July 6, 1906) ; Big Stick Lake, near Maple Creek (July 19, 1906). Arizona.—Tuba (Aug. 18, 1909) ; Winslow (July 14, 1909) ; Hua- chuca Mountains (Aug. 11, 1902). California.—Fish Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, 9,000 feet altitude (June 15, 1905); Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, 7,500 feet altitude (July 21, 22, 24, and 25, 1905) ; Sugarloaf Moun- tain, San Bernardino Mountains, 7,500 feet altitude (Aug. 23, 1905) ; Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, 6,700 feet altitude (July 30, 1905) ; South Fork of Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mountains (6,200 feet altitude, July 2, 4, 7, and 8, 1906; 7,000 feet altitude, June 27, 1905); Troy Meadows, Sierra Nevada (Aug. 2, 1911); Trout Creek, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County (8,000 feet altitude, July 28, 1911; 6,000 feet altitude, July 30 and 31, 1911); Jackass Meadow, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, 7,750 feet altitude (July 30, 1911) ; Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, 5,500 feet altitude (June 22, 1910) ; Squaw Mountain, Warner Mountains (July 20, 1910) ; Coppervale, Lassen County (June 15, 1906); Millford, Honey Lake (June 18, 1906); Quincy (June 21, 1889); Redding (June 17, 1883); Lake City (June 11, 1896) ; Mount Shasta (Aug. 4, 1883; July 29 and 31, 1904) ; Blue Canyon (June 9, 1882); Tulare Valley; Cisco (June 30, 1885) ; Furnace Creek, Death Valley (June 19, 1891). Colorado.—Kstes Park (Aug. 3 and 10, 1893). Idaho.—Pocatello (June 10, 1911); Birch Creek (Aug. 4, 1890) ; Big Butte (July 9, 1890) ; Arco (nestling, July 25, 1890) ; Nampa. Kansas——Hamilton (Sept. 10, 1913). Montana—Milk River at 49° north latitude (July 24, 1874) ; Sun River (Aug. 10 and 24, 1867) ; Great Falls (July 20, 1890) ; Johnson Lake, Valley County (June 3, 1910) ; Bozeman (Aug. 9, 1888) ; Cor- vallis (July 7, 1910) ; Gold Creek, Powell County, 5,000 feet altitude (Aug. 26, 1910). Nevada.—Big Creek Ranch at base of Pine Forest Mountains (June 16, 1909); Pyramid Lake (June 23, 1893; July 3, 1903); Virgin Valley, Humboldt County (June 3, 1909); Gardnerville (July 18, 1898) ; East Humboldt Mts. (Aug. 4, 1868) ; Carson (June 18, 1881). New Mexico.—Tres Piedras (Aug. 3, 1904, J. H. Gaut). Oregon.—Newport (June 16, 1901) ; Adel, Lake County (June 20, 1896) ; John Day River (June 21, 1899) ; Beaverton (June 28, 1884; June 21, 1890; July 3, 1890); Fort Klamath (July 25, 1883) ; Hepp- ner (June 10, 1896); Lake Alvord (July 31, 1896); Hood River (June 21, 1897); Astoria (nestling, July 19, 1897) ; Crooked River, 20 miles southeast of Prineville (June 28, 1896) ; 7 miles northwest of Corvallis (July 22, 1898) ; 1 mile southeast of Corvallis (July 4, 1899). — ~~. —— Sl ll a THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 51 Texas—Brownwood (Aug. 25, 1888). Utah—Buckskin Valley, Iron County (two specimens, Sept. 1, 1908) ; Fairfield (June 21 and 27, 1890). Washington.—North Dalles (Rockland) (July 3, 1897); Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound (July 16, 1858). Wyoming.—Stinking Creek (=Shoshone River) (June, 1860); Greybull (June 14 and 15, 1910); Saratoga (June 7, 1911) ; Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (Aug. 20, 1872). Campeche—La Tuxpana (Oct. 4, 1912). Nicaragua.—Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields (Oct. 28, 1892; Sept. 17, 1892). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, cs) © : as| 415 Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. ef = a4 SEE J “ oS abe! 5 od Ele leslie ls mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.) mm, J. Grinnell 6917 1...| Male?...| Bear Lake (6,700 | July 30,1905) J. Grinnell..|205 |116.5} 8 | 14.5] 15 feet alt.), San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. J. Grinnell 6467 1...|...do....] Fish Creek (9,000 June 15,1905 |..... do. .2-- 1198. |118 7 |S AS feet alt.), San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. J. Grinnell 6842 !...|...do....|Bluff Lake (7,500 | July 24,1905 |..... dors: 191. 5|107 6. 5) 13.8) 14 feet alt.), San Bernardino Homes Cal. deerrerrell GS60 2.2-|-- *do- . <.. |. .--<@0s <2 22 diecinss July 25,1905 |..... do.....-|207 120 7.5) 14.2) 15 Mus. Vert. Zool. |...do.... rout Creek (3,000} July 28,1911 |..... Co to ee 198. 5|111 7 | 14.5) 14.5 199101. feet alt.), Sierra Nevada Moun- tains, Tulare County, Cal. J. Grinnell ——1...|...do....| Newport, Oreg..-| June16,1901 | B. os Breth- {211 {118.5} 6.2] 15.2] 15.2 erton. Mus. Vert. Zool. |...do...- aha Day River, | June21,1899 | Loye Miller.|205 115 6.6) 14 | 14 5861.1 reg. Carnegie Mus. |...do....| Beaverton, Oreg..| June21,1890 | A. W. An- |200 {112.5} 8 | 14.5] 15.5 19840,1 thony. U.S.N.M. 140392 1.|...do....| Heppner, Oreg..-| June10,1896 | E.A.Preble.|201 /108 6 | 14.1) 15 U.S.N.M. 228076 1.|...do...-| Corvallis, Mont...} July 7,1910 | B. Bailey...|183 |107 6.5} 14 | 14.2 U.S.N.M. 130394...]...do....| Fairfield, Utah...| June21,1890 |} V. Bailey...|195 |107.5| 6.9] 15 | 16 Mus. Vert. Zool. | Female .| Trout Creek (6, 000 July 30,1911 | J. Grinnell. ./187 |110 6.5) 14.2] 15 19911.1 feet alt.), Sierra Nevada Moun- tains, Tulare County, Cal. erree Vert. Zooly ts .doses|| == Oss es aera ee doves alesse dos zc2% 193 |113 7 | 14.5) 16 De J. Grinnell 7553 1...|...do....| South Fork Santa| July 4,1906 |..... dos=-= = 198 {119 7 | 14.2) 15 : AnaRiver(6,200 feet alt.), San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. weormmnell: 7549 2.22)... dos. soso AO) ec tee Pily 21906). 5 Se dosesicss 196 |112 6.5] 13 | 15 J. Grinnell 6819 !...}...do. Bluff Lake (7,500 | July 22,1905 |..... doisss-2 196. 5108.5) 7.5) 14 | 14.2 feet alt.), San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. Carnegie Mus. |...do....| Beaverton, Oreg..| July 3,1890 | A. W. An- {191 |110.5] 7.3} 14.8] 15.5 19841.1 thony. a iucets Mss dows olanieia dos. s-ntte seer June 28, 1884 |... .. do. 202 113 8 | 15.2) 16 39,2 U.S.N.M. 140393 1.]...do....| Crooked River, 20 | June 28,1896 | V. Bailey. . .|197.5]115 6.9] 15.2] 16 miles southeast of Prineville, reg. U.S.N.M. 1422941.|...do....| Big Butte, Idaho. July 19,1890 | C.P.Streator |203 [116 6.8] 14.8] 14.8 U.S.N.M. 140407 1.]...do....]...-. GOs. ee co (ot Sere Sees doves 194. 5/105 6.1; 15 | 15.5 U.S.N.M. 140395...].. .do-. Fairfield, Utah...| June27,1890 | V. Bailey--./187 |108 6. 6) 14.5] 16.3 iI 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 46. 2 Type. 52 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS SENNETTI Coues. [Chordiles popetue] Sennetti Cours, Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 387 (50 miles west of Pembina [sic], North Dakota; and Wharton County, Texas). Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but upper surface of male lighter and more grayish, i. e., the dark brown ground color lighter and more grayish, the light markings finer, more numerous, and paler, more grayish or whitish (less ochraceous) ; general tone of lower surface lighter, the dark anterior portions more grayish, the bars on posterior portion narrower, sometimes inter- rupted. Measurements——Male: Total length (in flesh), 212.6-247.6 (aver- age, 231.6) mm.; + extent of wing, 412.8-590.6 (541) .1 Female: Weight, 2 ounces 4 drams to 3 ounces 3 drams avoirdu- pois? (average, 2 ounces 13.3 drams). Male:* Wing, 186-213 (average, 198.3) mm.; tail, 101.5-112.5 (109.1) ; exposed culmen, 6.0-7.2 (6.9); tarsus, 13.5-15.8 (14.6) ; middle toe, 13.9-16 (15.8). Female:* Wing, 175-201 (189.5) mm.; tail, 102.5-115 (108); ex- posed culmen, 6.0-7.5 (6.5); tarsus, 13.8-15.3 (14.7); middle toe, 14-16 (14.9). Type-locality Fifty miles west of the Pembina Mountains, in cen- tral northern North Dakota. Geographical distribution.—Central northern United States, prob- ably south in winter to South America; breeds in the Upper Austral and Transition zones, north to Pembina, to Towner County, and old Fort Union, northern North Dakota; and Strater, northeastern Mon- tana; west to Strater, Darnall’s Ranch in Dawson County, and Fort Keogh, eastern Montana; and Uva, southeastern Wyoming; south to Uva, southeastern Wyoming; Rosebud, central southern South Da- kota; Thomas County and Antelope County, north central Nebraska ; Sioux City and Dickinson County, northwestern Iowa; east to Dick- inson County, northwestern Iowa; Madison, southwestern Minnesota ; and Pembina, northeastern North Dakota. Migrates through Kansas and eastern Colorado, and probably Central America. Winters prob- ably in South America. Remarks.—This is easily seen to be one of the palest races, and is characterized, particularly in the male, by the grayish cast of hight and dark colors both above and below, as compared with the other forms. The broad light streaks on the nape, especially, are very hght buff or even whitish, and the upper surface of the wings has much 1 Four specimens, 2 Three specimens, * Ten specimens, from South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana, *Ten specimens, from South Dakota and North Dakota. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 53 light gray and whitish with a minimum of buff. The male of this subspecies is readily distinguishable from Chordeiles virginianus vir- gintanus by its much lighter upper surface, the dark ground color less blackish, more grayish brown, the light mottlings much more numerous, finer, paler, and less ochraceous (more whitish or grayish) ; and also by its lighter lower surface, the posterior portion white instead of more or less tinged with buff or cream color, and less heavily barred with blackish, and the dark brown of anterior por- tion more grayish. The female is more brownish below on the dark areas than is the male, also more washed with buff on the posterior portion; above usu- ally darker and with less white mottling, the dark areas slightly more brownish, the light markings duller, more brownish, or more tinged with buff or ochraceous (not so whitish), and thus not so sharply contrasted. She differs from the female of Chordeiles vir- gmianus virginianus in much lighter, more grayish (less brown- ish) upper surface, with much more numerous light markings; and paler lower parts, the dark portions more grayish (less brownish), the light areas more whitish (less tawny or ochraceous), and pos- teriorly less heavily brown-barred. From the female of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis she may be distinguished above by the some- what lighter, more grayish shade of the dark brown ground color, and more whitish (less ochraceous), and usually more numerous light markings, the cervical streaks particularly paler, less buffy; and below by her somewhat paler and more grayish general cast, and the less deeply buff-tinged and less heavily barred posterior portion. The first autumn plumage is lighter above than that of any of the other races, so much so that no special comparison is necessary; the upper surface being of a pale silvery gray, finely vermiculated, and sometimes also spotted with black and dark brown—really a very beautiful bird. As in the adult there is, however, much individual variation; some specimens are much more coarsely vermiculated, and even blotched and streaked with black above; some examples have a pure gray cast, others have a decided tinge of buff both above and below. The nestling is usually pure white or cream white below, and duller, buffy white, with dark gray markings above; but occasionally pale _ fawn color below, and fawn color with Prout’s brown markings above. Individual variation has about the same range in the female as in the male. The latter is normally pale above, with numerous light ~ grayish or whitish mottlings, from which it varies in occasional ex- amples to a bird much more extensively blackish above, with much less light mottling and practically not distinguishable from typical 54 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. Such are No. 13473, L. B. Bishop, adult male, Stump Lake, North Dakota, August 4, 1905; and No. 26715, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, adult female, Huron, South Dakota, July, 1881. Birds of this description may, however, almost always be separated from Chordeiles virginianus hesperis by their pale, ightly barred under surface. The other ex- treme is a bird which has the markings of the upper parts very whitish, numerous, and extensive (No. 26717, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., adult male, Huron, South Dakota, July, 1881). Another variation produces a bird in which most of the hght markings on back, scap- ulars, pileum, and hind neck are buff, cream buff, or cream color (No, 19835, Carnegie Mus., adult male, Madison, Minnesota, June 4, 1891). In some examples the lower tail-coverts and the middle of abdomen are almost immaculate white. There is some variation also in the depth of the color and in the width of the dark brown bars on the posterior lower parts. As may be seen from the table of measure- ments, this form varies greatly in size, apparently more so than some of the other races. A single adult female (No. 1960, collection of L. B. Bishop), from Towner County, North Dakota, taken June 11, 1895, is very brownish, and ochraceous or buffy both above and below, and is practically indistinguishable in appearance from very typical female Chordeiles virginianus howell, thus strikingly different from any of the females of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti examined. It is, of course, just possible that this individual wandered northward from the range of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but it seems better to regard it as an abnormal variation of Chordeiles virginianus sen- netti, This subspecies has a more restricted distribution than most of the others. The birds from Huron, South Dakota, and from eastern South Dakota and eastern North Dakota in general are most typical, in that they carry to the extreme the characters of the subspecies; and the type of this race, from 50 miles west of the Pembina’ Mountains, is practically the same as these. Specimens representing the breeding bird of Dickinson County, Iowa, and Madison, western Minnesota, verge toward Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but are much nearer the present race. Examples from Strater, and from Darnall’s Ranch, Dawson County, in northeastern Montana, are darker above, and very close to Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but are, as a whole, nearer Chordeiles v. sennetti. A single specimen (No. 171808, U.S.N.M., June 3, 1889) from Fort Keogh, central eastern Mon- tana, seems to incline a little toward Chordeiles virginianus howelli ,* in its more brownish and ochraceous colors above. Females from Towner County, North Dakota, are apparently darker on the upper surface than the females from farther south, but the males from the 1See p. 57, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 55 corresponding localities do not seem to differ. Two birds shot on Washington Creek, Kansas, September 12, 1908, identified and recorded? by Alex Wetmore, constitute one of the two authentic records for Kansas. Strangely enough, however, Chordeiles vir- ginianus sennetti has apparently not a single record for Texas, although it almost certainly migrates through this State; since all the alleged instances of its occurrence there, so far as we have been able to determine, prove to be misidentifications of Chordeiles vir- ginianus howelli*? or Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.2 Nothing definite is known concerning its winter home, but this is presumably South America. This race, like most of the others, rears but one brood a year— in June or July. There are records of eggs from Miner County, South Dakota, as early as June 6 (1894) ; and from Towner County, North Dakota, as late as June 30 (1895) ; while we have seen nestlings from Devils Lake, taken on July 18 (1901). The Sennett nighthawk was first described by Dr. Elliott Coues+ in the following language: 2. Sennetti, large, silvery grayish-white predominating above, the white below greatly in excess of the narrow, irregular or broken, dark bars, and lit- tle or no rufous anywhere. Hab. Dakota to Texas, in any treeless country. Types 65,490, Mus. Smiths. Inst., formerly 3301, Mus. H. C., 50 miles west of Pembina, Minn., July 16, 1878, and 4927, Coll. George B. Sennett, Wharton Co., Texas, May 27, 1887. Each of the specimens mentioned as types bears on the back of its label this legend, in the handwriting of Doctor Coues: “A type of the species Elliott Coues.” The first example, which is now in the United States National Museum, has commonly received the dis- tinction of being the type, but its correct locality is not “50 miles west of Pembina,” as Coues and subsequent authors give it; but “50 miles west of Pembina Mts.,” as the original label, in Doctor Coues’ own well-known chirography, shows. This specimen is an adult male in worn summer plumage, of large size—that is, as big as Chor- deiles virginianus virginianus, and of pale gray coloration, like the breeding birds of North Dakota and South Dakota; in fact, a good representative of the race that passes current under the name Chor- deiles virginianus sennetti. The alleged type specimen from Whar- ton County, Texas, which is now in the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, is, however, a typical breeding bird of the small, more buffy, though pale, form of southern Texas, which we hereinafter separate as Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis.2 Since this example does not, consequently, agree with the original diagnosis, 1 Condor, vol. 11, 1909, p. 159. 2 See p. 57. 3 See p. 71. 4 Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37, ) 56 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and since the specimen first mentioned, from 50 miles west of the Pembina Mountains, does so agree, the latter must stand as the type. Specimens examined.—Seventy-seven specimens have been avail- able, from the localities that follow: Colorado.—Barr (Aug. 8, 1910). Zowa.—Dickinson County (June, 1881) ; 4 miles southeast of Boone (Oct. 27, 1898). Kansas.—Burlington (October, 1891); Hamilton (Sept. 17, 1913). Minnesota.—Madison (May 25 and 28, 1891; July 4 and 18, 1891) ; Grant County (spring, 1877) ; Kimbrae (Sept. 13, 1897). Montana.—F ort Keogh (June 3, 1889) ; Darnall’s Ranch, Dawson County, 30 miles south of Glasgow (July 8, 1910) ; Strater, Valley County (July 16 and 18, 1910). North Dakota.—Fort Union (July 1, 1848); 50 miles west of the Pembina Mountains (July 16, 1873); Fort Rice (June 18, 1873) ; Pembina (June 18, 1873—parent of eggs); Linton (June 27, 1912) ; Big Muddy Creek (July 2, 1873); Towner County (June 1, 1895; June 7, 1895; June 11, 1895; June 30, 1895; July 8, 1895; July 17, 1895; July 31, 1896) ; Rock Lake, Towner County (July 7, 1905) ; Devils Lake Indian Reservation (July 22, 1905) ; Tellers Bay, Devils Lake (July 18, 1901); Wolford, Pierce County (July 20, 1905); Turtle Mountain, Rolette County (July 6, 1902); Ottofy, Nelson County (June 19, 1905); Adler, Nelson County (July 31, 1902; Aug. 12, 1901) ; Stump Lake, Nelson County (June 22, 1905; July 21, 1902; July 26, 1902; Aug. 2, 1902; Aug. 4, 1905; Aug. 9, 1901; Aug. 14, 1905) ; Souris River (Sept. 3, 1873); Kenmare (July 15, 1913); Sentinel Butte (June 7, 1913) ; Glenullin (July 9, 1913) ; Bismarck. South Dakota—Huron (July, 1881); near Rosebud (Aug. 14, 1911) ; Missouri River 40 miles above Fort Pierre (June 30, 1856). Wyoming.—lattle Medicine (Aug. 4, 1899) ; Uva (July 6, 1909). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. A Exposed culmen Tarsus. Middle toe. A.N.S.Phila. eulicis ee Huron, 8. Dak ...} July —,1881 | W. i a bpett zn WD 5| 7 | 15.8] 16 | ANG es nile; 22 do. ws | a. 66 Kai See Pare Gases ee wea oe ase ae 213 «(|112.5) 7.1) 15.1) 15.9 pd mae Bay Phin. |: do.) |e. Ft lng eet FU dg! LASS Oe don win 186 |101.5| 7.1| 14.8] 14.8 Am. Mus. N. H. | Male....| Fort Union,N.Dak| July 1,1843 | J.J.Audubon|i92. 5/108 | 7 | 14.9] 15.2 U.S.N.M. 171803! .|...do..... Fort Keogh,Mont.| June 3,1889 | P.M.Thorne HH 111.5} 7 | 18.5) 15.5 U.S.N.M. 652941 ..|...do.....] Fort Rice,N.Dak.| June 18, 1873 |.............- 195 |106.5} 6 | 14 | 14.3 U.S.N.M. 654901 .-|"--do.2...| 50 miles west of July 16,1873 | E.Coues..../194 {111 7 | 14.9) 16 Pembina Moun- : tains, N. aa U.S.N.M. Se: nee GOie eee Madison, Minn....}| June 18,1891 } A. Lano...../198 {111 7 | 14.5) 15.2 be Mu weed Onerenie can (0 fo RR A el eee doles [A. Lano]...|199 |104.5} 6.8] 13.9] 13.9 198341 Carnegie Mus. |...do.....]..... EGseicess Se June 4,1891 | ..... do ...../202 |112 7.2) 14.5) 16 1 9835. pt B- Phila. | [Female] | Huron, 8. Dak ...} July —,1881 | W.L.Abbott|189 {104 6.8) 14.8] 15 715. 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 52. 2 Type THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER, af Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti—Continued. Sala [a F wy Sit hr eel es Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. qa/a/a8| 2 [3s re So |kKks] 3s jae Ela las|e |e P mm.|mm.|\mm.| mm. AD Bed S. Phila. | [Female]} Huron, S. Dak....; July —,1881 | W.L.Abbott 183 ‘1107 6.9) 13.8} 14 aut 's. Phila. | Female .| Pembina, N. Dak.|} June 13,1873 | E. Coues..../192. 5/110 6.1) 15 | 16 L. B. Bishop 7882!. 00see 52 Adier Nelean Co.,| July 31,1902 | L. B. Bishop |198. 5/110. 5) 6.5) 14.5} 15 L.B.Bishop 130841}...do..... Stump Lake, Nel- | June 22,1905 |..... do.......|197 |107 6} Lola son Co., N. Dak. L.B.Bishop 7797 1.|...do.... 5 July 26, 1902 5} 6.5] 14 | 14 MOE EISHOD (G08 Selb GOrses-| sce UOsseccceerecclascee Cc (oe ee ys d 67) 15> | 42 L.B.Bishop 62481.)_.. .| Aug. 9,1901 : 7 |. 18.3) 25-2 L.B.Bishop 20301.|.. June 30, 1895 6 | 15 | 15 L.B.Bishop 29521.]_.. July 31,1896 | E. T. Judd ../175. 5/104 7.5} 14.8) 15 CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HOWELLI,? new subspecies. Chars. subsp.—Somewhat like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but male with upper parts more rufescent and somewhat paler, the dark brown ground color more rufescent, less grayish, and the light mark- ings much more buffy or ochraceous; posterior lower parts more buffy, and the anterior dark brown areas more rufescent. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 186731, U.S.N.M.; Lipscomb, Texas, June 25, 1903, Arthur H. Howell; original number, 105. Upper parts brown, between hair brown and clove brown, much spotted, mottled, and irregularly and brokenly barred, so that com- paratively little of the ground color remains, with brownish white, light brown, buff, and ochraceous, least numerously on the pileum, most coarsely on the scapulars, and in the form of broad irregular and broken bars on the upper tail-coverts, and of a more or less ob- servable collar of broad buff and ochraceous buff streaks on the hind neck; tail brown like the ground color of upper parts, crossed by about 7 wide, irregular and broken bars, one of which is terminal on only the middle pair of rectrices, these bars ight hair brown or whitish, and widest on the middle pair of feathers, and all the rectrices but the two middle ones with a broad subterminal band of pure white; wing-quills brown lke the tail, the outer five primaries crossed by a very broad band of pure white posteriorly to the tip of the ninth primary (counting from the outermost) ; secondaries and inner primaries tipped with brownish white; outer half or more of the inner webs of secondaries and inner primaries with cream white or buff bars, those on primaries broken or obsolescent; the tertials mottled with light brown, brownish white, and buffy white, in the form of broad but much broken and obsolescent bars; superior wing- 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 52. 2 Named for my friend Mr. Arthur H. Howell, who collected the type specimen, 13782°—Bull. 86—14——5 58 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. coverts brown like the wing-quills, the primary coverts with a few buff and brownish white spots, chiefly on inner webs, the others heavily spotted and mottled, in many places confluently, with cream white, brownish white, and buff, these light markings forming on the median and distal lesser coverts a conspicuous and almost solid patch; moustachial stripe and sides of head and neck dark brown like the ground color of upper parts, the subocular, postocular, and auricular regions, together with the sides of neck, conspicuously, the last-mentioned broadly, streaked with ochraceous buff and tawny ochraceous, the moustachial stripe much spotted and streaked with ochraceous buff and light tawny ochraceous; an ill-defined super- ciliary stripe consisting of spots and streaks of whitish and buffy, posteriorly confluent with the light streaks on the side of the neck and on the cervix; lores mostly white, somewhat mixed, particu- larly on lower portion, with fine markings of dark brown; chin white, washed with buff, finely streaked, and somewhat spotted with dark brown; broad gular crescent pure white; jugulum and upper breast sepia, the former heavily spotted With tawny, the latter spotted, streaked, and barred with creamy white, brownish white, cream buff, and buff; remainder of inferior surface cream white, barred with sepia, most thickly on lower breast, least thickly but more widely on lower tail-coverts; under wing-coverts dark brown like the wings, heavily barred with white, cream white, buff, and ochraceous buff; axillars cream color, barred with dark brown; edge of wing along the alula white. Tris dark brown; bill black; feet gray. Measurements —Male: Total length (in flesh), 235 mm.;* extent of wing, 565.2.7 Female: Total length (in flesh), 228.6-254 (average, 239.3) ;* ex- tent of wing, 558.8-590.6 (577.9) 2 Male:* Wing, 192.5-211 (average, 200) mm.; tail, 105-121 (112.3) ; exposed culmen, 5.9-7.0 (6.3); tarsus, 138-15.2 (14.3); middle toe, 14.2-15.5) (14.9). } Female:* Wing, 185-203.5 (193.4) mm.; tail, 104-122.5 (112.8) ; exposed culmen, 6.5-7.2 (6.9); tarsus, 18-14.8 (14.2); middle toe, 14.6-16 (15.3). Type locality—Lipscomb, northwestern Texas. Geographical distribution—Central portion of western United States; south in migration through Central America, probably to South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral, Upper Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones, north to the Republican River, 1 One specimen, 2 Three specimens, *Ten specimens, from Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 4Ten specimens, from Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Utah. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 59 central northern Kansas; southwestern Nebraska; Wray and Love- land, northeastern Colorado; Laramie Peak, southeastern Wyoming; Greybull and Germania in Bighorn County, northwestern Wyoming; west to Germania and Fort Bridger, western Wyoming; and Parley’s Park, Wasatch Mountains, central northern Utah; south to the Uinta Mountains, northeastern Utah; Grand Junction, central west- ern Colorado; Twin Lakes, central Colorado; the Rio Grande and Trinidad, central southern Colorado; Sierra Grande and Cuervo, northeastern New Mexico; Hereford and Lamb County, northwest- ern Texas; San Angelo and Giddings, central Texas; east to Gid- dings, central Texas; Terrell and Bonham, central northern Texas; Lawton, central southern Oklahoma; Cairo, Hamilton, Turkey Creek, and the Republican River, middle Kansas. Migrates through eastern Mexico and Central America, and casually east to Grant County, southwestern Minnesota, and Warsaw, western Illinois. Winters probably in South America. Remarks.—The male of this new race differs from that of Chor- deiles virginianus henryi in lighter upper surface, particularly on the scapulars and tertials, the dark areas being more brownish (less blackish) and the light markings finer and usually much less deeply tawny or ochraceous; and in the lighter lower surface, which is less deeply buffy on posterior portion and less rufescent on the anterior ‘part. From Chordeiles virginianus hesperis he may readily be dis- tinguished by his much paler upper parts, the dark brown areas less blackish, the light mottlings much more numerous; and by the paler, anteriorly less rufescent, posteriorly more buffy, and more narrowly or brokenly barred lower surface. He is so very different from Chor- deiles virginianus virginianus by reason of his much paler, more brownish, and much more numerously ochraceous- and buffy-marked upper parts; lighter, less blackish (more brownish) anterior lower surface; and lighter, less heavily barred breast and abdomen, that he is distinguishable almost at a glance. The female is usually more brownish, decidedly more mottled with ochraceous on the upper parts, and much more buffy below than is the male. This makes the female more closely resemble the female of Chordeiles virginianus henryi than the male does the male of Chordeiles v. henryi, but she nevertheless is separable from the female of Chordeiles v. henryi by her lighter, more rufescent (less blackish) brown upper parts, with paler, usually finer and more numerous markings; and by the lighter jugulum (both as regards the ground color and the tawny and buff markings), throat, and posterior lower parts. From the female of Chordeiles virginianus sennettt she may be distinguished on the upper parts by her much more brownish (less grayish) and lighter ground color, and much more ochraceous light markings; and below by the more rufescent, 60 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. less grayish, hue of the dark brown areas, the more ochraceous, tawny, or buff light parts, and the rather more weakly and brokenly barred abdomen. Compared with female Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, she is paler above, the dark areas being more brownish (less blackish or grayish), the light markings more numerous and more generally tawny or ochraceous (less whitish), so that the general effect is more rufescent; she is also lighter below, the dark areas, particularly the jugulum, more rufescent, the throat and other light portions anteriorly averaging more deeply tawny or ochraceous, posteriorly nearly always much more deeply and extensively buff, with lighter dusky bars. The first autumn plumage is somewhat similar to that of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but is very much lighter above—is, in fact, the lightest of all the races excepting Chordeiles virginianus sennetti— more extensively mottled, the dark markings greatly reduced; also on the light areas more ochraceous or buffy, and on the dark portions more brownish (less blackish). It differs from the first autumn plumage of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti in its darker, more ochraceous or buffy upper parts, and less finely and closely vermicu- lated throat and jugulum. Individual variation in this subspecies is about as great as in Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The normal coloration of the male is fairly represented by the type described above. Occasionally the upper parts are much more extensively light-mottled, so much so that the dark ground color is almost obscured, as in No. 38316, U.S.N.M., adult male, Laramie Peak, Wyoming, June 9, 1864. The other extreme shows in No. 438846, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult male, Fort Bridger, Wyoming, June 22, 1858, in which the upper parts are much less heavily mottled, and the light markings more whitish, pale brownish or buffy (less ochraceous), thus giving the center of the back and the upper surface generally a more blackish aspect. Such birds are much like some specimens of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but are distinguishable by their more brownish cast above, and by their more creamy or buffy posterior lower parts. Rarely, as in No. 48531, Mus. Comp. Zodl., adult male, Fort Bridger, Wyoming, June 22, 1858, the light markings of upper surface are more whitish, in which case the bird very much resembles Chordeiles virginianus sennetti; but the more brownish upper parts and more creamy or buffy ventral surface will serve to distinguish such specimens. The ground color of the posterior lower parts in the male is occasionally almost pure white, usually cream color or buff, sometimes cream buff. The female varies even much more than the male. One extreme is observable in specimens such as No. 166920, U.S.N.M., adult female, Henrietta, Texas, July 30, 1900, and No. 43530, Mus. Comp. Zodl., ’ THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 61 Fort Bridger, Wyoming, June 21, 1858, which have dark, dull, black- ish brown upper parts, with but sparse ochraceous, whitish or dull light brown mottlings, especially on the back, in which respect they are somewhat like Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, though more brownish, and which have also the breast and jugulum mostly dark brown with some buff or ochraceous buff spots, and the posterior lower parts whitish or pale buff. The other extreme is to be seen in birds like No. 19078, U.S.N.M., adult female, Antelope Hills, 150 miles west of Fort Cobb, Oklahoma, June 7, 1860, and No. 94693, U.S.N.M., Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 24, 1883, in which the upper parts are, in general effect, very tawny, much as in Chordeiles virginianus henryi, though paler, with the light markings above numerous and all tawny or tawny ochraceous; the throat and jugu- lum are mostly tawny and tawny ochraceous; and the posterior lower surface deep buff. That three well-defined subspecies have hitherto been included under the name Chordeiles virginianus henryi is shown very plainly by the material available for the present investigation. One of these, to which the name Chordeiles virginianus henryi is applicable, is a large, rather dark, very rufescent or tawny bird, and occupies, dur- ing the breeding season, the greater part of New Mexico and Ari- zona; another, a small, pale, and rather grayish bird, summers chiefly in southern Texas, and to this the name Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis* seems to apply; while the third is the large, light-colored buffy or ochraceous race, which ranges in summer from Wyoming and Colorado to Kansas and central Texas, and which I have above named Chordeiles virginianus howelli. The geographical area occupied by Chordeiles virginianus howell lies between the ranges of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis and Chor- deiles virginianus aserriensis, on the one hand, and between Chor- deiles virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus henryi, on the other; and it is to a certain degree intermediate also in colors; but notwithstanding this, it presents, characters that are fairly uniform over practically all of its range, except, of course, along the very edges of its. distribution, where it passes into the sur- rounding forms of the species; and it is, on the whole, as the sub- species of Chordeiles virginianus go, a readily recognizable race. Birds from Fort Hays and Cairo, in middle Kansas, are not dif- ferent from those of Colorado and southern Wyoming; and those from the southern part of Colorado, in the Rio Grande Valley, seem to be just like those from other parts of the same State— 1 Chordeiles henryi Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit. and Russ. Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 239 (Fort Webster, N. Mex.). 2 Cherrie, Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 1386. See also p. 73. 62 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. that is, typical. Specimens from Germania, Greybull, and other localities in northern Wyoming are darker above, thus verging some- what toward Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, though still much too pale and brownish above for that form. Examples from southeast- ern Wyoming show some tendency toward intergradation with Chor- deiles virginianus sennetti. The few individuals from Henrietta in central northern Texas examined are in color typical Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but in size appear to be smaller, in this showing a close approach to Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis + of southern Texas; but the small series and the worn and otherwise poor con- dition of the specimens may be responsible for at least part of the difference. Birds which apparently represent the breeding form of Lee County, Texas, considerably farther south and near the known breeding range of Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, are, however, larger, while those from northwestern Texas are of full size. The differences in size that obtain in birds from the various parts of the breeding range of the present race are observable in the following average measurements: ane ris . Exposed | m,... Middle Localities. Wing. Tail. culmen. | _2zSus. Zack Ten males, from Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, mm, mm. mm. mm. mm. and northwestern Texas: : ii... 220-22. e.2. cee nee 200 112.3 6.3 14.3 14.9 Two males, from central northern Texas.....--.-.--.- 186 104.3 7 14.5 14.8 Ten females, from Wyoming, Utah, Kansas, north- eastern New Mexico, and northeastern Colorado... 193.4 112.8 6.9 14.2 15.3 One female, from central southern Colorado.......--- 195 118 6.8 13.8 14.2 Two females, from central northern Texas....-..--.- 180.3 104.5 7 14.3 14.6 One adult male from Warsaw, Illinois (No. 98226, U.S.N.M.), taken, May 20, 1884, and another from Grant County, Minnesota (No. 81564, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), collected in the spring of 1877, seem to be both practically typical Chordeiles virginianus howelli, though apparently far out of the normal migration route of this form, and thus of merely casual occurrence here. The present race undoubtedly migrates regularly through Mexico and Central America to South America, but there is only one certain record of its occurrence south of the United States: a single individual from the Escondido River, in Nicaragua, 50 miles above Bluefields, taken, September 17, 1892, by Dr. Charles W. Richmond. The specimen (No. 6696, U.S.N.M.) that Prof. Spencer F. Baird regarded as the type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cassin is still 1See p. 71. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 63 in the United States National Museum. The face of its label is as follows: Pacific R. R. S. Near 88° L. Lt. E. G. Beckwith, U. S. A. 6696 Chordeiles henry Rio Grande Valley Kreutzfeldt 10 On the reverse side is the word “type” in Professor Baird’s hand- writing. This specimen was really taken in the San Luis Valley near 38° north latitude, in central southern Colorado, where Lieutenant Beckwith’s expedition is known to have traveled. Professor Baird recorded this specimen as the type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi,; but, possibly by typographical error, gave it the wrong number (6690) ;* and on the following page,? in the “ List of specimens,” still another erroneous number (6698). This example is, however, not the real type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi, which came from Fort Webster, New Mexico, as we shall fully explain under that form, and Professor Baird in considering it such was evidently under mis- apprehension regarding the specimen on which Mr. Cassin based his description of Chordeiles henryi This supposed type is a female, in juvenal plumage, though full grown, with spotted throat and - much mottled upper surface, and is undoubtedly an example of the present race, Chordeiles virginianus howelli. Specimens examined.—l have examined 106 examples of this new race, from the localities below: Colorado.—Loveland (July 23, 1895); Rio Grande (June 10, 13, and 15, 1873); Colorado Springs (June 24, 1873); Barr (June 4, 1910); Wray (May 21, 1909) ; San Luis Valley, near 38° north lati- tude; Denver (July 7, 1888) ; mountains west of Denver. Lllinois.—W arsaw (May 20, 1884). Kansas.—F ort Hays (June 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, 1871) ; Republican River (May 24 and 26, 1864); Republican River, 70 miles west of Fort Riley (June 30, 1857); Turkey Creek (July 21, 1857); Cairo (July 29, 1892) ; Hamilton (July 11 and 17, 1913; Sept. 10, 1913). Minnesota.—Grant County (spring, 1877). New Mexico—Socorro (Aug. 15, 1909, E. A. Goldman) ; Cuervo (June 13, 1903, V. Bailey) ; Cantonment Burgwyn (Sept. 2, 1859) ; Sierra Grande (Aug. 17, 1903). Oklahoma.—Antelope Hills, 150 miles west of Fort Cobb (June 7, 1860) ; Lawton (June 30, 1905) ; Chattanooga (July 4, 1905). Texas.—Henrietta (July 30 and 31, 1900; Aug. 18, 1892; Aug. 1 1 Rep. Explor. and Sury. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 153. 2 Idem, p. 154. 3 See pp. 68-69. £ Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit. and Russ, Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 239. 64 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and 3, 1900); Mobeetie (July 23, 1903); Corpus Christi (Oct. 22, 1909; May 21, 24, and 28, 1891; April 22, 1889; April 21 and 24, 1891); San Antonio (April 16, 1889; May 31, 1891); Dallas; Lips- comb (June 25, 1903); Giddings (May 12 and 17, 1887; June 7, 1887) ; Lee County (May 26, 1888) ; Rio Grande City (May 1, 1889) Utah.—Parley’s Park, Wasatch Mountains (June 21, 1869; July 24, 1869; Aug. 13 and 16, 1869). Wyoming—Fort Bridger (June 16, 19, 21, and 22, 1858) ; Laramie Peak (June 4, 6,9, and 21, 1864) ; Greybull (June 15 and 20, 1910) ; La Bonte River (Aug. 8, 1858) ; Riverside (June 9, 1911); Bridger Pass (Aug. 13, 1856); Germania (June 23, 1910); Dry Creek, near Germania (June 22, 1910); Bitter Creek (Aug. 1, 1895); Laramie River (Aug. 27, 1876) ; Arvada (Aug. 21, 1913). Campeche.—ULa Tuxpana (May 8, 1913). Nicaragua.—Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields (Sept. 17, 1892). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus howelli. oO Bal ats Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | | _; os BS g ef) 3 |Ra| 3 [o> Ele |jaelea ls mm,.|mm.| mm.| mm.| mm. Am. Mus. N. H. |Male.... at Bridger,| June22,1858 | C. Drexler.../196 |110.5} 6 | 13.8] 15.3 43846.1 SSN OMS WOSOL Ls ee dote <3] SFOs cece genine June 19,1858 j..... doe sce 211 {121 6 | 14 | 15.5 U.S.N.M. 58536 1..|...do..... Paley Park, | June21,1869 | R. Ridgway.|202. 5|114.5) 6.8) 13 | 14.5 Wasatch Moun- tains, Utah. U.S.N.M. 84253 1..}..- GO ue ekee Oe es July 24,1869 |..... Gow 202. 5/111 6. 5| 14.7 Ae 2 VU.S.N.M. 186731 1.|...do.2...} Lipscomb, Tex...} June 25,1903 | A. a Boyes lil 6.3] 15 ~U.S.N.M. 186749 1.]...do..... Mobeetie, Tex... SULY.23,1903) |e tO ee 192. 5}105 6.5) 14.6) cot Y U.S.N.M. 140391 1.}...do..... Loveland, Colo...| July 23,1895 | E. ry Preble 202 1116.5) 6 | 14 | 14.2 M.C.Z.158138.1...-.).0% dousge Fort Hays, Kans.| June Cafe) I PP RN ae 192. 5/108. 5] 5.9) 14 | 15 LET GAY ais W538 7c CORR Th Coca ER Tp GO vars SM OUEMO) (5 LOK Un eorecitae me ee 197 |110 6 | 14.2) 14.2 U.S.N.M. 1422251. alee Cairo, Kans... 24% . 29,1892 | V. Bailey.../201 115 7 Wb 2 aoe U.S.N.M. 166921 ale....| Henrietta, Tex...| July 31,1900 ie Ober- |181 |102.5} 7 | 14.5) 15 olser. ¥Y U.S.N.M. 166923. .|...do.....]....- Gonz head Aug. 3,1900 }..... do.. .{191 106 7 | 14.5) 145 U.S.N.M 84254 1...] Female. . Parley’s Park, | Aug.16,1869 | R. Ridgway. 194 {117 6.5} 13 | 16 Wasatch Moun- tains, Utah. Sierra caaee Aug. 17,1903 | A.H.Howeli.|193 |108 7.2] 14. 5] 15.5 June 19,1858 | C. Drexler . ./193. 5/108. 5} 6.8) 13 | 15.5 Fort Beideer: WwW EON TN G2) alg PAIR Sols 203. 1122.5] 6.8] 14.8] 14.8 June 21[1858] [C. Drexler].|200 117.5 14° fing June 22[1858] |.....do 185 {108.5 14.8] 15 “| June 3, 1871 “"H198. 5/120 2} 14.7) 15.8 .| June 6, i beara a Ae June 8, 1871 May 21, 1909 --- (186, 5/104 187. 5}106 7 7 . 7. > ~ (192. 5|116 d 14.8] 15 6 6. te ‘ah af Wray, Colog ss se. Rio Grande Valley (: e., San Luis alley], near N. j Lat. 38°, Colo. ’ U.S.N.M. 166920. -.| Female Henrietta, Tex's / U.S.N.M. 166922. .|...do.....]...-- Ons: Sua 13.8} 14.2 -| July 30,1900 | H. C. Ober- |186 {106 6. 5). 15) Wis holser. Avug..: 12,1900) |! ido..c. 2a oc 174, 5]103 7.5) 13.5) 14.2 1 ee in Measurement averages on p. 58. 2Ty 8 Sipposed type of Chordeiles virginianus henryi (see pp. 62-63). THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 65 CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HENRYI Cassin. Chordeiles henryi Cassin, Illust. Birds Cal., Texas, Ore., Brit. and Russ. Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 289 (Fort Webster, N. Mex.). Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but up- per surface, both ground color and markings, much darker, the latter more tawny and also coarser; lower parts posteriorly more buffy, anteriorly more rufescent. Tris dark brown; bill black; feet gray. Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 228.6-243 (average, 236.2 mm.; + extent of wing, 535.9-617.5 (596.6) 1 Female: Total length (in flesh), 222.3-241.3 (232.5) ;? extent of wing, 573-603.3 (593.7) .3 Male*: Wing, 188-209.5 (average, 199.7) mm.; tail, 104-116.5 (111.1); exposed culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7.0); tarsus, 13.9-15.8 (14.6) ; middle toe, 14-16.5 (15). Female®: Wing, 182-198 (189.5) ; tail, 102.5-117.5 (110) ; exposed culmen, 6.0-7.5 (6.6); tarsus, 12.5-14.8 (14.1); middle toe, 13.2-16 (14.7). Type-locality—F ort Webster, southern New Mexico. Geographical distribution—Southwestern United States and ex- treme northwestern Mexico; south in migration through Mexico, prob- ably to South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral, Upper Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones, north to Taos, central northern New Mexico; Montrose, southwestern Colorado; Keam’s Canyon in Navajo County, San Francisco Mountain, and the Hualapai Mountains, in north central Arizona; west to Mellen, central western Arizona; Prescott, central Arizona; Picacho Peak, south central Arizona; and Nogales, central southern Arizona; south to Nogales, central northern Sonora; Babicora, central western Chihuahua; and Alamito (Pre- sidio County), central western Texas; and east to Fort Stockton and Pecos City, central western Texas; Carlsbad and Roswell, south- eastern New Mexico; with Santa Rosa and Glorieta, north central New Mexico. Migrates through Mexico, east to Tamaulipas, and west to Jalisco, and presumably through Central America. Winters probably in South America. Remarks.—The present race proves her to be relatively so light, particularly on the upper parts, as it has credit for being, and is darker than any of the other western United States forms excepting Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. The male is similar to the same sex of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, but is lighter, more brownish 1Ten specimens. 2 Six specimens, 3 Five specimens, 4 Pleven specimens, from Arizona and New Mexico, 5 Twelve specimens, from Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. 66 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. above, with the light mottlings coarser, more numerous, and much more tawny; below lighter, the dark areas of the anterior parts more rufescent brown (less blackish) ; the light ground color of the posterior surface decidedly more buffy, the dark bars narrower. From Chor- deiles virginianus sennetti he may be distinguished by darker, much more rufescent upper parts, with coarser and more tawny light markings, and by the greater rufescence of the dark areas and the more buffy suifusion of the light areas on the ventral surface. He differs from Chordeiles virginianus virginianus in his much lighter, more brownish (less blackish) ground color above, the light mottlings being much more numerous, coarser, and more tawny; in the more rufescent hue of the dark areas of lower surface, and generally lighter tone below, the posterior parts more buffy, with narrower dark brown bars. The female seems to be, on the upper surface, practically like the ‘male, but is decidedly more buffy on the posterior lower parts. She may be distinguished from the female of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis by reason of her more rufescent (less grayish or blackish) brown ground color above, with much coarser, more tawny light markings. The juvenal and first autumn plumages are much lighter on the upper parts than are those of any of the other races excepting Chor- deiles virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus howelli. Com- pared with the latter they are much more rufescent above, and, because of this, somewhat darker. As in other races, there is a considerable range of individual varia- tion in both size and color. The ground color of the posterior ventral surface of the male is nearly always creamy or buffy white, but occasionally varies to almost pure white. The same parts in the female are buff or cream buff. The upper surface in both sexes is normally dark rufescent brown, even somewhat blackish, with tawny or tawny ochraceous mottlings. In some specimens, as, for instance, in No. 204516, U.S.N.M., male, from the Hachita Mountains, New Mexico, July 16, 1908, these light markings range to buff and even whitish. Sometimes the ground color of the upper parts is of a much lighter brown, so that it is much like that of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, as in No. 6013, U.S.N.M., male, from Nogales, Arizona, June, 1857; and No. 16587, Field Museum, male, from the Huachuca Mountains, June 7, 1901; but such specimens are distinguishable by the more buffy abdomen. Breeding birds from southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua, Mexico, represent the extreme differentiation of the present race. Those from New Mexico are, as a whole, somewhat less ochraceous or tawny, but are just as dark. A specimen from Taos, in northern New Mexico, is intermediate between Chordeiles virginianus henryt THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 67 and Chordeiles virginianus howelli, being lighter and less ochraceous above, but, so far as we can determine from a single individual, it is nearer the former. Two specimens from Paisano, in central western Texas (Nos. 140404 and 140405, U.S.N.M.), taken, July 14, 1890, by Mr. William Lloyd, are less ochraceous above than even New Mexico birds, in this respect like Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but they are, nevertheless, dark like Chordedles virginianus henryi; in size they are rather small, verging in this respect toward Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis ;* they seem, however, all things considered, to be properly referable to Chordeiles v. henry, as they are much too dark and also too large for Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. This identification is strengthened by two other specimens—one from Fort Stockton, western Texas (No. 48532, M.C.Z.), taken, May 24, 1860; and the other from the crossing of the Pecos River, near the mouth of Delaware Creek, in southern New Mexico (No. 17607, M.C.Z.), taken, June 11, 1855, both of which are seen to be much like typical Chordeiles vir- ginianus henryt. The amount of variation in size among specimens of this subspecies from various parts of its range are illustrated in the subjoined table of average millimeter measurements: Localities. Wing. Tail. epee Tarsus. eee mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. PimeaBs (SOM ATIZONA to: oe soe ee ls owen sc 198.8 110.5 7 14.5 14.9 Five males, from New Mexico..................-..-- 200. 8 111.8 (as 14.8 15.1 One male, from western Texas................-.-.--- 193 105 7 14.1 14.2 Five females, from Arizona...............--..------- 187.2 107.8 6.5 13.9 14.6 Four females, from Chihuahua, Mexico .............. 191 112.3 6.8 14.3 14.8 Three females, from New Mexico.................-.- 191.3 110.7 6.5 14.1 14.9 Three females, from western Texas and southeastern DME MONICOM: hn ce tn cce sacs ct eentoste ee taccs kash ee 190 108.3 6.1 13.4 13.7 A specimen of this race from Guadalajara, Jalisco, indicates that it migrates through Mexico on its way to and from its probable winter home in South America. There are records of Chordeiles vurginianus “henryi” from Jerez, Zacatecas, Mexico;? Southern Pine Ridge, British Honduras;? Bogota, Colombia;? and South America down to Chupat, Patagonia; ? but there is, in the absence of specimens, no means of determining to which one of the five western subspecies these records belong. This subspecies breeds at about the same time of year as the more northern races; and there are eggs in the United States National 1See p. 71. _?Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 618. %Tdem, p. 612, 68 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Museum, taken by C. M. Barber, in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua, at 8,000 feet altitude, on June 14, 1899; and from San Luis Spring in the San Luis Mountains in southwestern New Mexico, taken on July 3, 1892, by Dr. KE. A. Mearns. In the original description of Chordeiles virginianus henryi; Mr. Cassin mentions specimens of this form that Dr. T. C. Henry obtained at Fort Webster, and that Lieut. Gunnison’s exploring party collected in New Mexico. As we have already shown,? Prof. S. I’. Baird considered as the type the specimen which Kreutzfeldt, who was naturalist to Lieutenant Gunnison’s party under Lieutenant Beckwith, collected in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado, this being then a part of New Mexico. This supposed type is a juvenal female, whereas the bird actually described by Cassin is an adult male, the description of which agrees very satisfactorily in both color and size with the specimen now considered as the type in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The bird now in question is marked on the present red type label, the original label having apparently been lost, as follows: “ 24179—Type of Chordeiles Henryi Cass. Bds. Col. & Tex., p. 223”; and on the reverse side, “ Rio Grande Lat 32° Dr T C Henry.” Witmer Stone, in his account of the type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ gives the type- locality of Chordeiles virginianus henryi as “ Rio Grande, Lat. 32°,” evidently copying the data from the label of the above specimen marked as type. Cassin, in his original description of Chordeiles virginianus henryi, evidently intended to base the name on the specimen obtained by Dr. T. C. Henry, for it is the one he fully describes and of which he gives measurements; furthermore, mentions the female (i. e., the specimen collected in southern Colorado by Mr. Kreutzfeldt, of Lieu- tenant Gunnison’s party) only incidentally and briefly; and speaks as follows of the origin of his material: + “ Specimens of this interest- ing species have been procured at Fort Webster, New Mexico, by Dr. Henry and by the unfortunate party under command of the late Lieu- tenant Gunnison.” Finally he named the new bird in honor of Dr. T. C. Henry. Thus it appears that Henry’s specimen, now regarded as the type in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is from Fort Webster, or it is from the Rio Grande at latitude 32°, or it isnot the type. The first is undoubtedly the true status of this case; for many of the labels used by Henry had printed on them the locality “ Rio Grande Latitude 32°,” and he doubtless tied one of these to the specimen, and neglected to change the locality. Further- more, Cassin had ample opportunity to learn from Henry the true 1Tllust. Birds Cal., Texas., Ore., Brit. and Russ. Amer., vol. 1, 1855, p. 239. 2 Pages 62-63. 3 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 30. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 69 source of the specimen. Witmer Stone, in his above-mentioned ac- count of the type, adds that another specimen with the same data is in the United States National Museum as No. 6005. It is, how- ever, practically certain that this “ No. 6005, U.S.N.M.” is the very same as the real type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for this specimen the Smithsonian Institution returned to Doctor Henry in 1859, and the bird thence found its way into the Academy collection. In the bird catalogue of the United States National Museum (i. e., the Smithsonian Institution) it is entered as ‘from “ Rio Mimbres L. 32°”; and Professor Baird, who doubtless was aware of its true locality, recorded it’ as from the Rio Mimbres (i. e., Fort Webster). This is added evidence, if any be needed, that the type locality is Fort Webster, for Professor Baird was undoubt- edly familiar with the correct localities of Doctor Henry’s specimens, as other cases go to prove. The type is a very dark specimen, blackish on the upper parts, with deep tawny markings, and is an extreme example of the Arizona race. It has been mounted and is somewhat discolored, though still well preserved. Specimens examined.—Of this subspecies 62 specimens have been available, from the subjoined localities: Arizona.—Fort Huachuca (June 2 and 8, 1892); Santa Cruz River, west of the Patagonia Mountains (June 7 and 21, 1893); Santa Rita Mountains (June 11 and 14, 1884); San Pedro River, Cochise County (June 10, 1902); Huachuca Mountains, 9,000 feet altitude (June 17 and 23, 1902; July 8 and 10, 1896; July 16, 1901; Aug. 17, 1902); foothills of Huachuca Mountains (June 7, 1901); Picacho Peak, Pinal County (May 9, 1885); Fort Whipple (Pres- cott) (Aug. 11, 1864); Winslow, 2 miles east of Little Colorado (July 10, 1887); Flagstaff (June 18, 1887); Salmon Lake (July 7, 1887). Colorado.—Montrose (July 9, 1885). New Mewxico.—Carlsbad (Sept. 4, 1901) ; Hachita (July 16, 1908) ; Santa Fe (Aug. 23, 1882) ; Apache in Grant County (Aug. 18, 1886) ; Santa Rosa (June 3, 1903) ; northwestern foothills of Capitan Moun- tains (June 30, 1903) ; Fort Webster; crossing of Pecos River, near the mouth of Delaware Creek (June 11, 1855, J. Pope) ; eastern side of San Luis Mountains, Mexican boundary line (June 25, 1892); Bear Ridge, Zuni Mountains (June 14, 1909) ; Copperton (July 20, 1905); Taos, 7,400 feet altitude (July 15, 1904); Lang Ranch, Animas Valley (Aug. 11, 1908). Texas.—F ort Clark (May 27, 1898); San Antonio (May 9, 1889) ; Paisano (July 14, 1890) ; Fort Stockton (May 24, 1860) ; Pecos City (May 24, 1887) ; 25 miles south of Alpine (July 2, 1901). 1 Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 154. 70 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Campeche.—La Tuxpana (Apr. 8, 1913; Sept. 7, 1910). Chihuahua—Chihuahua (Aug. 12, 1889); Whitewater, United States boundary line (June 17 and 20, 1892); Babicora (June 21, 1902) ; Pacheco (July 28, 1905; Aug. 6 and 12, 1905). Jalisco—Guadalajara. Sonora.—Nogales (June, 1857). Tamaulipas—Montelunga (Apr: 380, 1909); Victoria (Apr. 23, 1888). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus henryi. eo . oA : . oO n Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a ar 38 2 ols iis] & - BH {A°o| & mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. H. S. Swarth 28531] Male....| San Pedro River, | June10,1902 | H.S. Swarth|209. 5]112 Tas Cochise Co., Ariz. H. S. Swarth 2281.|...do....| Huachuca Moun- | June 10,1896 |..--. Oe encaise 204 4112 7.8) 15 tains, Ariz. G.F.Morcom3084! |...do....|----- GOES Saar c eee ANTE 17 LODZ crsie si do....../188 {108 Wer dtak: eal G.F.Morcom——1.]...do....|----- Obese ee July 10,1896 |-..-. dozerrer 197 |112 7 | 14:2 Field Mus. N. H. }.-.do....|----- (obs omar ee June 7,1901 | G. F. Bren- {189 |104 | 6.5} 13.9 16587.1 : inger. U.S.N.M.1292461-.]... do....| Santa Cruz River, | June 21,1893 | F. X. Holz- |205 {115 Teles west of Patago- ner. nia Mountains, Ariz. Carnegie Mus. |.-.do....] Apache, Grant | Aug.18,1886 | A. W. An- |206 {110.5} 7.5) 15.8 19842.1 Co., N. Mex. thony. U.S.N.M. 1866491..]...do....| Capitan. Moun- | June 30,1903 | J. H. Gaut. -|191. 5/107 6.5} 14.2 tains, N. Mex. U.S.N.M. 2045161..}...do....| Hachita, N. Mex..| July 16,1908 | C. Birdseye.|201 112 7.1) 14.8 U.S.N-M. 186102 1,|-.-do....| Santa Rosa, N. | June 3,1903 | V.Bailey...|198 [113 | 7 | 15 A. N. S. Phila. | [Male 2]. “Rio Grande ET Ba Pee et T. C. Henry.|207. 5116.5) 7.2) 14. 24179.1 32°”—FortWeb- ster, N. Mex. U.S.N.M. 140404. .| Male...- Peeeun, Brewster | July 14,1890 | W. Lloyd.../193 {105 Pf ee ex. Field Mus. N. H. } Female - ancora Moun- | July 16,1901 | G. F. Bren- /183 |102.5) 6.9} 14.5 16586.1 tains, Ariz. inger. H.S. Swarth——1.|...do....]-.--- Gores sha July 8,1896 | H.S. Swarth/187. 5/115 6.5} 14 G. F. Morcom2868!.}...do..--|----- (6 Vo pa UA es June 23,1902 |..-.. doz. cere 192 |105 6.1] 12.5 Am. Mus. N. H. |...do....| Baker’s Butte, 36 | July 10,1887 | E.A.Mearns|182 106.5) 6.1) 14.5 51995.1 miles east of FortVerde,Ariz. Am Mts: ON.) Ee 2do.../:|\-25- = Coo ee i Rea ee WG Ro Kae PS at el COsnawas 191.5}110 7 114 51996.1 Am. Mus. N. H. |...do....] Chihuahua, Chi- | Aug.12,1889 | [W. Lloyd]..|197 {116.5} 7.3] 14.5 81588.1 huahua, Mex. Field Mus. N. H. |...do-....| Babicora, Chihua- June 21,1902 | G. F. Bren- {184 |107 7.5) 14 12670.1 hua, Mex. inger. U.S.N.M. 127876 1.]...do.. Mexican and | June 20,1892 | E.A.Mearns |192.5]117.5} 6.5) 14.8 United States and F. X. boundary line Holzner. at Whitewater, Chihuahua, Mex. U.S.N.M. 1278771..|...do....| Whitewater, Chi- | June 17,1892 | E.A. Mearns |190. 5|108 6 | 13.9 huahua, Mex... U.S.N.M. 2056271..}...do.. Bear Ridge, Zuni | June 14,1909 | E. A. Gold- {187 |111.5) 6 | 13.5 Mountains, N. man. Mex. U.S.N.M. 2056261..]...do....]..... GOun over ee ere t leas ce 6 (eI) oa dossicne 189 {109 6.5] 14.1 U.S.N.M. 194546 1.}...do....] Taos, N. Mex....] July 15,1904 | V. Bailey...|198 |111.5) 7 | 14.7 U.S.N.M. 140405...]... Gost once , Brewster | July 14, 1890 | W. Lloyd...j188 {107 5.5} 13 ex. MiC.Z; 43532). -.'.. 4})-..0d0.)..- exe Stockton, | May 24, 1860 |.............. 191.5/110.5] 6.8} 13.1 ex. M.C.Z. 17607.......|...do....| Crossing of Pecos | July 11,1855 | J. Pope..... 190.5}107.5] 6 | 14 River, near mouth of Dela- ware Creek, N. Mex. 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 65. 2 Type. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 71 CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS ASERRIENSIS Cherrie. Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis CHERRIE, Auk, vol. 13, April, 1896, p. 1386 (Valley of Aserri River, San José, Costa Rica). Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but de- cidedly smaller; general tone of upper parts lighter and more ochra- ceous, the light areas more buffy or ochraceous (less grayish or whitish) and somewhat more extensive; and the dark brown areas of anterior lower surface less grayish. Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 223-240 (average 232) mm.;' extent of wing, 573-585 (578.7).? Male:? Wing, 179-188 (average, 183:7) mm.; tail, 94.5-105 (101.1) ; exposed culmen, 6.0-7.9 (6.7) ; tarsus, 13.8-15.1 (14.5); middle toe, 13-14.8 (13.9). Female:? Wing, 179-185.5 (182.7) mm.; tail, 98.3-106 (102.6) ; exposed culmen, 6.3-7.5 (6.9); tarsus, 13.5-14.8 (14.2); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.4). Type-locality—V alley of the Aserri River, near San José, Costa Rica. Geographical distribution.—Central southern Texas, and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico; south in migration to Costa Rica and probably South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral Zone, north to San Antonio and Rock Springs, south central Texas; west to Samuels, Texas; south to Matamoros, northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico; and east to Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Wharton County, and Rich- mond, central southern Texas. Migrates south through eastern Mexico and Costa Rica. Winters probably in South America. Remarks.—This heretofore unrecognized race seems to be in color most nearly like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, though in this re- spect also near Chordeiles virginianus howelli and probably in reality most closely resembling this form, which it adjoins geographically. From the latter it may be distinguished in the male by smaller size, rather lighter, somewhat less brownish (more grayish) upper parts, with less ochraceous (more whitish or grayish) markings, and slightly less buffy posterior lower parts. It differs more strongly from Chordeiles virginianus henryi in its smaller size; much lighter, more grayish (less brownish) upper surface, with finer, much more grayish and whitish (less ochraceous and tawny) light markings; nearly or quite white, instead of buffy, posterior lower surface; and less rufescent dark areas of the anterior under parts. The female of this subspecies is much more deeply buffy on the posterior lower surface than is the male, and also averages slightly 1Three specimens. 2Ten specimens, from Texas. 72 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. paler, more brownish above, with markings more tawny or ochra- ceous. She may be differentiated from the female of Chordeiles vir- ginianus howelli by her lighter, less brownish (more grayish) upper surface, with less tawny and ochraceous in the ight markings; and by the less deeply buffy lower parts. No juvenal or first autumn specimen of Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis has been available, but in this plumage this race is doubt- less similar to that of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, though more grayish; that is, intermediate in color between the latter form and Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. Individual variation has about the same range as in other races, though greater than in some. In the male the posterior lower parts are usually almost pure white, occasionally washed with buff; the breast and jugulum dark brown, varying to a much lighter shade, which is still further lightened by being much obscured by large buff and cream buff spots. The upper surface of the male is in color normally somewhere between Chordeiles virginianus sennetti and Chordeiles virginianus howelli, but rather lighter than either. From this it varies to (1) a much more brownish shade, with buffy ochra- ceous markings, so that it is practically like Chordeiles virginianus howelli, as in No. 81582, American Museum of Natural History, Corpus Christi, Texas, April 24, 1889; to (2) a still lighter brown, which is more heavily light-mottled, as in No. 152229, U.S.N.M., San Antonio, Texas, May 9, 1891; to (3) a very grayish and blackish con- dition, with the light mottlings somewhat reduced, so that it becomes almost like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, as in No. 27307, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Corpus Christi, Texas, May 23, 1891; and to (4) a condition like the last, but with the light mottlings much reduced, so that the general tone is much more blackish—almost identical with typical Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, as in No. 203649, U.S.N.M., Runge, Texas, September 21, 1906. These variations are, of course, exceptional; and Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis is so much smaller than any of the races that it closely resembles in color that there should usually be no difficulty in identifying specimens. Some such individuals as (3) have been identified as Chordeiles virginianus “sennetti,” and the so-called Texas “type” of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti has been found to be one of these. In the female the ground color of the posterior lower surface ranges from buffy white to deep buff, and averages about cream buff. The upper parts vary about as in the male: To (1) a light brown with ochraceous mottling, very much like the same sex of Chordeiles virginianus howelli, as in No. 19853, Carnegie Museum, Cameron County, Texas, May 16, 1902; to (2) a similar light brown, more heavily mottled, but with less ochra- ceous, as in No. 197786, U.S.N.M., Runge, Texas, August 25, 1905; and to (3) a very dark, blackish brown, with much reduced light mark- THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 73 ing, so that it closely resembles the female of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, as in No. 81569, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Corpus Christi, Texas, May 15, 1882. The limited breeding area of this race permits little opportunity for geographical variation within its boundaries, and there is none worth mentioning. This bird breeds in Texas from April to July, and there are eggs in the United States National Museum collected from April 24 to June 28. An adult male of this race in the Sennett collection (No. 81591, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), from Wharton County, Texas, taken May 27, 1887, was marked by Dr. Elliott Coues as one of the types of his Chordeiles popetue [=virginianus] sennetti,: and upon this basis the range of the latter was extended to Texas. This specimen, as we have already shown,? can not be considered the type of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, but must be referred to the present form. Regarding the name we are here using for this race the following remarks are necessary: G. K. Cherrie some 18 years ago described ® a nighthawk from a few specimens from Central America. His type was a specimen taken on the Aserri River, near San José, Costa Rica, and he therefore called the supposed new race Chordeiles virgimanus aserriensis. I have made every effort to trace this type specimen, but without any success; and Mr. Cherrie himself assures me that he has no idea where it finally went. The application of this name must therefore be settled chiefly by the original description. There is no doubt that Mr. Cherrie had in hand a male nighthawk of the verginianus style in fully grown juvenal or first autumn plumage, not adult, as he supposed. Allowing for this immaturity, the characters that Mr. Cherrie gives are just those distinguishing the small, pale race which summers in. southern Texas. A little ad- ditional light is thrown on the subject by a juvenal male nighthawk, No. 128373, U.S.N.M. (still in the National Museum), collected by Dr. C. W. Richmond on the Escondido River, 50 miles from Blue- fields, Nicaragua, October 28, 1892. This specimen Mr. Cherrie refers to his new race with the remark that it is much darker on the upper surface than his type, as it should be, for it turns out to be really an example of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis! It is, of course, often difficult, owing to the great range of individual variation in all the races of this species, to identify a specimen with absolute cer- tainty from a description alone; but in this case, in view of the rather full description which agrees in all respects with the characters of the present form, it seems best to use for this race the title 1 Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37. 2 Pages 55-56. * Auk, vol. 18, April, 1896, p. 136. 137382°—Bull. 86 —14-—_6 74 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis until this name can be proved ineligible from an examination of the type. Specimens exwamined.—Fifty-three specimens of this race have been handled, from the following localities: Texas—Fort Brown (June 25 and 28, 1877); Brownsville (Apr. 15, 1892; Apr. 25, 1889; Aug. 11, 1891); Cameron County (May 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16, 1902; May 7, 1903); Fort Clark (Apr. 29, 1893; May 17, 1893; May 25, 1898) ; Rock Springs (July 11, 1902) ; Corpus Christi (Apr. 14, 1900; Apr. 24, 1889; Apr. 26, 1882; May, 1892; May 15, 1882; May 23, 27, 30, and 31, 1891; June, 1886; June 18, 20, and 23, 1887; July 5, 1887; Nov. 6, 1909) ; Bee County (Apr. 18 and 19, 1887); Runge (Aug. 25, 1905; Sept. 21, 1906); San Antonio (May 9, 1891); Wharton County (May 27, 1887); Refugio County (June 6, 1887). Campeche.—La Tuxpana (May 8, 1912; Sept. 28, 1912; Oct. 5, 1912). Tamaulipas—Matamoros (Aug. 15 and 28, 1908). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis. eo : EE a lm Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. a ; |88 a los me | a tks] 8 ia SF) ea |Ao] ea | mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm, Am. Mus. N. H. | Male 2...) WhartonCo.,Tex.| May 27,1887 |.........-.-.- 184. 5)102 7.2} 15 | 14 81591.1 Am. Mus. N. H. }...do..... Corpus) (Christi, | Srmeis 1887, joo eese oe coer 187 {101 7.9) 14 | 14 81596.1 Tex. Am. Mus. N. H. GOK oad) esac GOs. eceiceaas| pADDE. 2650882 ee ee ee 182 |101 6.1) 13.8) 14.3 81592.1 Ana Misco IN webs Pt dOse: co| duecdOewcdaecmoaee fod hy lapea ets to7 (1 [ERR ee ae ee 185. 5/101 6.5} 14.5) 13.5 81568.1 Am. Mus. Ne EUS OO eA eld On. te ue onic May 6,1892} C.A.Smith./188 |105 |....- 15.1] 13 67414. U.S.N.M. 1659621..)...do... COP ce se eeiaeae Apr. 14,1900} V. Bailey...}182 |104 6 | 14.8) 14.8 BASIN ‘Bs Piles) edocs. GOs eke. May 23,1891 | S.N.Rhoads./182 |100.3) 6.9) 14.3) 14 27307. Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Brownsville, Tex.| Apr. 25,1900 |..........-..- 181.5) 94.5} 6.5) 14.5) 14.5 81590.1 Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Bee Co., Tex..... ADT MS UBS 7) ee Soe ecitacise 179 | 99 6.5} 14 | 13 81580.1 Am. Cae N. H. |...do.....| Refugio Co., Tex..| June 6,1887}_-......--.22. 185 |103.5) 7 | 14.7) 14 81597. Am. Mus. N. H. | Female.. ones Christi, | Apr. 24,1889] J. A. Singley |183 | 99.5) 7.5) 14.5) 14 81584.1 ex. nae MIS IN ode | Se Obe. “alecaseGOsrefalelsioctreioal cen 'ae (0 Foe Eee 50 Co 185 100.5) 6.5) 14.6) 14.6 1585 1 ee es BN eo fetten] cee Oscar nl Oe Selo aaieucuuane Evers JUNE 23, 1887 |. wc ecnccctocnc 185. 5/104.8) 6.8) 14 | 14.8 81595.1 ae IN AER |p Sab ees SOs se eeeee coe JUNE ZO;1S87 oe. wees see see ie ia Es 7) SAS 81594.1 Am. us INS Ee eed Osseo eee Co Ca a RL JUNG 23 USSTMse eds ee eee 185 103 7.1) 14 | 14 81593.1 DAS ING B- Phila dor rsule sees Co Co areca ON May 31,1891} S.N.Rhoads.|179 /|106 6.9} 14 | 14 27306. WAST AIRS N. Piles 2). AOL Sen ae GOs. Eee ae May 30,1891 |.....do....-.- 185 |102 6.5) 14 | 14 27311. U.S.N.M. 1977861 .|...do....] Runge, Tex ...... Aug. 25,1905 | A.H.Howell|182 /106 7.5) 13.5} 14.3 U.S.N.M. 730191...|...do.....]| Fort Brown,Tex..| June 25,1877 | J.C. Merrill./179 103 6,5) 14.5} 15.5 Carnegie Mus. |...do.....] Cameron Co.,Tex.| May 16,1902 ].........-..-- 179 | 98.3) 6.3) 14 | 14 19853.1 . 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 71. 2 Marked by Dr. E. Coues as one of the types of Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——OBERHOLSER. 75 CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS CHAPMANTI Coues. [Chordiles popetue] Chapmani Cours, Auk, vol. 5, January, 1888, p. 37 (ex Sennett MS.) (Gainesville, Florida). Chars. subsp—Like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but de- cidedly smaller; upper parts averaging a little more mottled and spotted with whitish and buffy, particularly on back, wings, and scap- ulars, and the ground color averaging slightly less deeply blackish (more grayish or brownish); posterior lower parts usually more purely white. Iris brewn or hazel brown; bill black or dull blackish; feet dull grayish brown, dull or dark horn color. Measurements——Male: Total length (in flesh), 223-232 (average, 227.5) mm.;1 extent of wing, 451-580 (515.5) Female: Total length (in flesh), 209.6-235 (223.5); extent of wing, 533.4-575 (561.6) .° Male *: Wing, 178-192 (average, 184.1) mm.; tail, 99-110.5 (105) ; exposed culmen, 4.8-7.0 (6.3) ; tarsus, 12.5-15.5 (13.9); middle toe, 13-15.8 (14.2). Female:* Wing, 172.5-184.5 (179.4). mm.; tail, 99-108.5 (103.2) ; exposed culmen, 5.0-7.5 (6.8); tarsus, 18.2-15 (14); middle toe, 13.8-15.8 (14.4). Ty pe-locality— Gainesville, northern Florida. Geographical distribution.—Southeastern United States, south in winter to southern South America. Breeds in the Lower Austral and _ Upper Tropical zones, north to Fort Macon, central eastern North Carolina; Raleigh, central North Carolina; Chester County, north central South Carolina; Augusta, central eastern Georgia; Coosada and Greensboro, central Alabama; Mount Carmel, southeastern IIli- nois; Hickman, southwestern Kentucky ; Stuttgart and Delight, south central Arkansas; and New Boston in Bowie County, northeastern Texas; west to Rice’s Prairie in Bowie County, and Galveston Island, eastern Texas; south to Galveston Island and Sabine, southeastern Texas; Calcasieu Pass, Avery Island, and Houma, southern Louisi- ana; Bay Saint Louis and Biloxi, southeastern Mississippi; Petit Bois Island, southwestern Alabama; Pensacola and the lower part of the Suwanee River, northwestern Florida; and Tarpon Springs, Puntarasa, and Key West, western Florida; east to Miami, Canaveral, and Fernandina, eastern Florida; St. Marys, mouth of Altamaha River, and Savannah, southeastern Georgia; Mount Pleasant, southeastern South Carolina; and Fort Macon, cen- tral eastern North Carolina. Migrates south through the Greater Antilles (probably), Yucatan, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, to South 1Two specimens. 2 Eleven specimens, 8 Six specimens. * Fourteen specimens from Mlorida, 5 Ten specimens from Florida, 76 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. America. Winters in southern South America, south to Concepcion del Uruguay, and Ysca Yacu in the Province of Santiago, northern Argentina; and north to Chapada in Matto Grosso, central western Brazil. Remarks.—Although the Florida nighthawk is commonly sup- posed to be in color exactly like Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, it has certain color characteristics which are at least average, as the above diagnosis indicates. The male of Chordeiles virginianus chap- mani differs from that of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis in his smaller size, darker, rather more blackish (less brownish), upper parts, which have fewer light mottlings. From Chordeiles vir- ginianus aserriensis he is distinguishable by his much darker upper surface, the dark areas being more blackish, less grayish, brown, with much less numerous light mottlings; and darker lower parts, the dark areas anteriorly being more blackish, and the posterior por- tion more heavily barred. The female, except, of course, for differences common to all the subspecies, is almost identical with the male in color and markings above, though averaging in general tone slightly more brownish; but the posterior lower parts are more buffy. She is similar to the female of Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, but averages a little less brownish (more blackish) on the upper surface, and somewhat less buffy or ochraceous on the posterior lower parts. The first autumn plumage is practically identical with that of first autumn Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. Above this is much like adult Chordeiles virginianus sennetti, and, indeed, occasional speci- mens are scarcely distinguishable on the upper surface, though usually the dark areas are more deeply blackish and the light markings finer. It is also much like the adult of Chordeiles virginianus hesperis on the upper surface, but lighter, the dark areas being less deeply black (more grayish or brownish), more extensively and finely mottled with whitish, particularly on back, scapulars, and tertials. Individual and seasonal variations in this race are practically the same as in Chordetles virginianus virginanus. There seems to be little geographical variation throughout the rather extensive breeding range of this subspecies, for specimens from southeastern South Carolina, Florida, southern Alabama, southern Louisiana, and southeastern Texas are practically identical in both size and color. A single example (No. 84251, U.S.N.M.) from Mount Carmel, Illinois, taken, June 7, 1874, is, in measurements, nearer the present race, though in color like Chordetles virginianus virgimanus, but on the whole seems best referred to the former. A female from Stuttgart, Arkansas, taken, May 13, 1910, is apparently typical Chor- deiles virginianus chapmani. A single male (No. 57904, U.S.N.M.) from Macon, North Carolina, collected, June 10, 1869, is surely of THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 1% the present race, and represents the breeding form of this locality, though a female from the same locality and taken on the same date appears to be a belated migrant Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. Birds from Raleigh, North Carolina, of dates from August 5 to August 10, are decidedly nearer the Florida race than to Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, as the accompanying measurements show. A table of comparative average measurements of specimens from various parts of the range of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, from which may be seen any local differences in size, is here appended: Localities. Wing. Tail. er a Tarsus. ak mm mm. mm. mm mm. Hourteen males, from Florida... --. . =. j-tini--4- sei. « 184.1 105 6.3 13.9 14.2 fixes males, from, Alabama. ..-.-.---.-.-------+--+« 182. 8 104. 2 6.8 14.3 15 iwowaalos, irom PexaAs. ois. 5.2522. osbsesssc2e-eeee 183.8 102.3 6.9 15 15.3 Onegale, from, Louisiana :: 2. 2-22 22.22 .tl ens 22552. 189 103 6.7 15 15 One male, from southern ITllinois.............-.------ 186 115 6.5 14.5 14.5 Two males, from North Carolina............--.------ 190 106 6.6 14 14.3 Mennemales® fram Morida’. —- ..2.2Ssse6 = H/o] & |S mm.|mm.|mm.,| mm.| mm. Field Mus. N. H. | Male 2...| Gainesville, Fla...) May 19,1887) F.M.Chap- }179 |103.5) 5.5) 14 | 14 7993.1 man, Am, Mus. N. H. |).-do.-... Near Tantie . | Apr. 20,1904]..... Goeeece 189 |107 5.2) 14.2) 15.2 St 99469,1 Lucie Co., Fla. Am soe N. H. | [Male]...| Dry Tortugas,Fla.| Apr. 20,1902] J. Thom p- |188 /104.5) 6.5) 15.5) 15.5 son. 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 75. 2 Type. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHEH.OLSER. ies, Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus chapmani—Continued. Museum and No. Sex. U.S.N.M. 1768881 .| Male.... E. A. and O./ [Male] Bangs 751.1 Carnegie Mus. | Male.. 12182.1 Carnegie Mus, |...do..... 26281.1 Carnegie Mus. |...do..... 274771 Carnegie Mus. |...do.... 19837.1 BaeeNeus., bila. |.-do'..\. 439921 Wei oe, denila. || .dol.... 43995.1 Ate S. Phila: |. do... 43993,1 PRN se nila: |. 2dou..2. 31905.1 AME Nagoya.) oO... 43990.1 U.S. N. M. 230493 .|...do..... U.S.N.M. 230491. .|...do..... U.S.N. M. 207857. .|...do..... U.S.N. M. 184788. .|...do..... We SN. Wt. 152231. - |. -do: 22 U.S. N. M. 153097. .|...do..... U.S. N. M. 84251...|...do..... U.S.N.M. 57904. ..|...do..... meeNe Ss, ens.) :. do... 46343 ASN.8: Phila..|.2-do.-25. 45228. Field Mus. N. H. | Female . 16593.1 Field Mus. N. H. |...do..... 16594,1 AVN ii, eas li.edos.. 439981 Ae Neyo eballa.|s dos co. 43989.1 U.S.N.M.1769671..|...do....- U.S.N.M. 1769641. .}... dobes.: U.S.N.M. 1331281. .|...do..... U.S.N.M. 1331261_.!... done U.S.N.M. 1261091..|...do..... U.S.N.M.1261081..|_.. GOeoos5 ~ U.S.N.M. 140389. ..)..- dose. U.S.N.M. 207834. ..|... dices U.S.N.M. 230494. ..|... GO ea: U.S.N.M. 184514. ..|... (6 (oe U.S.N.M. 150947... |... GGsr.s2 U.S.N.M. 228070. ..|... dor Mi@e2/..31086. 522-5. |.. 2 dose: A. > See hilay||s-:dols.. 2 444 A. N Je Brite |-v.dot 2S. 44403. Locality. Alligator Bluff, Kissimmee Riv- er, Fla. .| Allen’s Creek, Fla. -| Whitfield, Fla... . Amelia Fla. Wolf Island Bluff Landing, Lower Kissimmee River, Fla. Hillsboro Co. , Fla. Island, 2 pen Springs, Petit Bois Island, Ala. Bayou La Batre, Ala, Abbeville, Ala Sabine, Tex... Rockport, Tex.... Avery’s Island, a. Mount Carmel, Tl. Fort Macon, N.C. Raleigh, N. C...-.. Fleming’s Island, Lake Tahope- kaliga, near Kis- sinunee, Fla. ees Creek, Moses Creek, Fla. . pees Fla... Mobile Bay, Ala . Daspiaae Island, hr La Batre, A Sour Lake, Tex... Avery, La....---- Stuttgart, Ark.... Concepcion — del Uruguay, Entre Rios Assen the Raleigh, N.C ! 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 75. Laie eh 62 Date. Collector. eila|ad =e | 2 |#s - H Ifo Apr. 28,1901] E.A.Mearns/183 |106.5} 4.8 Apr SOM SBd: |" fc scaneeeeecs 181. 5)105 6.5 Apr. 25,1903] W. E. C. |178 | 99 6.5 Todd. Apr. 20,1906} W. W. |185 /103.5) 6.1 Woorth- ington. Apres LO ng 0 Ti aoe dosscas 190. 5|107 6.7 May 751900) es eet oe a ee 179 }104 6.8 June 6,1893 | W.S. Dick- /182 |101 6 inson. June 15,1893 |..... (PSs 179. 5|107 6.8 July 6,1893]..... doles 186 103.5] 7 Seis GOs onicealaeeeeOOs cemcctl8o, {LO755)| 1GEs July 15,1893 |..... donee 192 |110.5) 6.8 July 28,1911 | J.S. Gutsell.|178 |102 | 6.5 July 25,1911 |....- GOLs. ee 179 {101 7 June 9,1911 | A.H.Howell./191. 5/109. 5) 7 Sept. 2,1902| H. C. Ober- [180 |103.5) 7.3 holser. Aug. 18,1893} H. P. Att- |187. 5/101 6.5 water. May 7,1896] E. A. MclIl- }189 /|103 6.7 henny. June 7,1874] S. Turner.../186 [115 6.5 June 10,1869} E. Coues..../183 {102 6.2 Aug. 5,1896] H. H. and C.1190 {106 7 8. Brimley Aug. 8,1894]..... dos. so 190 |106 | 6.2 =| June. 2, 1896) |v... 22. 225: 176 {100 6.8 sjatidie doz se Reece eA OR le S July 12,1893} W.S. Dick- |172.5|104.5) 5 inson, July 15,1893 |..... dovt csc 179 |102 | May 10,1901 | E. A. Mearns/182 /101.5) 6.2 May 9,1901]..... donee 184.5/103 | 6 May 20,1894} W.Robinson|182 {104.5} 6.2 May 16,1894|.....do......- 182 |108.5) 6.1 -| May 24,1892] W. L. “iaiph 1s0 | 99 | 6.3 steals (0 Fo een al ean 179 |104 6.7 -| Apr. 19,1892} R ae Thom. 182. 5/105 6.9 May 18,1911] A. TL “Howelll170 | 99.5] 6.2 Aug. 2,1911} J.S. Gutsell.}173. 5} 99.5) 6.5 July 15,1902! N. Hollister ./178. 5'102 if June 7,1895|) E. A. MclIl- {186 |104.5) 7.1 henny May 13,1910] A.H. Bowell 178. 5|102.5] 6.8 Dec. 20,1880} W. B. Bar- |176 | 97 6.7 rows. Aug. 10,1893} H.H.andC.|183 {107 isi! S.Brimley.; see GO. 4 eee enn eds 5-28 | 2607 01L0n 6 80 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS VICINUS Riley. Chordeiles virginianus vicinus Ritey, Auk, vol. 20, October, 1903, p. 482 (Long Island, Bahama Islands). Chars. subsp. Resembling Chordeiles virginianus chapmani, but considerably smaller 7 the upper surface lighter, owing to more numer- ous light markings; and the posterior lower parts more tinged with buff, and thus darker. Measurements —Male:1 Wing, 162.5-183 (average, 170.2) mm.; tail, 92-103 (96.8); exposed culmen, 6.1-7.8 (6.7); tarsus, 13-14.8 (13.4) ; middle toe, 13-15 (13.9). Female:+ Wing, 160.5-184.5 (173.2) mm.; tail, 91-102.5 (97.7) ; ex- posed culmen, 6.1-7.5 (6.7); tarsus, 12.5-14.8 (13.4); middle toe, 13-15 (14.1). Type-locality —Long Island, Bahama, Islands. Geographical distribution.—Bahama Islands. Breeds in the Upper Tropical Zone, north to Abaco Island, and Great Bahama Island; west to Andros Island; south to Great Inagua Island; and east to Acklin Island, Watling Island, and Eleuthera Island. Reported from the following islands: Abaco, Abaco Keys, Acklin, Andros, Eleuthera, Fortune, Grassy Cay, Great Bahama, Great Inagua, Long, Moraine Cay, New Providence, Southern Andros, Stranger Cay, Sugarloaf Cay, and Watling Island. Winter home unknown. Remarks.—This race is, in color, except for the posterior lower parts, intermediate between Chordeiles virginianus chapmani and Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis, but is smaller than either. From the latter it differs, in addition to smaller size, in its darker upper surface, the dark brown ground color being more blackish (less gray- ish), the light mottlings less numerous; and in its more deeply colored inferior surface, the dark brown areas of the anterior por- tion more blackish, the posterior portion buff instead of nearly or quite white, and with much heavier dark cross-bars. The female is very similar to the male, but averages lighter, some- what ‘more brownish (less blackish) above, more brownish (less black- ish) on the jugulum, and a little more ochraceous or buffy on the pos- terior lower parts. No juvenal or first-autumn specimens have been seen, but these plumages probably present the usual differences. Individual variation is in character about as in Chordeiles virgi- nianus chapmani. The upper parts of both male and female range from blackish, with light markings, much as in Chordeiles virgi- nianus hesperis, to « much lighter ground color considerably more profusely light-mottled, just like Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. The light markings above vary from deep ochraceous buff to pure 1Ten specimens, from the Bahama Islands. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER, 81 white and to grayish white with but little or no buffy tinge. The posterior lower parts of both sexes and the light throat-patch of the female vary from cream buff or buffy white to ochraceous buff. No satisfactory division of this race is possible, at least with the material at present available. Birds from Andros, Great Bahama, and other islands appear to be slightly darker above than those from Eleuthera Island, but this may be due to the unevenness of the series. Differences in size, as may be noted from the table of detailed meas- urements, are equally difficult to correlate with any geographic areas. This well-characterized race seems to be only a summer resident in the Bahama Islands, from which it disappears in the autumn, but there is no direct clue to its winter home. It probably, however, winters in South America along with the other forms of the species. It is known to breed in July, and probably does so also during May and June. Specimens examined.—Of this race we have seen altogether 20 examples, from the localities in the Bahama Islands listed below: Andros Island.—Wide Opening (June 17, 1890); Grassy Creek (June 28, 1903). Eleuthera Island.—Governor’s Harbor (July 4 and 7, 1903). Great Bahama Island.—(July 17, 1904.) Long Island.—(July 16 and 17, 1903.) Moraine Cay—(July 12 and 13, 1904.) New Providence Island.—Nassau (May 138, 1897; May 21, 1902.) Southern Andros Island.—(May 19, 1904.) Stranger Cay.—(July 8 and 15, 1904.) Sugar Loaf Cay.—(July 14, 1904.) Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus vicinus. ft =. B . neo 4 uo} o Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Ei 4 ad] 2 |os K 3 |4Bl] & ee S AIRS] AR Ja mm.) mm.) mm.) mm.) mm, U.S.N.M. 1896891..| Male 2...| Long Island, Ba- | July 16,1903 | J. H. Riley../172 {100.5} 7.8] 14 | 14 hama Islands. U.S.N.M. 1896881..]...do.....|..--. GO seunce cece |yaeme do. eileen Oresaue. 163 | 92 6. 9] 13.8] 13.9 U.S.N.M. 1896901..]...do..... Governor’s Har- | July 7 180g} ee dahe. = 162. 5} 92 6. 5} 13.3} 14 bor, Eleuthera Island, Bahama Islands. WESiNEM: 18969122. |o2 doe...) eedozcesewt. th. [ode 8 os.22522|--sedOs-e22 2/168) P9425), 7321 1355] aban U.S.N.M. 1898241..|...do..... Eleuthera Islands (oes 5 Fao ar al eee a Lene Sl rdaiea eee 6. 3] 14.8] 15 Bahama Islands. ARTE Mga NN, Fos |). .do....- Southern Andros | May 19,1904 | F. M. a 173.5) 95.5] 7.2113 {13.3 99450.1 ees Bahama man sland: s Am. Mus. N. H. |...do..... Wide Operent June17,1890 | J. I. es 183, NO3s |23 223) 13 alone 54607.1 Andros Island, A.R.N Bahama Is- throp. lands. MG IZ: A0QN0 2. si fous dos.=<- Great Bahama Ts- | July 17,1904 |............../168 |100 6.2} 13 | 13.8 fends ag Bahama slan 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 80. 2 Type; original number, 183. 82 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles virginianus vicinus—Continued. ; B8| « = Museum 2nd No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector, op : |e) 8 8 ele |ae|e |S M.C.Z. 40211 1.2... Male....| Stranger Cays| culy 15, 1904s ieee te 163.5| 97.5] 6.5] 13 13 Bahama Is- lands. acy ea Bo ae GOnee: ee sis July? 8: 904i Me tg ee 175 | 96 6.1) 13 | 14.8 4975. U.S.N.M. 1896871..| Female .| Long Island, Ba- | July 17,1903 | J. H. Riley../168 | 93 7.5) 12. 5) 13.5 hama Islands. U.S.N.M. 1898251..]...do..... Eleuthera Island, | July 4,1903 |..... Goe=ss6-'s 167 | 94 6.1) 13.8) 14.2 Bahama Is- ; lands. TOESANGMT 180893 oI doses. oS dOutsecsees- 20: July 7,1903 |..... do.-cla- 168. 5} 93 6.1] 14.8] 14.8 U.S.N.M.1896861..|...do..... Grassy Creek, An-| June 28, 1903 |..... GoQzsee2 176 | 99 6.5) 14 | 13 dros Island, Ba- hama Islands. Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| Nassau, New | May 21,1902 | F. M. Chap- |160. 5} 95 6. 5} 13. 5| 14 76562.1 Providence Is- man. land, Bahama Islands. BV Acand ON Bangs 1 \-do.-- os CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS MICROMERIS, new subspecies. Chars. subsp—Resembling Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, but larger; upper parts not so dark; lower surface paler throughout, the chest and jugulum of a lighter brown, the brown bars on posterior portion lighter and somewhat narrower, the white interspaces wider, particularly on anal region; white nee iae, bar on rectrices of male averaging wider. , Deidription: "Type; adult male, No. 213142, U.S.N.M.; Xbac, Yucatan, Mexico, April —, 1910; George F. Gime: original num- ber, 289A. Upper parts light brownish gray, with a more or less evident tinge of buff, particularly on the scapulars, and mottled, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with brownish black, the pileum nearly all brownish black, the scapulars more or less solid black medially, the lower cervix duller and more uniform; tail-feathers fuscous, more or less irregularly and rather narrowly barred with cream buff and whitish, these bars on the upper side of tail much mottled and broken with fuscous; a much broader subterminal pure white bar; wing-quills fuscous, all but the outer primaries more or less spotted or barred on both vanes with tawny, ochraceous or buff, having also a broad white bar on four outer primaries mostly pos- terior to the tip of the eighth primary; wing-coverts and tertials mottled, spotted, and vermiculated with white and buffy, much like the back; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffy or creamy white; lores and supraocular region mixed white and blackish brown; au- riculars and postocular region blackish brown, much mixed with tawny ochraceous, and a little with white; chin buffy grayish, the posterior lateral portion heavily marked with dark brown; cheeks 1 Doubtless from some locality now within the boundary of Chile, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 101 and sides of neck blackish brown, much mingled with white and buffy ; a large triangular patch on throat white; below this a band of dark brown, much spotted with ochraceous buff; breast dark brown, finely mottled and vermiculated with whitish; lower breast cream white, with conspicuous dark brown cross-bars; abdomen, sides, flanks, and crissum, ochraceous buff, with conspicuous dark brown cross-bars, these narrower, farther apart, and somewhat broken on lower tail-coverts; lining of wing deep ochraceous buff, barred with dark brown. Tris dark brown; bill brownish; feet dull brownish. Measurements—Male: Total length (in flesh), 200 mm.1 Male:* Wing, 161.5-176 (average, 169.4) mm.; tail, 92.5-102.5 (99.1) ; exposed culmen, 5.0-6.2 (5.7); tarsus, 12.5-13.8 (13.8) ; mid- dle toe, 14-14.7 (14.4). Female:? Wing, 158.5-168 (162.1) mm.; tail, 90-98.5 (94.4); ex- posed culmen, 5.0-6.5 (5.8) ; tarsus, 12-14 (13.1) ; middle toe, 13-15.3 (14.1). Type-locality.— Xbac, Yucatan, Mexico. Geographical distribution.—Central America and southern Mexico. Breeds in the Lower Tropical, Upper Tropical, and Lower Austral zones of Guatemala, British Honduras, Yucatan, and other parts of southern Mexico: north to Rio Lagartos, and Merida, Yucatan; Campeche, Campeche; Montecristo, Tabasco; Pelenque, Chiapas; and San Mateo, Oaxaca; northwest along the Pacific slope of Mexico to Colima; Zapotlan and Atemajac (near Guadalajara), Jalisco; south to Tuxtla Gutierrez, and San Bartolomé, Chiapas; and Coban, Guatemala; east to British Honduras; and Mujeres Island, eastern Yucatan. In migration southeast through Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, to Gatun, in the Canal Zone, Panama. Winters in Pan- ama and Costa Rica, possibly also in other and more northwestern parts of Central America. Not known from South America. Remarks.—This form differs from Chordeiles acutipennis exilis in larger size; rather darker lower parts, the white interspaces on posterior portion being narrower; somewhat darker, more brownish general effect of the upper surface; and in darker, more ochraceous or buffy (less whitish) light bars on the under side of the tail. Specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua and one from Panama (Gatun, Canal Zone, No. 207668, U.S.N.M.) appear to be exactly the same as those from Yucatan and Chiapas, and are doubtless immigrants, as there seems to be no breeding record of this species for Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, or Salvador. 1 One specimen. 2Seven specimens, from Yucatan, Mexico. 102 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Breeding birds from Yucatan and Campeche represent the extreme differentiation of this subspecies. Those from southern Chiapas, from Guatemala, and southern Oaxaca, Mexico, are intermediate in size between Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris and Chordeiles acuti- pennis texensis, though in other respects like the former. A single female from Atemajac, Jalisco, near Guadalajara (No. 281892, U.S.N.M.), looks just the same as these intermediate birds from Oaxaca and Chiapas, and is the basis for extending the range of the present subspecies to Jalisco. This is probably correct, though the possibility, of course, exists that this individual is not representative of the birds breeding in Jalisco. Comparative average measurements of specimens from different localities are as below: ane . . Exposed Middle Localities. Wing. Tail. ealeicne Tarsus. toe. mm mm. mm mm mm Seven males, from Yucatan.........-..-----0+-----6- 169. 4 99.1 5.7 13.3 14.4 Two males, from Chiapas (Mexico), and Guatemala. . 178.5 104.3 5.6 13.3 15.3 Two males, from Costa Rica and Panama............ 167.8 99 6.5 13.8 14.8 Seven females, from Yucatan............-.--..--...- 162.1 94.4 5.8 13.1 14.1 One female, from Campeche. ..........-...-.-------- 163.5 91.5 5.8 14 15 Two females, from Chiapas and Jalisco, Mexico.-..... 168.8 100 6 12.9 13.1 In this Yucatan race there exist the same four adult plumage phases as in Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis. Specimens examined.—Of this race 25 examples have been handled, from the subjoined localities: Campeche.—Campeche (June 8, 1900). Ohiapas.—Tuxtla Gutierrez (May 26, 1904) ; San Bartolomé (Mar. 24, 1904). Jalisco.—Atemajac (north of Guadalajara) (May 28, 1892). Oaxaca—San Mateo (Aug. 5, 1869). Yucatan—Rio Lagartos (Apr. 10, 14, 18, and 20, 1893), Mujeres Island (Mar. 24, 1901); Merida (June 19, 1865); Chichen Itza (Apr. 2, 1904) ; Izamal (June, 1905) ; Xbac (April, 1910). Costa Rica—San José (Sept. 10, 1883; Oct. 29, 1891); Pigres (Mar. 4 and 11, 1905). | Guatemala.—tLake Atitlan (Apr. 8, 1906). Honduras—Truxillo (Sept. 30, 1887). Nicaragua.—San Geronimo, Chinandega (Mar. 25, 1904). Panama.—Gatun, Canal Zone (Jan. 11, 1911). THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 103 Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris. Museum and No. Sex. U.S.N.M. 2131421.| [Male]?.. G. F. Gaumer | Male.... 289A. Gq. F. Gaumer 2891.} [Male]. - G. F. Gaumer | Male... 289B.1 ELA. and O. Bangs}...do.... 4419. US.NM. 1674211.|...do.... U.S.N.M. 1302051.) [Male]... Field Mus. N. H. | Male.... 22582. U.S.N.M. 193879...|... dows U.S.N.M. 207668...|- E.A.and O. Bangs|...do....| 16930. Gar. Gaumer | | Female . 288A .1 Sd ORE G.F. ee 268. 2 00re as Field Mus. N dO. ss 13247.1 E.A.and O. Bangs| caval 4418.1 Am. Mus. N. H. .do 43854. 1 U.S.N.M. 213143 !.| [Female] | U.S.N.M. 1302081.|...do.... U.S.N.M. 166707 ..| Female . U.S.N.M. 193880...|...do.... WeSeN eM. 154757... |22.dos. 2 Mexico. 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 101. 2 Type. CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS TEXENSIS Lawrence. = He oO oO 8 4 = Locality. Date. Collector. a e oe B 38 K 3 ort e a ge H |) mm. MM.) mmM.| mmM.| mm, Xbac, Yucatan, | Apr.—,1910| G. F. Gau- |169 {101 5.8] 13.5] 14.7 Mexico. mer. Aaa Oe Seach ate (an2-cOOs sock alone sas cas 21208. )/10205) “5eb| aap ewes Shed Oe as case ne cl atahe GOs oe cael ace Ons alec LOO) INGO. ov Gsana ose eee Tan doesn. 1910) | e220. con ceiL6 ra 199) lh oust sen meme Rio Lagartos, Yu- | Apr. 14,1893 | W.W.Brown,|161.5) 92.5} 5 | 13.8) 14.7 catan, Mexico. jr. Mujeres Island, | Mar. 24,1901 | E.W.Nelson 175 (101 5.8} 13.5] 14 Yucatan, Mex- and E. A ico, Goldman. Waa tang 2. Sena ee ace sek ae G. F. Gau- |176 |101.5) 6 | 13.8) 14 mer. Lake Atitlan, | Apr. 8,1906 | N. Dearborn |178 t103.5 5.1) 13) 15 Guatemala. San Bartolomé, | Mar. 24,1904 |}E.W.Nelson|179 /105 6 ||) 43.5) 1505 Chiapas, Mex- and E. A. ico. Goldman. Gatun, Canal) Jan. 11,1911 | E. A. Gold- |167 |101 6.8} 14.5] 15.1 Zone, Panama. man. San José, Costa | Sept. 10,1883} C. F. Under-|168.5) 97 6.1) 13 | 14.5 Rica. wood. Izamal, Yucatan, | June—,1905| G. F. Gau- |162 | 94 (30) Mt AC Bee Mexico. mer. aes ahaa tees ae Shon ctee- see hO Ons ia sre LOL) 1] O8e Olekeyin atonal ieee Rio Lagartos, Yu- | Apr. 18,1893 | W.W.Brown,|168 | 97.5) 6 | 13.5] 14.3 catan, Mexico. Vp. Serer Goo 222 582 52. Apre20, 1893) te 2do-.. se |taseo) 9205| Be oivi47) esos soo) MuUcatan,; Mexico. |. ooo scc2 < G. F. Gau- |163.5) 94.5) 6 | 14 | 14 mer. Jzamal, Yucatan, | June —,1905 |....- Owes 162 | 93.5) 6.5) 13 | 14 Mexico. Wucatans Mexico! 5. .pccece seme fenees GQ7sgee. 160 | 90 6 aes Campeche, Cam- | June 8,1900 | E. W. Nelson |163. 5} 91.5) 5.8) 14 | 15 peche, Mexico and E. A Goldman Tuxtla Gutierrez, | May 26,1904 |..... dousss82 170.5] 97.5} 6 | 12.8) 12.8 Chiapas, Mexico. Atemajac, Jalisco, | May 28,1892 |...-. dowesncee 167 |102.5| 6 | 13 | 13.3 Chordeiles texensis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol 6, December, 1856, p. 167 (Texas). Chars. subsp.—tLike Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, but larger. Tris bluish black; bill black; feet gray or “ purplish.” Measurements.—Male: Total length (in flesh), 215.9-248 (average, 930:2) mom. ; 4 wing, extent of wing, 520.7-581 (555.7).° Female: Total length (in flesh), 215.9-228.6 (22 514.4-552.5 (532.6). 1.2) 3° extent of 2 See p. 109. *'Thirty-two specimens. 5 Twenty-five specimens, 6 Highteen specimens. 7 Eleven specimens. 104 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Male:? Wing, 173-192 (average, 183.4) mm.; tail, 104-119 (111.6) ; exposed culmen, 5.0-6.8 (5.9) ; tarsus, 13-15 (14) ; middle toe, 13-15 (14.2). Female:+ Wing, 168.5-180 (175) mm.; tail, 102-110 (106.1) ; ex- posed culmen, 5.1-7.0; (6.0); tarsus, 12.5-15.2 (13.5); middle toe, 13-15.8 (14.2). Type-locality.—Ringgold Barracks,? near Rio Grande City, Texas. Geographical distribution—The southwestern United States, Mexico, and all of Central America. Breeds in the Lower Austral, Upper Austral, and Upper Tropical zones of the southwestern United States, northern and central Mexico (excepting southern Lower California) : north to Kerrville and Pecos City, middle Texas; Alamagordo, Deming, and Lone Mountain (Grant County), southern New Mexico; the Santa Catalina Mountains, southeastern Arizona; Fort Verde, central Arizona; Beaverdam, northwestern Arizona; St. George, southwestern Utah; Virgin Valley, Vegas Valley, and Ash Meadows, southern Nevada; Bishop (Owens Valley), Chinese Camp (Tuolumne County), Marysville, Winslow (Glenn County), and Ukiah (Mendocino County), central California; west to Ukiah, Paicines (San Benito County), Ventura, San Pedro, San Diego, and 6 miles west of Mountain Spring, western California; Colorado River opposite the mouth of Hardy River, northwestern Sonora; Rancho Baillon, Papasquiaro, and Durango, western Durango; Ro- sario, southern Sinaloa; Chicalote, central Aguas Calientes; and Guanajuato, Guanajuato; south to Chimalpa (Valley of Mexico), Mexico; Puente de Ixtla, southern Morelos; and San Baltazar, Puebla; east to Jalapa, central western Vera Cruz; Alta Mira and Matamoros, eastern Tamaulipas; Brownsville, Corpus Christi, and Port O’Connor, central southern Texas. Winters regularly in cen- tral and southern Mexico, and in all of Central America: north to Chacala, Durango, rarely to Phoenix, Arizona; * west to Manzanillo, Colima; east to Orizaba, Vera Cruz, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan, in Mexico; and southeast through Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to Cana, eastern Panama. Remarks.—The present race differs from Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris in considerably larger size, broader light tail-bars, and rather paler, rather more brownish tone of the upper surface. It is much larger than Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, with broader light tail-bars, and is paler, more grayish, both above and below. The juvenal plumage is identical with that of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior hereinafter described.‘ 1 Fifteen specimens, from Texas, Arizona, and California. 2 Here for the first time definitely restricted to this locality. * Taken, December 27, 1897. *See p. 110. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 105 With large series of specimens for comparison from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, no geographical differences are observable, and the birds from all these areas evidently belong to the same subspecies. The apparently smaller size of the Texas males in the measurements given below is due to the smallness of the series. Birds from San Diego, southern California, are somewhat smaller than typical Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, and thus incline toward Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, but they are nearer the present form. Examples from the various geographic areas average in measure- ments as follows: ate . p Exposed Middle Localities. Wing. Tail. culmen, | Tarsus. tant mm mm mm. mm. mm ivemales, irom California: - 22. ss -26te 4. - cise oe 185.2 112.9 6 13.9 14,2 Hive males arom ATIZONA 2 22. obec eee ccciise ci ae 184.3 113.7 5.5 14.2 14.3 MillVe AION MTOM! VOXHS = loc- ee seleueescceccncs sesae 180.7 108.3 6.1 13.9 14.1 Five females, from California..............--.------- 174.8 107.3 6.1 13.6 14.3 Haiyeemales; irom ATIZONA; -.- 22 so. 2 --- 2-2 2-e-scee 174.4 106.5 6.2 13.4 14.5 Hivedemeles; from Texas... 2.2 .l. ese chk ho. 175.9 104.4 5.6 13.3 13.9 The juvenal and first autumn plumages of this race are apparently identical in color with those of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior. The adults have about the same range of individual variation in color as that race, but are apparently more variable in size. The ochra- ceous phase is like that of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior, less marked than in Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis; but the light and dark extremes are, however, just as distinct. : The two type specamens, adult and male and female, of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis are in the American Museum of Natural History. They are flat skins, obtained by Capt. J. P. McCown in Texas, and were originally in the collection of George N. Lawrence. The male, which, of course, is to be considered the type, is an abnormally small bird, as its measurements on page 109 show. It is marked in Law- rence’ handwriting on the face of the label: “ Chordeiles texensis, Lawr.” “Texas” “ g a116;” and on the back of the label: “ Type” “ Presented by Capt. J.P. McCown.” The label of the female is iden- tical save for the sex and number, which read: “ ? b 116.” In color both birds are inseparable from Texas specimens. There seems to be now no way of determining the exact locality at which these speci- mens were collected; and as it seems desirable to have an exact type- locality, I now designate as such Ringgold Barracks, near Rio Grande City, since this is a locality which Captain McCown is known to have visited. 13732°—Bull. 86—14—_8 106 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The Texas nighthawk is normally only a summer sojourner in the United States, where it appears in March, as a specimen which Dr. EK. A. Mearns obtained, March 21, 1894, on the Colorado River at the Mexican boundary attests. It leaves this country in September or October (taken, October 5, 1893, San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona, Dr. E. A. Mearns). It breeds from April to August, and there are egas in the United States National Museum collected from April 27 to August 6, inclusive. Specimens examined.—T otal number, 293, from the localities listed below: Arizona.—Colorado River, 5 miles north of Laguna (Apr. 21, 24, and 26, 1910) ; Ehrenberg (Mar. 27, 1910) ; Date Creek, south of Fort Whipple (June 5, 1865); San Bernardino Ranch, San Bernardino River, on the Mexican boundary line (Aug. 15 and 23, 1892; Oct. 5, 1893) ; Camp Grant, 40 miles east of Tucson (May 4, 1867); Fort Huachuca (May 23, 1892; June 3, 1892; June 15, 1891) ; Huachuca Mountains (June 3, 1891); Yuma (Apr. 5, 1884); Beaverdam (May 10, 1891); Fort Mojave (May 138, 1884; May 24, 1861); near San Pedro River in Cochise County (Aug. 15, 1890); Tucson (May 5, 1883; May 19, 1906; June 2 and 3, 1884; June 8, 1881; June 16, 1891) ; Calabasas (May 26, 1887); Colorado River at Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary line (Mar. 21 and 25, 1894); San Pedro slope, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pinal County (May 20, 1885; June 4, * 1885 [3,500 feet altitude]; June 7, 1885 [38,000 feet altitude]) ; Fort Verde (June 3 and 5, 1885; June 17, 1884; Sept. 20, 1886) ; Charles- ton, Cochise County (June 21, 1896) ; Catalina Mill (June 21, 1884) ; Babacomari Creek. California—Pasadena (Mar. 31, 1896; Apr. 4, 7, 9, and 29, 1896; Apr. 27, 1895; Apr. 21, 24, and 30, 1897; May 2, 1894; June 19, 1897; July 26, 1902; Aug. 4, 1900; Aug. 30, 1906) ; San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County (May 2, 1899; May 22, 1895) ; Sugarloaf Moun- tain, 7,500 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Aug. 5, 1905) ; Cactus Flat, 6,000 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Aug. 16, 1905); Cushenbury Springs, 4,000 feet altitude, San Bernardino Mountains (Aug. 9 and 13, 1905); Bodfish (June 17, 1911); Los Angeles (Apr. 14, 1898; May 2, 1897; June 20, 1897) ; San Fernando, Los Angeles County (Apr. 24, 1900; Aug. 14, 1897) ; Mecca, River- side County (Apr. 2, 4, 7, and 11, 1908); Tipton, Tulare County (Apr. 26, 1911) ; Reche Canyon, near Colton (July 23 and 28, 1908) ; Isabella (July 1, 1911); Colorado River opposite Cibola, Arizona (Apr. 3, 1910); Dulzura (Apr. 24, 1908; June 29, 1894) ; Colorado River, 5 miles northeast of Yuma (May 3, 1910); Chula Vista, San Diego County (May 27, 1908); Paicines (June 12, 1898; July 10, 1898) ; Kelso Creek, 3,500 feet altitude, 11 miles south-southeast of Weldon, Kern County (July 6, 1911) ; Alhambra (Apr. 11, 12, and 15, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON——-OBERHOLSER. 107 1889) ; Riverside (Apr. 10, 1885); Point Loma, San Diego County (June 19, 1908) ; San Diego (Apr. 20 and 30, 1885; June 7 and 13, 1892) ; Silsbee, Imperial County (Apr. 6, 1906); Riverside County (Apr. 21, 1907) ; Cabazon, Riverside County (May 16, 1908); Alila (June 18, 1903) ; Chowchilla, Merced County (June 27 and 28, 1900) ; Colorado River at Pilot’ Knob (taken with eggs, May 8, 1910) ; Ash Creek, Owens Lake (May 31, 1891) ; Bishop, in Owens Valley, alti- tude 4,000 feet (June 29, 1891) ; Coalinga, Fresno County (July 8, 1905); Lone Pine, Owens Valley (June 8, 10, 12, and 13, 1891); Bakersfield (July 19, 1891); Valley Springs (June 3, 1898); Un- lucky Lake, San Diego County (Apr. 30, 1894) ; divide of mountains west of Coast Range, near Mexican boundary line, about 6 miles west of Mountain Spring, San Diego County (May 17, 1894); Marysville (July 1, 1891) ; South Fork of Kern River, 25 miles above Kernville (July 8, 1891) ; Keeler (June 2, 1891) ; Chinese Camp (Apr. 20 and 21, 1891) ; San Bernardino (July 30, 1885) ; Ukiah (Apr. 29, 1889) ; Vallevista, San Jacinto Valley (Sept. 2, 1908); Needles (Apr. 28, 1905); Ventura (June 1, 1906); Lanes Bridge, 10 miles north of Fresno (Apr. 12, 1911). New Mexico—Eastern foothills of Big Hatchet Mountains (July 20, 1908) ; State College (July 12 and 14, 1913) ; Dog Spring, south- ern Grant County (June 8, 1892); Apache, Grant County (May 17, 1886) ; Gila River (Sept. 14, 1873); Alamogordo (May 17, 1902) ; between Alamogordo and Dry Canyon, Otero County (May 7, 1902) ; 8 miles east of Deming (Sept. 4, 1908). Texas——Rio Grande City (Apr. 9, 11, and 16, 1880; June 1, 1891; June 15, 1889); Ringgold Barracks (July); Lomita Ranch, near Hidalgo (Apr. 23 and 26, 1878; May 5, 11, and 12, 1878; July 25 and 31, 1880; Aug. 16, 1880) ; Hidalgo (Apr. 18, 1877; May 5, 1877; May 7, 23, 25, and 27, 1889); Pecos City (May 25, 1887); eastern base of Chisos Mountains (June 23, 1901); Brownsville (Apr. 18, 1889; Apr. 20 and 21, 1892; July 2, 1892); Fort Hancock (June 9, 12, 18, and 21, 1893; Aug. 15, 1902); Frontera; Rio Grande in Cameron County (Apr. 16, 1886); Laredo (May 18, 1866; Sept. 5 and 13, 1866); Marathon (May 18, 1891); 15 miles south of Mara- thon (May 17, 1901) ; 20 miles south of Marathon (May 19, 1901) ; 65 miles south of Marathon (May 19, 1901); near Carrizo (May 19, 1891) ; Comstock (July 26, 1902) ; Langtry (May 1, 1903); Del Rio (May 19, 1903) ; Kerrville (May 18, 1910); Ysleta (July 25, 1901) ; Runge (Aug. 28, 1905). Chihuahua.—Mosquito Springs (May 12, 1892) ; San Diego (Apr. 21 and 24, 1891; June 5, 1891) ; near Colonia Garcia (July 15 and 16, 1899). Colima.—Plains of Colima (Jan. 14 and 15, 1890); Manzanillo (Jan. 26, 1892). 108 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Durango.—Rancho Baillon, northwestern Durango, 7,800 feet alti- tude (May 9, 1903). Guanajuato.— Guanajuato. Jalisco.—kLa Barca (Jan. 4, 9, 17, and 19, 1903; Nov. 22 and 25, 1899; Dec. 2, 1899) ; Ocotlan (Jan. 4, 1903). Lower California—Carrizo Valley (Apr: 19, 1893); mouth of Hardy River (Apr. 2, 1905); Seven Wells, Salton River (Apr. 10, 1894). Michoacan.—Patzcuaro (Dec. 22, 1891). Morelos—Cuernavaca (Jan. 3, 1893); Puente de Ixtla (June 6, 1903). Nuevo Leon.—Montemorelos (May 20, 1889); Monterey (Apr. 24 and 27, 1889); Linares (Apr. 17, 1891); Santa Catarina (April, 1853). Oaxaca.—Santa Efigenia (Jan. 3 and 12, 1869). Sinaloa.—Escuinapa (Dec. 28, 1903) ; Mazatlan. ~ Sonora—Colorado River opposite mouth of Hardy River (Mar. 98, 1894) ; San Marcial (Nov. 10, 1905). Tamaulipas.—Rio Cruz (June 19, 23, and 30, 1909; July 7, 20, and 21, 1909); Santa Leonor (Apr. 14, 15, and 17, 1909); Montelunga (Apr. 27, 1909; and May 1, 1909) ; Mier (May 5, 1891). Tepic.—Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands (May 5, 1897). Vera Cruz.—Jalapa (Apr. 2, 1897); Orizaba (Jan. 25, 1894). Costa Rica—Bolson (Dec. 25, 1907); El Rio Ciribi (Jan. 25, 1868) ; Limon (Nov. 28, 1896) ; Pigres (Mar. 3 and 10, 1905). Guatemala.—Duenas (Feb. 1, 1860). Nicaragua—San Juan de Nicaragua. Panama—Cana (Mar. 10, 1912). Salvador.—La Union (January, 1864). Measurements of specimens of Chordeilcs acutipennis texensis. oO Museum and No, Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Et 3 ae Breas ; da he Uc Ele jeel se is mm.) mM.) MM.) mmM,.| MM J. Grinnell 8261... Male....} Pasadena, Cal....) Apr. 4,1896 | J. Grinnell../183 |112.5) 5.2) 14.5) 14.5 Ji Grinnell 308 L202). 2d0.2. ..|sn6 == GO) eyeeis sees Apr. 27, 1895)..... do....../187. 5/110 6.8} 14 | 14 JeGrinnell 244823 dors kel secs (6 Ko yee a Apr. 24,1897 |..... COM saan 177 |101.5) 5.5) 13. 7) 13.7 J. and J. W. Mail- |...do.....| Chowchilla, Mer- | June 27, 1900|.........-.-.. 190. 5117.5] 6.5) 13.5) 15 liard 4489 +. ced Co., Cal. J2and J..W. Mail-)|--sdo../3)... 34 Oe iieistetenieyate JUNE /28 31900) CS ces cieeeeni= 188 {113 6 | 14 | 14 liard 45101. ee NS URL il ddtos. oc Fort Verde, Ariz..| June 3, 1885 | E.A.Mearns.|184 |119 5. 5] 13.9} 13.9 1992 1, Am. Mus. N. H. |...do.....| San Pedro Slope, | June 4, 1885 | W. E. D. j176 |109 5. 8} 13.5) 14 29377 1, Santa Catalina Scott. Mountains, Pi- i nal Co., Ariz. Ae aes. Nei ees 2.| ueson, Ariz...-- May 5, 1883 ]..... dosteece 192 |115 Ey ie ie | as 1 PA ANUS SEN EL, en tO Opsscel vice we (0 Lonel RE May 19, 1906] I’. M. Chap- |183. 5}114 5. 5} 13.9) 13.9 98978 1, man and ANDI Dake gins. 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 104, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 109 Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis texensis—Continued. ro oO : 2H] 8 15 Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. ° | Collector. | »& Sa| 2 |o8 As ri | & wy Shae = 3 Ka] 8 Se |lao| a |a mm.|mm.|mm.|\mm.|\mm. M.C. Z,323061..... Male..... Tucson, Ariz..-... June 8, 1881] F.Stephens.j186 {111.5} 5.5} 14. 5) 14.7 G. B. Sennett 66313)...do..__- Hidalgo, Tex..... May 7,1889] J.A.Singley |183 |108 | 5.5] 14] 14 tee NE ee ee GOr oe. ewes WOtnemee see ee May 23, 1889 |..... (eae 178 {109 6.8} 13 | 13 51, eee INET SS.d0- soea|oa tos D0 oe eee May 27, 1889 |..... dozes.e: 183. 5)111.5) 6.2) 14.5) 14.5 1 U.S.N.M.1404141..]... dot... Rio Grande City, | June 1, 1891] W. Lloyd.../173 |104 | 6.2} 14 | 14 ex, Ams Winisl IN. VE. tk 2dote. =. Lomita, Tex......| May 5, 1878 | G. B. Sen- |186 |109 6 | 14 | 15 81614 1. nett. STUNG IN ewe || = SedOs2e na) A OXAGS w ssccecces=|cecenceccccess Joe) Me= (1659 | 19% 6 | 13 | 14 43852. Cown. J. Grinnell 2449 »...| Female..| Pasadena, Cal....| Apr. 24,1897} J. Grinnell. .|175 {108 6 | 13.5) 13.5 JaGrinnel S09 sl Pe dO ose le oe AG Ow. ooacc. 5 a5 Apr. 27, 1895].-.-.. (6 (eee 175 {110 6.1) 13 14 J. Grinnell 2461 1...]...do.....]....- CROCE ees Apr. 30, 1897]..... dossiers 174 {106.5} 6 | 13 | 13.8 J. Grinnell 2842 1...]... Gp aes oe. GOs eee eae sna | CUNO O80 Fils. oes doesn ss 170 106 6 | 14.2) 15 J.and J. W. Mail- |...do..... Chowchilla, Mer- | June 27,1900|...........--- 18Q {106 6. 5} 14, 5) 15.1 liard 44851, ced Co., Cal. Amn MustoNs E1.\}2.5d0:.. 2. San Pedro Slope, | June 7, 1885] W. E. D. |178. 5}104 6.2) 13 | 14 29379 1, Santa Catalina Scott. Mountains, Pi- nal Co., Ariz, oe dee ING EES 2 .GOle 224 Tucson, Ariz......| May 5, 1883)..... (3 (aes 172 |106 5. 8) 13.3} 15 29374 1, ¢ ct Mus caN Hh 12. -d0:y.5-| 504% dO. 2324388. June 2, 1884]..... Gr. .ice2 168. 5)106 6 | 12.5) 13.8 29369 1. ae ne Di la yy gee Co Pe Se (ee GOs sseeeececed June 3, 1884]..... GO caisizie 173 {109 6 | 15.2) 15.8 as fai 1,8) appt eg ed a0 Yad pace a ro Papa Je oar GOue tee ease June16,1891 | S.N.Rhoads/180 |107.5}) 7 | 13.2) 14 7851 1, PAT NDTIS LIN EEL.) |= 00.5. «| MUOKES. owtie coe ce tlceaonaee metas J.P. Me- |176. 5)104 5. 1} 13.5] 13.5 43851}. Cown. Se ae Ne EDs | doses. Hidalgo, Tex..... Teal SOK lee neces e ie 175 |104 3] 13.2) 14.2 43122 1, ne Ns: Nee |. .\d0.. 2: ; Rio Grande City, | June 15, 1889}.....-.....-.. 171 |102 5.5, 13 | 13 81603 1, Tex. Am: Mus. N. H. |..-do..... Lomita, Tex...... Apr. 26,1878] G. B. Sen- |180 |105.5) 6 | 13.5) 14.3 81613 1. nett. U.S.N.M.112391 1..]... Got esse se COs ote eosses May 11, 1878]..... OOS See 177 (|106.5} 5 | 13.3) 14.5 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 104. 2 Type of male. 3 Type of female. CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS INFERIOR, new subspecies. Chars. subsp.—Like Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, but larger ; light bars on tail broader; upper surface lighter, and averaging more brownish (less grayish) in general effect; similar to Chordedles acutipennis texensis, but smaller. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 113100, U.S.N.M.; Triunfo, Lower California, Mexico, June 14, 1887; M. Abbott Frazar. Upper parts light brownish gray, with a more or less evident tinge of buff (particularly on the scapulars, which have some spots of ochraceous), and mottled, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with brownish black, the scapulars more or less solidly black medially, the cervix rather duller and more uniform; tail-feathers fuscous, more or less irregularly and rather broadly barred with buff, cream buff, and whitish, these bars on the upper side of the tail much mottled and broken by fuscous; a much broader pure white subterminal band; Wing-quills fuscous, all but the outer primaries more or less spotted 110 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. or barred on both vanes with tawny, ochraceous or buff, having also a broad white bar on four outer primaries mostly posterior to the tip of the eighth primary; outer primaries slightly edged or spotted on outer web with buff; wing-coverts and tertials mottled, spotted, and vermiculated with white, buff, and ochraceous buff, much like the back; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffy or creamy white; lores and supraloral region mixed white, buff, and dark brown; auriculars and postocular region blackish brown, much mixed with tawny, ochraceous, buff, and a little with white; chin buffy gray, with posteriorly heavy markings of dark brown; cheeks and sides of neck dark brown, much spotted and streaked with ochra- ceous, buff, and whitish; a large triangular patch on throat white; below this a band of dark brown much spotted with ochraceous buff; breast dark brown, finely mottled and vermiculated with pale brownish; rest of lower surface ochraceous buff, paler (buff) on lower breast, with conspicuous dark brown cross-bars, these nar- rower, farther apart, and somewhat broken on lower tail-coverts; lining of wing deep ochraceous buff, barred with dark brown. Tris dark brown. Measurements —Kemale: Total length (in flesh), 203-223.5 (aver- age, 210.1) mm.;? extent of wing, 485-497.8 (492.8) .1 Male: Wing, 171.5-184.5 (average, 176.2) mm.; tail, 99-115 (107.1) ; exposed culmen, 4.9-6.5 (5.7) 5 tarsus, 12.5-14.5 (18.5) ; mid- dle toe, 18.2-15.1 (14). Female:* Wing, 165-177 (168.1)mm.; tail, 99-105 (102.3); ex- posed culmen, 5.0-6.0 (5.4); tarsus, 12.1-13.7 (13); middle toe, 12.5-14.8 (13.7). Type-locality—Triunfo, Lower California, Mexico. Geographical distribution—Lower California. Breeds in the Upper Tropical, Lower Austral, and Upper Austral zones, south to San José del Cabo and Cape San Lucas; and north to La Grulla, Santa Cruz, and Valladares in the San Pedro Martir region of the northern part of the peninsula. Winters in extreme southern Lower California. Remarks.—The juvenal plumage is similar to that of Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, but the lower parts average paler; and the upper surface is lighter, more uniform, more silvery, and less heavily mottled with blackish or dark brown. In the color of the upper parts it is strikingly like the first autumn stage of Chordeiles virginianus howelli,t but is lighter, more silvery, and usually less mottled with dark brown or blackish. 1Three specimens. 2Ten specimens, from Lower California, Mexico. 8 Nine specimens, from Lower California. 4See p. 60. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. iil The difference between the gray and ochraceous phases of this subspecies are not nearly so great as in Chordeiles acutipennis acuti- pennis and Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris; that is, while the gray phase is practically identical in color with the corresponding phase of Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris, the ochraceous phase is not nearly so deeply ochraceous nor so different from the gray phase. The dark and light extremes in Chordeiles acutipennis inferior are, however, just as strongly marked as in the other races above men- tioned. Specimens examined. —_The writer has seen 26 specimens of this new subspecies, from the localities that follow: Lower California—Cape San Lucas (Sept. 11, 14, and 21, 1859) ; San José del Cabo (Apr. 6, 1895; July 22, 1896; Aug. 5, 1896) ; Santa Anita (Jan. 14 and 16, 1906) ; Triunfo (June 11, 13, and 14, 1887) ; Valladares (May 21, 1889) ; Santa Cruz (May 23, 1889). Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles acutipennis inferior. Le) om Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. bh : os : ae Qo mm.|mm.| mm.) mm.| mm. Carnegie Mus. | Male....| SantaCruz,Lower]| Apr. 23,1889 | A. W. An- |184.5)/115 6 | 13.5) 14 19857.1 Cal. thony. Carnegie Mus. |...do.....|..... Goreesemeeees| sae dow oes) seas doissie: 176 |112 6.2} 12.5} 13.2 19856.1 Carnegie Mus. |...do..... Vena Lower| May 21,1889 |..... Gores 172 |105 6.) 33. 5/1355 19858.1 al. ' Amer. Mus. N. H. |...do..... San José del Cabo, | July 22,1896 | Loye Miller.|171. 5/104 6.5) 14.5} 14.5 87445.1 Lower Cal. MOH 48585 22.2 |c. . GOx.s0. Cape ‘Santicasy eres soe eee es et aoa 174 {104.5} 5.2) 13.5) 13.8 Lower Cal. Field Mus. N. H. |...do..... Triunfo, Lower | June 13,1887 | M. A. Fra- 173 |103 5.2} 13.5] 14 43123.1 Cal. zar. fag. ss No Ets 25 2d0s.2 ec] bees dosti ee June 14,1887 |..... dost 528 177. 5}/109. 5) 5 13.8) 14.8 29834.1 AM MaIS. ING bea cdO..crleetee dO eee ee June 11,1887 |..... doses 172 | 99 4,9} 12.5] 18.5 29833.1 U.S.N.M. 1131001.}...do2...]..... Gone eee June 14,1887 |..... dows 184 |108 5.5] 13.8) 15.1 U.S.N.M. 197784 1.|...do..... Santa Anita, | Jan. 16,1906} E. W. Nel- |177 (111 @) } 13.5) 13;5 Lower Cal. son and E.A.Gold- man. A. N. §. Phila. |[ Female] Cope Sanoucass |e cee ee cn en J. Xantusde/165 | 99 5.2) 13.7) 14.8 35422.1 ower Cal. Vesey. cree Mus. N. H. | Female -|..... (3 (0 oe See Sept.11, 1859 |..... dOssese. 165 |102.5) 6 | 12.1] 13.1 25782.1 eC Ze 16082. ..<|be OLN Be Heel Ee ae CORE AREAS SOC RES ee gate ttiieee KS Mie Copernic 171 {105 5 13.2} 14 MEC.Z/435861 <2. = |G. 2 aonsee |e eeiae Go sre tee Sere ae ae eel ee ela oe 177 «~+|104.5) 5 13 14.7 U.S.N.M. 13031 1..]... GO aeeeecoee <0 Co Re arep ies, al (Ea i ae SE ERS ints ap 165 | 99 6 | 12.8] 13.8 esey. E. ee and O. Bangs|...do..... Tmo, Lower | June 13,1887 | M. A. Fra- |167 {103.5} 5.3] 12.5) 12.5 al. zar. U.S. SN. M. 1404121.}...do..... San José del Cabo,} Apr. 6,1895 | J.E.McLel- |165 |100.5) 5.5/ 13 | 13.5 Lower Cal. lan. U.S.N.M. 197783 1.|...do..... Santa Anita, | Jan. 14,1906} E. W. Nel- /169 |102 5 | 13.5) 13.5 Lower Cal. son and E.A.Gold- man. U.S.N.M. 1977851_.|...do.....]..... GOe ae ae Jan. 16,1906 |..... oleae 169 104.5) 5.5) 12.9) 13 a ee ee 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 110. 2 Type. BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 112 2°81 8 FT SOI GFL 8°ST &1 TI €°cT £1 ban | 2 +1 at &1 GET T 81 LOL L&T GST val ill FI Tot GST o FT cl €1 FFT Ages tI 91 8 OI £ OI 9°ST ST 1a4' 838 ‘uIntmd | ‘uIMnut “OAV | -IXUjy | -TONY 00} O[PPTT ¢"&T i a I ara | tI cI €1 al! 8°&T ¢ Or ial €°F1 LeSp 9ST FI i § “838 ‘Inu | ‘uInutr “WAY | -Ixeyy | -Tuy “SnSIv, T Gr Gor ot SIL Veal 9 8°¢ &"9 ee Lg 6°¢ Lg &'F 8°¢ “UU “e588 -IdAV 9 ¢ £ COT SOL 66 T 891 2LT GOT poor m mms sss" tonlafus srwuadynan sajiapsoyg | 6 He T'¢ T 901 OIL GOT CLT O8T | SBOE Joo" w ress """Sesuaraz sruuadynon 89729pLOYD | GT $9 S +6 ¢°86 06 T C91 BOT | S°8ST fo setamosonms seuuadynan sapap.10y) L menos ae a aes fee gious | afe'el=oleie)= | Bie l=iieeie “pore een pee sec seeiscceseccccseccres*-suiza sruuadynon sapapsoy |--* T9 Gar 1°26 66 G98 09T City Ree (A oe et ODS: sruuadinan sruuadynon saprapsoyy | Ot I a Se ee ee “SH TIVNGAL c"9 OF TL0T CIT 66 (a) al (LP 2 (eC 2] a fie Stee ILO “Lojdafur seuuadynan saprapsoyy | OT 8°9 g 9 TIT 611 FOL | FEST G61 ELT [ooo -Sasuaxan sruuadynan sapapsoy9 ct &'9 $ T 66 S°COL | °°%6 F691 QA | G TOL foo" "ooo" srtamosnw srwuadynon sapapsoy9 | 2 °F oF 8°96 ¢°96 c6 ¢'Scl COL SGT pooreneereeesccsss "sara stuuadynon sajap.oy) | % 8°9 8 °F 9°86 OT #8 £91 GLE | GOST [-"*"*****""**-Sruuadynon srwuadynan sayapsoyg | TL “WU |} wa | tm | cm | cm | cm "wi | “UU a ‘Tamu | ‘urn “038 ‘tanur | ‘wnur MeYeic) ‘unu | *urnur | Z “VAL | “ONY | ~eay | -pxeyy | uy | ~reay | -rxeyq | -rogy BS 3 *soroedsqns Jo omen |S rs ‘uetaNo pesodxq Treg, “SULA 8 ‘SU TVIT “syuuadynon saprapsoy) fo sowedsqns ay) fo syuamasnsvou aruyoioduos fo 21907, THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. HUES CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS (Spix). Oaprimulgus rupestris Sprx, Avium Spec. Noy. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2 (“insulis petrosis fl. Nigri’’).? Chars. sp. (adult male).—First (outermost) primary longer than second ; shortest secondary usually reaching or exceeding the tips of the primary coverts; distance from bend of folded wing to end of shortest secondary nearly always greater than from latter point to end of fourth primary (counting from the outermost) ; tips of tail- feathers rounded; upper surface varied with dark brown, whitish, buff, and ochraceous; tail chiefly white, the two middle rectrices, most of the next pair, the outer webs of outermost pair, and broad tips to all, brown; middle portion of inner primaries and basal por- tion of nearly all the secondaries pure white; the remaining portions of these quills, together with the three outer primaries and the primary coverts, plain fuscous, unspotted; axillars and middle por- tion of under wing-coverts pure white; lower surface pure white; the jugulum and upper breast spotted and the former more or less clouded with pale brownish gray or grayish brown. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but smaller; upper parts more ochraceous or buffy, less closely vermiculated, and rather lighter ; fourth primary (counting from the outermost) with usually at least a small spot of white on middle part of inner web; tail with the broad brown tips much mottled with lighter, instead of usually plain brown or nearly so; those rectrices that are mostly white having more dark brown at base (commonly none in the male), and the white area of inner web with one or two spots or bars of dark brown; outer web of outermost rectrix all brown without a subterminal white area, and this brown much, instead of little or not all, mottled with lighter. Remarks.—The present species seems to be a comparatively rare one, and the small number of specimens now available precludes any satisfactory elucidation of the various plumages, molt, variation, and the many other problems connected with every species. Individual variation seems to concern chiefly size; the shade of the markings on the breast; the amount of white on the greater wing coverts; and the coarseness of the markings on the upper surface. Geographical distribution—The geographical distribution of Chordeiles rupestris is entirely in northern and central South Amer- ica, and extends from northern Brazil to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. To the single race previously recognized the present investigation adds two, one from central Colombia, the other from eastern Peru. Both of these, however, are known from only a limited area, and by far the greater part of the total range of the species is occupied by the typical subspecies, Chordeiles rupestris rupestris. 1 Further synonymy under subspecies. 114 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Habits—So far as known, this species is nonmigratory, and in general habits similar to the other members of the genus. It is said to breed often in colonies in September on the sand banks and beaches of the Amazon River and its tributaries; and its eggs are described as creamy or buffy white with numerous grayish markings. Phylogeny—tThe Brazilian subspecies Chordeiles rupestris rupes- tris, seems, from its wide geographical distribution and central loca- tion, to be the oldest form. Both Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus and Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus are thus doubtless more recent offshoots, merely geographic races modified into such by isolation or environment. History.—This species was first described by Spix, in his famous work on the birds of Brazil, from specimens obtained on the Rio Negro. Its literature is limited, and it appears to have no synonyms. All the references to its literature, so far as possible, will be given under the headings of the subspecies, as perhaps of interest. CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS RUPESTRIS (Spix). Caprimulgus rupestris Sprx, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 2, pl. 2 (“insulis petrosis fl. Nigri’’). C[hordeiles]. rupestris Gray, Genera Birds, vol. 1, January, 1847, p. 49. [Chordeiles] rupestris BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol, 1, 1850, p. 63.— Gray, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 61 (part, Rio Negro, Brazil).—GuirBeL, Thesaur. Ornith., vol. 1, 1872, p. 669 (part).— ScLtatTER and Satvrn, Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., 1878, p. 96 (Ama- zonia).—SHARPE, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 2, 1900, p. 80 (part, Amazonia). Chordeiles rupestris BURMEISTER, Syst. Uebers. Thiere Bras., vol. 2, 1856, p. 893 (Rio Negro, Brazil).—SciatTer, Cat. Amer. Birds, 1862, p. 279 (upper Amazon River); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 185 (part, rocky islands of Rio Negro, Brazil).—SciaTer and Savin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, p. 583 (upper Rio Negro, Brazil). —Prtzetn, Ornith. Bras., 1868, p. 14 (Rio Guaporé; Rio Mamoré; Manaqueri, Rio Soli- moéns, Brazil).—SciaTrr and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 626 (Prov. Moxos, Bolivia).—Harrert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 617 (crit.; part; Para and Pernambuco, Brazil) ; Tierreich, Lief. 1, 1897, p. 20 (crit.) —NrHRKoRN, Kat. Hiersammlung, 1899, p. 158 (eggs, Amazon River).—IneERING, Rey. Mus. Paulista, vol. 4, 1900, p. 257 (descr. eggs) ; vol. 6, 1905, p. 443 (Rio Jurua, Brazil).—GoeExDI, Album Aves Amazonicas, fasc. 3, 1906, pl. 46, fig. 8 (Rio Purfis, Brazil).— Inerinc and Inertmne, Cat. Fauna Bras., vol. 1, Aves, 1907, p. 182 (part; Matto Grosso; Rio Amazonas; Para; Rio Negro; Pernambuco; Rio Jurua’; and Amazonas, Brazil; Bolivia) —SnrerHiace, Journ. f. Ornith., January, 1908, p. 18 (Cachoeira and Bom Lugar on Rio Purfs, Brazil).—Hertimayr, Novit. Zool., vol. 17, December, 1910, p. 378 (part, Jamarysinho, on Rio Madeira, Brazil). AIPA Ny RE TESTO Sa Ne eran eee 1 Avium Spec. Noy. Bras., vol. 2, p. 2, pl. 2. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON-——OBERHOLSER. 115 Chars. subsp.—Size small; colors relatively dark; blackish and dark brown markings of upper surface rather coarse; breast sparsely spotted; female with only dark brown spots on inner webs of outer rectrices; and with no large white patch on inner vane of fourth primary (counting from the outermost). Description.—Adult [male], No. 21995, Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia; Rio Negro, Brazil; M. Wilf. Upper surface broccoli brown, spotted, streaked, barred, and vermiculated with grayish sepia, most heavily on pileum, scapulars, and upper tail- coverts, and in places tinged with buff, the outer margins of scapu- lars almost entirely buff; tail white, the two middle feathers hair brown, irregularly barred and finely mottled with dark brown; the outer vane of outermost rectrix (excepting a very narrow white edge and a broad subterminal white space) and broad tips on all the rectrices, save the middie pair, dark brown, between clove brown and hair brown; primaries of the same brown, the four outermost unmarked, the next four with their bases (excepting the outer vanes) and all but the broad brown tips, pure white; rest of pri- maries and all of secondaries narrowly tipped with whitish and otherwise all white save for broad, dark brown ends; anterior rows of superior wing-coverts dark brown like the wing-quills, spotted and imperfectly barred with buff and whitish; remainder of wing- coverts deep broccoli brown, spotted, barred, mottled, and tipped with white, cream color, pale clay color, and buff; tertials broccoli brown, terminally dull buff, with shaft streaks and broken, irregu- lar bars and vermiculations of deep broccoli brown; sides of head and neck broccoli brown, with fine markings of dark brown, the auriculars buffy and nearly plain; an indistinct buffy white super- ciliary stripe; entire lower surface creamy white, the jugulum with a wide, grayish buff, partly whitish band, obscurely barred and spotted with broccoli brown; lining of wing white, excepting the outer coverts, which are dark brown like the wing-quills, and the posterior ones, which are grayish drab; edge of wing along the alula mostly white. . Measurements.—Male:1 Wing, 167-170 (average 168.5) mm.; tail, 94; exposed culmen, 6.5; tarsus, 138-13.5 (13.3); middle toe, 13-13.2 (18.1). Female:? Wing, 159.5 mm.; tail, 90; exposed culmen, 5.0; tarsus, 12; middle toe, 13. Type-locality—Rocky islands of the Rio Negro, northern Brazil. Geographical distribution—Permanently resident in northern and central Brazil and northeastern Bolivia: north to Para and the upper 1 Two specimens, from Brazil. 2One specimen, from Brazil. 116 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rio Negro, Brazil; west to the upper Rio Negro; the Rio Jurué; Cachoeira and Bom Lugar on the Rio Purts; Jamarysinho on the Rio Madeira; the Rio Guaporé, Brazil; the Moxos region, northeastern Bolivia; and Matto Grosso, Brazil; south to Matto Grosso and Per- nambuco, Brazil; and east to Pernambuco and Para, Brazil. Remarks.—Individual and sexual variation have been already dis- cussed in the account of the species above. This race, so far as re- ported, occupies a much larger geographical area than the others, and its known range will probably greatly increase as the result of future explorations. All of the specimens examined will be found listed in the table of measurements appended. Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, Bela |S Museum and No.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | & | 28 g as 1 p KA} ae |sele |s ‘iv mm.|mm.|mm.|mm., IORGUN ENE 14836825 ot Males Brazile Pe ee Gece ee ie See ae ears 170 94) 6.5) 13 | 13 A.N.S. Phila.21995.1) [Male.]. Rio INéero; erazile|a.. oes casos M. Wilf... .|167 94) 6.5) 13.5) 13.2 A.N.S.Phila.21996.1| [ Fem: e.] Ease GOS: Ree Re Beare 2k Rs ei te do.. 159.5) 90) 5 | 12 | 13 1 Used in measurement averages on p. 115. ea CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS XYOSTICTUS, new subspecies. Chars. subsp.—Similar to Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, but some- what larger; upper surface, including the wing-coverts, much paler, more buffy (less grayish), the dark markings much smaller; and breast more heavily spotted. Description—Type, adult male, No. 16599, U:S.N.M.; Bogota, Colombia; W. Evans. Upper surface pale drab, shading to ochra- ceous buff on the outer part of the scapulars, spotted, vermiculated, obscurely streaked, and narrowly and brokenly barred with broc- coli brown, the intra most evident on upper tail-coverts and scapulars, aif scapulars also a little barred and narrowly streaked with dark brown, between clove brown and hair brown, and the pileum conspicuously streaked with the same; tail cream white, the two central feathers basally rather light broccoli brown, distally hair brown, irregularly barred and finely mottled with a dark gray- ish brown, between clove and hair brown; the outer vane of outer- most rectrix (excepting a very narrow light brownish edge and a broad subterminal white space) and broad tips on all the rectrices save the middle pair, of the same dark brown as the bars on the mid- dle tail-feathers; primaries of the same brown, but somewhat darker, the four outermost unmarked, the next four with their bases (ex- cepting the outer vanes) and all but the broad brown tips, cream white; rest of primaries and all of secondaries narrowly tipped with THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—-OBERHOLSER. 9 ing whitish (the secondaries more so), and otherwise all white save for broad dark brown ends; the tips of the two inner secondaries some- what mottled with pale drab; innermost secondary and the tertials light drab, mottled, vermiculated, and narrowly and irregularly barred with broccoli brown, basally also with whitish and buffy; anterior rows of upper wing-coverts dark brown like the wing-quills, much spotted, mottled, and imperfectly barred with buff and whit- ish; remainder of wing-coverts deep broccoli brown, spotted, barred, mottled, and tipped with white, cream color, pale clay color, and buff; sides of head and neck pale buffy gray, more buffy on auricu- lars, which are narrowly and inconspicuously streaked with brown, all the rest speckled, spotted, and a little streaked and barred with broccoli brown, the streaks darker brown; lores anteriorly whitish; an ill-defined superciliary stripe due to the sparseness of the dark spotting; entire lower surface cream white, the jugulum with a wide band of drab gray, obscurely spotted and barred with drab and broccoli brown, the breast conspicuously spotted and imperfectly barred with broccoli brown; inferior wing-coverts cream white, the outer ones dark brown like the wing-quills, somewhat spotted and edged with buff, ochraceous, and whitish, the posterior and longest grayish drab; edge of wing along the alula mostly buffv white. Measurements.—Male:1 Wing, 172.5 mm.; tail, 100; exposed cul- men, 7.0; tarsus, 13.1; middle toe, 13.1. Female:? Wing, 165.5 mm.; tail, 92.5 mm.; exposed culmen, 7.0; tarsus, 13.1; middle toe, 13.9. Type-locality— Bogota, Colombia. Geographical distribution—Central Colombia. Probably a per- manent resident. Remarks.—This species (Chordetles rupestris) has hitherto been unrecorded from Colombia, and it must be rare in that country. The two specimens listed in the subjoined table of measurements were col- lected at Bogota, Colombia, by Mr. W. Evans, and have been in the United States National Museum since 1860. They seem to represent a very well characterized geographical race. Measurements of specimens of Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus. cs) © oa 3 |o . ap 2g] 3 (Ss Museum and No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. s rd Be z mS Ele jas|a |¥ mm.|mm.| mm.|mm.|mmn. U.S.N.M. 165993. ..| [Male]4..| Bogota, Colombia |}.............- W.Evans... |172.5}100 7d | 8 fa 1S | U.S.N.M. 166003...| [Female]|]...-.. LO See ieee are ein ence ere 3 aan donee 165. 5] 92.5) 7 ]13.1 | 13.9 1 One specimen, from Colombia. 2 One specimen, from Colombia. 3 Used in measurement averages on p. 117, 4 Type, 118 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. t om CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS ZALEUCUS, new subspecies. Chordeiles rupestris Scuatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 185 (part, lower Ucayali River, eastern Peru).—ScLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1866, p. 193 (lower Ucayali River, eastern Peru); 1873, p. 290 (lower Ucayali River and entire Huallaga River [breeding], eastern Peru).—TaczANowskI, Ornith. Pérou, vol. 1, 1884. p. 214 (upper Ucayali River, Huallaga River, and Pebas, Peru ).—HArTeErtT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, p. 617 (part, Ucayali River, Yquitos, and Pebas, Peru).—OatTeEs and Rei, Cat. Coll. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., vol. 3, 1903, p. 58 (Ucayali River, Peru).—IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Fauna Bras., vol. 1, Aves, 1907, p. 182 (part, eastern Peru).—HELLMAYR, Noyit. Zool., December, 1910, p. 878 (part) (Peru). [Chordeiles] rupestris Gray, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 1, 1869, p. 61 (part, lower Ucayali River, Peru).—SHarpr, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, vol. 2, 1900, p. 80 (part, Bolivia, Peru). Chars. subsp.—Resembling Chordeiles rupestris rupestris, but female more grayish above, particularly on wing-coverts; with a large white patch 47 mm. long on middle portion of inner web of fourth primary (counting from the outermost), this patch reaching to the shaft, which is white itself at this point; inner web of outer- most rectrix with two broad dark brown bands (instead of spots) besides the terminal and the basal bands; spots on breast larger and more numerous, Description —Type, adult [female], No. 55318, U.S.N.M., Pebas, Peru; Prof. James Orton; original number, 275. Upper surface light drab (the scapulars exteriorly largely buff or ochraceous buff), finely and confusedly spotted, streaked, barred, and vermiculated with dull white, darker drab, broccoli brown, grayish sepia, and grayish clove brown, the darkest brown markings mostly confined to pileum, scapu- lars, and upper tail-coverts, the pileum and middle of back more streaked, the posterior upper parts more barred; tail largely cream white, but basal portion of the feathers, and two (on some of the feath- ers only one) broad but somewhat broken and incomplete bars, of a dark brown, between clove brown and hair brown; ends of rectrices, except middle pair, with a wide band of the same dark brown, though much mottled above and below with lighter brown; outer webs of outer- most and all of the next to the middle pairs of rectrices partly light, partly darker, broccoli brown, mottled and more or less irregularly barred with the dark brown of their tips; middle pair of feathers basally broccoli brown, distally rather grayish hair brown, finely mottled and vermiculated, particularly on terminal half, with the dark brown of the rest of the tail, and crossed by six rather narrow, and distally much broken bars of the same dark brown; primaries of the same dark brown as the tips of the tail-feathers, but some- what more grayish, the three outer quills unmarked, the fourth with 1 Marked “ male” on the original label. THE GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON—OBERHOLSER. 119 a large white spot on the middle portion of the inner vane, this spot 47 mm. long on the inner edge of the vane, 29 mm. in length along the shaft, which for this space is also white; remaining primaries mostly white, with some dark brown at the bases, principally on outer webs, and with broad dark brown ends which have narrow paler or whitish tips; secondaries, except the innermost three, chiefly white, with basal portion of inner webs and broad ends dark brown, the latter somewhat mottled with lighter brown and narrowly tipped with brownish white; the next secondary white, but with an increased amount of dark brown on the base and on outer vane; the end also broadly dark brown, mottled with lighter and tipped with whitish, but with an additional broad bar of dark brown; next secondary (the second from innermost) nearly all dark brown, with a large spot of cream white on the middle portion of inner web, several spots of pale brownish buff, and a narrow tip of brownish white; innermost secondary and the tertials light broccoli brown, terminally inclining to buff, vermiculated, and irregularly and narrowly barred with dark broccoli brown; anterior rows of lesser wing-coverts dark brown like the wing-quills, spotted, barred, and tipped with buff, pale brown, and brownish white; remaining upper wing-coverts also dark brown, but so heavily spotted, vermiculated, and irregularly barred with pale broccoli brown, buff, ochraceous buff, cream buff, pale clay color, and brownish white as to appear very much like the upper parts, though decidedly lighter; sides of head and neck for the most part finely mottled with dull white, cream buff, grayish hair brown, and broc- coli brown, the ear-coverts nearly plain light clay color, with a few narrow streaks of dark brown, the postauricular region ochraceous buff, with conspicuous dark brown streaks; chin buffy white, with a few obscure brownish spots; broad crescent on throat, white; jugu- lum pale grayish buff, with broad streaks of dull white, numerous small spots, and narrow, more or less imperfect, bars of broccoli brown; remainder of lower parts cream white, the breast with broken bars and spots of broccoli brown; axillars cream white; inner lower wing-coverts also cream white, unmarked, the outer ones dark brown like the wing-quills, conspicuously spotted and brokenly barred with cream white, cream color, cream buff, and ochraceous buff; posterior lower wing-coverts plain light brownish gray. Measurements—Female (type) : Wing, 162 mm.; tail, 89; exposed culmen, 7.5; tarsus, 13.5; middle toe, 14. Taczanowski‘ gives the following dimensions of a male: Wing, 162 mm.; tail, 87; middle rectrix, 76; bill, 23;? bill from nostril, 5.0; tarsus, 13. Of a female: Wing, 153; tail, 89; middle rectrix, 75; bill, 24;? bill from nostril, 5.0; tarsus, 13. 1 Ornith. Pérou, vol. 1, 1884, p. 215. 2 Measured probably from rictus, 120 BULLETIN 86, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Type-locality.—Pebas, Peru. Geographical distribution—Resident in eastern and central Peru: north to Pebas and Yquitos, northern Peru; west to the Huallaga River, central Peru; south to the upper Teneo River, southern Peru; and east to the latter locality and to Pebas in northeastern Peru. Remarks.—Although the writer has seen but a single specimen of this race, it is apparently easily recognizable by the character of the white markings on the primaries alone, though it can be distin- guished also by its other characters. It differs from Chordeiles ru- pestris xyostictus in having somewhat shorter wings and tail; in the female, by reason of its rather darker and decidedly less buffy upper surface; rather larger dark brown markings on head, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts; a large white patch on the fourth primary; dark brown bars, instead of only spots, on the inner vane of outermost tail- feather; and less buffy jugulum. C. EK. Hellmayr mentions? the darker upper surface of Peruvian specimens of Chordeiles rupestris, but gives no other differences. The probable range of this subspecies is as above outlined, but since we have examined actual specimens from only Pebas, Peru, its geo- - graphical limits may be subject to change when adequate material is available. 1Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vol. 17, December, 1910, p. 378. BUEEEINGCGme een U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘IOMOA “04 ‘prosdrojd “Yq ‘Arey ixeuoid “rug ‘auneyped ‘77 oul} e[ed-o[[ixeur “day “(6 X) SNNVINIDYIA SNNVINIDYIA SATISGHOHD (Gg) GNV “(g X) (AS1IXNH YSL4dV) Snavdounas SND INWIYdVD 6 L ( L) SO 30V4SYUNS AWLVIVd BULLETIN 86 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘IoMOA O{ :prosArojd “77 :ArBT[IxButeid “wug ‘aunered “yq7 touneed-oyrxeum “dary (@ X) VYBSIOOA VHRSIOOA SIOTVHOOL3S (Z) GNV ‘(Z X) SISNINITONVS SAWOLSOULNY, (|) JO 30VSUNS TVLWIvd U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 86 PL. 3 *IOUTUT SNUBIUTSIIA SOTIAPIOYO 6 ‘SISUOTIIOSB SNUBIULSZIIA So[IepIoyO ‘9 ‘SNUIOIA SNUBIULSIIA SO[lapIoyO “8 ‘TAIMOY SNUBIULSILA Se[lepIOYyO “G UBUIdBYO SNUBIULSILA Soplap1oyO *L ‘T[[OMOY SNUBIULSILA SO[IepIOyO ‘PF “SMNVINIDYIA SATISGHYOHD JO SSIOSdSHNG AHL 3O SAONVY *1]19T9S SNUBIULBIIA So[lapl0gg ‘s ‘sliodsal] SNUBIUTSITA S8[lapIoOYyO °*z ‘SHUBIULSIIA SNUBIULSITA SO[IOPIOYO ‘TL ONIGSSYG U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ESor, IM NIN BREEDING RANGES OF THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND [ 1. Chordeiles ac! 2. Chordeiles ac} 8. Chordeiles ac. BULLETIN 86 PL. 4 w 2) ' 1 1 1 ' 4 t Y Hews 74 - 44 CiZeE TH AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS. ennis micromeris. ennis texensis. ennis inferior. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 86 PL. 5 30 po aa ~) Juan Fernandes 375 ° on < _Marajo TI, ara Se Maranhajo 40 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. Falkland = Is. Strails of Magel OSe del Fuego 50) ° = | Spe Horn HL | 13 2 17 32 ; eat £2 ! BREEDING RANGES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS. 1. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis, 2. Chordeiles acutipennis exilis, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 86 PL. 6 o sh JuanFernandez* 9 * Q » MAP OF spypFalkiand SOUTH AMERICA. Strails of Magel ca (hee del Fuego a, o ape Horn 17 BREEDING RANGES OF THE SUBSPECIES OF CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS. 1, Chordeiles rupestris rupestris. 2. Chordeiles rupestris xyostictus. 3. Chordeiles rupestris zaleucus. INDEX. [Figures in black-faced type indicate family, generic, specific, or subspecific headings. ] Page. acutipennis, Caprimulgus......-...-.- 87, 93, 94, 97 Chordeueseiss ste ee ss aoe em wes iis 2,4, 5,6, 7,12, 13, 15,16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 112 Chordeiles acutipennis........-.. a 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 31, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 110, 111 SPU TUS \Caprinnuenses c\als,aci os ueeeaceecicis 93, 94 albicollis; Caprimides...s252: 54s bead stan 8 americanus, Caprimulgus........-...-.- 3, 20, 35, 42 Caprimulgus minor.......... 20, 35, 41 Siphonarhis! (752 see cet ene. © 20 STAY SUG ETSY AT AAA ES ea eo ol a 8 LENT HOST HC) ¢0) Se Os a 8,9, 10, 11 COTOMUNETISIS shi is tre aeee no weleen 6,9, 10 nelsoni.....-. Phe enact os a Sei 12 HOLA DUNS Weert cetre ee. Sah ee 12 WOCHODUS As Jaseceisee kes cingsee 10 arizonae, Setochalcis vocifera.............--- 12 aserriensis, Chordeiles virginianus........... iA 14, 15, 16, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 49, 55, 61, 62, 67, '71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80 BO AO Usa ea Sais See ole elscnietacenmccces 96 DAA OOLOCRAICIS cara aja 22) 2 - Seas n2's ae o's’ Srehats 12 brasilianus, Caprimulgus................- 93, 94, 97 Chordeiles acutipennis.......... 97 tories varesCONS: = 2-2 soceh 5 s2cnsc ces wa 94 caberculatus, Caprimulgus.................. 21 Ramphaoratus....:--..-..2..- 20 GAPMMUL PL ev aticems\oee aja'< awain~ Ae ealsie as cee ae 9 Capmmuledae: soso. 385 oasis eke 6, 7, 8, 9,12, 22 Caonunnlennag Sisco aas sa)se tise saat atace ee se 22 CADTIMNN MUS 2 Sok os oho. goes Sas 8,9, 10, 11, 41, 97 acutipennis. . 2222.02.02 22 87, 98, 94, 97 BOULUB S24 ool poe abies Cama niecemene S 93, 94 BIDIcOMIsh eh oats eee Be ek 8 emiericans..2 5.2 .s6s hea: 3, 20, 35, 42 brasilianus.........-..--.-. 93,94, 97 caberculatuse (oo. 2' Leow ees 21 CUTOPSBUS 5702. ake ec ws ale 6,9, 10, 35 GXsHSNe 2 Meet ee 3, 21, 93, 98, 99 STUANENIDIS | 2 week ects Teer 8 biundinaces. i.e sane 97 faspidens® 2% 2e0 Cet ees 35, 42 IA DRCHIBLUS 2 2a bce ee heck 21 MACTOMVSLAX woe e's puna o eos s 12 minor americanus..-........ 20,35, 41 MUPTONCOMB IE Sono ceckieeccemat's 97 SIOMEDO Se creche clandahiowwiec ten 94 PUPA eee lh Soe es 8 OPEN RUSE tee 62 dose meals 4 8 219] 01215 1 a ee ar 35, 42 13732°—Bull. 86—14——9 Page. Caprimulgus pruinosus............--...--. 3, 21, 98 TUPOSEPISS ove. 2 ee Re 20,113, 114 semitorquatus. =. 2.025. - ocean 94 SLGNODLEFUS. oe-t ces aecene seen 94 VAPIBEAUES Se ieetss = on coe emeee 35, 42 virginianus.... 3, 20, 34, 35, 40, 42 VOGUCEUSEeoee - c1s.2s. Solo ces il carolinensis, Antrostomus............-.----- 6, 9,10 Corchneis Sparyemaws 202 ou. occ cs ce cee wees 33 chapmani, Chordeiles popetue...........-.- 34, 75 Chordeiles virginianus............ 14, 15, 16, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 47, 75, 76,77, 78, 80, 82, 83 chiapensis, Setochalvis vocifera.............- 12 @hordedilestas pease fe shia sé bana deudess 3, 21 PUTON Fares ee see eck cine 34, 82, 84 Chaordedaluge ser ences tae he ey re 21 @Hordelled ey sweets tata mara het oe an eee Bey 1,3, 6, 7,8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 acutipennis............. 1,2, 4, 5,6, 7,12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 112 acutipennis .......... i 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 31, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 110, 111 brasilianus. .......... 97 exilis. .... 1, 14, 15, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101 inferior. . 14,16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 103,104,105, 109,111 micromeris........... 14, 15, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111 pruinosus............ 99 texensis.. 6,14, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91,92, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109 pundlachil-. 2b. oss, ckenen 1, 82, 84, 85 PEN 2 Ve as sac.cigne seeelee seee eee 63 Menryiess assole Me Sane 34, 63, 65, 68 Jabecwlatus...5.icctoeeseeeeeeoe. 94 PErMVIANUS. 5 ahs eee eee 98 popetue chapmani............... 34,75 sennetti........ Saisie 52, 73 Puss. Ae peti nee Ree 20 TUPCSUTIS = ectesnaeeteee 1, 4, 5, 12, 18, 15, 19, 23, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120 TUPESHIS: 2. eee ek eae i 14, 15, 16, 23, 118, 114, 116 XY OStiChae See ee 14,15, 16, 23, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120 zaleucus.. 14,15, 16, 23,114,118 Bapitis =. .couee. cate emesee 94 122 $ INDEX. Page Page. Chordeiles texensis.............-.-.++ sees» 98,103)| exilis, Ramphaoratus. 2215.2. ceecensamedr=- 5... seasnes vere seem 63 chapmani..... 14,15,16,24, | henryi, Chordeiles....-.............--- 34, 63, 65, 68 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, Chordeiles virginianus.............. 14,16, 34, 39, 40, 47, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83 henrylessssccshec es. 14, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 48, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 665, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 hesperis......---....- 14, 16, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 80, 97 howellic 202.222 - EAA LBS 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 5'7, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,71, 72, 110 1,13, 14, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31,33, 82, 84, 85 sennetti.......22...:. 14, 16, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62,66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 99 VACIEUS 5 5 ce Jase ttla 14, 16, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 80, 81, 83, 84 1,14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 59, 66, 75, 76,77, 83 Chordeilidae.......sccecescccce Reta ecrentatatatats 3,8, 95 C@hordenuse. osccccesowse Pee see ey 3,21 @hordilesssacrsee- ace WL st unwelschereecemees Baal PPUIMOSUS. W035 ocaceseccceneecenern= 98 prumosus....... Sakiieeie este wisi 98 semitorquatus..... ee ee eee 3, 98 COSMBLOLNIS iS Cae cocci aamaamed cebrs aistacels 8 Crapaud-volant ou tette chevre dela Guiane.. 94, 97 cubanensis, Setochalcis........-.....-------- 12 Cypselidse. ...-- 2. ecw ccc ee ce nen snnncos--= 22 Mash india Havs.meeeease sees secpec sean an ame 41 Pileothreptwys sa case wees a clse = s\n eleimnieie w= mia 8 Engoulevent acutipenne dela Guyane.... 93, 94,97 europaeus, Caprimulgus. ......-.------- 6,9, 10,35 HMULGstopowUse aslo esse ce wc ae eae saeweee sls 8 exilis, Caprimulgus..........-------- 3, 21, 93, 98, 99 Chordeiles acutipennis........----.- 1,14, 15, 16, 24,89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 48, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 hesperis, Chordeiles virginianus............- 14, 16, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 80, 97 hirundinaceus, Caprimulgus.............---. 97 ING pOlUsi. oes eee eee 20, 97 howelli, Chordeiles virginianus............. 14, 16, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 110 Liwipperiwill.ce- ox) 2! eee ee ee 35, 42 Ely d@ropsalis sc. te 2. Sosa ee a ee 8 inferior, Chordeiles acutipennis.............-. 14, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111 jJaspideus, Caprimuleus... jae. .c.csceselecee 35, 42 labeculatus, Caprimulgus...................- 21 Chordeilesias 5.0.3 .00S2 ae ee 94 leucopterus,) Ny ctibivss. 4232s eee ee 20 leucopyga, Nyctiprogne.....-.222..2...-.206 20 longwinged goatsucker.............-..-...-- 35, 42 Tiurocaligy 25s feuded Se ey as ec 7,8 nattererigct sss ll. Lee cee 20 Semilorquabusis ss cae ae eaeee 20, 94 EAVNCOTMIS es SIG oe hel iets Sante me eons 8 Macrodipteryxs os23 a5) Gcehe aes see eee 8 macromystax, Caprimulgus..............-... 12 Setochalcis vocifera........... 12 Macropsalis.-J22-capepencee a oen ee eee ees 8 Macropteryridae. oa. ~ oes ween ee eee tele in 22 merrilli, Nyctidromus albicollis ............. 6 micromeris, Chordeiles acutipennis.......... 14, 15, 16, 24, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111 MicroriyNeCbuSe ss-tuca.sscseesere ae aaeeeeets 3, 20 minor, Chordeiles...........-------------- 34, 82, 84 Chordeiles virginianus............--- 1543; 14, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 82, 84, 85 Nannochordeiles.. -.:...-.<..--------=- 3, 7, 8, 12, 20 nattereri, Lurocalis........--.-..-.---------- 20 nelsoni, Antrostomus.....-..-. Be Be ee ieee 12 nighthawk. .....- 1, 19, 20, 32, 33, 42, 49, 73, 76, 93, 106 Sennett ss 322 seca eee eesaaeer 55 nigrescens, Caprimulgus . ..-.--------------- 97 noitibo, Caprimulgus........---------------- 94 notabilis, Antrostomus........-------------- 12 nuttallii, Caprimulgus...........------------ 8 Phalaenoptilus..........----------- 6 Nyctagreus......-.--------+-2---e-eeeeeee eee Boi: Nyctibius leucopterus........-.---------+++- 20 Nyctidromus......-.--------+--++--++--e0+2- 8,10 albicollis merrilli.........-.... 6 Nyctiphrynus........-------s--0+-------+e0- 8 Nyctipolus.......---2--+--eseeeeee seen eee eee 8,97 hirundinaceus..........-.- sue ecan 20, OF, INDEX. 123 Page. Page. RE EIEOP TID. 205-8 8 hos Aes as daeacs cane 3,7,8,12 | Setochalcis ridgwayi......... sete ataiaentews aie Ne lencopyeassse <2 oc.s=55% poveee 20 PoldmMawhs -eseecconsnenl yt ee . oaxacae, Setochalcis vocifera.............. ae 12 ridgwayi........... stele ARES ocellatus, Caprimulgus.........--....-.- eee 8 rufa otiosa......... Salem eet eestor 12 otiosa, Setochaleis rufa............-...--..-- 12 Filho ose a acen ae outa Sa pes (CT PLE Tee ey A eh ee ee 8 salyini se reese ce tees saeeoa) (ad DATE EARS RR Re Sarat a See ae ere 96 BAILAIAS «S52. nesseseceace=sene 12 TIL EB SR eee ies at Bele ge Hin a Al Ree aa 93 sericocaudataes 2.2240 e aoc ade 12 (EET) 1 SNS aad ee SS oe Set reece 6 22 Voviferaeso)-ccsn6 sacnetee 6, 7, 34, 41, 42 periviatus, ‘Chordeiles. =. 55.5 ach ssso=0 cee 98 ATIZONSO:2 so aaeoeen acetone 12 iPhalenoptilyus <7. (22 2sic2 = mete tee sale seas 8 ehiapensis. » 2. c. 2-02 faze 12 TiAl sass ee Shee 6 macromystax...... weseee 12 POgareras bots ane seems ees wee see aces 8 OAXACHC: Joc... cock ac aseaes i2 (ROG aTInaS: 2 aoc Ben a eee eis sos oe niee sso 22 VOCWera..<. os 5s55 seo dee s 12 popetue, Caprimulgus............ ety eee B54 (Siphonorhis\..223 47 2 --sseee sew a sasce cae eae 8 pruinosus, Caprimulgus...............----- 3, 21,98 AMEricCanUS: 5). 22st ih essesoee ees 20 Chordeiles acutipennis.... .......-. G9) |ssparrow Baw ios 2o.c0 = 2 3------5-= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, fiyini. Setoehalcis: |. .-5.2-\cc0=-Josce<-2'5- = 12 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, TERRE Gi hfe ct (eit eee 94 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 42, saturate; Setochalcis...-.......0252-.022..+-- 12 61, 77, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92 ICD NTO S)S Sota Se ae ae eee eee 8 Chordeiles virginianus.. 1, 14,15, 16, 25, semitorquatus, Caprimulgus.........-..-.-.. 94 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, (hordeiles! a a2.02) fen 3,98 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, RrOCalis 5) e555 S a 225225 20, 94 53, 54, 55, 59, 66, 75, 76, 77, 83 sennetti, Chordeiles popetue................. 52,7 vocifera, Setochalcis..........-....-.- 6, 7, 34, 41, 42 Chordeiles Virginianus ..........-.- 14, Setochalcis vocifera...%.....-------- 12 16, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33,34, 38, 39, 47, 48, | vociferus, Antrostomus.............-.-.----- 10 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 71, 72,73, Gaprimuleus. = <2 2-22. 0s<25-5-502~ il 74, 76, 80, 99. Whip-poor-will: .) 22.2.2 <--cs.23esscce8 20, 35, 41, 42 Beuriet; niphinawice- =. -52.5..-66.25-steesces 55) | Walp-pout-wHl.- oo 5. 20% se sige. oe ee 35 sericocaudata, Setochalcis.................... 12 | xyostictus, Chordeiles rupestris.......... 14, 15, 16, Beteenalrins ees 20s 2 os eee as ee 3 8,10, 14 23, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120 Pidige S-ec2 os ee ee 12 | zaleucus, Chordeiles rupestris. 14, 15,16, 23,114,118 Cnpanensis. 22557. > <2 bs2hSa ced 12 O Gani Laer oy Oe) ae