Heath eB a Ot, \s 4m yah arts i he Bice anna a Bs Radetich eat it i He Naat Coo i acta hy be Arak Mt Y LA oer Cece ate ee nt ie He Ly wilted Mh eh head i Ages nee a4 ii hy qv v. j Ee st a) ft (e ae Wi f iy hgh a ! L ¥ a) deh A v EN; cern Ne i owt : it a) ast Rig vf ha Ehohy, , ah th yi i my tite ai y, ve Shay ail’ LAS RSS, A Ie CWC We LAT je ORY RACK Ay Sd Oi : tut f 4k hie PNG Hh Paried On ve he Ks eat hy Cie f hot a ak ate ig a fe tal ipa 5 ‘ bes " Rie, ral ty cn ia Pati ‘ iM Mit PC RCS ter ete () shh ae ‘ Deities Cee et Phe : PRE Of + Ch Ay Ki 4 LPC as ie | s AP): NEVA ROP SS auatyt na Ga tt La Yn AND Wi Wa 4 « ; eet ve it) ee EX LIBRIS William Healey Ds Division of Mollusks Sectional Library MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRITISH ISLES. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THIS VOLUME. Part 8 - - pp. 1—52, and plates 1—5, published November 7, 1902. Part 9 - - pp. 53—104, and plates 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, published Sept. 1, 1903. Part 10 - - pp. 105—160, and plates 7, 13, 14, 16, 17, published June 6, 1904. Part 11 - - pp. 161—224, and plates 10, 19, 21, published May 26, 1905. Part 12 - - pp. 225—280, and plates 15, 22, 23, 25, published June 15, 1906. Part 13 - - pp. 281—312, and pp. i—xx; also Frontispiece, and plates 18, 24, published February 16, 1907. DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING ''THE PLATES. Frontispiece to face Title. Plate I, - to face page 4. | Plate XIV. - to face page 130. Plate IL. - to face page 12. | Plate XV. - to face page 142. Plate III. - to face page 20. | Plate XVI. - to face page 150. Plate IV. - to face page 26. | Plate XVII. - to face page 160. Plate V. - to face page 52. | Plate XVIII. - to face page 188. Plate VI. - to face page 46. Plate XIX. - to face page 192. Plate VIL. - to face page 66. | Plate XX. - to face page 208. Plate VIII. - to face page 70. Plate XXI. - _ to face page 226. Plate IX. - to face page 76. Plate XXII. - to face page 238. Plate X. - to face page 82. Plate XXIII. - to face page 250. Plate XI. - to face page 88. | Plate XXIV. - to face page 252. Plate XII. - to face page 102. Plate XXV. - to face page 260. Plate XIII. - to face page 120. LL x ae we : kenacian at Miantiveetes EViSIOT! OF VOR 3s bail Wl LV DEAS OF THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRITISH ISLES. JOHN W. TAYLOR, MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE MALACOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, EX-PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, LATE EDITOR OF THE ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY”; ETC. ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., THE LATE CHARLES ASHFORD, AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS. TESTACELLID_E. LIMACID_E. ARIONID_®. i LEEDS : TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 1907. PREFACE. HE completion of the present volume, the first and only one ever published devoted exclusively to the Slugs of the British Isles, is a matter of considerable satisfaction, and I trust that the information presented here- with on their variation, habits, structure, geographical and geological distribution will aid in the advancement and further popularization of a study in which of late years so great an amount of interest has been displayed; and consequently it seems a fitting and appropriate occasion on which to include in the Introduction a brief review of the history and progress of Limacology in this country, detailing the rise of the present interest in the group, and the individuals and causes leading to this gratifying result. The study of Limacology has, however, never been a general one, for although many of the species are undeniably of great beauty, with bright and vivid colouring, frequently variegated, or banded with darker mark- ings of pleasing arrangement, yet the handling of these otherwise beautiful animals, and the difficulty of their satisfactory preservation in collec- tions, have always been very serious drawbacks to the popularization of their study. Vi PREFACE. ‘I'he mere bulk of the present volume is far from adequately represent- ing the amount of labour and anxiety which has been expended on its production, especially as, excepting some special artistic assistance from my daughter with certain of the more difficult coloured figures, I have had, as before, to depend solely on my own hand for the preparation of the text, and the index thereto, as well as for the one hundred and twenty nature coloured paintings illustrating the chief variations of the different species, in addition to which I have also prepared upwards of three hundred anatomical and other drawings from which the explanatory figures in the text have been engraved. Although six years have been occupied in the publication of the volume, this lengthy period has been very fully employed in securing and painting from life many of the illustrations, and in the appropriate arrangement and co-ordination of the mass of information accumulated during the past quarter of a century. Though it might appear almost invidious to allude to the help rendered by particular individuals, when so many have contributed by their observa- tions and aid to enhance the value and importance of the Monograph, yet I trust I may without injustice again recall with grateful acknowledgment the ever-willing and priceless help so unselfishly rendered me by my late dear friend Mr. CHartes AsHrorp, of Christchurch, whose matchless anatomical skill and scientific acumen were so pre-eminent, while the accuracy and beauty of his preparations and sketches is evidenced by the anatomical diagrams in the present work, many of which are from his hand, and it is to me a matter of sincere regret that my valued friend did not live to see the results of his long and disinterested labours placed permanently on record. To Mr. W. Dentson Roesuok, F.L.S., of Leeds, who initiated the modern study of slugs in the British Isles, | have also been placed under deep obligations for placing his extensive knowledge on the subject so freely at my disposal, as well as for his willing aid in any direction in which the work most severely pressed, and it 1s with gratitude I acknowledge his great and varied help. Mr. R. Wetcu, M.R.L.A., of Belfast, has also on very many occasions rendered me numerous special and valuable services, not only by furnish- PREFACE. vu ing many exquisite photographs of the characteristic habitats of various species, but by his active help in working out the molluscan fauna of Ireland, and interesting others in the same good work. 'l'o the many other helpers and good wishers who have so consistently assisted me at every opportunity, and whose help is in every case acknowledged in its appropriate place in the text, I desire to express my sincere thanks and heartfelt appreciation of their kindness, and can only hope that the resultant volume now completed will to some degree realize the hopes and expectations formed regarding it. JOHN W. TAYLOR. NortH GRANGE, Horsrorta, Leeps, Dec. 31, 1906, ™ INTRODUCTION. ‘ HE naked mollusks, familiarly termed ‘slugs,’ judged by their general external aspect, are apparently a closely-related group of animals, but when their organization is closely studied, they are found to be not so nearly allied as they outwardly appear, as the tendency to nudity is one that has affected many diverse families, being a stage of evolution to which almost every group has furnished examples and to which many are undoubtedly tending. Though it was considered convenient to devote a volume exclusively to the naked species, this was not merely because they could be—-from one point of view—suitably placed together, as having arrived at a similar phase of the shell degeneration, many testaceous forms are probably now undergoing, but partly because the phylogenetic relationship of some of the groups is still obscure, and we shall probably require to look for such progenitors, if they be not really extinct, in some of the less advanced regions of the globe. PHYLOGENETICALLY, Testacella and Daudebardia have probably been derived from an identical stock, but do not stand in linear sequence. The Daudebardie have retained their terrestrial habits, while Testacella has become more especially adapted to a subterranean existence, probably thereby entering upon a course of deterioration and degradation of type. Their remote testaceous progenitors have probably been long ago expelled from the European region, and must be sought for in the more distant and weaker regions of the earth. The Testacell are restricted to Western and Southern Europe and North- western Africa, being bounded towards the east by the range of the nearly- allied Daudebardia. The group originated in the European region, but some authors have erroneously surmised that the family was evolved within the weak but mysterious recesses of Central Asia, afterwards migrating therefrom by way of southern Europe to this country. Xx INTRODUCTION. The Glandinw were formerly widely spread over the European region, and also lived in this country, and though still meagrely represented in Southern Europe, are now practically expelled to Central America and the West Indies, where the metropolis of the genus is now located, and where living species have been found scarcely distinguishable from the fossilized shells of our Oligocene strata. It has been suggested that Limav and Milux have their immediate derivation from /Tyalinia, but it is by no means certain that this is the case with MWilar, Prof. Babor remarking on their strong afhmity with Heliv. he more distant ancestors cannot be indicated with any approach to precision, but it is certain that they would possess a more substantial shell than the Hyaliniw now possess. ‘The true Limacidw retain the soft and supple body, and the degeneraie shell, though reduced to a flat and almost un-nucleated calcareous plate buried beneath the mantle, is still present. The group is almost restricted to the Palearctic zone, the most advanced and recently evolved species occupying a compact and compara- tively restricted area, while the more ancient and primitive species have achieved a wider dispersal, but have been more or less completely expelled from the most active evolutionary region, or compelled to resort to and become isolated in undesirable spots. The Avrionidw are believed to have descended from Endodontoid ancestors, a group which, though world-wide in distribution, has now withdrawn its headquarters or metropolis to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The typical genus Avvon is naturally restricted to the Palearctic region, extending from Portugal to Siberia. It displays the practical completion of the process of shell degeneration, and will in all probability be followed by a gradual calcification of the outer integument, as a dense deposition of lime particles and spicula within its substance has been already initiated, and in Avion ater las imparted a certain stiffness and rigidity to the body and to its movements; this being the first stage in the slow evolution of another complete shelly protection. ‘That this, or a similar process, has probably occurred in the past, is demonstrated by the vestiges still present in certain species of mollusks of previously existent primary or primary and secondary shells or “Protoconchs,” which are the last remaining evi- dences of more perfect shells once possessed and successively lost, but which had undergone, untold ages ago, cycles of development and degenera- tion similar to that many shells are undergoing at the present day. The genus Geomalacus is apparently now confined to Western Europe, and to the south-west corner of Ireland, which is a last foothold for many plants and other forms of life on the verge of extinction in this country. INTRODUCTION. Xl This genus has been incorrectly assumed to have been evolved in Central Asia and to have migrated therefrom, reaching Ireland by way of the Mediterranean region; while the ancient Arionid, described as Tetraspis by Dr. Hagenmiiller, is according to present knowledge, confined to the grotto of Planina, in Carniola; it presents the earlier stage in the slug evolution, before the mantle had finally closed and fused above the vestigial shell, as it still retains a ventral opening in the mantle, recalling the space left uncovered by the expanded mantle lobes in Amphipeplea glutinosa. Dr. Simroth, is, however, disposed to regard 7vtraspis as founded upon abnormal Arion intermedius or young A. subfuscus ; but, even if this con- jecture be correct, the atavism is equally remarkable and instructive. GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION is closely interwoven with the problems of evolution, and when studied compels the acceptance of the existence of zoological regions, these being immense areas or districts more or less isolated from each other by natural obstacles to dispersal, and each possessing a fauna which to a great extent is peculiar to it; yet the forms of life they now harbour will inevitably, in process of time, be slowly and gradually changed to species of a higher type, drawn directly from a neighbouring more advanced area, but primarily emanating from the European region, where it is fairly well established as a general law that the more ancient the geological formation containing the fossil remains of any group of organisms, the further removed geographically is their present abode and in proportion as they are found in more and more recent deposits, the nearer to the European area are their living representatives to be found at the present day. This is corroborated by Dr. Wallace and others who have affirmed that the Eocene period is represented faunally in the Africa of to-day, and the Miocene in that of Madagascar, while the faunal and floral features of New Zealand, Australia, and other distant southern countries represent the European at still earlier epochs. Similarly the isolated districts now occupied by species of a more generalized type than those occupying the surrounding areas, must not be regarded as the cradle of those species, as some have so confidently declared, but must rather be regarded as a sanctuary to which the more generalized and consequently weaker forms have retreated to escape the severe competition of the improved stronger forms evolved from their descendants. Nor is it more accurate to regard the present metropolis or head- quarters of a species or group as necessarily disclosing the theatre of its origin. If the species or genus be an ancient one, it is very improbable indeed that such is the case, and much more likely that it is merely one of xi INTRODUCTION. the stages of their retreat away from the evolutionary centre, in avoidance of the competition from the improved races that have succeeded them. A study of the various groups attests the accuracy of this important generalization and law, and demonstrates that the distribution and dis- persal of animal life generally is not that illogical process, as some aver, in which the weak and strong forms of life equally multiply, increase in numbers and promiscuously invade each other’s territories ; but, as it cannot be too strongly emphasized, the distribution over the globe of all life is based upon the domination, greater increase, and consequent spreading of the stronger and most recently evolved forms, and the enforced retirement before them of the weaker and less adaptable species, which in their turn press upon and successfully compete with the still more primitive species that preceded them. This is abundantly manifest when the phenomena are impartially studied and it becomes clear that the representatives of weaker races are not advancing and never do permanently advance towards the European region, but in every case are retreating further and further from the original evolutionary region before the more powerful species originating there, and which as a consequence of their predominance and adaptability increase rapidly in numbers, and must therefore perforce extend their boundaries. Still further confirmation is given by our experience of European species when transferred to a new country amidst a palpably weaker fauna or flora, as in New Zealand; under such circumstances the intruders prosper amazingly to the detriment and eventual extirpation of the indigenous species; whilst on the contrary any attempts to permanently naturalize the organisms of a weak country within the European region are foredoomed to failure. The highest evolution is shown by the marvellous adaptability and pre- dominance of the European forms, and is internally evidenced by a greater concentration of the cesophageal ganglia within the cephalic region, while a potential ability to resist hard conditions may be conferred by the elaborate intestinal coiling, which gives a greater digestive and absorptive power, and therefore will enable the maximum nourishment to be derived from the most meagre amount of food. This predominance of the European forms of life is not confined to mollusks, as Prof. Alfred Newton, our most philosophical ornithologist, has averred that amongst the birds also, the weaker types have been very generally eliminated in the western paleearctic region, and that all the species are of the most dominant character, with the greatest powers of dispersal, and these features are as strongly shown by the mammals and other groups. INTRODUCTION. Xl The restriction of the dispersal of dominant species in certain directions may be satisfactorily explained by the presence of physical obstacles or by the competition to which they become subjected from other species of like habit and of an almost equal development. VariATION, whether in form, colouring, or habits, tends to be protective, and leads to general adaptability or to special adaptation, the former tending to advancement, and the latter towards degeneration, and such being the biological expression of the changes of the environment, are always worthy of attentive study, and the neglect that is usually accorded to so-called casual variations is quite unmerited, as these, if not atavic, probably indicate the direction in which the variation of the particular species or group is tending, or the aberrant individuals may, owing to the less pronounced character of the surroundings, be the outliers of the district or region where the particular form is the prevalent one; the latter case is well seen in the var. albolateralis of Arion ater which, though occasionally found in other parts of this country in diminished brilliancy and beauty, is in certain portions of North Wales very dis- tinctive and quite the commonest form of the species. In like manner the var. maculata of Limax arborum is quite rare and sporadic in England, but in Ireland is much more plentiful, but the causes of these aberrations have not yet been discovered. The change resultant from a different environment may be in the direction of warning colours or markings, as displayed by the vividly coloured forms of the var. rufu of Arion ater, which, by the deposition of the coloured excretory products within and upon the outer integument, have rendered themselves distasteful to former enemies, the vivid colour- ing acting as a warning indication of their probably nauseous character as food. On moist ground and upon the cloudy and mist-enveloped hills and mountains, a darker pigmentation of the body usually takes place, assimi- lating the animals more closely to the dark, damp aspect of the stones and rocks among which they dwell. ‘This effect is shown especially and strik- ingly by Limax arborum, and is also confirmed by Geomalacus maculosus and Arion ater var. aterrima, although the latter has also been reported as inhabiting low and swampy ground. In Agriolimax agrestis a tendency is shown during the autumn months for the animals to approximate in colour to the dead and fallen leaves so universally prevalent at that season of the year, the body of the animal becoming flecked over with brown, or even changing to a general brownish tint. X1V INTRODUCTION. Limax tenellus by its yellow or pallid colouring, without noticeable lateral banding, assimilates very closely to the aspect of the fungi upon which it lives, and is not readily perceptible in such situations. External or tegumentary variation is quickly responsive to the changes of environment, and the various colour mutations undergone in process of growth by various of the naked species are colourings which were not improbably beneficial and protective in former times, and it is very signifi- cant as tending to shed a light upon their true evolutionary centre that certain atavic varieties of many species characterized by the retention of juvenile colours or markings are more prevalent at the confines of their distribution than near the probable point of origin of the species. Structural modification isa much slower and more deliberate process, and though undoubtedly proceeding everywhere, is much more rapidly accomplished in the European region, which is, and has been for ages past, the centre of the greatest evolutionary activity and the focus from which improved forms of life have emanated and spread over the whole surface of the globe, only interrupted by the rigours of the more extreme climatic changes to which the world has been from time to time exposed during the progress of geological time, or by the varying dispositions of land and water, which, however, would in many cases tend to accelerate and facilitate dispersal. The Hisrory and progress of Limacology in these islands may be studied by enumerating in chronological sequence the species so far established as British, and it seems on the whole better, as a simple act of justice to the acumen and perspicuity of the original investigators, to base the account upon the order in which the various species were definitely introduced for the first time into the British fauna, rather than to give the honour to the modern limacologists, who afterwards con- firmed the truth of their predecessors’ discernment by the demonstration of structural and other differences. ‘he existence of certain species in this country was, however, in several instances foreshadowed by some of the older and more careful writers long before their instatement in our lists. The history of Limacology in the British Isles may for the present pur- pose be resolved into a modern and an earlier period of activity, separable by a certain interval of neglect. he earlier period of activity is identified with the great names of Lister, Alder, Gray, Johnston, and Clarke, although the slugs were not specialized, except by the last-named author, being merely studied in the course of the general investigation of our terrestrial mollusca. INTRODUCTION, XV ‘he first author to describe British slugs was Dr. Martin Lister, one of the celebrated trio who founded the modern scientific study of natural history in England, and it is to this able investigator that we owe— amongst numerous other things—the first faunal work on British mollusea and their earliest anatomical investigation. In 1678 he published under the title of “Animalium Anglize ‘'T'res Tractatus . . . . Alter de Cochleis tum errestribus tum Fluviatilibus” an account of the British land and freshwater mollusea which from a scientific point of view will bear comparison with many works published even in modern times, and it is to the great glory of Lister that he paid careful attention to all aspects of his subject, studying it from every point of view. He was a capable anatomist, and published subsequent works dealing with the internal structure of our mollusks. In this work of 1678 the first three slugs known as British : 1. Limax maximus, 2. Agriolimax agrestis, 3. Arion ater, were for the first time described and figured, although the existence of the first-named species was indicated twelve years before in Merret’s ‘“ Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarun.” In 1681 Lister published a supplement to his work, of which supple- ment a second edition appeared in 1685, but in this only the red variety of the last-named species is brought forward. ‘The next addition to our list was also by Dr. Lister in 1685 and 1694, when, in his “Conchology” and “ Exercitationes Anatomic,” he figured and described the anatomy of our fourth species : 4. Limax flavus. The fact that the figure does not bear the letter A, by which Lister was in the habit of distinguishing the English species in his general works, may be safely disregarded. The next faunal work in which the slugs were included was not pub- lished for nearly one hundred and fifty years after Lister’s, but in the meantime the effect of the Cuvierian impetus to the study of the natural sciences at the beginning of the nineteenth century was seen in the description as new or the introduction into our lists of four species. In 1819 Férussac published his splendid work: Histoire Naturelle générale et particulitre des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles, in which he described and cited a British habitat for 5. Testacella maugei, our first recorded shell-slug. XVl INTRODUCTION. In the “‘ Medical Repository” for 1821, Dr. J. E. Gray described a second species of Arion as an inhabitant of this country : 6. Arion hortensis. In 1823 Sowerby published his “ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,” in which he described a second species of Testaucella : 7. Testacella scutulum. ‘This, however, after the issue of 'urton’s Manual of 1831 was regarded as but a slight variety of 7. haliotidea, and consequently disappeared from our lists as a species. In the same year, 1823, Férussae described from British examples the first of our two species of keeled slugs : 8. Milax sowerbii. Meanwhile, various faunal works on mollusea had been issued by Da Costa, Donovan, Montagu, Maton and Rackett, and others, in which the slugs were not included, but in 1828 the Rev. John Fleming published his “ History of British Animals,” in which we find the first description as British of the third species of Testacella : 9. Testacella haliotidea. In the same year, Dr. George Johnston, in a paper criticizing Fleming’s work, described a third species of Avion : 10. Arion cireumscriptus. This species, however, never afterwards appeared in our lists and manuals, other than as a synonym or variety of A. hortensis, or as the supposed young of A. ater, even by Johnston himself, and was only finally re-estab- lished as of true specific rank fifty-eight years afterwards. 'Turton’s Manual, published in 1831, was the first to bring all these species together in one work, except the Avions, which, having no distinct shell, found no definite place in a work devoted to testaceous mollusea. In 1832 and 1833 Mr. John Denson published detailed and elaborate accounts of Milax sowerbii and Testacella scutulum in the “ Magazine of Natural History,” and in 1837 Mr. Thomas Nunneley published in the Leeds ‘Transactions a detailed account with figures of the anatomical structure of the first four British species, describing therein the intestinal appendix of Limae flavus, and his careful and accurate work, the first molluscan anatomy after Lister’s, foreshadowed the closer attention paid in late years to this branch of the subject. In 1838 Dr. George Johnston brought forward in his Berwickshire list another species : 11. Agriolimax levis, INTRODUCTION. XVli and in the same list includes “Arion subflavus” without description, in addition to Avion ater, thus ignoring not only Arion hortensis but his own Arion circumscriptus. In 1840 Dr. Gray published his so-called new edition of ‘lurton’s Manual, in reality a new work, and in this he sank Arion circumscriptus and Testacella scutulum as being but slight varieties, and also excluded T. maugei as non-indigenous. But in the same year, 1840, a new enthusiast and very capable investi- gator appeared, who may be regarded as our first British limacological specialist. ‘The Rev. B. J. Clarke took up the detailed study of the Irish slugs, and in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History ” for 1840 and 1843 he established the existence of two new British species of which there had not previously been any indication in our literature : 12. Limax arborum. 13. Milax gagates. His papers also include indications of Avion subfuscus and Limaa cinereco- niger, as well as show that the author was aware of the presence in Ireland of Ariun circumscriptus and Testacella maugei, although he did not venture to reinstate them as species. In the same year, 1843, Limax arborum is first mentioned as Scottish in Macgillivray’s “History of the Molluscous Animals of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff.” In 1842 an important discovery was made by Mr. W. Andrews in the form of the remarkable new slug, which in 1848 Dr. G. J. Allman described with a full anatomical account as 14. Geomalacus maculosus. In 1848 Mr. Joshua Alder’s “Catalogue of the Mollusea of Northumber- land and Durham” was published in the 'l'yneside Field Club ‘Transactions. It is a work of great importance to us, as in it were brought forward two species new to Britain : 15. Arion intermedius, 16. Limax tenellus, and there is also a distinct reference to the slug we now know as Arion subfuscus. These additions mark the close of the earlier periods of the active scientific investigations of our British slugs, for although malacologists generally were by no means inactive, and numerous manuals were pub- lished including those of Brown in 1845, Leach in 1852, Forbes and Hanley in 1853, Gray’s Turton in 1857, Jeffreys in 1862 and 1869, Reeve in 1863, XVill INTRODUCTION. and late in 1866, no further additions were made to our slugs or any notable contribution to their study for a period of nearly thirty-five years. ‘'he present or modern period of activity in the study of our slugs began in 1882, when Mr. W. Denison Roebuck took up the subject as a special line of research, and by the active co-operation of British concho- logists received many thousands of slugs from all parts of the British Isles for examination, forming an excellent groundwork for the true appreciation of their distribution, variation, and developmental history. The late Mr. Charles Ashford, the most skilful molluscan anatomist that we have ever had in this country, soon became associated with Mr. Roebuck in the good work, and made hundreds of dissections of the various species and varieties, confirming the external specific characters of the various species by demonstrating the differences in their internal structure. The impetus thus given to the study was the means of bringing other investigators into the field, and greatly popularizing the subject. In Mr. Roebuck’s paper on the British slug list, published simultane- ously with the Conchological Society’s list of British land and freshwater mollusea, 1883, the specific status of 17. Limax cinereo-niger was affirmed, and the name added to the British list. The close and systematic examination of the anatomical and morpho- logical character of the Arions soon showed that another species of Arion: 18. Arion subfuscus, existed in this country, and although the first published notice of it as British was by Herr D. F. Heynemann in 1885, yet the associated labours of Mr. Ashford and Mr. Roebuck upon undoubted British specimens independently established its claim to inclusion in the British list. Continued investigation of the Arionide resulted in the identification in 1886 of Mabille’s Arion bourguignati, mainly by the aid of anatomical evidence. ‘The first mention of it as British was by Mr. John Emmet, writing on behalf of Mr. Roebuck in the “ Naturalist” for June 1886, and later study disclosed that the supposed new discovery was but an authori- tative reinstatement of Dr. Johnston’s Arion circunscriptus. Another resurrection made by Mr. George Roberts im 1887 and Dr. R. F. Scharff in 1890 was Arion intermedius. The real credit of the reimstate- ment, however, was due to Dr. Scharff, who showed from anatomical evidence that A. minimus existed with us, although in 1887 Mr. Roberts had given a clear description of its external morphology under the name of Arion flavus. Subsequent synonymic study demonstrated that these names referred to one and the same species, for which A. intermedius was the original naine. INTRODUCTION, X1X In 1888 occurred the specific reinstatement of Tvstacella scutulum, chiefly by the aid of Mr. C. Ashford’s exquisite dissections. Strictly speaking, however, it would be more correct to speak of it as the definite installation of both forms—Z7’. haliotidea and 7. scutulum—as distinct species and members of our fauna. With one notable exception, this closed the list of the definite replace- ments of valid species, although during the next few years various forms were from time to time described as new to this country or to science, which eventually proved to be pure synonyms or simple varieties of already-known species. An excellent piece of work by Dr. Scharff was his superb Monograph, “he Slugs of Ireland,” which evinced sound work and careful investi- gation, while numerous papers and books by Mr. W. E. Collinge, Mr. J. W. Williams, Mr. W. A. Gain, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, and others, testified to the keen interest aroused in the study by the stimulus first given in 1882. The last important re-discovery —Limaa tenellus—was made in 1904, when the Rev. R. Godfrey, who had previously collected the species in Switzerland, sent numerous examples, collected in Rothiemurchus Forest, to Mr. Roebuck, who was at once able to verify the species as the long-lost Limazx tenellus, probably hitherto overlooked by the nature of its habitat, and it was a great satisfaction to be able once more to vindicate the sound scientific ability of its original finder, the late Mr. Joshua Alder. In conclusion, though the probability of further discoveries of truly distinct species is not great, yet it 1s not impossible that closer research and careful anatomical investigation may ultimately reveal other forms as yet unsuspected or it may be confused with the more abundant and widely-distributed species. XX EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS, SIGNS, AND METHODS OF RECORD USED IN THE PRESENT WORK. ! The exclamation mark is used in accordance with an accepted custom, as a mark or token of verification, and indicates that the specimens from the locality or district mentioned have been seen and verified by the author. Recorps in which a date is given immediately arrer the name of the locality signifies that the specimens were collected at that time. Records in which the date does Not PRECEDE but follows the name of the collector signifies only the date when the specimens were examined, and that no precise record has been kept of the date when the speci- mens were collected. The names of authors when placed within parentheses and following the names of species implies that the generic name used is not the same as that used by the original describer; when the parentheses are not used the species retains its original allocation. All Recorps and observations under each species are almost invariably used only in association with the particular name used by the author whose information is being made use of. ‘This mode of treatment is desirable, as though giving all information in its appropriate position, it yet preserves the connection with the name to which it belongs, so that if the reference to the particular species be objected to, the information can be extracted, as it is not confused with other records, A MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRITISH ISLES. Poyvtum MOLLUSCA Cuvier. Malacozoa, Blainville; Palliata, Latreille; Heterogangliata, Owen; Otocardes, Haeckel ; 2 fa ~ . . ? ’ , Saccata, Hyatt ; Tetraneura, Schimkewitsch). ‘The Mollusea (mollis, soft) are animals with soft and fleshy bodies, covered by ciliated epithelium, containing numerous interspersed cells which abun- dantly secrete the mucus which is so characteristic a feature of the group and gives the body its suppleness and viscosity. They possess a cephalic region in which are located most of the organs of special sense, a pallial region which develops or secretes the shell, and a pedal or ventral region which constitutes the locomotory organ. Internally they present distinct digestive, coelomic and circulatory cavl- ties and scattered nerve centres, and primitively were bilaterally symmetrical in their organization. Crass GASTROPODA Cuvier. (Paracephalophora, Blainville ; Cephalophora, Macalister ; Glossophora, pars, Lankester ; Cephala, Reeve ; Univalvia, Fischer). The Gastropods (yao77p, stomach; 705— foot) are the most typical of the molluscan phylum, possessing the distinctive characteristics of the eroup in the greatest degree and showing the least affinity to other phyla. heir chief features are a ventral and sole-like reptatory foot; a distinct head; a well-developed odontophore, armed with numerous transverse rows of recurved teeth; a hollow and more or less conical shell which may be spirally coiled and external, or reduced to the merest vestige and concealed within the tissues. SuBs-Ciass A NISOPLE URA lLankester. (Gastropoda, Pelseneer ; Platycochlides, Ihering). The Anisopleura (a, not ; tos, equal ; wAebdpd, sides) are characterized by the asymmetry of their organization, due to the torsion and semi-rotation the visceral sac has undergone, which has transferred the respiratory and excre- tory organs from their, original posterior position to an anterior and lateral one, and also led to the diminution or even complete atrophy and loss the primitively left auricle, the left kidney, and the left moiety of other of the paired organs of the body. Orper KUTHYNEURA Lankester. (Platymalakia, von Ihering ; Pulmonata, Fischer ; Moncecia, Troschel; Adelapneumona, Gray ; Pulmonifera Inoperculata, Woodward ; Inoperculata, Reeve ; Saccobranchia, setae The Euthyneura (cts, straight ; vetpor, a nerve or tendon) embrace those land, freshwater, and marine castropods i in which the twisting of the visceral nerve-ring, characterizing the Streptoneura, has become obliterated by the partial detorsion the visceral sac has since undergone, and is also noticeah 29/3/02 2 GENUS TESTACELLA. for the shortening of the connectives and commissures and tendency of the eanglionic centres to concentrate around the pharynx, the cesophagus passing between the cerebral and buceal ganglia, and the anterior aorta separating the pedal and visceral centres. The Euthyneures are hermaphrodite and inoperculate pulmoniferous species, usually possessing a highly vascvlar, respiratory pallial chamber, without ctenidia, but exceptionally developing secondary branchiz in a few genera that are reacquiring aqueous respiration. Sus-Orpver STYLOMMATOPHORA A. Schmidt. (Pulmonifera, Reeve ; Helicea, Von Martens ; Geophila, Binney). The Stylommatophora (o7tAos, a pillar; oppara, eyes: depo, to bear), embrace those Euthyneures with distinct head and two pairs of hollow retractile tentacles, the posterior and longer pair are the ommatophores, and bear the eyes near their summit, where is also located the chief seat of the olfactory sense ; the smaller anterior pair are also olfactory, but more especially tactile, in function. ‘The otocysts' are imbedded upon the pedal ganglia and contain numerous otoconia ;° the nerve centres are closely ageregated and fused together in a nerve ring around the pharynx, and the sexual orifices are closely contiguous or united in a common passage at the side of the neck. FAMILY TESTACELLID-X Gray. (Oleacinidz, Binney ; Agnatha, Mirch ; Vermivora, Gray). The Testacellidw embrace the genera Ithytida, Paryphanta, Streptavis, Daudebardia, Glandina, and Testacella, with a few other exotic groups, all characterized by an enormous development of their radula, by the absence of the mandible, and by their predacious habits. Of these genera only Testacella inhabits this country, but that Glandina also formerly did so is undeniably established by its fossil remains in our tertiary strata. GENUS TESTACELLA Cuvier. (Helicolimax pars, Fér. ; Testacellus, Faure-Biguet). History.—7vstacellu (dim. of testa, a shell) was discovered at Dieppe by M. Dugué, and his careful and accurate observations on its habits and appear- ance, under the appellation of “ Limace & coquille,’ were published in 1740 by Reaumur,* who, however, did not apply to it any distinctive scien- tific name. In 1800, Cuvier,t impressed by the peculiarities of the shell, created the genus 7¢estucella for its reception, and in 1804 described and figured the internal structure of the animal. Generic Characters.—ExTerNALLy, the distinguishing features of Testacella may be summarized as: Bopy limaciform, markedly attenuate anteriorly ; INTEGUMENT coriaceous, thickest in the rear; PERIPODIAL GROOVE? distinct ; TENTACLES simple, without definite apical enlargement; EYES small and black; Lips tactile and very extensible ; LATERAL GROOVEs® distinct, diverging from the peripallial sinus and terminating near the base of the tentacles, giving off from each side a number of supra- and sub-lateral, an- teriorly directed, shallow, branching grooves, whose intersections form the granulation which is so manifest during contraction ; SOLE not tripartite as in Limae: MANTLE small, placed quite in the rear of the animal, and covered by a vestigial and somewhat auriform, paucispiral SHELL, from which the periostractin is usually more or less abraded ; MUSCULAR SCAR crescentic in shape; RESPIRATORY and ANAL ORIFICES beneath right posterior angle of shell. Sexual orifice beneath right ommatophore. 1 Monog, i., p. 237, ff. 2 Monoz. i., p. 239, ff. 3 Observ. de Physique générale, pp. 1. 2. 4 Lecons d’Anat. Comp. t. 1, de tabl. 3 Monog. i., p. 192, f. 377. 6 Monog i., p. 205, f. 402. GENUS TESTACELLA. 3 INTERNALLY, the most important peculiarity, as compared with the Liéma- cide, is the location of the heart! near the posterior extremity of the body, accompanied by a corresponding change in the position of the pulmonary cavity and anal aperture, the kidney and the shell, which are usually in rela- tion with it. As in Lima, the heart is anterior to the kidney, but occupies its right anterior corner, and the auricle is larger than the ventricle, and directed obliquely back- wards, the ventricle in front, in consonance with the altered course of the aortic trunks. The VISCERAL SAC is almost completely un- twisted, resulting in the pulmonary plexus being moved to the rear of the obliquely-placed heart, Testacella being thus opisthopneumonic; KIDNEY Te ea ert ts caer without secondary ureter;” SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND — hadiotidea, Bristol. x 5, showing long and sinuous, lying free on upper Sirface-of ‘*2"4neement ofthe ganglia: the foot and extending almost to the posterior extremity of the body.* The Nervous System is chiefly centralized in a nerve ring, encircling the enormous lingual sheath, the closely contiguous CEREBRAL GANGLIA above it giving off lone and thick connectives to the pedal and visceral gangha which are fused together beneath ; the long cerebro-buccal connectives surround the esophagus, and the buccal ganglia are fused together or at least in con- tact, not separated by a longish commissure as is usual in the Limacidw. The onractory faculty is \ well developed and exhibited ~ as a large ganglion with ra- A mose terminations at the ar: apex of each of the posterior } tentacles or rhinophores.* Simroth also affirms that he has detected a double fringe of nerves of the same Fic. 2. Fic. 3. Peuece pqmenims (her pallial’ 22 thy ailamed chowing the gangliontc enlangetiene aud the chamber, aq relic of the prmi- Eee feemauions of the olfactory nerve. e eye with optic tive osphradium, The BYE Sees et te uitetrs organ or osphradium of 7. weauges 1s small and black and the (after Simroth). 0.0. olfactory orifice ; 0.c. olfactory cavity ; vision feeble and myopic, the o.r, olfactory ridge ; 7.0. respiratory orifice ; 2.c. lung chamber. optic nerve, which shows scarcely any dilatation, separating from the nerve of olfaction quite at the base of the tentacles. The ALIMENTARY CANAL is simple, showing few flexures ; the MouTH very dilatable, its inner surface protected by a thick layer of chitin; the ODONTOPHORE large, beset with transverse, obliquely arcuate rows of slender, barbed and apically -pointed teeth, typical of Beloglossa ;? @SOPHAGUS short ; CROP volu- minous and muscular, functioning as the digestive sac, and held in position by a sheet of separate slender muscles, arising Fic. 4.—Alimentary canal of 7. haliotidea from the sides of the body, but most OP. course and an’ unusual development of conspicuous on the left side; the true _ the vestigial stomach. STOMACH is reduced to a small receptacle at first bend of gut near the open- ing of the bile ducts; INTESTINAL TRACT short, with but two tracts or Dichodromous.® 1 Monnog. i., p. 293, f. 583. 2 Monog. i. p. 336, f. 626. 3 Monog. i., p. 314, f. 604. 4 Monog. i., p. 226, f. 448. 5 Monog. 1., p. 267, f. 535. 6 Monog. i., p. 289, f. 568. ro 4 GENUS TESTACELLA. The LINGUAL SHEATH white and gristly, exhibiting externally along its left upper surface a distinct longitudinal suture or seam on opposite sides of which, at the hinder end, the “paired constituents of the retractors are affixed; the enormous development of the retractors is in strict correlation with the nature of their food, as to overcome the highly muscular and struggling earthworms demands a pre- . “ dominating antagonism ; TENTACULAR i ‘ RETRACTORS very long and quite inde- Fic. 5.—Hinder end of lingual sheath of 7. pendent of the phary neeal group, and mauge?, from Hayle, Cornwall, x 4, showing the of each other, with widely separated Beg al aa ea points of attachment to the integument, differing thus from the Limaces, and forming with Asion the group richorhiza.? The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple, varying somewhat not only in the relative proportions of their various parts, but also as in other groups increasing vastly in size at the approach of the breeding sea- son; the OVOTESTIS small, imbedded within the large digestive cland ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT closely convoluted and entering the large and yellowish albumen gland about its middle ; ovrpuct with broad, ample folds, sugeestive of large egos, partially doubled upon itself, owing to the high attachment of spermathec &; PENIS SHEATH only moderately developed; no mucus glands; ATRIUM short and narrow; penis and vagina separated by the right tentacular retractor. Reproduction and Development.—In mild weather, especially in spring and autumn, the pairing takes place, the tentacles being retracted during the process, which occupies four or five hours. Five or six days afterwards, ten or more eggs are deposited within the underground galleries, sometimes a yard or more beneath the surface. ‘The eggs are oval and white, somewhat acuminate at the ends, and although enclosed by a hard, calcareous shell, explode with a perceptible noise when removed from the ground and placed upon the hand or m a warm place, but, according to Faure-Biguet, they may be preserved if plunged at once into boiling water. The eges hatch in from ten to thirty-five days, according to the species and the prevailing temperature, the young at once entering upon a preda- tory life, devouring young earthworms and the minute white threadworms which live beneath decaying vegetation ; they usually become adult in about eighteen months, and may attain five or six years of age. Food and Habits.—'hey are predacious and very voracious and not only prey upon worms, but will also devour slugs, snails, centipedes, and even small individuals of their own kind, although, according to Gassies, they will not eat dead animals, and even decline fresh worms which have been chopped up to feed them, Bouillet, however, records that chopped worms are devoured by the Zestacella when laid as bait on the ground. The prey is seized by a rapid protrusion of the odontophore, the worm be- coming impaled upon the multitude of barbed and aculeate teeth which divaricate during protrusion; the radula is then retracted and the worm or other prey is oradually engulphed in the maw of its enemy, but so slowly in some cases that one end of a worm may have become digested within the stomach while the other end still alive projects from the mouth. / When gorged with food the animal becomes lethargic and contracted, but if disturbed during a meal they will often disgorge the prey they may be consuming. 1 Monog. i., p. 344, f, 638, IeeAgus I 1.—T. haliotidea var. albina, in repose, Kingsbridge, Devon. W. E. Baily. 4.-T.h.var.trigona x 3, 3.—T. haliotidea x 3, Glasnevin Gardens, TESTACELLA. 2.—T. haliotidea, Oxford, E. B. Poulton. 6.—T. scutulum x 3, Horsham, J. Whitaker. Dublin, R. F. Scharff. 5.—T.h. var. major x 3, Chiswick. Horsham, J]. Whitaker. S.C. Cockerell. 7.—T.s. var. albina, im repose, 8.—Testacella scutulum, Hornsey, H. Wallis Kew. Cuerden Hall, Preston, W. H. Heathcote. 9.—T. mauget, Riccarva’s Down, Bideford, C. R. C. Hibbert. 10o.—T. maugei var. griseo-rubescens, Corfe Castle, E. R. Bankes. 11.—T. mauget var. aurea, Cotham, Bristol, Miss F. M Hele. 12.—T. mauget var, viridans, Waterford, 7. H. Salter. 13.—7. maugei x 2 Bristol, Miss F. M. Hele. 14.—T.maugei x 2, Bristol, Miss F. M. Hele. 15.—T7.m.var.aperta x 2. Azores. 16.—7.m. var. griseo nigrescens, in repose, Pembroke, Mrs. Trayler. J. W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds. GENUS TESTACELLA. a) They are nocturnal animals, usually remaining beneath the surface of the soil during the day, preferring the rich, well- manured lands in which their prey is plentiful, and in this country, according to Mr. E. J. Lowe, are found from sea level up to an altitude of 530 feet, and although reaching a greater altitude in France, yet Fischer records that they do not attain an altitude of 3,250 feet in Auvergne. Although usually living only a few inches below the surface, they vary the depth im accordance with the-mois- ture of the ground and the consequent motions of the earthworms, but also come forth at nightfall when the earthworms also emerge from their bur- rows ; the worm “when seized by the Testucella instantly retracts itself within its tunnel by the aid of its circlets of bristles, dragging with it the Testacella, which attenuates itself sufficiently to allow this to be done. The saturation of the ground due to the rains so prevalent in spring and late autumn is very prejudici al to the Testucelle, driving them from their subterranean retreats to the surface, where they seek to hide during the day beneath stones, rubbish, or in other places frequented by worms. In cold and dry weather, and when preparing for hibernation, they retire deeply into the earth, contracting their bodies and enveloping their hinder extremity within the extended mantle, ensconcing themselves each within a small and firm earth-chamber, which is cemented together by their colour- less and somewhat viscid mucus, and is smooth and glistening inside, but externally bears some resemblance to the cocoon of a “puss” moth. Enemies.— Var. ovalis Mog. and., List. Moll. Irance, 1855, > p99, pl. o,f, 19, SULLE sub-elliptieal ov oval, Fit, 19. Swrtacedia alia ci ay fated Vv. ovad/s (after Moquins ib, Pp. a ). | Andon), enlarged, France —(Mogq,-‘Tand., op. ¢ VARIATION IN SIZE OF SHELL. Var. major G. & I’., Monog. 'Testacelle, 1856, p. 50. Sivin very hiavge and thick; COLUMELLA wider, prominent and carinate, Leneth, 114 mill. x7 mill. ; alt., 25 mill. British Isles—Alman’s Nurseries, Horsham, Sussex, June 1886! 0. Whitaleer, France—(G. & F., op. cit.). FARIATIONS [N COLOUR OF ANIMAL, Var. albina Mogq.-'T'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 39. ANIMAL whitish. British Isles— Garden, Toveross Hotel, Kingsbridge, Devon, June LO, IS8S6!W, EE. Baily. France—Toulouse, Haute Garonne, Sarrat (G, & F., op. eit., p. 50); nob rare at Puy-de-Dome, Auvergne (Bouillet, Moll, Auvergne, 1886, p. 19). Ganges, and St, Beauzille, Herault (Dubrueil, Moll Herault, 1868). Bramepan, Basses Pyrénées (Molin & Berillon, Paune $.O, Mrance, 1877). Perigord, Dordogne (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Spain—Gibraltar, Dec. 1884! J, W. Horsley, Var. flavesecens Now italas Ae Moll. I'rance, 1855, p. 39, ANIMAL canary-yellow, Fr ape ‘Toulouse, Haute Garonne, Partiot (Mog,-‘Pand., Hist. Molk France, 1855, p. Ganges, and St. Beauzille, Herault (Dubrueil, Moll Herault, 1868 Puy-de Hee, Auvergne (Bouillet, Moll, Auvergne, 18386, p. 19). Les Moulineaus, in abandoned quarries ; gardens, Grand Montrouge, and Boure-la-Reine s environs of Orsay, St. Maur-les-losses, ete. (Paseal, Moll. Haute-Loire et Paris, 1878, p. 28), Geographical Distribution.l'his species is known to range over western and south-western Murope and North Africa, and also to extend into Germany, Switzerland, and Belgitan, which 7. seuteulum ov 7. maugei are not known to do; this peculiarity in its distribution probably indicates its later evolution, a circumstance apparently confirmed by its more advanced internal organization. 7. haliotidea is recorded trom Western Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Mrance, Italy, Dalmatia and Adriatic States, Corsica, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Madeiras, and Canaries, but the confusion that has alwe ays reiene vl in this genus makes many of the specific identifications of doubtful accuracy. It has also been recorded from Nova Scotia and from P hiladelphia, U.S.A, doubtless introduced. The distribution in the British [sles is probably very complete over the southern and western districts of Nngland, but the records are incomplete and many unreliable ; undoubted examples have, however, been found in various parts of Hngland, the south of Scotland, the south and east of lreland, and south of Wales. ENGLAND AND WALES Channel Isles—Guernsey, first noticed in I8OL (I. C. Lukis, Loudon’s Mag., 1834, pp. 224-5, and figs.) Reeorded as occurring abundantly in Guernsey and on Sark (Cooke & Gwatkin, Q.d.C., 1, p. 831, 1878). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Ravre in gardens, Newlyn, Heamoor, and Penzance (Marquand, Trans. Penzance N.EH, Soc., 1884). Devon S.—In garden of the garrison, Plymouth (Parton's Manual, i831, p. 29). Kingsbridge: in warden, ‘Toreross Hotel! alsoin vardens of Mr. J. lott ! and others, W. K. Baily, June 10, 1886, ‘The Castle, Tiverton, Capt. L. Moore (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). 10 TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. Devon N.—Dr. Turton’s garden, Bideford (Turton’s Mannal, 1831, p. 29). Gar- den, Manor House, Lynton (C. F. Hill, Field, March 7, 1885, p. 307). Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, March 1886 (J. R. B. Tomlin, J. of Coneh., v., p. 181, 1887). Somerset S.—Gardens, Taunton (Tate, Brit. Moll.. 1866, p. 86). Somerset N.—Beckington, H. Franklin Parsons (Webb, Journ. of Mal., Dee. 1897. p 49). Wilts. S. cee at Devizes, also Trowbridge (J. E. Vize, Wilts. Mag., No. 27, p. 278, 1866). CHANNEL. Dorset — Mr. Thompson’s orehard-house, Weymouth es C. Mansel-Pleydell, Conch. of Dorset, p. 111, 1885). ae anaes: Chickerell, Richardson (J. C. Man- sel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898,;p. 2). Abundant in my aie at Stalbridge (H. J. Johnston Lavis, Se. Gos., 1878, p. as The specimens recorded from Down House, Blandford, by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, in Proc. Dorset Soe. for 1885, and elsewhere, are 7. mauget Fer. Sussex W.—Plentiful in Alman’s Nursery. Horsham, May 1886! 'T. Whitaker. Garden, Ratham, near Chichester, Aug. 30, 1890! W. Jeffery. Sussex E.—Not rare in gardens at Lewes, July 26, 1883! T. S. Hillman. Brighton, R. B. Sharpe! (British Musenm, 1886). Garden, Park crescent, Brighton, 1879 (R. M. Christy, Zool., Aug. 1880, p: 367). THAMES. Kent E.—Maidstone: gardens, London road; garden, adjoining St. Michael’s Church ; cemetery about one mile south-east of the town and near Tovil Station ! Hubert Bigae wy eet July 1891. Geographical Distribution bg ss Testacella ie oleasa Drap. ee Recorded Distribution NSS Probable Range Kent W.—Shoreham Vicarage, Sevenoaks, R. Ashington Bullen (Webb, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 25). Kelsey Park, Beckenham, Mark Webster (Webb, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 49). Not rare in the garden of Holy Trinity Vicarage, Woolwich, Aug. 1889! J. W. Horsley. Surrey—Asgparagus beds, Nutfield Priory, J. Moffat; Surrey House, Leather- head, C. A. Brigg; Sutton Common, Maxwell T. Masters; 11, Harrow road, East Dorking, C. J. Howell; and Kew Gardens (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Wray Park, Reigate (G. S. & E. Saunders, 1861). Essex S.—Widford Lodge, Widford, E. Hammond (Webb, J. of Mal.. July 1897, p. 25). TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. 11 Essex N.—Stisted, Basil Ff. May ; Colchester, W. Patterson (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Herts. —Abundant in garden, Manor House, Hitchin, May 1890! F.W. Phillips. Middlesex—Garden, Adelaide Road, Regent’s Park, Sept. 1867, J. E. Harting (W. Jeffery, 1888!) Greenhouse in Williams and Sow s Nursery, Upper Holloway, Jan. 1897 !G. KK. Gude. Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, E. Miller (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p- 49). Uxbridge, May 1891! C. H. Morris. Berks. —Faringdon ! T. Rogers, 1885. Oxon.—Garden, Wykeham House, Oxford, Feb. 1887 ! E. B. Poulton. Cabbage field, near St. Clement’s Chureh, Oxford, 1887!S. Spencer Pearce. Garden on Head- ington Hill (S. Spencer Pearce, Zool., Sep. 1883, p. 363). Blenheim Palace Gardens, frequent, R. Rogers (W. D. Crick, March 1885). Middleton Park, Bicester, T. ‘Trol- lope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49). ANGLIA. Bedford—Abundant in the south of the county, F. W. Phillips, May 1890. Suffolk E.—Gardens, Woolverstone Park, Sept. 1887! J. Sheppard. Woodbridge, S. Spencer Pearce, May 1886. Dallinghoo Rectory, R. Ashington Bullen (Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Blaxhall, G. T. Rope! (Carleton Greene, Suffoll list, 1891). Suffolk W.—Bury St. Edmund’s, Mr. Norgate (Carleton Greene, Suffolk list, 1891). Norfolk E.—Abundant in Mackie’s Nursery Garden, Norwich ; garden, Ipswich road, Norwich (J. B. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 49). Aylsham, near Norwich (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 393). Yelverton, May ae ! 8. 8. Pearce. Norfolk W.—Diddineton Hall, Brandon, A. Tanner (W ebb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). SEVERN. Gloucester W.—Garden, Carrville, Alexandra Park, Bristol, May 1888! J. W. Cundall. Kingsdown Parade, W. W. Stoddart ; Clifton Gardens, Miss Jones ; and at Hampton Park, rare (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875, p- 280). Monmouth—Plentiful at Mathem. near Che spstow, ee 26,1892! BE. J. Lowe. Hereford—Very rare, Burghill, T. A. Chapman (A. E. Boycott, Sci. Goss., April 1892, p. 78). Garden, Pesci Hill, Hereford (Boycott and Bowell, W oolhope Nat. Field C lub, Oct, 1899, p. Worcester —W eee Oct. 30, 1888! 8. Smith Hastings; Diglish House, Wor- eester, S. Taylor; also Elmfield, London road, Worcester, C. H. Webber; and Hagley Hall; Stourbridge, D. Rh. Dixon (W. M. Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, , 25). Stafford—Two found by T. Kirkby, of Hanford, near Trentham, Oct. 1897! also found by Mr. Nicklin in his garden at Trentham, Sept. 1897 (J. R. B. Masefield, J. of Conch., Jan. 1898, p. 8). Salop. —Hatton Grange, near Shifnal, and Lilleshall Abbey, near Newport, T. C. Eyton, 1862 (W. E. Beckwith). TRENT. Lincoln N.—Garden, Highfield. Gainsborough, Apl. 22, 1898 ! a M. Burton. Notts.—Carlton Hall, Carlton-on-Trent, Louis Pope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Highfield House, Beeston (Dodd, Brit. Assoc, Handbk., 1893, p- WE Introduced from Horsham, Sussex, into the gardens of Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield, in June 1886, by Mr. J. Whitaker. Welbeck Abbey, 1879, R. A. Rolfe (Ca: Mus. son, Midl. Nat., Feb. 1879). MERSEY. Cheshire—Avley Hall, Northwich, J. V. Smith (W.M. Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Lancashire S.—Clayton Hall, Accrington, J. Poulter (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Near Crumpsall, 1862, T. Glover (Melvill, Handbook Brit. Assoe., Manchester, 1887, p. 84). Knowsley, near Liverpool (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 24. 1893, p. 148). HUMBER. York S.E.—Swailes’ Nursery Garden, Beverley ! J. D. Butterell, 1883. York S.W.—Sandbeck Park, Rotherham, G. Summers, and Wath-on-Dearne, W. McKeigh Jones (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Orchard-house, Fernie- hurst, Shipley, March 1892! E. Self. SOUTH WALES. Pembroke—Tenby, A. G. Stubbs, Feb. 1896. SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Renfrew —Woodside Gardens, Paisley, Chas. Hoge, Oct. 1898. Kirkcudbright —Common in Corberry Nurseries, Maxwelltown, April 1890! R. Service. EAST HIGHLANDS. Stirling—Brentham Park, Stirling, D. Bruce (W. M. Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). 12 TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. IRELAND. LEINSTER. Dee: Greenhouse, Trinity ee Botanie Gardens, Dublin, W. F. Burbridge, 1895 (R. F. Sehart?, Irish Nat., Mareh 1895, p. 80); Royal Botanic Gardens, Glas- nevin, Dublin W. F. Moore, 1895! (R. F. Schartf, Jan. 1902). MUNSTER. Cork N. eaares n gardens, Youghal, 1835, Miss Ball! (R. F. Scharff, 1888); garden, Bandon, G. J Allman ; ; also at V osterberg, Councillor Reeve’s residence, Cork, by D. Murray, the Be who had observed them for several years past (J. D. Humphreys, Cork Fauna, 1845, p. 2). GERMANY. Oceurs on German territory, but only in the western region. Metz, Lothringen. larger than the examples from south-west France (Gassies & Fischer, 1856, p. ‘60). I ‘ormerly found in Mons. Simon’s garden, Planticres, but not in recent years (Meyer, Nacht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1876, p. 36). Castle Garden, Heidelberg, Baden (Daniel, Od. CG. 1.,p-113, 1876), BELGIUM. In gardens at Fonds-de-Leffe, near Dinant, M. Julien Deby (Colbeau, Ann. 8. Mal. Belg., 1865, p. 109). FRANCE. Ain—Rare, Sathonay, Rillieux, Miribel (Locard, Moll. de Ain, 1881, p. 15). Wier Rare by the Chateau of Montgarnand, near Moulins (Wattebled, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 327). Calvados—Caen, in many gardens, notably the Botanie Gardens ; Colleville-sur- Orne, E. Deslongchamps (A. de | Hopital, Moll. Caen, 1859, p. 8). Charente Inférieure—Rochelle, la Faille in 1754 (Feér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). Deux Sévres—Niort by Guillemeau in 1754 (Fer., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94) Dordogne—Gass. & Fisch., 1856, Perigord (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Drome— Environs of Crest, Faure-Biguet ; Montelimar, Loriol, ete. (Drap., Hist. Moll., 1805, p. nae Wood at St. Vincent-sur- Charpey, ‘alt. 700 metres (G. Sayn, Cat. Moll. Droéme, 1888, p. 130). Finistere—Commoner than 7. maugei in the botanical and other gardens, Brest; Moulin-Blane ; especially common in the cabbage-fields near the guard-house of Fort Bouguen (Daniel, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 376). Common in gardens at Lander- neau (Boure., Mal. Bret., 1850, p. 87). Roscoff (Lacaze- Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Gard—Nimes, Pont-St.-Esprit, Auzon, Servas (Clement, Moll. Gard, 1878). Garonne, Haute—St. Bertrand de Comminges, Toulouse (Boubée, t. Fagot, 1880), also at Cierp, near Chignac road, common in garden at Gand, near Cierp, M. Paren- teau (St. Simon, 1876). Gers—Common in gardens and woods at Auch, Lectoure, Bives, Duran, Mon- taut, ete. (Dupuy, Moll. Gers, 1843, p. 10). Old Tower, Barbotan, rare (Dupuy, J . de Conch., 1877, p. 20). Gironde —Botanical Gardens, Bordeaux, also at Ambares (Des Moulins, Moll. Gironde, 1827, p. 7). Hérault— peels (Draparnaud, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 1 Villeneuve, St. Martin-de-Londres, Bédarieux, ete. (Dubrueil, Moll. Hérault, 1863, p. 4). Isere—ht. Fond, M. Faujas (Drap., Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 152). Jura—Old cemetery of Lons-le-Saunier (Ogerien, Hist. Nat. Jura, 1863, p. 506). Landes—((Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limae., 1855). Loire, Haute—Very abundant (Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 23). Loire Inférieure-——Croisic, M. de Querhoent, 1779 (Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). Common at Cléons and at Le Plessis, Frossay, also in gardens at Bois-Branlard, in . hantenay, at the Folies-Chaillon, and Toutes-Toies , all near Nantes (Cailliaud, Cat. Moll. Loire-Infér., 1865, p. 206). Cultivated ground especially cabbage-gardens at Croisic, and at village of Batz (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 28). Lot—(Férussae, t. Gassies & Fischer, 1856). Lot et Garonne—(Iérussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). Maine et Loire—Angers, in Botanie Garden, at la Chalouere, les Fourneaux, ete., Dampierre, Montreuil-Bellay, Saumur, Doué, Beaulieu, ete. (Millet, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1854, p. 13). Manche—St. L6 (R. le Clere, Not. Mem. Docum. Soc. Manche, xv., p. 145). Morbihan-—-Common in gardens at Roche-Bernard; Broéel, near Muzillae ; Vannes, and in the Park, Roeuedas (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 45). Nord— Valenciennes (Baudon, J. de C., July 1884, p. 210). Oise—Garden of Madame No, Beauvais, 1879 (Baudon, J. de C., July 1884). PLATE Distribution of 7. haliotidea Drap. In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. 1 9 Channel Isles PENINSULA Cornwall W. Cornwall ky. Devons. Devon N. somerset 8. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N. Wilts 8. Dorset Isle of Wight Hauts 38. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex E. THAMES Kent EB. Kent W. Surrey Essex 3. Essex N. Herts. Middlesex Berks. Oxford Bucks. ANGLIA 5 Suffolk b. Sutfolk W. Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge Bedford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN Gloucester E, Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop Probable Range. SOUTH WALES SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 41 Glamorgan 2 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 42 Brecon e 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Banff 43 Radnor 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 44 Carmarthen a 5 75 Ayr 96 Kasterness 45 Pembroke 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 46 Cardigan x 77 Lanark 97 Westerness NORTH WALES E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 47 Montgomery 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 48 Merioneth @ 79 Selkirk 00 Clyde Isles 49 Carnarvon ‘e 80 Roxburgh 01 Cantire 50 Denbigh Sf 81 Berwick 02 Ebudes 8. 51 Flint Wels 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 52 Anglesey 2 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. TRENT eet 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 53 Lincoln 8. , E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. 5d Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 07 Sutherland E. 56 Notts. 87 PerthS.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 10$ Caithness MERSEY 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 58 Cheshire _ x 90 Forfar 10 Hebrides 59 Lancashire S. '!0, 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 60 Lancashire Mid i 92 Aberdeen 38. 112 Shetlands HUMBER 61 S.E. York ” 62 N.E. York IRELAND. 63 5.W. York ULSTER LEINSTER 64 Mid W. York ) 113 Derry 122 Louth 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim 123 Meath ft TYNE 115 Down 24 Dublin 66 Durham . 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 67 Northumb. S. 117 Monaghan 26 Wicklow 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford . . LAKES 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny oat a Panes, 121 Cavan 30 Qneen’s Co. 70 Cumberlanc 131 King’s Co. 71 Isle of Man 132 Westnesth Recorded Distribution. Distribution verified by the Authors. 33 Longford CONNAUGHT 34 Roscommon 5 Leitrim 5 Sligo Mayo E. Mayo W. 9 Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limerick Tipperary N. Tipperary 8. 45 Waterford 46 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry \N SY SS SS eS TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. iL Pas-de-Calais—Boulogne (Baudon, J. de C., July, 1884). Puy-de-Dome—Common in Puy-de-Dome (Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 19). Pyrénées, Hautes—Dupuy (Gassies & Fischer, 1856). Pyrénées, Basses—Gardens and along the ditches, Bilhtres, rare (Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyr. Oce., 1843, p. 18). Bramepan (Folin & Beril., Mal. S. O. France, 1877). Jayonne (Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1888, p. 2). Pyrénées Orientales—Oleron, Massot (Gassies & Fischer, 1856, p. 50). Amelie- les-Bains, 1887, R. D. Darbishire! Banyuls (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Rhone—Lyon, M. Lyonnet (Férussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). In hilly regions, Mont d’Or, St. Symphorien d’Ozon, Caratte, ete. (Locard, Mal. Lyonnaise, 1877, p- 6). Saone et Loire—Not rare in spring and autumn in caleareous earth in the hilly districts (Grognot, Moll. Sadne et Loire, 1863. p. 9). Seine—Jardins du Luxembourg and Val-du-Grace, Raymond (Gassies & Fischer, 1856). Jardin des Plantes (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Testacelle, 1887). Seine Inférieure—Ilirst observed in France, at Dieppe. in 1740, by Dueue. Tarn—Soreze, M. Duclos (Draparnand, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 152). Tarn et Garonne—(ler., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). Querey (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Vendée—Environs of Fontenay (Letourneaux, 1869, p. 10). Ile de Noirmoutier (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887). Vienne —Common on chalky, arid, and stony soils at La Vergne, at the Grange- au-Rondeau, and in gardens at Poitiers (Mauduyt, Moll. Vienne, 1839, p. 25). SWITZERLAND. Enumerated for Geneva (Jurine, Ess. Stat. Geneve, 1824). CORSICA, Bastia, Blauner (Requien, Cat. Moll. Corse, 1848, p. 43). TDA. Not rare in the ditches of Castle St. Angelo, Rome (Statuti, Bull. Soe. Mal.. 1882, p. 15). Villa Doyen, Cavoretto near Torino, Piedmont (C. Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, March 81, 1899). Sorrento, Campania, MeAndrew Collection, Cambridge (Brockton Tomlin, 1886). AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Istria, at Trieste (E.v. Martens, 1888). Goritz. at Gorz (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., June 1885, p. 254). Dalmatia, Schréckinger (Jeffr., Brit. Conch., 1869, v., p- 156). : SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Madrid (Graells, Moll. Espafia, 1846, p. 1). Asturias (Fischer, Manuel de Conch., 1883, 1., p. 202). In Catalonia, at Barcelona (Bofill, Moll. Barcelona, 1879); Olot and Bosch de Tosca (Salvana, Moll. Catal., 1888); Gerona, (Chia, Moll. Gerona, 1886) ; and at Valvidrera (Fagot, Mal. Valvidrera, 1884). In Old Castile, at Sarria (Martorell y Pena, Col. Coneh., 1888) ; and in Andalusia, at Gibraltar, Dee. 1884. J. W. Horsley ! Balearic Isles—Majorca, and in Minorea at Mahon, San Cristobal and Fer- rarias (Hidalgo, J. de Conch., 1878). Portugal—( Hidalgo, J. de Conch., 1877, p. 254). NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—Bougie (Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, 1834, p. 48). Philippe- ville and Bona, not common (Morelet. Moll. Port., 1845, p. 49). ATLANTIC ISLES. Canary Isles—Gran Canaria (R. Boog Watson, J. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Madeira—Gardens, Funchal, said to have now disappeared (R. Boog Watson, J. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). NEARCTIC REGION. Canada—One specimen in a greenhouse in Nova Scotia (Binney, 1878, p. 27). United States—Lincoln Park, Philadelphia (F.C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1901, p. 59). Very plentiful, Roxborough, near Philadelphia (H. A. Pilsbry, May 1894). 14 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Testacella scutulum G. B. Sowerby. 1823 Testacella scutulum Sow., Gen. Shells, pl. 159. ff. 3-6. 1826 — _ bisulcata Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., pl. 4, p. 58. 1855 — gallopr ovineialis Gri iteloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 15 1855 — anglica Grat., Dist. Geog. Limae., p. 15 1855 — hatliotidea var. se reer Mogq.-T: and., Moll: France, ii., p. 39; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. 1862, p. 145, pl. 5, f. 7. 1856 — medii-templi Panis. Zool., p. 5105. 1S61 — fischeriana Boure., Rey. Mage. Zool. 1861 — = peechiolii Bourg., Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 517. 1873. — _ gestroi Issel, Ann. Mus. Civico, Genova, p. 277, ff. 1880 — williamsiana Nevill, Proc. Zool. oe > p. LOL, pl. 13, a ile 1838S Testacellus scutatus Lesson, Rev. Zool., i., p. 249. ISTORY.— 7estacellu scutulum (scutulum, a little } shield) was first found in a garden in Kennington road, Lambeth, Surrey, by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who fioured and aeeeated it in his “Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,” pubhshed in 1823. The superficial resemblance of this species to haliotidea, and the complete ignorance at this period of its striking structural pec culiarities, s soon led w Sowerby’s species being universally ‘regarded : only a slight variety of halintaden, uel 1888, tern the publication of Mr. Charles Ashford’s accurate drawings of its internal organization definitely es- eins tablished its specific status. In our English text-books, 7estacella scutulum or Testaucella haliotidea are indiscriminately figured as representing the latter species. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, in his “ British Conchology,” though undoubtedly representing T. haliotidea in vol. i., at f. 6, pl. 5, yet figures albeit roughly the shell of 7. scutulum at f. 7, a also in the Supplement to his work. Lovell Reeve, in his “ British Land and Freshwater Mollusks,” gives as the generic figure on p. 27 a copy of Sowerby’s original figure of Testacella scutulum, but at p. 30, under 7. halotidea, figures an ammal which can- not with propriety be referred to any of our British species of Testacella, although the figures of the shell are good representations of those of 7. scutulum. Testacella scutulum may be regarded as linking together Tvstacella halio- tidea and Testacella mauge?, as, although curiously similar to 7. haliotidea in some external points, 1t is yet not so advanced in its internal structure, which in certain important respects has more affinity with that of 7. maugei: the south European examples approximate still more closely in showing fewer lateral muscles to the lingual sheath than are normally present in British examples. Diagnosis.—-7vstacella scutulum may be readily differentiated from its congeners when the animal is extended by the confluent origin of the lateral grooves, a trifle in advance of, but joined with, the peripallial fur- row: the usually yellow colour of the body, and the smaller shell, which is flat or even concave on the upper surface, with a broad, angularly concave, and almost truncate columella. Internally, it differs from Au//otidea in the absence of the flagellum to the penis-sheath, and from mange? by the possession of numerous lateral muscles to the lmeual sheath, TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 1195) Description. ANIMAL tawny-yellow, more or less freely speckled with brown, especially on the back ; Sole and FOOT-FRINGE orange-yellow, most vivid near the tail; LATERAL GROOVES distinet and originating in a common depression in advance of, but connected with, the peripallial furrow ; the mid-dorsal sculpture so distinet in 7. manugei is only very faintly indicated. When contracted it usually assumes : semi-globose form somewhat dissimilar to the lenticular shape of hadiotidea or the short, cylindrical aspect of mauget. SHELL narrowly auriform, UPPER SIDE flat or even actually coneave, LINES OF GROWTH comparatively fine, PERIOSTRACUM rusty-brown, and more persistent than in maugei or haliotidea, the colour showing internally through the thin outer margin of shell ; NUCLEUS nearly central, placed at an angle of 60 to 70 deg. to the vertical line of the shell ; COLUMELLA glossy-white, broad and angularly concave, terminat- ing abruptly at the anterior margin of the shell. Length, 7 mill.; the greatest width, about 4 mill., being about the middle of the shell ; alt., 15 mill. INTERNALLY, the ALIMENTARY SYSTEM displays a short GiSOPHAGUS, which opens into a somewhat brownish Crop, 12 or 14 mill. long, which shows longitudinal whitish stripes, due to longitudinal plaits within ; the paired white SALIVARY GLANDS are 5 or 6 mill. long, attached to its sides, and do not blend together ; the VESTIGIAL STOMACH is of a purplish colour, about 3 mill. in diam., and is placed at first bend of eut, just before receiving the stout and white bile ducts ; the GUT, which is very thick and firm, traverses the digestive gland, afterwards narrowing into a slender rectum, which opens as usual on the right side beneath the shell. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS simple; OVOTESTIS flesh-coloured with long acini and imbedded within digestive gland ; pucT whitish, convoluted throughout, and entering the albumen gland about the middle, from whence to outlet it is fused to gland ; ALBUMEN GLAND large and broad, ochreous or reddish amber; OVISPERMATODUCT wide and compressed, the two channels well united ; OVIDUCT in many broad, close-set plaits ; SPERM-DUCT broad throughout and of a buff colour; VAGINA very long, slender below, much dilated above and abruptly doubly- flexed ; SPERMATHECA clobular, reddish- brown, with dull white mottlings when mature, closely attached to the middle of ovispermatoduct ; stem of spermatheca com- paratively short and bent, slender above and gradually enlarging to base ; Wess) D2 Fic. 21.—Sexual organs of 7. seutulum Xx 1%. long and simple, entering the penis sheath at (Chiswick. /MrS: G. Cockers © its apex close to the retractor ; PENIS SHEATH Ale. Gilson Aleudis Gh Gueiesies er long and opaque-white, narrow at base, but — oviduct ; f.s. penis sheath ; 7.72. retractor increasing in diameter as it passes upwards, — Muscle ; sf. spermatheca ; sf.@. sperm duct ; the upper half broad and rigidly doubly — 7“ ¥#s deferens. flexed; RETRACTOR very long and ribbon-like. passing freely over the dorsal surface of visceral mass and affixed near shell at caudal end of body ; ATRIUM very short. The RETRACTORS of the tentacles are shorter than those of 7. haliotidea or T. mougei, and more exactly symmetrically in their points of attachment to the inteen- ment close to the junction of the sole with the sides of the body; they run free, as usual, alone each side of the lingual sheath, dividing into the usual two branches for upper and lower ten- tacles before reaching brain ring ; the bands are ribbon-like and of nearly uniform width throughout, but spread- ing at the roots for firmer hold. The LINGUAL SHEATH is enor S ; iene aire t | a siete Fic. 22.—Lingual sheath of 7. scutu/um x 14, orming a jirm, tough, pearly body, Hornsey, collected by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, illustrat- anteriorly nearly eylindrieal, but taper- ing the retractor muscles of the tentacles and ing off behind into a very powerful — lingual sheath. muscle, composed of two, three, or four partially independent muscles, as in 7. mneuger, and having in addition its hinder half attached laterally to the skin of the left side by a series of five to ten pairs of conspicuous muscular bands running parallel to each other and fixed at independent points, 16 TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. The LINGUAL TEETH are very long, comparatively slender, slightly curved, apex distinctly barbed or hamate, the median apophysis markedly nearer the basal end, and the teeth apparently deficient of the cutting blade. present upon the convex side L222 SS ge (o Lp Ni WA ihe 13 5 Fic. 23.—Transverse row of teeth from the odontophore of Fic. 24.—Isolated teeth from the Testacella scutulum x 20, from Chiswick, collected hy Mr. S. C. fifth and thirteenth longitudinal rows Cockerell ; figured from a photograph. of the radula of 7. scutulum x AO. of the teeth of haliotidea at the apiealend. The angle formed by the convergence of the rows of teeth towards the centre of the radula is more acute than in 7. maugei, but less than in haliotidea, and the vestigial median row of teeth can occasionally be discerned. The dental formula of a Chiswick specimen, collected by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, is oe x 46=1564. Reproduction and Development.—-The cretaceous eggs of this species are deposited underground, and are not numerous, they are distinctly oval in shape, about five mill. lone by three mill. broad, white or very pale pink when first deposited, soon, however, becoming of a brownish-white colour. ‘They have been found in this p country as early as February. Hatching takes place in... g. Me from twenty to thirty-six days, the young attaining full sisw/eata’ x 1! (after growth in about eighteen months. Cassese = eee Gassies & Fischer describe the egg of 7. bisulcata as round and about the size of No. 2 shot, but their figure has a distinctly oval outline, similar to that of 7. scutulum. Habits.—Gassies & Fischer remark, under the heading of 7. bisulcata, that this species is less in the habit of leaving its subterranean retreat than its congeners, and ascribe its less frequent capture to this cause. Mr. Kew, however, remarks that he somewhat frequently sees 7. scutu/um during the spring and autumn months crawling about in the early morning, or even at mid-day, at the foot of the low garden-walls im the north London suburbs. The sluggish movements and the usual tawny colour of the body tend to be protective upon stony soils and gravelled garden pathways. Parasites and Enemies.—Mr. H. E. Quilter was fortunate in detect- ing upon 7. scutulum, from Belvoir, examples of a species of mite, which were evidently parasitic, and which he describes as having a round, hairy and shiny white body, with four pairs of five-jointed, hairy, ambulatory legs terminated by small claws, mouth with goal appendages or chelicerw. Geological History.— No re- cord of its occurrence in the fossil state is known to me, but I do not hesitate to include with this species the 7. williamsiana Nevill, and the 7. auriculata Gass. & Fisch. The 7. williamsiana is from the meoR Fic. 27. Holocene conglomerate of the caves Fic. 26.—Testacella williamsiana Nevill, x 4 mV : ean “Ot Loui (after Nevill). of Mentone, near gorge of St. Louis, Fic. 27.—Testacella auriculata Gass. & Fisch., in the Alpes Maritimes, the author — * 34 (after Gassies & Fischer). differentiating it from 7. bisulcata by its almost vertically prominent central apex and its regul: ir, close, and deep suleations. The 7. auriculata G. & FP. TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 17 seems to be merely an abnormal specimen found fossil at Venddme in the department of Loir-et-Cher, described by its author as differing from all its congeners by its solid and flat auriculate shell and thickened margins. Variation.— This species, which has been misunderstood almost from the time of its discovery, and whose specific characters are even yet not univers- ally appreciated, has in its various forms been described again and again as new by different authors, and although Gassies & Fischer and Moquin- Tandon expressly allude to 7. scutulum, it is not at all clear that they had the true 7. scutulum before them. In this country 7 scutulum is moderately constant in the form of its shell and the colour of its body, but abroad this consistency of type is not so fully maintained, if the allocation, as suggested by Simroth, of campunyoi and other forms to the scutulum series he correct. VARIATIONS [IN FORM OF SHELL. Var. pecchiolii Boure., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861, p. 517. ANIMAL yellowish, with a eae of minute ereyish dots h on the back ; lateral furrows separate at their origin at the peri- pallial groove. | a | SHELL narrower and more elongate; COLUMELLA not trun- cate and less arcuate; APEX rather pointed and more detached. Length, 6 mill. ; breadth, 34 mill. \ / Testacella pecechiolii is the T. haliotidea of the older Italian authors, and is essentially an Italian form ; most of the Italian Fic. 28. — Testa- records of 7. haliotidea are possibly more properly referred to this ee pecchiolii Bat at iety. (after Bourg.). Italy — Found in the garden of Signor Pecchioli, at Settignano, near Florence ; also at Pisa, Bologna, and Rome. It is met with in Venetia and Lombardy ; also on the slopes of Monte Cuecia, near Palermo, in Sicily, and the Isle of Ustiea ponte , Gen. Test., 1862, p. 61). Apuan Alps, in Tuseany (Stefani, Boll. Soe. Mal. Itale, 1875). Var. major G. & I, Monog. estacelle, 1856, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 5p. Testacella bisulcata var. major G. & F., op. cit.. p. 46. Testacella fjischeriana ourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., Dec. 1861, pl. 13, ff. 5-7. ANIMAL larger and darker coloured than the typical form, with a sharply-detined yellow foot-fringe. s SHELL larger and more oval, broadest at its posterior third, \ ap anterior end rounded; COLUMELLA more arcuate and scarcely X ee ae truncate. Leneth, 6 mill. ; breadth, 44 mill. \ only Algeria—Environs of Philippeville and Constantine (Boure., he ne. Mal. Alger., 1864, p. 60). Not common on the glacis of the Spe fortifications of Bab-Azoun and Bab-el-Oued (Lallemant, Ann. 8S. jajor x 3, G. & F. Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 5). Environs of Alger (Lallemant, Moll. (after Gass. & Fisch.). Alver, 1881, p. 2). VARIATIONS [N COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina G. & F., Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 46. Testacella bisulcata var. albina G. & F., op. cit., p. 46. Testacella scutulum var. pallida Cockerell, Sci. Goss., 1885, p. 225 ANIMAL yellowish or whitish. Middlesex—Chiswick, 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead lane, Highgate ! Ferme Park road, and Weston Park, Hornsey ! H. Wallis Kew. Lancashire S.—Cuerden Hall, Preston, Jan. 1893! W. H. Heathcote. York Mid W.—Dr. Eddison’s garden, Adel, Leeds, Nov. 1896! H. Crowther. Leicestershire —Belvoir Castle gardens, Jan. 1888! W. Ingram. Louth—Piperstown, near Drogheda, Feb. 1890! Miss Sidney Smith. Algeria —Constantine (Gass. & Fisch., op. cit.). Var. aurea Cockerell, Se. Goss., 1885, p. 225. ANIMAL orange-coloured with brown mottlings ; FOOT-SOLE bright orange. Middlesex—Chiswick, 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Sussex W.—Horsham, 1902! R. D. Darbishire. 11/6,02 B 18 TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. Geographical Distribution.—The European area of distribution of this species cannot be stated with accuracy owing to the very prevalent mis- conception of its characters. = Under Risso’s name of 7. bisulcata, this species has, if i re however, been recorded as being very common through- i a (\ out the south of France, and as inhabiting Italy, w/ X& Spain, and Algeria. Fic. 30.—Testacella bi- Testacella pecchiolii, T. gestroi, T. fischeriana, and — sxieata Risso x 2 (after probably other south European forms are, if not abso- ?"?"” lutely identical, closely allied and more primitive forms of our species, and may be regarded as varieties. The British distribution of 7. scatulum is less restricted than that of the other species ; it has been found scattered over England, and its existence verified in Ireland and Scotland, but it would seem to be especially preva- lent in and characteristic of the Metropolitan district. eee pyieal Distribution iy, oe Testacella aS ane Sow. MMMM Recorded Distribution | . Probable Range. 0 4 Fie. 31. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel oe arket gardens, near St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey ! and in the Seigneurie grounds, Sark, A. H. Cooke, Feb. 1888. PENINSULA. Devon S.—Gardens, Plymouth (Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., 1838). Devon N.—Gardens, Bideford (Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., 1838). Somerset S.—The 7estacella from Taunton, figured and recorded as 7. seutuliwn (Nat., vii., p. 179) is 7. maugei (Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860). Somerset N.—Leieh Woods, rare, T. G. Ponton, 1862 (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875). CHANNEL. Dorset—Chickerell, near Weymouth ! E. R. Sykes, 1890. Isle of Wight—Numerous in gardens, Newport (W. Jeffery, J. of Coneh., iii, p. 313, 1882). Sussex W.—Nursery garden, Chichester, June 1889! W. Jeffery. Introduced from Newport, I. of W., into garden at Ratham, near Chichester, about 1880 (W. Jeffery, J. of Conch., iii., p. 313, 1882). Horsham! R. D. Darbishire, 1902. Sussex E.—Lewes, Dee. 1888! J. H. A. Jenner. THAMES, Kent W.—Mabledon, Tonbridge, Nov. 1887! A. H. Cooke. Garden, Maidstone, H. Elgar, June, 1891. Kent E.—Folkestone and near Faversham, 1884! Miss E. B. Fairbrass, TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 19 Surrey—The original locality where this species was obtained by Mr. Sowerby is Kennington road, Lambeth. The specimens in the British Museum, labelled ‘* 7’ haliotidea, Surrey,” and ‘7. haliotidea, Lambeth,” should be labelled ‘7. seutulum.” Nuttlield Priory, with 7. haliotidea, J. Moffat; also Crescent Wood House, Sydenham Hill, John Prince (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Park Hill Rise, Croydon, H. I. Parsons (Webb, op. cit., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Very common about 1860, in Ivery’s Nurseries, Dorking ! 1885, R. D. Darbishire. Kew Gardens, and garden at 66, Glou- cester road, Kew, April 1884! R. A. Rolfe. Under beech leaves, Headley lane, near Boxhill, April 1886! 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Mitcham, Sept. 1884, Kenneth MeKean. Herts.—B. Piffard’s garden, Hemel Hempstead, Feb. 1884!J. Hopkinson. Chase Side, Enfield, known for the past thirty years, F. Wright ; abundant, Hemel Hemp- stead Nurseries, W. Foden (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Middlesex—Middle Temple Gardens, first noted about 1846; the specimens from this locality were the types of 7. medii-templi (T. Tapping, Zool., 1856, p. 5105). Upper Holloway : Giesbach road ! and garden of Upper Holloway Railway Station, April 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Highgate: Hampstead lane, Dec. 1888! Archway road! and Shepherd’s Hill road, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901. Hornsey : common, Ferme Park road, Oct. 25, 1901 ! Weston Park, Jan. 12, 1902 ! and Crouch End Hill, Hornsey ! H. Wallis Kew. Stroud Green: Hanley road ! and Stapleton Hall road, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901. Winchmore Hill, 1884, L. E. Adams. Stoke Newington: occasionally in gardens (E. R. Allen, Field, 1885, p. 282). Stamford Hill: first observed in 1829 (T. Blair, Loudon’s Mag., 1833). Regent’s Park : plentiful in Royal Botanic Gardens (J. MeIntosh, Nat., 1853). St. John’s Wood: Circus road and Adelaide road (J. E. Harting’s Rambles, 1875). Haverstock Hill: oceasionally found from 1861-1881 in a garden formed on the site of a nursery garden, W. C. Atkinson, 1885. Hampstead and Hendon : in fields and gardens (J. MeIntosh, Nat., 1853). Finchley : path from East Finchley to Hampstead, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901. Whetstone: in C. F. Minor’s garden (T. D. A. Cockerell, Field, 1885, p. 607). Turnham Green : formerly abundant at Burlington Cottage, S. 8. Pearce, 1885. Isleworth : Worton Hall Gardens, not common, A. Pentney (Webb, J. of Mal. , July 1897, p. 26). Gikewick : Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, E. Miller (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49); common in gardens, Woodstock road, 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell ; the specimens in the British Museum labelled ‘* 7. haliotidea, Chiswick,” are incorrectly named, and should be referred to the present species. Ealing : garden at Castle Bar, A. Belt, 1888. Hammersmith : Brook Green (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26); plentiful in gar- dens (J. MeIntosh, Nat., 1853); railway bank, Oct. 1888! H. Wallis Kew. West Kensington: in gardens (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Kensington: not rare in forcing-houses and kitchen-gardens of Kensington Palace ; also at Notting Hill terrace (J. Denson, Loudon’s Magazine, 1833). Essex S.—Fairly abundant in old garden, Wanstead (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Oct. 1890, p. 209). Buckhurst Hill, W. Cole (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Oxon— Middleton Park, Bicester, T. Trollope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49). ANGLIA, Norfolk E.—Ipswich road, by Mackie’s Nursery Gardens, Norwich, J. Reeve, 1880! (Churchill Babineton’s collection). Abundant at Foulsham, Oct. 1884! Rey. J. W. Horsley. Norfolk W.—Kine’s Lynn, Miss Peckover (Churchill Babington’s collection). SEVERN. Gloucester W.—Gardens, Clifton, T. G. Ponton, 1862 (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875, p. 281). TRENT. Lincoln S.—Hieh Park Gardens, Stamford, D. Metealfe (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Leicester—Bean Manor Park, Loughborough, A. Hamshere (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Belvoir Castle Gardens, Jan. 1888! W. Ingram. Notts.— Welbeck Abbey, R. A. Rolfe! (C. T. Musson, 1884). Derby—Little Eaton, Nov. 1897! J. Hill. MERSEY. Cheshire—Fairly numerous, Hoole, Nov. 1883, J. T. Riches. Rarein Upton lanes, and in some grassy lanes near nursery gardens, Chester, 1886! G. W. Shrubsole. Mr. Broome’s Garden, Sale, Oct. 1890! 'T. Rogers. Dickson’s Nurseries, Newton, near Chester, on rockwork, T. Ruddy, March 1887. Lancashire S.—Gardens, Cuerden Hall, Preston, Jan. 1893! W. H. Heatheote. 2() TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. HUMBER. York S.E.—Woodleigh, Hessle, Ff. Mason (Webb, J. of Mal., Jnly 1897, p. 26). York N.E.--Abundant at Castle Howard, J. Riddell, and in Walshaw and Son’s Nurseries, Searborough (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Tunnel in Beeforth’s Garden, Esplanade, Scarborough, Feb. 1899! J. E. Hargreaves. York S.W.—Garden, Horbury, April 1891 ! W. Rushforth. York Mid W.—Gledstone Hall, Skipton, J. Jopkinson (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Dr. Eddison’s Garden, Adel, near Leeds, Nov. 1896! H. Crowther. Common after continued wet, Hyde Park road, Leeds, Nov. 1, 1900 ! Oliver Marsden. Garden, North lane, Headingley, Noy. 1886! E. R. Waite. Padman’s Nurseries, Bos- ton Spa, J. Emmet, July 1877. TYNE. Durham—Bensham Hall, near Gateshead, Jan. 1884! R. Y. Green. Gateshead and Axwell Park, near Neweastle, R. Howse, Nov. 1884. SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Renfrew—Common, Rosebank Nurseries, Johnstone, Oct. 1898! 8. M. Wellwood. Garden, Gartland place, near Paisley, April 1887 ; Kilnside Gardens, near Paisley, Feb. 1889 (J. M. B. Taylor, J. of Conch., 1889, vi., p. 115). EAST HIGHLANDS. Stirling—Peach-house of R. Smith, Brenthem Park, June 1895! G. MeDougall. Fife and Kinross—St. brycedale Nurseries, Kirkcaldy, Oct. 1884 ! where it has been known for the past forty years, W. D. Sang. IRELAND. LEINSTER. Louth—Garden, Piperstown, near Drogheda, Feb. 26, 1890 ! Miss Sidney Smith. Dublin—Trinity College Botanic Gardens, March 1891, W. F. Burbridge ! (R. F. Schart?). W. F. de Vismes Kane’s Garden, Kingston (Scharff, Irish Nat., July 1893). MUNSTER. Waterford—Waterford, Mr. Garnett, jr. (Scharff, Irish Nat., July 1892). Cork N.— Youghal, 1835, Warren Collection, Dublin Museum ! FRANCE. Reeorded as 7. bisulcata from Provence, Languedoe, and Gascony, and in the Alpes Maritimes—In gardens, Grasse, and the hills about Nice (G. & F., op. cit.). Finistere—With 7. haliotidea, Landerneau and Brest (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860). Loire, Haute—Hills of Chosson, plain of Rome (Pascal, 1873, p. 23). Morbihan—Common in gardens and cultivated fields, especially cabbage fields, about Vannes, Arradon, Auray, and upon the Ie d’ Arz (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860). Seine—In disused quarries, Les Moulineaux ; gardens, Grande Montrouge and Bourg-la-Reine ; environs of Orsay and St. Maur-les-Fosses, ete. (Paseal, 1873, p. 23). Var—Not rare, Mouton (Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., 1855, ii., p. 41). Vendée—(Massot, Mon. 'Test., 1870, p. 156). As Testacella scutulum it has been recorded from the departments of the Creuze—De Cessae (G. & F., op. cit., p. 54). Gironde—La Teich, Facture, Sallas, ete. (Gassies, Mal. Aquitaine, 1876). AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Trieste, as 7. haliotidea, Simroth, Nacktsch. Portug.-Azor., 1891. ITALY. As 7. bisulcata it is recorded for Piedmont, the environs of Florence, Rome, Naples, ete. (Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., Dec. 1881, p. 60). From Torrita, Masso di Sassorosso, and Bagni di Lucea in Tuseany (Stefani, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1875), and from Civitavecchia (Statuti, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1882, viii., p 15). SPAIN. Recorded as 7. bisulcata from Valencia (Hidalgo, Hojas Mal., 1871, p. 27), and as T. scutulum from Granada, 1887! R. D. Darbishire (J. of Conch., 1888, v., p. 346). CORSICA. Ajaccio, as 7. seutuliin (Scharff, Reise Corsica, 1894, p. 160). SARDINIA. As T. gestroi recorded from S. Vito, where it was found by Dr. Gestro (Issel), and at Monte Santo di Paulo, near Cagliari ; Pareo di Laconi ; forest of Monte Cresia, and in the Valley of Tarquisara (Paulueci, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1882). NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—Great Kabylie, as 7. haliotidea (Kobelt, Zoogeoer., 1898). As T. bisul- cata and 7. fischeriana from environs of Alger (Lallemant, Moll. Alger, 1881); and as 7. bisuleata from Tlemeen, near the Cascade of the Sefsef, Letourneux (Bourg., Alger, 1864, ii., p. 303), and Bona and Constantine (Bourge., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861). Morocco—Cap Spartel, Grasset (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1880, p. 17). Pirate III. Distribution of 7. scutulunt Sow. In the Counties and Vice-Counties | ‘ of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. & SCOTLAND. "2 e | Channel Isles SOUTH WALES W. LOWLANDS E, HIGHLANDS PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan e 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon 73 Wirkeudbright 94 Banff 2 Cornwall E, 43 Radnor a 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devons. 44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Easterness 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke = 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES EK. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle CHANNEL 47 Montgomery & 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth e 79 Selkirk 100 Ciyde Isles 8 Wilts s. 49 Carnarvon sp 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh Wt oly 81 Lerwick 02 Ebudes 8. 10 Isleort Wight 51 Flint ~ 82 Haddington 103 Kbudes Mid 11 Hauts Ss. 52 Anglesey ey 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. 12 Hants N. TRENT ¥ 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln s. E, HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 14 Sussex EK. 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fite & Kinross 106 Ross E. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 07 Sutherland E. 15 Kent L. 56 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 Sutherland W. 16 Kent \W. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 7 Surrey MERSEY sy Perth N NORTH ISLES 18 Essex 8 58 Cheshire 10- 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 19 Essex N. 59 Lancashire 8. = 91 Kincardine 11 Orkneys 20 Herts. 60 Lancashire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands 21 Middlesex HUMBER ” 22 Berks, 61 S.E. Yorx ; | 23 Oxtord 62 N.&. York IRELAND. 24 Bucks. 63 S.W. York g ) ULSTER LEINSTER ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York ° 113 Derry 22 Louth 25 Suffolk I. 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim > Meath 26 Sutfolk W. LYNE 115 Down Dublin 27 Norfolk EK. 66 Durham 16 Armagh 5 Kildare | 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan 26 Wicklow | 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone Wexford 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal 23 Carlow | 31 Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh Kilkenny 32 Northampton and L. Lanes. 121 Cavan Queen’s Co SEVERN 70 Cumberland 3 Gloucester EK. 71 Isle of Man 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth Hereford 37 Worcestex 38 Warwick King’s Co. Westmeath Longford CONNAUGHT toscommon Leitrim 38 War) Sligo 39 Stafford Mayo E. 40 Salop Mayo W. 39 Galway W. 140 Galway LE. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 43 Tipperar 144 Tipperary S 145 Waterford 46 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 48 Kerry 7: Probable Range. = VW Recorded Distribution. ey Distribution verified by the Authors. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 21 Testacella maugei [érussac. 1801 Testacella Aaliotoides Lam., Sys. An. s. Ver., p. 86 (women nudum). 1805 — haliotidea pars, Drap., Hist. Nat. Moll. France, pl. 8, ff. 46-48. 1819 — maugei Fer., Hist. Moll. , p- 94, pl. 8, ff. 10-12 ; Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 32 and ff. ; Adams, Coll. Manual, 1896, p. 41, pl. Pais Ge 1827 — asininum de Serres, Ann. Se. Nat., p. 409. 1850 — Jlartetii Dupuy, J. de Conch., i., pp. 302-4, pl. 15, ff. 2 a—d. 1851 — bruntoniana de Serres, Mem. Terr. Transp., p. dl. 1855 — hatliotidea vy. scutuliwm Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, pl. 5, ff 20, 21. 1855 — burdigalensis, Gassies, Grateloup’s Dist. eoees Epes p- 15 1855 = — oceunica Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 1855 — aquitanica Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens. ce 16. 1855 — browniana Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16. 1855 -— OBE E eae a Dist. Geog. “Limaciens, p. 16. 1855 — monspessulana Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16. 1855 = —- canariensis Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16. 1855 — alte-ripe Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16. 1855 — deshayesii Michaud, Desc. Coq. Foss., p. 3, pl. 2, ff. 10, 11. 1881 nouleti Bourg. , Hist. Mal. Colline de Sansan, p. 15, 1819 Pleetrophor Us orbignyi Fér., t. Simroth, Nacktselnecken Portug.-Azorischen, 1891, p. 404, History.—Testacella mauged was discovered at ‘leneriffe in 1796 by M. Maugé, in whose honour it was named by Férussac, and according to Dr. urton, was said to have been first found in England by Mrs. Smith, in her warden at Bristol ; in 1812 Mr. 'Il.. Drummond “detected it in Miller and Sweet’s (now Garaway’s), Durdham Down Nurseries at Clifton, Bristol, and sent specimens to Dr. Leach, which were forwarded to and figured by Férussac. Although a very distinct species it is far from being accurately known, and from the earliest period has been and is still often confused with 7. halio- tidea by otherwise competent conchologists. M. Draparnaud figured un- doubted 7. mauge? as the adult form of 7. haliotidea, while Moquin-T'andon also figures what is probably the present species as 7° haliotidea v. scutulum. Gassies and Fischer, the able monographer rs of the genus, in their great work, ‘“ Monographie du genre 'l'estacelle” (pl. 1., f. 15) illustrate the repro- ductive organs of 7. haliotidea, but erroneously ascribe them to the present species ; this unfortunate confusion was accepted and endorsed in some of their writings by the famous limacologists, Simroth and Pollonera, and to add to these) regrettable mistakes, the jalliin: French biologist, Prof. Lacaze- Duthiers, has in his otherwise masterly work, ‘‘ Histoire de la 'l'estacelle,” perpetuated further misapprehension of the organization of this species, with which he was evidently unacquainted. The organization of 7. maugei is of a simpler and more primitive type than that of its congeners, and its more marked restriction to the confines of Western Hurope confirms this species as being the most ancient form of our Testacellw. Diagnosis.—ExTERNALLY, 7. maugei is readily recognisable by its large, convex, and semi-cylindrical shell, and by the lateral grooves upon the body of the animal being so wide apart at their origin at the peripallial furrow. INTERNALLY, the distinctive features are even more striking, the lingual sheath being quite deficient of lateral muscles and possessing only terminal retractors, while the right and left tentacular retractors are both affixed to the integument quite on the left side of the animal; the penis sheath differs from that of 7. scu¢ulum in its strikingly clavate shape, and from 7’. halio- tidea in the absence of the flagellum which is so marked a feature in that species. be bo TESTACELLA MAUGEI. Description. —ANIMAL elongate, attenuate anteriorly and very tumid towards the rear; 60-100 mill. in length when fully extended, but very short and cylindrical when contracted ; GROUND-COLOUR greyish-white to black, but usually of an earthy- brown, paler laterally and besprinkled with deep-brown specks, which are most plentiful on the back; the longitudinal dorsal furrows are well defined and enclose a double row of conspicuous tubereles ; LATERAL FURROWS deeply incised and much wider apart at their origin at the peripallial furrow than in the allied species; MANTLE sparingly maculate, and sometimes partially enveloping the shell; soLE similarly but more brightly colored than the body, whitish, yellow, pink, or even black, FOOT-FRINGE sometimes marked with perpendicular lineoles, as in Arion ; SLIME colorless and not very tenacious. SHELL subquadrately oblong, very convex, compressed or slightly sinuate at front margin, and about one-sixth of the total length of the animal when extended, whitish with a brown periostracum which becomes abraded from all the more exposed parts of the shell ; spree produced and terminal, consisting of about 14 whorls; LINES OF GROWTH variable but often strong and irregular; APERTURE oblong, very large, outer margins slightly expanded, interior slightly nacreous; COLUMELLA narrow, convex, and regularly arched. Length, 15 mill. ; breadth, 7 mill. ; alt., 4 mill. INTERNALLY, the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is simple in its organs and their arrangement, and characterized by a short PENIS-SHEATH, very narrow below, but albq abruptly swollen above, without a FLAGELLUM, but with a strong terminal RETRACTOR, which is attached dorsally to the outer integument towards the rear of the body ; the VAGINA is much shorter than in 7. seutu- Zum, and considerably less dilated above; OVOTESTIS ereyish or yellowish-white, composed of loose oblong follicles imbedded within the digestive gland and dith- eult to isolate; HERMAPHRODITE DUCT very tortuous and entering the albumen gland very high up; ALBU- MEN GLAND enormous, linguiform, of a yellowish or ochreous tint; OvIDUCT clear bluish-white, with broad ample folds; SPERM-DUCT opaque, buff or cream- coloured; VAS DEFERENS stiflly convoluted at its origin from sperm-duct, and entering the penis-sheath at the Wig 33) Seruaivereane ae free end, close to the retractor muscle ; SPERMATHECA Testacella maugei X1}. globular or roundly-oval, clear grey, marked superfici- (Bristol, Mr. J.W. Cundall). ally with white vein-like markings, and imbedded in alb.g. albumen gland ; of. ovo- . : Site = z testis; ov. oviduct; /.s. penis the base of the albumen gland, to which it has muscular — sheath: ».. retractor muscle ; attachment ; SPERMATHECA DUCT long, about three — sf. spermatheca; sf.d. sperm times the diameter of vesicle, thickened at base and duct ; v.d. vas deferens. longitudinally striped, the upper half adherent to oviduct, the lower half sometimes attached to vagina by a stout muscle ; ATRIUM short. GSE ov The ALIMENTARY CANAL with short G:SOPHAGUS, opening out mto a broadly oval or pyriform crop, which is whitish when empty, and has thick walls especially towards the pyloric end, with the whole surface corrugated with longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, and attached to left side of body by a sheet of muscles; the vestigial STOMACH, a small, white, rounded protuberance, is at first bend of gut, at the point where the intestine enters the digestive gland and receives the thick white bile ducts; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is brownish buff, speckled or reticulated with white ; INTESTINE very stout in its early course. The TENTACULAR RETRACTORS of 7. inaugei ave especially remarkable for their curious asymmetry and inequality ; the left retractor is affixed to the body-wall of the left side, close to the margin of the foot-sole, while the noticeably longer right tentacular muscle is attached to the sole also quite to the left of the median line of the body. The LINGUAL SHEATH presents the same pearly-white glistening appearance which characterizes that of the preceding species, but Fic. 33.—Lingual sheath of Testacella it is comparatively smaller and its retractors — #awgeé, illustrating the retractor muscles of more simple, consisting of two to five pairs of | '* ee partially-independent and powerful terminal muscles, any one of which exceeds in mass the cephalic retractor of Arion ater or Limax maximus, all with common point of fixation to the integument on the left side of the body beneath the shell. The lateral muscles so conspicuous in 7. haliotidea and T. scutulum are quite absent. TESTACELLA MAUGEI. 23 The LINGUAL TEETH in this species are more closely arranged upon the radula, and the transverse rows of teeth much less acutely angulated than in either 7. SS Zs 4 4 = Fic. 35.— Isolated teeth from the Fic. 34.—Transverse row of teeth from odontophore of 7. maugez fifth and tenth longitudinal rows of x 20, from Bristol ; figured from a photo. by A. H. Cooke. the radula of 7. #angei x 40. haliotidea or T. seutulum,} the individual teeth are smaller, less distinetly barbed, the poaphysis near the middle of the tooth, and the minute vestigial central tooth distinetly perceptible in certain parts of the radula. rmula of dristol speci is 14+0+1+0 x 2 7( The dental formula of a Bristol specimen is - : ee x 30 = 870 Reproduction and Development.— According to Gassies, it is the most prolific species of the genus, and in France may lay five times in one year, eight to fifteen large, some- 7 what acuminate oval eggs, about five mill. by four mill., ge ee which are enclosed in firm, white calcareous shells, EEE GhenGae: which gradually become yellowish. In this country ‘54nd Fische. they have been observed to lay in May and August, the eggs hatching in from twenty to thirty-five days, according to the weather. Food and Habits.—7. maugei is not active, but more gregarious than either 7. haliotidea or T. scutulum, and is also more insatiable and raven- ous, destroying its congeners in default of other food when confined with them. It usually lives from six to twelve inches beneath the surface, its retreat, according to Mr. ‘Tomlin, being easily detected by the large, clean- cut hole it leaves, very different from that of a worm, and usually beneath some sheltering plant. In wet weather, when driven from their subterranean retreats, they hide beneath the foliage of garden pinks or other sheltering plants, often in a sort of open nest in the moist earth, to the aspect of which their usual colouring closely assimilates. Geological History.— 7estucella maugei has not been found fossilized in this country, but has been recorded from the basin of the Rhone, and has been described under the names of 7. lurtetii Dupuy, 7. nouleti Bourg., ' ee / ’ = Fic. 37.—T. lartetii x 3 Fic. 38.—T. lartetii x 4 Fic. 39 —T. nouleti Bourg. x 2 (after Gassies & Fischer). (after Dupuy). (after Gassies & Fischer). and 7. aqguitanica Grateloup, from a friable, argillaceous marl in the hill of Sansan, Gers, ascribed to Miocene age. The 7. deshayesii Michaud and T. alte-ripe Grateloup, from the blue Phocene marls of Haute-Rive in the Drome, are also considered practically identical with 7. maugei by Gassies and Fischer, while 7. asinina de Serres, from the Middle Pliocene freshwater deposits of Frontignan, near Cette, and 7. bruntoniana de Serres, from the 1 This peculiarity alone establishes the incorrectness of the reference to 7. haliotidea of the figure of the teeth, given on p. 298 of Woodward’s Manual ; it should be really ascribed to the present species, Mr. Cocken, who prepared the radula from which the engraving was made, correctly indicated the species under Lamarck’s name, 7. hadiotoides. 24 TESTACELLA MAUGEI. whitish Middle Phocene marls of Celleneuve, near Montpellier, may also be referred to the same species. According to M. Paul Fischer, all the tertiary 7estacellw belong to the mauger group, and in common with other mollusca now restricted to western regions had formerly a more extended eastern range. Variation.— Although the anatomical details of British specimens show a structure in consistent agreement with the various figures I give, yet some authors show certain modifications in the shape of various organs which they affirm to exist im the specimens examined by them. EXTERNALLY, no differences in the shell of 7. mauget have been chronicled or named by authors, but I have established a var. apertu for the reception of the broad Azorean examples and reduced the Testacella usinina de Serres to the rank of a variety. Wide variation has, however, been observed in the colour of the body. Gassies and Fischer discriminated six different forms, two of them—var. roseo-fulvescens, somewhat rare, and var. griseo-fulvescens—-without any figure or description, except such indication as their descriptive names imply. In the present work eight varieties are accepted, and two, var. aurea and var. aperta, are described for the first time. Var. aperta ‘Taylor. VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL. SHELL comparatively wider and Hatter or less convex than type; APERTURE conse- quently more open and ovate. Length, 14 mill. ; diam., 8 mill. ; alt., 3 mill. Azores—Artlhur Morelet (R. D. Darbishire, 1901 !) Var. aSinina de Serres, Ann. Se. Nat., p. 409, 1827. Testacella asininum Ce Serres, Ann, Sci. Nat., 1827, p. 409. Testacella monspessulana Grat., Geog. Limac., p. 16, 1835. SHELL elongate and markedly narrower than type, more especially anteriorly. Length, 13 mill. ; breadth, 5 mill. This variety has hitherto only been found in the fossil state, in the Middle Pliocene freshwater deposits at Frontig- nan near Cette, in the Hérault, but only imperfect specimens Sek ao eee have as yet been discovered, and these cannot be entirely freed gcinina de Serres, x 1h from the rock in which they are imbedded (Gass. & Fischer, (after Gassies & Fischer). Mon. Test., 1856, p. 42). VARIATIONS [IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina Gassies & Fischer, Monog. 'l'estacelle, 1856, pp. 88, 39. Body and sole approaching old ivory in colour with a fawn-coloured dorsal band. According to Gassies and Fischer, this variety is characterized by its voracity. France—(Gassies & Fischer, op. cit.). Var. griseo-nigrescens (rassies & Fischer, Monog. 'Testacelle, 1856, p. 36. Body smoky-grey, sides whitish speckled with black, foot-fringe very pale yellow. This variety, which resembles Agriodimax agrestis in its general facies and colouring, is the common form in the Gironde (Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 36). Pembrokeshire— Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. France—Comimon at Gradignan and Blanquefort in the Gironde (Gassies, 1876). Var. viridans Gassies & Fischer, Monog. 'Testacelle, 1856, p. 38. Body greenish-brown, analogous to bronze, ventral dise very lively orange-red. According to Morelet, this is the ordinary Portuguese form, and would appear to constitute another age-link, joining South Ireland with the Iberian peninsula. Waterford— Nursery garden, Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Portugal—Common from the parallel of Coimbra to the shores of Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 18). Var. griseo-rubescens (iassies & Fischer, Monog. 'Testacelle, 1856, p. 38. Body rufous, maculated with brown, sole-fringe orange-red. This is the form figured by Ferussae from Bristol specimens sent by Dr. Leach. Dorset—Rectory Gardens, Corfe Castle, Nov. 1885! Eustace Bankes. Gloucester W.— bristol, J. W. Cundall, Noy. 1883. France—(Gassies & Fischer, op. cit.). bo Or TESTACELLA MAUGEI. Var, aurea 'l'aylor. Body and foot bright yellow, besprinkled with black dots, ey on back. Gloucester W.-—Gardens, Cotham near Bristol, 1883! Miss F. M. Hele. Glamorgan—Cardiff, I’. WoW otton, Jan. 1889. Var. nigra Collinge, Journ. of Conch., 1898, p. 95. Pembrokeshire—'l'enby, 1892 (Mus. Zool. Cambridge University). Geographical Distribution.—7\ maugei is distinctly and pre-ennin- ently a western and retreating species, now restricted to the western coast regions of Europe, Africa and adjacent islands of the Palearctic region, although it may still linger in a few isolated places comparatively remote from the geographical area chiefly occupied at the present day. It has been recorded from the British Isles, France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Azores, Canaries, and Madeira. It has also been reported from greenhouses in Philadelphia, U.S.A., in the Nearetic region; as 7. aurigaster from the Cape, in the Ethiopian region ; and as 7. vagans trom Auckland, New Zealand, in the Australasian region. In the British Isles it 1s also strictly south-western in its range, and has been recorded from various localities in the South and West of England, South Wales and the South of Ireland. Geographical Distribution of Testacella mauger Fer. eos Recorded Distribution. \N Probable Range. ‘. a YNGLAND AND WALES Channel Isles—Bank at foot of garden wall, St. Sey iour’s road, St. Helier’s, Jersey, and in a garden about half-a-mile distant (Bull, Sei. Goss. , July 1878, p. 161). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Phillack rectory grounds, 1878! Miss Hockin. Common, Paul Church Town, near Penzance, May 1886! W. E. Baily. Falmouth. Sept. 1887! J. H. James. Truro, Aug. 1888! J. H. James. Treherne Probus, near Truro, Capt. Pinwell (Webb, J of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Devon S. —Garden, Park street, Exeter (J.C. Bellamy, Nat. Hist. S. Devon, 1839, p. 246). Veitch’s Nursery, Exeter (E. Parfitt, Nat., 1854, p. 150). Plymouth (Jefir., Brit. Conch., 1862, i., p. 147). 26 TESTACELLA MAUGEI. Devon N.—Riceard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Oct. 1896! C. KR. C. Hibbert. Somerset S.—Abundant, Sunnyside, Bridgewater, April 1890! H. Corder. Fre- quent in ‘Taunton Nursery Gardens (J. MeIntosh, Nat., 1853, p. 180). Somerset N.—Bath, Brislington, and in Sir Arthur Elton’s gardens at Clevedon, (Norman, Inland Moll. Somerset, 1861, p. 139). In W.S. Clark’s garden, Street, and abundant at Grenton (Nat. Hist. Journ., 1878. p. 134). Garden, near Axbridge, July 1884! Miss H. J. Taylor. Plentiful in garden of Long Ashton Vicarage, Nov. 1889! Mrs. Falloon. Castle Cary, April 1887! W. Macmillan. Wilts S.—Fields near Devizes, Mr.-Cunnington {Woodward’s Manual, 1875, p. 298). Longleat Gardens, Warminster, J. Trollope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, » 49). CHANNEL. Dorset—Gardens, Down House, Blandford, J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, 1885! This specimen was recorded as 7. haliotidea, in the Trans. Dorset Soe., for 1885, and elsewhere, by Mr. Mansel-Pleydell. Rectory Gardens, Corfe Castle, Nov. 1885! Justace Bankes. Hants S.—Fareham, J. W. Cundall, 1885. Porchester, A. G. Headley (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Hants N.—Andover, E. J. Lowe, Dec. 1887. 5 THAMES. Surrey—Leatherhead, E. Step (Pannell, Journ. of Conch., 1902, p. 170). Middlesex—One specimen in the British Museum, labelled as found in ‘* Ken- sington Gardens”! Several in Bean’s Collection, Scarborough Museum, labelled “© 7' haliotidea, near London” ! Berks,—Specimens in the collections of the late Thos. Rogers and J. R. Hardy, said to be from Faringdon ! Notts.—Erroneously recorded for Welbeck Abbey by C. T. Musson (Mid. Nat., 1878, p. 309). SEVERN. Worcester—Glenthorn and Boughton, near Worcester, G. Reece, Nov. 1883. Redditch, G. S. Tye, March 1886. Nursery grounds, near Worcester, June 1897! (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 63). Warwick—Gardens, Edgbaston near Birmingham, May 1897! (Collinge. J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 43). Gloucester W.—F ound in 1812 in Miller and Sweet’s (now Garaway’s) Nurseries at Clifton by Mr. Drummond, but the original site is now built over. Old Burial Ground, Lewins Mead Chapel, Bristol, P. P. Carpenter (R. D. Darbishire, Nov. 1883!) Hampton Park, common, A. Leipner; and Kingsdown, W. W. Stoddart (Leipner, Proc. Bristol Nat. Hist. Soe., 1875, p. 281). Gardens, Redland (J. W. Cundall, J. of Conch., 1882, p. 265). Gardens, Cotham (Poulton and Ord, 1877). Hortield, Nov. 1883! Miss F. M. Hele. Stoke Gifford, Bristol, G. Summers (Webb. J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Monmouth— Reported under the name of 7. ha/iotidea as plentiful in Hangman’s Wood, the gardens, Shirenewton Hall! and near Chepstow, also in cottage gardens and fields at and about Shirenewton village, abundant at Hardwick, Itton Court, St. Pierre, The Wylands and Mathem, near Chepstow, also in gardens at Chepstow, Portskewett, and Newport (E. J. Lowe, Report Brit. Assoc., 1883). MERSEY. Cheshire—Clibran’s Nursery Gardens. Bowdon, April 1897! (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 45). SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Dridgend, under leaves in a little wood, July 1885! C. G. Barrett. Common in gardens, Crockherbtown, also in Lord Bute’s gardens in North road, and Lord Windsor’s at St. Fagan’s, all near Cardiff, F. W. Wotton, Jan. 1889. Windsor place, Cardiff, at bottom of carnation pots, A. Pike (Webb., J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26. In the late Dr. Jeffreys’ garden, Norton, near Swansea (Brit. Conch., i., p. 147, 1862). Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Deer Park Villas, Tenby, A. G. Stubbs (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897). Numerous in garden, Saundersfoot road, Tenby, and in a garden, Penally (Stubbs, J. of Conch., 1900, p. 322). IRELAND. LEINSTER. Dublin—Common in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin (Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1847, p. 174). MUNSTER. Waterford —Nursery garden, Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Cappagh, 1892, R. G. Ussher ! (R. F. Scharff). Cork S.—Garden, Bandon, Prof. G. J. Allman (Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1847, p. 174). Prats IY. Distribution of Testacella maugei Fer. In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND. Channel Isles pone WALES 2 ro : W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N, 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon a 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Bantf 2 Cornwall E. 45 Radnor - 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devons. 44 Carmarthen a 75 Ayr 96 Easterness 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke Ns 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N : NOKTH WALES ie E. LOWLANDS 98 Main A ante CHANNEL 47 Montgomery 78 Peebles — 99 Dumbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 3 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 8 Wilts s. 49 Carnarvon . 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh in @P 81 Lerwick 102 Ebudes 8, 10 Isle ot Wight 51 Flint aty 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 11 Hauts 8. 52 Anglesey ~. 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. 12 Hants N. TRENT wa 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln s. E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 14 Sussex Ek. 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fite & Kinross 106 Ross E. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 15 Kent L 56 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 Sutherland W. 16 Kent W. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 17 Surrey MERSEY 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 18 Essex S 58 Cheshire “ 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 19 Essex N, 59 Lancashire S. 0, 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 20 Herts. 60 Lancashire Mid .f 92 Aberdeen S 112 Shetlands 21 Middlesex HUMBER § 22 berks. 61 S.E. Yorx fe | 23 Oxford 62 N.E. York i IRELAND. 24 Bucks 63 5.W. York ULSTER LEINSTER _,, ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York 4- .) 113 Derry 122 Lonth : 25 Suffolk E. 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim 23 Meath 26 Suffolk Ww. TYNE 115 Down 124 Dublin 27 Nortolk kK. 66 Durham : 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 28 Nortolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 2 ae: 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 30 Bedforc eg LAKES 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 31 Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 32 Northampton and L. Lanes. 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co 70 Cumberland 31 King’s Co. 71 Isle of Man x s Co 1 152 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 7 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary 8. 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 7 Corks. Kerry & ih 7 Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. | | a Distribution verified by the Authors. | TESTACELLA MAUGEI. 27 FRANCE. In several maritime departments bordering upon the Atlantic Ocean. Charente-Inférieure— La Rochelle (G. & F., Mon. Test., 1856, p. 39). Finistére —Common about Brest, also at Moulin Blane, commune of St. Mare (Daniel, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 376). Gironde— Bordeaux, Gradignan and Blanquefort (G. & F., 1856, op. cit., p. 39). Loire-Inférieure —Cleons, near Nantes (Cailliaud, Cat. Moll. Loire-Inf., 1865, p- 206). Morbihan— Pare de Roguédas, near Vannes (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 44). Seine-Inférieure—Dieppe, Dugué (G. & F., 1856, op. cit., p. 39.) SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain— Asturias (P. Fischer, Man. de Conch., 1883, p. 202). Algeciras in Anda- lusia, 1889, J. H. Ponsonby ! Portu gal—From the parallel of Coimbra as far as the shores of the Algarve (Morelet, eMBil Port., 1845, p. 18). Lisbon, March 1852, R. McAndrew. Algeés, A. Nobre (Mal. Tage et Sado, 1886, p. 122). Oporto (Simroth, Nacktsch. Portug.- Azor., 1891, p. 210). NORTH AFRICA. Morocco —Among dead leaves in damp spot in garden and under similar condi- tions at foot of a wall ina deep ravine, Tangiers, J. H. Ponsonby! These specimens were erroneously recorded as 7. bisuleata by Herr Hesse (Mal. Bliitt., 1885, p. 9). ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—Cultivated grounds in S. Miguel, Sta. Maria and Fayal (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, pp. 13, 14). Canaries—C ultivated land in Teneriffe and Gran Canary. Rev. Dr. Watson also found it sub-fossilized at Tafira, Gran Canary (W ollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, Deealy: _ Madeira—In cultivated grounds about Funchal ; at the Val, at S. Goncalo, and Camara de Lobos; in Dr. Rendall’s garden at Val Quinta and near 8. Martinho (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, p. 73). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Collected abundantly at Cape of Good Hope about 1857 by the late Mr. E. L. Layard ! NEARCTIC REGION. United States —Greenhouse at Lower Roxburgh, Philadelphia, Pa. (Robert Walton, Nautilus, 1891, He 83), also in greenhouse in School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia (M. Schick, D Nautilus, April, 1895, p. 133). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Prof. Hutton has deseribed a Zestacella from gardens about Auckland, under the name of vayans, which Mr. Cheeseman, of the Auckland Museum, thinks may prove to be maugei (C. T. Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1890, p. 885). Fic. 42.—The classical locality for Testacedla mauget, Durdham Down Nurseries, Clifton, as they appeared half-a-century ago. 28 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. GENUS GLANDINA Schumacher. (Oleacina, Bolten ; Polyphemus, Montfort ; Cochlicopa pars, Férussac). The genus Glandina (dim. of glans, a gland) is a primitive group of predacious snails of achatinoid origin preying chiefly upon the phytophag- ous species, but also devouring smaller individuals of their own kind. Although their head-quarters are now in the West Indies and Central America, where living forms are found scarcely separable from some of our Oligocene fossils, yet a single well-marked species, Glandina algira, still lingers in the Mediterranean region, the only surviving representative of the numerous European species whose remains are found in the Eocene and Miocene deposits of Continental Europe and the Oligocene beds of our own country; although two of the British forms are possibly erroneously referred to the present genus, I have not had the opportunity to make a personal examination of the specimens. EXTERNALLY, Glandina is characterized by an elongate, anteriorly attenu- ate body ; long oMMATOPHORES, with the Eyes behind their deflected tips ; bulbous ANTERIOR TENTACLES; elongate and extensile LABIAL PALPS ; narrow foot. ‘The sHELL is long and fusiform, of a lustrous white or horn colour: WHORLS six to eight; COLUMELLA twisted and basally truncate; APERTURE narrow, PERISTOME simple. INTERNALLY, they are destitute of the MANDIBLE; the LINGUAL SHEATH is enormous, and the RADULA furnished with obliquely arcuate posteriorly con- verging rows of Acanthoglossate! teeth, with a slender unicuspid median row. Glandina costellata (Sowerby). 1823 Bulimus costellatus Sow., Min. Conch., iv., p. 89 bis, pl. 336. 1829 Limnea maxima Sow., Min. Conch., vi., p. 53, pl. 528, f. 1. 1852 Achatina costellata F. E. Edwards, Mon. Eoe. Moll., p. 75, pl. 7, f. la-k. 1891 Glandina costel/ata KR. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards Coll., p. 276. SHELL oval-oblong, with a somewhat acute a apex ; WHORLS six, somewhat convex and transversely ribbed, the ribs being rounded, = irregular, rather oblique and thickened at the > sutures, giving them a crenulate aspect ; GROWTH LINES obscure, intersecting the * | obliquely longitudinal ribbing; APERTURE \ narrow and pyriform, length, 32 mill. eos \ Length of shell, 60 mill. ; diam., 22 mill. The existing species, G. lignaria Reeve, from Mexico, and Gi. conspersu Pfr., from (ruatemala, resemble this species so closely = oe paneer that Starkie Gardner considers it difficult to avoid uniting them. ENGLAND AND WALES. Oligocene.’—Tliis species is mostly found in the Bembridge limestone strata, but usu- ra a { ally in the form of casts, the shell being rarely Fic, 43. Fic, 44. presery ed. Glandina costellata (Sow.). ISLE OF WIGHT. (After oer Slightly reduced. HEADON SERIES. —J. 8S. Gardner, Geol. Mag., 1885, p- 24 OSBORNE SERIES.—C. Ashford, 1888. BEMBRIDGE SERIES.—Ina pit on north of road, Shaleombe (J. Sow., Min. Conch., 1823, p. 89 ag te Stone quarries, Binstead, near Ryde, Prof. Sedgwick, 1826 (Sow., Min. Conch., vi., p. 53, 1829). Seonce and Headon Hill (Edwards, l.c.; p. 76). Bembridge, Frevioeead: Whitecliff Bay, ete., C. Ashford, 1888. 1 Monog. i., p. 267, f. 533. 2 Monog. i, p. 411. GLANDINA CONVEXA. 29 HANTS S. 3EMBRIDGE SERIES.—Hordwell, with My, Psammobize, and Corbule (Gray’s Turton, Brit. Shells, 1840, p. 43). FRANCE. or Paleotherium limestone, Department Aude (J.5. Gardner, / Geol. Mag., 1885, p. 247). Var. abbreviata Edwards, Mon. Eoc. Moll., 1852, pl. 12, ff. i-k. SHELL more ventricose than the typical form, with a shorter spire ; WHORLS five, more convex, the last whorl eon- stituting almost the whole of the shell ; APERTURE longer in proportion than that of the type, and exceeding the spire in leneth. owing probably to the shell not having attained maturity. Leneth of shell, 40 mill. ; diam. 25 mill. INGLAND AND WALES. Fic, 45. TSEE OF WIGHT. Var, abbreviata Eds., 5 . a 3 ; 2 ay " - Sconce, Isle of Wight. Oligocene—Bembridge limestone series at Sconce! (Rh. B. (Afeer: Edwards): Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll.. 1891, p. 276). Slightly reduced. Glandina convexa (S. V. Wood). 1877 Bulimus convexus S. V. Wood, Eoe. Moll., iv., p. 335, pl. 34, f. 6. 1891 Glandina convera R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., p. 275. SHELL elongate, turreted ; WHORLS six, convex; SUTURE impressed ; BASE con- vex ; COLUMELLA subretlexed ; UMBILICUS small; APERTURE pyriform, outer lip simple and acute. Fic. 46. Fic. 47. Glandina convexa (S. V. Wood), Sconce, Isle of Wight ; photographed by Mr. J. G. Randall, slightly reduced. G. convera varies considerably in size. Of the two specimens figured, the larger shell, indicated by the black spot on the body whorl (fig. 46) is the identical individual selected as type by Searles V. Wood for illustration in the Memoirs of the Paleeontographical Society; its total height before loss of apex was probably 45 mill., as even now, after mutilation, it attains 40 mill.; its breadth is 21 mill. ‘he aperture is 20 mill. long and 10 mill. in diameter. he smaller specimen (fig. 47) is 36 mill. long, and 17 mill. broad ; its aperture 18 mill. long and 10 mill. wide. ENGLAND AND WALES. ISLE OF WIGHT. Oligocene—Bembridge limestone at Seonce (S. V. Wood, Pal. Soe., iv., p. 335, 1877). Bembridge, Hempstead, Whitecliff Bay, ete., C. Ashford, 1888. 1 Geologists speak of Sconce as if it were a geographical place. Sconce is a common noun, meaning a fort (to ensconce was to retire into the sconce for defence), and was applied to the defences of Tudor and Stuart times, which were often distinguished by the names of the erectors. This one is marked on some maps as Cary’s Sconce (now demolished). The Bembridge limestone is exposed near its site, hence its notoriety, C. Ashford in litt., 1890, 50 MONOGRAPIL OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Glandina brevis (Edwards ms.). 1891 Glandina brevis R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., p. 275. SHELL turbinate with an acute spire and rounded base ; WHORLS five and half to six, somewhat convex and transversely striate, the last whorl a little more than half the total length of the shell; OUTER LIP simple; SUTURE distinet ; APERTURE longitudinally pyriform, length, 20 mill. ; diam., 10 mill. Length of shell, 35 mill.; diam., 18 mill. Fic. 48.—Glandina brevis (Edwards Ms.), Sconce, Isle of Wight ; photographed by Mr. J. G. Randall. slightly reduced. Mr. Starkie Gardner records that the National Collection comprises upwards of sixty specimens of this species, which strikingly illustrate the great variability in the relative proportions of whorls and aperture. BRITISH ISLES. ISLE OF WIGHT. Oligocene—Bembridge limestone, Sconce (R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., 1891, p 275). LITERATURE. Bourguignat, J. R.—Notice sur les especes vivantes et fossiles du genre Testa- cella.—Reyv. et Mag. Zool., Dee. 1861. Cockerell, T. D. A.—The Variation and Abnormal Development of the Mollusea. —Science Gossip, 1885, pp. 224—S. Collinge, W. E.—The Morphology of the Generative System of the Genus Testa- cella. —Ann. and Mae. Nat. Hist., xii., p. 21—25, pl. 1, 1893. Cuvier, G.—Meémoire sur la Testacelle.-—Annales Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1804. Edwards, F. E.—Monoeraph Eocene Mollusca, 1852. Gassies & Fischer—Monographie du Genre Testacelle—Actes Lin. Soe. Bordeaux, 1856. Laecaze-Duthiers, H.—Histoire de la Testacelle—Arch. Zool. Exper., v., pp. 459— 596, pl. 29—40, 1887. Massot, P. —Des Testacelles Francaises.—Annales de Malacologie, i., pp. 145—157, and pl., L870. Mogquin-Tandon. A.—Hist. Nat. Moll. France, 1855. Pollonera, C.—Di aleune Testacelle raeceolte presso Torino.—Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1888. Ossery. intorno aleune specie di Testacella. Soll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1889. Poulton, E. B.—Note upon the Habits of Testacella.—Nature, Oct. 28, 1886. Simroth, H.—Die Nacktschnecken d. Portueiesisch-Azorischen Fauna, 1891. On some Testacellie, J. of Conch., vol. vi., p. 428, Oct. 1891. Taylor, J. W.—On the Specific Distinctness and Geographical Distribution of 7’. scutulum.—J. of Conch., v., p. 337—347, 188s. Webb, W. M.—The British Species of Testacella.—J. of Mal.. Dec. 1895, July 1897, and Dee. 1897. On the Manner of Feeding in 7. sewtulwm.—Zool., Aug. 1893. Wood, Searles V.—Eocene Mollusca. 1877. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 51 Famity LIMACID.X Gray. The family Limacidw as here understood embraces the genera Limav, A griolimax and Amalia, mm addition to other groups foreign to our shores, and although now restricted in extent is not even yet a thoroughly homogeneous family, but the parallel course of ‘shell degeneration and the marked convergence of the external form of the constituent genera renders their association convenient, at least until their true genetic relationships have been elucidated. The great advances made in late years in our knowledge of these neglected creatures is largely due to the brillant researches of Dr. Simroth, the eminent a — — German limacologist, who has for years A A Oye te. made the elucidation of this group an z especial study. Family Characteristics.— ExTerNAL.y, the features possessed in com- mon by the Limacidw are the elongate, subcylindrical Bopy ; a more or less noticeable DORSAL KEEL, most pronounced at the caudal end; an anterior mantle or SHIELD which covers the pulmonary chamber, the heart, the kid- ney, etc., with the RESPIRATORY APERTURE on the right side, behind the middle of the mantle margin ; SOLE longitudinally tripartite, mid-area loco- motory ; REPRODUCTORY ORIFICE behind the nght ommatophore. SHELL oblong or oval, white and slightly concave, with the nucleus at the posterior margin, but inclining towards the left side, from whence concentric hnes of gr owth extend, which demonstrate that the external shell of which it is the vestige was spirally coiled; the Dendrolimaces of South Africa show more clearly the stages between the shelled and the naked species. INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SysTEM is chiefly aggregated around the pharynx’; an important caudo-dorsal nerve arises from the pallio-abdominal commissure, extends along the length of the body, and is in intimate con- nection with the pharyngeal retractor : ; MANDIBLE oxygnathous’; LINGUAL TEETH numerous, arranged in median, lateral and marginal series and quite typical of the group Dichoglossa*: : pharyngeal and tentacular RETRACTORS combined posteriorly and forming a common stem affixed to the dorsal integument behind the lung, and constituting with the testaceous forms the group Monorhiza.* The Limacide is one of the groups which retain in adult life the primi- tive shell or protoconch’ formed by the shell-gland of the embryo; and which also develop in the Gastrula® stage a well-marked caudal vesicle, whose rhythmical contractions assist the circulation of the be ly fluids prior to the developing heart becoming functional. The shell is the lapis limacum of the Romans, and enjoyed great re- nown amongst the various remedies,’ bezoars, and eaminlere® which ancient peoples held in high esteem either as specifics for the cure of various ail- ments or as charms protecting the wearer against accidents or disease. 1 Monog. i.. p. 215, f. 424 2 Monog. i., p. 255, f. 511. 3 Monog. i., p. 271, f. 543. 4 Monog. i., p. 343, f. 637. 5 Monog. i., p. 322. 6 Monog. i., p. 380, f. 717. 7 Monog. i., p. 427. 8 Monog. i., p. 433. 32 GENUS LIMAX. Food and Habits.—The habits of the Limacidw are very various, some being almost subterranean in their mode of life, but all are nocturnal or crepuscular, only leaving their lurking places at eve or during damp and showery Ww eather. A characteristic feature of the Limacidw is the plentiful secretion of mucus which may be utilized in the form of mucus filaments as a ready means of descent from elevated positions.’ Some of the species are eminently omnivorous, others are almost entirely restricted to fungi, while many will greedily devour such food when offered ; indeed, Simroth affirms their original food to be the Basidiomycetes, and the fungiferous stratum of moss in forests, heaths and mountains to be their original head-quarters. All, however, are more or less inclined to a flesh- diet, and on occasion may be not only carnivorous or cannibalistic, but even predatory. Parasites and Enemies.—Many animals prey upon the Limacidw, Hedgehogs, Frogs, and Toads being great enemies, and Ducks and Geese very partial to them, “while the ''hrushes, Blackbird, Chaftinch, Starling, Plovers, Curlew, Woodcock, Whinchat, Coot, Quail, Oyster- Catcher, Landrail, ete., are all recorded as slug devourers. Blindworms (Anguis fragilis) and some of the larger Staphylinidee also prey upon them; the Wood Ant has been observed to attack and overcome even the larger species, and larvie of various dipterous flies are very destructive to them in the egg state. Parasitic upon them are /sospora rara, a Gregarine, also Davainew pro- glottina, which is parasitic in the domestic fowl, but passes one of its stages within the body of a Limax ; while a Nematoid wor in, A scarioides limacis, is said to be found within the egg. Philodromus limacum,’ an Acarid, almost universally parasitic upon the land gastropods, is often particularly plentiful upon the different species of Limacidw. Geographical Distribution. —The Limacide are apparently of world- wide distribution, but it 1s probable that when their internal organization has been accurately ascertained, 1t will be found that the Lémacidw of dis- tant regions are more primitive forms and not so ey related in structure to western palearctic species as their external aspect appears to indicate. GENUS LIMAYX Linné. History.—The term Limax (Limar, a slug ; according to Brumati, the equivalent Italian word Lumaca is derived from limus, dirt, clay, or inud) was originated or instituted by Linné to distinguish one of the five ereat groups into which he classified the Mollusca. This broad application of the term has, however, from time to time been restricted until it is now used to more especially distinguish the species centreing around Limae maximus. Generic Characters.—ExtTerNatLy, the Limaces are distinguished by their more or less distinctly maculate or longitudinally fasciate Bopy ; their thin INTEGUMENT; their long and slender TENTACLES markedly bulbous at the apex ; DORSAL FURROWS distinctly marked, arising beneath the mantle and terminating at front of head, where they form the FACIAL GROOVES*; MANTLE or shield anterior, about one-third of total length of body, concen- trically wrinkled, with a sub-posterior nucleus ; Mucus clear or stained with red or yellow. SHELL elongate or ovoid in shape, white, shghtly concave ; APEX posterior, inclined to left side, and shghtly attached to animal; lines of growth con- centric and occasionally well marked. 1 Monog. i., p. 316. 2 Monog,.i,, p. 423,f. 738. 3 Monog.i., p. 186, f. 360. GENUS LIMAX. 33 InrERNALLY, Lima is especially characterized by the gut possessing five coils, in addition to the cesophageal or stomach tract, an arrangement dis- tinguished by the term Pentadroma'; its first and second courses are held in posi- tion by the cephalic aorta, as is usual im gastropods, the third and fourth tracis being retained anteriorly by encircling the pharyngeal retractor, the whole gut displaying no indication of the spiral twisting to which in the past it has been undoubtedly subjected. ‘The RepRopUCTIVE ORGANS are simple, with few accessory parts, and according to Babor undergo in most species a cycle of development, the animal being first unisexual, and only subsequently herma- phrodite, but may finally again become unisexual by the atrophy of the organs of the sex to which the animal originally belonged ; the PENIS SHEATH is somewhat long, and the PENIS and VAGINA are separated by the right tentacular re- ,f0.S0: Dinas feu Lo,as conacted tractor ; SPERM DUCT a complete tube, arrangement of the internal organs. ‘ not incomplete as in Arion; circulatory (4: "scnecee ue call b heats eee system, according to Semper, shows a ~ intestine; 4. kidney ; liver. single oval blood sinus beneath; the SUPRA-PEDAL mucus gland is imbedded in the foot and extends the whole length of the body ; atrium short. The HEART and LUNG are constructed as in Helix and Hyalinia; the KIDNEY is a simple sac with laminate margins and furnished with a well- marked and distinct SECONDARY URETER.” Geographical Distribution.—Limax is naturally a western palie- aretic group, and in its dispersal strikingly evidences the truth of our location of the most active evolutionary area in North Central Europe, for we find the most highly organized forms prevailing there, fringed around with allied but more simply organized and weaker species, whose progenitors have probably been expelled therefrom or otherwise have taken refuge im more or less undesirable localities, as with the primitive Z. tenellus, which though still found in North Central Europe, is now almost exclusively re- stricted to the limits of the pine forests. The higher organization and greater adaptability of the dominant species of Limaa is shown by their quickly becoming accustomed to new surround- ings when accidentally transported to other countries, and gradually extending their range to the detriment and dispossession of the weaker aboriginal species. Geological History.—The genus Lima has been recorded as fossil from deposits as ancient as the Lower Miocene of Germany, and from other beds of more recent formation. In the British Isles this genus has been recorded by Morris from the Mammalian Crag at Stutton; it has also been found in the Lower Pleistocene of East Anglia, in the Middle Oligocene of the Hampshire Basin, and vari- ous other deposits. 1 Monog. i., p. 285, f. 569, 2 Monog. i., p. 336, f. 628. 25/8/02 C 34 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Limax maximus Linné. 1678 Limax cinereus, maximus, striatus & maculatus Lister, Hist. Anim. Angl., p. 127, tit. and fig. 15. 737 Cochlea nuda domestica~Swanm., Bibl. Nat., i., ch. 13, p. 158, tab. 8, ff. 7, 8, 9. 1740 Limax cellavia D’ Argenville, Conch., p. 386, pl. 28, f. 31. 1756 La Limace cendrée, striée et tachée de noir et de brun Guet., Mém. Ac. Se., p. 147. 1758 Limax maximus L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 652. 1774 —~ cinereus Miill., Verm. Hist., ii., p. 5, no. 202. 1789 = — fasciatus Razoumousky, Hist. Jorat, vol. i., p. 267. 1819 — antiquorum Feér., Hist. Moll., p. 68, pl. 4, ff 1-8. 1837 — cyreneus Campanyo, Bull. Phil. Perpignan, ili., p. 88. 1837. — maculatus Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, i., p. 46, pl. 1, f. 2. 1845 — _ sylvaticus Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 33. S15 Limacella parma Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 110, pl. 4, ff. 1, 2, 9, 10. 1876 = maxima Jousseaume, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, p. 97. 1868 HLulimax maximus Malm, Lim. Seand., pp. 54-57, pl. 4, ff 10-10f. ISTORY.— Limax maximus (maximus, great- est) is, as its name implies, one of the largest species of the genus, and has been known in this country for more than two centuries. Merret, in 1667, first enumerated it as one of our native species, and Lister, in 1678, figured and ably described it under a polynomial ap- pellation, the first part of which—Limax cinereus—has frequently been disassociated CR. & ; from the rest of the epithets and used as a IPS bE Voy binomial term. Upon the erroneous assumption that this i epee { a (eek wit species does not occur in Sweden, Dr. Wester- . ~ lund concludes that Limaa cinereo-niger is the true Limax maximus of Linné, and on this ground he applies the term maaimus to cinereo-niger, and uses the word cinereus to designate the present species. Diagnosis.—Externaty, Limax marvimus may be distinguished from L. cinereo-niger by the body being typically pale and longitudinally zoned with black ; the shield maculate or marbled by dark colouring ; the sole uniformly pale; the keel confined to the caudal end of the body, and the rugosities small, fine, and quite closely set. INTERNALLY, the shell is distinctly narrower and more elongate; the penis sheath is distally swollen, very rigidly flexed, and its retractor said to have a different point of fixation ; the lingual teeth differ from those of cinereo- niger by their more aculeate character, and by their cutting-points more quickly alternating with those of the adjacent rows ; and the mandible is larger, stronger, and distinetly rectangular in shape at the ends. It is also more sluggish in habit, has not so wide a range in altitude or space, and is more closely associated with man and his habitations than the closely-allied Z. cinereo-niger, with which it has been so often united. From Limax marginatus, better known as L. arborum, it is distinguished by its much longer and more slender tentacles, and by its spotted shield, that of marginatus being invariably longitudinally banded ; while intern- ally it is sharply differentiated by the presence in marginatus of a short conical flagellum to the penis-sheath and a cecal appendage to the rectum. LIMAX MAXIMUS. ce Dr. Scharff has also indicated a ready method of discrimination to be by touching the front of the mantle, which the animal at once raises up and almost inverts. This peculiar action does not occur with L. marginatus, in which the mantle is more intimately united with the body. Description.—ANIMAL with a long and slender BODY, tapering towards the tail, and varying in length from 100 to 150 mill., but occasionally reaching to even 200 mill. ; usually of a yellowish-grey or cinereous ground colour, variously banded or maculated with black, but sometimes unicolorous ; BODY rounded, but keeled towards the caudal end, with about forty-eight longitudinal rows of elongate, detached tubercles; NECK pale, with two conspicuous DORSAL FURROWS enclosing a single row of elongate tubercles and terminating in front as the FACIAL GROOVES ; SOLE uniformly pale; FOOT-FRINGE pale with a row of minute submarginal blackish tubercles ; TENTACLES very long and slender ; SHIELD oblong, about one-third the total length of the animal, rounded in front, angular behind, and forming an angle of about 80 deg. when in motion, usually of a similar tint to the body, but boldly marbled or maculate with black, somewhat concentrically and interruptedly ridged around a sub-posterior nucleus. Mucus colourless and iridescent, not very adhe- sive, and less plentiful than in L. flavus or L. marginatus. SHELL placed beneath the hinder part of the shield and perceptible through the skin, oblong-oval, thin, of a iF whitish colour, slightly convex above, and correspondingly concave beneath, with a membranous margin; APEX or nucleus at the posterior margin but inclined towards the left side, and forming the apophysis by which the shell is TG oo Tecesmerteneltee organically attached to the animal. Length, 13 mill.; | zinax maximus L., X 1}. breadth, 7 mill. Christchurch, Hants. INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM is composed of the typical ganglia; the pedal vanglia are placed beneath the radula sac and joined together by an anterior and a posterior commissure; the abdominal ganglion lies a little to the right of the median line; the visceral ganglia occupy the angle between the lingual sheath and the cesophagus, and the buccal ganglia are widely separated but joined together by a commissure nearly as thick as the ganglia themselves. The OLFACTORY SENSE is chiefly lodged in the tentacles, yet according to Simroth there are within the mantle chamber well-marked vestiges of the primitive smelling- organ or OSPHRADIUM in the form of a simple yellowish ridge furnished with a double fringe of nerves and placed to the left of the anal aperture. Th@ REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are simple; the OVOTESTIS or hermaphrodite gland on left upper side of liver, is very large, narrowly linguiform, many lobed, with very small, rounded, darkly pigmented follicles; DucT long, slender, and straight above, thickened and sinuous below, usually white; ALBUMEN GLAND large lobed, of an amber colour and placed on right side along the crop; OVISPERMATODUCT long and com- paratively narrow, only slightly connected to- gether in the lower half and sometimes naturally disjunct, resembling Limax flavus in this re- spect ; OVIDUCT portion puckered into short, rounded segments ; SPERM-DUCT thick, cream- white, most conspicuous below; FREE-OVIDUCT short, the lower thickened part furnished intern- ally with annular glands ; SPERMATHECA club- shaped, blotched with opaque-white and amber, its crown fixed by muscular threads to ovisperma- toduct, its stem short, Joining free oviduct at its very base ; PENIS-SHEATH long, upper half opaque- white, thickened and rigidly convoluted, lower half narrow, semi-transparent white, tinged with Fic. 53.—Sexual organs of Limax maximus L. bluish or brownish near external orifice, and fur- (Beverley, Yorks., Mr. J. D. Butterell). nished with a crest interiorly, which is most pro- aib.g. albumen gland ; ov. oviduct ; of. ; , : Cie ae EO ieee, MEE De Ce ovotestis ; f.s. penis sheath 5 7.72. retrac- nounced at the upper end, its retractor, which is ¢4- muscle; sp. spermatheca; v.d. vas the chief cause of the spiral twisting of the penis deferens. when protruded, is a stout band arising from left side of root of columella retractor, and attached terminally to penis-sheath ; VAS DEFERENS enters close to retractor. 36 LIMAX MAXIMUS. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR! arises beneath the posterior extremity of the mantle, in one or more roots, which quickly unite into a broad pearly-white band, but about mid-way divides into a pharyngeal and two tentacular branches. The PHARYNGEAL muscle passes through the nerve-ring, and divides, to become fixed on each side of the pharynx. The TENTACULAR RETRACTORS each give off a branch to the anterior tentacle of their respective sides, which send slips to the labial lobes. The broad coloured part of the muscular sheath of the ommatophore is clearly defined from the tentacle, and contains the ocular muscle and the convoluted optic nerve when the eye is retracted. ALIMENTARY CANAL? with short G@SOPHAGUS ; CROP long, darkish-brown, with longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, contracted before and enlarged at the first bend which represents the true stomach and receives the bile ducts; SALIVARY GLANDS whitish, large, compact and not deeply lobed ; the Gur has five courses or tracts in addition to the stomach tract, which is the longest, the first intestinal tract increases disproportionately in length with age, and thus becomes larger in compari- son with the succeeding coils which only grow in correspondence with other parts of the body, the third tract, instead of forming the rectum, as is usual in gastropods, turns around the cephalic retractor and runs back free over the surface of the vis- ceral mass, and then finally bends into the forward tract, constituting the rectum. MANDIBLE or jaw horny-brown, about four mill. broad and one mill. wide at its narrowest part,strongly arched anteriorly, with a strong, pointed, central beak or rostrum, which projects boldly beneath, ends distinctly rectangular with the corners rounded off, : : line of bedding in upper jaw shown by a broad darker SS ae brown line parallel with the upper margin. (Beverley, Mr. J. D. Butterell). The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is of an elongate oval shape, ten mill. long and about five mill. wide, beset with closely-set teeth, which decrease very slightly in size, and are arranged in transverse rows which gently curve backwards as the margins are approached ; median row with hour-glass shaped base of attachment and a broad reflection bearing a strong central cup or mesocone,® side cusps sub-obsolete without perceptible cutting points ; lateral teeth with strong mesocone, the endocone* show- ing as an acutely prominent angle, but without cutting point; ectocone® obsolete ; 76 76 i) 60 60 (: 38 38 3 2 \\ ( 0 aes 13 7 eerie 0 7 13 aes mM, f! Fic. 55.—Representative teeth from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Limax maximus L. x 120. The animal collected by Mr. C. Oldham, at Knutsford; the radula prepared by Mr. W. Moss, and photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton. the lateral bieuspid teeth gradually become more aculeate in character, and about the twentieth row the apices begin to alternate with those of the adjacent rows ; at the forty-eighth row they begin to bifureate, continuing thus to the margins. The dental formula of a Knutsford specimen, collected by Mr. C. Oldham, is 3S +5 28 ae 20 pt = 20 s5 28 + 3 x 168 = 27,660. Habits, etc.—'his species is not gregarious, and frequents gardens, damp and shady hedgerows and woods, hiding during the day beneath stones, under fallen trees, or other obseure and damp places ; it, however, exhibits a decided preference for the vicinity of human habitations, and readily takes up its abode in damp cellars or outbuildings. In Ireland, this predilection for human dwellings is not exhibited, the species being said by Scharff to be restricted to woods and other similar places, and may even be met with almost within high-water mark on the sea-shore. The HoMING faculty is strongly developed in this species, which, after its nocturnal rambles or foraging expeditions, usually returns to the particular 1 Monog. i., p. 344, f. 637. 2 Monog. i., p. 285, f. 569. 3 Monog.i., p. 152. 4 Monog. i., p. 152. 5 Monog. i., p. 152. LIMAX MAXIMUS. on > crevice or chink in which it has established itself; as shown by their slime- tracks, these animals in the course of their peregrinations often form a loop Fic. 56.—Mucus-track, twenty feet or more in length, of Lémaa maximus I,., observed by Mr. L. E. Adams, upon the boundary wall of the Churchyard, Clifton, Derbyshire, July 8, 1898, illustrating the homing propensity. or figure of 8, the return track crossing the outward one at some point, usually near to the chosen home. The oLracrory sense is strongly developed in the Limaces, the keen per- ception of Limuer maximus being established by the well- known experiment of Moquin-andon.' Striking confirmation of this acuteness of their olfac- tory faculty is related by Mr. L. HE. Adams, who, about ten o'clock, one dark, windy, and wet evening in August, 1897, at Clifton, Derbyshire, saw a Limar marinus crawling directly towards a plate upon the lawn, containing the remains of the dog’s dinner; when first observed the slug was about six ane 1ST Position © OF Plate EAeRE sor 2rrection of Wiad. ©" Fic. 67.— Diagram of the route traversed by Limax marines |.., in following the changes of position of a plate of food, as observed by Mr. L. E. Adams, at Clifton, Derbyshire. feet distant from the plate, but within thirty minutes had reached it ; the plate was then moved to a second position, about six feet away, but in another cirection ; the slug almost immediately changed its course, and 1 Monog. i., p. 229. te) LIMAX MAXIMUS. again nade straight towards the plate, on again nearing it the same process was repeated with the same result, the plate being finally removed and placed in a fourth position, eight feet away, and directly to the leeward of the slug, yet in a little more than half-an-hour the slug had reached the plate. Food.—L. maximus is very omnivorous, and though, according to Sim- roth, as a rule refusing plants containing chlorophyll, it has been observed by Mr. E. J. Lowe to devour the young and tender foliage of Adzantum, Petunias, Pansies, Chrysanthemums, Cucumbers, French Beans, ‘Tobacco plants, Dahlias, and other garden plants; the leaves of the Cauliflower when turning yellow are also sought after. It also greedily devours fungi, which, indeed, are said to form its staple diet and to be preferred to other food. In Mr. Gain’s experiments’ upon the food of British mollusks, he offered this species 196 different plants, of which 157 were totally rejected, and only two— Boletus edulis and root of carrot— were eaten with avidity. It has also been observed by Dr. Scharff to devour Russula emetica. It evinces a great preference for kitchen refuse, and shows especial par- tiality for custards, milk, bread, raw or cooked meats, and other articles of human food, and even makes its way into fruit rooms to feed upon the fruit stored there ; it also not uncommonly visits the “sugar” placed by the lepidopterist upon the trunks of trees to attract the mght-flyimg moths. Reproduction and Development.—'lhe act of conjugation in Limax maximus is very remarkable,’ though it 1s probable that analogous processes are indulged in by their close alhes. ‘lhe operation, though noticed to occur at various times during the day, usually takes place towards midnight. Fic. 62. Fic. 63. Fic. 64. Fic. 65. Serial changes of form undergone by the male organ of Limax Ma XTINUS L., prior to and during conjugation (after nature sketches by Mr. Lionel E. Adams). Fic. 58.—Aspect of the penes immediately after protrusion from the body. Fic. 59.— Shows the commencement of the appearance of the frill. Fic. 60.—Frill partially unrolled. Fic 61.—Frill completely expanded, preparatory to twisting together. Fic. 62.—Penes tightly coiled together, forming the whorled knot. Fic. 63.—The succeeding umbrella-form. Fic. 64.—Umbrella-form with horizontal margins reversed. Fic. 65.—Umbrella-form with double margins. ‘he animals secking to pair would seem to be cognisant of the presence of a, prospective partner even when a considerable distance away, as they make straightway towards each other ; when the animals meet, they mutually caress with their tentacles, after the manner of ants, and forthwith begin to 1 J. of Conch., April 1891, pp. 349-361. 2 Monog. i., p. 378, f. 689. LIMAX MAXIMUS. 39 crawl in a circular procession, their mantles flapping before and behind, continuing thus from half-an-hour to two hours-and-a-half or more, each with its mouth at the other’s tail, and eating the mucus from its partner’s body ; the circle becomes eradually more and more contracted and the animals more and more excited, until suddenly the slugs intertwine their bodies and launch themselves head downwards into space, but are restrained from falling by a strong mucus cable of a brownish colour, attached to the caudal end of the body, which gradually lengthens until it is from fifteen to eighteen inches long, and is a continuation of the thick bed of slime exuded during the prolonged circular promenade. Directly they are suspended, both slugs protrude the milk-white male organ, which, though cylindrical at first, quickly assumes a club-shape (fig. 58); a frilled edge (fig. 59) appears, and the unwinding is gradually and quickly completed (figs. 60, 61), the unrolled organs now intertwine closely round each other and form a whorled knot (fig. 62), and the two upper whorls spread out, in umbrella fashion, leaving the lower portion of the knot as before (fig. 63). The two upper whorls, however, sometimes do not overlap, but curve in different directions (fig. 64), and sometimes may be nearly horizontal but separate (fig. 65). The slugs now hang motionless with flaccid and contracted tentacles, while the two upper outspread whorls of the knotted penes keep revolving one upon another, and in this extra- ordinary manner the liquid semen ts transferred and the mutual act consummated. After a lapse of five to ten minutes the organs unwind, roll up, and are withdrawn into the body; while the slugs, which appear greatly exhausted, either drop to the ground or climb up the thread to the point of support, the thread itself sometimes being afterwards devoured. Shortly after pairing a number of eggs are deposited at the roots of trees, plants, or grass, beneath stones, and in other moist and suitable situa- tions ; they are agglomerated together i in heaps or clusters, or may form a long chaplet, by being attached together at their poles by a viscous mucus. They are roundly oval, about five mill. by four tll , of a translucent amber colour, and of a jelly- like consistency and appearance, but gradually becom- ing duller and more opaque. They hatch in about a month, the young being usually of a yellowish tint with four distinct lateral bands, which extend to the posterior third of the shield, and assume a horse-shoe shape, but during growth become broken up, especially upon the left side ; the ground colour also gradually changes in some districts, becoming of a wood- brown, often tinged with red, finally becoming duller ‘and the bands more obscure ; in other districts or under suitable conditions the immature colourings and decided banding of the young stage may be preserved to adult life. Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the enemies and parasites of the group previously enumerated, this species is infested by a Nematode (Leptoderu flevilis), which lives within the salivary glands. Another species, Leptodera angiostoma Schneider, is found in the rectum, and according to Creighton the larvee have been found imbedded in a dense mass of glycogenous cells, surrounding the pedal artery. Geological History.—Limur maximus has been reported by Tour- nouér as found fossilized in France in the Middle Pleistocene of La Celle, near Moret, Seine et Marne. In England it has also been recorded from the Pleistocene deposits at Grays, in : South Hssex, and from those of the Ightham fissure in West Kent, by Mr. Abbott. 40 LIMAX MAXIMUS. It has been noticed in a Holocene deposit at Reigate by the Rey. R. Ashington Bullen; in a hill-wash at St. Catherine’s Down, in the Isle of Wight, by Mr. J. S. Bowerbank, in 1836; and also in a modern marine deposit, Pegwell Bay, in East Kent, by Mr. Alfred Bell. Variation.—The variation of Limar maximus is in many respects analo- gous with the band variation of the pentateeniate Helices, and shows similar traces of having passed through parallel stages of colouration ; the banding exhibiting many of the same peculiarities, and being capable of expression by a sunilar numerical formula. In its highest development Z. maeimus may be considered as triple- tinted, its primitive or fundamental colouring being probably a somewhat uniforin yellowish, greyish, or reddish tint, varying m harmony with the environment and the temperature to which the animal has been subjected during its growth period. ‘The second stage was probably the development of paired lateral bands overlying the lateral blood sinuses and presumed to derive their pigmentation from the action of the atmosphere upon the mass of blood beneath the skin; these bands, which are regarded by Simroth as an ancient badge of the Pulmonates, may, by concentration of pigment, form a lighter area on each side and thus lead ; to the establishment of darker zones, one on 1- each side of the primitive one, thus constitut- 2. ing the three typical longitudinal | bands, which 3 inay be distinguished as the inner, main, and outer bands, or formulated by the numerals F1G. 66.—Portion of body of Limax maximus L., to show band formula. J, 2, 3, referring to their position in regard to the median dorsal line. The bands mnay at any stage become broken up into spots, or by diffusion more or less completely overspread and obscure the primitive ground colour; to be eventually overspread or embellished by the superposition of a tertiary stage of colouring, which, as betore, first appears in a position coimeident with that of the chief lateral blood sinuses. Many varieties still retain the paler secondary banding upon which the darker tertiary markings are superposed, but by marginal concentration of pigment each tertiary band may become resolved into a slender double line or a double row of spots, which border each of the paler secondary bands, and give a similar aspect to that of the Helix hortensis figured in vol. 1., p. 99. In this country the ground tint is usually some shade of ash- ee but brighter shades are occasionally met with, which would seem to be atavistic, or a retention in mature life of immature colourings ; the line of variation is, however, chiefly in the intensity and character of the dark markings. Its size has also been observed by Locard to vary according to the alti- tude of its abode, the animal being smaller in size when living in elevated localities. Dr. Baudon has remarked on the differences in size, and created a var. gigantea for some unusually large specimens found at Mouy, in the department of the Oise. Similar examples have been found in this country, one found by Mr. Quilter in Belvoir Castle gardens exceeding eight inches in length. The varieties of Limaa maximus are grouped in three series : according to the ground colour of the body ; the character of the dark markings ; and to accommodate examples in which these two factors exist together in unusually striking combination. It should not, however, be overlooked by the student that the following list by no means exhausts the variations that inay be met with, as the various ground tints may be associated with any of the different markings and con- LIMAX MAXIMUS. 41 sequently give rise to an almost infinite number of sub-varieties, which will necessarily partake of or unite the characters of two or more of the more important varieties, and such varietal names as are applicable may be used in combination to indicate them. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. concolor Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 82. Limax unicolor var. concolor Pini, |.c. Limax untcolor var. bivone Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 26. Limax maxinius var. lintbata Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, 1855. ANIMAL almost uniformly ash-coloured ; foot-fringe, keel, and neck paler. The brownish-chestnut coloured Lemaz unicolor var. bivonee of Less. & Pollonera from Palermo in Sicily may be relegated to this form. The sub-variety limbata Moquin-Tandon is also this variety in which the foot-fringe is whiter than is usual. The var. cinerea of Moquin-Tandon does not belong to this species. Cornwall W.—Phillack, near Hayle, Oct. 1884! Miss S. Hockin. Hants S.—Christchureh, June 1884! C. Ashford. Sussex W.—Worthing, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Kent W.—Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Surrey—Charles Hill, Farnham, July 1883 ! 8. Spencer Pearce. Middlesex—Acton, Aug. 1884! Willesden, Jan. 1885! Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Churehyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1889 ! H. W. Kew. Northampton—Northampton, Sept. 1884 ! W. D. Crick. Stafford—Gardens, Cheadle, April 1896! F. B. Webb. Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Canal Side, Belgrave, July 1885! H. E. Quilter. Lincoln N.—Louth, Sept. 1886! H. W. Kew. Cheshire—Bowdon ! (Milne & Oldham, J. of Coneh., Jan. 1894). Lancashire S.—Farington, locally common, May 1889! W. H. Heathcote. York S.W.—Haw Park, Sept. 1885, J. Wilcock. York Mid W.—Charleston, near Bingley (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., p. 97, 1888). Near Shipley Glen, Oct. 1887! J. A. Hargreaves. Boston Spa, May 1885! W.D.R. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Renfrew—Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Harelaw Burn, Gleniffer, Aug. 1890! J. M. B. Taylor. Haddington—Falside, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Stirling—Cambusbarron, near the mill, July 1894! A. McLellan. Aberdeen N.—Haddo House, Dee. 1890! Geo. Muirhead. Main Argyle—Dunoon, common, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1886! W. Baillie. Dublin—Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Westmeath—Killynon, Sept. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Galway E.—Killeran (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843). Clare—Ballyvaughan, July 1895 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). The var. concolor has also been observed in France, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Sicily, Anstro-Hungary, Balkan Peninsula, ete. Var. candida Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 26. ANIMAL pure white and slightly transparent, showing some of the viscera through the skin ; EYES pale brown. Limax unicolor var. candidus Lessona & Pollonera, I.c. Limax maximus var. alba Adams, J. of Conch., July 1896, p. 228. This or a closely-allied variety was named albus by Amstein and megaspidus by Blainville. Northampton—Rockingham Park, May 1896! (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants. Soc., June 1896, p. 60). Italy—Novoli, near Florence, M. Paulucci (Lessona & Pollonera, ].c.). France—Savigny-sur-Orge, Seine et Oise (P Fischer, J. de C., Oct. 1880, p. 299). Var. vinosa Bandon, J. de Conch., July 1884, p. 204. ANIMAL purplish or vinous-brown. The sub-var. lilaeina of Roebuck, in which the ground colour is lilae or purplish, may be regarded as a form of this variety with the dark markings of var. krynickit. Gloucester E.—Sub-var. /i/acina, Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. York S.E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. France—Angy in the Oise and Arlane in the Puy-de-Déme, Breviere (Baudon, l.c.). Cl 42 LIMAX MAXIMUS. Var. nigra Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 15. ANIMAL unicolorous black or blackish Lancashire S.—Walton-le-Dale, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote. France—St. Gervais, Haute Savoie, Dr. Brot (D. & M., l.c., 1857, p. 14). ‘ VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. fasciata Raz., Hist. Jorat, 1789, p. 267. Limax maximus var. continuatus Dum. & Mort., Mal. Savoie, 1857. ANIMAL pale ash-coloured, with three darker-coloured bands on each side; SHIELD maculate or marbled. This variety is usually described as black, with five longitud- inal whitish bands. The sub-var. mulleri Moq. may be regarded as a form of this variety with the addition of a double row of black spots. Moquin-Tandon’s description, notwith- standing his reference to Muller, is more applicable to a form of this species than of cinereo-niger. The var. fasciata of Lessona has the median and lower bands on each side coalesced, and superficially resembles the var. tetrazona. Channel Isles—Sub-var. miilleri, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891! B. Tomlin. Devon S.—Sidmouth ! R. Rosenstock. Hants S.—Christchureh, Sept. 1884! and Tuckton, July 1885! C. Ashford. Hants N.—Sub-var. mii/leri, Preston Candover, July 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald. Kent W.—Hever, near Edenbridge, Feb. 1898 ! A. Leicester. Middlesex—Sub-var. miilleri, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew. Suffolk E.—Blaxhall, July 1885! G. T. Rope. Norfolk E.—Holt, July 1893 ! Tom Petch. Bedford—Luton, General Cemetery, Apl. 1889! J. Saunders. Worcester—Great Malvern, July 26, 1902! C. Waterfall. Stafford—Cheadle, Apl. 1886! F. B. Webb. Handsworth, Apl. 1885! G. 8. Tye. Stafford, L. E. Adams. Glamorgan—Aberkenfig, Aug. 1890!G. K. Gude. Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. Wotton. Leicester—Belvoir Castle gardens, and cellars Leicester (Quilter, Moll. Leic. ,1881). Nottingham—Corporation Gardens, Nottingham (Dodd, Brit. Ass. Hdbk., 1893). Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain. Derby—Winster (H. Milnes, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893). Lincoln N.—Haugham wood, April 1886! W D.R. Lincoln road, Louth, April 1886! H. W. Kew. Parson’s lane, Alford, May 1886! J. E. Mason. Mother-wood, Aby, taken at ‘sugar,’ June 1891! J. Burtt Davy. Cheshire— Bowden and Baguley Hall! (Milne & Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1894). Marple, May 1891! L. St. G. Byne. Sub-var. miileri, Sale, in nursery vardens, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham. York S.E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. Sledmere, Aug. 1891 ! F. W. Fierke. York N.E.—Easby Wood, July 1890! J. Hawell. Kildale Woods! and Ingleby Greenhow ! July 1890, B. Hudson. Yearby Wood, April 1889 ! W.D.R. York S.W.—Penistone, Nov. 1889! L. E. Adams. York Mid W.—Starbotton, Wharfedale, May 1886! W.D.R. York N.W.—lIvelet Bridge, Swaledale, June 1890 ! W.D.R. Merioneth—Bont-ddu, near Dolgelly, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn. Wigtown—Springbank, near Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Ayr—Maybole, Sept. 1890! W. Evans Renfrew—Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Peebles—Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans. Selkirk—Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Dreghorn woods, near Colinton, Sept. 1889! Colinton road, Morn- ingside, Edinburgh, June 1890! W. Evans. Fife and Kinross—St. Andrews, July 1890! W. Evans. Stirling —Cambusbarron, near the mill, July 1894 ! A. McLellan. Perth N.—Bridge of Cally, July 1890! W. Evans. Perth Mid—Annat Lodge, Perth ! H. Coates. Forfar—Dundee. outskirts, July 1890! W. Evans. Aberdeen N.—Haddo House, Dee. 1890! Geo. Muirhead. Banff—Tomintoul, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans. Elgin—Grantown, Aug. 1891! W. Evans. Clyde Isles—Rothesay, May 1887! T. Scott. Ebudes S.—Lorgh Ba House, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov. 1890 ! W. Evans. LIMAX MAXIMUS. 43 Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Donegal—Carrablagh, Croaghross, near Letterkenny, May 1889 ! H. C. Hart. Louth—Piperstown, in greenhouse, Oct. 1889! Miss Sidney Smith. Dublin—Glen Druid, near Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de V. Kane. Sligo—Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de V. Kane. Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, near Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de V. Kane. The var. fasciata has been recorded from Switzerland, Piedmont, and Eastern and Pyrenean France. Var. sylvatica Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 33. Limax sylvaticus Morelet, l.c. Limax antiquorum var. czernaévit Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc., 1851, xxiv., p. 123. Limax maxunus var. vulgaris Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1856, 1i., p. 28. Limax maximus var. serpentina Mogq.-Tand., l.c. Limax maximusvar. guadrifasciata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. ANIMAL ash-coloured, with two continuous black bands on each side and a more indistinet or broken band beneath ; SHIELD spotted or marbled with black. The sub-var. serpentina of Moquin-Tandon only differs from characteristic var. sylvatica by the main or median band of each side being more sinuous and irregular. Channel Isles—Herm (Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 26 and fig.). Cornwall W.—Pennion, Falmouth, April 1884! H. Fox. Scilly Isles, Rev. E. D. Roberts, Aug. 1890 (G. Sheriff Tye). Wilts S.—Vicarage Garden, Steeple Ashton, March 1887! E. P. Knubley. Oxon—Henley road, Watlington, and at Pyrton (Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4127). Northampton—Garden, Northampton, May 1883! W. D. Crick. Rockingham Park, May 1896! L. E. Adams. Stafford—Stafford, June 1886, and Dec. 1897, L. E. Adams. Salop— Whittington Castle, Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson. Lincoln N.—Well Vale, April 1886! W.D.R. Broughton, near Brigg, Aug. 1902! Miss F. H. Woolward. : Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884! W.D.R. Leicester—Near Leicester, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Notts.—Tuxford, July 1884! W. A. Gain. Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Cheshire—Holmes Chapel, Nov. 1896 ! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Victoria Park, Manchester, March 1884! R. D. Darbishire. York N.E.—Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894! F. W. Fierke. York Mid W.—Torquay terrace, Headingley, July 1884! W. E. Clarke. York S.E.—Garden, Pitt street, Barnsley, Oct. 1884! G. Rose. Westmorland, etc.—Grange, April 1884! Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Berwick—F ans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Stirling—Cambusbarron, near the mill, July 1894! A. McLellan. Forfar—Near Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan. Westerness—Glenborrodale, Dec. 1891 ! J. J. Dalgleish. Antrim—Cushendun and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! 8S. A. Brenan. Queen’s County—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203). Galway—(B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203). Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883 ! J. H. Salter. This varietyis the most prevalent form in this country and abroad. Var. tetrazona ‘Taylor. ANIMAL ash-coloured, with only two bands on each side ; SHIELD maculate or marbled. The var. fasciata of Lessona, though also showing only two bands on each side, is different, being a three-banded form, the lowermost being compound and formed by the union of the main and outer bands. York S.E.—Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. Cheshire—Nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham. Var. krynickii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Moscow, 1851, p. 122. Limax antiquorum krynickii Kaleniczenko, l.c. Limax maximus var. gohnstont Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. France, 1855, p. 29. Limax maxinus var. bifasciatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. Limax maximus var. pallido-dorsalis Adams, Manual, 1896, p. 34. ANIMAL ash-coloured, mid-dorsal area paler, with a few black spots, inner band distinet and black, main and outer bands obsolete ; SHIELD maculate. The sub-var. bifaseiata D. & M. has also only one well-marked band on each side, the other being effaced. 44 LIMAX MAXIMUS. Hants S.—Christchureh, Sept. 1884! C. Ashford. Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Stafford—Camnock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams. Selkirk—Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Dreghorn woods, near Colinton, Sept. 1889! and Colinton road, Morningside, June 1890 ! W. Evans. On the Continent, this form has been found in France, Italy, Switzerland, at Kharkov in Russia, and in Madeira. Var. cellaria d’Argenville, Conch., 1740, p. 386, pl. 32, f. 31. Limax cellarius d’ Arg., Conch., 1740, p. 386, pl. 32, f. 31. Limax antiquorum var. € Fér., Hist. Moll., tab. 20. Limax cinereus var. maculatus Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840. Limax maxinius var. interruptus Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. Fic. 67.—Limax cellaria (after D'Argenville). ANIMAL pale ash-coloured ; SHIELD maculate with black; BODY with inter- rupted longitudinal zones of the same colour on each side. With this variety may be associated the var. maculata of Picard, in which the shield and body are maculate with black, and which only differs from the strictly typical var. ced/aria by the more distinetly detached and more rounded char- acter of its markings. The sub-var. interrupta of D. & M. differs by the addition of longitudinal rows of small spots alternating with the banding characteristic of the variety. Channel Isles—Guernsey, Sept. 1893! (Tomlin, J. of C., April 1894, p. 361). Cornwall W.—Truro, Dec. 1885! J. H. James. Scilly Isles, Rev. E. D. Roberts, Aug. 1890! (G. Sherriff Tye). Hants S.—Christchurch, Sept. 1883 ! C. Ashford. Kent E.—Folkestone, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Surrey—Croydon, Nov. 1883! Kenneth McKean. Middlesex—Upper Holloway, in a mushroom house, July 1890! and sub-var. maculata Churehyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1890! H. W. Kew. Bucks.—Shalstone, June 1885 ! H. P. Fitzgerald. Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Nov. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, April 1885! R. W. J. Smart. Warwick—Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Hagley road, Birmingham, Aug. 1886! J. Madison. Stafford—Statford, June 1886! L. E. Adams. Cheadle, April 1886 ! F. B. Webb. Salop—Minsterley, Aug. 1885! L. E. Adams. Ellesmere and Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton. Pembroke—Deer park and Heywood lane, Tenby (Stubbs, J. of C., July 1900). Carnarvon —Trefriw and Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W.D.R. Denbigh—Llangwystenin and Tal-y-Cafn, July 1883! W.D.R. Lincoln S.—Aneaster, April 1886 ! W.D.R. Lincoln N.—Alford, April 1886! W.D.R. Louth, April 1886! H. Wallis Kew. Broughton, near Brigg. Aug. 1902! Miss F. H.Woolward. _Kirton-in-Lindsey, Aug. 1902 ! E. A. Woodrufte-Peacock. Somersby, Sept. 1889! W.D.KR. Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Canal banks, Belgrave, July 1885! Cellars, West street, Leicester, Oct. 1885! Lime quarries, Barrow-on-Soar, and Mountsorrel, Oct. 1885! and Spinney Hill, near Leicester, Sept 1887! H. E. Quilter. Evington! and near Wigston! (Quilter, Moll. Leicestershire, 1888, p. 20). Notts.—Basford, Sept. 1884! Beanvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! Annesley Park, Sept. 1884! Wilford, Oct. 1884 ! and cellars. Nottingham, May 1885! C. T. Musson. Gar- den, Tuxford, July and Sept. 1885! W. A. Gain. Farnsfield, Southwell, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Derby—Winster, High Peak, July 1885! Rev. H. Milnes. Cheshire—Bowdon, May 1885! J. G. Milne. Wythenshawe, 1886 ! C. Oldham. Sale, in nursery gardens, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham. York S.E.—Gardens, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Newtondale, Aug. 1886! W.D R. LIMAX MAXIMUS. 45 York S.W.—Barnsley, Oct. 1886! W. E. Brady. Lofthouse, 1885! G. Roberts. Ackworth, June 1883! Hugh Richardson. Bradford, July 1893! Perey Lund. Huddersfield, in cellar, Sept. 1885! G. T. Porritt. Keighley, greenhouse at Cliffe Castle, Oct. 1890! T. Hebden. York Mid W .— Victoria road, Hyde Park, Leeds. 1887! T. K. Skipwith. Wash- burndale, July 1885! W.D.R. Cellar, North Stainley Vicarage, Oct. 1884! I. A Summerfield. © Eavestone, Oct. 1884! J. Ingleby. Garden, Stav eley Rectory, Oct. 1885! E. Ponsonby Knubley. Sleningford, April 1896! W.D.R. Mickley village, Aug. 1889 ! W.D.R. Durham —The common form about Durham, April 1884 ! Baker Hudson. Northumberland —Museum grounds, Neweastle, Sept. 1888! R. Howse. Westmorland—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Ayr—Glen App, near Ballantrae. July 1884! Baker Hudson. Renfrew —Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Peebles—Eddleston, July 1889! W.D.R. Roxburgh—Melrose Abbey, June 1886 ! J. Madison. Perth N.—Sub-var. maculata, Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans. Forfar—Montrose, July 1884, W. Dunean. Westerness —Glenborrodale, Dec. 1891! J. J. Dalgleish. Wexford—Kilmanock, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. The var. cellaria has been reported from many parts of France, Germany, and Italy, as well as from Sardinia, Corsica, Madeira, and New South Wales. Var. ferussaci Moquin-T'andon, Moll. France, ii.; p. 29, pl. 4, f. 5 Limax cinereus var. punctatus Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886 p. 101. ANIMAL pale ash-coloured, shield with small rounded black spots ; Boby with two or sometimes three longitudinal rows of small and round black spots on each side (figured, Monog. i., pl. a f. 5). The sub-var, punctata only differs from Jferussaci in the fewness and consequent apparent irregularity of the spots upon the shield and body, while the sub-var. nov. geminipunctata is characterized by their greater abundance, the increase of those upon the body being due to the splitting up of the originally large spot, which gives a paired aspect to the markings. Cornwall W.—Gardens, Truro, April 1886! J. H. James. Somerset S.—Bridewater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Surrey —Sutton, July 1 1885! F. G. Fenn. Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Hee ate: Aug. 1889! H. Wallis Kew. Garden at 5, Giesbach road, London, N., Aug. 1890! H. Wallis Kew. Norfolk W.—NStarston, specimens in Brit. Museum (Cockerell, Nat., Aug. 1888). Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson. Lincoln S.—Brandon Lodge, Grantham, Jan. 1889! T. Burtt. Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Notts.—-Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain. York Mid W. —Sleningford, April 1896! W.D.R. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire— Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Anglesea—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. G Milne. Carnarvon—Abersoch ! (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1898). Kirkcudbright—Maxwelltown, common in cellar, July 1891 ! R. Service. Selkirk—Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1886! W. D.R. Edinburgh—Cramond Island, Sept. 1888! T. Scott. Antrim—Colin Glen, near Belfast, June 1884! 8. A. Stewart. Duntluce Castle ; Plantation Park, Kenbane ; common, Murlough Bay ; Church Bay, Rathlin Island, R. Welch, May 1902. Cushendun, May 1886! S. A. Brenan. Cushendall, Aug. 1894! W. Moss. Down—Crawfordsburn, May 1902; common in Castle Yard and plantations, Ardglass, 1897 ; Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast; Hillsborough Castle Park, April 1902, R. Welch, May 1902. ; Armagh—June 1885! H. W. Lett. Donegal—Ardara, April 1900, R. Welch. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Leitrim—Glenear, E. Collier & G.W. Chaster, Sept. 1900, R. Welch, May 1902. Galway E.—Churehyard, Monivea (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1840, p. 208). Cork— Ae. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1843, p. 334). Kerry—Killowen Church, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch. Kenmare demesne ; Loo Bridge and island in Middle Cloonee Lake (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). On the Continent, this variety has been reported from France, various parts of Italy, the Tyrol, South Norw ay, and Poltava and Tehernigoy in Russia. 46 LIMAX MAXIMUS. Var. aldrovandi Moquin-'andon, Moll. France, 1855, 11., p. 29. ANIMAL ash-coloured with pale spots. This variation is due to the incomplete overspreading of the secondary colouring, which leaves the ground tint visible in places in the form of paler spots. It is by no means certain whether the var. aldrovandi described by Moquin-Tandon belongs to this species or to cinereo-niger, as the meagre description is applicable to forms of both species. Dorset—Portland, Aug. 1886! J. Madison. Gloucester W.—Bristol, June 1884! ©. Waterfall. Isle of Man—Douglas, Sept. 1892! F. Taylor. This variety has also been observed in France. Var. obscura Moquim-T'andon, Moll. France, 1855, p. 31. Limax maximus var. nebulosus Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. Limax unicolor var. sordidus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 26. ANIMAL with longitudinal banding indistinet, obscured by the diffusion of the darker colouring. Northants—Common in cellars, Northampton, Sept. 1884! W. D. Crick. Ketter- ing (L. E. Adams, Moll. Northants, 1896, p. 5). Gloucester E.—Leckhampton, May 1885! J. Madison. Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton. Montgomery—Welshpool, under planks, Aug. 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan. Lincoln N.—Alford, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. Cheshire—Alderley Edge, Oct. 1897 ! Sale, Sept. 1894! C. Oldham. Has also been recorded for France, Italy, and Switzerland. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. bicolor Taylor. Ground colour of ANIMAL white; MANTLE maculate with black; and BoDyYy banded or blotched with same colour. Isle of Man—Port Erin, 1881, L. E. Adams. This variety has also been observed on the continent by Dr. Simroth. Var. tigris Adams ms. ANIMAL of a tawny-yellow colour, with black markings. York S. E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. Stafford—Stafford, L. E. Adams, Sept. 1897. Antrim—Slope of Knocklayd Mountain, Ballyeastle, July 1897, Dr. Trumbull, R. Welch, May 1902. Geographical Distribution.—Limax maximus is dispersed through- out Europe, and has been recorded for Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and Algeria. It has also been introduced by commerce into the United States, Mexico, Cape Colony, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the North Atlantic Islands. According to Bourguignat, the Algerian specimens are not really maaimus, but Lima deshayesii; those from the Canaries are Lima abrostolus Bourg., and the Azorean specimens Limaa eubalius of the same author. In the British Isles this species is universally distributed, being found in all the three kingdoms, and extending into quite remote districts. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Guernsey and Sark (Cooke & Gwatkin, Q J.C., 1878, vol. i., p. 322). Jersey, Herm, Jethou, and Crevichon (Lukis in Ansted, 1862). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Common ; frequently in damp corners of cellars and sculleries (Marquand, Moll. W. Cornwall, 1884, p. 4). Pennion, Falmouth, April 1884! Her- bert Fox. St. Columb Porth, near Newquay ! and Truro! J. H. James, Dee. 1888. Devon S.—Plymouth (J. C. Bellamy, Plymouth list, 1837). Exeter, common in gardens, outhouses, etc. (E. Parfitt, Nat., 1854, p. 150). Devon N.—Combe Martin and Challacombe (J. R. B. Tomlin, J. of Conch., v., p. 181, April 1887). Northam, Noy. 1885! W. A, Gain. Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Pirate Vi. LIMAX MAXIMUS L. ~~ 5 1.—Limax maximus var. syluatica=typical form, p. 43. Well Vale, Lincolnshire. 2.—Limax maximus var. candida, p. 41. 3.—Limax maximus var. concolor, p. 41. 10.—Limax maximus var. tetrazona, p. 43. 6.—Limax maximus var. vinosa, p. 41. 13.—L. maximus sub.-var. geminipunctata, p. 45. 7.—Limax maximus var. tigris, p. 46. 14.—Limax maximus var. obscura, p. 46. 8.—Limax maximus sub.-var. serpentina, p. 43. 15.—Limax maximus var. aldrovandi, p. 46. J. W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds. LIMAX MAXIMUS. 47 Geographical Distribution of Limax maximus L. rea Recorded Distribution, | Probable Range. o€ IAF sy, i } / i ( : ‘ ek e \ NS } a a Mae oe — Ee Zé VW A WAL ee = | i Fic. 68. Somerset N.—Common (A. M. Norman, 1860). Common around Bratton St. Maur (KE. W. Swanton, Conch., i., p. 57, Dec. 1891). CHANNEL. Wilts S.—Salisbury, common (J. E. Vize, Wilts. Mag., 1866. p. 278). Vicarage garden, Steeple-Ashton, March and June, 1887 ! E. Ponsonby Knubley. Dorset—Generally distributed (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 4). Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Isle of Wight—Enumerated as common by G. Guyon (Venables’ Guide to the Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 401). Hants S.—Christchurch, common, Jan. 1883! and Vinney Ridge, New Forest, June 1887, C. Ashford. In forest, Cadnam, J. H. Ashford ; Beaulien (C. Ashford, J. of Conch., Jan. 1887, p. 159). Woods, Winchester, 1883, B. ‘Tomlin. Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex W.—Generally distributed, frequenting outhouses and cellars in damp situations (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 87). Beech plantation, Downs, Ratham, common, July 1884! W. Jeffery. Sussex E.—Lewes, in gardens, cellars, ete. (W. C. Unwin, Nat., 1853, p. 54). Brighton (W. C. Unwin in Merrifield’s Nat. Hist. of Brighton, 1860). Hastings (A. W. Langdon, Nat. Hist. of Hastings, 1878, p. 13). Ouse, Cuckmere and East Rother districts (J. H. A. Jenner, J. of Conch., March 1880). THAMES. Kent E.—Faversham, Sept. 1884! Miss Fairbrass. Davington, near Faversham, E. Collier, Sept. 1885. Folkestone, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Kent W.—Common in W. Kent, T. D. A. Cockerell, Apl. 1883. Sevenoaks, not uncommon (R. H. 8. Smith, Zool., 1854, p. 4332). Common, Chislehurst! (IT. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. Hist. Notes, Nov. 1882, p. 171). In a cellar near Cobham, Leach, Syn., p. 52, 1852! (Brit. Mus., Sept. 1886). Kingsdown, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Maidstone (Elgar & Lamb, J. of Conch., Jan. 1893). Surrey—Wray Park, near Reigate (G. S. & E. Saunders, 1861), Charles Hill! and Waverley, near Farnham, very common, July 1883, 8S. Spencer Pearce. Hasle- mere, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Croydon, Oct. 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Grays- wood, E. W. Swanton (Pannell. J. of Coneh., April 1902). Essex S.—Becontree Hundred (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890). Near Abbey Wood (Jenkins, Essex Nat., Nov. 1891). Brentwood (Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 26). High Beach, Epping, Apl. 1890! H. W. Kew. Essex N.—Witham, 1833 (Loudon’s Mag., Oct. 1834, p. 535). Frequent in ash- pits, woods, and damp places about Colchester (H. Laver, Essex Trans., 1882, p. 93). Saffron Walden (Saffron Walden Museum, G. N. Mayman). 48 LIMAX MAXIMUS. Herts. —Garden, Kingsbury, St. Albans, July 1884, John Hopkinson. Hitchin, Mareh 1886! C. Ashford. Ware (Jeffreys, Moll. Herts., IS84. p. 31) Middlesex — Bedford Park, Chisw ick, Dec. 1884! and Acton, Jan. 1885 ! T. D. A. Cockerell. Whetstone ! ( Brit. Mus , Sept. 1886). Giesbach road, Upper Holloway, July 1890; Churehyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, May 1890; and Hampstead, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Harrow, May 1888 ! G. Barrett- Hamilton. Berks.— Maidenhead, very common, 1880, L. E. Adams. Oxford—Searce about Oxford, but large and abundant in the south of the county (J. F. Whiteaves, 1857, p. 5). Not uncommon in Henley road, near Watlington, and at Pyrton (A. Merle Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4127). Not uncommon in damp places about Banbury (R. Stretch, Zool., 1855, p. 4541). Bucks. —Chersley, Apl. 1883! H. H. Slater. Castlethorpe, May 1885! W. D. Crick ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Exceedinely common, Woodbridge, May 1886! S$. Spencer Peirce. Mendlesham parish, in crevices of old stone walls (A. Maytield, Norfolk Trans... 1902, p. 350). Blaxhall, G. T. Rope. Suffolk W.— Hardwick (C. Greene, Suffolk list,, 1891). Norfolk E.—Frequent under stones about Norwich (W. Kk. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742). Whitlingham, common, T. Reeve, Feb. 1886. Long Stratton, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. Bedon ! A. Maytield. 1891. Under logs, Yelverton ; Howe, near W hitlingham Church, 8. Spencer Pearce ; Kirby-Bedon and Heigham, A. Mayfield (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 393). Norfolk W.—Starston, Harleston, Rey. W. Whitear (Leach, Syn. Brit. Moll, 1852, p. 52). Lynn. Sept. 16, 1886! C. B. Plowright. Cambridge—Whiittlesea and Isle of Ely (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). SEVERN. Bedford—Luton, May 1887! J. Saunders (Midl. Nat., June 1888, p. 153). Northampton—Common throughout (L. E. Adams, Moll. Northampton, 1896, p. 5). Towcester, A. Loydell, 1881. Old walls and cellars, East Haddon, J. E. Roberts (LE. Adains, op. cit). In gardens and cellars, Northampton, May 1883 ! W.-D. Crick. Gloucester E.—Cheltenham (W. Webster, Nat., 1854, p 175). Common at Stroud, Mareh 1884! E. J. Elliott. Birdlip Woods, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Gloucester W.—Common, Redland, T. G. Ponton, 1864; gardens, Clifton, Miss Jones (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875). Stroud, Oct. 1883 ! E. J Elliott. Hereford—Not very common, Doward Hill (A. E. Boycott, Sci. Goss. , 1892, p. 78). Fairly common, have taken it ‘Sat sugar” in Hereford (Boycott & Bowell, Hereford list, 1899). Worcester— Malvern, not uncommon, E. Lees (Griffith’s Malvern list, 1870. p. 159), Breeden Cross, Stirehley ; near Alcester ! Blakeley Hall, and Lea Hall, Yardley ! War- wick road, Greet! Stratford road, May 1867! canal path, Acock’s green, May 1867! Black lane, Kingsheath! and Sarehole ! all near Birmingham, W. Nelson. Mosby, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Selly Oak, Feb. 1893! L. E. Adams. Sparkbrook (G. 8. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875). Warwick—Erdington, May 1867! and Begearly Green, Olton, July 1871! near Birmingham, W. Nelson. Edgbaston (G. S. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875). Solihull, Feb. 1893, L. E. Adams. Sutton Coldfield (A. Wood, Moll. Sutton Coldfield, 1897). Stafford—Common in most cellars (Garner, Nat. Hist. of Staff, 1844, p. 301). Banks of Rushall aoe near Walsall ! W. Nelson. Dudley and Handsworth (G. 8. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875). Stafford, in garden and cellar, May 1885, L. E. Adams. Barlaston Hall, Stoke one Trent, July 1888! and Cheadle, June 1 ISS8! J. R. B. Masetield. Salop—Common (T. C. Eyton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1840). W hitting- ton Castle, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Minsterley, 1885! L. E. Adams. Com- monest slug about Forden and Gungrog Dingle, Welshpool (Morgan, 1888, p. 232). WALES SOUTH. Glamorgan--Whitchurch, ete. (PF. W. Wotton, J. of Coneh., April 1888, p. 54). Aberkenfig, Aug. 1890, G. IK. Gude, H. W. Kew, June 1902. Pembroke—St. David's, July 1891, J. Bickerton Morgan. Fairly plentiful about Tenby, A. G. Stubbs, Feb. 1896. Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Pen- ally, H. R. Wakefield, 1901. Cardigan —Aberystwyth, May 1888 !(E Collier, J. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 354). Montgomery—l*orden, June 7, 1888! J. Bickerton Morean. ji4ZLeS NORTH. Merioneth—The Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! 'T. Ruddy. Carnarvon—Bbettws-y-Coed, Aug. 1865! C. Ashford. Conway Castle, Jan. 1888! L. E. Adams. Denbigh—Tal-y-Cafn, July 1883! W.D.R. Anglesey—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. Grafton Milne. LIMAX MAXIMUS. 49 ea eee Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884! W.D.R. py tee Lincoln N.—Common, Bottesford (EK. A. Woodrufte-Peacock, Nat., May 1901, p. 157). Well Vale, Alford, April 1886!W.D.R. Malthy Wood, near Louth, May 1890, and Wragby, Aug. 1888! H. W. Kew. Kirton- Lindsey, M: uy and Aucust 1902 ! E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Frodingham, July 1902, W.D.R. Tothill, May 1888 ! Miss Allott. Broughton, near Brice, Aug. 1902! Miss F. H. Woolward. Leicester—Leicester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Market Bosworth (Power, Linn. Trans., 1808, p 323). Canal side, Belgrave, June 1885! H. E. Quilter Cellar, West street, Leicester, Oct. 1895; New Parks, near Leicester (H. E. Quilter, Moll. Leicester, 1888, p. 20). Gumley Wood, A. Merle Norman, 1884. Notts. —Welbeck, R. A. Rolfe, 1883. Highfield House, Bramcote, Beeston, Chil- well, Sawley, Thrumpton, Nottingham, ete. (Lowe, Notts. list, ee Worksop, April 1884! Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884 ! Annesley churehyard, Sept. 1884! Staunton, June 1886! Pleasley Vale ! ‘and C resswell Crags, April 1884! Lenton | ! and Tollerton, C. T. Musson. Tuxford, April 1885! W. A. Gain. Mansfield, E. Pickard, Feb. 1884. Nottingham Corporation eae Wells road, July 1888 ! na Mellors: Southwell: Minster yard, Sept. 1892 ! C. Oldham. cea Marple, May ek ! and Miller’s Dale, Aug. 1885! C. Oldham. Winster, Aug. 1885. H. Milnes. Buxton, Sept. 1887 ! T. W. Pocock. Clifton, in gardens and cellars, June 1889, L. E. Adams. Matlock, H. E. Craven, and Darleydale, R. Stan- den (H. Milnes, J. of Coneh., Oct. 1893). Markland Gripps, 1884! C. T. Musson. MERSEY. Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858, p. 8). Marple, Sept. 1888 ! Knuts- ford, March aa C. Oldham. Bowdon! and Sale! in gardens and yards (Milne and Oldham. J. of Coneh., Jan. 1894, p. 316). Lancashire Se ommon in w all-crevices in autunin, Victoria Park, Manchester, L. E. Adams, 1885. Very large in cellar at Greenheys, and in greenhouse, Victoria Parkes: 1D: Darbishire, 1885. Farineton, June 1888, W. H. Heathcote. Southport, (MeNicoll, Southport list, 1859, p.-147). Chorlton, R. Hardy, 1885. Plentiful about Liverpool (Liverpool Nat. Serap-Book, 1863- 4, . 09). Burnley (F. C. Lone, The Garner, Jan. 1892). Whalley, June 1889! W. ee Hesticote. Lancashire W.—Grimsareh, June 1888, W. H. Heathcote. Fleetwood, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. PaO WERE York S.E.—Abundant at Newport, near Staddlethorpe, Aug. 1883! T. K. Skip- with. Common in gardens, Westwood, near Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell. Not common, Long lane, Beverley GEDSBs Or JnC. April 1882). Cellars and out- houses, Hornsea (JD) oe ().J.C., April 1881, p. 136). Common in gardens, Hull and Hornsea (J.D.B.. Nat., Dec. 1878). Kirkham Abbey, Sept. 1899! W.D.R. York N.E.—Common,.Wilton Wood, July 1884! Baker Hudson. Thornaby (id., J. of Conch., April 1886). Kirkleatham. Sept. 1886! W.D.R. a abundant, July 1883! H. Pollard. ae near Thirsk (J. H. Davis, Nat , 1855, p. 134). Castle Hill, Scarboro’, Aue. 1888, B. Tomlin. Castle Hill, Pie kering, ‘Aug. 1886! and Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! W. D. R. Linton-on-Ouse (J. Ranson, Zool., 1861, p. 7819). Common about York (R. M. Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242). “Malton, July 1884 ! W.D.R. York S.W.—Generally distributed about Bradford, Saltaire, Bingley and Stee- ton (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Wilsden, March 1884, E. P. P. Butterfield. Common about Wakefield (J. Hebden, Q.J.C., 1874. p. 5). Rothwell, not common Ce Sarge Nat. Monthly, Sept. 1887). Birkenshaw, Sept. 1888! G. Wingate. Holmfirth, Jan. 1885! H. E. Craven. Huddersfield, not common (J. Whitwham, Nat.., May 1877). Conisborough, June 1873! Roche Abbey, April 1884! W.D.R. tose Hill, Penistone, June 1889! South Anston, Aue. 1891, and Doneaster, July 1892, L. E. Adams. York Mid W.—Abund: unt, Kavestone, near Ripon, March 1883! J. Ineleby. Reynard Ings, Ikley, May 1882! Sti urbotton, May 1886! W.D.R. Grassineton, Aug. iss20 Ho, Soppitt. Generally distributed about Harrogate, tipley, Ribston, and Knaresbro’ Coa ‘ald, J. of Conch.. Jan. 1889). Birstwith, very common (F. T. Walker, Q.J.C., Jan. 1882). Pateley Bridge, common, Apl. 1883! W. Storey. Banks of Lindley Wood Reservoir, July 1885! and near Limley, Goyden Pot, May 1886 ! W.D.R. Airton, Sept. 1883, H. T. Soppitt. Lime hills, Roundhay ! W. Nelson. Barwick. 1881! H. Pollard. Thorpe Stapleton, Oct. 1876! H. Crowther. New Leeds ! and Headingley, near Leeds, July 1884! W. E. Clarke. Boston Spa and Tadcaster, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Bardsey, Sept. 1881 ! Ties Oct. 1876! H. Crow- ther. Hook Moor, July 1885! G. Roberts. Bolton Perey, July 1880! W. Nelson York N.W.—Swinton, near Masham, Aug. 1900! W.D,R. Taiths Gill, Baugh Fell, Aug. 1902! W.D.R, | 50 LIMAX MAXIMOS. TYNE. Durham—Durham, April 1884! Spa Wood, Dinsdale, 1887! Baker Hudson. Darlington, common in gardens (Longstatfe, Hist. Darl., 1854, p 371). Northumberland S.—Museum Grounds, Newcastle, Aug. 1888! R. Howse. Cheviotland—Dean above Akeld, May 1852 (G. Johnston, Berwick Proce., 1852). LAKES. Westmorland, etc.—Grange, April 1884 ! Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Cumberland—Stanwix and Wetheral, in cellars and woods (Miss Donald, Cum- berland list, 1882, p. 56). Isle of Man—Frequent (Forbes, Mal. Mon., 1838, p. 6). Port Erin, 1881, L. E. Adams. Peel, Aug. 1894! R. Cairns. Castletown and Douglas, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor. SCOTLAND. Kirkcudbright— Maxwelltown, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Ayr—Glen App, near Ballantrae, July 1884! Baker Hudson. Renfrew—Frequent, Greenock, Sept. 1886! T. Scott. Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Lanark—Outhouses, Glasgow, Sept. 1887, J. E. Somerville. EAST LOWLANDS. Peebles—Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Kingsmeadows, July 1890! W. Evans. Selkirk—Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Roxburgh—Melrose Abbey, June 1886! J. Madison. Berwick—F ans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Near Cockburnspath ! and about Eyemouth (W. Evans, Moll. Berwick, 1895, p. 170). Haddington—Abandoned railway near Drummore, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. North Berwick (J. MeMurtrie, J. of Conch., 1889, p. 3). Edinburgh—Edinburgh, R. F. Scharff, 1883. Bonally, Sept. 1888, W. E. Clarke. Cramond Isle, Sept. 1888! T. Scott. _Levenhall, near Musselburgh, 1886 ! W.D.R. Harmony, near Balerno, April 1890! W. Evans. Colinton, July 1889 ! W. Evans. Fife & Kinross—Near Cupar, July 1886! T. Scott. EAST HIGHLANDS. Stirling—Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans. Perth S.—Enumerated by G. McDougall, in Report Stirling Soe. , June 1896. Mid Perth—Annat Lodge, Perth, May 1886! H. Coates. Forfar—Broughty Ferry, A. Somerville, 1886. Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan. Kincardine—Stonehaven (Macgillivray, Deeside and Braemar list, 1855, p. 418). Aberdeen S.—Plentiful about Old Bridge of Don. Torry near Aberdeen (Mac- gillivray, Moll. Aberdeen, 1843). Plentiful by the Don and the Dee, at Nether Banchory (James Taylor, Zool., 1853, p. 3878). Aberdeen N.—Plentiful, Auchterless, and near Inverugie Castle (Macegillivray, Deeside and Braemar list, 1855, p. 418). Elgin—Common among trees near Waterton, Ellon (R. Dawson, Aberdeen, ete., list, 1870, p. 14). Elgin (specimens in McAndrew coll., J. of Conch., 1882, p. 385). WEST HIGHLANDS. Main Argyle—Lismore and wood behind railway station, Oban, Aug. 1893 (Standen & Hardy, J. of Conch., Oct. 18938). Dumbarton—Common at Maryhill, by side of canal, July 1897! A. Shaw. Clyde Isles—Rothesay, Bute, May 1887! T. Scott. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1886! and Brora, Apr. 1890! W. Baillie. NORTHERN ISLES. WEST LOWLANDS. Orkneys—(T. 8S. Traill, Edinburgh Eneyel., 1830, p. 10). Shetland Isles—(Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N.H., Oct. 1868). IRELAND. Fairly common in most parts of Ireland, but the type form is not common in the north, the maculate varieties being the most prevalent. ULSTER. Derry—Coleraine, moderately common, 1883-4, L. E. Adams. Antrim—Belfast (W. Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198). Cushen- dun, May 1886! and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Abun- dant by roadside coppice between Fairhead and Murlough, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897). Knockagh Mount; Greenisland ; Plantation Port at Ken- bane, near Ballycastle ; Glenavy, May 1900, R. Welch. Down—Belvoir Park, near Belfast, 1893 ; Donaghadee Churchyard, 1897 ; Ard- elass, 1897; Ballynoe Marsh, Downpatrick, 1898 ; Sydenham House Grounds, 1898 ; and Castle Park, Hillsborough, 1899, R. Welch, May 1902. Armagh—Armagh ! (J. of Conch., Oct. 1890). Tyrone—Aughnacloy, Clogher Valley, Feb. 1898, R. Welch. LIMAX MAXIMUS. ill Donegal—Mossy stumps, Port Salon, May 1893 (R. Standen, J. of C., July 1893). Cavan— Woods and lake shore. Killykeen, July 1896 (Welch, Irish Nat. , July 1896). Meath—Trim Churchyard, July 1900, R. Welch. LEINSTER. Dublin—Dublin (W. Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198. Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. On island of ‘lreland’s Eye’ at the ‘Stags, near Howth, 1897, R. Welch. Raheny, Killakee, and Leeson Park, Dublin (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891). Kildare—Straffan, 1884, J. E. Palmer. Wicklow—Woodenbridge, March 1893 (Scharff, Irish Nat., April 1893). Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888 ! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (Rev. B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843). Westmeath—Killynon, Sept. 1886! W. IF. de Vismes Kane. CONNAUGHT. Sligo—Near Ballina, not so common as L. arborum and L. agrestis (Warren, Zool., 1879, p. 26). Roekwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886! Markree Castle, Collooney, Aug. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Amy Warren. Erriff Valley and Aasleagh Falls, R. Welch, April 1897. Galway E.—Clonbrock, June 1896 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., Sept. 1896). Der- nasliggan, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897). Clare—Ballyvaughan, July 1895 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). Cork N.—Youghal, 1835! Warren Collection, Dublin Museum. Limerick—Limerick, W.H. Harvey (Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198). Tipperary S.—Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Waterford— Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter. Kerry—Valentia, July 1886! A. H. Delap; very large, near Lough Caragh, May 1891 (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 518). Stricken, G. P. Farran ; Killowen Old Church, and at Kilmakilloge, Mr. Bigger; Tore Woods, G.W. Chaster (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Kenmare, Aug. 1899! J. E. Mason. MUNSTER. GERMANY. In Germany it has been recorded for Altenburg, Alsace, Bavaria, Baden, East Friesland, Hesse, Hanover, Hamburg, Lorraine, Mark Brandenburg, Mecklenburg ys ’ ’ fe} ’ 2 E a 5D = a 5?) Nassau, Osnabruck, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Prussia, Rhenish Prussia, Silesia, Bee . . re Thuringia, Upper Franconia, Weimar, and Wurtemburg. NETHERLANDS. Holland—(Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247). Belgium—Chaudfontaine, Font de Forét ; Forest of Angre ; Hastiére, ete., ete. FRANCE. Probably diffused over the whole country, and has been recorded from the follow- ing districts and departments :— Ain, Aisne, Allier, Ariége, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Inférieure, Cotes du Nord, Cote dOr, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Hante Savoie, Hérault, Isere, Ile et Vilaine, Loire Inférieure, Loztre, Manche, Maine et Loire, Morbihan, Moselle, Nié¢vre, Nord, Oise, Pas de Calais, Puy-de-Dome, Savoie, Seine et Marne, Seine, Seine Inferieure, Somme, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges, and according to Scharff is common at Ajaccio in Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Probably diffused through a large part of the country, and has been recorded for the cantons of Berne, Graubunden, Geneva, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Solothurn, Ticino, Uri, Vaud, Zurich, ete. ITALY. All Italy, continental and insular, except Sicily, where L. wnicolor Heynemann is found (Lessona & Pollonera, Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882). AUSTRO-HUNGARY. In Austro-Hungary it has been observed in Austria, Bohemia, Galicia, Goritz, Lauenberg, Silesia, Styria, and the Sudetic Mountains, Transylvania, Tyrol, and Upper Hungary. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Aragon, Catalufia, Valencia (Graells, Moll. Espafia, 1846, p. 1). Common in gardens at Fuente del Mar, near Santander, May 1860 (E. J. Lowe, Dec. 1896). Portugal—Mountains of Cintra (Morelet, Moll. Port, 1845, p. 43). a2 LIMAX MAXIMUS. GREECE. Thessaly —Mount Pindus (Boettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1886). Isle of Santorin (Letourneaux, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1884, p. 290). SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Laurvik, near Christiania; Arendal and Island of Tromsé, near Christiansand, and at Bergen (Esmark, J. of Conech., Oct. 1886); recorded for Trondjhem, but probably in error, by G. O. Sars, Moll. Arct. Norv., 1878, p. 371. Sweden—Stockholm (Hartmann & Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885). Denmark—Viborg in Jutland; Copenhagen and Fredricksberg in Zealand (Malm, Lim. Seand., 1868, p. 57). RUSSIA. Found in the provinces of Finland, Kurland, Livland, and Esthland, and at Sebastopol in the Crimea (Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885) ; Moscow (Nadjeschin, Nacht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1870); and in the provinces of Kharkov, Poltava, and Tchernigov (Kaleniezenko, Bull. Moscow, 1851). Poland—Wood of Tuliszow, 1868; Ztoly-Potok, 1870; the park of Natolin, Olsztyn, 1873; Pulawy Kazimierz, 1874 (Slosarski, Moll. Pologne, 1877). Transcaucasia—Imeretien (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges.. 1885). NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Algeria— Gardens near Algiers, May 1837 (Forbes, Ann. N.H., Dee. 1838, p. 251). Asia Minor—E] Bireh, Barrois (Dautzenberg, Moll. Palestine et Syrie, 1894). ATLANTIC ISLES. é Azores—(Heynemann, l.c. 1885, p. 285). Canaries—Plain of the Laguna, ‘Teneriffe (Férussac, Hist., 1819, p. 71). Madeira—(T’. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 4). NEARCTIC REGION. New York—Riverdale, H. Prime, 1885 ; New York City and Brooklyn (Binney, 1885). Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892). Monroe Co., J. Walton, 1898. Rhode Island—Newport, 8S. Powell (Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875). Providence, H. Prime, 1885. New Jersey—Guttenberg, H. Prime, 1885. Massachusetts—In City Aqueduct, Springfield (Pilsbry, Naut., Apl. 1883). New Bedford and Cambridge (Pilsbry, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1889). Pennsylvania—Lineoln Park, Philadelphia (F.C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1900). West Philadelphia and Danby, plentiful in cellars and greenhouses, H. A. Pilsbry ; Wissahickon, uncommon; Laurel Hill cemetery, common; Germantown, E. G. Vanatta (M. Schick, Nautilus, April 1895). Ohio—Cistern on Third street, Cincinnati, J H. James, 1885. Texas—New Braunfels (Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad.. 1889). California—Gardens, San Diego (C. R. Oreutt, Nautilus, 1890). Abundant in San Francisco (W. M. Wood, Nautilus, July 1894). Dr. Stearns’ garden, Los Ange- les, summer 1901 (‘T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., Dee. 1901). NEOTROPICAL REGION. Mexico—City of Mexico, March 1894, Dr. A. Duges (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal , June 1894). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—(Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soe., Dec. 1898). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Dunedin, F.W.Hutton (Musson, Proce. Linn, Soe. N.S. W., 1890). Tasmania—Gardens and cellars at Hobart, R. Tate; and at Launceston, C. Hedley (Musson, Proe. Linn. Soe., N.S. W., 1890). S. Australia— Adelaide (R. Tate, Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1880). Victoria—Ballarat, under logs in the bush, five miles from city (Musson, Proce. Linn. Soe. N.S. W., 1890). New South Wales—Common in and around Sydney, J. Brazier (Musson, Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1890). PLatE V. Distribution of Limax maximus ig | In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon a 2 Cornwall E. 43 Radnor 3 Devous. 44 Carmarthen 3 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke ¥ 5 Somerset 8, 46 Cardigan 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @ 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 8 Wilts s. 49 Carnarvon e 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh m bid 10 Isleot Wight 51 Flint ws & 11 Hauts S. 52 Anglesey 12 Hants N. TRENT ae 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. 14 Sussex kb, 54 Lincoln N, THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 15 Kent b. 56 Notts. 16 Kent W. 57 Derby 17 Surrey MERSEY 18 Essex 8 58 Cheshire 19 Essex N. 59 Lancashire S. '"!0_ 20 Herts. 60 Lancashire Mid Pd 21 Middlesex HUMBER 22 Berks. 61 S.E. York : 23 Oxford 62 N.E. York 24 Bucks. 63 5 Ww. oe 7 eS Wage ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York . y 5 Suffolk bh. 65 N.W. York Is) 26 Suffolk W. TYNE = 27 Norfolk E. 66 Durham 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb, S. 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 30 Bedford LAKES 31 Hunts. 69 Westmorland 32 Northampton and L. Lanes. SEVERN 70 Cumberland 33 Gloucester E. 71 Isle of Man 34 Gloucester W, 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop Chanuel Isles PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan SOUTH WALES AWS yx Ay \ iy . Wee Probable Range. SS) Recorded Distribution. SN pe Distribution verified by the SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS Dumfries Kirkeudbright Wigtown Ayr Renfrew Lanark BE. LOWLANDS Peebles Selkirk Roxburgh Lerwick Haddington Edinburgh Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS Fife & Kinross Stirling 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 105 104 105 106 107 E, HIGHLANDS, Aberdeen N. Bauntf Elgin Easterness W. HIGHLANDS Westerness Main Argyle | Dumbarton Clyde Isles Cantire Ebudes 8. Ebudes Mid Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS Ross W. Ross E. Sutherland E, 87 PerthS.& Clkn 108 Sutherland W. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113: Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath ah, WS ‘ 33 Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon 5 Leitrim 3) Sligo 7 Mayo E. 3 Mayo W. Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limerick 3 Tipperary N. Tipperary 8. Waterford } Cork N. 7 Cork 8. Kerry e i - PPO Pe Fie, Ped, 1) ee ioe © es ‘a ls - ro MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. rs) Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. 1774 Limax cinereus varr. a and € Miiller, Verm. Hist., ii., pp. 5 and 7. 1789 — ater Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, p. 266. 1803 — cinereo-niger Wolf, in Sturm’s Deutsch. Fauna, fase. 1. 1804 —_ geographicus Renier, Prodr. Classe d. Vermi Adriatico. 1819 — antiquorwm Feér., Hist. Moll., p. 68, pl. iv., £. 1, pl. 8A, f. 1 & pl. 8p, f. 2. 1821 — alpinus Fér., Tabl. Syst., p. 21, pl. 4A, ff. 5-7. 1822, — _ vittipes Bonelli, Ms., Mus. Taurin. 1836 — maurus Held, in Isis, p. 271. 1851 — bilobatus Ray & Drouet, Moll. Champagne, p. 16. 1852 — lineatuws Dumont & Mortillet, Hist. Moll. Savoie, p: 192! 1854 — dacampi Menegazzi, Malac. Veronese, p. 63, pl. 1, ff. 1-4. 1855 = — corsicus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii., Ds 205 pleds fis 1O=0s: 1855 — claravallensis Drouet, t. Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., p. 28. 1861 — doriw Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 256, Dl Satie Tene 1862. — engadinensis Heyn., Mal. BL, p. 204. 1862, — _ ftransilvanica Heyn., Mal. BL., p. 216. 1863, — nubigenus Bourg., Spic. Mal., p. 20. 1864 — erythrus Bourg., Mal. Grande Chartreuse, Bp: 3l5 pl. 2, ie 128: 1867 — niger Malzine, Faune Mal. Belgique. 1871 — montanus Leydig, Verhandl. Wurtt., p. 210. 1873 — _ bielzii Seibert, Mal. BI., p. 195. 1881 — cinereus B intermedia. Breviere, J. de Conch., p. 314. 1894 — hedleyi Collinge, Journ. of Mal., iii., pp. 51, 52, and iv., pp. 4, 5, 1895. 1849 Arion lineatus Dumont, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, p. 64. 1868 Hulimax cinereo-niger Malm, Skand. Limac., p. 57, pl. 5, f& 12, 13. 1876 Limacella cinereo-niger Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 99. ISTORY.—Limav cinereo-niger (cinereo- niger, ashy-black), is one of the largest and most brilliantly coloured of the Euro- pean slugs, if the allocation by Simroth of the gorgeous Italian forms to this species be correct, the colouration of these magnifi- cent Limaces ranging from black to white, through vivid red, bright yellow, grey or brown, and in size far exceeding the largest L. maximus. Inthe cool and moist climate of the British Isles, however, this species is unusually constant im its colouring, and offers little variation from a more or less uniformly dark pigmentation. With this, the finest species of the group, we associate Herr D. F. Heynemann, of Frankfort, whose services to the cause of Timacology can scarcely be overestimated, and in recognition of whose labours Malm constituted the group Heynemannia to em- brace the present species and its close allies. Although, in common with Dr. Simroth and many other malacologists, Herr Heynemann regards Limax cinereo- niger as only a form of Limax maximus, “changed by food, climate, or anything else,” it is possible that this belief is in many cases based upon a pre-conceived opinion, which an accurate appreciation of the undoubted differences would probably modify, as, though both species have certainly sprung from the same stemma, c/nereo-niger is undeniably the more ancient offshoot, exhibiting such an assemblage of divergent characters as seems conclusively to show that it has finally parted company with Z. maximus. 13/3/03 D "=" Z sansonian Instit),, fi Or Mio {| UL 31 }: ~™ ‘ NA jo4 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. The Limax ater and related forms are in all likelihood the more primitive forms of this species in which the dark colouring of the body has not yet spread to the side areas of the sole, but in the absence of the possibility of a precise determination, Wolf’s name has been adopted for the species in preference to that of Razoumow sky. The type form characterized by Wolf has the ground colour white, as is evidenced by the keel and mid-dorsal line retaining that colour, while the remainder of the animal is almost wholly black, due to the diffusion of the black markings. The Limax dacampi var. amaliw of Betton is identical with the type, while Limae hedleyi Collinge and L. mavimus var. luctuosa only differ in the white mid-dorsal line being sullied with a slight ochraceous tint and not extending quite up to the shield. Diagnosis. —Exrernatty, L. cinereo-niger in its typical form is distin- guished from L. maximus by its more uniformly dark colouring, its shorter and stouter tentacles, its coarse and prominent ruge, and its sharp and well-marked keel, which usually extends fully half the length of the body, and sometimes is perceptible quite to the shield. The shield is typically unicolorous, and the sole distinctly longitudinally tripartite, the outer areas being black or deep ash-grey and the mid-area paler. INTERNALLY, the shell is thin and brittle, almost transparent when fresh, broad and comparatively short; the penis- -sheath is of tolerably equal width throughout, not enlarged and stiffly flexed at the free-end as in L. mavi- mus, while its retractor arises, according to Dr. Scharff, between the heart and the kidney as in L. favus, and not behind the kidney asin L. maximus ; the lingual teeth are broader and also markedly more cuspidate and em- bryonic i in their character; the mandible is smaller and more delicate, the median beak is not so prominent, and the lower outer margins are distinctly rounded and not rectangular as in LZ. maximus. In habits, Lima cinereo-niger is more active and less nocturnal than LZ. maximus, it has a wider range, both altitudinally and geographically, and is not so partial to the vicinity of human dwellings. Description. —ANIM AL with a long and rounded but stouter body than Limax maximus, varying in length trom 100 or more mill. to, in extreme cases, 400 mill. ; GROUND COLOUR “usually whitish in this country, but in southern Europe often of a vivid red or other bright colour, banded, macnlated, or washed-over with grey, brown or blac k, and very frequently, more especially in the colder and moister districts, of an uniform black ; the whole surface covered with large, boldly projecting sinuous tubercles, reminiscent of those of Arion ater ; the caudal end of the body bears a strongly developed and very prominent KEEL, which is sometimes per cep- tible quite to the shield; NECK paler, with a pair of longitudinal DORSAL FURROWS, which terminate in front as the FACIAL GROOVE S; SOLE! longitudinally tripartite, the inner area pale, the two outer areas dark with sharply defined margins, except in the young stages or where from any cause the juvenile or primi- tive trait of an unicolorous sole is preserved to adult life; SHIELD large, oblong, nearly two-fifths the total length of the animal, rounded in front and more sharply angul: ited behind, usually of an uniform black or darkish Hee Er re and. body tint, but in the young or in those adults which have niver Well Glee Teel retained immature colouring may be marbled or spotted ‘ with some darker colour or black upon a pale ground. Mucus colourless and iridescent, or as in certain of the more extreme varieties, a red pigment may break through the skin and tinge the slime. 1 Monog. i., 194, f. 383.; LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 55 SHELL situated beneath the hinder part of the shield; somewhat quadrately oval, resembling in Pat size and shape that of Limax flavus ; thin, brittle, age Fic. 71. — Internal and almost transparent when fresh, whitish, slightly shell of L. cinereo- concave beneath, with lines of concentric increase, : ; Pike - ae Suth and a broad, brownish membranaceous fringe ; APEX a nde W. Baillie), or nucleus near to the left posterior angle. Length, 8} mill.; breadth, 6 mill. INTERNALLY, the organization of Limax cinereo-niger resembles in general char- acter that of L. maximus, but in many points shows distinct evidences of an earlier type of structure. The SENSORY ORGANS though doubtless closely resembling those of the congeneric species, have never been critically studied in comparison with those of Limax maximus. Sa Saye rele as) song an = “% ae ine? we ee ee a “ en — = ~~ =e. eral Kane BiGerize Fic. 73. Fic. 74. Fic. 75. DETAILS OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. Fic. 72.—Distal end of penis sheath, shewing the position of the dorsal attachment of retractor (after Scharff). #. kidney ; . penis sheath ; ~. retractor ; v.d. vas deferens. Fic. 73.—Spermatheca or recepta- culum seminis X 2. Fic. 74.—Otolith (after Schmidt), highly magnified. | Fic. 75.—Prostatic or sperm duct, shewing its follicular structure x 4, Fic. 76.—Albumen gland and hermaphrodite duct x 2. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, though similar to those of its close ally, yet exhibit constant differences; they show a larger and more deeply coloured OVOTESTIS which occupies the caudal end of the body to the exclusion of other organs ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is of a clear blnish- white, and without any apparent VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND of an ochreous colour and usually smaller than the ovotestis ; OVISPERMATODUCT narrow, the creamy-white prostate usually wider than the oviduct ; FREE- OviIDUCT short, thick, and doubly flexed near the base; SPERMATHECA fusiform, mottled with reddish-amber and opaque ochreous-white and fixed by its crown to side of oviduct, the stem clear azure-white, about half the length of the vesicle ; PENIS-SHEATH greyish-white, very long, and nearly uniformly cylindrical or vermiform for its whole leneth, not distally swollen and rigidly flexed as in Limax maximus, with the clear-bluish- Fic. 77.—Sexual organs of L. cinereo- white VAS DEFERENS entering terminally; the — xége~ Wolf. RELRACTOR MUSCLE is long, broad, and ribbon. (Oswestry, Salop, Mr. Baker Hudson). oe BPs ais ae cee alb.g.albumen gland ; ov. oviduct ; of. like, attached to the extremity of the penis-sheath — Qyotestis; p.s. penis’ 72. retractor ; and to the dorsum between the heart and the — sg. spermatheca; 7.@. vas deferens. kidney, in a sinus of which the heart is situated. The ALIMENTARY CANAL shows a short diso- PHAGUS opening into a large, oval, and brownish CROP; SALIVARY GLANDS united at base and not easily separated from the walls of the erop ; be- yond the crop the canal narrows considerably, widening again at the stomach at the termina- tion of the first alimentary tract, where two or three bile duets enter from as many lobes of the reddish-brown LIVER or DIGESTIVE GLAND; the Fic. 78.—Kidney or renal organ and INGESTIVE or STOMACH TRACT also does not show — Peart of 4. czmereo-niger, x2. h, kidney. the extreme development posteriorly which is so marked a feature in the fully adult examples of Limax maximus. 56 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. MANDIBLE or jaw smaller and weaker than in Limax maximus, of a pale amber colour, with usually two dark submarginal parallel = thickenings near the upper margin ; the median beak projects somewhat beyond the line of jaw, but is not nearly so convex or so prominent as in L. maximus, and the lower outer angles of the jaw, so abruptly Fic. 79. Mandiblewor tawedt angulated and almost rectangular in L. maximus, ave — Limax cinereo-niger Wolf X 8. in the present species obliterated by the convexity con- (Goyt Valley, Cheshire, Mr. C. necting the upper and lower margins, the ends having ©!¢ham)- to some extent the somewhat horned aspect distinguishing the mandible of Hyalinia helvetica. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a Cheshire specimen is eight mill. long, and three mill. or more in breadth, covered with slightly curved transverse rows of teeth which are very uniform in size, only diminishing at the margins 3 median row with a some- what hour-glass shaped base, similar to that of L. maximus, and bearing a broad reflection with obsolete side reflections and a strong mesoconic prolongation bearing trifid cutting points ; lateral teeth trifid, with strong mesocone, distinet endocone, and a less pr rominent ectocone, which in the succeeding teeth becomes more distinct, “ign ouag 9 9504 Fic. 80.—Representative denticles froma transverse row of the lingual teeth of L. c/nerveo-niger Wolf x 120. The animal collected by Mr. C. Oldham at Whaley Bridge ; the radula prepared by Mr. W. Moss, and photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton. though always more basal than the endocone; about the twentieth row, the teeth, thouch still trifid, become more aculeate in char acter, and about the thir tieth row the endocone becomes obsolete, the ectocone and mesocone only being retained to the margins of the membrane, although a few trifid teeth may sometimes be seen, due, howev er, to the retention from the embryonic state of a secondary ectocone. The dental formula of a Whaley Bridge specimen, collected by Mr. C. Oldham, is 444+504+1+50+44 x 168=25,032. 28 TAS) Se Reproduction and Development.—Pairing would appear to take place throughout the milder periods of the year, and is always preceded by the same amatory. preludes and prolonged circular procession described under Limax maximus, but during the act of congress the animals do not invariably suspend themselves by a long conjointly secreted mucus cable, as in that species, but remain firmly attached to the underside of the branch or other object by the greater part of the sole, leaving free only the anterior part of the body to become entwined with that of their partner. ‘he general character of the conjugation is, therefore, similar in the two species, although there are no precise modern observations available for comparison of the details of the act. he ova are deposited in moist places beneath the shelter of fallen trees, under loose bark, or other suitable situations, those of the var. corsica being described by Moquin-'andon as globular in shape, and about five mill. in diameter, shining, transparent, about the colour of gum-arabic, and united together in little clusters, and are said to hatch in about a month’s time. According to Lessona & Pollonera, the young when hatched have the shield mottled with black and white, and the foot-sole pale and unicolorous, but as growth proceeds, the pale markings on the shield become clouded over by the diffusion from the centre of the dark markings, which gradually extend towards the margins, which are also eventually darkened over, except in some adults which may retain traces of the pale maculations of their early life, but these vestiges are always more especially displayed towards the margins. The lateral zones of the sole are also little by little invaded by the dark tint, until they acquire their full depth of colouring, or as in the case of the dark colouring of the shield, the process of pigmentation may be arrested or retarded, and examples may therefore be found, especially at or near the LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. yi limits of its altitudinal or latitudinal range, which retain at maturity, in a more or less pronounced form, their juvenile stage of colouring. The variegated and banded varieties may thus be regarded as having retained to adult life the youthful garb of the species, and as being the intermediate stage leading to the dark unicolorous forms which are the most advanced in their external colour evolution. Every district, however, has a local facies, which will be more or less in harmony with the geographical position of the locality and the peculiari- ties of the environment. Herr Goldfuss records that in Westphalia the young of this species are of an uniformly dark-grey ; Dr. Simroth, writing chiefly of the species as found near Leipzig, describes the very young ex- amples as usually pale, washed over with carmine-red, and the sharply defined main-band of the body as extending upon the shield, while Dr. Boettger, presumably describing those of Frankfort, s says the foot-sole in the young is always trifasciate, and the body zoned with four longitudinal dark bands, with the keel of a yellowish colour, but as maturity is “attained the body becomes wholly black, though sometimes retaining the yellow keel. Mr. Roebuck’s extensive experience of British specimens supports the view that the young possess an uniformly pale foot-sole, and that the side- areas are progressively invaded by the dark pigmentation as the animals increase in age. The life term, according to Dr. Simroth, is about one year, but there is little doubt that under favourable circumstances that period would be greatly exceeded. Food.—Limax cinereo-niger in a state of nature is considered to be a great and almost exclusive feeder upon fungi and other cryptogamic plants, and is recorded as greedily devouring Peziza macrocalyx, P. vesiculosa, Morchella esculenta, Evernia pr unastri, etc. Stahl records that the food of all the specimens of this species examined by him in the month of June was apparently solely fungi, as the excremen- titious matter was composed of partially digested hyphze and undigested spores of Peziza macrocalyx. In captivity or under the pressure of hunger they will, however, eat bread and many other kinds of food. Habits.—This species is less nocturnal and more active in habit than Limax maximus, and is always abroad during the day in damp, moderately warm weather. It frequents pine and other forests, more especially in shady places, hiding beneath the bark of dead trees, or on fungus-covered stumps, but is also often found under logs, or among dead leaves in the woods, and other similar retreats. In Italy and other south European countries it lives chiefly in the moun- tain forests, the darker varieties beg found at the higher altitudes, while the more brightly-coloured forms are restricted to lower ground; thus, the var. maura is found on Monte Mucrone, in Piedmont, at an altitude of 2,200 metres (about 7,200 feet), and the sub-var. nubigena reaches nearly to the verge of eternal snow on Maladetta in the Pyrenees, while the brightly- coloured var. dacampi has its most elevated station at Prestine, in the Valle dell’ Ogio, in Lombardy, at 800 metres above sea level (about 2 ,620 feet), and the still more brilliant var. corsica is even more restricted in its altitud- inal range, its highest-known habitat in the mountains of Liguria not exceeding 700 metres (about 2,290 feet). In this country this species is also chiefly found in hilly or wooded districts and usually at some distance from dwelling-houses. vs LIMAX CINEREO-NIGEFR. The oOLFAcTORY sense in L. c/nereo-niger is remarkable for its power and precision. M. Colbeau relates that the fine specimen of var. malacologorum in his possession escaped many times from the box in which it was confined, through a small hole five mill. in diameter, and after wandering about several days in the garden, on two occasions re-entered the box by the same small hole, evidently attracted by the mushrooms grown therein. Variation.—Colour variation in the Limacidee would seem to reach its acme of development in this species, individuals of which display all shades of colour, ranging from uniform white, through grey, yellow, brown, and red to uniform black, with all the variations to which their combinations may give rise. ‘I'his marvellous variety in colour and marking leads us to sus- pect, as suggested by Simroth, that this rich and elaborate pigmentation is of high biological importance to this species in the struggle for existence. The complex causes which influence or inhibit the evolution and external disposition of colouring matter in the Limacide are still little understood; it has, however, been demonstrated by Simroth that the intensity and shade of the various colourimgs are dependent in a measure upon temperature, especially during the growth period. Cold, inclement seasons or districts favour the increase of the black pigment, and pale or entirely eradicate the red, while warm seasons or areas foster the development and intensi- fication of the red pigment, resulting in the gorgeous varieties recorded from Italy and other southern countries; but it must not be overlooked that the distribution and character of the external pigmentation is also largely influenced by the necessities of the animal, either by inducing a closer assimilation to the peculiarities of the environment, and therefore a more effective concealment from its enemies, or conversely by the develop- ment of a brighter colouring, rendering it more conspicuous, and therefore probably acting as a warning colour.' Like its close ally Limar maximus, the present species may also be regarded as trichroic or triple-tinted in its pigmentation, and has probably passed through a similar course of colour-changes, but the colour-develop- ment has advanced much further, a response to the more freely exposed life it leads and the consequent greater vicissitudes of temperature, ete., to which it is subjected. The probable sequence of its pigmentary evolution is shown by the primary or secondary tints sometimes extending over the Jocomotor or mid-area of the sole, beyond the darker tertiary colouring which has not yet advanced beyond the side areas and is still very superficial in its disposition ; further evidence of the progress of colour evolution is adduced by Simroth, from which we gather that in the youthful stages of the species in the more advanced districts there is a prevalence of the simple colouring which characterizes adults in those less favourable or more remote, as in L. mon- tanus of South Tyrol, L. engadinensis of Fast Switzerland, ete. L. cinereo-niger, judged by its more extended range altitudinally and also geographically wherever sufficient and precise observations have been made, by the situations it usually inhabits, by the more primitive character of its teeth, by the point of attachment of the penial retractor, and other pecu- liarities, is probably a more primitive and earlier form than Z. marimus, but the extreme climatic conditions under which the species lives, have enabled it to outstrip in its external pigmentation the Z. maaimus, which evinces such a partiality for the vicinity of human abodes, and is therefore more prone to be carried by commerce to, and become naturalized in distant lands. 1 Monog., i., p. 327 and p. 330. LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 59 The numerous modifications discriminated by various authors have, for convenience of study, been grouped into several sections, based upon the fundamental colour of the body, those varieties which have retained to a marked degree in adult life the immature character of their colouring being regarded as sub-varieties. FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR WHITE. Var. pallescens Dum. & Mort., Mal. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. Limax lineatus var. pallescens Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax cinereo-niger var. albicans Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 61, pl. 5, f. 13. Limax cinereo-niger var. tsseli Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 26, pl. a, ff. 4, 4 Limax albus Paasch, Archiv f. Naturg., 1843, p. 85. Limax cinereo-niger var. hareri Heyn., Mal. BI. , 1862, p. 141. ANIMAL white or whitish, with or without darkly tinted side-areas to the sole. Dumont & Mortillet remark that this form is found in very shady places. The form named by Heynemann, hareri, is pure white; L. einereo-niger var. albieans and L. lineatus var. palleseens are whitish ; while L. cinereo- niger var. isseli has the body whitish and a white keel. Not hitherto recorded from the British Isles. Germany—An albine form, from Hohen-Wittlingen, Swabian Alps (Weinland, Nachrichtbl, 1874, p. 42). Sub-var. dareri, in the Taunus Mountains, June 1861 (Heynemann, op. cit.). France—Haute Savoie (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.). Italy—Sub-var. isseli, Esino Valley, near Vezio in Lombardy (Pini, op. cit.). Sweden—Sub-var. albicans, common on Bornholm ; and has also been found near Ljungskile, and on the Alingsas tract (Malin, op. cit.). Norway—Sub-var. alba, Bamble, Christiansand Stift(Esmark, J. of C., 1886, p. 100). Var. strobeli Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21 Limax cinereo-niger § strobeli Lessona, op. cit. KEEL and median-line whitish, sides of body ash-coloured but showing the white ground colour as a series of whitish maculations with a single black band on each side, broken up into a row of spots ; SHIELD ash-coloured. Formula 001 100. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—Maccuegnaga, Val Anzasea, Piedmont, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Lessona & Pollonera, Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 30). Var. vera Dumont & Mortillet, Mal. Sav., 1857, p. 13. Limax antiquorum var. 3 Ferussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 68, pl. 4, f. 1. Limax antiquorun v. ferrussackit Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, p. 120. Limax lineatus var. verus Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit. Limax lineatus var. interruptus Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit. Limax cinereo-niger var. albicans, cinereo-nebulosus Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60. Limax cinereo-niger 1 stabilet Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21. KEEL whitish, two dark zones on each side of the body. Formula 021 120. The Limax antiquorum var. B of Ferussac, though usually referred to as uni- formly cinereous, is according to the figure distinetly quadrifasciate, with paler nebulous markings around the margin of the shield, ard therefore belongs to this form. The reference by Kaleniczenko to Ferussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 4, f. 1, would seein, though not with certainty, to place his variety under this head. The var. vera s.st. has the two black bands on each side and a dark shield. The sub-var. interrupta differs in the lateral bands being interrupted. The sub-var. einereo-nebulosa has the keel tinged w ith yellowish, shield yel- lowish clouded with grey, sides of body whitish clouded with grey, lateral zones resolved into series of “pale brown spots. The sub-var. stabilei has the keel yellowish, the back blackish, and sides paler. Oxford—Sub-var. vera, a young specimen from Oxford in the British Museum, presented by the Rev. A. M. Norman. Germany — Heynemann records a sub-variety from Rastadt in Baden: with two rows of squarish black spots at éach side, upon a white ground (Mal. BI., 1862, p. 99). France—Sub-vars. vera and interrupta, Haute Savoie (Dum. & Mort, op. cit. ). Italy—Sub-var. stabi/ei found in Piedmontese Alps by Stabile (Lessona, op. cit.). Sweden—Sub-var. cinerco-nebulosa at Ljungskile (Malm, op. cit.). Norway—Sub-var. cinerco-nebulosa at Malmons, Laurvik, and Skien (Esmark, J. of Conech., Oct. 1886, p. 100). Russia—Sub-var. ferrussackii Kal., Tehernigov and Poltaya (Kalen., op. cit. ). 60 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. Var. renardii Kalenicz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose., 1851, p. 120, pl. iv., f. 2. Limax antiquorum Renardii Kal., op. cit. Limax subalpinus Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 18, pl. 2, ff. 1-6. Limax subalpinus Y simplex Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 36. Limax subalpinus a garocelus Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit. Limax subalpinus § veronensis Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax maximus var. tschapecki Simroth, Nacht. Mal. Ges., 1886, p. 69. KEEL and mid-dorsal zone whitish, body with three dark zones on each side. Formula 321 123. The L. subalpinus Lessona and subsidiary forms differ chiefly in the retention by adults of the maculate mantle of the juvenile stage. The var. renardii sensu stricto, has the sides of the body ashy-black, the inner and main bands black and continuous, outer band represented by a series of black spots; a white zone between the inner and main bands ; shield ash-coloured. The sub-var. tsehapeeki is somewhat variable, but has the white keel extend- ing quite up to the shield; sides of body whitish with continuous main-band and indefinite inner and outer bands; shield speckled black and white. The sub-var. subalpina has the whitish keel continued to the shield as a series of dorsal spots; sides of the body whitish, with three brownish-grey zones on each side which blend together and leave two rows of whitish spots between them. The sub-var. simplex is similar, but the back is unicolorous. The sub-var. garocela has the keel and dorsal-zone maculate with black, sides of the body whitish, maculate with black. The sub-var. veronensis has the sides of the body and shield of an olivaceous ash-colour, the shield and body maculate or longitudinally banded with fuscous. Not hitherto found in the British Isles. Italy—The var. subalpine has been found in various localities in Piedmont, attain- ing its greatest altitude at Usseglio, Valle di Lanzo, 1,252 metres (about 4,100 feet) ; it has also been found at Rivarossa, Rivoli, Avigliana, Sacra di 8S. Michele, Hill of S. Giovanni, and the Hills of Turin. The sub-var. simplex is found at Rivoli and Avigliana. The sub-var. garocela on the Hill of 8. Giovanni in the Valle di Vit, and has been doubtfully recorded by De Betta from Venetia. The sub-var. veronensis is recorded for Verona in Venetia by De Betta (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Austro-Hungary—The sub-y. tschapechi, Styria and Carniola (Clessin, Moll. , 1887). Russia—The var. renardii was found in moist places and shady woods, near Sumy, Kharkov, in Aug. 1831 (Kaleniezenko, op. cit.). Var. ornata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21. Limax cinereo-niger € ornatus Lessona, op. Cit. KEEL and dorsal zone white, a series of white maculations on each side of the body, which is black. Formula (32)1 1(23). Sussex W.—Up Park, Aug. 1888! with type, W. Jeffery. Italy—In Piedmont, at Alagna, Val Sesia, and at Maccugnaga in Val Anzasca, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 30). Var. cinereo-nigra Wolf sensu stricto. Limax antiquorum razoumowskii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 120. Limax lineatus Dum. & Mort., Hist. Moll. Sav., 1852, p. 12. Limax maximus y luctuosus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 1i., p. 29. Limax nubigenus Bourg., Spic. Mal., 1863, p. 20. Limax dacampi var. amalie Bettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, iii, p. 166, pl. 3, ff. 2, 2a. Limax cinereo-niger Y camerani Less. & Poll., Mon. Lim. Ital., 1882, p. 29. Limax cinereus 3 intermedia Breviere, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 314. Limax hedleyi Collinge, J. of Mal., 1894, p. 51. KEEL and mid-line white; SHIELD and sides of body black. Formula (821) (125). The Arion lineatus of Dumont, the Limax dacampi var. amalie of Bettoni, Limax antiquorum a of Ferussac, Limax maximus p cinereo-niger of Moquin-Tandon, Limax bilobatus of Ray & Drouet, and Limax claravallensis of Drouet appear to be strictly synonymous with the type-form of einereo-niger. The sub-var. nubigena has the white keel line extending only one-third the length of the body, the neck of yellowish-ash colour, and is a dwarfed or stunted form. The sub-vars. pazoumowskii and luetuosa only differ from typical einereo- niger in the keel and dorsal-line being sullied by a yellowish shade, and by only extending to half the length of the body in /uectuosa. The sub-var. intermedia has the keel and mid-line whitish, and shield and sides of the body deep grey or brown. The sub-var. eamerani only differs from the sub-var. intermedia in the fuscous- chestnut colour of the shield and body. LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. , 61 The sub-var. hedleyi has the keel and mid-line pale or yellowish-brown, slightly interrupted anteriorly, the sides of the body chocolate-black, the ventral edges of the mantle dirty-white with irregular sepia dashes. Warwick—-Sub-var. /uctuosa, Sutton Park, July 1899! H. Overton. Glamorgan—Sub-var. /uctuosa, Bridgend, July 1891! G. K. Gude. Stafford—Sub-var. ductwosa, Shelbrook, Cannock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams. York N.E.—Sub-var. /uctuosa, Wass Bank, Hambleton escarpment, 800 feet altitude, Sept. 1892! and Mill Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R. York S.W.—Sub-var. ductwosa, Skelmanthorpe, May 1897 ! F. Lawton. York Mid W.—Sub-var. /uctwosa, Shipley Glen, Oct. 1883! W. West. York N.W.—Snub-var. /uetwosa, Helm Ghyll, Dentdale, May 1899! J. E. Crowther. Cheshire—-Sub-var. /uctuosa, Goyt Valley, Sept. 1902! C. Oldham. Edinburgh—Sub-var. Juctwosa, Roslin Woods, April 1898! W. Evans. Derry—Sub-var. hed/eyi, Rathmullan and Walworth, J. N. Milne (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1894, p. 51, and 1895, p. 4). Germany —Sub-var. ductwosa, Alsace (Meyer, Nachtbl., 1876, p. 106). Specimens in British Museum, labelled Heidelberg, Baden, J. E. Daniels. France —Sub-var. /uctwosa in the Vosges, the Jura, and Dauphiné (Bourguignat, Mal. Grande-Chartreuse, 1862, p. 32); Grande-Chartreuse in the Isére (Moquin- Tandon, op. cit.). The sub-var. nuwbigena in the high mountains near the zone of pines, especially in the Forest of Superbagneéres, Hautes Pyrenees (Bourg., op. cit.). The sub-var. intermedia, communal forest of St. Saulge, Nievre (Brevitre, op. cit.). Switzerland—Sub-var. ductwosa, Canton Valais (Simon & Béttger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 55). Italy —This, the typical form, is found in the Alps of Lombardy and Piedmont, descending also to the valleys ; it reaches its highest known habitat in Lombardy on Mont Cenis, at an elevation of 2,000 metres (about 6,555 feet); it was also found at Lambrate, Milan, by Bettoni. It has been recorded from Val della Dora Riparia, from Rivoli, from the Hills of Turin, and from between Calasea and Pestarena in the Val Anzasca in Piedmont ; and from Vallombrosa, Tuscany. The sub-var. camerani is found in Piedmont at Maccugnaga, Val Anzasca, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet). The sub-var. ductuwosa at Alagna in Val Sesia, Macengnaga in Val Anzasea, Rivoli, and on the Hill of Turin (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit. ). Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. Jwetwosa, Carlsbad (Bottger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 56). Spain—The sub-var. nubigena is found on the verge of perpetual snow on Mala- detta, near the Cirque of the Rencluze in Catalonia (Bourguignat, op. cit.) ; and in the Valle del Essera in Aragon (Fagot, Mal. Catal., 1884). Sweden—Sub-var. intermedia, Ringerige, July 1868 (Malm, op. cit., p. 88). Russia—Sub-var. razoumowski at Konotop, Borozdna, and Nejin, in Tchernigov (Kaleniczenko, op. cit.). Var. maura Held, Isis, 1836, p. 271. Limax maximus € niger Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1858, ii., p. 29. Limax maurus Held, in Isis, 1836, p. 271. Limax lineatus var. niger Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. Limax cinereo-niger var. § Stabile, Moll. Piemonte, 1864, p. 22, pl. 1, f. 2. Limax cinereo-niger var. nigripes Stabile, Moll. Piemonte, 1864. Limax cinereo-niger var. malacologorum Colbeau, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1867, p. 73. Limax cinereo-niger var. niger Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60, pl. 5, f. 12. Limax ater Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1789, p. 266-67. Limax cinereus var. alpinus Held, in Isis, 1837, p. 306. Limax lineatus var. albifes Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. Limax engadinensis Heyn., Mal. Bl., 1862, p. 204. Limax maximus var. leucogaster Mérch, Syn. Moll. Daniz, 1864. Limax montanus Leydig, Verhandl. Wurtt., 1871, p. 210. Limax pirone Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 36, pl. B, ff. 5, 6. ANIMAL entirely black or blackish. Formula (321 123). The form discriminated by Razoumowsky as Limax ater, as well as L. maxi- mus var. leueogaster Morch, L. cinereus var. alpinus Held, L. engadinensis Heyn., L. lineata var. albipes Dum. & Mortil., L. montanus Leydig, and L. pironz Pini, may be regarded as sub-varieties of the var. maura, in which the dark pigmentation still presents a juvenile or primitive character, as it has not yet, or only partially, spread to the side areas of the sole. This variety is essentially alpine, and more especially characteristic of exposed, elevated, or northern regions, its sombre colouring being probably a response to the peculiarities of the environment ; several forms, however, retain one or more of the external features of a remote ancestor, 62 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. Somerset N.—Cleeve Combe (Norman, Som. Moll., 1860, p. 139). Stafford—Shelbrook, Cannock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams. Merioneth—Bont-ddu, Dolgelly. July 1886 (F.G. Fenn, J. of C., July 1887, p. 198). Carnarvon—Llanbedrog, May 1901! C. Oldham. York Mid W.—Shipley Glen, Sept. 1886! J. A. Hargreaves. Germany—Fredrichsroda, Thuringia (E. von Martens, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1877, p. 214). Saxony, Dr. Collin (Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60). The sub-var. montana, Ramsau, near Berchtesgaden; Isle of Herren, Chiemsee; Milseburg on the Rhine and Tubingen (Clessin, Exe. Moll. Fauna, 1884, p. 60). France—Haunte Savoie (Dum. & Mortil., op. cit.). Grande Chartreuse in the Isere (Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.). Plombieres-les-Bains in the Vosges (Bourg., Spice. Mal., 1862, p. 20). Jura and Dauphiny (Boure., Grande Chartreuse, 1862, p. 32). Belgium—The sub-var. ma/acologorum, the ruins of Salm-Chateau, June 1867, (Colbeau, op. cit.). Switzerland—Snb-var. atra Raz., Bad Leuk, and on the Gemmi Pass, also at Einfischthal near Bad Leuk (Béttger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 57). Jorat (Raz., l.c.). The sub-var. engadinensis at St. Moritz, Grisons (Westerlund, Fauna Europ., 1876, p. 8). Italy—The var. maura inhabits the elevated region of the Alps; the loftiest known locality in Italy is in Piedmont on Monte Mucrone, at an altitude of 2,200 metres (about 7,210 feet); other lofty stations in the same province are on Monte Cenisio; at Crissolo, in the Valle del Po; at Castelsee, and at Devero (Less. & Poll., Mon. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 29). Thal von Thenaus, near Susa (Simon & Bottger, Nachtbl., 1884, p. 42). In Umbria, near Spoleto (Pantanelli, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1876). In Liguria, between Menton and Genoa, May 1890! J. E. Somerville. The sub-var. pirone on the Hill of Tenda and Monte Codena, also at Groseavallo, Valle di Lanza, in Lombardy (Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 27). The specimens from Orvieto in Umbria (Marchese Paulucei) and from Chiara- monti, Sardinia (Dr. Falehi) had the foot-sole pale and merely margined with black (Lessona & Pollonera, 1.c.). Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. engadinensis, Transylvania (Westerlund, op. cit., p. 8). Norway—Very common in Christiania, Christiansand, and Hamar Stifts ; also at Aafjorden, Vigten, Leké, and Rédé, in Trondjhem Stift; and Grété in Amt of Nordland. Sub-var. dewcogaster, Laurvik and other places in Christiania Stift (Esmark, J. of Conch.. Oct. 1886, p. 100). Sweden—Sub-var. niger, Gunnebo and Ljungskile ; Nerike (Hartmann), Stock- holm (Thedenius) (Malm, op. cit., p. 61). Russia—South Finlandand Aland Isles, Nordenskioldand Nylander (Malm, op. cit.) Var. eporediensis Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 1, pl. 2, f. 18. Limax subalpinus 8 eporediensis Lessona, op. cit. Bovy uniformly black ; SHIELD blackish, sprinkled with whitish spots. Formula (321 123). Internal shell large, concave, and sinistral. This variety, of which apparently only one specimen has been found, has, judging by its extremely abnormal shell, been of sinistral organization, with the respiratory and other orifices on the left side. Not hitherto found in the British Isles. Fic. 81.—Internal shell of J , Limax tporediensis Lessona Italy—Andrate above Ivrea, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., — (after Lessona). op. cit., p. 37). FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR CINEREOUS. Var. cinerea Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 29. Limax cinereus a Miiller, Verm. Hist., 1774, p. d. Limax maxinius X cinerea Mogq.-Tand., op. cit. Limax strobeli Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 22, pl. s, ff. 11, 12. ANIMAL entirely cinereous, or ash-coloured ; SHIELD bluish-black. The sub-var. strobeli of Pini differs in the ash-colour of the body being tinged with yellowish, and the keel paler. Galway—Killereran (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H_, 1843, p. 333). France—Distributed throughout the country, and also reported from Bastia in Corsica (Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855, p. 2). Italy—The sub-var. strobedi at Maceugnaga, Val Anzasea, Piedmont, at an alti- tude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Not rare about Esino, and in the Valle del Varone, near Premana in Lombardy (Pini, op. cit. ). LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 63 FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR VELLOW. Var. flavescens Westerlund, Moil. Svee., ii ANIMAL yellow or yellowish. Sweden—Westerlund (op. cit. ). Var. transilvanica Heynemann, Mal. Bl., 1862, p. 216. Limax transilvanica Heynemann, op. cit. Limax dacampi var. sordellii Bettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 164, pl. iv., ff. 2, 2a. Limax dacampi 6 calderinti Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 2%, pl. i.,ff. 11-13. Limax corsicus gestri 7 nigrozonatus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 40. Limax dacampi reniert ¢ calderinii Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 33. KEEL and mid-dorsal-line yellow or ochreous, with a darker zone on each side of the body. Formula 001 100. The var. transilvanica sensu stricto, has the keel-line and mantle pale, the body suffused with brown, and the dark lateral-band continued to the shield. The sub-var. ealderinii has the golden-yellow keel, but the median-line is con- tinued to the shield as a series of spots, and gradually blends w ith the reddish-brown tint of the sides ; the black lateral band is resolved into a series of spots, and the shield is paler than the body in colour. The sub-var. nigrozonata has the keel and mid-line also golden-yellow, sides of body yellowish-ash colour, back fuscous, with the lateral-zone black. The sub-var. sordellii, although somewhat obse ‘urely described by Lessona & Pollonera, appears to have the keel and dorsal line yellow ; sides of body ash-coloured, confusedly zoned, and irregularly albo-maculate; shield ash-coloured. Italy—The var. ca/derinii is found at Varallo, in Val Sesia, Piedmont (Lessona, op. cit.). The sub-var. nigrozonata at Busalla, Piedmont, and at Genoa, Liguria; and the sub-var. sordel/ii at Pavia in Lombardy (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Austro-Hungary—The var. transilvanica is found at Hermannstadt, Neustadt, and many other localities in Transylvania (Clessin, Moll. 1887, p. 39). Var. punctata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21, pl. i., f. 10. Limax dacanipi var. elegans Bettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 165, pl. iv., ff. 3, 3a. Limax dacampi a punctata Lessona, op. cit. Limax dacanipi [3 sulphurea Lessona, op. cit., f. 7. Limax dacanipi menegazsii 3 punctatus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 32. Limax dacampi renieri 1 sulphureus Less, & Poll., op. cit., p. 33. Limax corsicus var. gestri Lessona, op. cit., p. 17, pl. 1, f. 4 Limax corsicus gestri Pp pulcher Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 41. Limax perosinii monregalensis Y venustissimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 43, pl. 1, f. 3. KEEL and median-line yellow, with two darker zones at each side of the body. Formula 021 120. The var. venustissima retains when adult the variegated shield of juvenile life. The var. punetata sensu stricto, has a pale yellow keel and the median-line con- tinned as a series of yellowish markings to the shield; sides of the body fuscous overspread by grey, but leaving the fuscous body tint visible in places; a few rounded black or dark-grey spots represent the inner and main bands; caudal end of sides of body and foot-fringe dark-grey ; shield uniformly dark-coloured. Lessona’s figure can scarcely be considered as accurately representing this variety. The sub-var. sulphurea has the median-line sulphur-yellow and extending only half the length of the body; shield brown, with few black spots on its anterior margin. The sub-var. pulehra has the yellow keel continued as a broad yellow zone quite up to the shield ; the yellowish tint of the sides of the body is overspread by grey, leaving a series of yellowish spots beneath the main-band ; the dark inner and main bands are distinguishable by the darker summits of the sinuate tubercles. Mr. Roebuck has seen a British form of the sub-var. padchra with ochreous median- line, dark-brown shield and bedy, and continuous main and inner bands. The sub-var. elegans has the yellow keel line interrupted with black, and is possibly a form of this variety, but it has not been precisely described. The sub-var. venustissima has the sides of the body an ashy-white, the margins blackish-grey, the lateral bands much broken-up into very irregular spots ; side- areas of sole blackish-grey ; shield pale sulphur-yellow marbled with black. Sutherland E.—Snb-var. pulehira, Brora, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie. Cork S.—Var. punctata, Lord Bantry’s demesne, Glengariff, May 1891! R. I Scharff. Italy—The vars. punctata and sulphurea have been found at Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont ; the sub-var. pulchra at Busalla, Piedmont, and at Genoa in Liguria ; the sub-var. elegans at Biumo near Varese in Lombardy ; and the sub-var. venustis- sima at Mondovi, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). 64 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. Var. nigricans Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22. Limax dacampi renieri § nigricans Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 33. Limax dacampi Y nigricans Lessona, op. cit. Limax corsicus bonellii T flavoniger Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41. Limax corsicus bonellii @ olivaceus Less. & Poll., op. cit. KEEL and median-line yellow, and extending to the shield ; sides of body with two darker bands on each side. Formula (32)1 1(23). The var. nigrieans sensu stricto, has the sides of body black, keel yellow, and the mid-line to the shield broken up into yellow spots and showing a single series of sub-dorsal yellow spots on each side. The sub-var. flavo-nigra has the yellow dorsal-zone extending up to the shield. The sub-var. olivacea has olive-brown sides, with the keel, median-line, and a sub-dorsal series of spots lemon-yellow. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—The var. nigricans is found at Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont. The sub- var. nigrozonata has been recorded from Busalla, Val Serivia, Piedmont, and at Genoa in Liguria. The sub-vars. olivacea and flavonigra are from Busalla and the Hills of Turin, and also from Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. atrata Bett., Bull. Malac. Ital., 1870, p. 165, pl. in., ff. 4-44. Limax dacampi var. atrata Bettoni, op. cit. Limax dacampi renieri Y atratus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 32. Limax corsicus bonellit ¢ aterrimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41. Limax corsicus bonellii v citrinus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41. KEEL and mid-dorsal-line yellow ; body and SHIELD more or less unicolorous. Formula (321) (123). The var. atrata sensu stricto, has the keel and dorsal-zone sulphur-yellow, sides of the body greyish-fuscous, with blackish rugosities, and blackish shield. The sub-var. aterrima has the keel yellow, and body and shield very black. The sub-var. eitrina has the keel lemon-yellow, and only extending half the length of the body, which is of an olive-brown. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—The var. atrata is recorded by Bettoni from road between Perledo and Regoledo in Lombardy ; the sub-var. citrina from the Hills of Turin, Piedmont, and Liguria; the sub-var. aferrima from the Hills of Turin, Piedmont, and Liguria, and by Marchese Paulucci from Luecea in Tuscany (Less. & Poll., le.). Var. efasciata Dumont & Mortillet, Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. Limax lineatus var. efasciatus Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax cinereus var. pavesii Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 23, pl. x, ff. 9, 10. Limax maximus var. calosoma Eis. & Stuxb. (Westerlund, Faun. Europ., 1876, p. 8). Limax cinereo-niger var. minimus Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2. ANIMAL with the fundamental body colour overspread with brownish or brown. Formula (321 128). The var. efasciata sensu stricto, is described as entirely brown without bands. The sub-var. pavesii, fuscous-chestnut, sole rosy-white with bluish-grey margins. The sub-var. minima is ashy-fuscous, with the side-areas of the sole cinereous. The sub-var. ealosoma is of an obscure olivaceous tint; shield black. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. France—Var. efasciata, Haute Savoie (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.). Italy —Sub-var. pavesii in Lombardy, between Tartavalle and Bellano, Aug. 1873 (Pini, op. cit.) ; in Piedmont at an altitude of 1,872 metres (about 6,135 feet), at Devoro, in Val d’Antigorio, and in Tuscany at Novoli, near Florence, Marchese Paulneci (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 29). The var. efasciata has been found at Alagna, Val Sesia (Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, p. 21). Corsica—Sub-var. minima, Vizzavona, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, op. cit.). FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR RED. Var. rufescens Mogq.-l'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 11., p. 29, pl. iv., f. 7. Limax maximus 7 rufescens Moq.-Tand., op. cit. Limax erythrus Bourg., Mal. Grande Chartreuse, 1864, p. 31, pl. 2, ff. 1-8. Limax dacampi T monocromus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus dorie X sanguineus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 39. ANIMAL red or reddish, The var. rufeseens sensu stricto, is entirely of a reddish colour. The sub-var. sanguinea is pale reddish with the keel and neighbouring rugz red. LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 65 The sub-var. monoeroma is entirely red, with side areas of sole fuscous. The sub-var. erythra is deep red, with lateral blackish clouding on shield. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. France—Var. rufescens Moq., environs of Paris (Moq.-Tand., op. cit.). Sub-var. erythra, Alps, near Grande-Chartreuse in Isere (Bourg., op. cit.). Italy—Sub-var. sanguinea Less. & Poll., Hills of Turin, Piedmont and Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sub-var. monocroma Less. & Poll., Balabio, near Valsas- sina in Lombardy (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 28). Austro-Hungary—Var. rufescens, Prague (Slavik, Moll. Bolimen, 1869, p. 92). Var. fabrei Moquin-T'andon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, i1., p. 26. Limax corsicus 3 fabrei Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax dacampi var. monolineolata Bett., Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 161, pl. 3, f. 1. Limax bielzti Seibert, Mal. Bl., 1873, p. 195. Limax dacanpi rufescens Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22, pl. 1, ff. 14, 15. Limax corsicus Yy senensis Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 38. Limax corsicus callichrous 0 hybridus Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 40. Limax corsicus callichrous & versicolor Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 40. KEEL and median-line red ; with a single dark zone on each side of the body. The formula isO01 100. The vars. versicolor and hybrida of L. & P. differ from the typical fabred in the persistence at maturity of the variegated colouring of the shield. The var. fabrei sensu stricto, has the keel reddish, the sides of the body greyish- ochreous, with one brown band on each side. The sub-var. monolineolata is pale-reddish, keel and median-line red, with fuscous back, and a row of black spots on each side. The sub-var. rufeseens of Lessona has the keel of a vivid red, a unicolorous red- dish body, paler on the sides, and the single row of black spots at each side is confined to the caudal end of the body. The sub-var. senensis has the body and shield pale chestnut, the body sub- fasciate, the keel pale red, and the side areas of the sole flesh-coloured. The sub-var. bielzii has the red keel extending to the shield, the sides of the body flesh-coloured, though sometimes found of a yellow or whitish colour, and the dark band is continued up to the shield. The sub-var. hybrida has a fuscous body, red keel, and the red dorsal rugie arranged linearly ; shield black, irregularly maculate with a vinous colour. The sub-var. versicolor has the keel red, body yellowish with a blackish zone on each side ; shield black with vinous-yellow spots. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Corsica—Var. fabrei, near Bastelica, Sept. 1852 (Moq.-Tandon, op. cit.); Orezza, Signor Bedriaga (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.) ; Corte, Toga, and Bastia, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2). Italy—The sub-var. monolineolata is recorded from Milan, Pavia, and Bellagio, on the Lake of Como, by Bettoni, and by Pini from near Valsassina. The sub-var. rufescens is from Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont. The sub-var. senensis was found at Siena, Tuscany, by Marchese Paulucci. The sub-var. versicolor is found in the Alps of Liguria, and the sub-var. hybrida at Genoa (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Austro-Hungary—The sub-var. bie/zii, Moravia and Styria (Clessin, Moll., 1887). Var. villz Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 28, pl. a, ff. 2, 3. Limax cinereo-niger var. ville Pini, op. cit. Limax dacampi € maculata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22, pl. 1, f. 6. Limax dacampi § pallescens Lessona, l.c., ff. 8, 9. Limax callichrous var. cruentus Lessona, op. cit., p. 18, pl. 1, ff. 1-3. Limax dacampi v ville Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 35. Limax corsicus isseliit 4, sertatus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 40. Limax perosinii Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 42. Limax perosinii cruentus B formosissimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., pl. 1, f.2. KEEL and mid-line red, two rows of black maculations on each side of the body. Formula 021 120. The sub-vars. erwenta and formosissima are earlier forms of this variety, characterized by the ancient feature of a distinctly maculate shield. The var. villze sensu stricto, has the keel and summits of the rugze blood-red, and the general tint of the body reddish; two rows of irregular black spots on each side, most of which are longitudinally split, forming paired series of smaller spots. The sub-var. maculata has a darker rufous body and less richly coloured rugie. The sub-var. eruenta, which is synonymous with LZ. perosinii, has the body rufous, with keel and summits of rugosities red, and two rows of irregular black spots on each side; side-areas of sole blue-black; shield reddish marbled with black. 66 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. The sub-var. palleseens of Lessona is probably only a young form of sub-var. maciata, in which the shield has slight grey cloudings and a few irregular black spots at its hinder margin, and although described as possessing three rows of black spots on each side, the figure shows that the irregular spots are longitudinally split and simulate additional rows, as in var. ville. The sub-var. seriata differs chietly from the var. vi//e s.s., in the black spots not being longitudinally split. The sub-var. formosissima differs from var. erwenta in the bluish-black fringe, the more sparingly maculate shield, and the described presence of two or three rows of black spots on each side (the illustrative figure, however, shows only a single row at each side, thongh possibly intended to show two). Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—The var. vi//w is found near Esino, in Lombardy ; and the sub-vars. macu- lata and pallescens have been found together at an altitude of 490 metres (about 1,600 feet), at Varallo, in Val Sesia, Piedmont. The sub-var. seriata has been found at Busalla in Piedmont; at Genoa in Liguria; and by the Marchese Paulucci at Lueea in Tuscany. The sub-var. erwenta was found at an altitude of 650 metres (about 2,130 feet) above Garessio, in the Maritime Alps, Piedmont; the sub-var. formosissina was found by Signor Perosino, near Mondovi, at Vicoforte, altitude 550 metres (about 1,800 feet), and at S. Guiseppe dei Revelli (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. eallichroa Bourg., Spic. Mal., 1861, p. 21. Limax callichrous Bourg., op. cit. Limax cinereo-niger var. guailtierii Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 92, pl. A, ff. 8-9. Limax dacampi 0 gualtierii Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital , 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus isselit & arthuri Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 40, pl. 1, f. 5. Limax corsicus tsselii v sonatus Less. & Poll., op. cit. KEEL and median-line red; with three dark bands on each side. Formula 321 123. The var. eallichroa s.st., has the sides of the body yellow, the two upper dark bands black and continuous, and the outer or lower band reduced to spots ; shield vinous-yellow marbled with black. It is really a primitive form, the marbled shield being retained throughout life. The var. gualtierii is fuscons with a violet tinge, becoming blackish dorsally, but showing a longitudinal red line between the main and outer bands, and traces of a second red line between the main and inner bands; shield earthy-brown. The sub-var. zonata differs from the var. qualtierii in having the red keel and mid-line, and also the two red lines at each side of the body extending up to the shield, the intervening spaces being black and the shield brown, The sub-yar. arthuri differs from the preceding only in the disintegration of the red and black colouring, partially due to the red and black pigments both being restricted to the summits of the rugosities. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—The sub-var. gua/tierii oceurs in Esino, Lombardy ; the sub-vars. arthuri and zonata at Busalla, in Piedmont, and Genoa in Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). France—Var. callichroa, the Alpes Maritimes (Bourg., op. cit.). = : ; = S % : Var. dacampi Menegazzi, Mal. Veron., 1854, p. 63, p. 1, ff. 1-4. Limax geographicus Renier, Prodr. Vermi Adriatico, 1804. Limax dacampi Menegazzi, op. cit. Limax cerulans var. dacampi Strobel, Essai, etc., 1857, p. 11. Limax maximus var. rufescens Stabile, Moll. Terr. Piem., 1864. Limax dacantpi var. trilineolata Bett., Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 163, pl. 3, ff.3, 3a. Limax dacampi var. Jusca Bett., l.c., pl. iv., ff. 1, 1a. Limax corsicus dorie 1 fuscus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 39. Limax corsicus dorie § rubro-notatus Less. & Poll., l.c. KEEL and median line red; with two darker zones at each side of the body. The formula being (32)1 1(23). Though the name geographicus of Renier is probably the oldest name for this form, it has not been adopted as his description is so very inadequate. The var. daeampi sensu stricto, has the keel and median-line red, with two black zones at each side, showing the reddish sides of the body as a reddish longitudinal zone on each side; shield brownish-red. The sub-var. fusea of Less. & Poll. differs from var. dacampi in the paler red of the keel-line and lateral bands, and in the fuscous tint of the sides and shield. The sub-var. trilineolata has fuscous-brown sides and shield, and darker dorsal ruge; the red ground showing at the keel and as two lateral bands at the caudal end, but becoming obscured by the body-colour as they approach the shield. Picgairis WALL. LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER WOLF 1.—Ltmax cinereo-niger Wolf, typical form. ia Ps 9 —L. cinereo-niger, var. villae, p. 65. 3.—L. cinereo-niger var. cinerea, p. 62. 10.—/.. cinereo-nigey sub.-var. hedleyt, p. 61. }.—L. cimereo-niger sub.-var. erythya, p. 65. 11.—L. cinereo niger var. punctata, p. 63. 5.—L. cinereo-niger var. maura, p. 61 12.—L. cinereo-miger sub.-var. doriae, p. 67. 3.—L. 6.—L. cinereo-niger sub.-var, venustissima, p. 63. 7.—L. ctnereo-niger sub.-var. gualtierti, p. 66. 8.—L. cinereo-niger sub.-var. subalpina, p. 60. 15.—L. cinereo-niger var. ornata, p. 60. He W. Taylor, del. Tuylor DrOS., Leeds, IA2T93 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 67 The sub-var. fusea of Bettoni is identical with sub-var. tri/ineolata except that the anterior end of the keel-line and also the whole length of the red lateral bands are interrupted by the brownish tint, and form three series of red spots. The sub-var. rubro-notata Less. & Poll. has a blackish body, the red keel-line continued up to the shield, and the red lateral band on each side resolved into spots. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. Italy—The var. dacampi s.st., according to Lessona, exists in Venetia, Lom- hardy, East Piedmont, and Emilia, but does not pass the Appenines, and is therefore absent from Tuscany. It does not range to so great an altitude as typical cinereo- niger, the most lofty locality being Prestine, Valle dell’ Oglio, 800 metres above the sea (about 2,710 feet) in Lombardy ; it has also been found at Varesotto and Valsas- sina. In Venetia it has been recorded from Verona, Peschiera, and Gorgo; and in Piedmont from Cigognola, Stradella, and Guasta. The sub-var. tri/ineolata is found at Bellagio, and near Portone, Lombardy, and in Piedmont, Liguria, and Tuscany ; the sub-var. rubro-notata at Bellagio in Lombardy, on the Hills of Turin, and at Busalla in Piedmont, in Liguria, and in Tuscany. ‘The sub-var. fusca Bettoni is found at Regoledo in Lombardy ; while the sub-var. fusca Less. & Poll. is from Liguria, and the Hills of Turin, and Busalla in Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. corsica Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 11., p. 26, pl. 3, ff. 10-13. Limax corsicus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax doriw Bourg., Spicil. Mal., 1862, p. 23, pl. 15. Limax cinereo-niger var. taccanti Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 91, pl. a, ff. 6-7. Limax cinereo-niger var. turatii Pini, op cit., p. 95. pl. B, ff. 7, 8. Limax dacampi /& pinii Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus dorie € lineatus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 39. Limax corsicus doriw § simplex Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax corsicus doriw , pallescens Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax corsicus doriw ¢ brunneus Less. & Poll., op. cit. KEEL and median line red; sides of body and SHIELD more or less unicolorous. The formula is (321) (123). The var. corsiea sensu stricto, being first described and therefore giving the name to this variety, is an aberrant example of the red-keeled form ; the keel, though red- dish, is not strongly coloured, and the sides of the body are ochreous-yellow tinged or overspread with grey ; this bleaching of the body colours is also shown by The sub-var. turatii of Pini, in which although the keel is bright red, the sides of the body are pale ashy-rufous, and the side areas of the sole are not darkened. The sub-var. dorize Bourg., which more characteristically represents this variety, has an almost uniformly black body and blood-red keel, a line of which colour extends quite to the shield ; the var. pinii Less. & Poll. is practically identical. The sub-var. lineata Less. & Poll. differs in the sides of the body being blackish. The sub-var. simplex Less. & Poll. is the same, but the red keel only extends half-way to the shield ; figured by Bourguignat, Spic. Mal., 1862, pl. 16, ff. 4, 5, 8. The sub-var. brunnea Less. & Poll. has the red keel and mid-line, but the body and shield are chestnut-brown ; also fignred by Bourguignat, l.e., f. 9. The sub-var. palleseens Less. & Poll. has the body and shield pale rufous- brown, with red keel and mid-line, and is also figured by Bourguignat, l.c., f. 7. The sub-var. taeceanii Pini only differs from characteristic sub-var. dori in the sides of the body and shield being of an earthy-brown colour and the suffusion of the mid-area of the sole with a yellowish-rosy tint. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. France—The sub-var. dori has been found in the environs of Nice and Menton, Alpes Maritimes (Bourg., Annales Mal., 1870, p. 135). Italy—The sub-var. dori has been recorded from beneath bushes on the east side of the Vorbergs, near Bellagio, in Lombardy (Poulsen, Nachbl., 1872, p. 23), Savona, Finale, about Genoa especially near Pegli, in Liguria, also at Montferrat, the hills about Turin, and the Val Serivia, at Busalla, in Piedmont; and as var. pinii from Valsassina, near Pasturo, in Lombardy. The sub-vars. simplex and lineata have been found at Busalla and on the Hills of Turin in Piedmont, in Liguria, and in Tuseany ; sub-vars. pallescens and sanguinea at Busalla and on the Hills of Turin in Piedmont, and in Liguria; sub-var. brwnnea in Liguria; and sub-vars. taccanti and turatii at Esino, Lombardy (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Sourguignat records as Limax dacampi var., a sub-variety with black sides, and greyish mid-line with red tubereulation, from Orbeletto, in the province of Rome. Corsica—The var. corsica sensu stricto, Bastelica, Sept. 1852 (Moquin-Tandon, l.e.), Orezza, Signor Bedriaga (Lessona & Pollonera, l.c.)., Corte, Toga, and Bastia, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2). Sardinia—The var. corsica, north of the island, Signor Gene (Less. & Poll., Lc.). 68 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. Geographical Distribution. — Limax cinereo-niger is widely and somewhat irregularly distributed, especially in the British Isles, and although the area occupied in continental Europe is fairly compact, the stations are usually more or less montane, and therefore to a large degree discontinuous, as it is frequently absent from the valleys and open grounds. Its north-European range has been carefully worked out with especial reference to that of Limaa mavimus, and it is found to extend markedly beyond that of the latter species. In Norway, Esmark & Hoyer have fore- shadowed its occurrence at Moskenaes, in Lofoten, 68° 6’ north latitude, while recording it as very common at Grito in Nordland, which is 67° 49’ north latitude, and far beyond the known range of habitation of Limar maximus. In Sweden, it has been chronicled by A. Luther as existing at Funasdal, in Hirjedal, 62° 30’ north latitude ; while in Finland, according to the same author, it is tolerably common in the south-west, and reaches as high as 64° 30’ north latitude at Kivesva: ira, In Paltamo, whereas L. mawi- mus in that country is restricted to the neighbourhood of Helsingfors. In the south of Europe, although a like discriminatory series of observa- tions is not available, Fischer records that in the Mae the Limar maximus only attains an altitude of 1,200 metres (about 3,930 feet), while the present species, according to Bourguignat, reaches in the same region almost to the snow-line. 2 s Geographical Distribution of Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. joes Ras] Recorded Distribution. K Probable Range. ENGLAND AND WALES. PENINSULA. Somerset N.—Var. maura, Cleeve Combe (Norman, Som. Moll., 1860, p. 139). CHANNEL. Sussex W.—Up Park, Aug. 1886! with var. ornata! W. Jeffery. 4 THAMES. Oxford—Var. vera (W. E. Collinge, Oxfordshire list, 1891). SEVERN. Warwick—Sub-var. /uctuosa, Sutton Park, July 1899! H. Overton. Stafford—Var. maura and sub-var. ductwosa under a log, Shelbrook, Cannock Chase, near Stafford, June 3, 1886! Lionel E. Adams. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson. LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 69 f 2 SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Sub-var. /uctuosa, Bridgend, July 1891! G. K. Gude. NORTH WALES. Merioneth—Bont-ddu, near Doleelly, July 1886! F. G. Fenn. Carnarvon—Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, May 1898, C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. ix., p. 211. Var. mawra, Llanbedrog, May 1901! C. Oldham. Denbigh—On the Denbighshire ‘side of the river Conway near Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, May 1898 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. ix., p. 211). Lincoln S.—Careby Wood, Bone 1903! E. A. Wrocdeiee Beco: TRENT. Lincoln N.—Cadney, Sept. 1901! (E. A. eda Peacock, Nat., Dec. 1901). Derby—Chapel-en-le-Frith, July 1897 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 433). Not uncommon on the Derbyshire bank of the Goyt, May 1899! C. Oldham. MERSEY Cheshire—Appears restricted to the hilly region in the east of the county ; not uncommon about Romiley, Compstall, and Marple. in the Goyt Valley, and Wincle in the Dane Valley, under bark of fallen ash trees in wood, May 1899! C. Oldham. HUMBER. York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Newtondale, Aug. 1886! W. Coates. Hayburn Wyke, Ang. 189! F. W. Fierke. Sub-var. ductuosa, by Mill Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R. Var. maura, Roppa plantation, dilsdale, alt. 900 feet, Aug. 1893! and sub-var. ductuosa and type, Wass Bank, Hambleton escarpment, 800 feet alt., Sept. 1892! W. D. Roebuck. York S.E.—Var. maura, Brantinghamthorpe, May 1901! J. E. Crowther. York S W.—Sub-var. luctuosa, Skelmanthorpe, May 13, 1897! F. Lawton. York Mid W.—Banks of Lindley Wood Reservoir, July 1885! W.D.R. Sub- var. Zuctwosa, Shipley Glen, Oct. 1883! W. West. Var. mara, Shipley Glen, Sept. 1886! J. A. Hargreaves. York N.W.—Sub-var. luctuosa, Helm G hyll, Dentdale, May 1899! J. E. Crowther. Searth Nick, Wensleydale, May 1888! John Braim. LAKES. eee and Lake Lancashire—Roadside between Water Yeat and Lake Bank, Sept. 6, 1902 (S. L. Petty, Nat., Nov. 1902, p. 366). SCOTLAND. EAST LOWLANDS. Edinburgh—Sub-var. Juctwosa, Roslin woods, April 1898! W. Evans. Forfar—Den of Airlie, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. EAST HIGHLANDS. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Loch Ard, April 1897, G. McDougall. Perth Mid—Drummond Hill near Kenmore, Loch Tay, May 1892! W. Evans. Easterness—Pine wood, Nethy Bridge, Inverness, July 1887! J. E. Somerville. Banff—Glentiddach, alt. 800 feet, July 1891 ! Rey. G. Gordon. Elgin—Cromdale, 25th August, 1891! W. Evans. WEST HIGHLANDS. Clyde Isles—Glen Rosa, Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Sutherland E.—Common, Blue Rock, near Loch Brora, June 1884! W. Baillie. IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—-Walworth Wood, J. N. Milne, as L. hedleyi (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1895). [Monaghan]—Recorded in error, Census British Moll., 1902. Tyrone—Altadiavol, type and var. maura, July 1886! ‘and Derrygore, May 1887 W. F. de Vismes Kane. Donegal —Sub-var. luctuosa, Ray Wood, Rathmullan, July 1903! J. N. Milne and R. Welch. Recorded as L. hedle yi from the same locality (Collinge. J. of Mal., 1894). Dublin—Scealp, Dublin Mountains, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. LEINSTER. Wicklow —Powerscourt, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Carlow—Near Carlow, 1890, A. G. Stuart. Queen’s Co.—Spire Hill (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 203). CONNA UGHT. Sligo—Near Markree Castle, Sligo, Sept. 1885 ! W. I’. de Vismes Kane. MUNSTER. Waterford—Glenabbey, type and var. maura, Sept. 1886! A _H. Delap. Cork—R. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p. 334). Kerry—Upper Lake, Killarney, June 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Glengariff (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 518). GERMANY. Is found in many parts of Germany, but is chiefly restricted to the forests, and has been recorded from Alsace, Altenburg, Bavaria, Baden, Brandenburg, Coburg, Lower Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Lorraine, Nassau, Osnabruck, Oldenburg, East Pomerania, Rhineland, Saxony, Schleswig, Upper Silesia, Thuringia, Weimar, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg. 26/7/03 1D, 70 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. NETHERLANDS. Holland—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247). Belgium—Brabant, Hainault, Luxembourg, Namur, and the Ardennes. FRANCE. Almost exclusively restricted to the vicinity of the mountains of the Vosges, Jura, Auvergne, Alpes Maritimes, and the Pyrenees, and is apparently absent from the plains, but is reported from Finistére in the extreme north-west. It has been recorded from Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Aube, Cote d’Or, Finistére, Hérault, Istre, Marne, Niéevre, Oise, Puy-de-Déme, Haute Savoie, Seine et Oise, Seine et Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Var, and the Island of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. The cantons of Berne, Grisons, Lucerne, St. Gall, Solothurn, and the Valais. ITALY. The higher ground up to 2,200 metres (about 7,200 feet) in Piedmont, Liguria, Emilia, Tuscany, Rome, Lombardy, Venetia, and in the Island of Sardinia. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Has been noticed in Austria, Bohemia, Upper Carinthia, Carniola, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, Styria, Transylvania, and Tyrol. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Eastern provinces (Kreglinger, Cat., 1870, p. 22). BALKAN PENINSULA. Bosnia—Nemila (Beettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 54). Montenegro—Budua (Clessin, Nachrichtsblatt, 1885, p. 179). Servia—Serpentinberge (Millendorff, Mal. Bl., 1873, p. 1380). SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Extends to and is very common about Gréto in Nordland, 67° 49’ north latitude (Esmark & Hoyer, Moll. Arct. Norw., 1885, p. 98). Sweden— Throughout the country as far north as Funasdal, about 62° 30’ north latitude (Luther, Finland list, 1901, p. 45). Denmark—Common in the beech woods (Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 59). RUSSIA. Found in the districts or provinces of Finland, Courland, Esthland, Livland, Moscow, Kharkov, Tehernigov, Crimea, and the Caucasus. ATLANTIC ISLES. Madeira—(Heynemann, Jalrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 286). Fic. 83.—A characteristic locality of Limasx cinereo-niger, in the Goyt Valley, near Whaley Bridge, March 1903 (photo. by Mr. Baddeley). Pruate VIII. Distribution of L. cinereo-niger Wolf In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Coruwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devous. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset S, 6 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts 8. 9 Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Haunts 8. 12 Hants N. 13 Sussex W. 14 Sussex E. THAMES 15 Kent E. 16 Kent W. 17 Surrey 18 Essex 8. Essex N. Herts. 21 Middlesex berks. Oxford Bucks. 25 Suffolk E. Suffolk W. 27 Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge 30 Bedford 31 Hunts. Northampton SEVERN 3 Gloucester E. 4 Gloucester W 5 0 ANGLIA Moumouth Hereford 37 Worcester Warwick 39 Statford Salop ~ SOUTH WALES Glamorgan recon 3 Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke i Cardigan NORTH WALES 47 Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 5L Flint 2 Anglesey TRENT 53 Lincoln 8. 54 Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutld. 56 Notts. Derby MERSEY 58 Cheshire Laneashire S. HUMBER 61 S.E. York 32 N.E. York 3 8.W. York 64 Mid W. York N.W. York TYNE 5 Durham 67 Northumb, 8. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and L. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man Lancashire Mid of the British Isles. a ‘4 23. i) S Recorded Distribution. Reese Distribution verified by the Authors. SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. Kirkeudbright 94 Banff Wigtown 95 Elgin Ayr 96 Kasterness Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 7 Lanark 97 Westerness E.LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle Peebles 99 Dumbarton Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles Roxburgh 101 Cantire Berwick 102 Ebudes S. Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. Fife & Kinross 106 Ross BE. Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 7 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. Mid Perth 109 Caithness Perth N. NORTH ISLES Forfar 110 Hebrides Kincardine 111 Orkneys Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER Derry 122 Louth Antrim 123 Meath Down 124 Dublin 3 Armagh 125 Kildare 7 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 8 Tyrone 127 Wexford Donegal 128 Carlow Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary S 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry - a 2 eye Sy MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 71 Limax tenellus Miiller (em. Nilsson). 1774 Limax tenellus Miiller, Verm. terr. et fluv., ii., p. 11, no. 210. 1822 — ftenellus Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecize, p. 11 1848 —_ serotinus Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Livlands. 1849 — cereus Held, Land Moll. Bayern, p. 15. 1852. — fulvus Normand, Desc. Limac. Nouv., p. 7. 1852. —_ sylvaticus Dum. & Mortill., Moll. Savoie, p. 10. 1862 cinctus Heynemann, Mal. BL. ST 5) Tn 101. 1868 Malacolimoas tenellus Malm, Skand. Limae., p. 66, pl. ii1., ff. 7-7f. 1869 Arion tenellus Letourneux, Moll. Vendée, p. 7. 1882 Agriolimax tenellus Less. & Poll., Monos. Tae Ital., p. 45, pl. 1., f. 7. ISTORY.— Limax tenellus (tenellus, very slender or delicate) was first discrimin- ated by Miiller, whose name is accepted by Nilsson, the obvious error in the mea- surement being disregarded. Heynemann, however, is of opinion that Miiller’s Limax tenellus is really an Arion, but ascribes to the tenellus of Nilsson the Lima succineus, L. flavus, and L. e/nctus, all of Miiller, the LZ. suc- cineus and L. flavus bemg referred to the unicolorous, and L. e7netus to the banded form. He also regards the Limaa collinus Normand and the Limaa aureus Gmelin as probably also referable to this species. he late Dr. A. W. Mahn, the eminent Swedish naturalist, with whom the pre- sent species has been associated, was so greatly impressed with its characters that he instituted a new genus, Mala- colimax, for its reception, based upon the soft body, the tricuspid median-tooth, and the di-ectoconic marginals. Lessona & Pollonera, while adopting Malm’s name of Malacolimas as of sub-generic value, place it under A griolimax, but, as shown by Simroth, it is probably most correctly associated with the typical Limaces, of which it is an ancient form, though he places it with L. cephalonicus and L. subsaa- anus In a separate section, which he stvles Microheynemannia to distinguish it from the Macroheynemannia to which Limaxr maximus and the larger species are relegated. Diagnosis.—Limax tenc/lus differs from the species to which it is struc- turally most closely allied by its much smaller size, yellowish colour and black or blackish tentacles, its semi-transparent shell, ‘and yellow mucus. INTERNALLY, the reproductive organs are simple, the penis-sheath is short and swollen, and its retractor fixed near to and in front of the heart; the alimentary canal is almost a counterpart of that of juvenile Lamar maximus, except that it presents indications of a coecum or rectatheca.' Original Description. —210. LIMAX TENELLUS. LIMAX virescens, capite tenta- eulisque nigris; long. 10 unc. Totus albidus Clypeus in luteum, abdomen in vire- scentem colorem aliquantum vergit ; ille margine postico, hoc apice supra nigricat. In Fossulis Nemorum foliis aridis repletis ; primo vere. Miill.,Verm. Hist. 11, p. 11. 1 Monog. i., p. 284, f. 566. 72 LIMAX TENELLUS. Description.— ANIMAL slender, very soft and viscous, with about thirty longitu- dinal rows of rugze on each side of the body, of a pale yellowish, yellowish-grey, or ereenish-white, but occasionally of a golden-yellow with orange shield, an obscure hand on each side of the body and shield ; SKIN soft and thick, becoming thin and tender when the animal is placed in alcohol, a change probably due to the large amount of mueus which is thrown off; HEAD and TENTACLES black or blackish- brown; hinder fifth of the body somewhat but not acutely keeled ; SHIELD very obtusely angulated behind ; SOLE transparently whitish or yellowish and tripartite ; owing to this transparency of the median-area the foot-gland is clearly visible when the animal is crawling, and is seen to extend to the hinder-part of the body; the glandular lobules are also seen attached to the median-duct; MUCUS in half-grown or adult individuals of a yellow or orange colour. Length, 25-35 or more mill. SHELL somewhat oblong, whitish, thin, and . arly transparent, slightly concave beneath, apex Fic. 85.—Interna nearly : = Sie Banat J ; : rcp My a zy shell of ZL. tenellus nearly terminal, with the usual concentric LINES ‘ sone eeipeies de is . . .’ 4 2) . OF GROWTH, margin rather broad, thin, and imem- ‘NS Simroth). branous. Length, 3$ mill. ; breadth, 2 mill. . INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM conforms to the general type, but the organ of Semper is horse-shoe shaped, like that of L. mains, differing, however, in the cells being aggregated into five larger lobes around the mouth. The OSPHRADIUM is not distinctly perceptible, but may be detected by the slight furrowing defining it. o°o Fic. 86.—Otolith of Limax tenellus, highly magnified (after Schmidt). Fic. 87. Tic. 8& Fic. 89. Fic. 87.—Sexual organs of Z. tened/us Mill. x 3 (after Simroth). aéé.g. albumen gland ; /. heart ; k. pdney ; ov. oviduct; of. ovotestis ; f. prostate; Z.s. penis sheath; 7. retractor muscle; sf sper- matheca, Fic. 88.—Penis-sheath of Z. tened/us laid open, showing its internal structure, x 6 (after Simroth). Fic. 89.—Alimentary canal of Linear tenel/us Mill., X 3 (after Simroth). The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are not complex; the OVOTESTIS is small, placed behind the stomach, and surrounded with dark-brown tissue; DUCT dark-brown, not convolute but greatly swollen in the middle of its course, and ending in a tiny spherical and white VESICULA SEMINALIS ; ALBUMEN GLAND yellow, tender, and flaky; OVISPERMATODUCT relatively shorter than in Limaaz maximus, and only slightly connected together ; OvIDUCT pale above, yellowish below, narrowing bas- ally, and forming a thickened yellow base; SPERM-DUCT delicate above, but becoming a broad yellow glandular channel below, ending in a short broad VAS DEFERENS, which widens like a funnel, with a loose, plicate crest at its entry into the penis; the RETRACTOR arises from the same spot as a broad museular band, and is distally attached to the floor of the lung, in the median-line in advance of the heart ; SPER- MATHECA oblong, with a long, slender stem, opening into the atrium; PENIS-SHEATH short, thick, and white, with a lateral protuberance near the base ; interiorly there is a long, flatly projecting and finely plicate comb or crest, which is richly glandular, and encircles the opening of the vas deferens. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises as a simple broad, muscular band, in the median-line of the body, behind the lune. It does not divide into the normal three branches until the middle of its length. The ALIMENTARY CANAL is set in delicate and black mesenteric tissue, and has five intestinal tracts in addition to the stomach tract as in Limax maximus, and is an almost exact counterpart of those of the very young examples of that species, LIMAX TENELLUS. lke before the prolongation of the second intestinal tract takes place, except that there is an indication of a cecum or rectatheca at the commencement of the rectum; the STOMACH is short and broad and honeycombed in texture; liver very soft and spongy, and usually red in colour, the left lobe being the most obvious. The MANDIBLE or jaw is amber-brown in colour, very convex, rather narrow, but with somewhat elongate lateral limbs and straight ends, the lower outer angle of each limb acute, the upper anele cor- respondingly obtuse; the median-beak well marked FiG. 90.—Mandible or jaw of Lina and projecting boldly in front. Length one mill. tenellus x 25 (Leipzig , Dr. Simroth). The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a specimen from the Harth, Leipzig, shows a dis- tinctly tricuspidate median tooth; the laterals are mnequally tricuspid; the endo- conie cutting point being obsolete, but the ectoconie one strongly dev eloped ; the marginals become aculeate, but near the lateral series still exhibit three cutting points; the extreme marginals lose their inner cusp and become bicuspid, except for a few teeth which show vestiges of a second ectocone near the base. go 32 VAY BOAARAD BFF Fic. 91.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Limax tenellus Miill. (highly magnified). e's The animal collected by Dr. Simroth on the Harth, Leipzig, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Moss. Malm figures two distinct and prominent ectocones on the extreme marginals, but I have not been able to verify their presence in a well developed state in the Leipzig specimen. The formula of a Heipag specimen, nn eee by Prof. Simroth, shows ae ie ee oo lo 2-3 i) Food and Habits. — 'This little species 1s comparatively seldom observed, owing to the prevailing ignorance of its habits of life, and it is to be hoped that the claims of this species to rank as a British species will be firmly established now that attention is drawn to these peculiarities. In Germany this slug is found on the pine-clad heaths or even in the re- motest recesses of the great pine forests, where the ground is deeply covered with dense accumulations of pine needles and where scarcely a single blade of grass exists. On the fungoid growths, even in such places , Limaa tencllus is almost certain to be found if sought for in autumn, when the slug is adult and the fungi at the highest period of their development. The mushroom eatherers in Germany, collecting slugs for Dr. Simroth, find L. tenellus to overwhelmingly outnumber Arion subfuscus and other species frequenting the same situations. In other countries, at or towards the limits of its geographical range, its habitat 1s not so restricted, and it may be frequently met with in the woods composed of beech and other deciduous trees. Limax tenellus is of active habits, and, according to Simroth, lives exelu- sively on fungi, or, if the supply be restricted, becoming predatory or even cannibalistic ; - the Boletus is noted as especially preferred, while the poison- ous red Agaric i is also eaten on occasion. Reproduction and Development. — According to Simroth, this species attains its full growth in October, living thence through the winter even into the early spring. During the colder season of the year the animals pair, and oviposition takes : place i in some suitable damp spot ; the eggs, which are about two mill. in diameter, clear, transparent, and elobular, are placed i in clusters of thirty or forty; they hatch in a few weeks’ time, the young adopting a subterranean life and feeding beneath the surface upon the mycelia of fungi quite into early summer, when they are about 74 LIMAX TENELLUS. half-grown; about July they appear above ground and feed upon the fungi, which at that period begin to flourish, the appearance of the slug being coincident with and dependent on the development and growth of the fungi upon which it feeds. When young, the animals are almost unicolorous, and may then easily be confused with pale A griolimax levis or A. agrestis, but the polygonal reticulation of L. agrestis and the brownish tentacles of Z. davis aid us in their separation. heir unicolorous state may be continued to adult life, but usually when about half-grown they acquire on each side of the mantle a brownish or black zone, which may later assume a lyre-shape. The inner side of this dark marking has a pale margin, and this gives rise to a darker median patch which when well defined assumes somewhat the shape of a hour-glass. The mantle-band may occasionally extend to the body as a faint longi- tudinal zone. In addition there is a pale mid-dorsal or keel streak, which is quite broad at its origin, gradually narrowing, but widening again before finally contracting as it approaches the tail, “which in young ‘animals is tinged with a delicate carmine. Variation.—Limax tenellus is not a very variable species, but there appear to be some differences recorded in the fundamental body-colour, and in addition there may be distinct lateral banding on the shield, which may extend upon the body also. Dr. Westerlund, in his Fauna Europe, 1876, p. 11, gives as a variety of this species the Limawx squammatinus of Morelet, but this is really a species of Geomalacus. According to Dumont & Mortillet’s observation upon Limaa sylvaticus, which Lessona & Pollonera allocate with L. tenellus, the banded variety is more especially an inhabitant of the mountains and ‘exposed situations, the unicolorous form being more characteristic of the lower lands and umbra- geous places; these features do not appear to be so well marked in their German habitats. Var. eerea Held, Land Moll. Bayern, 1849, p. 15. Limax syluaticus var. immaculatus Dum. & Mortil., Mal. Savoie, 1857, p. 11. ANIMAL of a somewhat uniform waxy-yellow colour, with only faint traces of lateral banding. According to Dr. Westerlund the Limax wanthius Bourg., from Malberg, near Ems, in Germany, is an unicolorous yellowish variety of this species, and is prob- ably referable to the var. cerea. This form is also found at Augsburg, Munich, and on the mountains of the Traunstein, Bavaria; the Erzegebirge, and at Konigstein in Saxony, and if the reference by Lessona & Pollonera be correct, is also met with in Savoy, where it was recorded by Dumont & Mortillet as LZ. sy/vaticus var. imimaculatus. The British and Scandinavian examples would appear to belong to this variety, as they are recorded as possessing only a slight lateral shading. Var. fulva Normand, Desc. Limac. Nouvy., 1852, p. 7 Limax Julvus Normand, op. cit. ANIMAL reddish-brown, suffused dorsally with black ; SHIELD reddish-brown, scarcely obscured by some small pulviform blackish spots ; tentacles vinous-brown ; locomotory mucus colourless ; BODY mucus yellow. This variety, or geographical race, which was confused with L. arborwm until shown by Simroth to be a form of L. tenedlus, has been found at Valenciennes, in the department of the Nord, by Normand; in the Forest at Saint-Saulge, in the Niévre, by Breviére; in the Forest of Hez, in the Oise, by Dr. Baudon ; in the neighbourhood of Dijon, in the Cote @Or, by Dronet ; and at Luxembourg, in the departmeat of the Seine, by M. Rétout. LIMAX TENELLUS. i) Var. cineta Heynemann, Mal. BI, 1862, p. 101. Limax sylvaticus var. clypeo-fasciata Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax sylvaticus var. clypeo-concolor Dum. & Mort., op. cit. ANIMAL with distinet dark lateral bands on the shield, which occasionally ex- tend upon the body. This variety, which appears to be the most recently evolved form of this species, and to which the varieties elypeo-fusciata and clypeo-concolor of Limax sylvaticus Dumont & Mortillet, from Savoy, may probably also be referred as sub-varieties ; the former has the longitudinally banded shield, while in the latter the banding is confined to the body. It has also been reported from Eberbach, Baden; from various localities in Bran- denburg; from Vegesack and the Harz Mountains in Hanover; from Stettin in Pomerania, and from the neighbourhood of Leipzig. Geographical Distribution.—The range of this little-known species cannot be stated with any approach to real accuracy or precision. An ancient form, as this is shown to be, and which its known habitat m the mountains or within the recesses of pine forests still further emphasizes, lead us to expect a much more extended distribution than has hitherto been recorded. It has, however, been reported from Great Britain, France, Belgium, Ger- many, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Russia, and Palestine, and is said by Held to be especially plentiful in the Alps. Geographical Distribution of Limax tenellus Mill. Bee Recorded Distribution | Probable Range. Fic. 92. ENGLAND AND WALES. | HUMBER. York S.W.—Hemsworth and Sharlston, not common (Wileock, Rep. Wakefield Nat. Soc., 1888, p. 28). = TYNE. Durham—One specimen of the almost unicolorous yellow variety was found by Mr. Blacklock in a wood at Allansford, near Shotley Bridge, and sent to Mr. Alder (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 21). : SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Ayr—Plentiful in hedge bottoms, near Irvine, June 1878 (J. Conachar, junr., Nat., July 1878, p. 177). GEYED ELSIE S. Bute—Near Rothesay, June 1878 (J. Conachar, op. cit.). NORTHERN ISLES. Shetlands—North Mavine, on stones in the watercourse of a mountain mill (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., 1862, p. 156). 76 LIMAX TENELLUS. GERMANY. Throughout the country, but chiefly confined to the pine forests and mountain districts ; it has been reeorded from Baden—Ditch near the ‘‘Gesprengte Thurm,” Heidelberg (Daniels, Q.J.C., 1875, i., p. 112). Carlsruhe and Biihl (Gysser, Mal. Bl., 1865, p. 80). Var. cincta, Eber- bach (Seibert, Nachtbl., June 1873, p. 46). Bavaria—Bamberg (Schedel, Nachrichtsbl., 1886, p. 130). Var. cerea, Augsburg, Munich, and mountains in the Traunstein. Plentiful according to Herr Walser dur- ing November on mushrooms in woods. Brandenburg —Heathy pine forests in the neighbourhood of Diiben and Eilenburg (Simroth, Zeitsehr., 1885). Pine forest, Glienicke, near Potsdam, H. Simroth. Franconia — Kreuzberg, in forest near Convent (Clessin, Nachrichtsbl., 1884, p. 186). Hanover—Var. cincta, Vegesack and the Harz Mountains (Simroth, op. cit.). Between the Elbe and the Ems (Borcherding, Abh. Ver. Brem., viii., 1883). Lippe—Detmold (Borcherding, Mal. Bl., 1881, p. 16). Nassau—Frankfurter Wald, and on the Taunus Mountains (Kobelt, Moll. Nas- sau, 1871, p. 78). Var. wanthia Bourg., Malberg near Ems (Westerlund, Fauna Europ., 1876, p. 11). Pomerania— Var. cincta, Stettin (Lehmann, Mal. Bl., 1870, p. 95). Pyrmont—Konigsberg (Hesse, Mal. Bl., 1880, p. 4). Saxony—Var. cincta abundant in pine forests about Leipzig, Harth and Bienitz. Var. cerea in the red pine forests of the Erzegebirge, in the neighbourhood of Bienenmiihle and Konigstein, Saxon Switzerland (Simroth, Zeitsch. Wissens. Zool., 1885). Common, but young, during June and July, at Old Stolberg, near Nord- hausen (Hesse, Nachrichtsblatt, 1883, p. 44). Schleswig—Flensburg (Friedel, Mal. Bl., 1870, p. 63). Silesia—Landeck (Thamm, Nachbl., 1886, p. 150), and at Breslau. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—(Westerlund, Fanna Europ., 1876, p. 11). FRANCE. This species, according to Ferussae, is found in the south of France, in the Querey, but it is questionable whether the identification is reliable. Cote d’Or—Limax fulvus, environs of Dijon, H. Drouet (Bandon, Limac. Oise, 1871, p. 18). cattle Monepellior (Férussac, Hist. Suppl., 1823, p. 96). St. Martin-de-Lon- dres, Puéchabon (Dubrueil, Moll. Herault, 1863, p. 4). Meuse—(Buvignier, Cat. Moll. Meuse, 1899). Niévre—Limax fulvus, Forest of Saint-Saulge (Breviere, J. de Coneh, 1881, p. 314). Nord—L. fulvus, Valenciennes, Normand (Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 32). Oise—Limax fulvus, Forest of Hez (Bandon, op. cit.). Savoy —Limax sylvaticus (Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857). Seine—Limax fulvus, Luxembourg, M. Rétout (Baudon, op. cit.). Vendée—Fontenay-le-Comte (Letourneaux, Moll. Vendée, 1869, p. 7). Vosges—Environs of Mirecourt (Puton, Moll. Vosges, 1847). SWITZERLAND. Solothurn —Weissenstein near Solothurn, at an altitude of about 4,000 feet (Blum, Nachrichtsbl., 1883, p. 163), and recorded doubtfully for French Switzerland by H. v. Ihering (Mal. Bl., 1881, p. 71). TPAD. Piedmont—Found at Gressoney St. Jean, at an altitude of 4,650 feet, and at the Alpi di Konichin in Val della Toce, at an elevation of about 7,200 feet. It had not previously been recorded for Italy, probably on account of being passed over and con- fused with Agriolimax agrestis (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 46). AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Probably found throughout the whole region (Clessin, Moll. Oést.-Ungarn, 1887). Bohemia—Pracue, J. F. Babor, 1894. Carlsbad (Gysser, Mal. Bl., 1864). Moravia—Briinn (Clessin, Moll. Oést.-Ungarn, 1887, p. 44). Slavonia—(MO6llendorff, Nachrichtsbl., 1871, p. 62). Styria —Grimming (Clessin, op. cit.). Transylvania—(Clessin, op. cit.). PuatTE IX. Distribution of Limax tenellus Mill. In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Coruwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devous., 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8, 6 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts 8. 9 Dorset 10 Isle ot Wight 1l Haunts 8. 12 Hants N. 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. 14 Sussex H. 54 Lincoln N. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld, 15 Kent E. 56 Notts. 16 Kent W, 57 Derby SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Brecon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 46 Cardigan NORTH WALES 47 Montgomery 48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 5L Flint 52 Anglesey TRENT 17 Surrey MERSEY 18 Hssex 8. 58 Cheshire 19 Mssex N, 59 Lancashire S. 20 Herts. 60 Lancashire Mid 21 Middlesex HUMBER 22 Berks. 61 S.E. York 23 Oxford 62 N.E. York 24 Bucks. 63 S.W. York ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York 5 Suffolk fh. Suffolk W. 27 Norfolk H. 28 Norfolk W. 29 Cambridge 30 Bedford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN 33 Gloucester EK. 34 Gloucester W 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop 65 N.W. York TYNE 66 Durham 67 Northumb. S. 68 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland and L. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man of the British Isles, @ e s a 1 Sie SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E, HIGHLANDS 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Bantf 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 7> Ayr 96 Lasterness 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8. 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross BE. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E, 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen S. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT. 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick Tipper: N. Tipperary 8 Waterford 3 Cork N, 7 Cork 8. Kerry = ; - ior wt i374 + : on 7? Paynes i vit at}! ee F oa «4 e 2 — a as = > alien aeons Te a aes ee LIMAX TENELLUS. 7-7 SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Probably not so uncommon as previously believed. It is found in the park and oakwoods at Jarlsberg, Cliristiania, and Modum; by the lake Spirilen and other places in Christiania Stift ; also known from several localities in Christiansand Stift (Esmark, J. of Coneh., Oct. 1886, p. 101). Sweden—The most northerly occurrence of this species is in Jiimtland, 63°-64° north lat. (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46). Medelpad (Anderson, Mal. BL, 1880, p. 152). Malm records it from a birch wood, near Ljungskile, and also near Jonsered, and in the Castle wood, Géteborg, where it was abundant in October on the oak and other trees as well as on fungi. Westra Wram in Skane, rare, Lilljeborg. Ronneby in Blekinge, 1867, C. A. Westerlund ; Gothland, in woody tracts in various parts of the island, G. Lindstrém (Malm, op. eit., p. 69). Denmark—Not very common about Viborg, Jutland, according to Feddersen ; common, in autumn, mostly in the cavities of fungi in the beech woods of the Isle of Zealand (Malm, 1868, p. 69). RUSSIA. Widely distributed in Russia, extending from Finland to the Caucasus ; it has been recorded from several provinces, and according to Luther certainly inhabits Ingermanland. Esthland—(Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46). Finland—Not rare in south and mid-Finland, and reaches as far north as Viita- saari and Kuopio at 63° north lat., seeming to prefer marshy ground and spruce fir- trees, but it also occurs amongst deciduous trees ; in autumn it is frequently found on fungi (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46). Kharkov—Among damp leaves, Sumy (Kaleniezenko, Bull. Mose., 1851, p. 125). Livonia—Dorpat (Braun, Nachrichtsbl., 1883, p. 174). Moscow—Bielkovo near Moujevo (Milacheviteh, Moll. Mose., 1881). Stavropol—About Stavropol in the Caucasus (Kaleniezenko, op. cit.). Transcaucasia—Kutais (Buettger, Nacht., 1881, p. 121). Vitebsk—(Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46). ASIA MINOR. Canon Tristram found several slugs in the moist valleys to the south of Lebanon in Palestine, which he was unable to separate in any way from the European species (Fauna and Flora of Palestine, 1885, p. 180). 3 Fic. 93.—Pine forest, Glienicke, near Potsdam, Prussia, a stronghold of Lzmax tenedlus ls (photo. by Prof. Krieger). 78 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Susp-Genus Lehmannia Heynemann. Limax flavus Linné. 1694 Limax succini colore, albidis maculis instgntias Lister, Exercit. Anat., t. 1. 1758 = oe Ibi Sy. st. Nat. , ed. x., vol. i., p. 652. 1801 — variegatus Drap., ley Moll., p. 103. 1828) — antiquorum Sow ae Genera of Shells, ii., p. 158. 1837 — maculatus Nunneley, Trans. Phil. and Lit. Soe. Leeds, i., p. 46, pl. 2, f. 3.- 1844 — wmbrosus Philippi, ‘Enum, Moll. Seles Iga: 102. 1862. — deshayesii Bourg., Spice. Mal., p. 36, pl. 1, ff 1, 1863. — campanyoi Boure., Rév. et Mag. Zool., p. 179. 1865 — _ bicolor Selenka, Mal. BL, xii., p. 105, pl. 2, ff. 10-17. 1868 — beticus Mabille, Rév. et Mag. Zool., p. 145. 1I8sl — ecarinatus Boettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Gesellsch., p. 186, f. 7A-c. 1815 Limacella unguiculus Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 115, pl. 4, ff 3, 4, 11. 1836 Parmacella variegata Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicilize, 5 p. 125. IS5L Krynickillus maculatus WKalenicz., Bull. Soe. Imp. Moscou, p. 226, 6. 1¥.5 i92: 1856 Krynickia maculata Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 66. 1864 Limacus breckworthianus Lehmann, Mal. BL., xi., p. 145, pl. 4. 1868 Eulimax (Plepticolimax) flavus Malm, Skand. Limac., p. 62, pl. 4, f. 11. \ISTORY.—Limar flavus (flavus, yellow), was first discriminated by Lister, but Linné’s name takes precedence, and although doubt has been cast by some writers on the correct identification of Linné’s species, yet the des- cription he gives, and his reference to the characteristic figure of Lister, would seem to remove all doubt on the subject. This species is ranged under the sub- generic name of Lehmanniu, to emphasize the presence of the coecal appendage to the rectum, the chief difference its organization presents to that of the typical Limaces. ‘This section is also known under the names of Limacus, Plepticolimax, and Simrothia. With this fine species we associate Signor Napoleone Pini, who has so carefully studied ’ the slugs of Lombardy, and to whom we are = = indebted for the discrimination of the varie- ties tigrina and colubrina of this species. Aceording to Herr Heynemann, Limaa chrenbergi Bourg. and L. chilensis are both probably referable to our Limae flavus, and Mr. C.'T. Musson is of opinion that the Liémax megalodontes of Quoy & Gaimard, from Port Jack- son, also belongs to this species. ‘The Z. flavus var. lineolatus of Collinge, judging from the description, is more probably a variety of L. arborum. Diagnosis.—Limar flavus, in its typical form, may be easily distin- guished from the allied British species by its bluish tentacles, yellow mottled shield, and the oval yellowish rug interspersed over the body, which is of a dusky-yellow shade. INTERNALLY, it shows a marked difference from the Limaa maximus and L. cinereo-niger in the possession of a well-developed appendix or ccecum to the rectum, a peculiarity first pointed out and figured by Mr. Nunneley, of Leeds (‘Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, 1837, p. 58, pl. 2, f. 3). LIMAX FLAVUS. 1) Original Description.—LIMAX flavus. 7. L. flavus maculatus. Fn. Svec. 2092. List. exercit. anat. 1. t. 1. Limax succini colore, albidis maculis insignitus. Habitat inter Herbas (Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., p. 652, 1758). Description.—ANIMAL with a long but somewhat stouter body than the con- generic species, and varying from 75 or 80 mill. to 100 or more mill. in length when extended ; BODY rounded above, but keeled at the caudal extremity, usually of a dusky amber- yellow colour, ov erspread by grey, with the exception of certain rugee which remain yellow and are distributed over the body singly or in combination ; ; FOOT-SOLE longitudinally trifasciate, whitish with a faint “tinge of yellow, some- times narrowly margined with dusky- yellow ; BODY-SLIME thin and light-yellow in health, but dark-y ellow, viscid, and copious when scalded; on removal of the mucus after scal ling, the SKIN is seen to be of a dusky-grey ; SHIELD narrow and rounded in front, broader and very obtusely angulated beliind, of a dusky yellowish- grey colour, with many ‘oval yellowish spots, paler towards the margins ; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE posterior, surrounded by a raised and finely-spotted ring, broken an- teriorly by the anal and renal fissures; inside of pulmonary cavity whitish ; OMMATOPHORES stout and rather long, of a : bluish colour, due to the colour of retractor muscles ; LOCO- Fic. 96. — Respiratory MOTORY MUCUS plentiful and iridescent ; the SUPRA-PEDAL — °rifice of L. flavus, x 3, GLAND has its bilaterally symmetrical halves arranged on “P0wing the anal canal. either sides of the median-line, but does not extend into the tail, and, according to Rolleston, is underlaid by a laree venous sinus, very visible in the living animal along the median-line of the foot. SHELL subquadrately oval, thin, white, and con- eave beneath, with corresponding convexity above; APEX or nucleus placed a little distance from the posterior margin and slightly to the left side, the Cen erences concentric lines of increase usually well but not “Hants Sats sharply marked ; periostracal fringe broad and often : Mr. C. Ashford). somewhat calcified. Leneth, 9 mill. ; breadth, 6 mill. INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM has slightly reniform or bilobed buceal ganglia with short connecting commissure; the OSPHRADIUM Is in the form of a broad e¢ hannel on the underside of the mantle roof, and extends from the respiratory orifice far over towards the left. Fic. 97.—Internal shell of Z. flavus, a) The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are not complex, and do not possess accessory organs. The OVOTESTIS is situate behind the stomach, and is light-coloured or brownish, often with large elements; the DUCT is white, slender and very tortuous, terminating in a small and round VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND multilobed, flaky, and of a white or deep-yelfow colour, increasing vastly in size at rutting time; the SPERM Fic. 98. Fic. 99. Fic. 100. Fic. 98.—Penis-sheath and oviduct of Lzmax flavus, laid open to show the internal structure, enlarged (after Simroth). v.d. vas deferens; /. penis; sf.d. spermatheca duct ; ov. oviduct. Fic. 99.—Sexual organs of Limax flavus. alb.g. albumen gland; 4. heart; &. kidney; ov. oviduct ; of. ovotestis ; ~. prostate ; pS. penis- sheath 3 7.772. retractor muscle ; sp. spermatheca. Fic. 100. —Hermaphrodite duct at junction with vesicula seminalis of Z. //awus < 10 (after Scharff). 80 LIMAX FLAVUS. DUCT or PROSTATE is thick and yellow, with an immense number of minute, white, ‘aleareous rods within its walls; the OvipUCT is yellowish, gut-like, and thick- walled, but after separating from the prostate it narrows down and has thin walls, differing in structure from the upper albumen-secreting section; as it approaches the atrium it swells out, becomes thick-walled, and exhibits internally a succession of close-set glandular ridges and bright purple-red epithelium above; the fusiform SPERMATHECA which opens into the FREE-OVIDUCT in this region often contains a reddish substance, probably derived from the oviducal glands, and intended to aid in the preservation and vitality of the spermatozoids ; the PENIS-SHEATH is long and cylindrical with a pronounced double flexure, connected by tissue which sometimes also involves the VAS DEFERENS ard RETRACTOR; the latter is terminal, very long and ribbon-like, and fixed to the dor- sum between the heart and the kidney; the penis-sheath has no interior crest, but in the lower half there are two projecting, longitudinal muscular rolls, while the walls above are thinner with many fine transverse plications. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises usually in two or more roots beneath the hind margin of shield, and sooner or later unite into a short and stont band; about two- fifths of the total length of the retractor from the base, it divides as usual into the PHARYNGEAL and TENTACULAR branches; the pharyngeal bifureates and fixes by the bifid end beneath the buceal bulb; the retractors to the omma- tophores expand and become very bulky, but the subsidiary muscles to the anterior tentacles are comparatively slender, while the slip to the lips is quite short and insignificant. The ALIMENTARY CANAL has the five intestinal coils and a stomach tract all without twist, and visible above the visceral mass when the body is opened, as in the typical Limaces ; the intes- tinal coils are also held in position anteriorly, as in L. maximus,' by looping the aorta and the cephalic retractor, but differ in the presence of the rectatheca or caecum, which is, however, only slightly attached to the rectum, and extends in the median-line of the body nearly to the tail-end. Simroth suggests that this appendage may act as an absorbent and imbibe the chyme from the intestinal sanal by an antiperistaltic motion. The SALIVARY GLANDS are white and woolly, with a rather long duct to each ; GSOPHAGUS short and pinkish-brown in colour, widening almost immediately after passing the nerve-ring into the Crop, which is brownish in colour with white veins and irregularly furrowed longitudinally and trans- versely ; the LIVER or DIGESTIVE GLAND is usually of a yellowish grey, and consists of two main lobes connected each by a single duct to the digestive tube ; the KIDNEY Fic. 102.— Alimentary canal is brownish or in part crocus-yellow, and opens near the of set ep se” P ptale See termination of the rectum infront of and at the upper ?stetorly directed appendix. part of the pulmonary aperture. Fic. 101.—Cephalic retrac- tors of Limax flavus, X 2. A Cua \ / SILC Pal C / {Vv The MANDIBLE? or jaw is of a deep brown colour, strongly areuate from front to back, smooth, with a blunt but prominent median rostrum or beak, which projects boldly in front and beneath, ends convexly rounded, and the upper part imbedded in the flesh well marked. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a Cambridgeshire specimen, for which [ am indebted to the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin, shows an obscurely tridentate median tooth, the meso- cone large and well developed, but the ectocones not well marked and without noticeable cutting points ; the laterals display the same characters, the mesocone 65 o so o Q \ so a fa 4 7 a . ; is ia 30 ye @ Fic. 103.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Z. favus L, x 120. The animal collected in Cambridgeshire, and the palate prepared by the Rey. Prof. Gwatkin. 1 Monog., i., p. 285, ff. 570, 571. 2 Monog.,, i., p. 259, f. 511, LIMAX FLAVUS. D — being strong and well developed, and the side-cutting points obsolete ; the inner marginals are simply and strongly aculeate, but many of the extreme marginals show a clearly distinguishable ‘ectocone which must not be confused with the angular appearance due to the basal corner of the tooth. The formula is S4+t1 +2041 F20+11 434 x 153—=20,043. Reproduction and Development.—The act of pairing does not appear to have been observed or recorded except by Férussac, who describes the heads of the coupled individuals as touching but laterally opposed during the act; it is, however, affirmed by Simroth that no spermatophore is formed, the seminal element being transferred in a fluid state. ‘he eggs are deposited in clusters of half-a-dozen to a score or more, beneath Togs and in other moist and convenient places; they are at first colourless and perfectly translucent, tinged in some cases with amber, roundly oval in shape, soft and very elastic, and about seven mill. Jong and five mill. in diameter, usually though not invariably disposed in a series united together by a yellowish albuminous mucus with which they have become enveloped in their passage down the oviduct, and which by settling between the eggs gives them their acuminate aspect at the poles. Although the eggs are themselves very uniform in size, this mucous envelope varies so greatly in thickness that the eggs may appear to range in size from seven to eleven mill. in length even in the same batch. They are deposited from the beginning of July even into December, and hatch in from forty to sixty days, according to the weather, the young when hatched being about ten mull. long, and of a pale transparent yellow, or they may be somewhat greenish with a distinct light dorsal stripe and darker sides. ‘They become adult within the year. Food and Habits.—They are essentially nocturnal in habit, and very gregarious, often congregating together one upon another in a striking way for their siesta, and Bouchard-Chantereaux has remarked that one of their ommatophores is nearly always half extended at those times. Though often found in moist woods and gardens, beneath turf, logs, under stones or bark of old trees, in crevices of walls, etc., yet this species would appear to prefer the shelter of artificial surroundings, being found most commonly in damp cellars, vaults, sculleries, drains, ‘outhouses, sides of wells, and other similar places. It is an active and voracious species, feeding greedily upon bread, cooked meat, and vegetables, and many kinds of table delicacies. It is also partial to cream, butter, flour, and even soap, and will grow sleek and fat upon the mildew found on damp walls. In a grocer’s warehouse, in Leeds, LZ. flavus was noticed to show an especial predilection for brown sugar. In a state of nature it is said not to devour the green leaves of phanero- gamic plants, but to restrict itself to fungi and the minute lichens which stain the surface of old walls or are found upon the bark of trees; the stomach, under ordinary conditions, being filled with almost all kinds of garbage and mouldy growths. It will, however, eat the decayed leaves of Vinca and Primula. In confinement, Mr. Gain offered 197 various kinds of food to this species, but only the Mushroom, Psalliota campestris, Boletus edulis, and the root of Carrot were eaten with avidity, though seventeen others were eaten freely, amongst which Armillaria mellea, Russula heterophylla, Marasmius oreades, Polyporus squamosus, the fruit of the Strawberry, the leaves of Holly and Bryony, the stalks of Lettuce and Cabbage, the roots of Potato, Turnip, and Swede may be especially mentioned. $2 LIMAX FLAVUS. The nomina! faculty is strongly exemplified in this species, and this trait in its character has been often abundantly verified. It is capable, at least when young, of spinning a mucous thread by which it can lower itself from branches or other places from which it may desire to descend. Parasites.— Limax flavus is particularly liable to be infested by the ecto- parasitic Acwrus, known as Philodromus limucum?® L., a circumstance said by Férussac to be due to a strong odour resembling that of decaying wood which emanates from it and which also similarly attracts many wood-lice. This species is also preyed upon, according to Whiteaves, by the larva of the Coleopteron Drilus flavescens. Variation.—T'his species, though under ordinary conditions remarkably constant in its coloration and character, is hable to a temporary change of aspect under the influence of prolonged abstinence from food or continued irritation. ‘lhe yellow colour of the body being wholly or in great part due to the slime by which the body is invested, explains this transient stability of the colouring in this species.* When living within the shelter of human habitations it is said to be more vividly coloured, but according to Locard does not attain to the size of the examples living in the open air. The brightness of its colouring be- comes dimmed with the loss of its active energy, prolonged irritation, and abstinence from food, the yellow body-tint changing to a dull olive or grey. In the ordinary course, these animals in most districts darken with age, and as a rule are darker in colour out of doors than when living under shelter. The chief differences are due to variations in the ground colour, and to the intensity and completeness of the suffusion by the darker secondary pigmentation, this suffusion emanating from the irregularly maculate mark- ings, without exhibiting any tendency to run into banding. Among the anomalies that have been observed, one with a well-marked bifurcate tail, found by Mr. C. Oldham, at Alderley Edge, in Cheshire, is worthy of especial mention. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina Taylor. ; ANIMAL quite white. Bavaria—'wo specimens from the easemates at Wurzburg, June 1876 (S. Fries, Zool. Anz., 1879, p. 155). Var. flavescens I’ér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 71, pl. 5, f. ANIMAL yellowish, with markings tatine “a Cornwall W.—Scilly Isles, Aug. 1890! Rev. E. Dale Roberts. Surrey —Cobham, specimens in British Museum, from Dr. Leach (T. D. A. Cock- erell, in litt.). Middlesex—Muswell Hill road, Highgate, June 1889! H. Wallis Kew. Elgin—South College, Elgin, Dec. 1890! G. Gordon. Belgium— Brussels and Louvain (Colbeau, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1863, p. 48). France--Frequent in moist and cold houses in Lyons ; rather common in vaults and cellars in the department of the Ain; and at Montpellier, Béziers, Lodeve, St.- Pons, Ganges, ete., in the Herault. Italy—Liguria, Tuscany, Sardinia, and Sicily (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 44). Var. rufescens Mogq.-T'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 25. ANIMAL reddish, with the markings somewhat indistinct. Warwick—Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Cellar, Edgbaston, July 1898 (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 56). 1 Monog. i., p. 312, f. 602. 2 Monog. i., p. 423, f. 738. 3 Monog. i., p. 327. Pe naris OX, LIMAX. 1. Limax tenellus, p. 71. . (after original drawing by Joshua Alder). 3. Liman tenellus var. cerea, p. 74 , x Masham, Yorks, W. A. Thwattes. 2. Limax tenellus var. fulva, p. 4. Limax tenellus, young. Loughton, Essex, T. Petch. (ajyter Stmroth). 5. Limax flavus, p. 78. Leeds. 6. Limax flavus var. rufescens, p. 82. 8. Limax flavus var. grisea, p. &4. Bowes Castle, T. Sheppard. Bath, C. J. Waterfall. 7. Limax flavus var. virescens, p. 83. g. Limax flavus var. maculata, p. 83. South Stockton, B. Hudson. Ratham, W. Jeffery. 14. Liumax arborum var. nemorosa, p. 95. Banchory, W. Evans. to. Limax arborum, p. 94. Cooper's Hill, Chelrenham. 15. Limvax arborum subvar, alpestris, p. 96. tr. Limax arborum var. subrufa, p. 94. Shetlands, Rev. R. W. J. Smart. Chapel-en-le-Frith, C, Oldham. 16. Limax arborum subvar. bettonit, p. 95. 12. Limax arborum subvar, submacu . 96. : : : u culata, p. 96 Cushendun, Rev. S. A. Brenan. Cushendun, Rev. S. A. Brenan, ; ee 17. Linvax arborum var. zebra, p. 96. 13. Limax arborum var. tigiina, p. 96. u S2 ? 2 > mu ) (after Stmroth). (after Weinland). J. W. & E. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds. LIMAX FLAVUS. 83 Lancashire S.— Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). Lancashire W.—Timber yard, Avenham lane, Preston, 1889! W. H. Heathcote. France—(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.). Italy—All Italy (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882). Var. virescens Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 71, pl. 5, f. 2. ANIMAL almost uniformly greenish, the markings nearly obliterated. Kent W.—Chislehurst, May 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Pembroke—North Cliff near Tenby Harbour (Stubbs, J. of Conch., 1900, p. 322). York N.E.—South Stockton, Dee. 1884! Baker Hudson. France —(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. ). Italy—Liguria (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Esino, Lombardy (Pini, 1876). Madeira—(Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855). VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. antiquorum Sowerby, Genera of Shells, 1828, 11., pl. 158. Limax beticus Mab., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 145. ANIMAL pale ochreous, marbled on mantle and back with greyish interstitial lineolation or reticulation. Surrey—Specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘‘Cobham, Dr. Leach” (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Portugal—Lisbon (Morelet, Moll. Portugal, 1845, p. 34). Var. tigrina Pini, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1876, p. 96. Limax variegatus var. tigrinus Pini, op. cit. ANIMAL rufous-yellow, variegated with black, mid-dorsal line rufous-yellow and uninterrupted. Italy—Esino, Lombardy (Pini, op. cit.). Var. umbrosa Philippi, Enum. Moll. Siciliv, 1844, i1., p. 102. Limax umbrosus Phil, op. cit. Krynickillus maculatus Kal., Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, p. 226, pl. 4, f. 2. Limax maculatus Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 52. Limax variegatus var. colubrinus Pini, op. cit. ANIMAL ochreous-yellow or brown, with darker markings superposed. The L. wmbrosus has the darker colouring brownish, while the sub-var. nuaculata Kal. has it dark-grey or blackish ; the maculata of Moquin-Tandon has the ground colour more of a brownish shade, and the markings are described as black. Sussex W.—Sub-var. maculata Kal., Ratham, Nov. 1886! W. Jeffery. Kent E.—Sub-var. colubrina, Maidstone, Nov. 1888! F. G. Fenn. Middlesex—Sub-var. maculata Kal., Southwood road, Highgate, June 1889 ! H. W. Kew. Hillingdon near Uxbridge, Oldfield Thomas. Bedford Park, 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Specimens in British Museum, presented by Dr. Leach, from the cellars of three localities in London (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Bucks.-—Sub-var. maculata Kal., Eton, Dr. Leach, specimens in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Notts.—Sub-var. colubrina, Tuxford (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893). York N.E.—Sub-var. colubrina, South Stockton, Dec. 1884! Baker Hudson. Edinburgh—ZL. maculatus, common on hills about Edinburgh (Leach, op. cit). France—Sub-var. maculata, Montpellier, Béziers, Lodeve, St.-Pons, Ganges, ete. (Dubrueil, Moll. Hérault, 1863, p. 3). Belgium—Sub-var. maculata, Brussels (Colbean, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1863, p. 48). Italy—Sub-var. colubrina, Esino, Lombardy (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876). Sub-var. maculata, Esino in Lombardy (Pini, op. cit.). Var. wmbrosa Phil., Sicily. St. Helena—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens in British Museum, from J. C. Melliss (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). United States—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens in British Museum, labelled “Savannah, Georgia, W. G. Binney” (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Australia—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens from Sydney, New South Wales, in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Polynesia—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens from Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and New Hebrides, collected by Rev. Wyatt Gill, are in the British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). S4 LIMAX FLAVUS. Var. breckworthiana Lehmann, Mal. Bl., 1864, p. 144, pl. 4 Limacus breckworthianus Lehmann, op. cit. Limax ecarinatus Boettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1881, p. 186, f. 7a-c. Limax flavus var. suffusa Roebuck, J. of Conch., July 1885, p. 352. Limax flavus var. grisea Roebuck, J. of Conch., July 1884, p. 222. The whole Bopy and SHIELD uniformly suffused by a dark colouring. The varieties breckworthiana, ecarinata, and suffusa are all said to be character- ized by the diffusion of the secondary pigmentation over almost the whole surface of the body, which therefore presents an almost uniform colouring. The sub-var. grisea differs in the mottled markings being still visible on the body and shield, although the yellow ground tint has been replaced by grey and the body slime is colourless. Somerset N.—Sub-var. grisea, Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall. Middlesex—Sub-var. suffusa, Ealing, May 1885! 8.C. Cockerell. Sub-var. grisea, Acton, Jan. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Stafford— Sub-var. grisea, Mr. Nash’s garden, Stafford, Dec. 1886! L. E. Adams. Renfrew—Sub-var. grisea, near Greenock, Sept. 1886 ! Andrew Scott. Russia—The sub-var. ecarinata, Kutais, Transcaucasia ; similar specimens from Sebastopol in Crimea (Simroth, } Nacktsch., 1891, p. 308). Australia—Var. breckworthiana, Brecker, Victoria (Lehmann, l.c.). Geographical Distribution.—The natural range of Limax Jlavus is very compact, and includes the whole of temperate Europe. It has been reported from the British Isles, Germany, France, Corsica, Belgium, Hol- land, Spain, Portugal, Balearic Isles, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece, Den- mark, Russia, Asia Minor, Algeria, C yprus, and other Mediterranean Isles. It has also been noted as occurring in Madeira, Azores, St. Helena, Seychelles, Eastern North America, South America, Australia, New Zea- land, Japan, and South Africa. Geographical Distribution of Limax flavus L Pees Recorded Distribution. KG Probable Range. Fic. 104. ENGLAND AND WALES. Chann rnsey & Sark, but not commonly (Cooke & Gwatkin, ().J.C., 1878, i., p. 322). Jersey, Lukis (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Phillack, near Hayle, Oct. 1884! MissS. Hockin. Var. flavescens, Scilly Isles, Ang. 1890! Rev. E. Dale Roberts. Devon S.—A specimen in the British Museum, from Dr. Leach, labelled ‘‘Ply- mouth” (T. D. A. Coeckerell, 1891). About Exeter, but not so abundant as L. maximus (Parfitt, Nat., 1854, p.150). Var. grisea, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Devon N.—Enumerated in Besley’s Handbook for North Devon, 1867, p. 124. LIMAX FLAVUS. 85 Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Somerset N.—Type and sub-var. grisea, Bath, June, 1884! C. J. Waterfall. CHANNEL, Dorset—Abundant, Glanville’s Wootton (C. W. Dale, Hist. of Glanville’s Woot- ton, 1878, p. 334). Weymouth (Damon’s Geol. Dorset, 1884, p. 234). Isle of Wight—Steephill, A. J.H. (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462). Hants S.—Common, Christchurch ! also found at Mudeford! C. Ashford, 1883. Ditcham wood, June 1896, C. E. Wright. Hants N.—Preston Candover, July 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex E.—Ditch side, near Priory, Lewes (W. C. Unwin, Nat., 1853, p. 54). East Grinstead, E. Saunders. Near Hailsham (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Eastbourne, Battle and Kingston (J. H. A. Jenner, Rep. Eastb. Nat. Hist. Soe., 1880). Sussex W.—Occasionally at Chichester, Cowfold, and Henfield, W. Borrer ; at Harting, Weaver & J. E. Harting; Brighton, Merrifield (Harting, Zool., 1878, p. 86). Garden, Ratham, June 1884! W. Jeffery. THAMES, Kent E.—Margate, April 1883! T. D. A. Cockerell. Faversham, Sept. 1884! Miss Fairbrass. Common at Folkestone, Sept. 1886 ! C. Oldham. Kent W.—Type and var. virescens, Chislehurst, May 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Garden, Deptford, June 1886! A. J. Jenkins. Edenbridge, Feb. 1898! A. Leicester. Surrey—Croydon (K. McKean’s Croydon List, 1883). Wandsworth, June 1885! S. C. Cockerell. Limpsfield (W. M. Webb, Sc. Goss., June 1887). South Norwood, Haslemere, and Shottermill (C. Pannell, jr., J. of C., July 1903). Sutton, Oct. 1885! F. G. Fenn. Var. flavescens and var. antiquorum, labelled ‘‘ Cobham, Dr. Leach,” in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Essex S.—Gardens, Barking Side, Wanstead (Crouch, Essex Nat., 1891, p. 209). Essex N.—Common everywhere (H. Laver, Colchester List, 1882, p. 93). Herts. —Hitchin, plentiful, Aug. 1873, C. Ashford. Exceedingly abundant in the old palace of the Saxon kings, Kingsbury, St. Albans, Sept. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Middlesex—Acton, under logs, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Bedford Park, March 1885! S. C. Cockerell. Shells labelled ‘Islington, E. A. Smith,” in Brit. Mus. Hampstead, June 1888, H. W. Kew. Var. flavescens, Muswell hill, Highgate, June 1889! (H.W. Kew, Nat., Apl. 1889). Var. suffusa, Ealing, May 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Oxford—Common in cellars, Oxford (J. F. Whiteaves’ Oxford list, 1857, p. 5). Rather common in cellars, Banbury (R. H. Stretch, Zool., 1855, p. 4541). Bucks.—Garden, Aston-Clinton (A. Leicester, J. of Conch., July 1902, p. 216). ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Blaxhall, July 1885! G. T. Rope. Exceedingly common at Wood- bridge, May 1886! 8. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham, Brockford and Ipswich (May- field, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295). Norfolk E.—Norwich, in gardens and cellars (Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742). Norfolk W.—Lynn, Aug. 1886, C. B. Plowright. Cambridge— Whittlesea (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Near Cambridge, June 1886! B. Tomlin. Cambridge (L. Jenyns, Loudon’s Mag., Nov. 1831, p. 538). Bedford—Luton, Aug. 1885! J. Saunders. Northampton—Peterborough (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Cellar, Northampton (Adams, Proc. Northants N.H. Soc., 1893). Fletton (Nicholls, J. of C., Apl. 1884). SEVERN. Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Gloucester W.—Common in gardens, Bristol (E. C. Jellie, Nat., 1867, p. 148). Monmouth—Common in Monmouthshire (E. J. Lowe, 1885). Worcester—Sparkbrook, Birmingham (Proc. Birm. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869, p. 108). Moseley, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Worcester, Oct. 1886! H. Milnes. Cellars in Stour- port (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., vi., p. 112). Warwick—Belgrave street and Digbeth, Birmingham, April 1867! W. Nelson. Garden, Sutton Coldfield, 1899, H. Overton. Var. rufescens, garden, Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Cellar, Edgbaston, July 1898 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 16}. Stafford—Sub-var. grisea and type, Stafford, Dec. 1886! L. E. Adams. Stone, E. D. Bostock; Cheadle! (J. R. B. Masefield, Moll. Staff., 1902, p. 6). Walsall, 1897, H. Overton. Handsworth (Tye, Q.J.C., 1875, p. 68). Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson. ; SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Cardiff (Wotton, Brit. Ass. Handbk., 1891, p. 182). Common about Swansea, 1901, H. Rowland Wakefield. Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Tenby, Nov. 1887! C. Jefferys. 23/8/03 F 86 LIMAX FLAVUS. NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Rather plentiful and well distributed ; Gungrog Hall, near Welsh- pool, M. C. Jones! (J. Bickerton Morgan, Montgomery Moll. ~ 1888, p- 282). Carnarvon—Conway Castle, Jan. 1888! L. E, Adams. ENT. Lincoln N.—Wall, Lincoln road, Louth, April 1886 and May 1903! H. Ww. “Kew. Alford, June 1890! J. E. Mason. Leicester ‘ommon in town cellars, Leicester (Quilter, Moll. Leic., 1888) ; cellar, Market street, Leicester, Oct. 1886! H. E. Quilter. Notts.—Cellars, Highfield House, and in Nottingham (Lowe, Notts. List, 1853). Pleasley vale; Attenborough, and railway embankment, Lenton, 1883, C. T. Musson. Tuxford, June 1884! W. A. Gain. Corporation gardens, Wells road, Nottingham, July 1888! G.W. Mellors; Beech Avenue, Nottingham, Feb. 1885, B. Sturges Dodd. Cellar, Farnsfield, Oct. 1892! and var. Jlavescens, ‘Oxton, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Derby— Matlock, 1884, H. E. Craven. Repton, H. Milnes. ERSEY. Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Holmes Chapel, ee 1896 ! Alderley Edge, July 1898 ! and Sale, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. See S.—Warrington (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Rainhill, Sept. 1885, AW A. Cockerell. Pendlebury and Moorside, R. Standen (Melvill, Brit. Assoe. Habk. ), Southport (MeNicholl, 1859, p. 146). Cellars, Manchester, R. D. Darbishire. Var. rufescens, Knowsley, Liv erpool (W. E. ¢ ‘ollinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). Lancashire Mid—Abundant in fernery, Avenham lane, Preston, June 1888, and var. rufescens, timber-yard, Avenham lane, Preston, Feb. 1889! W. H. Heathcote. HUMBER. York S.E.—Common in cellars, Hornsea (J. D. Butterell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1881). Newport, near Staddlethorpe, abundant in garden, Aug. 1883! T. K. Skip- with. Abundant in garden, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell. York N.E.—Yards and cellars, tedear and Coatham, Aug. 1886! B. Hudson. Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Old walls, Bagdale and Bovhole, Whitby, July 1883! H. Pollard. Occasionally in cellars, Thirsk a igh Davies, Nat., 1855, p. 134). Scarborough, W. Bean (Theakston’s Guide to Searborough, 1871, p. 176). Bootham School, York (R. M. Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242). The “typical form, var. virescens and var. colubrina, South Stockton, Dec. 1884! B. Hudson. York S.W.—Bar nsley, April 1893! F. Batley. Near Tarn Dam, Keighley, Feb. 1868! Cellars, Saltaire, Dec. 1888! J. Beanland. Warehouse, Pine street, Bradford, Oct. 1882! H. T. Soppitt. Dewsbury, Sept. 1885! P. F. Lee. Elland, April 1903, J. E. Crowther. Wakefield, Joseph Wileock. Lofthouse, Sept. 1887, G. Roberts. Huddersfield, in damp cellars, ete., G. H. Parke. York Mid W.—Cellars and kitchens, Leeds! Rennie Crags, Birstwith (Walker, J. of C., Jan. 1882). Pateley Bridge, M: arch 1884! W. Storey. Boston Spa, common, 1884, John Emmett. Harrogate and Knaresborough (F. R. Fitzgerald, J. of C., Jan. 1889). Ineleton, common (W. E. Collinge, Nat., Apr. 1890). York N.W.—Var. rufescens, Bowes Castle, abundant, Aug. 1903! T. Sheppard. fh god Oe Durham—Sunderland, R. Howse (Alder’s Cat. Mollusea, 1848, p. 125). South Shields, Nov. 1884! R. Howse. Northumberland S.—Not common in cellars, Neweastle (Alder, Cat. Moll., Hae Isle of Man—Very common and fine on walls about Port Erin, Jan. 1880, a KE. Adams. Douglas! and Castletown, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor. SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Kirkcudbright—Common in my cellars, Maxwelltown, July 1891! R. Service. Renfrew—Type and sub-yar. grisea, abundant about Scott’s sugar refinery, (reenock, April 1886! T. Scott. EAST LOWLANDS. Peebles—West Linton, Sept. 1893, W. Turner. Haddington—Balgone, Jan. 1896, W. Evans. Linlithgow—Caribber Glen, Feb. 1898, and Dalmeny Park, Oct. 1902, W. Evans. Berwick—In wine cellars, Berwick (G. Johnston, Proce. Berw. Nat. Club, 1838, p. 154). Near Eyemouth, Sept. 1895! W. Evans. Edinburgh— Garden, 14, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Oct. 1888! W.D.R. Dud- dingston Loch, May 1894; Voerie Glen, Feb. 1 1897 ; ;and Arniston, June 1902, W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS. Fife and Kinross—Craill, Aug. 1890! Kilconquhar, Sept. 1893; Loch Leven, June 1894; and Loch Gelly, May 1895, W. Evans. Perth S.—Doll: ar, and Wh: arry Glen, Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898, W. Evans. Aberdeen S,—U nder stones and by houses (J, Tay lor, Zool., 1853, p- 3853. LIMAX FLAVUS. 87 Elgin—Cellars and other damp places in the province of Moray (G. Gordon, Zool., 1854, p. 4453). Var. flavescens, South College, Elgin, Dec. 1890! G. Gordon. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Caithness—Wick and other places (Peach, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 1864). IRELAND. ULSTER. Antrim—Belfast (Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 18). Rathlin Island, in wood by the church, May 1898, L. E. Adams. Tyrone—Strabane, June 1889, A. H. Delap. Donegal—A bout Lifford, June 1889, A. H. Delap. Louth—Piperstown, Oct. 1882! Miss 8. Smith. Dublin—On walls near Booterstown and Blackrock (Walpole, Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Abundant in cellars, etc., Leeson Park, and in Dublin city ; Howth, April 1887 ! Raheny, Aug. 1890, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Oct. 1890, and Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Nov. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Wicklow—Belmont demesne, near Greystones, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Kilmanock, New Ross, March 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. CONNAUGHT. Sligo—Infests houses and bathing lodges, Enniskrone, April 1889! and said to be numerous at Glen Lodge, near Ballina (A. Warren, Irish Nat., Sept. 1892, p. 126). Mayo W.—Black Rock Lighthouse, 1890! R. Widdicombe. Tipperary N.—Finnoe (E. Waller, N.H. Review, Apr. 1854, p. 87). Tipperary S.—Glenconnor, April 1888, and Clonmel, June 1886, A. H. Delap. Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Cork N.—Garden, Youghal, R. Ball (Thompson, Ann. & Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 18). Cork S.—Carrigaline, May 1888! Vismes Kane. Blarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Kerry—Rossbeigh, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Sparingly at Killarney, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898). GERMANY. Clessin describes Limax flavus as inhabiting the whole of Germany, and records have been made for Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Holstein, Nassau, Oldenburg, Pomerania, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, and Wurtemburg. NETHERLANDS. Holland—The Hague (R. J. Maitland, Nachrichtsbl., 1869, p. 163). Belgium—(Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859). FRANCE. According to Moquin-Tandon this species is found throughout France. It has been recorded from the Agenais, Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Champagne Meridionale, Cote d’Or, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hérault, Isere, Loire Inférieure, Manche, Maine et Loire, Meurthe, Morbihan, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Pas de Calais, Puy-de-Déme, Pyrénées Orientales, the Quercy, Rhone, Seine, Seine et Marne, Somme, Vendée, and Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Clessin says probably found throughout, but no definite records have been seen. ITALY. Recorded by Simroth and others for North, Mid, and Southern Italy, also for Sicily, Sardinia, and Malta. The greatest altitude it attains in Italy is said to be about 2,800 feet at Bobbio in Piedmont. < AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Clessin says probably found throughout the region, and although Simroth cites it for Hungary, the only available definite record is for Gorz on the Adriatic coast. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Recorded from Madrid in New Castile ; Santiago in Galicia ; Santander in Old Castile; Gibraltar and Seville in Andalusia; also for Valencia, Catalonia, and the Balearic Isles. Portugal—Lisbon (Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 279). GREECE. Probably widely dispersed in Greece, and has been reported from Athens, Patras, Prevesa, and from the lonian Islands, Crete, Chios, ete. SCANDINAVIA. South Scandinavia—(Jordan, Binnenmoll., 1883); cited also by Grateloup for Norway and province of Skane in South Sweden. Denmark—Copenhagen (Malm, Skand, Limac., 1878, p. 65). LEINSTER. MUNSTER. CO oo) LIMAX FLAVUS. RUSSIA. Has only been reported as yet from the southern provinces at Lebedin, Achtyrka, and Bogoduchow in Kharkov ; Sebastopol, Theodosia, and other localities in the Crimea, Suanetien, Kutais, and Lenkoran in Mingrelia, and Suchum in Abchasia. NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Morocco—Tangiers, T. D. A. Cockerell in litt., 1891. Algeria—L. deshayesi Bourg., Cherchell (Bourg., op. cit.). LZ. campanyoi, Algiers (Lallemant, Moll. Alger, 1881, p. 2). Tripoli—Grateloup (Dist. Geog. Limae., 1855). Asia Minor—Sinope, Trebizonde, Beyrout, Haiffa, the Isle of Cyprus, ete. ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—S. Miguel, in shady gardens about Ponta Delgada and Villafraneca (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, p. il). Madeira—W idely distributed and found oc -casionally at the Val, near Funchal, at Praia Bay, in the Curral das Freiras, ete. ; also found by Rev. R. Boog Watson in the north of the island. St. Helena—Specimens of sub-var. maculata Kal., in British Museum, from J. C. Melliss (T. D. A. Cockerell in litt., 1891). JAPAN. Simroth gives LZ. favus as occurring in Hondo and the more southerly islands of Japan (Nacktschn, Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 308). NEARCTIC REGION. According to Binney, it probably inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast and their vicinage, and some of the cities of the interior, and has been actually reported from Maine—Occurs rarely at Portland (Morse, Pulm. Maine, 1864, p. 7). Massachusetts—Numerous in garden, New Bedford (Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885); Boston and Cambridge (Binney, L. and F. W. Shells N. Amer., 1869, p. 61). New Jersey—Cellar, Burlington (Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 1875, p. 173) ; Gutenberg (H. Prime, 1885). New York—New York (Binney, L. and F.W. Shells of N. Amer., 1869, p. 61). Riverdale and Huntington, Long Island, H. Prime, 1885. Onondago C On general, W. M. Beauchamp, 1885. Monroe Co. (J. Walton, Nautilus, 1898, p. 133). Com- moner than L. maximus at Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892). Maryland—Baltimore (Binney, L. and F.W. Shells of N. Amer. 1869, p. 61). Virginia—Richmond, University of Virginia and other cities ( sinney, op. cit.,). Pennsylvania— York, H. Prime, Oct. 1885. West Chester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, Sept. 1885. Greenhouses and lily ponds, Lincoln Park, Philadelphia (F. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1901, p. 59). District of Columbia— Washington (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Georgia—Athens and Savannah (Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 452). South Carolina—Graniteville and Charleston (Binney, op. cit., p. 452). NEOTROPICAL REGION. Brazil—Porto Alegre and Jaguarao (Heynemann, J. D. M. G., 1885, p. 275). Chili-—L. chilensis Gay (Heynemann, op. cit.). Argentina—Buenos Ayres (M. Str obel, Act. Soe. Se. Nat. Milan, 1868). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Natal—Pietermaritzburg (Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soc., Dee. 1898, p. 172). Seychelles—(H. Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 308). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New South Wales—Sydney (E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1884, p. 272) ; Gladesville and Summer Hill, J. Brazier; Inverell, Duncan; and on walls of a well, Tamworth (C. T. Musson, Journ. Linn. Soe. N.S. W., 1890, p. 892). Victoria—Benalla, J. Brazier (0. T. Musson, op. cit.). Var. breckworthiana, Breckworth (Lehmann, op. cit.). bicolor, Sydney (Selenka, Mal. BL, xii., p. 105). Queensland—Brisbane, C. tedicy (C. T. Musson, op. cit.) Tasmania—Launceston, C. Hedley (C. T. Musson, op. cit. ). New Zealand—Dunedin and Greymouth in South Island, Capt. Hutton (C. T. Musson, op. cit.) ; North Island (Heynemann, op. cit., 1885, p. 305). New Hebrides—Sub-var. maculata, specimens in British Museum, from Rey. Wyatt Gill (T. D. A. Cockerell, in litt., 1891). Cook’s Islands—Sub-var. maculata, Rarotonga, specimens in British Museum, from Rev. Wyatt Gill (T, D, A. Cockerell, in litt., 1891). Prats XI, } Distribution of Limax flavus L. In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 41 1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devous. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8. 6 Somerset N. SOUTH WALES Glamorgan 2 Brecon Radnor Carmarthen 5 Pembroke ) Cardigan NORTH WALES CHANNEL 47 Montgomery 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 8 Wilts 8. 49 Carnarvon 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 10 Isle of Wight 5. Flint 11 Hants 8. 2 Anglesey 12 Hants N. TRENT 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. 14 Sussex E. 54 Lincoln N. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 15 Kent BE. 56 Notts. 16 Kent W. 57 Derby 17 Surrey. MERSEY 18 Essex 8. 58 Cheshire 19 Essex N. 59 Lancashire 8S. DS 20 Herts. 60 LancashireMid to 21 Middlesex HUMBER . 22 Berks. 61 8.E. York 23 Oxford 62 N.E. York ‘i 24 Bucks. 63 S.W. York z ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York 25 Suffolk EK. 65 N.W. York = 26 Suffolk W. TYNE a) 27 Norfolk E. 66 Durham « 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 30 Bedford LAKES 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton = SEVERN 33 Gloucester E. Gloucester W 35 Monmouth 5 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick Stafford Salop Westmorland and L. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man 69 la Uys My ‘ote GZ Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. WB Distribution verified by the Authors. SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Banff 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 7o Ayr 96 Hasterness 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8. 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E, HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 87 PerthS.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wextord 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim 36 Sligo Mayo E. 38 Mayo W. Galway W. 0 Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limerick Tipperary N. Tipperary 8 Waterford 3 Cork N. Cork 8. Kerry MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 89 Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux. 1774 Limax marginatus Miller, Verm. Hist., ii., p. 10, No. 206. 1779 — _ scopulorum Fabricius, Reise Norwegen, p. 298. 1822 — cinereus var. B Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Sveciie, p. 7. 1833 — gagates Boubée, Bull. Hist. Nat. Frane., p. 13. 1836 — _ salicium Bouillet, Cat. Moll. Auvergne, p. 18. 18387 — limbatus Held, Isis, p. 303. 1838 — arborum Bouch.-Chant., Moll. Pas-de-Calais, p. 28. 1843 — glaucus and arboreus Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., p. 334, pl.11, ff. 4-10. 1848 = — livonicus Schrenk, Land u. Susswass. Livlands, p. 142. 1852. — marginatus Baudon, Cat. Moll. Oise, p. 6. 1852. —_ scandens Normand, Dese. Limac. Nouv., p. 6. 1856 — _ sylvaticus Goldfuss, Rheinpr., p. 65, pl. 3, f. 8. 1857 — arboreum Gray, Turton’s Manual, p. 82. 1870 — _ bettonw Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sei. Nat., p. 251. 1871. —_ agrestis var. saxorum Baudon, Mém. Limac. Oise, p. 19, pl, 4, ff 10-12. 1877 altilis Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 49. 1868 Lehmannia marginata Malm, Skand. Limace., p. 83. 1876 Amalia marginata Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 53. 18sO) — = marginata var. mongianensis Paulueci, Fauna Mal. Calabria, p. 23. ISTORY.—Limae arborum (arborum, belong- ing to trees) has attracted the attention of some of the earliest observers, and has, therefore, received a variety of names, but it was not until 1838 when Bouchard-Chantereaux un- mistakably described its peculiarities that a name was apphed to it with certainty. Though it 1s probable that previous authors had this slug before them, their descriptions are not such as to remove all doubt, and have therefore given rise to much controversy, so that it has been deemed advisable to adopt the first name about which no difference of opinion has arisen. The Limax marginatus of Miller, the L. scopulorum of Fabricius, LZ. sylvestris of Sco- poli, LZ. gagates of Boubée, L. salicium of Bouillet, and LZ. limbatus of Held, according to many of the best authorities, are all prob- ably referable to Limaw arborum, but the mar- gin of doubt that exists precludes the use of any of these names for the species. Though classified with LZ. favus mainly on account of the exact similarity of their alimentary systems, yet this location is not altogether satisfactory, as the sexual organs demonstrate a close relationship with A griolimax, from the Caucasian stock of which group Simroth believes this species to have been derived, the connecting links being still existent in Abyssinia; L/mav arborum therefore connects the Agriolimaces with the typical Limaces, par- taking to some extent of the peculiarities of each. With this species, so especially identified with the power of spinning mucous threads, we have associated Mr. H. Wallis Kew, I'.Z.8., of Hornsey, London, who has devoted so much time and ability to the investigation of the phenomenon of thread-spinning in mollusks as well as other animals. 90 LIMAX ARBORUM. Diagnosis.—Limax arborum is distinguished from other Limaces by its remarkably gelatinous and transparent aspect, due to its great capacity for the absorption of water. It is also readily separable from L. maximus, with young individuals of which it is sometimes confounded, by the distinct lateral banding upon the shield, and by being incapable of uplifting and reflecting the anterior part of the mantle in response to irritation. INTERNALLY, the animal is distinguished by a horn-shaped flagellum to the penis-sheath, and an appendix or cecum to the rectum, features not pos- sessed by Limaa maximus, with which it is most liable to be confused. Description. —ANIMAL moderately long and slender with a very soft and gela- tinous BODY, of a glaucous-grey, but sometimes of a yellow or rufous tint, or even entirely black, usually with a paler mid-dorsal line, bordered at each side by an ill- defined darker longitudinal band, which gradually attenuates as it approaches the slightly-keeled tail; towards the FooT there are indications of a line representative of the outer band of the true Limaces; HEAD similar in colour, but eile than the rest of the body; Foor distinctly tripartite and white; SHIELD moderately large, rounded in front, and somewhat acutely pointed behind, concentrically striate around a sub-posterior nucleus, and marked laterally by a black band on each side, which bends inwards at the rear, and forms the so-called lyre-shaped marking; mid- way there is also often a greyish shade, which gives the aspect of a longitudinally trifasciate shield. Length usually about 75 mill., but sometimes much larger. Mucus colourless and very iridescent. SHELL ovaliform, somewhat wider at the apical end, slightly convex, very white, glistening, and iridescent above, with the lines of increase close, sharp, and well defined, concave and somewhat dull beneath. Length, 4 mill.; width, 2% mill. The shell of L. arborwm is, however, exceptionally variable both in size and substance; examples have been Fic. 106:< tnternal sheten recorded 7-8 mill. in length, and the thickness varies Limat arborum, X 5. from a delicate plate to an almost cubical calcareous mass, which in some cases ruptures the mantle and protrudes through the skin. INTERNALLY, the BoDY CAVITY is darkly pigmented, varying from violet to black, the colouring being more conspicuous towards the tail, where even the deeper tissues are tinged. The fine membrane investing the visceral mass is rich in sooty-black pigment cells, but in the anterior part of the body a calcareous netting predominates. The NERVOUS SYSTEM shows the buecal and supra- cesophageal ganglia to be markedly bilobed ; the sub- cesophageal group is apparently formed of four ganglial : ZB masses intimately fused together. The dark pigment EG which pervades the body cavity of this species gives also a lilac tint not only to parts of the brain but even to some of the nerve sheaths; the OSPHRADIUM is distin- guishable as a broad, flat fissure, with scarcely raised puflings, extending towards the left side ; the OTOLITHS *U are very numerous, two to three hundred in each cap- ia. 1072 Nerve center sule, the prevailing form being oval with a central speck. Limax arborum, X 6. The ALIMENTARY CANAL resembles very closely that of L. favus; the SALIVARY GLANDS are small, somewhat triangular, and of a yellowish or whitish colour; the LIVER varies in colour from a bright golden brown to a dark olive or earthy brown ; the KIDNEY is also similar to that of L. flavus, except that it has a very large slime gland, which makes broad contact with the head of the ureter; the PULMONARY vessels are scarcely raised above the surface of the lung wall. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS have more affinity with those of Agriolimax agrestis than with those of Limax flavus; the OVOTESTIS is in two small roundish dark-brown lobes; the DUCT, at first straight and slender, becoming moderately convoluted as it approaches the large, yellow, and linguiform ALBUMEN GLAND, the tiny VESICULA SEMINALIS being preceded by a conspicuous enlargement; the OVISPERMATODUCT is more firmly united than in the preceding species ; the SPERM-DUCT increasing in size downwards and abruptly rounded where the channels separate; VAS DEFERENS comparatively short, entering a lateral enlargement at end of penis-sheath ; FREE- oOvipUCT cylindrical and bluish-white, its lower two-thirds invested with opaque, buff-coloured, and plaited glands, which extend to the atrium ; PENIS-SHEATH short LIMAX ARBORUM. 9] and thick, with median inflation, cushioned with gelatinous matter, and possessing a white horn-shaped glandular appendage of variable length at its apex, but as the seminal element is transferred free, this flagellate slime-gland has nothing in common Fic. 110.—Penis-sheath of Limax arborunt \aid open, showing the internal structure (after Simroth). fi. flagellum; v.d. vas deferens ; Z. internal pro- Fic. 108. — Alimentary jection. canal of Limzax arborum (somewhat enlarged). Fic. 109.—Sexual organs of Limax arborum, xz. ulb.g. albumen gland; aé. atrium; _/7. flagellum ; h. heart; #. kidney ; of. ovotestis; ov. oviduct; . prostate; Z.s. penis sheath ; 77. retractor muscle ; sf. spermatheca. with the flagellum of the Helicide, in which group it is concerned in the formation of the spermatophore; internally, the penis-sheath shows two prominent longitudinal muscles, and frequently a linguiform projection, which may serve as a sarcobelum.! The penis retractor is a powerful muscle, attached to the lung floor in front of the cephalic retractor; SPERMATHECA pyriform, and opening into the atrium. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises as usual from beneath the hind margin of the shield, and runs nearly half its length undivided ; it then usually separates into three branches ; the right and left TENTACULAR and the PHARYNGEAL muscles; the pharyngeal bifurcating soon after its separation. The retractor to the pharynx does not always separate fromthe main stem simultaneously with the tentacular branches, but may do so a little before or after the tentacular divarication. The MANDIBLE or jaw is about a millimetre ges wide, not so convex as those of the allied species, of a yellowish brown colour, smooth and delicate 2 in texture, with rounded ends, and with a very . ae wide, slightly projecting and blunt median beak Bite SET andivle on law ob E77a7 4 ae 2) arborumn, X 16. or rostrum, (Christchurch, Hants. S., C. Ashford). The LINGUAL MEMBRANE in ordinary specimens is about four mill. long and two mill. wide, the transverse rows being arranged in the form of a well-defined printer's ‘‘brace”; the median row shows obscurely tridentate teeth, the mesocone exception- ally broad and strong, and the ectocones ill-defined and without perceptible cutting points; the lateral teeth are also remarkable for the well-marked mesocone and the indistinct side-cusps; the marginals are sinuate in shape, and at first distinctly uni- cuspid, but towards the outer rows an ectocone may be perceived on many of the teeth, the extreme marginals being, however, simply aculeate. » + ‘o J Cy ae LY 8 re » ' m ‘ a ” 2 / {3 \ — Fic. 112,—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of L. arborum, X 120. The animal collected at Christchurch by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Mess. The obliteration of the side-entting points on the median and lateral teeth is an attribute of maturity, as the teeth of the young are, according to Miss Esmark, always provided with lateral points. The formula of a Christchurch specimen is Cat1 Osi +10+e* % 10515-4835, = 3 2 -2 1 Monog. i., p. 365, f. 667. 92 LIMAX ARBORUM. Reproduction and Development.—The act of conjugation, which is said to occur in the autumn and spring months, probably takes place during the night, and does not appear to have been carefully observed or recorded, as, except Mr. J. E. Daniels’ casual remark that he has seen this species suspended in couples during the pairing season, like L. maaimus, we have no particulars of the details of the act. ‘he eggs, which are very similar to those of L. maximus, are twenty to thirty in number, oval in shape, very transparent and elastic, about five mill. long and about four mill. in diameter, deposited singly or in clusters in the earth, under the bark of trees, amongst rotten wood, and other suit- able places; they hatch in about a month’s time, the young being very active, and usually of a reddish-violet or wine colour, with strong and well- defined banding on shield and body, and becoming adult towards the end of the first year. Food and Habits.—Essentially an arboreal species, and though perhaps preferring beech trees on account of the wealth of cryptogamic growths upon their stems, has been also noticed to frequent the hornbeam, the wal- nut, the mountain ash, the alder, the elm, the willow, the ash, the apple, the crab, and occasionally has been found even on pine trees. Though probably preferring trees, Z. arborum also frequents rocks, walls, and a variety of other situations; Prof. E. Forbes records it as being found plentifully on bare rocks at an altitude of 1,500 feet on the Connor Cliffs, Dingle; while Dr. Scharff has received specimens from the Skelligs Rock, a large, naked rock, off the Kerry coast, on which there is neither tree nor bush, and which during westerly winds is entirely enveloped in a mist of spray from the huge Atlantic waves which beat over a great part of it, and Dr. Jeffreys found it under somewhat similar circumstances on the Out- skerries, a remote cluster of islands of the Shetland group. It has also been noticed by Mr. J. G. Milne living upon the heather and gorse in Western Mayo, and was seen by Dr. Scharff in county Cork feeding upon lichens in company with Geomalacus maculosus. L. arborum is a hardy species and hybernates only during severe weather. It ascends to over 8,000 feet in the Alps, and in the Pyrénées is one of the characteristic species of the zone between 3,900 and 4,900 feet. In Scotland it has been found on Ben Lawers, in Perthshire, at an altitude of more than 3,000 feet ; and in Yorkshire up to 1,800 feet on Buckden Pike, Wharfedale. Though LZ. arborum during wet weather is extremely active in movement, especially when young, it clings very loosely when crawling, and often falls to the ground at the least touch. It is what is called a hygrometric species, and has a great capacity for the absorption of water, drinking it very greedily and absorbing it also by the skin, filling the body cavity with fluid, which imparts to it the peculiar transparent aspect that enables the internal organs to be perceived through the skin; this water reservoir is said to be a provision against drought, but the water store is exuded freely through the skin when the animal is irritated or touched. In continued dry weather the reserve of moisture is gradually expended and the animal diminishes in size and loses its characteristic translucency. At such times the animals show a very gregarious habit, and many indi- viduals, with the object of conserving their body moisture, may often be found huddled closely together in some sheltered nook or crevice, or they may retire deep into the earth or beneath the shelter of dead and decaying leaves, coming up to feed only during the night. LIMAX ARBORUM. 93 Although naturally of nocturnal or crepuscular habit, yet during or after showery weather the animals emerge from their retreats, indifferent as to the time of day, and ascend to the tops of the highest trees, afterwards resting immobile during the day in the cavities beneath the branches, the armpits as it were, or within the dense tufts of Orthotrichum phyllanthemum and other mosses with which the tree trunks are sometimes clothed. Some individuals, however, may for a length of time remain contentedly within the sheltering cavities they frequent, and rest for a time partially or even wholly submerged in the accumulated water. This species, though usually regarded as the mucus thread-spinner par excellence, does not really spin so well or so readily as A. agrestis. According to Bouchard-Chantereaux, R. Standen, and others who have studied the subject, it can, however, especially when young, and when not gorged with food or overladen with moisture, spin well and easily, descend- ing considerable distances without difficulty, and if necessary can reascend by the same thread. As a consequence of its adaptation to rocks and trees, the staple food of the species has become changed from fungi to the cognate lichens, and, according to Simroth, although the contents of the stomach turn alcohol green, this is not due to leaves and vegetables, but to the colouring matter contained in the lichens. Malm, however, has seen it devouring the small fungoid growths growing upon. diseased places on oaks, birch, and other trees, and many observers have stated that it also feeds upon the soft young growth of bark and decaying wood. In confinement they will on occasion prey upon each other, and Gain states that out of 185 different kinds of food, they eat fairly freely only of lettuce-stalk, turnip, and cooked onions, and that such mosses, lichens or fungi as he offered were left untouched. Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the enemies of slugs in general, L. arborum is, according to Fischer, liable to be attacked and destroyed by a species of Carubus, which tears open the skin with its man- dibles and feeds upon the viscera. It is also liable to be infested by an entozoan worm, which Van den Broeck discovered living within the vitelline sac of the embryo. Fossil.—This species is reported from the Pleistocene beds of Moravia, by Spiridion Brusina, and by Mrs. McKenny Hughes from the same depo- sits at Barnwell Abbey in Cambridgeshire. Sandberger records it for Britain from the Lower Pleistocene freshwater bed at West Runton, Nor- folk, and also from our Upper Pleistocene brick earths. Variation.—Limaxr arborum is subjected to some amount of variation in the fundamental colour of the body, and also in the character and dis- tinctness of the markings thereon. According to Simroth the body markings are constituted by the presence of the inner, main, and outer bands, as in the true Limaces, but the outer band is usually missing, and the main band when present is generally repre- sented by a more or less faintly indicated line. The keel is very variable in its length and prominence, and is said to be most strongly developed in elevated or mountainous regions, where it may extend to almost four-fifths of the total length of the body; this peculiarity is invariably accompanied by the greater diffusion of the darker secondary colouring, which may extend to such a degree that the whole body becomes uniformly dark or even black, the slightly paler areas at the fore-part of the body being due in this as in other species to the lime plentifully deposited within the tissues of the body walls. Fl 94 LIMAX ARBORUM. This darkening of the body would seem to be a response to the character of its habitat in the mountains or at the more extreme points of its geo- graphical range, as it has been noticed in the northern and north-western parts of this country, in 'l'ransylvania, Portugal, and Italy. In the latter country the transition from the ordinary glaucous form to the uniformly dark variety can be traced as the mountains are ascended. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. flava Weinland, Weichth. Schwab. Alb., 1876, p. 27. Bopby and SHIELD greenish-yellow. Formula 000 000. Though no remark is made in the description, it is probable that the lateral band- ing on the shield and the inner bands on the body will be faintly perceptible. Wurtemburg—(Weinland, op. cit.). Var. glauca Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 334, pl. 11. ANIMAL of a pale bluish-grey colour, with a glaucous-shade, showing a slightly paler mid-dorsal line, margined on each side by an indistinct darker line; SHIELD with a dark lateral band on each side. Formula 001 100. Surrey—A colony of the sea-green variety on an old oak in garden, Bramley hill, Croydon (K. MeKean, Proce. Croydon Soc., 1883, p. 147). Ireland—(B. J. Clarke, op. cit.). Killarney, Kerry, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall. Var. subrufa Le Comte, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. Ixv. Limax arborum var. subrufa Le Comte, op. cit. Amalia marginata var. mongianensis Paulucci, Fauna Calabria, p. 1880. Lehmannia marginata var. pallens Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 16, Lehmannia marginata var. reguienit Poll., Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1896, p. 1. Limax flavus var. lineolatus Collinge, Zool., April 1890, p. 145. 30pDY colour yellow or ochreous, inner bands bordering the slightly paler keel- line ; SHIELD with darker lateral bands. Formula 001 100. The var. subrufa s.str. has a rufous-yellow ground with a greenish shade, caudal end of body blackish; shield bands dark grey. The sub-var. mongianensis is dull ochreous, fuscous-brown on the back, with paler dorsal-line ; shield with black lateral bands, and clouded with fuscous-brown. The sub-var. requienii is ochraceous, darker dorsally, with yellowish dorsal-line; shield with blackish lateral zones, and minutely spotted anteriorly and laterally. The sub-var. pallens is pale, with a paler dorsal-line; shield faintly banded. The sub-var. lineolata is yellowish, with an ashy-grey dorsal-line and dark- brown inner bands; shield with dark lateral bands; tentacles yellowish. Oxford—Sub-var. dineolatau, Nelthorpe, near Banbury (Collinge, op. cit.). Norfolk E.—Sub-var. pallens, from near Norwich, in Br. Mus., T. D. A. Cockerell. Gloucester E,—Sub-var. pallens, labelled ‘‘Cheltenham,” specimens in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell). Derby—Var. subrufa, Chapel-en-le-Frith, June 1897 ! C. Oldham. York Mid W.-—Var. subrufa, Mickley, Aug. 1889 ! W.D.R. Aberdeen S.—Var. subrufa, Mony Musk Woods, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. France—Sub-var. requienii, Vizzavona, Corsica (Pollonera, op. cit.). Belgium—Var. suwbrufa, plentiful, Bois-de-Lessines (Le Comte, op. cit.). Italy—Sub-var. mongianensis, Monte Pecoraro, near Mongiana, Calabria (Pau- lueci, op. cit.). Sub-var. pallens, Valle d’Antigorio, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit. ). Var. rosea Van den Broeck, Annales Soc. Mal. Belg., 1870, p. 49. Limax arborum var. voseus Van den Broeck, op. cit. Limax arborum var. coloratus Van den Broeck, op. cit., p. 53. Limax arborum var. nemorosa Baudon, Mém. Limac. Oise, 1871, p. 19, pl. 4, f. 10-12. Limax agrestis var. saxorum Baudon, op. cit., p. 16, pl. 2, f. 1. Limax altilis Fischer, J. de Conch., Jan. 1877, p. 49. ANIMAL with main and inner bands more or less distinet; SHIELD with well- marked lateral band on each side. Formula 021 120, The var. rosea s.str. has the ground colour rosy-white, becoming of a rufous brown on the back; inner band broad and well marked, and of a distinetly zig-zag pattern, bordered by a rosy-white line; main band repesented by an irregular and inter- rupted row of black spots; shield reddish-brown, paler than the back; the black lateral bands do not reach beyond the anterior third of its length; the left band is margined internally, and that of the right side externally, by a white line. LIMAX ARBORUM. 95 The sub-var. eolorata has a whitish mid-dorsal line, inner band black or deep brown; main band dark brown, beset with little pale spots, very irregular and sinuate in general character, recalling the bands of L. maximus var. serpentina. The sub-var. nemorosa has the ground colour reddish-grey, tinged with brown, mid dorsal line pale fawn, bordered by the deep brown inner band, main band slightly paler, a few whitish marks on the sides. The L. altilis is, according to Dr. Baudon, identical with the var. nemorosa. The sub-var. saxorum has a rufous ground, with well marked and regular black inner band, and broad black main band; shield with the black lateral bands broken up anteriorly into minute spots. Dorset—Sub-var. nemorosa, Chideock, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Hants S.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Holmsley, Sept. 1885 ! Vinney Ridge, June 1887 ! and Wootton enclosure, C. Ashford. Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Wood- ward, Sci. Goss., March 1901, p. 301). Oxford—Sub-var. nemorosa, specimens labelled ‘‘ Oxford,” from Dr. Norman, in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell). Norfolk W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Lynn, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Merioneth—Sub-var. nemorosa, Bont-ddu, Dolgelly, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn. Lake Lancashire—Sub-var. nemorosa, Coniston, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Stirling—Sub-var. nemorosa, Balmore, Sept. 1888 ! A. Shaw. Main Argyle—Sub-var. nemorosa, Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Clyde Isles—Sub-var. nemorosa, Barone, Bute, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Ross W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Ullapool, Aug. 1886! A. Somerville. Antrim—Sub-var. nemorosa, Cushendun, May 1886 !8. A. Brenan. Sligo—Sub-var. nemorosa, Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Mayo W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Newport and Slievemore, Sept. 1888 (id., J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 415). Cork N.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Mallow, Nov. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Kerry—Sub-var. nemorosa, Killarney, June 1885, W. F. de Visines Kane. France—Sub-var. nemorosa has been recorded from Bramepan in the Basses Pyrénées ; from the forest of Hez in the Oise; from the woods at Saint Saulge in the Nievre ; and as Limaw altilis from Val de Cauterets in the Hautes Pyrénées. Belgium—Var. rosea, Rouge-Cloitre, Brabant ; var. rosea and sub-var. colorata, toumont, Luxemburg (Van den Broeck, op. cit. ). Italy—Sub-var. nemorosa, Piedmont and Lombardy (Less, & Poll., op. cit. ). Var. bettonii Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., 1871, p. 251. Limax bettonit Sordelli, op. cit. Limax arborum var. decipiens Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, 1886, p. 187. Lehmannia marginata var. obscurus Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 102. Limax arborum var. carpaticus Hazay, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., Feb. 1885, p. 23. ANIMAL with inner and main bands fused together, but broken up by irregular pale spottings, simulating to some extent the markings of L. flavus; dorsal-line pale; SHIELD with lateral bands and a median dusky zone. Formula 0(21) (12)0. The vars. bettonii s.st. and decipiens are characterized by the fusion of the inner and main bands, broken up, however, by irregular pale spots; dorsal zone whitish ; shield with lateral bands and median zone brownish. The var. obscura is described as hard and solid, with keel yellowish and dark greyish or yellowish-brown back ; sides paler, and speckled with paler spots; the shield blackish brown, often with a handsome yellow margin. The var. earpatica is obsewely maculate or marbled; keel line pale. The var. albomaeculata of Kreglinger may also belong here. Cornwall W.—Var. bettonii, Phillack, Hayle, Oct. 1884! Miss Susan Hockin. Cornwall E.—Var. bettonii, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Hants S,—Var. bettonii, Holmsley station, Sept. 1885! C. Ashford. Under felled timber, Wootton, in the New Forest, C. Ashford; Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Woodward, Sci. Goss., March 1901, p. 301). Anglesea—Var. bettonii, Llanfaes, in woods near village, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne. Norfolk E.—Var. bettonii, from Norwich, in Brit. Mus., T. D. A. Cockerell. York N.E.—Var. bettonii, Saltburn wood, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Antrim—Var. bettonii, Cushendun, April 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Dublin—Var. bettonii, Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Wexford—Var. bettonvi, Alderton, near Kilmanock, Miss Glascott, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Waterford—Var. bettonii, old Dungarvan road, Clonmel, Aug. 1886! and Glen- abbey, Sept. 1886! A. H. Delap. 96 LIMAX ARBORUM. Hungary—Sub-var. carpatica, Kotlina Thal, Kohlbacher and Felkaer Thal in the Carpathians (Hazay, op. cit.). Lombardy—Var. bettonii, near Esino, Monza and Milan (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876). Norway—Sub-var. obsewra. Dovre in Hamer Stift, Ringerige, Laurvik, Kragero, and Lillesand in Christiansand Stift (Esmark, J. of Coneh., Oct. 1886, p. 102). Var. heynemanni Bielz, Fauna Siebenb., 1863, p. 32. Limax arborum var. tigrina Weinland, Weichth. Schwab. Alb., 1876, p. 27, pl. 4, f. 1. Limax arborum var. maculata Roebuck, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885, p. 375. Limax arborum {. submaculata T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, May 1890, p. 12. ANIMAL pale, with BODY and SHIELD besprinkled with black. The var. heynemanni s.str. is described by Westerlund as having back and shield maculate with small black spots, large rugze, and a distinct keel. The sub-var. tigrina has two rows of distinct black spots on each side of the body, the mid-dorsal line paler than the body colour, and a spotted shield in which the spots are arranged in five or six longitudinal rows. The sub-var. maculata has the black spots smaller and more numerous; shield with slender lateral bands, which also tend to break up into spots. The sub-var. submaculata has the spots paler, more nebulous and coalescent. Devon S.—Sub-var. maculata, Culverhole Point, Ang. 1892, L. E. Adams. Pembroke—Sub-var. maculata, Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Clyde Isles—Sub-var. maculata, Rothesay, May 1887 ! T. Scott. Antrim—Sub-var. maculata, Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Mayo W.—Sub-var. maculata, Enniscoe demesne, Sept. 1885 ! J. G. Milne. Tipperary S.—Sub-var. maculata, near Clonmel, April 1888! A. H. Delap. Waterford—Sub-vars. maculata and submaculata, near Clonmel, A. H. Delap. Cork S.—Sub-var. maculata, Berehaven, May 1893, R. F. Scharff. Kerry—Sub-var. maculata, immense specimens about Killarney, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898). Wurtemburg—Sub-var. tigrina (Weinland, op. cit.). Switzerland—Sub-var. tigrina, Berne and Valais (Buettger, Nachtbl., 1885). Transylvania—Var. heynemanni (Westerlund, Fauna Europie, 1876). Greece—Sub-var. tigrina, Bugasi-Thal, Thessaly (Beettger, J.D. M.G., 1885). Var. zebrina ‘Taylor. Bopy grey, inner and main bands distinct, outer band represented by a series of oblique transverse markings, which join the main-band; SHIELD with lateral bands and dusky median area. Formula 321 123. This distinct variety is, according to Simroth, not very uncommon, and he records it as var. tigrina from the Algarve, Portugal; from Transylvania; from Neustadt in the Bohemian Erzegebirge ; and from Grimma in Saxony. Var. rupicola Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 16. Lehmannia marginata § rupicola Less. & Poll., op. cit. Lehmannia marginata § alpestris Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax marginatus var. diane Kimackowicz, Beit. Moll. Siebenb., 1884, p. 120. Limax marginatus var. niger Scharff, Irish Nat., 1889, p. 260. This variety, though occasionally showing faint tracings of the characteristic markings, is in its extreme development entirely black or deep brown in colour, and small in size, with a long and well developed keel. In this state it is also the var. diane of Kimackowicz and the var. nigra of Scharff. Formula (321 123). When immature the animal is brownish with a pair of obscure bands on the back and shield, which gradually become clouded over and lost as the animal increases in age. The sub-var. alpestris of Less. & Poll. indicates one of the stages of this adolescent colouring, as it retains the paler dorsal line, and the lyre-bands on the shield are faintly discernible. i Shetlands—Sub- var. a/pestris, Unst! Fetlar! and Mainland, 1886! R.W.J.Smart. Down—Var. rupicola, Neweastle, Oct. 1884! H. W. Lett. Kerry—Var. rupicola, on summit of Reek, alt. 2,400 feet, A. H. Delap. Sub-var. nigra, Macgilliculdy Reeks, altitude of 2,500 to 3,100 feet (Scharff & Carpenter, Irish Nat., vol. viii., p. 213). Cahir Mountains, Sept. 1898, R. F. Scharff. Saxony—Var. diane, heights of the Erzegeberge (Simroth, Nacktschn., 1885). Austro-Hungary—Var. dianw, Negoispitze Mountain (Simroth, op. cit.). Piedmont—Sub-var. a/pestris, Piedmontese Alps (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). War. rupicola, Col VOllen, near Gressoney, alt. 8,250 feet (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. diane, Val di Lanza (Simroth, op. cit. ). Portugal—Var. diane, Monchique, H. Simroth. Transylvania—Var. dianw, Heynemann, J.D.M.G., June 1885, p. 260). LIMAX ARBORUM. 97 Geographical Distribution.—Limax arborum is an ancient species, and therefore has a very wide distribution, and is found from the extreme north of Lapland and Iceland to Orotava in ‘Teneriffe; and according to Schartf, has probably been extending its area of habitation since early tertiary times, but its range is probably very imperfectly known, as it is so frequently confused with Z. maximus and other species. It has been reported from the British Isles, Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austro-Hungary, Italy, Greece, Den- mark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. In the British Isles Z. arborum is in all likelihood universally dispersed and the gaps at present shown in its range will probably be filled up as the species becomes better known. Geographical Distribution of Limax arborum B.-Ch. Load Recorded Distribution. WW Probable Range. Iie. 113. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Guernsey, Jersey, and Sark (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Common on trees in the Trevaylor Valley and other similar places (E. D. Marquand, Moll. Cornwall, 1884, p. 4). Phillack, Oct. 1884! Miss Hockin. _ Trevidock road, St. Colomb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Penzance, E. D. Mar- quand. Var. maculata, Scilly Islands, Aug. 1890! Rev. E. D. Roberts. Cornwall E.—Mrs. Whitford’s garden bank, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Devon N.—Lynton, 1898 (F. J. Partridge, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 19). co 9 2) LIMAX ARBORUM. Somerset S.—Porlock, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams, Somerset N.—On trees and rocks in Goblin, Cleeve and Brockley coombes, and in some of the glens running up into the Mendip hills, near Wells (Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860). Bratton St. Maur (E. W. Swanton, Nat. Journ., May 1895). CHANNEL. Dorset—Glanville’s Wootton, abundant (Dale, Hist. Glanville’s Wootton, 1878, p- 334). Weymouth (Damon, Geol. Dorset, 1884, p. 234). Near the carpenter's yard, East Lulworth (Kendall), and in Clenston aa (Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dor- a 1898, p. 4). Sub-var. nemorosa, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Isle of Wight—Thorley, Lee Copse and Ham Copse, near Yarmouth, July 1879! C. “a a Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 289). Steep- hill, A Hambrough ; Bembridge, A. G. More; and Ryde, W. Thompson, 1841 (Vv mete Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462). one S.—Common on beech trunks, Winchester, 1883, B. Tomlin. Hambledon (L. E. Adams, Sci. Gossip, March 1901). Selborne, June 1889! W. Jeffery. Type and var. mac ulata, garden, Christchurch, April 1884! Vinney Ridge, June 1887 ! Mnudeford ! Bolder wood, Aug. 1887 ! C. Ashford. Vars. nemorosa and bettonii, Holinsley and Wootton, C. Ashford, and Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Wood- ward, Soy Goss., Mar. 1901). Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1881! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex W.—Common in beech plantation, Downs, Ratham, June 1884! Com- mon among beeches, back of Goodwood race stand (W, Jeffery, J. of C., Apl. 1882). Sussex E,.—Lewes, Mr. Morris, 1883 (B. M. Oakeshott, 1886). THAMES. Kent E.—Beech wood, Throwley, Sept. 1877, Miss Fairbrass. Ewell wood, Dover, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adains. Kent W.—Chislehurst and Sevenoaks, Aug. 1887, 8. C. Cockerell. Oak copse, Erith (Leslie, Q.J.C., 1874, p. 34). Surrey— Wray Park, Reigate, G. S. & E. Saunders, 1861. Warlingham, 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. Bramley Hill, Croydon, K. McKean, Croydon List, 1883. Var. nemorosa, Reigate Hill, April 1889 ! H. W. Kew. Essex S.— Weald Hall Park, Brentw ood, Feb. 1884! R. M. Christy. Chingford, and Loughton, Epping Forest, Aug. 1890, H. W. Kew. Herts.—Near W atford, Oct. 1883! J. Hopkinson. Oxford—Abundant in the beech woods on the Chiltern Hills, near Watlington (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4126). Plentiful at Oxford, Swincomb, Wychwood, and Charlbury ; fairly common at Chipping Norton ; uncommon at Banbury (Collinge, Conch., 1891, p- 12). Sub-var. nemorosa, specimens from Dr. Norman, labelled “Oxford,” in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Sub-var. dineo- lata, Nelthorpe near Banbury (Collinge, Zool., Apl. 1890, p. 145). ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Rare at Mendlesham and Wetheringsett (Mayfield, J. of C., Apl. 1903). Norfolk W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Lynn, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Norfolk E,—Catton and Thorpe Toll-Bar (J. B. Bridgman, Norf. and Norw. Trans., 1871). Beech trees, Whitlingham Woods, and on willows at Eaton (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of C., July 1894). Holt, June 1893! T. Petch. Vars. decipiens and pallens, specimens from Norwich in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). SEVERN. Northampton—Rockingham Park, May 1896! and Dane’s Camp, Northampton, Nov. 1896, L. E. Adams. Fletton (A. W. Nicholls, J. of C., Apl. 1884). Monmouth—Chepstow and Tintern Abbey, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Gloucester E.—Cooper’s Hill, Cheltenham, Apl. 1866! Stroud, Mch. 1884! E. J. Elliott. Var. pallens, Cheltenham, specimens in Brit. Mus. (T. D. A. Cockerell). Gloucester W.—Plentiful on beeches near Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, June 1885! R. W. J. Smart. Doward Hill (Boycott, Se. Goss., April 1892, p- 78). Backbury Hill, Boyeott & Bowell, 1899. Worcester—King’s Norton, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Yardley ! ! Greet ! and Sare- hole ! W. Nelson. Droitw ich, autumn, 1882, E. B. Fairbrass. Warwick—Bentley Heath, near Knowle, Jan. 1873! W. Nelson. Ingon Grange gardens, near Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Timber yard, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton, 1903. Stafford— Walls, Stafford Castle, Oct. 1885! Cannock Chase, Milford, June 1886 ! and Coppenhall, L. E. Adams. Yardley and Bao re, Q.J.C., May 1875, p. 68). Rosehill, Cheadle, June 1888! Alton Castle, Feb. 18901 and Meaford, near Stone, J. R. B. Masetield, 1902. Leek and Kingsley, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Coe kerell. SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Cardiff (Wotton, Brit. Assoc. Hdbk., 1891). Llandaff (id., J. of C., Apl. 1886). Vars. nemorosa and maculata, Aberkeniig, Aug, 1890!G. K. Gude. LIMAX ARBORUM. 99 Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. St. David’s, July 1891, J. B. Morgan. Not uncommon on mossy rocks on North Cliff, Tenby, on ash trees, Ceme- tery lane, and on beech trees, Penally (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 322). Sub-var. maculata, Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. 'Trayler. NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Under stones, Guilsfield, Nov. 1888! Forden, June 1886! under log, Welshpool, June 1888! and Gungrog dingle (J. Bickerton Morgan). Merioneth—Barmouth, Aug. 1884! John Hopkinson. Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy. Sub-var. nemorosa, Bont ddu, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn. Carnarvon— Under waterfall, Aber, Aug. 1883! John Hopkinson. Trefriw, July 1883! W.D.R. Criccieth, May 1887! W. Cash. Fine in churehyard, Dwygyfylehi, R. D. Darbishire. Llanberis (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. World, March 1887). Denbigh—Beechwoods near Llanrwst, July 1883 ! W.D.R. Great Orme’s Head, Jan. 1888, L. E. Adams. Oak copse, Bont-ddu (F. G. Fenn, J. of C., July 1887). Anglesey—Var. bettonii, Llantaes, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne. TRENT. Lincoln S.—Careby wood, Grantham, June 1903! E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Lincoln N.—Near Louth, Oct. 1885! R. W. Goulding. Uleeby-with-Fordington, Oct. 1889! J. B. Davy. Well Vale, Alford, Sept. 1889! Maltby wood, and wall along Lincoln road, near Louth, Apl. 1886! W.D.R. Var. bettonii, Jenny wood, Louth (H. W. Kew, Nat., March 1886). Notts.—Southwell, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Sparingly, Thrumpton, and abun- dant on trees, etc., at Hightield House; common on the Tottle Brook bridge, at the base of the Beeston Hill (E. J. Lowe, Conch. Notts., 1853). Cresswell crags and Tollerton, April 1884! and Nottingham Castle rock, C. TI. Musson. Wilford, ete. (Dodd & Musson, Nott. Moll., 1881, p. 5). Tuxford, Pleasley, Mansfield, Southwell, etc., C. T. Musson. Haughton (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 226). Wel- _beck, ete. (Lowe & Musson, Mid. Nat., Ang. 1879, p. 199). Derby—Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Winster, alt. 650 feet, June 1885! H. Milnes. Chee Dale, near Buxton, Sept. 1885! J.G. Milne. Type and var. nemorosa, between Hathersage and Bakewell, 1889! and var. nemorosa, Ashbourne, Aug. 1889! L. E. Adams. Var. suwbrufi, Chapel-en-le-Frith, June 1897 ! C. Oldham. MERSEV. Cheshire—Mere Park, Knutsford, Oct. 1885! J. G. Milne. Numerous at Upton, 1852; occasionally at “‘sugar” on trees, at Rainhill (Higgins, Liverpool List, 1891). Congleton, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Ashley, J. G. Milne, Nat., Aug. 1887. Var. bettonii, Capesthorne, Aug. 1894! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Botanical Gardens, Manchester ! J. R. Hardy. -Northenden lane, Didsbury, 1860 (J. Hardy, Manchester List, 1865, p. 34). Knowsley, near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 148). Lancashire Mid—Alder trees near the river Hodder, at Chaigeley Manor, near Clitheroe, and at Corby Castle, near Lancaster, E. J. Lowe. HUMBER. York S.E.—Sledmere, Aug. 1891! F.W. Fierke. Howsham Woods, Sept. 1889 ! W.D.R. Kirkham Abbey ! (A. H. Taylor, Nat., Nov. 1889). York N.E.—Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, May 1887! and Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Hawnby, near Thirsk, 900 feet alt., J. G. Baker; and near Feliskirk, G. R. Baker (J. H. Davies, Nat., 1855, p. 134). Rye Bridge, Rievaulx, July 1884! Pickering Castle Hill, July 1886! and Duncombe Park, Helmsley, July 1885! W.D.R. Scarborough, W. Bean (Theakston’s Guide to Scarborough, 1871, p. 176). Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894! F. W. Fierke. Kilton Castle, April 1889 ! B. Hudson. Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890 ! J. Hawell. Coxwold, Sept. 1892! W.D.R. Middles- brough, Baker Hudson, Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886, p. 259. York S.W.—Roche Abbey Woods, April 1884! W.D.R. Common, Cubley Wood, May 1890, L. E. Adams. Haw Park and Ferry Bridge (J. Wilcock, Twelfth Report Wakefield Nat. Soc., 1883, p. 28). Saltaire, Nov. 1886! H. T. Soppitt. Not common, Calverley Wood ; Idle; Cottingley and Seven Arches, near Bingley (Sop- pitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Field, near Wellhead, Halifax, J. E. Crowther. Endcliffe Wood, Sheftield, May 1893! C. Oldham. Sub-var. nemorosa, Rose Hill, Penistone, July 1889! L. E. Adams. York Mid W.—Pateley Bridge, May 1882! W. Storey. Glasshouses! road- sides, near Gouthwaite Hall! and Ripley! May 1886, W.D.R. Gordale Sear, July 1877 ! Ingleton ! Bolton Abbey, 1874! and Threshfield, 1882! W. Nelson. Lime- stone sears on Buckden Pike, alt. 1,800 feet, May 1886!W.D.R. Airton, Oct. 1883; Denton Park, 1890, H. T. Soppitt. Mason Plain, Grassington, Sept. 1900, F. Rhodes. Shireoaks Wood, Tadcaster, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Harewood Park walls! Alwoodley, Oct. 1882! Scareroft ! and Cock Beck Bridge, Garforth, 1870! W. Nelson, Varieties subrufa and nemorosa, Mickley, abundant, Aug. 1889! W.D.R. 100 LIMAX ARBORUM. York N.W.—Bowes Castle Keep! Ivelet Bridge! Thwaite! Gunnerside Gill! July 1884, and near Wood House, Arkengarthdale, Aug. 1885! W.D.R. East Witton, Sept. 1877! W. Nelson. Bolton Castle, Aug. 1882! Bank Wood, Semerdale, July Iss4! and Whitfield Gill Woods, June 1884! W.D.R. Staveley Church roof, Feb. 1883! E. P. Knubley. Sedbergh, 1894! W.D.R. TYNE. Durham—Woo.ls at Wolsingham and Shotley Bridge, W. Backhouse (Alder’s Northumb. and Durham Cat., 1848). Cauldron Snout, July 1884!W.D.R. Middleton- in-Teesdale, June 1884! Baker Hudson. Barnard Castle (E. J. Lowe, 1885). Northumberland—Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven. West Wood- burn, Oct. 1887, R. Howse. Cheviotland—Howick Woods, R. Embleton (Alder’s Northumb. and Durham Cat., 1848, p. 125). Dean above Akeld, May 1852 (G. Johnston, Proe. Berwick Nat. Club, 1852, p. 89). Abundant on old wall, Akeld near Wooler, Sept. 1887! R. Howse. LAKES. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Coniston Old Man, alt. 2,660 feet, July 1887, and Ambleside, April 1890, S. C. Cockerell. Cumberland—Carlisle, June 1886! J. Madison. Seales, Sept. 1890 ! Brundholme Wood, Keswick, Oct. 1890! J. Hawell. Isle of Man—Swarmed on the walls along upper road from Port Erin to Port St. Mary, June 1881! L. E. Adams. Near Nunnery, Douglas, July 1880! W. Nelson. Peel, Aug. 1894, R. Cairns. SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Ayr—As common as in Ireland (Thompson, Report Brit. Assoc., 1843, p. 254). Renfrew—Near old castle, Inverkip road, Greenock, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Cloch and other places (T. Scott, Greenock List, 1886). EAST LOWLANDS. Peebles— Roadside walls, east of Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. West Linton, Sept. 1893, W. Turner. Cadeimuir, near Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans. Selkirk— Var. nemorosa, near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans. Roxburgh— Walls of Melrose Abbey, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Berwick— Fans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Redpath, near Earlston, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Eyemouth, Sept. 1895, W. Evans. Type and sub-var. nemo- rosa, Coldingham, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Haddington—Bass Rock, J. MeMurtrie, Dec. 1888. Tyninghame, Sept. 1894, Yester, Sept. 1896, Aberlady, Sept. 1889 ! and var. alpestris, North Berwick Law, Sept. 1890, W. Evans. Edinburgh—Wallyford. Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Salisbury Craigs, Sept. 1888, T. Scott. Penicuik Woods, Oct. 1896; Pentland Hills, April 1896; Dreghorn Woods, Sept. 1889! Colinton ! Caroline Park, near Granton, Noy. 1890! Balerno and Bave- law, with sub-var. nemorosa, April 1890 ! W. Evans. Linlithgow—Fairly common on rocks and under the bark of trees, about Bo'ness, Linlithgow, ete., R. Godfrey. Caribber Glen, March 1892, W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS. Fife and Kinross —Aberdour, Noy. 1886! A. Somerville. Falkland, Aug. 1895; St. Andrews, July 1890 ! Burntisland and Charlestown, Feb. 1896, W. Evans. Var. nemorosa, St. Andrew’s Bay, May 1889! E. E. Prince. Stirling—Ben Lomond, Aug. 1892, W. M.Webb. Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans. Type and sub-var. nemorosa, Cambusbarron, July 1894 ! A. MeLellan. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898 ; Aberfoyle, April 1892; salquhidder, Sept. 1902; and Callander, April 1892! W. Evans. Perth Mid—On Ben Lawers, alt. 3,000 feet (Ff. Buchanan White, Scottish Nat., 1873, p. 164). Perth, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall. Glen Tilt, May 1885! H. Coates. Loch Tay side, April 1887! J. E. Somerville. Bridge of Loch Tay, E. J. Lowe. Perth N.—Var. a/pestris s.str., Blairgowrie, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Forfar—Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan. Den of Airlie, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Kincardine—Sub-var. nemorosa, Banchory! W. Evans. Aberdeen S.—Common, Old Aberdeen, May 1842 (Macgillivray, Moll. Aberd., 1843). Den of Legeart (J. Taylor, Zool., 1853, p. 3878). Drum Woods, Oct. 1886! and var. subrufa and type, Mony Musk Woods, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Banff—Ballindalloch, May 1891! W. Evans. Var. a/pestris s.str., Glentiddack, July 1891 ! G. Gordon. Elgin—Birnie, 1853 (G. Gordon, Zool., 1854, p. 4453). Elgin, MeAndrew Coll., Cambridge (A. H. Cooke, J. of C., Oet. 1882). Cromdale, Ang. 1891! W. Evans. Sub-var. nemorosa, Castle Roy by Nethy Bridge, Aug. 1891 ! W. Evans. Easterness.-—-Kincraig by Kingussie, Aug. 1889! W. Evans. LIMAX ARBORUM. 101 WEST HIGHLANDS. Main Argyle—Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Oban, W. H. Heathcote. Clyde Islands—Rothesay, Bute, May 1887! T. Scott. Arran, April 1887! J. E. Somerville. Cantire—Old castle, West Loch, Tarbert (T. Scott, J. of Conch., July 1886). Ebudes S.—Mr. Thompson found it on Islay (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853). Ebudes Mid—lIona, Sept. 1889! J. E. Somerville. Allt-na- Searmoin Glen, "Salen, Mull, June 1900! W.D.R. Ebudes N. —Eigg, Aug. 1888! J. MeMurtrie. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Ross W.—Ullapool, Aug. 1886! A. Somerville. Loch Carron, Noy. 1886! J. E. Somerville. Sutherland E.—-Blue Rock and Golspie Burn, Brora, June 1884! W. Baillie. Sutherland W.—Stoer, Oct. 1886! J. E. Somerville. Caithness—Dunbeath river, May 1884! W. Baillie. NORTH ISLES. Shetlands—Unst, Fetlar, and Mainland, Aug. 1886! R. W. J. Smart. Out- Siete (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i., p. 136). IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—Coleraine, moderately common, Nov. 1883! L. E. Adams. Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell (R. F. Scharff). Antrim—Large at Giant’s Causeway, R. D. Darbishire. Whitehall, Brough- shane, June 1886!S. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Armoy, R. Welch. Murlough Wood, Ballyeastle (R. Standen, Trish Nat., Jan. 1897). Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Crawfordsburn, May 1902! Rk. Welch. Tyrone—Strabane, A. H. Delap. Type and sub-var. nemorosa Kaneswood, near Aughnacloy, July 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Donegal—About Strabane, A. H. Delap. LEINSTER. Louth—Type and sub-var. nemorosa, Piperstown, Nov. 1889 ! Miss Sidney Smith. Meath—New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Dublin—Howth, April 1887! Killakee, Sept. 1890; and Rush, Aug. 1889, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—Wildare, 1884, J. E. Palmer. Wicklow—Powerscourt, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Woodenbridge. R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., 1893, p. 149. Common on beeches, Delgany; and under stones, Brayhead, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Kilianock, New Ross, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Kilkenny —Kilkenny, March 1903, P. H. Grierson. ueen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 204). Spire Hill Wood and Emo Park (bB. J. Clarke, op. cit., 1843, p. 337). Westmeath—On beech trees, Knockdrin demesne, "April 1892, RK. F. Scharff. CONNA UGAT. Sligo—Commion in woods near Ballina uy. Warren, Zool., Jan. 1879, p. 26). Plentiful, Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. May oW. — Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Sipeeon and Dugort, Achill Island, Aug. 1886! J. G. Milne. Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Amy Warren. Var. nemorosa, Newport (J. G. Milne, J. of C.; Oct. 1891). Galway W.—Roundstone and Kylemore, Mech. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Avan Islands, Oct. 1890 tR. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 8). Gentian Hill; Ballyvaughan ; and woods by Lough Corrib, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895, p. 267). Galway E.—Common on beech and other trees in moist w oods, Monivea (B. J. Clarke, eae and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 204). Tuam Palace demesne (B. J. Clarke, op. cit., 1843, p. 337). Common at ‘Clonbrock, June 1896 (R. I’. Schartf, Irish Nat., Sept. 1896, p. 223). Clare !—T’. Rogers’ collection, Sept. 1885. Tipperary S.—Type and var. maculata, near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Waterford—Common (J. Fayle, Nat., Aug. 1858, p. 190). Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Sub-var. rupicola, near Clonmel, A. H. Delap. Cork N.—Common at Blarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. maculata, Queenstown Junction, Cork, June 1893, R. F. Scharff. Cork S.—Common, Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Commonest slug about Glengariff, June 1893, R. F. Scharff. Kerry—On bare stones and rocks, Connor Cliffs, Dingle, alt. 1,500 feet, Prof. Forbes. Valentia Island, July 1886! A. H. Delap. Common, Kenmare and Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Skellig Rocks (R. F. Scharff, Trish List, 1892, p. 8). Var. glauca, Killarney, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall. MUNSTER. 102 LIMAX ARBORUM. GERMANY. Has been recorded from Alsace, Altenburg, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Bruns- wick, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Nassau, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Rhineland, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Thuringia, and Wurtemburg. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247). Holland—(Heynemann, op. cit.). FRANCE. Found more especially in the mountain districts, and in the extreme north-east section of the country, and has been reported from Aisne, Ariége, Aude, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Haute Garonne, Hautes Pyrénées, Ille et Vilaine, Lozere, Manche, Morbihan, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Déme, Seine Inférieure, Seine et Marne, Somme, Vienne, and the Isle of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Reported from the cantons of Lucerne, Berne, St. Gall, Grisons, and Valais. TEEATY: Found in Lombardy, Piedmont, Venetia, Campania, Rome, Modena, and Sicily. Also recorded as Amalia marginata v. mongianensis from Mongiana, Calabria. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Found in Bohemia, Carniola, Galicia, Hungary, Styria, Transylvania, and Tyrol. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Hoy de Barcena, and near Santander, May 1860, E. J. Lowe. A small form found on the Sierra de Guadarrama, by von Heyden. Portugal—Oporto and Monchique, H. Simroth. GREECE. Thessaly—Buegasi-Thal in the Ossagebirge (Beettger, op. cit.). SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Common throughout, and has been found as far north as Kistrand and Porsangerfjord in Finmark, 70° 25’ north lat. It reaches its highest elevation of 2,800 feet at Tonset in Osterdalen. Sweden—Well distributed in Sweden, and has been found as far north as Hiirje- dalen in Jiimtland, 62° 30’ north lat. It is also found on Gotland and Bornholm. Denmark—Not common in the Viborg district of Jutland, but the commonest species in the beech woods of Zealand. It is also recorded from the Faroes and the south coast of Iceland, RUSSIA. Only at present known from Esthland, Livonia, St. Petersburg, and Finland, its most northern locality being at Valamo in Finland, 61° 25’ north lat. ATLANTIC ISLES. Canaries—Orotava, Teneriffe, W. Moss (Collinge & Partridge, J. of Mal., 1899). Fic. 114.—Pollard Hornbeams at Loughton, Epping Forest, a haunt of Limax arborum (photo. by Mr. J. G. Randall). Poare: ee Distribution of Limax arborum B.Ch. In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Coruwall W. 2 Cornwall L. 3 Devous. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8. 6 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts S. 9 Dorset Isle of Wight Hauts 8. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex KH. THAMES Kent E. Kent W. 17 Surrey 18 Essex 3. Essex N. Herts. Middlesex 22 Berks. Oxford Bucks. ANGLIA Suffolk EB. Suffolk \W. 27 Norfolk E. Norfolk W. 29 Cambridge Bedford 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton SEVEKN Gloucester HK. Gloucester W 35 Moumouth Hereford 37 Worcester Warwick Stafford salop Probable Range. SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Brecon 43 Radnor Carmarthen 5 Pembroke ) Cardigan NORTH WALES 47 Montgomery 8 Merioneth 9 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 51 Klint 52 Anglesey TRENT 3 Lincoln 8. 54 Lincoln N. dD. Leic. & Rutld 56 Notts. 57 Derby MERSEY 58 Cheshire Lancashire $ HUMBER S.E. York N.E. York S.W. York Mid W. York N.W. York TYNE Durham 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland aud L. Lancs. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man Northumb, 8. Lancashire Mid , of the British Isles. Pus C NS Recorded Distribution. ME Distribution verified by the Fossil Distribution. Authors. SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Bantt 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 7> Ayr 96 Hasterness 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8S. 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Koss 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 2 Louth 114 Antrim > Meath 115 Down Dublin 116 Armagh 5 Kildare 120 121 7 Monaghan 3 Tyrone 9 Donegal Fermanagh Cavan 3 Wicklow Wexford 3 Carlow 29 Kilkenny Queen’s Co. 1 King’s Co. Westmeath 33 Longford CONNAUGHT 34 Roscommon 35 Leitrim Sligo Mayo E. Mayo W. Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare 2 Limerick 3 Tipperary N. Tipperary S Waterford 3 Cork N. 7 Cork 8. 8 Kerry | | oe a ips ~~. ate ~~ 4 . MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 103 GENUS AGRIOLIMAX March. The genus A griolimax or field slugs (A ger, a field; and Limux) was established in 1865 by Dr. O. A. L. Moreh, of Copen- hagen, the eminent Danish malacologist, with whom it is a pleasure to associate the genus. The acute discernment manifested by Dr. Morch in the institution of this genus has been fully justified by the structural peculiarities which further study has de- monstrated to exist. Generic Characteristics. — The Agriolimaces in their typical species have been shown to be quite sharply defined internally and externally from the true Limaces. Not only is the whole scheme of coloration essentially dissimilar in so far as there is a total absence of the longi- tudinal banding which constitutes so striking a feature in Limazr, but the arrangement of the gut and the liver or digestive gland is on quite a different plan, as there are but three typical coils “ or tracts of the intestinal canal, as in the AL Helicidw, all of which are imbedded within the substance of the right lobe of the liver, which in this group forms the posterior end of the viscera, whereas the left lobe occupies that position in Limaer; the left lobe in Agriolimax is laid obliquely in front of the crop, and is not directed back- wards, as in the true Limaces. Contrary also to what obtains in Limax, where the ingestive or stomach tract is the longest, in Agriolima it is the shortest of the series ; further- more, the male organ is free in the present genus, and not looped between the retractors of the upper and lower tentacles, as in Limae; the whole urangement being thus strikingly different in the two groups. In addition the viscera have also retained a vestige of the previous possession by the animal of a dextrally-coiled external shell, in the strong spiral twist to which the internal organs are subjected, a feature which has become completely lost in Limaa, as no evidence of a past torsion of the viscera 1s now perceptible. Geographical Distribution.—'The genus Agriolimax has originated within, and is naturally characteristic of the northern hemisphere, its most highly organized species belonging to the western palearctic region and although it is also found in other and very widely distant places, these occurrences are probably solely due to artificial transportation. As we have seen in preceding groups, the more primitive or ancestral species still existent at the present day have, by stress of competition with the more advanced forms, been expelled from the more vigorous districts, and are now met with chiefly in the Mediterranean, Caucasian, and other regions still more remote from their probable evolutionary area. 104 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Agriolimax agrestis (L.). Alie parve, ut que gregatim folia sectantur, et hortos infestant cinerei aut fusei coloris Gesner, de Aquatil. lib, 4, pp. 254 et 256. Limax cinereus parvus, immaculatus, pratensis Lister, Hist. Anim. Angl., 1678, p. 130, tab. 2, f. 16. Limaz cinereus tmmaculatus L., Fauna Suec., 1746, p. 366, No. 1279. 1758 Limaz agrestis L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 652. 1774. — vreticulatus Miller, Verm. Hist., ii., p. 8, No. 207. 1819 — Obilobatus Fér., Hist. Moll., p. 74, pl. 5, f. 11. 1841 — _ tunicata Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 3. 1848 — pallidus Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Livlands. 1855 — (Kulimaz) agrestis Moq.-Tand., ii., p. 22, pl. 2, f. 18-22, and pl 3, f. 1, 2. 1861 — _ veranyanus Bourg., Spicil. Malae., p. 30, pl. 13, f. 9. 1862 — heydeni Heynemann, Mal. Bl., p. 210. 1870 — norvegicus Westl., Fauna Moll. Suec., p. 22. 1874. — (Agriolimax) fedtschenkot Koch & Heynemann, J.D.M.G., p. 153. 1815 Limacella obliqua Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 118, pl. 4, ff. 5, 6, 13, 14, 15. 1868 Agriolimax agrestis Malm, Skand. Limac., p. 69, pl. 3, f. 8. - 1882 — panormitanus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5. b, ISTORY. — Agriolimax agrestis (agrestis, inhabiting fields) is one of the commonest and most destructive of our native species, and was noticed and discriminated by some of the earliest writers. It was first added to the British lists by Martin Lister in 1674, who distinguished it from other kinds by its smaller size and its peculiar milky-white mucus. It is the most highly organized of the genus, and owing to its marvellous powers of adaptation and its habit of frequenting cultivated land, it has been transported to almost every land where the white man has established himself, thriving under its new surroundings to the prejudice of the abori- ginal species. According to Mr. C. 'T’. Musson, Limaax molestus Hutton and LZ. legrundi Tate are both referable to our Agriolimax agrestis, cee. D- A. Cockerelf_ while Luther considers LZ. heydent Heyne- mann as another synonym of the same species. The Limaa weinlandi of Heynemann has also been regarded as merely another form of this widely-dispersed slug. With this species Prof. I. D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.8., of Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A., has been associated in recognition of his valuable labours in the elucidation of the variation and affinities of the present and other species. Diagnosis.—ExTERNALLY, A. agrestis may be distinguished from its congeners by its pale ochreous or whitish body colour, sometimes spotted or blotched with darker pigment, but more especially by its milky-white slime. INTERNALLY, it is sharply separated from all other British slugs by the bulky penis-sheath, and the variously digitate claw-like flagellum at its distal extremity. . oe of “<- ; * ‘ ~ rs ricer ae ‘oa ae re, ot ae eee “t. fleshy SARCOBELUM or excita- 4 i x shee : . tory orean, which is often pig- Fic. RRR sede [pres laid ened, sHOWine a of entry ns d Saw aaa 2 : 5 the vas deferens and the internal structure of the organ, X 4, mented at the tip ; the RETRAC- sé. the sarcobelum or excitatory organ (after Simroth). TOR is a short, broad band, arising from the lung floor, to the right of the mid-dorsal line, anterior to both kidney and pericardium, and is attached, not to the apex, but to the middle of the penis-sheath at the same side as the point of entry of the vas deferens ; SPERMA- THECA fusiform or claviform, attached closely to the base of the oviduet, stem slender, and opening into the narrow and thick-walled ATRIUM, at the junction of the oviduct and penis-sheath. The MANDIBLE or jaw is ecrescentic in shape, with well and bluntly-rounded ends; it is a millimetre or more in width, moderately arcuate, of a yellowish- brown colour, and smooth in texture, but showing several distinct darker lines parallel with the upper and lower margins; median beak or rostrum not Ly ee, : i prominent, but somewhat acute, its vertical carina —, ae ee not well marked. S., Mr. A. Somerville). : S The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a Perthshire specimen is 4 mill. long. and 14 mill. wide ; the denticles diminishing in size rn the outer margins; median teeth with a narrow, posteriorly-expanded base of attachment, the reflection narrow and distinetly tricuspid, the mesocone slender and projecting beyond the basal plate, the ectocones well developed with distinct entting points ; the asymmetrical laterals each have a moderately slender mesocone, the ectocone is also strongly and acutely developed, but the endocone is more or less obsolete, though becoming stronger towards the margin, the seventeenth tooth being distinctly tricuspidate ; the mar- ginals are distinctly aculeate, with an incipient ectocone on some of the teeth. The formula is 16 + mea hy doy +5 x 118=8,378. A Fic. 126.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of A. agrestis, X 160. The animal collected by Mr. A. Somerville, at Callander, Perth S., and the lingual membrane prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 107 Reproduction and Development.—Unlike its ally A. /wvis, which in the course of its sexual development is so markedly proterogynous, our A. agrestis shows a distinctly proterandrous tendency. It is a species easily excited to sexual impulse, and very prolific, multi- plying with great rapidity and under favourable circumstances breeding almost continuously throughout the summer months, producing numerous generations, as renewed intercourse may take place three or four days after a period of egg-deposition; a pair kept in confinement were actually depositing their third batch of eggs before the first were hatched, and a single pair have been observed by ‘Leuchs to deposit the enormous number of seven hundred and seventy-six eggs during the season. The act of conjugation usually takes place in the evening throughout the whole year, even when the thermometer verges upon freezing point, though more freely indulged in during the summer months, and is always preceded by a prolonged circular procession, which, through seasonal or other influences, may continue for only half-an-hour, or may ‘be persisted in for one hour or more; during this performance milky slime is copiously given off, forming thick circular patches, one or two inches in diameter, which afterwards indicate the spot where congress has taken place. Animals seeking to pair, on approaching each other, immediately begin the circular promenade, the head of the one animal being laid upon or in contact with the tail of the other, the animals oradually getting closer together, and stroking and patting each other with the exserted excitatory organ or sarcobelum, which is waved about excitedly in a ludicrous manner, and agitated in many sportive ways; the animals also fondle and caress with their tentacles, or even entwine together the anterior part of their bodies, these blandishments leading up eventually to the final consumma- tion, which is very transient, not usually occupying more than a few seconds, during which period the seminal element, mixed with mucus and worked up into a little ball, is transferred bodily, the forerunner of a true spermatophore. The eggs are usually round, pellucid, bluish-white, and about two mill. in diameter, but vary somewhat in both size and shape, even in the same batch. They may be found at all seasons of the year, even in January, Van Beneden especially remarking that they are deposited all through the winter months. They are placed under stones and rubbish, beneath fallen trees, and other moist and shady places, usually in clusters, which vary in number from about twelve to forty, or even more, and are said to be laid fourteen to twenty days after sexual intercourse, but according to Mr. E. J. Lowe, who has kept this species in captivity, only five days usually elapse before egg deposition takes place. ‘The hatching occurs in three or four weeks’ time, varying somewhat according to the weather. The young grow very rapidly, doubling their size and w elght in a week’s time, and even growing during the winter months if the cold is not too severe, attaining sexual maturity, pairing, and depositing eggs at a very early age; one pair was observed to breed and deposit eggs in sixty-six days from the time of hatching, although full growth was not reached until the animals were eighty-two days old. ‘heir life cycle or period has not been accurately ascertained, but in a state of nature does not appear to exceed eighteen months. Economic Uses.—This species was formerly and is even yet in rural districts much sought after as a cure for consumption and other diseases of the lungs and chest.!. They may be employed in the form of a broth, or 1 Monog, i., p. 428. 108 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. eaten alive by those who wish to obtain all the benefits that may be deriy- able from this reputed remedy. For throat and chest affections a poultice of slugs is also said to be very emollient and curative. Puton records that the peasantry of the Vosges regard A. agrestis as a reliable barometer, and that the greater viscosity ‘and abundance of the body mucus, evidenced by the adhesion thereto of earth, leaves, and other ex- traneous substances, is a sure sign of approaching rain. Food and Habits.—A griolimax agrestis, though essentially a ground slug, inhabits a great variety of situations, not only frequenting gardens, fields, and hedgerows, but also living in woods and forests, by dusty road- sides, in marshy districts, and in the close vicinity of, or even within, houses and out-buildings. The most curious, though doubtless temporary, habitat, is that vouched for by Mr. W. Nelson, Who in April 1866 observed numbers of these animals crawling freely about beneath the water, at the bottom of Pebble Mill Pool, Birmingham; many of them were a considerable distance from the margin, and all were moving about in an ordinary way. Its food is as varied as its habitats, as it is a truly omnivorous species, nothing edible seeming to come amiss, and when food to its liking is avail- able its voracity and appetite seem insatiable ; in such cases it has been known to eat the night through without intermission. It is exceedingly destructive in the garden, its ravages not being confined to any particular plant or even to leaves, flowers, and fruit, as it devours the roots with almost equal avidity ; like Avion hortensis, it is very partial to strawberries, and is especially destructive to peas, devouring not only the young shoots, but even the pods. In the fields the havoe wrought by this pest amongst oats, clover, peas, tares, etc., 1s sometimes so great as to necessitate the re-sowing of the crop, and almost entitles it to a place amongst the locusts, rats, mice, and other plagues which at intervals devastate the country, and against which various prayers and ecclesiastical exorcisms! were formerly employed. The Ritual of Paris, A.D. 1712, which includes the slugs amongst the “worms,” con- tains definite formulas for such exorcisms. . Efficacious practical means for destroying this slug have been earnestly sought for, and many methods have been devised which are more or less successful in their object. Quicklime, sawdust, soot, tan, ashes, chaff, and sand are amongst the substances recommended to be spread over the ground they frequent ; these substances when dry are impassable by slugs, as the multitudinous particles adhere to the animals, which vainly endeavour by the exudation of fresh mucus to get rid of the annoyance, and ultimately become eXx- hausted and die. Another method is to attract them to a circumscribed spot by sprinkling slices of potato, little heaps of oatmeal, cabbage, or other leaves, with or without greasy matter spread over their surface. “The slugs are attracted by the baits, and rest upon or near them, so are readily found and destroyed during the frequent visits that must be paid to the traps. Although not usually a fungus feeder, A. agrestis will, like the true Limaces, at times feed upon various kinds of fungi, poisonous and edible, Boletus edulis, Amanita muscaria, and A. phalloides, being especially mentioned, 1 Monog., i., p. 434. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 109 Animal food is also eagerly eaten, this species having been observed to devour hop-aphides (Phorodon humuli), may-tles, the young of Succinea putris, etc., while in America Mr. J. Ford records that a number of A. agrestis, enclosed in a box with several A. campestris, immediately set upon and devoured their congeners—a veritable act of cannibalism. They will also on opportunity feast upon dead or moribund earthworms, butterflies, and animals of their own or other species, nor does any kind of animal or vegetable refuse come amiss, as even animal excrement pro- vides them with some nourishment. A. agrestis is a pugnacious and very active species, and on a smooth path can crawl two inches per minute, or at the rate of a mile in twenty-two days ten hours; it also slips easily through the fingers when grasped, owing to the abundance of its thick milky-white slime, which exudes from any part of the body that may be touched, this exudation, however, varies in abundance according to the animal’s necessities; when crawling over moist ground the secretion of mucus is not excessive, but when travelling upon a dry or absorbent surface, when surprised by the sun’s rays, or as a defence against enemies, the mucus is more plentifully secreted, and this demand under certain circumstances may be so great as to totally exhaust the vitality of the animal, numbers being sometimes found dried up upon the whitewashed or plastered walls of country houses, where they have happened to be surprised by the sun’s rays when crawling over the exposed absorbent walls. The plenitude of this viscous secretion renders this species a good spinner of the mucous filaments, by means of which descent can be made from elevated positions. It does not appear to be sufficiently recognized that the phenomenon of thread-spinning is not due to a special secretion for this particular purpose, but is merely the slime which would be exuded in the ordinary way for the purpose of locomotion, and is consequently only the usual slime track freed from contact with the ground or neighbouring objects. During descent by means of this mucus-thread, which A. agrestis has been observed to produce at a rate varying up to five inches per minute, the locomotory area of the sole is in active undulatory movement, exactly as in crawling, and the suspended animal revolves more or less quickly. It is one of the readiest spinners amongst our native species, and can descend from considerable heights, and if necessary is able to reascend by the same thread. Mr. Henry Crowther once observed a specimen near Truro, in Cornwall, descending from the branch of an elm-tree twelve feet from the ground, and the slug had descended seven feet of this distance when discovered. It is the spinning Lima of Latham, but not the Limax filans of Hoy, which was described as “Lima (filans) cinereus margine flavo,” peculiari- ties more applicable to some species of Arion. A. agrestis is nocturnal in habit, but like its congeners ventures forth also during the day if it be damp and showery. In dry weather and during the day it hides away in secluded spots, beneath stones, under clods of earth, in worm-holes, ete., sometimes penetrating six or eight inches into the earth. It is a very hardy species, only retiring for protection when the tempera- ture verges on the freezing point, promptly reappearing at the advent of milder weather, and’ being active through the winter, except during the actual prevalence of frost 110 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. Protective Resemblance.—Tew observations have been made with respect to the protection this species may derive from simulating other animate or inanimate objects, but it has been suggested that there is a striking resemblance between this animal and the bloom-sheaths of the black poplar (Populus nigra), and also that the pale forms show a marked approximation in appearance to the cocoons of the Burnet moth (Zygana Jilipendula), this approximation being so close that at a short distance the resemblance seems complete; these, however, are probably only accidental vases of similarity, and can scarcely be compared with the remarkable examples of protective resemblance due to natural selection. Parasites and Enemies.—l'hough the enemies of this species are very numerous, its enormous fecundity enables it under ordinary conditions not only to maintain its ground, but to increase in numbers. M. Barthelmy affirms that a minute Nematode worm (A scurioides limacis) is found even within the egg ; while M. Laurent claimed to have detected a minute parasitic fungus therein, even before exclusion from the parent slug. The active Trichomonas limacis Duj., and the rotifer Albertia vermicu- laris are found within the intestinal canal of adults, and the hair-worm (Mermis nigrescens) in the body cavity, while at one time A. agrestis was regarded as the most probable medium through which the dreaded scourge Distomum hepaticum was conveyed to sheep and other ruminants. Ducks, rooks, pheasants, quail, etc., feed eagerly upon A. agrestis, a food to which the fieldfare also seems par ticularly partial. They are favourite morsels with the hedgehog, which often scratches them out from the crevices or from the roots of grass where they are concealed; while the Blindworm (Anguis fragilis) is said to prefer this slug to any other food, and in captivity will take four or five or even more at a meal. Fossil.—A griolimax agrestis has been recorded in the fossil state from many localities, and from many of the deposits belonging to the Post- ‘Tertiary periods, but as the specific characters are not sharply defined on the vestigial shell, the identifications probably cannot in every case be implicitly relied on. Prrocene.—Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell reports it as a Phocene fossil from Dorset, but it is not included by Kennard & Woodward amongst the Phocene fossils of the south of England. PLEISsTocENE.—Kennard & Woodward record it from Fisherton, in Wilt- shire, and also from Portland, Dorset, the specimens from the latter locality having been identified by Dr. Jeffreys. In Sussex, Mr. J. P. Johnson found it in deposits on the foreshore at West Wittering. In Kent, Ken- nard & Woodward chronicle its presence in the Ightham fissure, in the Happaway Cavern, at Swanscombe, Crayford, and Erith; while the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen records it from a pre-neolithic chalky-loam deposit on the Barton Court estate, Buckland, near Dover. In Essex, Mr. J. P. Johnson has found it in the Uphall brickyard, Ilford, and Mr. Miller Christy reports it as common in the Camm Valley alluvium at Cliignal; it has been reported from Copford, and also occurs in the Paleolithic river drift at Grays, from which place it was formerly recorded as Limaa sowerbyt. Kennard & Woodward state, on the authority of Dr. Jeffreys, that it has been found between Upton and Chilton, in Berkshire; and Mrs. McKenny Hughes reports it from the deposits at Barnwell Abbey, Cambridgeshire ; Sandberger (Vorwelt, p. 755) vouches for its occurrence in this country AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. WALA in the Lower Pleistocene Forest bed at Cromer, in East Norfolk, and also from the Upper Pleistocene gravels and brick-earths, In France it has been found at the base of the Loéss, in the Pleistocene fluviomarine sand (sable aigre) of Menchecourt, near Abbeville, in the department of the Somme. In Germany, Sandberger reports it from the Middle Pleistocene tufa at Cannstadt, Wurtemburg ; and Spiridion Brusina cites it as a Pleistocene fossil in Moravia. Honocenr.—In Kent, this species has been found in deposits at Buck- land, near Dover, by Rev. R. Ashington Bullen ; it has also been tabulated or recorded for Maidstone, Charing, Deus Otford, Greenhithe, Exedown, near Wrotham, and from alluvium at Seal, near Sevenoaks, by Kennard & Woodward. In Surrey, the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen found it abundant up to three feet deep in Colley Pit, Reigate. In Essex, it has been found in the Lea Valley, at Witham, Braintree, Raine, Roxwell, Shalford, and in the alluvium at Walthamstow, according to Kennard & W odie ard, who also record the finding of it by Dr. Frank Corner, in Post-Pliocene alluvium, at New Park, near the White House in the Lea Marshes. In Berkshire it has been found abundantly in beds of the Kennet Valley, Newbury, by Mr. E. Perey Richards. Mr. G. E. Mason, in 1896, found many specimens of the shell within Mitchelstown Cave, Tipperary, mixed amongst the fine red earth on the floor of the “Long Cave, ” 600 feet from the entrance. In Germany, Sandberger records it from the Léess at Unterdiimbach, and Unterzell near Wiirz shure i in Bavaria, and also at Grotzingen near Durlach in Baden. It-has also been recorded by Pini from the “alluvium of San Fedele, near Milan, in Lombardy, and by von Ihering in the tufa at Streit- berg in French Switzerland. Variation. — Agriolimar agrestis, though usually offermg a pallid colouration, does, under certain environmental conditions, present very varied pigmentation, and in this country, according to Dr. Norman, under- goes seasonal variation, the individuals though perhaps creamy-white or light- drab in the early part of the year, as the summer passes away assuming a darker hue, with brown flakes more or less thickly scattered over the sur- face, and during the autumn frequently becoming of a rich brown colour. The ne to which the species is subject are invariably constituted by irregularly distributed dark spots, or blotches, which occasionally more or less overspread the whole body, and may at times become accidentally ranged into some semblance of longitudinal banding. This absence of true banding renders it probable that the various banded slugs which have been referred to A. agrestis by various authors, would be more correctly allocated with Limax tenellus, L. arborum, or other normally banded species. According to Dumont & Mortillet, the pale varieties are peculiar to forests and ‘shady places, while those living In open situations are always darker in colour. The variations in size are usually not very striking, but Mr. L. E. Adams has observed that those found on the coast ae ays attain a larger size than those frequenting more inland localities, and Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce e espe- cially remarked upon the diminutive size of specimens found at altitudes of 7,000 and 8,000 feet in the Engadine, Switzerland, while Kaleniczenko dis- Eee as var. minutu the stunted forms inhabiting the Pontic region, 112 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. ''owards the confines of its natural range A. agrestis usually presents a more uniformly dark and, according to Simroth, more primitive colouring than in the British Isles, and it is extremely significant that this ancient garb should be the salient character of the species when living in countries beyond and almost encircling our most active evolutionary area, this pecu- har distribution rendering it likely that the unicolorous forms at one time occupied this area, but have been supplanted by the distinctly maculate forms which now predominate there. About Tromso and its more northern Norwegian habitats the species is usually of an uniformly pale brown; in southern and extreme south-western Europe it assumes a more or less uniform reddish, blackish, or dark-grey hue; while in south-eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and Turkestan, a grey form with or without faint spottings is the prevalent type. This remarkable uniformity in colouring is associated with and may be in some measure correlated with the presence of a stronger and more ex- tended keel, as this feature has been observed in the Norwegian, South European, Portuguese, and Asiatic specimens. Although as far as possible all the names given to the various forms are enumerated, and their characters pointed out when ascertainable, yet many of them are practically identical or denote quite insignificant variations, and are included solely with the object of rendering the account of the species as complete as possible. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albitentaculata Dum. & Mort., Moll. Say., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. albitentaculata Dum. & Mortt., op. cit. Agriolimax agrestis var. alba Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 70. ANIMAL with body and tentacles pure white. Dorset— Portland, Aug. 1886 ! J. Madison. Isle of Wight—(G. Guyon in Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462). Sussex W.—Ratham, usually small, July 1884, W. Jeffery. Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, amongst Carduus arvensis with type (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, Jan. 1887). Churchyard-bottom wood, Highgate, May 1889, H. Wallis Kew. Worcester—Garden, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, J. of Conch., July 1888). Stafford—Field, Stafford, Dee. 1885! L. E. Adams. Lincoln N.—Claythorpe, July 1887! J. E. Mason. York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York Mid W.—By the walls of Clapham churchyard (H. Richardson, J. of C., April 1886). Bolton Abbey, April 1883! W.D.R. Lancashire S.—Walton-le-Dale, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote. Durham—Lane near Old Elvet, Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson. Lanark—Wilderness Wood, Cadder, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Down—Graveyard, Downpatrick Cathedral, and about Dundrum, Rk. Welch. Dublin— Under a heap of hay, Raheny (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 527). Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Sweden—Shore of Kiirrstorp Lake, Ronneby (Westerlund, Mal. Iaktt., 1866, p. 553 Finland—Nykyrka in South Finland (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 48). Var. pallida Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Moll. Livlands, 1848. Limax pallidus Schrenk, op. cit. Limax agrestis Y filans Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1858, ii., p. 22. Limax agrestis § melanocephalus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. flavi-clypeus Dum. & Mort., Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. atritentaculata Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Agriolimax pallidus a immaculatus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 1. Limax agrestis var. albidus Vaniot, Moll. Amiens, 1883, p. 3. ANIMAL pale and unspotted ; SHIELD often tinged with yellowish. The sub-var. melanoecephala is greyish-white, with a black head. The sub-var. atritentaculata is described as white with black tentacles. The sub-var. albida is greyish-white. The sub-var. immaeulata is pale and unicolourous, with yellowish shield. The sub-var. filans is whitish, shield yellowish or ash coloured. The sub-var. flavielypea has the shield yellowish. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. LS This variety, which is the typical unicolorous form of the species, with the con- stituent subsidiary and scarcely separable forms cited above, is abundant and generally distributed throughout the British Islands, and probably occurs through- out the entire range of distribution of the species. Var. flavilatera Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. succineus Westerlund, Faun. Europ., 1876, p. 11. Agriolimax agrestis Y aurata Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 49. Limax agrestis var. xanthosoma Fischer, J. de Conchyl., 1880, p. 294. ANIMAL with body and shield yellowish. The var. flavilatera s.str. is described as having the sides of body yellowish. The sub-var. sueeinea is described as subrufous above and white beneath. The sub-var. aurata has an uniformly yellow shield and body and black ommatophores. The sub-var. xanthosoma is uniformly amber-yellow, tentacles bluish-brown. Lancashire S.—Tyldesley, Aug. 1886, Lionel E. Adams. France—Sub-var. zanthosoma, valley of Mont Dore, Puy-de-Dome (Fischer, op. c.). Italy—Sub-var. aurata, Groscovallo, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Norway—Sub-var. succinea, Christiania (Esmark, Suppl. Norway List, 1880). United States—Sub-var. succinea, Portland, Oregon, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, 1891). Var. eineracea Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, i1., p. 23. Limax agrestis 8B cineracea Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. cinerascens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. grisea T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 70. ANIMAL more or less entirely ash coloured or grey. The var. eineracea s.str. is described as greyish-white with ash-coloured shield. The sub-var. einerascens is described as grey. The sub-var. gpisea is of a somewhat dark grey. Lancashire S.—Sub-var. grisea, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Near Prescot, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Dublin—Sub-var. grisea, Rathfarnham (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891). France—Sub-var. cinerascens is recorded for Savoy; the var. cineracea is also found commonly almost throughout the department of the Ain; 1t is commoner than the type about Lyons in the department of the Rhone, and is also found in Haute Loire and the department of the Seine. Portugal—Common in Estremadura, in Alemtejo and in Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 35). Greece—Sitia and Canea in the Isle of Crete (Simroth, op. cit.). Norway—About Tromso, Groto, and Grono (Esmark & Hoyer, Mal. BI., 1856). Asia Minor—Magnesia, Brussa, and shores of the Dardanelles (Simroth, op. cit.). Var. violacea Gassies, Moll. de Agenais, 1849, p. 64. Limax agrestis § lilacina Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 22, pl. 2, f. 22. Limax agrestis var. plumbea Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898. ANIMAL purplish, lilac or slate coloured. This is probably the Limaz sylvaticus of Draparnand, but some of the details of his description are not in perfect accord with the characteristics of the species. Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Sussex W.—Midhurst, 1884, T. D. A. Cockerell. Middlesex— Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Stafford—Stafford! L. E. Adams. Gardens, Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb. Salop—St. Oswald’s Well and Whittington Castle, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Gloucester W.—Strond, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, June 1886! E. J. Lowe. Glamorgan—Llandaff, on Dactylis glomerata, July 1885! F. W. Wotton. York N.E.—Egton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Coxwold and Byland, Sept. 1892 (Nat., 1892, p. 347). York Mid W.—Cracoe, June 1891! W.D.R. Ireland—Rey. B. J. Clarke records the not unfrequent occurrence of this variety in Ireland, but does not cite precise localities. Down—Graveyard, Downpatrick Cathedral, R. Welch. 114 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. Dublin—Sub-var. plumbea, abundant on high road, Whitechurech near Dublin (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). Waterford—Near Clonmel, Apel 1888, A. H. Delap. Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Cormack’s Chapel, Cashel, May 1898, R. Welch. Galway E.—Clonbrock, June 1900, R. Welch. Kerry—Sub-var. plumbea, Glengariff road, Kenmare, July 1898 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). France—(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.). Common at Ares and Piquey in Aquitaine (J. B. Gassies, Mal. Aquitaine, 1867, p. 117). South of Amiens in the Somme (Vaniot, Moll. Amiens, 1883, p. 3). Greece—Sitia and Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.). Var. rufescens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10. ANIMAL with rufous body coloration. Cheshire—Mere Bank, Knutsford, Oct. 1885 ! J. G. Milne. Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Greece —Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.). Portugal—Amongst rushes bordering streams or growing in the moist plains (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34). Var. brunnea 'T'aylor. Agriolimax agrestis ¢ tristis L. & P., Mon. Lim. Ital., 1882, p. 50 (not of Moq.-Tand.). ANIMAL almost uniformly brown on body and shield. Kent W.—Banks of River Cray, St. Mary Cray, April 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Hever, Edenbridge, Feb. 1898 ! A. Leicester. Middlesex—Acton, Dee. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Norfolk W.—Garden, King’s Lynn, Nov. 1886 ! C. B. Plowright. Gloucester W.—Strond, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Stafford—Garden, Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Radnor—Pen-y-bont, Nov. 1893! F. Hall. Glamorgan—Banks of River Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885! F. W. Wotton. Montgomery— Etail-wag, June 1885! Baker Hudson. Lincoln N.—Tothby Farm near Alford, April 1886! W.D.R. Derby—Buxton, June 1893! C. Oldham. Notts.—Railway embankment, Colwick, Sept. 1884! Beauvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! Worksop, April 1884! and Wollaton, Noy. 1884! C. T. Musson. Garden, Tuxford, April 1885 ! W. A. Gain. Cheshire—Bowdon, Dee. 1884! J. G. Milne. Sale and Northenden, June 1885 ! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Whalley, Sept. 1888! C. Oldham. Walton-le-Dale, June 1889 ! W. H. Heatheote. Lancashire Mid—Preesall near Fleetwood, Lionel E. Adams. York S.E.—Garden, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell. York N.E.—Battersby near Great Ayton, Dee. 1884 ! Baker Hudson. York Mid W.—Starbotton, May 1886! W.D.R. Pry House near the dale head in Nidderdale, plentiful, May 1886! W.D.R. Common about Harrogate (F. R. Fitz- gerald, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889). : Durham—Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson. Westmorland and Furness—Coniston, Sept. 1886! W.D-.R. Roxburgh—Bridge over Leader Water, Aug. 1886 ! W.D-R. Berwick—Fans near Earlston, common, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Dumbarton—Near Duntocher, Sept. 1888 ! A. Shaw. Ross E.—Near Bonar Bridge, Feb. 1887 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland E.—Mound Rock, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie. Hebrides—Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Aug. 1886 ! A. Somerville. Derry—Mazgilligan and Castle Rock, R. Welch. Antrim— Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Down—Clonduff, Jan. 1898, R. Welch. Cultra, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—River bank, Monasterevin, Oct. 1899, R. Welch. Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1840, p. 203). Mayo W.—Annagh Bay, Achill Island, Aug. 1886! J. G. Milne. Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890 (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 527). Roundstone, March, 1891, R. F. Seharff. Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888 ! A. H. Delap. AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. E15) Italy—Var. fristis Less. & Poll., about Auronzon near Cadore in Venetia, at Monte St. Elia in Calabria, and about Palermo in Sicily (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Norway—Uniformly pale brown specimens abound at Tromso, 70° north lat. (B. Esmark, Moll. Arct. Norw., 1882, p. 97). VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. punctata Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 164. Limax agrestis var. punctulatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10. Limax veranyanus Bourg., Spic. Malac., 1861, p. 30, pl. 13, f. 9. Limax agrestis § florentinus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 50. Limaxzx agrestis var. bimaculata T. D. A. Cockerell. ANIMAL greyish or whitish, sprinkled with fine black spots. The sub-var. punetulata is described as sprinkled with black. The sub-var. veranyana Bourg. appears hardly to differ from typical punctata, except in the greater number and smaller size of the spots. The sub-var. florentina Less. & Poll. is described as eighty or more millimetres in length, and adorned with blackish-brown spots. The sub-var. bimaculata is described as possessing pale ochre-brown spots on the shield, and greyish ones on the body, with pale-brown tentacles. Dorset—Sub-var. bimaculata, Parkstone, T. D. A. Cockerell. Hants S.—Var. punctata, Christchurch, Nov. 1883 ! C. Ashford. Worcester—Var. punctata, garden, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889). Pembroke—Var. punctata, near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Notts.—Var. punctata, garden, Tuxford, Sept. 1885 !-W. A. Gain. Dublin—Sub-var. bimaculata, plentiful in garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, in November (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 527). France—In the departments of the Ain, Haute Loire, and the Seine. Sub-var. veranyana in shady places of the valleys throughout the mountain chain in the Alpes Maritimes. Italy—Sub-var. florentina was found by Marchese Paulucci, at Castellonchio, at Novoli, and at Legnaia near Florence (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sub-var. veranyana is chiefly found about Genoa (Bourg., op. cit.). Var. reticulata Miiller, Verm. Hist., 1774, ii., p. 10. Limax reticulatus Miiller, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. 7] Férussac, Hist., 1819, pl. 5, f. 7. Limax agrestis \ sylvaticus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1853, p. ii., p. 23, pl. 3, f. 2. Limax agrestis € obscurus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. subreticulatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. maculatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Agriolimax pallidus 3 fusconotatus L. & P., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 51, pl. 1, f. 6. ANIMAL with a variable ground tint, with irregular dark spots and interstitial lineolation. The sub-var. sylvatiea is described by Moquin-Tandon as of variable ground colour, with irregular spots, the head often of a clear brown. The var. 7 of Férussac is quoted as synonymous. The sub-var. maculata is described as irregularly spotted. The sub-var. subreticulata is described as having the interstitial lineolation more diffuse. . The sub-var. fuseconotata Less. & Poll. has brown spots, or is subreticulate upon a pale ground colour. The sub-var. nigricans Westerlund is described as grey, with somewhat coal- escent black spots and dark tentacles. The sub-var. obseura is described as reddish with brown spots. The var. reticulata and its sub-varieties really represent the most prevalent type, being probably found in every locality where the species exists in the British Isles. Var. nigra Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34. Limax agrestis a niger Morelet, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. nigrescens Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859, p. 7. Agriolimax panormitanus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5. Limax agrestis var. azorica Ckll. ANIMAL entirely or almost entirely black, the colour sometimes invading the side-areas of the sole, as in Limax cinereo-niger, but the black pigment may be discharged by immersing the animal in liquor potassve, the body then becoming of a rich brown colour. 116 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. The sub-var. panormitana L. & P. differs externally only in the colouring tend- ing to olive-brown, and internally is said to show a more digitate penial g eland. Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1886! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex W.—Ratham, April 1889 ! W. Jeffery. Gloucester E. —Stroud, March 1884! E. J. Elliott. Gloucester W. —Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Notts.—Roadsides, M: apperley, May 1885! and Beauvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Garden, Tuxford, June 1888! W. A. Gain. Stafford—Gardens, Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb. Croxden Abbey (J. R. B. Masefield, Staffordshire List, 1902). Derby—Clifton, June 1889, L. E. Adams. Radnor—Pen-y-bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall. Merioneth—Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy. Pembroke—North Cliff, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch. ; July 1900). Lancashire S.—Knowsley near Liverpool (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Farington, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote. York S.E. —Pansy-beds in garden, Westwood, Beverley, May 1884 (J. D. But- terell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1883). York N.E. jgton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Skelton Beck Valley, near Saltburn, May 1887! and roadsides, Raskelf, Oct. 1882 ! W.D.R. York S.W.—Garden, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885! H. E. Craven. Garden, Wakefield, Jan. 1885! J. Wileock. Bottoms, Heckmondwike, Mch. 1903 ! T. Castle. Apperley Bridge, and in ns near Peel Park, Bradford (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Penistone (L Adams, Nat., Oct. 1893, p. 315). York Mid Mc Wend near Tadcaster, F. G. Binnie (J. Darker Butterell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1883). Near Manchester Hole, Nidderdale, July 1886! Kettlewell, May 1886 ! and abundant at top of Greenhow Hill, Wharfedale, April 1887 ! W.D.R. York N.W.—Bolton Castle, Wensleydale, May 1888 | W.D.R. Durham—Durham, May 1887! Rev. H. E. Fox. Wigtown—Springbank near Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Haddington—Dirleton Common, North Berwick, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Antrim—Cave Hill, near Belfast, 1893, R. Welch. Leitrim — Drumshambo, Dee. 1901, J. Welch. Waterford—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Belgium—Var. nigrescens, Brussels (Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859, p. 7). Spain—Var. panor nitana, Gibraltar (Simroth, op. cit.). Portugal—Var. nigra, common in Estremadura, in the Alemtejo, and in Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34). Italy—Var. panornitana, Palermo, Sicily (Simroth, op. cit.). Spain—Gibraltar (Simroth, op. cit. ). Greece—Var. panormitana, Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.). Azores—The black form of this species, the var. panormitana of Simroth, is found above the zone of cultivation, and has been distinguished as var. azorica ‘by Cockerell, to emphasize the widely distant place us its evolution, but as no differ- ences are known, either externally or internally, I am unable to agree with the application of a distinctive name to the Azorean individuals merely on account of their remote insular locality. Geographical Distribution. — Agriolimux agrestis is very widely distributed over the whole Palearctic region, and has been carried by commerce to North and South America, South Africa, Australia, 'Tas- mania, New Zealand, and the Mauritius. In the United States this species is steadily spreading, owing to the great amount of intercommunication between the different states, and it will doubtless ultimately oust the aboriginal species with which it may come in competition. ENGLAND AND WALES. In the case of this species we are able to dispense with the necessity of giving details for the various districts, inasmuch as throughout the whole of England and Wales it is abundantly and generally diffused, from the coast-level even to the summits of the hills, and there is probably not a plot of cultivated ground on which it is not to be found, it being absent AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 117% or scarce only on such inhospitable ground as peaty moorlands, pine forests, etc. We have seen and authenticated examples from all the coun- ties and vice-counties into which the country is divided. SCOTLAND. This species has been found and its occurrence also authenticated in each of the forty-one districts into which the country has been separated for record purposes, a result due in great measure to the indefatigable energy with which Mr. W. Evans obtained examples for us from all the out-lying or more inaccessible districts. IRELAND. The investigation of Ireland is not yet so far advanced as in the sister countries, so that it is desirable to give the detailed distribution. ULSTER. Derry—Swarming about Coleraine, Nov. 1883, L. E. Adams. Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell (R. F. Scharff). Creagh meadows, Toome, and many other places, R. Welch. Antrim—Cushendun and Whitehall, Bronglshane, May 1886! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Hill Slenish, 700-800 feet alt. ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Common about Belfast, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff. About Ballycastle, but not abundant, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Naturalist, Jan. 1897). Ram’s Island, Lough Neagh, R. Welch. Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Crawfordsburn near Glen Head, May 1902; about flax-dam, Ballinahinch Junction, March 1899 ; Slieve Bingian, alt. 1,200 feet, also at an alt. of 1,250 feet at Deer’s meadow, Mourne Mountains, Jan. 1898, R. Welch. Armagh—Armagh, June 1885! H. W. Lett. Monaghan—Common about Clones Round Tower graveyard, Oct. 1901, R. Welch. Tyrone—Strabane, June 1889, A. H. Delap. Dungannon, May 1901, R. Welch. Donegal—Donegal, Sept. 1885! W. F. de V. Kane. Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart. Fermanagh—Common about Enniskillen; Marble Arch and throughout the Lough Erne area generally, R. Welch. Cavan—In woods and shores of lake, near Killykeen, July 1896 (R. Welch, Irish Naturalist, Oct. 1896, p. 274). LEINSTER. Louth—Piperstown! Miss Sidney Smith. Dundalk demesne, and also common in the Boyne valley, R. Welch. Meath—Navan, June 1888! and New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Beau- pare; Tara Hill, and Loughcrew Hills, July 1900, R. Welch. Dublin—Banks of river Dodder at Rathfarnham, and Rathmines, April 1887! Leeson Park, Nov. 1890; Dundrum and Sherkin Island, R. F. Scharff. Cabragh Old road, Dublin, April 1886! J. R. Redding. Kingstown, May 1886! and Glen Druid, Corre imines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Ireland’s Eye and Hill of Howth, . Welch. Kildare—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Monasterevin, Oct. 1899, R. Welch. Wicklow—Powerscourt, May 1886 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Woodenbridge and the Arklow sand hills, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Naturalist, April 1893). Glendalough, June 1901, R. Welch. Wexford—Alderton near Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! Miss Glascott. Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff. Carlow—Common about Carlow, Nov. 1901, A. G. Stewart. Queen’s Co.-—La Bergerie, common, and in all shades of colouring (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203). Westmeath—Knockdrin demesne, Ap. 1892,and Mullingar, Ap. 1894, R. F. Scharff. Longford—-Currygrane, Mrs. J. Mackay Wilson (Welch, Irish Nat., July 1902). ets CONNAUGHT. Leitrim—Dromahaire, Sept. 1900, R. Welch. _ Sligo—Markree Castle demesne, Collooney, Aug. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Near Ballina, July 1891 ! Miss Amy Warren. 118 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. Mayo W.—Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Miss Amy Warren. Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Under stones on shore, Annagh Bay, and other places in Achill Island ; also at Westport and Newport, Sept. 1886 (id., J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Common, Aasleagh, and Delphi, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Naturalist, Nov. 1897). Galway W.—Roundstone, March 1891, and Aran Isles, Oct. 1902, R. F. Scharff. Dernasliggan near Leenane, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897). Galway E.—Gardens about Tuam (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1843, p. 341). Clon- brock, June 1886, R. F. Scharff. MUNSTER. Tipperary S.—Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Common, Cashel and Holy- cross, May 1898, R. Welch. Waterford—Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter. Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Cork S.—Abundant at Blarney, Bantry, and Glengavriff, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Clear Island, Dec. 1889, Queenstown, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Kerry—Very common on Valentia Island, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Lough Caragh, June 1890, R. F. Scharff. Swarms about Galway’s Bridge, Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Abundant at Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. o [ | Probable Range. Fia. 127.—Geographical Distribution of Agriolimax agrestis (1.). GERMANY. Found throughout the empire, and records have been seen for Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Coburg, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Liineburg, Nassau, Pomerania, Prussia, Pyrmont, Saxony, Silesia, Thuringia, Westphalia, Wurtem- burg, and the Island of Heligoland. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—(Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859). Holland—(R. J. Maitland, Nachrichtsbl., 1869, p. 163). FRANCE. A. agrestis is probably found throughout France, and has been reported from the Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Aquitaine, Ariége, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Inférieure, Cote d’Or, Cétes-du-Nord, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Hautes Alpes, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Hérault, Ille-et-Vilaine, Isere, Jura, Loire Inférieure, Lozére, Maine-et-Loire, aan Morbihan, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Dome, yrénées Occidentales, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inférieure, Seine et Marne, Somme, Var, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges, and the Island of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Probably abundant throughout the country, and has been reported as occurring in the cantons of Berne, Grisons, Glarus, Lucerne, Neuchatel, St. Gall, Solothurn, Valais, Vaud, and Zurich. axel Recorded Distribution AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIN. 119 ITALY. tecorded as inhabiting the whole of Italy and its islands. In its various forms, which include Eichwald’s variety iberus and Issel’s variety efruscus, of which the descriptions have not been accessible, it has been reported from Calabria, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont, Rome, Tuscany, Umbria, Venetia, and the Islands of Capri, Sardinia, and Sicily. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Has been found in Austria, Bosnia, Bohemia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Istria, Slavonia, Styria, Transylvania, Tyrol, and Upper Carinthia. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Graells says it is found in various provinces. It has been definitely recorded from near Santiago in Galicia; from Barcelona and Olot in Catalonia; from Lorea in Murcia; from the White Mountain in Aragon; as common in garden at Valencia ; and Mr. E. J. Lowe found it common in May 1860, at Hoy de Barcena near Santander in Old Castile; while the var. panormitana is recorded by Simroth from Gibraltar in Andalusia. Portugal—Simroth reports this species from Lisbon and Cintra in Estremadura, Coimbra in Beira, and Braga and Oporto in Minho. Morelet records the varieties nigra and cinerea as common in Estremadura, Alemtejo, and Algarve, and the var. rufescens as living in various moist places. Balearic Isles—Plentiful in Majorca, Minorea, ete. BALKAN PENINSULA. Servia—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., June 1885, p. 254). Montenegro—Cettinje (Clessin, Nachrichtsbl., 1885, p. 179). SCANDINAVIA. Norway— Very common throughout Norway, extending even to Kistrand, 70° 25’ north lat. ; it abounds also about Tromso at 70° north lat. In these northern regions, however, the animals scarcely exceed an inch in length, and according to Miss Esmark are mostly uniform light-brown in colour, but grey specimens are also found, as well as maculate ones. Sweden—Very common throughout, and extending to the extreme northern con- fines of the country, being recorded by Westerlund for Karesuando in Swedish Lap- land at 68°-69° north lat. Denmark—(Heynemann, op. cit.). Miiller records his Limax reticulatus from gardens in Fridrichsdal and Rosenbure. It is also recorded for Greenland, Southern Iceland and the Faroes. RUSSIA. Has been recorded from Courland, Livland, Esthland, Moscow, Kharkov, Pol- tava, Tchernigov, Crimea, Poland, Abchasia, and according to Luther is common throughout Middle and Southern Finland. Siberia—Westerlund gives numerous localities along the whole valley of the Jenissei from Kolmogorowa in the south, 59° 30’ north lat., where the examples were strongly maculate ; the finely spotted varieties were more boreal in their dis- tribution, but not met with beyond Baklanovskaia at 64° 50’; still further to the north, the pale, immaculate form only was found, and extended as far as Selivan- inskoj, 65° 55’ north lat. It has: also been recorded by F. Schmidt as found on Brjochow [or Bregovski] Island in the estuary of the.Jenissei at 70° 50’. On the Lower Amur, Schrenk found it abundant about Dshare, Nikolajevsk, and on the Island Uisut in the Liman or estuary of the Amur. Maack found it on the banks of the Ussuri, a tributary of Amur, and Middendorff found a small slug in the Stanowoi Mountains which Schrenk regarded as this species (Sibir. Moll., 1877). MONGOLIAN SUB-REGION. Turkestan—Limax fedtschenkoi is said to be peculiar to the district between Aral and Kokhand (Westerlund, Sib. Moll., 1877, p. 13).; China—L. setchuanensis Heude, which is probably a synonym of A. agrestis, is moderately abundant in the mountains of Tchen-k’eou, the province of Se-Chuen (Heude, Moll. Terr. Fleuve Bleu, 1885, p. 99). Japan—Probably the Limax varians of A. Ad., from Hakodadi, Refunsiri, and Risivi are really referable to Agriolimax agrestis. 120 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. NORTH AFRICA, ASIA MINOR, Etc. Morocco—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). Algiers —Tlemcen in Oran (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1853, p. 280). Upper Kabylie (Locard, Moll. Lyons, 1877). Asia Minor—Haiffa in Syria (Morelet, Journ. de Conch., 1853, p. 280). Brussa and the shores of the Dardanelles (Simroth, op. cit.). Persia—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). ATLANTIC ISLES. Madeira—Common on cultivated land about Funchal and on the west of the island (R. Boog Watson, Journ. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Canaries—Plain of Laguna, Teneriffe (Férussac, Hist., 1819, p. 74). Santa Cruz and Orotava, Teneriffe, Lt.-Col. Parry (Collinge & Partridge, J. of Mal., May 1899). Azores—In gardens at Ponta Delgada, and elsewhere, San Miguel (Simroth, op. cit., 1891, p. 281). NEARCTIC REGION. According to Pilsbry, A. agrestis is found in most large cities on the Atlantic coast, and has put in an appearance at several points on the Pacific slope ; it has been recorded definitely for Ontario—Abundant at Mackay’s Bay, New Edinburgh, and other places about Ottawa (F. R. Latchford, Mollusca Ottawa, 1886, p. 12). St. Thomas, July 1887 (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. 1889). Quebec—Citadel, Quebec (F. R. Latchford, Amer. Nat., Nov. 1885). British Columbia—Vars. sylvatica and varians in gardens, Victoria, Vancouver Isle, first observed about 1884 (G. W. Taylor, Nautilus, Dec. 1891). Maine—Common in fields and by road-side near villages, and abundant in cellars and gardens in Portland (Morse, Terr. Pulm. Maine, 1864, p. 7). Massachusetts—Garden, New Bedford, introduced (Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885). Boston (W.G. Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Amer., 1869, p. 64). Plentiful in gardens, Cambridge (Weinland, Weichth. Schwab., 1876, p. 25). New York—New York (W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. of N.A., 1878, vol. 5, p. 147). Abundant in gardens, Plattsburgh, G. H. Hudson, 1885. Onondago Co., W. M. Beauchamp, 1885. Monroe Co., introduced by J. Walton, 1898. New Jersey—Burlington (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890). Pennsylvania— Westchester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, 1885. Philadelphia (W. G. Binney, Proce. Acad. Sci. Philad., 1886, p. 392). Michigan—Gardens, Agricultural College, near Lansing, under an old log on Cedar river bank, possibly imported with greenhouse plants, Prof. R. H. Pettit (Bryant Walker, Moll. Michigan, 1899, p. 21). Ohio—Cincinnati (Harper and Weatherby, Cat. Cincinn. Moll., 1876). Colorado—Introduced at West Cliff, Custer Co., from Burlington, New Jersey (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890). California—Abundant in San Francisco (W. M. Wood, Nautilus, Dee. 1891). Oakland (W. J. Raymond, Nautilus, Jan. 1892). Oregon—Vars. sylvatica, varians, and succinea, Portland, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 71). NEOTROPICAL REGION. Brazil—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). Jamaica—Cinchona (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 153). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Zanzibar—Zanzibar coast (Heynemann, Jahrb.D.M.G., 1885, p. 293). Cape Colony—Cape Town (Melvill & Ponsonby, Proce. Mal. Soc., Dee. 1898). Mauritius—(Férussac, Hist. Suppl., 1823, p. 96e). | AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New South Wales—Under stones at Darling Point, G. Neville; and at Tam- worth (C. T. Musson, Proe. Linn. Soe. N.S. W., 1890, p. 891). Victoria— Melbourne, Mr. Kershaw (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). New Zealand—Recorded for Auckland, Wellington, and Greymouth in the North Island; and from Nelson, Christehureh, Dunedin, ete., in the South Island (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). Tasmania—As Limaz legrandi Tate. Prate XIII. Distribution of A griolimax agrestis (L.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles _ PENINSULA Coruwall W. Cornwall KE. Devous. Devon N. oom coh e Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Haunts 8. 12 Hants N. 13 Sussex W. 14 Sussex E. THAMES 15 Kent E. 16 Kent W. SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Brecon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 46 Cardigan NORTH WALES 47 Montgomery 48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 51 Flint 2 Anglesey TRENT 53 Lincoln 8. 54 Lincoln N. 55 Leic. & Rutld. 56 Notts. 57 Derby of the British Isles. ing 17 Surrey MERSEY 18 Essex 3 58 Cheshire 19 Hssex N. 59 Lancashire S. 20 Herts. 60 21 Middlesex Lancashire Mid HUMBER 22 Berks. 61 S.E. York 23 Oxford 62 N.E. York 24 Bucks. 63 S.W. York Ss v ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York @ 25 Suffolk b. 65 N.W. York 26 Sulfolk W. 27 Norfolk E. 28 Norfolk W. 29 Cainbridge 30 Bedford 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton SEVERN 66 Durham 67 Northumb. S. 68 Cheviotiand LAKES 69 Westmorland aud L. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 33 Gloucester E. 34 Gloucester W 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Statford 40 Salop 71 Isle of Man oe vr? rel Probable Range. CW Recorded Distribution. eee Distribution verified by the Authors. Fossil Distribution. SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Banff 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 75 Ayr 96 Easterness 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 79 Selkirk 1u0 Clyde Isles 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8S. 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 87 PerthS.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Lougford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 37 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary 8 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 8 Kerry MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 121 Sus-Genus Hydrolimax A. W. Malm. Agriolimax levis Miiller. 1774 Limax levis Miller, Verm. Hist., ii., p. 1, no. 199. 1801 — brunneus Drap., Tabl. Moll, p. 104, no. 13. 1822. — Jlacustris Bonelli, in Sched. Mus. Taurin. 1841 — campestris Binney, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 52. 1845 — Jlombricoides Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 39, pl. 3, f. 4. 1852. — parvulus Normand, Dese. Lim. Nouv., p. 8. 1867 — «arenarius Gassies, Malac. Aquitaine, pp. 117-119, pl. 1, f. 1. 1874 — argentinus Strobel, Mal. Arg. Merid., p. 6. 1875 — montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 394. 1875 — _ castaneus Ingersoll, op. cit. 1875 — ingersolli W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1876 — = hyperboreus Westerlund, Nachsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 97. 1878 = — meridionalis Doering, Bol. Acad. Cordoba, p. 434. 1889 — _ stenurus Strebel, Faun. Mexik. Conch., p. 21. 1885 — brasiliensis Von Ihering, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 201, pl. 5. 1888s — queenslandicus Hedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, p. 150, pl. 5. 1871 — (Agriolimax) rarotonganus Heyn., Nachbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 45. 1882 Agriolimax levis Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., p. 47. 1897 -— bevenoti Collinge, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 2, p. 295. 1868 Hydrolimax levis Malm, Limac. Skand., p. 79, pl. 3. 1868 Krynickillus (Malino) brunneus Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 141. 1887 Arinichia brunneus Fischer, Man. Conch., ii., p. 462. ISTORY. — Agriolimax laevis (levis, smooth) was first discovered in this country by Mr. Joshua Alder, and its peculiar characters pointed out to Dr. G. Johnston, who published the discovery in 1838 in the Proceedings of the Berwick- shire Naturalists’ Club. ‘The species was, however, afterwards lost sight of, neglected or misunderstood, and became relegated to the ranks of doubtful species by Jeffreys, Reeve, and others, despite the persistent efforts of Mr. E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., to secure the recognition of its specific status. The authoritative exposition of its m- ternal structure by Dr. Simroth has firmly established A. ldwvis as a valid species, which is now universally recognized. With this species is associated Dr. J. I. 7 C3. Babor, of Prague, whose profound re- ae JX ate, searches, more especially upon A. levis, a ; have demonstrated the actuality of a remarkable cycle of changes in the development of the reproductive organs. It was placed by Malm in a new genus, Hydrolimax (“dwp, water, and Limax), which is here adopted in a sub-generie sense to mark the absence of the rectal ccecum and the digitate flagellum. Diagnosis.— A. lwvis may be distinguished from A. agrestis by its active and restless habits, its uniform red-brown colour, colourless mucus, the abrupt terminal end of the body, the large shield, and its nearly median position when the animal is fully extended, owing to the unusual length of the neck. INTERNALLY, it is sharply divided from A. agrestis by the total absence of the rectatheca and of the digitate gland at the apex of the penis-sheath. 25/3, 04 H 122 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS. Description.—ANIMAL rather slender, glossy, and smooth, and of a peculiar semi-gelatinous consistency, usually of a reddish-brown or chocolate colour, and when contracted bearing a great resemblance to a short plump worm ; BODY rounded, with some distinct and rather prominent tubercles ; TAIL keeled ; SHIELD large, rounded in front and behind, and somewhat paler in colour than the body, strongly concentrically ridged around a sub-central and laterally-placed nucleus ; NECK very long, making the shield seem to be nearly centrally placed ; TENTACLES black and very thick, with large black bulbs ; Foor longitudinally tripartite, light brown, with median area more transparent and apparently darker. The body MUCUs is abundant, clear and watery, but after continued irritation tends to become milky and turbid with minute particles of lime; the locomotory mucus is more viscid and tenacious. SHELL oblong-oval in shape, and showing an indistinct oblique ridge from the apex to the anterior right side of the shell, corres- ponding somewhat to the gonial ridge! of the Peleeypoda ; white and glistening, convex above, and correspondingly concave beneath ; NUCLEUS distinct, and placed towards the left posterior angle of the shell; concentric lines of growth arcuate, numerous, and distinct; margins not broadly membranaceous. Length, 3 mill. ; breadth, 13 mill. INTERNALLY, the body is darkly pigmented ; the KIDNEY, HEART, and LUNG- CAVITY resemble those of A. agrestis; the AORTA runs a considerable distance before Fic. 129, — Internal shell of A. leurs, x 4. (Steeton, Yorks., Mr. F. Rhodes). dividing into the cephalic and visceral branches ; the lateral sinuses, especially that of the left side, are 7 ae favourable for observation ; they can be seen through gtr the transparent skin to remain almost uniformly open without in the least answering to the pulsa- tions of the heart, and are thus strictly venous ; the supra-pedal gland extends quite the length of the Fic si dee I body. The organ of Semper is composed of several — GSoPnageal ganglia of al. davis, 5 . showing the otocysts, x 20. oblong lobules, easily detachable on account of the (Chistenorch sant Soy. tenderness of the skin; the OSPHRADIUM is indis- tinctly developed, but it can be traced to the middle of the lung chamber. Fic. 130.—Underside of the sub- Fic. 131. y Fic. 132.—Penis laid open to show the excita- tory organ, X 9 (after Simroth). Fic. 133. Fic. 134. Fic. 131.—Sexual organs of A. dev/s, greatly enlarged (after Simroth). aéé.g. albumen gland; ot. ovotestis ; ev. oviduct; sf.d. sperm duct ; sf. spermatheca ; 7. retractor; #.s. penis sheath. Fic. 183.—Alimentary canal of A. devis, showing the adherent salivary glands, Xx 3 (after Simroth). Fic. 134.—Cephalic retractors of A. devis, x 12. (Armley, Leeds). The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are very gelatinous and deeply pigmented; the OVOTESTIS is dark chestnut-brown, and acinose; its duct scarcely sinuous, mostly dark, with a pale VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND deep yellow ; OVISPER- MATODUCT firmly united, whitish above, chestnut-brown beneath; FREE OVIDUCT short and glandular; VAS DEFERENS short, entering the penis-sheath nearly termin- ally ; SPERMATHECA elongately oval, flesh-coloured, and attached to ovispermatoduct by a distinct apical muscle; PENIS-SHEATH of a peculiar hammer-like form and darkly pigmented, but occasionally in Europe, and invariably in America, is simply elongate; the sub-basal lateral protuberance contains the SARCOBELUM, or excita- 1 Monog. i., p. 45, f. 109. AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. 123 tory organ, which differs from that of A. agrestis in being shorter and more faintly erooved : the PENIS-RETRACTOR is short, and arises from the lung-floor, considerably in front of the heart and the kidney in the European form, but is usually absent in L. campestris and its allies. The ALIMENTARY CANAL somewhat resembles that of A. agrestis, but the INGES- TIVE TRACT is still shorter, and the rectum is quite free of any ececal process ; the SALIVARY GLANDS are slender and rather deeply lobed ; the LIVER is usually of a pretty moss-green colour; the right lobe forms the hinder end of the visceral mass, the left lobe is also quite forward and divided into a number of slender points or tips. The RETRACTOR arises from the right side of the median line, behind the kidney, from a bifid or trifid root, which after a longish course unites into a slender band which fureates about mid-way; the BUCCAL retractors are quite slender and linear, while the TENTACULAR branches, though originating from the common stem as a slender band, soon become very bully. The MANDIBLE or jaw is of the usual ecrescentic form, with less produced limbs and much more > prominent and convexly rounded rostrum or beak -_ than in A. agrestis; the colour is brown, darkest along the upper margin and towards the extremi- Fic. 135.—Mandible or jaw of ties of the lateral limbs; the eutting edge is also A. éawis, x 20. finely serrate along its whole extent. (Armley, Leeds). The LINGUAL MEMBRANE 1s elongate, about three mill. long, and one mill. broad, the transverse rows being arranged in arcuate form, bending distinctly backw: rds towards the margins ; median row of teeth with well dev eloped mesocone and ecto- 26 20 2 4 Q “ | Fic. 136.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 4. Zeus, x 240. The animal collected at Horsforth, Leeds, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. cones ; laterals also tricuspid, the first and twelfth with endocone quite obsolete or indistinct; marginals aculeate or with an ectocone more or less distinctly visible. The dental formula of a HOON specimen shows to t+h5t+54+35418 x 115 = 6,555. Reproduction and Development. — The reproductive organs of A. levis, and to some extent those of the Limacidw generally, have been found by Dr. Babor to undergo a remarkable cycle of development, or series of metamorphoses, during which the individuals of this species, which are admittedly proterogynous, tindergo a series of changes from their primi- tively unisexual and purely female ‘condition to the hermaphrodite state, and afterwards become purely male by the atrophy of the female organs. These wonderful mutations are demonstrated by the fact that most of the individuals found in spring are unisexual with a purely female organi- zation, possessing gonads yielding ova only ; later the examples show a budding of the male organs, so ‘that in summer and early autumn the animals have become hermaphrodite, and present well developed organs of both sexes. ‘The evolutionary process, however, does not cease with the full acquirement of the hermaphrodite state, as Dr. Babor has found that after a certain interval the female organs may atrophy and dwindle away, and the animal again become unisexual, but purely male, with gonads secreting spermatozoa only. Even when the cycle is thus fully completed, it is not by any means certain that in some species the sequence of transformations may not be continued, and the rotation of sexes again take place. 124 AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. The act of conjugation in this species has never been described, but it has been observed by Gassies, in the var. wrenaria, to take place usually at Fic. 137. Fic. 138. Fic. 139. Fic. 140. Fic. 141. Reproductive organs of Agriolimax levis Miill. x 6, illustrating the metamorphic changes to which they are subject (after Babor). Fic. 137.—The organs in their earliest or solely female state. Fic. 138.—The succeeding stage, showing the budding of the male organ. Fic. 139.—The perfected hermaphrodite state. Fic. 140.—The following period, showing the dwindling of the female organs in the process of becoming solely male. ; ; Fic. 141.—The cycle of change completed, the female organs having disappeared, and the animal being solely male. night, or during thunderstorms and tempestuous rains, and is known to be preceded by the circular procession and amatory flirtations which seem so characteristic of slugs generally, but this preliminary courtship is appar- ently in this species a very tedious and prolonged operation, as these blandishments have been observed to continue for more than an hour at a stretch without result. The seminal element would appear to be transferred enclosed within a soft mucous capsule, of a somewhat triangular shape, which represents and acts as a true spermatophore, and is apparently formed in the outer or larger limb of the flagellum, which functions as a shme gland, while the smaller projection or limb when inverted functions as the intro- mittent organ. The eggs are roundish, quite transparent, of somewhat leathery consis- tency, with a diameter varying between 1°3 and 2°8 millimetres, and are deposited either singly or in small clusters, held together by clear slime, in moist situations, all the year through. According to the observations of Gassies and others, they are laid at intervals of a day or more, three days after pairing, deposition extending over a period of six or eight days, and the total number being said not to exceed about thirty. The hatching takes place in from twenty to forty days, the young when excluded being ~about three millimetres long and of a reddish colour, which eradually becomes of a browner shade, the animals attaining maturity in about seventy days. Fic. 142. — Mucous sperm capsule, or sper- matophore, of 4. “ez/s (after Simroth). Food and Habits.—A griolimax levis is the most active, restless, and fearless of our slugs, and even hardier than A. agrestis. If touched when crawling it has been observed to elevate the median part of its body, in a manner recalling the mode of progression characterizing the caterpillar of the Geometride, the mantle then appearing very protuberant. + ge AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS. 125 It is also very pugnacious and aggressive, pulling off and devouring the slime from the bodies of the larger species, or withdrawing its tentacles and butting violently with its head against their bodies, at the same time pro- truding and rasping with the odontophore. When these attacks, which may be twice or thrice repeated, take place, the slug assaulted usually shrinks, momentarily withdraws the head beneath the mantle, and then crawls hastily away; sometimes, however, the injured animal turns to repel the aggressor, which then, according to Mr. Kew, makes off with all speed, raising its tail and shaking it from side to side, and possibly striking therewith the head or tentacles of the pursuer, which, being thus temporarily disconcerted, enables the agile ageressor to escape more readily. The favourite food of this species has not yet been discovered; Mr. Gain, who had many individuals under close observation for a long period, states that of the seventy-nine different kinds of food offered to it, although none were devoured with zest, thirteen were eaten more or less freely ; ‘of these, six were cultivated plants, the remaining seven being the foxcloye fleabane, crosswort, wallflower, red-robin, sow-thistle, and the fungus Polyporus squamosus. Dumont & Mortillet allude to its fondness for animal matter, in pointing out that it may be procured by spreading bones in suitable spots, when the slugs can be readily found beneath them, devouring the gelatine softened by the moisture. Herr Clessin has observed it in a state of nature feeding upon the pollen of the ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), and. Magnus records that the fertilization of that plant, during cold and damp weather, when insects are not abroad, has been actually brought about by A. lwvis crawl- ing over the flowers. Although it is said in Germany also to frequent dry situations, A. lwvis in this country is confined to the vicinity of water, and is almost invariably in company with Zonitoides nitida. Even when submerged by rising water A, lwvis does not appear to be disturbed, as it has often been found Testing immobile and unconcerned for several hours on the underside of logs, etc., quite immersed in the water. Mr. F. J. Partridge at suitable times has found it living in company with Succinea oblonga im hollows of the sandhills at Braunton Burrows, which, though filled with water in winter and in wet weather, are in summer during the day nothing but a mass of hot dry sand. During the day it is usually concealed in crevices, or beneath the dense tufts of Murchantia polymorpha, Sphagnum, and especially amongst the moss Hypnum cuspidatum, or may be found in the hollow stems of the Umbelliteree growing in marshy places. When suspended in the aquarium A. campestris will, according to Mr. Latchford, at once descend to the bottom of the tank by means of a mucus cable, crawl with retracted ten- tacles towards the sides, which it ascends, opening the respiratory orifice upon reaching the surface, A. lwvis is an adept in forming slime-threads, and has been observed to form a mucus-thread, eight mches in length, in less than three minutes. M. Normand records that LZ. parvulus, which is synonymous with the present species, spun a filament over two yards in length. Fossil.—According to Kennard & Woodward, A. lwvis is known as a Pleistocene fossil from the deposits at Swalecliffe, about a mile west of Herne Bay, East Kent; it was also found in Middlesex, in the section dis- 126 AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. closed by the excavations for the foundations of the Admiralty Buildings, Westminster. Mrs. McKenny Hughes reports it from the beds at Barnwell Abbey, in Cambridgeshire ; and Mr. J. P. Johnson from a deposit on the foreshore, at West Wittering, Sussex; and also from the Uphall Brickyard, near Ilford, in South Essex. Variation.—Dr. Simroth affirms that A. /wvis is subject, under certain conditions, to seasonal variation or Horswomorphism, the var. grisea indi- cating the typical summer garb of the species when living on dry, cultivated lands. This light-grey form, which is occasionally blackish on the back, or may be tinged with reddish, is only found during the summer months and on warm and dry spots, but with the advent of the cool, damp days of autumn, they gradually change to the dark unicolorous winter variety, this change being regarded as a result of the greater degree of cold and moisture to which they are subjected at that season. The examples, however, which dwell by the constantly cool and moist margins of rivers and pools are not subject to this change, retaining during life the dark uniform colouring typical of the species. Dr. Simroth also traces a connection or correlation between the size of the mantle and the degree of moisture in the inhabited locality, the excess of moisture being said to cause a fuller swelling of the body and an exu- berant growth of the mantle. Dr. Baudon has described a monstrosity of this species as var. ‘ntentacu- lata, which was totally destitute of any trace of tentacles. The world-wide distribution attained by this little species has led to a number of names being applied to it, which, according to Simroth and others who have especially studied the subject, merely indicate forms differing little from typical specimens, and at the most represent geo- graphical races, in which latter category the American and Australasian forms may appropriately be placed. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. lacustris Bonelli, 1822, in Sched. Mus. 'Taurin. Limax lacustris Bonelli, op. cit. Limax levis var. maculata T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., July 1886, p. 79. Limax levis var. rufrapunctatus W. ¥. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 22. Differs from the type in being irregularly spotted with dark brown. Mr. G. E. Mason has observed that this variety is of more aquatic habits in Surrey than the typical form. Surrey—Sub-var. maculata, marshy ground at north end of Barnes Common, 1886, T. D. A. Cockerell. Warwick—Sub-var. maculata, sparingly (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., op. cit.). Italy—Var. /acustris, Laghi d’Avigliana; Turin; Rivarossa Canavese and Lago ’Azeglio (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limace. Ital., 1882, p. 48). Var. grisea ‘l'aylor, var. nov. ANIMAL light grey, with grey mid-sole and pale side areas. Ireland—A greenish-grey variety on railway embankment in marsh, Down- patrick, County Down, March 1898, R. Welch. Germany—Leipzig and Halle-am-Saale (Simroth, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., Aug. 1885). Finland—(Simroth, Ber. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 1898, p. 39). Var. arenaria Gassies, Malac. Aquitaine, pp. 117-119, pl. 1, f. 1. Limax arenarius Gassies, op. cit. ANIMAL ereenish-bronze or blackish above ; SHIELD paler and tending to dirty- yellow ; NECK greyish-yellow paling towards the shield. France—At margin of fish-pond, below the dunes at Lacanau, June 1860; on the high-road from Teste at Lamothe; also at Andernos, and under stones in the salt meadows at Teich, all in Aquitaine (Gassies, op. cit. ). AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS. Wz VARIATIONS IN FORM AND SIZE OF ANIMAL. Var. mucronata Westerlund, Fauna Europ., 1876, p. 12. ANIMAL yellow-brown, sides paler, foot-sole white ; SHIELD more pointed behind. Sweden—Ronneby in Blekinge (Westerlund, op. cit.). Norway and Denmark—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 248). Var. parvula Normand, Desc. Limac., 1852, p. 8. Limax parvulus Normand, op. cit. Limax brunneus var. pygmaeus Lowe, Conch. Notts., 1853, p. 156, f. 114. The L. parvulus of Normand, to which may be allocated L. brunneus var. pygmea of E. J. Lowe, is remarkable for its small size, which scarcely exceeds half-an-ineh in adults when fully extended. They are described as paler than the typical form. Notts.—L. brunneus var. pygmea, not common under stones and at roots of sedges, at margin of lake, Highfield House, near Nottingham, and common at Beeston, E. J. Lowe. France—L. parvulus, Valenciennes, Department of the Nord (Normand, op. cit.). Belgium—L. parvulus, Chaudfontaine near Liége, June 1871 (Van-den-Broeck, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. li). Geographical Distribution.—A. /wvi’s as an aggregate form seems almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, being found not only throughout Europe, but has been recorded from South Africa, Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and the United States of North America. It has also been reported from the West Indies, Central and South America, Australia, and Polynesia. In the British Isles this species is apparently widely dispersed, and probably exists in every comital and vice-comital area into which the kingdoms are divided. See! Recorded Distribution. Fig. 143.—Geographical Distribution of Agriolimax levis Miller. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Jersey (Duprey); Guernsey, in damp places (Tomlin & Mar- quand, J. of Conch., Jan. 1903, p. 286). Cornwall W.—St. Ives, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. Devon S.—Topsham and Exmouth, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams. Devon N.—Braunton Burrows near Bideford, F. J. Partridge. Somerset N.—Among stone heaps by side of lane from Walton to Portishead, and among decaying vegetation by side of sluice on Portishead Moor (Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860, p. 139). Probable Range of l Probable Range of 7 A. levis canipestris. A. levis s.str. PENINSULA. 128 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS. CHANNEL. Dorset—Wool, Mr. Kendall; among grass, Whatcombe Park (J. C. Mansel- Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 4) ; Chideoek, near Bridport (A. Belt, Se. Goss., Aug. 1893). Hants S.—Damp meadow by River Avon at Knapp Mill, Christchurch, Feb. 1885!C. Ashford. Hambledon and Beckford Green(L. E. Adams, Se. Goss., Mech. 1901). Sussex W.—Ratham, Aug. 1885! W. Jeffery. THAMES. Kent E.—Sandwich, Sept. 1891! L. E. Adams. Sittingbourne (E. W. Swanton, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 146). Kent W.—Banks of River Cray at St. Mary Cray, April 1885! and Greenhithe, June 1885 !8. C. Cockerell. Surrey—Wray Common, Reigate Heath, ete., 1885, E. Saunders. Godstone and Guildford, Sept. 1884, T. D. A. Cockerell. Barnes, June 1885, 8. C. Cockerell. Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., April 1902, p. 170). Essex S.—Redbridge lane, Wanstead (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890, p. 209). Woodford, 1889, H. Wallis Kew. Essex N.—Common on flags by River Colne, Halstead, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. Herts.—Ware, Dr. Jeffreys (J. Hopkinson, Moll. Herts., 1884). Middlesex—Hanwell, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Thames bank near Twickenham, March 1885! and Perivale, April 1885, 8. C. Cockerell. Oxford—Fairly common about Oxford ; also found at Broughton Castle, Ban- bury ; Chipping Norton; near Charlbury, and about Swincomb (W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, March 1891, p. 13). Bucks.—Banks of River Ouse, above Olney, March 1893, L. E. Adams. ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Plentiful in damp places about Woodbridge, June 1886, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Oulton, Mendlesham, Thwaite, Needham Market, and Sprough- ton (Mayfield, J. of Conch., April 1903). Norfolk E.—Norwich (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Diss and Cringleford, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. In the marsh-lands, Surlingham Ferry, Whitlingham, ete. (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894). Plentiful on marsh and ditch banks, Bramerton, Colney, Postwick, and Costessey (Mayfield, J. of Conch., 1896, p. 185). Norfolk W.—Thetford, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Cambridge— Whittlesea (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Rare, Grantchester, May 1886, B. Tomlin. Northampton—Peterborough (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Common on banks of River Nene and in damp places in woods (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants Nat. Hist. Soe., 1893, p. 208). SEVERN. Gloucester E.—Woods between Cooper’s Hill and Birdlip (Tate, Brit. Mollusea, 1866, p. 77). Monmouth—Abundant in a damp portion of the park at Shirenewton Hall, Apl. 1886, E. J. Lowe. Warwick— Mr. Thickbroom’s woodyard, Sutton Coldfield (A. Wood, Moll. of Sutton Coldfield, 1897). Fairly common in marshy places, Sutton Park, H. Overton. Stafford—In an old dingle near Stafford, Oct. 1885 ! Beresford Dale, Apl. 1890; abundant in wood by canal bank between Leek and Cheadle, April 1891, L. E. Adams. Stone, E. D. Bostock (Masefield’s Staff List, 1902). Newton road, Bir- mingham, July 1893! C. Oldham. Worcester—Deep Meadow, Stourport, J. W. Williams. SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Banks of River Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885! IF. W. Wotton. Llandaff, ete., not very common (id., J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 54). Pembroke—Common under stones and among the yellow Iris, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900). NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Timber yards, Welshpool, June 1889 ! and Pwllbrwynen near Llanwddyn, May 1889! (J. Bickerton Morgan, Montgomery List, 1891, p. 396). Denbigh—Llandudno, May 1888, b. ‘Tomlin. Flint—Mostyn Marsh, July 1883! W.D.R. Lincoln S.—Fulbeck Grange, Dec. 1888! J. B. Davy. Lincoln N.—Sutton-in-the-Marsh, Haugham Wood, and Mueckton Chalk Pit, April 1886! also Harrington Hill, Sept. 1889! W.D.R. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth (C. 8. Carter, Naturalist, 1904, p. 63). Leicester—Leicester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). TRENT. AGRIOLIMAX LASVIS. 129 Notts.—Abundant in vicinity of lake at Highfield House near Beeston ; also in garden of Broadgate House on organic soil in the valley, 1885, E. J. Lowe. Gamston, Sept. 1884! and in a wood at the Decoy, Houghton, April 1885! C. 'T. Musson. Pleasley Vale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, ete. (Dodd, Brit. Assoe. Hdbk., 1893). Bawtry, Rufford, ete. (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893). MERSEY. Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Common in gardens, ete., Heatley House, May 1885! L. E. Adams. Ashley near Bowdon, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Between Warrington and Knutsford, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Northwich, Oct. 1885! C. Oldham. Lancashire Mid—FEasegill Beck side, April 1887! W.D.R. Lancashire S.—Whalley, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote. Common on the South- port sandhills (G. W. Chaster, Brit. Assoc. Hdbk., 1903). HUMBER. York S.E.—Leckonfield ! Meaux ! Risby, and banks of the River Hull (J. D. Butterell, J. of Conch., April 1882). York N.E.—Thirsk (Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 71). Malton, Sept. 1880, J. D. Butterell. Levisham, abundant, Aug. 1886 ! Saltburn Woods, Oct. 1886! Skelton Beck Valley, May 1887 ! Wilton Wood, May 1887! and Ramsdale Wood, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R. Airey Holme Wood (Baker Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886). Kalton Castle, 1889! B. Hudson. Wass village, Sept. 1892 ! W.D.R. White Nab, J. A. Hargreaves. York S.W.—Pontefract, April 1877 (Nat., May 1877). St. Swithin’s, Stanley, 1883, Wakefield, Jan. 1885! also Ferrybridge, Haw Park, and Ryhill, J. Wilcock. Campsall Park, May 1886! and Cusworth, near Doncaster, Sept. 1901! W.D.R. Roydhouse Wood, Huddersfield ! J. Whitwham. Common about Halifax in damp places in woods, J. E. Crowther. Garden, Rose Hill, Penistone; moderately com- mon, Gunthwaite, and Cubley Wood, April 1890; also Doncaster, July 1892, L. E. Adams. Near Worsborough Reservoir, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Wr: ogy Brick- pond near Ackworth, G. Roberts. Methley, Nostell, and Oulton (id., Nat. Hist. Lofthouse, 1885, p. 238). York Mid W.—Banks of Leeds and Liv erpool Canal at Armley, Kirkstall, New- lay, etc., Feb. 1882! W. Nelson. Also from Bingley to Steeton, July 1890! F. Rhodes. Stream-side, Hawkesworth Wood, Horsforth, April 1888 ! W.D.R. Ship- ley Glen and Fagley Wood (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Near Malham Tarn, Sept. 1883! Roebuck & Butterell. Kingsdale near Clapham, April 1887 (H. Richardson, J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 60). Helk’s Wood, Ingleton, June 1888, F. Rhodes. Coat Rakes Bridge, Boll: ind, Aug. 1885! W. D.R. Tadcaster and Wighill, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Boston Spa, April. 1893, J. Emmet. Washburndale, July 1885! and Troller’s Gill, April 1887! W.D.R. Mason Plain, Grassington, Sept. 1900, F. Rhodes. Copgrove Wood and Lindley Wood, 1885! W.D.R. Eavestone near Ripon, May 1885! J. Ingleby. York N.W.—Gunnerside Gill, and road-sides, Gunnerside, 1884 ! W.D.R. TYNE. Durham—Ravensworth, shells in Alder Collection, Neweastle Museum. Plenti- ful, Morden Carrs, 1860, Dr. A. Merle Norman. Spa Wood, Dinsdale, May 1887 ! Baker Hudson. Northumberland S.—Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven. Not rare, but local, West Woodburn, Sept. 1887 ! R. Howse. Westmorland and Furness—Coniston, April 1887! 8. C. Coekerell. LANES. Cumberland—Rickerby, near beck (Miss Donald, Cumberland List, 1882, p. 56). SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Dumfries— Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans. Ayr—Gourock Burn, Seamill, Ardneil Bay Portincross, Fairlie, and Knockewart, March 1904, R. Godfrey. Renfrew—Frequent, Eaglesham (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. 41). Frequent, Shielhill Glen and about Greenock (T. Scott, Greenock List, 1886). Near old castle, Inverkip road, Greenock, Aug. 1886! Caldwell, Aug. 1887, J. Steel. Lanark— Frequent, Possil, Robroyston (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. 41). Elvanfoot, Sept. 1900, W. Evans. EAST LOWLANDS. Peebles—Slipperfield Loch near West Linton, Aug. 1890! Meldon Hill, July 1890! Standalane Braes! and by Tweed near Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans. Berwick—Dunglass Dean (G. Johnston, Serwick N.C. Proc. 4; 1838, p.. 154): Near Eyemouth, Sept. 1895! W. Evans. Haddington—Balgone, Jan. 1896! Aberlady, July 1890! Quarry near Gullane ! and Luffness marshes | W. Evans. 130 AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. Linlithgow—Philpstown Loch, Oct. 1890! Carribber Glen, Feb. 1898, and Dal meny, Oct. 1902! W. Evans. Mr. R. Godfrey remarks that though not abundant it is almost universal throughout the county, and cites many coast and inland localities, as well as a number in the Avon valley and in the Boness district. Edinburgh—Bonally, Oct. 1888! W.D.R. Hillend Farm, Pentlands, March 1890! Balerno, April 1890! the Bush, Penicuik, Dee. 1890; Arniston, June 1902 ; Duddingston Loch, May 1894, and Vogrie Glen, Feb. 1897; Kirknewton! Roslin ! Dalhousie ! plantation above Dreghorn, March 1890! W. Evans. . EAST HIGHLANDS. Fife and Kinross—Otterston, June 1890! Dura Den, July 1890! St. Andrews, Aug. 1890! Tentsmuir, Aug. 1890! Kileonquhar, Sept. 1893, Loch Leven, June 1894 ! and Loch Gelly, May 1895, W. Evans. Stirling—Frequent, Baldernock and Kilsyth (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. 41). Perth S. and Clackmannan—Port of Menteith, April 1892! Dollar, April 1897! Wharry Glen near Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898 ! and Callander, April 1892! W. Evans. Perth Mid—Lawers and Fearnan, Loch Tay side, May 1892! W. Evans. Perth N.—Fenderbridge, Glen Tilt, Sept. 1898, Loch of Clunie, July 1890! W. Evans. Aberdeen S.-—Summit of Clunie Pass, altitude 2,100 feet, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Elgin—Not uncommon in Moray. Abundant on damp warm evenings near Mill of Birnie (Rev. G. Gordon, Zool., 1854, p. 4453). Nairn, Jan. 1887! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Easterness—Kincraig, Oct. 1889! W. Evans. WEST HIGHLANDS. Main Argyle—Coast south of Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Clyde Isles—Abundant on shores of Loch Greenan, Bute, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans. Cantire—South of West Loch Tarbert, near head of Loch, April 1886 ! T. Scott. Ebudes N.—Dunvegan Castle, Skye, W. Thompson (Forbes & Hanley, British Moll., 1853, p. 21). NORTH HIGHLANDS. Ross E.—Numerous near Bonar Bridge, Dornoch Frith, Feb. 1887 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland E.—Near Loch Brora, Oct. 1883! Golspie Burn, June 1884 ! South of Little Ferry, Dornoch, Oct. 1884! and near the Mound, June 1885! W. Baillie. Sutherland W.—Mouth of Halladaile River, Nov. 1886! W. Baillie. Caithness— Wick (Peach, Caithness List, 1864). Bank of Dunbeath River, May 1884! W. Baillie. NORTH ISLES. Shetlands—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 248). IRELAND. This is said by Dr. Scharff to be one of the rarest of the Irish slugs. It was first discovered in Ireland, in April 1884, at Coleraine in Co. Derry, by Mr. L. E. Adams. ULSTER. Derry—Coleraine, common, April 1884, L. E. Adams. Culmore near London- derry, J. N. Milne (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., 1892). Antrim—Colin Glen near Belfast, Oct. 1899 ; in wood, Ballyeastle, and Glencorp, March 1900; common on marshy ground, shores of Lough Neagh, at Antrim, Aug. 1898 ; andon Ram’s Island, Lough Neagh, May 1900; also found about Ballyeastle, and other localities, but not so common as in County Down, R. Welch. Common in damp parts of wood, Murlough, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897). Down—Common around flax dam, near Ballynahinch Junction, March 1899 ; common under stones around flax dams, in the White Bog, Killough, Oct. 1898 ; Deer’s Meadow, Mourne Mountains, alt. 1,110 feet, Jan. 1898 ; on watercress, below Spring Well, Clonduff Castle, Jan. 1898 ; damp hollow, Neweastle dunes, Aug. 1898 ; common at the roots of rushes, Shaw’s Bridge, Belfast, March 1899; common on rejectamenta, Ravernet River, April 1899 ; Hillsborough, April 1899 ; marsh near Dundrum, Noy. 1899, R. Welch. Shores of pond, Belvoir Park, May 1898 ; Oak- leigh, Ormeau Park, and in marsh, Loughinsland, Feb, 1900, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Monaghan— Marsh at Lake Glasslough demesne, Oct. 1887, R. Welch. Donegal—Letterkenny, Nov. 1892, Rev. A. H. Delap. Fermanagh—Sparingly on shores of lake, Enniskillen, R. Welch. LEINSTER. Dublin—Banks of an old fish-pond on Lord Massey’s estate, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Sept. 1890; Carrickmines, April 1892, and in orchid houses, Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Jan. 1891, R. F. Scharff. In marsh, Bushey Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Pirate XIV. Distribution of A griolimax levis (Mull.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles _ PENINSULA 1 Coruwall W. 2 Cornwall bk. 3 Devous. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8. 6 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts s. 9 Dorset Isle ot Wight 1i Hants 8. 2 Hants N. 3 Sussex W. Sussex kb. THAMES 15 Kent E. Kent W. 17 Surrey Mssex 8 Hssex N. Herts. 21 Middlesex 22 berks. 23 Oxford Bucks. ANGLIA 25 Suffolk EK. sulloik W. 27 Norfolk KE. Norfolk W. Camovridge Bedford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN 33 Gloucester E. Gloucester W Monmouth Hereford 37 Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop ee SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan Brecon } Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke } Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery § Merioneth 9 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 51 Flint 52 Anglesey TRENT Lincoln 8. Lincoln N. 5d Leic. & Rutld. 56 Notts. 57 Derby MERSEY 58 Cheshire 59 Lancashire S. HUMBER 61 S.E York 5 N.W. York TYNE 5 Durham 67 Northumb. S. Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland and lL. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man 68 Lancashire Mid Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. Distribution verified by the of the British Isles. ag SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS EK, HIGHLANDS le 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Kirkeudbright { nit a 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 75 Ayr 96 Masterness . 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle @ 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton e 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles a e 80 eo) 101 rare 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8S. he 82 Haddington 103 iMbudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 87 PerthsS.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands 3 IRELAND. .) ULSTER LEINSTER ® 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King's Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Lougford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 37 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. Authors. Fossil Distribution. Tipperary S Waterford 3 Cork N. 7 Cork 8, Kerry a or _ Soa 4 — iD Saeae a 7) a ae at Can a . = = AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS. WB Kildare—River banks, Monasterevan, Oct. 1899, R. Welch. Wicklow—Among water-lilies, Woodenbridge, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Trish Nat., 1893, p. 149). Greystones (id., 1892). Kilkenny—In the south of the county, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Westmeath—Knockdrin demesne near Mullingar, April 1892, R. EF. Scharff. CONNAUGHT. Leitrim —Dromahaire, Sept. 1900, R. Welch. Glencar, Sept. 1900, G. W. Chaster and E. Collier. Galway W.—At roots of rushes in marshy ground, Clonbrock, Hon. R. E. Dillon (R. Welch, Irish Nat., June 1899, p. 143). Galway E.—Albout Renvyle and among bogs in the Kylemore district, March 1891, R. F. Scharff. Dernasliggan, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897, p. 304. ) MUNSTER. Cork S.—Glengariff near Eccles Hotel, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Blarney Castle and Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Kerry—A very dark form in Mucksna Wood ; several under logs near Loo Bridge; one at Roughty Bridge ; a pale form on the river bank above Galway’s Bridge, R. Welch; and Tore Woods, G. W. Chaster, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Plentiful on water-lily stems in a swamp near the lower lake in Herbert's Muckross demesne, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Moderately common, Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. River banks, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch. GERMANY. According to Herr Clessin A. /wvis is diffused throughout the country, and it has been recorded from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Coburg, Franconia, Friesland, Hanover, Holstein, Merseburg, Nassau, Pomerania, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, West Prussia, and Wurtemburg. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Recorded by Van-den-Broeck as abundant about Jette, Brabant; and as L. parvulus from Chaudfontaine, near Liége. FRANCE. According to Mabille, this species inhabits nearly the whole of France, but records have only been procurable from Ain, Aisne, Aquitaine, Ariége, Aube, Basses-Pyrénées, Cote d’Or, Haute Garonne, Haute Savoie, Hérault, Landes, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine-Inferieure, Seine-et-Marne, Somme, Var, Vienne, and the Island of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Herr Clessin states that it is diffused throughout the country. ITALY. Hitherto found only in the north of the country in Piedmont and Lombardy. In damp moss, near railway, Menaggio in Lombardy, Sept. 1886, b. Tomlin. Above Vit, Valle di Lanzo, and beneath Crissolo, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 47). AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Herr Clessin describes this species as diffused throughout the whole region. It has been recorded from Moravia, Hungary and Istria, Jarov near Prague in Bohemia, Vienna in Austria, and the Eastern Alps. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain-——-Near Monastery of Montserrat, Catalonia, May 1881 (P. Fagot, Faun. Mal. Catal., May 1884). Portugal—L. lombricoides, common about Monchique in Algarve; a darker variety inhabits the mountains of Braga in Minho (Morelet, op. cit. ). SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Only in the south about Christiania and Christiansand (B. Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886). Sweden—About Gothenberg (Malm, Limac. Skand., 1868). Denmark—Around Copenhagen, and on banks of Sorgenfri river, where it was observed by Miiller. It occurs, according to Feddersen, throughout the tract of Viborg, in Jutland (Malm, op. cit., p. 82). RUSSIA. Only as yet recorded for Moujevo, near Moscow, by Milachevitch, and by A. Luther from Revel in Esthland, and the south part of Finland as far north as 63° north lat. 132 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS CAMPESTRIS. Agriolimax levis campestris Binney, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1841, p. 52. Limax montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1875, p. 394. Limax castaneus Ingersoll, op. cit. Limax ingersolli W.G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875. Limax hyperboreus Westerlund, Nachsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1876, p. 97. With this geographical race, the late Mr. Amos Binney, the eminent American conchologist, is associated, not only as being the author of the name adopted for the race, but in acknowledgment of the great services he rendered to the advancement of our study. ANIMAL usually of some shade of amber, but oceasionally of a blackish hue; without spots or markings ; HEAD and OMMATOPHORES smoky ; FOOT narrow and whitish. INTERNALLY, A. campestris is, according to sinney, characterized by the jaw possessing re- curved and pointedjends, a sharp MEDIAN BEAK, and the centre showing a strong transverse line of J reinforcement. \v \ The RADULA var- é os cana keeles Fic. 145.—Median, lateral, and : 2 marginal teeth of A. campestris, eighteen perfect highly magnified (after Binney). laterals being that of one adult specimen examined. The laterals do not show, as in A. agrestis, an inner-side cutting point, but about half the marginals are bifid, the bifureation of the outer marginals being very obscure. The Central and South American forms, de- scribed as Limax stenurus, L. meridionalis, L. Cifure brasiliensis, and L. argentinus, of which no authentic descriptions have been available, are in all probability more correctly referred to this simpler and more primitive form than —_ to the typical A. dwvis, as though doubtless pA exhibiting further minor modifications, tend- ing to a nearer approximation with a still more ancient form, yet the intermediate position between the North American L, campestris and the South American forms, said to be held by the Mexican L. stenwrus, tends to confirm the view that the most primi- tive forms inhabit the more remote regions. The L. queenslandicus, A. bevenoti, ete., are also probably more closely allied to this simpler form rather than to the more advanced European race, in which the development of the penial retractor and the distinctly hammer-headed penis-sheath seems to be more especially a characteristic, and may be assumed to be the highest stage of development the species has attained. The simpler and more primitive forms now inhabiting the New World, the inele- ment regions of Siberia, ete., possess, according to Simroth, a short stimulating organ and an elongate rather than a hammer-shaped penis-sheath, resembling the immature form figured by him. It would thus seem that in Europe A. levis is somewhat variable in the development of its genitalia, and that the uncommon or immature form in Europe is the prevalent one in the New World. Quebec—Limax campestris, Gaspé, May 1892 (A. W. Hanham, Nautilus, Oct. 1893, p. 65). Rather local about Quebee (id., Nautilus, Jan. 1897). Ontario— L. campestris, near McKay’s Bay, New Edinburgh ; and common about Ottawa in moist places everywhere except on sandy soil (I. R. Latchford, Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, 1886). Manitoba—L. campestris, occasionally at Winnipeg (A. W. Hanham, Nautilus, May 1899, p. 3). Fic. 146.—Median, lateral, and marginal teeth of Lzmax brasiliensis, X 200 (after Ihering). Fic. 147. — Reproductive organs of Limazx brasiliensis (after Ihering). AGRIOLIMAX LASVIS CAMPESTRIS. se Maine—L. campestris, common in woods (E. 8. Morse, Pulm. of Maine, 1864, p. 7). Massachusetts—ZL. campestris, Westport, under rocks and fallen trees, in old pastures (J. H. Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885). Rhode Island—L. campestris, under rocks and fallen trees in old pastures (J. H. Thomson, J. of Conech., Oct. 1885). New Jersey—L. campestris, Redbank, H. Prime, Oct. 1885. Cape May (H. A. Pilsbry, Nautilus, Nov. 1890, p. 74). Burlington, A. Ten Eyck Lansing (W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., 1878, vol. 5, p. 149). New York—L. campestris, Plattsburgh, widely distributed, G. H. Hudson, Oct. 1885. General in Onondago Co., W. M. Beauchamp, Oct. 1885. Quite common in Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892). East Rochester, Monroe Co. (J. Walton, The Museum, July 1898, p. 133). Vicinity of Owasco Lake (F. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1899, p. 58). Pennsylvania—L. campestris, Westchester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, 1885. Common in most suitable localities around Philadelphia (M. Schick, Nautilus, April 1895, p. 135). Ohio—L. campestris, Cincinnati (Harper & Wetherby’s Catalogue, Feb. 1876). Michigan—JL. campestris, generally distributed (B. Walker, Moll. Michigan, p-. 21, 1899). Indiana—L. campestris, common in Franklin Co., Moore & Butler, 1885. Iowa—L. canpestris, abundant and widely distributed, Desmoines, Iowa City, and Bonaparte, and doubtless throughout the state (C. R. Keyes, Bull. Essex Inst., June 1888, p. 695). Nebraska—L. campestris, only in the eastern counties of the state (Aughey, Bull. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 698). North Carolina—L. campestris, Roan Mountains (Pilsbry & Walker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1897, p. 489). South Carolina—Aiken (W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., 1878, vol. 5, p. 149). Missouri—Seialia, Pettis Co., in plenty in open woods and in pastures far away from timber, F. A. Sampson, Oct. 1885. Kansas—L. campestris, Sedgwick Co. (F. J. Ford, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 106). Arkansas—L. campestris, Carroll; Sebastian ; Pulaski; Perry ; Nevada; and Franklin; the specimens from Franklin Co. are nearly two inches in length (F. A. Sampson, Report Geol. Survey Arkansas, 1891). New Mexico—Limazx campestris, Roswell, Pecos Valley (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, July 1896, p. 35). Mescalero Indian Reservation, in the Sacramento Mountains, above the Agency (id., J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 4). NEOTROPICAL REGION. Bermuda—A. /vis sens. lat., specimens in the British Museum, collected by the Challenger Expedition (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 3). Jamaica —A. /wvis sens. lat., common at Moneague, Jan. 1892; also found at Cinchona by Mr. Fawcett and Mr. W. Cradwick (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p.°3). Mexico—L. stenurus (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges. 1885, p. 274). Brazil—L. brasiliensis, Rio Grande de Sul (Lhering, op. cit.). Argentine—Limax meridionalis, Cordoba (Ihering, op. cit.); LZ. argentinus, Strobel, Rio Negro, Patagonia, 1879 (Roca, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 272). ETHIOPIAN REGION. South Africa—(R. Sturany, J. of Mal., May 1899, p. 43). Madagascar—(Simroth, Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. Sandwich Isles—Mr. Collinge, who has examined a collection from these islands, refers the individuals inhabiting the more lofty regions to his A. bevenoti, citing as localities Honolulu, at an altitude of 2,000 feet ; Kauai, at 4,000 feet ; and Halea- kala, at 5,000 feet ; while A. /evis is said to be found on the lower ground at an altitude of 2,000 feet at Kauai. Specimens which cannot be referred with certainty to either form were found at Haleakala, 5,000 feet altitude; on mountains near Honolulu, at 2,000 feet altitude; and between Olaa and Kilauea, at altitudes between 2,000 and 4,000 feet (Proce. Mal. Soc., 1897, p. 295). Cook’s Islands—Limazx rarotonganus, Rarotonga (Heynemann, op. cit. ). New South Wales—dAgriolimax rarotonganus, Sydney (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 303). Parramatta, probably the Limaz olivaceus of Gould (C. T. Musson, Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1890, p. 885). Queensland—L. queenslandicus, Brisbane (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). A. raroton- ganus, Burnet river and Port Dennison (Heynemann, op. cit. ). 134 AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS CAMPESTRIS. Var. occidentalis Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad , 1872, p. 146, pl. 3. The ANIMAL does not differ externally from the ordinary campestris, except being said by Dr. Cooper to be rather more robust than the eastern form ; he also remarks that it is paler in colour when it first emerges from its retreat in the dry season. INTERNALLY the speci- Fic. 149)—WWertanpeinteral. men examined by Binney showed a RADULA with @ — and marginal teeth of A. cam- formula 35 +1435, with thirteen laterals, the inner and — Aestrts_v. occidentalis, highly outer lateral teeth occasionally showing a side spur, and — ™@8nified (after Binney). approaching in this respect the var. monfanus rather than the typical campestris. California—Agriolimax campestris var. occidentalis, numerous about San Fran- cisco; Santa Cruz; Clear Lake, and at Alta, Placer Co., 3,625 feet elevation on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada; also at Truckee, Nevada Co., 5,866 feet high on the east slope. It has also been found on the Coast Mountains, and along the coast almost everywhere, from 39° north lat., to San Juan, near lat. 33°, J. G. Cooper, Oct. 1885. A. campestris var., Lake Merced, San Francisco Co., Mr. Raymond (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch , Oct. 1891). Var. montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, Terr., 1875, p. 394. Agriolimax montanus a typicus T. 1). A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. 1888. Limax ingersolli W.G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875. ANIMAL bluish-grey in colour, stout in form, with a blunt posterior extremity, and exceeding one inch in length. INTERNALLY, the RADULA shows a formula of 50+1+450, with sixteen perfect laterals. Prof. Cockerell has pointed out that Ingersoll’s description was probably made from spirit specimens, and that the bluish-grey colour was due in great part to an exudation of slime, such as is often observed in alcoholic specimens ; A. montanus a typicus CkIL., which is described as ‘rather pale brown, foot-sole pale,” in all probability represents Ingersoll’s species when living. Montana—L. monfanus, one at Missoula, June 1897 (M. J. Elrod, Nautilus, March 1902, p. 129). Utah—L. montanus (H. A. Pilsbry, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1889, p. 196). Colorado — A. campestris var. montana, Pueblo Co., and Rio Grande Co. (T. D. A. Cockerell, Moll. Colorado, J. of Conech., Jan. 1889). Hot sulphur springs, Grand Co., Mr. Ingersoll; Custer Co. ; Chaffee Co. ; Canon City, Fremont Co. ; Summit Co.; Eagle Co, ; Mesa Co. ; and Gunnison Co. (id., Naut., Jan. 1890, p. 100). Fic. 149.—Reproductive system of ZL. montanus (after Binney). Var. castanea Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1875, p. 394. Limax castaneus Ingersoll, op. cit. ANIMAL small and slender, colour lively brown, with darker spot on the SHIELD; HEAD and OMMA- TOPHORES black; FOOT-SOLE white. Length less than one ineh. dinney describes the RADULA as sun teak Fic. 1 eee lateral) and acter to that of ZL. montanus, the formula being M21gna ered cafiec Binney 3441434, with twelve perfect laterals. ~ _ highly magnified (after Bianey): According to Prof. Cockerell, the var. castanea was described from a young example, the black head and tentacles being a feature imparted to alcoholic speci- mens and not existing in living animals. Colorado—A. campestris var. castanea, Blue River Valley, Mr. Ingersoll (T. D. A. Coekerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100). Var. intermedius Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 859. ANIMAL dark-brown, foot-sole grey. Colorado—A. campestris var. intermedia, Wet Mountain Valley, Custer Co. ; Canon City, Fremont Co. ; Wales Canon, Pueblo Co. ; Saguache Co. ; Summit Co. ; Mesa Co. : and Delta Co. (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100). AGRIOLIMAX L/EVIS CAMPESTRIS. 135 Var. tristis Cockerell, op. cit. ANIMAL very dark-brown or brown-black. This form, which in its colouring is nearly allied to var. hyperborea, is found chiefly at high elevations in the mountains. The effect of living under the extreme conditions found at high altitudes upon the pigmentation of this species, is shown by the darkest forms being most prevalent in the highest elevated localities, and is corroborated by the dark colour of the var. hyperborea, found on the Arctic shores of Siberia and North America, Colorado—A. campestris var. tristis, Lake Co.; Summit Co. ; and Delta Co. (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100). Var. hyperborea Westl., Nachricht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., Sept. 1876, p. 97. Limax hyperboreus Westerlund, op. cit. 30pDyY firm, black above, sides paler, pale beneath, back convexly rounded, narrowing behind, tail short, compressed and subcarinate above; SHIELD broadly « rounded behind, thicker and much wider in front, inner margin reflexed. Long., 10 mill. ; lat., 3 mill. INTERNALLY, it is described by Binney as possessing Fic. 151.—Median, lateral, a smooth arched jaw, with a blunt median projection ; aud mareiah tect of Limax RADULA with a formula of 42+1442 teeth, the centrals 22e7o7eus, ughly magnified tricuspid; laterals twelve in number and bicuspid; mar- : ginals about thirty, simply aculeate or with a bifurcation or side-spur. Siberia—Nordenskiéld and Stuxberg found it at Goroschinskoj, 66° 17’ north lat., on Sept. 10, 1875; and on the island Sopotschnoj, in the Jenissei river, 70° 5’, on Aug. 29, 1875 (Westerlund, op. cit.). Dr. Theel collected it at Tolstoinos, Aug. 1876, and according to Westerlund it is recorded as Arion ater by Gerstfeldt from Eastern Siberia (id., Siber. Land Sotvatt. Moll., pp. 102 and 110). Dr. Dall also records that it was found by Stejneger and by the Vega Expedition on the Com- mander Islands. It is said to be tound also in Kamschatka (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, p. 217). Tschukschis Peninsula (Simroth, Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891). Nearctic Region—Found throughout the Arctic shores of North America, and on the Aleutian and Behring Islands (Dall, op. cit.). Labrador—Not uncommon on May 16th, 1883, and July 23rd, 1884, under stones in moist places in willow thickets, ete., about Fort Chimo, Ungavo Bay (Dall, op. cit., p. 203). United States—Quincey, California, 1889, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 4). Fic. 152.—Banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, near Kirkstall, a favourite locality for Agriolimax levis (photo. by Mr. R. Mackay). 136 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. GENUS MWILAX Gray. (Amalia, Moquin-Tandon ; Lallemantia, Mabille). The genus Milar (Milax, a word formed by a transliteration of Lima’) was instituted by Dr. Gray in the Cat. Pulmon. Brit. Mus., published on May Ist, 1855, but in which the preface was dated March 29th. The term JMilav antedates Mogquin-l'andon’s name of Amalia, which was published in his “ Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France,” n., p- oe on Sept. 10th, 1855.” The preface to that work, though dated March 15th, was really issued with the third part on Aug. Ist, while the fourth part, in which the term Amalia was first instituted, did not appear until Sept. 10th, 1855, the misleading date of the preface to the work having led to the wrongful use of Amalia. With this genus Dr. J. E. and Mrs. Gray have been associated in recognition of the institution of the present group and of the impetus their conchological works have had upon the popularization of con- chology generally. In this country we have but two species, which, although placed by . Pollonera in separate sub-genera, = Tandonia and Pirainea, do not show, at least in British specimens, the differential characters he has as- signed to them, but are, in fact, somewhat closely allied in structure and aspect, but according to Dr. Simroth, within certain limits, no genus is so unstable in its organization as is Miélar, a group which, in his opinion, is only at the outset of its course, in the formation of species for the future. Generic Characteristics.—ExrerNa.Ly, in Milax the body is longi- tudinally grooved, and acutely keeled the whole length of the back. ‘lhe MANTLE is shagreened or delicately wrinkled, bears a bluntly lenticular r horse-shoe shaped groove, more or less completely circumscribing a comeniiat prominent postero-central part which simulates a smaller, superposed mantle; the RESPIRATORY ORIFICE is placed on the right side behind the centre of the mantle, and is not cut by the anal channel, GENUS MILAX. 1ka}¢/ which is in advance; the REPRODUCTIVE ORIFICE is situate mid-way between the base of the right ommatophore and the respiratory orifice. The ORGAN OF SEMPER is externally perceptible as crenulations or pucker- ings of the upper lip, which presents a row of eight or more rounded papillee. INTERNALLY, the viscera show a strong spiral twist! in a sinistral direc- tion, the amount of torsion corresponding somewhat to that of a dextrally coiled Buliminus. 'The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS do not loop the retractor of the right tentacle, and possess a very remarkable series of accessory glands adherent to the base of the oviduct and atrium, into which they debouch by numerous slender ducts; there is no flagellum, but a well-marked epi- phallus, within which a spermatophore is developed, and which is basally separated from the penis by a well-marked sphincter muscle. The PENIS- RETRACTOR arises from the dorsal skin on the right-side, just below the root of the cephalic retractor, and is attached to the epiphallus. The sarco- BELUM, or excitatory organ, though present in our British species, is not an invariable character in all the species of the genus; the Milar carinatus of southern Europe, which in other respects is so closely related to our Milax sowerbii, is said by Lessona & Pollonera to be destitute of an excitatory organ, though Dr. Simroth found it present in a Florentine specimen forwarded by Signor Lessona. ‘The KIDNEY is somewhat oval in shape, and differs from that of Zimaz in having a linguiform prolongation, doubled back under the organ and protruding behind on the right side. The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND lies free in the body cavity, and is only about one-third the total length of the body. The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS comprise the pharyngeal and tentacular muscles, which are usually separate nearly or quite to their roots, though their points of origin are always closely contiguous; they arise from the dorsum, beneath the floor of the shell sac, to which they are firmly attached, exactly at or near to the point where the shell is adherent by its apex to the floor of the pouch. The FooT-soLE is distinctly longitudinally tri- partite, the broad mid-area being bounded by a ae ayaa well-marked groove at each side, and the wrinklings po eee formed during the contraction of the sole, unlike —\ those of the true Limaces and A griolimaces, which Va are simply transverse, show in Milaxr a striking ay aes chevron-like character in the median-line, an V arrangement said to tally accurately with the dis- Fic. 154.—Diagram of the position of the lateral branches of the sympathetic Re GoN oh hae wancrens mesh of the pedal nerves. wrinklings of the median-area. The law of colouring is similar to that pertaining to A. agrestis; the animals darken with age, the darker mantle-markings being assumed to be ancestral traits not yet obliterated, and formed by the approximation and fusion of the isolated spots of young animals. ‘I'he primitive colouring of the species of this group is supposed to be simple, and just as A. agrestis shows unicolorous dark or slate-blue varieties on the Mediterranean shores, Milaxr has developed a preponderance of dark unicolored species or varieties in similar situations. In the eastern Mediterranean region, Mi/ux is separable into the species furnished with a prominent dorsal keel and those in which the keel is confined to the caudal end of the body ; the latter, which form the section 1 Monog. i., p. 282, f. 562. 29/5/04 I 138 GENUS MILAX. Subamalia of Pollonera and the Malinastrum of Bourguignat, are confined to the mountains and are probably the more ancient forms. ‘The strongly carinate species found in the Crimea, Greece, Transylvania, Austria, Germany, and Italy, which have been classified under Tundonia and Pirainea of Lessona & Pollonera, are mostly of a reddish or brownish tint, but more westwardly the reddish ground gradually disappears, the animals becoming ochreous or black. The species of Milaz are slow and sluggish in movement, possess a thick skin, and secrete a tough and viscid mucus. According to Simroth, they are essentially carnivorous and predaceous, though occasionally devouring vegetable food. The duration of life in the J/cdaces is uncertain, but Simroth thinks it extends over several years. Conjugation in Mélax is not restricted to any particular season, but in mild weather may take place at any period of the year, the act itself being very prolonged ; Mr. Kew has observed it on one occasion to continue for a space of seventeen hours, this lengthy ceremony being probably necessi- tated by the time requisite for the formation and transference of the elaborate spermatophore. Fossil.—A Milax (M. gracilior Sandberger) is recorded from the Upper Miocene beds at Biberach, Wurtemburg, by Sandberger, but in this country it has not been reported from any deposits lower than the Pleistocene. Geographical Distribution.—This genus, according to Simroth, has not naturally a wide distribution, as, excepting its occurrence in the extreme points of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, California, and several oceanic islands, in all of which it may have been artificially introduced, its range is, as far as at present known, confined chiefly to the Mediterranean and European region, Fic. 155.—Obverse and reverse of medal struck in 1863 in honour of Dr. and Mrs. Gray. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSGA. ng Milax gagates (Draparnaud). 1801 Limax gagates Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll., p. 100, no. 1. 1805 - — Draparnaud, Hist. Nat., p. 122, pl. 9, f. 1, 2. 1824 — maurus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, p. 426. 1855 — (Amalia) gagates Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., vol. 2, p. 19, pl. 2, £. 1-3. 1872 — hewstoni Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 147, plea: 1855 Milax gagates Gray, Catal. Pulm., p. 174. 1880 — _ tasmanicus ‘Tate, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 16. 1876 Amalia marginata mut. gagates Pini, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., vol. 2, p. 107. 1897 — babori Collinge, Proc. Mal. Soc., p. 294. La } ISTORY.— Milux gagates (gagates, jet), 18 one of our more uncommon slugs, and though typically of jet black hue, is in this country more fre- quently found of a pale plumbeous or brownish tint. This species was first described by Draparnaud in 1801, and was first dis- covered in Great Britain by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., of Victoria Park, Manchester, who in September 1851, found a characteristic specimen at the foot of a hawthorn hedge, on the Isle of Portland, which was identified by Prof. Forbes. Mr. E. A. Smith, in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 276, suggests the proba- bility that the Z. capensis Krauss may STC. Wa 4 Ko . A prove to be referable to our species ; 6 ad and Mr. C. I. Musson makes a similar suggestion in reference to the L. pectinatus of Selenka. Prof. R. Tate has described (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1880, p. 16) a Milax nigricolus, which inhabits the gullies of the Adelaide hills, and is widely dispersed over the Adelaide plain generally. Though presented as a new and probably indigenous species, the author suggests that it may be identical with Milax gagates. Dr. Simroth considers Amalia doderleini, A. sicula, and A. insularis as all synonymous with the present species, and agrees with Heynemann in similarly regarding Limax scaptobius of Bourguignat, but as there appears to be some conflict of opinion on the subject, their views are simply recorded here. Diagnosis. —Hxrrrnatiy, Milux gagates is known from its congener by its more uniform colouring; by the keel being usually of the same or of a darker tint than the body, and by its greater prominence at the caudal extremity ; the parallel longitudinal groovings of the body are also quite unpigmented, and the intervals between the groovings smooth or deli- cately granulate. INTERNALLY, it is sharply differentiated by the globose spermatheca and the protuberant atrium or vestibule. 140 MILAX GAGATES. Description.—ANIMAL comparatively slender, and usually 50 mill. or more in length when extended; typically of an almost uniform black above, but in this country more frequently of adrab, lavender or plumbeous-grey ; DORSAL-KEEL very prominent and sharp, especially at the caudal end, where it is abruptly angulated; it extends the whole length of the back, strongly indenting the hind margin of the shield when the animal is at rest, and is usually of the same or a darker colour than the body; the Bopy is longitudinally and regularly suleate, the intervening spaces being only slightly granulate; SHIELD or mantle ample, truncately rounded behind, finely wrinkled and bearing a bluntly lenticular or horse-shoe shaped unpigmented sulcus, which cireumseribes a somewhat protuberant and slightly darker central area beneath which the vestigial shell is lodged ; rooT-soLE pale, distinctly tripartite, the mid-area much broader than the side-areas, and separated by a deep Eee FRINGE same colour as side of sole, without lineoles, rather thick and rounded at the front, defined from the sides by a deep channel; TENTACLES moderately long and granulose; lower tentacles short. Mucus thick, glutinous, and colourless when in health, but when irritated or scalded tinged with pale yellow, and slightly milky from the presence of innumerable minute granules of carbonate of Jime. SHELL more or less elongately oval in shape, glistening white in colour, and some- what convexly rounded on the upper side ; APEX or nucleus subterminal and almost median, encircled with strong and regular concentric lines of growth; under-side flat, or even somewhat convex owing to the presence of an almost flat caleareous plate, the shell thus often presenting a double appearance when viewed laterally, simulating two shells placed one upon another. Length, 43 mill. ; breadth, 3 mill. INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS MATTER is Sone closely aggregated round the throat, the 5 Fic. 157.—Internal shell of 7. gagates x 4. (Christchurch, Hants, Mr. C. Ashford). dark-grey and triangular cerebral ganglia being connected by a short broad dark-grey Fic. 158.— Nerve centres of commissure ; the buccal ganglia are whitish, Milax* gagates, a little more than their own diameter apart, showing otocysts and joined to the cerebral ganglia by dark- v) A o) (greatly enlarged). grey connectives ; the SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND is free, and only half the length of the body in adults, and even less in immature individuals. The LIVER is chestnut-coloured, the right lobe forming the posterior end of the visceral mass, the left is directed forwards to the KIDNEY, which has a long tongue- shaped prolongation beyond the right margin of the organ. The ALIMENTARY CANAL shows a broad and brown GSOPHAGUS; an ample brown CROP with white SALIVARY GLANDS adherent to its walls; the intestinal coils are triodromous, but owing to the strong spiral twisting to which the whole of the viscera have been subjected they appear much more complex; the second intestinal tract extends beyond the termination of the stomach, and turns in the eandal lobe of the liver, the rectum passing to the anal opening at the right side of the body without looping the retractor. The REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM opens externally about half-way between the right ommatophore and the respiratory orifice ; the OVOTESTIS is oval and whitish, with large acini; the DUCT becomes ample and tortuous as it nears the albumen gland, where there is a well-defined VESICULA SEMINALIS; the ALBUMEN GLAND is pale ochreous, gelatinous and semi-transparent; the SPERM-DUCT is of an opaque milk- white colour and not well developed; the OVIDUCT is semi-transparent, with a tinge of blue; the FREE-OVIDUCT narrow and eylindrical ; the VAS DEFERENS short, entering the epiphallus terminally ; the PENIS-SHEATH is small and insignificant, with longitudinal ribbing, terminated distally by a large and well-marked bluish-white EPIPHALLUS, which is annularly ribbed internally, the ribs being visible externally as opaque-white specks; the basal limits are denoted exteriorly ee, by a distinct sphineter, and interiorly by two annular series Fic. 15).-7Sarcohe- P “ : 7 > A A um of Wilax gagates of projecting papille ; the penis-sheath enters the bulbous and — (greatly enlarged). bulging ATRIUM at the side within the protuberant part of which, opposite the penial opening, there is a smooth and ploughshare-shaped excitatory organ, or SARCOBELUM ; the PENIAL-RETRACTOR, which is quite slender, MILAX GAGATES. 141 arises from the convex side of the epiphallus, and is fixed to the oviduct ; SPERMA- THECA large and globose when fully distended, connected laterally to the oviduet by A Fic. 160. Fic. 161. Fic. 162. Fic. 160.—Alimentary tract of W/ilax gagates, showing the buccal bulb and nerve-ring, x 2 Fic. 161.—Sexual organs of JZ. gagates, x 3, the accessory glands turned aside to show the protuberant atrium. a/é.g7. albumen gland ; o#. ovotestis; sf. spermatheca; #.s. penis-sheath; ep. epiphallus; 7. retractor; g¢. accessory glands. Fic. 162.—Cephalic retractors of 17. gagates, Xx 8. tissue and more firmly at the apex; its short, stout stem opens into the free-oviduct, at whose junction with the atrium are large foliated accessory glands with long ducts, resembling salivary glands in their whiteness and lobular form. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR is somewhat variable in its development ; it usually arises from the dorsum from a single root, and is often attached to, or beneath, the apex of the shell, travelling a short distance as a single band; occasionally the PHARYNGEAL and TENTACULAR portions may arise independently, e each from its own base or root, but these are always closely contiguous; the pharyngeal muscle is invariably deeply cleft, and the retractor of the right tentacle does not separate the male and female organs, as in the typical. eh Limaces. MANDIBLE or jaw moderately arcuate, thick, and of a deepish horn colour, with very fine strize on the re anterior surface; ends bluntly rounded; median beak Fic. 163.—Mandible or jaw of or rostrum not prominent and very obtuse. Milax gagates, X 12. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is of the usual shape, and in a Christchurch specimen displays series of closely-set teeth, projecting forward in the centre and sloping backward towards the margins; the median series of teeth are slightly smaller than the neighbouring laterals, and are distinctly tricuspid with the mesocone strong and EKIGIOD Fic. 164.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 47. gagates, X 180. The animal collected at Christchurch by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. well developed; the laterals are also clearly tricuspid, the mesocone gradually increasing in strength and importance ; the marginals are chiefly bicuspid, showing a strong mesocone and distinct ectocone, the endocone so well dev eloped on the lateral teeth havi ing become gradually lost, while the extreme marginals are simply aculeate. The formula of a Christchureh ieeen is ey tFtt44 7445 x 98 = 7,938. Reproduction and Bey ieean ln: congress of this species may take place at any period of the year, during mild weather, and as is indi- cated by the presence of a well-developed excitatory organ within the 38 30 142 MILAX GAGATES. bulging atrium, is probably preceded by mutual exchange of blandish- ments and stimulatory actions, the operation itself occupying many hours, this great length of time being necessary to allow time for the secretion of the spermatophores and for their mutual transference. The eggs are slightly oval in shape, transparent, delicate, and thin shelled, and measure 2’ mill. in length and 13 mill. in width. They are agglutinated together by a colourless mucosity and deposited in moist spots in the soil, or beneath some protection, and hatch in less than a month ; the young, according to Prof. Krause, when excluded are white, with a semi- circular black band on the mantle, and the margin of the pallial gutter filled with pigment; they may afterwards become tinted with orey, especially towards the end of the keel, following this by assuming a reddish colour, with a greenish tint at the sides, and “although all do not follow in the same line of colour development, yet as they increase in size they gradually assume the adult coloration. Food and Habits.—Milax gagates is a shy and retiring species, and of nocturnal habits; though more active than its congener, it is also addicted to a somewhat subterranean mode of life, but may be met with crawling on the earth during the day after long- continued or heavy rain. Though essentially a ground slug, frequenting heaps of decaying veget- able matter, the foot of old walls, hedgerows , and amidst thick herbage or tufted plants, in gardens, ete., yet it has at times been noticed crawling up the trunks of apple and lime trees, and upon old walls. It can spin mucous-threads easily and well, and quickly avails itself of this method of reaching the ground when placed in distasteful positions. When at rest it assumes, according to Dr. Norman, a more rounded form than any other British Limaz, so contracting itself that its height is but little-exceeded by its length. Though perhaps chiefly vegetarian, and very destructive to young plants and underground roots and bulbs, yet it is also not only carnivorous but predaceous; eagerly destroying and devouring /elices and slugs, and even sickly or weaker individuals of its own kind. In captivity it is very omnivorous, as out of 195 different kinds of food offered to it by Mr. Gain it ate more or less readily 173, though only devouring with eagerness potato tubers and the root of carrot. Fossil.—It has been reported from the Pleistocene deposits near Port- land Bill, Dorset, on the authority of Prof. Prestwich (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 185 98). Variation.—The external variation in Milaa ga gates would appear to be more largely geographical and less sporadic than in many species, although M. Bourguignat describes it as a variable species, sometimes ereenish or yellowish or even bluish in colour. British specimens are generally smaller, smoother, more pellucid, and paler than those inhabiting more southern and warmer districts. The Mediterranean forms are often large, black, more opaque, and more rugose than our British specimens, and the black pigment tends to invade the side-areas of the sole; this major form has been especially noticed in Algeria, and has been regarded as a sub-species by Prof. Cockerell, under the name of Amalia mediterranea. In Sicily, this pigmentation of the sole is not so far advanced, the side-areas being still grey; this transitional stage has been distinguished as forma sémilis, while closely-allied indi- viduals from Morocco have been differentiated as forma atlantica Ckll. PLATE SOW. AGRIOLIMAX anno MILAX. 1. Agriolimax agrestis var. pallida, p. 112. 3. Agriolimax agrestis var. reticulata, p. 115. Horsforth, Yorks. (after Férussac, pl. v. f. 7). | 2. Agrtolimax agrestis var. brunnea, p. 114. 4. A griolima x agrestis subvar. lilacina, p. 113. Bonar Bridge, East Ross, W. Baullie. Stroud, Gloucestershire, E. J. Elliott 5. Agriolimax levis, p. 122. ae Agriolimax levis subvar. maculata, p. 126. Newlay, Yorks Barnes, Surrey, T. D. A. Cockerell. 6. Agriolimax levts var, grisea, p 126. 8. Agriolimax levis (summer form) p. 126. Downpatrick, Down, R. Welch. (after Simroth). 9. Milax gagates, p. 140. 12. Milax gagates var. pallidissima, p. 146 Sale, Cheshire, C. Oldham. Guernsey, B. Tomlin. |. ; 13. Milax gagates var. plumbea, p. 144. 10. Milax gagates var. bicolor, p. 146. 3 65 c p » P. 144 Guernsey, B. Tomlin. Stafford, L. E. Adams. 14. Milax gagates var. rava, p. 145. Truro, J. H. James. 11. Milax gagates var. benottt, p. 146. Sicily. on a i a gy 18. Milax sowerbit var. bicolor, p. 157. 15. Milax sowerbii, p. 151. Ealing, Middlesex, T, D. A. Cockerell. Woodbridge, E. Suffolk, Rev. S. S. Pearce. 19. Milax sowerbti, subvar. insolita, p. 156. 16. Milax sowerbii var. nigrescens, p. 151. Rhyl, Flint, A. Steele Perkins, A berayron, Cardigan, W. Whitwell. f 17: Milax sowerbii, vay. alba, p. 155. 20. Milax sowerbit var. vustica, p. 156, Tenby, Pembroke, A. G. Stubbs. Dublin, J. KR. Redding. J. W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds. | MILAX GAGATES. 143 The effect of insular conditions upon the coloration of this species is well marked; the broad effect being a general similarity which has a marked relationship to the two prevalent varieties characterizing the British Isles. In Madeira this species is of a more or less dark-brown colour, and has been described as var. maderensis Ckll. ; it may be regarded as an extreme form of the var. rava. The MZ. gagates of St. Helena, described as forma helenw, partake of the characters of the vars. plumbea and rava, and the same intermediate fea- tures are displayed by the forma ¢ristensis CkIl., from Tristan d’Acunha and Juan Fernandez. The Bermuda specimens on the contrary display a close relationship with the typical form, but show a flexuous keel, and are rather more opaque and rugose than is usual. The American examples of AZ gagates, perhaps better known under Cooper's name of MV. hewston?, differ but little from typical gagates; the body is blackish above, paler at the sides ; sole dull greyish ochreous ; keel not conspicuous in the living slug, but much stronger when | y, contracted in alcohol. ‘The ee Y internal structure agrees also i y |\ with gagates in all essential ae points, the oviduct being said Fis AG by Binney to be long and very marginal teeth of M. hewstoni tortuous, with a well-developed (his blyauagnificd yattes Emuey. sperm-duct ; the vagina very short, the large and globular spermatheca entering about the middle by a very short duct ; penis sac small, short, and cylindrical, but expanded and bulbous at the apex, where the vas deferens enters. The lingual membrane has a formula of 30 + 1+ 30, with fourteen perfect laterals, and shows symmetrical basal plates, and well-developed endoconic cutting points to inner lateral teeth, but the marginals are not bifurcated. Fic. 166.--Sexual organs of JZ. hewstoni (after Binney). Var. bedriage Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 59. Amalia mediterranea Ckll., Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 331. Amalia mediterranea f. similis Ckll., op. cit., p. 332. Amalia gagates f. atlantica Ckll., op. cit., p. 330. ANIMAL black, lateral areas of the sole blackish. The sub-var. mediterranea CkIl. only differs from the var. bedriage in its larger size, measuring 56 mill. in length (in aleohol). It is described as of a rather dull black, and though somewhat shiny, quite opaque. The sub-var. similis Ckll. is smaller than the preceding, has an opaque-wrinkly- rugose and black body, a strong and rather flexuous keel; side-areas of sole greyish. The sub-var. atlantiea CkIl. is of ordinary dimensions, and also black, slightly transparent at the sides, body smooth, with rugve not well marked ; sole grey and slightly translucent ; jaw dark brown with a well-formed median projection. France—Var. bedriagw, Nice, in the Alpes Maritimes, Signor Bedriaga (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sardinia—Var. bedriagw, Signor Falchi (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sicily—Sub-var. similis, Catania (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 332). Spain—Sub-var. atlantica, Gibraltar, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 331). Algeria—Sub-var. mediterranea, a specimen from East Algeria in the British Museum, received from Dr. Heynemann (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 331). The specimens in the British Museum, collected by Dr. Anderson at Hammam Meskontina, and referred to sub-sp. mediterranea hy Mr. Cockerell, are perhaps better placed under the sub-var. atlantica. Morocco—Sub-var. atlantica, Tangiers, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 330). 144 MILAX GAGATES. Var. plumbea Mogq.-T'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 11., p. 19, pl. 6, ff. 1, 2. Limax (Amalia) gagates Y olivaceus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., p. 19. ANIMAL greyish-black or lead colour. The sub-var. Olivacea is of a deep olivaceous grey. Channel Isles—Var. plumbea, Guernsey, Aug. 1891 ! B. Tomlin. Cornwall W.—Var. plumbea, garden, Truro Vean Terrace, near Truro, Dec. 1885! J. H. James. Devon S.—Var. plumbca, abundant in garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Somerset N.—Var. plumbea, specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘ Bath, J. E. Daniel” (T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 330). Dorset—Var. plumbea, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Spettisbury, June 1891! C. Ashford. Isle of Wight—Var. plumbea, Totlands Bay, Freshwater, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald. Hants S.—Var. plumbea, Christchurch, Aug. 1884! C. Ashford. Hoe Moor (L. E. Adams, Science Gossip, March 1901). Hants N.—Var. plumbeu, Preston Candover ! H. P. Fitzgerald. Middlesex—Var. plumbea, Acton, Dee. 1884 ! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dee. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead, Dec. 1888! H. W. Kew. Hereford—Var. plumbea, garden, Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, April 1885 ! R. W. J. Smart. Worcester—Var. plumbea and sub-var. olivacea, garden, Stourport, July 1888 (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889). Stafford—Var. plumbea, Stafford, June 1886 ! L. E. Adams. Salop—Var. plumbea, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Cardigan—Var. plumbea, gardens, Aberayron, May 1888! Miss Foulkes and Miss Maddy. Lincoln N.—Var. plwmbea, Alford, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. Notts. —Var. plumbea, common in garden, Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain. Cheshire —Var. plumbea, nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham. Durham—Var. plwinbea, specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘‘South Shields, R. Howse” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). Berwick—Var. plumbea, roadside, Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Derry—Var. plumbea, Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell. Antrim—Var. plumbea, Cushendun, May 1886! Rey. S. A. Brenan. Down—Var. plumbea, common, chiefly in lily of the valley beds, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, 1897, A. W. Stelfox. Common in garden, Sydenham House, April 1898, R. Welch. Dublin —Var. plumbea, Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Queen’s Co.—Var. plumbea, La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p. 341). Mayo E.—Var. plumbea, Tourmakady Lodge near Ballinrobe, Sept. 1843 (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.). Mayo W.—Var. plumbea, Slievemore village, Sept. 1888! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Galway W.—Var. plumbea, MacDaras Island, Roundstone, July 1895, R. Welch. Sub-var. olivacea, Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Galway E.—Var. plumdea, Tuam Palace gardens (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.). Kerry—Var. plumbea, Kenmare, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. In field on Cloonee road beyond Mucksna Wood, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898). France—Var. plumbea is recorded by Dubrueil from Bédarieux, St. Pons, La Salvetat, and Ganges in the Hérault, and by d’Orbigny from La Rochelle in Charente Inférieure, and we have verified specimens collected in April 1887 at Cherbourg, department Manche, by F. R. Billups, as well as from Veules, Seine Inférieure, collected by S. C. Cockerell, in Sept. 1895. The sub-var. olivacea is reported by Moquin-Tandon from Toulouse in Haute Garonne.; from Nice in the Alpes Maritimes by Lessona & Pollonera; and by Dubrueil from St. Martin-de- Londres, Ganges, etc., in Hérault. Malta—Var. plumbea (Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, April 1891). Spain—Var. plumbea, Santiago in Galicia (Macho, Moluse. Galicia, 1871, p. 13). United States—Var. plwmbea of the A. hewstoni found by H. Hemphill, at Julian City, California (‘T. D, A. Cockerell, Ann, and Mag. N.H., Nov. 1891, p. 338). MILAX GAGATES. 145 Var. rava Williams, Shell Coll. Handbook, 1888, p. 89. Limax gagates var. Y Clarke, Aun. and Mag. N.H., Nov. 1843, pl. xii., ff. 18-20. Amalia gagates var. maderensis Ckll., Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 334. Amalia gagates var. ascensionis (Lesson) Ckll., op. cit., p. 335. Amalia gagates var. ascensionis {. helene Ckll., op. cit., p. 336. Amalia gagates var. ascensionts f. tristensis Ckll., op. cit., p. 336. ANIMAL drab-coloured, slightly fuscous, the mantle often paler than the back. The sub-var. maderensis Ckll., sub-var. ascensionis Lesson, with the forms helene and fristensis, are all apparently forms of the var. rava, but the three latter forms have intimate relationship also with the var. plumbea, and constitute a series of connecting links between the vars. rava and plumbea. The sub-var. maderensis CkIl. is of an uniform dark-brown, including the foot; mantle blackish and oval, keel not strong, and median-area of sole more than twice as broad as either lateral zone. The sub-var. helenge Ckll. is dull palish ochreous, with simple reticulate groov- ings, the interstitial spaces being similarly but still more delicately sculptured ; back darkish purplish-grey, with a strong but not obviously paler keel extending the whole length of the back; neck bluish-grey above; mantle purplish-grey, except on the sides, below the suleus, which are pale ochreous, rather sharply defined from the dark part by the suleus; median-area of sole not quite twice as broad as either lateral area. The sub-var. tristensis Ckll. has the rug rather strong, back and mantle plumbeous, sole and sides of body yellowish. The sub-var. aseensionis Lesson has a general resemblance to the two preceding related sub-varieties. Channel Isles—Var. rava, Guernsey, numerous, Aug. 1891! B. Tomlin. Cornwall W.—Var. rava, garden, Truro, April 1886! J. H. James. Devon S.—Var. rava, swarming in Mr. MeMurdo’s garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Hants S.—Var. vava, common at Christchureh, Jan. 1887! C. Ashford. Middlesex—Var. rava, garden, Hornsey, Oct. 1891! H. W. Kew. Crouch Hill, Oct. 1891! G. K. Gude. Oxford—Var. rava, near Little Bourton (W. E. Collinge, Conch., 1891, p. 18). Monmouth— Var. rvava, Shirenewton Hall, June 1886 ! E. J. Lowe. Worcester— Var. rava, garden, Stourport (Williams, Science Gossip, May 1886). Carnarvon—Var. rava, Conway Castle, Jan. 1888! L. E. Adams. Anglesey—Var. vava, Puttin Island, Aug. 1891! T. Shankland. Cheshire—Var. rave, nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895 ! and Ashton-on-Mersey, Oct. 1892! C. Oldham. Lancashire Mid—Var. rava, Garstang, Sept. 1888 ! W. H. Heathcote. Edinburgh—Var. rava, Levenhall, plentiful, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R. Antrim—Var. rava, Cushendun, May 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Murlough Bay Glen, June 1899, R. Welch. Down—Var. rave, in lily of the valley beds, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, 1897, A. W. Stelfox. Common in garden, Sydenham House, April 1898, and Downpatrick Cathedral grounds, March 1898, R. Welch. Louth—Var. rava, Dundalk, Jan. 1904, C. Oldham. Dublin—Var. rava, Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. White- ehureh, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Queen’s Co.—Var. rava, La Bergerie, common (B. J. Clarke, op. cit., p. 339). Sligo—Var. rava, Carrahubback, abundant under stones on low grassy banks, near the sea-shore, Oct. 1892! Miss Amy Warren. Mayo W.—Var. rave, Ballina, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Slievemore village, Sept. 1888! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Madeira—Sub-var. maderensis Ckll., a specimen in the British Museum, labelled ‘*Madeira, Mr. Mason” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 334). Ascension—Sub-var. ascensionis Lesson (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 335). St. Helena—Sub-var. helene Ckll., a specimen in the British Museum, labelled “St. Helena, J. C. Melliss” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 336). Tristan d’Acunha—Sub-var. fristensis, a specimen in the British Museum, labelled ‘* Tristan d’Acunha, Challenger Collection” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 336). Juan Fernandez—Sub-var. ¢ristensis, six specimens in the British Museum, labelled ‘Juan Fernandez, Challenger Collection” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 338). 146 MILAX GAGATES. Var. pallidissima Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, April 1891. Amalia gagates var. eremiophila Simroth, Nack. Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891, pl. 11, f. 3. ANIMAL pale grey, sometimes with a lavender tinge. This distinet variety, which Simroth under the name of var. eremiophila regards as a pale steppe form of Milax gagates, is not the form described by Bourguignat as Limax eremiophila, which in many respects is different, and amongst other features is described as possessing a yellow keel. Channel Isles—V. pallidissima, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sep. 1891! B. Tomlin. Hants S.—Var. pallidissima, Christchurch, Jan. 1883 ! C. Ashford. Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom wood, Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew. Cardigan—Var. pallidissima, garden, Aber: ayron, May 1888 ! W. Whitwell. Dublin—Var. pallidissima, Donnybrook, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Portugal—Sub-var. eremiophila Simroth, Lisbon and Abrantes in Estremadura, and in the Algarve (Simroth, op. cit. ). Malta—Var. pallidissima (Pollonera, op. cit.). Var. bicolor 'l'aylor. ANIMAL of a deep red on the sides ; SHIELD and BACK deep brown. The var. raymondiana as figured by Simroth (Nacktsehn. Portug.-Azor. Fauna, joe We ies 2) has some relations with this variety, but is very much duller in its colours ; “it is considered by some authors as identical with the var. maderensis of Cockerell. The Limazx raymondiana as figured and described by Bourguignat has the sides of a warm ochreous-yellow. Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin. Var. benoiti Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 59, pl. 1, f. 9. ANIMAL black, dorsal keel whitish. According to the Rey. B. J. Clarke, the keel in the young is invariably yellow, but gradually assumes during growth the same tint as the dorsum; the var. benoiti may, therefore, be regarded as characterized by the retention to mature life of juvenile coloration. Simroth considers the Limax scaptobius Bourg., from Algiers, Portugal, and Gibraltar, as a young form of M. gagates, which has retained the pale keel line. Edinburgh—A sub-variety of this form with a yellowish keel was found at Levenhall, Aug. 1886, by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. Sicily —Messina (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Geographical Distribution.—-In its natural range Milax gagates appears to be restricted to the Western Palearctic and Mediterranean regions, and presents many analogies with the area of dispersal of Helix asperst. In the British Isles, 47, gagates is dispersed more or less interruptedly over the entire area, excepting the northern half of Scotland, from whence it has not as yet been reported. In the remote oceanic islands and distant countries where the species has been found, its occurrence is probably to be attributed to accidental or unintentional introduction by human agency. M. gagates has been credited by some authors with being a strictly littoral species, but although perhaps more plentiful along the coast, where it is sometimes found living quite within the influence of the sea spray at high tides, it is by no means restricted to such places, but occurs freely inland. INGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Guernsey, at St. Martin’s, Aug. 1856 Ae M. Norman, Zool., 1856, p. 5324) ; St. Peter’s Port, 1887; and St. Sampson’s, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin. PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Not uncommon (E. D. Marquand, Penzance Trans., 1884). Fal- mouth, Nov. 1901, H. Overton (J. of Mal., Dec. 1901). Garden, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, J. H. James! (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sci. Goss., May 1886, p. 114). Newquay (A. Belt, Sci. Goss., Aug. 1893). MILAX GAGATES. 147 ¢ Geographical Distribution d of Milax gagates (Drap). ey: pet ee Recorded Distribution. E LG Probable Range. Fic. 167. Devon S.—Lane beyond Mr. Bartlett’s farm, near Torquay, J. P. Norman (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1854, p. 4284). Torquay, April 1888!8. Tuke. Devon N.—Lynton, 1898, F. J. Partridge (J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 19). Somerset S.—Allotment gardens, near canal and gasworks, Bridgwater, Aug. 1884 ! W. Vinson. Somerset N.—Specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘‘ Bath, J. E. Daniel” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). CHANNEL. Dorset—First found in Great Britain by Mr. R. D. Darbishire at the foot of a hawthorn hedge, Portland, Sept. 1851. Among the quarries, Portland Island, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Spettisbury, June 1888 ! C. Ashford. Isle of Wight—Plentiful at Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 289). Hants S.—Christchurch, Aug. 1884! typical form rare, C. Ashford. Hants N.—Preston Candover, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex E.—Hastings, July 1877! Miss E. B. Fairbrass. East Rother district, (J. H. A. Jenner, Report Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc., 1880). Kent E.—Chatham! J. Whitwham. Kent W.—Beckenham, 1901, F. W. Wilson. Middlesex—Far from scarce in the gardens, ete., of the North London suburbs; frequently seen by the pathways in Hornsey and Islington ! (H. W. Kew, 1902). Oxford—Sparingly, near Little Bourton, and near Lidstone (W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, 1891, p. 13). ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—St. Margaret’s, Ipswich, 1893 (W. M. Webb, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 4). Norfolk E.—Very plentiful in gardens and in outhouses, North Heigham near Norwich, Oct. 1894! A. Mayfield. Northampton—Mr. Beeby Thompson’s garden, Northampton, June 1896 (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants Soe., 1896, p. 60). THAMES. SEVERN. Monmouth—Kitchen gardens, Shirenewton Hall near Chepstow, May 1886 ! E. J. Lowe. Hereford—Bishopswood ! Rev. R. W. J. Smart. Worcester—Abundant, Stourport (J. W. Williams, Science Gossip, 1886, p. 99). Warwick—Camp Hill, Birmingham! W. Nelson. Garden, Sutton Coldfield, 1902 (H. Overton, J. of Mal., 1901, p. 124). Stafford—Grounds of Grammar School, Stafford, June 1886! L. E. Adams. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson. 148 MILAX GAGATES. , SOUTH WALES. Pembroke—Old Carmarthen road, ‘Tenby, July 1853, A. Merle Norman (Zool., 1853, p. 4048). Deer Park, also on North and South Cliffs, but scarcer than JM, sowerbii (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 321). Cardigan—Mrs. Maddy’s garden, Aberayron, May 1888! W. Whitwell. NORTH WALES. Montgomery— Garden, Welshpool (J. Bickerton Morgan, Moll. Montgom., 1891). Carnarvon—Conway Castle and railway station, Jan. 1888 ! L. E. Adams. Anglesey —Var. rave, Puftin Island, Aug. 1891! T. Shankland. Lincoln N.—Parson’s lane, Alford, May 1886! J. E. Mason. Notts. —Tuxford, rare (B. Sturges Dodd, Brit. Assoc. Handbook, 1893, p. 71). Derby—Matlock, J. A. Howe. MERSEY. Cheshire—Ashton-on-Mersey, Sept. 1890! and Sale, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Common in Swinton School gardens (J. C. Melvill, Brit. Assoe. Handbook). Lancashire Mid—Garstang, Sept. 1888 ! Fulwood near Preston, Feb. 1889! W. H. Heathcote. York S.E.—Withernsea, on the cliffs, Sept. 1891! J. D. Butterell. York N.E.—Kitchen gardens opposite Borough road, Middlesbrough, Sept. 1886! T. A. Lofthouse. York S.W.—Bridge at Fall Ing, Wakefield (J. Hebden, Quart. Journ. Conch., 1874, p. 5). Shibden near Halifax, 1859, W. Cash. Huddersfield, very rare (G. H. Parke, in Hobkirk’s Huddersfield, 1868, p. 224). TRENT. HUMBER, TYNE. Durham—South Shields, R. Howse. Several places in Durham, including the garden of Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses! (A. M. Norman, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1890, p. 329). LAKES. Isle of Man-—Peel Castle (Forbes & Hanley, British Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 25). Roadside near Onchan, Sept 1891! Port Erin, Aug. 1892, H. Overton. Castletown, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor. Wala al Ws, SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Dumfries—Dumfries, March 1897, R. Service. EAST LOWLANDS. Berwick— Roadside, Cove Farm near Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Levenhall near Musselburgh, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Garden, Morn- ingside, Edinburgh, Aug. 1889! W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS. Perth S. and Clackmannan—G. McDougall. WEST HIGHLANDS. Dumbarton— Dumbarton, common, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Clyde Isles—Grounds of College, Isle of Cumbrae, 1854 (A. Merle Norman, Zoologist, 1856, p. 5324). About the Aquarium, Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Nov. 1886 ! T. Scott. IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell. Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Down—Cultra, Dee. 1891, R. L. Praeger (Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 9). Down- patrick Cathedral grounds, Oct. 1897, R. Welch. Common in garden, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, especially in lily of the valley beds, 1897, A. W. Stelfox. Donegal—In old wood, near Ardara, April 1900, R. Welch. LEINSTER. Louth—Var. vava, Dundalk, Jan. 1904, C. Oldham. Meath—Lough Ballyhoe, typical black form, April 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Near Dublin, Dr. Robert Ball (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 25). Donnybrook, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett Hamilton. Raheny, Sept. 1890, and Whitechureh, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Dellbrook, Dundrum, 1897, R. Welch. Wicklow—Kilruddery, also Murrough of Wicklow, June 1891, I. PF. Scharff. Carlow—Near Carlow, Nov. 1901, A. G. Stuart. Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 341). MILAX GAGATES. 149 CONNAUGHT, Sligo—Var. rava, Carrahubback, Oct. 1892 ! Miss Anry Warren. Mayo E.—Tourmakady Lodge near Ballinrobe, Sept. 1843 (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 339). Mayo W.—Common in garden, Moyview, Ballina (Amy Warren, Zoologist, 1879, p. 25). Dugort and Slievemore, Achill Island, Sept. 1888 ! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Galway E.—Var. plumbea, Tuam Palace gardens (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.). Galway W.—Clifden, Connemara, July 1840 (W. Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 205). Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. MUNSTER. Cork N.—Queenstown, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Under stones in the open country near Castle Martyr (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 25). Cork S.—Between Bantry and Glengariff, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898). Kerry—Garden, Lake Hotel, Killarney, autumn, 1853, J. P. Norman (A. Merle Norman, Zool., 1854, p. 4284). Under arbutus trees in Middle Cloonee Lake, Mr. Ragdale (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Sparingly in old damp mossy woods, Kenmare, July 1898, R. Welch. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Malines (Van Beneden); between Wechter and Tremelos (Kickx) ; and found rather abundantly in May near the great lake of Quincampois by Carlier (Colbeau, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1865, p. 84). Holland—(Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 295). FRANCE. M. gagates, though found more especially in the littoral departments, is also present at many inland stations, and has been recorded for Aude, Alpes Maritimes, Basses Pyrénées, Charente Inférieure, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hérault, Isére, Loire Inférieure, Manche, Morbilhan, Moselle, Nord, Pyrénées Orientales, Puy-de-Dime, Rhone, Seine Inférieure, Tarn et Garonne, Vendée, Vosges, and the Island of Corsica. ITALY. This species has been recorded by Pini from Monte Codeno and Monte Campioni, and the northern valleys of Lombardy, and Mr. Brockton Tomlin has found it in Sept. 1886 on the Monte Moro Pass at an altitude of 7,000 feet. It abounds in the public gardens of Venice, according to Pini, and has been found by Pirona at Friuli in the Udine. It has been recorded for Sicily by Tate and others, for Malta by Mamo and Pollonera, while Heynemann gives it as inhabiting Sardinia. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Only reported from the neighbourhood of Trieste in Istria (Pini, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1876, p. 107), and from Gorzin Goritz by Erjavee (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Gesell., 1885, p. 254). SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—It is recorded for Catalonia by Graells ; from Santiago in Galicia by Macho; as common in the gardens of the city of Valencia by Hidalgo; from the coast near Cadiz by Bourguignat ; from Gibraltar in Andalusia by J. H. Ponsonby; from Alcantara in Estremadura by Simroth ; and from the Balearic Isles by Heynemann. Portugal—Simroth records this species from Braga in Minho; Coimbra and Guarda in Beira; and also from Cintra, Abrantes, the botanical gardens of Lisbon in Estremadura, and from the Algarve. BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece —Specimens forwarded from Greece in Sept. 1891! by Mr. J. G. Milne. RUSSIA. Reported as inhabiting the district of Izium, in the province of Kharkov (Kalen- iczenko, Bull. Moscow, 1851, p. 126). NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Morocco—Mountains of Tetuan (Bourguignat, Mal. Alg., p. 318), and Cape Spartel (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1880, p. 1§). Algeria—About Constantine, Tlemcen, Ain-el-Haout (Bourguignat, op. cit , p. 48), Algiers (Lallemant, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 24), and Oran (Tournier). 150 MILAX GAGATES. Tunis—At foot of Djebel Abdellah near Cap Roux; Ariana near Tunis (Bour- guignat) ; and at Djebel Regas (Letourneux & Bourguignat, Mal. Tunisie, 1887). Egypt—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 535). ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—Universal, inhabiting every isle of the group (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1877, p. 10). Madeira—Extremely common in Madeira, on cultivated land and elsewhere, up to an altitude of 3,000 feet (R. B. Watson, J. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Found around Funchal, at the Pico do Infante and other places. Mr. Lowe found it near Alegria, at the Mount in Cayados Ravine, and also at the summit of the Pico do Castello on Porto Santo (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1877, p. 69). Canaries—Extremely common (Simroth, Nachrichtsbl., 1895). Ascension—(T. D. A. Cockerell, Science, June 23, 1893). St. Helena—(E. A. Smith, Proce. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 278). Tristan d’Acunha—Obtained by the Challenger Expedition (Smith, op. cit. ). NEARCTIC REGION. Idaho—Milax hewstoni, Coeur d’Alene, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1843, p. 337). Washington State-—M. hewstoni, Seattle (Cockerell, op. cit.). Pennsylvania—M. hewstoni, Phipps’ Conservatory, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, G. H. Clapp. California—Wilax hewstoni, tirst noticed about 1885 on the grass plots of San Francisco ; it soon became abundant, and has extended its range to Seattle, Wash- ington State, in the north and San Diego in the south (R. E. C. Stearns, Science, April 27, 1900, p. 655). About Williamstown University, Los Angeles Co. (M. Burton, Nautilus, Jan. 1890). Oakland, 1890, H. Hemphill; Santa Barbara, Miss Cusack ; Haywards, Feb. 1890, Dr. J. G. Cooper (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p- 337). Mexico—Milax hewstoni, near overflow of San Tomas river, Lower California (H. Hemphill, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 35). NEOTROPICAL REGION. Brazil—(Heynemann, op. cit.). Bermuda—Obtained by the Challenger Expedition (E. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 276). Juan Fernandez—Collected by the Challenger Expedition (E. A. Smith, Proce. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 279). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Obtained in Noy. 1873 at Cape of Good Hope by the Challenger Expedition, probably the Limax capensis Krauss (E. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 276). Port Elizabeth, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 337). Natal—(Melvill & Ponsonby, Proce. Mal. Soe., 1898, p. 172). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New South Wales—Tamworth, C. T. Musson; Gladesville, H. Deane; abun- dant about Sydney, J. Brazier; under stones at Darling Point, near Sydney, in company with Agriolimax agrestis, G. Neville (C. T. Musson, Proe. Linn. Soe. N.S. W., 1890, p. 891). Victoria—-Ballarat, under garden rubbish, stones, and wood, also on cabbages, coming out at night and early morning (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). New Zealand—Ohaupo and Auckland (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). Sandwich Islands—Isle of Maui (Collinge, Proe. Mal. Soe., 1896, p. 49). Prate XVI. Distribution of Milax gagates (Drap.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles "ag SCOTLAND. SOUTH WALES W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N, 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Bautt 2 Cornwall bk. 43 Radnor 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devous. 44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Kasterness 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke e 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 8 Wilts s. 49 Carnaryon Ss $ 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh tH id 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8. 10 Isle or Wight 5L Flint 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid li Haunts S. 52 Anglesey 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 12 Hants N. TRENT 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln s. E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 14 Sussex b. 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 5 Kent E. 6 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. i) Kent W. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 7 Surrey MERSEY = 89 Perth N NOKTH ISLES 8 Kssex 3 58 Cheshire lo. 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides Essex N. 59 Lancashire S 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys Herts. 60 Lancashire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands Middlesex HUMBER berks. 61 S.E. Yorn Oxford 62 N.E. York IRELAND. Bucks. 63 S.W. York F ULSTER LEINSTER 7 ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York 113 Derry 22 Louth Suffolk &. 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim Meath 26 sulfoik WW. TYNE 115 Down 24 Dublin Nortolk LE. 66 Durham 116 Armagh 125 Kildare Norrolk W. 67 Northumb. S. 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow Campridge 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone 27 Wexford Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal 128 Carlow Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 2 Northampton and L. Lanes. 121 Cavanj 130 Queen’s Co. SEVERN 131 King’s Co. 33 Gloucester E. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man 132 Westmeath 34 Gloucester W 33 Longford 35 Monmouth CONNAUGHT 36 Hereford 134 Roscommon 37 Worcester 135 Leitrim 38 Warwick 136 Sligo 39 Statford 137 Mayo BE. 40 Salop 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. (AE Probable Range. NSS Recorded Distribution. gees Distribution verified by the Authors. Fossil Distribution. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. Tipperary S Waterford Cork N. Cork 8. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Lay Milax sowerbii (Férussac). 1823 Limax sowerbii Férussac, Hist. Moll., Suppl., pl. 8p, f. 7, p. 96 ¢. 1826 — _ carinatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Moll. Medit. 1852 — _ carinatus Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 54, pl. 8, f. 3. 1856 — argillaceus Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., p. 232. 1862. — marginatus Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., p. 132. 1831 Limacellus unguiculus Turton, Manual, p. 25. 1855 Milax sowerbyi Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., p. 175. 1896 Amalia sowerbyt Adans, Man. Brit. Land Freshw. Shells, p. 32, pl. 1, f. 10. ISTORY. — Milax sowerbii was probably first described by Leach, but his description and figure, though privately circulated, were not actually published until 1852, at which date Dr. J. E. Gray edited and issued the work Leach had in great part prepared. Milax sowerbii was, however, prior to that date, carefully figured ‘and de- scribed by eae from specimens sent from the neighbourhood of Lon- don by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, to whom he dedicated the species. The name sowerbii is adopted for our British form in the belief that the Limax marginatus of Draparnaud is not identical with our species. With this species the distinguished Italian limacologist, Signor Mario Jar ce ae clone Lessona, is associated, as a mark of appreciation of his malacological labours and more especially in recognition of the sterling merits of the important work, ‘‘Monographia dei Limacidi Italiani,” written in collaboration with Signor Pollonera, which is undoubtedly one of the most authoritative and standard publications upon the European slugs. Diagnosis.—ExtTEeRNALLY, Milux sowerbii may be distinguished from M. gagates by the prominent keel being usually markedly paler than the general colour of the body, and most strongly accentuated on the back ; the body sculpture also shows distinct though flattened rugee, with their interstices more or less marked by black or blackish pigment. INTERNALLY, it is easily separable from its congener, by its long and tapering spermatheca, an organ which in M7. gagates is quite globose. Description.—ANIMAL laterally compressed, with its height little exceeded by its length when contracted, but reaching to 75 mill. or more in length when adult and fully extended ; the BODY is comparatively dry and furrowed on each side by about fourteen longitudinal grooves, parallel with the keel, but sometimes forking backwards, and connected by numerous transverse channels which form a flat tubereulation ; it is typically of a grey ground colour, but a yellow shade is given to the body owing to its being closely and. densely beset with or! ange-coloured specks, which become sparser towards the foot- margins ; the usual darker aspect of the animal is due to the back and sides being closely besprinkled with black, the dots being less numerous towards the sole, but more closely aggregated in the interstices Nn A re | {) M 152 MILAX SOWERBII. of the rugze, thereby defining them very distinctly, and giving a reticulate appear- ance when the animal is contracted ; KEEL of an amber colour, very distinct and prominent on the back, the caudal end scarcely prominent, and hardly differing in colour from the general aspect of the body ; SHIELD about one-third the total length of the animal, granularly wrinkled; the protuberant, somewhat lenticular area extends to the posterior margin, is rounded on the left-side, but angulated on the right, and defined by a distinet sulcus, which is further accentuated by the closer aggregation therein of the black specks, which are sprinkled over the whole shield, but more especially upon the posterior mid-dorsal portion overlapping the keel; TENTACLES thick, short, conical, and black, their granulate surface finely sprinkled with ochre-yellow, apices swollen and somewhat oval with black eye specks ; NECK with the usual paired dorsal grooves, which on the forehead bifurecate and form four pale parallel lines; FOOT pale, and tripartite, the median area broadest and slightly darker posteriorly owing to its translucency ; FOOT-MARGIN smooth, yellowish-white, bounded by a distinet groove above, upon which rests a single row of tubercles, which are separated from the sides of the body by a deep channel. Mucus thick and viscous, and usually colourless, but when the animal is irritated or scalded may become of an orange tint; when the slime is removed the animal loses much of its yellow colour, which is thus partially due to its slime. SHELL oblong-eval, glistening white in colour, with a somewhat iridescent lustre in parts, usually slightly convex on the upper side, and in young shells correspondingly concave beneath, but often flat or slightly convex and somewhat irregular in more aged specimens; APEX or nucleus prominent, nearly median, and sub-terminal in_ the young but becoming more centrally placed as maturity advances ; the concentric LINES OF GROWTH variable, but sometimes very distinct and somewhat rugged and yellowish on the upper side. Length, 5 mill. ; breadth, 3 mill. INTERNALLY, the NERVE-RING has the inferior ganglia intimately fused to- gether; the supra-csophageal ganglia are Fic. 169.—Internal shell of Milax sowerbit, x 4. (Christchurch, Hants S., Mr. C. Ashford). large and elongately triangular with thickish } commissures ; the HEART, KIDNEY, anid LUNG cavity have the same general locative BiG) 170s eaNencs relations as in the field-slugs; the heart centres of M/. sowerbii is as usual on the left front of the kidney, (greatly enlarged). and the AORTA runs for a tolerable distance before dividing, as in Limax flavus; the kidney, however, is not a roundish sac, but is in two sections, one extending forward in the usnal way, the other being a long pointed lobe which extends over towards the right on the lung floor, beneath the ureter and the gut; the URETER is slender throughout its course. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS open exteriorly beneath the anterior margin of the mantle, about mid-way between the pulmonary aperture and the base of the right ommatophore ; the OVOTESTIS is generally concealed within the lobes of the diges- tive gland, the acini are whitish, large, globular, and rather loose, the ducts combining to form the main stem near the centre of the mass ; DUCT rather long, first portion slender and straight, becoming thick and convoluted as it approaches the small, curved, and clavate VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND many-lobed and amber coloured ; OVISPERMATODUCT firmly united and strongly twisted ; ovipucT rather solid, buff or flesh colour, and very thick and difficult to unfold ; FREE OVIDUCT as long as the spermatheca and its duet, cylindrical and narrow, receiv- ing at its base the numerous delicate ducts from the multitude of anastomosing tubular glands, which constitute the vestibular prostate; SPERM DUCT broad, well-developed, milk-white or buff; VAS DEFERENS long, entering near apex of epiphallus ; the male organ is surmounted by a very stout, thick-walled, and muscular EPIPHALLUS, is annularly ridged internally, abruptly flexed and separated from the penis-sheath by a conspicuous sphincter muscle, denoted internally by a ring of white prominence and exteriorly by a raised ring; the PENIS SHEATH 1s narrow and eylindrical with thinnish walls and internal longitudinal ridges; it opens into the atrium or vestibule at the side below the opening of the stem of the sperma- theca, the SARCOBELUM or stimulatory organ being a small bent horn at the opening of the penis sheath into the atrium ; immediately above the sphincter a short stout RETRACTOR is aflixed to the convex side of the epiphallus; it arises from the dorsum MILAX SOWERBIL. 153 in front and to the right of the cephalic retractor ; in addition there are a number of muscular fibres which bind the apex and concave side of the epiphallus to the base or to the atrium; the SPERMATHECA in adults is shaped like a long-necked Fic. 173.—Cephalic re- tractors of Milax sowerbit, Fic. 171.—Alimentary tract of x 8. Milax sowerbii, showing the buccal bulb and nerve-ring, x 2. Fic. 172.—Sexual organs of Mzlax sowerbii, x 3, the accessory glands turned aside to show the character of the atrium. a@/é.g7. albumen gland ; of. ovotestis ; sf. spermatheca ; sf.d. sperm duct ; p-s. penis sheath ; ef. epiphallus ; ~. retractor ; g/. accessory glands. Florence flask, the apex is attached to the ovi-seminal duct, and the base well defined from the narrower but short and slightly inflated stem, which is regularly and strongly plicated internally, and joins the free oviduct just before entering the ATRIUM; the VESTIBULAR GLANDS consist of a multitude of long, slender, opaque, and buff-coloured tubules, more or less ramified and inter-connected, their ducts discharging into the base of the oviduct at the point where the spermatheca enters and into which organ the secretion is directed; the atrium is comparatively large and fleshy, with ample outlet ; the SPERMATOPHORE in shape may be likened to the head of a Bishop’s crozier with a short staff, the curved portion armed with three or more subspiral rows of recurved denticles, many of which are tricuspid or even multicuspid ; the straight lower por- yl tion is conically diminished, glistening pearly- Fic. 174, Fic. 175. white, perfectly smooth and open at the end. Fic. 174,—Spermatophore of Milax It agrees exactly with the spermatophore of — sowerdii, x 8 (from a micro-photograph). Milax hessei Bottger, which should probably Fic. 175.—Spinules from the spermato- : M. er bit ly enlarged). be placed amongst the synonyms of this See ear ee ee species, but differs from the spermatophore of Milax marginatus, which is described as armed with denticles throughout its entire length. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM in our British form has about half-a-turn less twist than the continental Milax marginatus; tlle ESOPHAGUS is about six mill. long, and obscurely striped ; the Crop blackish-brown and bent, with the white and rather compact SALIVARY GLANDS attached at opposite sides; the general plan of the INTESTINAL TRACT is triodromous, and very similar to the arrangement in Wilax gagates ; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is of a dull chestnut-brown, the right lobe extend- ing to the end of the body cavity, and twisted round with the intestine; the left lobe is smaller, and extends forward towards the kidney; the hepatic arterial branches are white, and extend over the surface of the intestines, binding the whole mass intimately together. The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises from the dorsum at the posterior margin of the lung chamber; the PHARYNGEAL MUSCLE is most usually though not invariably independent of the TENTACULAR RETRACTORS, but their roots arise in close prox- imity; it is very deeply cleft, bifureating just before reaching the nerve ring, while the tentaculars divide half-way to the nerve collar, exactly at and under the part of the shell which is firmly attached to the floor of the sae, 25/5/04 K e 154 MILAX SOWERBII. The MANDIBLE or jaw is of areuate form and deep amber colour, and the chitinons continuation which extends over the upper surface of the mouth cavity is in this species well marked and distinctly striated ; the line of bedding within the tissues of the head is marked with hie te — teaniote a dark line; the median beak or rostrum is distinct, jaw of M. sowerbii, x 12. prominent, and somewhat pointed. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE has the teeth not so compactly arranged as in Milax gagates, and the individual teeth are broader, though displaying the same distinetly tricuspid median and inner lateral teeth ; the endocone, however, becomes gradually lost as the margins are approached, and the marginals are simply aculeate, thoug some show a distinct tendency to ectoconic bifurcation. “AQ ap? Fic. 177.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of J7. sowerdiz, x 180. The animal collected at Dundrum, Ireland, by Dr. Scharff, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Moss. The formula of a Dundrum specimen, collected by Dr. Scharff, was eo tpt gt Pt zh x 105=8,715. Reproduction and Development.—The conjugation of MV. sowerbii, though probably occurring throughout the year, is more frequently observed during the colder months. The operation, as in M/. gagates, is very prolonged, usually occupying three to four hours, and Mr. Kew observed one instance in which the union extended over the space of seventeen hours. ‘The act is consummated by the mutual transference Fic. 178.—Spermatheca of of the elaborate spermatophores, the smooth, recone rgd ac attenuated end of which enters the spermatheca _ presence of the spermatophore first,! and fills and deflects the narrowed prolonga- ""8** tion of that organ, sometimes so abruptly as to rupture its moorings to the oviduct ; occasionally a second pairing may take place at so short an interval that a second spermatophore may become lodged in the sperma- theca before the disintegration of the first has taken place.* The eggs, which are comparatively large, being about five mill. in their longest diameter, are deposited in clusters of a dozen or more in the soil; they are oval in shape, soft and elastic, of a golden-brown colour, and possessing a coriaceous white freckled though translucent envelope, which when placed in spirit changes to an opaque white. ‘lhe progress of their development and the later history has not been observed. Food and Habits.—Milix sowerhii is subterranean and gregarious in habit, being often found during the day huddled together in worm-holes several inches below the surface; it also hides at the roots of plants, amongst decaying vegetation, in crevices of old walls, under stones, etc., coming forth during wet weather or at night-fall and retiring at daybreak to the subterranean retreats, into which bits of stalks are frequently dragged to feed on at leisure. It is usually not of common occurrence in the open country, but is in places one of the most abundant garden slugs, pre- ferring soil of a stiff clayey character, owing to its better retention of moisture and the greater prevalence of worm-burrows therein. It is very 1 Monog. i., p. 376, ff. 700, 701. 2 Monog. i., p. 374, f. 691, MILAX SOWERBII. 155 destructive to bulbs and tubers and also to flowering plants of many kinds; it will devour fresh or decaying fungi, partially decayed cabbages and other vegetables or fruit, and even carrion does not come amiss. Its diet is, however, not restricted to such pabulum, as it is also actively predatory, and will attack and devour live worms, slugs, and even smaller or weaker individuals of its own kind, though amply provided with suit- able vegetable food. In captivity Mr. Gain offered it 196 varieties of food, 152 of which were more or less nibbled, while 74, however, were quite readily taken, though only potato, carrot, and Boletus edulis were eagerly devoured. The animal is of quite inactive habits, crawling slowly, often resting, and when doing so, or when touched or disturbed, withdrawing its head beneath the mantle and shrinking to about half its length, contracting itself almost into a semicircle; when thus contracted the keel becomes sinuous and parts of the body appear indented as though injured at those points. Its tenacious mucus enables it, especially when young, to readily form mucus threads for the purpose of descending to the ground or to a lower level, although during the operation the ordinary crawling position of the body is not maintained, but becomes so much twisted that the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body may be presented to view together. The body slime may also at times cause the adherence of particles of earth to the skin, and the animal then closely resembles a lump of earth, assimilating thus to the ground upon which it rests. Fossil.—M. sowerbii is cited by Jeffreys as an Upper Tertiary fossil, but the record was probably based on an erroneous identification ; it has, however, been definitely reported from the Holocene deposits at Maid- stone, East Kent, by Kennard & Woodward, and found by Mr. A. 8. Kennard at the base of a rainwash deposit associated with bone fragments and Roman pottery, on the site of Roman buildings at Darenth in West Kent. Parasites.—Like M. gagates, it is very liable to be infested with an Acarus, probably the Philodromus limacum, these in some cases being so numerous as probably to cause some inconvenience to their host. Variation.—Milax sowerbii has been observed to vary in its external colouration from pure white, through yellow, grey, or brown, to an almost uniformly black colour. Generally speaking, this species is not a very variable one, and the modifications that take place seem to be mainly due in the darker varieties to the increase or diffusion of the black pigment, and in the paler forms to its more or less complete suppression. This pigmentation may also be more or less restricted in the area occupied, and become correspondingly intensified, as in the var. bicolor, in which the coloration becomes greatly enriched. The Sicilian variety oretea is remarkable for the development of a longitudinal median zone of black pigment on the shield, a feature not previously remarked in the species. The M. marginatus var. fulva of Paulucei is, according to Lessona & Pollonera, merely a juvenile form of AZ. carinata. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. alba Taylor. ANIMAL entirely white. Pembroke—Tenby, A. G. Stubbs. 156 MILAX SOWERBII. Var. pallidissima Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 56. Amalia carinata B pallidissima ree & Poll., Amalia sowerbii var. flavescens W. E. Collinge, “f of “Mal., Dec. 1898, pois Amalia carinata Y insolita Less. & Poll., op. cit. ANIMAL similar to type form, but very pale. The sub-y. insolita L. & P. differs only in the suleus of shield being unpigmented. The sub-var. flaveseens Collinge, has the sides of the body yellowish ; dorsum light grey ; foot-sole yellow. Devon N.—Sub-var. flavescens, Lynton and Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge. Italy—Var. pallidissima, Salerno near Naples, and sub-var. insolita, Campor- biano near Siena, Tuscany, Marchesa Paulucci (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. easertana Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 56. Amalia carinata var. casertana Less. & Poll., op. cit. Bopy maculate with irregularly diffused, minute, blackish spots, and the black lineoles on the back obsolete ; SHEL solid, flat above, irregularly convex beneath. Italy—Caserta near Naples, Marchesa Paulucci (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. oretea Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 56. Amalia carinata var. oretea Less. & Poll., op. cit. ANIMAL typical, but showing a longitudinal median black zone on the shield. Sicily —Palermo, near stream Oreto, Marchesa Paulucei (Less. & Poll., op. cit. ). Var. fuscocarinata Cockerell, Nat. World, Sept. 1886, p. 179. ANIMAL resembling type, but with the KEEL not differing in colour from the BODY. Devon N.—Bar nstaple, F. J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898). Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, “Dec. [884 DwAGG ‘ockerell. Warwick— Edgbaston, B. Peebles, recorded as M. gagates (J. of Mal., Dee. 1898). Var. rustica Roebuck, Science Gossip, 1884, p. 78 Amalia sowerbii var. plumbea Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 17. ANIMAL bluish-grey in colour, without perceptible admixture of brown or yellow. The sub-var. plumbea has the whole back and mantle of a dark lead-grey; slightly pale on sides of body; foot-sole ashy-grey. Cornwall W.—Penmon near Falmouth, April 1884! H. Fox. Devon N.—Sub-var. plumbea, Bar nstaple, F. J. Partridge (Collinge, op. cit.). Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Isle of Wight— Totlands Bay, Freshwater, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald. Hants N.—Preston Candover, July 1885 ! H. P. Fitzgerald. Kent E.—Faversham, Oct. 1884! E. B. Fairbrass. Gloucester E.—Stroud, common, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886! 8. S. Pearce. Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler. Cardigan—Aberayron, May 1888! W. Whitwell. Louth— Piperstown near Drogheda, Oct. 1889! Miss 8. Smith. Dublin—Dublin, March 18386! igi hel! Redding. Var. nigrescens Cockerell, Nat. World, Sept. 1886, p. 179. Amalia sowerbii var. nigro-carinata Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 17. Bopy dark-grey or nearly black ; said to be often destitute of an internal shell. The sub-var. nigro-carinata is very dark grey, with a deep black line running the whole length of the keel ; foot-sole yellowish white. Devon N.—Var. Sg erat Barnsiaples and sub-var. nigro-carinata, Lynton, J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898). ' Hants N.—Var. Na hae Candov er, Oct. 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald. Surrey—Var. nigrescens (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). Middliesex—Var. nigrescens, Acton, Aug. 1884! and very common, Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Warwick—Var. nigrescens, seh Edgbaston, B. Peebles, recorded as Milax gagates (J. of Mal., Dee. 1898, p. 18). Pembroke— Var. nigrescens, cents not uncommon with the type at Deer Pairk, and on the north cliffs (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900). Cardigan—Var. nigrescens, garden, Aberayron, May 1888! W. Whitwell. Lancashire S.—Var. nigrescens, Knowsley, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Antrim—Var. nigrescens, Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams, MILAX SOWERBII. 157 Var. bicolor Cockerell, Science Gossip, Aug. 1887, p. 187. Sides of Bopy black ; KEEL and SOLE orange coloured. Devon N.—Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, op. cit.). Middlesex—Ealing (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). The Geographical Distribution of MZ. sowerbii is very similar to that of its congener, extending from the British Isles, along the west of France, into Spain and Portugal, thence it has been reported as Milax carinatus from several stations in the Mediterranean, and according to Jeffreys extends as far as Russia. In the British Isles it is distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, but does not extend further north in Scotland than Fifeshire. The uncertainty that prevails as to the exact limits of the specific line, however, renders our knowledge of its inhabited area uncertain; Dr. Scharff, from his observations of the living animal at Ems in Germany, was greatly struck by the manifest differences in aspect and habits of the Germanic M. marginatus from the British MW. sowerbii ; the former, which is probably a distinct species, having a light grey body, similar to that of Arzon ezrcum- scriptus, with a keel still paler, while the mantle and body are speckled with minute black spots, and not lineolated as in M. sowerbii. It also prefers to live amongst stone rubble in mountainous districts, whilst our M. sowerbii shows a partiality for cultivated land. Geographical Distribution of Milax sowerbi (Fér) HR Recorded Distribution. (GQ Probable Range. Fic. 179. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Generally distributed, common under stones in Guernsey, Sark, and Herm (Cooke & Gwatkin, Q. J. of C., 1878, p. 322). Jersey, Dr. Lukis (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). St. Sampson's, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! b. Tomlin. PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Generally distributed (E. D. Marquand, Penzance Trans., 1884). Numerous about Truro, Dec. 1885! and at Newquay, Sept. 1886, J. H. James. Near Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 27). Devon S.—Frequent in gardens about Exeter (E. Parfitt, Naturalist, 1854, p. 154). Toreross, Aug. 1885, F. G. Fenn. Torquay, April 1888! C. Ashford. Com- mon in Mr. MeMurdo’s garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Devon N.—Northam and Lynton, Nov. 1885! W. A. Gain. Common on east side of Hele Bay near Ilfracombe, March 1887 (B. Tomlin, J. of Conch., Apr. 1887). Barnstaple, 1898 (F. J. Partridge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898). Somerset S.— Abundant in the allotment gardens, near the canal and gasworks, Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. 158 MILAX SOWERBII. Somerset N.—Clevedon, in gardens, and in the e»pse between Upper Clevedon and the beach (A. M. Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860). Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall. Bitton and Mangotsfield, Feb. 1885, E. J. Lowe. CHANNEL. Dorset—Generally distributed (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1885). Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Portland, Aug. 1886! J. Madison. Isle of Wight—Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 289). Frequent at Bembridge, A. G. More ; and common about Ventnor, G. Guyon (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860). Totlands Bay, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald. Hants S.—Christchurch, common, Jan. 1883 ! Mudeford, Oct. 1879! C. Ashford. Portsdown Hill, May 1885! W. Jeffery. Hants N.—Preston Candover, Nov. 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex W.—Not uncommon about Henfield, and at Hassock’s Gate near Hurst- pierpoint, W. Borrer (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Not plentiful in gardens and about buildings, Ratham, Nov. 1886! W. Jeffery. Sussex E.—Common on the Weald, and found also on the South Downs (Hart- ing, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Common in fields and gardens, Lewes and Battle, J. H. A. Jenner; Ranscombe, C. H. Morris; Eastbourne, E. A. Butler; and Hastings, rare, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (J. H. A. Jenner, Moll. East Sussex, 1885). THAMES. Kent W.—Common all along the Kentish marshes (A. J. Jenkins, Essex Nat., Nov. 1891, p. 230). Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! 8. C. Cockerell. Abundant at Forest Hill, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Garden, Swan Hotel, Charing, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Bromley, March 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Kent E.—Walmer, 1897, H. Overton. Margate, April 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. Faversham. Oct. 1884! Miss Fairbrass. Folkestone, abundant, Oct. 1886! C. Oldham. Surrey—Lambeth, G. B. Sowerby (J. Denson, Loudon’s Mag., Nov. 1832, p. 694). Reigate Hill (G. S. & E. Saunders, Reigate List, 1861). 3attersea, Sept. 1884, T. D. A. Cockerell. Oxshott, May 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Commercial Docks, J. E. Daniel (‘T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 284). Essex S.—Not plentiful in fields and hedges at Barking Side, and in garden at Carswell (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890, p. 208). Herts.—Garden, Watford, Sept. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Ware, Dr. Jeffreys, and Verulam Hills (J. Hopkinson, Trans. Herts. Nat. Soc., July 1884). Middlesex—Bayswater and Camden Town (J. Denson, Loudon’s Mag. N.H., Noy. 1832). Hampstead (Brown, Illustr. Brit. Conch., 1845, p. 43). Foot of garden walls, Hampstead lane, Dec. 1888 ! and Highgate, June 1888! H.W. Kew. Gunners- bury, Dec. 1884! Acton, Dec. 1884! Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! and Regent’s Park, T. D. A. Cockerell. Oxford—Weston-on-the-Green, Rev. A. Matthews (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1857, p. 5610). Broughton; in gardens at Kingham, 8. Spencer Pearce; and near Swin- comb (W. E. Collinge, Conch., March 1891, p. 13). ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886! S. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham and Bramford (Mayfield, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295). Ipswich, 1893 (W. M. Webb, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 14). Norfolk E.—Plentiful on stone banks, late in the evening, Catton and Thorpe (J. B. Bridgman, Zool., 1851, p. 3302). _ Norwich (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Plentiful at Catton and Kirby Bedon ! (Mayfield, Trans. Norf. Soc., 1896, p. 185). Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, 1884! C. B. Plowright; July 1894! T. Petch. Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889 ! J. Saunders. Northampton—Towcester, July 1881, A. Loydell. Peterborough, scarce, July 1882, A. W. Nicholls. Rockingham Park, May 1896, L. E. Adams. Gloucester E.—Common at Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Gloucester W.—Clifton, Bristol (Rev. B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p. 339). Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Totshill and Dennil Hill, E. J. Lowe. Gardens, Bristol, June 1884! W. B. Waterfall. Monmouth—Abundant at Chepstow, Portskewett, Tintern, Itton, St. Pierre, Usk, and Piercefield Park, also Shirenewton Hall, June 1886 ! E. J. Lowe. Hereford—Orchard house in Hereford, Oct. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Worcester—Yardley (G. S. Tye, Q.J. of Conch., May 1875). Nursery garden, Evesham, Nov. 1888! C. Ashford. Great Malvern, in cellar, July 1902 !C. Waterfall. Warwick—Stratford road, Camp Hill, Birmingham (G. S. Tye, Q.J. of Conch., May 1875). Garden, Edgbaston, Sept. 1898, Bromley Peebles. Stafford—Very abundant in gardens of Old Hall, Stone, Aug. 1888! (J. ik. B. Masetield, Staffordshire List, 1902). SEVERN. MILAX SOWERBII. 159 SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Near banks of River Taff, Llandaff, July 1885! and Cardiff, Oct. 1885! F. W. Wotton. Common about Swansea, 1991, H. Rowland Wakefield. Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Common, very variable in colour, and often very large about Tenby; the North Cliff specimens have very thick shells (A. G. Stubbs, ‘J. of Conch. , July 1900). Cardigan —Common in garden, Aberayron, May 1888 ! Miss Maddy. Aberyst- with, May 1888! E. Collier. Carnarvon !—T. Shankland (J. of Conch., 1891, p. 398). Denbigh—Great Orme’s Head, Jan. 1888 ! Lionel E. Adams. Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Lincoln N.—Louth, May 1886! H. Wallis Kew. Leicester—Near gardens, London road, Leicester, Sept. 1886! H. E. Quilter. Notts. —Highfield House near Beeston (Lowe & Musson, Mid. Nat., Aug. 1879). Derby—Repton, 1885, Rev. H. Milnes. Mansfield, 1881, E. Pickard. MERSEY. Cheshire—Near Jackson’s Boat (J. Hardy, Manchester List, 1865). Chester (Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 81). Garden, Baguley road, Sale, Oct. 1892! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Botanical (: urdens, Manchester (J. Hardy, op. ecit.). Hesketh Park, Southport, 1889 (W. H. Heathcote, Conch., June 1891). Banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, by the bridge at Lydiate, G. W. Chaster (J. W. Williams, Coneh., March 1891). Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Lancashire Mid—Catteral near Garstang, Sept. 1888 ! and Preston, Sept. 1890 ! W. H. Heathcote. HUMBER, York S.E.—In gardens, Hull (J. D. Butterell, Nat., Dec. 1878, p. 71). York N.E. —Spa grounds, Searborough, 1885, ’E. J. Lowe. Common in garden, Searborough, April 1888! C. Ashford. Plentiful near W hitby, Aug. 1883! H. Pollard. Abundant in garden, Borough road, Middlesbrough, Sept. 1886! 1. A. Lofthouse. York S.W.—Bretton and Haw Park, 1883, J. Wilcock. Ackworth (C. Ashford, Zool., 1854, p. 4261). York Mid W.—Meanwood near Leeds, Aug. 1882! W. Denison Roebuck. Killinghall, July 1882! W. Nelson. Pateley ‘Bridge, Aug. 1882! W. Storey. Ingleton district (W. E. Collinge, Naturalist, April 1890). NORTH WALES. TRENT. TYNE. Durham—South Shields, specimens in British Museum from R. Howse. Northumberland S.—Near Benwell, W. Backhouse (J. Alder, Northumb. and Durham List, 1848). Museum grounds, Neweastle-on-Tyne, Aug. 1888 ! R. Howse. LAKES. Isle of Man—Near the Nunnery, Douglas, July 1880! W. Nelson. At entrance to Glen Meay, Sept. 1891 ! SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Renfrew —Frequent in gardens, Greenock, Sept. 1885 ! T. pool AST LOWLANDS: Edinburgh—Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh, June 1901, R. odtney. Meggat- land near Edinburgh ! Morningside ! and Craiglockhart, Oct. 1899! W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS, Fife and Kinross—North Queensferry, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. WEST HIGHLANDS, Clyde Isles—Common about Aquarium, Rothesay, Bute, Noy. 1886! T. Seott. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Sutherland E.—Introduced at Brora, but has apparently now disappeared (W. Baillie, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889). IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—Near Londonderry, J. N. Milne (R. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892). Plenti- ful on railway bank opposite Downhill Station, Feb 1900, R. Welch. Donegal—Above Rosapenna, May 1902, R. Welch. Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! 8S. A. Brenan. Common on Rathlin Island, L. E. Adams. Brown’s Bay, July 1899, R. Welch. Down—Downpatrick, Oct. 1897, R. Welch. LEINSTER. Louth—Piperstown, Jan. 1890! Miss Sidney Smith. Dublin—Ditches by Circular road, near Phoenix Park, Dublin, R. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1843). Damp gardens at Monkstown and Killiney (WeeeWis Walpole, Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Gi: arden of Sloperton Lodge, March 1886 ; Kill of the Grane, April 1886 ! and Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. “de Vismes Kane. Field at Finglas, May 1886! J. R. Redding. Howth, April 1887! 160 MILAX SOWERBII. Whitechureh, Oct. 1890; Raheny, Aug. 1890; and garden, Tudor House, Leeson Park, Dublin, Oct. 1890! R. F. Scharff. Donnybrook, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett- Hamilton. Abundant in marsh, Bushy Park ; and in garden, Zion road, Rathgar, Sept. 1903, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Drain at Dundrum, Oct. 1899, R. Welch. Wicklow—Woodenbridge, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., April 1893). Kilruddery ; Glen of Downs; Sugar Loaf and Albidore Glen, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Alderton, New Koss, Sept. 1888! Miss L. Glascott. Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff. Rossclare sandbank, Sept. 1889 ! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Carlow—Carlow, Nov. 1901, A. G. Stuart. Kilkenny—Tabulated by Mr. L. E. Adams (J. of Conch., Oct. 1892, p. 234). CONNAUGHT. Sligo—Woods at Moyview, Ballina (Miss Amy Warren, Zool., Jan. 1879). Inishmurry Island, Sept. 1900, R. Welch. Mayo W.—Dugort, Sept. 1888 ! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Galway E.—Monivea (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840). Several in graveyard, Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895, R. Standen. Leenane Mountain and Dernasliggan, April 1897, R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897. Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, Dee. 1885, A. H. Delap. Waterford— Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter. Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Cork N.—Youghal (R. Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 81). Queenstown, R. F. Scharff. Abundant in woods around Blarney Castle, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Cork S.—In gardens of Royal Cork Institution (Humphreys, Fauna and Flora of Cork, 1845, p. 2). Glengariff, May 1891, RF. Scharff. Common about Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Kerry—Near the Southern Hotel, Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Valentia Island, April 1888, A. H. Delap. GERMANY. Dr. Jeffreys records M. sowerbui from Falkenstein in the Upper Harz, but it is doubtful if this record really refers to our species. Mr. Daniel also records from Heidelberg as L. carinatus a slug described as darker and more distinctly spotted than English specimens, probably a dark variety of the Wilax marginatus. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—WM. sowerbii (Kickx, Nachr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1869, p. 163). FRANCE. M. sowerbii inhabits the Atlantic shores of France, the departments Cétes-du- Nord, Finistére, Gironde, Morbihan, and Vendée being especially noted, while as M. carinatus it is known for the Alpes Maritimes and the Var. Signor Pollonera notes it as living about Bastia, Corsica, whilst Gassies under the name of Limax argillaceus records it for the Gironde. SWITZERLAND. The specimens found plentifully at an altitude of 2,600 feet at Promontogno and Bondo in the Bergel Valley, Grisons, by the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce were regarded by him as identical with the British form. ITALY. Milax sowerbii is recorded from Florence in Tuseany by Dr. Simroth. Lessona and Pollonera give the distribution of M. carinatus as extending over Liguria, Tuscany, Naples, and Sicily, but as being an absentee from the Adriatic shores of Northern Italy and Sardinia, and Pollonera describes it as common at Malta. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—WM. sowerbii, shores of northern Spain (Bourguignat, Mal. Alger., 1864, p. 46). Lasealles, Reinosa, and Hoy de Barcena in the Asturias, and in the spurs of the Pyrenees, May 1860, E. J. Lowe. Portugal—W. carinatus (Scharff, Lrish List, 1892). BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece—Mevalopolis, Oct. 1891! J. G. Milne. JZ. hessei, Prevesa in Epirus and Gasturi in the Island of Corfu (Bottger, Nachr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1882, p. 96). Crete —M. carinatus (Kobelt, Zoogeogr., 1898, p. 324). R 'f TSSIA . Dr, Jeffreys cites Russia for our species on the authority of Jelski. NEOTROPICAL REGION. Ecuador—A specimen in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Buckley, differs in nothing from those found near London (Cockerell, Ann, and Mag. N. H., Oct, 1890). MUNSTER. Distribution of Mzlax sowerbi (Fer.) Puate XVII. In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 1 Coruwall W. 42 Brecon 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Bantt 2 Cornwall L. 43 Radnor 9 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devous. 44 Carmarthen a 75 Ayr 96 Masterness 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @23 Peebles 99 Jumbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth e 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 8 Wilts Ss. 49 Carnarvon Tt % 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes 8. 10 Isle of Wight 51 Flint 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 11 Hauts 8. 12 Hants N. SOUTH WALES 52 Anglesey TRENT ‘age SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS > Edinburgh Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS 104 Lbudes N N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 14 Sussex E. 54 Lincoln N 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. THAMES 55 Leic. & Kutld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 15 Kent EB. 56 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 16 Kent W. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness MEKSEY lo 89 Perth N NORTH ISLES Cheshire < 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides k sancashire S. 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys Herts. aucashire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8 112 Shetlands Middlesex HUMBER berks. 61 S.E. York 3 Oxford 62 N.E. York ~ IRELAND. Bucks. 63 3.W. York S$ ULSTER LEINSTER y ANGLIA 64 Mid W. York o 113 Derry 122 Louth 25 Suffolk E. 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim 123 Meath 26 Sulfoik W. TYNE 115 Down 124 Dublin 27 Norfolk E. 66 Durham 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb. S. 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotiand 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 31 Huuts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 32 Northampton aud I. Lanes. 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. SEVERN 70 Cumberland 131 King’s Co. 3 Gloucester E. 7] Isle of Man 132 Westmeath Gloucester W Monmouth Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stalfurd 40 Salop See Probable Range. NG Recorded Distribution. Boel Distribution verified by the Authors. Fossil Distribution. 133 Lougford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tippe 7 N. 144 Tipp Ss 145 Waterford | 146 Cork N. | 7 Cork 8. a BRITISH ISLES. JOHN W. T AYLOR. ate Lass VAL Onn abe: a Lido eae Th, ment Te BRS\ GORY rt au oe 161-224, oe ey xIX,, ‘XxX. Xx1.) Price 7/6. shed ping 26, 1905. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS (Continued from Part 10). . oe P. H. Grierson, The Castle, Ardee, Co. Louth. C. Bailey, F.L.S., Peter Street, Manchester: . Rey. Proctor Benwell, M.A., Wix Vicarage, Manningtree. Rev. W. A. Shaw, M.A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton. Alex. Reynell, Heathfield, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood. Guille-Allés Library, ‘Guernsey. ' Thomas Hunt, Wellington College, Berks, Rey. C; Chichester, M.A., Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple. . A. W. Stelfox, Oakleigh; Ormeau Park, Belfast. E. H. Jackson, 5, Lower Derby Road, Watford. Prof. Dautzenberg, 209, Rue de l'Université, \ Paris. Rey. Prof. Gwatkin, M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. Rev. E. Peake, M.A., Hillside, Bradfield, Reading. Riley Fortune, F.Z.8., Lindisfarne, Harrogate. Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand. T. Sheppard, F.G:8., Municipal Museum, Hull. Sir Algernon Lyons, Kilvrough, Parkmill, Glamorgan. The Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; U.S.A. CABINETS & SHELL COLLECTIONS FOR SALE. A fine collection of Unionide is i. : £15 A very rich collection of Maripenn Lene a Fresh- water Shells - - £30 A collection of Melaniade — - : = We Fe £5 A collection of Paludinide - : ry : £5 A large collection of Clausilie - f = £10 Two small Cabinets with vanous Fossils . - £10 A large double-tier Cabinet of Fossils - : £10 A very large double-tier Cabinet, mahogany frontage - £25 Apply—Miss F. M. HELE, Hosrorp Lopez, Laxenam Roap, Kyow.ez, BRISTOL. LIMAX. 161 FOSSIL SPECTES. Limax modioliformis Sandberger. Limax modioliformis Sandberger, Paleeontographica, 1880, p. 113, pl. xii, f. 15. SHELL transparent or diaphanous, but thick in substance, somewhat ovoid and bearing a certain resemblance to the valve of a small Modiola ; APEX or nucleus terminal and_ placed towards the left corner ; UPPER SIDE, especially in aged speci- mens, more or less stronely wrinkled, "with the concentric lines of erowth, between which dark arborescent markings ean be detected ; UNDER SIDE rugosely granulate. Length, 5 mill. ; breadth, 3°5 mill. Fic. 180. — Limax modioliformis Sand- This species, which was found in some numbers by _ berger, enlarged (after Mr. Clement Reid, has, according to Sandberger, some ae affinity in form with the Limaa crassitesta of Reuss, from the Lower Miocene of North Bohemia. Dr. Béttger and Mr. Heynemann are quite in accord in being unable to identify this shell with that of any recent species, although Bronn has suggested a similarity in structure to the shell of Limazx arborum, which is also found in the same beds. BRITISH ISLES, Lower Pleistocene—West Runton, East Norfolk, Clement Reid (Sandberger, op. cit. ). Limax latus (Edwards). Ancylus? latus F. E. Edwards, Monog. Eoc. Moll., 1852, p. 110, pl. xiv., f. 15. Limax Jatus Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1893, p. 174. SHELL broadly sub-conical, somewhat incrassate, and ai greatly depressed, with the vertex or nucleus about half-way cs between the margin and the middle. Length, about 64 mill. ; breadth, about 5 mill. This species, of which only an imperfect specimen alae Oem oP was known to Mr. Edwards, was characterized by him, — Zatus (Edw.), enlarged though with considerable doubt and hesitation, as an (“fer Edwards). Ancylus; it, however, proves to be, according to Woodward’s Manual,’ really the shell of a Lina. Mr. Edwards described the shell as distorted at the posterior extremity, and as presenting the appearance of a sinus, somewhat resembling, though in an exaggerated form, that presented by the shells of the Limacina. This sinus, or indentation, he believed was probably due to the accident which produced the distortion. BRITISH ISLES. Oligocene— Recorded for Sconce, near Bembridge, in the Isle of Wight, by Edwards, and according to Mr. Ashford, has also been found in the Headon Beds at Headon Hill, in the ‘Isle of W ight, and at Hordwell in South Hants. 1 Woodward’s Manual of the Mollusca, 1875, p. 296. 27/12/04 L arte / 162 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. FAMILY ARIONIDEX Gray. The family Arionide, according to Pilsbry, is somewhat discontinuous in its geographical range, occupying three widely separated areas, in each of which a predominant type occurs. The West American area has the greatest number and variety of genera, embracing the Binneyinw, Ariolimacine, etc., and forming the most primitive group of the family; one form, Binneya, possessing a spiral external shell with sculptured nepionic whorl, short body cavity, and solid tail, may be regarded as linking Arionidw with the Endodontida, from which they are supposed to have been derived. The Asiatic centre is concentrated in the Himalayas, and represented by Anadenus, a group in which the caudal gland is wanting and the male intromittent organ still present, undoubtedly representing in these respects the most ancient form of the group. It is most Fallo A er a_ Closely allied to the genus Prophysaon, but in the penial development shows nearest affinity Hesperarion, both of which are now West American groups. The true Arions, the most highly developed forms, have their home in the European region, the probable source of origin of the entire group, from whence in past. ages the earlier and more primitive genera have spread throughout the northern hemisphere, the most simply-organized groups, as is usual, occupying the regions most remote from their place of origin, and not, as is too prevalently ‘believ ed, persisting in their evolutionary centre. The Avions are remarkable for the peculiar penial degeneration they have undergone, and the assumption of the intromittent function of that organ by the oviducal passage. The Arionidw are not descended directly from the primitively shell-less forms, as has been averred, but unmistakeably show their descent from a group with well-developed spiral shells, the American forms supplying the chief links which make plain the progress of the modifications and clearly demonstrate that the typical genus Arion is the terminal member of a series of forms beginning with Binne ya, half-slug and half-snail with almost helicoid muse -ulature, and passing by numerous intermediate stages still existing to the typical Arion organization. The family is probably most satisfactorily divided by utilizing the various modifications of the free-retractor muscles, their arrangement showing also the weightiest differences between the Arionidw and other slugs. With this group Signor Carlo Pollonera, of Turin, is here associated in cordial recognition of the extent and importance of his researches upon the organization, specific differentiation, and classification of the Arionidw and of the slugs generally. In the British Isles the family is represented by only two genera, Arion and Geomalacus, the remaining and more ancient groups beimg now restricted to the remoter parts of the northern hemisphere. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 163 GENUS ARION Férussac.' The genus Arion is dedicated to Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.I.S., of Leeds, whose knowledge of the external morphology of the British slugs is probably unsurpassed, and whose tireless exertions have so immensely extended our knowledge of the variation and distribution of our native species. The Arions (apwv, the name of a mythological musician and poet, or according to some authorities a mythological horse famous for its speed) were first imperfectly separ- ated from Limavr by Brard, in 1815, who retained the term Limaa for the group now called Avion, and constituted the genus Limacella for the shell only, as distinguished from the animal, of the species we now regard as the true Limaces, basing this separation upon the possession of a distinct shell in fimazx, and the presence of a few chalky granules only in Avion. Baron Férussac also separated the genera, using the terms Arvon_and Limaa to distinguish the groups, and basing the separation upon the presence or absence of the caudal gland. The Arions have been variously divided, Moquin-Tandon using the degree of firmness and coherence of the lime particles representing the shell, as the basis for his groups Lochea and Prolepis, while Mabille and Seibert distinguish sections by the terms Baudonia, Kobeltia, and Carinella. Dy. Simroth utilizes the modifications of the atrium, forming the groups Mona- tride and Miatrida, according as the vestibule remains simple or develops a secondary enlargement originating at the free oviduct. Signor Pollonera has, however, poimted out how unstable this character is, and instances Arion hortensis as a species in which the change from a monatriid to a diatrid condition can be easily traced in passing from France to Germany. The Monatriide, represented by Arion minimus, A. subfuscus, and A. circumscriptus, are said by Simroth to be characterized externally by a distinct band on each side of the body, while in the Diatriidw, represented by Arion ater and A. hortensis, the band shades away outwardly ; this difference is, however, not so markedly observable in British specimens, but in both groups there is a general tendency to become unicolorous and render this difference obscure and unrecognizable. The Arions are unquestionably a closely-allied group, in which it is extremely unsafe to establish new species upon examples in alcohol or other preservatives, and in which it 1s necessary to study the characters exhibited by the living animal in order to arrive at sound conclusions, as the internal characters of even our good and undoubted species present a strong family likeness, and the differences are not always very decided, 164 GENUS ARION. needing at times to be supplemented by a study of the external features of the animal. Eyen Dr. Simroth, whose profound knowledge of the organization of the Avrions is incontestable, feels compelled to remark “that the species of the genus Arion are so difficult to distinguish anato- inically, that they can only be determined with certainty by the aid of their colouring.” It is, therefore, to be regretted that, in view of this almost too closely intimate relationship, so many so-called new species have been described, and that painstaking naturalists of our own country have been found to emulate in this respect the more objectionable methods of the few continental extremists. Generic Characteristics.—ExTerNALLy, the features of the Arions when adult are a rounded porsuM and a somewhat corpulent BoDy ; rugose SKIN: an uncarinated and blunt Tar ; Foor with distinct pedal-groove meeting over a caudal mucus pore; MANTLE or shield granulate, rounded at each end, and placed at the anterior end of the body, with the RESPIR A- TORY APERTURE near its right anterior end, and the GENITAL ORIFICE beneath. According to Simroth, they originally possessed an ancestral lateral band at each side, coincident in position with the longitudinal lateral blood sinuses, but in the more advanced forms this peculiarity becomes obscured. The SHELL is represented by a soft and pulpy calcareous secretion, which solidifies upon exposure to the air, and also to some extent by age ; it is placed beneath the hinder part of the mantle, and according to Lankester, is within a permanently-closed sac, and represents the primitive shell. INTERNALLY, the group is characterized by the crowding of the main mass of the genitalia into the anterior half of the body, and the absence of the penis, the intromittent functions of which organ have been usurped by the vagina. It is also remarkable for the opaque-white colour of the walls of the arterial vessels, especially those investing the digestive gland and the alimentary canal, their complex ramifications showing out beauti- fully against the darker background. ‘This whiteness is due to a dense deposit of fat and lime within the cells of the arterial sheath, a deposit regarded by Semper as a temporary storehouse of lime for subsequent use in the body. ‘he NERVOUS SYSTEM is remarkable for the distribution of the dorsal nerve, which becomes bifid apparently in correlation with the separation of the TENTACULAR RETRACTORS with which they are in association. ‘he ALIMENTARY CANAL is more or less spirally triodromous, the coil beg held in position anteriorly by the aorra, as is usual, and the stoMacH Tract being the most posteriorly extended ; the saw is odontognathous’ or ribbed; and the teeth of the RapuLA cuspidate, with quadrate base of attachment. he MUSCULAR SYSTEM is quite different from that displayed by Limaaz and by the Helicidw, in which the tentacular and pharyngeal muscles unite posteriorly into a single band or possess a common base of attachment, whereas in Arion the pharyngeal as well as each tentacular muscle have their separate and widely-distant places of attachment to the dorsal skin, and constitute the section 'richoriza.2 This separation of the tentacular retractors is probably due to mechanical causes, the oblique strain tending to pull apart the muscles, and as the soft degenerate shell no longer affords a firm attachment, the retractors have become fixed to the tough dorsal integument or to the lung floor. 1 Monog, i., p. 254, f. 509, 2 Monog. i., p. 344, f. 638, GENUS ARION. 165 The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple, and triaulic, the EPIPHALLUS, OVIDUCT, and SPERMATHECA all opening into what has ‘been termed the upper vestibule or EGG-sAc, which is formed by an expansion of the free- oviduct, and according to ‘Dr. Babor, becomes most marked when the animal is in the male ‘phase of its development; the PENTS. is aborted, and the FLAGELLUM, DART-SAC, digitate VAGINAL GLANDS, and copulatory branch of the spermatheca are absent; the ovorssris is placed quite at the rear of the body, while the prostate or sPERM-pUCT is also not a closed tube, as in Limar, but is open laterally and communicates throughout its length with the oviduct. The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND is not imbedded in the pedal musculature, but hes free upon the foot, and extends about half the total length of the body; but in addition to the dermal and locomotory mucosity, the Avions produce a very gelatinous mucus with great rapidity at the caudal sinus, which at pairing time becomes very abundant, and which is slowly devoured by the prospective partner during the preliminary circular promenade. Reproduction and Development.—The congress of the species of this genus is preceded by the prolonged circular procession and many of the amatory dallyings described under the Limacidew ; the normal intro- mittent organ has, however, become aborted, and the union is now effected by the eversion of the oviduct, powerful retractor muscles being developed for the withdrawal of the organ into the body when the union has been consummated, the seminal element being transferred by means of an elongate and multidenticulate spermatophore, which, though quite pliable when fresh, becomes hardened by exposure to the air; it, however, speedily disintegrates or dissolves when lodged in the spermatheca. The duration of life is probably usually about one year, but in the west of Ireland and other mild localities this period may be prolonged to even double that time. —'This restriction of the age attained is perhaps in part explainable by the absence of an external shell, which would materially aid them to endure hot, cold, and more especially dry seasons. Food and Habits.—The Ar/ons have the same crepuscular and noc- turnal habits which so markedly characterize the Limucidw, hiding away beneath ee stones, logs, etc., or burrowing into the earth for conceal- ment during the day, and. only appearing at sunset to enter. upon their foraging expeditions, except during very cloudy or showery weather, when they may be frequently seen crawling about during the day. They are very slow and sluggish in their movements, but when young are adepts_ in slime-spinning , Arion subfuscus beg exceptionally notice- able for the facility and readiness with whieh it makes use of this means of escape from a disagreeable or undesirable situation. ‘The slugs, and especially the Arvons, do not, however, seem to possess the same recupera- tive power as the testaceous species, a comparatively slight injury nearly always proving fatal in its effects. The Avions are very voracious, especially in early spring, when they eat ravenously, devouriyg almost any animal or vegetable substances, fresh or decaying, that they meet with; they are not only carnivorous and canni- balistic but often coprophagous. Fossil.—A species attributed to Arion, the indifferens of Boettger, has been found in the Lower Miocene of Niederrad, near Frankfort-am-Main, but no traces of the genus have been met with in this country lower than the Pleistocene beds. 166 GENUS ARION. Variation.—In Arion the pigmentation has resolved itself into two chief colours : one dusky or black producing the markings, and the other various shades of red, both of which in the larger and more variable species by their development or degeneration quickly show, especially during the growth period, the effects of varied environment, mirroring back in the slug’s body the effect of climate, etc. Cold and moisture being favourable to the development of the dusky pigment and warmth and dryness to the red. The darker varieties are found most numerously in the northern regions and in mountainous districts, and this melanic tendency is correlated with a stouter and coarser condition of the skin, and by a bolder tuberculation, while the brighter coloured forms are probably the outcome of a dry and warm environment, and though these factors are not the only ones that foster a brilliancy of colouring or the reverse, yet they undoubtedly have a very marked influence thereon. The largest and most advanced species are those most actively engaged in the elaboration of new forms, but it is amongst the smaller and more primitive species that convergence is most evident, and which display most strikingly their common relationship to an ancestral form. Geographical Distribution.—The Avions are European in origin and distribution, affecting more particularly the western area; members of the group have, however, spread into Siberia, North Africa, Azores, Madeira, etc., and through the agency of commerce have secured a footing in North America and other places. It has, however, been erroneously supposed by Bourguignat and other able scientists that Avion, as well as other genera, originated on the Central Asian plateau, and spread into Europe by way of the great northern coniferous belt, or along the mountain chains of Central Europe, while other modern authors believe the Iberian peninsula or the lost Atlantis to be the true birthplace of the group. Fic. 184.—A Malacological Laboratory. Mr. W. E. Collinge at the University, Birmingham. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 167 miion aver (1. ). 1606 Cochlea nuda tertia totu nigra Aldrovandus, de Insectis, lib. 3, cap. 10. 1678 Limax ater Lister, Hist. Anim. Angl., p. 131, pl. 2, f. 17, tit. xvii. 1682 Limax major rubicunda terrestris, Muralto Miscell. eur. obs. 59, p. 147. 1763 Limax albus margine luteo Miller, Swamp. Hafn., p. 61. 1758 Limaxz ater L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. 1., p. 652, no. 1. 1758 1767 1774 1789 1803 1848 1819 1821 1845 1854 1854 1855 1867 1868 1870 1888 rufus L., op. cit., no. 2. albus I., op. cit., ed. xii., vol. i., p. LOSI. succineus Miiller, Verm. Hist., no. 203, p. 7. luteus Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1., p. 268. marginellus Schranck, Fauna Boieca Wiirmer, p. 252, no. 3158. coccineus Gistel, Naturg. d. Thierreichs. empiricorum Férussae, Hist. Moll., p. 60, pls. 1, 2. melanocephalus Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., p. 1s. sulcatus Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 28, pl. 1. virescens Millet, Moll. Maine et Loire, p. 11. tenellus Millet, op. cit. (Lochea) rufus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, ii., pp. 10, 13, pl. 1, f. 1-27. glaucus Colbeau, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg. hibernus Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., xx., p. 134. servainianus Mabille, Hist. Mal. bass. Paris, p. 8. bocaget Simroth, Zool. Anz., no. 272. 1878 Lochea atra Malm, Skand. Land Snigl., p. 31, pl. 1, f. 1. and three other species was one of the precursors ISTORY.—A rion ater (ater, black), is the largest of our native species, and was first made known by Dr. Martin Lister, in 1674, under the’ descriptive epithet of Limax ater, and he afterwards, in 1678, gave a good figure in Hist. Anim. Angl. ; considerable confusion and uncertainty has, however, arisen owing to the wide range of colour mutations to which it 1s subject, and many species have been created to receive them. The name empiricorum (in allusion to its former use in medicine), bestowed on this species by Baron Férussac, was intended not to separate any particular form, but to unite under one denomina- tion all the different varieties and so- called species into which this protean slug had been divided. It has in other parts of its range also received many distinct names, based upon the shght external modifications it has undergone. With this species is associated the late Mr. Thomas Nunneley, F'.R.C.S., of Leeds, whose careful and conscientious memoir of 1837 upon the anatomy of the present of the modern scientific study of slugs, and it is to be regretted that his professional career as a distinguished and skilful surgeon did not leave him leisure to follow up his anatomical studies of the mollusca. 168 ARION ATER. Diagnosis.—-rion ater may be distinguished when adult by its large size, long and coarse tubercules, and usually uniform colouration, as well as by the very contracted and hemispherical shape it assumes when at rest and particularly when alarmed or irritated, a position often accompanied by a very peculiar swaying or elephantine motion of the body. INTERNALLY, this species is perhaps best distinguished from its con- geners by the greatly enlarged and protuberant base of the oviduct. Description.—ANIMAL usually black or brown in this country, but varying marvellously in its colonring; of great size, sometimes reaching 200 mill. in length when extended, very bulky and convex above, and terminating behind in a flattened TAIL, bearing a distinct triangular GLAND; when contracted the animal assumes a very characteristic hemispherical shape ; TUBERCLES very long and prominent, becom- ing keeled and transversely wrinkled during contraction, and showing about eighteen longitudinal rows at each side; FOOT-SOLE obscurely tripartite, but median portion not separated by a furrow from the side-areas, which are usually pervaded by the body colour; the FOOT-FRINGE is broad, widest at the tail, spread out when the animal is at rest, and presenting a series of transverse parallel lineoles, of which every alternate one is darker; in strongly coloured individuals these lines are con- tinued across the side-areas of the sole ; SHIELD ovoid, narrow in front, with small Fic. 187.—Foot-fringe and pedal-groove of Fic. 186.—Head of Avion ater, showing Arion ater X 2. the facial grooves. pS. pedal furrow ;_/r. fringe. vermicular rugosities, which may coalesce into irregular and limited wavy lines, not unlike the ridges of Limaxv ; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE large and round, situate on the right side of the body, near the anterior third of the length of the shield, its lower margin cut by the anal channel; HEAD usually darker than the rest of the body, with four dorsal furrows, the outer ones terminating at the ommatophores, but the median pair become quadripartite on the forehead and vary greatly in shape when the mouth is in motion; OMMATOPILORES dusky, tubereled, rather swollen at the apex ; lower TENTACLES also dusky and finely granulate. Mucus very tenacious and variable in colour; when the animal is sealded it is usually orange-coloured in red animals, in black animals usually colourless or milky-white. The mueus secreted by the caudal gland is ropy and clear yellowish. SHELL quite vestigial, and generally represented by a soft and pulpy calcareous deposit placed beneath the hinder part of the shield ; it is, however, sometimes more concentrated and becomes hardened into a granular form, with the particles more or less coherent. In the chalk-pits about Dorking Mr. Darbishire has observed that all the animals contain thick and solid shelly masses. Fic. 189. Fic. 190. Fic. 189.—Heart of . 17ton ater X 3. au. auricle; v. ventricle. Fic. 190.—Nerve-ring of A. aterv.rufa(after Moquin-Tandon). INTERNALLY, the body cavity is pale and closely beset with minute calcareous particles ; the buccal Fic. 18h lead areans (Or ganglia are oval ; the HEART is surrounded by Arion ater, as seen from below x 2. the KIDNEY, the auricle is broadly united to the (after Godwin-Austen). c.» cephalic ventricle, and directed towards the anterior left retractor; ‘oe Paes N es aag side of the BODY; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE ample, Coe een eee enacts. allowing the complex and prominent respiratory kidney, enclosing heart; 7c. rectum; ‘ : 7.0. respiratory orifice. vessels to be perceptible through the opening. ARION ATER. 169 The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS arise from three dis- tinct and separate points, as is usual in the genus ; the PHARYNGEAL muscle originating most posteri- orly nearly in the median line behind the lung cavity, and bifureating about half-way for attach- ment to each side of the buecal bulb; the TENTA- CULAR retractors are broad and flat, the left arising from the hinder left-side of the lung periphery ; the A right retractor is somewhat similarly placed, but a trifle removed from the lung; both divide about the middle of their course into a chief muscle for the ommatophore of their respective sides of the body, and a subsidiary one for the lower tentacle, the latter branching again to send a slip to the buccal Bis. 1912 Ceahalic renmactals o€ or labial lobe. Aap Gi The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple; the dark-brown spherical OVOTESTIS is placed behind the stomach, and is traversed medially by an artery ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is long and tortuous, terminating in a slightly swollen and acutely bent junction with the ovispermatoduct, representing the VESICULA SEMINALIS ; the pale ALBUMEN GLAND is large and compact, but much indented ; the OVISPERMATODUCT is very long ; the OVIDUCT is a delicate bluish rutile above, EE a Fic. 192. Fic. 193. Fic. 195, Fic. 196. The Reproductive system of adult and juvenile A77on ate (L.), showing the muscular arrangements and the modifications of the organs arising during growth x 3. Fic. 192.—The proximal end of the organs with the epiphallus removed to show the arrangement of the retractor and attachment of the spermatheca. Fic. 193.—The organs as seen from the opposite side, with oviduct and genital retractor removed. Fic. 194.—Spermatheca and oviduct, showing attachment of retractor. Frc. 195.—Proximal end of sexual organs, showing their complex natural arrangement. Fic. 196.—Sexual organs of an immature example. alb.g7. albumen gland ; Z.a¢. glandular lower atrium ; 7.a¢. and a@¢. upper atrium 3; of. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; osd. ovispermduct : ef. epiphallus, cut short ; sf. spermatheca ; v.d@. vas deferens ; ry. genital retractor, showing attachment to spermatheca duct, oviduct, and atrium. narrowing below, while the yellowish SPERM-DUCT, or prostate, increases in calibre as it descends ; the two channels being closely connected together ; the slender VAs- DEFERENS expands into a thick EPIPHALLUS, which secretes the moderately slim, brownish, and dentienlate spermatophore ; the ovately-globose SPERMATHECA is connected by a shortish stalk with the atrium, into which the epiphallus, oviduct, and spermatheca all debouch; the upper ATRIUM, or ‘‘egg-sac,” is immensely bulged at one side, the protuberance originating at the base of the oviduct, and contains an erectile linguiform appendage, which is probably a SARCOBELUM. The GENITAL 170 ARION ATER. RETRACTOR is a powerful muscle, arising from the left-side of the lung-floor, near the root of the tentacular retractor; it separates into two branches, a stout retractor muscle attached to and partially ensheathing the free-oviduct, but continued to the upper atrium and a somewhat more delicate branch, which is attached to the duct of the spermatheca, close to the vesicle. In addition there is a broad flat retractor muscle which also connects the atrium with the upper left side of the lung cavity. In full development the upper atrium is somewhat divided by a visible constric- tion from the lower atrium, which is closely invested by a yellow glandular pad ; in younger animals the lower VESTIBULE is long and slender, but does not develop its yellow glandular investment until maturity is approaching. In the black and very dark varieties, in which there is an abundance of black chromatophores, the proximal portions of the various organs, especially the oviduct and epiphallus, are liable to become more or less darkly tinged with them. : The ALIMENTARY CANAL is spir- ally triodromous, and shows itself to have been involved in the torsion which the whole visceral mass exhibits, the twisting in adults being equivalent to 1} whorls; the STOMACH TRACT ex- tends most posteriorly and is separated by a marked constriction from the large brownish Crop, which is deeply wrinkled internally, and overspread externally with a network of large white circulatory vessels, the lacteals of early authors; the G:SOPHAGUS is purplish, with darker stripes, and from its origin to the nerve-ring is united to the buceal-mass; the SALIVARY GLANDS large, white, multilobed, and floceulent, spreading transversely and encircling the cesophagus like a horse- collar, or sometimes with ends turned up like a moustache; SALIVARY DUCTS thick ; DIGESTIVE GLAND dark brown or dark olive, the left lobe forming the end of the visceral mass, while the right lobe lies more anteriorly. ate 5 Fic. 197. Fic. 198. In young and half-grown individuals Fic. 197.—Alimentary canal of A. ater, adult x 2. the alimentary system quite resembles Fic. 198.—Alimentary canal of immature A. ater, that of A. subfuscus, showing a much showing at this stage its more intimate relationship shorter and apparently less complex — With 47#on sud/uscus x 3. arrangement than in adults, a feature due to the shorter course of its various tracts. The MANDIBLE or jaw is about three mill. broad and one mill. wide, strongly arcuate from front to back, sah and with a distinet fibrillar elasma, the upper half of Ree the jaw is imbedded in the tissues, and is of a moder- ately dark amber-brown, the exposed or cutting half is much darker or almost black, the line of separation of the two different shades being very perceptible and well defined ; the anterior surface bears from fifteen to eighteen strongly prominent and rounded vertical ribs 2 ; : which strongly crenulate the cutting edge, and also a ee or jaw : 2 ‘ Arion ater X 12. (Dublin slightly indent the upper margin. Mr. J. R. Redding). The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is oblong in shape, about seven mill. long. and three mill. in width, composed of about 160 slightly curved transverse rows of closely-set teeth, which do not appreciably decrease in size towards the margins ; each row is 6) OO QAR Fic, 200.—Representative teeth from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Ar‘on ater x 120. The animal collected at Dublin by Mr. J. R. Redding, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. 54 Nase ARION ATER. zal constituted by a tricuspid median tooth, flanked by about twenty-six rows of lateral teeth, which though obscurely tricuspidate adjoining the median row, gradually become distinctly bicuspid ; the marginal teeth are mainly bicuspid ; the mesocone increasing vastly in size and importance, the endocone totally disappearing, and the ectocone “diminishing greatly until in the extreme marginals it also becomes totally lost, and the teeth are simply aculeate. The formula of a Bali SUSCMNE: collected by Mr. J. R. Redding, is +35 +3 e+$5 42! x NGO == 94760: Reproduction: oe Derelopnient. —The congress of this species is preceded by the prolonged circular procession pre- viously described, and which may be continued for an hour or more, the head of each animal resting upon the tail of its partner during the promenade, and both slowly devouring the mucus exuded by the caudal gland and by the body cells. he con- gress is not of long duration, the union being effected by the extrusion of the genital cloaca, especially of the oviduct, ete., which constitute the intromittent organ, the seminal element being mutually transferred by means of the denticulate spermatophores. F Fic. 201.—Spermatophore This species, however, sometimes reproduces of 4. ater v. ru/a, enlarged parthenogenetically, as Mr. F. W. Wotton has Soe ee reared individuals in captivity, which though kept strictly isolated almost from birth, produced fertile eggs. The eggs, which are excluded in from four to five weeks after the union has taken place, are about five mill. long, and four mill. in diameter, some- what oval in shape, thick skinned, and semipellucid when fresh, but quickly changing to an opaque-white, a circumstance ascribed to the innumerable calcareous particles in the outer envelope, this calcification tallying with the copious deposit of lime in the arterial walls. They are deposited in vast numbers at almost all seasons of the year—many clusters have been found as early as January in this country-—under stones, old wood, dead leaves, at roots of plants, etc., usually in clusters of from twenty to fifty, or more; they hatch in from thirty to fifty days, according to the weather. The young when hatched are usually unicolorous, but apparently vary in shade, in different countries; in Germany, Scandinavia, and North Central Europe they are said to be pale yellow or greenish-white, but more inclined to blackish in the mountain regions, while- in the warm plains and in the south they are reddish, and in England frequently of a yellowish or greenish-grey, with slightly darker shield and head, often closely conforming in tint to the fallen faded leaves of autumn. In many cases lateral banding develops during growth, which may occasionally, especially near the outskirts of its range, persist in adult life, but usually the darker markings become clouded over and the unicolorous stage is reached. Mr. W. A. Gain has carefully chronicled the varied changes undergone by animals during growth. At eighteen mill. in length they were almost without exception of a greenish-yellow tint, with greyish lies and mark- ings, but this m some cases would gradually but quickly change to a brownish tint, the tint gradually becoming a rich brown with dark lateral bands on body and shield, and eventually when full grown presenting a deep brown back and shield, with black-brown sides and orange fringe. Other specimens, apparently quite similar when young, may become very differently coloured as adults. vin 172 ARION ATER. In winter, when half-grown, they are very apathetic, coiling themselves up in a serpentine fashion, and huddling together in a close and compact mass when in company with others. They grow very little during this period, as they take little food; but with the advent of warmer weather their activity increases, they eat greedily, and rapidly increase in size. Food and Habits.—This species is very voracious, and almost omni- vorous, as 1s demonstrated by the fact certified by Mr. Gain, that out of 197 different kinds of food, only 39 were refused, while decaying animal or vegetable matter, excrement, edible and poisonous fungi, paper, weak or injured worms or animals of its own or other species are readily devoured. © ee; z “% FES € Bry %e, Vee 7 OMe ye HH, Fic. 202.—Fragment of newspaper, as eaten by Avion ater, showing the character of the feeding-track (after H. Wallis Kew). The colour of the feces is also singularly responsive to the nature of the food, Mr. H. W. Kew stating that the fecal matter of individuals kept in confinement and fed upon fresh green leaves was always dark green, but when fed upon apple became of an amber colour; if petals of Ranunculus were eaten the excreta was deep yellow, but changed to a scarlet colour when the animals were fed upon the berries of Arum maculatum. It is very sluggish and indolent, and recovers itself with difficulty when placed on its back ; if startled or irritated it shrinks into a characteristic hemispherical lump, and sways its body from side to side in a peculiar rolling way. The favourite localities of this species are moist shady places in woods, fields, and gardens ; it would seem to more especially prefer roadsides and hedgerows. They emerge from their hiding-place at dusk and during the night, but in moist or cloudy weather they come forth during the day, their appearance at that time being popularly believed to prognosticate rain. Superstitions, Folk Lore, etc.—The calcareous matter found beneath the shield of Avion ater was formerly believed to possess great and varied medicinal virtues. It was firmly believed to be an infallible specifie in cases of consumption, and was amongst other methods prescribed to be swallowed alive by the sufferer; even at the present day, in some parts, a poultice of slugs, placed upon the chest, is considered to have a very beneficial effect in chest complaints. ‘The ancient physicians also regarded the powder resulting from the drying of the vestigial shell as a very effec- tive remedy for dysentery, while Pliny records the same powdery-dust as a remedy for the teeth. In many parts of England, the country people still have a marvellous faith in the use of this mollusk for the removal of warts; the method being to well rub the wart with the body of the slug, which by the rubbing ARION ATER. 173 is believed to be impregnated with its matter, the slug is then securely impaled upon a thorn, where it dies, and gradually withers up, by which time the wart will also have disappeared. In Northamptonshire it is con- sidered necessary to repeat the operation on nine successive nights, by which time the wart will have gone. In 1890 Mr. Kew observed an old man in a garden at Highgate, in the suburbs of London, engaged in gathering A. ater for the purpose of making ointment; while in Lincolnshire the appearance of “black snails” is regarded, especially at harvest time, as a most reliable sign of impending rain. In former times, the ancients in their ignorance of mollusca, believed that slugs in general, and this one in particular, as being the most obvious and conspicuous of them, to be the same animals as those possessed of shells, and Albertus Magnus and Gesner, influenced in part by a passage in Allian, believed that snails had the power of quitting and returning to their shells at pleasure, while Kramer in 1736 attempted to prove that this was actually the fact. Fossil.—The chalky granules, believed to be the internal shells of A. ater, are recorded by Sandberger from the gravels and brick-earths of the Upper Pleistocene beds of this country. PLeIsTocENE.—Messrs. Kennard and Woodward report it as found in the beds at Swalecliffe, a mile west of Herne Bay, in East Kent; and in the same deposits at Ilford and Uphall, in South Essex. In France it is known from beds of similar age in the Somme Valley. Ho tocent.—In West Kent, the same authors chronicle its occurrence at Maidstone, in a disused chalk-pit, near Otford railway station, and in a deposit on face of chalk escarpment, at Exedown, near Wrotham. In Surrey, at the Horse-shoe deposit, Colley pit, Reigate, the internal granules were very abundant between the 2-feet and 3-feet levels. In Essex, they have been found in the alluvium at Walthamstow. In Berkshire, in the Kennet Valley deposits at Newbury; and in Oxfordshire at Westbury and Clifton-Hampden, near Oxford. Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the numerons enemies of the mollusca generally, Avion ater is internally infested by three different species of Leptodera, a genus of Nematoid worms. Leptodera appendicu- lata, a species remarkable for the possession of a pair of caudal fringes, inhabits the foot of this species while in the larval state, becoming sexual in the decomposing body of the snail at its death. Another species is found in the intestinal canal, and the third species in the salivary glands. Fic. 203.—An Entozoic Parasite from Avion ater var. rufa X 50 (after Van den Broeck). Professor Owen records that the larva of a Tania is found encysted in the pulmonary sac, which is believed to attain its full sexual maturity only when occupying the intestinal canal of some warm-blooded animal. M. Van den Broeck records the abundance of a species of Entozoon in the intestinal canal of the var. rufa, but which was first detected within the egg of Limar arborum. 174 ARION ATER. Variation.—Scarcely any species is more variable in its colouring than Arion ater, but nearly all the variations resolve themselves into two chief lines, the red and the black, the presence, absence or varying proportions of these constituents determining the tints ; their total absence causing the whitish or greenish varieties. The red pigment, which is said by Simroth to be a warning colour,’ resides in the dermal mucous cells, and is developed by warmth, a warmer or milder temperature during the erowth period increasing the proportion of rufous individuals, or intensifying and enriching their tint. When the colour glands are but feebly developed, it gives rise to the yellow tint and the intermediate shades. This colouring i is, however, very unstable and also in great part due to the mucosity, as when this is quite removed the animals often appear of an uniform grey or brown. The black pigment resides in the cellules of the integument, and its predominating development is in a large measure due to cold or moisture, as the dark varieties are found most numerously in cold or mountainous countries, Eimer especially remarking upon the predominance of the dark varieties at high altitudes on the mountains and also upon their greater prevalence upon the plains during wet seasons. In this country, also, Avon ater is usually dark coloured or black, this sombre colouring is, however, not invariably that of the youthful stages, but is usually an acquired colour, the result of changes during erowth, and though unicoloration is doubtless the ultimate or final stage of pig- mentation, the shade or hue is probably in great part dependent upon and modified by the conditions of the environment with which the coloration of the body tends to harmonize. Some of the more severely critical of modern authors variously divide Arion ater into two, three, or more species, influenced by trifling external differences or by slight inequalities in the degree rat \ " of development of “the various organs of the reproductive system, the modifications of which are due in a large degree to individual variation or to the stage of sexual maturity attained by the animals examined. ‘The differences in the amount of enlargement of the atrium or vestibule and its more or less apparent division into an upper Fic. 204. Fic. 205. and lower section, or the Proximal sud = Be Reproductive Greiasiot a rufus slightly differing points Fic. 204.— void, Sere Mea stricto (after Pollonera). of attachment of the Fic. 205.—A7rion ater (L.), sensu stricto (after Pollonera). retractors are chiefly re- ep. epiphallus; sf. spermatheca ; ov. free oviduct; 7 genital retractor ; Z.a¢. lower atrium; #.a¢. upper atrium. lied upon as establishing at least two species, which are distinguished as Arion empiricorum and A. ater, the former name being usually though not invariably allowed to include what is generally know! nas Arion rufus. 1 Monog. i., p. 330. ARION ATER. 175 The A. empiricorum is considered as chiefly West European and to be the form inhabiting this country. It is noted as mainly characterized by its very short and insignificant lower vestibule and the large and wide upper section, an enlargement due to the swollen outlets of the organs debouching therein. A. ater is said to be confined to North-eastern Europe, and has been described as differing by its larger size and in possessing a thick and swollen lower vestibule, while the upper section is less noticeable owing to the undeveloped state of the oviduct and other outlets. These differences are, however, little more than individual, local, or seasonal variations in the development of the different organs, as is affirmed by Dr. Babor, who shows that the varied development of the atrium is merely the expression of sexual phases, while Signor Pollonera has con- clusively demonstrated the unreliability and fugitive character of the vestibular modifications and their unsuitability for specific differentiation in Arion. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. atra L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., 1758, p. 652. The strict type of this species is undoubtedly the black or blackish form, with the median area of the foot-sole markedly paler than the side zones. It has, however, had a number of special names devoted to it by various observers and is probably :— Limax ater L., op. cit. Arion empiricorunt aldrovandit Kalenicz., Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 113. Arion rufus B ater Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1858, ii., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 20. Arion (Limax) ater var. niger Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6. Arion rufus var. nigra Baudon, Journ. de Conch., 1884, p. 196. Arion empiricorum var. maurus Held. The distribution of this form is almost universal in this country, as it is one of the variations more especially evolved by our cool and moist climate. On the continent, this form is found in Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, North Spain, Portugal, Norway, up to 66° 49’ north latitude, South Sweden, Den- mark, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, and North I[taly. . r al Var. aterrima ‘Taylor. Body, shield, and creeping dise uniformly black. It is desirable to discriminate from the ordinary form the jet-black individuals, in which the black pigment has also overspread the whole surface of the creeping dise. This variety is not common, and would seem to be more especially a northern or mountain form, as its occurrence in other places seems to be more or less sporadic or casual. Mr. Welch and Mr. Praeger, in Oct. 1897, found some very characteristic examples on the summit of Slieve-Donard at an altitude of 2,796 feet. . It is not improbable that Avion hispanicus of Simroth, which is characterized by its smaller size and uniform black body and creeping disc, belongs to this variety. Many authors describe variations of this species as aterrimus totus, but it is not by any means clear that the descriptions were intended to apply to the foot-sole as well as the body. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Ilfracombe, July 1904! R. Leach. Huntingdon—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss Emily M. Foster. Gloucester E.—Cirencester, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell. Merioneth—Hills above Barmouth, alt. 2,000 feet, Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Lincoln N.—Rippingale, Sept. 1904! H. Preston. Cheshire—Garden, Broad road, Sale, May 1885! C. Oldham. Lancashire W.—Over Wyresdale, alt. 1,000 ft., April 1903 ! Rev. W. W. Mason. York N.E.—Runswick Bay, June 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York Mid W.—Summit of Oughtershaw Moor, Wharfedale, Aug. 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Durham—Croft, April 1887 ! and near High Force, June 1884! Baker Hudson. Westmorland—On the summit of Coniston Old Man, alt. 2,660 feet, July 1887, S. C. Cockerell. Grange-over-Sands, July 1904! W. J. Davey. Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Penrith, July 1904! H. Britten. Scafell Pikes, alt. 3,000 feet ! W. West, 176 ARION ATER. SCOTLAND, Roxburgh—Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh. Berwick— Fans near Earlston, Aug. 1883! R. Renton, Stirling—Near summit of Ben Lomond (Miss Donald, Cumberland List, 1882). Perth S.—Callender, April 1888! A. Somerville ; and summit of Ben Voirlich, alt. 3,224 feet, Sept. 1902! W. Evans. Banff—A berlour, Nov. 1892! L. Hinxman. Easterness—At an alt. of 2,800 feet on Ben Nevis (C. L. Wragge, Good Words, 1882, p. 382). Ebudes S.—Machrie, Islay, Aug. 1904! Miss Ethel Evans. J TRELAND. Down—Summit of Slieve-Donard, alt. 2,796 feet, Oct. 1897, R. Ll. Praeger and R. Welch ; also found above the Deer’s Meadow on Slieve Muck, on Slieve Bingian, and Slieve Bernagh, R. Welch. Louth—Carlineford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Meath—Drumcondra, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Kilkenny—Gardens, Kilkenny Castle, Sept. 1904! J. Carlton. Leitrim—Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Sligo—Common on mountain summit above West Glenear, and at Gleniff Cave, above 1,000 feet alt., July 1904, R. Welch. Mayo W.—Dugort, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Galway W.—Leenane Mountain, 1897, R. Welch. Limerick—Castleconnell, Sept. 1904! R. A. Phillips. Cork N.—Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Kerry—Common on roadsides at an alt. of 600 to 1,000 feet, near Moll’s Gap, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Spain—Avrion hispanicus is recorded for Mid Spain by Simroth. Portugal-—Avion hispanicus is recorded from Sierra Estrella by Simroth. Var. castanea Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6. Arion ater var. brunnea Roebuck, Proc. Roy. Irish. Acad., 1886, p. 673. Arion ater var. seminiger T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1889, p. 141. Arion ater sub-var. olivacea Taylor. ANIMAL almost uniformly brown, usually with a paler and brighter foot-fringe ; the pale varieties are the brunneo-pallescens of Roebuck and the fusca-lutescens of Cockerell. The sub-var. semi-nigra of Cockerell is intermediate between the type and var. brinnea, possessing a black body and very dark-brown shield. The sub-var. olivacea has the brown of the body tinged with a greenish hue. The var. o/ivacea of Lelmann, 1856, is considered by Simroth to be probably a young form of Arion ater but is more likely to be a variety of A. subfuscus. In Lreland, according to Dr. Scharff, the olivaceous varieties are entirely restricted to the west coast. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Northam, Noy. 1885! W. A. Gain. Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. W. Mason. Ilfracombe, Mch. 1887 (Tomlin, J. of C., Apl. 1887). Somerset S.—Bbridgwater, in allotment gardens, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Somerset N.—Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall. Wilts N.—Clytfe Pybard near Swindon, Aug. 1904! Rev. C. H. Goddard. Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt. Hants. S.—Portsdown Hill, May 1885! W. Jeffery. Hengistbury Head, March 1884 ! Charles Ashford. Sussex W.—Ratham, not uncommon, Oct. 1885! W Jeffery. Kent E.—Shepherdswell, Aug. 1896, L. E. Adams. Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, July 1883 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. Hist. Notes, Noy. 1883, p. 124). Sub-var. seninigra, Chislehurst (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, 1889, p. 141). Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Maidstone, Aug. 1888 ! F. G. Fenn. Surrey—Oxshott, May 1888 ! H. Wallis Kew. Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Warlingham, Sept. 1885 ! F. G. Fenn. Essex S.—Woodford, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Essex N.—Stour Valley, Langham, Sept. 1886! G. T. Rope. Ona bank by the railway station, Colchester, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. Herts.— Watford, June, 1884! J. Hopkinson. Totteridge, May 1888! H.W. Kew. Middlesex— Acton, Aug. 1884! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dee. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Bush Hill Park, April 1887! Charles Ashford. Highgate, June 1888! H. W. Kew. Near Hendon, May 1889 (J. W. Williams, Zool., 1889, p. 272). ARION ATER. 177 Berks.—Common about Maidenhead, June 1887, L. E. Adams. Sub-vavr. olivacea, Bradfield, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. Peake. Oxford—Wychwood Forest on Great Oolite (Whiteave’s Oxford List, 1857, p. 4). Kimmeridge clay-pits, at Shotover Hills, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce. Suffolk W.—The prevailing form about Stratford St. Mary, Sept. 1886! G. T. Rope. Norfolk E.—Common, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Alph- ington, Yelverton, and Rockland (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 392). Common in the Heigham Marshes (W. Kk. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742). Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889! J. Saunders. Northampton—Rockingham Park, Northampton, May 1896, L. E. Adams. Gloucester W.—Var. castanea and sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Symond’s Yat, July 1891! W. Whitwell. Monmouth—Banks of River Wye, Monmouth, July 1891 ! W. Whitwell. Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, June 1885! Rev. R. W. J. Smart. Worcester—Stourport, at Bishop’s Park and Hartlebury, July 1885 (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889). Warwick—Sutton Park, May 1871, W. Nelson. Stafford—Milford, June 1886! and a sub-var. with darker lateral bands, about Stafford, Aug. 1886! L. E. Adams. Barlaston Hall, July 1888! J. R. B. Masefield. Salop—Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson. Brecon—Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan. Carmarthen—Kidwelly, Dec. 1903 ! Rev. L. Davies. Llanelly, Sep. 1904! J. Nevill. Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler. St. David's, July, 1891! J. Bickerton Morgan. Amroth, Sept. 1894, L. E. Adams. Holloway’s Quarry, and Hoyle’s Mouth, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 321). Cardigan—Aberayron, June 1888! W. Whitwell. Montgomery—Leighton Bridge and Gungrog Dingle, Welshpool, Aug. 1889 ! Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Welshpool, Aug. 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan. Merioneth—Barmouth, moderately common, Aug. 1886, L. E. Adams. Carnarvon—Llangelynen, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Slopes of Snowdon, April 1887! J. Madison. Abersoch, June 1896 ! C. Oldham. Denbigh—Marshy field, Bodseallan, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Lincoln S.—Careby Wood, Aug. 1904! H. Preston. Lincoln N.—Common in Grisel-bottom, Burwell Wood, Sept. 1886 ! also on walls of cemetery, London road, Louth, June 1887! H. Wallis Kew. Abundant in Well Vale, Alford, Sept. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Cadney, Aug. 1902! and Tattershall, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Louth, and Grisel Bottom, Aug. 1886! H. Wallis Kew. Leicester—Old John Hill, Bradgate Park, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Sheepshed, Sept. 1884 ! C. T. Musson. Notts.—Cresswell Crags, April 1884 ! Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884 ! Newark, Oct. 1884! and Wollaton, Nov. 1884! C. T. Musson. Abundant in garden, Tuxford, July 1885!W. A. Gain. Corporation gardens, Nottingham, July 1888! G. W. Mellors. Derby—Pleasley Vale, April 1884!C.T. Musson. Marple, May 1885!C Oldham. Cheshire—Common at Sale and Northenden, June 1885! C. Oldham. Kingway near Bowdon, July 1885! J. G. Milne. Marple, May 1892! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Whalley, Sept. 1888 ! C. Oldham. York N.E.—Stream-side, Ramsdale Wood, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888 ! W. D. Roebuck. - Vicarage garden, Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890! Rev. J. Hawell. York S.W.—Common at Shipley Glen and Hawkesworth (Soppitt and Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Green Spring Wood, Barnsley, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Grimescar, Hndderstield, Oct. 1903 ! H. G. Brierley. A sub-var. with yellowish fringe, Heckmondwike, Oct. 1903! T. Castle. Aldborough, T. Petch. York Mid W.—Guy’s Cliffe Wood, Pateley, Sept. 1882 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Kirby Malzeard, Aug. 1885! W. E. Collinge. York N.W.—Grinton, Aug. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Durham—Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson. Isle of Man—Slopes of Snaefell, Sept. 1891 ! SCOTLAND Ayr—Cumnock (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, Journ. of Conch., April 1883). Lanark— Wishaw (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, Journ. of Conch., April 1883). Peebles—Leadburn, July 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Stirling—Bucklyvie, April 1896 ! W. Evans. Sutherland E.—Rock, south of the Mound, Brora, June 1885 ! W. Baillie. Hebrides—Castlebay, Isle of Barra, Sept. 1889 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Shetlands—Colla Firth, Yell Sound, Aug. 1886! Rev. R. W. J. Smart. 29/1/05. M 178 ARION ATER. IRELAND. Derry —Ballynagard, 1892! and Gortness, Sept. 1904 ! D. C. Campbell. Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rey. S. A. Brenan. Murloungh, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Colin Glen, with type, 1899, R. Welch. Ballycastle, Sept. 1904 ! Miss F. 5. O’Connor. Down— Newcastle, Oct. 1884! Rev. H. W. Lett. Armagh—Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. Monaghan—Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Drumreaske, Sept. 1904 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Tyrone—Altadawin, July 1886! Aughnacloy, July 1886! and Favour Royal, Aug. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! Robert Bell. Donegal—Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart. Bundoran, Aug. 1889! J. G. Milne. Templemore Park, Londonderry, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell. Mulroy Bay near Milford, R. Welch. Fermanagh—Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ' Dean of Clogher. Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! R. Welch. Louth—Piperstown, Novy. 1889! Miss Sidney Smith. Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904! and Narrow Water, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Meath—Drumeondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Howth, April 1887 ! and Leeson Park, Dublin, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Road-sides, Donnybrook, Aug. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Kildare—Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford. Wicklow—Not so common as the black and dark-grey forms, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Haniilton. Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford. Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart. King’s Co.—Birr, Sept. 1904! Miss Hemphill. Roscommon—Old Fort, Keadue, Sept. 1904! James M. Welch. Leitrim —l'ullaghan, Ang. 1889! R. F. Scharff. Mohill, July 1604! P. H. Grierson. Sligo—Collooney, Sept. 1885 ! and Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oet. 1886 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904! W. West. Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904 ! W. Comfort. Galway W.—The predominant variety at Killereran, B. J. Clarke (Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., Nov. 1840, p. 202). Aran Isles, Nov. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Gentian Hill, July 1895 (Rt. Standen, Trish Nat., 1895, p. 267). Galway E.-—Dernasliggan, April 1897, R. Welch. Var. castanea and sub-vars. brunneo-pallescens and olivacea, Clonbrock, Oct. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Clare —Doonass, Aug. 1904! and Cratloe, Sept. 1904 1 R.A. Phillips. Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. FB. Hibbert. Gardens, Dromoland Castle, Sept. L904! JS. Carter. Limerick —Castleconnell, July 1904! R.A. Phillips. Limerick, Sept. 1904, G. J. Fogerty. Tipperary N.—Var. castenea and sub-var. olivacea, shores of Lough Derg, ete., Sept. 1904! G. J. Foverty. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Maleolmson., Waterford-—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Cork N.—Mallow, Noy. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. (ueenstown, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Convamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne. Near Cork, Sept. 1904! C. Baker. Cork S.—Glengariff, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Kerry—Cloonee (Lrish Nat., 1895, p. 220). Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Trish Naturalist, Sept. 1898). Kilflynn, Sept. 1904!.J. Julian. Var. castanea and sub-var. olivacea, Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Sub-war. o/ivacea, Great Skellig (R. F. Scharff, Irish Naturalist, Jan. 1898). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—The brown variety is the prevalent one in Osnabruck, according to Boreherding. Plentiful, but small, about Berlin, according to Stein. France—Recorded from Montpellier in the Herault by Grateloup ; from the Vosges by Puton; from Cote @Or by Beandouin ; from Pas-de-Calais by Bouchard- Chanterenx ; from Grande-Chartreuse in the Istre, and from Aix-le-Bains in Savoy by Bourguignat; while Dumont and Mortillet describe it as most abundant in the basin of the Lake of Geneva and in Savoy generally. Switzerland—Commonest form about Berne (Studer, M. T. Ges. Berne. 1884). Foot of Mt. Pilatus, Aug. 1885! 5. Chadwick. ARION ATER. 179 ar. plumbea Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1884, p. 146. Arion ater var. cinerea Roebuck, Nat., Sept. 1888, p. 284. Arion ater var. cinerascens Cockerell, Science Gossip, Feb. 1893, p. 23 ANIMAL uniform lead colour, sides paler, fringe dull yellow. The sub-vars. cinerea and einerascens are strictly identical, and are described as uniformly dark cinereous in colour, a dull brewn foot- fringe with deep cinereous lineolation. The form may be regarded as including the pale plumbeous specimens discriminated by Mr, Roebuck under the name of plumbco- pallescens. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—A sub-var. banded with a darker shade, Trevedoek road, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Devon N.—Belstone, near a geal Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Ilfracombe, Aug. 1903 (Beeston & Wright, J. of Conch., July 1904), Somerset S. . —Bridew ater, Sept. 1$84! W. Vinson. Surrey—Dorking, Sept. 1886!C. Oldham. Sub-var. cinerea, with orange fringe, Bletchingley near Reigate, Aug. 1903! L. E. Adams. Middlesex— Muswell Hill road, Highgate, July 1888! and Churchyard B auey Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew. Sub-var. cinerascens, Bedford Park (T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1885, p. 224). Oxford—Churehyard, Combe, abundant, July 1904! Rev. S. 5. Pearce. Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889! J. Saunders. Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton. Sub-var. plimnbeo-pallescens, near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! J. Nevill. Pembroke—Tenby, Aug. 1884! J. Madison. Montgomery —Sub-var. cinerea, with yellow fringe, Welshpool, Aug. 1889 !> J. Biekerton Morgan. Carnarvon—Sub-var. cinerea, Llanrwst, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Leicester—Bradeate Park, Leicester, June 1887! H. E. Quilter. Notts. —Pleasley id April 1884! C. T. Musson. Sub-var. cinerea, Tuxford A. Gain, Brit. Nat., 1893). Derby— Markland Grip, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Near Ashbourne, Aug. 1889! Lionel E. Adams. York N.E.—Eegton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Farwath Bridge, Aug, 1886! and Skelton "Beck V alley, Saltburn, May 1887! W. Denison Roebnek. York S.W.—Shipley Glen (Soppitt and Carter, Naturalist, 1888, p. 97). York Mid W.—Road-side near Pool, Ane. 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Wrane- thorn Churchvard, Leeds, Sept. 1890! A. N. Skipwith. York N.W.—Anegram, Swaledale Head, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Durham—Durham, July 1884 ! Baker Hudson. Northumberland—Stockstield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven. Cumberlend—Brigham, Cockermouth, Sept. 1904! Mrs. Robinson, SCOTLAND Aberdeen N.—Haddo House, Nov. 1890! G. Muirhead. Sutherland E.—The Mound Rock above Loch Brora, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie. IRELAND. Derry—Creagh Meadows, Toome, June 1893, R: Praeger and R. Welch. Antrim—A sub-var. laterally banded with darker, a hitehall, Bronghshane, June 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Cave Hill, 1893, and Glenavy River, May 1900, R. Welch. Garden, Manse, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W.S. Smith. Ballyeastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss O’Connor. Down—Garden, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, Oct. 1904 ! A. W. Stelfox. Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904! RK. J. Anderson. Monaghan—Drumreaske, Sept. 1904! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Donegal—Mulroy Bay near Milford, R. Welch. Meath—Sub-var. cinerea, Duleek, Nov. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—A dark-grey form at Altidore, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1890, G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Sligo—Rare about Sligo, July 1904, A. Stelfox and R. Made Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, ees 1885! ue “de Vismes Kane. Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, ete., Sept. 1904! G. J tf overty. Cork S.—Sub-var. cinerea, with orange ene commonabout ¢ ‘ork, B larney, and Bantry, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adams. Kerry—Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Trish Nat., Sept. 1893). Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss Delap. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—A grey variety is recorded from the Valley of Tremorgan in Finistere by Bourguignat. 180 ARION ATER. Var. hiberna Mabille, Rey. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 134. Arion hibernus Mabille, op. cit. Arion empiricorum var, violescens Collinge, mss. ANIMAL of a beautiful rusty purple, paler at the sides; in alcohol the brilliant and velvety aspect is lost and the animal becomes of a purply-black. Edinburgh—A deep purple variety, Braidburn near Edinburgh, July 1888! W. Eagle Clarke. Fife and Kinross—Vavr. violescens, St. Andrews, W. E. Collinge. Dublin—An uniformly claret-coloured variety, amongst the fallen pine needles, which they much resemble, in the pine-woods at Howth and Killakee, in the Dublin Mountains, Sept. 1890, R. F. Scharff. France—Found in winter only in the Forests of Mendon and Bondy in the Department of the Seine ; it has also been reported from the Aisne, Oise, Seine et Marne, and Seine et Oise. Var. rufa L., Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., vol. 1., p. 652. Limax rufus L., op. cit. Limax rufus B nigrescens Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1798, i., p. 268. Limax coccineus Gistel, Naturg. d. Thierreichs, 1848, p. 168. Arion empiricorum jonstonti Kalenicz., Mosc. Bull., 1851, p. 113. Arion empiricorum lamarckit Kalenicz., op. cit., p. 113. Arion rufus a vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 18593, i1., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 1. Arion rufus Y ruber Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 21. Arion rufus € draparnaudi Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 23. Avion servainiana Mabille, Ann. Malac., 1870, p. 109. Arion rufus 4° rufula Baudon, Mém. Limaciens de I'Oise, 1871, p. 4. ANIMAL red or reddish, usually of a ferrugineous tint, with generally a paler and brighter fringe. The sub-vars. jonstonii, vulgaris, and servainiana are described as rufous and are synonymous with the typical ru/fi. The sub-var. rufula is pale rufous, and is in part the var. padlescens Moq.-Tand. The sub-vars. eoecinea, lamarckii, and rubra have all been described as bright vermilion or deep red, and are adopted in that sense. The sub-var. dpaparnaudi is deep red with a yellow foot-fringe. The sub-var. nigrescens Kaz. is of deep red-brown, with red foot-fringe. This variety is the prevalent form in the dry and warm regions of Central Europe, where it frequently attains a great size and a brilliant colour, far surpassing the comparatively small and dull-coloured examples of our own country. The var. rufa usually oceupies the plains and the lower mountain slopes, seldom ascending above an altitude of 3,000 feet, while the black variety is most common in the outlying countries, and also ascends to much higher elevations on the mountains. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Saint’s Bay, Guernsey (Tomlin & Marquand, J. of Conch., Jan, 1903, p. 287). Fermain Bay, Guernsey, and on Sark, July 1886, B. Tomlin. Devon S.—Culverhole, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Devon N.—Var. rufa-fasciata, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. W. Mason. Hants. S.—Frequent near Christchurch, 1886, C. Ashford. Hants. N.—Preston Candover, April 1884! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Kent E.—Snb-var. rubra, Shepherdswell, Aug. 1896 ! L. E. Adams. Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, July 1883 (Cockerell, N.H. Notes, 1883, p. 124). Middlesex —Sub-var. draparnaudi, Highgate, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Suffolk E.—Needham Market (A. Maytield, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295). Blaxhall, July 1885! G. 'T. Rope. Norfolk E.—A sub-var. with scarlet foot-fringe common at Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, 1894, T. Petch. Hereford—Not infrequent (Boycott and Bowell, Moll. Hereford, 1899). Stafford—Cheadle (Masefield, Staff. List, 1902). Sub-var. draparnaudi, near Hartington, April 1890! L. E. Adams. Salop—Minsterley, May 1887! L. E. Adams. Glamorgan —Llandaff, July 1885! F. W. Wotton. Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler. Carnarvon— Sub-var. rufula, Bettws-y-Coed, Aug. 1865, C. Ashford. Lincoln N.—Maltby Wood near Louth, Aug. 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Notts.-—Cleveland Hill, West Markham, April 1884! C. 'T. Musson. Stanton- on-the-Wolds, E. J. Lowe. Wood, Ossington (Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 224). Hunger Hill Gardens, Nottingham (Dodd, Notts. List, 1893, p. 71). ARION ATER. 181 Cheshire—Marple, Sept. 1888 ! Charles Oldham. Lancashire S,—Between Liverpool and Warrington, Sep. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Sub-var. rubra, Knowsley nr. Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 148). York N.E.—High Cliff, Guisborough (Baker Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886) Middlesbrough (id., Science Gossip, March 1885, p. 67). York S.W.—Wakefield district, frequent (G. Roberts, Hist. of Lofthouse, 1885, ii., p. 238). Nab Wood near Saltaire (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). York Mid W.—Washburndale, July 1885 ! W. D. Roebuck. Knaresborough (Fitzgerald, J. of C., Jan. 1889). Overton Wood, York (Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242) = SCOTLAND. Ayr--Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Cumnock (Rey. J. MeMurtrie, J. of C., Apr. 1883). Lanark —Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Wishaw (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, J. of C., Apr. 1883). Orkneys—Var. jonstonii, Castle Green, Sanday (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 43). IRELAND. Antrim—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., common all round the Antrim coast; Cave Hill Quarries, 1893 ; Murlough Bay, 1894; Brown’s Bay, 1899, R. Welch. Down—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Loughislandreavy, Oct. 1897; Union Locks, 1899, R. Welch. Donegal—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Ardara Woods, 1900, R. Welch. Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! James M. Welch. Meath—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Cairns on Lougherew Hills, July 1900, R. Welch. Dublin—Sub-var. rufula, Leeson Park, Dublin, Aug. 1894, R. F. Scharff. Galway W.—Sub-var. rufula, Aran Isles, R. F. Scharff. Tipperary S.—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. Malcolmson. Waterford—Sub-v. draparnaudi, Mountain rd., Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Kerry—Var. rufa, Valentia Island, May 1890, R. F. Scharff. Kilflynn, Sep. 1904! J. Julian. Var. rufa and sub-var. draparnaudi, Gt. Skellig, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. CONTINENTAL AND GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany— Distributed throughout the country, records having been noted for Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Cassel, East Prussia, Hanover, Holstein, Lanenberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Pomerania, Prussia, Reuss, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg. Belgium—Recorded from Antwerp, Hainault, Liége, Luxembourg, Namur, and ’ West Flanders. Sub-v. vulgaris, Vielsalm, 1867 (Colbeau, Bull. Mal. Soc. Belg., 1867). France—The var. fw is found throughout France, and has been recorded from the departments of the Ain, Aisne, Ariége, Aude, Basses Pyrénées, Charente Inferiéure, Céote-d’Or, Finistere, Gard, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Ille-et-Vilaine, Isére, Loire Inferiéure, Lot-et- Garonne, Manche, Maine-et-Loire, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Dome, Pyrénées-Orientales, Savoie, Seine Inferiéure, Seine et Marne, Vendée, Vienne, and the Isle of Corsica. The sub-var. rufula is found in the forest of Hez, Oise; the sub-var. rubra in the same department, growing to an enormous size at Noailles ; the sub-var. nigrescens Raz., is found at Aix-les-Bains, Savoy; the sub-var. servainiana in the great forests of the Aisne; the sub-var. draparnaudi is found in the Somme, while the sub-vars. draparnaudi, marginella, and rubra are all common in the Ain, the Rhone, the Seine, and Haute Loire. Switzerland—Plentiful in Neuchatel and Zurich, also at Bex and Vevey in Vaud. Sub-var. draparnaudi, Maderaner-Thal, Canton Uri, Mrs. Manville Fenn. Italy—In Lombardy, the var. rufa is recorded from gardens and cultivated land in Comasco and Bresciana, and as been found on Monte Codeno, at about 5,000 feet altitude. It has also been found near Menageio by Brockton Tomlin. In Piedmont it is recorded from the banks of the River Po. In Venetia from about Friuli. In Emilia from Reggio and Modena. In Tuscany from Pieve Fosciana near Lucca, and Bagni di Lucea, and is also recorded from Campania, at Naples, by Costa. According, however, to Pollonera, this species is not found naturally in Italy, but has been artificially transplanted into the Royal Park at Monza, and from thence to the banks of the Gravellone near Pavia in Lombaidy; other records are unreliable, probably due to erroneous identification. Spain—Noguera-Pallaresa, Catalonia (Fagot, Faun. Catal., 1884, p. 170). Sub- vars. vulgaris and draparnaudi, Galicia (Hidalgo, Hojas Malacolégicas, 1870). Norway—Sub-vars. vulgaris and rufa from Sverresborg, Bergen, and Christiania. Sweden—Nilsson says in shady woods; found near Gothenburg by Malm. Russia—The sub-var. jonstonii is recorded by Kaleniczenko for Wolezansk, Kupiansk, and Wulki in Kharkov; and sub-var. /amarckii from Achtyrka, Lebedin, and Zmiew in the same district, but according to Dr. Simroth, erroneously. 182 ARION ATER. Algeria—Arion rufus is recorded by Aucapitaine as rare on the trunks of old fig trees in spring, at Thagnemoun’th-ilvaddaden, also at Beni Raten, and on the road to Medeah. ‘The examples are more probably A. subfuscus or some allied species. Azores—The A. rufus recorded by Morelet is according to Simroth A. lusitanicus. Var. succinea Miiller, Verm. Hist., 1774, p. 7, no. 203. Limax succineus Muller, op. cit. Limax luteus Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1789, p. 269. Avion empiricorum var. flavescens Feér., Tabl., Syst., 1819, p. 18. Arion melanocephalus Fér., op. cit. Arion empiricorum schranckit Kalenicz., Bull. Mose., 1851, p. 114. Arion rufus § succineus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1895, ii., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 22. Arion rufus var. aurantia Baudon, Nouv. Cat. Moll. Oise, 1862. Avion rufus var. livida Colb., Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1865, p. 32. Arion ater var. palliescens Williams, Shell Collectors’ Handbook, 1888, p. 85. ANIMAL yellow or yellowish, foot-fringe usually orange or red. Miiller’s original description is “ rufo fuseus vel succini coloris,” bat the name is here restricted to the yellow forms. This variation is usually found only in young or half-grown individuals, but oceasionally this juvenile colouration persists to adult life. The sub-var. melanoeephala differs from the type by the head and tentacles being obseure or blackish. The sub-var. aurantia has the body of an orange colour. The sub-var. livida has the body of a livid yellow colour, tinged greenish-grey especially on the back, foot-fringe orange, sole yellowish-grey. The sub-var. palleseens Williams, is pale yellow and is the var. liteo-pallescens of Coekerell and in part the var. padlescens of Moquin-Tandon. ENGLAND AND -WALES. Cornwall W.—Reweean near St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Devon N.—Var. succinea and sub-var. livida, Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Daisy Mason. Somerset S.—Bridegwater, Sept. 1884 ! W. Vinson. Hants. S.—Charlton, July 1884! W. Jeffery. Sub-var. melanocephala, Bitterne, July 1884! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Hants. N.—Sub-var. /ufeo-pallescens, Preston Candover, Oct., 1886! Rey. H. P. Fitzgerald. Surrey—Sub-var. melanocephala, nr. Warlinghamn, July 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. Essex N.—Sub-var. /ivida, Manningtree, July 1904! Rev. Proctor Benwell. Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew. Berks.—Sub-var. melanocephala, Maidenhead, Lionel E. Adams. Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Hereford—Sub-var. livida, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. Blake. Salop—Sub-var. /ufeo-pallescens, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Glamorgan—Parkmill, Gower, 1901, H. Rowland Wakefield. Pembroke-——Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Cardigan—Garden, Aberayron, June 1888! Miss Maddy. Merioneth—Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, common in the county, Lionel E. Adams. Carnarvon—Bettws-y-Coed, Aug. 1865, C. Ashford. Sub-var. melanocephala, Conway Castle, June 1888! W. Whitwell. Lincoln N.—Haugham Wood near Louth, April 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Notts.—Meadows below Highfield House, Nottingham, E. J. Lowe, 1885. Sub- var. melanocephala, Cresswell Crags and Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Cheshire—Ringway near Bowdon, July 1885! J. G. Milne. Sub-var. Zuteo- pullescens, Romiley, Oct. 1886! C, Oldham. Lancashire S.—Sub-var. Juteo-pallescens, Whalley and Farington, June 1890 ! W. H. Heathcote. York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! and Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, also sub-var. duteo-pallescens, Wilton Wood, May 1887! W. Denison Roebuck. York Mid W.—Meanwood Wood, Leeds, Aug. 1882! W. Denison Roebuck. Sub-var. luteo-pallescens, Armley, April 1890! Lionel E. Adams. York N.W.—Satron and Angram, July 1884! also Storthwaite in Arkengarth- dale, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck. Durham—Sub-var. aurantia, Durham ! W. D. Roebuck, Nat., July 1889, p. 212. Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Aug. 1889! Rev. E. P. Knubley. Westmorland—Sub-var. melanocephala, Orrest Head, June 1902 ! C. Oldham. Cumberland—Sub-var. Jivida, Brigham, Cockermouth, Sep. 1904 ! Mrs. Robinson. Isle of Man—Port Erin and Ramsey, 1881, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. melanocephala, Douglas, Sep. 1902! F. Taylor. Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Peel, Aug. 1894, R. Cairns. ARION ATER. 183 SCOTLAND. Ayr—Skelmorlie, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Maybole! W. Evans. Peebles—Sub-var. /utco-pallescens, Riddenlees and Leadburn, July 1889 ! W. D. Roebuck. Berwick—Sub-var. /iteo-pallescens, Cowdenknowes, and Pease Dean near Cock- burnspath, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Stirling—Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Balmore, Sept. 1888 ! A. Shaw. Dumbarton —Garscadden, June 1889! A. Shaw. | ; IRELAND. Antrim—Cave Hill, Belfast, March 1884! 8. A. Stewart. Dunluce Castle, Dec. 1883, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Armagh—Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. Donegal—Sub-var. /uteo-pallescens, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart. Louth—Sub-var. divida, near Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Sub-vars. aurantia and luteo-pallescens, common by road-sides, Donny- brook, Aug. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Kildare—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wicklow—Sub-var. /ivida, with perceptible lateral banding, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. i Wexford—A yellowish fawn-coloured var. at Wexford, Sept. 1890! R. F. Schart?. Carlow—Fenach House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! D. R. Pack-Beresford. Mayo W.—Sub-var. auwrantia, with faint lateral bands, Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Clare—Sub-var. dimda, Woodpark, Seariff, Sept. 1904! N. EF. Hibbert. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Maleolmson. Cork N.—Youghal (Humphreys, Fauna and Flora of Cork, 1845, p. 2). Var. succined and sub-var. divida, near Cork, Sept. 1904! C. Baker. Kerry—Snub-var. luteo-pallescens, Wilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium —Sub-var. divida, Trooz near Liége. Sub-var. pallescens, Chaudfontaine and Stoumont (Colbean, op. cit.). France—This variety has been reported from the Cantal, Cote d’Or, Haute Loire, Maine-et-Loire, Morbihan, Oise, Puy-de-Dome, Rhone, Seine, Somme, and Vosges. Switzerland—A_ yellowish-fawn coloured variety, with red foot-fringe, common at Engelberg in Canton Unterwalden, and Sonnenberg in Canton Lucerne, July 1904! Spain—Galicia (Macho t. Hidalgo, Hojas Malacolégicas, 1870). Russia—Recorded by Kaleniczenko as var. schranekii for Achtyrka, Lebedin, and Zmiew, in the government of Kharkov, but according to Simroth in error. Var. alba L., Syst. Nat.; ed: xii., 1767, p. 1081, no. 2. > > d > 2 Limax albus margine luteo Miller, Esterr. om Swamp., 1763, p. 61. Limax albus L.., op. cit. Arion albus Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 64, pl. 2, f. 3. Arion albus var. sintplex Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 12. Avion albus var. marginatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Avion albus var. oculatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Arion albus var. elegans Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Arion ater var. cinereo-nebulosus Jensen, Indberetning, 1872. Arion ater var. albida Roebuck, J. of Conch., 1883, iv., p. 40. Lochea alba Malm, Skand. Land Snigl., 1878, p. 37, pl. 1, f. 2. Body white or whitish, with or without yellow foot-fringe, and perceptible pigmented lineolation. The sub-var. simplex is uniformly white or whitish. The sub-vars. marginata and albida are white or whitish with yellow foot- fringe, and are also in part the var. pallescens of Moquin-Tandon. The sub-var. elegans is white or whitish with orange head and foot-fringe. The sub-var. oeculata is white or whitish with black tentacles. The sub-var. einereo-nebulosa is whitish dorsally, with obscure cinereous spots on the sides of the body and sole, foot-fringe yellow. It forms an interesting connecting link with the var. bocaget through the var. glauca. This variety, according to Leach, is chiefly found in chalky districts, while Dumont and Mortillet believe it to be due to living in very shady forests. The variation is usually pathological, being really due to a deficiency of secretory power, but is sometimes found in young specimens in which that function is as yet unde- veloped, and is a condition liable to occur wherever the species is found ; but the real cause of the deficiency is still obscure, though Gredler states that the preval- ence of the albine form is often an indication that the species has reached the limit of its horizontal or vertical distribution. 184 ARION ATER. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Ilfracombe, Aug. 1903 (Beeston and Wright, J. of C., July 1904, p. 73). Dorset—Sub-var. marginata, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Kent W.—Sub-var. marginata, Dartford, J. E. Gray (Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 49). North Downs near Harrietsham, June 1897 ! Henry Lamb. Herts.—Sub-var. marginata, Rickmansworth, Sept. 1895! J. T. Carrington. Gardens, Watford, J. Hopkinson, Trans. Herts. N.H. Soe., 1884, p. 27. Berks.—Sub-var. oculata, Maidenhead, June 1880, L. E. Adams. Northampton—Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw. Gloucester E.—Sub-var. marginata, Dowdeswell wood, Cheltenham, June 1885! E. D. Marquand. Monmouth—Sub-var. ocu/ata, Chepstow, Aug. 1886! J. Madison. Hereford—Cream coloured specimens used to be common on the canal-side near Holmer (Boycott and Bowell, Hereford List, 1899). Warwick—Sub-var. marginata, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton. Stafford—Sub-var. marginata, Trentham, Allen Howe (Masetield’s Staffordshire List, 1902). Salop—Sub-var. albida, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. Denbigh—Sub-var. marginata, Llangwystenin, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Lancashire S.—Sub-var. marginata, Whalley, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. York Mid W.—Sub-var. marginata, Hawkesworth wood, Horsforth, June 1892! Horton-in-Ribblesdale, 1892 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Type of sub-var. albida, Ambleside, June 1882! Rev. J. MeMurtrie. Sub-var. oculata, Grange, July 1904! W. J. Davey. Ulverston, Aug. 1903! 8. Lister Petty. Isle of Man—Sub-var, marginata, Onchan, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor; and Port Erin, 1902, H. Overton. SCOTLAND. Lanark—Sub-var. marginata, Uddingston, June 1889! A. Shaw. Selkirk—Sub-var. e/eyans, Thornielee station-yard, Aug. 1886! W. D. Roebuck. Kincardine—North Esk near Morphie, May 1891! W. Dunean. ; IRELAND. Derry—Common about Coleraine, 1883, L. E. Adams. Down—Sub-var. marginata, Loughbrickland, June 1886! Rev. H. W. Lett. Louth—Sub-var. ocu/ata, Carlingford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson. ; Dublin—Sub-var. marginata, Rathmines, April 1887! R. F. Scharff. Meath—Sub-vars. simplex and marginata, Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. Maleolmson. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—The var. a/ba has been recorded from Baden, Lausitz, Nassau, Prussia, Saxony, and Silesia. The sub-var. stmplex from Silesia and Hesse Cassel. Belgium-—Var. al/ba enumerated by Colbeau for Belgium. Holland—Cited for North Holland by von Martens. France—The var. a/ba is distributed through East and West France, the Alps, and Pyrénées, and has been recorded for Hautes-Pyrénées, the Alps of Dauphiny, Finistére, Lille in the Nord, the mountain-forest of Faucigny in Savoy, and Pas-de- Calais. Sub-vars. oculata, elegans, simplex, and marginata are enumerated as French by Moquin-Tandon. Switzerland— Recorded by Charpentier as moderately rare at Sollalex and the Finshants in the Valais. Norway—Not so common as the black variety ; it has, however, been recorded from the Isle of Haaéen in the Gulf of Christiania ; also from Modum, Tonsberg, Laurvik, Asker, Skien, Bergen, and as far north as Trémsdalen in Arctic Norway, and in Iceland. The sub-var. cinereo-nebulosa, Naes (Westerlund, Syn. Moll. Extram. Skand., 1897, p. 39). Sweden—The var. alba is recorded from Blekinge, Bohusland, Christianstad, and Fréllinge in Halland ; Géteberg, Nerike, Westergétland, Westmanland, and the neighbourhood of Stockholm ; sub-vars. marginata and simplex at Fréllinge in Halland ; and sub-var. oculata at Esperéd, in Seania, all rarely. Denmark—Environs of Harbourg, Friedrichsdal, and Copenhagen in Zealand, also in Jutland, and the Isle of Bornholm. Russia—Var. a/ba, frequent in shady woods in Tchernigov ; sub-vars. marginata and simplex, at Achtyrka; and sub-var. oculata, at Bogoduchow in Kharkov, all recorded by Kaleniczenko, but according to Dr. Simroth incorrectly. ARION ATER. 185 VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. bocagei Simroth, Zool. Anz., 1888, no. 272. Arion rufus var. glauca Colbeau, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1867, p. 46. ANIMAL uniformly white, except the foot-sole, which is black. The young are of a lively red, the head somewhat lilac, and the foot pale, later the dorsum becomes whitish, changing to blackish-brown towards the sole, which is fairly dark ; as they reach the adolescent stage the back becomes whiter, the white- ness extending towards the sole, which becomes darker, a phase figured by Simroth (Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor. Faun., 1891, pl. 13, f. 1); it is only when fully adult that the animal assumes the almost uniformly white body and black foot-sole. The sub-var. glauea is greenish-white, with greyish sides, foot-sole blackish-grey, head, neck, and tentacles purplish-black, and though verified by Colbeau as a young stage of rufa is almost identical with the immature stage of the true bocagei. Under the name of bocage?, various forms have been recorded as British which have little or no relation with that variety. Belgium—Sub-var. glauca, Forest of Soigne, and a few other places. Portugal—Var. bocagei, Las Caldas do Gerez in Minho (Simroth, op. ecit., 1891). Var. albolateralis Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., 1883, p. 39. Arion empiricorum var. medius Jensen, Indberetning, 1872. ANIMAL black, sides quite white, the two colours being sharply defined ; foot pale, with orange fringe. Sub-var. media has a black dorsum and white sides, with an intermediate pale- brown area, which extends over the front and sides of the shield, and is tentatively placed here, though Prof. Cockerell regards it as probably a variety of A. subfuscus. This var. a/bolateralis is restricted to the north and west of the British Isles. Simroth, however, speaks of a black and white variety from Bremen. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—A sub-var. with grey foot-fringe at Penzance, Sept. 1885! E. D. Marquand. Falmouth, aspecimen in British Museum, T, D. A. Cockerell, Sept. 1884. Cornwall E.—Abundant on Queen’s Hill, St. Columb, June 1885! Wim. Vinson. St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Devon S.—Topsham, Ang. 1892, L. E. Adams. Wilts. S.—Salisbury, Aue. 1904! A. D. R. Bacchus. Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Abbotsbury, May 1889! W. Whitwell. Old British Camp, Charminster, Aug. 1889! T. F. Burrows. Maiden Castle, T. F. Brown (Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 5). Sussex W.—Ningleton, not very characteristic, July 1884! W. Jeffery. Kent E.—A colony at Kingsdown, Sept. 1891! L. E. Adams. Gloucester E.—Leckhampton, June 1885! J. Madison. Monmouth-—Shirenewton, July 1890! E. J. Lowe. Stafford—Staftord, 1886! L. E. Adams. Salop—Minsterley, May 1887! L. E. Adams. Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson. Cardigan—Aberystwyth, May 1888 ! E. Collier. Montgomery—Timber-yard, Welshpool, June 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan. Merioneth—Nant-y-Mor, June 1901! W. Denison Roebuck. Bont ddu near Dolgelly, and slopes of Cader Idris, July 1886! F. G. Fenn. Carnarvon—Bettws-y-Coed. Aug. 1865, C. Ashford. Dinas station! and abun- dant at Trefriw, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Anglesea—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne. York S.W.—Hedon, April 1904, and Danes Dyke, T. Petch. Northumberland—River side, West Woodburn, Sept. 1886! R. Howse. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Hill Fell, May 1885! W. West. Coniston, April 1887! 8. C. Cockerell. Greenodd near Ulverston, Sept. 1904! 'S. Lister Petty. Isle of Man—bBradda Head, 1880, L. E. Adams. Kirk Braddan and Onehan, Aug. 1885 (J. Moore, Sci. Goss., April 1886, p. 94). Port Erin, 1902, H. Overton. SCOTLAND. Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1884! W. Baillie. 186 ARION ATER. IRELAND. Antrim— Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Island Magee, June 1903, R. Patten. Meath—Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Galway W.— Aran Isles, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). CON TINENT. AL DISTRIBUTION. Norway—Sub-var. media, Bergen (Miss Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886). Var. bicolor Roebuck, not of Moq.-l'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1854, p. 11. Arion ater var. elincolatus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259. Arion ater var. scharffi Cockerell, Journ. of Mal., 1893, p. 208. ANIMAL deep brown, with sides of body yellowish or orange. The sub-var. seharffi differs in the back being black instead of deep brown, sides yellow, and according to Prof. Cockerell his var. e/ineo/ata is almost identical. The Arion rufus var. bicolor of Moquin-Tandon, judging by figs. 6, 7, on plate 1 of Férussae’s work, which he cites as representing his form, is not this species, but Arion subfuscus. Mr. Roebuck first correctly used the name bico/or in connection with the present species. Like the var. a/bolateralis, this variety would seem in this country to be strictly western in its distribution, while Dr. Scharff has expressed the opinion that, according to his experience in Ireland, it is a strictly littoral form in that country, and states that Simroth has found similar specimens on the shores of the Baltic Sea. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—On heath, near Bodmin (Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 49). Scilly Isles, Aug. 1896! Rev. E. D. Roberts. Phillack near ‘Hayle, Oct. 1884! 8. Hockin. Trevidock road, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Sub-var. e/ineolata, Truro, J. H. James (Cockerell, Science Gossip, l.¢.). Cornwall E.—Garden- bank, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Devon S.—Topsham, Ang. 1892! Lionel E. Adams. Devon N.—Clovelly 1898 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 17). Lynton, 1898, F. J. Partridge (J. of Mal., 1898, p. 19). Dorset—I3 ridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Gloucester E.—Between Chalford and Sapperton, Sept. 1884! E. J. Elliott. Cheltenham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Gloucester W.—The usual form in the valley between Chalford and Sapperton, Sept. 1884! also found at Brimscombe, May 1884! E. J. Elliott. Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, May 1889! E. J. Lowe. Stafford—In dingle near Stafford, Oct. 1885! L. E. Adams. Lincoln N.—Louth, amongst 7Tussilago farfara, 1885, H. Wallis Kew. Notts. —Embankment, Colwick station, Sept. 1884!C. T. Musson. East Mark- ham (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 224). Denbigh— Lower slopes of Cader Idris, July 1886 (Fenn, J. of Conch., July 1887). Lancashire S.— Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). Isle of Man—Castletown and Peel, Aug. 1894! R. Cairns. Douglas, April 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., 1904, p. 90). Ramsay, Aug. 1894! F. Taylor. IRELAND. Antrim—Broughshane, 1886 ! Rey. 8S. A. Brenan. Kenbane Port, 1901, R. Welch. Meath—Navan, July 1888, R. F. Scharff. Common, Ardbracean Graveyard, July 1900, R. Welch. Dublin— Near Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Howth, June 1890! W. I de Vismes Kane. Garden, Rathmines, A. G. More (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p- 40). Var. scharfi, common at Raheny (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 208). Waterford—Several in a small bog, Ballygunner, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Blenheim, Sept. 1889! Miss Glascott. Galway W.-—Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sep. 1895). Cork S.—Glengariff, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Baal (Phillips, Moll. Cork, 1894). Kerry—Kenmar e, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Kenmare Woods near Hotel, 1898, R. Standen and R. Welch. C loonee Lakes, 1898, E. Collier and R. Standen. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—Shores of Baltic Sea (Simroth t. Scharff). Var. reticulata Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1885. Arion ater var. subreticulatus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259. ANIMAL with rugie dull yellow or dull white, with grey interstices, giving a heantifully reticulated appearance to the whole body ; the shield is uniformly grey, foot-fringe pale or dull tawny-orange with the usual black lineolation. The sub-var. subreticulatus of Cockerell is less distinctly reticulated. ARION ATER. 187 ENGLAND. Cornwall W.--Sub-y. subreticulata, Truro, J. H. James (Cockerell, Se. Goss. aie ). IRELAND. Antrim—Murlough, May 1897, Lionel E. Adams. Louth—Carlineford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—A sub-var. with deep black interstices, a blackish mid-dorsal line, and blackish shield, with indications of darker median and lateral-lines, was found at Howth, May 1892, R. F. Scharff. Cork N. Sovran: Noy. 1884! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Var. fasciata Van den Broeck, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1869, p. 87. Arion rufus var fasciatus Van den Broeck, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1869, p. 87. Arion ater var. subdeletus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Aug. 1886, p. 187. Arion ater var. fasciata Cockerell, Science Gossip, Feb. 1889, p. 44. ANIMAL with a black or blackish lateral band on each side of the body and shield. The sub-var, subdeleta is greenish or yellowish-grey, lateral banding brownish and very indistinct, head and tentacles blue-black. This variation, which is an illustration of colour development, arrested at the banded juvenile stage, is liable to occur in all the various ground colourings, but is more frequently met with in [Ireland and other countries towards the limits of the distributional area of the species, than at or near the more active evolutionary centre, where the more uniform typical colouration of the body is more consistently and generally acquired. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—Snub-var. plunbeo-fasciata, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Kent E.—One specimen, sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Dover, Ap. 1899, L. E. Adams. Norfolk E.—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Stafford—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, near Stafford, Aug. 1886 ! L. E. Adams. Pembroke—Sub-v. brunneo-fasciata, North Cliff, Tenby, Feb. 1898! A. G. Stubbs. Derby—One specimen, sub-v. brunneo-fasciata, Norbury, June 1897, L. E. Adams. York S.W.—One specimen, sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Penistone, L. E. Adams. IRELAND. Derry—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciatau, Magilligan, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne. Antrim—Sub-var. plumbeo-fasciata, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Monaghan—Sub-vars. brunneo-fasciata and nigrescens-fasciata, Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Meath—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Drumeondra and Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Pee the-Grange, April 1886 ! and Glen Druid, near Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Wicklow—Sub-var. livida-fasciata, ney Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Leitrim—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox ; and Molill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Mayo W.—Sub-var. aurantia-fasciata, Enniscoe Demesne, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Tipperary N.—Sub-var. brwnneo-fusciata, shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904 ! G. J. Fogerty. Cork S.—Sub-var. rufo-fasciata, common at Glengariff, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adanis. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—Var. rufo-fasciata, Bel-Oeil, Hainault and Fond de Forét near Liége. rf + as a in € LO Var. marginella Schranck, Fauna Boica, 1803, p. 252, no. 3158. Limax marginellus Schranck, op. cit. Arion empiricorum swammerdaniui Kalenicz., Bull. Mosc., 1851, t. xxiv., pt. ii., p. 113. Arion empiricorum razoumowsksiz Kalenicz., op. cit. Arion rufus marginatus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., p. 11, pl. i, f. 24. Arion rufus N nigrescens Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Arion ater var griseo-marginata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6. ANIMAL with black body and shield, foot-fringe yellow or vermilion red. The Limax marginellus Schranck, Arion empiricorum swamimerdamii Kal., and Arion rufus var, marginata Mogq., all conform to the varietal description. The sub-vars. nigrescens Moquin-Tandon and razoumowskii Kal. appear identical, the body being blackish in colour, and the foot-fringe yellowish or reddish. The sub-var. griseo-marginata has the foot-fringe greyish, 188 ARION ATER. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey (Tomlin and Marquand, J. of Conch., Jan. 19038, p. 287). Cornwall W.—Trevidock road, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Cornwall E.—Sub-var. nigrescens, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Devon S.—Prince’s Town, Dartmoor, July 1884!C. J. Waterfall. Devon N.—Var. marginel/a and sub-var. nigrescens, Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Sub-var. nigrescens, Glenthorne, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell. Somerset S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Bridgwater, Sept. 1884! W. Vinson. Wilts. N.—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Swindon (‘T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., July 1886, p. 83). Dorset—-Chideock, Bridport, Ang. 1885! A. Belt. Kent W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, St. Mary Cray, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Herts.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Totteridge, May 1888 ! H. W. Kew. Middlesex—Sub var. nigrescens, Acton, Aug. 1884! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Monmouth—Sub-var. nigrescens, Talywain, July 1904! John Manners. Stafford—Sub-var. nigrescens, Rowley Park, Stafford, May 1884! E. H. Wynne. Common abont Stafford, June 1886!L. E. Adams. Ramsor, Feb. 1890! T. Ff. Burrows. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Llanforda and St. Oswald’s Well, near Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson. Glamorgan—Sub-var. nigrescens, banks of River Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton. Llandaff, ete. (id., J. of Coneh., April 1886, p. 53). Carmarthen— Near Llanelly,; Oct. 1904! H. Rowland Wakefield. Cardigan—Sub-var. nigrescens, Aberayron, June 1888 ! W. Whitwell. Montgomery—Sub-var. nigrescens, Llanwddyn, May 1889! J. B. Morgan. Merioneth—Sub-v. nigrescens, Barmouth, alt. 2,000 ft., Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Carnarvon—Sub-var. nigrescens, Snowdon, April 1887 ! J. Madison. Lincoln N.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Louth, Oct. 1886! H. W. Kew. Cadney and Ancholme Bank, Aug. 1902! Rey. E. A. Woodrutte- Peacock. Leicester—Oadby near Leicester, Sept. 1884! C. 'T. Musson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Market Harborough, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Notts.—Pleasley Vale ! Worksop ! and Cleveland Hill, West Markham, April 1884! also sub-var. nigrescens, Colwick, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Garden at Tuxford, April 1885 ! W. A. Gain. Derby— Markland Grip, April 1884! C.T. Musson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Darley Dale, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote. Lancashire S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Farington, June 1890! W. H. Heatlicote. York N.E.—Slater’s Nurseries, Malton, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Common about Guisborough, Marton, Thornaby, Upleatham, Middlesbrough, ete. (Baker Hudson, J. of Coneh., April 1886, p. 48). Sub-var. nigrescens, Pickering Castle Hill, Aug. 1886 ! and Saltburn Cliffs, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuek. York Mid W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Bradley Hill, Kildwick, April 1884 ! and Canal bank, near Armley, Oct. 1884! W. Denison Roebuek. York N.W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Ivelet Bridge, July 1884! and about Gunner- side, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. —Sleightholmedale, Aug. 1903 ! R. Gibbs. Durham—Durham, Apl. 1885 ! High Force, June 1884 ! and Spa Wood, May 1887! B. Hudson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Langdon Beck, July 1884 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Isle of Man—Douglas, Sept. 1892! F. Taylor. SCOTLAND. Roxburgh—Sub-var. griseo-marginata, Langlee, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh. Berwick—Sub-var. nigrescens, Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Sub-var. nigrescens, Braidburn, July 1888! W. E. Clarke. Forfar—Den of Airlie ! C. B. Plowright. Aberdeen S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Drum Woods, Deeside, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright ; and near Botanie Gardens, Old Aberdeen, Sept. 1904! G. Sim. Dumbarton—Sub-var. nigrescens, Garseadden, June 1889 ! A. Shaw. Clyde Isles—Sub-var. nigrescens, Loch Greenan, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roe- buck ; and at Rothesay, Isle of Bute ! T. Scott. Cantire—Sub-var. nigrescens, Tarbert, April 1886! T. Scott. Ebudes S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov. 1890! W. Evans. Sutherland E.—Loch Brora, June 1884! and the Blue Rock, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie. Shetlands—Sub-var. nigrescens, Moss Bank, Sept. 1904! T. Bowie. PALM DOV: ATION, A FER (Ns. 1. Avion ater var. atra, p. 175. 2. Arvo Barmouth, J. Hopkinson. Amblesia A. ater subvar. rubra, p. 180. 4. A. ater var. plumbea, fp. 179. Be 1. ater var. succinea, p. 18 Shepherdswell, L. E. Adamnts. St. Austell, C. P. Richards. Near Bowden, J. G. Milne. 6. Arion ater var. albolatera Greenodd near Ulverston, S. ar. brunneo- Tenby, A. 8. Arion ater North {xton ater var. castanea, p. 176. Stratford St. Mary, G. T. Rope. g. Arion ater var. Brimscombe, FE. J]. W. & E. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds. ARION ATER. 189 IRELAND. Antrim—Sub-var. nigrescens, Colin Glen near Belfast, June 1884! 8. A. Stewart. Down—Sub-var. nigrescens, Slieve Donard, alt. 1,500 feet, Sept. 1884 ! and New- castle, Oct. 1884! Rev. H. W. Lett. Monaghan— Common in fields about Cremorne, Aug. 1805, Mr. Templeton (Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 10). Sub-var. nigrescens, Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Tyrone—Sub-var. nigrescens, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904! Robert Bell. Fermanagh—Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Dean of Clogher. Dublin—Road-sides around Donnybrook, August 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Sub-var. nigrescens. Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Howth, Apl. 1887! R. F. Scharff. Cabragh Old Road, Dublin, Apl. 1886! J. R. Redding. Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Carlow—-Sub-var. nigrescens, gardens, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford. Westmeath—Sub-var. nigrescens, Knockdrin Demesne, Apl. 1892! R. F. Scharff. Roscommon—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton, Leitrim—Sub-var. nigrescens, Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox. Mayo W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Annagh, and Dugort, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne. Galway W.—Aran Isles, Nov. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Clare—Snub-var. nigre SCENS, Doonass, Aug. 1904! R. A. Phillips. Limerick—Sub-var. nigrescens, ¢ ‘astleconnell, Sept. 1904! R. A. Phillips. Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, etc., Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Waterford—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Raywell near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Cork N.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson ; and Con- vamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—Sub-var. marginata, fields about Vielsalm, June 1867 (Colbeau, Bull. Mal. Soe. Belg., 1867). France—Var. marginella, in the Oise, Maine-et-Loire, and the Vosges, also about Vannes in Morbihan, and Chirac in Lozére. Sub-var. griseo- marginata, in the wood of Mont-Saxonnet, Sav oy, at an altitude of 3,300 feet. Germany—Var. marginella, Spreewaldes, Brandenburg; Neuburg, Bavaria; and in Alsace. Austro-Hungary—Var. marginella, North Bohemia (Slavik, Moll. Bohm., 1869). Portugal—Sub-var. nigrescens, recorded by Morelet for the neishbourhood of Monchique, Tras-os-Montes. Norway—Sub-var. marginata, Bergen, Laurvig, and Hardanger. Denmark—Var. marginata, rare in gardens, Frederiksdal (Westerlund, 1897). Russia—Sub-var. swammerdamii is recorded by Kaleniezenko as found about Sumy in Kharkov, but the record is said by Simroth to be erroneous. Var. maculata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 5 Arion (Limax) rufus var. maculatus Dum. & Mort., op. cit. ANIMAL with shield maculated with black. France—Savoy (Dum. & Mort., op. cit.). Monst. sinistrorsum ‘Taylor. ANIMAL with respiratory and other orifices on the left side of the body. France—A single specimen of the var. rufa found in the wood at Mérard, depart- ment of the Oise (Baudon, Journ. de Conch., 1884, p. 196). Geographical Distribution.—Arion ater, as probably one of the latest evolved species of the genus, has not yet obtained the wide dispersal that characterizes some of the simpler forms by which it was preceded. On the continent, the aggregate form is well distributed throughout Central Europe, but apparently blending or intergrading near the outskirts of its range with Arion subfuscus, with which species it “has been fr equently confused ‘by various writers. 190 ARION ATER. Generally speaking, its distribution has been stated by the late Prof, Von Martens to range with that of the oak, about the isotherm of 42° Fahrenheit, but it is probable that this statement now needs revision, the range of this species apparently extending beyond what was previously known, while it has also been recorded as ascending the Pyrennean Moun- tains to a height of more than 6,000 feet. In Norway, the red variety only reaches as far as the fiftieth parallel, but the black variety has been noted to extend to 68° north lat., while the var. alba is recorded from 'Trémsdalen, 69° 50’, its occurrence supporting Gredler’s view that albinism is often an indication that the species has reached the limit of its geographic or vertical range. It is known to occur in Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Austro- Hungary, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, North Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the British Isles. It has also been recorded for Russia, from the Ukraine, Finland, the Baltie provinces, and elsewhere, by Kaleniezenko, Nadjeschin, Kawall, and other writers, but, according to Simroth, in every case erroneously. Geographical Distribution of Arion ater (L.). MMMM Recorded Distribution. | Probable Range. Fic. 206. BRITISH ISLES. In the British Isles this species is universally distributed, being found in all the one hundred and forty-nine comital and vice-comital districts into which the country has been divided, and has even been collected by Mr. W. E. Clarke on the Flannan Isles, the most westerly of the Outer Hebridean islets. ‘This comprehensive survey of specimens has emphasized the dull, dark forms as the characteristic colouring in these islands: the brighter coloured varieties being more plentiful in the southern counties, and during warm dry summers, while the greater prevalence of the fasciate or juvenile colouring in Ireland shows the more primitive character of the fauna and its greater remoteness from the theatre of the most evolutionary activity. ARION ATER. 191 The hypsometrical distribution is interesting, and shows a marked degree of correlation between the wholly jet-black variety aterrima and a lofty abode, as this variety is exclusively found, or is the most prevalent form, on the summit of Coniston Old Man, Seca Fell, and other elevated localities in England, while in Scotland it has been collected on Ben Voirlich at 3,224 feet, on Ben Nevis at 2,800 feet, and close to the very summit of Ben Tuaniond In Ireland, the same form has been met with in the Mourne Mountains, at an altitude of 2,796 feet on Sheve Donard, and at 2,500 feet on Sheve Bingian. It has also been found on certain elevated stations in Donegal and Kerry. All the records tend to show the sensitiveness of the dermal pigmentation and its responsiveness to external influences. GERMANY. Arion ater has heen recorded from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Cassel, East Prussia, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Lauenberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Oldenburg, Osnabruck, Pomerania, Prussia, Reuss, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Waldeck-Pyrmont, Westphalia, and Wurtembure. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Reported in many varieties from the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, Hainault, Liége, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders. Holland—Cited in both its chief forms for Holland by Maitland. FRANCE. Arion ater is probably dispersed throughout France, and has been recorded for Corsica and the departments Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Aube, Ande, Basses Pyrénées, Cantal, Calvados. Charente Inférieure, Cote (Or, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hante Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Ille-et-Vilaine, Isere, Loire Inférieure, Lot-et-Garonne, Lozere, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de- Dome, Pyrénées-Orientales, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inférieure, Seine-et- Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Somme, Vendée, and Vienne. ITALY. The var. rufa, though recorded from Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia, Tuscany, and Campania, is, according to Pollonera, not found naturally in Italy, and in Lombardy only by acclimatization, the remaining records being based on errors of identification. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Recorded for Galicia at Lemburg by Jachno and on the Tatra by Nowicki; from Gorz by Erjavec; from various localities in Austria by Fitzinger ; Slavik and others report it as oceurring, thoueh not plentifully, throughout North Bohemia; while von Mollendorft records it from Maglaj, in the Bosnathal, Bosnia. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Avion ater has been recorded from Aragon, Asturias, Catalonia, Castile, Galicia, Huesca, and Navarre, all in the north of Spain. Portugal—Reported by Simroth from Oporto, Caldas do Gerez in Minho, and Coimbra in Beira; and from Cintra, and Serra da Arrabida in Estramadura by Nobre. As A. sulcatus it is recorded by Morelet from the northern provinces, and as being especially common about Oporto. SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Comimon about Christiania, Christiansand, Bergen, and Trondhjem, extending to West Finmark, to Gréno in Nordland, and to Tromsdalen at 69° 50’ in Tromso. Sweden—Restricted to the southern extremity, but extending as far north as Westmanland, 60° north lat. ; common at Ronneby, in Blekinge ; somewhat rare at If6. in Seania, and present on the isles of Gotland and Oel: und. Denmark—Common in Denmark (Westerlund, Syn. Moll. Scand., 1897, p. 39). Recorded by Von Martens for South Iceland, and by Collinge for the Faroes. 192 ARION ATER. SWITZERLAND. Recorded or known to exist in the cantons of Berne, Grisons, Lucerne, Neuchatel, St. Gall, Solothurn, Schwytz, Ticino, Unterwalden, Uri, Vaud, and Zurich. RUSSTA. A. ater has been recorded from Finland by Heynemann; Courland by Kawall and Braun; Livland by Kawall; Esthland by Eichwald ; Moscow by Nadjeschin ; and as tolerably common in the woods of Tchernigov, Kharkov, and Poltava, by Kaleniezenko, who also gives precise localities for many of the varieties figured or described by Férussac, but Dr. Simroth, after an exhaustive investigation, totally denies the existence of A. afer in Russia, but it is very probable that it does really exist in the most western of the Baltic provinces. Siberia—Gerstfeldt erroneously records A. ater from Wilni, Irkutsch. NORTH AFRICA, ASIA MINOR, Ete. Algeria—Recorded as Arion rufus by Aucapitaine, but probably more correctly referable to Avion lusitanicus or other form of the subfuscus group. ATLANTIC ISLES. Reported from the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Isles, but Dr. Simroth says the species occurring there are A. /usitanicus and its allies. NEARCTIC REGION. United States—Grateloup, in 1855, records Arion empiricormm as found in the Western States, but this is not confirmed by more recent authors. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Recorded for Dunedin by Hutton, and by Musson as found crawling about after rain over the roads around Auckland, Fic. 207.—Typical habitat of Axon ater var. aterrima, at an altitude of 2,500 feet on the higher south-western slopes of Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mountains, Co. Down, Ireland (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). . Pirate XIX. Distribution of Avion ater (L.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devon 8. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8. 5 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts 8. 9 Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Hants § 12 Hants N. 13 Sussex W. 14 Sussex E. THAMES 15 Kent E. 16 Kent W. 17 Surrey 18 Essex S. 19 Essex N. 20 Herts. 21 Middlesex 22 Berks. 93 Oxford 24 Bucks. ANGLIA 25 Suffolk E. 26 Suffolk W. 97 Norfolk E. 28 Norfolk W. 99 Cambridge 30 Bedford 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton SEVERN 33 Gloucester E, 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester. 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Brecon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 46 Cardigan NORTH WALES 47 Montgomery 48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 51 Flint 52 Anglesey RENT 53 Lincoln 8. 54 Lincoln N. 55 Leic. & Rutid. 56 Notts. 57 Derby MERSEY 58 Cheshire 59 Lancashire 8. 60 Lan’shire Mid HUMBER 61 S.E York 62 N.E. York 63 S.W. York 64 Mid W, York 65 N.W. York TYNE 66 Durham 67 Northumb. S- 68 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland and L, Lanes, 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man wall ¢ SCOTLAND. Ww. LOWLANDS 72 Dumfries 73 Kirkeudbright 74 Wigtown Ayr 76 Renfrew 77 Lanark E. LOWLANDS 78 Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 81 Berwick 82 Haddington 83 Edinburgh 84 Linlithgow E, HIGHLANDS 85 Fife & Kinross 86 Stirling 87 Pth. S. & Clkn. 88 Mid Perth 89 Perth N. 90 Forfar 91 Kineardine 92 Aberdeen 8. IRELAND. ULSTER 113 Derry 114 Antrim 115 Down 116 Armagh 117 Monaghan 118 Tyrone 119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan FE. HIGHTANDS | 93 Aberdeen N. | 94 Banff | 95 Elgin 96 Easterness W. HIGHLANDS S7 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton 100 Clyde Isles 101 Cantire 102 Ebudes 8. 103 Ebudes Mid 1c4 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. | 106 Ross E. | 107 Sutherland EB, 108 SutherlandW 109 Caithness NORTH ISLES 110 Hebrides 111 Orkneys 112 Shetlands LEINSTER 122 Louth 123 Meath 124 Dublin | 125 Kildare | 126 Wicklow 127 Wexford 128 Carlow 129 Kilkenny | 130 Queen’s Co. | 131 King’s Co. { 132 Westmeath | 133 Longford CONNAUGHT | 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim | 136 Sligo | 137 Mayo BE, | 138 Mayo W. | 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick j43 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary 8. 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. | 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 193 Arion subfuscus ey 1805 Limasx subfuscus freberaue Hist. Moll., p. 125, pl. 9, f. 8. 1822 — fasciatus, vars. e, §, and 7 Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecine, p. 4. 1819 Arion Suscatus Férussac, Hist. Moll., p. 65, pl. 2, f. 1836 — _ suceineus Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, p. 14. 18388 — _ subflavus Johnston, List Pulm. Moll. 3erwick and North Durham. 1842 — fuscus Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iv., p. 170. 1851 — kryniekii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Moscow, p. 114, pl. 4, f. 1852 — cinctus Dum. et Mort., Malae. Savoie, p. 7. 1856 — _ olivaceus Schmidt, V erh. Nat. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., p. 58. 1861 — brunneus Lehmann, Mal. BI. , p. 166. 1866 — mabillianus Bourguignat, Moll. litig. ete., Denlitos pl. 90 fealeas 1868 — rubiginosus Baudon in Drouet, Moll. Cote a’ Or; a 26. 1870 — gaudefroyi Mabille, Hist. Moll. Bass. Parisy ps 12: 1871 — _ eitrinus Westerlund, Exposé Crit., p. 14. 1884 — pollonere Pini, Nov. Mal., p. 42. 1885 — stabiler Ey CBee: Elencho Moll. Terr. ee 5 ue 28. 1887 — bavayi Pollonera, Spec. nuove ecc., p. 12, f. 1890 — flavus Pollonera, Neamgks Réeg. paneancl . ‘i "15 De 1893. — flagellus Collinge, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 252, pl. ‘ 1897 — rufus W esterlund, Syn. Moll. Extram. Seand., p- 40. 1870 Prolepis fuscus Maln, Skand. Land-Sniglar, p. 43, pl. 2, f. 3. ISTORY.—Arion subfuscus (subfuscus, brownish), was first clearly described and figured by Draparnaud, in 1805, although there seems reasons to believe that the Limax fuscus and L. cinctus of Miiller belong to the same species. In this country, A. subfuscus was long confounded with A. ater, or regarded as a variety or immature form of that species, Herr D. F. Heynemann being the first to publish it as British, in 1885, although prior to that date Mr. Roebuck, with the assistance of the late Mr. Ashford, had identified it as a native of this country. Moquin-T'andon, also, did not clearly distinguish this species from his Arion rufus, as may be seen on examining his figure of the reproductive organs ascribed to that species (Hist. Moll. France, pl. 1 f. 12). The shape and character of the free ” oviduct and the pot of fixation of the retractor are undeniably those of MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MoLLUsca. OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 7 To SUBSCRIBERS and others desirous of expediting. . the completion of the Monograph ng EHRs dine i in its leh eihitices S it is ies desirable maak the Mandible and Odontophore: of all the various native Gastropods should be figured in the work; the author would be grateful for adult living Spats ‘of almost any of the species for, that purpose. . It is, further desired to obtain. the ion of ‘Porthaite: or Js ‘Autographs of any of the eminent Conchologists or Palsontologists. Amongst’ others, it is especially desirable to obtain. Portraits and Autographs of Colonel Montagu, Captain’ Brown, the Rev. Revett Sheppard, Prof. Macgillivray, Dr, Leach, Prof. Rapubereet, Mr. eee Wood, Mr. F. Edwards, ete., etc. Subscribers who are also’ shoboutat tines or artists can assist in. « adding largely to the interest of the. work by. contributing views. of the favourite or typical resorts of various species or of any of the many well-known or classical localities, Any ~ help calculated to enhance’ the interest or render the : “Monograph more complete will be gratefully annie and fully acknowledged by the author— JNO, W. TAYLOR, Nortu GRanar, HoksForTH, Bukws. ARION HORTENSIS. Dens, Tyrone—Omacgh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Baronseourt, Sept. 1904! R. Bell. Donegal—Bundoran, Aug. 1889! J. G. Milne. Ardara, April 1900 ; and Mevagh Rosguill, Oct. 1903, R. Welch. 'Templemore Park, Sept. 1904 ! D. ©. Campbell. — Var. subfusca, Carrablagh, Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart. Fermanagh—Killyhevelin, Sept. 1899, R. Welch. Brookeborough, Sept. 1904 ! Sir Douglas Brooke. Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Dean of Clogher. Type and var. rufescens, Castlecoole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry. Cavan—Mullagh, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. LEINSTER. Louth—Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904 ; Narrow Water, Dec. 1904 ! also type and a pale form of the var. grisea, Beaulieu, Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Meath—Navan, July 1900, R. Welch. Drumcondra, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Damp gardens in Monkstown (W. W. Walpole, Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Banks of river Dodder, Rathmines, April 1887 ! R. F. Scharff. Common in gardens, Rathgar, Sept. 1903 ; and almost every- where in Bushy Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903 (Welch and Stelfox, Ivish Nat., June 1904). Type and var. subfusca, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Oct. 1890; garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, Sept. 1890; and Kilruddery Demesne, Sept. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—Lyns, Aug. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. P. Beresford. Wicklow—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff; Woodenbridge, March 1893 (id., Irish Nat., April 1893). Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington. Wexford—Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff. Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. Gardens, Kilkenny Castle, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carlton. Gardens, Bessborongh, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough. Queen’s Co.—-By no means scarce at La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 198). Stradbally, Sept. 1904 ! A. G. Stuart. King’s Co.—Clonmacnois, July 1895, the var. nigra being the prevalent form (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). Birr, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Hemphill. The Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. R. McKenna. Westmeath— Rosemount, Moate, Sep. 1904! Mrs. Nugent. Inockdrin Demesne, April 1892, R. F. Scharff. CONNAUGHT. Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton. Rockingham Gardens, Boyle, Sept. 1904 ! E. Clarke. Lougheglynn, Oct. 1904 ! Hugh Kennedy. Leitrim—A pallid form of the var. grisea, Mohill, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Sligo--Sparingly about Lough Gill, July 1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Type and var. swbfusca, garden, Moyview, Ballina, April 1889 ! Miss Warren. Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904 ! W. West. Mayo W.—Achill Island; also in gardens at the Colony and at the Signal Tower, Aug. 1886, J. G. Milne. The Demesne, Westport, Sept. 1904 ! J. O'Callaghan. Galway E.—Abundant in gardens round Tuam (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 341). Type and var. rufescens, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Galway W.—Not uncommon on Gentian Hill, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). Various places about Leenane, Apr. 1897, R. Welch. Type and var. subfusca, Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904 ! W. Comfort. Type and var. subfusca, Roundstone and Aran Island, Sept. 1891, R. F. Scharff. ; MUNSTER. Clare—Woodpark, Seariff, Sept. 1904 ! N. F. Hibbert. Dromoland Castle Gar- dens, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carter. Limerick—Limerick, Sep. 1904! G. Fogerty. Adare Manor, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles. Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Tipperary S.—Ballingarry, June 1903, P. H. Grierson. Very common about Rock of Cashel, and also at Holycross Abbey, May 1898, R. Welch. Type and var. Jasciata, Clonmel, Dee. 1885, Rev. A. H. Delap. Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Garden, Bellevue House, Waterford, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Power. Aldavton, Kilmanock, Sept. 1888 ! collected by Miss Glascott, G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Cork N.—Common, Blarney Castle, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Convamore near Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. MeMillan. Tivoli near Cork, Sept. 1904 ! C. Baker. Queenstown, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Cork S.—Cork, south of river Lee, July 1904! R. Welch. Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Skibbereen, Sept. 1904 ! J. J. Wolfe. Old ruin near Glengariff, May 1893, R. F. Scharff. Kerry—Valentia Island, July 1886 ! Rev. A. H. Delap. Common over all the Kenmare and Upper Killarmey districts, May 1898 ; also not uncommon in Mueksna Wood, July 1898, R. Welch. Cahirciveen, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap. 28/7/05 p 226 ARION HORTENSIS. GERMANY. Distributed almost throughout the country, living especially in gardens in Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Franconia, Hesse, Holstein, Nassau, Olden- burg, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Reuss, Saxony, Schleswig, and Thuringia. ‘The record by Kleeburg for Elbing, East Prussia, would seem to really refer to A. eireumscriptus, NETHERLANDS. Belgium —Recorded under various names as found in the provinces of Brabant, East Flanders, Hainault, Liéee, Luxembure, and Namur. Holland—Reported from the Hague in South Holland, and Sluys-Kill in Zealand. FRANCE. Recorded as inhabiting Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Basses Pyréneés, Cote @Or, Champagne Meridionale, Finistere, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Savoie, Hautes Pyrénecs, Herault, Isere, [le-et-Vilaine, Lozere, Loire Inferieure, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbihan, Moselle, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Pyréneés Orientales, Puy-de-Dome, Rhone, Sarthe, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inferieure, Seine-et-Marne, Somme, Vendée, Vienne, and Vosges. SWITZERLAND. Reported from gardens, ete., in the cantons of Berne, Grisons, and Vaud. ITALY. Cited by Lessona, Pollonera, and others, from the Alps of Lombardy and Pied- mont, from Western Liguria, Emilia, Venetia, Tuscany, Rome, and Calabria, but the southern records are probably very doubtful. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. teported from Austria, Galicia, Hungary, and Moravia. The Transylvanian record by bielz more probably refers to A. cirewmscriptus. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—feported as found in Catalonia, Galicia, Valencia, and Aragon. Portugal—Morelet cites this species on the authority of Dr. Hidalgo, but Férus- sac’s f. 3, pl. 8a, cited by Hidalgo as representing his species, is 4. circumscriptus. BALKAN PENINSULA. Servia—Recorded by Méllendorff from Serpentinberge, Central Servia. SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Common in the Christiania, Christiansand, and Hamar districts in South Norway ; it has also been recorded from Trondenaes on Hindd, in the Amt of Troms6, and from Bjorn in Nordland. Sweden—According to Lindstrém it is found on the Isle of Gothland, and Malm records it from Gothenburg, Christianstad, Lund, Orebro, Ronneby, as well as Carlsberes Park, and other places around Stockholm. Denmark— According to Malm it is common in Kougens Have, Copenhagen, and about Viborg in Jutland. RUSSIA. Recorded from Kharkov, Moscow, and Courland by Kaleniczenko and others, but erroneously, as it has not yet penetrated so far east; it has, however, been found on the Aland Isles, and the record by Slosarski of its occurrence at Olkusz in Poland, may possibly really refer to this species and not to A. cirewmscriptus. Siberia—Recorded as generally distributed in Amurland, and also as inhabiting Mikonulina on the Jenissei, but probably erroneously. NORTH AFRICA. Morocco—Morelet records an Arion “resembling our A. hortensis” from Cape Spartel (Journ. de Coneh., 1880, p. 15). Algeria—A doubtful specimen from Algiers (Collinge, Pr. Mal. Soc., 1898, p. 337). NEARCTIC REGION. Loeally plentiful in Massachusetts at Boston and New Bedford ; found also at Poughkeepsie and New York in New York State ; at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, and in greenhouses at Seattle, Washington Territory. ETHIOPIAN REGION. South Africa—Collinge has recorded A. fuscus O. F. Miiller, and may intend to indicate this species, or possibly A. subfuscus. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Erroneously recorded by Mr. Musson as plentiful at Auckland, crawling about after rain; the species occurring there proves to be A. intermedius. 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Piate XXI. Distribution of Avion hortensis Fer. In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 4 Cornwall W. Cornwall E. Devon §. Devon N. Somerset §. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N. Wilts 8. Dorset Isle of Wight Hants 8. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex E. THAMES Kent BE. Kent W. Surrey Essex 8. Essex N. Herts. Middlesex Berks. Oxford Bucks. ANGLIA Suffolk E. Suffolk W. Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge 3edford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN Gloucester E. Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop Probable Range. SS SS Recorded Distribution. ee Distribution verified by the Authors. 70 71 of the British Isles. SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon ° Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Plerioneth Jarnaryon uw Denbigh <3 Flint Anglesey TRENT Lincoln §. Lincoln N. Leie. & Rutld. Notts. Derby MERSEY Cheshire A Laneashire 8. Lan’shire Mid HUMBER 8.E. York N.E. York S.W. York Mid W, York © N.W. York TYNE Like} 6 Durham é Northumb. 8. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and L. Lanes. Cumberland Isle of Man Fossil Distribution. ag CG] 113 SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. Kirkcudbright 94 Banff Wigtown 95 Elgin AVY 66 Easterness § Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle Peebles 99 Dumbarton Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles toxburgh 101 Cantire Berwick 102 Ebudes §. Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. Fife & hinross 106 Ross E. Stirling 107 Sutherland E£. Pth.8.&Clkn. 108 SutherlandW Mid Perth 109 Caithness Perth N. NORTH ISLES Forfar 110 Hebrides Kineardine 111 Orkneys Aberdeen §. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER Derry 122 Louth Antrim 123 Meath Down 124 Dublin Armagh 125 Kildare Monaghan 126 Wicklow 8 Tyrone 127 Wexford 9 Donegal 128 Carlow Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co 132 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo EF. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N 144 Tipperary 8. 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry = 7% a - 7 : is cy : Pie pg ee by - _ oe Pal al oy ar re 1 sie 7 1 7 ~~ | Wd a 10's v m oe MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. i ys =I Arion circumscriptus Johnston. 1819 Arion hortensis var. a and 8 Férussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 2, f. 6, and pl. SA, ff. 2-4. 1828 — circumscriptus Johnston, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., v., p. 76. 1837 — marginatus Kickx, Bull. Acad. Roy. Soc. Bruxelles, iv., p. 139. 1852 . — leucopheus Normand, Descr. Six Limac. Nouvy., p. 6. 1864 — hortensis var. grisea Bourguignat, Malac. Gr. Chartr., pl. 1, f. 9-11. 1868 — bourgwignati Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., xx., p. 138. 1868 — neustriacus Mabille, op. cit. ; 1885 — (Carinella) bourguignati Pollonera, Moll. Terr. Piemonte, p. 28. 1887 — _ celticus Pollonera, Spee. Nuov. Arion Europei, p. 19, ff 11, 22, 33, 37. 1887 — _ nilssoni Pollonera, op. cit., p. 19, ff. 33-34. 1889 — ambiguus Pollonera, Nuove Contr. Arion Enropei, p. 15, ff 16-19. 1890 — subcarinatus Pollonera, Recensem. Arionidie Paléarect., p. 27. 1822 Limax fasciatus Y Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Sveciae, p. 4. 1868 Prolepis hortensis Malm, Limae. Seand., ple2etao: 1881 Geomalacus bourguignati Locard, Moll. Ain, p. 11. ISTORY. — Arion circumscriptus (circum, around; scriptum, marked) in allusion to the distinct lateral black zone almost encircling the body, is here associated with the late Dr. G. Johnston, of Berwick, the author of the excellent work, an ‘ Introduction to Conchology,’ who first differentiated and named the species. It is also probably the Arzon hortensis vars. « and Pb of Férussac and the Limux fasciatus var. y of Nilsson, and is said by Pollonera to be the same as Geomalacus bayani Jousseaume and Arion dupuyanus of Bourgmgnat, but the latter species is described as possess- ing a strong keel and yellowish foot, characters which are somewhat against this allocation. The sub-genus Curinella has been instituted by Mabille for the reception of the present species and closely-allied forms, a grouping based upon the pos- session of a dorsal keel during the earlier ‘ stages of growth, but which may occasion- ally persist to adult life. Diagnosis.—Arion circumscriptus is larger, broader, and far paler in colour than A. hortensis, the species with which it has been so long con- founded. The distinctly white foot of the present species is also one of its most striking characteristics. INTERNALLY, it is distinctly separated from its ally, Avvon hortensis, by its very elongate and narrow ATRIUM, pointed SPERMATIIECA, slender and rather uniform EPIPHALLUS, and shorter FREE OVIDUCT. Original Description. — Arion circumscriptus. Body greyish-black, spotted, with a black fascia round the shield and body, the respiratory aperture anterior, | Body, 1 or 14 inch long, not keeled, nor much narrowed at the tail ; greyish- black, marbled, with a narrow fascia surrounding the back and shield ; sides bluish- erey ; foot white, opaque; tentacula rather short, biack ; respiratory aperture 2258 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS, placed very forward on the shield, which is entire ; mucus pore very distinct, above the tail; the young are white or straw coloured, with blackish head and tentacula. Habitat : Moist meadows, hedgebanks, ete., common. We have found it very uniform and constant in its character, though it may possibly be the Avion ater in an immature state. —G. JOHNSTON, Edinb. New Phil. Journal, 1828, vol. v., p. 76. Description.—ANIMAL of the Arion shape, but stouter especially when contracted and with aimueh softer skin than its close ally, Avion hortensis ; about thirty mill. in length when adult and fully extended ; of a pale creamy-grey colour, darker grey dorsally, but shading to whitish towards the fringe; a black and sharply- defined lateral band extends the whole length of the body on each side, beneath which is sometimes an indistinct orange band, formed by pigment cells breaking throueh the skin; there is a slight mid-dorsal KEEL when young, which, however, eradually disappears during growth, but its place is almost invariably indicated by a line of pale mid-dorsal TUBERCLES, which contribute to form a pair of dorsal or inner bands ; SHIELD granulose and bluntly rounded at both ends, bearing a dis- connected continuation of the longitudinal body banding ; BODY TUBERCLES rather long and slender ; SOLE opaque, waxy white, and indistinctly tripartite, the median portion slightly darker and more transparent than the side areas, and occupying more than one-third of the width of the body ; FOOT-FRINGE broad and white or pale-grey in colour, usually without perceptible lineolations, but sometimes the lineoles are clearly pigmented, especially at the caudal end of the body. The SHELL is, as is usual in the genus, represented by a layer of limey-paste, but is sometimes found in the form of one or more solid lime particles of variable size. INTERNALLY, the SUPRA-CESOPHAGEAL GANGLIA are very conspicuous, and united by a slender com- pager missure, which, unlike Arion ater, is not opaque-white or enlarged medially as in that species. The body cavity is whitish and therefore does not display so Y) strikingly the exquisite lace-like network of milk- =o white arteries and arterioles, a whiteness due to the dense investment by lime particles of their outer \ sheaths, and which renders them so conspicuous in the IGE Dao Nerve rcentrestan dark form of A. afer; the AORTA is large and white, Arion circumscriptus (greatly and runs 4 to 5 mill. before its bifureation, the white enlarged). Christchurch, investment commences abruptly, as no part of the Hants: 5» Mr. C. Ashford). VENTRICLE is white; the OTOCONIA are very numerous, oval in shape, with a central speck, and comparatively broader in proportion than those of A. hortensis. The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS resemble those of Arion hortensis. The broad and flat TENTACULAR muscles have their roots four “to five mill. apart to the right and left of the kidney, but are not quite symmetrical, \) either as to position of roots or width of muscle. The branch to the lower tentacle arises at about half the total leneth. The PHARYNGEAL retractor ; © distinet, and usually dividing about half-way into two slender branches, which are fixed to the buccal bulb ; the root arises about three mill. behind the kidney, : about a millimetre to the right of the median line, and Fic, 233.—Cephalic retractors though sometimes broad the muscle is on the whole ai vacant ie 7 much narrower than the tentacular retractors. C. Ashford). er The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS display an oval or roundish OVOTESTIS, with rela- tively large follicles, very dark in colour, especially in the interstices, the whole being completely imbedded in the LiveR; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is rather long and slender, but scarcely sinuous ; ALBUMEN GLAND very large and broad, of a dirty semi-transparent yellow; OVISPERMATODUCT thick and very stiffly flexed ; OVIDUCT yellowish and very broad ; SPERM DUCT or prostate composed in the upper part of small, longish, and somewhat separated follicles ; FREE OVIDUCT short, and of uniform width; EPIPHALLUS stiff, and not very slender, gradually enlarging downwards, but without the bulbous base of A. hortensis, and shewing the internal folds through its substance as white longitudinal lines ; VAS DEFERENS rather long ; SPERMATHECA inversely spatulate, the stem short and thickening downwards ; ATRIUM very long, somewhat constricted and uniform in width, with «1 conspicuous yellow glandular investment, ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 229 The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM has the usual triodromons intestinal coiling, but the tracts are shorter, and therefore do not so palpably shew the great spiral torsion to which the viscera have been subjected ; the G:SOPHAGUS is about three mill. in length, and fused to the PHARYNX; the CROP is dirty-brown, about nine mill. long, and two mill. in diameter, closely wrinkled transversely, with the white salivary glands attached to each side; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is light brownish- ochre, and forms the hindmost point, but a lobe reaches far forward. ass Fig. 234. Fic. 235. Fic. 236. Fic. 237. Alimentary canal and Reproductive organs of Avion circumscriptus Johnst. and Arion ambiguus Pollonera. Fic. 234.—Alimentary canal of A. circumscriptus Johnst. x 3. (Christchurch, Mr. C. Ashford). Fic. 235.— Reproductive organs of A. circumscriptus Johnst. x 3. (Christchurch, Mr. C. Ashford). Fic. 236.—Proximal end of Reproductive organs of A. azzbiguus x 4. Bardonecchia, Piedmont (after Pollonera). Fic. 237.—Proximal end of Reproductive organs of A. ambiguus var. armoricana x 4, Brest, France (after Pollonera). a.g. albumen gland ; ef. epiphallus ; of. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; s.d. sperm duct ; sf. spermatheca with retractor ; v.d. vas deferens ; v.f. vestibular gland. The MANDIBLE or jaw is rather more than a mill. broad, and much resembles that of A. hortensis in general aspect, but in the particular example was thicker in substance, and of deep brown colour. It is of the usual crescentic shape, and strongly arcuate from front to back, with about ten vertical ribs or thickenings, which strongly ; : denticulate the upper margin, and are more evenly 4 Fic. 238.— Mandible or ewae! = > : c. Avion circumscriptus X 20. distributed over the whole anterior surface of the (Stroud, Mr. E. J. Elliott). jaw than in A. hortensis; the lower half of the jaw ; is much more deeply coloured than the top, which is of an amber colour, with the darker ribs very apparent thereon. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about three mill. long, and about one mill. in width, and composed of about 125 slightly-curved transverse rows of denticles, each row formed by a distinetly tricuspid median tooth, the strong and well- developed mesocone with lateral expansions ; the lateral teeth are about seventeen in number, obscurely tricuspid, showing a powerful mesocone with lateral expan- sions, an enlarged ectocone, and a more than correspondingly reduced endocone, without cutting-point ; the marginals are bicuspid, bearing a strong mesocone and a distinet and pointed ectocone, while the few extreme marginals are quite embry- onic in character. 34. YR TY A) AAA (8h pe Fic. 239.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 4. circumscriptus * 180, The animal collected at Stroud by Mr. E. J. Elliott, and the palate prepared by Mr. Neville. The dental formula of a Stroud specimen collected by Mr. E. J. Elliott is TH+ a5 t+Et+h54779 +7 x 125 =8,620. 230 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. Reproduction and Development.—The congress of this species has been observed by Mr. E. J. Lowe, who remarks that the act is, as in Arion hortensis, very transient, scarcely oceupying more than forty to forty-five seconds, but the spermatophore has not as yet been noticed or described. The eggs are deposited in moist sheltered positions, in clusters of twelve to fifteen, adherent by a sticky mucus, and have been observed from June up to November; they are oval, but somewhat variable both in shape and size, usually of a semitransparent white when first deposited, but gradually becoming opalescent or pearly. The young are said to be usu- ally of a delicate grey, and to show the lateral banding from birth, as well as a distinct dorsal keel, the latter, however, is usually gradually lost during growth, its position being represented by a line of whitish mid- dorsal tubercles at maturity, a state which would seem to be attained about June and July. Food and Habits.—This species is much less slimy than Arion hortenis, and unlike that species, is essentially a frequenter of grass fields or uncultivated ground, and not common in gardens. Like its ally, it however is a truly geophilous and nocturnal species, and in feeding only ascends a short distance up a plant, though capable of spinning mucous threads both in its young and adult state. According to Baudon, it is rather common on decaying tree-trunks, under fallen leaves, and in the stem and cap of large mushrooms of which and other fungi A. circumscriptus is particularly fond. It isa very sluggish and slow species, bunching wp and spreading out its margins when at rest, and remaining inert as though torpid. It fixes itself to wood or stone, and according to Mr. Sherriff ye, when humped-up in such places, looks like a grey pebble, and does not seek to escape from the place where it is fixed. According to Baudon, it often excavates little galleries in the earth under old trunks, in which many individuals may congregate, and which serve for retreats when the temperature is too hot or too cold. Mabille describes it as a winter species in France, but in this country the winters are more severe and it is rarely met with at that season. In captivity, Dr. Scharff found them to eat pieces of apple or rhubarb stalk, while in the garden they seemed to prefer to feed on the fallen and partially-decayed flowers of the pea, instead of attacking the living parts of the plant, like A. agrest’s. Mr. Gain found this species to thrive and breed freely in confinement, but of 193 different kinds of food offered, only thirty-three were taken freely, while ninety were totally rejected. Variation.—This species, being one of our more primitive and ancient forms, does not display that wealth of variation shown by the more recently evolved species, and although many varieties and even species have been set up, based chiefly upon the differing shades of dermal colour- ing, yet these are all clearly referable to two chief lines of variation ; one, which is chiefly found on cultivated land and gardens, is distinguished by the yellowish or brownish shade of its colouring, due to the development during growth of a number of reddish tegumentary pigment cells ; the other partakes of the grey tint of the typical form, but is liable to darken with age, and also displays more distinctly a certain concentration of the yellow pigment in the form of a supra-pedal longitudinal zone, and is a form more especially characteristic of the open country. ‘he shght dorsal keel, invariably present in the immature individuals, but which is usually gradually obliterated during growth, may, however, ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 23 at times persist to adult life, and this juvenile peculiarity in adults is not restricted to any particular form, but is probably more common amongst the individuals living near the outskirts of the geographical range of the species. The Arion celticus and A. nilssoni of Pollonera would appear to be passage forms, linking the present species with Arion hortensis, possessing the yellowish foot and coioured slime of the latter, but with the internal organization in practical accord with that of A. circumscriptus, and should, therefore, be viewed as extreme forms of the latter species. It should, how- ever, be noted that the external characters of A. ce/ticus cannot be very well-marked, as specimens sent by Pollonera to Dr. Simroth as that species were found to be anatomically quite identical with A. hortensis. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. leucophea Normand, Descr. Lim., 1852, p. 5. Arion leucopheus Normand, op. cit. Arion hortensis var. grisea Bourguignat, Mal. Grande Chartr., 1864, p. 30, pl. 1, f. 10. Arion anibiguus and var. armoricana Poll., Atti. Acc. Sc. Torino, 1889, p. 15, ff. 16-19. Arion subcarinatus Pollonera, Elenco Moll. Terr. Piem., 1885, p. 19. Arion celticus Pollonera, Sp. nuov. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 19, ff. 11, 22, 33, 37. Arion circumscriptus var. atripunctatus Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 34. Arion circumscriptus var. subalbida Cockerell, Brit. Nat., 1891, p. 101. Arion fasciatus var. griseus Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 79. ANIMAL of a grey colour, with darker lateral banding ; foot-fringe with indis- tinct lineolations. This variety which, with its more closely related forms, really represents the typical form, is sometimes found in an apparently dwarfed condition, possibly not fully grown, and in this state has been distinguished by Dr. Bandon as var. minor. The var. leueophea s.str., as defined by Van den Broeck, is ashy-grey, tinged with lilac, lateral bands dark. : The sub-var. ambigua is ashy-grey, fuscons dorsally, foot and foot-fringe whitish, with a tinge of yellowish, and faint lineoles. The sub-var. armorieana has the sides pale ash colour, with back and shield maculated deep grey. The sub-var. atripunetata has the shield punctate with black. The sub-var. grisea is light silver-grey, with darker lateral banding. The sub-var. subalbida is grey laterally, opaque-white below and darker dors- ally, with dark lateral banding ; sole and foot-fringe creamy-white. The sub-var. eceltica is darkly olivaceous above, sides pale grey with dark variegations and lateral banding, foot and foot-fringe yellowish, faintly lineolate. ENGLAND. Dorset—Sub-var. ambigua (T. D. A. Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 33). Sub- var. subalbida, Bailey Gate (id., op. cit., p. 35). Sub-var. armoricana, Sturminster Marshall (id., l.c.). Sub-var. grisea, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt. Hants. S.—Sub-var. celtica, Southampton, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, Conch., 1892, ii., p. 77). Kent W.—Sub-var. ce/tica, Doddington, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, 1.c.). Hereford—Sub-var. grisea, Bishopswood Vicarage garden, June 1885! Rey. R. W. J. Smart. Notts.—Sub-var. ce/tica, near Newark, W. A. Gain. Lancashire S.—Sub-var. grisea, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). York S.W.—Sub-var. atripunctata, Lofthouse, May 1887, G. Roberts (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). IRELAND. Meath—An uniformly grey variety, New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Dublin—Killakee, Oct. 1890; and garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, R. F. Scharff. Galway W.—Roundstone, March 1891, R. F. Scharf. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Var. lewcophea is found around Valenciennes in the department of the Nord, and at Troyes in the Aube (Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 15). Sub- vars. celtica and armoricana, about Brest, the former being erroneously said to replace Arion hortensis in that district. Sub-var. grisea, Grande Chartreuse, [sére. Italy—Sub-var. ambigua, Bardonecehia and Boves, Piedmont. Sub-var. sib- carinata, Rosazza, Piedmont. 232 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. Var. neustriaeca Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Apl. 1868, p. 138. Avion neustriacus Mabille, op. cit. Arion hortensis (3 alpicola Férussac, Tabl., 1821, p. 18, pl. 8a, f. 3. Arion circumscriptus var. flavescens Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 27. Avion nilssoni Pollonera, Sp. nuoy. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 19, ff. 31, 34. Prolepis hortensis Malm, Limac. Scand., 1868, pl. 2, f. 5. ANIMAL reddish-grey, lateral fascia blackish, dorsal keel sometimes persistent to adult life ; foot-fringe without distinct lineolation. This is the var. subfusca of Roebuck and the var. flavescens of Collinge, who describes the form as not uncommon. It is probably the var. a/picola of Férussac. The Arion nilssoni of Pollonera, is described as possessing a yellowish foot-fringe and as exuding a yellowish mucus. The sub-var. flaveseens is light brownish-yellow, with dark lateral band, and no perceptible lineoles, the yellow supra-pedal zone distinct. The sub-var. nilssoni is yellowish-grey with cinereous banding, sides paler. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—Penmon, Falmouth, Apl. 1884 ! Herbert Fox. Cornwall E.—Garden bank, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, Apl. 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew. Warwick—Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884 ! R. J. Attye. Stafford—Abundant about Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb. Merioneth—Hills above Barmouth, and Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Aug. 1884 ! J. Hopkinson. Leicester and Rutland—Hathern, Sept. 1884 ! C. T. Musson. Notts.—Wollaton, Nov. 1884 ! and Worksop, April 1884 ! C. T. Musson. Cheshire—Bowdon and Carrington, Dee. 1884! J. G. Milne. York S.E.—Millington near Pocklington, April 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York N.E.—Alundant in Wilton Wood, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York S.W.—Holimfirth, Jan. 1885 ! H. E. Craven. York Mid W.—Aneram, Nidderdale ! at Starbotton ! and at an alt. of 900 feet on Buckden Pike, May 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Lancashire S.—Sub-v. flavescens, Knowsley, 1893 (Collinge, J. of M., 1893, p. 148). Cheviotland—Tweedmouth, Dec. 1888 ! Rev. Dr. MeMurtrie. SCOTLAND. Fife and Kinross—Sub-v. flavescens, St. Andrews (Collinge, J. of M., 1892, p. 27). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Under stones at Sevres, Bellevue, and Charenton, Seine; also in the departments of the Aisne and Oise. Switzerland—Sub-var. a/picola, the Alps (Charpentier t. Moquin-Tandon). Italy—Rivarossa, Piedmont (Pollonera, op. cit. ). Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. «lpicola, Tatra in Galicia (Dybowski t. Jachno). Simroth describes a var. with orange-red dorsum and paler sides from Graz in Styria. Sweden—Sub-var. nilssoni, South Sweden (Pollonera, op. cit.). Var. misera Pollonera, Spec. nuoy. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 24. Arion bourguignati var. misery Pollonera, l.c. ANIMAL whitish, or tinged with grey, with usual banding pale, and indistinct lineolation. This sub-albine form is practically identical with the form named pallida by Mr. Roebuck. ENGLAND AND WALES. Carnarvon—Sub-var. pallida, Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Notts.—Sub-v. pallida, railway embankment, Colwick, Sep. 1884 !C. T. Musson. York S.W.—Sub-var. pallida, Penistone, Nov. 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams. York Mid W.—Sub-var. pallida, Buckden Pike, at an alt. of 1,100 feet, May 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuek. SCOTLAND. Roxburgh—Sub-var. pallida, Langlee near Galashiels, Sep. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh. IRELAND. Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. pallida, Maryborough, Oct. 1904 ! A. G. Stuart. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Italy—Var. wiisera, Valley of Aosta and Valley of Great St. Bernard, Piedmont. ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. Zao Geographical Distribution.—Arion circumscriptus being an earlier evolved species than Arion hortensis, has naturally therefore probably acquired a wider distribution, although its range is as yet far from being accurately known, as it has been in the past and is still so frequently confused with A. hortensis, under which name it is usually recorded. It has been reported under its own name, or under that of Avion hortensis, from the British Isles, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Austro-Hungary, North Italy, and Russia, but has not yet been detected in the Iberian Peninsula, where it will probably eventually be found. It has also been observed in North America, where it has probably been accidentally introduced. In the British Isles, it is distributed entirely over the country, and probably exists in all our comital and vice-comital areas. ie Geographical Distribution of Arion circumscriptus Johnst. ES) Recorded Distribution. [ ‘ q Probable Range. Fic. 240. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin. PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Gardens, Truro, Apl. 1886! J. H. James. Penzance, Jan. 1905! Lionel E. Adams. Var. neustriaca, Penmon, Falmouth, Apl. 1884 ! H. Fox. Cornwall E.—Type and var. neustriaca, garden bank, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Devon N.—Northam, Nov. 1885, W. A. Gain. Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. W. Mason. Somerset S.—Porlock, Aug. 1892! Lionel E. Adams. Somerset N.—Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p. 222. CHANNEL. Wilts. N.—Clyffe Pybard, Swindon, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. E. H. Goddard. Wilts. S.—Garden, Dunollie, Bourne avenue, Salisbury, Sept. 1904! A. R. D. Bacchus. Dorset—Sub-var. ambigua (T. D. A. Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 38). Sub- var. grisea, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt. Sub-var. subalbida, Bailey Gate (Cockerell, op.e., p. 35). Sub-var. a7moricana, Sturminster Marshall (id., l.e.). 934 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. Hants. S.—Among dead leaves, garden, Christchurch, June 1886 ! and Hoborne, C. Ashford. Portsdown Hill near Portsmouth, Aug. 1886, W. Jeffery. Moderately common, Crabbe Wood, Aug. 1894, L. E. Adams. Hambledon, May 1904! C.S. Coles. Sub-var. celtica, Southampton, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 77). Hants. N. —Preston Candov er, Nov. 1885 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Sussex W.—Garden, Ratham, July 1884! and Up Park, Sept. 1886! W. Jeffery. THAMES. Kent W.—Sevenoaks, Aug. 1887 !S. C. Cockerell. Sub-var. ce/tica, Doddington, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, ee Surrey—Oxshott, May 1888! H. W. Kew. Punch Bowl and Grayswood (E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Mickleham Downs and Epsom (id., op. cit., July 1903, p. 331). Herts. —Codicote near W elwy n, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell. Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chisw ick, Dee. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Muswell Hill road, Apl. 1889! type and var. neustriaca, Churehyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, H. Wallis Kew. Oxford—Banbury, Chipping Norton, Deddington, Bicester, Oxford, and Swin- comb (Collinge, Conch., 1891, p. 14). Combe, July 1904! Rev. 8S. Spencer Pearce. Bucks.— Abundant under stones by road- side, Olney, March 1893, L. E. Adams. ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886 ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham, Thwaite, and Needham Market (A. Mayfield, J. of Conch., Apl. 1903, p. 295). Norfolk E.—Common about Norwich, Aue. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Norfolk W.—Kine’s Lynn, May 1887 ! and Gayton, June 1887 ! C. B. Plowright. Didlington Hall near Brandon, Oct. 1904! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Cambridge—Grantchester, Sept. 1904 ! Hugh Watson. Bedford—Hedgebank and wood near Luton, Noy. 1886! also General Cemetery, Luton, Apl. 1889! J. Sannders. Northampton—Comuon in the county. Yardley Chase, Mech. 1893! L. E. Adams. Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw. SEVERN. Gloucester E.—Garden, Argyll House, Cirencester, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell. Gloucester W.—Common about Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Bristol, W. B. Waterfall. Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, June 1886 ! E. J. Lowe. poe Type and sub-var. grisea, vicarage garden, Bishopswood, June 1885 ! Rev. R. W. J. Smart. Garden, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. Blake. Etta Prior, May 1887 | G. Sherriff Tye. Selly Oak, Feb. 1893 ! Lionel E. Adams. Warwick—Solihull, Feb. 1893 ! Lionel E. Adams. Common about Sutton Cold- field, 1897, Albert Wood. Var. neustriaca, Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884 ! Fe de Attye. Stafford—Statford Castle, Oct. 1885! Lionel E. Adams. Handsworth, in garden, June 1886 ! G. Sherriff shi Newton road, Birmingham, Feb. 1893! C. Oldham. Harborne, Guy Breeden, 1904. Type and var. neustriaca, Cheadle, abundant, Apl. 1886 ! F. B. Webb. Salop—Whittington Castle ! and Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson. SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Banks of river Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton. Brecon—Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan. Radnor—Penybout, Nov. 1903! F. Hall. Carmarthen—Kidwelly, Dee. 1903, Rev. Ll. Davies. Pembroke—Not uncommon, plantation, Tenby, Feb. 1898 ! A. G. Stubbs. NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Llanwddyn, May 1889! in fields, L lanymynech, and beneath larch timber in railway timber yard, Welshpool, June 1889 ! J. Bickerton Morgan. Merioneth—Palé, Corwen, common in gardens and fields, May 1887 ! T. Ruddy. Type and var. neustriaca, hills above Barmouth ! and Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Aug. 1884 ! J. Hopkinson. Carnarvon—Slopes of Snowdon, Apl. 1887! J. Madison. Type and sub-var. pallida, Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Denbigh—Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p, 222. Flint—Grange road, Rhyl, July 1904! Rev. A. Steele Perkins. Anglesey— Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p. 222. TRENT. Lincoln S.—Anceaster, Apl. 1886! abundant by Old Hammond Beck, Frampton Fen near Boston, Sept. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Old Quarry, Great Ponton, Aug. 1902! R. Worsdale. ARION CIRCUMSOCRIPTUS. 235 Lincoln N.—Skirbeck near Boston, Sept. 1884! Tothby Farm! Ailby ! Burwell! Muckton Chalk Pit ! and Sutton-in-the-Marsh, Apl. 1886 ! also Harrineton Hill! Well Vale ! Bag Enderby ! and Grisel Bottom near Louth, Sept. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Tothill, May 1888! Miss Susan Allott. Hibaldstow, Apl. 1903 ! Mason and Peacock. Leicester and Rutland—Var. neustriaca, Hathern, Sept. 1884 ! ©. T. Musson. Notts.—Plentiful in gardens and fields about Tuxford, June 1888 ! W. A. Gain. Cleveland Hill, West Markham ! Pleasley Vale ! and Cresswell Crags, Apl. 1884 ! railway embankment near Colwick! Beauvale Abbey ! and wood at Wollaton, Nov. 1884 ! by old ruined chapel, Houghton ! and Mapperley, May 1885 ! also at Staunton, June 1886! C. T. Musson. Corporation Gardens, Wells road, Nottingham, June 1885! and Hunger Hill Gardens, Nottingham, May 1888! G. W. Mellors. Var. neustriaca, Worksop, April 1884! Wollaton, Nov. 1884! and sub-var. pallida, Colwick, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Sub-var. cedtica, near Newark, W. A. Gain. Derby— Markland Grips and Pleasley Vale, Apl. 1884! C. T. Musson. Numerous on banks of river Goyt, Marple ! and Fairfield near Buxton, Sept. 1885 ! J. G. Milne. Clifton near Ashbourne, June 1889 ! and near Hathersage, Aug. 1889, L. E. Adams. MERSEY. Cheshire—Garden, Broad road, Sale, May 1885 ! and Northwich, Oct. 1885 ! Charles Oldham. Garden, Liverpool road, Chester, Oct. 1887 ! Brockton Tomlin. Marple, May 1891 ! L. St. George Byne. Bowdon, May 1885! Peover near Knuts- ford, Aug. 1885 ! and Dunham Park, Oct. 1885! also var. neustriaca, Bowdon and Carrington, Dec. 1884! J. G. Milne. Lancashire S.—River-bank, Walton-le-Dale, June 1889! and Farington, Oct. 1889! W. H. Heathcote. Type and sub-vars. grisea and flavescens, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). Lancashire Mid—Banks of Easegill Beck, at foot of limestone sears, alt. 900 ft., Apl. 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Fulwood, Feb. 1889 ! W. H. Heatheote. Over Wyresdale, at an alt. of 1,100 feet, Apl. 1903 ! Preesal near Fleetwood, July 1900 ! Mason and Peacock. HUMBER. York S.E.—Kilnsea, March 1884! W. Eagle Clarke. Allerthorpe, Filey, Low- thorpe, banks of Hornsea Mere, Bale Wood, Hledon, Cottingham, Humbledon, and North Grimston (T. Petch, Moll. East Riding, 1904, p. 131). Sledmere, Aug. 1891! F. W. Fierke. Driftield, June 1902, Rev. E. Perey Blackburn. Brough, May 1901 ! J. E. Crowther. Flamborough Head, May 1886! Kirkham Abbey, July 1889 ! and var. neustriaca, Millington near Pocklington, Apl. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York N.E.—In the Tees Valley : Saltburn Wood ! and Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886 ! Tockett’s Wood near Guisborough ! and Skelton Beck Valley, May 1887 ! Yearsby Wood, April 1889! Kilton Castle ! and Ingleby Greenhow; type and var. neustriaca, abundant in Wilton Wood, June 1890! W. Denison Roebuck. In Eskdale: Ramsdale Wood, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1886 ! W. D. Roebuck. In Upper Derwent: Pickering Castle Hill ! Farwath Bridge ! and Levisham, Aug. 1886! also Harwood Dale, May 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Scarborough, Aug. 1888, B. Tomlin... Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894 ! F. W. Fierke. York S.W.—In Calderdale: Common, Park Wood, Elland, J. E. Crowther. Hebden Bridge, June 1904! W. D. Roebuck. Birkenshaw, Sept. 1888 ! G. Wingate. Type and var. neustriaca, garden, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885 ! H. E. Craven. Sub-var. atripunctata, Lofthouse, May 1887, G. Roberts (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1.c.). In the Don Valley: Dunford Bridge, July 1892! F. W. Fierke. Near Wors- borough Reservoir, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Darton, May 1904 ! W. Harrison Hutton. Burghwallis and Campsall, May 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Doncaster ! Dunnington, June 1891 ! common at Kiveton Park, Conisborough, July 1891, type and var. pallida, Penistone, Nov. 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams. In the Vale of Mersey : Canal side, Greenfield, June 1888 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York Mid W.—In Airedale: Headingley, Nov. 1886! W. Nelson. Plentiful on banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Armley, Oct. 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Garden, Horsforth ! Fagley Wood and Thackley Wood, common, 1887 ; Nab Wood, Shipley Glen, and Seven Arches, Bingley, 1888 ; gardens, Apperley and Calverley, 1888, H. T. Soppitt. In Wensleydale : Eavestone, Sept. 1886 ! J. Ingleby. In Wharfedale: Kettlewell ! Starbotton ! and Buckden Pike ! up to 1,200 feet alt., May 1886; Leathley ! Troller’s Gill ! and Rawdon Hill plantation near Hare- wood, Apl. 1887! Grassington, May 1891 ! and Cray Village, Aug. 1904! W. D. Roebuck. Oughtershaw, alt. 1,250 feet ! Hubberholne ! and Buekden Woods, common, Aug. 1904! Tom Petch. Var. neustriaed, Starbotton ! also on Buckden Pike, at 900 feet altitude ; and sub-var. pallida, at an elevation of 1,100 feet, May 1886! W. Denison Roebuek. 236 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. In Nidderdale : Near Linley ! and How Stean Beck ! type and var. neustriaca, near Angram May 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. York N.W.—In Wensleydale: Sears on Coverdale Head, alt. 1,500 feet, May 1886 ! and Leyburn Shawl, April 1893 ! W. Denison Roebuck. In Swaledale : Common by roadsides, Gunnerside, July 1884! abundant, Low Row ! and Feltham, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck. In Teesdale: Greta Bridge road, Bowes, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Rokeby, June 1892 ! W. Nelson. In Ribblesdale : Wood End near Slaidburn! Tosside in Bolland, Ang. 1885 ! Horton, 1892! and Cowgill, Denthead, Sept. 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Helk’s Wood, Ingleton, 1888, F. Rhodes. ILD ING Durham—Durham, Apl. 1884! near High Force, June 1884 ; and Croft, Aa 1887 ! Baker Hudson. Dent Bank near Middleton, July 1884 ! and Langdon Beck, July 1884 ! also Spa Wood, Dinsdale, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Northumberland S. —Stocksfield-on- Tyne, May 1885 ! H. E. Craven. West Woodburn, by base of cliff; and on summit at an alt. of 800 feet, Sept. 1887! Richard Howse. Cheviotland—Var. neustriaca, Tweedmouth, Dee. 1888 ! Rev. Dr. ee LAKES. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, April 1887 ! 8. C. Cockerell. Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Aug. 1897 (R. Standen, J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 113). ‘Cumberland—Scales, Sept. ‘1890 ! Rev. J. Hawell. Isle of Man—Douglas, Apl. 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., July 1904, p. 90). Injebreck Glen and Glen Maye, Sept. 1891 ! SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Dumfries—About Dumfries, Sept. 1890 ! and Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans. Kirkcudbright—Near Maxwelltown, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Wigtown—Springbank, Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Ayr—By sandy shore, West Kilbride, Apl. 1888 ! Alex. Somerville. Girvan, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Gourock Burn; Seamill ; Portineross Rocks, Fairlie, and Largs, Rev. R. Godfrey, 1904. Renfrew—Abundant under sleepers on abandoned railway, Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Lanark—Possil Marsh, ene 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Blaekwood estate, Kirkmuirhill, Sept. 1904! N. B. Kinnear. EAST LOWLANDS. Peebles— Roadside, ence July 1889 ! tops of walls by roadside, Walker- burn ! and at Leadburn, Aug. 1889! W. D. Roebuck. Cademuir near Peebles, and Slipperfield Loch, West Linton, July 1890! also at Maebiehill, Feb. 1896! W. Evans. Selkirk—Holylee ! and stone-heaps in Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1896 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890 ! W. Evans. Roxburgh—Eildon Hills, Ang. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Jedburgh ! and type and sub-var. pallida, Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh. Berwick—Roadsides near Earlston ! and Dryburgh Abbey ruins, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890 ! West Berwick ! and Colding- ham Loch, Oct. 1890! W. Evans. Common, Eyemouth and Berwick (id., Moll. Berwick, 1895, p. 171). Haddington— Under sleepers of abandoned railway, Drummore ! and Falside, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Longniddry, March 1890! Aberlady, May 1890 ! and Dirleton Common near North Berw ick, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Foot of Salisbury Craigs ! and plentiful at Levenhall, Aug. 1886 ! Blackford Hill ! and Bonally, Oct. 1888! W. Denison Roebuck. Plantations above Dreghorn, March 1890 ! Crichton, Feb. 1897 ! Balerno, April 1890! and Fullarton Lime Quarry, Nov. 1897 ! W, Evans. Linlithgow—Roadside by Dalmeny Park, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Linlithgow, March 1890! Carribber, Feb. 1898 ! and Binny Craig, March 1898 ! W. Evans. Abundant on island in Linlitheow Loch, also found at Dalmeny, Hopetoun, Abercorn, Blackness, Dykenook, Winchburgh, Preston, Kinneil Mill, and woods, Jinkaboot, Woodeockdale, Cramond Bridge, Kirkliston, Graeme’s Dykes, Redhill, Northbank, Bonytown Hills, quarry near Craigmailen Church, and about Bo'ness, Rey. R. Godfrey, 1902. EAST HIGHLANDS. Fife and Kinross—North Queensferry, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. St. Andrews and Crail, Aug. 1890 ! Charlestown Lime Quarries ; Burntisland Quarries, and shores of Loch Leven, Feb. 1896, W. Evans. Sub-var. Jlavescens, St. Andrews (W. E. Collinge, Coneh., 1892, p. 27). ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 937 Stirling—Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans. Perth S.—Callander, April 1888! Alex. Somerville. Aberfoyle, April 1896 ; Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898, W. Evans. Balquhidder, July 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey. Perth Mid—Loch Tay side, April 1887! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Crianlarich, Aug. 1888 ! A. Somerville. Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey. Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904 ! A. Rodgers. Perth N.—Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans. Forfar—Vavr. neustriaca, Montrose, July 1884! W. Dunean. Kincardine—Banchory, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Aberdeen S.—Drum Woods, Deeside, Oct. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Aberdeen Links, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Near Botanic Gardens, Old Aberdeen ! and garden, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, Oct. 1904 ! Geo. Sim. Banff—Tomintoul, Nov. 1890 ! and Aberlour, Nov. 1892 ! Lionel Hinxman. Banks of river Avon, above Ballindalloch, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans. Elgin—Gardens, Elgin, Oct. 1890! Rev. G. Gordon. Cromdale near Grantown ! and Castle Roy by Netley Bridge, Aug. 1891 ! W. Evans. Easterness—Glenurquhart, Inverness ! and Nairn, Jan. 1887 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Kincraig, Aug. 1889 ! Glen Feshie, Sept. 1889 ! and Dalwhinnie, at an alt. of 1,200 feet, June 1892 ! W. Evans. WEST HIGHLANDS. Westerness —Glenborrodale, Dec. 1890! J. J. Dagleish. Main Argyle—Coast, south of Dunoon! and Hunter’s Quay, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Barbreck, June 1900; Blairghour Falls; Loch Nant at high- water mark; Ardchonnel; Dunollie; Glen Shieleach and Kilninver, July 1901, Rev. R. Godfrey. Dumbarton—Foot of Dumbarton Castle rock ! and in a wood by railway, near High Mains, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Duntocher, Sept. 1888 ! and Garseadden, June 1889 ! Alex. Shaw. Clyde Isles—Barone, Isle of Bute, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans. Cantire—Near Loch 13, on the Crinan Canal, June 1890 ! A. MeLaren. Ebudes S.—Lough Ba House, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov. 1890! W. Evans. Ebudes Mid—lIona, Oct. 1887 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Ebudes N.—Eigg, Nov, 1890 ! W. Evans. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Ross E.—Between Bonar Bridge and Edderton, Feb, 1887 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1884! Mound Rock, Sept. 1884 ! var, neustriaca, south side of Little Ferry, Dornoch, Oct. 1884 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland W.—Durness ! also sandy sea-coast at Strathy and Farr, Oct. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. NORTA ISLES. Hebrides—Churchyard, Eye, Stornoway, Sept. 1886 ! Alex. Somerville. Orkneys—Harray, Dec. 1890 ! W. Evans. Stromness, Oct. 1904 ! J. Grant. Shetlands—Moss Bank, Sept. 1904 ! Thos. Bowie. IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—Near Londonderry, J. N. Milne (R. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 6). Straidarran, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Garden, Downhill, Sep. 1904! C. N. Lynes. Common, Bellarena Woods, March 1904, R. Welch. Antrim —Cushendun, common, May 1886 ! Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rey. S. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, also commonly at Ballyeastle and Murlough, May 1896 ! Lionel E. Adams. Cave Hill, 1893; Knockagh Mountain, May 1897 ; Derrykeighan, Feb. 1898 ; Kenbane, Oct. 1898 ; Murlough Bay and Whitepark Bay, June 1899; Brown’s Bay, Larne, July 1899; Colin Glen, Oct. 1899; Glencorp, Mch. 1900; Ram’s Island and Glenavy, May 1900 ; and common in the Ballyeastle district, May 1902, R. Welch. Down—Beech Hill, Newry, July 1904! Prof. R. J. Anderson. Ardglass, Dee. 1897 ; and about source of river Bann, near Deers Meadow, Mourne Mountain, at 1,100 feet alt., Jan. 1898 ; Dickson’s Nursery, Belmont, Apr. 1898 ; Newcastle, June 1898; Ballinahinch Junetion, Mar. 1899; Clandeboye Lake, May 1899; common, Hillsborough Old Castle, Apl. 1902; and rare, Lough Aghery, May 1904, R. Welch. Belvoir Park, 1894; Clondutf, Jan. 1898; Downpatrick, Mar. 1898 ; Ormeau Park, Belfast ; and rare, Killard Point, May 1898, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. i Armagh— Easterness—Dalwhinnie, at an alt. of 1,200 feet. June 1892! W. Evans. Pine forest of Rothiemurchus, Aug. 1904 ! Rey. R. Godfrey. WEST HIGHLANDS. Main Argyle—Dunoon, Aug. 1S86 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Crinan, Dec. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Common at Barbreek, June 1900; found also at Sonachan ; Dunollie ; Glen Crutten ; and Lochan Dubh near Oban, July 1901, Rev. KR. Godfrey. Clyde Isles—Margins of Loch Greenan, Isle of Bute, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans. NORTH HIGHLANDS. Sutherland E.— Garden, Brora, Oct. 1892 ! W. Baillie. NORTH ISLES. Hebrides—Fairly common and varying greatly in size on the Island of Hirta, one of the St. Kilda group, July 1905 !.J. Waterston. Orkneys—Harray, Dec. 1890! W. Evans. ARION INTERMEDIUS. QAO IRELAND. ULSTER. Antrim —In the dark part of wood at Murlough, and near Glenshesk, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897). Common on Rathlin Island, and about Bally- castle and Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Cave Hill, Belfast, 1893; Conagher Farm, and Derrykeighan Old Church, Dervock, Feb. 1898; Kenbane, Oct. 1898 ; not common, Brown’s Bay, July 1899; and Gleneorp, Cushendall, Mareh 1900, R. Welch. Var. pliimbea, Ballycastle, Oct. 1904! Miss F. 8S. O’Connor. Var. normalis, Belfast, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Down—Near Newry, 1904, P. H. Grierson. About source of river Bann, near Deers Meadow, Mourne Mountains, at an alt. of 1,100 feet, Jan. 1898; Ardglass, rare, Dec. 1898 ; Neweastle, June 1898 ; rare on banikes of Clandeboye Lake, May 1899 ; Dundrum, Nov. 1899; moderately common, Belvoir Park, May 1898 ; Hills- borough, April 1899, R. Welch; common and large on the margins of woods at Helen’s Bay, Sept. 1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Armagh—Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. F. Johnson. Porta- down, Oct. 1904! W. A. Green. Monaghan—Glaslough Demesne, Nov. 1897, R. Welch. Type and var. pliimbea, Drumreaske, Sept. 1904 ! W. F. de V. Kane. Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! R. Bell. Donegal—Very rare, Rosapenna, Oct. 1904, R. Welch. LELNS LER. Louth—Near Blackhall Demesne ! and about Collon, Sept. 1904! also type and var. plumbea, Beaulieu near Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson, Meath—Nobber, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Rare at the Marsh, Bushy Park, Sep. 1903 (R. Welch and A. W. Stelfox, Irish Nat., June 1904, p. 123). Abundant in a field at Raheny, and var. adba in ditch, Foxhall Demesne, Raheny, Sept. 1890! type and var. adba also common at Killakee, all on fungi, chietly species of Russula, Sept. 1890; and var. plumbea, Carrickmines, April 1892, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—Lyns, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Var. plumbea, Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff. relic ommon in the Earl of Meath’s Demesne, Kilruddery, Sept. 1890, and also found in field near Greystones, and in the Glen of the Downs, July 1891, and Woodenbridge, Meh. 1893, R. F. Scharff, Powerscourt, Apl. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Carlow—Venagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack-Beresford. Queen’s Co. —Type and var. plumbea, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart. CONNAUGHT. Roscommon—Lough Glynn, Castlereagh, Oct. 1904! Hugh Kennedy. Type, with vars. plumbea and pallida, Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. _ Leitrim—Near Cloone, Dec. 1899 ! P. H. Grierson. Var. pallida, Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904 ! Rev. J. Meehan. Sligo—On low grassy bank near seashore, Carrahubbuck, Oct. 1892 ! Miss Amy Warren. Sligo, July 1904 ! A. W. Stelfox. Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904 ! W. West. Mayo W.—\Mloyne Abbey, June 1891 ! Miss Amy Warren. Galway W.—Vars. plinnbea and alba, about Renvyle and Kylemore, March 1891, R. F. Scharff. Near Clifden, Sept. 1904 ! W. West. Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. R. E. Dillon. = : MUNSTER. Clare—Var. vormalis, Woodpark, Se aril, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert. Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Waterford—Var. pallida, near Clonmel, Rev. A. H. Delap. Cork S.—Common at Bantry, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adams. Kerry—Derryeunihy Wood, Killarney, May 1898, R. Welch. Not uncommon in Kenmare Demesne, and in wood on the road to Gleneariff, also found at Loo Bridge, Mueksna Wood, Sheen Wood, and at Galway’s Bridge, Killarney (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Var. plumbea, Lough Caragh, Sept. 1890, Rev. A. H. Delap; and Cromaghlaun Mountain, Pau 1898, L. E. Adams. Var. normalis, Great Skellie (Rt. F. Scharf, Irish Nat., Jan. 1898, p. 11). 250 ARION INTERMEDIUS. GERMANY. Recorded by Simroth from Lower Lusatia, the Harth near Leipzig in Saxony, and from Vegesack near Bremen. FRANCE. Only reeorded as yet from the Nord; as Avion flavus from the Pas-de-Calais ; as A. mabillianus and A. verrucosus from the Oise; as A. verrucosus from Nievre and Puy-de-Dome ; as (Greomalacus hiemalis from Cote V@Or ; and as G. vendeanus from the Vendee. SWITZERLAND. Recorded by Simroth from Mount Pilatus in Canton Lucerne. MIBAIE NG Found up to the present in Piedmont, and the var. appenina at Lucca in Tuseany. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Clessin regards this as a probable inhabitant of the higher lands of the Tyrol. PORTUGAL. Arion mollerti is recorded from Busaco in the province of Beira by Pollonera. SCANDINAVIA. Recorded for Scandinavia by Dr. Scharff (Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 551). RUSSTA. Only as yet recorded from Finland, where, according to Luther, it is found as far north as 64° north latitude. ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—San Miguel, an undoubted native, but found only on Pico de Carvao and in the Valley of Furnas, far removed from cultivated ground. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Recorded by Mr. Musson under the name of Avion hortensis as plentiful about Auckland crawling on the roads after rain. Abundant under timber by garden at Manawapouri Lake ; also found at Paradise on the shores of Diamond Lake; it is a garden slug here, Feb. 1905, W. Denison Roebuck. t=) oD b > Fic. 251.—Helen’s Bay, Co. Down, Ireland, where Avion tnterxmedius is plentiful and of large size, under decaying logs and other shelter (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). Pruate XXIII. Distribution of A. intermedius Normand In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devon 8. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset 8. 6 Somerset N. CHANNEL 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts 8. 9 Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Hants $. 12 Hants N. 14 Sussex W. 14 Sussex I. THAMES 15 Kent E. 16 Kent W. 17 Surrey 18 Essex 8. 19 Essex N. 20 Herts. 21 Middlesex 22 Berks. 23 Oxtord 24 Bucks. ANGLIA 25 Suffolk E. 26 Suffolk W. 27 Norfolk KE. 28 Norfolk W. 239 Cambridge 30 Bediord 31 Hunts. 32 Northaimpton SEVERN 33 Gloucester E. 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop 4 2 SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Anglesey TRENT Lincoln &. Lincoln N. Laneashire 8. Lan’shire Mid * HUMBER S.E York N.E. York 3 S.W. York Mid W, York® N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb., 5. 8 Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and L. Lanes, Cumberland Isle of Man Leic. & Rutld. Notts. Derby b MERSEY tlo Cheshire ° Probable Range. WS Recorded Distribution. Be Distribution verified by the of the British Isles. vag SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS Dumtries Kirkcudbright 74 Wigtown 75 AyY 76 Rentrew 77 Lanark E. LOWLANDS 78 Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 81 Berwick 82 Haddington 83 Edinburgh 84 Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS 85 Fife & Kinross 86 Stirling 87 Pth. 8S. & Clkn, Mid Perth Perth N. Forfar 91 Kincardine 92 Aberdeen 8. KE, WIGHLANDS 93 Aberdeen N. 94 Banff $5 Elgin Easterness 97 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton 100 Clyde Isles 101 Cantire 102 EHbudes 8. 103 Ebudes Mid 104 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 106 Ross E. 107 Sutherland E, 108 SutherlandW 109 Caithness NORTH ISLES | 110 Hebrides 111 Orkneys 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER 113 Derry 114 Antrim 115 Down 116 Armagh 117 Monaghan 118 Tyrone 119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan LEINSTER 122 Louth 23 Meath 24 Dublin 25 Kildare 26 Wicklow 127 Wexford 28 Carlow 129 Kilkenny 30 Queen’s Co. 31 King’s Co. 132 Westineath 133 Longford 134 Roscommon 35 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo E. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. 140 Galway E. MUNSTER 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 144 145 146 147 Tipperary N. Tipperary 8. 5 Waterford Cork N. Cork 8. 148 Kerry W. HIGHLANDS | CONNAUGHT MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 251 GENUS GEOMALACUS Allman. (Geomalacus, Allman, Athenwum, 1842, p. 851). HE genus Geomalacus (yy, the earth ; paXdayos, mollusk) is dedicated to the late Prof. G. J. Allman, who instituted the group and clearly defined the dis- tinguishing features of its external morphology. The genus has been subdivided by continental authors, and the sub- genera Letourneauria and Arrudia established for the species inhabiting North-western Africa and the southern parts of Spain and Portugal, which are distinguished by their internal organi- zation approximating more closely to that of Avion, and externally by possessing distinct and dark lateral banding in adult life, a feature espe- cially characteristic of and restricted to early life in the animals of the typical genus. This dermal pigmentation is be- heved to promote cutaneous respira- tion,' and in its position to be s ‘ UA essentially dependent upon and_ to indicate the course of the blood. Generic Characteristics. — ExrerNaLiy, Geomalacus has a sub- cylindrically lmaciform and non-carinate Bopy, with a bluntly-rounded caudal extremity ; MANTLE or shield granulose, about one-third of the total length of the animal when extended, with the ample RESPrRATORY ORIFICE placed on the nght margin of the shield and near the anterior third of its length; im the young, however, the respiratory orifice is quite median or even behind the centre, but as the growth of the shield proceeds more quickly behind than in front, the aperture becomes anterior by the time full growth has been attained ; GENITAL ORIFICE near to and below the right ommatophore; CAUDAL GLAND opening transversely between the foot and the body; Foot-soLr indistinctly trifasciate, the median- area slightly darker and more transparent than the sides, and showing the muscular waves of extension and contraction during locomotion. The SHELL is represented by an oval, flat and solid calcareous plate, placed beneath the shield and above the respiratory chamber. INTERNALLY, the various species show a remarkable modification in the arrangement of the reproductive system, which exhibits an extraordinarily prolonged arrium or vestibule, which functions as a male organ, while its retractor muscle is, according to the researches of Pilsbry, a totally distinct structure from that of Avvon, and is affixed at the rear of the 1 Monog. i., p. 306. F592 GENUS GEOMALACUS. body; the CeEPHALIC RETRACTORS, though resembling those of Aron, have a longer pharyngeal muscle, which is basally fixed behind the right ommatophore. The RENAL ORGAN or kidney completely surrounds or encloses the heart, which is, therefore, centrally placed in regard to that organ, as In Arion. Food and Habits.—The Geomuluci would appear naturally to subsist en- tirely upon the lichens and liverworts, but in captivity they will live and thrive on other and quite different food. In their native habitat they are very perfectly protected by their mimetic resemblance to their surroundings, and : by their nocturnal and crepusecular habits of life. Fossil.—Fossil remains attributed to Geomalacus and named pliocenicus by Sacco, have been found in the Upper Phocene beds of Fossana, Piedmont. Fic. 253.—Muscular system of Geomadacus (after Stmroth.) 2 . * ; om gr. genital retractor ; 4. kidney, enclosing _Geographical Distribution. Nhe heart ; 2m. left tentacular retractor; 7.72. Geomalaci embrace but few species, and right tentacular retractor ; 7, pharyngeal . a retractor, these are contined to the west of Europe, ‘“"“ though alhed sub-genera have been found in north-west Africa. The geological evidence of the former extension of the group is as yet but shght, but the finding of remains referred to Geomalacus in the Upper Phocene of Northern Italy leads us to infer that the genus had formerly a more eastern range, and it is probable that the evolutionary area of the genus was practically identical with that of Arion and the Limacidw generally, but Geomalacus is evidently a decadent and waning group, and has by stress of competition with more dominant forms become restricted to the extreme west of Europe, a last foothold heralding their final extinction. The genus Anadenus now expelled to the Himalayas is a closely-related but more primitive form than Geomalacus, but which on account of the easterly direction of its enforced migration, will probably outlive that group. Klee tT eee Autograph of Mr. W. Andrews, the discoverer of Geowalacus maculosus. IP iri SOW 4. Arion subfuscus var. ferussact, p. 201. 1. Arion subfuscus Drap., p. 193. (after Férussac) afte € SaC). Ht . Avion subfuscus var. | oe 2. Avion subfuscus var. rufo-fusca, p. 198. Sp AWE: SAGES NI PILING NP AL . . ; 6. Arion subfuscus var. bicolor, p. 1y9 . Avion subfuscus var. cinereo-fusca Jt at ’ De So es f p eae J : (after Févussac). 10. Arion hortensis var. limbata, [De Partly 5 PLE ee) EES : , : g. Avion hortensts var. aurea, : 7 : 8. Avion hortensis var. subfusca, p. 216. (after Lessona). 11. Avion hortensis subvar. cottiana, p. 217. (after Simroth). x 2, p. 215. (after Pollonera). 14. Arton civcwmscriptus 16. Arion civcumscriptus subvar. (field form), p. 230. pallida, p. 232. (after Simroth). 13. Avion circumscriptus : ; : F : 5 ; Avion ctrcumscriptus 7. Arion umiscriptus v var. neustviaca, p. 232. 15. « cure scriptus 17. Arion circumscreptus var. (after Férussac). var. grisea, p. 231. leucophe@a, p. 231. (after Férussac). (after Férussac). 18. Arion intermedius, 19. Arion intermedius, x 2. 20. Arion mollerit 21. Arton X 2, p. 240. (after Simroth). (enlarged), p. 245. intevmedius var. brunnea, X 2, Pp. 245. 22. Avion intermedius var. norvmalts, p. 244. 23. Arion intermedius var. plumbea, p. 245. 24. Geomalacus maculosus, p. 253. (as coiled up in alarm). Wis W.GE. Taylor, del. Tuylor Bros., Leeds. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISIE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 253 = Geomalacus maculosus Allman. 1846 Geomalacus maculosus Allman, Ann. and Mag. N. HL, xvii, p. 297, pl. 9, f. 1-3. 1867 — andrewsi Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 57. 1890 = =— Jusitanus Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., p. 35. 1875 Letourneauxia lusitana da Silva e Castro, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 242. 77 Limax lusitanus Morelet, Journ, de Conch., p. 259, ISTORY.— Geomalacus macu- losus (maculosus, spotted) was first discovered in the vicinity of Lough Caragh, Co. Kerry, Ireland, during the autumn of 1842, by the late Mr. W. Andrews, of Dublin, who, perceiving the interest and novelty of the aninal, forwarded examples to Prof. G. J. Allman, who exhibited and described the new mollusk at the meeting of the Dublin Natural History Society in January, 1843. With this interesting — species, Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.RLS., 1s associated, in appreciative expression of the merits of his masterly monograph of this species, published in his great work, ‘The Land Shells of India.” Diagnosis.— Geomalacus macu- losus is the only species of the genus found in this country, and is at once separable from the several kinds of Arion by the possession of a solid, calcareous oval plate beneath the shield, by the position of the generative aperture near the base of the right ommatophore, somewhat as in Linu, and from all the Limaces by the presence of the caudal mucus gland and the anterior position of the respiratory orifice. ~—D INTERNALLY, it is distinguishable by the exceedingly prolonged atrium, and the genital retractor muscle being attached only to the spermatheca and its stem, and not to the oviduct also, as in Avvon. Description—ANIMAL very extensible, and reaching to fifty-five mill. or more when adult, some very large specimens collected at Glengariff by Mr. A. W. Stelfox were nearly ninety mill. in length ; the BODY is glossy, covered with about twenty- five longitudinal rows on each side of polygonal granulations; blackish or dark-grey Fic. 256. Fic. 207. Fic. 258. lic. 256.—Dorsal ruge of Geomalacus maculosus, showing their form and the arrangement of the pigmented areas, enlarged (after Heynemann). I'ig. 257.—Grooving of the hinder-part of foot of Geomadacus maculosus, enlarged (after Simroth). Fic. 258.—Caudal end of the body of Geomadlacus maculosus, showing the supra-pedal grooves and caudai gland, enlarged (after Godwin-Austen). 254 GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. in colour, sometimes with indistinctly indicated darker subdorsal and lateral bands, which usually extend the whole length of the body, and are due to the body being overspread by numerous somewhat oval yellowish spots, which are, however, distributed more or less perceptibly in five longitudinal zones ; SHIELD about one- third the length of the body when crawling, but only about half size when the animal is contracted, rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind, shagreened and spotted with somewhat similar but more uniformly distributed pale buff or whitish spots than those on the body ; FOOT-FRINGE not very distinctly separated, very pale and somewhat expanded, with indistinct lineolation ; SOLE pale dusky-ochreous, indistinetly trifasciate, with the mid-area somewhat darker and more transparent than the sides; CAUDAL GLAND triangular, not very conspicuous, opening trans- versely between the foot and the body, and often carrying a transparent yellowish ball of slime; UPPER TENTACLES smoky-black or grey, short and thick, but with oval extremities, and bearing the usual eye-specks at their summits ; LOWER TENTACLES pale translucent grey. DERMAL-MUCUS usually pale-yellow and variable in its degree of viscosity. LocOMOTORY-MUCUS tenacious and usually colourless, but may be stained by the intermixture of the dermal slime. SHELL resembling that of Limaz, of an oval shape, solid and calcareous, with a transparent conchiolin base, usually somewhat convex above and coneave beneath, with a few indistinet con- centric lines of growth, and, according to Godwin- Austen, covered outwardly with a very thin trans- parent epidermis and with the boss or nucleus near the front. Im young animals, the shell is very thin and convex, abruptly eut off behind, but with a projecting granular film in front. Fic. 259.-—Shell of G. maculosus x 6. (Lough Caragh, Co. Kerry, R. F. Scharff). INTERNALLY, the ALIMENTARY CANAL resembles that of Arion ; the HEART is completely surrounded by the triangular renal organ or KIDNEY, which is of lamellate structure, and discharges by means of a primary and secondary URETER; in the present group the ventricle of the heart is directed towards and in close proximity to the ANAL and RESPIRA- TORY ORIFICES, while in Arion it is more remote and in a more posterior position ; the SUPRA- PEDAL GLAND is deeply imbedded in the tissues and reaches far back; SEMPER’S ORGAN is well developed and chiefly shown as a pair of strong flattened lobes; the SALIVARY and DIGESTIVE GLANDS are as in Avion, but the vestigial osph- radium within the mantle chamber is more distinct. Fic. 260.— Brain-ring of G. maculosus, from beneath, enlarged (after Scharff). The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS have the typical Arionine character ; the right and left TENTACULAR muscles divide early for the upper and lower tentacles, but only those of the ommatophore are darkly pigmented, and are attached basally to the right and left posterior mantle margins respec- tively; the PHARYNGEAL retractor is, as usual, fureate for attachment to the rear of the BUCCAL BULB, its root being fixed on the right-side of the body, just behind the point of fixation of the right tentacular muscle. Fic. 261.—Pallial organs and cephalic retractors of G. maculosus The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS possess a small, Meee Ges SS) compact, and darkly pigmented OVOTESTIS, and the h. eee oe) 3 ee Zt. at

SE pt ae ae ge poe a2 entacular retractor; #. right HERMAPHRODITE ‘DUCT is very long and greatly © jentacular retractor: +. rectum: convoluted, terminating in a small spherical VESI- 4... pharyngeal retractor. CULA SEMINALIS; the ALBUMEN GLAND is elong- ated and linguiform; OVISPERMATODUCT also very much twisted ; the FREE OVI- pucv rather long and thin, but without any enlargement ; VAS DEFERENS very long, complexly twisted, and rolled up in the form of a bundle; SPERMATHECA globular, with short stem, but quite distant from the genital aperture, owing to : GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 255 the remarkable elongation of the atrium or vestibule ; the long retractor muscle from the vesicle and its stem is affixed to the dorsum in the median line near the caudal end of the body; the vas deferens and the spermatheca open nearly Fic. 262. Fic. 263. Fic. 264. Sexual organs of Geowralacus maculosus, after dissections by Simroth (fig. 262), Godwin-Austen x 2 (fig. 263), and Scharff (fig. 264). ag. albumen gland; aé. atrium 3 of. ovotestis ; os.d. ovispermatoduct ; ef. epiphallus ; sf. sperma- theca ; v.d. Vas deferens : ; uv.s. vesicula seminalis; 7”. retractor. together into the distal ex- tremity of the ATRIUM, which is prolonged in an attenuate form to an enormous teneth, and receives the very thin free oviduet much nearer the proxi- mal end, where the muscular VESTIBULE is greatly but ir- recularly enlarged, and con- | nected to the oviduct by a fe niuinber of muscular fibres. Within the VAGINA there is a curious series of flattened folds, ria acaue Seorr tae — Sc the central part with pointed Fic. 265. Fic. 266. end, placed close to the genital Fic. 265.—Section of upper portion of Atrium x 8 aperture, and which Godwin- after Simroth). Austen thinks may possibly be _ Fic. 266.—Internal structure of the vagina x 6 (after a SARCOBELUM and the homo- Godwin-Austen). g.a. generative orifice. logue of the dartin the Helicidie. The MANDIBLE, or jaw, ineasures about one mill. from side to side, and is distinctly arcuate from front to rear, Innate in shape, but very w ide, with broad and scar celyr ounded ends, solid, dark-brown in color, with about ten broad flat ribs, Fic. 267. Fic. 268. which are confined to the Mandible or jaw of Geomalacus maculosus to show median part of the jaw, and the variation in sculpture. absent or scarcely discernible Fic. 267._-Showing the denticulation of the upper margin on the side areas, sometimes x 20 (after Godwin-Austen). Fic. 268.—Showing denticulation of lower margin x 12. crenulating the upper and = Saisie a ee sometimes the lower margin or the ribs may extend quite across the jaw and denticulate both the upper and the cutting edges. 256 GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about eight mill. long and two mill. wide, and is said by Heynemann to be composed of 240 slightly eurved transverse rows of denticles, each row composed of a median tooth and fifty-seven lateral and marginal teeth at each side. The median teeth are small and elearly unicuspid, though slightly shouldered ; the lateral teeth are all bicuspid, but the admedian teeth are noticeably larger than the median row, and the mesocone is well developed, there is, however, no distinction between the lateral and marginal series except that the ectocone present on the admedian teeth recedes in position and slightly diminishes in size in the succeeding teeth up to about the twentieth row, but in the marginal series the ectocone gradually grows in size and importance as the margin is approached, while the mesocone becomes almost correspondingly diminished, the outermost teeth showing a more embryonic character; Judged by the theory of meso-metamorphosis the tendeney of the teeth development is towards an uni- cuspidate dentition. Br 9 45 40 30 15 6 S2 51 5 %. al l cy 0 WY eA AL AAD ALA ANTM GG ( VLV EVI WV A } l 5 30 40 45 59 5 52 54 Fic. 269.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the teeth of Geomalacus maculosus, from Lough Caragh, Ireland ; from a preparation by Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin. The formula of a Lough Caragh specimen is, according to Heynemann : Sp Se ply at 4 33 x 240 = 27,600. Reproduction and Development.—'he congress of this species has not been observed or described, but judging by its structure, it is, aceord- ing to Simroth, probably — similar to that of Limar maxvimus, the long protruding penes intertwining spir- ally together dur- ing the process, as in the latter species. ‘he sper- matozoids must possess a very persistent vitality or the animal be Fic. 270.—Cluster of eggs of Geomalacus maculosus, deposited in captivity capable of auto- (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). fecondation, as a specimen kept in solitary confinement for three years by Mr. ‘I. Rogers, from August 1875, to July 19th 1878, deposited batches of fertile eggs in August 1876, and in July and August of 1877. The eggs have been observed to be deposited during July and August, in clusters of eighteen to twenty-four, adherent by a mucous-film; they are very large im comparison with the size of the animal, but vary within certain limits, the largest are more elongate, being eight-and-half by four-and-quarter mill., while the smallest are more regularly oval, and are only six by SS four mill. All the eges when fresh are beauti- ful semitranslucent milky-white or opalescent, ltrs ee hat tense 9 but some of the larger and more elongate ones tinctness ‘of the longitudinal band- show a somewhat transparent area at the & ‘fer Scharff). smaller end. In a few days the opalescent lustre becomes lost, and the eges turn yellowtsh and afterwards brown. ‘The young appear to hatch in from six to eight weeks, at which period the spots are barely present, but the lateral bands are distinct and black, and the shield shows the lyre- GEOMALACUS MAGULOSUS. A shaped markings, as in Avion, but these become indistinct as growth proceeds ; they probably pass the winter in the immature stage, and. still show at that period the lateral banding much more conspicuously than at maturity, a state which they attain during the early summer months. Food and Habits.——The immature animals are much less sluggish and shy than the adults, and crawl actively about, the movements of the locomotory muscles being distinctly apparent in the somewhat transparent mid-area of the sole, and showing about fifteen muscular waves at one time. ‘I'he animal, even when fully grown, can elongate and flatten its body to such a degree that it is able to insinuate itself and pass through a hole only two mill. in diameter, but when handled or inritated it has a curious habit of coilmg-up into a perfect sphere, exactly in the same way as certain species of woodlice. The habitats of Geomalacus i Ireland are by preference near the sea- coast, on the bare mountain slopes of the Old Red Sandstone formation, which are partially covered with a peaty soil overspread by heather, ete., and on which the exposed, deeply-rifted rock surfaces are chequered by lichens, Fic. 272.— Rifted Old Red Sandstone rocks, in Cloonee Glen, near Kenmare, showing the char- acter of the ground on which Geomalacus maculosus abounds (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). liverworts, and mosses, whose luxuriant growth is favoured by the moist, warm vapours brought in by the south-west winds from the Gulf-Stream, and which also form the driving mists and clouds which are so character- istic a feature of the Cronmliee us area, as all the loftier hills are almost constantly mist-drenched when rain is not actually falling. It is a truly geophilous species, and very seldom ascends trees, though oceasionally found thereon, but like other slugs, especially when young, 1s capable of spinning mucus-threads, and in captivity has been observed by Mr. H. W. Kew to quickly produce one a foot in length. At ordinary times, not only on dull, cloudy, damp days, but also oceasionally during sunny weather, Geomalacus lives and rests quite openly and conspic uously 12/2/06 R 298 GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. uncovered upon the rocks amongst the dark-grey lichens, whose white and yellowish fructifications conceal the slug perfectly, and is a striking instance of protective coloration,’ as they so closely resemble clumps of moss or lichens. ‘he discoverer, Mr. W. Andrews, especially remarked Fic. 273.—Geomalacus maculosus var. fasciata at rest on the lichen-covered rocks of Cloonee, showing their protective resemblance to their environment (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). upon finding specimens aiid the tufts of Zylocomium splendens and Oscil- latoria friesii, which abound in masses at the shaded base of the moist rocks at Oulough. In times of drought, in favourable localities they swarm out of their damp retreats before sunset to feed, their tentacles being then only partially protruded, they disappear again soon after sunrise, burrowing 1 Mr. David McArdle, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, has kindly furnished me with the following list of the more prevalent Hepatics, Lichens, and Mosses, found in the area inhabited by Geomalacus, the publication of which it is hoped will lead to the discovery of the special food plants, and to the identification of the plant or plants to whose similarity it owes its protective resemblance. The LicHens are very generally distributed, but Lefsfogium tremelloides 1. is partial to old wood banks, rocks, etc. ; Parmelia saxatilis to old walls and rocks; Cladonia rangiferina L., C. cervicornis Ach., and C. cocct/era LL. to heath or peat and rock-crevices; Usnea barbata Fries is found on branches and trunks of trees and affords much shelter; while Pedtigera canina L. and Sticta pulmonacea Ach. grow in clumps on rocks and damp banks. The Heparics are apparently more local. Kantia trichomanis L., and Cephalosia bicuspidata \.. being found on rocks and banks about haven. Setween the Tunnel and Glengariff, arsupella emarginata Ehrh., Nardia scalaris Schrad., Pellia epiphylla \.., P. calycina Taylor, Conocephalus conicus Nech., Metzgeria furcata L., Frullania dilatata L., and /. tamarisei L. are the prevalent species ; while on old walls and banks about Kenmare and Cloonee are Plagiochila asplenioides L. and P. spinulosa Dicks, Marchantia polymorpha L., Lunu- laria cruciata L., and large patches of Lejeunea serpyllifolia Dicks, with Trichocolea tomentella Ehrh., Lepidozia reptans L., Lophocolea bidentata L., and L. cuspidata Limpr. The Mosses are also localized: Homalia trichomanoides Hedw., with Neckera crispa Hedw., occur in large patches on the trunks of trees, while Bvachythecium velutinum B. & S., Campylopus, atrovirens De Not., Hylocomium loreum B. & S., and H. splendens B. & S., are found on the mountain sides and old walls and logs between Kenmare and Cloodnee. Between the Tunnel and Glengariff, Breutelia chrysocomr Lindb., Canpylopus fiexuosus Bril., Dicranum scoprrinum Hedw., Hylocomium triquetrum B. & S., Porotrichum alopecurun Mitt., Climacium dentroides W. & M., Plagiothecium undulatum B. & S., P. borrerianum Spruce, Hypnum cupressiforme L., and its var. A/iformez occur; while common and generally distributed about Berehaven are Camtsylopus fragilis B. & S., Burtramia pomiformis Hedw., Dicranum bonjeant De Not., and IVeissia rupestris C.M.; Bryum pseudotri- quetrum Schwere. occurs in large masses about heaths and rocks, B. alpinum Huls., and Ptychomitrium polyphyllum Firn. on rocks, and Racomitrium lanuginosum Brid. on rocky banks. Scapania resupinata L., Diplophyvliium albicans L., Jere- Lie GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 259 in the earth or flattening their bodies and penetrating deep down into the deep and narrow rock-crevices, where they hide during the day. In captivity, they are described as very sluggish, and as lying for days without movement, but they feed freely on bread, carrot, cabbage, dandelion, cucumber, and lettuce, but are also carnivorous, and even predacious, having been noticed to devour the animals of Vitrinw pellucida and other species contamed in the same receptacle. Dr. Scharff has verified by microscopical examinations of the contents of their stomach that naturally their food is probably restricted to the various lichens and liverworts, one of the most abundant species in the locality frequented by the slug being Frullania dilatata, but in captivity they readily feed upon the lichen Cladonia fimbriata. Variation.—The variation of this species is due to the true ground colour varying from yellow to white, and also to the degree to which it is overspread by a darker shade, which may vary from pale-grey or greenish- grey to almost uniform jet-black specimens, such as those found plentifully by Mr. A. W. Stelfox on a grassy bank by the roadside on the often cloud-capped Iill near Glengariff. The paler varieties, according to the careful observations of Mr. R. Welch, are more frequent upon the some- what dry walls bounding the roadside, while the blacker forms were more plentiful on or near the damp rock surfaces. ‘I'he variation of the ground colour from white to yellow gives, as a consequence, a stronger yellow staining to the dermal-slime. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. allmani Heynemann, Mal. BI., 1873, p. 28, pl. 1. Geomalacus maculosus var. allmant Heynemann, op. cit. ANIMAL dark brown or blackish-grey, with whitish maculations. IRELAND. Cork S.—Glengariff (Stubbs and Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898, p. 261). Kerry—T wo or three on the trunk of a tree, in company with Limae arborum var. bettonii, north of Lough Caragh, June 1904! W. West. An island in Dingle Bay, W. Andrews (specimens in Coll., Brit. Mus.). Abundant on damp roeks and along the peat margins close to rocks by Lower Cloonee Lake, July 1898, R. Welch. Var. verkruzeni Heynemann, Mal. BI., 1873, p. 31. Geomalacus maculosus var. verkruzent Heynemann, op. cit. ANIMAL grey, darker dorsally, with white maculations. ; IRELAND. Kerry—Lough Caragh (Heynemann, op. cit.). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Portugal—Simroth refers to var. verkruzeni, a specimen from Las Caldas de Gerez, in the province of Minho, described as pale-grey, toning to olive-green, with yellowish-white fleckings. Var. andrewsi Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 57. Geomalacus andrewsi Mabille, op. cit. ANIMAL whitish, overspread with blackish spots. This variety, named by Mabille, was originally based on a misapprehension of the description of the English authors; we have, however, Dr. Jeffreys authority for the actual occurrence of whitish specimens with black spots. IRELAND. Kerry—Rocks alone shores of Loueh Caragh near Willarney (Jeffreys, Conch., v., 155, 1869). 260 GEOMALACUS MACULOSTS. Var. fasciata Cockerell, Brit. Nat. Cat. Brit. Moll., 1890, p. 18. Geomalacus maculosus var. fasciata Cockerell, op. cit. ANIMAL white or whitish; mantle marbled with black or dark-brown, and with dark lateral bands ; body searcely marbled, pale, with a dark longitudinal subdorsal and lateral band on each side. This variety is atavistic, retaining to a large extent the characteristic markings of juvenile specimens. IRELAND. Kerry—An island in Dingle Bay, W. Andrews (specimens in Coll., Brit. Mus.). Near Lower Cloonee Lake, July 1898, R. Welch. Geographical Distribution : ees | Geomalacus maculosus Allm. 2% Ba Recorded Distribution, Probable Range. of Fic. 274. Geographical Distribution.—The range of this waning species is very limited, and its known habitats are markedly discontinuous, as the only recorded places of occurrence in the British Isles are in the extreme south-west corner of Ireland, which is also a last haven of refuge for other forms of life, verging upon extinction in this country. It is also recorded from the north-west of France, the extreme north- west of Spain, and the north of Portugal. It has been reported also from North-east France, but the district cited is not a very probable one for the species. IRELAND. MUNSTER. Cork S.—Found at Castletown-Berehaven, and abonnds at Glengariff from the waters edge up to a considerable height, May 1891, R. F. Schartf. Very large and almost jet-black specimens abundant on a grassy-bank by roadside just below the tunnel near Glengariff, April 1899, A. W. Stelfox. Kerry—On the Old Red Sandstone rocks at Onlough, and in the Glen of Limnavar by the margin of Lough Caragh, antumn 1842, W. Andrews (G. J. Allman, op. cit., p. 298). Many specimens of vars. a/lmani and fasciata in the British Musenm, from an island in Dingle Bay, presented by Mr. W. Andrews. In a small valley, on a promontory, west of Derrynane Bay, from sea-level up to an altitude of more than 1,000 feet on Coad Mountain, between Caherdaniel and Sneem, July 1892, R. F. Scharff. Found by Dr. Scully at an elevation of 1,000 feet near Distribution of Geomalacus maculosus Allm. In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA Cornwall W. Cornwall E. Devon $. Devon N. Somerset S. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N. Wilts 8. Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Hants §. 12 Hants N 15 Sussex W. 14 Sussex E. oon OnPANDe THAMES 55 15 Kent E. 16 Kent W. 17 Surrey Essex $8. 19 Essex N. 20 Herts. 21 Middlesex 22 Berks. 23 Oxford 24 Bucks. ANGLIA 25 Suffolk E. 26 Suffolk W. 7 Norfolk E. 28 Nortolk W. 29 Cambridge 30 Bedford 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton SEVERN 33 Gloucester E. 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop SS SSS Recorded Distribution. RSS Distribution verified by the Authors. SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon 3 Radnor Carmarthen 5 Pembroke 6 Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint \nglesey TRENT 5 Lineoln §. Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutld. Notts. Derby MERSEY 8 Cheshire Laneashire S. Lan’shire Mid HUMBER S.E. York N.E. York 3 S.W. York Mid W, York N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb. 8. 8 Cheviotiand LAKES Westmorland and L. Lanes. Cumberland Isle of Man PuateE XXV. SCOTLAND. ,. LOWLANDS Kirkeudbright St et et ee a DOOR 101 Cantire 102 Ebudes S. como ~ OAM OOo Fife & Kinross 1 Pth. 8. & Clkn. CO CO 00 CO 00 ODAInG Er. HIGHLANDS Aberdeen N. Banff Elgin Easterness | W. HIGHLANDS 7 Westerness 3 Main Argyle Dumbarton 00 Clyde Isles wowc DOS Oi wwr$ Oa 03 Ebudes Mid 04 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS Ross W. | Ross E. | 7 Sutherland E. 8 SutherlandWw 09 Caithness NORTH ISLES 10 Hebrides (OO o Kincardine 92 Alherdeen 8S. IRELAND. 112 Shetlands Fermanagh 11 Orkneys LEINSTER 2 Louth 3 Meath 4 Dublin | 5 Kildare | 6 Wicklow | 7 | 8 Q Wexford Carlow | 9 Kilkenny | Queen’s Co. | King’s Co. 2 Westmeath 3 Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon | Mayo E. Mayo W. Galway W. ) Galway E. MUNSTER DONO op On e 141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary 8. 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 261 the tunnel on the road between Kenmare and Glengariff (id., Proc. Mal. Soe., Oct. 1893, p. 18). On an old moss-covered wall, about sea-level, near Garinish Point, May 1893, David MeArdle. Common along the shores of Inchiquin Lake, April 1899, A. W. Stelfox. Derreen, June 1899! W. Holbron. Abundant on damp cloudy days about Lower Cloonee Lake, and for a distance of about eight or nine miles as far as the western end of Mucksna Woods, Kenmare, resting on the dry stones of the dykes, and greatly resembling the clumps of moss and lichen thereon, but still more plentiful on damp rock surfaces and along the peat margins, close to the rocks, where they swarmed out of the hiding-places in the afternoon after five o’clock. This area, which is situate between Kenmare Bay and Berehaven, is evidently the metropolis of the species, as nowhere else are they so plentiful, though at Glen- gariff the specimens are finer, May 1897, R. Welch. Waterville, Aug. 1904, Prof. J. Joly. A sub-var. of a greenish colour with yellow spots has been found at Kenmare (Stubbs and Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898, p. 261). Deenish Island (S. W. Kemp, Trish Nat., Dec. 1905). FRANCE. Recorded by Desmars from the Avenue of Conlo near Vannes, Ile et Vilaine. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Recorded by Dr. Paul Fischer as abundant in the province of Asturias, in which district, near to Santa Albas, Lucas von Heyden found a single specimen in 1868. Dr. Simroth records it as occurring in Galicia. Portugal—Recorded only from the province of Minho; among lichens at foot of a granite wall, Las Caldas de Gerez, by Simroth ; for Oporto by Mr. Newton ; and on Mount Sylvestre near Vianno de Castello by Silva e Castro, who deseribed it as new under the name of Lefourneduxia lusitana. Fic. 275.—Head of Inchiquin Lake, with the cloud-capped Knockreagh Mountain (1,64 feet alt. ) on the right, and Cummeenanimma (1,588 feet alt.) on the left; a typical habitat of Geomalacus niaculosus (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). +-0-% 262 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. ; ra ag y J Fa ot Xe Much additional information concerning the various slugs has been acqured since the publication of the different parts dealing with the subject which is appended hereto, so that the knowledge of the different species may be brought down to date. FAMILY TESTACELLID® Gray. GENUS TESTACELLA Cuvier. Generic Characteristics.—he supRA-PEDAL GLAND of Testucella is intimately united to the pedal ganglia by a mass of connective tissue, and according to André, differs entirely from that of any other group in being totally destitute of the investment of vibratile cilia, which in other species aids in the exudation of the locomotory mucus. Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Garden, Barnstaple (Rev. C. Chichester, J. of C., Oct. 1904, p. 124). Wilts. S.—Longleat Gardens, near Warminster, Aue. 1904! J. A. Singer. Surrey— Wallington (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Suffolk W.—Sudbury, E. Ransom, Sept. 1905. Norfolk W.—Didlington Hall, Sept. 1904! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Noy. 1903! F. Hall. Lancashire S.—Garden, Liverpool, Ang. 1890, W. J. Farrar. York S.W.—Garden, Thornfield, Frizinghall, May 1900, F. Rhodes. Cumberland— Greenhouse, Ravenstone, Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1906, p. 154). Sutherland E.—Introduced into garden at Brora by Mr. W. Baillie (Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1889, p. 15). : Var. trigona (rassies and Fischer. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Var. albina Moquin-T'andon. The var. aliida of Cockerell from Gibraltar (Se. Goss., 1885) is deseribed as pure white, ‘ like white pork,” and is regarded by its author as distinet from var. adbina. Surrey—Garden, Montserrat road, Putney, J. C. Dacie. Var. flavescens Moquin-l'andon. Suffolk E.—lound crawling by night on the gravel-path in the rectory garden, Martlesham near Woodbridge, by Mr. Chester B. Doughty (Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1904). Testacella scutulum G. B. Sowerby. ENGLAND AND WALES. Sussex E.—Hastings, EK. A. Butler (Jenner, Moll. East Sussex, 1885, p. 6). Surrey—Common in gardens (which were formerly market-gardens), Walling- ton, June 1892, M. Gibls. Middlesex—South Kensington, J. H. Sikes, May 1906. Northampton— High Park Gardens, Stamford, are in Northamptonshire and not in South Lincoln, as stated on page 19. Worcester—Garden, King’s Norton, March 1904 ! J. Madison. Lincoln N.— Garden, Nettleton House, Caistor, Dee. 1902 ! Miss Susan Allott. Cheshire—Garden, New Ferry (A. Leicester, J. of Conch., Jan. 1904, p. 25). Lancashire W.—CGarden, Porton, near Laneaster, 1894, W. H. Heatheote. York S.W.—Kastrick, June 1906 ! A, C. Lane. APPENDIX—GLANDINA. 263 SCOTLAND. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Airthrey Gardens, Feb. 1896, G. MeDougall. IRELAND. Armagh—Tanderagee, Sept. 1904 ! J. Rea. Fermanagh—Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904! Hon. C. L. Corrie, Cork N.—Convamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904 ! J. N. Milne. Var. albina Gassies and Fischer. IRELAND. Kilkenny—Gardens, Bessborongh, Piltown, Sept. 1904! Earl of Bessborough. Testacella maugei Férussac. Geological History. — Mr. A. Santer Kennard informs me that Testacellu mauget has lately been found in a holocene rainwash at Porlock Weir, South Somerset. ENGLAND. Cornwall W.—Tresco, Scilly Isles, Nov. 1903, J. H. Sikes. Two shells found on the small ledges of rock on St. Michael’s Monnt, and also at Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 28). Devon N.—Rev. R. W. J. Sinart’s garden at Bideford. Hereford—Gardens, The Grange, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Boycott. IRELAND. Kilkenny—Jenkinstown, Aug. 1903, P. H. Grierson. NORTH AFRICA. Morocco—Reported by M. Vaucher as common in gardens about Tangiers. Var. griseo-nigrescens (rassies and Fischer. WALES. Pembroke —Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies. IRELAND. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Maleomson. Var. griseo-rubescens Gassies and Fischer. ENGLAND. Wilts. S.—Longleat Gardens, Warminster, Ane. 1904! J. A. Singer. GENUS GLANDINA Schumacher. Glandina costellata (Sowerby). Affinities.—Glandina costellata, according to Sandberger, closely resembles the Glandina lichmunni Pfr., now living in Mexico, while Noulet has proposed to unite Glendina costellata with the G. naudot? ; Sandberger has, however, shown that G. costellata can be readily dis- tinguished from that species by its smaller size, more slender form, and finer striation. Geological History. —Sandberger records this species from the Paleeotherium limestone of the Oligocene formation at Mas Saintes Puelles, Villeneuve, in the department of the Aude, France. 264 APPENDIX-—LIMAX MAXIMUS. FAMILY LIMACID Gray. GENUS LIMAX Linneé. Geological History.—Mr. A. 8. Kennard is of opimion that the formation at Stutton, from whence the fossil shells of Lemar were pro- cured, and which was described by Prof. Morris as Mammalian Crag, is not crag, but a black-earth of the same age as the Crayford Beds of the Upper Pleistocene series. Limax maximus Linné. Description—The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND in Limax maximus is arranged as in Arion, in the form of a ribbon, on the upper surface of the foot, and extends to half its length ; the exeretory canal is very capacions, and the longitudinal folds distinet, while the internal vibratile cilia which assist the outward flow of the mucus are disposed in tufts. Inside the canal a great number of a parasitic Nematode of the genus Leptodera may sometimes be found. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—Garden, Truro, J. H. James (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sci. Goss., May 1886, p. 114). Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 27). Hants. S.—Frequent about Cosham, under faggots, ete., C. 5. Coles. Sussex E.—Under white Arabis, Eastbourne, July 1904! Montagu I. Jones. Surrey—Tatsfield (Chas. Pannell, jun., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Haslemere and Grayswood (id., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Herts.—Barnet, June 1902, H. F. Rogers. Var. fasciata, Codicote near Welwyn, Sept. 1904! Mrs. Blundell. Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sept. 1904! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Suffolk E.—Lowestoft, Oulton, Brockford, and Ipswich (A. Maytield, Journ, of Conch., April 1908, p. 294). Suffolk W.—Fornham St. Martin near Bury St. Edmunds, Oct. 1903 ! W. KR. Burrell. Sudbury, Sept. 1905, E. Ransom. Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall gardens, July 1904 ! W. J. O. Holmes. Norfolk W.—Var. fusciata, King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904 ! C. B. Plowright. Bedford—Var. fasciuta, Limbury near Luton, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. sIundell. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Hereford— Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C. Blake. Worcester—Garden, Stourport, July 1888 (J. W. Williams, J. of C., July 1889), Stafford—Worth Wood near Froghall, May 1898 (J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 110). Pembroke—Vars. concolor and fausciata, Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! P. Davies. Merioneth—Llwynewril near Barmouth, June 1887 ! W. Cash. Denbigh—Glyndyfrdwy, Vale of Llangollen, Aug. 1904 ! B. ‘Tomlin. ; Lincoln S.—Var. fasciata, old stone quarry, Great Ponton, Sept. 1904 ! H. Preston. Rippingale, Sept. 1904! J, Stow. Lincoln N.—Cadney Vicarage, Dee. 1902 ! Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Lancashire S.—One specimen in a wood, Bardsley, spring 1906; another at Riversvale, in June 1897 (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conech., April 1898, p. 50). York S.W.—Frequent near houses, and also near woods at Elland Park Wood and Red Lane Dyke near Halifax (J. E. Crowther, Halifax Nat., Aug. 1903, p. 48). York Mid W.—Horsforth, Jan. 1885 ! Cumberland—Keswick, July 1903, Rev. R. Godfrey. Gardens, Brigham, Cockermouth, July 1904! Mrs. Robinson. Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904 ! H. Britten. SCOTLAND. Ayr—Portineross, March 1904, Rev. R. Godfrey. Roxburgh —Var. sylvatica, Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh. Haddington—Tynetield, and Bill near Dunbar, Sept. 1894, also Gifford, Sept. 1896, W. Evans. Linlithgow—Dalmeny Park, Mareh 1891 ! near Linlithgow, Ang. 1899; also var. cellaria, Kinneil, Aug. 1891, W. Evans. Fife and Kinross—Largs, Sept. 1882; Falkland, Aug. 1895; and Culross, April 1900, W. Evans. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Dollar, April 1897, W. Evans. Orkneys—Stromness, Aug. 1905 ! J. S. B. Headley. APPENDIX—LIMAX MAXIMUS. 265 IRELAND. Derry—Var. concolor, Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell. Antrim—Sub-var. geminipunctata, Cushendall, Aug. 1894 ! W. Moss. Down—Garden, Oakleigh near Belfast, Oct. 1904! R. Welch. Armagh—Tynan, July 1905; var. ferussaci, Meigh, Dee. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Monaghan—Shantonagh ; var. ferussaci, near Carrickmacross, P. H. Grierson. Donegal—Var. ferussaci, Downhill near Londonderry, one, very characteristic, half-grown, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes. Cavan —Kingscourt, June 1994; v. fasciata, Mullagh, Sep. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Louth—Dundalk; Ardee; Millifont Abbey ; Beaulieu, Oct. 1904; Dromiskin, small, June 1904! var. ferussaci, Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904; var. sylvatica, Narrow Water, Dec. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Meath—New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Nobber; Bective Abbey and Ballivor, Mareh 1905; Athboy, Julianstown, and Kells, April 1905; Batterstown, May 1905; var. ferussaci, Moynalty, March 1905, P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Killakee and Leeson Park, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—T ype and var. sylvatica, Lyons, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Type and var. obscura, Greystones, Sept. 1903 ; var. fasciata, Ennis- kerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Wexford —Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff. Kilkenny—Near Waterford, Jan. 1903; Thomastown and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Westmeath—Large specimens, Knockdrin Demesne, April 1892, R. F. Scharff. Raharney, March, 1905, P. H. Grierson. Roscommon—Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Leitrim—Feenagh, 1899, P. H. Grierson. Waterford—North of Youghal, Aug. 1902, P. H. Grierson. Cork N.—Youghal, 1902, and Macroom, P. H. Grierson. Cork S.—South of Macroom, May 1902; and Kilecrea Abbey, P. H. Grierson. Kerry—Lough Caragh, Sept. 1890, Rev. A. H. Delap. Sub-var. geminipunctata, Muckross Demesne, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. GERMANY. tecorded for Kiel in Holstein by Friedel (Mal. Bl., 1870, p. 49). FRANCE. Recorded for the department of the Meuse by M. Henri Cardot, and from the Lot et Garonne by Gassies (Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. 60). ETAT. Recorded for La Cava near Salerno in Campania by Prof. E. von Martens (Mal. BI., 1858, p. 149). PORTUGAL. According to Dr. Simroth, only the var. cinerea Lister is found in Portugal. NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—Dr. Simroth is of opinion that Limax nyctelius Bourg., from Algiers, is only the var. cinerea Lister. ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—The vars. cinerea Lister and wnicolor Heynemann are recorded from this group by Dr. Simroth. Canaries—Found by Lieut.-Col. Parry at Orotava in Teneriffe, and Galdar in Grand Canary. Madeira—Madeiran specimens, in the opinion of Dr. Simroth, are pale and strongly flecked forms of var. cinerea Lister. NEARCTIC REGION. Limax maximus is said by Mr. W. D. Hartmann to be distributed over the Eastern United States, from New York State to the Potomac River. Pennsylvania—Westchester, Chester Co., Sept. 1885, W. D. Hartmann. Massachusetts—Type, with vars. obscura and cellaria, collected by J. Ritchie, junr., in the suburbs of Boston, July 1905, T. D. A. Cockerell. ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—‘‘ A form which may be subspecifically distinet, and reminds one of the Italian forms, found by Mr. R. M. Lightfoot, under rocks, some distance up Table Mountain” (W. E. Collinge, Ann. 8. African Mus., Dee. 1901, p. 229). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand —Type, with vars. fasciata, cellaria, and sub-var. geminipunctata in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. D. Roebuck. 12/6/06 Ss 266 APPENDIX—LIMAX MAXIMUS. Var. concolor Pini. The Limax unicolor Heynemann, characterized as uniformly ash-coloured, is according to Dr. Simroth, merely a form of LZ. maximus, and should therefore be placed here. ENGLAND AND WALES. Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Pembroke—Hawverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies. Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904! H. Britten. IRELAND. Derry—Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell. Kerry— Lough Caragh, Sept. 1900, Rev. A. H. Delap. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. The sub-var. wnicolor Heynemann and Limax cinereus Lister are recorded for Buda Pesth by Hazay (Mal. BI., 1881, p. 30). ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—The sub-var, wnicolor Heynemann is recorded by Dr. Simroth. Var. faseiata Raz. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell distinguishes the var. fasciata of Moquin-Tandon from pee of Razoumowsky, and has applied the name of var. moquini to the lirst-named orm. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Wilts. N.—Clyfte Pybard, Swindon, Aug. 1904! Rev. C. H. Goddard. Wilts. S.—Longleat gardens, Warminster, Sept. 1904! J. A. Singer. Surrey—Haslemere (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Bedford—Limbury near Luton, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell. Herts.—Codicote near Welwyn, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell. _ Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sep. 1904! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Bradfield, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. Peake. Hunts.—Gardens, Huntinedon, Sept. 1904 ! Miss E. M. Foster. Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904 ! C. B. Plowright. 7 Hereford—Var. fasciata and sub-var. madleri, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C. Blake. Brecon—Gwenddwr, alt. 1,000 ft., Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan. Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903 ! F. Hall. Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies. Anglesey—Garden, Cemmaes. July 1895 ! (C. Oldham, J. of C., July 1898, p. 86). Lincoln S.—Old stone quarry, Great Ponton, Sept. 1904 ! H. Preston. Rippin- gale, Sept. 1904 ! J. Stow. Notts.—Sub-var. mudleri, Mapperley, June 1885! C. T. Musson. Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904 ! H. Britten. SCOTLAND. Perth Mid—Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904! C. MeIntosh. IRELAND. Derry—Gortness, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell. Antrim—Garden, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W.S. Smith. Ballyeastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Armagh— with COnCIsE Descriptions... By ARTHUR. GOODWIN STUBBS. Price 3/6; Post-Free 3/9. Orders may now be sent (with Remittance) for: early delivery to 3 TAYLOR BROTHERS, Publishers, Wt ee Sovereign Street, LEEDS, 2 ‘LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS (Continued from Part 12). 0. A. Benn, M.A:, F.G-S;, Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge. - F. Booth, 18, Giearts Roa: Shipley. é G. D. H.. Carpenter, B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington, W. oie eS J; W. Carter, “F.E.S.,: 28, ‘Maiknseuny Road, Bradford. Fipspsye: §, Hainsworth, 60, Gaotae Street, Saltaire: oe . ra =. W. Harrison Hutton, 44; Dial-Street,. Leeds. P GB, Longstaff, Twitchen; Morthoe, R.S.0., Devon. Hugh McClelland, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield. Manchester Museuin, Owens College, Manchester. - H. ©. Napier, Headington Hill, Oxford. Public Library, Hull (W..F. Lawton, Chief Librarian). F. ‘Rhodes, Cartwright Museum; tee APPENDIX—MILAX GAGATES, 281 A. levis campestris var. occidentalis Cooper. NEARCTIC REGION. California—Near the summit of Tehachipi Pass at an altitude of 4,000 feet, May 1885 (J. G. Cooper, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1885, p. 252). : Mr. G. H. Clapp reports the gradual diminution in abundance of Agriolimax levis campestris about Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cazenovia, New York, this decrease in numbers being apparently correlated with and perhaps due to the increasing abundance of the imported A. agrestis, which is now in many places quite the commonest slug of the country, and although in Europe the two species usually occupy different stations, and do not pointedly conflict, yet this distinetion may not apply so forcibly in the New World. GeENus MILAX Gray. Milax gagates (Draparnaud). ENGLAND. Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Devon N.—Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Hants. S.—Very abundant under lettuces and in potato tubers at Hoe Moor, C. S. Coles. Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904! C. B. Plowright. Anglesey—Garden, Cemmaes (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Westmorland and Lake Lancs.—Grasmere (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154). Cumberland—Buttermere, Rosthwaite, Keswick, and Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154). IRELAND. Monaghan—Carrickmacross, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! J. J. Welch. Louth—Drumear; Annagassan; Dromiskin, June 1904! and Baltray, July 1904, P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Near Phoenix Park, Dublin, P. H. Grierson. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Apl. 1902; near Waterford, Jan. 1903 ; Thomastown and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903 ; and near Callan, P. H. Grierson. Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Galway W.-—Clifden, Connemara, Sep. 1904! W. West. Common at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Limerick—Adare Manor, Adare, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles. FRANCE. Reported for the departments of the Var, Vaucluse, and Lot et Garonne. NEARCTIC REGION. Pennsylvania—This species, though first observed in the Phipps’ Conservatory, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, has now obtained a firm foothold beyond the buildings and is beginning to disperse outside (G. H. Clapp, Oct. 1906). California—Milax hewstoni is undoubtedly increasing in and about gardens, to which situations it is strictly limited, and where it is often very destructive. In 1879 it was discovered by Dr. Anderson at Santa Cruz, though unknown there in 1865. It is still unsettled whether Limax sandwichensis is identical (Cooper, Cal. Acad. Sei., 1885, p. 250). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony —The common slug on all the mountains round Cape Town ; Ash- ton in Robertson district; Storms Valley, Swellendam district; and Signal Hill, Cape Town, F. Purcell (W. E. Collinge, Ann. 8S. Afr. Museum, Dec. 1901, p. 230). Abundant at Green Point, Cape Town, Nov. 1904 and Sept. 1905! W. D. Roebuek. 15/12/06 At 282 APPENDIX—MILAX GAGATES. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Type and var. plumbea in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. plumbea Moquin-Tandon. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Anglesey—Garden, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of C., , July 1898, p. 86). Derby—Matlock, J. A. Howe (Rev. H. Milnes, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 275). York S.E.—Bempton, June 1906! J. E. Crow ther. Cumberland —Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154). IRELAND. Armagh—Newry, July 1905, P. H. Grierson. Louth—Drogheda, July 1904! Carlingford, Dec. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Meath—South of Lake Ballyhoe, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Greystones, Sept. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Hotel garden, Hokitika, South Island, Jan. 1905! With type in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. rava Williams. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Belstone, SSS 8B Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Surrey—Betechworth, Nov. 1906 ! Lionel E. Adams. Essex N.- —Abundant, but mostly young, near Manningtree, Sept. 1904! Rev. Proctor Benwell. Anglesey—Foot of a wall near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). SCOTLAND. Berwick—Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Garden, Callander, Sept. 1906 ! W. Evans. peared, Antrim—Ballycastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. 8S. O’Connor. Armagh—Tandragee, Sept. 1904! J. ee Donegal—Gardens, Downhill near Londonderry, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes. Fermanagh-—Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry. Portora, Enniskillen, Oct. 1904! J. E. R. Allen. Meath—Julianstown, Apl. 1905, P. H. Grierson. Kildare——Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford. Wicklow—Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. King’s Co.—C harleville Forest gardens, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. McKenna. Westmeath—Moate, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Nugent. Galway W. —Kylemore C astle gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Confort. Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Clare—Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert. Limerick—Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Kerry—Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap. Var. pallidissima Pollonera. Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSGA. 283 Milax sowerbii (Férussac). ENGLAND. Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Dorset—Stour Provost, Sept. 1904 ! (Swanton, J. of Conch., Jan. 1905, p. 286). Hants. S.—Common in gardens, Hambledon, C. 8. Coles. Sussex E.—Garden, Queen’s Park road, Brighton, Oct. 1903! F. G. S. Branwell. Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1893, p. 154). Surrey—Garden, South Norwood, A. Reynell. Very common in gardens, Haslemere (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Garden, Wimbledon, July 1904! Mrs. Rock. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Gloucester E.—Argyll House, Cirencester, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell. Hereford—Common in garden, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904! Miss M. A. Boycott ; and also in garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake. Pembroke—Abundant, Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies. Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! H. Rowland Wakefield. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Grasmere (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154). Cumberland—Not uncommon in woods near Keswick and Braithwaite; a speei- men in Sir Wilfrid Lawson’s woods at Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154). SCOTLAND. Selkirk—Byethorn garden, Galashiels, Sept. 1906! John Roseburgh. IRELAND. Antrim—Ballycastle, Sept. 1904 ! Miss F. S. O'Connor. Antrim, in fields and gardens, Sept. 1904! W. S. Smith. Down—Common in Mr. Stelfox’s garden, Oakleigh, Belfast ! R. Welch. Armagh—Tandragee, common, Sept. 1904! James Rea. Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! Robert Bell. Donegal—Ravre, Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, J. of C., July 1893, p. 198). Louth—Bultray ; Drumear; Millifont Abbey; Barmeath, June 1904; Ardee and Drogheda, July 1904; near Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904 ! and Carlingford, June 1905, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Mornington, Oct. 1904; Bective Abbey and near Drogheda, Mar. 1905! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Beldonnell, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Abundant, Fassaroe, Bray, Sep. 1904! R. M. Barrington. Greystones, Sept. 1903 ; type and var. rustica, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. - Carlow—Abundant, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack- Beresford. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, April 1902! and Thomastown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Abundant, Kilkenny Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! John Carlton. Gardens, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough. Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart. King’s Co.—Birr, Sept. 1904, Miss A. Hemphill ; Edenderry, Nov. 1905, P. H. Grierson. Plentiful, Charleville Forest gardens, Tullamore, Sep. 1904! R. McKenna. Roscommon—Abundant, Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Rockingham gardens, Boyle, Sept. 1904 ! E. Clarke. ; Leitrim—Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904! Rev. Joseph Meehan. Mayo W.—Abundant, the Demesne, Westport, Sept. 1904! John O’Callaghan. Galway W.—Abundant, Kylemore Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort. Also extremely abundant and very large near the outskirts of Galway town ; eight or ten specimens might be found under one stone, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. | Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Abundant at Ballin- dooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen, Waterford—Dunmore, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Clare—Lahinch, 1900, P. H. Grierson. Dromoland Castle gardens near New- market-on-Fergus, Sept. 1904! John Carter. Abundant between Limerick and the Clare Hills, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. 284 APPENDIX—MILAX SOWERBII. IRELAND. Limerick—Adare Manor, Adare, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles. Round Murgret, and near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. M. Malcomson. Cork N.—Convamore by Ballyhooley, Oct. 1904! J. MeMillar. Kerry-—Cahirciveen, Sept. 1904! and plentiful on Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap. FRANCE. Reported for the Vaucluse by Commandant Caziot. Var. pallidissima Less. & Poll. ENGLAND AND WALES. Flint—Sub-var. insolita, Grange road, Rhyl, July 1904 ! Miss A. Steele Perkins. Cheshire —Var. padllidissima, Chester, Sept. 1904, R. Newstead (T. D. A. Cockerell). IRELAND. Kerry—Sub-var. flavescens, Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian. Var. fusco-carinata Cockerell. IRELAND. Kerry—Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian. Var. rustica Roebuck. ENGLAND. Surrey—Garden, Reigate, Aug. 1903, Lionel E. Adams. IRELAND. Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. FRANCE. The var. rustica Moquin-Tandon is recorded for the department of the Ardennes by M. Henri Cardot. Var. nigrescens Cockerell. ENGLAND AND WALES. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies. Hereford—Garden, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904! Miss M. A. Boycott ; garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake. IRELAND. Tyrone—Sub-var. nigro-carinata, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! R. Bell. Donegal—Templemore Park, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell. Louth—Near Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Rathmines, Sept. 1904 ! Wicklow—Var. nigrescens and sub-var. nigro-carinata, Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R M. Barrington. Kilkenny —Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. nizro-carinata, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart. Clare—Between Limerick and the Clare Hills, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Limerick—Sub-var. nigro-carinata, near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Waterford — Sub-var. nigro-carinata, garden, Belle Vue House, Waterford, Sept. 1904! Frederick Power. Cork N.—North bank of river Lee, Cork, Sept. 1904 ! C. Baker. Sub-var. nigro-carinata, Convamore by Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. MeMillar. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 285 FAMILY ARIONID# Gray. GENUS ARION Feérussac. Dr. Simroth suggests that a more satisfactory basis for the classification of this group might be afforded by the differences in the length of the epiphallus, an organ which seems to possess great constancy in this respect in the various species. The external markings on the body are directly connected with the circulation of the blood, and the lyre-shaped marking on the shield is coincident in form with the lung, which lies beneath in the form of a ring. As the dark markings on the mantle are dependent on the circulation of the blood during the respiratory processes, one may conclude that the dark markings on the side-areas are used for skin respiration. This is probably, however, less likely in the larger species, on account of their thicker skin and greater secretion of coloured slime, so that the correla- tion of circulation and markings is not so marked. AGOne ater (102). Food and Habits.—Young Avion ater are often found on Adium ursinum in the neighbourhood of Leipzig. Var. aterrima ‘Taylor. The name of aterrima has been objected to, as having been previously used by Dumont and Mortillet, but this is not so, as those authors do not appear to have described any variation under that name. Var. castanea Dum. & Mort. ENGLAND AND WALES. Kent W.—Snub-var. fusco-lutescens, Chislehurst, T. D. A. Cockerell. Berks.—Unhill Wood near Streatley, July 1906 ! Rev. E. Peake. Anglesey—Sub-var. brannea, common, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Lancashire S.—Sub-var. brunnea, near Oldham (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., April 1898, p. 49). York S.E.—Sub-var. brunnea, Aldborough, T. Petch. IRELAND. Antrim—The Manse, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W. S. Smith. Armagh—Sub-var. brunnea, Forkhill, Jan. 1904, and Armagh, Feb. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Louth—Sub-var. brunnea, near Carlingford, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Sub-var. brunnea, Bective Abbey, March 1905; Moynalty and Kells, April 1905, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Sub-var. brunnea, Greystones, Sept. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Galway W.—Dernasligegan, April 1897, R. Welch; this locality is erroneously stated to be in East Galway (p. 178). Type and sub-var. brunnea, abundant, Gentian Hill, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, J. of Conch., April 1896, p. 178). Galway E.—Killinure, Lough Ree, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Clare—Near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Var. plumbea Roebuck. ENGLAND. Sussex W.—Near Liphook, July 1905, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce. Derby—Rowsley (Lionel E. Adams, Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 77). York Mid W.—Addingham, Aug. 1906! F. Booth. Grass Wood, Grassineton, Sept. 1906! 8. Hainsworth. 286 APPENDIX—ARION ATER. IRELAND. Meath—Moynalty, April 1905, P. H. Grierson. Galway W.—A slate-grey form, probably plumbco-pallescens, at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Var. rufa L. ENGLAND. Cornwall W.—In large numbers and of huge size in company with typical ater in a marsh between Penzance and St. Michael’s Mount, June 1905, J. H. Sikes. Surrey—Var. rufa, Grayswood, and sub-var. jonstonii Kaleniez., Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conech., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Cumberland—About Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, ». 153). : IRELAND. Clare—Gardens near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Limerick—Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. GERMANY. Baden— Woods about Freiburg (W. Evans). BELGIUM. Sub-var. rubra, Brussels, J. T. Carrington. Var. sueceinea Miiller. ENGLAND. Berks.—Very young specimens, Bradfield, Dec. 1905! Rev. E. Peake. Westmorland and Lake Lancs.—Sub-var. awrantia, Arnside, 1906, H. Beeston. SWITZERLAND. Lucerne (Bourg., Mal. Quatre-Cantons, 1862, p. 1). Var. alba L. ENGLAND. Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1893, p. 154). Surrey—Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton ; and Shottermill (Chas. Pannell, jr., Journ. of Conch., April 1902, p. 169). Lancashire Mid—NSilverdale, May 1904, J. W. Jackson. York S.W.—Brearley Wood near Halifax, Oct. 1906! W. Cash. IRELAND. Galway E.—A pale bluish-white form, with cream-white marblings and yellow foot-fringe, abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Var. albolateralis. Roebuck. Prof. Cockerell suggests that the specimens of var. a/bolateralis, found by Mr. E. D. Marquand at Penzance, in Sept. 1885, in which the foot-fringe was grey in place of yellow, should be known as sub-var. marquandi. ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall W.—The Lizard, June 1905, F. W. Wilson. Merioneth—Glandawr, Dolgelly road, Barmouth, June 1905! Rev. E. Perey Blackburn. . Carnarvon—Abersoch, June 1896, C. Oldham, J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 263. Notts.—Four specimens under a log, Thoresby Park, Edwinstone, June 1906, J. Ray Hardy. York S.E.—Bempton Cliffs, June 1906 ! J. E. Crowther. IRELAND. Meath—Ballivor, March 1904, P. H. Grierson. Galway E.—Killinure and Coolagh, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. APPENDIX—ARION SUBFUSCUS. 287 Var. bicolor Roebuck. WALES. Merioneth—Sub-var. scharfi, Glandawr, Dolgelly road, Barmouth, June 1905 ! Rev. E. Perey Blackburn. IRELAND, Galway E.—Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895, R. Standen ; this locality is not in West Galway as stated at p. 186. Var. marginella Schranck. ENGLAND. Surrey—Sub-var. swammerdamii, Punch Bowl near Haslemere, and sub-var. marginata, Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of C., Apr. 1902, p. 169). Lancashire S.—-Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Northen Etchells near Manchester, May 1885! C. Oldham. SCOTLAND. Lanark—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Blackwood, Kirkmuirhill, Sep. 1904 ! Norman B. Kinnear. IRELAND. Cavan—Sub-var. nigrescens, Mullagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Sub-var. nigrescens, Glen Druid, Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Sligo—Sub-var. nigrescens, near Sligo, July 1904! R. Welch. Clare—Sub-var. nigrescens, near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud). Synonymy.—According to Mons. H. Crosse (Journ. de Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 219), this species 1s the Arion incommodus of Capt. Hutton. Food and Habits.—Capt. W. J. Farrer has observed this species to abound in all the low-lying meadow lands bordering the English lakes, and has seen them congregated in large numbers, feeding on the remains of a dead frog, and states that in the lake district the entrances to the burrows of the water-rat are sometimes fairly lined with the sub-var. aurantiaca, probably feeding on the droppings of the animals. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon N.—Wood at Mortehoe, Oct. 1906! Mrs. Longstaft. Surrey—Addington (C. Pannell, jr., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Hants. S.—Frequent about Hambleton ! C. S. Coles. Berks.— Bradfield near Reading, Rev. E. Peake, Dec. 1906. Anglesey—Rare, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Lancashire S.—Type and a pale form on and near canal-bank at Bardsley and Riversvale (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., April 1898, p. 49). York S.E.—Banks of canal, Driffield, J. Darker Butterell. SCOTLAND. Ross W.—Common in the woods, Balmacarra, Aug. 1906! Rev. R. Godfrey. IRELAND. Donegal—Port Salon and Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 197). Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Nobber, March 1904, P. H. Grierson. Galway E.—Abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. 288 APPENDIX—ARION HORTENSIS. GERMANY. Reported by Dr. von Martens for Dolmar, Reinhardsbrunn, ete., in Thuringia. FRANCE. Reeorded for the Lot-et-Garonne by Gassies, the Vaucluse by Commandant Caziot, and Puy-de-Déme by Dr. P. Fischer. Var. suceinea Bouillet. Cumberland —The sub-var. aurantiaca is the most prevalent form about Bassen- thwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 153). Galway E.—Sub-var. awrantiaca, Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, Journ. of Conch., April 1896, p. 178). Arion hortensis Férussac. Food and Habits.—During Nept. 1906, at Moycullen and beside Ross Lake, W. Galway, Mr. R. Standen observed this usually strictly geophilous species ascending the trees to a considerable height, and in Aug. 1898 noted examples feeding upon Phallus impudicus and other fungi in Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Lancashire; while Mr. H. Beeston remarks that in autumn it has a strong preference for hidmg beneath and clinging to the fallen and decaying leaves of the sycamore. Geological History.—Calcareous particles, assumed to be the ves- tigial shells of this species, have been found in a Holocene deposit at Cleeve Hill, East Gloucestershire. ENGLAND AND JIWALES. Dorset—Stour Provost, Sept. 1904 (E. W. Swanton, J. of C., Jan. 1905, p. 286). Hants. S.— Common everywhere about Hambledon, C. 8. Coles. Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1893, p. 154). Essex S.—Wanstead and Barkingside, not common (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Feb 1891, p. 208). SCOTLAND. Main Argyle—Pine woods, Ardbhan Craigs, also plentiful on Lismore, Sept. 1892 (Standen and Hardy, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 268). Ross W.—Balmacarra House, Aug. 1906! Rev. R. Godfrey. IRELAND. Donegal— Not uncommon in wood, Portsalon, and in burial-ground at Fahan, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 197). Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Nobber, March 1904, P. H. Grierson. Queen’s Co.—Durron, May 1903, P. H. Grierson. Galway W.—Moycullen and banks of Ross Lake, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Galway E.—Very abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. GERMANY, Recorded by Dr. von Martens for Saalfeld, Liebenstein, ete., in Thuringia. FRANCE. Recorded for the Var and Lot-et-Garonne. SWITZERLAND. Recorded from the environs of Lucerne, and from Perroy in Canton Vaud. APPENDIX—ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 289 ALGIERS. Recorded doubtfully for Algiers by Mr. W. E. Collinge. NEARCTIC REGION. Pennsylvania—Though first reported along with L. maximus from the Phipps’ Conservatories, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, both species seem now to have obtained a firm foothold outside ; the largest L. maximus I ever saw was found in a suburb about three miles from the city (G. H. Clapp, Oct. 1906). ar. fasciata Moquin-'l'andon. Var. f ta Mog and ENGLAND. Stafford—A bout Cheddleton and Froghall, Sept. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 58). Cheshire— Knutsford, Chelford and Congleton, Sep. 1885 (‘T. D. A. Cockerell, l.c.). Lancashire S.—About Prescot and Rainhill, Sep. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, l.c.). Var. grisea Moquin-T'andon. Stafford—Near Kingsley, Sept. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat., Feb, 1886, p. 58). Galway W.—A sub-variety, almost white upon the back, at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Var. subfusea C. Pfeiffer. Cheshire—Gardens at Sale (Milne and Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1894, p. 316). Arion circumscriptus Johnston Food and Habits.—Observed by Mr. R. Standen, in August 1898, feeding on Phallus impudicus and other fungi in Eggerslack Wood, (rrange, Lancashire. ENGLAND AND WALES. Hants. S.—Frequent about Hambledon ! C. 8. Coles. Berks.—Unhill Wood near Streatley, July 1906 ! Rev. E. Peake. Bucks.—Garden, Aston Clinton, 1900 (A. Leicester, Journ. of Conch., July 1902, p. 216). Merioneth—Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy ; and Llwyngwril near Barmouth, June 1887 ! W. Cash. Denbigh—Elwy Valley, St. Asaph, April 1896, C. Oldham. Anglesey—In fields near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Lincoln N.—Common about Market Rasen. Oct. 1906 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York Mid W.—Grass Wood, Grassineton, Sept. 1906 !S. Hainsworth. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Evverslack Wood, Grange, Aug. 1898 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 114). J SCOTLAND. Main Argyle—Oban, April 1894! W. Evans. Ross W.—Adult specimens, Balmacarra, Aug. 1906, Rev. R. Godfrey. IRELAND. Down—Near Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Armagh—Meich ; Armagh, Dec. 1904; Newry and Forkhill, July 1905, P. H. Grierson. Monaghan—Carrickmacross, P. H. Grierson. Donegal—Common at Portsalon and Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 198). 290 APPENDIX—ARION INTERMEDIUS., Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, and Mullagh, July 1904, P. H. Grierson. Louth—Omeath ; Drumear; Annagarron ; Ardee ; Millifont Abbey; Beaulieu, Oct. 1903 ; Barmeath and Dromiskin, June 1904; Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904 ; and Louth, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Nobber, March 1904; Slane and Drumcondra, July 1904; Stamullan, Oct. 1904; Summerhill and Ballivor, March 1905; Moynalty, Julianstown, and Kells, April 1905 ; and Batterstown, May 1905, P. H. Grierson. Kildare—Staffan, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Greystones, Sept. 1903, and Powerscourt, P. H. Grierson. Kilkenny—Clogh ; near Callan; Powerstown; Kilkenny, April 1902; Johns- town, May 1902; near Waterford, Jan. 1903; Thomastown, March 1903; and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Queen’s Co.—Durron, May 1903, P. H. Grierson. King’s Co.—Ruins at Clonmacnois, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Westmeath—Raharney, March 1905, P. H. Grierson. Leitrim—Feenagh, 1899, P. H. Grierson. Waterford—Cappoquin, Nov. 1902 ; Dunmore, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson. RUSSIA. Recorded by Heynemann for Niankow, Great Minsk (Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 249). Var. leucophza Normand. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Chaudfontaine and Forest, Liége, June 1871 (Van den Broeck, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. 51). SUB-GENUS Ariunculus Lessona. Arion intermedius Normand. Development.— Mr. F. Booth and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck found the young of this species in great abundance, apparently only just hatched, in the woods on Otley Chevin, Yorkshire, in the middle of October 1906, the species being perfectly recognizable even in the tiniest examples. Food and Habits.—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck observed this species abundantly in August 1906, in Waterfall and Kildale Woods near Guis- borough, feeding freely on the underside of Boletus flavus ; while in May 1905, at Silverdale in Mid-Lancashire, Mr. J. W. Jackson detected a specimen inside the flower of Ovalis, possibly unwittingly contributing to ensure its fertilization. ENGLAND AND WALES. Surrey—Oxshott, feeding on Boletus, Oct. 1906 ! A. Sich. Hants. S.—Frequent amongst rubbish and under logs about Hambledon ! C. S. Coles. Berks.—Common about Bradfield near Reading, Rev. E. Peake, Dec. 1906. Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall. Denbigh—Elwy Valley, St. Asaph, April 1896, C. Oldham. Anglesey—Plentiful in a wet place on the cliffs near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). Lincoln S.—Little Ponton, July 1903! W. Denison Roebuck. Lincoln N.—Woodhall Spa, Aug. 1893, F. W. Fierke. Very abundant about Louth (C. 8. Carter, Moll. Lincolns., 1905, p. 35). Lancashire S.—Park Bridge, Feb. 1903, F. Taylor. APPENDIX—GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 291 York S.E.—North Grimston ; Weltondale ; Drewtondale ; North Cave and in ravine at Filey ; also not uncommon at Hornsea and amongst moss and dead leaves in marshy places at Roos Bog; Bale Wood; Aldborough ; Tansterne ; Hedon ; Kelsey Hill and Spurn (T. Petch, Moll. of East Riding, 1904, p. 130). York N.E.— Waterfall and Kildale Woods, Guisborough, Aug. 1906 ! W.D.R. York Mid W.—Grass Wood, Grassington, Sept. 1906! F. Booth. Rare, Burt Bridge, Sept. 1887, F. R. Fitzgerald. SCOTLAND. Perth N.—Persie Inn, Glenshee ! W. Evans. Ebudes N.—Isle of Eigg! W. Evans. Ross W.—Balmacarra, Aug. 1906, Rev. R. Godfrey. IRELAND. Down—Near Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Armagh—Common in Ford Wood, Tandragee (Irish Nat., July 1906, p. 175). Louth-——Ardee ; Drumear; Annagarron ; Blackhall Demesne and Collon, Sept. 1904 ; Beaulieu, Oct. 1904 ; and near Townley Hall, May 1905, P. H. Grierson. Meath—Nobber, July 1904; Stamullen, Oct. 1904; Longwood, March 1905; and Batterstown, May 1905, P. H. Grierson. Kildare—Stafian and Lyons, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow— Powerscourt, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson. King’s Co.—Edenderry, Noy. 1905, P. H. Grierson. Leitrim—Near Cloonee, Dec. 1899, P. H. Grierson. Galway W.— Marvellously abundant in a small wood beyond Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. Galway E.—Abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. SWITZERLAND. Old fir-wood near Lucerne, Sept. 1902, Rev. R. Godfrey. Var. plumbea Collinge. Surrey— Brockham, Nov. 1906 ! Lionel E. Adams. GENUS GEOMALACUS Allman. Geomalacus maculosus Allman. Kerry—Miss M. J. Delap records (Irish Naturalist, Aug. 1906, p. 190) finding specimens in June 1906 amongst old ruins on the west face of Bolus Head, and in similar situations on the eastern slope of Kilkeeneragh Mountains near the pass between that mountain and Killemlough Hill. ADDENDUM. L. maximus var. bicolor Taylor. A reference to Am Stein’s description of his Lima cinereus var. albus discloses that this form is not synonymous with the var. candida L. & P., as tentatively suggested on page 41, but is really identical with the var. bicolor. Two examples found in a cold and damp garden at Louth in Lincolnshire by Mr. C. S. Carter; one of them, found in July 1906, is very characteristic and exactly corresponds with the fig. 5 on plate vi. ! 29 2 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. LITERATURE. Works which in addition to those on page 30 may be profitably consulted. Adams, L. E.—Observations on the Pairing of Limax maximus L.—Journ. of Conch., July 1898, pp. 92—95, and pl. ii. Alder, Joshua.—A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. —Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, 1848. Allman, G. J.—Description of a New Genus of Pulmonary Gastropod.—Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 1846, xvii. Am Stein, J. G.—Beitriige zur Mollusken-Fauna Graubiinden’s, 1889—1892. André, E.—La Fossette triangulare caudale des Arions.—Rey. Suisse et Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Geneva, 1898, pp. 179—182 and fig. Recherches sur Ja Glande P edionse des Pulmonés.—Rey. Suisse de Zool., 1894, pp. 291—348. Ashford, C.—Land and Freshwater Mollusea round Christchurch, South Hants. —Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, p. 153. B., J.—Spinning Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., ii., p. 485, Nov. 1829. Babor, J. F.—Ueber den Cyclus der Geschlechtsentwicklung der Stylommato- phoren.—Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 1894, pp. 55—61, and figs. Bandon, Aug.—Mémoire sur les Limaciens du Département de l’Oise Beauvais, 1871. Belt, A.-—Uncommon Varieties of Arion and Limax—Zool., Oct. 1885, p. 389. Blair, T.-—A short Notice of the Habits of Testacéllus sctittulum. — Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1833, pp. 48—47. Bree, W. T.—Spinning Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Mch. 1829, ii., p. 69. Breviere, L.—Tableau d. Limaciens d. Envir. de St. Saulge, 1881. Clarke, Rev. B. J.—On the Species of the Genus Limax occurring in Ireland.— Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1843, pp. 332—4. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Varieties of Arion ater.—Science Goss., June 1885, p. 140. A New Variety of Limax maximus.—Nat. World, Sept. 1885, p. 178. Chamzleonic Arions.—Science Goss., June 1886, p. 140. Limax arborum and the Influence of Altitude on Colour.—Zoologist, Aug. 1886, pp. 418—420. Slug Variation.—Science Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 16. On Agriolimax montanus in Colorado.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 358. Notes on Slugs, chiefly in the Collection at the British Museum.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, pp. 278 and 380 ; also 1891, pp. 97 and 328. Synopsis of the principal Varieties of Agriolimax agrestis.—Nant , Oct. 1891. On the Geographical Distribution of Slugs.—Proe. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 214. Arion cireumscriptus Johnst. = bourguignati Mabille.—Brit. Nat., 1891, p. 20. Notes on A. hortensis, A. cireumscriptus, and their Allies. —Conch. i., p. 33. The Genera Limax, Arion, and Helix.—Conch., June 1892, ii., p. 28. The British Arionidz.—Conch., Dec. 1892, p. 84. A Revised List of the Species of British Slugs.—J. of Conch., 1892, p. 66. The Endemic Features of the British Slug l'auna.—Sci. Goss., 1892, p. 255. A Check List of the Slugs.—Conch., Sept. 1893, pp. 168—176; and Dee. 1893, pp. 187—228. Collinge, W. E.—Notes on the Variation of the Genus Arion.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1892, pp. 307—S. Description of a New Variety of Arion hortensis Fér., and A. cireumscriptus Johnst.—Conch., 1892, ii., p. 26. Limax maximus and its variety cinereo-niger Wolf.—Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1892, pp. 425—6. List of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca.—Conch., 1892, p. 34. A Catalogue of the Slugs of the British Isles. —Brit. Nat., 1892. A Review of the Arionidie of the British Isles. —Conch., Dec. 1892, p. 78. On the Structure and Affinities of some European Slugs.—Conch., March 1893, p. 113. Some Notes on Irish Slugs.—Irish Nat., July 1893, p. 148. LITERATURE. 293 Collinge, W. E. (continwed).— Description of the Anatomy, ete., of a New Species and Variety of Arion. — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1893, p. 252, pl. ix. ; On the occurrence of Arion lusitanicus Mabille in the British Isles, and Description of Four New Varieties.—Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1893, pp. 414—415. The Anatomical Characters of Arion flagellus.—Irish Nat., 1893, p. 316. On the variety cinereo-niger Wolf of Limax maximus L.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, pp. 286—7. Note on a Species of Limax from Ireland. —Journ. of Mal., 1894, pp. 51—52. The Anatomy and Description of a New Species of Arion.—Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 66, pl. v. Description of a New Species of Slug of the Genus Limax from Ireland. — Journ. of Mal., 1895, p. 4 and fig. Some Observations on certain Species of Arion.—Journ. of Mal., May 1897. On the occurrence in Ireland of Arion empiricorum var. bocagei Simr.— Journ. of Mal., vii., p. 33. Conacher, John, junr.—Limax tenellus and Anodonta cygnea var. incrassata in Scotland.—Naturalist, July 1878, p. 177. Creighton, C.—Glycogen of Snails and Slugs, 1899. Dall, W. H.—Thread Spinning by Arion hortensis.—Science, Dee. 1883, p. 773. Daniel, J. E.—Thread-spinning by Slugs.—Sci. Goss., Sept. 1875, p. 206. A Catalogue of the Mollusca found in the Neighbourhood of Heidelberg, Grand Duchy of Baden.—Quart. Journ. of Conch., Aug. 1875, pp. 111—118. Denson, John, jr.—Some Account of the Limax sowerbyi of Férussac.—Loudon’s Mag., v., p. 693—697, Nov. 1832; and vi., pp. 46, 47, Jan. 1833. A short Notice of the Habits of Testacellus seutulum.—Loudon’s Mag., vi., pp. 44—46, Jan. 1833. On the Habits of Testacella scutulum.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1834, pp. 226—230. Esmark, B.—On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Norway.—J. of Conch., v., pp. 90—131. Evans, W.—Note on Limax tenellus Miill.—Proc. R.P.S.E., 1904, pp. 22—24. Gain, W. A.—Some remarks on the Colour Changes in Arion intermedius Norm. —Conch., Sept. 1892, p. 55. Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks.—Journ. of Conech., Apr. 1891, pp. pp. 849—361. Grateloup, J.—Dist. géogr. de la fam. des Limaciens, 1855. Gray, J. E.—Teeth of Testacellus and Glandina..—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dee. 1853, p. 478. On the Teeth of the Black and Wood Shell Slugs.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June 1858, p. 464. Habits of Snails or Black Slugs (A. ater), —Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1838. Hanitseh, R.—Contributions to the Anatomy and Histology of Limax agrestis. —Proe. Biol. Soc., Liverpool, May 1888, ii., pp. 152—170, and pl. x.—x1ii. Harte, William—Molluscan Threads.—Sci. Goss., May 1874, x., p- 117, 8. ; Notes on certain Movements of the Limacidze.—Proe. Nat. Hist. Soe. Dublin, 1863, iii., pp. 182, 3. Heynemann, D. F.—Die Nacktschnecken in Deutschland seit 1800 und ein neuer Limax.—Mal. Bl., Mech. 1862, ix., pp. 38—57. On the French Species of the Genus Geomalacus.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Apl. 1878, pp. 271—275. Einige Mittheilhungen iiber Schneckenzungen mit besonderer . Beachtung der Gattung Limax.—Mal. BI., Oct. 1863, pp. 200—216, and pl. ii. and iii. Zur Kenntniss von Geomalacus.—Nach. Mal. Ges., Sept. 1869, pp. 165—8. Geomalacus maculosus Allman.—Nach. Mal. Ges., July 1871, p. 126. Die Nackten-Landpulmonaten des Erdbodens.—Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., pp. 236—330, 1885. Ueber Geomalacus.—Mal. BI., xxi., pp. 25—36 and pl. Die Geographische Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken. —1905. Hoy, Thomas.—Account of a Spinning Limax or Slug.—Linn, Trans., )791, 1., pp. 183—-5. 294 LITERATURE. Johnston, G.—A few Remarks on the Class Mollusea in Dr. Fleming’s Work on British Animals, with Descriptions of some New Species.—Edinb. New Phil. Journ., vol. v., p. 76, June 1828. A List of the Pulmoniferous Mollusea of Berwickshire and North Durham. —Berwicks. Club Proe., vol. i., p. 154, 1838. Jenyns, Rev. L.—On a peculiar Species of Mite, parasitical on Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1831, iv., pp. 538—541, and f. 109. Kaleniezenko, J.—Description des Limaces qui se trouvant dans ? Ukraine. — Bull. Soe. Imp. Nat., 1851, xxiv., pp. 109—126, and pl. iv. Kew, H. Wallis. —On the Mucus-Threads of Land Slugs.—Journ. of Conch., July 1901, p. 92. Latham, J.—Observations on the Spinning Limax.—Linn. Trans., 1798, pp. 85-89. Leach, W. E.—A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, 1852. Lehmann, R.—Die Nacktschnecken aus der Umgebung Stettins und in Pom- mern.—Mal. Bl., 1862, ix., pp. 156—193, and pls. 2—-5. Die Lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der umgegend Stettins und in Pommern.—1873. Lessona & Pollonera.—Monografia dei Limacidi Italiani, 1882, pp. 82 and 3 pls. Lessona, M.—Molluschi viventi del Piemonte, 1880. Sugli Arion del Piemonte, 1881, pp. 14 and pl. Lukis, F. C.—A Notification of the Occurrence in the Island of Guernsey of a Species of Testacellus and of some of its Characteristics and Habits as observed there.—Loudon’s Mag., May 1834, vii., pp. 224—30. M.—Spinning Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1829, p. 303. Mabille, M. J.—Des Limaciens Européens.—Rev. et M. Zool., 1868, pp. 129-146. Malm, A. W.—Limacina Skandinaviz, 1868. Mark, E. L.—On the Early Stages in the Embryology of Limax campestris. — Zool. Auz., Sept. 22, 1879, pp. 493—496. Martens, E. von.—Zur Kentniss der fadenspinnenden Schnecken.—Zool. Auz., Nov. 1878, pp. 249—251. Mogquin-Tandon, A.—Observations sur la langue de la Testacelle (Testacellus haliotideus F.-B.).—Journ. de Coneh., July 1851, pp. 125—128. Musson, C. T.—On the Naturalized Forms of Land and Freshwater Mollusea in Australia.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1891, p. 883. Newton, R. Bullen.—The Geological Distribution of Extinet British Non-Marine Mollusea.—Journ. of Conch., 1891, p. 58. Nilsson, Svenone.—Historia Molluscorum Svecie terrestrium et ffuviatilium breviter delineata.—1822, pp. 124. Nunneley, Thos.—A description of the Internal Structure of various Limaces found in the neighbourhood of Leeds.—Trans. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soe., 1837, i., pp. 41—79, and pls. 1—7. Pilsbry, H. A.—Phylogeny of the Genera of Arionide.—Proc. Mal. Soc., July 1898, pp. 94—104. Pini, N.—Molluschi terrestri e d’Acqua dolce viventi nel Territorio di Esino.— 1876, pp. 144, and 2 pls. Pollonera, Carlo.—Nuove contribuzioni allo Studio degli Arion europei.—R. Acead. d. Sei. Torino, 1889, pp. 20 and pl. A proposito degli Arion del Portogallo.—Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp., May 1890, pp. 1—7. Recensement des Arionidée de la Région Paléarctique, 1890, pp. 42. toebuck, W. Denison.—The British Slug List.—J. of Conch., Apr. 1883, p. 38. Limax cinereo-niger, an Addition to British List.—Zool., July 1883, p. 304. Carnarvonshire Notes, July 1883.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1883, p. 113. Testacella—A Query for West of England Conchologists.—Science Gossip, Nov. 1883, p. 256. Varieties of British Slugs.—Science Gossip, Nov. 1883, p. 257. Slug new to Yorkshire.—Naturalist, Nov. 1883, p. 68. Slugs in County Waterford.—Zool., Dec. 1883, pp. 507, 508. LITERATURE. 295 Roebuck, W. Denison (continued). — New Variety of Arion ater. —Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1884, p. 146. Slugs in County Durham.—Naturalist, Aug. 1884, p. 20. Gloucestershire Slugs.—Science Gossip, April 1884, pp. 78, 79. Limax maximus var. maculata Picard in Britain. —J. of C., Jan. 1884, p. 150. Limax maximus var. johnstoni Moq. in E. Gloucestershire. —Id., iv., p. 158. Limax agrestis var. reticulata Mill. in Britain. —Id., iv., p. 134. Arion ater var. bicolor in W. Gloucestershire. —Id., iv., July 1884, p. 217; Limax maximus var. férussaci in County Antrim.—Id., iv., July 1884, p. 222. New Variety of Limax flavus [grisea].—Id., iv., July 1884, p. 223. Variations in Lehmannia arborum, the Tree Slug.—Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, pp. 276—280. A New Variety of the Cellar Slug, Limax flavus var. suffusa.—Journ. of Conch., July 1885, p. 352. ; New Varieties of Limax arborum and Arion ater.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1885, pp. 375, 376. Arion ater var. nov. cinerea at Nottingham.—Naturalist, Sept. 1888, p. 284. Slugs, ete., in South Lincolnshire.—Naturalist, May 1889, p. 130. Orange coloured Arion ater at Durham.—Naturalist, July 1889, p. 212. The specific rank of Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, pp. 225—226. Scharff, R. F.—Arion minimus Simroth a British Slug.—Journ. of Conch., iv., p. 267, 1890. ; The Slugs of Ireland.—Sci. Trans. Roy. Soc. Dublin, 1891, pp. 46 and 2 pls. On the Affinities of the Genera Limax, Arion and Helix.—Conch., 1892, p. 83. Note on the Geographical Distribution of Geomalacus maculosus Allm. in Treland.—Proe. Mal. Soc. London, 1893, p. 17. A new Irish Species of Arion.—Irvish Nat., 1893, p. 302. A supposed New Species of Limax from Ireland.—Irish Nat., 1894, p. 261. Scott, T.—Conchological Notes.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, p. 228. Simroth, H.—Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Deutschen Nacktschnecken und ihrer europiishen Verwandten.-—1885, pp, 163 and 5 pls. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Nacktschnecken. —1889, pp. 92 and 4 pls. Uber die nackten Limaciden und Testacelliden des Kaukasus.—Sitz.-Ber. Nat. Ges. Leipzig, 1891, pp. 40—49. Uber Kaukasische Limaciden und Testacelliden.—Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 1891, p. 57. On some Testacellze.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 413. Sterki, V.—Growth Changes in the Radula of Land Mollusks.—Proe. Acad. Nat. Science Philad., 1893, pp. 8388—400 and 2 pls. Tapping, T.—Observations on the Genus Testacellus and Description of a New Species, Testacellus medii-templi.—Zool., 1856, pp. 5099—5107. Tate, R.—On some Australian Slugs, chiefly Tasmanian.—Proe. Roy. Soe. Tas., 1880, pp. 15—17. Taylor, J. M. B.—Testacella scutulum Sow. in Renfrewshire.—Journ. of Conch., July 1889, p. 114. Tomlin, J. R. B.—British Slugs.—Sci. Goss., Dee. 1886, p. 279. Tye, G. Sherriff.—On a case of Protective Resemblance among Slugs.—Journ., of Conch., June 1894, pp. 21, 22. Webb, W. M.—Slugs.—Sci. Goss., June 1887, p. 124. Westerlund, C. A.—Fauna d. in d. Palearctischen region lebenden Binnen- conchylien, 1886. Williams, J. W.—Limax maximus v. marmorata.—Nat. World, Dec. 1885, p. 235. On the Variation and Continental Distribution of British Slugs.—Sci. Goss., 1886, pp. 54—56, 146—148, 99, 201—203, and 1887, p. 10. Slugs and their Varieties.—Young Nat., Oct. 1887, pp. 188—191. Our British Slugs. —Sci. Goss., 1887, pp. 10 and 44. Slug Gossip.—Sci. Goss., 1887, pp. 222, 223; 243, 244 ; 265—267. Wotton, F? W.—The Life-History of Arion ater and its Powers of Self-Fertiliza- tion.—Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 158. 296 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS, WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO DATE. Adams, Lionel E., B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate. Adkin, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingards Road, Lewisham, S. E. Ainsworth-Davis, Prof. J. R., University College, Aberystwyth. Aldridge, Rev. J. M., M.A., Maisey Hampton Rectory, Fairford. Archibald, C. F., M. B. O.U., 2, Darnley Road, West Park, Far Headingley, and Rusland Hall, Ulverston. Arnold, Bernard, F. L.S., Milton Lodge, near Gravesend. Atkinson, F. E., M.R. C. S., L.R.C.P., ete., Bowerley, Settle. Babor, J. F., vii., 748, Prague, Bohemia. Backhouse, J., F.L.S, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U., Daleside, Scarborough. Bailey, C., F.L.S., Peter Street, Manchester. 3aillie, W., Brora, N.B. Banks, W. H., Hergest Croft, Kington, Herefordshire. Barker, R. H., Grosvenor Bank, Searborough. Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., St. John’s College, Grimsargh. Bar nsley Naturalists’ Society. Beeston, H., Hawkestone, Havant, Hants. Benn, C. AWS MoAC eH. Gr. ce Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge. Benw ell, Rev. Proctor, Wix Vicarage, Manningtree. Bickers & Son, 1, Leicester Square, “London, W.C. Blackburn, Rev. E. P., Wesley House, Dixon’s Green, Dudley. Blackmore, J Cy EG: et Falkirk. W hatley Road, C lifton. Blackshaw, J. C., 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton. Bliss, J., Boarbank Hall, Grange. Bloomer, H. Howard, 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham. Booth, F., 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley. Bostock, E. D., F.L.S8., F.R.M.S., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire. Bowell, Rev. E. W. W., Sissinghurst Vicarage, Cranbrook, Kent. Boycott, A. E., The Square, Carshalton, Surrey. Bradford Naturalists’ Society. Branson, F. W., F.1.C., Wynneholme, Headingley, Leeds. Breeden, Guy, 38, Station Hill, King’s Norton. Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Clough Edge, Halifax Old Road, Huddersfieid. Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Broadhead, Mrs., The Gables, Grove Lane, Headingley, Leeds. Brode, Rev. T. Ainsworth, B.A. 5 Bt Penley’ s Grove Street, York. 3uckell, E., Wykeham House, Romsey. Bullen, Rev. R. Ashington, M.A., F.L.8., F.G.S., Englemoor, Heathside Road, W oking (two copies). Surton, F. M., V.L.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. sutterell, J. Dar ker, Manor House, W ansford, Beverley. : airns, R., 159, Queen Street, Hurst, / \shton-under-Ly ne. Cardot, Henri 1, Square de Petit Bois, Charleville, Ardennes, France. Carpenter, ( SD Eb ACowios Elsham Road, Kensington, W. ae CS 2 8, Bridge Street, Louth. Carter, J. W. RE S., S285 Mannheim Road, Bradford. Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. een Warm Gases Heine M. S. , Commerci ul Street, Halifax. Castle, T. , South Vi iew, Spen Vale Road, Heckmondwike. Champ, a ! 0 S. & J. Watts & Co. , Mane hester. Charnley, « 5 E- Ziw.y, E. Boss, Howick House, near Preston. Dita. Hee C.. Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple. Christy, R. Miller, F.L.S., The Blue House, Chignal St. James, Chelmsford. Clapham, S.C., F.Z.8., Fairoak, Overbury Avenue, Beckenham. Clapp, G. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Coates, H., K. R.S.E., Piteullen House, Perth. Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., F.Z.S., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. Cockerill, J., 6, Park Lane, Holgate, York. Coles, C. S., The Pheasantries, Hambledon, Cosham, Hants. Collier, E., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. ‘ Collinge, W. E., M.Se., F.Z.S., The University, Birmingham. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Owens College, te LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 297 Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand (A. Hamilton, Director). Cornish, J. E., 16, St. Ann’s Square, Manchester. Crabtree, A., Merlewood, Halifax. Crampton, W. T., Paremont, Roundhay. Crowther, H., F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland. Dacie, J. C., 30, Montserrat Road, Putney. Darbishire, R. D., B.A., Victoria Park, Manchester (two copies). Darnborough, F., Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm. Dautzenberg, Prof. Ph., 209, Rue de Université, Paris. Denny, Prof. A., F.L.S., Firth College, Sheffield. Dixon, J. Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W. (three copies). Eecles, J. C., 20, Winckley Street, Preston, and 3, Dudley Terrace, Ventnor. Edwards, T., Cliftonville, Equity Road, Leicester. Edwards, J., Colesborne, Cheltenham. Edward Pease Publie Library, Crown Street, Darlington. Eliot, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Sheffield. Elliott, E. J., 56, High Street, Stroud. Essex Field Club, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. Evans, C. W., Kington, Herefordshire. Evans, W., F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford. Farrah, J., F.L.S., F.R.Met.Soc., Jefferies Coate, Harrogate. Farrar, Capt. W. J., Chapel House, Bassenthwaite. Fierke, F. W., 70, Redbourne Street, Hull. Fitzgerald, Rev. H. P., M.A., F.L.S., Wellington College, Berks. Franklin, W. E., 42, Mosley Street, Newcastle. Friedlander & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11, Berlin (three copies). Flemyng, Rev. W. W., Goolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford. Fortune, Riley, F.Z.8., Lindisfarne, Harrogate. Fox, W. A., Optician, 12, Queen Victoria Street, Leeds. Glasgow Natural History Society. Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow. Godwin- Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., ete., Nore, Godalming. Grevel & Co., 33, King Street, Covent Gar den, W.C C. (three copies). Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Co. Dublin. Gude Gas keer: VA 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, INEIW2 Guille-Allés ‘Library, Guernsey. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. Hainsworth, 8., 60, George Street. Saltaire. Hargreaves, r ‘AL 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough. Harmer, F. W., E.GS., Oakland House, Cringleford, near Norwich. Harrison, Albert, F.C.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., 72, W indsor Road, Forest Gate, E. Heginbotham, C. D., 3, Estcourt Street, Devizes. Hibbert, C. R. C., Rieeard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford. Hillman, T. Stanton, F.E.S8., Eastgate Street, Lewes. Holmes, W..J. O:, ELS; Strumpshaw H Hall, Norwich. Hopkinson, Aon Ute ib She ttt. G. S., F.R.Met.Soc., Weetwood, Watford. Horniman Museum and Library, Forest Hill, 8. E. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth. Hunt, T., Wellington College, Berks. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. Jackson, E. H., 5, Lower Derby Road, Watford. James, J. H., A.R.I.Cornw., 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro. Jenner, J. H. A., F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes. Jones, K. Hurlstone, M.B., R.N., F.L.8., Royal Naval Hospital, Hong Kong. Kane, W. L. de Vismes, D.L., M.A., M.R.IA., F.E.S., Drumreaske House, Monaghan. Kanton-Universitets-Bibliothek, Zurich. Kegan, Paul & Co., Charing Cross Road, London (two copies). Keogh, J. W. D., Inca, 9, Kent’s Park Road, Bournemouth, E. Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., 9, St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth. 23/1/07 U 298 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Leicester, A., Scott Dale, New Ferry. Linen Hall Library, Donegall Square North, Belfast. Longstaff, G. B., Twitchen, Morthoe, R.S.O., Devon. Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, W. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Street, Winnington, Northwich. Lyons, Sir Algernon, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorgan. McAndrew, J. J., F.L.S8., Lukesland, Ivybridge, South Devon. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield. McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., The Homestead, Monkton Combe, near Bath. MeMurtrie, Rev. Dr. J., M.A., 5, Inverleith Road, Edinburgh. Madison, J., Turves Green, Northfield, Worcestershire. Mallalieu, Harold, Shady Grove, Delph, via Oldham. Manchester Conchological Society, Owens College, Manchester. Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough. Masefield, J. R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staff. Mason, Rev. W. Wright, 67, Merton Road, Bootle. Mayfield, A., 88, Stafford Street, Norwich, and Mendlesham, Stowmarket. Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. Miller-Maxwell, Mrs. J., Bangholm Bower, Golden Acre, Edinburgh. Mills, F. W., F.R.M.S., Thornleigh, Huddersfield. Milnes, Rev. H., Darley House. Berkeley Street, Cheltenham. Mitchell Library, Miller Street, Glasgow. Montgomery, A. M., 34, Shalimar Gardens, Acton, W. Moss, W., F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. Museum of Science and Art, Kildare Street, Dublin. Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford. National Library of Ireland, Dublin. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., L.8.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green. Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich. 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Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park, Salford. Scharff, R. F., Ph.D., B.Se., M.R.I.A., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. Sell, Henrik, 9, Thuresengade, Copenhagen. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton. Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick. Sich, George, Corney House, Chiswick. Sikes, F. H., M.A., 13, Mornington Avenue, West Kensington. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 4, Stationers’ Hall Court, E.C. Smith, W. J., 41, North Street, Brighton. Sorby, H. Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., ete., Broomfield, Sheffield. Sotheran, H. & Co., 140, Strand, W.C. Spottiswood & Co., Eton College, Windsor. Stalley, H. J., Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horshain. Stanford, E., 26, Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, 5. W. Stedman, Re B., 33, High Street, ‘Godalming. Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast. Stevens, Bas Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, W.C. (two copies). 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Warrington Museum. Ward, I. H. J., M.R.C.S., 27, The Park, Ealing, W. Watkins & Doncaster, 36, Strand, W.C. Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., U.F.C. Manse, Cardross. Watson, Hugh, Brac ondale, The Av enue, Cambridge. Webb, ut Stenson, W inscombe House, Far Headincley. Webh, Wilfred M., F.L.S., ‘‘ Odstock,” 7, Campbell Road, Hanwell, W. Weleh, R., M.R.L.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. Weston Park Public Museum, Sheftield. Wheldon, J. & Co., 58, Great Queen Street, W.C. (two copies). Whitwell, W., F.L.S., 2, Arden Grove, Dorridge, Birmingham. Wilson, F. W., 70, Park Road, Bromley, Kent. Wilson, J. C., 124a, Stamford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield. W oodruffe- LE as20e +k, Rev. E. Adrian, L.Th., F.L.8., F.G.S., Cadney Vicarage, Brigg. Woolston, T., 22, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough. Wright, C. E., Woodside, Kettering. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, The Museum, York, 300 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. INDEX. The Index for greater convenience of reference is given in a triple alphabetic arrangement, distinguished by columnar indentation and by the character and different sizes of letter used. CAPITAL LETTERS are used for the higher groups and for genera and sub-genera, but the genera adopted in the work are in heavy-faced type. Heavy-faced letter is also used for the names of the species adopted, and italics for synonyms and extra-British species, all of which are arranged in alphabetical order under their appropriate genera. Names of VARIETIES are also arranged alphabetically beneath the species to which they belong, the accepted names being printed in heavy-faced type and synonyms or sub-varieties in ttalic. The PAGE REFERENCES have the main references given first, in roman numerals, followed by incidental and general references in italic. The letter f. following a reference indicates that an illustrative figure is given. ACANTHOGLOSSA Taylor, 28. ACHATINA Lam. costelluta Edw., 28. abbreviata Edw., 29 f. Addendum, 289. ADELAPNEUMONA Gray, 1. AGNATHA Moreh, 2. Agriolimax Morch, 103, 37,77, 89, 137. agrestis L., pls. xiii. & xv., ff.1-4, pp. 104, 276, 24, 51, 74, 76, 90, 93, 121, 122, 123,124, 132, 137, 150, 213, 214, 230, 281, m Fér., 115. alba Ckll., 112. albida Vaniot, 112, 278. albitentaculata D. & M., 112, 278. atritentaculata D. & M., 112. aurata L. & P., 113. azorica Ckll., 116, 115. bimaculata Ckll., 115. brunnea Taylor, pl. xv., f. 2, pp. 114, 279, 278. cineracea Mogq., 113. cinerascens D. & M., 113. cinerea Morelet, 119. etruscus Issel, 119. filans Mogq., 112. flaviclypea D. & M., 112. flavilatera D. & M., 113. Jlorentina L. & P., 115. Susconotata L. & P., 115. grisea Ckll., 113. iberus Eichwald, 779. immaculata L. & P., 112. Ove 278 maculata D. & M., 115, A. agrestis (continued). melanocephala Moq., 112. minuta Kal., 111. nigra Mor., 115, 279, 116, 119, 278. nigrescens Colb., 115, 116. nigricans Westl., 115. obscura Mogq., 115. pallidaSchk., pl. xv., f. 1, pp.112, 278. panormitana L. & P., 115, 116, 119. plumbea Standen, 113, 114. ponsonbyi Hesse, 279. punctata Pic., 115, 279. punctulata D. & M., 115. reticulata Miill., pl. xv., f. 3, pp. 115, 279, 119, 278. rufescens D. & M., 114, 278, 179. subreticulata D. & M., 115. succinea Westl., 113, 120. sylvatica Moq., 115, 120. tristis L. & P., 114, 115, 279. varians A. Ad., 120. veranyana Bourg., 115. violacea Gass., 113, 278, 279. xanthosoma Fischer. 113. bevenoti Collinge, 132, 121, 133. campestris Binney, 109, 125. castanea Ingers., 134 f. intermedia Ckll., 134. montana Ingers., 134 f. occidentalis Cooper, 134 f. tristis Ckll., 135. Jedtschenkoi Koch & Heyum., 104, 119. levis Miill., pls. xiv. & xv., ff. 5-8, pp. 121, 279, 74, 107, 132. arenaria Gass., 126, 124. grisea Taylor, pl. xv., f. 6, p. 126. intentaculata Baud., 126. lacustris Bonelli, 126. INDEX. A. levis (continued). maculata Ckll., pl. xv., f. 7, p. 126. mucronata Westl., 127. parvula Norm., 127. pygmea Lowe, 127. rufrapunctatus Collinge, 126. levis gampesttls Binney, 132, 281, 127 t. eastanea Ingers., 134 f. hyperborea Westl., 135 f. intermedia CkIl., 154. montana Ingers., 134 f. occidentalis Cooper, 134 f., 281. tristis Ckll., 135. zonatipes CkIl., 280. montanus Ingers., 134 f. typicus Ckll., 134. pallidus Li. & P. Fusconotatus L. & P., 115. timmaculatus L. & P., 112. panormitanus L. & P., 115, 104, 116, TAD: ponsonbyi Hesse, 279. rarotonganus Heyn., 121, 132. tenellus L. & P., 71. AMALIA Mogq., 3/, 136. babori Coll., 139. carinata Risso, casertana lL. & P., 156. insolita L. & P., 156. oretea L. & P., 156. pallidissima L. & P., 156. doderleini L. & P., 139. gagates Moq., 139. ascensionis Ckll., 145. ascensionis-helene Ckil., 145. ascensionis-tristensis Ckll., 145. atlantica Ckll., 143, 142. bedriage L. & P., 143. eremiophila Simyr., 146. maderensis Ckll., 145, 143, 146. olivacea Moq., 144. raymondiana Simy., 146. tnsularis L. & P., 139. marginata Fischer, 89. mongianensis Paul., 94, 89, 102. marginata Miiller. gagates Pini, 139. mediterranea Ckll., 143, 142. similis Ckll., 143, 142. sicula L. & P., 139. sowerbii Feér. flavescens Coll., 156. nigrocarinata Coll., 156. plumbea Coll., 156. sowerbyi Adams, 151. ANADENUS Heynm., 162, 252. ANCYLUS Geoff., 767. lutus Edw., 161 f. ANISOPLEURA Lank., 1. Appendix, 262. ARIOLIMACIN#, 162. ARIONID.E Gray, 162, 285, 203. 301 Arion [ér., 163, 285, 4, 22, 33, 71, 109, 162, 175, 209, 211, 214, 226, 228, 240, 241, 245, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 264. albus Fér., 183. elegans Mogq., 183. marginatus Moq., 183. oculatus Moq., 183. stmplex Moq., 183. alpinus Fitz., 210. ambiguus Poll., 229 f., 231, 227, 239. armoricana Poll., 229 f., 231. anthracius Bourg., 215, 210. ater L., pls. xviil., xix., pp. 167, 285, 22, 54, 135, 163, 193, I9Z, 195, 196; 197, 198, 203, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 219, 228, 241, 242, 243, 245. alba L., pl. xviii., f. 2, pp. 183, 286, 190. albida Roeb., 183, 184. albo-lateralis Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 6, pp- 185, 286, 786. aterrima Taylor, 175, 285, 191, 192E. atra, Wz, U7: aurantia Baud., 182, 183, 286. aurantia-fasciata Taylor, 187. bicolor Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 9, pp. 186, 287. boeagei Simr., 185, 783. brunnea Roeb., 176, 285. brunneo-fasciata Taylor, 187. brunneo-pallescens Roeb., 176, 177, 178. eastanea D. & M., pl. xviii, f. 7, pp. 176, 285. cinerascens Ckll., 179. cinerea Roeb., 179. cinereo-nebulosa Jensen, 183, 184. coccinea Gistel, 186. draparnaudi Moq., 180, 187. elegans Mogq., 183, 184. elineolata Ckll., 186. fasciata Broeck, pl. xviii., £.8, p. 187. fasciata Ckll., 187. flavescens Feér., 182. fusco-lutescens Ckll., 176, 285. glauca Colb., 185, 183. griseo-marginata D. & M.,187, 188, 189. hiberna Mab., 180. jonstonii Kal., 180, 187, 286. lamarckiti Kal., 180, 787. livida Colb., 182, 183. livida-fasciata Taylor, 187. luteo-pallescens Ckll., 182, 183. maculata D. & M., 189. marginata Moq., 183, 184. marginata Moq., 187, 189, 287. marginella Schir., 187, 287, 187, 189. marquandi Ckll., 286. media Jensen, 185, 186. melanocephala Ver., 182. niger D. & M., 175. nigrescens Raz., 180, 181, 287. nigrescens Moq., 187, 188, 189. nigrescens-fasciata Taylor, 187. 302 A. ater (continued). oculata Mogq., 183, 184. olivacea Taylor, 176, 177, 178. olivacea Simroth, 176. pallescens Moq., 182, 183. pallescens Williams, 182. plumbea Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 4, pp. 179, 285. plumbeo-fasciata Taylor, 187. plumbeo-pallescens Roeb., 179, 286. razoumowskii Kal., 187. reticulata Rbk., pl. xviii., f. 10, p. 186. rubra Moq., 180, 787, 286. rufa L. [vol.i., pl. ii., f. 6], pl. xviii., f. 3, pp. 180, 286, 268 f., 777 f., 173f., 1748., 185, 189, 190, 191, 192. rufo-fasciata Taylor, 180, 187. rufula Baud., 180, 787. scharffi Ckll., 186, 287. schrankii Kal., 182, 183. seminigra Ckll., 176. servainiana Mab., 180, 187. simplex Fer., 183, 184. sinistrorsum Taylor, 189. subdeleta Ckll., 187. subreticulata Ckll., 186, 187. sucecinea Miill., pl. xviii., f.5, pp. 182, 286. swammerdamit Kal., 187, 189, 287. violescens Coll., 180. wirescens Millet, 201, 767. vulgaris Moq., 180, 187. bavayi Poll., 202, 193. bocaget Simr., 185, 167. bourguignati Mab., 227, 238, 239. miser Poll., 232. brunneus Lehm., 199, 192. campestris Mab., 202. celticus Poll., 231, 227, 238. ceruleus Coll., 216, 210. cinctus D. & M., 1923. atripunctatus D. & M., 202. aurantiacus D. & M., 202. cinereus D. & M., 200. Suscescens D. & M., 199. rufescens D. & M., 198. cireumscriptus Johust., pl. xxii, & pl. xxiv., ff. 12-17, pp. 227, 289, 157, 163, 210, 211, 219, 226, 241, 242. e Fér:, 199. x Fér., 201. alpicola Feér., 232. ambigua Poll., 231, 233. armoricana Poll., 231, 233. atripunctata Ckll., 231, 235. celttca Poll., 231, 234, 235. flavescens Coll., 232, 235, 236. grisea Bourg., pl. xxiv., f. 15, pp. 231, 238, 284, 285, 238. leucophsea Norm., pl. xxiv., f. 17, pp- 231, 290, 238. INDEX. A. circumscriptus (continued). minor Baudon, 231. misera Poll., 232. neustriaeca Mab., pl. xxiv., f. 13, pp. 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239. nilssoni Poll., 232. pallida Roeb., pl. xxiv., f. 16, pp. 232, 284, 235, 236, 238. subalbida Ckll., 231, 233. subfusca Roeb., 232. citrinus Westl., 202, 193. cottianus Poll., 215, 210, 214f. dasilve Poll., 198. distinctus Mab., 215, 210. dupuyanus Bourg., 227. elongatus Coll., 215, 210, 214. empiricorum Fév., 167, 17-4, 175, 192. aldrovandii Kal , 175. Ferussackii Kal., 201, flavescens Fer., 182. Jonstonti Kal., 180. lamarchit Kal., 180. maculatus D. & M., 189. maurus Held, 175. medius Jenson, 185. razoumouskit Kal., 187. schranckii Kal., 182. swammerdanui Kal., 187. violescens Coll., 180. Fasciatus Nilss. griseus Coll., 231. dagellus Coll., 199, 193, 198 f. phillipsi Coll., 199. Htavus Moq., 240, 250. albidus Moq., 244. normalis Moq., 244. pallidus Mogq., 244. Flavus F. & H., 240, 246, 248, Jlavus Poll., 202, 193. Juligineus Morel, 199, 209. JSuscatus Fér., 193. Juscus Binney, 193, 209. Juscus Miill., 209, 226. JSuscus Moq., 210. bettgeri Poll. , 202. Sascvatus Moq., 215. griseus Moq., 216. leucophwa Norm., 238. limbatus Mogq., 215. nemoralis D. & M., 216. niger Moq., 215. pyrenaicus Moq., 215. rufescens Moq., 218. subfuscus Mogq., 217. virescens Mogq., 217. gaudefroyi Mab., 193, 198. glaucus Colb., 167. hibernus Mab., 180, 167. hispanicus Simr., 175, 176. INDEX. 303 Arion (continued). hortensis Fér., pls. xxi. & xxiv., ff. 7-11, pp. 210, 288, 108, 165, 194, 204, 209, 207, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 239, 245, 250, 276. Arion (continued). mabillianus Baudon, 240, 250. marginatus Kickx, 227. melanocephalus Fér., 182, 167. minimus Simr., 168, 240, 2428., 270 mollerii Poll., pl. XKVes te 20: pp. 245, a and B Fer., 227. albipes Ckll., 214. alpicola Fer., 232. anthracia Bourg., 215, 216. aurea Less., pl. xxiv., £.9, pp. 216, 277. ezerulea Coll., 216, cottiana Poll., pl. xxiv. 214f., 219. distincta Mab., 215. elongata Coll., 215, 219. fallax Ckll., 217, 218, 220 fasciata } Mog. , pl. xxiv. 289, 219, Cel, 222, Y flava Binnie, 217, 223. grisea Bourg., 231, 227, 238. grisea Moa. Gs 289, 219, 220) 221, 222, 224, 225, 238. limbata Mogq., pl. xxiv., 216. lutea Baud., 216, 217, 222. nemoralis D. & M., 216. 220, By. nh 11, pp. 215, a ~I Ss Seilac| requienit Poll., 94. : an ae rupicola L. & P., 96. alpinus Feér., 53. 506 Limax (continued). altilis Fischer, 95, 89, 94. antiquorum Fér., 54, 43, 99. a Fér., 60. B Fer., 59. e Fér., 44. cezernaevii Kal., 43. Serrussackii Kal., 59. razoumowskit K al. 60. renardit Kal., 60. krynickii Kal., 43. antiquorum Sow., 78. arboreus Clarke, 89. arboreum Gray, 89. arborum B.-Ch., pls. x., ff. 10-17, & xil., pp. 89, 273, 34, 34, 41, fy TO LL GH Li. BOS 243 3 270. alba aslo 27 albomaculata Kreel., Oh alpestris L. « Pps. t. Lo; -pp- 96; 100, 27 bettonii Sond. Plex... 165 spp: 95, 275, 96, 98, 99, 259, 274. bilineata Roeb., 275, 273, 274. carpatica Hazay, 95, 96, 276. colorata Broeck, 94, 95, 274, 275. decipiens Ckll., 95, 98. diane Kimack ; 96. efaseiata Roeb., 275, 273, 274. flava Weinl., 94 glauea Clarke, 94, 107. heynemanni Bielz, 96, 276. lineolata Coll., 94, 98. maculata Roeb., 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 274, 276. mongianensis Paul., nemorosa Baudon, ae Xo. LAs 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 274, 275. nigra Scharff, "96, 276. obscura Esm., 95, 96. pallens L. & P., 94, 98, 274 requienit Poll., 94. rosea Van den Broeck, 94, 275, 95, ong. rupicola L. & P., 96, 276, 101, 274. saxorum Baudon, 95. submaculata Ckll., pl. x., f. 12, 276. subrufa Le Comte, pl. x.,f.11, pp. 94, 274, 99, 100. tigrina Weinl., pl. x., £.13, pp. 96, 27¢ zebrina Taylor, pl. x., f. 17, p. 96. arenarius Gass., 126, 127. argentinus Strobel, 132, 121, 153. argillaceus Gass., 151, 160, ater L., 175, 167. niger D. & M., 175. ater Raz., 61, 53, 54. aureus Gmelin, 77. baticus Mabille, 78, 83 pp. 96, INDEX. Limax (continued). bettonti Sordelli, 95, 89. «bicolor Selenka, 78, 88. bielzii Seibert, 65, 52. bilobatus Ray & Drouet, 60, 52. bilobatus Fér., 104. brasiliensis Vou Iher., brunneus Drap., 127. pygmaeus Lowe, 127. cerulans Bielz. dacampt Strobel, 66. callichrous Bourg., 66. cruentus Less., 65. campanyot Bourg. Oe campestris Binney, 132, 121, 125, 182, 138. capensis Krauss, 139, 150, carinatus Risso, 151, 160. castaneus Ingersoll, 134f., 127, 132. cellarius D’Arg., 44 f., 34. cendrée, striée et tachée de noir et de brun, La Limace Guett, 34. cephalonicus Simroth, 77. cereus Held, 77. chilensis Gay, 78, 88. cinctus D. & M. fuscescens D. & M., 199. cinctus Heynum., 77. cinctus Miill., 77, 192. cinereus immaculatus L., 104. cinereus, maximus, striatus et maculatus Lister, 34. cinereus parvus, immaculatus, pratensis Lister, 104. cinereus Lister, 267, 34, 266. cinereus Miill., 62 a and e Miill., 53 8B Nilsson, 89. albus Am Stein, 41, 291. alninus Held, 61. intermedia Brev., 60, 53 maculatus Pic., 44. pavesii Pini, 64. punctatus Esm., 45. cinereo-niger Wolf, ie vii. & Viil., pp. 53, 269, 34, 42, 46, 78, 116, 270. 5 Stabile, 67. albicans Malm, 459. albicans, cinereo-nebulosa Malm, 59. albipes D. & M., 61. albus Paasch, 59. alpina Held, 61. amalice Bett., 60, 54. arthuri L. & P., 66 atra Raz., 61, 53, 54, 62. aterrima L. & P., 64. atrata Bettoni, 64. 132f., 121, 133 , d4, O83. INDEX. 307 L. cinereo-niger (continued). bielzii Siebert, 65. bonellit L. & P., 64. brunnea L. & P., 67. calderinii Less., 63. eallichroa Brg., pl. vii., f. 14, pp. 66, 69. calosoma BK. & S., 64. camerant L. & P., 60, 67. cinerea Mogq,., pl. vii., f. 3, p. 62, 47. cinereo-nebulosa Malm, 59. einereo-nigra Wolf, pl. vii., f. 1, pp. 60, 269. citrina L. & P., 64. ecorsica Mogq., 67, 53, 56, 57. cruenta Less., 65, 66. dacampi Meneg.. 66, 53, 54, 57, 67. dori L. & P., pl.vii., f.12, pp. 67, 64, 66. efasciata D. & M., 64, 269. elegans Bett., 63. engadinensis Heyumm., 61, 58, 62. eporediensis Less., 62 f. erythra Bourg., pl. vii, f. 4, p. 65, 64. fabrei Moq., 65. Serrussackii Kal., 59. flavescens Westl., 63. flavonigra Less., 64. Jormosissima L. & P., 66, G5. Susca Bett., 67, 66. Jusca Lu. & P., 66, 67. garocela L. & P., 60. geographicus Ren., 66, 52. gestri Less., 63. gualtiertvi Pini, pl. vii., f. 7, p. 66. hareri Heynm., 59. hedleyt Coll., pl. vii., f. 10, pp. 60, 61, 54, 69, 269. hybrida L. & P., 65. intermedia Brev., 60, G1. interrupta D. & M., 59. isseli Pini, 59, 65, 66. leucogaster Morch, 61, 62. lineata Li. & P., 67. luctuosa Moq., 60, 269, 54, 61, 68, 69. maculata Less., 65, 66. malacologorum Colb., 58, 61, 62. maura Held, pl. vii., f. 5, pp. 61, 269, 53, 57, 62, 68, 69. menegazzu L. & P., 63. minima Poll., 64. montana Leydig, 61, 58, 62. monocroma L. & P., 65, 64. monolineata Bett., 65. monregalensis LL. & P., 63. niger Moq., 61, 62. nigricans Less., 64. nigripes Stabile, 67. nigrozonata L. & P., 63, 64. nubigena Bourg., 60, 53, 57, 61. olivacea L. & P., 64. ornata Less., pl.vii., f. 15, pp. 60, 68. palleseens D. & M., pl. vii., f.2, p.59. pallescens Less., 66, 65. patlescens L. & P., 67. paves Pini, 64. perosinti L. & P., 63, 65. pin L. & P., 67. pirone Pini, 61, 62, L. cinereo-niger (continued). pulchra L. & P., 63. punetata Less., pl. vii., f. 11, p. 63. razoumowskvi Kal., 60, 61, 269. renardii Kal., 60. reniert L. & P., 63, 64. rubronotuta L. & P., 67, 66. rufescens Stabile, 66. rufescens Less., 65. rufescens Mogq., 64, 6. sanguinca Ll. & P., 64, 65, 67. senensis L. & P., 65. seriata L. & P., 66, 65. simplex L. & P., 60. simplex L. & P., 67. sordellii Bett., 63. stabilei Less., 59. strobeli Less., 59. strobeli Pini, 62. subalpina Less., pl. vii., £. 8, p. 60. sulphurea Less., 63. taccanii Pini, 67. transilvaniea Heynm., 63, 53. trilineolata Bett., 66, 67. tschapechi Simroth, 60. turatii Pini, 67. venustissima L. & P., pl. vii., f. 6, p. 63. vera D. & M., pl. vii., £. 13, pp. 59, 269, 68, 268. veronensis L. & P., 60. versicolor L. & P., 65. Villze Pini., pl, vii., f. 9, pp. 65, 66. zonata L. & P., 66. claravallensis Drouet, 60, 52. coccineus Gistel, 180, 167. collinus Norm., 77. corsicus Moq.-'l'and., 67, 53. bonellii-aterrimus L. & P., 64. bonellii-citrinus L. & P., 64. bonellii-flavo-niger L. & P., 64. bonellii-olivaceus L. & P., 64. callichrous-hybridus L. & P., 65. callichrous-versicolor LL. & P., 65. dorice-brunneus L. & P., 67. dorice-fuscus L. & P., 66. dorie-lineatus L. & P., 67. doriw-pallescens L. & P., 67. doric-rubro-notatus L. & P., 66. dorie-sanguineus L. & P., 64. dorie-simplex L. & P., 67. Jabret Moq., 65. gestri Less., 63. gestri-nigrozonatus L. & P., 63. gestri-pulcher L. & P., 63. asseli-arthuri L. & P., 66. asseli-seriatus L. & P., 66, 65. isseli-zonatus L. & P., 66. senensis L. & P., 65. crassitesta Reuss, 161. cyreneus Campanyo, 34. daucampi Meneg., 66, 5. amalie Bett., 60, 54. atrata Bett., 64. calderinii Less., 63. elegans Bett., 63. fa 308 L. cinereo-niger (continued). fusca Bett., 66. gualtierti L. & P., 66 maculata Less., 65. menegazZt punctatus = ww IPs; monocromus L. & P., monolineata Bett., hoa nigricans Less., 64. palle scens Less., 69. pint L. & P., 67. punctata Less., 63. reniert-atratus eee renieri-calderinii L. & p “63, renieri-nigricans L. & P., 64. renieri-sulphureus L. & P., 63. rufescens Less., 60. sordellui Bett., 63. sulphurea Less. oe trilineolata Bett., 66. ville L. & P., 65. deshayesii Bourg., 46, dori Bourg., 67, 59 ecarinatus etre, 78, S4 ehrenbergt Bourg., 78. engadinensis Hey nmn., 61, eremiophila Bourg., 146. erythrus Bourg., 64, 4 eubalius Bourg., 46. JFasciatus Nilss., 210. y, Nilss., 287. 5 Nilss., 216. e, {, and 7 Nilss., 793. JSasciatus Raz., 34. fedtschenkoi K. & H., 104, 119. Jerrussacki Kal., 268. ‘filuns Hoy, 109. (filans) cinereus margine flauvo Latham, ne flavus L., pl. x., ff. 5-9 & pl. xii, pp. 78, 271, GO he (G0, Os 09, 89, 90, 95, 152. albina Taylor, 82. antiquorum Sow., 83, 272, S65. breekworthiana Lehm. , 84, 272, 88. colubrina Pini, 78, 83, 86. ecarinata Boettg., 84. flava Wattebled, DP flavescens Fér., 82, 272, 84, 85, 86, 87, 271. grisea Roeb., pl. x., £. 8, pp. 84, 84, 86. lineolata Coll., 94, "8. maculata Kal., pl. x., f. 9, pp. 83, 88. maculata Moq., 83. rufescens Moq., pl. x., f. 6, pp. 82, 272, & oy S6, at suffusd Roeb. , 84, tigrina Pini, 88, 272, 78, 2 umbrosa Philippi, 83, 272. 78, 88, 271, 58, 58. at D2) 80. ed Le ‘ 27 virescens Fér., pl. x., f. 7, pp. 83, 272: 85, S86. flavus Mill., 71 fulous Norm., 74, 71, 76 INDEX. Limax (continued). fuscus Johnst.. 223. fuscus Miill., 193. gagates Boubée, 89. gagates Drap., 139. Y Clarke, 745. olivaceus Moq., 144. geographicus Renier, 66, 5°. glaucus Clarke, 89. hedleyi Collinge, 60, ¢ hewstoni Cooper, . 139. heydeni Heyum., 104. hyperboreus Westl., 135f., 127, 132. ingersolli W.G. Binney, 121, 132, 134. intermedius Norm., 240, 241. lacustris Bonelli, 126, 121, levis Miill., 121, 74 maculata Ckll., 126. Led mucronata Westl., 127. rufra-punctatus Coll., 126. latus Kdw., 161 f. legrandi Tate, 104, limbatus Held, 89. lineatus D. & M., 60, 52. albipes D. & M., 61. efasciatus D. & M., 64. enterruptus D. & M. Ro: niger D. & M., 61. pallescens D. & M., verus D. & M., 59. livonicus Schrenk, 89. lombricoides Morelet, 121, 151. lusitunus Morelet, 2528. luteus Raz., 167, 182. maculatus Leach, 83. maculatus Nunneley, 34, 78. major rubicunda terrestris Muralto, 167. marginatus Miill., 89. diane Kimack, 96. niger Schartt, 96. marginatus Drap., 151. marginatus Baudon, ge marginatus Jeffreys, 34, 39, 151, marginellus pe 187, ‘167. maurus Q. & G., 139. maurus Held, 61, 5. maximus i. , pls. v. & vi., pp. 34, 264, 22 82, 53, D4, 35, 56, 57, dS, 68, | / Td: if 2, 78, 80, 84, SS, 90, 92, 97! 256, 264,270,2 287, alba Adams, 41. albus Am Stein, 41, 290. aldrovandii Mogq., pl. vi., f. 15, p. 46. bicolor Taylor, pl. vi., f. 5, pp. 46, 291. bifasciata D. & M., 43 biwone L. & P., 41 54, 69. 120. INDEX. L. maximus (continued). calosoma Eisb. & Stuxb., 64. eandida L. & P., pl. vi., f. carbonaria Boettg., 269. cellaria D’Arg., 44f., 265, 268. cinerea Mogy., 62, 41. cinerea Lister, 267, 265, 266. cinereo-niger Mogq., 60. eonecolor Pini, pl. vi., 264, 265. continuatus D. & M , 42. ezernaevii Kal., 43 faseiata Raz., pl vi., f. 11, pp. 42, 266. 264, 265, 267, 268. Sasciata Moq., 266. 267. Jasciata Lessona, 42, 43. ferussaei Mog. [vol. i., pl. i, f. 5), pp. 45, 268, 265. geminipunctata Taylor, pl. vi., f. 13, pp. 45, 265, 267, 268. gigantea Baudon, 40. interrupta D. & M., 44. johnstoni Moq., 43, 267. kryniekii Kalen., pl. vi. 267, 41. lewcogaster Morch, 61. lilacina Roeb., 41. limbata Moq., 41. luctuosa Moq., 60, 54. maculata Picard, we 45, 267, 268. marmorata Cll, 268. megaspidus Blainy., 41. moquint Ckil., 266, 267. millert’ Moq., 42. 266. nebulosa D. & M., 46. niger Moq., 61. nigra D. & M., pl. vi., f. 4, p. 42. obseura Mogq,, pl. vi., f. 14, pp. 46, 268, 265. pallido-dorsalis Adams, 43. punetata Esm., pl. vi.. quadrifasciata D. & M., 43, 267. rufescens Stabile, 66. rufescens Moq., 64, 65. 267, 34, 264, f. 9, pp. 43, Serpentine, Mogq,., pl. vi., 1.8, pp: 42, 95; sor ads Te Bs 76: sylvatica Morel., pl. vi., f. 1, pp. 43, 267, 34, 264, 265. tetrazona Taylor, pp. 43, 42. tigris Adams Ms., pl. vi., f. 7, p. 46. tschapecki Simy., 60. unicolor Heynm., 266, 265. vinosa Baudon, pl. vi., f. 6, p. 41. vulgaris Moq., 43. megdlodontes Q. & G., 78. megaspidus Blainv., 47. meridionalis Doering, 132, 121, 133, modioliformis Sandb., 161 f. molestus Hutton, 104. montanus Ingers., 132, 134 f., 727. montanus Leydig, 61, 53, 58, joe Wik 1 Op 2, pp. 41, 291. f. 3, pp. 41, 266, f. 12, pp. 45, 268. 309 Limax (contin ued). niger Malz, 52. norvegicus Westl., 104. nubigenus Bourg., 60, 52. nyctelius Bourg., 265, 267, olivaceus Gould, 133. pallidus Schrenk, 112, 104. panormitanus L. & P. ponsonbyi Hesse, 279. parvulus Norm., 127, 121, 125, 131. pectinatus Selenka, 139. perosinit Li. & P., 65. cruentus-formosissimus L. & P., 65. monregalensis-venustissimus 1. & P..63 pirone Pini, 61. queenslandicus Hedl., 121, 132 ?, 13. ; rurotonganus Heyn., 1 21, 15: raymondiana Bourg., 1 46. reticulatus Mull., 115, 104, 119. rufus I, 180, 167. maculatus D. & M., 189 nigrescens Raz., 180. silicium Bouillet, 89. sandwichensis Soul. yeti scandens Norm., 89. scaptobius Bourg., 139, 146. scopulorum Fabr., 89. serotinus Schrenk, 71 setchuanensis Heude, 179. sowerbit Fér., 151, 110. squammatinus Morelet, stenurus Strebel, 132, 121 GEE strobeli Pini, 62. subalpinus Less., pl. vii., f£. 8, p. 60 eporediensis Less., 62 f. garocelus L. & P., 60 simplex L. & P., 60. veronensis L. & P., 60. subfuscus Drap., 193. subfuscus Pfeiffer, 217, 210. subsavanus Bourg. mie succineus Miull., 182, 71, 167. succini colore, albidis maculis msignitus Lister, 78. sylvaticus Morelet, 43, sylvaticus Goldfuss, 89. sylvaticus Drap., 112. sylvaticus D. & M., 71, 74, 75, 76. cerulea Baudon, 275. clypeo-concolor D. & M., 75. clypeo-fusciata D. & M., 75. clypeo-fasciata Wattebled, 273. immaculatus D. & M., 74. sylvestris Scop., 89. tenellus Miill., pl. ix., & pl. x., ff. 1-4, pp. 71, 270, 98, 111, 246. eerea Held, pl. x., f. 3, pp. 74, 270, 76. 310 L. tenellus (continued). eineta Heynm., 75, 270, "6. fulva Norm., pl. x..f.2 2, pr. 74,270, 76. immaculata D. & M., 74 wanthia Bourg., 74, 76. transilvanica Heynm., tunicata Gould, 104. umbrosus Phil., 83, 78. unicolor Heynm., 31, 266. biwone L. & P., 41. candidus L. & P., 41. concolor L. & P., 41 sordidus L. & P., 46. vurians A. Ad., 119. variegatus Drap., 78. colubrinus Pini, 83, 78. maculata Moq., 83. tigrinus Pini, 83, 78. veranyanus Bourg., 115, 104. vittipes Bonelli, 4°. weinlandi Heyum., 104. vanthius Bourg., 7 Ph 7¢ LIMN2%A Bruguiere. marvin Sow., 28. Literature, 30, 292. LocHEA Mogq,., 165. alba Malm, 183. atra Malm, 167. rufus Moq., 167. MACROHEYNEMANNIA Sinroth, 71. MALACOLIMAX Malm, 71. tenellus Malm, 77. MALAcozoa Blainv., 7. MALINASTRUM Bourg., 158 MALINO Bourg. brunneus Mabille, 127. Medal in honour of Dr. and Mrs. Gray, 158 f. MICROHEYNEMANNIA Simroth, 71. Milax Gray, 136, 281. curinatus Risso, 137, 155, 157, 160. gagates Gray, pl. xv., ff. 9-14, & pl. xvi, pp. 139, 281, I51, 158, 154, 155, 156. ascensionis Ckll., 145. atlantica Ckll., 143. bedriagee L. & P., 143. benoiti L. & P. , pl. *y., f. lbp pals: bicolor Taylor, pl. xv. , £. 10, p. 146. eremiophila Simroth, 146. helene Ckll., 145, 145. maderensis CkIL., 145, 14 mediterranea Ckll., 143. olivacea Moq., 144. pallidissima Poll., pp- 146, 282. plumbea Pe: pl. xv. 282, 143, 145, 149. pava Williams, ple Xv 982 143, 148, 149. 63, 53. 3, 146. pl. xvi5.d.12; , f. 13, pp. 144, , f.14, pp. 145, INDEX. Milax gagates (continued). raymondiana Simroth, 146. similis Ckll., 143. tristensis Ckll., 145, 143 gracilior Sandb., 138. hessei Boettg., 153, 160. hewstoni Cooper, 148f., 144, 150, 287, plumbea Ck\l., 144 marginatus Drap., 153, 157, 160. fulva Paul., 155. nigricolus late, 159. sowerbyt Gray, 141, soweprbii Fér., pl. xv., ff. 15-20, and pl..xvii., pp. 151, 283, 110, 187, 148, 195,213, 270. alba Taylor, pl. xv., f. 17, p. 155. bicolor Ckll., pl. xv., f. 18, pp. 157, 154 easertana L. & P., 156. flavescens Coll., 156, 284. fuseo-earinata CkIl., 156, 284. insolita L. & P., pl. xv-,f. 19, pp. 156 284 4. nigrescens Ckll., pl. xv. 156, 284. nigrocarinata Coll., 156, 284. oretea L. & P., 156, 155. pallidissima is & P.. 156, 284. plumbea Coll., 156. rustica Roeb. 5 hese 284, 283. rustica Mog. , 284. ; 4. 16; pps f. 20, pp. 156, tasmanicus re 139 MopIo.La Lam., 767. MOLLUSCA Cuvier, 1 MOoONATRIID Simroth, 763. Monazcta Troschel, 7. MonoruiZA Taylor, 37 MyaA L., 29 ODONTOGNATHA Morch, 764. OLEACINID-X Binney, 2 OLEACINA Bolten, 28. OTQCARDES Haeckel, 7. OMALONYX D’Orb., 5. OXYGNATHA Moreh, 37. PALLIATA Latreille, 7. PARACEPHALOPHORA Blainv., PARMACELLA Cuv. variegata Phil., 78. PARYPHANTA Albers. 2. PENTADROMA Taylor, 33. PIRAINEA Poll., 136, 138. ik PLATYCOCHLIDES Ihering, 7. PLATYMALAKIA Ihering, 7. PLEPTICOLIMAX Malm, 78. flavus Malm, 78. PLECTROPHORUS Fer. orbignyi Fér., 2 POLYPHEMUS Montf., INDEX. Portraits— Adams, Lionel E., 34. Allman, Gadi Zou. Ashford, Charles, 14. Babor, a, Won LAI Baudon, Aug., 192. Binney, Amos, 732. Cockerell, T. D. A., 104. Collinge, W. E., 166. Darbishire, R. D., 139. Draparnaud, J. P. BR., 6. Godwin-Austen, H. H., 253. Gray, J. E. and M. E., 136. Heynemann, D. F., 53 Johnston, George, 227. Kew, H. Wallis, 89. Lessona, Mario, 757. Lowe, E. J., 210. Malm, A. W., 72. Morch, O. A. L., 103. Nunneley, T., 167. Pini, Napoleone, 78. Pollonera, Carlo, 62. Roebuek, W. Denison, 763. Scharff, R. F., 240. Simroth, Heinrich, 37. Taylor, J. W. (frontispiece). PROLEPIS Mogq., 210, 16. fuscus Malm, 193. Juscus Moq., 210. hortensis Malm, 210, PROPHYSAON Bland & eee 162. PSAMMOBIA Lam., 29. PULMONATA Fischer, PULMONIFERA Reeve, 2. Ne INOPERCULAT: A Woodw., Q27 My DBD RHYTIDA Albers, 2. SACCATA Hyatt, 7. SACCOBRANCHIA Leach, 7 SiMROTHIA Heynm. , 78. STREPTAXIS Gray, 2. STREPTONEURA Lank., 7. STYLOMMATOPHORA Schmidt, 2 SUBAMALIA Poll., 138. Subscribers, List of, 296. SUCCINEIDA, J. SUCCINEA Drap. oblonga Drap., 129. putris, 109. TANDONIA Poll., 736, 138. TESTACELLID Gray, PA DAT, TESTACELLUS Faure-Biguet, 2. haliotideus ¥.-B., 6. scutatus Lesson, 14. Testacella Cuvier, 2, 262, 2/, 24, 27, 30, alte-ripe Grat., 21, 2 anglica Grat., 14. aquitanica Grat., 27, 23, Testacella (continued). asininum de Serres, 24 f., 27, 22. auriculata G. & E., 16 f. aurigaster Layard, 25, 27. barcinonensis Poll., 6 bisulcata Risso, 18f., 14, 16 f., 20, 27. albina G. & F., 17. major G. & F., 17f. brondeli Bourg., 8 f. browniana Grat., 21. bruntoniana de Serres, ‘ burdigalensis Gass., 21. campanyot Dupuy, 17. canariensis Grat., 27. deshayesii Michaud, 27, drymonia Bourg., 8 f. dubia Poll., 6 europea Roissy, 6. fischeriana Bourg., 14, 17, gallie Oken, 6. galloprovincialis Grat., 14. gestrot Issel, 14, 18, 4 20. haliotoides Lam., 21, 2 haliotidea Drap., ee i, ff. 1-5, and plats pp. of. 6, 2620 72 15; LG ug GeO. albida Ckll., 262. albina Mogq,., pl. i algerica Grat.., e dilatata Poll., elongata G. & Fr. Sf. flavescens Mogq.-Tand., 9, 262,. major G. & F., pl. i, f. 5, p. 9. ovalis Moq.-Tand., 9 f. scutulum Moq., 14, 21. OO ay XO Ss) 18, 20. he pps 9262: 21, 22, 28, 26. trigona G. & F., pl. i., a pp. 8, 262. lurtetii Dupuy, 23 f., maugei I*ér., pl.i. rr 16, & pl. iV., pp. 2, 26a.-o8,, 1... of, 6. 8.9, 10, 12, 14, 18, 16, 18. albina G. & F., 24 aperta Taylor, pl. i., f. 15, p. 24. asinina de Serres, 24 f. aurea Taylor, pl. i., f. 11, pp. 25, 24. griseo-fulvescens G. & F., 24 griseo-nigresecens G. & F., pl. i., f. 16, pp. 24, 263. griseo-rubeseens G. & F., pl. i., f. 10, pp. 24, 263. nigra Coll., 25. roseo-fulvescens G. & F., 24. viridans G. & F., pl. i., f. 12, p. 24. medii-templi Tapping, 14 , 19. monspessulana Grat., 21, 2 2. nouleti Bourg., 23 fe Z occitanice Grat., 21, ‘, 312 Testacella (continued).— oceanicu Grat., 21. pecchiolit Bourg., 17 f., 14, 18. scutulum Sow., pl. 1., ff. 6-8, and pl. ii1., pp. 14, 262, 6, 8, 9,21, 22, 23, 30. albina G. & F., pl. i., £.7, pp. 17, 263. aurea Ckll., 17. major G. & F., 17f. pallida Ckll., 17. pecehiolii Bourg., 17 f. subterranea Lafon-du-Cujula, 6. subtrigona Poll., 8 f. vagans, 25, 27, williamsiana Nevill, 16 f., 14. TETRANEURA Schimk., 7. TRICHORIZA Taylor, 4, 164. UNIVALVIA Fischer, 7. INDEX. VERMIVORA Gray, 2. VITRINA Drap. pellucida Mill., 259. ZONITOIDES Miill. nitidus Miill., 125, 280, VIGNETTES AND ‘l'att-PrECES— Canal Banks, Kirkstall nr. Leeds, 135. Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol, 27. Helen’s Bay, County Down, 250. Inchiquin Lake, Kerry, 261. Lagan River, Belvoir Park, Ulster, 239 Loughton, Epping Forest, 102. Pine Forest, Glienicke nr. Potsdam, 77 Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mts., 192. Whaley Bridge, Cheshire, 70. "MON OGRAPH _ OF THE LAND . AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE — BRITISH ISLES. “To. SUBSCRIBERS ‘aiid others desirous of- expediting _ the completion of the Monograph by aceiniog << ie its inapeces "S it is very dlecitatle that the Mandible aed Odontophore of all. the various native Gastropods should be figured in the work, the author would be grateful for adult living examples of almost any of the species for that purpose. 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