PRESENTED THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BRITISH LICHENS. Wv\iaV HA. A MONOGRAPH LICHENS FOUND IN BRITAIN: BEING A DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES IN THE HERBABIUM OF THE BEITISH MUSEUM. REV. JAMES M. CROMBIE, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. PART I. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W. 1894. 589 ©7 FEINTED BY TA5TLOR AND FRANCJ8, EED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFATORY NOTE. THE rearrangement of the British Lichens in the Herbarium of the British Museum and the incorporation of a great series of specimens made a revised Catalogue of these plants a necessity. The large number of authentic specimens from Dillenius, Hudson, Sowerby, Dawson Turner, T. Taylor, Salwey, Mudd, and Leigh ton contained in the Herbarium supplied material for determining the species of these lichenologists which does not exist elsewhere ; while the extensive series of British Lichens, including the collections of Buddie, E. Forster, K. Brown, Carroll. Piggot, Holl, Crombie, and Larbalestier, made it possible to determine with certainty the geographical distribution of the species within the British Islands. The Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., undertook the preparation of a Monograph based on these materials. This volume contains descrip- tions of half the known British species. The remainder (consisting of the Lecideei, Graphidei, Pyrenocarpei, Peridiei, and Myriangiacei) is so advanced that it may be expected to appear in ] 895, and will contain a complete index to the genera and species of the whole work. WILLIAM CARRUTHERS. March 1894. GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS EMPLOYED. Anaphyses — Filaments springing from the upper inner surface of the hypothecium. Applicate — Forming the thalline border in many crnstaceous lichens. Arthrosterigntata— Jointed, sterigmata. Axial — Composed of the basal but enclosed filaments of the axis. Basidia — The filaments bearing stylospores. CepJialodla — Tubercles containing gonimia. Cortex — The limiting tissue of the thallus. Cretaceous — Consisting chiefly of oxalate of lime. C'nisfaceous — Forming a more or less thickish crust, generally attached by the whole under surface. Cyphella — Minute empty cavities on the underside of the thallus. Determinate — With a distinct margin. Discoid— More or less basin-shaped. Effuse — -Without a clearly defined outline. Endosp'ire — Inner layer of wall of spore. Epiyore — Outer layer of wall of spore. Epithallus — The external layer of the cortex. Epitliecium — The surface of the hymenium. Evanescent — Reduced to mere gonidia scattered over the substratum. Exciple proper — The hypothecium of a discoid apothecium. Gonidia — The green cells of the thallus. Gonidimia — Green cells smaller than gonidia and with the cell-wall less distinct. Gonimia — Bluish-green naked granules. Heteromerous— With the constituent elements stratified. Homccomcrous — -'With the constituent elements more or less mixed. Hymenial gelatine — The colourless amyloid substance permeating the hvmeniuin. Hymenium — The layer of thecre and paraphyses. Hypophkeodal — Consist! g of a very thin film often concealed beneath the bark of trees and between the interstices of rocks. Hypophylline — Consisting of the root-like filaments or rhizinae. Hypothallu-s—The basal tissue, being hypophylline, applicate, and axial. Hypothecium — The fundamental structure bearing the fructification. India— Coral-like papillae with dark apices. Medulla— The usually colourless internal tissue. Jf wri/brin— With transverse and irregular longitudinal divisions. jVwcfra,— Roundish, with an apical pore. Ostiole— An apical pore. Paraphyses— Slender filaments among the thecse. Peridioid — Roundish, without a pore. Peridium— The hypothec! urn of a peridioid apothecium. Podetiitm—An erect cylindrical thallus terminated by the fruit. Polari-bilocular— With a loculus at each end. Pycnides— Conceptacles bearing stylospores. Pyrenium— The hypothecium of a nuclear apothecium. Scyphtis—A. dilated cup-shaped fruit borne on a podetium. Soredia — Powdery masses of gonidia and hyphae. Stylospores— Asexual spores. T/uilamium—The paraphyses. Thecee— The spore-sacs. Thecium = Hvmenium. CHEMICAL REACTIONS. The solutions employed are : — (1) Hydrate of potash, denoted by the symbol K, and composed of equal weights of caustic potash and water ; (2) Hypochlorite of lime, denoted by CaCl, and composed of chloride of lime and about half its weight of water ; (3) Iodine, denoted by I, and composed of iodine 1 grain, iodide of potash 3 grains, and distilled water £ oz. For the sake of brevity, symbols are employed to express the reactions. The explanation of a few examples will be found sufficient to explain the rest. Thus CaCl + crimson indicates the immediate pro- duction of a crimson coloration iipon the application of the solution CaCl. CaCl— means that no reaction occurs with this reagent. Kf-f- yellow means a faint yellow reaction with solution K. The reaction of the cortex is placed above that of the medulla; thus? K+orai?™11 means tnat tlie reaction of the cortex is yellowish and that of the medulla orange. K(CaCl) -(-violet means that K alone gives no reaction, but when it is followed by the application of CaCl a violet colour is produced. On the other hand, the reaction given by K may be neutralized by the addition of CaCl, in which case it is expressed by K + (CaCl) — . A more or less fuscescent colour produced by K or CaCl is disregarded, as not being a true reaction, and has the negative t-ign. KOLOMAAL • SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACEI Nyl. Thallus slightly turgid when moist, cellular within ; gonimia tunicated, not moniliform. Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. Thallus filamentoso-fruticulose ; gonimia variously connate : apothecia biatorine or lecideine. 1. Gonionema Nyl. Thallus fibrillose, tubuliform ; gonimia con- nate in one continuous series: apothecia biatorine, with simple spores and paraphyses ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. 2. Spilonema Born. Thallus fruticulose, cylindrical, often pul- vinate ; gonimia connate in transverse layers : apothecia lecideine, with simple or 1-septate spores and articulate paraphyses ; spermo- gones with jointed sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. Tribe II. PYRENOPSEI Nyl. Thallus thinly granulose, rubri- cose within ; gonimia simple or connate : apothecia lecanorine or pyrenocarpous. 3. Enopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate ; gonimia simple or nodulose : apothecia lecanorine, with articulate paraphyses and simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. 4. Pyrenopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate or subsquamu- lose ; gonimia simple or nodulose : apothecia pseudo-pyrenocarpous, with simple paraphyses and spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. Tribe III. HOMOPSIDEI Nyl. Thallus either fruticulose, with seriate gonimia; or squamuliform or granulose, with subsolitary gonimia : apothecia pyrenocarpous. Subtribe EPHEBEI NyJ. Thallus fruticulose, intricate, dioe- cious or monoecious ; gonimia nodulose : apothecia pyrenocarpous, with or without paraphyses. 5. Ephebe Fr. Thallus dioecious ; gonimia 2—4 in each nodule : apothecia in thalline incrassations, with simple or 1-3-septate spores and no paraphyses ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. 2 BBITISH LICHENS : 6. Ephebeia Nyl. ThaUus monoecious ; gonimia 2-4 in each nodule : apothecia in thalline incrassations, with constantly simple spores and distinct paraphyses ; spermogones with simplish sterig- mata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. ThaUus pyrenopsidian, contain- ing syngonimia ; gonimia without order : apothecia peridieine. 7. M agmopsis Nyl. Thallus furfuraceo-squamulose ; syngonimia glomerulose or granuloso-difform, gonimia moderate : apothecia small, with 1-septate spores ; spermogones not seen rightly deve- loped. Family II. COLLEMACEI Nyl. Thallus turgid when moist; sometimes with cortical layer ; gonimia moniliform ; medulla not discrete. Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or radiately laci- niate, or squamuloso-difform ; gonimia elongately moniliform, subconnate : apothecia lecanorine or lecideine. 8. Lichiua Ag. Thallus fruticuloso-csespitose ; gonimia arranged chiefly under the cortical layer : apothecia lecanorine, terminal, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and oblong spermatia. 9. Lichiniza Nyl. Thallus squamuloso-difform, with subglobose papilla? ; gonimia moniliform and radiate in the thalline globules : apothecia lecanorine ?, terminal, with simple spores ; spermogones unknown. 10. Pterygium Nyl. Thallus radiately laciniate ; gonimia ar- ranged chiefly xmder the cortical layer, usually moniliformly con- crete : apothecia lecideine, with septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. 11. Leptogidium Nyl. Thallus fruticulose ; gonimia monili- formly concatenate: apothecia subbiatorine, with simple spores; spennogones not seen rightly developed. Tribe II. COLLEMEI Nyl. Thallus membranaceous, lobate, rarely granulose, subsquamulose, or fruticulose ; gonimia monili- form ; cortical layer distinct or none : apothecia lecanorine, or rarely pyrenocarpous. 12. Synalissa Fr. Thallus fruticulose or granulose ; gonimia usually scattered amongst the filaments ; cortical layer obsoletely cellular : apothecia lecanorino-endocarpoid, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. 13. Schizoma Nyl. Thallus lineari-laciniate ; gonimia arranged chiefly under both surfaces in roundish cells : apothecia unknown ; spermogones with subsimple sterigmata and pistillari-bacillar sper- matia. SYNOPSIS. 3 14. Colleina Wigg. Thallus membranaceo-lobate, rarely granu- lose ; gonimia moniliform ; cortical layer absent : apothecia leca- uorine, with multilocular, rarely simple spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata, rarely with simple sterigmata, and straight sper- matia. 15. Collemodium Nyl. Thallus variously lobed or subfruticulose ; cortical layer somewhat distinct ; gonimia scattered, partly moni- liform : apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatorine, with variously septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. 16. Leptogium Gray. Thallus membrauaceo-lobate, granulose, rarely fruticulose ; gonimia usually moniliform ; cortical layer distinct : apothecia lecanorine, with variously divided, rarely simple spores ; spermogonos with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. 17. Dendriscocaulon Nyl. Thallus fruticulose, with solid axis, branches covered with minute leprarioid lacinise, containing goni- mia : frutification unknown. 18. Collemopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate, glaucous-green within ; gonimia submoniliform : apothecia lecanorine or pseudo- pyrenocarpous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Tribe III. PYEENIDIEI Nyl. Thallus fibrillose, gonimia moni- liform ; cortical layer distinct : apothecia pyrenoid. 19. Pyrenidium Nyl. Thallus stellato-divided, cortical layer cellular : apothecia innate, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones un- known. Family III. LICHENACEI Nyl. ThaUus not gelatinous, with a gonidial, rarely gonimic layer ; medulla more or less dis- tinct. Series I. EPICONIODEI Nyl. Apothecia with the spores at length usually naked and pulverulent on their surface. Tribe I. CALICIEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded, some- times none : apothecia stipitate, capituliform or sessile. 20. Sphinctrina Fr. Thallus none proper : apothecia subsessile, globoso-turbinate, black, with simple blackish spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia. 21. Calicium Pers. Thallus granuloso-pulverulent : apothecia stipitate, globoso-turbinate, black, with simple or 1-septate, brownish- black spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. 22. Stenocybe Nyl. Thallus obsolete : apothecia stipitate, tur- binato-clavate, black, with normally 3-septate, blackish spores, not in a mass ; spermogones not rightly known. B2 4 BKITI8H LICHENS : 23. Coniocybe Ach. Thallus pulverulent: apothecia stipitate, globoso-pulverulent, yellowish, with simple, colourless or yellowish spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and cylindrical, straight spermatia. 24. Trachylia FT. Thallus granulose : apothecia cupuliform, sessile, black, with 1-septate, blackish spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia. Tribe II. SPHJEROPHOREI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose, branched : apothecia terminal, innate, closed, at length open and variously dehiscent. 25. Sphaerophorns Pers. Thallus caespitose : apothecia globose, with spherical violet-black spores ; spermogones with simplish short sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Series II. CLADODEI Nyl. Apothecia terminal on podetia, rarely sessile, biatorine. rarely lecanorine. Tribe III. B2EOMYCETEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded : apothecia substipitate. 26. GrOmphillus Nyl. Thallus gelatinoso-conglutinate : apothe- cia stipitate, clavato-capitate with filiform multiseptate spores ; sper- mogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. 27. Baeomyces Pers. Thallus crustaceo-granulose or subsqua- mulose : apothecia stipitate or sessile, biatorine, with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. Tribe IV. PILOPHOREI Nyl. Thallus verrucoso-granulate with rigid podetia : apothecia cephalodine on the podetia, with paraphyses prolonged into the hypothecium. 28. Pilophorus Fr. fil. Thallus bearing cephalodia : apothecia subglobose, black, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and curved or straight spermatia. Tribe V. STEREOCAULEI Nyl. Thallus csespitose, podetiiform, solid : apothecia terminal or lateral, lecideine or rarely lecanorine. 29. Stereocaulon Schreb. Thallus bearing cephalodia; podetia covered with fragile granules : apothecia brownish or blackish, with 3-9-septate spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and sub- bacillar, straight or slightly curved spermatia. 30. Leprocaulon Nyl. Thallus not bearing cephalodia, with pseudo-podetia, which are more or less leprose : apothecia and spermogones unknown. Tribe VI. CLADONIEI Nyl. Thallus foliaceous or fruticulose, with fistulose podetia : apothecia terminal on the podetia, rarely sessile on the basal thallus, biatorine. 31. Pycnothelia Duf. Thallus granuloso-crustaceous, podetia clavate, papillasform, glabrous : apothecia brown, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and curved spermatia. 32. Cladonia Hill. Thallus foliolose or squamulose; podetia branched or scyphose, pulverulent and squamose : apothecia brown or scarlet, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterig- mata and cylindrical straight or somewhat curved spermatia. 33. Cladina Nyl. Thallus leafless ; podetia ascyphous, branched, smoothish : apothecia brown, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and straight or usually curved spermatia. Series III. RAMALODEI Nyl. ThaUus efoliolose, fruticulose or filamentose : apothecia generally lecanorine or parmelioid. Tribe VII. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Thallus simpHsh or branched, internally with filamentose medulla : apothecia often irregular, adnate, terminal or lateral. 34! Roccella DC. Thallus fruticulose from a common base: apothecia normally lecanorine, blackish, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and arcuate epermatia. Tribe VIII. SIPHTJLEI Nyl. Thallus podetiiform, simple or fruticulose, internally with filamentose or fistulose medulla : apo- thecia not rightly known. 35. Thamnolia Ach. Thallus subulato-stipitate, internally fistu- lose : apothecia unknown ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, slightly apically incrassate spermatia. Tribe IX. RAMALINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticuloso-foliaceous, rounded or compressed, with woolly medulla : apothecia lecanorine, scutellate. 36. Ramalina Ach. Thallus ramoso-laciniate, medulla arach- noid: apothecia terminal or lateral, subconcolorous, with 1-septate spores ; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and straight cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical spermatia. Tribe X. USNEEI Nyl. ThaUus very much branched, rounded or compressed, with firm medullary axis : apothecia parmelioid, peltate. BRITISB: LICHENS : 37. TJsnea Dill. Thallus filamentose, internally with chondroid axis: apothecia terminal or lateral, the margin often ramuloso- ciliate, concolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and straight spermatia. Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI Nyl. Thallus much branched, rounded or compressed, with woolly medulla : apothecia parmelioid, scutelli- form. 38. Alectoria Ach. Thallus usually filamentose and intricately branched ; medulla arachnoid or lacunose : apothecia terminal or pseudo-terminal, discolorous, with simple or very rarely murali- divided spores ; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and acicular straight spermatia. Tribe XII. CETRARIEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or foliaceous, with white woolly medulla : apothecia parmelioid, marginal, obliquely affixed. 39. Cetraria Ach. Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, rarely fistulose : apothecia subconcolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. 40. Platysma Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or membranaceo-lobed : apothecia discolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish or pauci-articulate sterigmata, and various (not cylindrical) sper- matia. Series IV. PHYLLODEI Nyl. ThaUus foliaceous, usually depressed, lobate: apothecia generally parmelioid or lecanorine, discolorous. Tribe XIII. PARMELIEI Nyl. ThaUus frondosely dilated, or lobate, or laciniate, with woolly, rarely solid medulla: apothecia panneleine rarely lecanorine. 41.' Evemia Ach. Thallus laciniose or much branched, flaccid ; medulla arachnoid or partly chondroid : apothecia lateral with simple spores; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and acicular straight spermatia. 42. Parmelia Ach. ThaUus variously lobed or laciniate, usuaUy fibrilloso-rhizinose, rarely glabrous beneath ; medulla woolly, lax : apothecia superficial, with simple spores ; spermogones with pauci- articulate sterigmata and acicular apicaUy fusiformi-incrassate spermatia. 43. Parmeliopsis Nyl. ThaUus steUato-laciniate, sparingly rhizi- noso beneath ; meduUa woolly, lax : apothecia superficial, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical arcuate spermatia. Tribe XIV. STICTEI Nyl. Thallus large, membranaceo-lobed, cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath; gonidial layer containing go- nimia or true gonidia ; medulla woolly : apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine. Subtribe I. STICTINEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of goni- mia in plurilocular nodules. 44. Stictina Nyl. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and cyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, usually with septate spores ; spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate spermatia. 45. Lobarina Nyl. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellato beneath: apothecia lecanoroid, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones as in Stictina. Subtribe II. EUSTICTEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of gonidia or gonidimia (in Ricasolia). 46. Lobaria Hoffm. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, with 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate spermatia. 47. Sticta Schreb. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and cyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, with variously septate spores ; spermogones as in Lobaria. 48. Ricasolia De Not. Thallus often entirely glabrous and very rarely cyphellate beneath: apothecia parmeleine, with septate spores ; spermogones in mastoid prominences, with jointed sterigmata and apically thickish spermatia. Tribe XV. PELTIGEREI Nyl. Thallus frondosely dilated, fragile ; cortical layer usually wanting on the lower surface ; gonidial stratum consisting either of gonidimia or usually of gonimia: apothecia peltifonn. Subtribe I. PELTIDEI Nyl. Thallus bearing cephalodia; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia : apothecia variously situated. 49. Peltidea Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the underside : apothecia marginal on the upper surface, with septate spores ; spermogones unknown. 50. Solorina Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the underside: apothecia scattered and innate on the upper surface of the thallus, with bilocular spores ; spermogones unknown. Subtribe II. PELTIGEEINEI Nyl. Thallus destitute of cepha- lodia ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia : apothecia variously situated. g BRITISH LICHENS : 51 Nephromium Nyl. Thallus with the cortical layer con- tinuous on the lower surface: apothecia marginal, adnate to the underside of the thaUus, with septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and apicaUy incrassate and ohtuse spermatia. 52 Peltigera Willd. Thallus with the cortical layer not con- tinuous on the lower surface : apothecia marginal on the upper surface of the thallus, with septate spores ; spermogones unknown. Tribe XVI. PHYSCIEI Nyl. Thallus stellato-orbicular, rarely fruticulose, internally with woolly medulla; gonidial layer con- sisting of true gonidia : apothecia lecauorine. 53. Physcia Schreh. Thallus laciniate or lobed, more or less fibriUoso-rhizinose beneath : apothecia usually with bilocular spores : spermogones with jointed sterigmata and oblongo-cylindrical, rarely acicular spermatia. Tribe XVII. GYROPHOREI Nyl. Thallus usually mono- phyllous, umbilicately affixed, internally with woolly medulla; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia : apothecia sublecanorine or lecideine. 54. Umbilicaria Hoffm. Thallus monophyllous, naked beneath : apothecia sublecanorine, simple, with spores solitary or 2nse, murali- divided ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, api- cally obtuse spermatia. 55. Gyrophora Ach. Thallus monophyllous or subpolyphyllous, naked or rhizinose beneath ; apothecia lecideine, compound, and somewhat gyrose, with spores 8nae, simple ; spermogones as in the preceding. Series V. PLACODEI Nyl. ThaUus crustaceous, sometimes evanescent, rarely hypophlasodal ; medullary layer not filamentose : apothecia lecanorine, or lecideine, or lireUajform. Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEEI Nyl. ThaUus crustaceous (sometimes effigurate), rarely obsolete or none proper; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia, rarely of gonimia : apothecia lecano- rine, lecideine, or biatorine. Subtribe I. PANNARIEI, Nyl. ThaUus with the gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. 56. Pannaria Del. ThaUus squamulose or granulose, rarely lacinioso: apothecia lecanorine, with simple spores; spermogone's with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight spermatia. 57. Pannnlaria Nyl. Thallus squamulose or granulose : apo- thecia biatorine or lecideine, with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight sper- matia. 58. Coccocarpia Pers. Thallus typically monophyllous : apo- thecia biatorine, adnate, with simple spores ; spermogones as in the preceding. 59. Leproloma Nyl. Thallus submonophyllo-lobed ; cortical layer absent ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia : apothecia and spermogones unknown. Subtribe II. LECANOREI Nyl. Thallus normally crastaceous ; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia. 60. Lecanora Ach. Thallus squamulose, or radiate, or granulose, rarely leprose or evanescent : apothecia lecanorine, occasionally biatoroid, with simple, rarely septate spores; spermogones with simple or jointed sterigmata, and variously cylindrical, straight, or arcuate spermatia. 61. Dirina Fr. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or rimulose : apothecia tuberculoso-lecanorine, with 3-septate spores; spermo- gones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia. Subtribe III. PERTUSARIEI. Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con- tinuous ; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia : apothecia more or less enclosed in thalline verrucas. 62. Pertusaria DC. Thallus vermeoso-unequal or smoothish : apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid, with large simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, straight sper- matia. 63. Varicellaria Nyl. Thallus thin or subleprarioid : apothecia subglobose, at length depressed, variolarioid, with very large 1 -septate spores : spermogones not yet seen. Subtribe IV. THELOTREMEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con- tinuous or areolate or pulverulent ; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia : apothecia urceolato-impressed, with double margin. 64. Phlyctis Wallr. Thallus thinly crustaceous or pulverulent : apothecia erumpent, rotundato-difform, with large murali-divided spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short, slender, straight spermatia. 65. Thelotrema Ach. Thallus thinly crustaceous, continuous: apothecia at length open, with a proper and a thalline margin, and murali-divided spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 10 BBITISH LICHEtfS : 66. Urceolaria Ach. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate : apothecia urceolato-impressed, with a proper and a thalline margin, and spores septately murali-divided : spermogones with somewhat branched sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. Subtribe V. LECIDEEI Nyl. ThaUus variously crustaceous, pulverulent, or none proper ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia (rarely of chrysogonidia) : apothecia pateUulate. 67. Lecidea Ach. Thallus squamose, areolate, pulverulent, or none proper : apothecia biatorine, gyalectoid, or lecideine, with simple or variously septate spores; spermogones with simple or simplish sterigmata and acicular, straight or arcuate, or shortly cylindrical spermatia. 68. Odontotrema Nyl. Thallus macular, indistinct : apothecia thelotremoideo-lecideine or gymnotremoid, with simple or thinly 3-septate spores ; spermogones not observed. Tribe XIX. GBAPHIDEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, con- tinuous, often but little visible, rarely wanting ; gonidial layer con- sisting of gonidia : apothecia lirelline or rotundate. 69. Xylographa Fr. Thallus maculate, hypophloeodal : apothecia lirelline or oblong, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular carved spermatia. 70. Agyrinm Fr. Thallus maculate, scarcely visible : apothecia oblong or rotundate, with simple spores ; spermogones not known. 71. Lithographa Nyl. Thallus crustaceous or evanescent : apo- thecia lirelline, with simple spores ; spermogones not yet seen. 72. Opegrapha Humb. Thallus usually hypophloeodal or obsolete : apothecia lineari-lanceolate, subrotundabe or linear, with 1- or multi-septate spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or arcuate spermatia. 73. Platygrapha Nyl. ThaUus thin or obsolete: apothecia plane, simple, with spurious thalline margin and septate spores : spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or slightly curved spermatia. 74. Stigmatidium Mey. Thallus distinct, crustaceous, thickish : apothecia punctiform or elongate, with variously septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 75. Arthonia Ach. ThaUus thin, or hypophlceodal and eva- nescent, rarely wanting, internaUy sometimes with chrysogonidia : apothecia roundish or difform, plane or tumid, with variously septate spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or curved spermatia. SYNOPSIS. 11 76. Graphis Adans. Thallus thin, epiphlceodal or hypophlceodal : apothecia linear, divided or simple, innate at the base, with pluri- locular spores ; spennogones with simple sterigmata and straight or slightly curved spermatia. 77. Chiodecton Ach. Thallus thin or thickish, pulverulento- verrucose: apothecia in the thalline verrucae, substellato-radiate, often confluent, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia. 78. Glyphis Ach. Thallus usually hypophlceodal or obsolete, with large scattered verrucse: apothecia in the thalline verruca, rotundate or elongate, compound, with plurilocular spores ; sper- mogones not yet seen. 79. Melaspilea Nyl. Thallus thin or obsolete : apothecia arthonioid, superficial, with 1-septate spores: spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight spermatia. Series VI. PTRENODEI Nyl. Thallus peltate, crustaceous, hypophloBodal, or evanescent : apothecia nuclear, the hymenium enclosed in a pyrenium, with an apical ostiole. Tribe XX. PYRENOCARPEI Nyl. Thallus various, often maculate or obsolete ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia, rarely of gonimia : apothecia pyrenodeine, often destitute of paraphyses, the epithecium constricted, punctiform. 80. Normandina Nyl. Thallus squamulose, squamules thin, rounded : gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia : apothecia immersed, with septate spores ; spermogones not seen. 81. Endocarpon Hedw. Thallus peltate, or squamaBform, or areolate ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia : apothecia immersed or somewhat prominent, with simple spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 82. Verrucarina Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, areolate, mucoso- gelatinous, containing gonidimia : apothecia immersed or some- what prominent, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 83. Verrucaria Pers. Thallus squamulose, or areolate, or pul- verulent, or obsolete, containing gonidia : apothecia semi-immersed or sessile, with entire or dimidiate pyrenium, and simple or variously septate or murali-locular spores; spermogones with simple ste- rigmata and various spermatia. 84. Thelenella Nyl. Thallus epiphlceodal, thin, containing gonidia : apothecia innate, with immersed pyrenium and pluri- locular spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and filiform cylindrical spermatia, 12 BRITISH LICHENS : 85. Thelopsis Nyl. Thallus scarcely any visible, containing chrysogonidia : apothecia tuberculoso-spherical, with entire py- renium and numerous 3-septate spores ; spermogones not seen. 86. Obryznm Wallr. Thallus none proper : apothecia on the thallus of Collemei, endocarpoid, with simple or septate corniculate spores ; spermogones unknown. ^ 87. Strigula Fr. Thallus maculate, hypophlceodal, seldom effigu- rate, containing platygonidia : apothecia subinnate, with the pyrenium usually depressed, and with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with thin straight spermatia. 88. Melanotheca Fee. Thallus scarcely any: apothecia verru- carioid, numerous and confluent in the pyrenia, with septate spores : spermogones not observed. Series VII. PERIDIODEI Nyl. Thallus thin, often wanting : apothecia peridieine, without any ostiole. Tribe XXI. PERIDIEI Nyl. Thallus thin, maculate or none proper : apothecia forming a peridium. 89. Thelocarpon Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, verrucose, or rarely none : apothecia immersed in the thalline verrucas, with numerous simple spores ; spermogones unknown. 90. Endococcus Nyl. Thallus none proper : apothecia minute, globulose, with 1-septate spores; spermogones with thin straight spermatia. 91. Mycoporum Flot. Thallus maculate or obsolete : apothecia rotundato-difform, containing many hymenia conjoined as in a common exciple, with variously septate spores; spermogones not observed. Family IV. MYBIANGIACEI Nyl. Thallus unstratified, entirely cellular ; thalamium cellular, with superimposed theciferous cavities : fructification not discrete. 92. Myriangmm Mont. & Berk. Thallus noduloso-pulvinate : apothecia sublecanorine, with irregularly septate spores; spermo- gones not seen. TABT7LAB CONSPECTUS. 13 TABULAR CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACEI. Genera. Tribe I. SIBOSIPHEI 1. Gonionema Nyl. 2. Spilonema Born. Tribe II. PYKENOPSEI 3. Euopsis Nyl. 4. Pyrenopsis Nyl. Tribe III. HOMOPSIDEI 5. Ephebe Fr. 6. Ephebela Nyl. Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI 7. Magmopsis Nyl. Family II. COLLEMACEL Tribe I. LICHINEI 8. Lichina Ag. 9. Lichiniza Nyl. 10. Pterygium Nyl. 11. Leptogidium Nyl. Tribe II. COLLEMEI 12. Synalissa Fr. 13. Schizoma Nyl. 14. Collema Wigg. 15. C'oUemodium Nyl. 16. Leptogium Gray. 17. Dendriscocaulon Nyl. 18. Collemopsis Nyl. Tribe III. PYBENIDIEI 19. Pyrenidium Nyl. Family III. LICHENACEI. Series I. EPICONIODEI. Tribe I. CALICIEI 20. SpUnctrina Fr. 21. Calicium Pets. 22. Stenocybe Nyl. 23. Coniocybe Ach. 24. TrachyliaFi. Tribe II. SPH^EOPHOBEI 25. Sphceropho'rus Pers. 14 BRITISH 1ICHE5B : Series II. CLADODEI. Genera. Tribe III. BJEOMYCETEI 26. GompUllus Nyl. 27. Bceomyces Pers. Tribe IV. PILOPHOREI 28. Pilophorus Fr. fil. Tribe V. STEBEOCAULEI 29. Stereocaulon Schreb. 30. Leprocaulon Nyl. Tribe VI. CLADONIEI 31. PycnotMia Duf. 32. Cladonia Hill. 33. Oladina'Njl. Series III. EAMALODEI. Tribe VII. EOCCELLEI 34. Eoccella DC. Tribe VIII. SIPHTTLEI 35. Thamnolia Ach. Tribe IX. KAMALINEI 36. Eamalina Ach. Tribe X. USNEEI 37. Usnea DiU. Tribe XI. ALECTOEIEI 38. Alectoria Ach. Tribe XII. CETKAEIEI 39. Cetrana Ach. 40. Platysma Nyl. Series IV. PHYLLODEL Tribe XIII. PABMELIEI 41. Evernia Ach. 42. Parmelia Ach. 43. Parmeliopsis Nyl. Tribe XIV. STICTEI. Subtribe I. Stictinei 44. Stictina Nyl. 45. Lobarina Nyl. Subtribe II. Eustictei 46. Lobaria Hoffm. 47. Sticta Schreb. 48. Kicasolia De Not. Tribe XV. PELTIGEBEI. Subtribe I. Petiidei 49. Peltidea Ach. 50. Solorina Ach. Subtribe II. Peltigerinei . . 51. NepTiromium Nyl. 52. Peltigera Willd. Tribe XVI. PHYSCIEI 53. Physcia Schreb. Tribe XVII. GTROPHOKEI 54. Umbilicaria Hoffin. 55. Gyrophora Ach. Series V. PLACODEI. Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEEI. Subtribe I. Pannariei 56. Pannaria Del. 57. Pannularia Nyl. 58. Coccocarpia Pers. 59. Leproloma Nyl. Subtribe II. Lecanorei 60. Lecanora Ach. 61. Dirina Fr. TABTJLAB CONSPECTTTS. 15 Series V. PLACODEI (continued). Genera. Subtribe III. Pertusariei 62. Pertusaria DC. 63. Varicellaria Nyl. Subtribe IV. Thelotremei 64. Phlyctis Wallr. 65. Thelotrema Ach. 66. Urceolaria Ach. Subtribe V. Lecideei 67. Leddea Ach. 68. Odontotrema Nyl. Tribe XIX. GRAPHIDEI 69. Xylographa Fr. 70. Agyrium Fr. 71. Lithographa Nyl. 72. Opegrapha Humb. 73. PlatygrapTia Nyl. 74. Stigmatidium Mey. 75. Arthonia Ach. 76. GrapTiis Adans. 77. Chiodecton Achi 78. Glyphis Ach. 79. Melaspilea Nyl. Series VI. PYEENODEI. Tribe XX. PYKENOCAKPEI 80. Normandina Nyl. 81. Endocarpon Hedw. 82. Verrucarina Nyl. 83. Verrucaria Pers. 84. ThelenellaXyl. 85. Thdopsis Nyl. 86. 0%2ttm Wallr. 87. Strigula Fr. 88. Melanofheca Fee. Series VII. PERIDIODEI. Tribe XXI. PERLDIEI 89. TMocarpon Nyl. 90. Endococcus Nyl. 91. Mycoporum, Flot. Family IV. MYEIANGIACEI. 92. Myriangium Mont. & Berk. CATALOGUE BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACEI Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 223. Thallus fruticulose, granulose, rarely subsquamulose, slightly turgid and gelatinous when moist, dark in colour, cellular in texture (without any medullary filaments), cells minute ; gonimia somewhat large, gonidioid, tunicated, subglobose, glaucous, variously arranged, not moniliform. Apothecia biatorine, lecideine, lecanorine or pyrenocarpous ; paraphyses various, sometimes wanting ; spores 8nae, rarely numerous, usually ellipsoid or suboblong, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless. Spermogones immersed in the thallus or enclosed in thalline tubercules, sterigmata generally simple or siniplish, spermatia usually very minute, oblong. Nylander, in originally distinguishing this family in Flora 1875, p. 103, named it Byssacei Fr. ; but as the old genus Eyssus in the Micheliau acceptation referred to Chroolepa, which have gouidic thalli, this has been named Ephebacei. The family (the diagnosis of which I owe to Nylander) is well cha- racterized by the absence of medullary filaments, and by the nature of the gonimia, which are tunicated or involved in a gelatinous cellular stratum. On the tunic being ruptured, the gonimia, each of which has a very thin parietal membrane (more especially visible when suffused with ammonia, Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 48), become free. Various genera re- cently separated from Algje belong to this family ; and no doubt, with further knowledge, others will be transferred to it. Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat, Ges. (1876), p. 192 ; cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76. Thallus minute, byssoid, filamentoso-fruticulose, gonimia (siro- gonimia) tunicated, variously connate ; medullary filaments none. Apothecia minute, biatorine or lecideine ; paraphyses thickish or slender ; spores 8nse, ellipsoid, simple or rarely 1-septate, colour- less. Spermogones innate ; sterigmata simple, rarely articulate. The various genera composing this tribe (of which Nylander has sup- plied the diagnosis) consist of niiuute algoid plants," whose true re- lations have for the most part, until recently, been but little understood. In addition to those here described there "are others which, occurring i mly in a sterile or imperfectly developed condition, do not admit of a c IS El'IIEHACEI. [GONIOITEMA. satisfactory diagnosis, and are consequently omitted. Among these are several species of Sirosiphon, e. g. 8. saxicola Naeg., 8. alpinum Kiitz., 8. jtulvinatus Bre"b., S. ocellatits Kiitz., which occur in Great Britain and Ireland. According to Nylander, in Lamy Mt. Dor. p. 1 (note), Raco- dium ebeneum (Dillw.), which from general appearance might be sup- posed to belong to this tribe, has no analogy with Sirosiphon, but is quite different in struc- ture, containing gonidia, and is probably some peculiar sterile Lepraria. 1. GONIONEMA Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 163; Syn. i. p. 88.— Thallus byssaceo- fibrillose, tubuliform, in- tricate ; gonimia sub- moniliformly connate in one continuous series. Apothecia biatorine or gyalectoid ; spores 8nse, simple, paraphyses slen- der ; hymenial gelatine (especially the thecee) bluish, becoming wine- red or tawny wine- coloured with iodine. Sperm ogones lateral, or terminal, globose; ste- rigmata simple, slender; sperm atia oblong, very minute. Various Scytonemas probably belong to this genus. If this be so, the more recent name must give place to that of Scytonema Ag., in its stricter sense. 1. G. velutinum Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 163.— Thallus very thin, densely pan- nose, intricate, brownish when moist, dark-brown when dry. Apothecia minute, terminal, ap- pressed, somewhat concave, dark-brown, Fig. 1. Gonionema velutinum Nyl.— a. Filaments with two apothecia, x 30. b. Vertical sections of two apothecia, x 30. c. Filaments with three spermogones, x 30. d. Short frustule of thallus, and d' transverse section of the same, X 000. e. Apex of a filament containing a meiogonimium, x 200, and e' fragment of a svneoniimum composed of four gonimia, /. btengmate and spermatia, x 500. 500. within the GONIONEJIA.] S1KOSIPHEI. 19 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 8, t. 4. ff. 1-6 ; Lich. Fl. p. 11, ed. 3, p. 9 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1. — Polychidium velutinum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 ; Lichen velutinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 218. The thallus is very densely matted together, and sometimes spreads extensively over the substratum. When young and infertile it is with difficulty distinguished from some species of Scytonema. The apothecia, which are reddish when young, seem to be very rare in this country, nor are the spermoffones often met with ; they are nearly turbinate, pale reddish, the spermatia being 0,002 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On mica-schist rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local and scai'ce in North Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt often overlooked elsewhere. — B. M. : Near Barmouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. G. compaction Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.— Thallus thinly filamentose, dark-brown, filaments ascending and crowded, forming a subascending tomentum. Apothecia globulose, reddish, the epithecium rather indistinct : spores oblong, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,006-0,008 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Scytonema compactum Ag. Disp. Alg. (1812) p. 39; Sm. Eng. M. v. p. 364. Hassattia compacta Hass. Br. Freshw. Alg. p. 232, t. 68. f. 3. Sirosiphon compactus Ktz., Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 9. The recent discovery of the fructification in N.W. England has defi- nitely placed this plant among Lichens. It differs from the preceding in the filaments, which are often curved, being more erect and branched towards the apices, and in the apothecia being globular, with the epi- thecium less distinct and the spores somewhat larger. The spermogones are globoso-adnate, with spermatia thin, 0,001 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick. Hob. On moist rocks in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Pro- bably not unfrequent, though ?een only from N. Wales, N.W. England, S. and Central Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Lyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Mardale, Westmoreland (frt.) ; Wastdale Lake, Cum- berland ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Near Kylemore Lake, co. Gal way. 2. SPILONEMA Born. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226 ; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89. — Thallus minute, fruticulose, often pulvinate ; gonimia 2 or 3, or several together, arranged in more or less regular series throughout the rounded thallus. Apothecia small, lecideinc, lenticular; spores simple or 1 -septate, paraphyses thickish, arti- culate ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones tuberculose, with jointed sterigmata, spermatia shortly cylindrical. This differs from Gonionema chiefly in the characters of the gonimia, paraphyses, and sterigmata. Some plants agreeing in the structure of the thallus and the apothecia with Spilonema, but the spermogones of which have not been detected, may also, for the present, be referred here, though eventually they may be found to belong to Sirosiphon (vide Cromb. c 2 EPHEBACEI. [SPILOKEMA, Journ Bot 1874, p. 331), which most probably is a distinct genus. Sima would then contain only one species, viz. & paradowm From Sr though differing but slightly in the structure of the thallus, Spl- lonemdi* readily distinguished by the fructification. 1 S paradoxum Born. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226, t 1* 2— Thallus fmticulose, branched, thin, cylindrical, pannoso- intricate, the branchlets subsecund, dark-brown or brownish-black, usually opaque. Apothecia smaU, terminal, somewhat convex, im- marginate, black ; spores oblong, simple, 0,009 mm long, 0 004 mm. thick, hypothecium blackish ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then i---? Fig. 2. Spilonema paradoxum Born. — a. Thalline branch with apothecium, X 30. a'. Three branches with spermogones, x30. b. Fragment of trunk and larger branch, and b', branchlets, X 200. c. Very thin section of thalline trunk, and c' transverse section of the same, X 200. d. Section of apothe- cium, X 30. e. Theca and paraphyses, X 350. /. Spores, X 500. g. Jointed steriginata and spermatia, X 500. dark-violet with iodine. —Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89, t. 2. f. 4 ; Mudd, Man. p. 35 ; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 9, t. 4. ff. 7-11 ; Licb. Fl. p. 11, ed. 3, p. 10 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 1 ; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 347. In an infertile or immature state this is difficult to distinguish from some species of allied genera. The thallus bears a considerable resem- blance, when fully developed, to Ephebe pubescens, but is rather smaller, SPILONEMA.] SIEOSIPHEI. 21 while the monoecious fructification, the apothecia, and the spermogones prevent all confusion between them. The apothecia are rarely seen in British specimens, though the spermogones are not unfrequent ; they are minute black tubercules, with sterigmata 4-6-articulate, spermatia 0,002-0,0025 mm. long, 0,005-0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On schistose rocks in maritime and subalpine tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland ; though no doubt it will be detected in other similar localities. — B. M. : Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 2. S. revertens Xyl. Flora, 1865, p. 601. — Thallus effuse, mi- nutely coralloideo-compact, in somewhat small, verruculose pul- vinuli, blacker brownish-black. Apothecia lecideine, adnate, some- what convex, immarginate, Mack, dark-greyish within ; spores oblong, simple, 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; para- physes thickish, incrassate and denigrate at the apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the apices of the thecse deep-blue with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 11. In this species the pulvinuli are more or less crowded, and in a young or poorly developed state are frequently somewhat discrete. Sirosiphon saxicola Naeg. in great part is apparently a sterile leprarioid condition of this plant. In the only British specimen seen the apothecia are but ringlv present. On the thallus of the same specimen pycnides are visible, which are minute, globose, immersed, colourless, with some- what curved stylospores. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in subalpiue districts. — Distr. Very local and rare, at least in a mature condition, being known only from the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athble, Perth- shire. 3. S. scoticum JS'yl. Flora, 1869, p. 82. — Thallus effuse, mi- nutely cofalloid, in small, compact, verrucose, somewhat convex pulvinuli. black or brownish-black. Apothecia minute, thinly margined, black, epithecium impressed or slightly convex, vaguely obscure, hypothecium colourless ; spores oviformi-oblong, 1-septate, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045mm. thick, paraphyses some what slender; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecae violet with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 105 ; Lich. Brit. p. 1 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 12, ed. 3, p. 11. The pulvinuli are usually discrete, though occasionally approximate, on the crustaceous thalli, or the decayed mosses on which the plant occurs. It is closely allied to the preceding, but is well distinguished by the apothecia and the spores. The sterile thallus seems to be not un- common ; but the apothecia are very rare. As in S. revertens, no sper- mogones have yet been detected, so that both species are only temporarily placed in Spilonema. Hab. On mica-schist rocks, and on dead mosses (also on Stereo- caulon conde mat uni) in subalpine tracts. — Distr. Probably not un- frequent in the mountainous districts of our Islands, though known only from N. Wales, N. England, and the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Llyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 22 EPHEBACEI. [EUOPSIS. Tribe II. PYRE NO PS El, Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 192 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus effuse, thinly granulose or subsquamulose, rarely sub- fruticulose, within rubricose ; gonimia tunicated, single or several in gelatine-cellular, nodulose and variously arranged syngonimia : medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia small or minute, lecano- rine or pyrenocarpous, paraphyses jointed or simple ; spores 8nae, very rarely numerous, simple, ellipsoid, colourless. Spermogones innate, with simplish sterigmata. This tribe differs considerably in external appearance alike from the preceding and the following, though in the structure of the thallus and the character of the gonimia it nearly agrees with them. Both genera of which it consists occur in Britain, and may readily be recognized by the blood-red colour of the thallus, which becomes apparent when it is moistened. 3. EUOPSIS Nyl. Flora. 1875, p. 363 (cfr. Cromb. Gre- villea, v. p. 76). — Thallus thinly crns- taceous, fragile, granulate - areolate ; gonimia simple or several in nodulose syngonimia. Apo- thecia lecanorine, small or moderate, paraphyses articu- late ; spores 8nae ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with oblong minute spcr- matia. Fig. 3. kamaled Nyl.— a. Section of the thallus, x200. b. Two gonimia, X 350. c. Two syngonimia, X 350. d. Section of apothecium, x 30. e. Sec- tion of part of hymenium, with theca and para- physes, X 350. /. Spores, X 500. g. Section of spermogone, X 30. h. Sterigmata and spermatia, X oOO. The old genus Pyrenopsis Nyl. has lately received so many additions that it has been broken up by its author into several genera. The present genus is well distinguished from Pyrenopsis by the lecanorine apothecia and the jointed paraphyses. 1. E. haemalea Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.— Thallus indeter- minate, granulose, thinnish, verrucoso-diffract, dark blood-red. Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, somewhat shining, subeon- colorous, or rather paler, the thalline margin thin, at len°th excluded ; spores simple, 0,01 1-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecae, deep-blue with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10.— Pyrenopsis hcemalea Nyl., Strn. Grevillea, ii. p. 71; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332; Lei»ht ETTOPSIS.] PYRENOPSEI. 23 Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 15. Collema hamalewm, Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 117. The thallus occasionally occurs in small patches intermixed with other crustaceous lichens, but generally by itself, and spreading to a moderate extent over the substratum. Sometimes a sterile and less developed, though very similar, plant occurs which probably belongs to this species. The apothecia are usually numerous and crowded, becoming when old convex and darker in colour. Hub. On mica-schist rocks in subalpine and alpine tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce among the S.W. Grampians, Scotland and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Connemara, co. Galway. 2. E. granatina Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.— Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, rimoso-diffract, reddish-brown or rubricoso-reddish, the granules somewhat plane, opaque, ruguloso-nodulose, contiguous, rotundato-difform. Apothecia small, shining, several in each thalline granule, subconcolorous, whitish within, the margin thin, entire ; spores simple or spuriously 1-septate, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045- 55 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecee, bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10. — Pyrenopsis granatina Nyl , ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 15. Lecanora granatina Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 90. Distinguished from the preceding by the paler colour of the thallus, the nodulose and irregularly rotundate granules, and the apothecia. In manner of growth it is similar to Pyrenopsis kcematopis, and is little conspicuous except in wet weather. The apothecia become at length nearly biatorine, with excluded margin. Hob. On granitic rocks and schistose boulders in alpine localities. — Uistr. Very local and rare among the mountains of N. Wales and the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Llyn Aran, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; 'Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 4. PYRENOPSIS Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 164; Syn. i. p. 97 (cfr. Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193).— Thallus thinly crustaceous, granulose or subsquamulose, rarely subfruticulose; gonimia simple or several in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia sub- lecanoroid or pseudo-pyrenocarpous, small or minute, paraphyses simple, slender ; spores 8nae, very . rarely numerous ; hymenial gelatine bluish or wine-red with iodine. Spermogones with oblong minute spermatia. As re-arranged by Nylander, this is a very natural and well-defined genus, in consequence of Euopsis having been raised into a separate genus and Collemopsis relegated to the Collemacei. It is at once distinguished from Etiopsis by having the disc of the apothecia subclosed, and bv the paraphyses not being articulate. More recently it has been divided by Nyland"er into two subgenera, viz. Eupyrenopsis Nyl. and Cladopsis Nyl., of which only the former occurs in this country. 1. P. haematopis Fr. fil. N. Ac. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. ser. 3, iii. (1861) p. 284. — Thallus effuse, crustose, opaque, verrucoso-unequal, 24 EPHEBACEI. [PYRENOPSIS. thickish, diffracto-rimose, dark- or rubricose-brown, within sub- concolorous or darker in the lower portion. Apothecia superficial, urceolate, minute, subconcolorous or slightly darker, the margin thick, elevated, entire ; spores 8nae, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecse, bluish with iodine. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 14. — Collema hamaleum, var. hcematopis, Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 117. From Euopsis Juemalea, Avith which it hei'e grows associated, this is externally distinguished by the thicker thallus and the minute urceolate apothecia. With us it is not usually seen with apothecia, though, when present, these are numerous. The sperrnogones in otherwise sterile plants are frequent, with very minute ellipsoid spermatia. Hub. On shady mica-schist rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare, among the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 2. P. fuscatula Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 143.— Thallus effuse, noduloso-granulate, dark-brown or brownish-black, the granules agglomerate and confluent in somewhat depressed glo- merules, which are more or less discrete and irregularly scattered. Apothecia small, somewhat impressed, concolorous, the margin con- nivent; spores 8nae, 0,008-0,010 mm. long, 0,0045-0,0050 mm. thick ; epithecium yellowish ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 14 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332. This is a small species, characterized chiefly by the noduloso-graniform thallus, which either spreads moderately over the substratum, when the glomerules are more discrete, or more frequently occurs in small inter- rupted patches. The apothecia are rarely met with rightly developed, though the spermogones are more common ; they are very minute, with spermatia oblong or oblougo-cylindrical, 0,002 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick. Hub. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Eather local and rare, having been found only in the Channel Islands N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : La Moye and Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 3. P. subareolata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861 ) p. 27, nomen.— Thallus effuse or subeffuse, thiimish, diff'racto-areolate, blackish, areolje some- what plane. Apothecia small, innate, subconcolorous, the epithecium impressed ; spores 8nae, 0,015 mm. long, 0,008 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 271.— To this also apparently is referable Verrucaria imbrida Tayl. Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) p. 153. This species is comparable with JR. concordatula Nyl., from which, among other characters, it at once differs in the smaller spores. The British specimens seen are not very typical, the apothecia bein°- sparingly present, minute and scattered, but for the most part not well developed. Hub. On moist schistose rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr. Very PYHENOPSIS.] PYRENOPSEI. 25 local and scarce, in N. Wales and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : NearBarmouth, Merionethshire. Near Killamey, co. Kerry. 4. P. phylliscella Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 102.— ThaUus effuse, squamulose, dark-brown, squamules somewhat subverrucoso-unequal, subadnate, aggregate but not contiguous, rotundato-difform. Apo- thocia endocarpoid, very minute, 5-15 in each thalline squamule ; epithecium punctiform, concolorous, with thin thalline margin ; spores 8nae, oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,003 mm. thick ; paraphyses few ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the theca3 dark-violet with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 190; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14. The squamules of the thallus are composed of minute aggregate granules, -which are usually distinct from each other, though here and there becoming contiguous. Its nearest ally is P. tasmanica Nyl., rather than any of our British species, though at first sight it somewhat resembles P. fuscatula. The apothecia are numerous and crowded in the fertile squamules, and the spermogones are not unfrequeut, with spermatia thin, oblong, or fusiforini-oblong. Hub, On quartzose boulders in subalpine streams. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce, among the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Beu-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 5. P. homceopsis Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 342.— Thallus effuse, thin, subgranulose, unequal, subareolate, reddish-brown. Apothecia minute, lecanoroid, concolorous, pale within, the margin connivent, epithecium narrow, colourless ; spores 8nae, 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007—10 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine red or tawny wine-coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 48 ; Lich. Brit. p. 2 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15, ed. 3, p. 14. This is closely allied to P. grumullfera, Nyl., from which it differs chiefly in the larger spores and gouimia, as also in the thallus being internally paler, especially under the apothecia. In the few specimens gathered, the thallus, except in one instance, was associated with Lecanora frustulosa, and for the most part sterile. Hah. On mica-schist rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 6. P. furfurea Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332. — Thallus effuse, thinnish, granulato-areolate, brownish-black or black, when moist rubricosely blackish or rubricosely reddish. Apothecia minute, at length nearly urceolariform, the margin tumid ; spores 8na3, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14. — Collema furfureum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353 ; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17. According to Nylander, in Hit., this somewhat anomalous species is perhaps referable rather to the genus Phylliscum, to which it approaches in the structure of the thallus. " This, which superficially is rubricoso- reddish, as in Pyrenopsis, is internally colourless, gelatinose, and excavated with minute, frequent, cellular cavities, among which are scattered somewhat large, oblong, simple, glaucous gonirnia, as in Phylliscum, which 26 EPHEBACEI. [PYREXOPSIS. are enveloped in a thickish gelatinose tunic." The apothecia are rare in the few British specimens gathered, and the spores are seldom well deve- loped. We have not detected any mature spermogones on our specimens, though these would determine mo're definitely the place of this species, as the spermatia in the PhyUiscodei (Nyl. Flora, 1887, p. 133) are elongate and arcuate. Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine places.— Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only very sparingly among the S. Grampians. — B. M. : Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Tribe III. HOMOPSIDEI Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193 ; Flora, 1887, p. 133. Thallus variable in form and texture, being either (1) fructi- culose, with gonimia seriate, and chiefly contiguous or seriately connate in the branches and branchlets, or (2) squamuliform or granuloso-continuous, uniform, with gouimia (haplogonimia) some- what large and subsolitary, or large and solitary, always gelatinoso- involute ; medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia pyrenocarpous, innate in thalline protuberances, externally more or less eminent, or immersed and without any external protuberance ; spores simple or rarely 1-septate ; paraphyses slender or none. Spermogones inclosed in thalline protuberances, or immersed and without any protuberance ; spermatia either shortly cylindrical, straight (the sterigmata simple), or elongate, thin, arcuate (the sterigmata simple, somewhat short). This tribe comprises various small brown or blackish plants, agreeing in the common character of having pyreuocarpous apothecia, though in other respects differing considerably in the several genera. According to the form and texture of the thallus, the arrangement of the gonimia, and the presence or absence of thalline protuberances enclosing the fructification, it is divided into two subtribes, viz. Ephebei and Phyttis- codei. To the latter, according to Nylander in lift., belongs Collcma granuliforme ^y\. = Phylliscodium granuliforme Nyl., which, although recorded (erroneously) by Leigh ton (Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22) from Galway, has not been gathered in our Islands. Subtribe EPHEBEI Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193 ; Flora, 1887, p. 133. Thallus small, byssoid, fructiculoso-ramose ; gonimia tunicated, in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia minute, pyrenocarpous, in ellipsoid or pyriform incrassations of the thallus, paraphyses distinct or none : spores 8n;ie, ellipsoid, simple or 1-3-septate, colourless. Spermogones innate in globular or shortly ellipsoid thalline tubercles, with slender, simplish storigmata. The thallus in its younger and immature state is entirely Sirosiphoid in structure ; so that this subtribe might briefly be defined as consisting of "pyrenocarpous sirosiphoid Ephebacei." Its two genera are wefl distinguished from each other by the anatomical characters of the apjthecia. HOMOPSIDEI. 27 5. EPHEBE Fr. PL Horn. (18fc&) p. 256 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 85, emend. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 124).— Thallus usually dioecious, cylindrical, intricate ; within longitudinally cellular ; gonimia chiefly towards the surface, 2-4 in each nodule. Fig. 4. Ephcbe pubescens Nyl. — a. Thalline branchlet,, with apothecia, X 30. b. Thalline branchlet, with spermogones, x30. c. Sterile branchlets, x30. d. Trans- verse section of thallus, and d', longitudinal section of thallus, X 200. e. Four syngonimia, x350. /. Section of thalline receptacle of three apothecia, X30. g. Two thecsB, X 350. h. Five spores, X 500. i. Steriginata and eperinatia, -X500. Apothecia solitary or aggregate, paraphyses none ; spores simple or 1-3-septate : hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine. Spermogones with long sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. This differs from the following genus in the generally dioecious thallus, and more especially in the absence of paraphyses and in" the septate spores. The apothecia in both genera have the " pyrenium " (i. e. the " perithecium," in its former but erroneous acceptation, vide Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 102) either colourless or slightly dark. In both also the sper- mogones have the appearance of young' apothecia. 9S EPHEBACEI. [EPHEBE. 1. E. pubescens Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 90, t. ii. ff. 1, 17-20.— Thallus much branched, decumbent, slightly rugulose, somewhat shining, olive-green or brownish-black, branches very slender, capillary at the apices. Apothecia minute, pale ; spores simple or J -septate, 0,011-0,016 mm. long, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick; hy- menial gelatine either not tinged, or obsoletely violet-coloured (the thecje tawny-yellow) with iodine.— Mudd, Man. p. 34 ; Leigbt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 10, t. 4. ff. 12-14 ; Lich. Fl. p. 12, ed. 3, p. 10 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1 ; Grevillea, v. p. 124.— Cor- nicularia pubescens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406. Lichen pubescens Linn. Fl. Suec. (1745) n. 1126, pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 2318. Lichen exilis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 894 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Lichen scabtr Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 562. Conferva atrovirens Dillw. Br. Conf. p. 60, t. 25. Girardia atrovirens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 287. Scytonema atrovirens Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 78. Stiyonema atrovirens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 363 ; Hass. Br. Fresbw. Alg. p. 227, t. 66. f. 1.— Probably several of these synonyms relate to other species, the specimens seen being infertile. This grows in close, matted, irregular tufts, which often spread exten- sively over the substratum. When young it is more or less suberect, beconu'ng at length decumbent or prostrate. From Parmelia lanata, var. reticulata, with which it was frequently confounded by the older authors, it is externally distinguished when sterile by its softer, transversely rugose thallus, and when fertile by the apothecia, which apparently are rare in Britain. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are lateral, the sterigmata usually simple, 0,005 mm. long. 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On moist shady rocks, especially by streams, in upland and sub- alpine situations. — Distr. General and for the most part abundant where it occurs in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Near Ivy Bridge and Chagford, Devonshire ; Roughton, Cornwall ; Bar- mouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Llanberis, Carnarvon- shire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale and near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire ; Appin and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Achallater and Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Dublin Mts. ; Coach- ford, near Cork ; Gleugariff and Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; Kyleniore, co. Galway. 6. EPHEBEIA Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 125). — Thallus monoecious, cylindrical, intricate ; internally as in the preceding genus. Apothecia solitary, paraphyses deter- minate, slender, slightly incrassate at the apices ; spores constantly simple ; hymenial gelatine wine-reddish with iodine. Spermogones discrete, internally as in Ephebe. From Ephebe, with which it was formerly confounded, this has now been separated, on account chiefly of the apothecia having distinct para- physes and conspicuous anaphyses (ride Nyl. /. e.), as also constantly simple spores. These characters seem sufficiently important to entitle it"to rank as a distinct genus. EPHEBEIA.J MAGMOPSEI. 29 1. E. Mspidnla Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 321.— Thallus decumbent, very much branched, rugulose, opaque, spinulose or verruculose towards the apices, olive-green or dark-brown. Apothecia ex- ternally subgloboso-tuberculose, pale, the epithecium impressed ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89; Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. — Cor- nic>'1tiria hispidula Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 617. Cot-nicularia p>il»-*-?iis /3. hispidula Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406. — To this belongs also EpJiebe spinulosa Fr. ftl.Jide Nyl. 1. c. The thallus is somewhat stellately expanded, with the branches verti- cillately proliferous. From Ephebe pubescem it differs in being hispid and monoecious, as also in the structure of the apothecia. Of the few British specimens seen, only one is sparingly fertile. Hah. On damp quartzose and schistose rocks in subalpine districts. — Di*tr. Apparently local and scarce, being known only from N. Wales, and the S. and Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cader Idris, Merioneth- shire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perth- shire. Subsp. E. Martindalei Cromb. ex Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.— Thallus scarcely spinulose : apothecia with the receptacle smarag- dine above (or somewhat bluish in thin section) ; spores 0,009— 14 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89 ; Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. This differs from the type, of which, as suggested by Ny lander (I. c.), it is almost a variety, in the nearly smooth thallus and the colour of the receptacle. From Ephebe pubescetis it could consequently with difficulty be distinguished in a sterile condition. Hub. On moist rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce, having been gathered only in N.W. England. — B. M. : Mardale, Westmoreland. Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus pyrenopsidian, consisting of syngonimia ; gonimia mo- derate, without order. Apothecia forming a peridium ; spores 8nae, oviform, in oblong thecae. Spermogones not seen rightly developed. This is a somewhat peculiar tribe, distinguished from all others in this family by the apothecia (if not parasitic, as Nylander is now rather inclined to think) constituting peridia — that is, a closed pyreniuni without any true ostiole. It consequently holds an analogous relation among the Ephebacei to Peridiei among the Lichenacei. From the Phylliscodei it differs in the characters of the apothecia and the gonimia. 7. MAGMOPSIS Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103.— Thallus indeter- minate ; syngonimia glomerulose or granuloso-difform, greenish- yellow, gonimia pale-glaucous or concolorous with the rest of the thallus. Apothecia small, the peridium (under the microscope) 30 COLLEMACEl. [MAGMOPS1S. dark violet-blackish; spores 1-septate, colourless; bymeuial gela- tine not tinged with iodine. From Purenidium, with which it is comparable, this differs in having the thTllus pyrenopsoid and indeterminate; while from Verrucarma , to which it iJiome resemblance, it differs in the apothecia not presenting a true pyrenium. The genus as yet includes only two species, of which one has 'been detected in Britain. 1. M. argilospila Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 10. —Thallus scattered, subfurfuraceous, very thin, olive-black. Apo- thecia innate, minute, peridiura sufficiently thin, violet-black; spores 0,022-2(3 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, sparingly present.— Verrucaria argilospila Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 15. Verrucaria arenicola Leight. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 155 ; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 470. The plant spreads extensively over the substratum in small, scattered, more or less distinct macuke. In structure the thallus is densely and minutely cellular, each cell containing a minute subglobose gonimium. The apothecia in the specimens seen are numerous, and are more con- spicuous where the thallus is semi-obliterated. Hub. On sandy and clayey soil in upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce, in W. England ; though it no doubt occurs elsewhere. — B. M. : Shelton Hough, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Family II. COLLEMACEl Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8 ; Syn. i. p. 88 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus foliaceous, or fruticulose, or crustaceous, turgid and gelatinous when moist, black, brown, dark olive, leaden, rarely glaucescent ; gonimia somewhat small, nakedly conjoined, monili- form ; medulla not distinct, but confused with the gouimic layer. Apothecia most frequently lecanorine, occasionally biatorine, rarely endocarpoid, hypothecium colourless ; spores 8na3, rarely numerous, very rarely 4na3, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusiform, simple or septate, or variously divided, colourless, very rarely brown. Sperm ogones usually with jointed sterigmata, occasionally with simple sterigmata, aud short oblong spermatia. This family, as now limited by Nylander, comprehends plants which in most essential respects are more closely related to each other than those referred to it in his previous classification. " It consists of a higher type of lichens than the Ephebacei, being superior in structure, and for the most part in figure, with the gonimic granules not or scarcely ever simple, but more or less (that is, two or several) moniliform (hormogonimia, Nyl.). The thallus also, when moistened, is more turgid, and though still somewhat Algoid in external appearance, is almost always much better developed." In regard to the anatomical structure of the thallus, Nylander, in his observations on "gonidia &c." (Flora, 1877, p. 359), has pointed out that (in the higher genera at least) the whole thallus is to be regarded as one syngonimium. This syngouimium, he adds, in litt., ori- ginates either from a single primitive gonimium, or from the coalescence of several gonimia into one syngonimic body. LICHITiA.] 81 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8 ; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St.* Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile ; gonimia elongate >• seriately moniliform, subconnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or thickish ; spores 8nae, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The principal characteristic of this tribe is to be found in the gonimia being moniliformly arranged through long: series. They are also much less connate than in Gonionema, so that the affinities of the tribe ai-e rather with this family. Of the four genera of which it is composed, only one is at all common in Great Britain. 8. LICHINA Ag. Syn. Alg. (1817) p. xii • Tul. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvii. (1852) p. 87 ; Nyl. Syn. p. 88.— Thallus fruticulose, cartilaginous, dicboto- mously branched, within parallelly lineari-cellu- lar ; gonimia arranged 1 chiefly under the cortical layer, bluish or glaucous- bluish. Apothecia ter- minal, in globose thalline receptacles, lecanorine ; spores simple, colourless ; paraphyses slender, not crowded ; hymenial gela- tine not coloured with iodine. Spermogones terminal, with simple long sterigmata and ob- long spermatia. This small genus, though fucoid in appearance, be- longs in all essential cha- racters to Lichens. The few species of which it consists are strictly social in their habit, and often extensively cover the other- wise barren maritime rocks. It is in various respects somewhat parallel among Lichina the Colkmacei to Sphesro- (1) phorus amongst the Li- chenacei. The apothecia are truly lecanorine,though pyrenodean in appearance, around them. Fig. 5. ygmcea Ag. — a. Section of apothecium of a spermogone (2), x30. b. Section of thallus, X2(JO. c. Gonimia, x350. d. Theca and paraphysis, X 350. e. Two spores, X 500. /. Sterigmata and spermatia, X500. while the spermogones are often situated 32 COLLEMACEI. [LICHINA. 1. L. pygmsea Ag. Syn. Alg. 1817, p. 9 ; Nyl. Syn i. p. 91, t. ii. f. 16.— Thallus somewhat small, caespitosely branched, greenish- or brownish-black ; branches erect, compressed upwards, obtuse at the apices. Apothecia small, concolorous, the ostiole slightly open or irregularly dehiscent; spores 0,022-29 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 388 ; Hook. El. Scot. ii. p. 90 ; Sm. Engl. Fl. v.' p. 270 ; Grev. Scot. Crypt, t. 219 ; Tayl. in Mack. El. Hib. 'ii. p. 170 ; Mudd, Man. p. 33, t. i. f. 1 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2 ; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. iv. f. 21 ; Lich. Fl. p. 13, ed. 3, p. 11—Fucus pygmaus Lightf. EL Scot. ii. (1777) p. 964, t. 32 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, p. 100 ; Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 204. ff. a-Ji ; Eng. "Bot. t. 1322. Fucus pumilus Huds. Fl. Aiigl. ed. 2, p. 584.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 260 ; Larbal. Caesar. n. 51 ; Cromb. n. 1. This plant, which is about half an inch or a little more in height, might certainly, at first flight, be taken for a diminutive Fucus. The fructification, however, sufficiently shows its true systematic place ; and indeed, considering that Lightfoot (I. c.) pointed out how nearly it was related to Lichens, it is strange that it should have been so long referred to the Algge. Both the apothecia and the sperinogones are numerous, the latter with spermatia ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, about 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On rocks exposed to the action of the tide in maritime districts. — Distr. General and common on all the more rocky coasts of the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland, but apparently not occurring in the N.E. of Scotland.— B. M. : Islands of Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney. Ventnor, Isle of Wight ; Ilsham rocks, near Torquay, Bigbury Bay, and Boveysand Bay, Devonshire ; Mount's Bay, St. Minver, and Scilly Isles, Cornwall ; near Peel, Isle of Man ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Near Caroline Park, Edinburgh ; Loch Creran and Island of Mull, Argyleshire. Near Castlefreke, co. Cork : coast of Connemara, Galway. 2. L. confinis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1823, p. 105.— Thallus rather small, densely caespitosely branched, olive- or brownish-black ; branches erect, rounded, subfastigiate. Apothecia small, concolorous, the ostiole slightly open or irregularly dehiscent; spores 0,022-29 mm. long, 0,01 1-16 mm. thick.— Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 270 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 170 ; Mudd, Man. p. 34 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2 ; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. 4. f. 22; Lich. Fl. p. 13, ed. 3, p. 12.— Lichen confinis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 208 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2575. Fucus pygmceus fl. minor Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 204. ff. i-o. Lichina pumila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 388. Lichina pyymcea /5. minor Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 98. — Brit. Exs. : Larbal. Caesar, n. 1 ; Lich. Hb. n. 281. From L. pygmaa, to which it is subsimilar, this is distinguished by being considerably smaller, scarcely \ in. high, even in favourable situa- tions, and by having the branches more crowded and not compressed. The apothecia are frequent, though in situations farther removed from tidal action it often occurs infertile. The spermogones, especially in otherwise barren specimens, are very abundant, with spermatia 0,0030- 35 miu. long, 0,001 mm. thick. LICHINA.] LTCHINEI. 33 Hab. On intertidal rocks, and on those which are only washed by the spray of the sea, in maritime districts. — Distr. General and very abundant where it occurs on most of the rocky coasts of the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland; more frequent on the N.E. of Scotland. — B. M. : Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney. White- sand Bay, Mount's Bay, near Anthony, Gerrans, Land's End, and Scilly Islands, Cornwall ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown, Glamorgan- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Puffin Island, Anglesea ; Port Soderick, Isle of Man; Morecambe Bay, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portletheu, Kincardineshire ; Island of Mull and Loch Creran, Argyle- shire. Kenmare, co. Kerry ; coast of Connemara, co. Galway ; Bally- castle, co. Antrim. 9. LICHINIZA Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6.— Thallus minutely squamulose, squamules adnate, difform, chestnut-brown, with pro- minent darker globules or subglobose papillae; gonimia sordid- yellowish, radiately arranged in the thaUine globules in mouili- form series. Apothecia lecanoriiie ?, terminal. Spermogones not seen. Though differing in external appearance from the preceding genus, this nearly agrees with it in texture. This, however, as observed by Nylander, is cellular, thinner, and more irregular, while the gonimia are differently coloured. Its true place, in the absence of rightly developed apothecia and of the spermogones, is rather uncertain, though it is most probably allied to Lichina. 1. L. Kenmorensis Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6. — Apothecia minute, terminal on and concolorous with the thalline globules, lecanorine ? ; " spores 8nae, ellipsoid, simple, colourless." — Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 22.—Synalissa Kenmorensis Holl, MS. (1872). The thallus is effuse and apparently widely spreading. In the speci- mens seen by me only a single young apotheciura was visible, similar in external appearance to the young ' apothecia of Lichina. Dr. Holl informed me that the spores were seen by him in a better-fruited spe- cimen, though not well developed. Hab. On moist mica-schist boulders in upland mountainous situa- tions.— Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only in one locality in the S. Grampians. — B. M. : Shores of Loch Tay, Kenmore, Perthshire. 10. PTERYGIUM Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot, i. (1854) p. 328 ; Syn. i. p. 92 ; Lich. Scand. p. 24. — Thallus appressed, thinly divided, radiate at the circumference, polished in section ; gonimia often moniliformly concrete, arranged chiefly under the cortical layer ; thin section of thallus bluish on the lower side. Apo- thecia lecideine ; spores 8nae, ellipsoid or oviform, septate, colour- less ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecae, bluish with iodine. Spermogones with long jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. COLLKMACEI. [PTERTGITJM. Fig. 6. Ptcrygium centrifugum Nyl.— a. Longitudinal section of thallus, X 275. b. Transverse section of the same. c. Vertical section of a spermogone, X42. d. Jointed sterigmata. This genus is analogous to Pannularia among the Lichenacei, from which, however, it is distinguished by the absence of a hypothallus. In this country few species have occurred, but probably others will be detected. 1. P. centrifugum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. i. (1854) p. 328 ; Syn. i. p. 92, t. ii. ff. 11-15. — Thallus small, laciniato-radiate, centrifu- gal, dark- or chestnut-brown, often blackish in the centre ; lacinia? divaricato-multifid, plane or somewhat convex, narrow, crowded, very thinly longitudinally rugulose. Apothecia unknown. Externally this looks like a small Physcia near to dark vars. of Ph. obscura ; but its anatomical structure is essentially different. The thallus is only about \ inch in diameter (even smaller in the only British spe- cimen seen), and is more or less centrifugal. The gonimia are pale- greenish, often moniliform towards the upper surface. No apothecia have vet been detected, but the spermogones (not present in our spe- cimen) are known ; they are tuberculose, usually blackish above, with multi-articulate sterigmata ; spermatia straight, slightly acute at the apices, 0,005-0,006 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine hilly district.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce, having been found only very sparingly in S.W. England. — B. M. : Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire. 2. P. pannariellum Nyl. Sallsk. pro F. ct Fl. Not. iv. (1859) p. 236 ; Flora, 1809, p. 41. — Thallus moderate, laciniafco-radiato PTERYGIUM.] 35 at the circumference, subcoralloideo-multifid or microphylline and usually diffracto-globulose in the centre, dark-olive or olive-brownish- black, opaque ; laciniae thin, plane, multifid, imbricately crowded, obsoletely rugulose. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, black ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. — Cromb. Gre- villea, v. p. 108 ; Leight. Lich. JF1. ed. 3, p. 12. This is externally somewhat like Pannaria triseptata Nyl., hut differs in the absence of a hypothallus, and in the laciniae being radiate at the circumference and usually digitate at the apices ; the spores also are somewhat smaller. In the only fertile British specimen seen the apo- thecia are sparingly present. Hob. On schistose rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Very local and scarce amongst the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summit of Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 3. P. Lismorense Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 108.— Thallus thin, subfurfuraceous, thinly or obsoletely radiate, adnate, variously confluent, blackish or olive-black. Apothecia small, thinly mar- gined, black, dark within; spores oviform, 1-scptate, 0,010-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-0,006 mm. thick ; epithccium bluish-black ; hypo- thecium cellular, and (with the perithecium) violet-blackish ; hyme- nial gelatine bluish, then dark-yellowish with iodine. — Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 221; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 12. — Brit. Exs: Cromb. 11. 101. The thallus spreads rather extensively, though not continuously, over the substratum. In its younger state the radii are more discrete at the circumference. It is allied to P. asperellum Nyl., from which it differs in the thallus and the smaller spores. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the S.W. Highlands. — B. M. : Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 11. LEPTOGIDIUM Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 195 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). — Thallus minute, fruticulose, branched, somewhat fragile ; goni- mia moniliform ; cortical layer cellular, distinct. Apothecia subbiatorine ; spores 8nae, ellipsoid, simple, colourless ; hyme- Fig. 7. nial gelatine bluish with LeptogWum dcndriscum Nyl.-a Thalline • n- o , branch and branchlet, X oO. b. Transverse iodine. Spermogones not section of a branch/x 2oa c- Apex of a bifurcate branchlet, showing the moniliform chains of the gouiinia, X 200. d. Two series of gonimia, X 350. seen rightly developed. This genus, recently in- stituted by Nylander, is 36 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTOGIDIVM. rather difficult to arrange in the series. From the gonimia, it seems to have its most appropriate place in this tribe. 1. L. dendriscmn Nyl. Flora 1873, p. 195 (note).— Thallus very much branched, intricate, slender, rounded or obsoletely compressed, opaque, greenish, or pale-yellowish at the base. Apothecia small, pale or pale-red, the epithecium at length somewhat convex : spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 13. — Leptoc/ium dendriscum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 135. Leptogium Mooreii Hepp, Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27. Ephebe byssoides Caning. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vii. p. 411, t. 10. f. 2. This is one of the exotic lichens which find their way from sub- tropical regions to the S.W. of Ireland. It has a somewhat general resemblance to Leptoyium muscicola, near to which it was originally placed by Nylander; but the gouimia and other characters remove it from Leptogium to an inferior position in the family. The apothecia are not visible in any of the Irish specimens, the organs described as such being spermogones. These, however, though not unfrequent as minute pale-brown tubercles, have not been seen rightly developed. Hob. On mossy trunks of trees in moist upland situations. — Distr. Very local and rare in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Glengariff and Glena, Killarney, co. Kerry. Tribe II. COLLEMEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 9 ; Syn. i. p. 93 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus usually membranaceous, lobed, laciniate or microphylline, occasionally fruticuloso-ramose, rarely crustaceous or granulose ; gonimia glaucous-green, more or less inoniliform ; cortical layer either cellular or indistinct. Apothecia lecanoriue, sometimes biatorine, rarely endocarpoid ; spores 8nse, rarely numerous, ellip- soid, ovoid or rarely fusiform, usually septate and divided, occa- sionally simple, colourless. Spermogones with the sterigmata ar- ticulate, occasionally simple or subeimple, and oblong, ellipsoid or bacillar spermatia. This extensive tribe (notwithstanding its recent limitation) consists of genera diverse m various particulars, yet sufficiently connected by mutual links. It contains the best-developed members of the family, and in number of species, if not in their frequency of occurrence, is verv well represented in our Islands. The plants for the most part very greedily imbibe moisture and we often find a marked contrast in the appearance of the thallus when moist or dry. 12. SYNALISSA Fr. PI. Horn. (1825) p. 297; Nyl Syn i. p. 93.— Thallus pulvinate, thinly crustaceous or fruticuloso- divided ; gonimia (speirogonimia) either solitary or few, usually scattered among the filaments : cortical layer obsoletely eel- SYXALISSA.] COLLEMEI. 37 lular. Apothecia terminal, innate, lecanorino-endocarpoid, conco- lorous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, usually 8nae, occasionally nu- merous, simple, colourless ; hy- menial gelatine variously tinged wit h iodine. Spermogones ter- minal or subterminal, with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Distinguished from Ompha- laria, which does not occur in our islands, chiefly by the goniinic granules ; these are in pairs between the thalline filaments or affixed to their branchlets. Only two species occur with us, rarely, and generally in poor condition. 1. S. symphorea Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 94, t. 3. f. 2.— Thallus fruticulose, fastigiately divided, opaque,black; branches short, rounded, erect, obtuse at the apices, sometimes only no- dulose. Apothecia minute, punctiformi - impressed, at Fig. 8. length dilated, subconcolorous, Synnlissa symphorea Nyl. — a. Section of the thalline margin tumid; thallus with an apothecium, x spores 8-24nse, ellipsoid or spherical, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,000-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 35, t. 1. f. 2 : Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 13. — Synalissa vulga"-is Thwaites, Ann. Mag. JsTat. Hist. 1 849, iii. p. 219. Cottema symphureum DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 382. C. synalissa Ach., Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108. The thallus in our specimens is generally only noduliform. Elsewhere it often occurs amongst the squamules of Lecidea lurida, and further research may discover it in Britain also similarly associated. A reference to fig. 8 will show the peculiar arrangement of the gonimia affixed to the branchlets of the filaments. The apothecia are very rare in Great Britain, and the spermogones are only seldom seen, with spermatia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hnb. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and rare, having with certainty been gathered only very sparingly in S.W. England, and'in the S.W. Highlands, Scotland; 'the Irish plant being very doubtful. — B. M. : Portland Island, Dorsetshire ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Vincent's rocks, Gloucestershire. Bar- caldine, Argyleshire. b. Section of a spermogone, X 30. ll 9° lecanorine, rarely bi- , . J0 atonne ; spores 8me, ovoid or ellipsoid, colourless, variously Collemodium fluviatile NyL-a. Vertical section septate and divided; of thallus, x275. b. Gonirnic granules sopn- hymenial gelatine rated from the cells. deep blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spernmtia obsoletely incrassate at either apex. Instituted by Nylander for various plants previously arranged chiefly under Cottema. From Collcma it differs in the cortical layer being distinct, though usually but slightly apparent. It thus forms a transition between Collema and Homodium, a subgenus of Leptoyium to which it is closely related. The fructification is similar to that of Leptogium. 1. C. biatorinum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12. — Thallus effuse, minutely granuloso-lobulate, imbricate, brown or 58 COLLEMACEI. [cOLLEMODIUM. brownish-green. Apothecia biatorine, small, gyalectiform, brown or reddish, the margin thickish, entire ; spores ovoid, 3-4-septate and sparingly longitudinally divided, 0,025-30 mm. long, 0011-12 mm. thick. — Oollema biatorinum Nyl. Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1857) p. 268; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 25.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 282. Closely resembles Leptogium pusillum, from which it differs chiefly in structure and the purely biatorine apothecia. Internally the thallus presents scattered cavities, each containing 1 or 2 gonimic granules, with traces of tubiform canals. The apothecia are scattered, or more or less crowded. Hub. On cretaceous soil and the mortar of old walls in damp places in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. The Channel Islands, S. and W. Pmgland, plentiful where it occurs.— B. M. : Coast of the island of Alderney. Near Maidstone, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; Reigate hill, Surrey; Wadebridge, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. 2. C. microphyllum Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 3-37. — Thallus effuse, microphylline, imbricato-lobcd, often verrucoso-diffract, dark-green or olive-brown ; lobes minute, ascending, granulato-crenate, somewhat dilated at the circumference. Apothecia small, crowded, urceolato-concave, reddish-brown, the thalline margin entire, tumid, subconcolorous ; spores ovoideo- cllipsoid, usually 3-septate, becoming murali-locular, 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,008-0,010 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12.— Leptogium microphyllum Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 330. Collema microphyllum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 630 ; Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2721 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208 ; Mudd, Man. p. 41 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 22. Enchylium mi- crophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Leptogium fragrans Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 30. Collema fragrans Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208. Enckyliumfragrans Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Lichen fragrans Eng. Bot. t. 1912. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 258 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 2. According to Nylander in litt. the gonimia are partly moniliform and partly without order, with interwoven filamentose elements. From Sowerby's original specimen it appears that Lichen fragrans E. B. is merely a state of this, and the fragrance from which it obtained its trivial name was, as observed by Borrer, accidental. The apothecia are minute, numerous and crowded. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly Ash and Elm in shady upland situations.— Distr. In the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England ; not yet known from Scotland or Ireland.— B. M. : St. Brelade's Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Bury, Suffolk ; Copthall, Essex ; Southwick, near Lewes, and Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Claines, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire : Leven's Park, Kendal, Westmoreland. COLLEMODIUM.] COLLEMET. 59 3. C. fragOe Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus small, rosulate, laciniato-lobed, dark olive-green or olive- brown ; lobes convex, granuloso-unequal, radiate and crenate at the circumference. Apothecia minute, urceolate, at lengtb somewhat plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin entire, thickish ; spores ovoid, variously divided, about 0,029 mm. long, 0,013 mm. thick. — Leptogium fragile Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 333 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 27. Collema fragile Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 109 ; Mudd, Man. p. 38. The thallus is almost stellato-laciniate, with the lacinise irregularly arranged and variously divided ; the gonimic granules are rarely mouili- forni. With its radiating lacinite, it somewhat resembles young states of Collema multipartitum. In the British specimens the apothecia are only sparingly present. Hob. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. and N. England and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon ; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. 4. C. plicatile Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 337.— Thallus somewhat small, laciniato-lobed, olive- or leaden- brown ; lobes thickish, slightly rugulose, erect or ascending in the centre, plicate towards the circumference, often crisp at the margins, more or less granuloso-furfuraceous. Apothecia small or nearly moderate, somewhat concave or plane, reddish-brown, the thalline margin thick, entire ; spores ovoid, 3-septate, and irregularly murali- locular, 0,018-30 mm. long, 0,008-16 mm. thick.— Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 12. — Leptogium plicatile Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30. Collema plicatile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209 ; Mudd, Man. p. 38 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 22. Enchylium plicatile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397. Lichen plicatilis Ach. N. Act. Stock, xvi. (1795) p. 11, t. 1. f. 2. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et gra- nosum Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 24 *-v.—Brit.Exs.'. Cromb. n. 106. This, as observed by Nylander (Leptoyium jirmum Lich. Scand. p. 34), resembles L. sinuatum, but the thallus is thicker, very thinly or incon- spicuously cellulari-corticate. The apothecia, which are scattered, are not very numerous in our British specimens. Hob. On calcareous rocks and walls, rarely on trunks of trees, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. and "W. England, rare in the W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Maidstone, Kent ; Shoreham, Beeding, and Lewes, Sussex ; Babhicombe and Plymouth, S. Devon ; Mendip Hills, Somersetshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Near Appm House, Argyleshire. Ardtully, co. Kerry. Form minus Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus smaller, laciniac narrower, rather longer, when dry somewhat angulose ; 60 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMODIUM. otherwise as in the type.— Leptoyium plicatile f. minor Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 31. This form evidently depends upon the nature of the habitat. It is rarely fertile. Hab. In depressions of dry roc-ks in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Local and rare in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Near Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. /3. hydrocharum Nyl. ex Croinb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12. Thallus thicker, rigid, greyish- or glaucous-greyish ; lobes repand, somewhat rugulose, depressed. Apothecia central, scattered, the thalline margin entire. — Leptogium plicatile var. hydrochamm Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 302. Collema pulposum var. hydrochamm Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. ParmeKa hydrocharum Ach. Mefch. (1803) p. 222. Distinguished by the colour of the thicker thallus and the more de- pressed lobes, which are somewhat discrete at the circumference. No fructification is visible in our only British specimen. Hub. On damp calcareous rocks in upland districts. — Distr. Only among the Central Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : .Craig Tulloch, Perth- shire. 5. C. fluviatile Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus inciso-lobed, thin, greyish-green or dark greyish-glaucous ; lobes somewhat erect, oblong, subrepand, flexuoso-coraplicate, simple or proliferous. Apothecia small, submarginal, elevated, plane or somewhat concave, dark-red, the thalline margin entire, paler ; spores ellipsoid, usually 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. — Leptogium fluviatile Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 32. Collema fluviatile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209 ; Mudd, Man. p. 40 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24. Collema multipartitum ft. fluviatile Tayl. in Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109. Enchylium fluviale Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397. Lichen fluviatilis Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 536 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 77 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2039. Lichenoid.es gelatinosum foliis angustioribus tunafoiinibus Dill. Muse. 142, t. 19. f. 28. Liche- noides gelatinosum opuntioides Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, 72. 58. This approaches in habit small states of Leptogium tremelloides. It is distinguished from the preceding species by the form of the lobes and of the smaller spores. In texture, as observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 112), the thallus is entirely cellular, the cortex being composed of spheroid cells, with the gonimia either single or usually 4- agglomerate in each cavity. Only a few of the British specimens seen are sparingly fertile. Collema rivulare Ach., according to Nylander in litt., is only a state of this with shorter and simple lobes ; this state occurs in this country. Hub. On moist rocks and boulders of streams in upland mountainous situations. — Distr. Found only sparingly in W. and N. England, N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M.: St. Minver, Cornwall; River Elwy, Denbighshire; Suowdon, Carnarvon- COLLEMODIUAl.] COLLE.MEI. 61 shire ; Malham Cove, Yorkshire. Bonnington Falls, near Lanark ; near Leven, Fifeshire ; River Isla, near Ruthven Wood and Lochearn, Perth- shire. Ardtully, Kenmare, co. Kerry. p. 29. Leptogium sinuatvm var. crenulatum Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 40. Leptogium frayrans Mudd, Man. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, pro parte. Collema fra- Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 107. — Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 107. This species, little understood by British authors, looks like a diminu- tive state of L. lacerum, though at once separated by the texture of the thallus. From the closely allied L. subtile it is distinguished by the more developed thallus and the larger spores. The apothecia, which are numerous and crowded, are gyalectiform and superficial. Hob. On the ground, rarely on trunks of old trees, in upland districts. — Distr. Local and rather scarce in S., W., and N. England, rare in S. Ireland.— B. M. : Halstead, Kent ; Butler's Holt, Buckinghamshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Bantry, co. Cork. LEPTOGI0SI.J COLLEMEI. 67 8. L. cretaceum Nyl. Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1857) p. 270 ; Syn. i. p. 120. — Thallus rosulato-lobulate or stellato-laci- niate, olive-brown or dark-olive ; the lobes unequal, crenate, almost imbricate. Apothecia small, nearly biatorine, concave or gyalecti- form, pale reddish-brown, the margin entire, paler ; spores ovoid, 3-7-septate, with longitudinal septa, 0,022-40 mm. long, 0,011- 17 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 45 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7 ; Leigh t. Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 27. — Enchi/lmm cretaceum Gray, ISTat. Arr. i. p. 398. Oollema cretaceum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210. Lichen cretaceus Eng. Bot. (1800) t. 738. This plant appears at first as minute, very thin, olive or dark stellte, somewhat immersed and distinct. These become more prominent, ap- proximate and confluent, till it attains the perfect state. It is occasionally seen in an isidiomorphous condition. The gonimia are rarely moniliform. The apothecia, seen only in the best developed specimens, are small in the scattered, and moderate in the confluent rosulce. Ilab. On cretaceous and siliceous nodules in moist shady places in upland tracts. — Distr. Confined to the Chalk and Oolite districts of S. and W. England ; probably in its young state often overlooked. — B. M. : Near Folkestone, Kent; Plumpton and West Dean, Sussex; Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Isle of Wight ; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; near Northleach, Gloucestershire; Stokesay, Shropshire. 9. L. microscopicum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv. (1857) p. 920; Syn. i. p. 122, t. 4. f. 17.— Thallus effuse, very minute, fruticulose, erect, branched, olive-brown, dark-brown or blackish ; branches slender, elongato-papillate, un- equally rounded, somewhat constricted or attenuate at the base. Apothecia very minute, scattered, concave, pale brown or brownish-red, the margin smooth, entire ; spores ovoid or oblong, 3-5-septate, and murali-locular, 0,022— 27 mm. long, 0,009-14 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 3, p. 34. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 7. In its earlier stages of growth this has the appearance of a Sirosophon. The thal- lus is cellular, and the gonimia are often 3-moniliform. Though resembling a mi- nute state of L. lvph(eum, it is distin- guished by its peculiar habit and the Fig. 17. form of the spores It js very rarely Leptogium miwosc'opmim Nyl. fertile. On the thallus is occasionally —«. Thallus, x 30. i. Sec- seen a parasitic Obryzum described here-' after. tion of apothecium, x30. c. Three spores, xoOO. Hal. On slaty rocks, but chiefly on chalk pebbles and calcareous walls, F2 68 COLLEMACEI. [LEPIOGITJM. sometimes also on the trunks of old trees (willow and ash) in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local, though common where it occurs, in the Channel Islands, S. and W. England, and S.W. Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Rozel and coast of the Island of Jersey. Shiere, Surrey (in fruit) ; near Maidstone, Kent ; near Lewes, Sussex ; Cheddar Cliffs, near Porloch and Yatton, Somersetshire ; Weston-super-Mare (in fruit), Brinscomb, and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern and Aston, Worcestershire; Blaxton, Yorkshire ; Eden, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 10. L. placodiellum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.— Thallus small, somewhat firm, adnate, granulate or granulato-areolate, placodioideo- radiate at the circumfereBce, olive or dark-olive, the radii and gra- nules convex. Apothecia not seen rightly developed. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. — Leptoqium diffractum Kremp. Flora, 1861, p. 258, is a prior name, but had previously been given to a species of Collema. This resembles a small condition of Collemodium fragile, but it is readily distinguished from this and allied species by its placodioid appearance. In one British specimen young apothecia are sparingly present. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland hilly districts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce, in W. England. — B. M. : Uleeve Hill, Somersetshire. 11. L. nmscicola Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122.— Thallus pulvi- nate, filamentoso-fruticulose, rounded or slightly compressed, dark- brown or olive-black ; branches minute, cylindrical, suberect or decumbent, intricate, somewhat obtuse at the apices. Apothecia subtenninal, moderate, appressed, brownish-red, the margin thin, entire, pale ; spores 1-septate (bilocular), oblongo-fusiform, 0,023- 27 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick.— Nyl. Syn. i. p. 134, t. iv. ff. 11- 15 ; Cromh. Lich. Brit. p. 10 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27, ed. 3, p. 34. • — Polychidium muscicola Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 ; Mudd, Man. p. 49, t. i. f. 9. Collema muscicola Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111. Lichen muscicola Sw. N. Act. Ups. iv. (1784) p. 248 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. t. 6. f. 9 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2264.— Brit. Exs. : Leight, n. 395 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 122. This plant is unlike any of the Collemei, resembling when dry and sterile some young and paler state of Parmelia lanata. The thallus is composed of somewhat large elongate cells, which become smaller and subangular at the surface, the gonimic granules, which are scanty, being here and there aggregate in the cells. The branches, which are rigid when dry, are numerous and intricate, the lower ones sometimes anastomosing. The apothecia are horizontal, very much broader than the branches, while occasionally one is common to two or three of the branches. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and walls, in maritime, upland, and subalpine districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in mountainous regions, chiefly of W. Britain, rare in the Channel Islands, and in E. and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey. South Brent, Bottor Rock, and near Hunter Tor, Devonshire ; Cader Idris, Drews-y-nant and Ty Gwyn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Llanberis Pass and Snowdon, LEPTOGIUM.] 89 Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea ; near Oswestry, Shrop- shire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan and Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and near St. Fillans, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Luggelaw, co. Wicklow ; Killarney, co. Ken-y ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Subgen. 2. EIJLEPTOGIUM Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 133.— Thallus more or less foliaceo-membranaceous, cellulari-corticate on botb surfaces ; internally with entangled tubular cavities : gonimia moniliform. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores variously divided. Fig. 18. Leptogium lacenim Fr. —a. Fragment of a thalline lacinia showing the fimbri- ature, X 30. b. Texture of section of the thallus, X 200. r. Section of a young apotbecium in dry state, X 30, and c', the same of an older apothe- cium. d. Theca with a paraphysis, X 350. e. Spores, X 500. /. Section of thallus (moistened) with two spermogones, X 30. g. Steriginata and spermatia, X 500. 12. L. lacerum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. (1821) p. 401.— Thallus thin, lacero-laciniate, longitudinally rugulose, olive-brown or leaden ; laciniae subimbricate, subascending, crisp and ciliato-dentate at the margins. Apothecia small, scattered, concave, brownish- or pale- red, the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores ovoid, or narrowed at either apex, irregularly murali-locular, 0,034-48 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm. thick.— Nyl. Syn. i. p. 122, t. ii. f. 0 : Mudd. Man. 70 COLLEMACEI. [lEPTOGIUM. p. 47 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 28. — Collemal acerum Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213 ; Tayl. iu Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111. Lichen lacerus Sw. in Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 113. Lichen lacer Eng. Bot. t. 1982. Lichen tre- mella With. Air. ed. 3, iv. p. 72. Lichen tremelloides Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 842 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 537. Lichenoides pellu- cidum, endivice foliis tenuibus Crispin Dill. Muse. 143, t. 19. f. 31 A, B. Lichenoides saxatile tenue rufescens Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 77. 89. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 5, pro parte ; Larb. Caesar, n. 4. Easily recognized by the thallus and lacinise. The thallus is more or less effuse, often interrupted by fresh growths of the living mosses upon which it is developed ; in a moist condition it is very delicate and sub- pellucid. The apothecia, which are rather rare in British specimens, are sparingly and irregularly scattered. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and old walls in shady places in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Pretty general, but not very common, in the Channel Islands and most parts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Near Cambridge ; Khiere, Surrey ; Ventnor, Isle of Wight ; Buckfastleigh and Morleigh, Devon- shire ; Penzance and near Withiel, Cornwall ; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset- shire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Seddingtou, Bedfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Broadwas and Aliric, Worcestershire ; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire ; Cotteral Clough, Lancashire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Mulgrave Castle, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Keswick, Cum- berland. Near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Killin and the Ochills, Perthshire ; Glen Dole, Forfarshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Blarney and Kil- worth, co. Cork; Killarney and Dingle Bay, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Form fimbriatum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 122.— Thallus larger; laciniae broader, densely fimbriate and ciliate at the margins, the ciliae very much branched. Apothecia much scattered. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335; Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, cd. 2, p. 28. — Collema fimbriatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 104. Lichenoides pelluciduw, endiviw foliis tenuibus crispis Dill. Muse. 143, t. 19. f. 31 c.—Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 108 ; Mudd, n. 5, pro parte. From the type this differs chiefly in the densely fimbriato-ciliate margins of the lacinise, though both states occasionally occur in the same specimen. With us, as elsewhere, it is rarely seen fertile. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and old walls, chiefly in upland tracts. — Distr. Seen only in S., W., and N. England, in S. Scotland, and the W. Highlands— B. M. : Luccombe, Isle of Wight ; near Totness and Tavistpck, Devonshire ; Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; Chalford and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Broadwas, Worcestershire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire; Barcaldine and Inverary, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Subsp. 1. L. pulvinatum Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 345.— Thallus small, pulvinate, dark-brown : lobes minute, much crowded, dcnticulato- LEPTOGIFM.j COLLEMEI. 71 laciniate. Apothecia small, somewhat rare. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii. p. 567. — Leptogium lacerurii j3. pulvinatwn Mudd, Man. p. 47 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 33, ed. 3, p. 28. Collema pulvinatwn Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 104. Lichen tremeUoidts y Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 842; "With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 73. LicJienoides tenve crispum, foliis exigvis sun-tctis Dill. Muse. 146, t. 19. f. 34 A, et LicJienoides tenue crispwm et veluti aculeatum p. 146, t. 19. f. 35. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 55 ; Lich. Hb. ii. 241. This, which might almost bo regarded as a distinct species, is dis- tinguished by the minute, crowded, denticulate laciniaa ; it forms pulvi- nate tufts which are either determinate or somewhat spreading. The apothecia, which are seldom seen, are chiefly central. Hub. On rocks and old walls, occasionally on the ground, among mosses in upland and subalpine tracts. — Distr. Frequent in the Channel Islands, Great Britain and Ireland, usually plentiful where it occurs. — 15. M. : Queuvais, Island of Jersey. Cromer, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Kssex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Bonchurch and Luccombe, Isle of Wight ; near Plymouth, Devonshire ; Batliampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Chalford and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern Hills, Broadwas, and Alfric, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merioneth- shire; Clee Hills, Shropshire; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Stavely, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Inchi- gaggin, co. Cork ; near Anragh, co. Antrim. Subsp. 2. L. lophaeum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, XT. (1886) p. 13. — Thallus very small, pulvinate, greenish-black ; lobes minute, very much crowded, ciliato-dissect or ramoso-fimbriate, the brabble1. • "-1 ' iscia unknown. — Leptogium laccrumv&r.lophceum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 34, ed. 3/p. 29. Parmelia scotina y. lophcea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 238. Probably a distinct species, differing from the preceding subspecies in the cylindrical branches and smaller thallus, which is composed of minute, irregularly laciniate and ramulose denticulate lobes. With us, as else- where, it is sterile. Hab. On decaying stumps of old trees in maritime tracts. — Distr. •- *- -•- \. Wales and in the W. Highlands of f -1 ' rionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Found but sparingly in N. Wales and in the W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Barmouth, Merior 13. L. scotinum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 123. — Thallus laciniato-lobed, plicate, reticulato-rugulose, dark glaucous-green or brownish lead-coloured ; lobes rounded, some- what crowded, subcrect and entire at the margins. Apothecia small, concave, brownish-red, the margin smooth, elevated ; spores ovoid, irregularly murali-locular, 0,024-41 mm. long, 0,008-0,016 mm, thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit, p., 8, pro parte. — Leptogium sinuatum Mudd, Man. p. 47, pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 37, pro parte, ed. 3, p. 39, pro parte. Lichen scotinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 128.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. i 171 n 1 s: small portion of the thallus, X200. 6. p. 2; Leight Lich. 11. p. 15. Goniin|a; x350 c> gecfcioa of an apo. Pannana bch'ttreri Mass. ttic. theoium, x30. d. Theca with a para- Aut. Lich. (1852) p. 114.— phyeis, X350. e. Spores, X500. /. Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 2. Sterigmata and spermatia, x500. This is often less developed, with the thallus granulose and diffract, though when fully developed it is more squamulose and continuous. The apothecia, for the most part, are very numerous and crowded, sometimes nearly obliterating the thallus, smaller, and becoming somewhat convex and immarginate in the less developed, or moderate, plane, with persis- tent margin in the best developed conditions. Hab. On cretaceous pebbles and limestone walls and rocks in moist shady upland situations. — Distr. Local, though plentiful, in S., W., and Central England, amongst the Central and N. Grampians of Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Maidstone, Kent ; Box Hill and Shiere, Surrey ; Bathampton Downs and Babingtou, Somersetshire ; Chalfordand near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Egremont, Cum- berland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kvlemore, co. Galway. 2. C. lecanopsoides Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332. — Thallus thin, opaque, granuloso-areolate, or nearly continuous, some- what scabrous, dark-brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, urceolate, concolorous, the margin prominent, connivent; spores 4- 8nae, ellipsoid, 0,012-20 mm. long, 0,006-1 1mm. thick, paraphyses slender, not crowded ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine, — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35. — Pyrenopsis lecanopsoides Nyl. Flora, 1866, p. 374; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 254; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15. Collema pyrenopsoides Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. p. 89 ; Syn. i. p. 203. Lecanofa pyrenopsoides Nyl. Bot. Not. (1853) p. 163. This, as Nylander observes (Syn. p. 103), is at first sight not unlike C. fuliginea (Wahl.), and also has considerable resemblance to obscure COLLEMOPSIS.] COLLEMEI. 79 and less developed conditions of Lecanora ceroina. In this country it sometimes occurs associated with the preceding species, from which it is distinguished by the thallus and the apothecia ; though neither of these are well developed in the British specimens. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland tracts of mountainous regions. — Distr. Very local and rare in S.W. Ireland (near Kemnare, co. Kerry) and the Central Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 3. C. fttrfurella Nyl. ex Oromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.— Thallus effuse, very thinly furfuraceo-granulose, or scattered in small furfuraceous verrucas, brownish-black or blackish, with some- what larger, convex granules intermixed. Apothecia minute, sub- pyrenodeo-lecanorine, impressed in the larger granules, concolorous ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick ; paraphyses discrete; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine. — Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 453 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35.— Collema furfurellum Nyl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Not. iv. (1859) p. 229 ; Lich. Scand. p. 28 ; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 1 7. The anatomical structure of the thallus shows this plant, at one time regarded by Nylander as a distinct section of Collema, to be a Collemopsis. The thallus and fructification distinguish it from the allied species. The apothecia are numerous, though the spores are rarely found fully deve- loped. The spermogones are only sparingly visible, the spermatia being thin, oblongo-cylindrical. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Found very sparingly amongst the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Above Loch-na Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 4. C. Arnoldiana Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 305.— Thallus effuse, thin, maculate, granulose, olive-brown or dark-brown. Apothecia small, biatoriue, somewhat prominent, impressed in the centre, reddish or dark-red, the margin paler ; spores ellipsoid, oleoso-locular, 0,017- 20 mm. long, 0,010-0,0105 mm. thick; paraphyses articulate; hymenial gelatine slightly bluish, then pale wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 359 ; Leight. Licb. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.— Physma Arnoldiana Hepp, Flora, 1858, p. 94. This somewhat resembles Leptof/ium biatorinum, but is smaller, thinner, and with different spores. The thallus is minutely cellular, lax, and indistinct in texture. The apothecia, which are nearly gyalectiform, are either somewhat scattered or approximate. Verrucaria Flotoviana Hepp, Flecht. n. 02 pro parte, Collemopsis Flotovictna Nvl. e.c Cromb. Jouru. Bot. 1874, p. 147, scarcely differs from this species. JIab. On calcareous stones in shady upland situations. — Distr. Appa- rently local and rare in S. and W. England. — B. M. : Near Shiere, Surrey ; near Cirencester and Chalford, Gloucestershire. 5. C. oblongans Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 305.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, granuloso-crustaceous, confluent, brownish-olive. Apothecia 80 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMOPSIS. minute, somewhat concave, bright- or reddish-testaceous, the margin thickish; spores oblong, simple or spuriously 1-septate, 0,016-30 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine obsoletely bluish, becoming very faintly wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36. At first sight this might be taken for a Lecidea belonging to the Gyalectas, and only a microscopical examination makes its true relations apparent. It differs from the preceding in the colour of the thallus and in the spores. The apothecia are sometimes not very well developed, as is not unfrequently the case with lichens growing in similar situations. Hal. On the ground in shady crevices of limestone rocks in upland tracts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. England. — B. M. : Ha,ver- brack Hill, Westmoreland. 6. C. diffundens Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.— Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-squamulose, black, opaque ; squamules subfurfurous, small, variable. Apothecia small, innate, somewhat plane or often gyalectoid, reddish, pale within ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-23 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, dis- crete ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.— Pyrenopsis diffundens Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 602; Carroll, Journ. Bot! 1866, p. 92; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16. Collema diffractum Nyl. Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287. The thallus and fructification sufficiently distinguish this from other British species. I have not seen an authentic specimen, and the plant has been vainly searched for at Maidstone, Kent, where it was originally found. Specimens somewhat aberrant have been gathered elsewhere. Hob. On sandstone and schistose rocks. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S.E, England and N. Wales. — B. M. : Near Barmouth, Merioneth- shire. 7. C. leptogiella Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 220.— Thallus effuse, thin, minutely subcoralloideo-furfuraceous, olive-brown. Apothecia lep- togioid, minute, lurid-testaceous, slightly margined, the epithe- cium somewhat impressed or at length subplane ; spores ellip- soid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, or somewhat slender, thicker at the apices ; hymenial gelatine tawny wine-reddish with iodine. — Cromb. Gre- villea, vi. p. 18 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36. This peculiar species departs in various respects from the rest, and belongs almost to a proper genus. The thallus is confusedly cellular, with the gonimia nearly moderate. The branchlets, which resemble those of Leptogium microscopicum, though shorter, are subpapilliform. In the only specimen seen by me, the apothecia are fairly numerous, the margin being usually very thin. Hab. On quartzose rocks in upland districts. — Distr, Very local and rare in N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Kylemore, co. Galway. PYREXIDIUM.] 81 Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Xyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337 ; Flora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus maculate, radiately appressed ; cortical layer distinct ; gonimic granules moniliformly coherent. Apotheeia pyrenoid ; spores 4nae, septate, brown ; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo- gones unknown. A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei an analogous place to the Pyrenodei amongst the Lichenacei. In this respect the family very appropriately closes with it; for the genus Obryzttm, with its pyrenocarpous apothecia, is now known to be entirely parasitic, and must be removed. The Pi/renidiei consist of a single genus with a sin- gle species ; further research may bring others to light. 19. PYRENIDIUM Nyl. Flora. 1865, p. 210.— Thallus minute, stellato-divided, fibrillose, the cortical layer cellular, distinct. Apothecia innate, scarcely promi- nent; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 3- septate, brownish ; paraphyses slender, few or obsolete; hyme- nial gelatine not tinged with iodine. Having regard only to the thal- lus, this genus might be supposed to be allied to Leptoyium ; but the form of the apothecia separates it en- tirely from all the preceding genera of the Collemei. There seems no reason to doubt that the apothecia really belong to the thallus and not to a parasitic fungus. t'ig. -21. Pt/renidiiim actinellum Nyl. — a. Thal- 'line filaments, x30. b. Transverse section of a filament, x200. c. A. f rustule of the cortex, X 350. d. Go- nimia. e, e'. Vertical sections of two apothecia (viewed under water), X 30, with a small portion of crustose thallus. /. Theca with spores, X 350. g. Two spores, xoOO. 1. P. actinellam Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.— ThaUus adnate, thinly crustseform, thinly stellato-fibriliose at the circumference, the fibrillae equally cylindrical, sparingly branched, but usually effuse, and entirely covered by or almost entirely composed of somewhat erect fibrillae, sordid- or dark-olive (I -(-wine-red). Apo- thecia minute, scarcely prominent, almost entirely innate, the pyrenium entirely black ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick.— Carroll, in Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 10 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 37. The thallus of this species (of which I give Nylander's emended diagnosis) forms small maculae on the substratum, which are more or less scattered, or at length confluent. When sterile it is externally very similar to states of Leptoyium microscopicum ; but under the microscope its fibiilloe are seen to be equally cylindrical, while in G 82 COLLEMACEI. [PYRENIDITJM. L. microscojricum they are unequal. In the few authentic specimens seen, the apothecia are sparingly present; and the other specimens, referable to this or another species, are sterile. Hob. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Very sparingly in S. and S.W. England.— B.M. : Box Hill and ? Shiere, Surrey ; ? near Brighton, Sussex ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon. Family III. LICHENACEI Kyi. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1851) p. 10; Syn. i. p. 341. Thallus polymorphous, filamentose, foliaceous, squamose, crus- taceous, pulverulent, or obsolete, or none, varying from mem- branaceous to coriaceous and from filmy to tartareous, extremely variable in colour, white, greyish, yellowish, reddish, brown, blackish, but little or non-gelatinous ; gonidial layer usually distinct, formed of true gonidia or rarely of gonimic granules. Apothecia either stipitate or sessile, lecanorine, patellate, lecideine, or pyrenoid, very variable in colour, but rarely concolorous with the thallus. Spermogones either immersed or prominent, with simple or articulate sterigmata and various spermatia. The plants belonging to this, by far the largest family of Lichens, are very variable with respect both to the thallus and the fructification. They differ from the preceding families in being only very occasionally gelatinous, and especially in having, except in a comparatively few instances, a distinct stratum of bright green, rarely orange, gonidia. The apothecia in most cases have the thalamiurn furnished with para- ph yses, which are generally distinct. In the lower genera some plants approximate to the Ascomycetous Fungi. Series I. Epiconiodei Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 141. Thallus either (1) horizontally expanded and crustaceous, some- times none proper, with the apothecia usually stipitate, capituliform, occasionally sessile, or v(2) fruticuloso-erect, with the apothecia in terminal capitula of the thallus, nuclear, at length widely open ; spores naked, usually collected into a pulverulent mass on the surface of the mature fructification. Though in other respects varying considerably, the two tribes which constitute this series agree in having the spores, except in a few species, accumulated as a conglutinate powder or sporal mass (rnazaBdium, Ach.) on the surface of the mature fruit. It is only in the young apothecia that the spores are seen in thecee ; when more advanced, they occur only free in the mazsedium. Tribe I. CALICIEI Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 141. Thallus horizontal, crustaceous, granulose, or obsolete, or none proper. Apothecia stipitate, capituliform, or sessile; spores 8na?, in evanescent thecse, spherical or oblong, simple or variously septate, SPHINCTRINA.] 83 brownish or blackish, paraphyses usually little developed ; hymenial gelatine scanty. Spermogones punctiform, black, the sterigmata somewhat simple. This tribe consists of rather small plants, some of which are parasitic and readily overlooked, while others are conspicuous from their brightly coloured thalli. The apithecia sometimes have the stipas abnormally branched, and occasionally the capitulum is proliferous. 20. SPHINCTRINA Fr. PL Hom. (1825) p. 120 (ut genus Fan- gorum) ; De Not. Giorn. Bot. It. 1846, p. 314. — Thallus none proper. Apothecia parasitic, chiefly on the thalli of Pertusa- i-ice, globoso-turbinate, sessile or substipitate, somewhat shining, black, proper margin thick, connivent; thecae subpersistent, sporalmass black; spores simple (very rarely 1-septate), black- ish ; hymenial gelatine usually more or less tinged with iodine. Spermogones with acicular ar- cuate spermatia. The few species belonging to this genus are distinguished by Fig. 22. the apothecia being parasitic, Sphinctrinaturbinata,Vr. -a. Apothecium A-ssile or subsessile, and shining. (in dry state), X 30. b. Longitudinal At first sight they look like section of two apothecia, X 30. c. Thwa minute fungi; but their ana- and P^aphyses, x 350. d. Spores, tomical structure places them x^~ /• l^ion of spormogomum, among the lichens. P ^ f~ Stengm^te and sper-natm, 1. S. turbinata Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 366.— Thallus none. Apothecia small, globose or globoso-turbinate, shortly stipitate, or often almost sessile, the sporal mass usually protruded ; spores simple, globose or subglobose, small, 0,003-8 mm. in diameter ; hymenial gelatine pale bluish, then sordid dark-coloured with iodine.— Nyl. Syn. i. p. 142, t. v. f. 1 ; Mudd, Man. p. 255, t. iv. f. 102 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 ; Lcight. Lich. Fl. p. 38, ed. 3, p. 38. — Calicium turbinatum Pers. Fung. Suppl. (1797) p. 59. Calicium sessile Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 128 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2520 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 138. Acolium stigonellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482. Lichen yeladnatus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 8, t. 31. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 132 ; Mudd, n. 241. This is read'ly recognized upon the host by the numerous, sometimes crowded apothecia, which vary somewhat in size. The spermogones, scattered amongst the apothecia, are not unfrequent, with spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On the thallus of Pertusaria communis, and sometimes of P. fallax, on the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in maritime and upland 62 84 LTCHENACEI. [sPHINCTItlNA. wooded tracts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in England ; rare in S. and Central Scotland and in S. Ireland.— B. M.: Rozel, Island c;f Chedworth Woods and Oakley Park, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Worcester ; Shrewsbury. Shropshire ; Hay AVood, Herefordshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Leven's Park, Westmoreland.^ New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Roseneath, Dumbartonshire ; Craigforth, Stirling ; Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire. Blarney rnd Ardrum, co. Cork ; Curraghmore, near A\raterford ; Glenstale, co. Tipperary. 2. S. ang-lica Kyi- Syn. i. (1860) p. 143, t. v. f. 3.— Thallus (if proper) effuse, thin, granuloso-unequal, greyish-brown or olive- green, or evanescent. Apothecia small, scattered, substipitate, globose or globoso-turbinate : spores simple, globose, sometimes ellipsoid or oblong, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 255 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 38, ed. 3, p. 38,—Calicium microcephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 130 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 138. Phacotium (errore Phacotrum) microcephalum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482. Lichen microceplialus Eng. Bot. t. 1865. — In giving the specific name of anglica, Nylander (I. c.) observes that the older name microcepliala is not suitable to the apothecia. Differs from S. turbinata in the apparently (though very doubtfully) proper thallus, hi the more stipitate apothecia, and the larger spores. In the original specimen figured in E. B., the thallus is partly subtartareo- granulose and partly subevanescent ; but I have never seen the fertile plant in situ, though I have observed a similar sterile thallus in many places. The spermogones appear to be rare, and sparingly scattered, with sperrnatia as in S. turbinata, or slightly larger. Hob. On old rails, especially oak, in shady situations in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities in S. and Central England. — B. M. : Caistor, near Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Ardingley and Albourne, Sussex ; Twycross, Leicestershire. ^ 3. S. microcephala Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 91.— Thallus none. Apothecia minute, sessile or substipitate, globose or globoso-turbinate ; spores simple, fusiformi-ellipsoid, somewhat large, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish with iodine. — Nyl. Syn. i. p. 144, t. v. f. 2 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 ; Leight. Lich.Fl. p. 39, ed. 3, p.38.—Sphinctrina turbinata /3. microcephala Mudd, Man. p. 256. Calicium micro- cephnlum Tul. Mem. Lich. (1852) p. 78, t. 15. f. 20. Also closely allied to S. turbinata, but may readily be distinguished on microscopical examination by the form and 'size of the spores. In our British specimens the apothecia, which are smaller than in the preceding species, are usually rather scattered, as are also the spermogones. Ilab. On the thallus of Fertusaria melaleuca in shady woods in mari- time tracts.— Distr. Onlv in the Channel Islands and the S. coast of SPHINCTRINA.] 85 England, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. Near Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hampshire. 4. S. Kylemoriensis Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. — Thallus none proper. Apothecia minute, very shortly stipitate or subsessile, the stipes slender, pale ; capitulum turbinato-globose, black or blackish, somewhat shining ; spores simple, globulose, dark-brown, 0,004-6 mm. in diameter ; hymenial gelatine pale bluish and then sordid with iodine. — Calicium Kylemoriense Larb. ex Leight. Linn. Trans, n. ser. Bot. 1878, p. 242, t. 23. ff. 12-14; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 42. This "very beautiful new species" (Leight.) is intimately allied to S. lurbinata, from which it differs merely in the paler (though often con- colorous) stipes, the smaller capitulum and spores, as also in the saxi- colous habitat. It is probably not a distinct species. Hab. On rocks in maritime tracts. Parasitic on the thalli of Lecanora parella and L. nitens. — Distr. Local and rare, in the Channel Islands and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Sark. Kylernore, co. Galway. 21. CALICIUM Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 20; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 145. — Thallus thin, grauulose, pulverulent or evanescent, very rarely squamulose, or none proper. Apothecia stipitate, rarely subsessile, black; capitulum globose or turbinate; thecae evanescent; sporal mass umbrine or black ; spores spherical, ellipsoid or oblong, simple or septate, brown or blackish ; hymenial gelatine rarely tinged with iodine. Spermogones with short, oblong spermatia. as by the stipitate apothecia, the genus is distinguished from Sphinctrina. For the most part the plants spread extensively over the substratum, though the thallus often becomes evanescent. It is divided into two subgeiiera, founded on the character of the gonidia. Subgen. ALLODIUM Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 392.— Thallus with cylindrical gonidimia ; spores spherical, simple, brownish, sporal mass umbrine. 1. C. trichiale Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 242.— Thallus thinnish, minutely granuloso-squamulose, grey- ish-yellow or greyish-glaucous (K— ). Apothecia somewhat small, scattered or crowded, stipes usually slender, black ; capitulum globoso-lenticular, black, beneath greyish-suffused, at length naked ; spores 0,0025-45 mm. in diameter. — Mudd, Man. p. 259 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3, p. 40.— Cali- cium ceruginosum ft. c&rulescens Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 156. Fig. 23. Calicium trichiale Ach. — a. Go- nidimia, X 360. b. Apothe- ciura, X 30. c. Vertical sec- tion of upper portion of an apothecium (moistened), X 30. d. Theca and paraphysis, X 350. e. Spores, X 500. /. Spermatia, X 500. 86 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM. From other British species of the genus this is distinguished by the oblongo-cylindrical gonidimia, similar to those of Coniocybe furfur acea. The thalline squarniform granules are either somewhat scattered and minute, or more crowded and larger. In this more developed state, which is rare in Britain, the apothecia are usually less crowded, with the stipes firmer and shorter. Hob. On the trunks of old trees and decaying pales (fir) in shady up- land tracts.— Distr. Only in one or two places in S. and N. England, S. Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Menstrie, New Forest, Hants ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Binnie Woods, Haddingtonshire. Tervoe, co. Limerick. Subsp. 1. C. cmerenm Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 10. — Thallus granulose, greyish or whitish. Apothecia with the stipes often brownish and partly greyish-suffused, capitulum beneath greyish or white-suffused ; spores 0,003-5 mm. in diameter. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium tnchiale var. cinereum Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41 , ed. 3, p. 40. Calicium cinereum Pers. Icon. (1799) p. 38, t. 14. This subspecies is distinguished by the more granulose thallus and the differently coloured stipes. The apothecia are usually more scattered. Hab. On the bark of old oaks in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Only in S. Ireland. — B. M. : Deer Park, Castleniartyr, co. Cork. Subsp. 2. C. stemoneum Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soe. F. et Fl. Fenn. ( 1876) p. 10. — Thallus thinnish, leprose, greyish- or greenish-yellow. Apothecia black or brownish-black ; stipes short or elongate, dark- brown ; capitulum grey-pruinose beneath, or nearly naked ; sporal mass nmbrine or reddish-brown; spores as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium trichiale var. stemoneum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 243 ; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 150, t. v. f. 15 ; Miidd, Man. p. 260 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3, p. 40. Calicium ceruyinosum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 156 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2502; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Phacotium amginosiim Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 227; Mudd, n. 248. ^Distinguished chiefly by the thin leprose thallus and the colour of the stipes. The stipes is short and stout, or elongate and slender, accord- ing to the habitat. The sterile plant may not be unfrequent in some parts of England, but fertile specimens are rare. Hob. On the trunks of old trees, stumps and pales in shady lowland and upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. Eng- land.—B. M. : Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Cuckfield, Sussex ; Kenwiek, Worcestershire ; Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire. CALICIUM.] CALICIEI. 87 Subgen.EUCALICIUM Cromb. GreviUea, xv.(1886) p. 14.— Thallus with globulose gonidia ; spores globose or ellipsoid, simple or 1-eeptate. a. Spores globose, very rarely oblong, simple, browniah ; sporal mass umbrine. 2. C. chrysocephalum Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 15.— Thal- lus thickish, granulate, granules usually conglomerate, citrine or bright greenish-yellow. Apothe- cia scattered ; stipes rather short, slender, black or blackish-brown ; capitulum turbinato - lentiforin, black, beneath and at the margin ci- trino-suffused ; spores 0,003-6 mm. in diameter. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 39, ed. 3, p. 39. — Cyphelium chrysocephalum Mudd, Man. p. 261. Pluicotium chrysocephalum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. Lichen chrysocephalus Turn. Linn. Soc. Trans, vii. (1804) p. 88, t. 8. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 2501. Calicium chrysocepha- lum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 134, pro Fig. 24. parte; Mudd, n. 251. Calicium quercinum Pers.— a. Goni dia, X 350 diameters. b. Apo- Readily distinguished by its bright thecium, x 30. c. Section of yellow thallus, which in British apothpcium (moistened), X 30. specimens is persistent, and by the d. Theca and paraphyses, x 350. colour of the margin and of the under- e. Spores, x 500. /. Vertical section side of the capitulum, but the latter of a spermogonium, x 30. g. Ste- disappears in old plants. The apo- rigmata, and h spermatia, x 500. thecia are more or less scattered, rarely here and there aggregate, and as if subsessile. Hob. On old pales and barn-doors in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in a few localities throughout England ; very rare in S. and Central Scotland. — B. M. : Bury, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Penshurst, Kent ; Bolney, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Downton Castle, Herefordshire ; Hatfield, near Worcester ; Hay Park, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Rosedale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Forml. melanocephalumNyl.Syn. i. (1860) p. 147, t. v.f.19.— Apothecia fasciculately branched ; stipes black ; capitulum black, citrino-suffused only at the margin ; spores globose or ellipsoid, pale-brown, 0,004-16 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 39 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 134, pro parte. From the type, with which it grows associated, this is distinguished 88 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM. by the fasciculate apotbecia, the colour of the capital urn, and more especially by the rather variable spores. Hob. On old pales in upland tracts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in W. England.— B. M. : Downton Castle, Herefordshire. Form 2. filare Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 239. — Thallus some- what scattered. Apothecia fasciculate, stipes more elongate, slender, with smaller capitulum. This form, which seems constant, differs in the thallus not being con- tinuous, and in the longer stipes and the smaller capitulum, characters no doubt resulting from the habitat. Hob. On the bark of old firs in moist upland situations. — Distr. Very local and rare among the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Aberfeldy and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 3. C. phseocephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 145. — Thallus thicitish, granulose, granules small, subsquamiform, plicato- congested, crenate, pale-greyish or dark-yellowish. Apothecia small ; stipes rather short, slender, blackish or pale-brown ; capitulum turbinato-lentiform, greenish-yellow-pruinose, sporal mass somewhat plane ; spores 0,003-5 mm. in diameter. — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 39.— Cyphelium phceocephalum Mudd, Man. p. 261. Lichen pTuxocepTialus Turn. Linn. Soc. Trans, viii. (1807) p. 260, t. 6. i. 1. PJiacotium trahinellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. Lichen trabindlus Eng. Bot. t. 1540. The granuloso-sqrmmulose thallus by which this plant is characterized varies somewhat in thickness and in colour according to the habitat. Although variable in other countries, all the British specimens are typical. The apothecia are usually very numerous, and subsessile in thicker thalli. Hob. On old boarded buildings, rarely on pales, in upland wooded tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., E., and W. England. — B. M. : Laken- ham, near Norwich, Norfolk ; Bruisyard, Suffolk ; near Colchester, Essex ; Hurstpierpoint and Albourne, Sussex ; Hay Park, near Ludlow, Shrop- shire. 4. C. aciculare Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 119. — Thallus very thin, subleprose, greyish or obsolete. Apothecia minute, crowded ; stipes short, very slender, dark-brown ; capitulum obconico-turbinate, more or less citrino-suffused, sporal mass usually much protruded ; spores 0,003-4 mm. in diameter.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 40.— Calicium phceocepTialum var. aciculare Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12. Lichen acicularis Eng. Bot. (1812) t. 2385. Calicium chlorellum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 146; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140 ; Mudd, Man. p. 262, t. iv. f. 107. Phacolium Jiitpidulum Gray, ISTat. Arr. i. p. 483.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 170 ; Mudd, n. 252 ; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 81 ; Bohl. n. 98. Allied to the preceding species, but differing in the thin, subleprose, or nearly evanescent thallus, the minute, numerous, and crowded apothecia, the longer and nanwver capitulum, and the protruded sporal mass. The CALICIUM.] CALICIEI. 89 citrine colour of the capitulum is sometimes confined to the margin, and in the herbarium is frequently obliterated. Sab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S., E., and N. W. England.— B. M. : Bury, Suffolk ; Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire; Esher, Surrey ; Bolney, Sussex; New Forest, Hants ; Kempsey, Worcestershire ; Brantsdale and Bousdale Gill, Cleveland ; Levens, Westmoreland. 5. C. arenarium Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1876) p 345. — Thallus none proper. Apothecia parasitic, somewhat small; and scattered, stipes more or less elongate, stout, rusty- brown, yellowish-suffused ; capitulum globoso-lentiform ; spores oblong, simple or faintly 1-septate, 0,006-11 mm. long, 0,0025- 35mm. thick. — Cronib. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Cyphelium arenarium Hampe in Mass. Miscell. (1856; p. 20. Coniocybe citrina Leight. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xix. (1857) p. 130, t. 8. ff. 7-9. Cyphelium citrinum. Mudd,Man. p. 261. Calicium citrinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 269. The colour and general aspect of the fructification as well as the sterile thallus of the host give this species the appearance of a state of Conio- cybe furfuracea. The spores are not fully developed in specimens growing in shady places. Hob. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecidca h/cidaon stones in shady walls in upland districts.— Distr. Rather local and scarce, having been gathered only sparingly in Wales, N. England, and the Central Highlands, Scot- land.— B. M. : Croesfaen, Monmouthshire ; between Corwen and Bala, Merionethshire ; near Dent, Yorkshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire. 6. C. melanophseum Ach. Yet. Ak. Handl. (1816) p. 276, t. 8. f. 8. — Thallus thickish, granulose, yellowish- white or cream-coloured (K + red), sometimes nearly obsolete. Apothecia moderate, scattered ; stipes moderate or somewhat long, stout, black; capitulum turbinate, black ; sporal mass occasionally protruded; spores 0,0025-0,008 mm. in diameter. — Miidd, Man. p. 259 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 41.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 315. In general appearance this seems allied to C. trichiale, but the form of the gonidia and the chemical reaction afford definite marks of distinction. The apothecia are irregularly scattered and generally not numerous in British specimens. Sab. On the trunks of old firs and decorticated oaks, rarely on decay- ing posts in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., E., and N. England ; very rare in Central Scotland. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Ardingley, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Oakley Park and Hailey Wood, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Louns- dale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blair- drummond, near Stirling, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Tar. /3. ferrugineum Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 172.— Thallus granuloso-conglomerate or nearly leprose. Apothecia large, sessile, the stipes immersed in the crust ; spores 0,004-11 mm. in diameter. 90 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium trichiale y. ferruyineum Mudd, Man. p. 260, t. iv. f. 106 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3, p. 41. — Calicium ferruyineum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 136; Eng. Bot. t. 2473; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 249. The gonidia separate this from C. trichiale, to which it has been referred by recent authors because of the appearance of the thallus. Nylander (in litt. 1875) regards it as a variety of C. melanophtcum, from which it is dis- tinguished by the large subsessile apothecia. The thallus is frequently more or less sprinkled with irregular rusty spots. It is often sterile ; when fertile the apothecia are numerous, and sometimes 2-3 or more be- come confluent. Hab. On old pales, rarely on decorticated oaks, in shady lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. Pretty general, and common where it occurs, throughout England, chiefly in the S. — B.M. : Framlingham and Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; near Mill Hill, Middlesex; Elstree, Herts; near Reigate, Surrey; New Forest, Hants; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Ragley Park, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Wood, Leicestershire ; Moor Park and Hay Park, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; near Ingleby, Yorkshire. Subsp. C. brunneolum Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 10. — Thallus effuse, very thin, macular, greenish- or grey- ish-white, often evanescent (K +red). Apothecia small, numerous ; stipes elongate, very slender, dark-brown or blackish; capitulum small, globoso-lenticular, brown ; sporal mass reddish-brown or fer- ruginous ; spores 0,0025-42 mm. in diameter. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium trichiale S. brunneolum Mudd, Man. p. 260 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Licb. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 41. Calicium brunneolum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 279, t. 8. f. 12. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. ri. 252 ; Mudd, n. 250. As this agrees in the form of the gonidia, the thalline reaction, and in general appearance with C. melanopliteum, Nylander regards it as being- only a subspecies. It is distinguished by the smaller and more numerous apothecia, the elongate slender stipes, the colour of the capitulum and sporal mass. Hab. On old decorticated trees and stumps in shady upland districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S. and N. England. — B. M. : Leith Hill, Surrey; New Forest, Hants ; Crowle, near Worcester ; Ingleby Park and Brantsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Hexham, Northumberland." 7. C. elassospomm Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 441. — Thallus effuse, thinnish, glaucous or glaucous-greenish, becoming somewhat obso- lete. Apothecia small, numerous ; stipes elongate, slender, blackish; capitulum small, globoso-lenticular ; sporal mass umbriue ; spores 0,0025 mm. in diameter, or even smaller. — Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 180 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 41.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 111. Similar to more robust states of the preceding subspecies, but differs in the smaller spores and gonidia. The gonidia are conglomerate in difform syugonidia. The thallus, which spreads extensively, becomes more or CALICirM.] CALICIFJ. 91 less evanescent and visible only around the apotheeia, which are either scattered, or more frequently approximate, with the stipes occasionally once-branched. Hob. On decorticated trunks of alders in mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce, among the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Glen Lochay, Perthshire. 6. Spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, rarely simple, black ; sporal mass blackish. 8. C. hyperelhim Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 93.— Thallus granulose or leprose, greenish-yellow. Apothecia moderate, usually nume- rous ; stipes elongate, firm, black ; capitulum globoso-lcntifonn, black, beneath usually somewhat reddish ; spores sometimes nar- rowed at either apex, 1-septate, 0,009-10 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. -Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 140; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 77 ; Mudd, Man. p. 258, t. iv. f. 105 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight, Lich. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 42. — PJiacotium Injperelhcin Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483. Lichen Jiyperellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 85 j" Eng. Bot. t. 1832. Coralloides fungi- forme arboreum nigrum via; crustosiim Dill. Muse. 78, t. 14. f. 3 B. — Brit. Kvs. : Leight. n. 23; Bohl. n. 61 ; Mudd, n. 245. In favourable situations this spreads extensively, though more fre- quently it occurs in small, interrupted patches. Nearly agrees with C. chrysocephahtm in the colour of the thallus, though the colour of the apothtcia and the spores are very diverse. Often infertile; when present the apothecia are generally very 'numerous. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in upland wooded dis- tricts.— Distr. Pretty general and common in England, rare in Wales; very rare in S. and (Central Scotland and in N. and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ickworth and Bury, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Penshurst Park, Kent; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; Chedworth Woods and Sapperton, Gloucestershire ; Heudlip, Worcestershire ; Gop- sall Park, Leicestershire ; Derbyshire ; near Ludlow and Almond Park, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Builth, Brecknockshire ; Welshpool, Montgomeryshire; Ingleby and Brantsdale, Yorkshire; Leven's Park, Westmoreland : Catttrlen, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire ; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1 . viride Kyi. Syn. i. (1860) p. 153. — Thallus thin, leprose or granulato-pulverulent, greenish-yellow, the stipes occasionally very short ; capitulum often greenish- or greyish-pulverulent, black beneath. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium viride Pers. Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 20. This form is distinguished by the more pulverulent thallus and the colour of the capitulum above, though this latter character is not always present. The stipes is occasionally very short, so that the apothecia are almost sphinctriniform (=form sessile Crouib.) — a condition which is referred to by Turner and Borrer in Lich. Br. p. 14:?. Hab. On trunks of old trees and on pales in wooded upland situations. 92 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM. — Distr. Local and scarce in E., S., and W. England, and among1 the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : New Forest, Hants ; Sapperton, Gloucester- shire ; Malvern, Worcestershire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form 2. baliolum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 153.— Apothecia larger, the stipes thicker and compressed at the base. — Cromb. in Grevillea, xv> p. \^.— Calicium baliolum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 238. Differs from the type merely in the stipes. In the only British speci- men the apothecia are numerous and some are nearly sessile. Hob. On old pales in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Only in S.W. England. — B. M. : Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants. 9. C. quercinum Pers. Tent. (1797) p. 59. — Thallus tbin, granu- lose, or nearly smooth, or leprose, greyish-white or scarcely any. Apothecia moderate, numerous ; stipes somewhat long, stout, black ; capitulum turbinato-leutiform, white-pruinose, at length naked, beneath grey-pruinose ; spores somewhat constricted in the middle, 1-septate, 0,005-9 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. L155, t. v. f. 25 ; Mudd, Man. p. 257; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13 ; ight. Lich. PI. p. 43, ed. 3, p. 43.— Calicium clavellum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 138 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. Lichen clavellus Eng. Bot. t. 1465. Pliacotium claviculare Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 244 ; Bohl. n. 95. When fully developed the thallus is subtartareous, but frequently it is but little visible. In all conditions, however, the species is readily recog- nized, even when the disk is naked, by the grey pruina of the capitulum beneath, which in a growing state is always persistent. The apothecia are frequent, and the sperruogones are usually abundant and crowded. Hab. On old pales and the decayed trunks of trees in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce throughout England ; very rare in S. Scotland ; not known in Ireland. — B. M. : Lakenham, Norfolk ; Henneld, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Birkland, Notting- hamshire ; Hay Park, Ludlow, Shropshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, York- shire ; Hexham, Northumberland. Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire. Var. /3. lenticulare Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 156.— Thallus thin, gra- nuloso-leprose, whitish, or scarcely any, or obsolete. Apothecia moderate, numerous ; stipes somewhat robust, black ; capitulum tubiformi-dilated, entirely naked, concolorous ; spores as in the type or slightly narrower.' — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13. — Calicium lenti- culare Acb. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 262, t. 8. f. 4.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 112 pro parto. This differs chiefly in the form and colour of the capitulum, which is not pruinose. It is a very distinct variety ; perhaps it should rank as a subspecies. Hab. On old oak pales in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. and W. England, and in N. Wales. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; New Forest, Hants ; Lewes, Sussex ; Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Bar- mouth, Merionethshire ; Enuerdale, Cumberland. CALICIUM.] CALICIEI. 93 Form 1. ch.lorod.es Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 14. — Thallus effuse, thinnish, granuloso-leprose, greenish-yellow. Apo- thecia small, scattered ; stipes short, black. The colour of the thallus, if not abnormal, would render this a very distinct variety. The apothecia are smaller and usually more slender than in var. lenticulare, but in other respects quite similar. Hab. On old pales in upland tracts. — Distr. Found only sparingly in E. and S. England. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; near Shiere, Surrey ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon. Subsp. C. curtiusculum Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360.— Thallus effuse, granulate, whitish. Apothecia black ; stipes short ; capitulum len- tiform, white-pruinose at the extreme margin ; spores 0,006-10 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 114. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 82. As indicated by Nylander (/. c.), most probably a subspecies of C. quer- cinum, differing in the short stipes and in the marginal pruina. The apothecia, sometimes nearly sessile, are numerous and crowded. Hab. On bark of old firs, and on pales in shady lowland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. and E. England. — B. M. : Near Lewes, Sussex ; Oakington, Cambridgeshire. 10. C. pusillum Florke, Deutsch. Lich. (1815) n. 188.— Thallus maculate, greyish or whitish, obsolete or none. Apothecia small, entirely black, the stipes slender; spores 1-septate, 0,005-0,010 mm. long, 0,0025-0,005 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 157 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. Looks like a minute variety of C. quercinum, but is constant to its own type. Analogous modifications occur in almost all the other species, though usually on the same plant as their types. The very few British specimens have the thallus obsolete and apothecia minute and scattered. Hab. On decorticated firs in wooded situations. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in S. Ireland. — B. M. : Deer Park, Castleniartyr, co. Cork. 11. C. curtnm Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 148. — Thal- lus very thin, granulose, greyish or obsolete. Apothecia small, black; stipes short, usually somewhat stout; capitulum turbi- nato-cylindrical, white-pruinose at the margin; sporal mass gene- rally much protruded ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0,007-14 mm. long, 0,004—7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine frequently bluish with iodine.— Eng. Bot. t. 2503 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140 ; Mudd, Man. p. 257 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 44, ed. 3, p. 43. — Caliciwn quercinum, subsp. curium Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13. Phacotium curium Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 485.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 133; Mudd, n. 243; Cromb. n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb. nn. 83, 321 ; Bohl. n. 99. The most common of the British Caliciei, and often spreads extensively, though sometimes the thallus is evanescent. From C. quercinum 'it 94 LICTIENACEI. [CALICIUM. differs chiefly in having the capitulum slightly pruiuose only at the mar- gin, and the spore-mass very much protruded, giving the apothecia " a miniature resemblance to a painter's brush" (Turn. & Borr. /. c.). The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, varying considerably in size even in the same specimen. The spermogones are frequent, somewhat prominent, black, and often congregate. Hub. On old pales and the decayed trunks of trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland districts. — Distr. General, and plentiful where it occurs, in most parts of Great Britain, but local and scarce in the Channel Islands and Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Bury, Suffolk ; Wal- thamstow and Epping Forest, Essex ; Balcombe and Shiere, Surrey ; near Hythe, Kent ; Bolney, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Braydon Forest, Wilts ; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire ; Gopsall Park and Brad- gate Park, Leicestershire ; Hay Park, Herefordshire ; Hattield, near Worcester ; Oswestry and Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merio- nethshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Barcaldine and Glen Falloch, Argyleshire ; Killin, Craig Calliach, and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Countesswell's Wood, naar Aberdeen. Castle- martyr, co. Cork. 12. C. trachelinum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 272, t. 8. f. 7. — Thallus very thin, granulose, greyish-white, or often obsolete. Apothecia moderate, or somewhat large, scattered or crowded ; stipes short and stout, or elongate and slender, black ; capitulum turbinuto- globoso, reddish beneath; spores slightly constricted in the middle, 1-septate, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 258 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 43, ed. 3, p. 42. — Calicium clauicularey. trachelinum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 91. Calicium spTicerocepTialum Turn. &, Borr. Lich. Br. p. 152; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41 ; Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 141 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 77. Phacotium sphcerocephalum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483. Lichen sphcerocephalus Eng. Bot. t. 414. Coralloides funyiforme arboreum nigrum vix crustosum Dill. Muse. 78, t. 14. f. 3 A. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 270 ; Mudd, n. 246; Cromb. n. 112 pro parte. Readily recognized by the colour of the underside of the capitulum. Occasionally, as in other species, it is more or less suffused with a yellowish lepraria, which remains when the proper thallus has disappeared. The apothecia are usually very numerous, and the stipes when elongate is sometimes flexuose. The spermogones are generally present and abundant. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, occasionally on pales, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Not very general nor common, throughout England, rare in N. Wales, S. and Central Scotland, and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Earsham, Norfolk ; Lea Bridge Road, Essex ; Henfield, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Chedworth Woods, Gloucestershire; near Wor- cester ; Pophills, Warwickshire ; Pen-y-law, near Oswestry, Salop ; Bar- mouth, Merionethshire ; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Leyen's Park, Westmoreland. Ben Lawers and Den of Dup- plin, Perthshire ; Mar Lodge, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Castle Bernard Park, co. Bandon. Form hemiphaeum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Apo- thecia with the stipes reddish above, or sometimes entirely reddish. — Yar. Jiemiplodum (errore) Nyl., Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 43. C'ALTCIOI.] CALICIEI. 95 This differs from the type in the upper portion or the entire length of the stipes being concolorous with the underside of the capitulum. It is probably an accidental state. Leighton erroneously describes it as having a whitish margin. IIal>. On decaying wood in upland tracts. — Distr. Very rare and local in W. England.— B. M. : Cricklade, Wiltshire. Var. /3. xylonellum Nyl. Syn. ii. (1860) p. 155. — Capitulum blackish, usually more globose, the margin inflexed, sometimes brownish. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium xylonellum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 92, Suppl. p. 14. Calicium sphcerocephalum ft. crustosum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 153. Though looking distinct, this is only a variety of C. trachelimnn, differing, amongst other minor and less constant characters, in the colour, form, and coarctate margin of the capitulum. Hab. On old pales in upland wooded tracts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in E. and S. England, and (fde Nyl. I.e.) in 8. W. Ireland. — B. M. : Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk /Stone}' Cross, New Forest, Hants. 1 3. C. parietinum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 260, t. 8. f . 1 A, B. — Thallus very thin, maculate, greyish-white, or none visible. Apothecia minute, scattered ; stipes somewhat short, slender, black; capitulum lenticular or subturbinate, blackish, sporal mass compact; spores fusiformi-ellipsoid, simple, about 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,003-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium subtile Mudd, Man. p. 258 ; Cromb. Enum. p. 13 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 44, ed. 3, p. 44. Calicium debile Eng. Bot. t. 2462 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 151 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Strongylium debile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. — As it is extremely doubtful if Calicium subtile Pers. is this species, I have employed the name of Acharius.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 314 ; Mudd, n. 247. The thallus, even when best developed, forms only a very thin, widely spreading film, which often becomes obliterated. The minute, scattered apothecia, the slender stipes, the form of the capitulum, the rather com- pact mazsedium, and the simple spores distinguish it from its British allies. Hab. On the trunks of decorticated dead trees, and on old timber of outhouses in upland districts. — Distr. Local and rare in S. and N. Eng- land.—B. M. : Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Form minutellum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 159.— Thallus whitish. Apothecia minute, capitulum often greyish-suffused beneath. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium minutellum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 118, t. 5. f. 2. This differs from the type in the colour of the thallus, the constantly minute apothecia, and the colour of the underside of the capitulum. In the only British specimen this last character is scarcely apparent. 96 LICHENACEI. [CAUCIUM. Hob. On old pales in upland tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. England.— B. M. : Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire. 14. C. populneum De Brond. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) ii. p. 638. — Thallus hypophlseodal, macular, subleprose, pale or whitish. Apothecia minute, scattered, entirely black, somewhat shining ; stipes very short, slender ; capitulum turbinate ; spores 1-septate, blackish, 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 257, t. iv. f. 104; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium curium /3. populinum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 149; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140. Calicium triste Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13. The thallus is somewhat smooth and shining, appearing as a very thin film. From C. parietinum, which it somewhat resembles, distinguished by its place of growth, the minute, fragile apothecia and the' larger spores. Hab, On the smooth bark of poplars in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly from the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Airds, Appin, Argyleshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. 15. C. diploellum Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 161. — Thallus effuse, very thin, greyish-white, but doubtfully proper. Apothecia minute, scattered, entirely black; stipes very short; capitulum turbinate, open : sporal mass scarcely prominent ; spores simple or at length 1-septate 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1868, p. 100; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 39, ed. 3, p. 39. Apart from other marks of distinction, this may be recognized by its very small size, being the most minute of all Caliciei, so that it is very liable to be overlooked. It is closely allied to C. disseminatum, a European species, which has not yet been detected in Great Britain, Hob, On the bark of holly in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce, in 'S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Cromaglown, Kil- larney, co. Kerry. 16. C. retinens Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 161.— Thallus effuse, thin, subfarinaceous, opaque, whitish. Apothecia minute, sessile, leci- deiform, black ; sporal mass indistinct ; spores oblong or oblongo- cylindrical, conspicuously 1-septate, 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,0025- 35 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish-rubricose. — Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, i. p. 482; Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. It is doubtful if the thallus be really proper. This may be decided by additional specimens. With its lecideiform apothecia and indistinct mazaidium and definitely 1-septate spores it seems referable to Trachylia; but it rather presents, according to Nylander, in lift., an affinity with species of the present genus, especially in the longer spores. At the same time it shows that there are no decided limits for the two genera. Hab. On the trunk of an old oak in a maritime district.— Distr. Met with only once, and very sparingly, in the Channel Islands, on the coast of Jersey. STENOCYBE.] 97 22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.— ThaUus macular, thin, usually obsolete, or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the capitulum turbinato-clavate ; paraphyses slender, short ; sporal mass none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or blackish ; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones not rightly known. Distinguished from Calicium by the surface of the capitulum, which is without any accumulated sporal mass, the pluriseptate spores, and the more slender aud shorter paraphyses. The absence of a mazsedium entitles it to rank as a distinct genus, as originally proposed by Nylander, a position to which he has again restored it. All the plants are minute and inconspicuous. 1. S. euspora Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. — Thal- lus scarcely any proper, or very diffuse and obsolete. Apothecia distantly scattered, very small, black ; stipes slender ; capitu- lum clavate ; spores 3-5-7-sep- tate, 0,018-36 mm. long, 0,007- 11 mm. thick; paraphyses thin, crowded. — Calicium eusporum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xv. (1856) p. 549; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287, pro parte. Stenocybe major Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84 (nomeu ineptum). This has hitherto been confoun- ded by British authors (following Mudd) with S. trajecta. From this it is distinguished by the smaller and more scattered apothecia and especially by the smaller spores. Hob. On old stumps of holly in mountainous situations. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Mangerton, co. Kerry. Fig. 25. Stenocybe euspora Nyl. — a. An apo- thecium, x30. b. Section of upper portion of an apotheoium, X 30. c. Theca and paraphysis, x350. d. Spores, X500. 2. S. trajecta Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p, 272. — Thallus effuse, very thin, or obsolete, or none proper. Apothecia small, blackish ; stipes short and robust, or more elongate and slender ; capitulum tnmcato-clavate, with the margin inflexed ; spores 2 (4)- locular, or at length 3-septate, very large, 0,044-70 mm. long, 0,014-20 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, somewhat crowded. — Calicium trajectum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 211 ; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p 13; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 46. 98 LICHENACEI. [sTENOCYBE. Stenocybe eusporum Mudd, Man. p. 256, t. iv. f. 103. Calicium eusporum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13. Calicium septatum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 45. Sphinctrina septata Leight. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xix. (1857) p. 132, t. 8. ft. 20-24. The specific name of Leighton, though having priority, is quite inappli- cable in this genus.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 242 ; Leight. n. 228 ; Cromb. n. 9. There has been considerable difficulty about this plant, owing to the variable character of the spores, which, as already observed, has led to its being confounded with the preceding. The thallus is so thin as to be scarcely distinguishable from the bark upon which it grows, and is usually evanescent or none proper. The apothecia are generally numerous, some- times 2-3 congregate, with the stipites varying in length from T'T to J inch, and occasionally, when more elongate, becoming branched. Hab. On the bark of holly, and also parasitic on the thallus of Thelo- trema lepadimim and Graphis eleyans in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Local, though common where it occurs, in S. and N. England and in S. and W. Ireland. B. M. : Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ingleby Park and Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Glenbower Wood and near Castlemartyr, co. Cork ; Turc Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galwav. 3. S. byssacea Nyl. Bot. Not. 1884, p. 84. — Thallus scarcely any visible, or obscure and obsolete. Apothecia small, much scattered, blackish; stipes very slender, sometimes branched; capitulum cla- vato-tubiform ; spores simple or at length 1-3-septate, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses few ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. — Calicium lyssaceum Fr. Sched. Crit. i. (1824) p. 6 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 132 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 45. Closely allied to the two preceding species, but smaller and more slender, with the apothecia very much scattered and the spores smaller. Unless after a shower of rain, it is scarcely visible, and is consequently overlooked. The apothecia are frequently branched, becoming occasion- ally somewhat fasciculate. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old alders in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Hay Park, Ludlow, Shropshire ; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire. Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 23. CONIOCYBE Ach. Vet. Ak. H. 1816, p. 288; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 168. — Thallus effuse, leprose, thin, or scarcely any distinct ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia, various in form. Apothecia stipitate, globoso-pulverulent, yellow or pale, stipes usually elongate ; sporal mass copiously accumulated on the capitulum ; spores spherical, simple, colourless, or pale-brownish, mixed with the paraphyses ; spermogonia with simplish sterigmata, and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia. CONIOCTBE.] CALICIEI. 99 In the type of the apotliecia this has the same relation to Calicium that Biatora has to Eulecidca. It differs from Calicium in the pulverulent globose capitulum and in the constantly spherical form of the spores, although, as already observed, it closely approaches subgen. Allodium. 1. C. furfuracea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 288.— Thallus leproso-pulverulent, greenish-yel- low or sulphur-coloured. Apo- thecia small or moderate, conco- lorous,or rarely greyish-pruinose ; stipes elongated, slender, sul- phureo-pulverulent ; capitulum globose, sporal mass yellow or pale-umbrine; spores 0,0025-30 mm. in diameter; paraphyses at length, branched. — Mudd, Man. p. 262, t. iv. f. 108; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14 ; Leight. Lich. FL p. 46, ed. 3, p. 45.— Calicium furfuraceum Turn. & Borr. Lich. 'Br.' p. 159; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 142. Bceomyces furfuraceus Tayl. iu Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Tricliia furfuracea. With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.' 398. Mucor furfu- raceus Linn. Sp. PL ed. 3(1764) p. 1655. Strongylium capitella- tuin Gray, Nat. Arr. 5. p. 485. Lichen capitatus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1539.— Brit. Rrs.: Leight. n. 225; Cromb. n. 10; Bohl. n. 62. Fig. 26. Coniocybe furfuracea Ach. — a. Apo- theciuin, X30. b. Vertical section of the capitulum, x30. c. Theca and paraphysis, X350. d. Spores, X 500. e. Vertical section of a sper- mogone, X30. /. Sterigmata and# spermatia, X500. The thallus, which is more or less effuse, and internally has oblongo- cylindrical gonidimia, occasionally becomes nearly evanescent. The sti- pites are very weak, and consequently more or less flexuose ; while in old age they are denudate and become brown or blackish The apothecia when present (for the thallus is very frequently infertile) are numerous, scattered, or crowded. Our fig. (ft) show's the brown axis of the stipes ascending into the cupula, left white in the figure, and the pale brownish pulvinate subcolumelliform hypothecium. The spermogones are apt to be overlooked, being nearly concolorous with the thallus. Hob. On the roots of decayed trees and on dead twigs, occasionally on the ground and decayed moss'es, rarely on rocks in shady upland places.— Distr. General throughout England, rare in N. Wales, S. and Central Scotland, rare in E. Ireland (near Belfast).— B. M. : Near Bury, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Esher, Surrey ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, and Blackwater, Hants; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Malvern W^ells and Alfrick, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; South Wing- near Bar- Teesdale, field, Derbyshire ; Oswestry and Church Stretton, Shropshire ; i mouth, Merionethshire ; Peel, Isle of Man: Brant sdale, Yorkshire; 100 LICHE^ACEI. [CONIOCTBK. Durham ; Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. Calderbauk, near Glasgow ; Blair Athole and Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Form fulva Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 382.— Stipes short, some- what stout, capitulum hemispherical ; otherwise as in the typo. — Mudd, Man. p. 262; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 46 ; Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 14.— Mucor fulvus Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 3 (1764) p. 1655. This form differs only in the shorter, stouter stipes and the form of the capitulum. Where the" plant is abundant, transition-states may be seen in the same specimen. Hob. On dead stems and mosses on walls and on the ground in up- land tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in AV. England, and amongst the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Oswestry, Shropshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire. 2. C. snlphurea Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 14.— Thallus effuse, leprose, very thin, greyish or greyish-white, often obsolete. Apothecia small, sulphureo-pulverulent ; stipes short, very Blender ; capitulum minute, globose ; sporal mass yellow ; spores 0,0025-0,003 mm. in diameter. — Lichen mlpliureus Eetz. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1769, p. 249. Coniocyke furfuracea c. sulphuretta Fr. Mudd, Man. p. 262 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3, p. 46. Though regarded as a variety of the preceding, differing chiefly in the colour of the thallus and the smaller apothecia, this appears to be specifi- cally distinct. It definitely and constantly preserves its own proper type, and" it has smaller gonidimia. In the British specimens the thallus is well developed, with the apothecia somewhat scattered. Hob. On semiputrid trunks of old oaks in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce, in S. and N. England. — B. M. : New Forest, Hants ; Teesdale, Durham. 3. C. pallida Fr. Sched. Crit. i. (1824) p. 3.— Thallus very thin, leproso-pulverulent, white, often obsolete. Apothecia small ; stipes moderate, stout, hyaline or yellow, rarely brownish above ; capitu- lum globose ; sporal mass white or pale : spores 0,004-10 mm. in diameter. — Mudd, Man. p. 262 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3, p. 46. — Calicium pallidum Pers. Ust. Ann. (1794) p. 20, t. 3. if. 1, 2. Calicium peronellum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 158; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Phacotium canthereUum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. Lichen caniharellus Eng. Bot. t. 2557. This may easily be recognized from the preceding, to which in the colour of the thallus it approximates, by the hyaline and stout stipes, and the colour of the sporal mass. Hab. On stumps and trunks of old decayed trees in shady places in upland tracts. — Distr. Only a few localities in Central and N. England, though what appears to be the barren thallus has been met with else- where.— B. M. : Teesdale, Durham ; near Ilexham, Northumberland. CONIOCYBE.] CALICIEI. 101 4. C. hyalineUa Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 93 ; fyn. i. p. 164, t. v. f. 40.— Thallus obsolete. Apothecia small ; stipes slender, hyaline, brownish above ; capitulum globose ; sporal mass white or 'pale- reddish: spores minute, 0,0025-0,004 mm. in dia- meter.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3, p. 46. Occasionally there are traces of a very thin, whitish, and leprose thalhis, hut it is doubtful if this be proper. It is closely allied to C. pallida, but differs in the more slender stipes, and in the spores being at least half the size. Hah. On indurated stumps of trees in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Found only very sparingly in N. England. — B. M. : Brantedale, Yorkshire. 24. TRACHYLIA Fr. Yet. Ak. Handl. 1821, p. 324, pro parte ; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 167; Lich. Scand. p. 44 (note).— Thallus granulose, or rarely subleprose, or wanting. Apothecia sessile, cupu- liform, open, black, with thin pro- per margin ; sporal mass more or less accumulated, black ; spores 1- septate, rarely pluri-septate and irregularly divided, ellipsoid, black- ish or brownish-black : hymenial gelatine scanty and scarcely tinged with iodine. Spermogones with ob- long or ellipsoid spermatia. Distinguished from the allied genera by the apothecia being constantly sessile, almost lecideiform, and the ellipsoid spores. As already noted under Calicinm retinens, transition forms are not wanting, and Trackylia may not be generically distinct. The gonidia are globulose. x 3Q b Theca (wth 8pOres) and a paraphysis, X 3oO. c Older (free) spores, X 500. d. Vertical section of a spermo- gonium, x 'M. e. Steriguiata and spermatia, 500. 1. T. tigillaris Fr. Sum. Yeg. (1846) p. 282.— Thallus effuse, granulose, or granulato-areolate, or concrescent, usually riinose, yellowish-green or citrine (K— ). Apothecia small, plane, innate, black, the margin prominent, at length excluded ; spores 1 -septate, 0,015-25 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 48, ed. 3, p. 47. — Acolium tiyillare Gray, Xat. Arr. i. p. 482 ; Mudd, Man. p. 254. Calicium tigillare Turn. & Borr. Lich.Br. p. 132; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. Lichen tigiUaris Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 67 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1530. There is a striking contrast between the colour of the thallus and of 102 LICHENACEI. [iRACHYLIA. the apothecia in this species. In damp shady places it is greener but barren, so that it may be taken for a brightly coloured state of some sub- concolorous lichen. Scattered amongst the ordinary granules are larger and more prominent ones bearing the apothecia, which in our speci- mens are few and small. The spermogones are frequent, punctiform, minute, blackish, the sterigmata very short, the sperrnatia 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,0025-35 mm. thick. Hob. On old pales, generally about gardens, very rarely on trees, in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Very local, at least in a well- developed state, haying been gathered only sparingly in the Eastern counties of England, and now extinct in several of the recorded localities. B. M. : Near Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Loughton, and Col- chester, Essex ; Herringfleet, Suffolk. 2. T. tympanella Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 282.— Thallus effuse, granulose or granuloso-concrcscent, moderate or thinnish, grey or greyish- white (K-f ). Apothecia moderate or large, elevato-sessile, plane, black, slightly grey-pruinose or naked, the margin promi- nent, black, often white-pruiuose, at length evanescent ; spores 1-septate, 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 48, ed. 3, p. 47. — Acolium tym- panellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482; Mudd, Man. p. 254, t. iv. f. 101. Calirium tympandlum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 89 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 134 : Stn. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. Lichen inquinans Eng. Bot. t. 810.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 88; Mudd, n. 240; Cromb. n. 114. With its sessile apothecia this might readily be taken for some Le.cidea (such as L. premnea). The thallus, which is thickish with the granules confluent, or very thin (nearly evanescent), spreads extensively over the substratum, but occasionally, when surrounded by other lichens, it is small. The apothecia are very numerous, at first somewhat protuberant, but at length plane, large — the largest in the tribe. When touched the mazsedium, which is sometimes considerably protruded, stains the fingers with an inky colour. Hob. On old posts and pales, rarely on the bark of trees in upland districts. — Distr. General, and usually plentiful, in various parts of England, and rare in E. Ireland. — B. M. : Earsham, Norfolk ; Yarmouth and Ickworth, Suffolk ; Walthamstow and Colchester, Essex ; Totteridge, Middlesex ; Elstree, Herts ; Penshurst and Lydd, Kent ; Albourne, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; near Wootton Basset, Gloucestershire ; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Derbyshire ; Oswestry, Ilaughmond Hill, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Eosedale, Yorkshire. Curraghmore, co. Waterford. 3. T. stigonella Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 282. — Thallus none proper. Apothecia parasitic, small or moderate, scarcely prominent, plane, black, naked, the margin prominent, concolorous, or some- times pruinose, at length evanescent ; spores 1-septate, obtusely rounded at either apex, 0,009-17 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 49, ed. 3, p. 47.— TRACHYTJA.] 103 Acolium sti'jonelhun Mudd, Man. p. 254. CaUcium st-igonellutn Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 88, pro parte. CaUcium sessile ft, marginatum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 128; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 138.— Brit. Exs. : Leigh t. n. 226; Cromb. n. 11. This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is distinguished by the smaller and constantly naked, somewhat scattered apothecia, and by its being entirely parasitic. Hob. On the thallus of various Perttisarice, on old oaks, in upland woods. — Distr. General, though not common, throughout England. — B. M. : Eppiug Forest, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Oakley Park, near Ciren- cester, Gloucestershire ; Hendlip, near Worcester ; Gopsall Wood, I^>i- cestershire ; Llanforda. Shropshire; Easby Wood and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Leven's Park, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Teesdale, Durham. Tribe II. SPHJEROPHOREI Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 168 ; Syn. i' p. 1G9. Thallus vertical, fruticuloso-divided or ramulose, sut incrassate at the apices, within entirely filamentose. Apothecia terminal, innate, at first closed, at length with the thalline receptacle irregularly lacero-dehiscent ; sporal mass copious, black : spores 8na3, in evanescent theca?, simple or 1-septate, spherical or ellipsoid, blackish or brown. Spermogones terminal, black or pale. This is closely allied to the preceding tribe. Their thalli are no doubt very different iu form and texture ; but the fully developed fructification of the Sphhire ; hills at Nigg, Kir.cardiue^hire ; Craig Coinnoch and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshii e ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; near Forres, Elginshire; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Devis Mt., co. Antrim ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Conuemara, co. Galway. Form congestns Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot, Fr. xxv. (1878) p. 349. — Thallus small, firm, the branches short, erect, densely aggregate. — Cromb. Grevillca, xv. p. 15. 106 LICHENACEI. [SPHJSROPHORUS. This singular form occurs in compact tufts, sometimes very closely oppressed to the substratum, and is probably only a stunted condition of the type. It resembles the following species, but* is distinguished by the fibrillose and subfasciculate branches, and by the reaction of the medulla with iodine. It is never seen fertile. Hob. On naked boulders in subalpine regions.— Distr. Very local and scarce among the Grampians and in the N.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. 3. S. fragilis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 135.— Thallus densely caespi- tose, sparingly and dichotomously branched, nearly erect, greyish- white, brownish or lurid-greyish (K + yellowish, medulla I-); branches rounded, fastigate, naked, not fibrillose. Apothecia ter- minal, globose, black ; receptacle irregularly dehiscent above ; spores spherical or globoso-ellipsoid, 0,007-16 mm. in diameter. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 487 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67 ; Cromb. Lich. Bri't. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 51, ed. 3, p. 49. — SpTiceroplioron coral- loides ft. fragile Mudd, Man. p. 264. Lichen fragilis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1154; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 888 pro parte; Eng. Bot. 2474. SpTicerophoron coralloides ft. ccespitosuin Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. Ill ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232; Leight. Br. Angi. Lich. p. 8, t. i. f. 2. Coralloides alpinum, Corallince minoris facie Dill. Muse. 116, t. 17. f. 34 A, B. Though regarded as a variety of S. coralloides, this is distinguished by the smaller and densely caespitose thallus, the fastigiate efibrillose branches, and the chemical reactions, though that with K is but little visible in darker-coloured thalli. It is usually pulvinate, and even when best developed scarcely an inch in height, frequently glaucous towards the apices and lurid near the base of the branches, occasionally reddish, suffused on the surface with peroxide of iron. The apothecia are less regularly globose than in the preceding species, the fertile branches being more or less protruded. It is most frequently sterile. The spermogones are common, with spermatia oblongo-cylindrical, very minute, 0,003 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On mossy (also naked) rocks and boulders in upland, subalpine, and alpine situations. — Distr. General and common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, reaching to the highest summits of the Scottish Grampians. — B. M : Ardingly Rocks, Sussex ; Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, S. Devon ; near Liskeard, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Craigforcla, near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Helsby, Cheshire ; Farndale, Yorkshire ; Egleston and Teesdale, Durham ; Ennerdale, Cumberland ; the Cheviots, North- umberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lomond, Dum- bartonshire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, near Crieff, and Loch Ericht, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Loch-na-gar and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Culbin, Forres, Elginshire ; hills of Applecross, Ross- shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Malin Head, co. Antrim ; Connemara, co. Gal way. GOMPHILLUS.] B350MYCETEI. 107 Series II. Cladodei Nyl. Syu. i. (1860) p. 174. Thallus either horizontally expanded and crustaceous, or usually erect and foliaceous. Apothecia terminal on podetia. rarely sessile and without podetia, biatorine, rarely lecanorine (mazsedium none); spores usually 8nse, oblong, simple, or elongate and septate, very rarely murali-divided. The genera in this series are very diverse, both in external form and internal structure ; but there are various important points of connection which warrant their being thus associated. This arrangement is more natural than one which places some of them far apart from the others. Tribe III. BJEOMYCETEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 168 (ut Bceomycei) ; Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. se'r. 2, vi. (1872) p. 320. Thallus various, either horizontally ex- panded and crustaceous, or also vertically ascending and podetiiform. Apothecia either sessile and biatorine, or depressed i and difform, or podetiiformi-stipitate, pale or reddish ; spores 8na3, oblong, simple or 1-3-septate, colourless. Spermogones with arthrosterigmata, very rarely with simple sterigmata. This tribe, as observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 174), is composed of genera differing con- siderably in the thallus and apothecia. The affinity of these genera, however, seems to be with each other in this Series, rather than with the Lecanorei or Lecideei, in which, for the most part, they have been variously placed by authors. ,'"r 26. GOMPHILLUS Nyl. Mem. Soc. 1M Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 1866; Syn. i. p. 175. ^gM j — Thallus very thin, consisting of spheri- a \' Jjr/ H cal gonidia of moderate size, and of irre- G gularly filamentose elements gelatinosely -^-" conglutinate. Apothecia stipitate, clavato- n capitate, corneous ; spores 8na3 (the thecae not distinct), filiform, multiseptate, para- Fig. 29. physes not discrete ; hymenial gelatine not Gomphillus calicioides Nyl. tinged with iodine. Spermogones some- "^^"^ 90.'° b!^ what prominent; sterigmata simple, mi- shorter spore, x 500 c. nute ; spermatia sleudc-r, cylindrical, Section of a spermogone, straight, X oO. d. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. This peculiar genus differs in many ways from the others belonging to this tribe. " Though showing a slight 108 LICHENACEl. [GOMPHILLTJS. superficial resemblance to the Caliciei, yet, unless it constitutes a separate and intermediate tribe, it may, from its general habit, be referred as an aberrant genus to the Bceomycetei. 1. Gr. calicioides Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1857) p. 146 ; Syn. i. p. 175, t. 7. f. 3. — Thallus very thin, somewhat varnished, effuse or obsolete, greyish or greyish-green. Apothecia small, pale ; stipes narrowly canaliculate ; capitulum subturbinato, dark or blackish ; spores very long, cylindrical, fasciculately con- stipate in vertical canaliculi of the thalamium, 60-100-septate, 0,160-0,200 mm. long, and sometimes of even greater length. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 52, ed. 3, p. 50. — Bceomyces calicioides Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 636. This plant has a somewhat fungoid aspect, but analysis shows it to be a lichen. The thallus is normally orbicular ; but is at length more or less widely spreading. Its varnished appearance and the numerous bseomycetoid apothecia easily distinguish it. The frequent spermogones are brownish-black, the spermatia about 0,001 mm. long, scarcely 0,0005 mm. thick. Hob. Incrusting decaying mosses on the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Only in N. Wales and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Barmouth, Merionethshire. Letter Hill, co. Galway. Form microcephalus Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 175. — Apothecia smaller, more shortly stipitate. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 254 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 52, ed. 3, p. 50. — Bito- myces microcephalus Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 78. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 115, In this form, differing from the type only in the smaller apothecia, the stipes is occasionally so short that the apothecia are almost sessile on the thallus. Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on trees and boulders in shady places in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the W. Highlands, Scotland, and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Di- nish, Turk Mt., Muckruss, Cromaglown and Uunkerron, Killaruey, co. Kerry. 27. B2EOMYCES Pers. Ust. Ann. 1794, p. 19 ; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 175. — Thallus crustaceous, granuloso-pulverulent or squamose. Apothecia sessile or stipitate, opaque, biatorine, the stipes formed of the constricted extended hypothecium and of longitudinal fila- mentose elements ; hypothecium pale ; spores usually 8nse (in elongate-cylindrical thecse), ellipsoid or fusiform, simple or septate, colourless ; paraphyses slender, not very discrete ; hymenial gelatine either not tinged, or pale bluish with iodine. Spermogones tuber- cular, with jointed sterigmata and straight, cylindrical spermatia. Although the apothecia are more or lets stipitate, this genus, were it not for the spermogones, might be included amongst the Lecideei. No doubt the spermogones equally differ from those of this series, so that BJEOMYCES.] BJEOMTCETEI. 109 the general habit, looking towards the Cladonias, must determine its place. The differences in the thallus and apothecia in some species are not sufficient to separate them generically, though they place them in different sections of the same genus. A. EUB^EOMYCES Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15. — Apothecia stipitate, solid or subarachnoid within, veiled or naked, immarginate. Fig. 30. B(somi/ces roseus Pers. — a. Vertical section of an apothecium (in dry state), X 30. b. Theca and paraphysis, X 350. c. Spores, X 500. d. Section of a spermogone, X 30. e. Arthrosterigmata and sperniatia, X 500. a. Apothecia solid within, naked. 1. B. rnfns DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 342.— Thallus effuse, thin- nish, leproso-granulose, greenish-white or glaucescent, the granules sometimes depressed (K+ yellow). Apothecia small or moderate, plane or convex, reddish- or brownish-flesh-coloured (K — ); stipes moderate or short, subcompressed, whitish ; spores 6-8nae, oblongo- ellipsoid, simple, 0,006-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; para- physes often slightly branched ; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 137 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 : Leight. Lich. FL p. 52, ed. 3, p. 50.— Lichen mifus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 443; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14. Bceomyces rupestris Pers., Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Bceomyces lignorum Pers. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413, pro parte. Lichen lyssoides, Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 133: Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 808 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 527 ; Eng. Bot. 110 LICHENACEI. t. 373. Boeomyces byssoides Mudd, Man. p. 63. Lichen fungiformis With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14, pro parte. Coralloides fungiforme saxatile, pallide fuscum Dill. Muse. 78, t. 14. f. 4. Lichenoides fungiforme terrestre, capitulw fuscis Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, 70. 39. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 178 : Mudd, n. 30 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 6 ; Cromb. n. 12; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 43. Usually spreads very extensively, though often subdeterminate. It varies somewhat in thickness, being either moderate and granulose, or thinnish and almost leprose, and also in colour from greenish -white to dark-greyish, according to substratum and exposure. These minor and accidental differences gave rise to the enumeration of supposed species, none of which, however, can rank even as forms. The apothecia are usually very numerous, simple, or conglomerate, with the stipes occa- sionally branched, and when dry sulcato-corrugate. Hab. On sandy and gravelly soil, occasionally on rocks and stones, rarely on rotten wood, in shady upland situations. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Great' Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, but chiefly in hilly and mountainous tracts. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Island of Sark. Epping Forest, Essex ; Hornsey Wood, Mid- dlesex ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Ightham Common, Kent ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Isle of AVight ; near South Brent, Devonshire ; Penzance, Withiel and near Bocconoc, Cornwall ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Mal- vern, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Bishop's Castle, Shropshire ; Welshpool, Montgomeryshire ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Keswick, Cumberland ; Grayrigg Forest, West- moreland ; Hexham, Northumberland ; Ashby, Cumberland. New Gal- loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Leadhills, Lanarkshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Ashburn, Gourock, Renfrewshire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Mangerton and Killarney, co. Kerry; Connemara, co. Gal way. Var. /3. sufosquamulosus Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 463.— Thallus determinate, granuloso-squamulose in the centre, squamulose at the circumference. Apothecia sessile, minute, simple or conglomerate, dark-brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15. — Bwomyces rufus if. ses- silis et carneus Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16. Var. carneus Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53, et f. sessilis, ed. 3, p. 51. Bceomyces Ugnorum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413 pro parte. — Brit. Exs.: Larb. Caesar, n. 7; Cromb. n. 116. Distinguished by the more squamulose thallus and smaller apothecia. It is subsimilar to B. carneus Flork., which does not occur in our Islands, and which, though generally regarded as a var. of B. rufus, is a distinct species. In B. carneus the thallus is squamulose, with the squamules contiguous, inciso-crenate, the podetia distinctly, though shortly stipitate, and the thalline reaction K+yellow, and then immediately saffron-red (vide Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 462). In this variety the thallus is usually orbicular and moderate in size, with the apothecia minute and scattered, though two or three often become conglomerate, and in a dry state entirely sessile. Hab. On sandy and peaty soil, rarely on putrid wood, in exposed mari- B.EOMYCES.] B^OMTCETEI. Ill time and upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. and S.W. England ; more plentiful among the Grampians. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Bodmin, Cornwall. Menstrie Glen, near Stirling ; Glen Lochay, Schiehallion, and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Girnac, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. B. placophyllus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 323, t. 7. f. 4.— Thallus orbicular, crustaceo-imbricate and corrugato-plicate in the centre, squamoso-lobed and crenate at the circumference, glaucescent or whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia moderate or small, slightly con- vex, reddish- or brownish-flesh-coloured (K — ) ; stipes short, com- pressed, white, often divided at the apex ; spores 8nse (or 6nae), oblongo-ellipsoid, simple, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,002-4 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine. — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 137 ; Mudd, Man. p. 63 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53, ed. 3, p. 51. In general aspect the sterile plant resembles Physcia pityrea, but the thallus is opaque and more entire, glaucous when moist, and the habitat is entirely different. The apothecia, which are very rare and seldom fully developed in Great Britain, are central, several being aggregate and almost confluent on the divided apex of the stipes. Hab. On gravelly soil among heaths in upland moorland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of N. Wales, N. Eng- land, and S. and N. Scotland, more frequent among the Grampians. — B. M. : Corwen, Cader Idris, and Bannouth, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lawers and Falls of Bruar, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Ach-na-druiin, Ross-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. b. Apothecia subarachnoid within, veiled. 3. B. roseus Pers. list. N. Ann. i. (1794) p. 19. — Thallus granu- loso-crustaceous, effuse or determinate, white (Kf + yellow). Apo- thecia nearly globose, moderate, rose- or pale flesh-coloured (K + orange) : stipes short, rounded, white ; spores 8nae (or 6nse), fusi- formi-oblong or fusiform, simple or sometimes obsoletely 1-septate, 0,011-26 mm. long, 0,0025-0,003 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the apices of the thecae pale bluish with iodine. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 137 ; Mudd, Man. p. 63, t. i. f. 12 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53, ed. 3, p. 51. Lichen Bceomyces Eng. Bot. t. 374. Lichen ericetorum Linn. Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 pro parte ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 809 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14. Coralloides fungiforme carneum, basi leprosa Dill. Muse. 76, t. 14. f. 1. Lichenoides fungiforme, crusta leprosa Candida capitulis et pediculis incarnatis Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, 70. Lichen ericetorum Linn. Suec. (1755) would have priority, but it refers chiefly to B. (entginosus. — Brit. E.rs. : Leight. n. 355 ; Mudd, n. 31 ; Cromb. n. 117. 112 LICHENACEI. [B^OMTCES. This is at once distinguished by the colour and form of the apothecia and by their internal structure. The thallus, when sterile, often spreads extensively, and is then more continuous and aspersed with large rosy- white or white cephalodine granules, when it is Variolaria terricola Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 115. The apothecia are not common in this country ; but the spermogones are frequent on otherwise barren thalli. They are somewhat large, tuberculiform, at first covered by the cortical layer, the conceptacle blackish above, with elongate jointed sterigmata and straight sperniatia 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On sterile gravelly or turfy soil on upland moorlands. — Distr. General, though not common in a fertile state, in most of the moun- tainous and more hilly tracts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Toy Hill, Kent ; Lyndhurst Moor, Hants ; St. Breock Down and Tregawn, Cornwall ; Montgomeryshire ; Cader Idris, near Barmouth, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Wapley Hill, Herefordshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; the Cheviots, Northumber- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Leadhills, Lanarkshire ; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Sheriffmoor, Stirling ; Glen Lochay, Ben More, Craig Tulloch, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Baldovan Woods and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Near Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. B. ICMADOPHILA (Trevis. in Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 26).— Apo- thecia sessile, lecanoroid, at length biatorine, solid within. Fig. 31. Baomyces teruginosus DC. — a. Section of an apotheciurn (in dry state), XSO. b. Two thecse and a paraphysis, x3f>0. c. Spores, X500. d. Section of a sperrnogone, X30. e. Sterigmata and spermatia, X500. B-EOMYCES.] BJEOMYCETET. 113 4. B. aeruginosus DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 343.— Thallus effuse, granulate-rugose or subleprose, glauccscent or whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia elevato-superficial, moderate, or somewhat large, obso- letely rugulose, sublecanorine with evanescent thalline maigin, or at length biatorine, flesh-coloured, soft (K + orange) ; spores 6na3 or 8noc, fusiform, 1-3-septate, 0,013-27 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish with iodine. — Lichen ceruyi- nosus Scop. Fl. Carn. i. (1760) p. 78. Icmadophila ceru/jinosa Mudd, Man. p. 64, t. i. f. 13. Bceomyces icmadophiliis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 ; Lcight. Lich. Fl. p. 54, ed. 3, p. 52. Lecidea ictna- dophila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 473; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 39; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen icmadophila Erhr., With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15. Lichen ericetorum Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 372.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 209 ; Mudd, n. 32 ; Cromb. n. 118 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 44. This plant in moist shady localities is of a beautiful green colour, becoming yellowish when long preserved in herbaria. The apothecia are generally numerous, often much crowded and almost confluent, undu- late when dry, rarely substipitate, occasionally entirely lecanorine, with depressed thalliue margin. The spermogones are inclosed in the thalline granules in colourless couceptacles ; the spermatia slender, somewhat thickened at either apex, 0,004 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Though much difference exists as to the place of this species, it is anato- mically and chemically a liceomyces, as observed by Nylander, Lapp. Or. p. 108. Hub. On moist turfy soil, on decayed Sphagna in bogs, and on putrid trunks of trees, in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Somewhat local, but plentiful where it occurs, in the hilly tracts of England ar.d North Wales, more frequent in those of Scotland, especially among the Gram- pians ; rare in S. and W. Ireland.— B. M. : Near Tunbridge AVells, Kent ; Ardingly, Sussex ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Charmvood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Matlock, Derbyshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Guisboro' Moor and Houghton Moor, Cleveland, York- shire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Alston Moors, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills and Swanston Hill, near Edinburgh ; Appiu, Argyleshire ; Blairdrinumond, near Stirling; Glen Falloch, Ben Lawers, and Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; liothiernurchus and Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Pass of Keiruan Eigh-Wist and Googaumbarra, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Tribe IV. P I L 0 P H 0 K E I Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1876) p. 77. Thallus formed of rigid, cylindrical, fistulose or internally arach- noid and externally granulose podetia, usually also granulose or pulveraceous at the base. Apothecia terminal, capituliform, black ; paraphyses prolonged directly into the hypothecium ; spores 8nuo, ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermogoiics with nearly simple ste- rigmata. The single genus of which this tribe consists has been arranged by i 114 LICttENACEI. [PILOPHORUS. authors among the Stereocaulei or the Cladoniei. On account of the peculiar texture of the apothecia Nylander has established for it a sepa- rate tribe, distinguished by the character of the paraphyses. 28. PILOPHORUS Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1857) p. 40; Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eug. (1848) p. 46 (ut sec- tio Stereocan li) . Pilo- phoron Nyl. Syn. i. p. 228.— Thallus at the base (when pre- sent) granulose or somewhat pulveru- lent, bearing cephalo- dia ; podetia rigid, cy- lindrical, simple or sparingly branched, usually fistulose, in- ternally filamentoso- arachnoid, externally covered with a granu- lose cortex ; gonidia moderate, greenish- yellow. Apothesia capituliform or often subglobose, solid with- in, corneous ; para- physes thickish or pilopju)rus cereolm Nyl.-«. Vertical section of an moderate, blackish at apothecium, x30. b. Vertical section of a spermo- the apices, forming a gone, X30. c. Sterigivata and spermatia, X500. thick subhymenial PUophorus ttrumaticus Nyl.- d. Vertical section layer , s,»res in #&£?•&** xSba""- ""' em clavate thecse, which have the wall thickened at the apices, ellipsoid or oblongo-ellip- soid ; hymenial gelatine scarcely (except at the apices of the theca)) tinged bluish with iodine. Spermogones affixed to the apices of the podetia, black; spermatia bacillar, straight or slightly curved. This genus is well characterized by the paraphyses being prolonged into the hypothecium, and forming a subhymenial stratum nearly thrice as thick as the hymenium. The rest of the" hypothecium is formed of confused obliterated cells. The cephalodia, which are adnate and in the form of testaceous tubercule?, are internally densely and minutely cellular, with '• the gonimia bluish-green, shoitly'ellipsoid or subglobose", glomerulosely arranged or moniliformly joined" (Nyl. /. c.). 1. P. cereolus Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1875) p. 198 ; Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 55 pro partc. — Thallus effuse at the base, forming a verrucoso-gi anulosc or pulvei e.sccnt crust, greyish- riLOPHORUS.] PILOPHOKEI. 115 white; podctia short, erect, simple, verrucoso-granulate or sub- pulverulent (K + yellowish). Apothecia small, subglobose, para- physcs thickish; spores ellipsoideo-fusiform, 0,016-0,022 mm. loug, 0,004-0,005 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15. — Stereocaulon cereolus Ach. Meth. p. 316 ; Borr. in Engl. Bot., Suppl. t. 2667. S. cereolinuin Sm. Eng. PI. v. p. 233 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83. Lichen (Isidiuni) cereolus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 89. Stereocaulon condomitum var. cereolinum Ach. pro parte, Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro parte. To this also belongs P. fibula (non Tuck.) Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1869, vol. iv. p. 201 ; Lich. PI. p. 76, ed. 3, p. 69 pro parte. — Brit. Rvs. : Leight. n. 383 ; Larbal. Lich. Hb. n. 5. When sterile, this closely resembles Stereocaulon pileatum, from which, when fertile, it is easily distinguished by the simple spores. The basal thallus is normally granuloso-diffract, sometimes becoming more or less pulveraceo-delitescent. The podetia vary somewhat in length and thick- ness, and at times become more or less glabrous. The apothecia are typically solitary, and in old plants, as observed by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. o33), become compound and conglomerate. On the basal thallus there occur frequent cephalodia, which are tuberculose, brownish, with the gonimia glomernlosely arranged. It is intimately allied to P. Jlbula Tuck. (Nyl. ex Oromb. Grevillea, xv. p. lo), a similar American plant which (ex Nyl. in litt.} differs in the thicker spores (0,018-0,025 mm. long, 0,007-0,008 mm. thick). Ilttb. On moist shady rocks in upland and subalpine situations. — Dixfr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of N. England, N. Wales, S.W. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, among the Grampians, and in W. Ireland.— B. M.: Cader Idris and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Tees- dale and Eglestone, Durham ; Borrowdale, Cumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; hills o"f Applecross, 1! is.—. * 50°- convex and immarginate : spores 8n8e, oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually situated on the apices of the podetia, conical ; spermatia equally cylindrical, somewhat curved or straight. The species of this genus are for the most part very variable. They are consequently so connected by intermediate states ai:d forms (the result to a certain extent, perhaps, of hybridism) that it is sometimes difficult to separate them. Unfortunately, also, the chemical thalline reactions, apart from the characters of the basal thallus and the podetia, are not of decided value here *. Sometimes there is seen a thin extended hypothalline-filamentose patch, in which originate the basal squamules. The thallus is loosely affixed by these filaments to the substratum, and in some instances, where they decay, it becomes free. The spores and the spermatia of the dif- ferent species do not vary much in size, the former being 0,008-0,015 mm. long, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick, and the latter 0,008-0,012 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. The genus may, for convenience, be divided into the following sections from the colour of the apothecia. Some plants of this and the following genus, when growing in dry exposed places, become more or less cervine or brownish, whence vars'. spadicea, fuscescens, &c., of authors. Our islands are peculiarly rich in Cladonias ; further research will no doubt bring additions to light, as well as extend the distribution of some already detected. * Nylander says : — " The genus Ciadonia is not well adapted to show the excellence of reactions, on account of the tinctorial particles being often but sparingly present, by reason of the tenuity commonly of the cortex." — ' Flora,' 1886, p. 101. CIADONIA.] CLADOXIEI. 127 A. PHJEOCAllP^E. — Apothecia brown or pale. a. Macrophyllince. — Thallus foliaceo-lacinioee ; podetia usually little developed. 1. C. endivisefolia Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 212.— Thallus large and rigid at the base ; lacinise multifid, long, flexuose, generally crenulate at the rounded apices, yellowish or glaucous-green, beneath pale straw-coloured or whitish ; podetia small, cylindrical, simple, rarely irregularly scyphiferous, arising from the upper surface of the laciniae (Kf-|- yellowish, K(CaCl)-|- deeper yellow). Apothecia more or less confluent, pale or brown ; spores oblong, 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,0035-0,004 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 52; Brit. Clad, p. 2; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55, ed. 3, p. 53. — Scy phopliorus endivifolius Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Cenomyce endivifoUa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen endivifolius Dicks*. Crypt, fasc. iii. (1793) p. 17 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 60 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2361.— Brit. Exs. : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. The basal thallus is larger than in the other species, the laciniee being often 1-2 inches long and J inch broad. The yellowish-green colour of the upper and the paler yellow of the under surface, turned up in dry weather, render this a beautiful plant. It varies in size, and the smaller and more divided states are with difficulty distinguished from other species. The apothecia are extremely rare and little developed in this country. Hub. On dry sandy (usually calcareous) soil among mosses and short grasses, chiefly in maritime districts. — Distr. Local and scarce, in a few localities in E". and S. England. — B. M. : Hemsby, near Yarmouth, Suf- folk ; Banstead Downs, Surrey ; Newhaven, Sussex (fruit). 2. C. alcicornis Floerko, Clad. (1828) p. 23.— Thallus somewhat large and rigid at the base ; laciniae multifid, often almost palmately divided, more or less blackish -fibrillose at the margins, glaucous- green or yellowish, beneath whitish straw-coloured or nearly white ; podetia arising from the upper surface of the laciniaD, small or moderate, usually narrowly scyphiferous, scyphi cristate at the margins (K— , K(CaCl) + deep yellow). Apothecia often confluent, brown ; spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 18 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 56. — Cladonia endivicefolia /?. alcicornis Mudd, Man. p. 52 ; Brit. Clad. p. 3. Scyphophorus alcicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Ceno- myce alcicornis Hook. FL Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen alcicornis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 872 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1392. Lichen foliaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35. Coralloides scypTiiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilagi- nosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 A. Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tulvUs et pyxidulis exiyuis Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 70. 38.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 15; Mudd, Clad. n. 1 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 56. In its typical condition this may be distinguished from the preceding by the more divided, narrower, and congested thallus, which is sometimes 1'ale rose -coloured beneath, and by the blackish fibrillose margins of the 128 LICHENACEI. [CIADONIA. lacini*. States, however, occur, as if intermediate between them, in which these characters are not so evident. With us it is rare in a fertile condition. The podetia are occasionally wanting, and then the apothecia and the spermogones are sessile on the latinise. Hab. In dry sandy places amongst mosses and heaths in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain, chiefly in S. England and the Channel Islands ; rare in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Qtienvais, Island of Jersey ; Island of Sark ; Jerbourg, Icart Point, and L'Ancresse Bay, Island of Guernsey. Hunstanton, Norfolk ; Aldgrave, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; the Downs, near Brighton, Sussex; Isle of Wight; near Torquay, S. Devon; Withiel and the Stilly Islands, Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Chamwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Anglesea, N. Wales ; near Great Aytou, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ; Island of Lisinore ; Bay of Nigg, Kincardiueshire ; the Links, Old Aber- deen. Glengarift', co. Cork. 3. C. firma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. FT. viii. (1861) p. 755.— Thallus laciniato-squamose at the base ; laciniae constipate, suberect, very minutely subareolato-insculpt, firm, crenate, naked, or at times fibrillose at the margins, and crenato-incised, yellowish or glaucous- greenish above, beneath pale yellowish or whitish or obsoietely rose-coloured and white-suffused ; podetia small, narrowly scyphi- ferous (K — , K(CaCl) + yellow, often femigineous). Apothecia more or less confluent, brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111. — Cladonia alcicornis var. firma Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 191. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 57; Cromb. n. 122. Though originally regarded by Nylander as a variety of C. alcicornis, yet " it constitutes a proper species more certainly than many others in this genus" (Bull. Soc. Bot. 1. c.). It differs from C. alcicornis in the laciniae being constipate, thicker, simpler, and more ascending, firmer when growing, but rather brittle when dry. The podetia and apothecia, which are very like those of the preceding, are not uncommon. The spermogones also are frequent, and are often sessile on the leaflets. Hab. On sandy soil and on the ground amongst rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in the Channel Islands and in S. England. — B. M. : Noirmont, Wrarren, and Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Lydd, Kent ; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; Start Point, S. Devon. Form gracilescens Cromb. — Thallus small ; Iaciuia3 very narrow, much divided, more or less crenate at the apices ; podetia narrow and narrowly scyphiferous. Apothecia not seen. — Cladonia alci- cornis f. yracilescens Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111. A well-marked form, perhaps a variety, of this rather than of the pre- ceding species, characterized by the smaller thallus and the much more slender and divided Iacinia3. It closely approaches to var. yentilis Ach. of C. alcicornis, but differs in the marginal fibrillae being not " long and simple " but shortly fasciculate. In the only entire specimen seen the podetia, which are but sparingly present, are substerile and only spermo- goniiferous. Hab. On the ground among rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Very t-paringly in S. Wales. — B. M. : Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. CLADOKIA.] CLADONIET. 129 b. MicropTiyllina?. — Thallus typically small, variously squamulose. a'. StyphopkortBf — Podetia normally scyphiferous. 4. C. pyxidata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 216.— Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; squamules small, firm, glaucous-green or greyish, whitish beneath ; podetia short or somewhat elongate, con- tinuously corticate or verrucose, scyphiferous ; scyphi large, cyathi- form, often proliferous (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish-brown, sometimes symphicarpotis ; spores oblong, variable in size, 0,008-14 mm. long, 0,003-0,0045 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 53 pro parte ; Brit. Clad. p. 7 pro parte ; Cromb. Enum. p. 18 pro parte; Grevillea, xi. p. Ill; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 56. — Scyphophorus pyxidatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Cenomyce pyxidata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen pyxidatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1151; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 869 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 36 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1393. Cladonia cocci/era Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 pro parte. Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculin fuscis Dill. Muse. 79, t. 14. f. 6 c, I-M. Liclicnoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 68. 28 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 6; Bohl. n. 32. This is with us, as elsewhere, a very variable species, giving rise to many marked forms and varieties, besides others enumerated by authors which are simply states and do not deserve distinctive names. Among these latter are : — simplex Roth., with " the scyphi larger and spermo- goniiferous at the margin;" staphylca Ach., with " the apothecia pedi- cellate on the margin of the scyphi ; " syntheta Ach., with " the margin of the scyphi proliferous;" costata Florke, with "the podetia denudate and longitudinally furrowed." Where the plant spreads extensively, one or other of these'may be met with on the same specimen. In the type the basal squamules occasionally become nearly obsolete, and the apo- thecia are comparatively rare, Ilnb. On the ground, old walls, rocks, and about the roots of trees in maritime, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, and no doubt also in Ireland, though specimens have not been seen ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; Hampstead Heath, Middlesex ; New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward and near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Den of Mains, Forfarshire ; Dun-is, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aber- deenshire; south of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Form 1. lophyra Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 29. — Podetia short, turbinate ; scyphi crisp, squamuloso-foliaceous at the margins. Apothecia large, sessile or pedicellate among the squamules. Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 8; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111. — Cenomyce pyxidata 1. lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 535. The squamulose margins of the scyphi and the position of the apothecia 130 LICHEKACEI. [CLADONIA. distinguish this form. In the British specimens the apothecia are very sparingly present, though the spermogones are not uncommon. Hob. On the ground in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England and the Highlands of Scotland ; probably overlooked. — B. M. : St. Breock, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire. Form 2. epiphylla Kyi. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 50.— Podetia ex- tremely short or wanting. Apothecia subsessile on the basal squa- mules, conglomerate. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 ; Grevillea, xi. p. 111. — Cladonia pyxidata ft. chloropli&a g. epiphylla Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 9. Lichen epiphyllus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 185. This distinct form, or probably variety, is characterized by the podetia being abortive or nearly so, and by the apothecia being consequently more or less sessile on the basal thallus. A single British specimen has been seen ; it has a few very minute, scattered podetia. Hab. On the ground in upland tracts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in E. England ; not recently found. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex. Var. ft. pocillum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1845) p. 110.— Squamules at the base somewhat large, firm, usually appressed, subimbricate, pale-greyish ; podetia short, turbinato-scyphiferous, corticate, gra- nulato -verrucose. Apothecia small, dark-brown. — Mudd, Man. p. 53 ; Brit. Clad. p. 7 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 ; Grevillea, xi. p. 111.— Bceomyces Pocillum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 336, t. 8. f. 6. In this variety the basal thallus, which is occasionally orbicular, is as if crustaceo-appressed to the substratum, and is sometimes of a cervine or lurid-cervine colour (form cervina Nyl. Syn. p. 193). The podetia are more or less scattered, and the apothecia, rare in our specimens, are mar- ginal on the scyphi. Hob. On sterile soil on banks and heaths in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Probably general and common, though seen only from comparatively few localities in England, Scotland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Bodmin, Corn- wall ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Barmouth, N. Wales ; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Killin and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincar- dineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Yar. 7. chlorophaea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 70.— Squamules at the base somewhat small ; podetia elongato-turbinate, greenish or sulphur-coloured, granulato-pulverulent, scyphiferous ; scyphi usually narrow, simple or variously proliferous. — Mudd, Clad. p. 8 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.— Ceno- myce chlorophcea Florke in Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1826) p. 130. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. nos. 7-11 ; Leight. n. 399 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 206. Characterized by the granulato-pulverulent podetia, in which it ap- proaches C. Jimbriata. When less developed the basal Squamules are CLADONIA.] CLADONIEI. 131 often also pulverulent at the margins. It is not uncommon in a fertile condition, the apothecia being often confluent. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and old walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain, and probably also in Ireland, though no specimens have been seen ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Wootton Common, Nor- folk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Chislehurst, Kent ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall ; Adderbury Church, Oxfordshire ; Hale End, Malvem, Wor- cestershire ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire ; Ayton, Newton, and Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Mor- peth, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Rannoch and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlaudshire. Form 1. lepidophora Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 70. — Podetia densely covered with minute, crowded, inciso-crenate, glaucous-grey squamules. — Cromb. Grcvillea, xi. p. 111. — Gladonia pyxidata (3. cliloroplicea c. pJiyllopliora (Wallr.) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 9. This form seems quite distinct from the type, but the younger podetia are as in it granulato-pulverulent. Its distinctive character no doubt depends upon age and the nature of the habitat ; in the type itself podetia sometimes occur bearing a few scattered squamules. In the few speci- mens seen the apothecia are not numerous. Hab. On old brick Avails and thatched roofs in lowland districts. — Distr. Probably general, though seen only from Central and W. England, N. Wales, and N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Lechlade, Oxfordshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Conway, Carnarvonshire. Kiunordy, For- farshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen. Form 2. myriocarpa Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111. — Podetia somewhat short, subturbinate ; scyphi subdilated, proli- ferous from the margins, the prolifications narrow, multifid. Apo- thecia sessile, small, aggregato-confluent. — Cladonia pyxidata var. Jtmbriata f.myriocmya Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 53; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 10.—' Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 58. A well-marked form, referred to C.fmbriata by Coemans,but belonging to this variety of C. pyxidata, from which it is distinguished by the pro- lifications of the scyphi. The apothecia in well-fruited specimens are very numerous and crowded, from pale-brown becoming reddish-brown. Hab. On the ground and on wall-tops in maritime and upland situa- tions.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, W. England S. Scotland, and the S. and N. Grampians. — B. M. : St. Ouen's Bay, Island of Jersey. Ozleworth Park, Gloucestershire ; Malvern and Bewd- ley, Worcestershire. Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5. C. leptophylla Florke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 19.— Thallus squa mulose at the base, pale-greenish ; squamules small, scattered, 182 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA. rounded, entire or slightly crenate ; podetia rarely present, short, slender, glabrous, simple, sometimes bifid at the apices, ascyphous (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia solitary, turgid, capitate, brown ; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,003-35 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111. — Cladonia pyoddata subsp. leptophylla Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 18 ; var. leptophylla Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 61, ed. 3, p. 57. Cladonia cariosa /3. leptophylla Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6. Cladonia squamosa f. leptophylla Mudd, Man. p. 57. Helopodium leptopliyllum Gray,Nat. Arr. i. p. 416. Cenomyce leptophylla Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568. Scypliophorus microphi/llus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Lichen micro- phyllus Eng. Bot. t. 1782. This anomalous plant resembles C. cariosa, but beside other characters differs in the absence of any thalline reaction. It is near C. pyxidata ; but the form of the thallus and of the podetia (which when dry become shrunken and somewhat costate) entitle it to rank as a species ; it was so regarded by the older authors, and more recently by Nylander (' Flora/ 1874, p. 70). The apothecia are nearly hemispherical, and much broader than the podetia. Hab. In moist places amongst heaths in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Very sparingly in S. England and S.W. Scotland ; probably overlooked elsewhere. — B. M . : Tilgate Forest, Sussex. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire. 6. C. pityrea Florke Clad. (1828) p. 79.— Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules minute, often evanescent, greyish-green above, white beneath : podetia somewhat short, slender, entirely furfuraceo-granulate, obsoletely and irregularly scyphiferous, greyish- white ; scyphi narrow, little evolute or divided, fimbriato-radiate and often proliferous at the margins (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate or small, subpedicellate or sessile, pale- or dark-brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyxidata subsp. pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18. Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 15 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57. Capitularia pityrea Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 182. Coralloides parum ramosum, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Muse. 97, t. 15. f. 20. — Cla- donia pyxidatavar. sympTiicarpa Cromb. (non Ach.) Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, xi. p. Ill, is an obscure state of this. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. nos. 27-29, 16 pro parte, and 38; Larb. Caesar, n. 8. Eesembling generally C.Jimbriata and var.chlorophcea of C.pyxidata, yet so constant as to deserve to rank as a proper species. It is distinguished by the furfuraceo-pulverulent podetia and the minutely fimbriate narrow scyphi, which are pervious or non-pervious. The apothecia are small and marginal on the scyphi, or large and subpedicellate, becoming dark in old age. Hab. On the ground among mosses and on dead stumps of trees in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. and N. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland ; rare in N.W. Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Helminton, near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Loundsdale, Guisboro' Moor, near Roseberry, Ayton Moor, and Black CLADOfflA.] CLADOHIEI. 133 Banks, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Ballater, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Kylemore, co. Galway. Form hololepis Florke Clad. (1828) p. 83.— Podetia somewhat short, densely squamuloso-furfuraceous ; squamules fragile, more or less pulverulent : scyphi irregularly flmbriate or divided. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyxidata /n. pityrea j. hololepis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 16 (non Exs. n. 33). This differs in the minutely squamuloso-furfuraceous podetia somewhat elongate when sterile. Though distinct, it is only a form, as in the type a few minute squamules are occasionally present. In the only British specimen the apothecia are somewhat numerous. Hab. Ou the ground amongst decayed heaths in upland districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in the S. Highlands, Scotland, though no doubt occurring elsewhere. — B. M. : Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. 7. C. acuminata Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 12. — Thallus minutely squamulose at the base : squamules greenish-grey above, white beneath ; podetia slender, somewhat elongate, cylindrico-subuliform, simple or branched, acuminate at the apices, granulato-furfuraceous, greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia terminal, small, brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea e. acuminata Mudd. Brit. Clad. p. 15 (non Exs. n. 20). Cenomyce pityrea b. acuminata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 254. Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebrioribus Ml. Muse. 104, t. 16. f. 27 E. Till recently this was regarded by authors as a variety of C. pityrea. In addition, however, to the more elongate, subulate, apically acute podetia, with their terminal apothecia, it is at once separated by the thalline reaction with K. Of the two specimens gathered in this country, one is fertile. Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway). — B. M. : Head of Glen Callater, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. 8. C. Lamarkii Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447. — Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules small, crenate, greyish-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia moderate, granulato-furfuraceous, scyphifero-pro- liferous, the scyphi not pervious, digitately divided at the margins, furcato-radiate at the apices (Kf+ yellowish, then ochraceous, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Grevillea, xi. p. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 54. — Cladonia Lamarkii Del. fide N"yl. 1. c. Cladonia pyxidata /j. pityrea c. fascicularis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 15. From the two preceding species this is distinguished by the scyphi and by the reaction with K. In the few British specimens the podetia are rather short (about ^ in. long), occasionally somewhat fasciculate, with 134 LICHEKACEI. [ctA-DONTA. the scyphi proliferous from the margins. The apothecia do not usually occur. Hob. On the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England, S.W. Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands.— B. M. : Near Widdicombe, Devonshire ; Bodmin, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Form Isignyi Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447. — Podetia densely squa- muloso-foliaceous. Apothecia moderate, dark-brown. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 44. — Cladonia pyxidata p.. pityrea k. d' 'Isignyi Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 16. Cladonia Isignyi Del. fide Nyl. 1. c. The podetia are usually covered with f olioles except towards the apices, where they are more or less squamulose. In perfect specimens the basal thallus is more developed than in the type. With us it is rarely well- fertile. Hob. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands and the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey. Near Falls of Tumrnel, Perthshire. 9. C. cariosa Spreng. Sysfc. Veg. iv. (1827) p. 272.— Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules minute, crenato-iricised, greyish- glaucous above, white beneath; podetia rather short, somewhat stout, simple or branched, at first smooth, becoming granulato-ver- rucose, partly denudate, and then almost white carioso-cancellate, greyish-glaucous or glaucous; scyphi digitately divided into sub- fastigiate branches (K + yellow, CaCl— ). Apothecia turgid, some- what large, subconfluent, brown ; spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6 j Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 55. — Cladonia gracilis E. cariosa Mudd, Man. p. 55. Cenomyce cariosa Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2761 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Lichen cariosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 198. Coralloides fungiforme fascum, basi foliacea Dill. Muse. 77, t. 14. f. 2.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 5. Easily known by the carioso-cancellate podetia, which, with the other characters, show it to be a very distinct species. The basal squamules are sometimes very small or evanescent, and minute squamules are rare on the podetia. These latter are crowdedly and longitudinally sulcate or subfissured, and usually corymbosely divided at the apices. The apo- thecia are occasionally entirely sessile and subconfluent on the podetia. Hob. On clayey and sandy soil in maritime and upland wooded dis- tricts.— Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Horsemunden, Kent ; Wyre Forest and Bewdley, Worcestershire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch- aber, Inverness-shire. 10. C. fimbriata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 222.— Thallus squa- mulose at the base ; squamules minute, greyish-green above, white beneath, occasionally evanescent ; podetia usually somewhat elon- CLADONIA.] CLADONIEI. 135 gate, cylindrico-subulate or tubaeform, scypliiferous, very thinly pulverulent, white or glaucous - white : scyphi with the margin usually erect and crenate, regular or variously proliferous (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia brown, simple or confluent. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19; Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Oladonia pyxidata ft. fimbriata Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 9 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 61, ed. 3, p. 57. Scyphophorus fimbriatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 243 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 419. Cenomgce fimbriata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen, fimbriatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 870 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 37 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2438. Coralloides scypliiforme gracile, marginibus serratis Dill. Muse. 84, t. 14. f. 8, et Coralloides scypliiforme, tubercidis fuscis, p. 79, t. 3 4. f . 6 A, B. Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 30.— Brit. Kvs. : Leight. nos. 325, 376, 377 ; Mudd, n. 1, Clad. nos. 14, 15, 17, 18 ; Bohl. n. 24. From C. pyxidata, to which it is allied, this differs in the podetia being whitish-pulverulent, often more extended, with narrower scyphi. In these respects it is constant, and may with propriety be regarded as speci- fically- distinct. It is a very variable plant in the characters of the podetia. Sometimes they become denudate, and in this case are often longitudinally ribbed (form costata Florke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 58) ; and at other times they are once or twice proliferous (form prolifera Ach., Mudd, /. c.). The scyphi also are occa- sionally unequally denticulate at the margins (form ilenticulata Florke, Mudd, Man. p. 64, Brit. Clad. p. 10), and more rarely are cyathiform, with the margin squamulose (ptcrygota Florke, Mudd, Brit. Clad, p. 11). These, however, are mere states of the type resulting from the nature of the habitat, and more than one of them may at times be seen on the same specimen. In this country the apothecia are rarely well developed. Hub. On the ground, roots of trees, and among mosses on old walls in maritime, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain and Ireland, though seen but from comparatively few localities, the more typical condition being rarer. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Dorking, Surrey ; New Forest, Hants ; Truro, Cornwall ; New- market Heath, Cambridgeshire ; near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Aber, Carnarvonshire ; Over, Cheshire ; Ayton and Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmore- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Royal Botanic Gardens and Braid Hills, Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Castle- toii of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. Var. ft. conista Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 51. — Podetia short, subturbinate, pulverulent, greenish-grey ; scyphi simple, the margin subentire. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyvidata y. fimbriata b. conista Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Scyphophora conista Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Cenomyce fimbriata ft. conista Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 2o7.—J3rit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 13. Differs in the size and form of the podetia, and in their simple (never 136 LICHEN ACEI. [CLADONIA. proliferous) scyphi. As these characters seem to be constant, it may be regarded as constituting a distinct variety rather than a less developed form. The apothecia, which are " marginal and minute " (Ach.), do not occur in our British specimens. Hub. On the ground and tops of walls in upland districts. — Distr. Probably not unfrequent, though seen only from a few localities in S. and N. England, N. Wales, S. and N.E. Scotland, and the S. Grampians. — B. M. : Lanivet, Cornwall ; Aberdovey, Merioneth ; Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Form exigua Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112. — Podetia very short, whitish- or greyish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, simple, brown within, the margin entire. — Lichen pyxidatus 17. exiguus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 552. Scyphopliora conista j3. exilis (Ach.), Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Lichen filiformis var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 39. Coralloides scyphis humilibus, intus fuscis Dill. Muse. 86, t. 14. f. 11. Probably only an accidental state, differing in the entire margin of the scyphi and their bright-brown colour in the interior, though, as indicated by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 535, cfr. Meth. p. 338), this may become blackish in age. In the British specimens seen, which are sterile, the podetia are numerous and crowded. Hub. On the ground upon upland heaths. — Distr. Apparently veiy local and scarce in E. England. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex. Var. y. tubfflformis Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 22.— Podetia some- what elongate, cylindrical, pulverulent, white, scyphiferous ; scyphi narrow, regular, entire or slightly crenulate at the margins. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. — Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata f. tubceformis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Cladonia pyxidata E. tubce- formis Mudd, Man. p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Cladonia pyxidata var. tubceformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1791) p. 122. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 377 ; Mudd, n. 7. The cylindrical and usually more elongate podetia, with their narrower scyphi, distinguish this variety, which is most frequently seen only in a juvenile condition. In this country, as elsewhere, the apothecia are apparently very rare, though the spermogones are occasionally visible. Hab. On the ground and rotten stumps in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Not very general nor frequent, occurring only here and there in England, N. Wales, and Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — Distr. Wal- thamstow, Essex ; New Forest, Hants ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; St. Breward, Cornwall ; Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Worcester ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craigforth, Stirling ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Form macra Cromb. Grevillea, xi.(1883) p. 112.— Podetia short, cylindrical, slender, whitish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, the margin entire. — Cladonia pyxidata (3. fimbriata F. macra Mudd, Man. CLADOXIA.] CLADONIEI. 137 p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 9. Capitularia pyxidata c. macra Florke ia Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 290.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad, n. 12. The much shorter and slender podetia and the narrow scyphi cha- racterize this form, which is entirely referable to the above variety. With us it is scarcely, if ever, seen fertile. Hub. On putrid trunks in upland localities. — Distr. Found only in E., S.W., Central, and N. England, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and S. Ire- land.— B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Charn- wood Forest, Leicestershire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire. Castlemartyr, co. Cork. Yar. I. carneopallida Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 195.— Podetia mode- rate, narrow, scyphiferous, whitish or greenish-white-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, crenate and sometimes proliferous at the margins. Apothecia small, pale flesh-coloured. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyxidata S. carneopallida Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11. Capi- talaria pyxidata y. carneopallida Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 304. Cladonia carneola Mudd, Man. p. 56 (excl. syn.). Somewhat similar to the preceding variety, from all states of which it differs in the colour of the apothecia. In this respect it approaches to C. carneola Fr., with which it has occasionally been confounded. The two British specimens seen are only sparingly fertile. Hub. On putrid trunks of trees in upland woods. — Distr. Seen only from E. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Epping Forest and Snaresbrook, Essex. Subsp. C. fibula Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 12. — Podetia elongate, slender, simple, subcylindrical, white-pulverulent; scyphi narrow or none (K — , CaCl — ). Apo- thecia small, brown, usually aggregate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Gladonia pyocidata e. cornuta k. fibula Mudd, Brit. Clad, p. 13. Lichen fibula Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 194. Scyphophora fim- briata S.fibularia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. The form of the podetia, which are 1-2 in. long, warrant this being regarded as a subspecies. In the British specimens the podetia are usually ascyphous and well-fertile. From it apparently descend the varieties and forms that follow, all of which are connected by inter- mediate states. Hab. On decaying stumps and on the ground among mosses in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Gathered only very sparingly in S.W. England, S. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and among the S. Grampians. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Form abortiva Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.— Podetia elongate, rather thicker, white-pulverulent, obtuse or obscurely scyphiferous at the apices ; scyphi subcrenate and somewhat dila- 138 LTCHENACET. [CLADONIA. cerate. Apothecia not seen. — Cladonia pyxidata y. Jtmbriata k. abortiva Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11. Scypliophora Jtmbriata y. abortiva Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Gapitularia pyxidata /3. longipes B. abortiva Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 294. Seems to be only a form of this subspecies, next to which it was placed by Acharius, Syn. p. 255. It is distinguished chiefly by the apices of the podetia and by being always sterile. In the British 'specimens the scyphi are not well developed, and only a few spermogones are visible. Hob. On semiputrid stumps in upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and the S.W. Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Var. /3. snbcornuta Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112. — Podetia elongate, simple or sparingly branched above, white- pulverulent, subulate and more or less cornute at the apices. — Cla- donia fimbriata subsp. subcornuta Nyl. in Flora, 1874, p. 318. Cla- donia pyxidata fl.firnbriataA. cornuta Mudd, Man. p. 53; Brit. Clad. p. 12. Scyplioplwra fimbriata rj. cornuta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Lichen cornutus Ligbtf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876 3 • Eng. Bot. t. 1836. Coralloides vix ramosum, scypliis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 D, v.—J3rit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. nos. 19, 20, 21 ; Bohl. n. 48. Distinguished from C.fibula\>y the form of the apices of the ascyphous podetia. In this it closely resembles states of C. cornuta, with which it has often been confounded, but is distinguished by the podetia being pulverulent throughout. Only spermogones are present in our specimens. Hob. On the ground among mosses in upland districts. — Distr. Appa- rently not very common in Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Ayton and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Leadhills, Lanarkshire; Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; Kinnordy Moss, Forfarshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aber- deensh'ire. Near Cork ; Blaris Bridge, Belfast, co. Antrim ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. nemoxyna Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Podetia slender, branched; branches divided, subuliform. Apotbecia not seen. — Cladonia pyxidata e. cornuta 1. nemoxyna Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 13. Scyplioplwra Jimbria ta £. nemoxyna Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Eaomyees radiatus ft. nemoxynus Ach. Metb. (1803) p. 342. Coral- loides scypliiforme cornutum Dill. Muse. 92, t. 15. f . 16 B, D, E. Differs in the subuliformi-branched podetia, with the branches usually of unequal length. It occurs only spermogoniiferous. Hob. On the ground among heaths in upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in E. and N. England and among the S. Grampians, Scotland ; probably to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Killin, Perthshire. Form 2. tortuosa Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112. — Podetia somewhat stout, flexuose, divaricately branched ; branches short, subulate, or thickened and obtuse at the apices. — Cladonia CLADONIA.] CLADONIEI. 139 pyxidata e. cornuta c. tortuosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 12. Cenomyce tortuosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 622. The contorted podetia and the often incrassate apices of their branches distinguish this form. The podetia are frequently also more or less squamulose and furfuraceous in the lower portion. In our specimens a few young apothecia only are present. Hob. On the ground among mosses in upland districts. — Distr. Seen only from Central England and N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Var. 7. radiata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.— Podetia elongate, subulate or scyphiferous ; scyphi narrow, radiate or radiato-firubriate at the margins. — Cladonia Jimbriata var. radiata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. C. pyxidata var. Jimbriata f. radiata Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 13. Scyphopliora fimbriata ft. radiata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Cenomyce radiata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen radiatus Schreb. Spic. PI. Lips. (1771) p. 122 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1835. Cladonia pyxidata var . Jimbriata f. cornuto-radiata Schacr., Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Lichen pyxidatus p Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 555. Coralloides scypldforme cornutum Dill. Muse. 92, t. 15. f. 16 c, F, G.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 23 ; Leight. n. 376 ; Bohl. n. 47. This is distinguished by the radiate margins of the scyphi ; but the ascyphous podetia are very similar to those of the preceding variety, with which it seems to be confluent. In luxuriant specimens the scyphi are expanded, with the subulate fimbriae more elongate. The apothecia are not present in our specimens, but the spermogones are frequent. Hab. On the ground in upland districts. — Distr. Probably general in hilly tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, though as yet seen only from comparatively few localities. — B. M.: Near Norwich, Norfolk; St. Breock, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth and Aber- dovey, Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Kinnordy Moss, Forfarshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Aghalee bog, N.W. of Lough Neagh, co. Londonderry ; Killarney, co. Kerry. 11. C. gracilis Hoffm. Deutscb. PI. ii. (1795) p. 119. — Thallus sparingly squamuloso-foliolose at the base ; squamules olive-green or brownish above, whitish beneath, often evanescent; podetia elongate, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or branched, subulate or scyphiferous at the apices ; scyphi narrow, denticulate at the margins, pale-greyish or pale-greenish, occasionally subspadiceous (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia either pedicellate or sessile, moderate, brown or reddish; spores oblong, 0,009-0,012 mm. long, 0,0035- 0,004 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Cladonia gracilis d. chordalis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. C. gracilis yjiybrida c.chordalis Mudd, Mann. p. 55. Scyphopliorus gracilis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239. 140 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA. Cenomyce gracilis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Scypho^thora ecmocyna (3. gracilis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Lichen gracilis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 ; Leight. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 37 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1264. Coralloides scyphiforme serratum elatius, cau- libus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. 88, t. 14. f. 13 c, D. Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereum elatius, ramulis pyxidatum desinentibus Dill, in Eay, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 32.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 296 ; Mudd, nos. 10, 11, & 16 (pro parte), Clad. nos. 34, 37; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 207. A very variable plant. The form here described is Cladonia chordalis Florke, Clad. p. 34. The basal thallus is rarely visible except in young plants, becoming for the most part speedily obsolete. It is a social plant, often spreading extensively, with the podetia 2-4 in. long, simple or more or less branched, and frequently blackish at the base. The apo- thecia are rare ; when present they are numerous and occasionally con- glomerate. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain and probably also Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Wootton Common, Norfolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Lydd, Kent ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Cornwall; Wokingham Heath, Berkshire; Worcester Beacon, Worces- tershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland and Farndale, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Lamplugh, Cum- berland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Manor Head, Peebleshire ; Largs, Ayrshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Glen Ample, Blair Athole, and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Kinnordy and Kirriemuir, For- farshire ; Durris, Kiucardineshire ; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and Rothienmrchus, Inverness-shire ; Forres, Elginshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Ballynascreen Mt., co. Tyrone; Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1. afcortiva Schajr. Spic.(1823) p. 33.— Podetia subuliform, recurved or hooked at the apices, and there verrucose, infuscate : substerile.— Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 36. Probably an accidental state, resulting from the abortive apothecia deforming the podetia. Hab. On the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from N. England and the Central Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt occurring else- where.— B. M. : Highcliffe, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Rannoch, Perthshire. Form 2. spinulifera Cromb. — Podetia slender, dark spadiceous, somewhat rugulose, with frequent short spinules ; scyphi with the margins spinulose. A peculiar and probably accidental form, analogous to var. spinosa of C.furcata. The only specimen yet gathered is sterile. Hab. On moors in upland situations. — Distr. Found only in S.W. England.— B. M. : Near Newton Abbot, S. Devon. CLADONIA.] CLADONIE1. 141 Form 3. aspera Flo'rke, Clad. (1828) p. 30. — Podetia more or less clothed with foliolose squamules ; squamules crenate or crenato- incised at the margins. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p, 112. — Capitularia gracilis var. aspera Florke in "Web. et Mohr, Beitr, ii. (1810) p. 333. —Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 402. Differs in the more or less squamulose podetia, which are usually ascyphous. The British specimens are in a stunted condition, with podetia short (scarcely more than 1 in. high), subulate and sterile. Hab. On the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in Central and N. England. — B. M. : Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Yar. ft. hybrida Schser. Spic. (1823) p. 32.— Podetia more or less elongate, robust, sparingly branched, usually scyphiferous ; scypbi subdilated or proliferous at the margins. Apothecia moderate. — Mudd, Man. p. 55, Brit. Clad. p. 17 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. —Cladonia hybrida Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 119 pro parte. Cladonia gracilis Cromb. Licb. Brit. p. 19. Coralloides scyphiforme serraium elatius, caulibus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. 88. t. 14. f. 13 A, B. A robust plant, with the podetia for the most part scyphiferous. As noticed by Nylander (Syu. p. 196), it approaches vars. of pyxidata, of which at first sight it looks to be a more extended form. In the few British specimens the apothecia are sparingly present. Hab. On mossy rocks and among mosses on the ground in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local; the Grampians, Scotland, probably not uncom- mon.— B. M. : By Loch Tay, Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfar- s-hire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. C. gracillima Norrl. Hb. Lich. Fenn. ix. (1882) n.424. — Podetia elongate, very slender, crowded, subulate or scyphiferous, much branched above ; branches divided, shortly subfurcate at the apices; scyphi very narrow, denticulate at the margins (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. Distinguished by the slender podetia being densely csespitose, much and intricately branched, especially in the upper portion, and by their apices being somewhat furcate, resembling C. furcata. Found only in a substerile condition. Hab. On mossy boulders in upland fir woods. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England and N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : The Cheviots, North- umberland. Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen. 12. C. cornuta Fr. Licb. Eur. (1831) p. 225.— Thallus sparingly foliolose at the base ; leaflets lobato-crenate or none ; podetia elon- gate, corticate and glabrous in the lower portion, pulverulent towards the apices, subuliformi-cornute or a few sometimes narrowly scyphi- ferous (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, brown; spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Licb. Brit. p. 13 ; Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — 142 LJCHENACEI. [CLADONIA. Cladonia gracilis var. cornuta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Lichen cornutus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1152. — This is not Lichen cornutus of British authors : vide C. fibula var. subcornuta and C. macilenta. Though by some regarded as a variety or subspecies of C. t/racilis, yet from the podetia being corticate only to beyond the middle and then more or less pulverulent upwards, it may rank as a distinct species. The basal leaflets are not unfrequently present ; and the podetia, which are 2-4 in. high, are quite naked. In British specimens the apothecia and speruio- gones are extremely rare. Hob. Among mosses on the ground on heaths and in woods in upland tracts. — Distr. Seen only from N. England and the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ay ton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Sherriffmuir, near Stir- ling; Ranuoch and Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form clavulus Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 225.— Podetia short, somewhat turgid, corticate from below the middle ; scyphi none. A stunted, stouter form, with the podetia sometimes pulverulent throughout, except towards the base. It apparently never occurs scyphi- ferous or fertile. Hab. On turf-walls in upland districts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Quoich, Braemar. 13. C. ochrochlora Florke, Clad. (1821) p. 75. — Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; squamules laciniato-crenate, greenish above, white beneath ; podetia somewhat short, cylindrical, glabrous in the lower portion and pale greenish-grey, pulverulent above and whitish or ochroleucous, obtuse and .truncate at the apices or narrowly scyphiferous, with the margins dentato-radiate (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, pale brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, si. p. 112. — Cla- donia gracilis var. ocJirochlora Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59. C. pyxidata I. ochrochlora Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 14. — Brit. Exs. : Hudd, Clad. 24-26. This approaches in some respects subsp. C. fibula, and in others C. cornuta ; but as it constantly preserves its own type, it may be regarded as distinct. The podetia are occasionally sparingly squamulose (var. pJtyl- lostrota Florke), and the scyphi are rarely proliferous. In this country it seldom occurs fertile, though the spermogones are not uncommon. Hab. On putrid trunks and turfy soil in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and rare in S.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and in the W. Highlands.— B. M. : Near Beckey Falls, S. Devon ; near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Form ceratodes Florke, Clad. (1821) p. 77. — Podetia slender, cylindrical or somewhat ventricose, simple, subulate at the apices. — CLADONIA.] CLADON1EI. 143 Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. — Cladonia pyxidata I. ocJirochlora a. ceratodes Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 14. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 23. This differs chiefly in the form of the apices of the podetia, and appa- rently never occurs with apothecia. Hob. On putrid trunks and turf-walls in shady upland districts. — Dtstr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England and among the Central Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Beckey Falls, S, Devon ; near Bod- min, Cornwall ; Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire : Enuerdale, Cumber- laud. Rannoch, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. 14. C. verticillata Fldrke, Clad. (1828) p. 26.— Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; leaflets few, small, laciniiform, crenato- incised, dark-olive or greyish-green ; podetia corticate, glabrous, elongato-turbinato, scyphiferous, glaucous- or brownish-green ; scyphi regular, plane, denticulate at the margin, at length repeatedly proliferous (2-4 times) from the somewhat elevated centre (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59. — Cladonia gracilis subsp. verticillata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Cladonia cervicornis ft. verticillata Mudd, Brit. Clad, p. 5. C. gracilis (3. verticillata Mudd, Man. p. 54. Scyphophora verticillata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Cladonia pyxidata var. verti- cillata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 122. Lichen pyxidatus /3. pro parte, Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 552 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 36. Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum prolifenim Dill. Muse. 80. t. 14. f. 6 D-H ; in Itay, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 2V.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad, n. 3. From C. gracilis, of which some make it a variety or subspecies, this is distinguished by the scyphi being at length 2-4 times proliferous from the centre, the uppermost scyphus being shorter and narrower. It approaches also C. verticillaris Mont., but is well separated by the basal thallus. In this country it is rarely fertile. Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Di#fr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, very rare in Scotland and in N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Gal way), as also in the Channel Islands ; though it is no doubt more generally distributed. — B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Broadwater Forest, Sussex ; St. Breock, Cornwall ; Delamere Forest, Cheshire ; Ayton Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Swinhope Fell, Northumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form laciniolata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.— Lacinise elongate and narrow at the base ; podetia with the scyphi laciniolose at the margins. This may be a distinct variety. It is a luxuriant plant, with the apo- thecia numerous and dark brown. Sab. On exposed rocks in moist places in upland districts. — Distr. Found only sparingly in S.W. England and the S.W. Highlands, Scot- land.— B. M. : Carn Galva, near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 144 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA. 15. C. cervicornis Schser. Enum. (1850) p. 195.— Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; leaflets large, laciniiform, crenate or inciso- crenate, or variously multifid, ascending, firm, dark olive-green or glaucous-green above, whitish or brownish-black beneath ; podetia short, smooth or subverrucose, scyphiferous ; scyphi simple or irre- gularly proliferous, more or less squamulose (K-j- yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia small, sessile, brownish-black. — Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 4 ; Leigh t. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 54. — Cladonia gracilis subsp. cervi- cornis Mudd, Man. p. 54 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Scyphophorus cervicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v.^p. 242 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hi'b. ii. p. 81. Lichen cervicornis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 184, Eng. Bot. t. 2574. Coralloides scypJiiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 B. Though generally resembling less proliferous states of the preceding species, this differs in the more developed laciniee, the shorter podetia, and in the chemical reaction with K. The thallus at the base is densely csespitose, with the leaflets nearly erect, somewhat thickened, in old plants rimoso-reticulate above and the podetia are often but little deve- loped, or entirely wanting (form basima Cromb.). The apothecia are sessile on the margins of the scyphi, and are either simple or conglo- merate, becoming blackish in age. Hob. On the ground among rocks and on heaths in maritime and upland regions. — Distr. General and usually plentiful in hilly and moun- tainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Pleinmont, Guern- sey. Rusthall Common, Kent ; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall ; Bathampton, Somerset- shire ; Worcester Beacon, Worcester sh ire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Rhew- greidden, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Moff'at, Dum- friesshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Rannoch, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Lion's Face and Ben- naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Carig Mt. and Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form stipata Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 239.— Squamules at the base elongate, sublinear, crenato-incised and deeply divided, erect, stipate ; podetia and apothecia as in the type. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 55. Differs only in the basal thallus. The podetia and apothecia very rarely occur. Hob. On the ground among rocks in upland districts.— Distr. Rare and local in N. Wales, the Central Grampians and the N.W. Highlands, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland (Kylemore, co. Galway). — B. M. : Aber- dovey, Merionethshire. Loch Eagh, Rannoch, Perthshire ; hills of Apple- cross, Ross-shire. 16. C. sobolifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66 ; Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 176 (note).— Thallus foliaceous at the base ; leaflets somewhat narrow, inciso-crenate, ca>spitose, CLADOXIA.] CLADOXIE1. 145 glaucous-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia short, cylindrical, glabrous, subverrucosc or somewhat foliacoous, scyphiferous, greyish- green or glaucous-white ; scjrphi dilated, proliferous from the centre and from the denticulate margins (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, simple or conglomerate, brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Oladonia verticillata var. sobolifera Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 411, Lich. Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Cenomyce cladomorpha var. sobolifera Del. in Dub. Bot, Gall. (1830) p. 631. Coralloides sc-i/phiforme, maryinihus radiatis et foliatis Dill. Muse. 85, t. 14. f. 9 A, B. Lichenoides pyxidatum, i,ni,-'/!inf>us elei/anter foliatis Dill, in Kay, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 33. — Bi-i't. Krs. : Leight. n.' 14 ; Mudd, n. 9 pro partc, Clad. n. 2 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 322. Very closely allied to C. cerricomis, from which it is at once separated by the reaction witli K. In other respects it is distinguished chiefly by the somewhat smaller (rarely nearly as large) and less cnespitose thallus, by the margins of the scyphi and the prolifications, which are often 2, rarely 3, in which respect it more resembles C. verticillata. From this also it seems distinct, and preserves its own type. The podetia are occa- sionally sparingly foliaceous, and the apothecia are usually numerous. IIal>. On mossy boulders, rocks, and the ground in upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local in S., W., and N. England, the Highlands of Scotland, S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands; no doubt often over- looked.— B. M. : Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey. Near Dawlish and Hunter Tor, S. Devon; St. Breock and Helminton, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Rhewgreidden and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ay ton and Injrleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Ballyedmoud, co. Cork. 17. C. macrophylla Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 299.— Thallus squa- muloso-foliaceous at the base ; squaraules large, glaucous above, whitish beneath, crenate at the margins ; podetia moderate or some- what elongate, cylindrical, ascyphous or often with narrow scyphi, rough with smaller glaucous squamules, becoming at length carious (K-f yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia brown, generally confluent; spores 0,008-0,011 mrn.long, 0,0035 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cladonia ventricosa /3. macrophylla Schscr. Spic. (1833) p. 316. In old age the podetia (which are then often blackish at the base, as aro also the basal squamules at their base) become more or less carious, and thus somewhat resemble those of C. cariosa. From C. decorticata Fliirke, with which it has sometimes been confounded, and which pro- bably also occurs in this country, it differs in the larger sqnarmtles and the chemical reaction. In the only fertile British specimen the apothecia are aggregate and deformed. Hob. On earth-covered boulders and ledges of rocks in wooded moun- tainous regions. — Distr. Apparently very local and scarce among the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. L 146 LICHENACEI. [ CLADONIA. 18. C. degenerans Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 41.— -Thallus squa- mulose at the base ; squamules few, small, crenato-incised, glaucous- green above, white beneath ; podetia moderate, glabrous, often sub- verrucoso-unequal, scyphiferous, whitish or pale-greenish, black and whitish-punctate at the base ; scyphi often radiato-pedicellate or proliferous at the margins (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia somewhat large, brown, or pale reddish -brown ; spores 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 ; Leight, Lich. Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59. — Cladonia degenerans b. euphorea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17. Cladonia graciUs f. degenerans Mudd, Man. p. 55. Capitularia degenerans Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 308. A very variable plant, which approaches in its varieties and forms several other species. In general it may readily be distinguished from all of these, with which it might be confounded, by having the podetia, which in age become blackish in their lower portion, whitish corticali- punctate at the base. Its most typical state, as observed by Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 54), is form euphorea Ach. (Syn. p. 259), which has almost the habit of C. yracilis and presents the above characters. The only British specimen as yet seen is sterile. Hob. On the ground in moorlands in subalpine mountainous regior.s. — Distr. Found only very sparingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Head of Glen Gairn, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 1. haplotea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 42.— Podetia moderate, usually proliferously divided above, scyphiferous, scarcely or rarely squamuiose ; scyphi cristate-divided at the margins. — Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. — Cladonia gracilis $. de.qe- nerans a. haplotea Mudd, Man. p. 55. Cenomyce gonorega a. aplotea Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 258. The podetia in this form are from 1 to 2 in. high, naked, or occa- sionally, especially at the margins of the scyphi, sparingly squamuiose. In the few British specimens, the apothecia, which are minute, reddish- brown, are only sparingly present. Hob. On the ground in subalpine and alpine regions. — Distr. Appa- rently local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Pass of Leny, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Form 2. granulifera Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 113. — Podeiia moderate, densely verrucoso-granulose, simple, or shortly branched above, obscurely scyphiferous. Seems to be intermediate between the type and the following variety, and is well characterized by the minute crowded granules with which the blackish podetia are clothed throughout. The apothecia in the only specimen seen are somewhat large and dark-brown, but are visible only on a single podetium. Hub. On the ground in alpine situations. — Distr. Met with only once and very sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.— B. M. : Cairn- gorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. CT.VDONIA.] CLADOXIET. 147 Form 3. pleolepidea Xyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 5-4.— Podeiia simple or sparingly branched above, usually somewhat curved, ascyphous, densely covered with rigid squamules. Apothecia nume- rous, dark-brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 91. The podetia, which Nylander (/. c.) describes as being 2-3 in. long, are with us much smaller, from £ to 1 in. Occasionally, where less squamu- lose, they are white-punctate. In the two specimens gathered the apo- thecia are more or less aggregate. Hob. Among short mosses on the ground in alpine places.—/)^'. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Near the summit of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. /3. anomaea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 43.— Podetia short, slender, rugose ami more or less squamulose ; scyphi usually ra- diately divided. Apothecia either sessile or pedicellate, dark brown. — Mu'dd, Brit, Clad. p. 18 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 6-i, ed. 3, p. 60. — Cladonia qracilis 3. degenerans c. anom&a Mudd, Man. p. 55. Sef/phopkortu anomceus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238. Cenomyce atiomc?a Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen anomceus Eng. Bot. t'. 1867. Bcromyoe* anamaut Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 349.— Brit. K.i-s. : Mudd, Clad. n. 32 (atypical). This variety is distinguished by the podetia, which are from | to 1 in. high, being either densely or partially covered with squamules, and by the form of their scyphi. As observed, however, by Nylander (Syii. p. 200), the podetia are scarcely scyphiferous, but rather radiato-partite (cfr. Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 552). The apothecia are either simple or con- glomerate, becoming in age somewhat large. Hah. On the ground on heaths and on rotten wood in upland situa- tions.— Di'str. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and among the Grampians ; no doubt overlooked elsewhere. — B. M. : Lakenham, Norfolk; near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Dartmoor, S.Devon; Mai vern, Worcestershire ; Burton Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Glen Cal- latei- and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. C. trachyna Nyl. ex Xorrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Fdrh. n. s. x. (1873) p. 319. — Podetia elongate, or mode- rate, cylindrical, squamulose, scyphiferous, sordid-whitish ; scyphi denticulato-proliferous and radiato-cristate at the margins. Apo- thecia minute, brown.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cladonia degenerans f. trachyna Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18. Bcvomyces trachynu* Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 348. From the preceding varieties and forms this differs in the form of the scyphi, which give it somewhat the appearance of C. crispata. This and its general habit seem to entitle it to rank as a subspecies. The podetia are normally from 3 to 5 in. long ; but they sometimes occur less developed. The apothecia are at length dark brown, but our more elongate states are only speruiogoniiferous. Hub. On heathy ground amongst mosses in upland and subalpine regions.— Dlstr. Local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians.— B. M. : Raimorh, Perthshire: Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aherdecnshire. i. 2 148 LICHENACEr. [CLADONIA. Form subfurcata Nyl. ex Norrl. Not. Sitllsk. pro F. et Fl. Form. Forh. n. s. x. (1873)" p. 320. — Podctia elongate, subulate, sub- etipate, fastigiate, branched upwards, gramilato-unequal on the surface, brownish. Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. Tins very peculiar form is as if an hybrid between C. degenerans and C. furcata, to which latter, but for the granulate podetia, it might be referred as a -variety. The absence of any reaction with K keeps it distinct from Cladonia stricta. In this country, as elsewhere, it is always sterile. Hob. On moist peaty ground in subalpine tracts. — Diatr. Found only very sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.— IS. M. : Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 2. C. coralloidea Nyl.Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54. — Thallus small, somewhat pulvinate ; podetia short, branched above, sub- flexviose, verrucose or granulate on the surface, ascyphous. Apo- thecia small, crowded, brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45. — Cla- donia furcata subsp. coralloidea Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 118. Cladonia coralloidea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 5. Cenomyce coralloidea Acb. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 528.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 4. Though receding in various respects from the type, this, according to the specimen from Acharius in Herb. Linn. Soc., is most probably to be regarded as a subspecies of C. degenerans. It is not unlike C. furcata var. palamaa (Ach.), but at once differs from this by having a distinct basal thallus. The only British specimens seen agree with the plant of Acharius, except that the podetia are partly subsquamulose. The apo- thecia seem to be not unfrequent. Hob. On the ground on wet heaths in mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England and among the S. Grampians, Scot- land.— B. M. : Baysdale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 19. C. lepidota Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 176. — Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules somewhat large, crenato-incised, pale glaucous above, white beneath ; podetia robust, pale, foliolose or squamuloso-foliolosc ; scyphi usually narrow, irregular, difform or cristate-divided (K-f yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, brown, conglomerate. — Cenomyce gono- reya f. lepidota Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 259. From C. degenerans, of which it has usually been regarded as a variety, this differs in being more robust and paler, in having the podetia sqiia- mulose with the squamules larger (as also at the base), and in the reaction with K. The type, however, does not occur in our Islands, but ouly the following form. Form hypophylla Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 113. — Thallus foliaceo-squamulose, subcsespitose, greyish-white or greenish-grey, white beneath; podetia obsolete (K -(-yellow, CaCl — ). Apotheci small, sessile, dark-brown. — Cladonia degenerans f. CLADOMA.] CLAUONIEI. 149 Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54 ; Mudd, Brit, Clad. p. 18 pro parte.— Brit. Kvs. : Mudd, n. 9 pro parte, Clad. n. 18. A rather anomalous plant, which, if it does not descend from C. cervi- cornis, with which it somewhat agrees in the character of the basal squaimiles, is most probably referable to this species. The apothecia, which in the absence of rightly developed podetia are sessile on the leaf- lets, are numerous. Hob. On the ground among rocks in upland districts. — Distr. Some- what local, though not uncommon where it occurs in N. Wales, N. Eng- land, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians. — B. M. : Plinlimmon, Car- diganshire ; IJolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Battersby and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Damyat, near Stirling ; Craig Calliach and Loch Eagh, Perthshire ; Lion's Face and Glen Q.uoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. b'. Ascyplice. — Podetia not scyphiferous. 20. C. tnrgida Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1 795) p. 124.— Thallus foliaceous at the base ; leaflets large, laciniiform, variously divided and crenate, sometimes few or evanescent, glaucous-green or whitish, white beneath ; podetia laevigato-corticate, turgid, elongato-turbinate or cylindrical, subscyphiferous or perforate at the apices, the margin dentato-radiate, glaucous or pale-green (Kf-j- yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia brownish-red or pale ; spores oblong or oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long. 0,0035-40 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54. — Lichen turyidus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 297. When rightly developed (for the podetia are occasionally absent), this is a very distinct species, which at first sight might be referred to the macro- phylline section. As stated, however, by Nylauder (Syn. p. 205), its true affinity is with C.furcata in the present section. In the only two British specimens the podetia are here and there sprinkled with smaller leaflets. There are no apothecia present, but the spermogones are abun- dant. Hab. On the ground among heather in subalpine regions. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 21. C. fnrcata Hoffm. Deutsch. FL ii. (1793) p. 115.— Thallus squamulose at the base or evanescent; podetia slender, elongate, glabrous, sparingly branched, glaucous-white or brownish-green, not perforate or subpervious at the axils, the branches somewhat erect, attenuato-subulate and divergenti-furcate at the apices (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, subglobose, brown or reddish-brown ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0034-40 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. p. 205, t. 1. f . 3 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60.— Cladonia furcata ft. siibulata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 236 ; Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23. Cenomyce furcata, ft. subulata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64 ; Tayl. in Mack. FL Hib. ii. p. 80. Cla- donia sululata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 414. Lichen sululalus Linn., 150 LICHEXACKI. Huds. F!. Aiigl. p. 459 ; Light!. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 881 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 42. Coralloides corniculis longiorihus et rariorilus Dill. Muse. 102, t. 16. f. 26. Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum minus crustaceum, minusque ramosum Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 17. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. 50, 51 . This, even its more limited Nylanderian conception, is a very variable species as to the podetia, the differences in which give rise to the fol- lowing subspecies, varieties, and forms. As observed by Nylander (/. «.), it approaches on the one hand C. yracilit* and on the other Cladina rangi- ferina. The type, as above described, is Lichen subulatus of Linnseus and other authors, which in general appearance is somewhat similar to C. gracilis (chordalis), from which it is at once distinguished by the apically furcate podetia. These are at times dark-brown (form spadicea Pers., Ach.) and at other times white (form epermena Ach.), according to nature of habitat, the latter state occurring chiefly on cretaceous and calcareous soil. When fertile, as it rarely is with us, the branches are usually subfastigiate at the apices, with the apothecia either solitary or cymoso-aggregate. For the anatomical texture of the thallus, vide Nyl. I. c. Hob. On the ground on moorlands and in woods in upland tracts. — Distr. Probably general and common in Great Britain and Ireland, though seen from only a comparatively few localities. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; near Widdicombe and Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Temple Moor, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton and Newton, Cleveland, York- shire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; llothiemurchns, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form exilis Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 23.— Podetia very slender, short, simple or sparingly branched, once or twice furcate at the apices. Apothecia small, aggregate, dark-brown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cladonia furcata var. tenuissima Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 20 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 53. This apparently descends from var. tenuissima Florke, of which pro- bably it is only a more stunted state, being from | to 1 in. high. In fertile specimens the podetia are somewhat thicker and but sparingly branched, with very rarely a few minute scattered squamules. The apothecia are usually somewhat numerous. Hob. On sterile ground in upland moorlands. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Guisboro' Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Hill of Fare, Aberdeenshire. Var. /3. corymhosa Nyl. Syn. (1860) p. 207.— Podetia thickish, usually efoliolose, here and there longitudinally fissured, as also at one or the other side of the apices, which are radiato-ramose or subcorymbose. Apothecia as in the type. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20, Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cenomyce allotropa var. corymbosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 556.— To this also seems referable the following : — Cenomyce furcata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. <54 ; (Jladvnia furcata Gray. CLADONIA.] CLADONTEI. 151 Nat. Arr. i. p. 414; while it is also Oladonia furcata pro parte of more recent authors. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. nos. 46, 47 ; Leight. n. 401 ; 13ohl, n. 23. The more or less (sometimes sparingly) fissured podetia and the form of their apices characterize this variety. The podetia, which are fre- quently sub. scarcely entitled to rank otherwise than as a subspecies or probably only as a variety of C. furcata. In this country the apothecia seem to be rare. Hab. On the ground in moorlands, usually on damp peaty soil in upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Malvern, Worcestershire ; Rhewgreidden and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Guisboro' Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay and llannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Cal- later, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Kilkniey, co. Kerry. Form 1. recurva Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 147.— Podetia usually more folioso-squamulose, the branches short, recurved, subfurcate and subulate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cladonia furcata ft. racemosa B. recurva Mudd, Man. p. 58 ; Brit. Clad. p. 22. Cladonia furcata var. recurva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, cd. 3, p. 60. Cladonia recurva Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 115. Lichen furcatus (3. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882 ; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45. Coral- loides corniculis brevioribus et crebrioribus Dill. Muse. 104, t. 16. f. 27 D. Lichenoides tubalosum virescem, ramosius et foliosum, sum- mitatibus arcuatis Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, 67. 19. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 49. The more or less densely squamulose podetia and their recurved apices are the characteristics of this form. In a very young state it sometimes occurs with the basal thallus well-developed and the podetia very short. In our specimens the apothecia are seldom seen. Hob. On the ground in moorlands and on turf-walls in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Occurs only here and there sparingly in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Bolt Head and near Torquay, S. Devon ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Farndale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Cal- liach and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Hills of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Glen Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. palamaea Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 91.— Podetia somewhat turgid and curved, noduloso-rugose, usually some- what dilated and subdigitutcly divided at the apices. — Btcomyeet syinosus ft. palamceus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 359. CLADONIA.] Cf.ADONIEr. 153 A very anomalous form, distinguished by the podetia being rougher and here and there nodulose, as also by the form of their apices. In our British specimens the apothecia are small aud but sparingly present. Hub. On the ground in upland localities. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S. and W. England. — 13. M. : Near Shiere, Surrey ; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire. 22. C. pungens Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 156. — Thallus squa- raulose, evanescent at the base ; podetia slender, erect or ascending, inuch and divaricately branched, glabrous or subverruculose, greyish- or sometimes brownish-white; branches attenuato-subulate and divergcnti-furcate at the apices, which are often reddish-brown (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, brownish ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415 ; Sm. Eug. Fl. v. p. 235; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 406, Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 53 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Cladonia furcata $. punyens Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20. Liclien pungens Ach. Prodr. ( 1 798) p. 202, Eng. Bot. t. 2444. Lichen ranyiferinus /3. si/lvaticus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 879. Lidien ranyiferinus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Coralluides fruticuli specie candicans, corniculis rufiscentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 16. f. 30 A. Liclif noides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie candicans. cor- niculis rufescentibus Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 15. — Brit. Res.: Leight. n. 16; Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. 54, 55; Cromb. n. 123. In general appearance this resembles smaller states of Cladina sylvatica, with which it was frequently confounded by the older authors. Its affinities, however, are entirely with C. furcata, though, apart from the reaction, there are sufficient diversities in habit and the character of the podetia to entitle it to rank as a distinct species. It forms densely con- gested and intricate tufts, which sometimes spread extensively. The podetia, which are often of a brownish colour, are rather fragile, small, and attenuate at the subpungent apices. It is comparatively rare in fruit, though in some situations the apothecia are abundant and more or less conglomerate. Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Eng- land; apparently much rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Sark. Near Ilemsby, Norfolk ; Eppiug Forest, Essex ; Esher, Surrey; Shoreham, Sussex; Lydd, Kent ; Isle of Wight ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Penzance and St. Merryn, Corn- wall ; Bretch, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Dovedale, Derbyshire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Delamere Forest, Cheshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Ayton and Clitirigg, Cleveland, York- shire ; Wiodermere, Westmoreland ;" St. Bees, Cumberland. New Gal- loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen. Warrenscourt and Macroon, co. Cork. Form 1. nivea Kocrb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 55.— Podetia erect, crowded, very white. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45. — Bteomyces punf/Liis p. niveus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 354. 154 LICHENACEI. [t'LADOSIA. Differs merely in the snow-white colour of the podetia, which become brownish at the apices. The only British specimens seen are sterile. Hab. On mossy rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Windermere, Westmoreland. Head of Loch Creran, Barcaldine. Argyleshire. Form 2. foliosa Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 156.— Podetia erect or decumbent, more or less sprinkled with minute leaflets. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Clci- donia furcata E.pungens c. foliosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 24. Corcii- loides fruticuU specie cctndicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 16. f. 30 c, D. — Brit.Exs,: Mudd, Clad. n. 56; Leight. n. 374. Except in the foliaceous podetia this form is also entirely similar to the type. It appears to be very rarely fertile, the apothecia when present being usually simple and dark-brown. Hab. On the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs, in England ; not yet seen from Scotland or Ireland. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Kent: Basingstoke, Hants; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Redcar, Yorkshire ; near Hartlepool, Dur- ham ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Subsp. C. muricata Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Podetia some- what turgid, rugose, sparingly branched, glabrous or squamulose, simple and obtuse or shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia small, dark-brown. — Cladonia furcata var. muricata Nyl. Syn. i. p. 207. Cmomyce inuricuta Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 622. Lichen deformis Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 pro parte. Coralluides crassius subincanum, calicibus dentatis Dill. Muse. 95, 1. 15. f. 18 B (deformed state). Lichenoides tubulosnm tnayis ramosum, tnaxime difforme Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 68, n. *23.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 369. This is a more robust and less-branched plant, having the podetia either erect or prostrate, with the cortex rugoso-unequal, usually more or less equamulose (form lepidota Del.), and occasionally variously difform. It somewhat resembles- states of subsp. C. racemosa, but it has with K the reaction of C. punt/ens, of which it forms a well-marked subspecies. The apothecia are extremely rare in our British specimens. Hab. On the ground in upland situations. — Distr. Local, though some- what plentiful where it occurs, in S., Central, and \V. England. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; Basingstoke, Hants ; near Amberley, Sussex ; Thetford Koad, Gloucestershire ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. 23. C. crispata Nyl. Xot. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 110.— Thallus foliaceous at the base; leaflets small, incised and crenate, greyish- or greenish-white, sometimes evanes- cent ; podetia somewhat turgid, glabrous, sometimes 3-4-, usually repeatedly, branched, concolorous or pale-greyish or stibspadiccous, CLAUONIA.J CLADOMK'. 155 the apices and the axils infundibulitbnn, pervious, the apertures cristate at the margins (K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia small, brown or reddish.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 61. — Clndonia furcatti a. crispata Mudd, Man. p. 57, Brit. Clad, p. 22. Bwomyces turbinatus £. crispatus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 341. CoraUoides perforatum minus, molle et tenue Dill. Muse. 99, t. 16. f. 22 a.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 45. Though reg-arded by some authors as the type of C. furcata, the glabrous proliferous podetia, the characters of their apices and axils, and the cristate margins of the apertures at once separate it from all the vaiieties and forms of that species and render it specifically distinct. In this country the apothecia are rare, though the spermogones are not unfrequent. Hob. On the ground among mosses in upland and subalpine moorland districts. — Distr. Local and rare in N. England and among the Gram- pians, Scotland. — B. M. : Kildale Moor and Lounsdale, Cleveland, York- shire. Ben-y-gloe Mountains, Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. C. furcatiformis Xyl. Flora, 1874, p. 318.— Podetia slender, very much branched, caespitoso-fruticulose, the scyphi cris- tato-ciliate at the margins. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 12. Distinguished as a subspecies by the characters of the podetia and their scyphi. The only British specimen seen is not very typical, and is quite sterile. Hob. On the ground among mosses in upland districts. — Distr. Appa- rently extremely local and scarce in X. Kngland, though it no doubt occurs also in the Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Ingleby Park, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. 24. C. cenotea Schser. Spic. (1823) p. 35.— Thallus nearly efo- liolose or with small lobato-crenate squamules at the base : podetia cylindrical, whitish or greyish-pulverulent, repeatedly proliferous, the axils and apices often dilated, scyphoid and pervious, the aper- tures (usually brownish within) denticulate (K — , CaCl — ). Apo- thecia small, brown or pale ; spores moderate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. — Bceomyces cenoteus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 345. The pulverulent podetia, with their pervious axils and apices, readily distinguish this from C. crispata. They are glabrous and corticate at the base, and from being repeatedly proliferous have a branched appearance. In the few British speciniens seen the apothecia are very rare. Hub. On putrid stumps of trees in wooded upland situations. — Distr. Very local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland, where it is con- fined apparently to some of the remnants of the old Caledonian Forest. — H. M. : Black Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. /3. glauca Xyl. in Zw. Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 12.— Podetia moderate, glaucous, furfuraceous or here and there sprinkled with 156 LICHENACEI. [CJLADONIA. minute glaucous squamules, slightly pervious at the axils and lacero- rauiate, the apices subulato-furcate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45, xi. p. 113 (ut aubsp.). — Cladonia glauea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 140. Differs perhaps as a subspecies in the colour of the podetia and the form of their apices. In our only two British specimens the podetia are almost entirely furfuraceous, with a few scattered squamules towards the base. The apothecia, which are small, dark-brown, are very rarely present. Hal). Among mosses on putrid stumps in mountainous districts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — 13. M. : Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Glen Creran, Argyleshire. 25. C. scabriuscula Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 447.— Thallus squa- mulose at the base, the squamules small, often evanescent ; podetia caespitose, slender, erect or curved, scabrid, more or less minutely squamulose, divaricately branched, greyish-white, tbe brandies subalternate, recurved and furcate at the apices (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, terminal, brown. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 6l.— Cenomyce scabriuscula Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 623. This approaches on the one hand subsp. C. raccmosa f. recurva (tcnmor) and on the other subsp. C*. adspersa of the following species. From both, however, it is separated by the podetia and the reaction with K, so that it may with propriety be regarded as holding an intermediate specific place. In our British specimens' there are only a few young apothecia. flab. On mossy rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Found only in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, S. Scotland, and the W. Highlands. — B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Near Beckey Falls, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Linnhe, Lochabe'r, Inverness-shire. 26. C. squamosa HofFm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 125. — Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base ; squamules crenate or iuciso- crcnate, greyish-white or pale above, white beneath ; podetia cylin- drical, branched, more or less covered with minute leaflets or furfu- raceous squamules, the axils pervious, dentate and proliferous at Ihe apertures; apices somewhat furcate or, when fertile, radiato- cristate, subcorymbose (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, pale or reddish-brown ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p. 19 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 61. — ScypTiopTiorus sparassus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Cenomyce sparassa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Scliasmaria sparassa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 416. Lichen sjiarassus Eng. Bot. t. 2362. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 13 ; Cromb. n. 124 ; Larb. Cassar. n. 10 pro parte. CLABONIA..] CLADON1EI. 157 Well distinguished by the minutely foliaceo-squaraulose podetia (which in old age become subdenudate) and b}T their perforate axils with dentate or sublacerate margins. The podetia vary in height from 1 to 3 inches, and are slender or somewhat turgid, simple or repeatedly branched. It is not very common in fruit, but when present the apothecia are cymoso- aggregate, at first plane and margined, at length convex and immarginate. Hal). Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in wooded, maritime, and upland tracts. — Distr. General, and usually plentiful where it occurs, chiefly in the hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Island*. — B. M. : Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey. Epping Forest, Essex ; near Beckey Falls, Devonshire ; St. Breock, Corn- wall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Ar- gyleshire; Bracklin Bridge, Rannoch, and Loch Tay, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods and Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Black Mountain, near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Doneraile Mts., co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Gal way. Form 1. ventricosa Fr.Lich.Eur. (1831) p. 231.— Podetia stout, subvontricose, the axils and apices dilated, open, infundibuliform. — Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p. 19 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.— Bwmyces sparassus ft. ventricosus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 347. — Lichen ventricosus Huds., as will subsequently be seen, is not, as supposed by authors, referable to this form. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 40. Probably this is to be regarded as but a more robust state of the type (with which it is sometimes confluent) depending upon the nature of the habitat. The podetia are much branched, with the branches often as if scypliii'orm. It is but sparingly seen fertile. Hub. Among mosses on moist rocks in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, N. England, and the S.W. High- lands of Scotland. — B. M. : Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Aberdovev, Merionethshire ; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Form 2. cucullata Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Tballus with the squamules at the base and on the podetia minute, narrowly laciniate, crenulate and cucullato-revolute. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii. p. 558 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.— Ceno- •nnjce cucullata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 626. Cladonia squamosa ft. rnicrophyUa Mudd, Man. p. 56. Coralloides scyphi- forme foliis alcicorniformibus cartUayinosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 D.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 14, Clad. nos. 33, 50. Differs in the form of the smaller squamules, which give it a. rather fine appearance. In the British specimens the podetia are usually short and sterile, rarely more elongate and fertile. Hub. On mossy boulders and putrid trunks in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local and rare in W. and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, the W. Highlands, and N.W. Ireland.-B. M.: Near Withiel, Cornwall ; 158 T.ICHENA.CTI. [CLADOMA. Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Toug- land, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness- shire. Leenane, near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. C. adspersa Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114. — Podetia moderate, somewhat slender, squamuloso-furfuraceous, sparingly branched ; branches subsirnple, usually recurved, subulate or furcately divided at the apices (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, dark-brown. — Cladonia adspersa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360. Cladonia furrata var. adspersa Florke, Deutsch. Lich. (1821) n. 198; Leight, Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61. Though regarded by authors as belonging to C.furcata, var. recurva of which it closely approaches, Nylander now rei'ers this to C. squamosa as a subspecies well characterized by the podetia. With us, as elsewhere, the apothecia are very rare, but the spermogones are frequent. Hab. Among mosses in woods and on shady rocks in upland districts. — Distr. Local in England and Ireland ; more general in the Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Shanklin Downs, Isle of Wight ; Epping Forest, Essex ; near Oxford ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Inglismaldie Woods, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Connemara, co. Galway. 27. C. subsquamosa Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 560. — Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base ; squamules small, inciso-crenate, pale or greyish-green above, white beneath ; podetia somewhat short or more elongate, branched, minutely squa- mulose in the lower portion, granulate above, furcate, or radiato- cristate and subcorymbose at the apices (K + yellow and then crim- son, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, reddish-brown. — Cladonia delicata var. subsquamosa Nyl. ex Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. (1866) p. 407 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 55.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 14 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 10 pro parte ; Leight. n. 405; Bohl. n. 16. A somewhat variable plant, approaching in some of its smaller states C. delicata, with which it agrees in the thalline reaction. In its larger states again it is subsimilar to C. squamosa, from which it can rightly be distinguished only on the application of K. The apothecia in our speci- mens are rarely present. Hab. On rotten stumps of trees and among mosses in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, among the Grampians, and in E. and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey. Ightham Com- mon, Kent ; Shanklin, I. of Wight ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Kildale and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumberland ; Bellingham Woods, North- umberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inver- ness-shire. Kelly's Glen, near Dublin ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Leenane, Connemara, co. Galway. CLADONIA.] CLADONIEI. 159 Form tumida Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.— Podetia turgid, ventricose, the axils and apices dilated, infundibuliform. This is analogous to form ventricosa of C. squamosa, with which but for the reaction it might readily be confounded. It is apparently but rarely fertile. Hab. On moist shady rocks among mosses in upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and in the S.W. Highlands.— B. M. : High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll- shire. 28. C. asperella Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.— Thallus squamulose at the base, the squamules minute, inciso-crenate, sub- evanescent ; podetia elongate, slender, erect, whitish or greyish- white, glabrous, squamulose or furfuracoo-pulverulent, prolif'erously and variously branched, the axils and apices pervious, denticulate (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown. — Cladonia s<)uamosa ft. asperella Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 132; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 20. — To this fide Nyl. is referable also Cenomyce speciosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 626. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 41. From subspecies C. adspersa, which it closely resembles, this differs in the erect podetia and their fasciculate branches, which are subulate or truncate at the apices. It may thus with propriety be regarded as » distinct species rather than as a subspecies of C. squamosa. In the very few British specimens the podetia, which are 2-3^- in. long, are sparingly foliiferous throughout, with the apothecia rarely present. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and heaths in upland districts. — Disfr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. England. — B. M. : Stogdale, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Form polychonia Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114. — Podetia glabrous and furfur aceo-pulverulent, the axils dilated and radiato- proliferous. — Cladonia squamosa f. polychonia Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 136 ; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 20.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 42. Differs in the absence of any folioles on the podetia (except occasionally towards their base) and in the form of the axils. The apothecia are very rare. Hab. On the ground in upland heaths. — Distr. Rare and local in N. England ; probably to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Baysdale, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. 29. C. csespititia Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 8.— Thallus squamulose- foliaceous at the base : leaflets small, ascending, lacimato-lobed, crenate or eroso-lacerate at the margin, densely caespitoso-congested, pale-green above, white beneath ; podetia very short, naked, cylin- drical, simple or divided, pale (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia conglo- merate either on the podetia or on the leaflets, flesh-coloured or reddish; spores 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Cladonia squamosa subsp. cwspititia Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20. Cladonia sqnawosa e. cct'spiiitia Mudd, Man. p. 57, 160 LICHENACET. [CLADONIA. Brit. Clad. p. 21. Cladonia pyxidata var. caspititia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57. Scyphophorus wspititius Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 236 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 417. Lichen caspititius Eng. Bot. t. 179f5. Bceomyces c^rititius Pers. in list. Ann. i. (1794) p. 155. — Si-it. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 44 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 2 ; Bohl. n. 72 ; Leight. n. 368. Though appearing as if descending from C. squamosa, yet preserving as it constantly does its own type, this may rightly be regarded as a distinct species. At first sight, as observed by Nylander (Syn. p. 210), it looks almost as if it were a foliolose species of Baomyces, or, when the apothecia are sessile, as if it were a squamulose Lecidea with reddish apothecia. When more developed, it forms erect imbricate tufts of moderate size, and when less developed and with the squamules more scattered (terri- cole) it is rather widely expanded. The podetia, which arise from the upper surface of the laciniae, are naked or occasionally subverrucose, and often so short that the apothecia and the spermogones are apparently sessile on the leaflets. Hob. Among mosses on the trunks of trees and on rocks, on thatched roofs, and also on the bare ground in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain ; rare in S. and W. Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Belcroute Biy, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; Hornsey Wood, Middlesex ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; near Beckey Falls, S. Devon; St. Breward, Cornwall; Oaksey, Wiltshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Stableford, Shrop- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Beaumaris', Island of Anglesea; Cliff- rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, u-gyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Dunscombe Wrood, co. Cork ; Killarney, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberd Loch Lim co. Kerry. 30. C. delicata Florke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 7.— Thallus caespitosely fbliaceous at the base: leaflets minute, narrowly eroso- laciniate, granulato-lcprose at the margin, greenish-white or brownish- grey ; podetia short, slender, somewhat thickened upwards, simple or shortly divided at the apices, granulato-furfuraceous or minutely equamulose (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia generally conglo- merate, brown or pale; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. FL p. 58, ed. 3, p. 55. — Cladonia squamosa S. delicata Mudd, Man. p. 56. ffelopodium delicatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 416. Lichen ddicatus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. (1793) n. 247 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2052. Scyphophorus parasiticus (Hoffm.) Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Ceno- muce parasitica Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. SO.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 15, Clad. n. 43 ; Leight. n. 382. From the preceding species, to states of which it bears considerable resemblance, this is distinguished by the microphylline thallus, the sub- leprose margins of the leaflets, and the granulate or squamulose podetia. More especially, however, and at once, it may with certainty be recog- nized by the reaction with K. In suitable habitats it spreads somewhat extensively, and is generally fertile. The apothecia are small, but are seldom seen simple. CLADONIA.] CLADONIEI. 161 Hob. On rotten rails and stumps of trees in upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat scarce, occurring here and there throughout England, rare in S. Scotland and in the S. and W. Highlands ; not yet seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Edgefield, Norfolk ; Chelsfield, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyndlmrst, New Forest, Hants ; Crown East Wood, near Worcester ; Aymestry, Herefordshire ; Bagot's Park, Staffordshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Easby Wood and Kildale, Cleveland, York- shire ; Wastdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Killin, Perthshire. B. ERYTHROCARP^E.— Apothecia scarlet. 31. C. coccifera Schser. Spic. (1823) p. 24.— Thallus squamulose or subfoliaceous at the base ; squamulcs somewhat firm, crenate or incised, greyish-green ; podetia somewhat short, glabrous, unequally granuloso-corticate, subsimple, scyphiferous, greenish- or whitish- yellow; scyphi subregular, dilated (Kf'-(- yellow, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia sessile or pedicellate, often confluent; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114; Mudd, Man. p. 60, t. i. f. 11 pro parte ; Brit. Clad. p. 28 pro parte. Scypliopliora coccifera Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Cenomyce coccifera Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 pro parte. Lichen cocciferus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1151 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 866 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 39 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2051. Cladonia cornucopioides Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 62. Coralloides scy- phi forme, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. TA-F, G— I. Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis amcene coccineis Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 35. — Lichen cornucopioides Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1151 (post cocciferum), according to the specimen in his own Herb., is not referable to this plant.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 23, Clad, nos. 65, 66 ; Leight. n. 404 & 375 pro parte : Bohl. n. 40. In various respects this resembles C. pyxidata of the preceding section, but is at once distinguished by the scarlet apothecia, which, however, in old age (and also in herbaria) frequently become denigrate. When sterile, the colour of the podetia, the less dilated margins of the scyphi, and the chemical reactions prevent it from being confounded with pyxi- data. It is a somewhat variable species with respect to the podetia, which are either regular and simple (stemmatina Ach.), or proliferous from the margins (extensa Ach.), occasionally becoming in old plants costate. The basal squamules are sometimes small or rarely subeva- nescent. When fertile the apothecia are occasionally expanded and nearly cover the whole interior of the scyphi. Hob. On sterile soil and turf- walls, chiefly upon moorlands from mari- time to subalpine tracts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in most farts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : .e Goufl're, Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wi-rht; St. Breward and near Wadebridge, Cornwall; Shotover Hill, Berks ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Battersby Moor, Ayton Moor, and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- M 162 LICHEN ACEl. [CT-ABONIA. brightahire ; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyllshire ; Glen Lochav, near Tummel Bridge, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Countesswells, and Scotston Moor, near Aberdeen, Glen Clunie and Beu-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Done- raile Mts., co. Cork ; Side Devis, near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. asotea Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 29. — Podetia obco- nico-scyphiform ; scyphi proliferous (or aggregate-proliferous) from the centre. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Scyphophora asotea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Bceomyces cocciftrus y. asoteus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 332. Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. 7 K-M. This differs in the form of the podetia, which are often phyllophorous, and in the prolifications of the scyphi, which are sometimes 2-3 repeated, and thus present an analogy to those of C. sobolifera. As observed, how- ever, by Acharius, Syn. p. 269, it grows along with the type and pro bably occurs on the same thallus, so that it can be considered only as a form. In our British specimens the apothecia are generally expanded. Hob. On peaty soil among mosses in mountainous districts. — Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. England, and among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Alston Moors, Cumberland. Ran- noch, Perthshire ; Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. cornucopioides Fr. fil. Licli. Scand. (1871) p. 71. — Podetia somewhat short, more or less squamoso-foliaceous ; scyphi proliferous both from the centre and the margins, foliiferous. Apo- thecia conglomerate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — ScyphophonH asotea ft. cornucopioides Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Cenomyce coc- cifera /3. cornucopioides Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen cornuco- pioides Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 860 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40 pro parte. Bwomyces cornu- copioidts Ach. Meth. (3803) p. 333. Cladonia coccifera e phytto- coma Florke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67, eel. 3, p. 62. — Brit. E.vs. : Mudd, n. 23 pro parte, Clad. n. 67 ; Leight. n. 375 pro parte. In the prolifications of the scyphi this unites in itself the position of those of the type (e.rtetifa) and of form asotea. Its most characteristic mark is the development of the podetial squamules into folioles on the margins of the scyphi, crowning as it were the usually crowded apothecia. Hob. Among mosses on boulders and walls in upland mountainous situations. — Distr. Rather local and scarce in N. England, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians. — B.M.: Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Battersby Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. jS. incrassata Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 71.— Thallus minutely squamulose and verrucose at the base ; podetia short, ver- rucoso-granulate, simple and gubcvlindrical or sparingly divided at CLADONIA.] CLAUONIEI. 163 the incrassate apices ; scyphi not (or scarcely) developed. Apothecia small, crowded. — -.Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92. — Cladonia incrassata Florke, Comra. Clad. (1828) p. 21. Cladonia macilenta form deminuta Crorub. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. This apparently descends from C. coccifera, of which it is probably only a peculiar and diminutive condition. Thepodetia are usually about 2 lines, rarely \ in. high, with the scyphi either not at all developed or very narrow. The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length more or less continent. Hab. On peaty soil and putrid stumps of trees in mountainous districts. — Distr. Found only sparingly in the S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire. Subsp. C. pleurota Croinb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.— Pode- tia turbinato-scyphiferous, pulverulent, yellowish-white or pale- greenish ; scyphi dilated, subentire or rarely proliferous at the margins. Apothecia solitary, subpedicellate. — Cladonia cornuco- pioides subsp. pleurota Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. Cladonia cornuco- pioides form pleurota Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed.3, p. 62. Cladonia coccifera (3. pleurota Mudd, Man. p. 60 ; j. deformis b. pleurota Brit. Clad. p. 30. Sci/phopJiora pleurota Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424. Capitularia pleurota Florke in Berl. Mag* 1808, p. 218. Scypha- phoi-us cocciferus Hook. Eug. Fl. v. p. 240. Though sometimes regarded as a variety of C. deformis, its affinity is undoubtedly with C. coccifera, to which it holds a somewhat analogous relation as C.fonbriata to C. py.iidata. Since, however, as pointed out by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 59, it occurs also with the podetia corticate at the base, it can scarcely be regarded as a distinct species. Thepodetia in states with larger scyphi have the margin at length sinuate and radiate. With us it is only smaller and less typical states that are usually seen, and the apothecia are rarely present. Hub. On the ground among mosses in shady places, on moorlands, and in woods in upland districts. — Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, the W. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward, Cornwall ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. 32. C. bellidiflora Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 95.— Thallus foliaceo- sijuarnose at the base ; leaflets somewhat firm, variously divided or crenato-incised, straw-coloured above, white beneath ; podetia cor- ticate, subsimple, squamoso-foliaceous. cylindrical, or scyphiterous, often somewhat ventricose in the middle, straw-coloured or greyish- green ; scyphi narrow, sometimes divided when not rightly deve- loped (K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia somewhat large, often conglo- merate; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm. thick. — • Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72, ed. 3, p. 65. Cladonia coccifera /5. bellidiflora Mudd, Man. p. 60, Brit. Clad. p. 29. Scyphophorus bellid'iflorus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424. Cenoimjce beUidiflora Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen bellid'tflorus Ach. Prodr. 164 LICHESACEl. [CLADONIA. (1708) p. 194; Eng. Bot. t. 1894. Lichen cornutus e. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876. Coralloides vix ramosum, scyphis olscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14F. Coralloides scyphiforme, ossis femoris facie Dill. Muse. 91, t. 15. f. 15. — To this also is referable Cladunia vestita Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xix. (1867) p. 117, Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed. 3, p. 62. From C. cocci/era this differs in the longer (2-3 in.), slender, and more squamulose podetia, as also in the absence of any chemical reactions. As observed, however, by Fries til. (Lich. Scand. p. 05), specimens from more arctic regions are with K (CaCl) distinctly yellowish. This is also occasionally the case with specimens growing at high altitudes on the Scottish mountains, whence C. vestita Leight., which is nothing typical, and differs in the diagnosis from var. vestita Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 541. The basal squamules or leaflets are often glaucous and occasionally some- what large, while the podetia are frequently brownish at the base and sometimes proliferous. The apothecia are usually numerous, of a fine scarlet colour, though occasionally, as in the other species of this section, becoming denigrate. Hob. On peaty soil among mosses in upland, but chiefly in subalpiue and alpine districts of mountainous regions.— Distr. Local and scarce in \V. and N. England and N. Wales ; more frequent among the Scottish Grampians ; doubtful in E. Ireland. — B. M. : Hustyn Down, Cornwall ; Diffwys, near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; the Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Loch Phadrig in Gl'en Callater, and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form 1. gracilenta Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 99.— Podetia elon- gate, slender, branched : scyphi dilated, dentato-radiatc at the mar- gins, substerile. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2\.— Cladonia cocci/era ft. btttidiflora b. gracilenta Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29. Cenomyce cocco- cepliala £. gracilenta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 542. Differs only in having the podetia more slender, branched (2-4 divided), and in being substerile, with the apothecia seldom rightly developed. near Loch Phadrig, Glen Callater, and on Ben-riaboord, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. ft. Hookeri Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 221.— Podetia glabrous, unequally corticate, esquamulose, or occasionally here and there with a few small sqnamules. Apothecia large.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Cladonia Hoolccri Tuck. Syn. (1845) p. 55. Characterized by the naked or almost entirely naked podetia In the only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and having a few minute squamules intermixed. Hah. On the ground in subalpine moorlands. — Distr. Very local and rare, having been seen only from one locality among the N. Grampian*, Scotland. — B. M. : Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. ITADONIA.] CLADOXIFJ. 165 33. C. deformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 120.— Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base ; leaflets moderate or somewhat large, pale-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia elongate, turgid, simple, efoliolose, tuboeforrni-scyphiferous, sulphureo-pulverulent ; scyphi regular or difform, creriato-dentate or irregularly proliferous at the margins (Kf+ yellowish, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia dis- crete or conglomerate ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 68, ed. 3, p. 63. — Cladonia cocci/era S. deformis Mudd, Man. p. 61, Brit. Clad. p. 30. Scifphophorus deformis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 244 ; Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 442. Cenomyce deformis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen deformis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1152 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1394.— Lichen deformis of Hudson and our older authors is referable to the next species.— Brit. E.vs. : Mudd, n. 25, Clad. n. 68 ; Bohl. n. 39. From var. pleurota of C. cornucopioides, with which it is comparable, this is distinguished by the elongate, more turgid, and differently coloured podetia. These are sometimes nearly fissured throughout, more or less corticate, and when sterile are cornute. The apothecia, which are at length conglomerate, are very rare in Great Britain, and are seldom seen rightly developed. Hab. On the ground among heaths in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Not very general nor common in W. and N. England, more frequent among the Scottish Grampians, especially in Braemar ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Guisboro' Moor and Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Wiudermere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perth- shire ; Linn of Dee, Ben-naboord, and Loch Phadrig, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; near Forres, Elginshire. Form 1. gonecha Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 222. —Podetia longer, gradually incrassate upwards from the base ; the scyphi dilated, irregular, lacero-radiate. Apothecia somewhat large, confluent. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Bceomyces deformis y. c/omchits Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 335. This form is characterized by the larger, turgid podetia, and by the irregular form of the scyphi. The only British specimens gathered are sterile. Hab. On peaty soil amongst stunted heaths on subalpine moorlands. — Disfi: Very local and rare among the N. Grampians and in the N.W. Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Billochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeeu- shire ; Ben Ferrog, Inverness-shire. Form 2. pulvinata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 60.— Thallus pulvinato-congested at the base, the podetia short, narrow, cnrvato- rlexuose and lacero-fissured, substerile. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46. — Cenomyce pidvinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 544. The small pulvinate basal thallus, consisting of minute imbricate leaf- lets, and the less developed, curved, and fissured podetia are the dis- tinctive marks of this form, which, however, is connected with the type by intermediate states. It is never seen with the apothecia rightly developed. 166 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA. Hob. On peaty soil and decayed trunks of trees in upland situations. — Distr. Found only in N. England and among the Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Eglestone, Durham. Rannoch and Craig-y-barns, Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Braeinar, Aherdeenshire ; Rothie- muichus Woods, Inverness-shire. 34. C. digitata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 124.— Thnllus foliaceous at the base, the leaflets roundly lobed or crenato-incised, pale-green above, beneath whitish and usually pulverulent; podetia Bubcylindrical, simplish, rarely divided, scyphiferous, white- or yellow-pulverulent in the upper portion, corticate and subrugulose at the base ; scyphi usually narrow, the margin incurved, entire or irregularly divided and shortly proliferous (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small and discrete, or large and confluent ; spores 0,009- 11 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63. — Cladonia cocci/era e. digitate et £. digitato-radiata Mudd, Man. p. 61, ni/ce digitata e. monstrosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 268. Evidently but an accidental monstrosity, characterized by the more turgid podetia and the abnormal form of the scyphi. In the'few British specimens the apothecia are but sparingly present. Hnb. On decaying trunks of trees in wooded mountainous districts. — Dlsfr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Craig Cltmy, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire. 35. C. macilenta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 126.— Thallus squamuloso-foliaceous at the base, the squamules small, incised or crenato-lobed, glaucous -greenish or glaucous-greyish above, white beneath : podetia cylindrical, slender, simple or sometimes shortly divided at the apices, ascyphous or rarely narrowly and minutely Bcyphiferous, whitish- pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, terminal, solitary or tuberculoso-confluent. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Cladonia diyitata subsp. macilenta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63. Lichen macilentus Ehrh. PI. Crypt. (1793) n. 2>>7. Cladonia coccifera 77. macilenta c. filiformig Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p. 32. Cenomyce filiformis Srn. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.' 82. 'Lichen filiformis Relh. in Eng. Boh t. 2028 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38. Scypho- phora bacillaris Gray, Xat. Arr. i. p. 422 pro parte. Lichen tubi- fonnis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 871 pro parte. Coralloides via; ramosum , soyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 A. — Coralloides sfi/phis yracilibus iubiformibus, Pedicularis folio Dill. Muse. 85, t.' 14. f. 10 B.— Brit* Ex*. : Mudd, nos. 26 'pro parte, 29, Clad, n. 75 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 283. In its typical state this is distinguished from the preceding by the smaller basal squamules, which are esorediate beneath, and by the slender Mcyphoua or minutely scyphiferous podetia, which are pulverulent throughout. It is very variable as to the basal thallus and the pode- tia, the differences in which give rise to the following varieties and 168 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA. forms. The apothecia are not very common in a rightly developed con- dition. Hob. Among mosses on old trunks of trees and on the ground in wooded upland districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in most parts of Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants ; Lustleigh, Devonshire ; near Withiel, Cornwall ; Bradgate Park, Leicestershire ; Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Ayton and Ingleby, Cleveland. " Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Barcal- dine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Craig-y-Barns near Dunkeld, and Falls of Bruar, Perthshire; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Form 1. styracella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.— Thallus foliolose at the base, the leaflets minute, thin, lobed, subimbricate or somewhat scattered ; podetia simple, slender, subuliform, white- pulverulent, the scyphi very minute with entire margin. Apothecia not seen rightly developed. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Bceo- myces bacittaris j. styracellus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 330. Cladonia cocci/era e. macilenta f. subulata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 74 ; Leight, n. 297. Differs chiefly in the thinly lobed basal folioles and in the s'mj 1 r podetia, which are attenuate upwards. The minute st-yphi are rarely present, and the apothecia occur only in a young state. Hob. On mossy trunks of old trees in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local and rare in S., W., and N. England, more frequent among the Scottish Grampians ; rare in the Channel Islands and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Nesscliff, Shropshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tum- mel, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 2. clavata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 334.— Podetia thickish, simple, subvcntricose, cornute at the apices, white-pulverulent. Apo- thecia few, minute. — Crornb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Subsp. Cladonia macilenta f. clavata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3> p. 64. Bceomyces deformis j3. clavatus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 334. Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta 1. monstrosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 33. Lichen cornutits fl. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876. Coralloides vix ramosum scypliis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 B, c. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 79 ; Leight. n. 403. This form is as it were only a more turgid state of the preceding, with which also it agrees in the length of the clavato-ventricose podetia (though these are sometimes thick and stunted), which render it easily distinguished. It is apparently everywhere extremely rare with rightly developed apothecia. Hob. On the ground among mosses on heaths and on the dead stumps of trees in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Found only in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : New Forest, Hants; Long Mynd, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. CT-ADOXIA.] CLADONIEI. 109 Form 3. scolecina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.— Thalius with the basal squamules minute, greyish, partly granulose or gra- nuloso-dissolved ; podetia very short, somewhat ventricoso-subulate, greyish-granulose. Apothecia minute, solitary or 2-3-aggregate. — Cromb. Lich. Brit,, p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114. — Bcromyces scolecimis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 324, t. 7. f. 2. A well-marked form distinguished by the short podetia (2-3 lines in height) and by the granulose squamules. The apothecia, which Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 543) erroneously describes as " brown," are apparently extremely rare ; so that the plant is generally spoken of as sterile. Hub. On old decaying pales and dead wood of trees in lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. and Central England. — B. M. : Walthanistow, Essex ; Chichester, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire. Var. /3. scabrosa Nyl. &pLamy, Bull. Soc. Bot.Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 357. — Thallus granuloso-squamulose at the base; sqnamules greyish or glaucous, beneath white ; podetia short, cylindrical, simple or short and variously divided above, ascyphous, greyish- white or glaucous, entirely granuloso-rugose. Apothecia small, discrete or confluent. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. — Gladonia coc- cifera e. macilenta e. scabrosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 32. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 73. Well characterized by the crowdedly rugose basal and podetial squa- mules, which give it a peculiarly scabrid appearance. The podetia are from j to \ in. long, of moderate thickness, and often divided towards the apices. In the simple podetia the apothecia are rarely present ; but in those more divided they are frequent and numerous. Hob. On putrid stumps and on turf-walls in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England and N. Wales, but more frequent among the Scottish Grampians ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Eppiug Forest, Essex ; Ardingly, Sussex ; near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly. Meri nethshire ; Bridel Gill, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Ar- gyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form intumescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 46. — Podetia more elongate, turgid, densely and coarsely granulato-squamulose, simple and rarely obscurely scyphiferous at the apices. — Cladonia macilenta form incrassata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92. Differs in the much thicker podetia, which are from \ to 1 in. in length. They are also occasionally obscurely scyphoid at the apices, the scyphi being coarsely granular within. When present the apothecia are minute and discrete. " Hal. On turf-walls in shady upland situations. — Distr. Found only among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Yar. y. coronata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.— Thallus folioloso sqnamulose at the base, the leaflets pale-greenish above, 170 LICHE.VACEI. [CLADONIA. multifid and crenate ; podetia somewhat thickish, pulverulent and squamulose, either digitately branched or with narrow proliferous scyphi at the apices. Apothecia moderate, or smaller aud conglo- merate.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46. — Bceomyces digitati.is /?. foro- natun Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 333. Cladonia diyitata var. macilenta f. polydactijla (Florke) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64, et forma coronata p. (55. — Cladoniti cocci/era rj. macilenta A. polydactyla Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p. 32. SL-yphophorus digitatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240. Cenom>/ce diyitata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen digitals Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 39 ; Eug. Bot. 2439. Lichen pyxidatns e. digitatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457. Ooralloides cornucopioides inoanum, scyphis cristatis Dill. Muse. 94, t. 15. f. 17 A.—BHt, Exs. : Leight. n. 274; Mudd, nos. 27, 28, Clad. nos. 77, 78, 72 pro parte ; Bohl. nos., 7, 8. Often confused with C. digitatn, from which it is well distinguished by the podetia. It differs from the other varielies and forms of this species in the more developed basal leaflets, and in the more or less squamuloso- foliaceous podetia, which are either ascyphous and digitately branched, or apically narrowly scyphiferous and proliferous. It usually occurs well- fruited. Hab. Among mosses on the ground, on boulders, and about the roots of old trees in wooded upland districts. — Distr. General and usually plentiful wheie it occurs in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably also of Ireland. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Ivy Bridge and near Totness, Devonshire ; near Bodmiu, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Bannouth, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Baysdale, Ingleby, Lounsdale, and Kildale, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Falls of Bruar, and Loch Rannoch, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Counte-sswells Woods, near Aberdeen ; Cra'g Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Conuemara, co. Galway ; Devis Mt., co. Antrim. Form 1. ventricosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 46.— Podetia thick, somewhat turgid above, narrowly scyphiferous, variously branched at the margins. Apothecia not seen rightly developed. — Lichen ventricostis Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 457; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 875 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38. Coralloides cornucopioides incnnum, scyphis cristatis Dill. Muse. 94, t. 15. f. 17s, c. — Though there is no specimen of Lichen ventricosus in any of the old herbaria, yet from their references to the figure of Dillenius there is little doubt that this was the plant intended by the above authors. This seems to be only a larger and thicker form of var. coronata, some- what analogous to form momtrosa of the preceding species. As Lightfoot /. c. remarks, " it resembles in miniature a pollard tree with its lop on." In the only recent British specimen seen referable to this form, as in that in Herb. Dill., there are no apothecia visibly but only decelerate spermo- gones. Hab. On peaty soil in upland moorlands.— Distr. Local and scarce in CLADONIA.] CLADOXIEI. 17J N. England, but no doubt to ba detected elsewhere.— B. M. : Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Form 2. carcata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.— Podetia moderate, granulato-pulverulent and partly squaraulose, simple or subdivided at the apices ; apothecia solitary or conglomerate. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 64 pro parte (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115). — ? Cenomyce car fata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568. The original specimen gathered in England by Turner having disap- peared from Herb. Ach., at Helsingfors, it is very doubtful what Acharius really me.int bv his cnrcata, which in Syn. p. 20(5 he refers to Cenomyce bar.ifiaris as a variety. If really referable to this latter, Nylander suggests in lift, that it may be the same as his var. subcoronata. Probably, however, it is nothing very typical, and if belonging to the present variety, is only a simpler condition, and such as sometimes occurs in this country. Hob. On mossy boulders in wooded mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce (at least in its more characteristic state) in S.W. and* N. England and the Highlands, Scotland.— B. M. : Dartmoor, S. Devon ; Wark, Northumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Falls of Bruar, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braeinar, Aberdeenshire. Var. 3. ostreata Xyl. Lich. Par. (1855) n. 108, Syn. i. p. 225. — Thallus with the basal squamules ascending, subimbricate, usually sub rotund ate, white-pulverulent at the margin and on the under surface ; podetia small, white-pulverulent, the scyphi narrow. Apothecia minute, very rare. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. — -Cla- donia digitata var. macilenta f. ostreatiformis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p.' Q4.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 69 ; Leight. u. 371. Readily recognized by the basal squamules bearing a very considerable resemblance to those of Lecidea ostreata, from which when sterile it is distinguished by the different reaction with K. In our British specimens the podetia are usually short, somewhat cornute at the apices, or when tetter developed narrowly scyphiferous. The apothecia are extremely rare, though the spermogones are not unfrequent. Hub, On old mossy stumps of trees in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Found sparingly only here and there throughout England. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex"; New Forest, Hants; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; VVrelvin Hill, Shropshire ; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 36. C. bacillaris Nyl. ex Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 559. — Thallus minutely squamulose at the base ; squa- mules incised and crenate, greyish-white above, white beneath ; podetia slender, cylindrical, simple or shortly branched at the apices, very rarely narrowly scyphiferous, greyish-white, granuloso-pulve- rulent (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, discrete or confluent. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. — Cladonia Floerlciana var. badlhiris Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 417 pro parte; Lich. Fl. p. 71, ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte. Cladonia FloerJciana var. bacillaris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. Scyphophora bacillaris Gray, Arr. i. p. 422 pro parte. Bvomycs* bacillaris Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 329. 172 LICHENACEI. [CLADOXIA. Cladonia cocci/era e. macilenta a. clavata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 31. CoraHoides ramulosum, tuberculis coacineis Dill. Muse. 96, t. 15. f. 19 G.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 70 ; Bohl. n. 80. From C. macilenta (typical), to which it is similar and with which it has usually been confounded, this species is at once separated by the absence of any reaction with K. In other respects it differs in the podetia being more slender and granuloso-pulverulent. Our British specimens are but rarely well fertile. Hob. On the bare ground and turf-walls in upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. England, the Scottish Grampian*, and N.W. Ireland. — B. M.: Bournemouth, Hampshire; Wadebridge, Cornwall. Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and IJannoch, Perthshire; Hi'ls at Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Kylemore, co. Galway. Form pityropoda Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1833) p. 115. — Podetia somewhat thick, granuloso-rugose, simple or shortly divided at the apices. This form, which is distinguished by the thicker and coarsely grauulose podetia, is analogous to var. scabrosa of Cl. macilenta. Our British spe- cimens are for the most part well-fruited. Hab. On the ground and turf-walls in upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, among the Grampians, Scotland, and in N. Ireland. — B. M. : Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyle- shire; Rannoch, Perthshire. Colin Glen, near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Con- nemara, co. Galway. Var. j3. subcoronata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 92. — Podetia thickish, granulato-squamulose, somewhat simple or digi- tately branched towards the apices. — CoraHoides ramulosum, tubfr- culis coccineis Dill. Muse. 96, t. 15. f. 19 A, B. — Lichen digitatus pro parte as it appears of our older authors. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 72 pro parte. Differs in the podetia being more or less squamulose and often digi- tately divided, so that it has a considerable resemblance to states of var. coronata of the preceding species. The British specimens seen are well fertile. Hab. On the ground in upland moorlands — Distr. Local and rare in S.W. and N. England, among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland ; no doubt overlooked elsewhere.— B. M. : Near Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; St. Breward, Cornwall; Ingleby Park, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Letter Hill, Conue- inara, co. Galway. 37. C. Floerkeana Fr. Sched. Crit. iii. (1824) p. 18.— Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules small, inciso-lobed or crcnate, greenish-white above, white beneath, often evanescent ; podetia cylindrical, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or shortly divided at the apices, greyish- white, greyish-green or brownish (K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia moderate, usually conglomerate ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,003 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115, Lich. Brit. CI.ADO.MA.] 173 p. 21 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 71 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte. — Cladonia coccifara y. FloerJceana Mudd, Man. p. 61 pro parte, Brit. Clad. p. 33 pro parte. Closely allied to C. bacillaris, from which it is distinguished by the glabrous corticate podetia, which are often blackish at the base. It is almost always abundantly fertile, and the fine scarlet, often confluent apothecia render it one of our most beautiful species. Hub. On peaty ground in subalpine mountainous moorlands. — Distr. Local and rare in its typical state, having been found only in a few places in the Scottish Highlands and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form trachypoda Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360. — Fodetia rather shorter, more or less verrucoso-squamulose. — Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. — Cladonia cocci/era e. macilenta b. carsata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32. — To this is also referable Cladonia Floer- keana var. bacillaris Leight. pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, Clad. n. 71 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. a. 84. Usually not rightly distinguished from the type, this differs in the podetia being either partly verrucose or entirely squamulose. Interme- diate states, however, in which the squamules are but sparingly present (though probably from abrasion), are frequent in herbaria. Hub. On the ground, generally on peaty soil in upland and subalpine mountainous regions. — Distr. Not unfrequent in Great Britain and Ire- laud ; very abundant among the Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Baysdale, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achrosagan Hill, Appiu, Argyleshire ; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling ; Craig Tulloch and Kannoch, Perthshire ; Canlochan Glen, Clova. Eorf'arshire ; Cairnma 'Earn, Kincardineshire ; Hill of Fare and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Iloss-shire. Doneraile Mts., co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; near Kyle- more, co. Galway. Nyl. Fl. 33. CLADINA Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 110. — Thallus wanting at the base ; podetia fruticulose, very much branched, more or less smooth, glabrous ; scyphi none or narrow. Apo- thecia terminal on the apices of the branches, biatorinc, small, pale or brown; spores 8nce, ob- '. i ' long, simple, colourless; thecao, especially the api- res, bluish with iodine. Fig. 36. ladina ranqiferina Nyl. — a, a'. Vertical sections of two apothecia (the lower juvenile), X30. b. Theea find paraphysis, X350. c. Spores, Xf>00. d. Vertical section o^ a spermogone, X-'3<>. f. Sterigmata. and/, spcrmatia. X-r»8. Cladonia uncialis c. turgescens Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 244 : Mndd, Man. p. 59. Cladonia stellata ft. adunca b. turgescens Mndd, Brit. Clad, p. 27. Cladonia uncialis ft. turyida Schser., Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 235. Perhaps a more turgid state of the preceding, with which it seems to be confluent, though differing also in the subtruncate apices. The podetia, which are 2-3 in. in height and often more than 3 mm. in thickness, are sometimes much deformed. In our British specimens the apothecia are rare. Hab. On the ground among mosses and on turf-walls in upland moor- lands.-— Distr. Local and scarce in S. and W. England, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians. — B. M. : Aldershott, Hants; Cwm Bychan, Merio- nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lawers and Ran- noch, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aber- deen ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar ; Rothieniurchus, Inverness-shire. Form 4. obtusata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 111. — Podetia decumbent, short, turgid, simplish N 2 180 LICHENACEI. [CLATHNA. or very shortly branched; the branches obtuse, usually imperforate and shortly denticulate at the apices. Spores 0,008-9 mm. long. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 561. — Cladina uncialis f. obtusata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 68. Cenomyce uncialis fl. obtusata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 559. Corattoides imperforatum corniculis brevissimis crispis Dill. Muse. 100, t. 16. f. 12. The short (\ in. to 1 in. long), inflated, decumbent podetia, with their thickened and frequently dark brown apices, characterize this form. In more branched specimens the podetia are somewhat aggregate, but when simpler they are often somewhat discrete, owing to the nature of the habitat. The apothecia are extremely rare, and even the spermogones are seldom visible. Hob. la peat bogs on upland and subalpine moorlands. — Distr. Appa- rently local and scarce in N. Wales, S. Scotland, among the Grampistns, and in S.E. and N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Craig Calliach and Moor of Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Candlic and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore, co. Galway ; Achavanagh, co. "Wicklow. 4. C. amaurocraja Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Fdrh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 111. — Podetia slender, close, erect, glabrous, subu- late, more or less branched, sparingly and narrowly scyphiferous, straw-coloured or whitish straw-coloured ; scyphi dentato-cristate, or subulato-spinulose at the margins, often proliferous, rarely perforate at the axils (K — , K(CaCl)-)- yellow). Apothecia somewhat small or moderate, brown or pale-testaceous ; spores oblong, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22. — Cladina amaurocrcea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia amauro- crcm Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27. Capitularia am.T.urocra>a Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 334.— As observed in Grevillea, xi. p. 115, var. myriocrcea (? Florke) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27, Exs. n. 18, is referable to some condition of Cladonia furcata rather than to this species ; but the specimens seen are imperfect. From the closely allied C. uncialis this, when well developed, is easily known by the podetia being scyphiferous, more slender, and close. When ascyphous, as it often occurs, it is apt to be confounded with that species, though even then it must be regarded as distinct. With us the apothecia are very rare, and the spermogones only occasionally present. Hab. On the ground in moist places amongst heaths in upland and subalpine regions. — Distr. Found sparingly among the Grampians, Scot- land, and in N.WT. Ireland. — B. M. : Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Ben- naboord and Glen Dee (frt), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. C. destricta Nyl. ex Norrl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. (1873) p. 321. — Podetia short, more or less verrucose, not close, but vaguely directed, much branched, ascyphous, straw-coloured or greenish-grey ; branches short, subulate or furcate at the apices. Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360, Grevillea, xi.p. 115. — Cladonia amaurocr&a f. destricta NyLScand.(1861) p. 59. CLAD1NA.] CLADONIEI. 181 Cladonia amaurocrcpa c. depressa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 28. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 18, Clad. n. 64. To this is probably referable Mudd, Clad. 11. 63, as an atypical state. Well distinguished as a subspecies by the vaguely directed ascyphoua podetia. It appears on the summits of the higher Grampians in the form of rotundate tufts of moderate size, and along with a small form of Lyco- podium Selago L. often constitutes the scanty vegetation of the granitic and schistose detritus. The debris of the podetia, broken by the tread of sheep or the red deer, may be found extensively scattered over the ground (cfr. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 23). It is never fertile. Hub. On sterile moorlands and mountains from upland to alpine regions. • — Distr. Local in N. Wales, N. England, and S. Scotland ; but usually abundant among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar. — B. M. : Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Baysdale and Guisboro' Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Morrone and Cairngorm, Braeuiar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Series III. Ramalodei Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus fruticulose or filamentose, erect or pendulous, rounded, compressed, or angulose, corticate on both sides, destitute of leaflets, granules or basal crust, internally hollow or solid. Apothecia usually lecanorine, rarely lecideine or difform ; spores ellipsoid and simple, or oblong and 1-3-septate ; paraphyses either not discrete or sometimes discrete. Spermogones with sterigmata either simple or pauci-articulate, and straight, rarely curved spermatia. This series is distinguished from the preceding by the naked thallus and the absence of a basal crust. Though more compact and better limited than Cladodei, the tribes and genera of which it is composed differ considerably from each other. There are, however, close and important links which render the series a very natural one. Tribe VII. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus subsimple or branched, rounded or compressed, subcarti- laginous, erect, or at length somewhat pendulous, internally entirely tilled with a filamentose medulla. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine, or irregular, lateral or terminal, adnate or innate ; spores 8nse (or 6nse). oblongo-fusiform, 3-septate, colourless ; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones immersed : sterigmata simple or subsimple. A distinct tribe, comprising two small genera, one of which, Comlea, is exotic. The species are maritime, occurring on rocks, occasionally on trees, chiefly in warm regions, where they occupy the place of the mari- time Ramalinas of colder climates, towards which in habit and various characters they approach. They yield a valuable purple dye — the well- known " Orchill " of commerce. 182 LICHENACEI. [ROCCELLA. 34. ROCCELLA DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 334.— Thallus sub- fruticulose, usually opaque and smoothish, somewhat tough, atten- uate at the apices, con- colorous on both sides, medullary layer dense. Apothecia lateral, leci- deine or irregular,naked or pruinose ; hypo- thecium thick, black ; spores oblong or fusi- form, straight or curved; hy menial gelatine wine- red or wine - yellow, or sometimes slightly bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral, with acicular, curved spermatia. The thallus is more or less fruticulose from a common base,and in some species is of considerable size. It is whitish, rarely Fig. 37. brownish, in colour and ^^ phycopsis Ach.-a. Section of external iirm, though sometimes tion Of the thall silowing the cortical and from tenuity becoming - • flaccid. The cortical and gonidial systems, as ob- served by Nylander, Syn. i. p. 256 \cfr. Flora, 18G6, p. 198), form a confluent layer, the cortex, which is'destitute of an epithallus, consisting of medullary filaments thickened towards the surface and there densely parallel, external to which are seen granular element*, while internally and immediately beneath the cortex are the gouidia. The apothecia are lecideine or variously deformed, often as in Dirina, sometimes as in Chiodecton, with the paraphyses slender or nearly moderate, and not unfrequently bifurcate. gonidial layers and a small exterior portion of the medulla, X 200. b. Gonidia, x350. c. Ver- tical section of an apothecium, X30. d. Theca and paraphysis, X350. e. Spores, XoOO. /. Vertical section of a spennogone, X 30. g. Sterigmata and spermatia, X 500, 1. R. phycopsis Ach. Lich. TJniv. (1810) p. 440. — Thallus rounded or slightly compressed, very much branched and densely caespitose, whitish or glaucous-brown, more or less sorediiferous ; branches subsimple or dichotomously divided (Ca Cl-f- reddish, sore- dia — , medulla I -f bluish). Apothecia small, lecideine, black, naked or slightly pruinose, somewhat prominent or appressed ; spores fusi- formi-oblong, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. p. 259, t. 8. f. 3 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 ; Leight. Lich. Fl/p- 81, ed. 3, p. 74. — Rocetlla tinctoria ft. phycopsis Mudd, Man. p. 75. Lichen fucoides Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 22. Lichen RocceUa With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Roccefla tinc- toria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221 ; Mudd, Man. p. 75; Leight. Lich. Fl. EOCCELLA.] EOCCELLEI. 183 p. 81, ed. 3, p. 74. Lichen Roccella Eng. Bot. t. 211, is true Roccella tinctoria DC. (minor), but the figure is drawn from an exotic speci- men.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 48; Larb. Csesar. n. 11 ; Lich. Hb. n. 122 ; Cromb. n. 14. States with the branches more elongate and scarcely sorediiferous have been confounded with It. tinctoria, whose range, however, does not extend so far north as our islands. It differs in its smaller size (1-3 inches in height), the less opaque thallus, which is more thinly branched and sore- diiferous (not farinaceous) on the surface, as also in the smaller lecideine apothecia. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain. The spermogones, which are occasionally present in our specimens, have the sterigmata slender and the spermatia arcuate, 0,013-10 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Our fig. 37 shows that the globulose or ellipsoid gonidia are simple, or two or more concatenate. The papillseform cells of the cortex are sprinkled with the powder (granulations) of the pigmentary matter. Hal>. On rocks, rarely on walls in maritime localities. — Distr. Not un- common in the Channel Islands and in S.England; extremely rare in S.W. Scotland.— B. M. : St. Brelade's Bay, La Moye and Noirmont, Island of Jersey ; Petit- Bot Bay, Island of Guernsey. Godshill Church and Bembridge, Isle of Wight ; 'Portland Island, Dorsetshire ; Bolt Head, Lynmouth, and Valley of Kocks, Lynton, Devonshire ; Tintagel Castle, Lamorna Cove, Fenfire and St. Minver, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scilly Islands. Millport, Cuuibrae Island, Frith of Clyde. Form tenuior Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 74. — Thallus somewhat elongate, very slender, much branched towards the apices. Apothecia not seen. — Roccella fuciformis (errore) f. tenuior Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47. Differs from the type in the more slender, elongate, and apically branched thallus. It is plentifully sorediate, but apparently never fertile. Hab. On rocks in maritime situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. 2. R. fuciformis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 335.— Thallus com- pressed, much branched, glaucous-white or glaucous-brown, often sorediiferous ; branches dichotomously laciniate (CaCl— , soredia -(-reddish, medulla I -(-bluish). Apothecia moderate, superficial, lecanorine, black, pruinose, the thalline margin at length nearly excluded ; spores fusiform or oblon go-fusiform, 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426 : Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 222 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83 ; Mudd, Man. p. 76, t. 1. f. 18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 82, ed. 3, p. 74. Lichen fuciformis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1614; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 17 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 ; Eiig. Bot. t. 728. Lichenoides fact forme tinctoriutn, corniculis lonyioribus et acutioribus Dill. Muse.' 168, t. 23. f. Ql.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. u. 171 ; Larb. Cresar. n. 12; Lich. Hb. n. 123; Cromb. nos. 15, 125. From It. phycopsis, with which in this country it is usually found asso- ciated, this differs in its compressed, broader/ generally longer thallus, and in the fructification. It varies considerably in size, occasionally 184 L1CHENACEI. [ROCCELLA. attaining a length of 6 inches or more. The apothecia are rare in Britain, though numerous when present. They are dirinean in appearance, super- ficial, somewhat prominent, chiefly marginal, with the pruina at length evanescent. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hal. On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Local though plentiful where it occurs in the Channel It-lands and in S. England; very rare in the islands of S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : St. Ouen's Bay, Beauport Bay, and St. Brelade's Bay, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg and Petit-Bot Bay, Island of Guernsey. Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Logan Rocks, near Land's End, Tintagel, the Lizard and Lamorna Cove, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scilly Islands. Tribe VIII. SIPHTILEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 97; Syn. i. p. 261. Thallus podetiiform, simple or fruticuloso-divided, somewhat tough, usually opaque, often affixed to the substratum by radical branchlets, internally either with a deuse filamentose medulla or fistulose. Apothecia not rightly known. Spermogones (in so far as detected) innate. This small tribe is composed of three genera, Siphula, Endoceita, and Thamnolia. The last only is found in Britain. As the apothecia are un- known, the systematic place and even the value of the tribe are somewhat uncertain. Siphula is near to Roccella and Thamnolia to Cladonia. 35. THAMNOLIA Ach. in litt. 1819, ex Schser. Enum. (1850) p. 243. Thallus formed of stipites or podetia which are cy- lindrical or somewhat compressed, subulate or coruute, imperfor- ate,simpleor some\v hat branched, acute at the apices, internally fistu- lose ; cortical layer composed of small cells laxly united. Apothe- cia not rightly known. Spermogones innate, pale, with long jointed sterigmata ; spermatia cylindrical, obsoletely thickened at either apex. Fig. 38. Thamnolia vermicularis Schaer. — a. Longitudinal section of tballus, X 200. l>. Vertical section of a spermogone, X 30. c. Sterigmata and sper- matia, XoOO. The fistulose podetia and the gonidia ally this to Cladonia ; the sper- mogones are similar to those of Bccomyces, while the continuity of the THAMNOLIA.] SIPHULEI. 185 cortical layer separates it from the former. The apothecia have heen described by some authors as similar to those of Roccella, and by others to those of dadortta, but both are apparently erroneous. 1. T. vermicularis Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 243, t. ix. f. 7.— Thallus prostrate, ascending or erect, simple or bifurcate, smooth or longitudinally rugulose, somewhat dispersed or stipitate, chalky- white or whitish (K-f yellow): apothecia unknown. — Mudd, Man. p. 68 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed. 3, p. 75. — Cladonia vermicularis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 234; Mudd, Brit. Clad, p. 34. Ctiwiityee ? vermicularis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65. Cerania vermicularis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413. Lichen vermicularis Sw. in Linn. til. Moth. Muse. (1781) p. 119; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. t. 6. f. 10 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2024.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 13. Easily recognized by the form and habit of the thallus, somewhat resembling small white worms, whence its trivial name. The stipites are simple, but sometimes more or less shortly branched. The apothecia have not y^et been certainly detected ; for in the absence of any fertile specimen it is very doubtful whether the " tubercules " figured by Dickson, /. c., corresponding to those described by Swartz, be really the fructification. M assalongo, Flora, 1856, p. 234, and Fries fil. Lich. Arct. p. 161, represent the apothecia as being Cladonieine, but this is still very doubtful. The sperniogones are also very rare. They are somewhat large, lateral, margined by the thallus, entirely white or colourless, with spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. On the thallus occasionally are found two parasites, Microthelia vermicularia Linds., and Endocarpon Cromfnei Mudd, both of which are evidently fungi. Hab. On the ground among mosses and heaths in subalpine and alpine regions. — Distr. Very local and rare on the mountains of N. Wales and N. England ; general and plentiful on all the higher Grampians and the N. Highlands of Scotland ; not seen in Ireland. — B. M. : Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Skiddaw, Cumberland. Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clo^a Mts. and Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, and Cairntoul, Brae mar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Ben Luighal, Sutherland- shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Var. ft. taurica Schter. Enum. (1850) p. 244.— Thallus ventri- coso-subulate, suberect, recurved, and cornute at the apices, often divergently branched, the branches cornute and subulate. — Cromb. Journ. Hot. 1885, p. 195. — Lichen tauricus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. (1788) p. 177, t. 12. f. 2. Differs in the more turgid and erect stipites, and in the form of their apices. Like the type it is never found with apothecia, though, as observed by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 68, it occurs spermogoniiferous. Hab. On the ground in alpine places. — Distr. Extremely local and rare, having been found only on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — ]J. M. : Near the summit of Cairngorm, Braeinar, Aberdeenshire. 186 LICHESTACEI. [RAMALINA. Tribe IX. RAMALINEI Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 103. Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, or filamentose, rounded or com- pressed, erect or pendulous, internally with woolly arachnoid me- dulla. Apothecia lecanorine, scutellate, terminal or lateral ; spores 8na3, 1-septate, suboblong, straight or slightly curved, colourless ; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones immersed or slightly prominent ; sterigmata subsimple or pauci-articulate, with long anastomosing filaments intermixed. This tribe, under which Nylander in his former arrangement included Alecioria and Evernia, is now, in its more limited acceptation, regarded by him as quite distinct, on account of marked analytical differences, more especially of the thalamium, while the structure of the spermogones is entirely peculiar (vide Ramal. Monogr. I. c.). The exotic genus Ramalea Nyl. externally resembling JRamalina, ought, from the type of the sper- matia, to be relegated to the Cladoniei ; while Dactylina and Dufourea, neither of which occur in Britain, are also excluded f ro.u this tribe. 36. RAMALINA Ach.Lich.Univ.(1810) p. 122. — Thallus cses- pitoso-fruticulose, foli- aceo - complanate or rounded, somewhat shining or subopaque, soft or rigid, solid or fistulose, ramoso-lacini- ate.concolorous on both sides ; medullary layer arachnoid, becoming sometimes very lax, cor- tical layer composed either of indistinct cells or of longitudinal con- glutinate filaments. Apothecia scattered, opaque, subconcolorous with thallus ; hypothe- cium colourless ; spores small ; paraphyses thin or moderate, thicker or clavate at the apices ; hymenial gelatine blu- ish, then violet with iodine. Spermogones scattered ; spermatia straight, cylindrical, or oblongo-cylindrical. The species of this genus, formerly little understood, have recently had new light thrown upon them by the minute researches of Nylander. He Fig. 39. Ramalina fraxinea Ach. — a. Longitudinal section of (one side of) thallus, x2UO. b. Theca and paraphysis, X350. c. Spores, X500. d. Sec- tions of two spermogones, X30. e. Sterigmata and spermatia, X 500. (Also on the left a fragment of the anastomosing spermogouic fila- ments.) RAMALINA.] RAMALINEI. 187 has shown that the chemical reactions of the medulla with K, the differ- ences in the receptacle of the apothecia, the form and size of the spores and spermatia, afford invaluable aid in the discrimination of species. The number of species have been consequently largely increased, and varieties more definitely referred to their species. As compared with other Euro- pean countries, the genus has a very fair number of species and varieties in Great Britain, all belonging to Nylander's Section C, which is charac- terized by the spermogones having pale or colourless conceptacles. a. Thallus attenuate, fruticulose, subrounded or subcom pressed ; cortical layer filamentose. 1. R. thrausta Kyi. Bull. Soc. Linn. Kormand. ser. 2, iv.(1870) p. 116. — Thallus elongate, pendulous or prostrate, filiform, sub- rounded, here and there compressed, very much branched, smooth, somewhat shining, pale straw-coloured ; laciniae very slender, densely interwoven, the apices unequally capillari- attenuate (medulla K — ). "Apothecia superficial, sessile, minute, plane, pale, the margin very thin; spores straight." — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 71 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 470, ed. 3, p. 83. — Ramalina calicaris, \ AT. thrausta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro parte. Alectoria thrausta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 596. The thallus, which is somewhat Alectorioid, is very fragile wh'en dry, and in the few British specimens gathered is destitute of the soredia, with which it is elsewhere sometimes sprinkled. The apothecia, which are not well known, are absent from our specimens, which are also without spermogones. Hub. On sandy soil amcng short heath in maritime tracts. — Distr. Very sparingly in one spot on the N.E. coast of Scotland. — B. M. : Bay of Xigg, Kincardineshire (now extinct). b. Thallus compressed, longitudinally striato-nerved or subcostato- unequal ; cortical la} er filamentose. 2. R. calicaris Kyi. Bull. Soc. Linn. Kormand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 131. — Thallus subrigid, compressed, linear or lineari-laciniate, pale glaucous or greyish green, lacinia? sublacunosely longitudinally nervoso-rugose, usually canaliculate (medulla K — ). Apothecia pedicellate, marginal and terminal, small or moderate, pale flesh- coloured or glaucescent, the receptacle rugose beneath ; spores straight, ellipsoid, 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47 ; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 83. — Ramalina calicaris y. canaliculata Fr. Mudd, Man. p. 73, t. 1. f. 17 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 92. Ramalina fastirjiata ft. calicaris Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. FL Hib. ii. p. 85. Lobaria calicaris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 13& pro parte. Lichen calicaris Huds. Fl. Augl. p. 451 pro parte ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 834 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 pro parte. Lichen fastiffiatus Eng. Bot. t. 890 (upper fig.). Ramalina fastigiata Sm. Eng. FL v. p. 225 pro parte. Lichenoides comlHforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62 A. — Lichenoides arboreum 188 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA. ramosum, angustioribus cinereo-virentibus ramulis Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, 'n. 9>l.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 44 ; Cromb. n. 21. Length of the thallus rather variable. The laciniae generally attenuate, sometimes considerably so, often give forth transverse laciniolse from one or both margins. The apothecia are frequent on the retiexed apices of the lacinise. The spermogones are also common, with spermatiaoblongo- cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks and branches of trees in lowland and upland dis- tricts.— Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands and in Ireland. — B. M. : St. Aubin's, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent ; New Forest, Hants ; near Totnes, S. Devon ; near Respring and Penzance, Cornwall ; Dynevor Castle, Carmai thensh ire ; Pyle, Glamor- ganshire ; Old Windsor, Berkshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Oswes- try, Shropshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Island of Anglesea : Airy- holme Woods, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Stavely, Westmoreland : The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killiu, Kenmore, and Abernethy, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood and near Arbroath, Forfar- shire ; Countesswells Woods and Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Var. j3. subampliata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 132. — Laciniae broader, longitudinally sublacunosely uer- voso-rugose, canaliculate. Apothecia marginal and terminal, the receptacle rugose ; spores as in the type. — Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. p. 129 ; Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 471, ed. 3, p. 84. — Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62 B. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 42 pro parte. Externally like a narrow state of It. fravinea, but distinguished by the form of the spores. Hob. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, and in S.W. Scotland. — B. M. : Beeding Priory, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Pen- zauce, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Var. 7. snbfastigiata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 132. — Lacinia3 broader, longitudinally nervoso-rugose. Apotbecia terminal, tbe receptacle rugose; spores as in the type. — Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. p. 129 ; Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 471, ed. 3, p. 84. In the character of the thallus and the situation of the apothecia this resembles larger states of R.fastiyiata, but is distinguished by the form of the spores. Hub. On trees and rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. S.W. England, S.Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Penzauce, Cornwall ; Llandriudod, Radnorshire. Appin, Argyleshire. Coachford, co. Cork. KAMALTXA.] RAMALINEI. 189 3. R. farinacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 606.— Thallus sub- rigid, roundly or planely compressed, siiblacunose or obsoletely nervoso-plicate, white straw-coloured or pale-glaucous ; laciniae linear, attenuate, sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K — ). Apo- thecia pedicellate, small, terminal and lateral, plane or convex, glaucescent or pale-testaceous, the receptacle smooth beneath ; spores straight, ellipsoideo-oblong or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,008-16 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 472, ed. 3, p. 84.—KamaUna calicaris e. farinacea Mudd, Man. p. 73 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 ; Leight, Lie'h. Fl. p. 93. Lichen far -inacevs Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1146 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 833 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50 ; Erig. Bot. t. 889. Lichenoides seymentis angiis- tiorihtis, ad margines verrucosis et pulverulentis Dill. Muse. 172, t. 23. f. 63 B, c.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 40 ; Mudd, n. 45; Cromb. n. 22. The thallus, which varies somewhat in the length and breadth of the lacinise, is more or less sprinkled with white-pulverulent, round or oblong marginal soredia. Occasionally these are almost absent, when it seems to merge into the preceding. The apothecia, which are small, are rare in this country, as well as the spermogones, which are similar to those of 7?. calf car is. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in wooded lowland and upland districts. — Distr. General and usually plentiful throughout Great Britain : apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Loughton, Epping Forest, Essex: Shiere, Surrey ; Glynde, Sussex ; Lydd, Kent ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hnnts ; Carrisbrook, Isle of Wight"; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Madingley, Caml ridgeshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Malvern and Broad- was, Worcestershire ; Causeway, Warwickshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car- marthenshire ; Island of Angle'sea ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale and Eglestone, Durham ; Stavely, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Edin- burgh ; Appin, Arsjyleshire ; Locb Katrine, Finlarig, Craig Calliach, Blaeberry Hill, Balthayook Woods, Perthshire ; Baldovan Wood, Foi> farshire ; Countess-wells AVoods, near Aberdeen and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlaijdahire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form 1. pendulina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p, 607.— Thallus more lax, longer and pendulous, the laciniae rather broader. — Cromb. Grevillea, 1886, p. 47. — Parmelia farinacea y, pendulina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 264. A mere luxuriant form, which is but sparingly fertile. Hob. On trunks of old trees in wooded districts.— Distr. Local and rare in S.W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : New Forest, Hampshire. Form 2. phalerata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 607.— Thallus small ; laoinioe short, somewhat broad, usually proliferous at the 190 LICHEffACEI. [lUMALIN.Y. apices and margins; soredia large. Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 141. — Panmlia farinacea 3. phalerata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 264. Lichen farinaceus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Lichenoides segmmtis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulve- rulentis Dill. 1. c. D, E. Probably a stunted state ; in size and general aspect like small condi- tions of R. fastiyiata, but separated by the soredia. It is apparently always sterile. Hnb. On the trunks of trees. — Distr. Only one locality in S. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.— B. M. : Stowe Park, Buckingham- shire. Subsp. R. intermedia Xyl. ex Laray, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 380 (obs.). — Thallus smaller, smooth, not nervose ; other- wise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47. — Ramalina inter- media Del. ex Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, t. iv. (1870) p. 166; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 132; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90. — Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 248. Distinguished bv the generally smaller size and especially by the smooth thallus. From R, subfarinacea, which it closely resembles, it at once differs in the absence of any reaction with K on the medulla or the soredia. The apothecia are very rare, and in our specimens the spermo- gones are absent. Hub. On the branches of shrubs in maritime districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Near Moulin Bay, Island of Sark. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Annet Island, Scilly (frt.). Black Island, Appin, Argyleshire. Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 4. R. fraxinea Ach. Lich. TJniv. (1810) p. 602.— Thallus sub- rigid, compressed, sublineari-laciuiate, greenish-grey ; laciniae longi- tudinally rugose or nerved, or partly also transversely rugulose, somewhat attenuate towards the extremities (medulla K — ). Apo- thecia pedicellate, moderate or large, carneo-testaceous or glaucous, concave or plane, marginal and superficial, the receptacle unequally rugose: spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.— Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 472, ed. 3, p. 85. — Ramalina calicaris a. fraxinea Mudd, Man. p. 73 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen fraxineus Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1146 : Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 541 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 56 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1781. Lichenoides longifolium ruyosum rigidum Dill. Muse. 165, t. 22. f. 59 A, B. Lichenoides arboreum ramisum scutellatum, majus et rigidius, colore virescente Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 79 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Bohl. n. 21 pro parte ; Leight. n. 38 pro parte ; Mudd, n. 42 pro parte. The varied length and breadth of the laeinife give rise to several varieties and forms. The common and typical condition is that described (var. tani&formis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603). From R. calicaris it maybe recognized by the always broader rugose laciniae, by the rugose receptacle RAMAL1NA.] KAJTALIJTEI. 191 of the larger apothecia, and especially by the form of the spores. The apothecia are usually very abundant, and are often scattered on both sides of the thallus. The spermogones are also frequent, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On the trunks of old trees in open places, and in forests in low- land and upland districts. — Distr. General and common where it occurs throughout Great Britain ; apparently rare in Ireland. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; near Glynde, Sussex ; Brading Downs, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants ; iiear Penzance, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucester- shire; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire; Clungunford and near Shrews- bury, Shropshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Winder- mere, Westmoreland : Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Roslin and near Edinburgh, Midlothian ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, and Glen Clunie, Braemar ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. /3. ampliata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 603.— Thallus dilated, lanceoluto-difform, or broadly lobed, obtuse at the apices, longitudinally costato-rugose, transversely subreticulato-rugose. Apothecia and spores as in the type. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 72 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. 86. — Parmelia fraxinea j. ampliata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 259. Liclienoides longi- folium ruf/oswn rigidum Dill. Muse. 1. c, c. — Brit. E.vs. : Leight. 11. 38 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 286 ; Bohl. n. 21 pro parte. The laciniae are more dilated and coarsely rugose, though when younger they more resemble the type. Occasionally the thallus is stunted and deformed. The apothecia are usually abundant, often superficial, large, and when young rather concave. The spermogones are very frequent on deformed states. Hub. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oak and ash, in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain ; not observed in Ireland. — B. M. : Brandon, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Bartoubury, Gloucestershire ; Darnlev, Derbyshire ; Alfric, Worcestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Island of Ansrlesea; Teesdale, Durham ; East Allendale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire. Form monophylla Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141. — Thallus simple, very broad, oblongo-rotundate, subreticulately costato- rugose. Apothecia as in the preceding. Its simple thallus gives this a leaf-like appearance, but probably it is not constant. The apothecia are numerous and chiefly superficial. Hub. On an aged oak in a wooded upland district. — Distr. Observed only in S. England.— B. M. : New Forest, Hants. Tar. y. calicariformis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. se'r. 2, iv. (1870) p. 136. — Thallus attenuate ; lacinise longitudinally rugose or nerved and sparingly transversely rugulose. Apothecia marginal and subterminal, the receptacle rugose; spores curved, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. 192 LicHEffACEi. [RAMALINA. Externally like R. calicaris, but distinguished by its curved spores. The apothecia are small and numerous; the spermatia are 0,0036-45 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the branches of trees in upland situations. — Dlslr. Gathered only very sparingly in W. England and N. Wales. — B. M. : Near Bar- mouth, Merionethshire; Kendal, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland. 5. R. fastigiata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 603 pro parte.— Thallus subrigid, subcompressed or inn1 ato-b olio w, smoothish or lon- gitudinally unequal and nervoso-rugose, pale straw-coloured or greenisb-white ; laciniaB short, subfastigiate, crowded (medulla K — ). Apothecia terminal, peltato-sessile, plane or convex, small or moderate, pale-testaceous or glaucous, tbe receptacle somewhat rugose beneath ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,009-17 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85 ; Leigbt. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. SQ.—Ramalina calicaris ft. fastigiata Mudd, Man. p. 73 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen fastiyiatus Pers. in Ust. N. Ann. i. (1794) p. 256; Eng. Bot. t. 85/0 (lower figs.). Lichen calicaris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 834 pro parte. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55 B. Lichenoides coraUiforme, rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62 c.— Brit. Erg.: Leight. n. 32 ; Mudd, n. 43 ; Larbal. Csesar. n. 60 ; Lich. Hb. n. 287 ; Bohl. n. 22. Although Nylander (Mon. Ram. p. 39) considers this to be scarcely more than a variety or subspecies of the preceding, yet its constant characters induce me to treat it as a species. From "young states of R.fraxinea it is distinguished by the thallus being casspitose, erect, more contracted and subfastigiately divided. Externally it approaches R. cali- caris var. subfastiffiata, hut the spores are more typically curved. The apothecia are usually very numerous and the spermogones rare, with spermatia 0,0035 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hftb. On the trunks, and more especially on the branches, of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain, seldom seen in the fir woods of the Highlands ; rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Epping Forest and Copthall Green, Essex ; Penshurst, Kent ; Beeding Priory, Sussex ; New Forest, Hampshire ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; near Penzauce and Withiel, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Eversden WTood, Cambridgeshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern^ and Broadwas, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Causeway, Warwickshire; Aberdovev, Merioneth, and Angle- sea; near Over, Cheshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Tester House, Haddington ; Roslin and Boually, Mid- Lothian ; Bowling Bay, Dumbarton ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tay, Blaeberry Hill, and Blair Athole. Perthshire ; Abergeldie and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Abt'rdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Strathpeffer, Rpss-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Derriquin, co. Kerrv, RAMAUNA.] RAMALIXEI. 193 Form minutula Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 37.— Thallus very small, csespitoso-erect, very much branched, non-sorediiferous, somewhat shining. Apothecia never seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 141. — Ramalina farinacea a. minutula Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 606. Lichenoides segmentis anc/iistioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulvemlentis Dill. Muse. 172, t. 23. f. 63 A. Referred by Acharius and most authors to R. farinacea, this is rightly placed by Fries fil. (I. c.) under the present species. Probably a young and barren state. Hal). On pales, chiefly larch, in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local in S. England, S., N.E., and N. Scotland ; no doubt often overlooked. — B. M. : New Forest, Hants. Swanston, near Edinburgh ; Park, near Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. 6. R. polymorpha Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 600.— Thallus rigid, compressed, nervoso-unequal or longitudinally sublacunose, moderate, subopaqtie, granuloso-sorediate, sublineari-laciniate, glau- cous or greenish-white ; laciriiae plane, subsimple, often somewhat broad (medulla K — ). Apothecia marginal, concave, small, pale- yellow or glaucescent, the receptacle rugoso-unequal or srnoothish ; spores oblong, straight or substraight, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47 ; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 474 pro parte, et var. liyulata, ed. 3, p. 87 pro parte. — Lichen polymorphus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 178. A variable species, of which ligulata Ach. (Meth. p. 265), Lich. Univ. p. GOO, is the type. From all states of R. ctispidata, with which it agrees in the reaction of the medulla, it is distinguished by the con- colorous globuloso-granulo&e soredia, more or less scattered over the thallus. It has not occurred with us fertile. Hab. On exposed rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce on the N.E. coast of Scotland. — B. M. : Near Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. Var. ft. emplecta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 601. — Lacinige attenuate, very much branched, acuminate, granulate. Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 87 pro parte. — Parmelia polymorpha €. emplecta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 267. Distinguished by the narrower and much branched laciniae, which are also more erect, and somewhat rounded and acuminate at the apices. The soredia are not crowded in our specimens, which are always sterile. Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions. — Distr. Local and scarce in the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Near Loch Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. R. capitata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141. — Thallus small, with the lacinise lineari -divided, branched, obtuse and capitato-sorediate at the apices. Apothecia terminal or subterminal, the receptacle beneath at length nervoso-rugose or costato-nervose ; spores oblong, slightly curved or substraight. — Ramalina puly- o 194 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA. morpha e. capitate Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 601 ; Nyl. Hull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 149. Kamalina poly morpha Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229. Distinguished by the lacinise, which are esorediate at the sides, and by the situation of the apothecia. The apices of the laciniae are subfasti- giate, with the soredia globuloso-granulose, or partly pulverulent, whitish and convex. It should perhaps, as Nylander suggests (I. c.), rank as a distinct species, intermediate between R. potymorpha a.nd It. pollinaria. In this country it is always sterile. Hab. On weathered granitic boulders in mountainous regions. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and in the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Teesdale, Durham. Ben-naboord, Aberdeeushire. 7. R. pollinaria Ach. Lich. TJniv. (1810) p. 608.— Thallus sub- erect, somewhat elongate, subflaccid, subcompressed, sublacunoso- unequal, and longitudinally rugose towards the base, lacero-laciniate, slightly shining, pale straw-coloured or glaucescent ; laciniae plane, sublinear, variously divided, with white farinose, scattered soredia. (medulla K — ). Apothecia subterminal, moderate, concave, pale or glaucous, the receptacle unequal beneath ; spores oblong, straight or slightly curved, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407 j Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 74 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 95, ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 87. — Lichen pollinarius Westr. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 56; Eng. Bot. t, 1607 (descr. pro parte). Lichen farinaceits var. 3, "With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Lichenoides lacunosum laeeritm, angustius Dill. Muse. 163, t. 21. f. 57 D, E.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 46 pro parte ; Cromb. n. 130. Related to R.farinacea as well as to the preceding species, but dis- tinguished from both by the laciniee and the soredia. The laciniae are variable, the typical form being that described (elatior Ach. Lich. Univ. p. G08). The soredia are numerous, though occasionally they occur only towards the apices, sometimes rendering the thallus inflated on the oppo- site surface. In this country the apothecia are rarely met with. The spermogones, which are also rare, have the spermatia cylindrical, about 0,004 mm. loug, and 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, rarely on rocks, in wooded maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. General and common in S. and W. England, local in N. Wales and the Channel Islands ; very rare in S. Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : La Roche, Jersey ; Island of Sark. Waltham Abbey, Essex ; near Maidstone, Kent ; Hen- field and near Lewes, Sussex ; New Eorest, Hants ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Plymouth and Streat, Devonshire; Pentire, The Lizard, and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Fresco Island, Scilly ; Stowe Park, Bucking- ham; Twy cross, Leicestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; near Skelton, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh. Form humilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 60S.— Lacinice short, aggregate, complicate, often flexuose ; soredia large, usually con- fluent. Apothecia vary rare. — OromY Jo iru. Bit. 1872, p. 73 KAMALINA.] RAMALISTEi. l(Ji> Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 88. — LicJit-noides cornutum bronchiole molle, subtus incanum Dill. Muse. 160, t. 2], f. 55 E. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 41 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 208. Distinguished by the subpulvinate thallus, which in its smaller states is often almost covered by the confluent soiedia. With us it is never seen fertile. Hab. On trees, pales, barn-doors, occasionally on rocks and stones, in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, throughout England ; very rare in S. Scotland. — B. M. : Near King's Lynn, Norfolk ; Lakenham, Suffolk ; Penshurst, Kent ; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Gopsall, Leicestershire. Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh. c. Thalltis usually transversely or subreticulately unequal ; cortical layer amorphous or subamorphous. 8. R. evernioides Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100, Bull. Soc. Linn. Xormand. ser. 2, iv. p. 153. — Tbalius suberect, crowdedly reticulato-rugose, or reticulato-scrobiculose, or thinly rugulose and partly plane, compressed, subopaque, variously laciniate, whitish or greenish straw-coloured ; laciuiae difform and variously divided, more or less soredioso-lacerate (medulla K — ). Apothecia moderate, concave or somewhat plane, pale-testaceous or pale-glaucous, the receptacle rugose beneath; spores oblong, slightly curved, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,01)35-45 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 88. — Lichen pollinarius Eng. Bot. t. 1607 (fig. et descr. pro parte). Lichenoides lacunosum lacerum, latins Dill. Muse. 163, t. 21. f. 57 A, B, c. — Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 41 pro parte ; Mudd, n. 46 pro parte ; Cromb. n. 131. The thallus is somewhat soft and often pliciform from rugosity. It varies considerably in size as well as in the breadth and divisions of the laciniae. The apothecia occur sparingly in this country, and the speruio- grmes, which are not frequent, are somewhat scattered, with spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland dis- tricts.— Distr. General and common in S. and W. England and S. and E. Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Scotland. — B. M. : Dixcart, Island of Sark. Near Walthamstow, Essex; near Reigate, Surrey ; Bridge, near Tunbridge Wells and Worthing, Sussex ; Lydd, Kent; Testwood Park (frt.) and near Lyndhurst (frt.), New Forest, Hants; Bemhridge, Isle of Wight; Ilsington, S. Devon; Endellion and Tintagel, Cornwall ; Bourton-on-Water, Gloucestershire ; Stowe Park, Buckinghamshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Ingleby, Cleveland, York- shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. Form monophylla Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73. — Thallus pendulous, simple, broad, oblongo-rounded, very rugose, the margin entire. Apotbecia not seen. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 88. Apparently distinct, with a simple, leaf-like thallus. It has the same relation to the type as the analogous form of var. amjtlia-la has to rn.fra.rmea. The soredia are rather large, and the thalline reticulations o 2 196 LI 3HESTACEI. [RAMALINA. distinct and prominent. In the specimens gathered, which were old and sterile, the thallus is of a sordid-brown colour. Hob. On the trunks of old oaks in open places in a wooded tract. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. England.— B. M. : New Forest, Hants. d. Thallus firm, solidly corticate, subroundly compressed or super- ficially unequal ; cortical layer externally amorphous, internally filainentose. 9. R. scopulorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 604.— Thallus rigid, more or less compressed and shining, smoothish or longitu- dinally unequal, lineari-laciniate. pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured ; lacinise sublinear, attenuate (medulla K-f yellowish, then rusty-red). Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal and subterminal, moderate, pale- testaceous or pale-glaucous, the receptacle somewhat smooth ; spores oblong, straight, 0,012-19 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85 ; Mudd, Man. p. 74 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 91, ed. 2, p. 476, ed. 3, p. 88. — Lichen gcopulorum Eetz. Obs. Bot. fasc. iv. (1791) p. 30 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 18 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57 ; Eng. Bot. t. 688. — Most of these references belong only in part to this species, from which until recently It. cuspidata was not clearly distinguished. It is also the Lichen calicaris pro parte of the older British authors.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 247 ; Bohl. n. 112. Recognized by the shining, rigid, cartilaginous thallus and the chemical reaction of the medulla. It varies in length, and is often little branched. The apothecia are common and usually abundant, though in shady places it is generally sterile. The spermogoues are frequent, with spermatia oblongo-cylindrical, 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick. Hnb. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. General and common on most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain and the Channel Islands, pro- bably also of Ireland. — B. M. : Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Bolt Head, S. Devon ; St. Michael's Mount, Land's End, and Lamorna Cliff, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scillv Islands ; Hailech Castle, Merionethshire ; Port Soderick, Isle of Man"; Holv Island. Noi'thumberland. Solway Frith, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Isle of May, Frith of Forth ; Ailsa Craig, Frith of Clyde ; Island of Mull and Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kiucardineshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire ; Orkney Islands. Yar. /3. incrassata Xyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 15. — Thallus smaller, thickish, rigid, subopaque, tuber- euloso-difform, shortly laciniate, sparingly divided (medulla K + yellow and then rusty-red). — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 89. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 324. A small, thick, stunted, and deformed plant, with the thallus scarcely shining and less divided, and with broad, short lacinise. It is often tuberculoso-rugose from the numerous prominent spermogoues. The apothecia in British specimens are sparingly present. Jfitb. On rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local and rare in tho RA.MALIXA.] RAMALINKI. 107 Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N.W. Ii eland.— B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzauce, Cornwall. Near Kenvyle, Coniie- niara, co. G.ihvay. 10. R. subfarinacea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66.— Thallus csespi- tose, suberect, shining, smoothish, rigid and fragile when dry, pale- greenish or greenish-grey ; laciniae lineari-attenuate, short, roundly compressed, usually much divided towards the apices, pulverulento- sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K-f yellowish and then rusty- red). Apothecia small, marginal and subterminal, at length con- vex, the receptacle subsmooth ; spores oblong, straight, 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47. — Hamalina scopulorum var. subfarinacea Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 74 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 470, ed. 3, p. 89. Rama- Una calicaris S. thraiuta Mudd, Man. p. 73 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 23 ; Larb. Lich. lib. n. 323. This looks as if related to R. farinacea, but the structure of the cortex and tli3 chemical reaction, as well as the general habit and place of growth, show its affinity to be rather with R. scopulorum, to which it holds the same relation as R. farinacea has to R, calicaris. Sometimes it spreads extensively over the substratum, while at other times it occurs only in small tufts. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain, the spermo- goues having the spermatia as in the preceding species. Hub. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General, and common where it occurs, on the rocky sea-coasts of the Channel Islands and Great Britain, also in the mountainous tracts of England and Scotland ; no doubt also in Ireland. — B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Sark and Alderney. Near Plymouth, Ivy Bridge, and Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Cornwall (frt.) ; Annet Island, Scilly (frt.) ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; near Dol- gelly and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire ; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomery- shire; Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Long Mynd, Shrop- shire ; Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Staveley, Westmoreland ; near Ilexham, Northumberland ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Black Island (frt.) and Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; Banchory Devenick, near Aberdeen ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Applecross, Bow-shire. 11. R. cnspidata Xyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Nortnand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 158. — Thallus rigid, subcompressed and slightly shining, smoothish or longitudinally unequal, lacunose and tuberculate, lineari-laciniate, pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured ; lacinioe simple or dichotomously branched (medulla K — ). Apothecia with the receptacle sometimes striatulate ; spores substraight or slightly subcurved, 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 74 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 477, ed. 3, p. 89.— Ramalina tcopulorum /3. cuspidata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) r>. 305. Ramalin'i scopulorum /5. cornuata Ach., Gray, Xat. Arr. i. p. 407. Lichen siliquosus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 460 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40. Coralloides fasciculare verrucosum et vduti siliqnosum Dill. Muse. 119, t. 17. f. 38. — Lic7ien siliquosus, from specimens in herbaria, 198 LICHEXACKI. [llAMALIXA. is merely an accidental state of this species. — Brit. EMS. : Leight. n. 2. This differs from R. scopulorum chiefly in the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus is variable in size and in the character of the lacinise, and is often roughish with spermogoniiferous pustules. The apothecia, except in the occasionally striatulate receptacle and the size of the spores, are, as well as the spermogones, similar to those of R. scopulorum, though often congested and difform. Hob. On rocks and boulders in maritime districts, rarely on hills at a distance from the sea. — Dlstr. General and abundant on all the rocky coasts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also of Ire- land.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Leigh Tor, Dartmoor, near Ply- mouth, Wembridge, and Torquay, Devonshire ; Land's End, Tintagel, the Lizard, Lamorna, St. Breock, and Pentire, Cornwall ; Tenby, Pem- brokeshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; South Stacks, Island of Anglesea ; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire ; Holy Island, Northumber- land ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Solway Firth, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Rivel- ston and Cramond Island, near Edinburgh; Innerkip, Renfrewshire; 1J inks of the Tay and Turin Hill, Forfarshire ; Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Great Island, Cork ; Ardglass, co. Down. Form minor Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159. — Thallus small, erect; laciuiae simplish, slender, subulate. Apothecia small, terminal or subterminal. — Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 141. A much dwarfed condition, being only \ in. to 1 in. in height, with the lacinire often black at the apices. The apothecia are small and usually numerous. Island of Guernsey. "Wembury, Devonshire; Eowey and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Var. ft. crassa Del. ex Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linu. Xormand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159. — Thallus somewhat small, thick, subopaque, tuber- culoso-difform, rigid, shortly laciniate ; laciniaD dilated, sparingly divided (medulla K — ). Apothecia chiefly terminal. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90. Analogous to var. incrassata of R. scopulorum, from which it differs in the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus is sometimes terebrate in old plants. Our British specimens are rarely fertile. Hob. On rocks and boulders in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. and N. England, and in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kiucardiueshire. Subsp. R. breviuscula Kyi. Flora, 1873, p. 66.— Thallus small, depressed, firm, often subpulviriato-stipatc ; laciniae short, congested, RAMALINA.] EAMALIXEI. 199 turgid, variously difform (medulla K— ). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, the margin of the receptacle subcrenate. — Cromb. Gre- villea, vii. p. 141. — Ramalina cuspidata f. breviuscula Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159. Ramalina poly- morplia f. depressa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 72; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 87. Ramalina scopulorum, ft. poJym&rpha Mudd, Man. p. 74. JR. pdlymorpha pro max. parte. Leight. Lich. Fl. and Cromb. Lich. Brit.'; ? Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84.— Brit. Kvs. : Leight. n. 73 ; Mudd, n. 47. This subspecies is somewhat variable in size, and in some of its smaller states is closely appressed to the substratum. The broader laciuise, which are occasionally convex, are often covered with spermogoniiferous ver- rucfe and young apothecia ; the former have been mistaken by British authors for the granulose soredia of R. polymorpka. It is usually in- fertile. Hob. On rocks in maritime tracts and on mountains. — D-istr. Not gen- eral nor common in the Channel Islands, S., W., and X. England, on the N.E. coast of Scotland, and probably also among the Grampians. — B. M. : Coast of Guernsey and Island of Sark. Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Tintagel and Polperro, Cornwall ; Gower Peninsula, Gla- morganshire ; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomeryshire ; near Thirsk and on top of Roseberry, Yorkshire. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Form gracilescens Cromb. Grevillca, vii. (1879) p. 141. — Thallus very small, pulvinato-congested, laciniae short, slender, shortly divided at the apices, which are finely incurved or revolute. Apo- thecia not seen. The characters given separate this form, which otherwise agrees with the type. No apothecia have been seen, but spermogones are sparingly present. Hab. On boulders and walls in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands aud S. England, but may occur elsewhere. — B. M. : Island of Sark. Near Brighton, Sussex. 12. R. Curnowii Cromb. ex Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 441.— Thallus fruticulose, subrigid, slender, rounded or somewhat compressed, shining, sparingly branched and but slightly interwoven, pale glau- cous (medulla K— ). Apothecia terminal and lateral, small or nearly moderate, convex, pale, geniculato-adnate, the receptacle smooth ; spores ellipsoid, straight, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. —Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 180 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90.— Brit. Kvs. : Cromb. n. 129 ; Larb. Ctesar. n. 13. Allied to R. cuspidata, though, as stated by Nylander I. c., the colour of the spermogones might lead us to place it in the section of R. Carpa- thian. The thallus, which is moderate or more or less elongate (from 2 to 6 inches in length), is blackish towards the base, and the latinise, for the most part simplish (rarely branched towards the apices), are usually narrow, though varying somewhat in breadth. When fertile the apo- thecia are numerous. The blackish spermogones are frequent, with sper- matia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. 200 LICHEN ACEI. [RAMALINA. Hob. On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local though plen- tiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and S.W. England. — B. M. : Mont Orgueil, Island of Jersey. Near Land's End and Penzance, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Stilly. 13. E. geniculata Hook. & Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 655. — Thallus moderate or somewhat small, subrounded or subcom- pressed, smooth, or obsoletely longitudinally subnervose, csespitosely and subfastigiately branched, pale or pale straw-coloured, often terebrate with scattered perforations, fistulose within ; branches usually attenuate (medulla K — ). Apothecia small, terminal or sub- terminal, pale-testaceous or glaucous-white, the receptacle smooth or rugulose ; spores oblong or f usiformi-oblong, straight (or obso- letely slightly curved), 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick. - — Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. p. 163; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 j Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90. Resembles R. pu-siUa Le Prev., a plant found in Portugal but not reaching our Islands : it is distinguished by the cortical texture and the shining, smooth, and more freely divided thallus. To the following species also it presents several points of alliance. It is interesting as one of the exotic plants which extend to W. Ireland. In the British specimens the apothecia, which are appendiculate, are very sparingly present. Hub. On stems of shrubs (thorns) in maritime districts. — Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce in N.W. Ireland, though we may expect to find it in the S.W. also. — B. M. : Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 14. R. minuscula Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. se'r. 2, iv. (1870) p. 164. — Thallus small, subrounded, shining, soft, subpel- lucid, very finely longitudinally striatulate, csespitosely branched, straw-coloured or pale straw-coloured, branches attenuato-ramulose (medulla K — ). Apothecia small, terminal, plane or convex, yel- lowish flesh-coloured or glaucous, the receptacle smoothish beneath ; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, straight, 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 142. — Ramalina caJcaris f. minuscula Nyl. Sivllsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 114. This might be taken for a small, narrow state of R. fastigiata, or for a young condition of R. calicaris. It is, however, a very distinct species, differing from the preceding in the smaller and softer thallus, which is scarcely more than \ inch in height ; it occasionally presents small scat- tered oblong perforations. In British specimens the apothecia are very rare. Hob. On the branches of stunted larches, and erratic on rocks in a wooded mountainous district. — Distr. Very local and scarce, found only among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. VSNEA.] 201 Tribe X. U S N E E I IS'yl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus fruticulose, somewhat rounded, rarely angulose, erect or pendulous, internally with a firm chondroid axis. Apothecia leca- norine, peltate, terminal or lateral : spores 8nse, small, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed ; sterig- mata simple or subsimple. A natural tribe, distinguished from its allies by having internally a solid axis (as in Stercocaulon), which readily separates from the cortical layer. Comprising only three small genera, two of which, Neuropoyon and Chlurea, do not occur in Great Britain, it is with us, as in most other countries, marked by the abundance of the species of Usnea. 37. USNEA Dill. Muse. (1741) p. 56 pro parte ; Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 306. — Thallus filamentoso-elongate, or fibrilloso-ramulose with patent branches, concolorous on both sides ; chondroid axis composed of densely conglutinate filaments, cortical layer fragile and often diffract. Apothecia concolorous or subconcolorous with Fig. 40. Usnea florida Ach. — a. Longitudinal section of the thallus, X200. b. Vertical section of a young apothecium (with thalline receptacle), x30. c. Theca and paraphysis, X350. d. Spores, X500. e. Transverse section of the thallus, showing above a spermogone (beneath which is a section of the medulla), X30. /. Sterigmata and spermatia, X500. the thallus, often with ramuloso-ciliate margin ; hypothecium colour- less ; spores small, ellipsoid ; paraphyses stipate in the dense hymenial gelatine, which is bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral, slightly protuberant, in colourless conceptacles ; spermatia straight, cylindrico-acieular, slightly incrassate towards the base. 202 LICHENACEI. [USNEA. The species are more or less social, occurring in wooded regions, chiefly in old woods (though sometimes saxicole and lignicole), where, with their pale-greenish or yellowish thalli often very considerably elongate, they form, especially when fertile, a fine ornament to the trunks and branches of the trees, covering them as if with a " shaggy fleece." The limits of many species have been little understood by recent authors, the earlier writers having in this respect a more accurate judgment. Accordingly, modern lichenologists, following Fries, have usually included several dis- tinct species as varieties under Usnea barbata Fr., supposing that they were connected by intermediate states. Nylander has, however, a^ain separated these, and pointed out that there are sufficient external and anatomical differences to entitle them to rank as distinct species — one of the more important characters being the size of the spores. Nearly all the species are often sorediiferous, especially in barren specimens ; while on the thalli of several " cephalodia " are not unfrequent. These are lateral, pale, or at length brown, tuberculoso-pulvinate, solid, internally dense (with no distinct gonimic layer), and composed of thin, interwoven filamentose elements (vide Nyl. Syn. i. p. 266). The spermogones are rare and covered by the thallus, on which they appear as slight protuber- ances, with spermatia 0.009 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. In the British species the cortical layer usually gives a more or less yellowish reaction with K, but is untinged by CaCl. Frequently, however, the positive reaction is very faint or even wanting in portions of the same specimen, so that it cannot be employed for the discrimination of species, as Dr. Stirton has done (Scottish Naturalist, vi. p. 101 et seq.). 1. U. florida Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 307 pro parte.— Thallus erect, rounded, scabrous, very much branched, pale-greyish or greyish- green ; branches patent, nearly simple, with crowded horizontal fibrils. Apothccia plane, moderate or large, pale or somewhat glau- cous, ciliate at the margins, the cilia long, fibrillose, radiating ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0-007-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 : Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226 ; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555. Usnea bar- bata a. florida Mudd, Man. p. 69, t. i. f. 15; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed. 3, p. 75 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86. Lichen floridus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1154; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 463 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50 ; Eng. Bot. t. 872. Usnea vulyatissima tenuior et brevior, cum orbiculis Dill. Muse. 69, t. 13. f. 13. Llchenoides quod Museus arbor eus cum orbiculis Dill, in Kay Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 6. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 16. Easily recognized by its constantly erect habit, and the horizontal fibrils with which the branches are covered. The thallus is usually rigid and more or less scabrid. When several plants grow in proximity they form, with their large and numerous apothecia, a striking object on the forest trees, and present the appearance of a small parasitic shrub. The apothecia are terminal and smooth, though in age they become rugulose and shortly fibrillose on the underside. Hub. On the branches of trees, rarely erratic, on rocks, in upland woods and forests. — Distr. General and not uncommon in Great Britain, but move frequent and fruiting more freely in the Southern tracts ; rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Ireland, though said by Dr. Taylor USNEA.] USNEEI. 203 (/. c.) to be common. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Near Lydd, Kent ; New Forest, Hants ; Lydford and near Totnes, Devonshire ; Bocconoc and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Hay Coppice and Whitfield, Herefordshire; near Porthogo, Breconshire ; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Island of Anglesea ; Gibside Woods, Durhirn ; Ambleside, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire ; Uurris Woods, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar ; Lochaber, Inverness- shire. 2. U. hirta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 133.— Thallus some- what small, nearly erect, caespitose, crowdedly branched, densely and minutely fibrillose, greenish- or yellowish- white; branches often covered with verrucoso-pulverulent soredia. Apothecia small, pale, the margin with short radiating fibrils ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,006-8 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Hot. xvii. p. 555. — Usnea barbata fi. hirta Mudd, Man. p. 69 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 ; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76. Usnea piiciita y. hirta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p." 226 ; Tayl. in Mack. FL Hib. ii. p. 86. Lichen liirtus Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1155 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 895 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46. Usnea vul- yatisvima tenuior et brevior, sine orbiculis Dill. Muse. 67, t. 13. f. 12. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 1 pro parte ; Mudd, n. 35. Distinguished from the preceding, which it resembles in habit, by being much smaller (usually about 1-2 inches in height), more crespitose, branched and fibrillose. Occasionally it is very small and pulvinate, and is sometimes only sparingly sorediiferous. The apothecia are very rare iu Great Britain, and are found only on the smaller conditions. Minute cephalodia, however, are not unfrequent on the main branches. Hab. On old pales (oak and larch), and occasionally on the branches of trees in wooded tracts, — Distr. General in maritime and upland districts, sometimes abundant, especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland ; apparently rare in Ireland and in the Channel Islands. — B. M. i Island of Guernsey. Walthamstow, Essex; Lydd, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire ; Coryton, S. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; *Gop- sall, Leicestershire ; Rowter Rocks, Derbyshire ; near Oswestiy and Haughniond Hill, Shropshire ; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Bettws- y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; lugleby, Cleveland, York- shire ; near Hexham, Northumberland ; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perth- shire; Much ills, Kincardineshire; Park, near Aberdeen; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothieniurchus Wood, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 3. TJ. dasypoga Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat, Ges. (1876) p. 202.— Thallus elongate, pendulous, scabrous, sparingly branched, greyish- white or pale-greyish ; the branches long, divergent, simplish, with short, patent, crowded fibrilla). Aiothccia small or nearly mode- 204 LICHENACEI. [USNEA. rate, concave, pale or flesh-coloured, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555. — Usnea barbnta Z.dasy- poya Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Licb. Fl. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76. Usnea plicata y. dagypoga Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 312. Usnea barbata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 pro parte ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231 pro parte. Lichen barbatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 890 ; Eng. Bot. t. 258. f. 2. Usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis Dill. Muse. 63, t. 12. f. 6. — The specific name of barbatus Linn, having been applied to the aggregate species of recent authors, it is better to adopt the later name in order to prevent confusion. Distinguished from U.florida by the elongate, pendulous thallus with its long divergent branches, and by the smaller and fewer apothecia. The thallus, as is the case in other species, is in old plants sometimes very sparingly articulate towards the base, and occasionally also con- sists merely of one or two elongate branches, which at first sight are not unlike those of U. longissima Ach., which does not occur iu this country. It is often widely spreading and cephalodiiferous, and from its appear- ance is best entitled to the name of " bearded." With us it is very rarely seen in fruit ; when present the apothecia are scattered and chiefly subterminal. Hob. On the trunks of trees, chiefly firs, in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Somewhat local in S. and N. England, N. Wales ; more common among the Grampi ins, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Dart- moor, Lydford, and near Totnes, S. Devon ; near Dolgelly and llhew- greidden, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Teesdale Forest, Dur- ham; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Loch Ard, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Mar Forest, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Var. p. plicata Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.— Thallus smooth, sub- dichotomously branched ; branches lax, entangled, subarticulate, very sparingly or non-fibrillose, the ultimate ones capillary. Apo- thecia somewhat small, concave or at length plane. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 48. — Usnea barbata y. plicata Mudd, Man. p. 69 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 76 pro parte. Usnea plicata Gray, Xat. Arr. i. p. 403 (excl. vars.) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. p. 226. Lichen plicatus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 257 (atypical, and referable rather to dasypoga). — As there is no speci- men of Lichen plicatus in Herb. Linn., it is very doubtful if this be the plant he intended by that name. This, regarded by Nylander as a variety of U. dast/poya, has been little understood by lichenologists. It is distinguished by the thallus being Suite smooth, very sparingly fibrillose (in its more typical state efibril- )se), and the branches more lax and entangled. The older branches are somewhat articulato-diffract, and the ultimate ones attenuate, filiform. Only one of our British specimens is quite typical and well fertile. Hub. On the branches of trees, chiefly larch, in wooded mountainous USNEA.] VSXEEI. 205 regions. — Di*tr. Local and scarce among the Grampian?, Scotland. — B. M. : Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire ; near Corrienmlzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (typical) ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire ; Dulcie, by the Findhorn, Morayshire. Var. y. scabrata Xyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.— Thallus rough with more or less crowded, slightly elevated papillae ; branches somewhat strict, nearly efibrillose. Apothecia small. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48. — Usnea scabrata Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103; Cromb. Jour n. Bot. 1882, p. 27. Differs from the preceding variety in having the branches scabrid and not subarticulate. From If. ceratina, which it also resembles, it is dis- tinguished by the absence of patent branches. The British specimens are short, about 6 inches long, often verrucoso-sorediiferous, and are for the most part sterile. Hub. On the trunks and branches of larches in mountainous woods. — Distr, Probably general in the fir forests of the Scottish Highlands, though seen only from a few localities in S. Scotland and among the Grampians. — B. 5l. : New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; near Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 4. TJ. ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 610. — Thallus elon- gate, subpendulous, rigid, papilloso-scabrous, at length verrucoso- sorediate, much and variously branched, pale-greyish or yellowish ; the branches patent, diffuse, more or less fibrillose. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, slightly concave, coucolorous, some- times pruinose, the margin with long, stout, recurved cilia, the receptacle beneath papilliferous ; spores 0,Ou7-9 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 554. — Usnea barbata var. ceratina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 3, p. 77. Liclien plicatns Huds. Fl. Acgl. p. 461 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 889 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis Dill. Muse. 56, t. 11. f. 1. Muscus arboreus, Usnea officinarum Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 64, 11. 1. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 36. Generally confounded by British authors with var. plicata of the pre- ceding species, from which it is readily distinguished by the numerous papillae or short fibrils, which give it so very rough an appearance. Tt is very variable in size, mode of branching, and degree of h'brillosity, while "in old plants it is sometimes sparingly articulate at the base. The apothecia in this country are seldom present. Hub. On the trunks and branches of old trees in upland woods. — Distr. General and common in S., W., and N. England, in N. Wales, and the Grampians, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands. — B. M.: Lydd, Kent; Bexhill, Sussex; Isle of W7ight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, and Woodcote Wood, Hampshire ; Beckey Falls, S. Devon ; Roughton and Boccouoc, Cornwall ; Annet Island, Scilly ; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Nannau, near Dolgelly, and Harlech, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, 200 LICHENACEI. [USNEA. Yorkshire; Ashgill Woods and Lamplugh, Cumberland. Stronaclachan Woods and Beii Lawers, Perthshire ; Countess>vells Woods, near Aber- deen; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Wcods, Inverness-shire; Cawdor Woods, Nairn, Morayshire. Var. ft. scabrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 620.— Thallus smaller, erect or suberect, subcaespitose, more or less fibrillose, papil- loso-scabrid, verrucoso-sorediate : otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 34 j" Leight. n. 1 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 285. When erect and fibrillose this is not unlike U.jflorida, from which it differs in the papillae and prominent verrucose soredia, with which it is more or less covered. It is 3-5 inches in length, and is rarely fertile, though cephalodia are often present. Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, also on stunted shrubs and rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it occurs in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, and Lydd, 'Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire ; near Lydford, S. Devon ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Haughmond, Hill, Shrop- shire ; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, York- shire ; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire. Form ferruginascens Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club, iv. (1885) p. 60. — Thallus erect, small, deep rusty-red. Apothccia not seen. — Usnea florida f. rubiginea (non Mich.), Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96 ; Leigbt. Licb. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3, p. 77. Evidently an accidental condition, abnormally coloured by some kind of maceration. The main branches are occasionally sparingly articulate towards the base. It is always sterile. Hab. On trees and shrubs in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Hainault Forest, Essex ; Lydd, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest and Maple- hurst, Sussex ; New Forest, Hampshire ; Falls of Beckey, S. Devon ; Withiel, Cornwall. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 5. U. articulata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 135.— Thallus pendulous, nearly smooth, flaccid, very much and dichotomously branched, pale-greyish or pale-yellowish ; branches elongate, arti- culato-constricted, the articulations ventricose, discrete ; branchlets slender, fibrillose and entangled. Apothecia small, pale, somewhat sparingly fibrilloso-ciliate.— Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 554. — Usnea barbata (3. articulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 (e) ; Mudd, Man. p. 69 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 3, p. 77. Lichen articulatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1156 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 48, et var. 2 barbatus; Eng. Bot. t. 258. i. 1. Usnea barbata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea capillacea nodosa Dill. USXEA.j TTSXEEI. 207 Muse. 60, t. 11. f. 4. Lichenoides quod Muxcits arboreus no'losiis Dill, in Kay, Syn. p. 65, n. 4. — Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 17; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. Apparently a distinct species, easily recognized by the articulate thal- lns and the long capillary fibrils of the lateral branches. The rest of the thallus is sometimes nearly efibrillose, and the articulations, few or many, are caused by the transverse rupture of the cortical layer. In this country the apothecia have never been met with, the supposed fruit of the older writers being merely the " cephalodia," which are sometimes very frequent and occasionally conglomerate. Hab. On the trunks of aged trees in old shady woods and forests in upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce at the present day in Great Britain, though before our old woods and forests were so extensively felled it seems to have been much more frequent. — B. M. : Charlton Forest, Sussex; near Appuldurcomb and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants ; near Exeter, Arton, Beckey Falls, Devonshire ; Liskeard, Cornwall : Enfield Chace, Hertfordshire; near Stockenchurch, Oxford; Cwra Bychan, near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Burnley, Lancashire. Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire ; Deerhill AYoods, Forfarshire ; liothieuiurchus AVoods, Inverness-shire. Form intestiniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48. — Thallus prostrate, thick, and inflated, here and there coarctate and ventricose ; branchlets short, attenuate, flexuoso-interwoven. — Usnea barbata d. intestiniformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 625. Usnea barbata ft. articulata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea arti- culata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86. This singular state, evidently depending on the habitat, differs in the articulations being very much swollen and the branchleta much shorter. It is always infertile. Hab. On the ground in sandy tracts in maritime districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England and S.E. Ireland ; not recently gathered. — B. M. : Exinouth Warren, Devonshire. Malahide, near Dublin. Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI Nyl. Flora 1869, p. 444. Thallus fruticulose, rounded or compressed, erect or pendulous, decumbent or prostrate, internally with lax, arachnoid me"dulla, or entirely hollow. Apothecia lecanorine, scutelliform, lateral or pseudo-terminal ; spores usually 8nae, small or moderate, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed or superficial ; sterigmata pauci-articulate. As instituted by Nylander this is a well-defined and natural tribe. It is allied to the preceding and following tribes. Of its three genera, Du- fourca and Dactylina do not occur in our Islands. 208 [ALECTOKTA. 38. ALECTORIA Ach. Lich. TJniv. (1810) p. 592 pro parte; Nyl. Syn. p. 277. — Thallus filamentose, often intricately branched, concolorous on both sides, somewhat shi- ning ; medullary layer loosely arachnoid "or lacunose, not readily separating from the cortical layer, which is corneous, formed of subparallel filaments closely conglutinate. Apothecia discolorous, or rarely subconcolo- rous with the thallus, rarely with ciliato margin; hypotheciura colourless ; spores 8nae and small, or 2-4nae and larger, very rarely v j- -i j i murah- divided, el- hpsoid, sometimes at length becoming brown; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral, inclosed in thalline tubercles, the conceptacles externally blackish ; spermatia acicular, fusit'ormi-incrassate towards either apex. The species of this genus are characteristic of mountainous regions, and several occur in great abundance in suitable localities. In some the thallus becomes at length free from the substratum, because of the decay and death of the lower portion, which does not, however, prevent them from freely vegetating. Fig. 41 . Alecforia ochroleuca, Nyl.— a. Vertical section of a young apothedum, X30. b. Theca and paraphvsis, X 350. c. Spores, X oOO. <1. Longitudinal section of thallus with a sper- mogone, X 30. e. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. a. Apothecia lateral or pseudo-terminal ; spores 2-4nae, somewhat large, colourless or at length brown. (Eualectoria Fr. fil. Gen. Heterol. (1861) p. 48.) 1. A. ochroleuca Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1837) p. 98. — Thal- lus caespitoso-fruticulose, rigid, erect, rounded or somewhat com- pressed, smooth, or here and there lacunoso-impressed, much and divaricately branched, ochroleucous or whitish straw-coloured ; branches attenuate, the apices recurved and usually blackish (Kf +yellowish, CaCl~ ). Apothecialarge, innate-sessile, at length re- pand, bright brownish-red or brownish-black, the margin inflexed or excluded ; spores 0,028-42 mm. long, 0,014-24 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 73 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87, ed. 3, p. 79. — Cornicularia ochroleuca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eug. Fl. v. p. 229. Lichen ochroleucus Ehrh. Beytr. iii. (1789) p. 82 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 19 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte ; Eng. Hot. t. 2374.— 7?,-^. £«•*. : Cromb. u. 126. ALECTORTA.] ALECTORIEI. 209 Grows in large tufts with the thallus at length free, is often sprinkled with small whitish soredia, and has the fertile branches thicker. It varies somewhat in the degree of blackness with which its normally pale yellow colour is diversified, this being confined to the apices of the branchlets, as is usually the case with us, or extending over the greater portion of the thallus, as in Arctic regions. In Great Britain the apothecia are extremely rare, having been seen in only a single specimen. The spermogones, which are seldom present with us, are minute, punctate, colourless within, with spermatia 0,007-8 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil in alpine places. Distr. Confined to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, on or near their summits. — B. M. : Cairngorm and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; ? Clova Mts., Forfarshire. Form tenuior Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232.— Thallus smaller, decumbent, the branches more slender, somewhat entangled and concolorous at the apices. Apothecia small, pale reddish-brown. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79. — Lichen sarmentosus Eng. Bot. t. 2040 (smaller fig.). This form depends no doubt upon the habitat. It bears a general re- semblance except in colour to the terminal branchlets of var. cincinnafa of A. sannentosa, to which belongs the specimen from Morrone cited in Journ. Bot. /. c. and quoted in Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 as var. crinalis. In the only specimen seen there is but a single young apothecium visible, which is rather lateral than pseudo-terminal. Hab. On sterile ground in alpine places. — Distr. Seen only from one of the loftier mountains of the N. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire. 2. A. sarmentosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 595.-- -Thallus pendulous or prostrate, elongate, complicate, very much and remotely branched, compressed at the axils, whitish-straw-coloured, the apices attenuate, long, coucolorous (K~, K (CaCl)f~redd}sji). Apothecia small, lateral, badio-reddish or brown ; spores 3-4nae, 0,015-36 mm. long, 0,014-30 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79. — Lichen sarmentosus Ach. Yet. Ak. Handl. 1795, p. 212, t. 8. f. 2. ? Usnea loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus Dill. Muse. 59, t. 11. f. 2. Distinguished by the form of the thallus and the situation of the apo- thecia. The thallus, which varies in thickness, is rounded or here and there somewhat compressed, smooth or more or less lacunoso-foveolate, with the branches divaricate or dichotomous. Our only known British specimen belongs to the usual alpine and thicker condition. It has only a few apothecia and no spermogones. Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine situations. — Distr. Known only from one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairn- gorm, Banffshire. Var. j8. cincinnata Nyl. Syn. i. (I860) p. 282 ; Flora, 1869, p. 244. — Thallus prostrate, sarmentose, intricate, unequally compressed, thickened, impresso-lacunose, remotely branched, pale greenish 210 LICHENACEI. [ALECTOKIA. sulphur-coloured ; branches very much divaricate, long, attenuate, concolorous or sparingly blackish at the apices (K~, CaCLT -M'-h)' Apothecia lateral, becoming brownish-black, the margin entire. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79. — AJectoria ochroleuca var. cincinnata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88, ed. 3, p. 79. Evernia ochroleuca b. cin- cinnata Fr. L. E. (1830) p. 22. Alectoria ochroleuca var. sannentosa Cromb. Lieh. Brit. p. 24. Alectoria sarmentosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 408 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227 ; Mudd, Man. p. 70. Lichen ochroleucus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte. — As specimens in herbaria show, this was mistaken by our earlier and some later writers for A. sarmentosa (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232). — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 18. The thallus often bears large foveolate and scrobiculate concolorous excrescences, and usually is here and there tinged of a bluish-black colour. The apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones are very rarely seen. Hob. On the ground in alpine places, creeping loosely over mosses and the stems of Azalea procumbens. — Distr. Very local, though somewhat plentiful on a few of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben- naboord, Morrone, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. I. Apothecia lateral : spores 8nae, small, colourless (Bryopogon Link. Handb. (1833) p. 164 pro parte). 3. A. divergens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 71. — Thallus caespi- tose, erect or prostrate, robust, rigid, and fragile, somewhat rounded or subangular, shining, often much branched, brownish-chestnut- coloured ; branches dichotomously diverging (K~, CaCl ^ d red). Apothecia bright-brown, the margin usually crenulate or rough ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 78.—Cornieularia divergens Ach. Heth. (1803) p. 303. This is like larger states of Cetraria aculeata, from which, however, it is ished by reaction with CaCl', and the nature of the spermogones. In the few , well distinguished by being more robust, not spinulose, by the medullary ' specimens gathered in Britain the thallus is less developed than in those from Arctic regions, and is destitute of the white points which elsewhere pre sometimes present, arising from the rupture of the cortical layer. The apothecia have as yet been detected only in N.E. Asia. Hob. On the ground among mosses in alpine places. — Dintr. Found only on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 4. A. nigricans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 71. — Thallus caespi- toso-fruticulose, erect or ascending, rigid, somewhat rounded, dicho- tomously and intricately branched, livid- or chestnut-bjack, paler towards the base, opaque, branches more or less deflexed at the apices, the axils somewhat lacunoso-impressed (KT . 11 *- K ' l 7 re(j,3i8h)- Apothecia lateral, moderate, badio-brownish, the ATJ5CTORIA.] ALECTORIFT. 21 I margin thin, at length excluded ; spores 0,021-35 mm. long, 0,015 -20 mm. thick.— Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leigh*. Lich. Fl. p. 87, ed. 3, p. 78.— Gornicvdaria oshrolenca ft. nigricans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 615. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 19. The thallus, which is at length free, and, except in colour, like that of A. ochroleuca, is often blackish almost throughout, though sometimes only towards the apices. When long preserved in herbaria it becoiiies reddish, and tinges the paper of the same colour. The apothecia have been found only in Labrador and Arctic N. America. With us the sper- mogones are not uncommon. They are somewhat protuberant, most frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks, in alpine and sub- alpiue situations. — Distr. Somewhat local, but usually plentiful on several of the higher Grampians, Scotland ; very sparingly on mts. in X. Wales ; doubtfully on those of N. England.— B. M. : Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire ; The Glyders and Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire ; ? Teasdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and Mael Girdy, Perthshire; Ben-y-Gloe and Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole ; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 5. A. jubata Xyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233. — Thallus elongate, pendulous, filiform, subrounded, somewhat rigid, much branched, sorediiferous, olive-brown or brownish black, rarely paler ; branches entangled, smooth, subconcolorous at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia innato-sessile, affixed to geniculations of the thallus, small, plane or convex, the margin entire, at length excluded ; spores 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 408 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86 ; Mudd, Man. p. 70 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 80. — Lichen jubatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1155 pro parte ; Huds. Fl. Augl. p. 46 1 pro parte : Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 891 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1880 pro parte. Usnea jubata nigricans Dill. Muse. 64, t. 12. f. 7. Lichen- oides quod Muscus corallinus saxatilis fveniculac-eus Dill, in Ray Syn. p. 65, n. 7. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 72 ; Mudd, n. 37 ; Cromb. n. 128 (pallidior) : Bohl. n. 83. The thallus of this well-known plant, of which the type is A. prolixa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 592, is in its young state suberect, as it frequently appears on old fir pales. Usually it is more or less sprinkled with whitish or greyish soredia, which are especially abundant in the less elongate or suberect states. It is one of our most social lichens, frequently along with Usneas completely covering the trunks and branches of firs in Highland woods and forests. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great Britain, owing, no doubt, to so many old forests having been felled. The spermogones, which are also very rare, are inclosed in scattered thalline tubercles, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,005 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, chiefly pine and larch, as also on boulders among mosses, in wooded upland and subalpine regions. r 2 212 LICHENACEI. [A.LECTORIA. — Distr. General in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain — very abundant amongst the Grampians, Scotland ; rare in Ireland. — B. M : St. 'Leonards, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon- shire ; Helminton and Roughton, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Gamlingay Park, Cambridgeshire ; near Kingley, Warwickshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Baysdale and near Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Keswick and Alston, Cumberland ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch, Killin (frt.), Ben Lawers, and Knock of Crieff, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire (frt.); Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Ballochbuie Forest, Craig Cluny, and Mar Forest, Braemar; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis, and Glen Morriston, Inver- ness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Killiney Hills, near Dublin ; Luggle- law, co. Wicklow ; near Innishowen, co. Donegal. Var. /3. lanestris Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 593. — Thallus some- what small, prostrate, rather soft, very sparingly sorediiferous, brownish-black or blackish ; branches short, slender, densely en- tangled. Apothecia not seen. — Cromb. Journ. JBoc. 1872, p. 233. — Lichen jubatus Eng. Eot. t. 1880 (upper fig.). This variety, which superficially resembles Parmelia lanata, is well distinguished by the smaller, denser, more tender thallus, and by the almost entire absence of soredia. The fructification has apparently never been observed, even in countries where the plant is more common. Hab. On old fir pales in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local and rare, in W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.— B. M. : Helsby Hill, Cheshire. Killin, Perthshire ; Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form tenerrima Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48. — Thallus smaller, very much branched ; branches short, very slender, fragile, soft and much interwoven. At first sight might readily be mistaken for an Ephebe. It is always sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old birch trees in upland situations. — Distr. Very local and rare among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. A. chalyfoeiformis Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48. — Thallus subfiliform, prostrate, flexuose, rigid, divaricately branched, sparingly sorediate, olive- or brownish-black (or dark leaden- coloured), often a little paler at the apices ; branches short, remote (K~, CaCl~)- Apothecia not seen. — Alectoria jubata var. chaly- leiformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 592; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227 ; Mudd, Man. p. 70 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 24 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 89, ed. 3, p. 80. — Alectoria chalybei- formis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 408. Lichen chalybeiformis Linn. Sp. 'PI. (1753) p. 1155 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Usnea rigida Jior- sum vorsum extensa Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 10. Liclienoides caule rigido, instar fli chalylei Dill in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 2. — Brit. Krs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 245. ALECTORIA.] ALECTORIEI. 213 Tlie simpler, less intricate thallus, which is usually more compressed at the axils, more shortly and remotely branched, thicker, flexuose aud less sorediate than in A. jubata, entitles this to be viewed as a subspecies. The apothecia have never been detected, and the spermogones are absent in our specimens. Hal). Among mosses on rocks and boulders in upland and mountainous districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in England and N. Wales ; plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Bridge Rocks, near Tuubridge Wells, Sussex ; Templemore and Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Malvern and Herefordshire Beacon, Worcestershire ; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Gateshead Fell, Durham ; Suddale, Westmoreland. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Cluny, Lochnagar, and Ben- naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inver- ness-shire. Subsp. 2. A. subcana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360. — Thallus pendulous, filiform, subelongate, much branched, greyish- white (K~, CaCl~); soredia small, somewhat prominent, whitish. Apothecia not seen. Very similar in colour to A. implexa f. cana, for which but for the absence of any reaction it might readily be mistaken. The thallus is less elongate, more slender, with the branches less entangled than in A.jubata, while the soredia also are different. It has not been found fertile. Hab. On the branches of old firs in wooded mountainous tracts. — Distr. Very local among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Glen Derrie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. A. implexa Nyl. ex Norrl. Med. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 14. — Thallus pendulous, elongate, filiform, subrounded, very much branched and entangled, slender and flaccid, greyish- yellow or greyish -white, with whitish or greyish scattered soredia (K+ Yellowish, cad-). Apothecia as in the preceding species. — Usnea implexa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 134. Alectoria cana Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88. Alectoria capillaris Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1372, p. 233; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79. — This is the Lichen jubatus pro parte of Linnaeus and of some of the older British authors. Similar in habit to A.jubata, of which it has usually been considered a variety, but from which it is separated by the more slender and differ- ently-coloured thallus, and especially by the reaction. It has a still closer resemblance to A. sarmentosa f. crinalis Ach., with which, in countries where both are frequent, it is apt to be confounded. It is often almost entirely esorediate. It is very rarely fertile, and the few British speci- mens are sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old firs in mountainous districts. — Dustr. Very local and rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : York- shire. Killm, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Mar Forest,, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inveruess-shire. 214 LICHENACEI. [ALECXOKIA. 7. A. tricolor Nyl. Mein. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 98.— Thallus filiform, erect, very much and divaricately branched, densely intri- cate, black or brownish-black ; branches short, slender, rounded, patent, subfibrillose, the apices usually somewhat curved and pale- brown (K"""» Cad ). Apothecia lateral, small, blackish; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,007-8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 70 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3, p. 78. — Corniculctria bicolor Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 405 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229. Lichen bicolor Ehrh. Beytr. iii. (1789) p. 82 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1853. Lichen lanatus Huds. *F1. Angl. p. 461 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 892 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57. Usnea lance nigrce instar saxis adhcerens Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 8. Muscus coralloides lance nigrce instar, saocis adhcerens Dill, in Kay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 3.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 39 ; Cromb. n. 127". Though allied to A.jttbata, of -which it has been regarded as a variety, yet, in the absence of any intermediate states, this is a very distinct species. The apices of the thallus, which is at length free, are frequently concolorous with the branches (var. melane.ira Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 614) ; but this evidently results from exposure. The apothecia have been gathered only in the Himalaya Mts. The spermogones are very minute, more frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0;008 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and boulders among mosses in upland and subalpine tracts. — Distr. Frequent and sometimes abundant in mountainous tracts of W. and N. England, N. Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, but apparently very rare in N.E. Ireland. — B. M. : Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Walkington, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Capel Arthog, Llyn Bodlyn, and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Island of Angle- sea ; Farndale, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmore- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben-A'an, near Taymouth, Ben Lawers, Ben More, Glen Lyon, Corrie Uachlar, Rannoch, and Ben- y-Gloe, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Tribe XII. CETRARIEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 172; Syn. i. p. 297. Thallus subfruticulose or foliaceous, compressed or rarely rounded, erect, ascending, or appressed, occasionally sparingly rhizinose be- neath, internally filled with a white woolly medulla. Apothecia lecanorine, marginal, obliquely affixed to the Iacinia3 ; spores 8na3, small, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones enclosed in setuliform apiculi or black papilla ; sterigmata subsimple or pauci-articulate. In habit and general appearance this tribe approaches some of the Alectoriei, though in more important respects it is allied to the Par- meliei. Having regard, however, to the usually fruticulose thallus, the situation of the apothecia, and the character of the spermogones, it is entitled to be separated from both. Most of the European species are found in Britain. CEfRARTA.] CETKARIEI. 215 39. CETEARIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 292 pro parte; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 298. — Thallus fruticulose, erect or ascending, more or less rigid, laciniose, rarely fistulose, concolo- rous on both sides; epithallus somewhat shining; medullary layer with the filaments loosely interwoven, or in the fistulose species arachnoid, scanty, intri- cate within ; cortical layer inter- nally formed of longitudinal tubes, externally cellular. Apothecia subconcolorous with the thallus, -p- 42 marginal, adnate on the front of the apices of the lacinije, usually Cetraria Islandica Ach.— a. A theca, with entire, sometimes with ere- *3?0' *• Spfores> X5°°- C~ V|n ' . tieal section of a spermogone, X 30. nulate margin; hypothecium d. Sterigmata and spermatia, X 500. colourless ; spores subellipsoid ; hyraenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones marginal, spinuliform ; sterigmata simple ; spermatia cylindrical, moderate or somewhat short. This genus is especially characteristic of sub-arctic or alt-alpiue region?. The thallus, which is ot'"a lighter or darker spadiceous colour, becomes at length free from the substratum. In most species the apothecia are very rare or unknown in this country, and even the spermogones, which are more frequent than the apotheci'a, are seldom seen in herbaria specimens, in consequence of the spinules in which they are enclosed being abraded. 1. C. Islandica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 293.— Thallus subfoliaceous, caespitose, variously laciniate, subcanaliculate, more or less ciliato- spinulose at the margins, shining, pale-chestnut-coloured or dark- chestnut^brown, usually with impressed white soredia at the back, often stained of a blood-red colour at the base (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate on the upper surface of the apices of the laciniae, large or moderate ; the margin thin, entire or crenulate, at length excluded; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 433 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96, ed. 3, p. 91. — Cornicularia Islandica, Mudd, Man. p. 77, t. 1. f. 19. Lichen Islandicus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1145 a ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 829 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1330 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides rigidum eryngii foliis referens Dill. Muse. 209, t. 28. f. Ill A, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 90.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 51 ; Leight. n. 42 pro parte. The thallus of the " Iceland Moss " varies considerably in colour, being sometimes almost entirely greyish-white, and in the character of the lacinise. The fertile laciniae are broader at the apices than the barren. The apothecia, which are seldom met with in this country, are usually of moderate size, and become at length somewhat deformed. The spermo- 216 LICHKiVACEI. [CETRAKIA. gones are situated at the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia 6,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. A parasitic fungus, Spheeria cetra- riicola Nyl., is occasionally seen on the thallus ; in Lapland it has been seen also on C. hiascetis. Hab. On the ground among heath, and in stony places in upland, sub- alpine, and especially in alpine situations. — Distr. Not general nor com- mon on the mts. of N. Wales, N. England, S.W. Ireland, and S. and N. Scotland, but very plentiful amongst the Grampians, especially in Brae- mar, where it occurs in fruit on some of the loftier summits: occasion- ally descending to low altitudes on more exposed upland heath«. — B. M. : Wootton Common, Norfolk; Stockton Forest, Langwith Moor, and Sten- sball Common, Yorkshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham. Cheviot Hills, Roxburghshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Mael Graedha and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Clova Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Hills of Nigg, near Aberdeen ; Morrone, Lochnagar and Ben Macdhui, Braemar ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Slieve Donard, co. Down ; Mangerton, co. Kerry. Form platyna Fr. Lich. Europ. (1881) p. 37. — Lacinise rather broad, subsimple and sparingly denticulate at the margins. Apo- thecia large. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96, ed. 3, p. 91 pro parte. Cetraria platyna Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 229. Cetraria Islandica f. dilatala Norrl., Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. 1880, p. 575. Lichenoides rigid um eryngiifoliisreferens Dill. Muse. 209, t. 28. f. Ills. Varies in colour like the type, with the lacinize occasionally 1 inch in breadth. The apothecia are usually rather large and few, with the mar- gin generally excluded. From the paucity of the marginal cilia, the spermogoues are rarely seen. Hab. On the ground among heaths in alpine places. — Distr. Local on the loftier Grampians, chiefly in Braemar, at high altitudes, where it is not uncommon. — B. M. : Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Ben Macdhui, Cairn- gorm, Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 2. C. crispa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. (1878) p. 362. — Thallus somewhat small, caespitose, erect or depressed, pale-chest- nut or chestnut-brown ; Jacinise crowded, rather narrow, canalicu- late, densely ciliate and connivent at the margins, often reddish at the base (K^, CaCl~). Apothecia small, submarginal, the margin persistently denticulate ; spores as in the preceding species, or slightly smaller. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48. — Subsp. Cetraria. crispa, Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 73. Cetraria Islandica ft. crispa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 513; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92. Cornicularia Islandica /3. crispa, Mudd, Man. p. 77. lichen Islandicus fi Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 830 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides eryny'd folia referens, tenuioribus et crispioribus foliis Dill. Muse. 212, t. 28. f. 112.— Brit, Exs. : Mudd, n. 52; Leight. n. 42 pro parte. Smaller, and somewhat pulvinate, with narrower and more ciliate lacinise than C. Islandica, of which it was considered a variety, but is now sepa- rated as a species by Nylander. The apothecia are very rare in Britain. CETRAKIA.] CETRARTF.I. 217 Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine and alpine districts. — Distr. Local in N. Wales, N. England, and S. Scotland, more frequent among the Grampians, especially in Braemar. — B. M. : Snowdon and Carnedd Llewellyn, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Mael Graedha, Ben Lawers, and Eannoch, Perthshire ; Katelaw, Forfarshire : Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form subtubulosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48. — Laciniae interruptedly tubulose, with the suture ciliato-spinulose. Apothecia not seen. — Cetraria Islandicaf. subtubulosa Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 37. A modification of the preceding, which scarcely deserves to rank as a separate form. The thallus is only sparingly branched, and is never seen fertile. Hab. On mossy ground among boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Local and uncommon on a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Kate- law, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 3. C.biascens Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 98.— Thallus densely caespitose, subfoliaceous, canaliculate or somewhat plane, opaque, pale- or dark-brown, with white impressed soredia at the back, often stained yellowish-brown at the base ; lacinise narrow, sparingly ciliato-spinu- lose, much and repeatedly dichotomously branched at the apices (K~» CaClj." ^^k). Apothecia adnate to the upper surface of the apices of the laciniae, elevated, moderate, subconcolorous, the margin some- times denticulate ; spores as in the preceding species. — Croinb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48. — Cetraria aculeata b. Jdascens Fr. Lich. Europ. (1831) p. 36. Cetraria Delisei (Bory), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92. Differs from C. crispa in the lacinia? and the chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus, which is rather brittle when dry, varies consider- ably in colour and in the length of the lacinise, being dark and short in Britain. Neither the apothecia nor the spermogones occur in this country. Hub. Among mosses on the ground in alpine places. — Di-ttr. Ex- tremely local and rare on the summits of two of the loftier N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Lochnagar and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, x\berdeenshire. 4. C. aculeata Fr. Syst. Orb. Yeg. (1825) p. 239.— Thallus caespi- toso-fruticulose, rigid and somewhat fragile, fistulose, erect, some- what rounded or anguloso- unequal, or somewhat compressed, sub- lacunose, very much and irregularly branched, bright- or dark- brown; branches divaricate, more or less blackish -spin ulose (K~> CaCl^)- Apothecia subterminal, concolorous, small or moderate, the margin spinuloso-denticulate ; spores 0,005-9 mm. long, 0,003- 4 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92. — Cornicularia aculeata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 405 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 228 : Tayl. in Mack. Fl.Hib. ii. p. 86 ; Mudd, Man. p. 77 (incl. (3. calocaula Flott.). Lichen acu- 218 LICHENACEI. [CETRAEIA. leatus Schreb. Fl. Lips. (1771) p. 125. Lichen Islandicm y Htids. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539. Coralloides fruticuli specie fitscum. sf>ino- sum Dill. Muse. p. 112 pro parte. Lichenoidcs non tubulosum ramo- sissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigrescens Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 66, n. 10 pro parte. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 50 ; Leight. n. 3; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 163. A very distinct species, variable in size and degree of spinulosity, and so giving rise to several forms. The apothecia are not common in Britain, and the spermogones are but occasionally seen. They are very minute, blackish, situated on the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hah. On the ground in sandy and gravelly places among grasses and heath of moorlands in upland and subalpine tracts. — Distr. Not very general nor common, though occurring here and there in most parts of Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Inlands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey. North Wootton, Norfolk ; Reigate Heath, Surrey ; Lyndhurst Common, Hampshire ; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Malvern Hills and Ilartlebury Common, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Over, Cheshire ; Farn- dale, Yorkshire; Haughrnond Hill, Shropshire; Gateshead, Durham; Kilhope Law, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Glen Lochay, Ben Lawers, and Birnam Hill, Perthshire ; Baldovan Woods and Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Culbin, Elgin- shire. Form 1. hispida Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 561. — Thallus smaller, more slender and intricate, densely caespi- tose. Apothecia numerous. — Lichen hispidus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 883; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 452. Cetraria aculeata var. muricata Ach., Cromb. Lich. Biit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93. Coralloides fruticitli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Muse. 112, 1. 17. f. 31 A. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 4; Mudd, n. 49. Grows in low dense tufts, about i to 1 inch high, and occasionally spreads very extensively. The thallus is densely branched, more or less spinulose, and is often darker in colour than in the type. Usually well fertile with crowded apothecia, which are sometimes comparatively large. The SDermogones in otherwise barren specimens are numerous. Hob. On the ground of moorlands in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Frequent in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain — more especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland ; very rare in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Hainault Forest, Essex ; Wokingham Heath, Bucking- hamshire ; Lydd, Kent; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Scilly Islands, Corn- wall ; Black Edge, near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Charnwood Forest. Leices- tershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Breid- den, Montgomeryshire ; near Beverley and" Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kent- mere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Asby, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill and'Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Montrose links, and near Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Glen Dee and Glen Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Kil- larney, co. Kerry. CETRARU..] CETRARIEI. 219 Form 2. acanthella Kyi. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100.— Thallus as in the type, but very much spinuloso-denticulate through- out. Apotheeia few. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93. — Cornicularia spadicea y. acanthella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 612. Corcdloides fruticuli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Muse. 112, t. 17. f. 31 B. Distinguished by the entirely hispido-spinulose or setulose thallus. In this country the apothecia are very rare. The spermogones are frequently present in herbaria specimens. Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. England, N. Wales, and among the N. Gram- pians, Scotland.— B. M. : Clifton, near Bristol ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Farndale, Yorkshire ; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland. Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo near Aberdeen, S. of Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeeushire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. 5. C. odontella Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 230.— Thallus densely fru- ticuloso-csespitose, depressed, narrowly laciniate: lacini* plane, linear, thin, palmately ramoso-divided, spinulose at the margins, spadiceous, chestnut-brown or pale spadiceous, paler at the base, or sometimes blood-coloured (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia terminal, concolorous, the margin denticulate ; spores 0,007-010 mm. long, about 0,0045 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. — Lichen odontellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 213. This usually forms minute depressed tufts, and somewhat resembles form hispida of the preceding species, hut is distinguished by the plane thin lacinise. The thallus closely allies it to C. crispa, from which it is, however, separated by the characters given. In the only specimen found in this country apothecia and spermogones are absent. Hab. Among mosses on rocks in alpine tracts. — Distr. A single specimen from the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 40. PLATYSMA Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100; Syn.i. p. 301.— Platisma, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 138 pro minima parte (ut sectio Lo- ba/rice). — Thallus fruticulose or membranaceo- dilated, erect, ascending or appressed, more or less rigid, lobed or laciuiate, concolorous on both sides or discolorous ; medullary layer with the filaments loosely interwoven ; cortical layer more or less cellular, very rarely with tubulose cavities. Apothecia discolorous from thallus, marginal or submarginal, rarely adnate on the back of pj™ 4.3 the apices of the laciniae, the margin entire or Piatysma commixtum crenulate; hypothecium colourless; spores sub- Nyl.— a. Section of ellipsoid ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. upper portion of the Spermogones marginal, globulose ; sterigmata thallus x 200. b. somewhat simple or pauci-articulate j sper- ^SSf^aT matia various (not cylindrical). c. Sterigmata and spermatia, XoOO. 220 LICHENACEI. [PLATYSMA. Well distinguished from Cetraria by the form of the spermogones, though in one section the form of the sperrnatia indicates some affinity. The thallus is at length free, or affixed to the substratum by a lew rhiziuae, and is more variable in colour than in Cetraria. When it is membrana- ceo-dilated, as it sometimes is, it resembles Parmelia, but is separated by the spermogones. A. Spermatia slightly incrassate or clavate at the obtuse apices. a. Thallus erect, becoming free, concolorous on both sides, the laciniae elongate. 1. P. nivale Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1867) p. 295. — Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-expanded, sinuato-laciniate, pale straw-coloured or ochroleucous, usually tinged browri-ochraceous at the base ; laciniae canaliculato-patulous, reticulato-lacunose, dentate at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia aclnate on the front of the laciniae, subterminal, moderate, yellowish flesh-coloured, the margin crenulate : spores small, 0,007-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Nyl. Syn. i. p. 302, t. 8. f. 33 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 93.— Cetraria nivalis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221 ; Mudd, Man. p. 78. Lichen nivalis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1145 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 17 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 1994. Lichenoides Idcunosum candidum ylabrum, endivice crispw facie Dill. Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 56 A.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 43 ; Mudd, n. 53 ; Cromb. n. 24. This beautiful species, so characteristic of Arctic and Alpine regions, often forms dense tufts, occasionally of considerable size. The apothecia do not occur in this country, but the spermogones are occasionally seen. They appear as black marginal papillae, with sterigmata subsimple, or 2-3-articulate, and spermatia 0,000-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the ground among mosses and on bare detritus in alpine places. — Distr. Kather local, though plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland, chiefly in Braemar. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Bassies, Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-uaboord, Morrone, Ben Avon, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Cairntoul, sources of the Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 2. P. cucullatum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1867) p. 295. — Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-complanate, smooth, canaliculate- laciniate, pale ochroleucous, usually tinged purplish at the base ; laciniae sinuato-divided, the margins connivent, undulate, naked, somewhat recurved at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate on the back of the lobes, subterminal, often dilated, pale flesh-coloured, the margin thin, or at length excluded ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94.— Cetraria cucullata Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen cucullatus Bellard, Obs. Bot. (1788) p. 54. Lichenoides maryinibus coeuntibus et velut tubulosum Dill. Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 56 n.—Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 132. In Great Britain this occurs only in small, scattered tufts. It differs PLATYSMA.] CETRARIEI. 221 from the preceding in the narrower laciniae, connivent at the margins, and when fertile in the position of the apothecia. With us it is sterile. Hcib. On the ground among mosses in alpine places. — Distr. Known only from the summits of some of the higher X. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairutoul and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeanshire. b. Thallus subascending or appressed, more or less closely adherent, subdiscolorous ; Jacinise somewhat narrow. 3. P. ssepincola Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. se'r. 3, i. (1856) p. 295. — Thallus small, smooth, laciniato-lobed, olive- or chestnut- brown, beneath paler ; lacinice decumbent or ascending, somewhat plane, the margins undulato-sinuate or crenate (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia submarginal, adnate, small or moderate, dark-brown or subconcolorous, shining, the margin thin, crenate ; spores ellipsoid 0,006-10 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 94 pro parte. —Lichen sce.pincola Ehrh. Phyt. (1780) n. 90; Eng. Bot. t. 2386. f. 2. — To this, from specimens in herbaria, is not referable the Lichen or Cetraria sepincola of other British authors, which refers to the following species. A small plant, with the thallus rosulate, pulvinate, or sometimes effuse, and generally smaller when fertile than when barren. The small and crowded apothecia are rare in this country, as also the spermogones, which have the spermatia 0,000 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On old pales and branches of trees, mostly firs, in mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce, in the N. Grampians, Scotland ; very doubtfully in N. England. — B. M. : ? Teesdale, Durham. Glen Q.uoich and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 4. P. ulophyllum Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 442.— Thallus moderate, smooth or isidio-furfuraceous, lacero-laciniate, greyish- or pale chest- nut-brown, beneath paler ; laciniae subappressed or ascending, some- what narrow, variously divided, the margins undulato-crisp and white sorediato-pulverulent (K~, CaCl.~). Apothecia submarginal, small, the margin subcrenulate or entire ; spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 75. — Platysma scvpincola var. ulophyllum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100, ed. 3, p. 95. Cetraria sepin- cola ft. ulophyUa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 297. Cetraria scepincola Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen sepincola Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 18 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, i. v. p. 73 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2386. f. 1.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 45 ; Mudd, nos. 55, 56. From P. sapincola, of which it has generally been regarded a variety, this is distinguished by the longer and broader, sometimes isidio-furfu- raceous laciniae, which when fully developed are somewhat flaccid, and bv their crisp sorediate margins. The states by which it has been sup- posed to be connected with the preceding are merely young and non- isidiiferous conditions of this plant. The small apothecia have only once been met with in this country rightly developed. 222 LTCHENACEI. [PLATTSMA. Hob. On old pales and firs, very rarely on boulders, in hilly and mountainous districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in S., W., and N. England and the Highlands of Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M : Between Yarmouth and Caistor, Suffolk : near St. Leonards and Ifield, Sussex ; Hay Tor, Devon ; Bardon Hill and Gopsall, Leicester- shire; Oteley Park, Ellesmere, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire; Island of Auglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Falloch, Killin, Ben Lawers, Glen Lyon, and Falls of Bruar, Perth- shire ; Deerhill Wood and Kinnoul Wood, Forfarshire ; Morrone and Linn of Quoich ffrt.), Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Loch Ennich, and Rothienmrchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. 5. P. diffusnm Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 247.— Thallus orbicular, ap- pressed, closely adherent, isidioso- rugose in the centre, naked and sinuato-lobed at the circumference, greyish- or brownish-white, beneath pale brown, with a few long rhizinse ; laciniae narrow, ap- planate, multifid, rounded and crenate at the apices (K + deep yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia small, subopaque, reddish-brown, the margin crenulate and sorediate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,005 -6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 95. — Parmelia diffusa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442. Lichen diffuses Web. Spic. Fl. Gott. (1778) p. 250 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. 17, t. 9. f. 6 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32. Parmeliopsis aleurites (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37. Parmelia aleurites Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203 ; Mudd, Man. p. 98 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130. Lichen aleurites Eng. Bot. t. 858.— To this is referable Parmelia horrescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144 pro parte (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 98). — Brit. Exs. : Leight. B. 47; Mudd, n. 71 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23. Not unlike Parmeliopsis aleurites Nyl., but the spennogones place it in this genus. The thallus is often densely isidiiferous almost throughout, only the apices of the laciniae being naked. It usually occurs sterile ; when present the apothecia are elevated and numerous. The spermogones are large, black, marginal and tubercular, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On old pales, rarely on stumps of felled trees in wooded lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local in England, N. Wa'es, and the Highlands of Scotland ; rare in S. W. Ireland.— B. M. : Henham, Suffolk ; Penshurst, Kent ; Wakehurst, Sussex ; Croft Castle and near Hereford, Herefordshire; near Windsor, Berkshire; Stoke Park and Sotterly Park, Buckinghamshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry and Ellesmere, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Lome, Argyleshire ; Inverarnan and Crianlarich, Perthshire; Glee Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothienmr- chus, Inverness-shire. Askew Wood and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 6. P. Fahhmense Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 309.— Thallus suborbi- cular, appresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceo-browuish or brownish-black, beneath blackish, with a few rhizinaa at the cir- cumference ; laciniae narrow, multifld, sinuate, subcanaliculate PLATTSMA.] CETRAKIEI. 223 (K~ eiiowi8h' CaCl~). Apothecia moderate, brownish-red, the receptacle externally plicato-rugose, the margin granulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,005-11 mm. long, 0004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 95. — Parmelia Fahlunensis Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206 ; Mudd, Man. p. 100 pro parte. Lichen Fahlunensis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 1 10 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 532 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 653 (descript. non fig.) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30 pro parte. Lichenoides tinctorium atrum, foliis minimis crispis Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 8 1 . — The specimens in Herb. Linn, named Lichen Fahlu- nensis belong to the next species, as do specimens in the Herbaria of our older authors. To prevent the greatest confusion I have used the name applied by Acharius to this plant, and by which it has been usually designated. The thallus is parmelioid, occasionally somewhat expanded, with the lacinise more or less subascendinjr. The apothecia are elevated, at first urceolate, at length becoming somewhat plane. The spermogones are frequent, brownish-black, in protuberant marginal papillae, with spermatia slender, elongate, 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, and N. Wales; more frequent among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar ; not seen in Ireland. — B. M. : Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Cader Idris, Merio- nethshire ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben Macdhui, Aber- deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 7. P. polyscMzum Nyl. Flora, 1862, p. 82 (not.), 1869, p. 442.— Thallus orbicular, appressed, thickish, smooth, laciniato-divided, greyish- or dark-olive-brown, beneath paler or dark ; laciniae short, narrow, imbricately crowded, subcanaliculate, slightly elevated at the margins, and rotundato-crenate at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apo- thecia and spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. This might be taken for a panniform condition of P. Faliluneme, with which it agrees in the form of the spermatia, but it is at once separated by the absence of any reaction of the medulla. The thallus when mois- tened is of a greenish colour, and varies beneath from osseous-white to dark-spadiceous. In perfect specimens the laciniae are broader, planer, and less divided at the extreme circumference. When fertile the apo- thecia and spermogones are occasionally numerous and crowded. Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben- naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. B. Spermatia ellipsoid. Thallus subascending, closely affixed, sub- concolorous ; lacinias rather narrow. 8. P. commixtum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 310, t. 8. f. 33.— Thallus suborbicular, adpresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceous or spadiceo-brownish, beneath nearly concolorous, with a few rhizinae 224 LICHENACET. towards the circumference ; laciniae somewhat ascending, much en- tangled, subplane or plane, crisp (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia mode- rate, brownish-red, the receptacle smoothish, margin nearly entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,005-11 mm. long, 0,004-0 mm. thick. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 96.— Lichen Fahlunensis Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1143; Erig. Bot. t. 653 (fig. only). — Vide sub P. Falilunensi. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 25 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23. Often confounded with the preceding, from which, apart from the characters of the thallus and the receptacle of the apothecia, it is distin- guished by the absence of any chemical reaction and by the form of the spermatia. The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, sometimes be- coming large in old age. The spermogones usually very numerous, have short, simple sterigmata, and spermatia oblongo- or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and boulders chiefly in alpine situations. — Distr. Rather local, being confined to N. Wales, S. Scotland, and the Grampians, espe- cially those of Braemar, where it is plentiful. — B. M. : Carnedd Llewelyn and "the Glyders, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lawers and Hills near Amulree, Perthshire ; Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Ben-niboord. Morrone, and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form tenuisectum Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 49. — Laciniaa narrower and more intricately crowded. — Cetraria commixta f. tenui- setta Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 109. Connected with the type by intermediate states, and probably not con- stant ; always sterile. Hob. On rocks in alpine situations- — Distr. Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. C. Spermatia acicular, cylindrical, slightly incrassate at one apex. a. Thallus suberect or appressed, somewhat loosely affixed, concolorous ; lacinias narrow or dilated. 9. P. juniperinum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1857) p. 295. — Thallus ascending, lobato-laciniate, citrine or greenish- yellow on both sides, or somewhat paler beneath ; medulla intensely citrine; latinise crowded, eroso-crenate, crisp, concave (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate to the front of the laciniee, moderate, badio- reddish or badio-brownish, the margin corrugate or denticulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. p. 312, t. 8. f. 34 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 96. — Cetraria juniperina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 : Mudd, Man. p. 79. Lichen juniperinus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1147. Lichen juniperinus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 836, apparently refers to some state of Phystia parietina, as observed in Eng. Bot. 1 94, and With. Arr. ed. 3,'iv. p. 34 (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234). CKTRAKIEI. 225 Our few authentic specimens are typical, though smaller than in countries where it is more plentiful. The apothecia do not occur in these, and the spennogones are rarely seen. They are minute, marginal, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of aged pines in mountainous woods. — Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland ; very doubtfully in N. England.— B. M. : ? Near High Force Inn, Teesdale, Durham (frt.). Clova, Forfarshire ; Rothieniurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. 10. P. pinastri Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 442.— Thallus depressed, roundly lobed, greenish-yellow ; lacinise plane, somewhat broad, sometimes imbricate, the margins intensely citrino-sorediato ; medulla deep citrine (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia as in the preceding species, but very rare. — Platysma juniperinum, subsp. pinastri Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234. Platysnia jnnipcrinum var. pinastri Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. EL p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97. Cetraria pinastri Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432. Cetraria juiiiperina fa. pinastri Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 pro parte ; Sm. Eng/Fl. v. p. 220 ; Mudd, Man. p. 79. Lichen pinastri Scop. Fl. Cam. ii. (1772) p. 382 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2111. This holds the same relation to P. juniperinum, of which it has usually been considered a variety, as P. ulophylhtm does to P. scppincola, except with respect to size. It is distinguished from the preceding by being smaller, with broader and more appressed lobes, and by the bright citrine- coloured marginal soredia. The colour of the medulla in both species, as observed by Nylander, I. c., depends upon the presence of vulpuline. Neither apothecia nor spermogones are seen in our British specimens. Hal). On the trunks of old firs and on larch pales in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Very local and rare in E. and N. England, and in the Grampians, Scotland. — Ii. M. : Framlingham, near Norwich, Norfolk ; Holwick, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Woods of Rothieniurchus, Inverness-shire. b. Thallus subascending, somewhat loosely affixed, discolorous ; laciriije dilated. 11. P. glaucum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1857) p. 295. — Thallus foliaceo-expanded, ascending, smooth or lacunoso-rugulose, laciniate or laciniato-lobed, glaucous-grey or pallescent, beneath brownish or blackish, paler at the circumference ; laciniae more or less ascending, sinuate, crenate, or lacerate, often sorediate at the margins (K+yellowijsh, CaCl~). Apothecia marginal, adnate, moderate or somewhat large, reddish-brown, the margin thin, evan- escent ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,035-50 mm. thick. — Nyl. Syn. i. p. 314, t. 8. f 35 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97. — Cetraria c/lama Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 433 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154 ; Mudd, Man. p. 79, t. 1. f. 20. Lichen ylaucus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1148 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 838 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53 ; Eng. Bot. 226 LICHEXACEI. [PIATl'SMA. t. 1606. Lichenoides endivice foliis crispis splendentibns, subtus niyricantibus Dill. Muse. 192, t. 25. f. 96. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 54 ; Leight. n. 44 ; Bohl. n. 79. The thallus often spreads extensively over the substratum to the ex- clusion of all other lichens. It varies in colour from ivory -white above to pitch-black beneath, and also in the length and breadth of the laciniae ; when more depressed it is often somewhat parmelioid. The apothecia, which in old plants become large and deformed, are rare in this country ; nor are the spermogones very common, at least in dried specimens. They are papilloso-tuberculose, with sterigmata 2-4-articulate, and spermatia about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On trunks of trees, walls, rocks, and on the ground, in upland and subalpine localities.— Distr. General and usually plentiful in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain ; very abundant and luxuriant iu the Central Highlands of Scotland ; not very frequent in Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Sprous- ton and at Sail. Norfolk ; High Beech, Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants ; Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Lamorna and Helminton, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall Park, Leices- tershire ; near Matiock, Derbyshire ; Craigforda near Oswestry, Shrop- shire ; near Barmoutb, and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Island of Anglesea; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale and Cronkley Fell, Durham ; Stavely Head, Westmoreland ; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Loch Skene, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Pentland Hills and Swanston Wood, near Edinburgh ; near Inverary and Loch Creran, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, Loch Earn, and Birnam Hill, Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Glen Callater and Lion's Face, Braemar ; near Forres, Elginshire ; Glen Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inverness-shire ; Hills ol Applecross, Ross-shire. Killamey, Lough Brui and Finnchey Bridge, co. Kerry. Form 1. fallax Kyi. Syn. i. (1860) p. 314.— Thallus cither whitish, maculate or almost entirely whitish beneath, the laciniae often roore or less dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia as in the type.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103, ed. 3, p. 98. — Cetraria. qlauca ft. fallax Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen fallax Web. Spicil. Fl. Germ. (1778) p. 244 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. p. 13 ; With. AIT. ed. 3, iv. p. 53 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2373. Lichenoides membranaceitm, tvbce FalJo- piame cemulum Dill. Muse. 165, t. 22. f. 58.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 55. Distinguished by the colour of the under surface of the thallus, which is sometimes variegated with black and white, and at other times is almost entirely whitish. With us it is very rarely fertile, the state in which the lacinise are dissecto-fimbriate (coralloidea Wallr., Leight. Lich. Fl. //. c.) being here as elsewhere always sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in shady woods, rarely on moist rocks, in upland districts. — Distr. Rather local and scarce in S., W., and N. Eng- land, in Central Scotland, and in S. W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall; Garth, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Glen Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. PLATYSMA.] CKTRARlKf. 227 Form 2. ampullaceum Cromb. Linn. Soc. Jour*?. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 572. — Thiillus vesiculoso-inflated either towards tht apices of the latinise, or hero and there throughout. Apothecia never seen. — Lichen ampullaceus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. J 146 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 6L. Liehenoules tinctorium glabrttm resiculosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 82. Li- chenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis latioribus uon pilosis, vesintlas proferens Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 71. A monstrosity, caused by the presence of the parasite Abrothallw f>>nif/iii. The portions of the lacinise which are the host become more or less bullato-inflated (var. bulletin Schaer, Enum. p. 13). These -'inflated vesicles" were mistaken by Dillenius and older authors for apothecia. Ilab. On shadv rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England (where it was originally detected near Coin, in Lancashire), and among the N. Grampians.— B. M. : Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber- deeiishire. ATar. /3. tenuisectam Cromb. Grevilleaxv.(1886)p. 49.— Thallus dark-glaucous or brownish-black above, blackish beneath : laciniae short, narrow, much divided and crowded. A distinct variety, presenting a panniform aspect. The darker colour of the thallus is probably owing to the habitat. It is seen only in a sterile condition. Hub. On exposed boulders in mountainous regions. — Distr. Rather local, though not uncommon in W. England, N. Wales, among the Grampians, and the N.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Stiperstones, Shropshire; Clougha, Lancashire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Crian- larich and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Mori-one, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. 12. P. lacunosum Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100 ; Syn.i.p.314. — Thallus foiiaceo-expanded,reticulato-laumose, broadly laciniate, or laeiniato-lobed, glaucescent or greyish-white, beneath blackish or pale-brown towards the circumference; laciniae crenato- undulate and incised, rotundate at the apices ^+jellowish, CaCl~). Apothecia elevated, moderate or large, reddish-brown, the margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-8 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103, ed. 3, p. 98.—Cetraria lacanosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 295. Distinguished from the preceding, some states of which it closely re- sembles, by the much broader and rounded lacinise, with their reticulato- rugose upper surface. The thallus is frequently more or less isidiiferous, sometimes densely so, when growing in moist places. On dry exposed rocks it is of a dark-chestnut colour, as if it had been scorched. The apothecia have not been found in this country, but the spermogones, which are similar to those of PL ylaucum, occasionally occur. Hob. On shady rocks in subalpine districts. — Distr. Local in the S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, chiefly among the Grampians. — B.M. : Glen Falloch. Ben Lawers, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Q2 228 LICHENACEI. [EVEPNIA. Series IV. Phyllodei Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 12; Syn. i. p. 315. Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or variously laciniate or stel- late, rarely fruticulosely ciespitose, corticate on both sides, or some- times only on the upper surface ; beneath discolorous, very rarely subconcolorous, affixed to the substratum by rhizinso, internally woolly, very rarely solid. Apothecia either peltiforrn or lecanorine, or lecideine and gyrose : spores usually 8na3, ellipsoid or fusiform, simple or variously divided ; paraphyses either discrete or conglu- tinate. Spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata ; spermatia acicular or cylindrical, straight. A well-marked Series comprising the best developed of all lichens, many of which from their large size are conspicuous objects in their various habitats. Though the tribes are as to thallus and fructiti cation rather diverse, yet there are mutual links by which in both of these respects they are closely connected. The foliaceous and usually horizontal appressed thallus at once distinguishes it from the preceding and the following Series. Tribe XIII. PARMELIEI Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 445 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77). Thallus horizontally expanded, or occasionally erect or ascending, laciniate or laciniato-lobed, beneath discolorous ; gonidial layer con- sisting of true gonidia. Apothecia parmeleine, sessile or sub- pedicellate ; spores usually 8na3, ellipsoid or rarely oblong, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones innate ; sterig- mata pauci-articulate ; spermatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate at either apex, or very rarely cylindrical, long and arcuate. According to Nylander's recent arrangement, this tribe includes four genera, of which Ecernio}ms occurs only in subtropical America. Most of the European species of the other genera are met with in Great Britain. 41. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 84 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 283, Flora, 1869, p. 445. — Thallus erect or ascending, or pros- trate or pendulous, applanate or somewhat rounded, laciniately divided or very much branched, opaque or subopaque, somewhat soft or flaccid, rhizinse none or very few ; medullary layer without any cavities, arachnoid or partly chondroid, cortical layer thin, formed of obliterated cells. Apothecia lateral, with entire thalline margin ; hypothecium colourless, thecac small, clavate ; spores 8noe, small, simple, colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones immersed or somewhat superficial ; spermatia acicular, straight, somewhat acute at the apices, and towards either apex very thinly fusiformi-incrassulate. Nylander with most authors placed Evernia near Alectoria, on account KVEKXIA.] PARMELTEI. 229 of the typically fruticulose thallus, but he now more correctly refers it to the Parmi'lit'i. The structure of the apothecia, the presence of rhi/.in;e sparingly in one of the species, and other characters ally it to Parmelia, from which, as Nylander observes (Flora I. c.), it scarcely differs gene- ric-ally. Indeed in Parmelia we have sometimes the same fruticulose habit, as in P. Kamtschadalis ; while in the section of P. physodes (and the species of Evernia approach very near to P. vittata) the thallus is similarly glabrous beneath. 1. E. prunastri Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 442 — Thallus at first ascending, then more or less pendulous, sublacunoso-rugose, laciuiate, greenish- white above, beneath white, subcanaliculate ; lacinia? much and dichotomously divided, lineari-attenuate, usually involute and frequently sorediiferous at the margins (K_ e °w, CaCl~). Apo- thecia subpedicellate, moderate, chiefly lateral, reddish-brown, the margin inflexed ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,0045-60 mm. thick. — Gray,Xat. Arr. i. p. 425 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 224 : Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84 ; Mudd, Man. p. 72 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.— Lichen prunastriLmu. Sp. I'l. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 835 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52 ; Eng. Hot. t. 859. Lichenoides cornutum bronchi/tie molle, subtus incanum Dill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55 A. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum ma jus et mollius, cilore candicante Dill, in Kay, Syn. p. 75, n. 80. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 36 ; Mudd, n. 41 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 59 ; Lich. Hb. n. 246 ; Bohl. n. 64. Varies considerably according to age and habitat, but always easily recognized. The thallus in old plants is covered with white confluent soredia on the margins, which are sometimes also sparingly scattered over the surface of the Iacinia3 (form sorediata Ach.). The apothecia are rare in this country, and the spermogones are also seldom seen. They are externally black, colourless within, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,005 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly firs, and on hedge bushes, in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. General and usually plentiful in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rarer in the Channel Islands ; abundant in old fir woods in the Grampians, Scotland, where also it is frequently fertile. — B. M. : Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Epping Forest and near Waltharnstow, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Lydd, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe^ near Bov ey Tracey, S. Devon ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; near Milton, Oxfordshire ; Twy cross, Leicestershire ; near Bank House, Derbyshire ; Malvern, Wor- cestershire; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Gibside Woods, Durham ; Louusdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Hall Mil1, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Currie, near Edin- burgh ; Falls of Clyde, Lanark ; near Glasgow ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Aberfeldy, and Blaeberry hill, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, For- t'arshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; Caw- dor woods, Nairushire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; near Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 230 IJCHKKACEI. [EVERJUA. Form retusa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 443. — ThalJus csespitoso- erect, shortly laciniate ; laciniee crowded and retuso-emarginate at the apices. Apothecia not seen.— Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 569. — Parmelia prunastri /3. retusa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 257. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiole molle, subtus incanum Dill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55. Grows in dense tufts -£ to 1 in. in height, and often spreads extensively. It occurs only sterile, and is more or less sorediiferous. Ha1). On old pales, chiefly larch, in upland and sometimes in lowland districts. — Disti: Seen from only a few localities in 8. England, E. and N. Scot'and.— B. M. : Near Millhill, Middlesex. Park, near Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Var. (3. stictocera Hook, in Sm. Eng. Fl. v. (1833) p. 224.-^ Thallus decumbent, subpendulous or prostrate, subcornpressed, greenish sulphur-coloured, concolorous on both surfaces ; laoinuti somewhat narrow, attenuate at the apices, often with minute brown or blackish tubercles. Apothecia very rare. — Cromb. GreviJlea, xv. p. 74 ; Mndd, Man. p. 62 ; Cromb. Lieh. Br. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 01, ed. 3, p. 8 •*.— Lichen stictoeeros Sm. Eng. Bot. (1802) 1. 1353. Evernia prunastri var. gracilis Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 83. Lichen prunastri ft Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 541 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53 pro parte. Lichenoides corniculatum candidum molle, see/mentis anyustis Dill. Muse. 15£*, t. 21. f. 54. Distinguished by the narrower (in corticole plants rather broader), more cylindrical lacini*, and especially by being concolorons on both surfaces. It approaches E. divaricate, which does not occur in our Islands. The lacinise occasionally put forth transverse lacinioli, are but sparingly sorediate, and sprinkled, chiefly at the apices, with peculiar foreign (algoid ? ) tubercles (not true cephalodia). The apothecia are extremely rare, and are seen only on corticole specimens. Hub. On bare sandy soil, and on heather in sandy soil in maritime tracts, rarely on the trunks of aged iirs in mountainous districts. — I>i»tr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. England, and on the Gram- pians, Scotland. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Lydd Beach, Kent ; Exmouth Downs, S. Devon. Stronaclachan and Finlarig Woods, Killin, Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire. 2. E. furfuracea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 20.— Thallus ascending, pendulous, or prostrate, laciniose, fnrfuraceous, greyish or greyish- green ; beneath subcanaliculate, black or csesio-black, with a few rhizinoe at the base ; laeinue much and dichotomously branched, lineari-attenuate, incurved at the margins (K +yellowish? (jaci-^ Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate or large, concave, badio-reddish, the margin thin, inflexed ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Mudd. Mun. p. 71 ; Cromb. Licb. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90, ed. 3, p. $2.--Borrera furfuracea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 ; Sra. Eng. Fl. v. p. 223. Parmelia fur- furacea, Tayl. in Ma:]? . Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144. Lichen furfuraceus Linn. EVERXIA.] PARMELIEI. 231 Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1146 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450 ; Ligtitf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 832 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 56. Lichenoides cornutum amarum, superne cinereum, in/erne nigrum Dill. Muse. 157, t. 21. f. 52. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 37 ; Mudd, n. 40. The furfur with which the thallus is usually covered above, and the different colours of the upper and the lower surfaces, readily prevent this being confounded with E. prunastri. Occasionally, when growing on the tops of stone walls, it is somewhat orbicular, depressed, and loosely adnate, with a very few obscure rhizinse towards the point of attachment. The variations in the laciniae give rise to the several forms described below. The apothecia, which at length become plane and large, are rarely seen in Britain. The spermogones and spermatia are as in the preceding species. Hub. On the trunks of trees, old pales, walls, and sometimes rocks, in upland districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain ; most frequent in the Central Highlands of Scot- land ; apparently very local in Ireland. — B. M. : New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor and South Brent, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Chester- tield, Darley, and near Buxtoii, Derbyshire ; near Oswestry, Caer Caradoc, and Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychau, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Arkindale and Farndale, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Kentmere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Chilliugham Park, Northumber- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Swanston Wood, near Edin- burgh ; Gleni'alloch, Argyleshire ; Blaeberry Hill, Glen Lochay, Killin, and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood and Johnston Hill, Forfar- shire; Invercauld, Auchindryiie, and Castleton, Braemar ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Lough Bray, near Dublin. Form 1. nuda Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 74. — Thallus smaller ; lacinise shorter, broader, somewhat plane, pale or here and there subviolet, naked. — Borrera furfuracea ft. nuda Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 500. A smalltr plant, with the thallus entirely glabrous and the laciniae broader. The apothecia are not present in our specimens. Hob. On old pales and the trunks of birches in upland situations.— Distr. Found only sparingly in the S. W. Highlands and the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B.M. : Crianlarich, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. Form 2. scobicina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 73. — Laciniae broader, densely isidioso-furfuraceous or isiclioso-fibrillose ; other- wise as in the type. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90. — Parmelia furfuracea y. scobicina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255. Differs chiefly in being crowdedly isidiiferous ; the thallus is usually dark greyish, and the laciniae less branched, broader and lacero-laciniate towards the apices. It is rarely fertile ; the apothecia occasionally have both the margin and the back of the receptacle minutely isidiose. Hob. On the trunks of trees, old pales, and stone walls in upland districts. — Distr. Rather local, though plentiful in W. and Central England ; but chiefly in the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Gopsall, Park, Leicestershire ; Malveru, AVorcestershire. Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; llothieniurchus, Inverness-shire. 232 MCHEXACEI. [EVERXTA. Form 3. ceratea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1801) p. 73.— Thallus de- cumbent ; laciniae narrow, convex and subcylindrical, acuminate, subglabrous. — Cromb. Grevillea, vi. p. 21. — Parmelia furfuracea /3. ceratea, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255. — Brit. EO.-S. : Cromb. n. 139. Distinguished by the form of the more naked laciniae ; but intermediate states occur, in which these characters are less marked. With us it is always barren, though Ac-harms (Lich. Univ. p. 501) says the apothecia chiefly occur in this form. Hal. On rocks and old walls in upland districts. — Dlstr. Seen only from a few localities in S.W., Central, and N. England, S. and N.E. Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands.— B. M. : Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall ; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Winder- mere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Per.tland Hills, near Edin- burgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; near Countesswells, Aberdeen. 42. PARMELIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 153 pro parte ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 375. — Thallus foliaceous, horizontally expanded or rarely ascending, variously lobed and laciniate ; epi- thallus somewhat shining, beneath usually fibrilloso- rhi/.inose ; medullary layer woolly, composed of fila- ments loosely interwoven ; cortical layer thin, formed of minute cells with thick- ened walls. Apothecia scat- tered, scutelliform, with thai- line margin ; hypothecium colourless, thccae short, the wall thickened above ; spores usually 8na\ ellipsoid, simple, colourless ; h} menial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermo- gones generally scattered, at length slightly prominent, blackish ; sterigmata 2-5- articulate; spermatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate at either apex. Fig. 44. Parmelia perlata Ach. — a. Fragment of the thalamium and a theca, X350. b. Three spores, x 500. c. Vertical section of the thallus, with two spennogones, X 30. d. Sterigiuala and spermatia, X&00. c. Three gonidia, x 350. The species vary in habit, but are for the most part hori- zontally expanded, and rarely fruticulose. In no other genus are the reactions of more value in discriminating species, which were often not distinguished from each other, or were regarded merely as varieties, forms, and states. PARHELIA.] PARMELIEI. 233 It may be divided into the following sections (or subgenera) and sub- sections, according to the presence or absence of rhizinse and the colour of the thallus. A. IIHIZINOS^E. — Thallus more or less distinctly fibrilloso- rhizinose beneath (subgenus Hyporhizia Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 74). a. Glaucescentes. — Thallus normally grey, greyish-white or glaucous. 1. P. perlata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 216. — Thallus orbicular or expanded, imbricato-lobed, smooth, glaucous- or greyish-white ; beneath somewhat shining, brownish-black or blackish, paler at the circumference, with short scattered rhizina3 ; lobes rounded, often white-sorediate towards the margins (K+^f-yellow' Cad"). Apothenia moderate or large, scattered, badio-reddish, the margin thin, entire ; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick. — Gray. Nat. Arr. i. p. 437 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148 ; Mudd, Man. p. 92 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3, p. 119. — LicJien perlatus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767) p. 712; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 839 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68. Lichenoidts ylawcum perlatum, subtas nigrum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 147, t. 20. f. 39, A, B, D, E. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 76, 392 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 291. Several species were included under this which have been definitely separated by the chemical reactions of the medulla. P. perlata is now seen to be a much less variable plant than was supposed, though the thallus varies in the presence or absence of soredia. The apothecia are very rare in this country, nor are the spermogones often seen. When present, they are scattered, minute, blackish, with spermatia about 0,00-j-G mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. General and often plentiful in most parts of Great Britain and in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland. — B. M. : Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. St. Leonard's Forest, near Brighton, Ilenfield, and Arundel, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Isle of Wight ; Torquay, South Brent, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Ilfracombe, Devonshire ; Bocconoc, near Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall ; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Harboro' Magua, Warwickshire ; Wrighton Park, Herefordshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shrop- shire ; Llanbedr, Barmouth, and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Stavely, Kendal, and Windermere, West- moreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Inverary and Bar- caldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, lloss-shire. Near Cork : Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Subsp. P. ciliatl Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 247.— Thallus moderate or large, imbricato-lobed, smoothish, often isidiiferous, white or 234 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. glaucous-white, beneath black, glabrous, rugulose, the lobes eroso- crenate and ciliate at the margins (K|°Xw~yellOW> CaC1D- AP°- thecia moderate or large, scattered, elevated, urceolato-subpedieellate, badio-reddish, the margin frequently eroso-crenate and sometimes ciliate ; spores as in the preceding. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74. — Parmelia perlata ft. ciliata Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129, ed. 3, p. 120. Lobaria perlata var. ciliata DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 403. Parmelia pro- bosddea Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143. Parmelia perforata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 pro parte. Lichen perforatus Eng. Bot. t. 2423 pro parte.— As Nylander observes (Flora, 1809, p. 91), this should perhaps be referred to P. crinita Ach. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 17 ; Lich. Hb. n. 86 ; Leight. n. 112 ; Cromb. n. 30. Differs from the type in being frequently more or less coralloideo- isidiiferous (form evcrescens Am.) and in having the lobes, which are occasionally dissected at the margins (form dissectula Nyl. in Leight. Br. Fl. iii. p. 1:20), fringed with elongated cilia, which are sometimes shorter or almost wanting. These differences, and the character of the margins of the apothecia, entitle it to rank at least as a subspecies, if not as a distinct species. In this country, as in most other parts of Europe, the apothecia are rare. They are usually scattered, though sometimes two or three are congregate and smaller. Sab. On the trunks of old trees, as also on rocks and boulders in shady places in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General in S. and W. England and N. Wales ; rarer in the W. Highlands of Scotland, W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : E. coast of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Isle of Wight ; Lustleigh Cleeve, Hay Tor, Lydford, and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scilly Islands ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Nannau, and Bar- mouth, Merionethshire ; River Elwy, Carnarvonshire ; Keswick and Eskdale, Cumberland ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldiue, Argyleshire ; shores of Loch Tay, Perthshire ; Lochaber, Inverness- shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron Mt.s., Killarney, and Dinis, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 2. P. olivetorum Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. etFl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 180. — Thallus expanded, roundly lobed, smooth, greyish-green ; beneath blackish, very sparingly and shortly rhi- ziuose, lobes elevated, crisp, incurved, thickened and white-sorediate at the margins (K+yellow, CaCl"^). Apothecia moderate, reddish- brown, the thalline margin entire ; spores 0,014-18 mm. long, ,0,007-12 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130, ed. 3, p. 121.— ' Parmelia perlata ft. olivetorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 458. From the sorediate states of P. perhita this is at once distinguished by the different reaction of the medulla with CaCl. The soredia are minute, confined to and bordering the margins of the lobes. When growing, ai;d in wet weather, it is of a greenish colour, resulting from the cortical layer being subhyaline (Nylander, Pyr. Or. p. 16). Neither apothecia nor spermogones are present in our British specimens. J'AK.MKLIA.] PARMELIEI. 235 Hal. On the trunks of trees and on rocks in wooded maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Apparently very local and rare in S. Eng- land (Danny, Sussex,/* Nyl.), in N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands, [Scotland.— B. M. : Drews-y-nant, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire. 3. P. cetrarioides Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 290.— Thallus large, orbicular or expanded, subcoriaceous, smoothish, roundly lobed, glaucous-white ; beneath brownish-black or blackish, paler at the circumference, with few and short rhizinae ; lobes broad, crenate, elevated, crisp and sorediate at the margins (K+orange-yellow, CaCT, medulla K(CaCl)f+ reddish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio- reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,012-14 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. 13rit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3, p. 119. — Parmelia perlatci var. cetrarioides Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (18^9) p. 6ul. Near to P. olivetorum, but usually (at least with us) a larger plant, and with a different medullary reaction with CaCl. It also resembles states of Ptatysma glaucum, from which the sparingly rlminose under surface separates it. In some habitats, as also in herbaria, the thallus becomes brownish and the sorediaform a tine narrow border on the margins of the lobes. The apothecia in this country are extremely rare, and only once seen fully developed. The speruiogoues also are seldom present. Hub. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in wooded maritime aud upland districts. — Distr. Rather local and scarce in N. Wales, 8. Scotland, and the W. Highlands; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hampshire ; Isle of Wight ; Dartmoor and Bickleigh Vale^ Devonshire ; Helminton, Corn- wall ; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmouth (fruit), Merionethshire ; Island of Auglesea. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyle- shire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. 4. P. perforata, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 217.— Thallus suborbicular, membranaceous, imbricato-lobed or lobato-laciniate, smooth, mi- nutely reticulato-rimulose, whitish or glaucous-white, beneath brownish-black or black, with black dense rhizinae ; lobes crenato- sinuate or siuuato-divided, often white-sorediate and occasionally eiliate at the margins (K+°;en rusty ^ CaClI). Apothecia moderate, perforate in the centre, badio-reddish or brownish-red, the margin entire; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick. — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 123. — Lichen perforates, "VVulf. in Jacq. Coll. i. (1786) p. 116, t. 3 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2423 (mid. fig.). Parmelia n-ticulata, Tayl. in Mack, Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Parmelia perlata, /3. ciliata, Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte. Liclienoides glaucum, foli- orum laciniis crinitis, Dill. Muse. 149, t. 20. f. 42 A. — Brit.Kvs.: Cromb. n. i.9 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 250. Closely allied to P. perlata, but with the appearance of P. ciliata, which, as already intimated, has been frequently confounded with it by 236 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. British authors. From both, it may at once be distinguished by the per- forate apothecia, and, when infertile, by the minutely reticulate rimulose thallus. The apothecia are extremely rare in our islands, nor are the spermogones present on our specimens. Hob. On mossy rocks and the trunks of old trees in maritime districts. — Distr. Rather local, though plentiful, in S. and W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, the Channel Islands, and W. Ireland, where it has once been gathered sparingly fertile. — B. M. : Near Fort Essex, Island of Alderney ; Island of Guernsey. St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire ; Carisbrook and near Ryde, Isle of Wight; South Brent, Devonshire; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Dolgelly, Nannau, and Tan-y-Croes, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Barcaldiue, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry (fruit) ; near Kyleniore, Connemara, co. Galway. 5. P. laevigata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 212.— Thallus suborbicular, membranaceous, laciniato-lobed, glaucous-white or whitish ; be- neath blackish and black-fibrilloso-rhizinose ; laciniso divaricately sinuato-multitid or sinuato-incised, often subimbricate and whitish tuberculato-sorediate at the apices, smooth or smoothish (K_ e °w> CaCl~, medulla K (CaCl) f+red). Apotbecia moderate or large, badio-reddish, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate or sore- diate ; spores 6-8nsc, 0,012-13 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 139, ed. 3, p. 128. — Parmelia sinuosa ft. Icevi- f/ata, Mudd, Man. p. 92. Lichen Icevigatus, Sm. in Eng. Bot. xxvi. (1808) t. 1852.— Brit. Ems.-. Mudd, n. 69; Larb. Caesar, n. 64, Lich. Hb. n. 124 ; Cromb. n. 141. The thallus is loosely attached to the substratum, often much ex- panded and generally divided into narrow approximate lacinise. The soredia occur at the apices, but are occasionally scattered over the surface of the lacinise. From the allied species it is well separated by the thai- line reactions. The apothecia are very rare, occurring chiefly in the smaller corticole states, but the spermogones are not uncommon. They are minute, dark-brown or blackish, irregularly scattered, with spermatia about 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks, boulders, and trunks of trees, chiefly in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Somewhat local, though usually plentiful in S. and W. England, N. Wales, W. Highlands, Scotland, W. Ireland, and in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Islands of Jeisey and Guernsey. New Forest and Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Lynton, and Bolt Head, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Corn- wall; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire; Llan- bei is and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea ; Ashy, Cumberland. Inverary and Barcaldine. Argyleshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Ross-shiie. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Gougaumbara, co. Cork ; Connemara, co. Galway. 6. P. xanthomyela Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 306.— Thallus externally similar to that of P. lavirjata (K-f yellow), medulla sulphureous (K + yellowish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio-reddish, the PAKMELIA.] PARMELIEI. 237 receptacle reticulato-verrucose, the margin incurved, verrucose ; spores 6-8na3, 0,016-19 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360. — Parmelia endocldora, Leight. Lich. PI. (1871) p. 140, ed. 3, p. 133. Parmelia McMiUana, Stirt. Grevillea, iii. p. 79. — Indicated by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 290) as a variety of P. comparata, to which it is closely related. I have therefore retained his specific name in preference to that of Leighton, whose diagnosis of the plant is misleading. Distinguished from the preceding by the colour of the medulla. The thallus is smooth and unequal, thin or moderate, often whitish-sorediate at the apices of the lobes, the soredia becoming dark-greyish in age. The reaction of the medulla with K, which is pale yellowish (not ''yellowish- brown," Leight.), is especially seen under the microscope. It is very rarely fertile in this country, the apothecia becoming very large, with the thalline margin obliterated. Hfib. On rocks and boulders in shady wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, the S. VV. Highlands, Scotland, and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Naunau, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Glen Croe and Barcaldine, Argyleshtre. Askew Wood, Dunkerron, co. Kerry (frt.) ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. 7. P. revoluta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iii. (1868) p. 264. — Thallus orbicular, moderate, smoothish, narrowly sinuato- lobed, glaucous-white or whitish ; beneath blackish-fibrillose, at length nearly glabrous, the lobes cucullato-revolute and usually tuberculato-sorediate at the apices (K+yellowish, CaCl~reddigh). Apothecia nearly moderate, badio-reddish, the margin entire or obsoletely crenate ; spores 6-8nae, 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75. — Parmelia tiliacea var. revoluta, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132, ed. 3, p. 129. Imbricaria revo- /ztto,Florke,D. Lich. (1815) p. 15. — To this also are referable Parmelia laviyata var. sitbsinuosrt, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129, and P. tili- acea var. sublceviyata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132, ed. 3, p. 122. — P. sub- litvic/ata Nyl. is an exotic species, which does not occur in Europe. —-Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 202 (s. n. P. Forsteri Borr.), n. 357 ; Mudd, n. 68 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 293. Distinguished from P. laviyata by the cucullato-revolute apices of the narrower and more approximate lobes, by the chemical reaction of the medulla with CaCl alone, and by the larger spores. These characters warrant us in regarding it as a species, and not as a variety of P. l&vigala. The tuberculose soredia, with which the apices of the lobes are frequently covered, are whitish, becoming in age dark-greyish. In this country it is but very seldom seen in fruit. The spermogones are as in the former species. Hub. On rocks and trees among mosses in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. General, but not common in S., W., and N. England ; rarer in S. Scotland and the W. Highlands, as also in W. Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey. St. Leo- nards Forest, Sussex ; Isle of Wight ; near Lyudhurst and Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Ilsham, Torquay, Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, and Lyn- ton, Devonshire; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Aberdovey, B*ar- 238 LICHENACET. [PARMTU.TA. mouth, Dolgelly, and near Harlech, Merionethshire ; Island of .\nglesea ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Keudal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Castlebernard Park, Bandon, co. Cork ; Killarn^y, co. Kerry ; Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. fl. rugosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75. — Thallus somewhat expanded, the lobes broadly linear at the circumference, more or less rugose. Apothecia with the thalline margin at length rugose: spores 0,013-15 mm. long, about 0,008 mm. thick. —Par- melia tiliacea var. rwyosa Leight. Lich. PL p. 133. P. la-vujata var. rugosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 128. Parmelia rugosa Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 145. A well-marked variety, agreeing with the tvpe in the reaction of the medulla, but differing in the rugose thallus and margin of the apothecia, and in the broader (less revolute) lobes, which are rarely and sparingly sorediiferous at the apices. The apothecia are very rare. Hab. On rocks in maritime distiicts. — Distr. Local in S.W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Corn- worthy, Devonshire ; The Lizard, Cornwall ; Barmouth (fruit), Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry. Form panniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1837) p. 75. — Thallus more or less rugose ; laciniae short, narrowly dissected and congested. Apothecia not seen. Forms a somewhat densely imbricate crust, from the short laciniae being much divided and aggregate. It occurs only sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, near the base, in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce, in S.W. England and the W. Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Pentire, Cornwall. By Loch Linnhe, Inverness- shire. Var. j. concentrica Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75. — Thallus panniform, free, spherical, growing in involved concentric layers. Apothecia not seen. — Parmelia tiliacea var. concentrica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 133, ed. 3, p. 122. Parmelia Icpvigata var. concentrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33. Parmelia sinuosa y. concentrica Mudd, Man. p. 96. Parmelia saxatilis var. concentrica Leight. in Garden. Chron. 1856, pp. 84, 172. Parmelia sinuosa var. erratica Linds. Mem. Sperm, p. 218.— At'*. Exs. : Leight. n. 232, This curious variety occurs on the ground in a free condition as small globular balls. There is no reason to suppose that it is free ab initio, but that, after being detached, it assumes this form from accidental circum- stances (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 807). Though it has been re- ferred to different species, the thalline reactions, in conjunction with the general aspect of the plant, show that it belongs to P. recoluta, produced no doubt by a panniform condition of this species. Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in S.W. England. — B. M. : Melbury Hill, near Shaftes- bury, Dorsetshire. PAKMKLIA.] PARMEI.TKT. 239 8. P. tiliacea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 215.— Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, smoothish or partly rugulose, laciniato- lobed, pale greyish-glaucous, subpruinose ; beneath brownish black and black-fibrillose ; lobes short, subimbricate, rounded and sinuato- crcnate at the margins (K+J'eilowi8h, CaCl~red). Apothecia mode- rate, crowded, concave or nearly plane, badio-reddish, the margin subentire; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Gray, JSTat. Arr. i. p. 438 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 93, t. ii. f. 28 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 121 pro parte. — Lichen tiliaceus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 26 pro parte, t. xvi. f. 2 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31.— Brit. E Cadi). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, badious or brownish, the margin thin, PARMELTA.] PARMELIET. 241 entire or crenulate ; spores 0,014-19 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440 : Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144 ; Mudd, Man. p. 94 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 137, ed. 3, p. 126. — Lichen saxatilis Liau. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1142; Huds. Fl. Augl. p. 531; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 816; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 33 ; Eng. Bot. t. 603. Liclienoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glancum laeiniosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 118, t. 24. f. 83 A. Lishenoides crusta foliosa, superne cinereo-glaiwa, inferne nigra et cirrhosa, scutettis nig ricantibus Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 72. n. 16. — Under the type was included also the following form by most of our earlier authors. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 203 pro parte ; Cromb. n. 27. This well-known species is readily recognized by the reticulato-rugu- lose thallus. Often very widely spreading, it is one of the largest plants of the genus, and though sometimes subsniooth is usually isidioso-scabrid on the rugae. It is seldom fertile, the apothecia, which are at first urceo- late and moderate, becoming at length large and flexuose. The spermo- gones, which are not uncommon, are very minute, black, with spermatia 0,007 nun. long, ab mt 0,001 mm. thick. The parasites Dothidea homosteyia Xyl. and A.brothallus parusiticiis Xvl. (Lichen jxtrasiticus Sin. Eng. Bot. t. 1866) are often met with on the thallus of this species and of the form here desciibed. Hal). On trees, walls, rocks, and boulders in upland and subalpine, sometimes in lowland districts. — Distr. Local throughout Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Ireland. — B M. : Island of (iiierusey. Near Brighton, Sussex ; Basingstoke, Hampshire ; near Pen- zance, Cornwall : Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shrop- shire; Lambeth, S. Wales; Island of Anglesea ; Stavely, Westmore- land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Abernethy, Black Wood of Ranuoch, and Ben Yrackie, Perthshire ; Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Por- tlethen, Kincardineshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form furfuracea Schaer. Spic. (1840) p. 455.— Thallus much expanded, greyish- white, densely covered with greyish-brown isidia : otherwise as in the type. — Mudd, Man. p. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138, cd. 3, p. 127; Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 573. — Pannelia horrescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144 pro parte. — Liclienoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 83 c, v.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 46 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 211 ; Bohl. n. 11. Remarkable on account of the isidiose furfur with which it is frequently covered and which obliterates the lobes except at the circumference, giving it a panniform appearance. Smaller and sterile states in this con- dition, and some very sparingly isidiiferous, are the form panniformis (Crornb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75). The thallus is often dark-grey, and occa- sionally becomes centrifugal from the decay of the central portions, when it may present merely a narrow circumferential border. The apothecia, which are frequent, have the thalliue margin sometimes exasperate with the isidia. Hab. On rocks, walls, and trees, chiefly in upland districts. — Distr. K 242 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. General and common in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, espe- cially in the Scottish Highlands ; apparently rare in S. and W. Ireland and in the Channel Islands. — B. M.: Island of Alderney. Eridge Rocks and Ardinffley, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; near South Brent, Devon; near* Penza nee and Helminton, Cornwall; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern. Worcestershire ; Black Edge, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Lambeth, S. Wales ; Barmouth and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Dal- mahoy Crags, near Edinburgh ; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and near Dunkeld, Perthshire; Clova and Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Callater, Mor- roue, and Ben Avon, Braemar, Abjrdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness- shire. Lambay Island, near Dublin ; near Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Kyleraore, co. Galway. 11. P. sulcata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 145.— Thallus orbiculari-expanded, membranaceous, smoothish, not isidii- ferous, irregularly imbricate, reticulato-sorediate, greyish or glau- cous-white, tbe soredia sulciform, rotundato-oblong or linear, mar- gined, Whitish (K+^thenblood-red,^01!)' AP°thecia and spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75. — ParmeUa saxatilis var. sulcata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138, ed. 3, p. 126. ParmeUa saxatilis ft. leucocliroa (Wallr.) Mudd, Man. p. 94. Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo- ylaucum, lacunosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 83 B. — — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 203 ; Mudd, n. 66 ; Cromb. n. 28. Distinguished from P. saxatilis by the soredia and the absence of isidia. The thallus often spreads extensively and varies in the breadth of the lacinias ; short and broad states are form rosceformis Ach. (Lich. Univ. p. 470). The apothecia are moderate, and sometimes have rather smaller spores than in the preceding species. They are comparatively rare in Britain as elsewhere, nor are the spermogones frequent in our specimens. Hob. On trees and old walls, chiefly in maritime and upland districts. — — Distr. General and usually plentiful in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands ; fertile chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex ; New Forest, Hants ; Penzance and Witbiel, Cornwall ; near Cirencester and Sapperton, Gloucestershire ; Darley, Derbyshire ; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire ; Ludlow, Shropshire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwick- shire ; near Hopton, Cheshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kendal, West- moreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Dairy, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dreghorn and Craig Lochart, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire ; Den of Murtle, near Aberdeen ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Koss-shire. Rostellan, co. Cork ; Dunkerrcn, co. Kerry. Var. ft. laevis Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 389.— Thallus smooth, eso- rediate, glaucous- or greyish-white ; beneath black, densely rhizineo- fibrillose ; laciniae narrow, more divided and discrete, greyish or brownish at the apices. Apothecia not seen.— Cromb Journ Eot 1875, p. 140. PARHELIA.] PARSIELTEI. 243 A peculiar variety, which, notwithstanding the smooth thallus, is from its general aspect referable to P. sulcvta rather than to P. saxatilis. At the same time it is well distinguished by the esorediate thallus which is but loosely affixed to the substratum, and by the form of the lacinise. The under surface is occasional'y covered to the very extremities of the lacinige with numerous densely crowded black rhizinie (form hirxuta Cromb. I. c.). In the British specimens neither apothecia nor spermogones are present. Hub. On the trunks of old fira and on granite walls in upland locali- ties.— Distr. Found only in two localities amongst the Grampians, Scot- land.— B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire. 12. P. omphalodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204.— Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, submembranaceous, somewhat shining, smoothish, dark-brown, brownish-black or purplish-black ; beneath black, densely rhizineo-fibrillose ; lacinise subtruncate at the apices (KtrelKthen rusty red, CaClI). Apothecia dark-badious, mode- rate or large ; otherwise as in P. saxatilis. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440 : Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 145. — Purmelia saxatilis <$. omphalodes Mudd, Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138, ed. 3, p. 127. Lichen omphalodes Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1143; Huds. Fl. Angi. p. 446 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 818; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34 ; Eng. Bot. t. 604. Lichenoides saxatile ti)ictorium, foliis pilosis purpureis Dill. Muse. 185, t. 24. f. 80, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 70.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 7 ; Mudd, n. 67 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 19 ; Bohl. n. 18. Though by some recent authors regarded as a variety of P. sa.vatilis, it is entitled to rank as specifically distinct. It varies in colour from brown or greyish-brown to nearly black, and is often, as observed by Hooker, Eng. Fl. /. c., marked with pale zigzag cracks. In the darker thalli the reaction of the cortical layer with K is less distinct. It often spreads extensively, almost covering the larger and otherwise naked boulders, and is somewhat variable. The apothecia are not unfrequent, sometimes numerous and very large, becoming in old age angulose and flexuose, often with slightly smaller spores as in P. sulcata. The spermo- gones, which are also common, are usually more prominent than in P. saxatilis, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime, upland, and alpine tracts. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain ; very abundant in the Highlands, Scotland, to the summits of the higher mountains ; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Beauport Bay, Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Dartmoor, Hay Tor, and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devonshire; Temple Moor, near Penzance, and Helminton, Corn- wall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Bar- mouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Conway Mt., and Cwm Idwal, Carnarvon ; Anglesea ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham : Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Cheviots, Northumberland. Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Dalmahoy Crags, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Rannoch, near Dunkeld and Aber- nethy, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; near Invercauld, Craig R2 244 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Dee, Braemar ; near Aviemore, and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron and Caher, co. Kerry. Form caBsio-pruinosa Kyi. ex Stiz. St. Gall. ]STat. Ges. (1876) p. 206. — Thallus and the thalline margin of the apothecia cacsio- pruinose. — Cromb. Jourc. Bot. 1882, p. 272. — subsp. Parmelia omplialodes f. ccesiopruinosa Nyl. ex Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. (1873) p. 324. This differs merely in the presence of the csesions pmina, which, however, at length becomes more or less obsolete, and the thallus is sometimes of a bluish tint. The few British specimens yet seen are sterile. Hab. On rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Found only on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summits of Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Yar. /3. panniformis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204 pro parte. — Thallus more or less effuse, the laciniae much narrower, shortly dissected and imbricate. Apothecia small or submoderate. — Kyi. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 206 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 73.— Par- melia saxatilis var. panniformis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 139, ed. 3, p. 128. Forms a densely imbricate and congested crust which is somewhat effuse. It is usually less shining than the type. The apothecia are occasionally present, but are not numerous. Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions. — Distr. Not general, though plentiful in S.W. and W. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and on the Grampians. — B. M. : Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Did- worthy, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall ; Llyn Gwrionydd, Merionethshire. Stiperstones Hill, Shropshire. New Gal- loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben More, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form 1. glomulifera Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 307. — Thal- lus with scattered, isidioid, nodulose, dark-brown or blackish glomeruli. — Leigbt. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 126. Only var. panniformis with a few glomeruli, subsimilar in appearance, though differing in structure, to those of Ricasolia amplissima. These abnormal growths are probably peculiar to sterile states of the plant. Hab. On boulders in subalpine tracts. — Distr. Rare and local on the mts. of N. Wales and the Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Cym Idwal, Carnarvon. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. subconcentrica Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 306. — Thallus panniform, snbspherical, growing involved in concentric layers. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. p. 128. A peculiar state analogous to P. reroluta var. concent rica, though the few specimens gathered were not so globular. As observed in Journ. PAHMELIA.] PARMELIE1. 245 But. I.e. it evidently originates from the nodular excrescences on the thallus of the preceding form becoming detached. Hab. On the ground in alpine situations. — Distr. Found only on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. 13. P. Borreri Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 148, t. 13. p. 2. — Thallus suborbicular, cartilagineo-inembrauaceous, appressed, imbricato-lobed, rugoso-sorcdiate, glaucous-grey or pale whitish- grey ; beneath brownish or pale, subfibrillose, glabrous at the cir- cumference ; lobes broad, rounded, sinuate, the soredia white-punc- tiform (K + yeUow,CaCl~ red, soredia CaCl + red). Apothecia large, badio-reddish, the margin elevated, inflexed ; spores 0,011- 15 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147 ; Mudd, Man. p. 94, t. ii. f . 29 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 133, ed. 3, p. 122.— Lichen Borreri Eng. Bot. t. 1780. LicJisnoides glaucum perlatum, subtus nig rum et cirrosum Dill. Muse. 147, t. 20. f. 39 c. Parmella red- denda Stirt. in Scottish Naturalist, 1878, p. 298 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 199, is an accidental state, in which the medulla (not the soredia) gives no reaction with CaCl (c/r. Cromb. Grevillca, 1881, p. 2ti).—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 231 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 20. Similar to P. sulcata, from which it is Distinguished by the thicker, more rigid, smoother, less imbricate, appressed, differently coloured thallus, and by the form of the soredia. These appear as numerous, ir- regularly scattered, often impressed and pseudo-cyphelloid, whitish punctate verrucae, giving it a rough aspect. The thalliue reactions, the smaller spores, and the spermogones render it very distinct. In this country the apothecia are rare and chiefly central, becoming irregularly perforate in old age. The spermogoues have the spermatia lageuiform, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick. Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland wooded districts. — Distr. General in S. and W. England ; rare in S. Scotland, S. and S.W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; near Jerbourg, Guernsey. Near Bury, Suffolk ; Wal- thamstow, Essex ; Maidstone, Kent ; near Brighton and Henfield, Sussex ; Hyde and Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Basingstoke and Lyndhurst, Hamp- shire ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Kemble, Gloucestershire ; near Oxford and Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire ; Hindlip and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Harboro' Magna, W'arwick- shire ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car- marthenshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Dumfries ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. Riverston, co. Cork ; near Limerick ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. b. Ocliroleucce. — Thallus normally yellowish green, or pale straw-coloured. 14. P. caperata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 210.— Thallus expanded, imbricato-lobed, rugulosc, pale yellowish-green or ochroleucous : 246 LICHENACEI. [PARHELIA. beneath black, paler and glabrous at the circumference, with few rhi/.inae ; lobes siuuato-laciniate, rounded, subcrenulate at the mar- gins (K + yellowish, CaCl ~). Apothecia moderate, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate and often pulverulent; spores 0,017-20 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 437 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146 ; Mudd, Man. p. 101, t. ii. f. 30 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122, ed. 3, p. 114. — Lichen caperatus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 543; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58 ; Eng. Bot. t. 654. Lichenoides caperatum,, rosacee expansum, e sulphureo virens Dill. Muse. 193, t. 25. f. 97. Lichen- oides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo virescente, inferne nigra et Icevi Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. Q2.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 77; Mudd, n. 73; Cromb. n. 140; Larb. Caesar, n. 63; Lich. Hb. n. 251 ; Bohl. n. 123. The thallus, which is normally orbicular, frequently spreads exten- sively. It is usually undulato-plicate, and often more or less granuloso- pulverulent, except at the circumference. The apothecia, which are comparatively rare, are usually scattered, but occur chiefly towards the centre of the thallus. The spermogoues are minute, infuscate, with spermatia 0,000-7 mm. long1, 0,001 mm. thick. Hal. On the trunks of old trees, on boulders, and on old pales, in lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. General and abundant in most parts of England ; rarer in Ireland, the Channel Islands, and in Scotland, where apparently it rarely extends beyond the S. Grampians. — B. M. : St. Brelade's and Boulay Bay, Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Waltham- stow and Hainault Forest, Essex ; near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Lewes, Hastings, and near Brighton, Sussex ; Lyndhurst and near Lymington, Hampshire ; Carisbrook and Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Ivy Bridge, Torquay, Newton Bushell, and Totnes, S. Devon; Bocconoc, Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scilly ; Elstree, Herts ; near Malvern, Worcester- shire; Gamlinp-ay, Cambridgeshire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Cwm Bychan and near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Island of Angle- sea ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Keswick and Asby, Cumberland ; Tees- dale, Durham ; Stavely, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; King's Park, Swanston Wood, llivelstone and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Airds, Appin, Argyle- shire ; Blairdrummond, Aberfoyle, Kenmore, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Rostellan, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 15. P. sinuosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 207.— Thallus suborbicular, mcmbranaceous, divaricato-lobed, smooth, yellowish; beneath blackish and black-fibrillose, paler towards the circumference ; Iacinia3 nar- row, sinuato-pinnatifid, dilated and often sorediate at the apices ; the sinuses wide, circular (Kf i^llow' then red ^aGP)- Apothecia moderate, subplane, dark-brown, the margin thin, smooth, entire ; spores 0,011-20 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick.— Gray. Nat. Arr. i. p. 442 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149; Mudd, Man. p. 95 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 33 ; Leight, Lich. Fl. p. 136, ed. p. 125. — Lichen sinuosus r.YRMELIA.] PARMEL1EI. 247 Sra. Eng. Bot. xxix. (1809) t. 2050.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n.8. Often confounded with smaller states of P. Icemgata, to which it is closely allied, but is distinguished not only by the reaction with K, and the larger spores, but also, and at first sight, by the yellow thallus, which is usually smaller, more divided, and somewhat closely affixed to the substratum. The apothecia are extremely rare in our Islands, and when present are but few and central. Hab. On trunks of trees and boulders in maritime upland districts. — Distr. .Rather local and very sparingly in S. and W. England, N. Wales, S. and W. Scotland, W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Ullacombe, Devonshire ; Barmouth, Ty Gwn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Brodrick Castle, Island of Arran ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Macroone, co. Cork ; Crouiaglown and Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 16. P. dissecta Nyl. Flora 1882, p. 451.— Subsimilar to P. IfKviyata, but the thallus yellowish, much smaller and thinly-dis- sected, isidiiferous, with short rlminoe on the under surface (me- dulla K(CaCl) + red). Apothecia unknown. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74. This also is closely allied to P. lavigata, to which Nylander (Syn. i. p. 384) originally referred it as a variety. It has been raised by him to specific rank because it constantly preserves its own type. I have not seen a British specimen ; according to Nylander it is not unfrequeut in France. Hab. On rocks in (?) upland situations. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in Ireland (Jlde Nyl.). 17. P. conspersa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 205. — Thallus orbicular, expanded, appressed, laciniato-divided, shining, somewhat smooth, greenish-straw coloured ; beneath brown, with short black rhizinae ; laciniae plane sinuato-incised and crenate at the margins (Kiy±w;thenrea,CaC1:). Apothecia moderate, spadiceous or brownish, the margin entire and inflexcd ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,003-8 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143 ; Mudd, Man. p. 102 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 124. — Lichen conspersus Ehrh. in Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 118 : Eng. Bot. t. 2097. Lichen centrifugus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445 ; Lightf. FL Scot. ii. p. 814 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32 pro parte. Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badiis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 75 A. — Brit,Exs.: Leight. n. 78; Larb. Caesar, n. 65 ; Cromb. n. 26. Often spreads rather extensively, though always preserving an orbi- cular outline. It is occasionally somewhat glaucous, and specimens rarely occur in which the medulla is partly tawny-yellow, the result evidently 248 LICHENACEI. [PAKMELIA. of maceration. In the centre the lacinire are convex and subrugose. The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, becoming somewhat large and flexuose. The spermogones are abundant, black, irregularly scattered over the surface of the thallus, with sperrnatia 0,005-G mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On old walls, rocks, and boulders in maritime and upland regions. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain, especially in mountainous tracts ; rarer in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland.—]'). M. : Islands of Jersey and Sark. Dartmoor, Ivy Bridge, and Temple Moor, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helininton, Cornwall : Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Llanbedr, Barmouth, Cader Idris, and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Beauuiaris, Island of Angle>ea ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Mof- fat, Dumfriesshire ; Ayrshire ; Inverary, Criuan Canal, and Appin, Argyleshire; Loch Ard, Ben Lawers, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Duukerron, co. Kerry. Form isidiata Leight. Lich. Fl. i. (1871) p. 135.— Thallus co- vered "with densely crowded isidia, except at the circumference : otherwise as in the type. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 125. — Iiitbri- caria conspersa f. isidiata Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 28. Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scuteUis badiis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 75 v.—£rit. Exs. : Leight. n. 79 pro parte ; Bohl. n. 110. Easily recognized by the densely isidioid thallus, in which the Iacinia3 are often scarcely visible. It is usually infertile, and when present the apothecia are not numerous. Hah. On rocks and boulders in upland districts. — Distr. Bather local in S.W., W., and N. England, in Wales and S. Scotland, more frequent in the S. and W. Highlands ; apparently rare in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Here- fordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Pont-nedd-Vechan, Breck- nockshire ; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; near Kondal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; King's Park, Stirling ; Ben Lawers and Rarmoch, Perthshire ; near Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire. Var. /3. stenophylla Acb. Meth. (1803) p. 206.— Thallus some- what effuse: lacinise longer, narrower, more divided and imbricate. Apothecia smaller, rare. — Mudd, Man. p. 102 ; Cromb. Lich. lirit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 135, ed. 3, p. 124.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 79 pro parte. Well distinguished by the form of the lacinias. It occasionally pre- sents an almost paunifoirn aspect, ar,d is normally glabrous, though some- times sparingly isidiiferous. TLe apothecia are very rare in British specimens. Hab. On boulders and old walls in upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., Central, ard AV. England, in N. Wales, in the S.W. High- lands and S. Grampians, Scotland ; rare in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shrop- PARMELIA.J PABMELIEI. 249 shire ; Llaneltyd, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Coe Coch, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; near Keudal, Westmoreland. Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 18. P. Mougeotii Schjer. Enum. (1850) p. 46.— Thallus small, orbicular, oppressed and closely adnate, shining, greenish or greyish- yellow, usually with yellowish-white tuberculose soredia ; beneath rugose, brownish-black ; rhizinae not visible ; lacinise narrow, lineari- multifid, slightly convex, sub-diffract in the centre, explanate at the apices, transversely rimose (K ^yellowish, CaCl~). Apothecia minute, reddish-brown, the margin sulphureo-pulveruJent ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34. — Parmelia conspersa f. Mow/eotii Leight. Lich. FJ. p. 136, ed. 3, p. 125. Lichen incurvus Eng. Bot. t. 1375 (et de.scr. pro parte). — Brit. EA-S. : Leight. n. 143 ; Mudd, n. 74 ; Cromb. n. 143 ; Larb. Lich. Herb. nos. 87, 251. Closely allied to P. conspersa, but distinguished by the frequent presence of scattered soredia and by being much smaller in all its parts, though the individual plants sometimes become confluent. The thallus is frequently greyish or dark in the eubcrustaceous centre, and the laciniae are occa- sionally more discrete at the circumference. The apothecia, which art- rare in this country, as elsewhere, are few and scattered. The spermo- gones, which are not frequent, are very minute, brownish-black, with straight, short, subcylindrical spermatia, 0,OOo-G mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hub. On rocks and boulders, chiefly granite and gneiss, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and Ire- land ; most frequent, perhaps, on the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Withieland Penzance, Cornwall; Charmvood Forest, Leicestershire ; near Barmouth and Capel Arthog, Merioneth- shire ; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire (frt.) ; and Glen Dee, Braemar. Curraghuiore, co. Waterford ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Form dispersa Cromb. Grevillea, XT. (1887) p. 75. — Thallus indeterminate, diffract; tbe lacinise very narrow, short, discrete, and more or less scattered. Apothecia not seen. This form no doubt is due to the normal evolution of the thallus being arrested, so that it grows ha an interrupted manner. It is but sparingly sorediate, and is always sterile. Hob, On schist rocks in shady situations in subalpine tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the W. Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire. 19. P. incurva Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. (3826) p. 82. — Thallus orbicular or expanded, appressed, stellato-laciniosc, subopaque, greenish straw-coloured or ochroleueous, with somewhat large, 250 LICHEN AC F i. [PARHELIA. subglobose, sulphureous soredia ; beneath dark, with blackish rhizinse; Iacinia3 narrow, multifid, somewhat convexo-compressed, incurved at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia small, reddish- brown, the margin subentire ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — 8m. Eng. El. v. p. 202 : Tayl. in Mack. El. Hib. ii. p. 149; Mudd, Man. p. 102 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 140 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 129 pro parte. — Lichen incurvus Pers. in list. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 24. Parmelia recurva Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442 ; Hook. El. Scot. ii. p. 54. Lichen multifidus, Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 16, t. 9. f. 7 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. Easily recognizable from the allied species by the in curved apices of the lacinise. The thallus, which is usually widely expanded, often becomes subcrustaceous and dark in the centre, where also, in very old plants, it sometimes decays like P. centrifuga, a plant not found in Great Britain. The apothecia are very rare in this country, and when present are not rightly developed. The spermogones, however, are frequent, giving the thallus a black punctate appearance, with spermatia 0,005-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On granitic rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places. — Distr. Local in S.W. Ireland and S. Scotland ; more frequent among the N. Grampians, Scotland.- — B. M. : New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, Mo'rrone, and Upper Glen Dee (fruit), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron Mt., co. Kerry. c. Oliraceo-nigricantes . — Thallus normally olive-brown or brownish-black. 20. P. acetabnlum Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 601.— Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, unequal or rugulose, subopaque, imbricato-lobed, glaucous- or lurid-olivaceous ; beneath paler and sparingly black-fibrillose ; lobes rounded, appressed at the circum- ference, ascending and undulate in the centre (KT 11 j ]-, *^ n re(j CaCl~). Apothecia moderate or large, rugose, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate, inflexed; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 99 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 136, ed. 3, p. 125.— Lichen acetabulum Neck. Delic. (1768) p. 506. Parmelia corrugata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 ; Hook. Eng. El. v. p. 201. Lichen corrugatus Eng. Bot. t. 1652. LicJienoides acetabulis cutaneis et rugosis Dill. Muse. 185, t. 24. f. 79. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 142 ; Leight. n. 362. The thicker thallus, the larger lobes, and rugose apothecia readily dis- tinguish this from our other species of this subsection. Elsewhere it grows widely expanded, though this state is rare in Britain. The apothecia, which are not frequent in this country, become rather large in very old plants. The spermogones, generally very abundant, are at length confluent, and form rugosities on the thallus, with the sterigmata often branched and jointed, and the spermatia about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in woods and parks in lowland districts. — Distr. Not general nor common throughout England, chiefly PARMELIA.] PAEMELIEI. 251 in the S.; very local in Central Scotland; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Saham Wood, Norfolk ; near Bury, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Broome Park, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Poyning's Hill, and Beeding Priory, Sussex ; near Netley Abbey, Hampshire ; Somerford Keynes, Wiltshire ; near Cirencester and Fairford, Gloucestershire ; near the Ketch, Worcestershire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Auldbar, Forfarshire. 21. P. olivacea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 213.— Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, rugulose or minutely corrugate, laciniato- loberl, subopaque, olive-brown or badious-umbrine ; beneath nearly coucolorous, paler at the circumference, obsoletely fibrillose ; lobes radiating, plane, rounded, crenate (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia mode- rate, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin entire or nearly entire ; spores 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.— Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 395; Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 24; Lich. Brit. p. 35 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 115 pro parte. — Liclicnoides olivaceum, scutellis Icvvibus Dill. Muse. 182, t. 24. f. 77 A. — Lichen olivaceus and Parmelia olivacea of our older authors belong to one or other of the following allied plants. Several species, now rightly separated, have been included here by authors. As limited, it is readily recognized by the rugulose thallus and the entire margin of the apothecia. It is a plant of a more boreal type than any of its immediate allies. The apothecia are chiefly central and crowded, the margin of the receptacle becoming less smooth and entire in age. The spermogones are minute, black, immersed or prominent, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of trees, birch and alder, in wooded upland dis- tricts.— Distr. Very local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland. — - B. M. : Abergeldie and Glen Clunie, Braeruar, Aberdeenshire. 22. P. exasperata Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 120 (note). — Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, mi- nutely and densely rugoso-papillose, olive-brown ; beneath paler, sparingly fibrillose ; lobes more or less obliterated in the centre, appressed, rounded and inciso-crenate at the circumference (K~ CaCl~). Apothecia small, or at length somewhat large, chestnut- coloured, the margin elevated, verrucose and papillose ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572. — Parmelia olivacea subsp. exasperata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 : var. exasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 123, ed. 3, p. 115. Collema exasperatum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 645. Parmelia olivacea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 ; Eng. Fl. ii. p. 200 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143 ; Mudd, Man. p. 99 pro parte. LicTien olivaceus fluds. Fl. Angl. p. 446; Lightf. Fl. Scot ii. p. 819 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2180. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis ampliori- bt(s verrucosis Dill. Muse. 184, t. 24. f. 78. Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, pullum Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 60. — 252 LICI1EXACEI. [PAKMET.IA. Brit. Ki-s.: Mudd, n. 72; Leight. nos. 263, 356 ; Larb. Lich. lib. n. 327 ; Bohl. n. 86. Readily distinguished from P. olivacea, of which it is generally regarded as a variety, by the papillato-exasperate thallus and the verrucoso-papillose margin of the apothecia. With us the apothecia are comparatively rare, though plentiful when present. The spermogones are very abundant on the papilla^ when these are not abraded, with spermatia 0,008-11 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and usually common in the W. tracts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Bury, Suffolk ; New Forest, Hants ; Withiel, Cornwall ; Pembridge, Herefordshire ; Cricklade, Wiltshire ; Crowle, Worcester- shire ; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Eglestoue, Durham, near Stavely, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Kilravock, Nairnshire ; Applecross, lloss-shire. Glencar and Mangerton, co. Kerry ; Killerey Bay, Connernara, co. Galway. 23. P. subaurifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 22.— Thallus orbicular, thinly membranaceous,' closely appressed, glabrous or thinly i'ur- furaceous in the centre, laciniato-lobed, olive-brown or umbrine, yellow-sorediate, medulla yellow ; beneath blackish, shortly fibrillose; lobes plane, crenafce (K^yellowish, CaCl~recWish;. Apothecia small, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin subentire, often yellow-sorediate ; spores 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572 ; Grevillea, x. p. 25. — Lichen olivaceus, var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35. Lichenoides oUvaceum, scutillis Icevibus Dill. Muse. 182, t. 23. f. 77 c.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 210. From the allied species this differs at once in the yellow medulla and the small yellow soredia with which the thallus is everywhere efflorescent. Our British specimens are, with one or two exceptions, less wrell developed than those from Scandinavia — the thallus being smaller, the medulla le^s distinctly yellow, and having only in one instance a few young apothecia. The spermogones, which also seem to be very rare with us; have the sper- matia 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. JIab. On the trunks of trees and branches of shrubs, chiefly oak and firs, in maritime and upland districts. — Listr. Local and scarce in Eng- land, N. Wales, the Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland; no doubt often overlooked. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; near Tooting, Surrey ; Lydd, Kent ; Ilenfield, Sussex ; near Penzance, Cornwall (irt.) ; Whim- pole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Grimsbury Green, Northampton ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Kempsey, Worcestershire : Aberdovey, Merioneth- shire ; Ay ton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Wills Braes, Forfarshire ; L>urris, Kincardineshire ; Applecross, lloss-shire. Kylemore, co. Galway. 24. P. prolixa Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 35.— Thallus suborbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, laciniate, dark-olive or blackish-umbrine ; beneath blackish or black, moderately fibrillose ; lacinia) narrow, subimbricate, much and variously divided, somewhat PARMELIA.] PAUMEMEI. 253 convex, crenato-incised and but slightly dilated at the apices (K~ CaCl~). Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, subconcolorous, the margin entire or subentiro ; spores 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005- 0 ram. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 25. — Parmelia olivacea vars. prolixa et dendritica (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed 3, p. 115. Parmelia olivacea y. prolixa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 214. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 365. Generally regarded as a variety of P. olivacea, but separated by the form of the lacinise and by the smaller spores. The thallus is usually smooth, but sometimes rugulose, as is also the margin of the apothecia. The apothecia are rare in Britain, but the spermogones are not unfrequent. They are at length somewhat prominent, with spermatia scarcely 0,007 nun*, long, and about 0,001 nun. thick. Hub. On rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in W. England and Wales ; here and there in Scotland and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Llandegley Rocks, Radnorshire ; Moel-y-Golfa, Montgomery- shire; Douglas Head, Isle of Man. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Conuemara, co. Galway. Subsp. 1. P. sorediata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.— Thallus smaller, adnate, sprinkled towards the centre with whitish or brownish-white, verrucoso-promineiit soredia ; laciniaB somewhat plane (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia small; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Parmelia styyia b. sorediata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 471. Distinguished by the pulviuate soredia with which the thallus is more or less sprinkled towards the centre or occasionally almost throughout. It is of small size (scarcely more than 1 in.), frequently opaque, with the lacinia? contiguous. The apothecia, which are small and scattered, are very rare in Britain as in other countries. Hah. On rocks in upland mountainous districts. — Diatr. Very local and rare in W. England and among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Craig Tulloch, Blair A thole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 2. P. Delisei Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 67.— Thallus larger, pale- olive, the laciniae broader at the circumference (K(CaCl)~f pg^jj^). Apothecia and spores as in P. prolixa. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. ] 873, p. 133 ; Grevillea, x. p. 25. — Parmelia Delisei Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129. Parmelia olivacea var. Delisei Dub. Bot. Gall. (1829) p. 602. Parmelia olivacea vaf. aquiloides Linds., Mudd, Man. p. 99. — Lichen olivaceus pro parte and Parmelia olivacea pro parte of the older and some more recent British authors. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 291 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 328; Bohl. n. 109 pro parte. The characters of the thallus and the chemical reaction make this a distinct subspecies. In old plants the apothecia become large, crowded, and somewhat llexuose. 254 LICTTENACEI. [PARHELIA. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local in S. and W. England, N. Wales, Central Scotland, S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.— B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Shank- lin, Isle of Wight; Wembury, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Isle of Man ; Stavely, Westmoreland. Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; King's Park, Stirling. Mizen Head, co. Cork. ft. isidiascens Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 8. — Thallus more or less sprinkled with olive-brown verrucaeform isidia, which become whitish- sorediate afc the apices; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 25.— Brit. EJS. : Leight. n. 291 pro parte ; Eohl. u. 109 pro parte. Well characterized by the often crowded and at length thickish isidia, which sometimes nearly cover the thallus, and give it an almost panui- form appearance. It is rarely seen fertile, the apothecia being but few, with the margin sometimes rugose with isidia. Hub. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. England, N. Wales, and Central Scotland.— B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Near Pen- zance and Helminton, Cornwall ; Birmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Isle of Man. King's Park, Stirling. 25. P. fuliginosa Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 346.— Thallus orbicular or suborbicular, membrauaccous, appressed. laciniato-lobed, umbrine- badious or olive-black, fuliginoso-furfuraceous or black-isidiose, be- neath blackish, sparingly fibrillose ; lobes plane, crenate (K~? CaCIT i). Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, pale- or dark- brown, the margin thickish, slightly crenulate ; spores 0,009-1 2 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 123. — ParmeUa olivacea var. fuliginosa Fr. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 602. ParmeUa olivacea y. furfuracea Schaer., Mudd, Man. p. 100. LicJtenoides olivaceum, scutellis Icevibus Dill. Muse. 182, f. 77 B. Readily recognized by the peculiar black, setuloso-papillose isidia, which are sometimes so dense as to cover the whole thallus and obliterate the lobes, except at the immediate circumference ; otherwise sufficiently separated from the preceding species by the chemical reaction of the medulla with CaCl. The apothecia are rare in this country, especially on saxicole specimens, and the spermogones are very rarely visible. Hab. On rocks and walls, also on old pales, rarely on trees, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Probably general, though not common, in the mountainous regions of Grent Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : IVnzance and near St. Breock, Cornwall ; Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worces- tershire ; Borthwynog, near Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Haughmond Hill and Stiperstones, Shrop- shire ; near Ay ton, Yorkshire ; Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perth- shire; Glen Shee, Forfarshire ; Fortieth en and Durris, Kinoardmeshire; Hill of Ardo. near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Abernethy, Elgin. Near Cork ; Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. PAEMELIA.] PABMELIE1. 255 Var. /3. laetevirens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. JSTormand. vi. 1872, p. 272. — Thallus orbicular or effuse, greenish-olive or greenish- brown, more or less covered with concolorous isidia (medulla (/aCl + red). Apothecia and spores as in the type. — Cromb. Greviliea, x. p. 26. — Imbricaria olivacea y. Icetevirens Flot. Lich. Sil. (1829) n. 90. Parmelia fuliyinosa f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 123. Parmelia Borreri f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 479. Though differing in the colour of the thallus and of the isidia, the reaction of the medulla shows that this is only a variety of P. fuliyinosa. States occur in which there is scarcely auy trace of isidia (form denudata Cromb., probably referable tosubsp. ylabratula Lamy, as in Greviliea, xv. p. 75). In herbaria specimens the isidia often become abraded, rendering the thallus white-punctate. The apothecia are not uncommon, but the spermogones are rarely seen. Hob. On old trees and pales, rarely on Avails, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in E. and N. England, N. Wales, the Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Hopton, Suffolk; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; near Dolgelly and llhewgreidden, Merio- nethshire ; Devil's Bridge, Cardiganshire ; Kendal and Levens Park, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin and head of Loch Awee, Argyleshire ; Loch Ard and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincar- dineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Derryclare and near Kyle- more, co. Galway. 26. P. Stygia Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 203. — Thallus orbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, smooth, imbricate, olive-brown or blackish ; beneath pitch-black, paler at the margins, with but few rhizinse ; Iacinia3 sublinear, palmato-multifid, convex, incurved at the apices (K~, CaCl 3)- Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, sub- concolorous, the margin granulato-crenate ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202 ; Mudd, Man. p. 100 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124, ed. 3, p. 116.— Lichen sti/gius Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1143 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 16 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2048.— Brit. EMS. : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte. Somewhat resembles Platysma Fahlunense, but distinguished by the form of the lacinise, the character of the spermogones, and the absence of medullary reaction with K. It is generally fertile, though the apothecia are rather scattered and not numerous. The spermogones, which are frequent, are immersed, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, constricted in the middle and somewhat obtuse at the apices. Hub. On rocks and boulders, granitic and quartzose, in subalpine and alpine regions. — Distr. Local and rare, being confined to a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben More, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, In- verness-shire. 27. P. alpicola Fr. fil. Nov. Ac. Reg. Soc. Sc. Cpsal. (1861) p. 157. — Thallus orbicular or expanded, somewhat appressed and adnate, subopaque, blackish- olive or dark-grey; beneath very black, 256 L1CI1ENACEI. [PARMELTA. with few rhizinoo ; laciniac narrow, convex, rugoso-plicate, imbricate and complicate, incurved at the apices (K f +3'ellovvi8h5 CaCl~). Apothecia small, concave, or at length slightly convex, blackish, the margin entire ; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, 0,007-12 mm. long, 0,005-9 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 357 ; Lcight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.— Parmelia discreta Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 36. Parmelia pliysodes var. discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127. Parmelia sti/rjia var. miiior Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35. Parmelia encausta var. dtygioides Linds. Trans. Hoy. Soc. Edin. xxii. p. 224 ; Mudd, Man. p. 99. Lichen, eiwaustus Eng. Bot. t. 2049. — As pointed out in Grevillea, vii. p. 98, this ought rather to be called P. atrofuacn (Schoer.). — Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 32 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte. Looks intermediate between P. styyia and P. encausta, being sometimes confounded with the latter. The presence of rhiztnae very rarely on the under surface iu very young plants shows that it belongs to this Subsection. The thallus varies in colour from nearly pitch-black to dark- grey, the laciniae bein}r often torulose. It is generally fertile, the apo- thecia being scattered and at length somewhat large. The spermogones are black, minute, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. JIfib. On granitic and quartzose boulders in alpine places. — Di^tr. Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland; very rare in N.W.Ireland. — B. M. : Ben More and Cairn Go war, Perthshire ; Clova Mts.. Forfarshire ; Cairn Drochit, Morrone and Beu-nabooid, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Co. Mayo. 28. P. lanata Wallr. Fl. Germ. iii. (1831) p. 529.— Thallus ex- panded, decumbent, loosely appresscd, setaceo-filiform, dichotomously and intricately branched, olive-brown or brownish-black, somewhat shining ; beneath paler, with minute rhizinae ; branches unequal, rounded, slender, flexuose, furcate at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia lateral or subterminal, nearly moderate, plane or convex, coucolorous, the margin subentire or granulato-un equal ; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 101 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124. — Alectoria lanata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 80. Cornicularia lanata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 405 ; Hook. FL Scot. ii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 87. Lichen lanatus, Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1153 ; Eng. Bot. t. 846 (middle fig.). Usnea ca-spitosa emits, capillacea atra Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 9. — As already observed the Lichen lanatus of our older writers is Alectoria Licolor. A species entirely Alectorioid in habit, so that it might be referred to Alectoria. The presence, however, of rhizinae on the under surface of the thallus, the crenulato-uudulate margin of the apothecia, and the distinctly Parmelioid character of var. ft show that it belongs to this genus. The thallus is often suberect, and in favourable situations spreads extensively. The apothecia are rare, but the spermogones are frequent and sometimes so abundant as to render the thalline fil.-inicnt.s torulose or noduloso-uuequal. They are immersed, with sterigm.ita PARMELIA.] PARMELIKT. 257 usually almost simple and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, slightly subacute at the apices. Hab. On rocks and boulders, very rarely on gravelly soil, in subalpine and alpine localities. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. and N. England and in N. Wales ; more frequent on the Grampians, Scotland ; rarer in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor Tors, Devonshire ; Cader Idris, Merion- ethshire ; Snowdon, N. Wales ; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben More, Mael Girdy, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts. and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Loch Phadrig, Lochnagar, Mor- roue, Cairngorm, and Ben-naboord (frt), Braemar ; Ben Nevis, Inver- ness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Mangerton, Killarney, and MacGillicuddy's Reeks, co. Kerry ; Doughbruagh Mts., Oonnemara, co. Galway. Var. /3. reticulata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 72 — Thallus orbicular or suborbicular, closely appressed, black or blackish, opaque ; branches short, slender, very much entangled, subimbricate, dicho- tomously reticulate, shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia con- colorous, with the margin often ciliate. — Lichen reticulatus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. (1788) t. 9. ff. 6, 7. Alectoria lanata var. parmelioides Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233 ; Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 81 (incl. var. subciliata). Parmelia lanata var. subciliata N"yl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125. Lichen pubescens Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 132 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 893 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 48. Coralloides tenuissimum nii/rescens, mundi muliebris instar textam Dill. Muse. 113, t. 17. f. 32.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 20. A well-marked variety, which in its normal condition with its parme- lioid habit looks like a distinct species. Transition states, however, exist, and old plants gradually assume more of the characters of the type. The thallus, which is aptly compared bv Dillenius to " black lace," occasionally becomes centrifugal. It is not uncommon in a fertile condition, the apo- thecia being usually numerous, with the margin often ciliate with spinu- liform papilla?. Hab. On quartzose rocks and boulders in alpine localities. — Distr. Con- fined to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, where, it is plentiful. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Morrone, Glen Callater, Cairngorm, and Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 29. P. tristis Xyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 304: Flora, 1872, p. 548. — Thallus ctespitoso-fruticulose, cartilaginous, erect, rigid, somewhat roundly compressed, sparingly distichously branched, pitch- or brownish-black ; branches subfastigiate, at- tenuate (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia plano-convex, moderate, sub- concolorous, the margin entire or fimbriate : spores 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 71. — Platysma triste Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94. C'orniculftria tristis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404 : Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 228 ; Tayl. in Mack! Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86 : Mudd, Man. p. 76. Lichen tristis Web. Spicil. (1788) p. 209 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43 ; Eng. Bot. t. 720. Lichen radiatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 559. Lichen comicidatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. s 258 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. ii. p. 383. Cordttoides corniculatum, fuci tenuioris facie Dill. Muse, p. 118, t. 17. f. 37. Somewhat resembles a small Fucvs, and has been placed by authors in different genera, though by some regarded as a proper genus. The typically depressed or subdepressed thallus. as observed by Ny lander /. c., and the nature of the spermogones, induce us to refer it to Parmelia, near P. la- nata, to which in various respects it has a marked affinity. The thallus is closely and umbilicately affixed to the substratum, over which it occa- sionally spreads in large patches, though usually it occurs in small and scattered tufts. The apothecia, which are common, are subterminal on short deflexed ramules ; the spermogones are numerous, prominent, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and boulders in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local in W. and N. England and in Wales; more frequent in the Highlands, Scotland, especially on the N. Grampians ; rare in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Sugar Loaf Mt., Monmouthshire ; The Glydirs, Snowdon, and Moel Siabod, Carnarvon- shire ; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Crickley Scar, Yorkshire; Mardale, Westmoreland; The Cheviots, Northumberland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben More, Ben Lawers, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., head of the White Water, and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen ; near Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Callater, Glen Dee, and Ben- naboord, Braemar ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. B. EKHIZINOSJB.— Thallus glabrous beneath (subgenus Hypogymnia Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 537). 30. P. physodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 250.— Thallus moderate or somewhat large, substellate, loosely adnate, smooth, imbricato- laciniate, glaucous-white ; beneath brownish-black, paler at the circumference, rugose, caked : lacunae multifid, linear, sinuate, some- what plane, the apices subinflated, imperforate (K ^yellow, CaCl~> medulla K (CaCl) + red). Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate, badio- reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,006-8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Hook. PI. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. JF1. v. p. 204; Mudd, Man. p. 96 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125, ed. 3, p. 116. — Physcia physodes Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436. Lichen physodes Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1144 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882: With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32; Eng. Bot. t. 126 (middle fig. pro parte). LicJienoides ceratophyllon obtusius et minus ramosum Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. 49 A, B ; in Kay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 85. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 48 pro parte; Cromb* n. 31. lleadily recognized by the naked under surface and the more or less inflated apices of the lacinise. The thallus is normally orbicular, but at length becomes expanded, varying considerably in the character of the lacinise, and thus presenting several forms and varieties. The apo- thecia are not frequent in Britain ; they are urceolate, and small when young, at length large, plane and flexuose. The spermogones are very PARMELIA.] PARMELIEI. 259 abundant and crowded in Otherwise sterile specimens, and are minute, black, punctiform. with spermatia 0,000-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On trees and old walls in maritime and upland districts — Distr. Not general nor common throughout Great Britain ; probably occurs in Ireland : fertile chiefly in the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Black Edge, Bux- ton, and Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Lickey Hills, Wor- cestershire ; Wreldu Hill, Shropshire : Stormy Down, Glamorganshire ; Nannau, near Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan, Garth, near Barmouth, Merioneth- shire; Island of Anglesea ; Gateshead Fell, Durham ; near Kendal, West- moreland. Near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Crianlarich, Killin, Ben Lawers, and Moncrieff'e Hill, Perthshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen ; Castleton, Morrone, aiid Glen Derry, Braemar ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire ; Unst, Shetland. Form 1. labrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 493. — Laciniao with the apices ascending, somewhat dilated, recurved and sorediate. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte. — Parmelia physodes f. recurva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117. Parmelia phi/sodes Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149. Lichen physodes Eng. Jtot. t. 126 (upper fig.). Lichenoides ceratopliyllon obtusius et minus ramosum Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. 49 c. — Brit.Exs. : Leight. n. 48 pro parte, n. 389; Mudd, n. 70; Cromh. n. 144; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 290 ; Bohl. n. 13. Differs only in the recurved and sorediate apices of the laciniae. As noticed by Acharius I.e. these, in consequence of being ruptured beneath, dilated and inflated, present a pulverulent and verrucose small lip. It is a mere condition, depending on age or nature of habitat, and not a variety ; indeed it is difficult to find old specimens of the normal type of the species in which some of the laciniae have not these characters, so that Acharius subsequently (Syn. p. 218) with propriety regarded it as a mere state. The apothecia are for the most part plentiful, becoming large in old age. Hab. On trees, old pales, rocks and walls, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain, probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands ; fruiting freely in the Highlands, Scotland. — B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Walthamstow and Epping Forest, Essex ; Millhill, Middle- sex ; Ardingley Rocks, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall ; Sandy, Bedfordshire ; near Cambridge ; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Church Stretton, Wrekin Hill, and Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Cader Idris, and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, West- moreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Dairy, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Glasgow ; Swanston Wood, Edinburgh ; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Coun- tesswells Woods, near Aberdeen ; Invercauld, Morrone, and Glen Caudlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Wroods and Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire; Forres, Elgin; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form 2. tubulosa Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 97.— Lacinite lax, ascending, tubulose, turgid and sorediate at the apices. Apothecia very rare. — Parmelia ceratophylla e. tubulosa Schoer. Enum. (1850) s2 260 LICHENACEI. [PARHELIA. p. 42. Parmelia physodes var. labrosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117. Lichen physodts Eng. Bot. t. 126 (lower fig.).— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 70 pro parte ; Leight. n. 48 pro parte. A more distinct form than the preceding, with which it has sometimes been confounded. It is readily recognized by the thallus. and by the soredia being protuberant on the apices of the laciuife. In this country, as elsewhere, it seems to occur chiefly in a sterile condition. Hub. On trees and stone walls in maritime and upland situations. — Dislr. Not very general nor common in Great Britain ; not seen from Ire- land,— J3. M . : Lustleigh Cleeve, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Sweeny, Shropshire ; near Monmouth ; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbigh- shire ; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Asbv, Cumberland (fruit). New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire ; Ben Lawers, Killin (fruit), and Abernethy, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen ; liothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Var. 0. platyphylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 251.— Lacinise rather broad, subconcrete, rugoso-plicate, roundly lobed and inciso- crenate at the circumference. Apothecia very rare. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 329. Usually smaller, though thicker than in the type. In the centre it is rugose plicate and scarcely laciniate, the lacinise being more distinct and depressed at the circumference. Occasionally it is more or less sorediate at the apices of the lacinia?. As observed by Acharius /. c., the whole thallus has a monophyllous appearance; but transition forms are not wanting. It is very rarely fertile, the spermogones, however, being not unfrequent. Hob. On old pales and stone walls in maritime and upland districts. — Dislr. Seen from several localities in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent ; New Forest, Hampshire ; Evading, Isle of Wight ; near Ciren- cester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire; Aberdovey and near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Killin, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers (fruit), and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Guthrie, Forfarshire ; near Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen ; Rothie- mtirchus, Inverness-shire. Near Cork. Form fuscescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.— Thallus rather smaller, opaque, esorediate, brownish; otherwise as above. — Parmelia pTiysodes var. obscurata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 ; Leight, Lich.' Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.— According to Nylander, Flora, 1881, p. 537, var. obscurata Ach. is P. austerodes Nyl., a subspecies of P. vittata. Evidently referable as a form to var. platyphylla, with which, except in being somewhat smaller, constantly esorediate, and especially in the colour of the thallus (owing probably to being suffused with salt-water), it in other respects agrees. In the few specimens gathered neither apo- thecia nor spermogones are visible. Hnb. On old pales in maritime districts. — Distr. Local in S.E. England and N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Lydd, Kent. Near Cove, Kincardineshire. 1'AKMELIA.] PARMELIB1. 261 31. P. vittata Xyl. Flora, 1875, p. 106.— Thallus somewhat ex- panded, lineari-laciniate, loosely adnate, smooth, greyish-glaucous ; beneath naked, black ; lacinise elougate, divaricately divided, some- what plane, dark-brown or blackish at the margins (K^yeUow, CaCl~ ). Apothccia pedicellate, large, badio-reddish, the margin thin, entire or inflexed ; spores 0,004—6 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76. — Parmelia physodes /3. vittata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 251; Mudd, Man. p. 96 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 30 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 117 pro parte. Formerly regarded by authors as a variety of P. physodes, but now separated by Nylander ou account of the smaller spores and shorter sper- uiatia. The tballus does not apparently become sorediiferous at the apices of the lacinise, and in our specimens is of a glaucous-brown colour. Neither apothecia nor sperniogones occur in Britain. These latter organs have the sperrnatia 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick. Hob. On the ground in alpine places. — Distr. Found only on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairntoul, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. 32. P. encausta Ach. ileth. (1803) p. 202. — Thallus suborbicular, appressed, corrugate, narrowly laciniate, unequal, greyish-white or greyish-glaucous ; beneath black, naked : laciniae crowded, multifid, complicate, convex or somewhat rounded, only slightly inflated at the apices (K+yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate, moderate or small, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate or subentire ; spores 0,007—10 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Mudd, Man. p. 97 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36. — Parmelia phi/sodes var. encausta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 117. Lichen encaustus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. i. (1791) p. 83. Sometimes regarded as an alpine var. of P. physodes ; but in the absence of any well-marked intermediate states it may be considered distinct. In regions where the plant is common, the thallus varies con- siderably in colour and in the character of the laciniae, but the very few British specimens are sufficiently typical. The apothecia are more or less scattered, at first concave, then plane, and in old plants flexuose. The spermopones are frequent, minute, black, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hah. On granitic boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Found on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairntoul, Braemar, Aber- cleenshire. 33. P. pertusa Scheer. Spic. (1840) p. 457.— Thallus orbicular, plano-appressed, glabrous, sinuato-laciniate, glaucous- white : be- neath black, rugose, naked ; laciniae multifid, convex, minutely perforate, dilated and crenato-incised at the apices (K^Tyellow, CaCl~). Apothecia central, small, reddish-brown, the margin entire, inflexed; spores 2-4nse, 0,0045-60 mm. long, 0,022-28 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129, ed. 3, p. 120.— Lichen pertuxu* Schrank, Fl. Bavar. ii. (1789) 262 L1CIIENACBI. [PARMELIA. n. 1513. Parmtlia terelrata (Hoffrn.), Mudd, Man. p. 97. PtmneUa diatrypa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 150. Physcia diatrypa Gray, Nat. AIT. i. p. 436. Lichen diatrypus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1248.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 264 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 66 ; Cromb. n. 145. In general appearance like small states of P. physodes, from which, apart from the chemical reaction of the medulla and the number of the spores, the peculiar perforations in the lacinise at once distinguish it. The thallus is usually sprinkled with round whitish soredia (form sorediobola Nyl.). In this country it has not occurred fertile. The sper- mogones, which are very seldom present in our specimens, are as in P. physodes. Hob. On rocks among mosses and on the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.AV. Eng- land, N. Wales, S. Scotland and the W. Highlands, in S.W. and N. Ireland. — B. M. : Bonne Nuit, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants: Bolt Head and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Tregawn, Cornwall ;' Barmonth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; foot of Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Bal- lachulish, Argyleshire. Pass of Keim-an-Eigh, co. Cork ; Glenmore Lake and Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway ; Cushendun, co. Antrim. 43. PARMELIOPSIS Nyl. Lich. Scand. ( 1861) p. 105 (ut sectio Parmeliae) ; Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 121.— Thallus small, thin, appressed, stellate ; beneath sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose. Apothe- cia small, parmelioid ; para- physes not discrete ; spores 8nae, simple, more or less ellipsoid, colourless ; hy me- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones scat- tered, at length slightly pro- minent ; sterigmata short, simple ; sperm atia long, aei- cular, arcuate. A small genus separated from Parmelia on account of its spermatia, which are like those of Squamaria in the Lecanorei, but the thalius shows that it belongs to this tribe. Two of its three European species occur sparingly in Great Britain. 0 we s. SB. .Fig. 45. Parmeliopsis ambigua Nyl. — «. Vertical section of a young portion of thallus, with a rhutna beneath, x200. b. Ver- tical section of an apothecium, x30. c. A theca, X350. d. Spores. X500. e. Vertical section of tliallus with a spermo- gone (on the left beneath, a rhizina), X30. /. Steriginataandsperrnatia, X500. PARMELIOPSIS.] PARMELIEI. 263 1. P. ambigua Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et FL F. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 121. — Thallus stcllato-orbicular, appressed, closely aduate, imbricato-laciniate, opaque, straw-coloured, sulphureo-sorediate- ; beneath brownish-black ; laciniae somewhat narrow, plane, multifid (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate ; spores oblong or ovoid- oblong, often somewhat curved, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0025-35 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37. — Parmelia ambigua Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two lower figs.); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 37 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 118. Liclieti ambiguits Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iv. (1790) p. 239. Parmelia diffusa Mudd, Man. p. 103.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 373 ; Mudd, n. 75 ; Cromb. n. 146. The thallus is not unlike that of Parmelia Mougeotii, and is more or less sprinkled with soredia, which are normally convex and often con- tinent. In this country the apothecia are rare. The sperruogones, which are more frequent, are very minute, blackish, sparingly scattered, with spermatia 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick. Hal). About the roots of fir trees, and occasionally on old fir pales, in wooded, upland, and mountainous districts. — Distr. Local, though common Avhere it occurs, in S., Central, W., andN. England, IS'. Wales, the Central Highlands, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Ighthain, Kent ; Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Ingleby Greeuhow, Yorkshire. Killin, Perthshire ; Kinuordy, Forfarshire ; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Larig Grue, Bantfshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. 2. P. aleurites Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.— Thallus stellato-orbi- cular, closely appressed and adherent, laciniato-lobed, greyish-white, whitish pulverulento-sorediate ; beneath brownish-black, sparingly fibrillose ; laciniae somewhat convex and rugoso-plicate in the centre, plane and linear at the circumference (K_ e ow, CaCl~). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, concave or somewhat plane, brownish- or reddish-spadiceous, shining, the margin slightly crenu- late : spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, usually somewhat curved, 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ.Bot. 1872, p. 234. — Lichen aleurites Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 117. Parmelia ambir/ua Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two upper figs.). Par- melia hyperopta Mudd, Man. p. 91 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 478, ed. 3, p. 119. Externally little different, except in colour, from the preceding. The thallus, which is sometimes dark-greyish, is sprinkled towards the centre with white, scattered, roundish soredia. In the very few British speci- mens there are only one or two small apothecia with subentire margin. The spermogones, also rarely present, have the spermatia 0,0023-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hnb. On the trunks of old firs near the roots and on old fir pales in mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in the N. Gram- pians, Scotland.— B. M. : Glen Derry and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Larig Grue, Banffshire. 264 LICHENACEl. Tribe XIY. S T I C T E I Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 332, ut subtribus Parmelieorum ; Bull. Soc. Linri. Normaiid. ser. 2, ii. (1867) p. 498. Thallus frondosely dilated, lobate or lobato-laciniate, loosely affixed to the substratum ; the under surface usually with tomentose rhizinae, and also pulverulent or sorediiform cyphelhae (pseudo- cyphelhe), or true urceolate or thelotremoid cyphellae ; gonidial layer consisting either of gonimic grauules or of true gonidia. Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine; spores 8na3, fusiform, usually 1- or 3-septate, generally colourless or sometimes pale-brownish : paraphyses discrete, usually more or less articulate, moderate, or thickish ; hymenial gelatine (especially the apices of the thecae) blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata. The plants of this tribe are for the most part the largest and best developed of all lichens. With these " patricians of lichens," as they were termed by Drs. Taylor and Hooker (Hook. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 635), the ascending series in inlander's classification culminates. The thallus, which in its earlier stages of growth is orbicular, is usually widely expanded, of a coriaceo-membranaceous texture, and frequently, when wet, emits an odour as of hemp. In a few species peculiar cephalodia occur either on the upper surface, on the margins, or on the lower surface of the thallus (vide Nyl. Syu. /. c. p. 333). The great majority of species are found in warm climates or in the Southern hemisphere ; most of the European Fig. 46. Lobaria pulmonaria Hoffiii. — a. Vertical section of thallus, x200. b. Gonidia. X350. c. Vertical section of a small apothecium, x30. d. A theca and paraphysis, X 350. e. Three spores, X 500. /. Vertical section of a sperino- gone, X30. g. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, X500. N. Fig. 47. Ricasolia amplissima Leigbt. — a. Vertical section of a young apothecium, X30. b. A theca and paraphysis, X 350. c. Spores, x 500. d. Vertical section ot" a spermogone, X 30. e. Jointed sterigmata and sperniatia, X 500. species occur in the more humid tracts of our islands. The tribe has been divided by Nylander into the following 2 subtribes, comprising •5 genera, founded npon differences in the structure and character of the thallus, the presence or absence of cyphellse, arid the nature of the apo- thecia. Subtribe I. STICTINEI Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360. Thallus either cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia arranged in pluri-locular nodules. Apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine. Distinguished by the nature of the gonidial layer, which separates it as a very distinct subtribe. The plants are easily recognized by this layer presenting under the lens, or even to the naked eye, a bluish or leaden-bluish appearance. 44. STICTINA Nyl. Flora, 1860, p. 66, Syn. i. p. 333.— Thallus variously lobate or laciniate, often sorediiferous ; beneath cyphellate or pseudocyphellate, with simple rhizinae (rhizo7iypJice~Nyl.') ; gonimia often 2-3 moniliform. Apothecia usually with septate spores. Spermogones innate, not prominent, with spermatia somewhat short, obtusely and slightly thickened at either apex. 266 LICHENACEI. [STICTINA. This has been divided into two subgenera, viz. Eustictina and Parmo- stictina, the former characterized by lecanorine and the latter by parme- leine apothecia. These characters would justify their being regarded as genera; but gonidia are protruded into the thalline margin of some species of Sticta, though their apoth'ecia can scarcely be regarded as truly parmeleine (Nylander, Flora, 1875, p. 363). Of Parmostictina, repre- sented by the exotic Stictina hirsuta, we have no species in our islands. Subgenus EUSTICTINA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76. — Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudo-cyphellate. Apothecia leca- noroid. a. PseudocyphellatcE. — Thallus with, white or yellow pseudocyphella3. 3. S. intricata Nyl. Var. (3. Thouarsii Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 335. — Thallus somewhat expanded, rigid, glabrous, sinuato-lobed, lurid-brown or pale-brown ; beneath tomentose, blackish-brown, paler at the circumference, with white pseudocyphellao ; lobes short and broad, sprinkled on the surface, and especially on the margins, with simple, or verrucose, or coralloid caesio-white soredia. Apo- thecia not seen rightly developed. — Leight. Lich. PI. p. 114, ed. 3, p. 108. — Sticta intricata var. Thouarsii Mudd, Man. p. 90. Stictina Thouarsii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31. Sticta Thouarsii Del. Stict. (1822) p. 90, t. 8. f. 29. Sticta crocata ft. Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 33. Though appearing distinct, the relation of this plant to S. intricata (Del.) is so intimate as scarcely to warrant its separation. It is, however, distinguished from the type by its short and broader lobes, as also by the soredia with which it is often copiously sprinkled. With us young* apothecia were once very sparingly met witli, but no mature spores have occurred. Hob. On mossy rocks and boulders, and the trunks of old trees in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Local and rare in S.W. Eng- land, N. Wales, the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland, and S., W., and N. Ireland. — B. M . : Near Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Inverary, head of Loch Awe, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tay , Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Cromaglown and Kil- larney Woods, co. Kerry ; Glenarm, co. Antrim ; Fenagh, co. Carlow ; Maam, Turk Mts., co. Galway. 2. S. crocata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 338. — Thallus moderate, somewhat shining or nearly opaque, often reticulato-lacunose, broadly lobed, dark olive-green or lurid-brown ; beneath brown or blackish tomentose, with moderate rhizinse and yellow pseudo- cyphellae ; lobes variously divided and crenate, scrobiculato-unequal, citrino-sorediate. Apothecia scattered or nearly marginal, mode- rate, blackish, the margin crenate, at length nearly excluded ; spores 1-septate, oblongo-fusiform, brown, 0,020-32 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114, ed. 3, p. 108. — Sticta crocata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 58 ; Sm. P]ng. Fl. v. p. 205 ; Tayl. in Mack. STICTINA.J ST1CTEI. 267 El. Hib. ii. p. 151 ; Mudd, Man. p. 89. Lichen crocatus Linn. Mant. (1771) p. 310; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 22; With. Art. ed. 3, iv. p. 52; Eng. Bot. t. 2110.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 34 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. The plant is sprinkled with scattered, citrine soredia, situated on the reticulations and on the margins, which contrast with its otherwise darkish colour. The medullary layer is either white or white-citrine. In this conntry neither apothecia nor spermogones occur. Ilab. Among mosses on trees and rocks in moist shady places, generally ravines, in subalpiiie tracts. — Distr. Extremely local in S.W. England and S. Scotland, more frequent in the W. Highlands ; scarce in S.W. and N. Ireland. — B. M. : Walkham River and near Vixen Tor, Dart- moor, Devonshire ; Cam Galva, near Peuzance, Cornwall. Dalmahoy hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary, Glen Ealloch, and head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; ravine at foot of Ben More, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire. Pigeon Island in the river Kenniare, co. Kerry ; Cushendall, co. Antrim. b. Cypliellatc?. — Thallus with thelotremoid or urceolate cyphellse. 3. S. fuliginosa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 347.— Thallus moderate or small, monophyllous, somewhat rigid, smoothish or unequal, nearly opaque, roundly lobed, cervine or greyish-brown ; beneath tomentose, pale-brown, with whitish or pale cyphelUe ; lobes gene- rally broad and rounded, sprinkled with small brownish-black or black, coralloid isidia. Apothecia small, scattered, plane or slightly convex, reddish-brown, the margin at first piloso-ciliate ; spores 1-3-septate, fusiform, colourless, 0,027-40 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. El. p. 116, ed. 3, p. 109. — Sticta fuliginosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Hook. El. Scot. ii. p. 59 ; Sm. Eng. El. v. p. 206 ; Tayl. in Mack. El. Hib. ii. p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 88. Lichen fuliginosus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. (1785) p. 13; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot t. 1103. Lichenoides faliginosum et pulverulentum, scutellis i-ubiginosis Dill. Muse. 198, 't. 26. f. 100 A.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 142; Larb. Cojsar. n. 61 ; Cromb. n. 133. The thallus, which in the larger states expands from a centre, is with us generally smoothish, seldom rugose. It is often covered with the blackish efflorescent isidia, by which at once it may be distinguished from the allied species. The apothecia, which are rare in Great Britain, are at length somewhat biatorine. Hal). On mossy trunks of old trees and on rocks in moist shady places, especially by waterfalls, in upland districts. — Distr. General and not un- common, though almost confined to the Western part of Great Britain ; apparently rare in W. Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Lydd, Kent; Isle of Wight ; Walkhampton and Ivy Bridge, near Lustleigh and More- ton, between Chudleigh and Ashburton, and at Beckey Falls, S. Devon ; Boconnoc, Launceston, Camelford, Withiel, and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Annet Island, Scilly ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Whiteclifte Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly and Aberdovey, 268 LiCHENACEt. [sTICTINA. Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Denbighshire; near Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Arableside and near Rydal, West- moreland ; Keswick and Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Inverary, Appin, and head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Leny Falls near Cailander, Glen Lochay^and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Craig 'Cluny, Braernar, Aberdeenshire ; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry ; near Kyleinore, co. Galway. 4. S. limbata Nyl. Syn. i. (I860) p. 346.— Thallus moderate or small, monophyllous, scarcely rigid, smooth or very slightly scrobiculato-unequal, somewhat or but little shining, roundly lobed, glaucous-lurid or pale cervine-brown ; beneath pale, more or less tomentose with whitish cyphellse ; lobes broad and rounded, sprinkled on the surface with scattered ca3sio-greyish soredia, and densely similarly sorediate towards the margins. Apothecia unknown. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 115, ed. 3, p. IQS.—Stictinafulir/inosa subsp. limbata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. Sticta limbata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 431 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 : Sm. Erig. Fl. v. p. 206 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 88. LicJien limbatus Sm. in Eng. Bot. xvi. (1803) t. 1104. Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulvt.ru- lentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill. Muse. t. 26. f . 100 u, c. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 1 5 ; Cromb. n. 35. Distinguished from the preceding by the paler thallus, the absence of isidia, and the presence of greyish or sordidly caesious soredia. The thallus is usually small, and is either strictly monophyllous or sublobate at the circumference. The fructification is not known ; the parasite Abrotliallus Welwitzschii, sometimes found on the thallus, might be mistaken for apothecia. Hob. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on shady rocks among mosses in wooded upland regions. — Distr. General and not uncommon, though chiefly in the Western portions of Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Lydd, Kent ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Shaugh, Ilsharn Walk, Torquay, Dartmoor, and near Exeter, Devonshire ; Boconnoc, Withiel, near the Tavy, and near Pen- zance, Cornwall ; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws- y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Capel Curig and near Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland ; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland; Thornthwaite, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Beld Craig, MofFat, Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Island of Skye. Near Bel- fast, co. Antrim ; Aghada, Cork Harbour, and Castlebernard Park, Ban- don, co. Cork ; Cromaglown, Killarney, and Old Dromore, co. Kerry. 5. S. sylvatica Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 348.— Thallus large, rather rigid, subopaque, scrobiculato-unequal, laciniato- lobed, cer- vine or greyish-brown ; beneath tomentose, brown or brownish, paler at the circumference, with pale cyphellaB ; lobes variously divided, rounded, crenulate, above slightly furfuraceous, the divisions STICTIXA.J STICTEI. 269 obtuse at the apices. Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, plane or slightly convex, the margin naked ; spores as in $. fnliyinosa. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 116, ed.*3, p. 109. — Sticta sylvatica Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 207 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen st/lvaticus, Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 453 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.' 848 ; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2298. Lichenoides polysclddes villosum et scabrum, peltis parvis Dill. Muse. 199, t. 27. f. 101. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 109 ; Cromb. n. 134. Also intimately allied to S.fuliginosa, from which it may 'be recog- nized by the more deeply divided thallus, the narrower lobes which are bifid or trifid towards the extremities, and the generally more naked or slightly furfuraceous upper surface. It is usually a larger plant, and spreads more extensively over the substratum. With us it is always sterile. Hab. On mossy rocks, old walls, and about the roots of trees in shads- places by lakes and rivers in upland districts. — Distr. Not very general, though usually plentiful, in the West of Great Britain and Ireland ; abundant in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Lydford, Widde- combe, Meavy, Lustleicrh Cleeve, and Bigbury, Devonshire ; Boconnoc and near Penzance, Cornwall ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Hafod, Car- diganshire, Dolgelly, Barmouth, and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Eglestone, Durham ; Mardafe, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland ; The Cheviots, Nor- thumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffiit, Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Callender rock, near Stirling ; Inverary, Appin, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Falls of Leny, of Moness, and in Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluuy and Craig Coiunoch, Braemar, Aberd'eenshire : S. of Fort WTilliam, and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore and Derryclare, Coune- mara, co. Gal way ; near Carrickfergus, co. Antrim. 6. S. Dufourei Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. 2 ser. ii. (1867) p. 590. — Thallus small, thin, smooth, laciniato-lobed, glaucous or glaucous-browu ; beneath slightly tomentose or nearly naked, pale- brown, often reticulately rugose, with whitish or pale cyphellae ; lacinise minutely dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia un- known.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p. 110. — Stictina sylvatica subsp. Dufourei Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. Sticta Dufourei Del. Stict. (1826) p. 78, t. 6. f. 22. Sticta elegans Deak. Mudd, Man. p. 89. Sticta ciliata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152. S.fimbriata Tayl. Jour. Bot. 1847/p. 180. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 173 ; Cromb. n. 135. Looks intermediate between S. fuliyinosa and S. sylvatica, and pos- sesses some characters in common, but is distinguished from both bv the characters given in the diagnosis. It is easily recognized by its h'm- briate margins. It is met with in a less typical condition, with darker thallus and more entire margins. It has not been seen fertile. Hab. On mossy rocks and trees in maritime and upland wooded tracts. — D-i&tr. Local and rare in S.W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland (less typical), and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Torquay, and at East Llyn, Devonshire; Pentire, near the Lizard, and Liskeard, Corn- 270 LICHKNACKT. [sTICTIXA. wall; Ty Gwyn, Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Tongland, Kirkcudbright- shire ; BarcaMine, Lome, Argyleshire. Askew Wood and Hyde's Cottage, Killarney, co. Kerry. 45. LOBAKINA Nyl. Flora 1877, p. 233.— Thallus broadly lobed, scrobiculose ; beneath partly tomcntose, gibbous, ecyphellate ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. Apothecia lecauorpid, with 3-septate spores. Sperm ogones as in the preceding genus. Formerly included under Stictina, but separated because the thallus is scrobiculose above, and destitute of cyphellaj beneath. It consists of a single species common with us, as it is in most parts of Northern Europe. 1. L. scrobiculata Nyl. Flora 1877, p. 233.— Thallus dilated, rigid, subopaque or opaque, more or less reticulately scrobiculose, usually sprinkled with whitish, or csesio-white soredia, broadly lobed, glaucous-yellowish ; beneath gibboso-unequal, tomcntose, pale- brown, the gibbi naked, white ; lobes rounded, undulate and more or less crenate at the margins. Apothecia small, scattered, red or brownish-red, the margin thick, entire, inflexed ; spores fusiform, 3-7-septate, colourless, 0,050-80 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76. — Stictina scrobiculata Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p." 110. Sticta scrobiculata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 : Eng. Fl. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Mudd, Man. p. 87, t. 1. f. 26. Lichen scroll cidatus, Scop. Fl. Cam. (1772) p. 384 : Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 850 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 59 : Eng. Bot. t. 497. Lichen verrucosus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 545. Lichenoides pulmoneum villosum, superficie scrobiculata et peltaia Dill. Muse. 216, t. 29. f. 114. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine- reum et ginuatum, inferne scabrum Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 77. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 201 ; Mudd. n. 65 ; Larb. Csosar. n. 14, Lich. Hb. n. 325 ; Cromb. n. 36. A well-marked species, not likely to be confounded with any other in the tribe. In young plants the thallus is orbicular, less scrobiculose and sorediate. The lobes are occasionally more or less white-sorediate at the margins. The naked gibbi of the underside of the thallus aro due to the faveolas of the upper surface ; and the rhizina? which constitute the tomentum are brown, pale, or greyish. In this country it is rather rare in a fertile condition. More frequently the apothecia appear in an abortive state, constituting the host of Celidium stic- tanim, Tul. Hob. On the trunks of old trees and on moist shady rocks, chiefly near streams and lakes in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain ; plentiful in the W. Highlands, Scotland, apparently rare in S. and W. Ireland, and in the Channel Islands.— B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Tuubridge Wells and Lydd, Kent ; Hastings, Sussex ; Quarn Wood, Ryde, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; South Brent, Ivy Bridge, and Dewerstone Rock, Devonshire ; Helminton, Liskeard, Tre- gawn, near the Tavy and Lamorna, Cornwall ; Bryer Island, Scilly ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hay Cop- LOBARISTA.] STICTEI. 271 pice, Leicestershire ; Cader Idris, near Dolgelly, and Barrnouth, Merion- ethshire ; Trefriw and Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea; Oggeray Gill, Cleveland, near Halifax and Castle Howard, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland ; Keswick and Calder Abbey, Cumberland; Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Turfin Hill, near Edin- burgh ; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire ; near Inverary, head of Loch Awe, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, Loch Conn, Glen Lochay, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Reeky Linn^ Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch and lnvercauld,Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Hill of the Doori, Nairn, Moray- shire. Castlebernard, co. Cork ; Muckross, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kvle- more and near Kenvyle, Connemara, co. Gal way. Subtribe II. EUSTICTEI Nyl. Flora 1879, p. 360. Thallns either cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia or gonidimia. Apothecia lecanoroid or par- raeleine. Separated from Stictinei by the nature of the gonidial layer. In other respects the two are very similar, several of their species being distin- guishable from each other only by the gonidia. 46. LOBARIA Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 138 pro miu. paite ; Nyl. emend. Flora, 1877, p. 233. — Thallus laciniato-divided, scrobiculose ; beneath partly rhizinoso-tomentose (with rhizohyphae), gibberoso-unequal, ecyphellate ; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia, bright-green or yellowish-green. Apothecia lecanoroid, with 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones as in the preceding genera. This has the same relation to Sticta that Ldburina has to Stictina, and is similarly distinguished by the scrobiculose upper, and the ecyphellate lower surface of the thallus. It includes a very few species. 1. L. pulmonaria Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 146; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76. — Thallus dilated, rigid, somewhat shining or subopaque, reticulato-foveolate, laciniato-lobed, often sorediiferous, sometimes isidiiferous, olive-green when moist, pale cervine or lurid-brown when dry ; lobes sinuato-lobulate, retuso-truncate at the apices ; beneath bullato-unequal or papular, whitish, between the papulae ochraeeo-testaceous and rhi/ineo-tomentose. Apothecia moderate, submarginal, red, the margin often ruguloso-crenate, con- colorous, at length excluded; spores 1-3-septate, 0,018-30 mm. long, 0,005-9 mm. thick. — Sticta pulmonaria Hook. FL Scot. ii. p. 58 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151 ; Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 82. Lichen pulmonarius Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) p. 1087 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 449 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 831; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54; Eng. Bot. t. 572. Sticta pulmonacea Ach. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Mudd, Man. p. 87, t. 1 . f. 25; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 118, ed. 3, p. 111. Licfienoides pulmoneum reticulatum vuh/are, marginibv* pdtiftris Dill. Muse. 212, t. 29. f. 113. Licfienoides peltatum afto- 272 LICHENACEl. [t'OBARIA. renm maximum Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 86. — Brit. EPS. : Leight. n. 74; Mudd, n. 64 ; Cromb. n. 37. The familiar " Tree Lungwort," when fully developed, is one of the largest, as it is one of the most common, of the British species of this tribe. It varies considerably in the breadth and divisions of the lobes, old plants being much broader and less laciniate. The thallus, which hangs loosely from the trunks on which it grows, is more or less shining, especially in young plants, while the lacinise are often whitish aorediato and isidiate at the margins. Usually also seriately arranged soredia and occasionally isidia are present in the' costae between the faveolse. States in which the isidia are numerous and crowded fonn the variety papittaris Del. Stict. p. 144, t. 17. f. 03. "\Vith us it is comparatively rare in a fertile condition, though the apothecia are sometimes very numerous. Hob. On the trunks of forest trees, especially old oaks, in mountainous regions, rarely on mossy rocks in maritime districts. — Dixtr. General and for the most part plentiful in the Channel Islands, the more Western tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland ; fruiting more freely in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near Loughton, Essex ; near Lydd, Kent ; Hyde and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants ; Lydford, Tot- nes, Buckfastleigh, and Ivv Bridge, Devonshire ; Bocounoc, Pentire, St. Minver, and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bryer Island, Scilly ; Chedworth Woods, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Bagley Wood, near Oxford ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; near Ludlow, Shropshire. Cader Idris, Rhewgreidden, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire : near Dolgelly, Bettws-v-Coed, Denbighshire ; Conway and Devil's Bridge, Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea ; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham ; near Grasamere, West- moreland ; Cheviots, Northumberland ; Patterdale and Gaidar Abbev, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Moffat, Dum- friesshire ; Pentland Hills and Turh'n Hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverarv, head of Loch Awe, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Loch Katrine, and Killin, Perthshire ; Reeky Linn, Lundie Craigs, and Clova, Fort'arshire ; Dunottar Castle, Kincardineshire ; Craig Cluny and Cor- riemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross- shire. Dinish and Ronayne's Island, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Lough Inagh, co. Galway. Var. pleurocarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 450 (Cromb. Exs. n. 137), is a state in which the apothecia are abortive, tuberculoso-difform and brown- ish-black in consequence of being the host of Celidium stictarutn, Tul. In the Museum herbarium there are specimens showing this condition from the following localities : — Bocconoc, Cornwall ; Haf od, Cardigan- shire; Cwn Bychan, Merioneth. Appin and head of Loch Awe, Argyle- shire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Form 1. hypomela Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76. — Thallns with the interstices of the under surface reticulate with black rhi- zinae. Apothecia with the thalline margin rugoso-crenulate. — Sticta ptilmonacea var. hypomela Del. Stict. (1825) p. 144, t. 17. f. 64; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 352.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. 11. 136. Approaches L.&etiffera (Ach.), an exotic species, in the character of the thallus beneath, which probably results from the habitat, the type itself at times having the rhizinae dark brown. With us it is seldom well fruited. LOBAEIA.] 8TICTEI. 273 Hob. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Seen only in a characteristic state from S.W. En-land. X. Wales, the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Brver Island, Scilly, Cornwall ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire. Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Form 2. aggregata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1877) p. 76. — Thallus with ccphalodioid tubercles, either simple or small and aggregate, testaceous or somewhat dark.— Sticta pulmonacea var. aggregata Del. Stict. (1825) p. 123, t. 17. f. 62. Differs from the state pleurocarpain bearing, not apothecia, but peculiar tubercles, which are rarely present on the under surface of the thallus. Hub. On the trunks of old oaks in wooded mountainous districts. — Di,*tr. Found only in the S.W. Highlands, Scotland.— B. M. : Inverary, Argyleshire. 47. STICTA Schreb. in Linn. Gen. PL ed. 8, ii. (1791) p. 768 ; Xyl. Syn. i. ( 1 860) p. 351 ; Flora, 1875, pp. 303, 363.— Thallus lobate or laciniate. often more or less sorediiferous, beneath with simple rhizinae (rhizohyphrv}, cyphellate or pseudocyphellate ; goni- dial layer consisting of gonidia. Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine, with variously septate spores. Spermogones as in the preceding genera. Distinguished from Lobaria by the thallus being cyphellate beneath and not scrobiculose above. From the character of the apothecia it may, like Stictina, be divided into two subgenera,viz. Ensticta and Parmosticta, the former with lecanorine and the latter with parmeleine apothecia. Nearly ail the species are exotic, but one seen nowhere else in Europe occurs in Great Britain. Subgenus EUSTICTA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.— Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudocyphellate. Apothecia leca- noroid. «. CypJiellatce. — Thallus cyphellate beneath, the cyphellje thelotremoid or urceolate. 1. S. damaecornis Nyl. form latior Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76. — Thallus expanded, smooth, slightly shining, laciniate, pale brownish-red ; beneath tomentose, dark brown, paler at the circum- ference ; lobes somewhat broadly dilated, sinuate, dichotomous and retuso-truncate at the apices. Apothecia moderate, chiefly marginal, reddish-brown, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate ; spores fusiform, 1-3-septate, 0,026-36 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.— Sticta damcecornis a. macrophylla Mudd, Man. p. 89 ; Cromb. Lion. Brit. p. 32 ; Leight. Lich. FL p. 119, ed. 3, p. 112. Sticta macro- phylla Hook, in Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205 ; Tayl. in Mack. FL Hib. ii. p. 150 ; Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2697. — The specific name , having been previoiisly given by Delise (1825) to an 274 LICHEJfACEI. [STICTA exotic variety, cannot be retained for our British form. — Brit. Exs. Cromb. n. 38. Differs from the type chiefly in having the lobes more broadly dilated and approaches var. Canariensis Ach. It is a very interesting Britisl form of an exotic lichen, which has not been found elsewhere in Europe Tn fertile specimens the apothecia are numerous, chiefly marginal, bul sometimes also sparingly scattered. Hub. On shady rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Verj local, though somewhat plentiful in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Turk Cascade Killarney Woods, Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; near Bautry, co. Curk. Subgenus PARMOSTICTA Nyl. Flora, 1875, pp. 303, 363.- Thallus beneath with pulverulent sorediiform pseudocyphellae apothecia truly parmeleine (with gonidia present throughout, ever to the extreme margin of the receptacle). 2. S. aurata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 277.— Thallus expanded opaque, or but slightly shining, lobato-divided, reddish-brown 01 red ; beneath shortly tomentose, brownish-black in the centre brownish at the circumference ; lobes sinuato-incised, crenato-undu- late, and generally citrino-pulverulent at the margins. Apothecu large, subpedicellate when young, marginal or submarginal, darl brown, the margin thin, usually inflexed ; spores 3-eeptate, fusi- form, brownish, 0,024-28 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick. — Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205 ; Mudd, Man. p. 90 Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31 ; Leight. Licb. Fl. p. 119, ed. 3, p. 112.— Lichen auratus Eng. Bot. t. 2359. L/ichenoides lacunosum rutiluin maryini'ms flavis Dill. Muse. 549, t. 84. f. 12.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb n. 39 ; Leight. n. 261 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 16. The thallus with us is smooth and usually little expanded. Th< pseudocyphellae and the medullary layer are citrine. In this country neither apothecia nor spermogones have been detected. Hob. On trees, rocks, and heather in maritime localities. — Distr. Loca and scarce in S.W. England, chiefly in the Channel and Scilly Islands — B. M. : Near the Eperquerie, Island of Sark ; Jerbourg, Island ol Guernsey. Near Shauklin, Ryde, and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall ; Fresco Island and Bryer Island, Scilly. Form subglaucescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76. — Thallus pale brownish-glaucous, bright-green when moist ; otherwise as ir the type. Though differing merely in the peculiar colour of the thallus both in £ dry and wet condition, this must rank as a well-marked form. Hob. On the branches of old apple-trees in maritime districts. — Dislr Very rare in one locality of S.W. England.— B. M. : The Undercliff Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. 48. EICASOLIA De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i. (1846) p. 178 ; Nyl Syn. i. (1860) p. 355. — Thallus frondose, lobed or laciniate, very rareh RICASOLIA.] STICTEI. 275 sorediiferous ; beneath with fasciculate rhizinae, or sometimes nearly glabrous, very rarely with cyphellae ; gonidial layer composed of gonidimia. Apothecia parmeleine, usually scattered ; spores vari- ously fusiform, septate. Spermogones in mastoid prominences, with jointed sterigmata ; spermatia shortly cylindrical, somewhat thick- ened and obtuse at either apex. Distinguished from the preceding genera of the tribe by the fasciculate rhizime, the nature of the gonidia, and the situation of the spermogones. Most of the species are natives of equinoctial regions j of the three which occur in Europe two are plentiful in our Islands. 1. R. amplissima Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 120. — Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, rigid, opaque, smooth or rugose in the centre, glomuliferous, laciniato-dmded, glaucous-green or pale-brown, lacinia? crowded, sinuato-lobed ; beneath pale, with brownish rhizinae, cyphellae none (K^ye OW1S ' CaCl ~). Apothecia large, concave, or at length plane, reddish, the margin entire, indexed or granulate ; spores elongato-fusiform, (l~)3-septate, colourless, 0,32-60 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 112. — Lichen am^lissimus Scop. Fl. Cam. ii. (1772) p. 386. Kicasolia glomu- lifera Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. Sticta glomulifera Mudd, Man. p. 91. Parmelia glomulifera Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. o2; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198. Lichen glomuliferus Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. (1777) p. 853 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57 ; Eng. Bot. t. 293. Lichen laciniatus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 449. Lichen- aides subglaucum cumatile, foliis tenacibus, eleganter laciniatis Dill. Muse. 197, t. 26. f. 99. — Hudson's specific name has priority, but having fallen into oblivion is not adopted. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 110 ; Larb. Cjesar. n. 62; Cromb. n. 138. One of the largest lichens, spreading in favourable situations exten- sively, and sometimes enveloping a large portion of the trunks of trees with an unbroken covering. It is easily recognized by the almost con- stant presence of the dark-green glomeruli of Dendriscocaulon bolacinum on the upper surface of the thallus. The apothecia are somewhat rare, but are generally abundant when present. Occasionally they are abortive, small and crowded, appearing as if cephalodine. The spermogunes in otherwise sterile plants are frequent, prominent, the ostiole brown, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly ash and oak, rarely on rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Not very general, though usually plentiful, chiefly in the western tracts of Great Britain ; rare in S.W. and N. Ireland and in the Channel L-lands. — B. M. : Near Rozel, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. New Forest, Hampshire ; Manaton Moor, Brent Tor, and Ivy Bridge, Devonshire ; Boconnoc and near Launceston, Cornwall ; Llanlbrda, near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; near Dolgelh , Barmouth, Aberdovey, and Llanbedr, Merionethshire ; Island of Auglesea; Sedburgh and Windermere, Westmoreland ; Horsleyhope Denes, Durham ; Kes- wick, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Minto Crags, Roxburghshire ; Mugdock Castle, near Glasgow ; Loch Long, near Ros- neath, Inverary, and Barcaldine House, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Glen 276 LICHEXACEI. [EICASOIJA. Lochay, and Kenmore, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochaber, Inver- ness-shire. Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerry; Glenarm, co. Antrim. 2. R. laetevirens Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 121.— Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, scarcely rigid, smooth or rugulose, somewhat shining, laciniato-lobed, bright-green or pale-brown, or lurid ; beneath tomentose, pale, the rhizinae concolorous or white, ecyphel- late ; lobes roundly crenate and undulate at the margins, cyphellae none (K™, CaCl^). Apothecia large, scattered, reddish, the margin granulato-rugulose, inflexed ; spores fusiform, 1-septate, at length pale-brown, 0,026-44 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 113. — Lichen Iwtevirens Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 852; Eng. Bot. t. 294 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. Ricasolia herbacea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. Sticta 7ierbacea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 431 ; Mudd, Man. p. 91, t. ii. f. 27. Parmelia herbacea Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141. Lichen herbaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778) p. 544 ; Eng. Bot. t. 294 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. Lichenoides la>te- virens, scutellis fulvis Dill. Muse. 195, t. 25. f. 98. Lichenoides arbor eum cinereo-virens, tenue et Iceve ubique, scutellis minoribus Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 64. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 75 ; Cromb. n. 40 : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 326. Also a widely expanded plant, though not so much as the preceding. The thallus, which is somewhat thinly membranaceous, is of a bright green colour, but in drying it becomes greyish-green and then lurid- brown. The apothecia are common, as are also the spermogones, which are similar to those of R. amplissima. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and occasionally on mossy boulders, in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. General and common in the hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain ; rare in .W. Ireland and the Channel Islands; abundant in the S.W. Highlands, Scotland.— B. M. : Near Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Shanklin and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight. New Forest, Hampshire ; Ivy Bridge, South Brent, near Totnes, Beckey Falls, and near Haberton, S. Devon ; Boconnoc and St. Minver, Cornwall ; Brver Island, Scilly ; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Derbyshire ; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and Bar- mouth, Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Island of Ano-le- sea ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Eglestone, Durham ; Winder- mere and near Stockgill, Westmoreland ; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire ; * near Inverarv, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Bracklin Falls, Glen Lochay, and Craighall, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluuy, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Wood's, Nairn ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney and Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Tribe XV. PELTIGEREI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 13 ; Syn. i. p. 315 : Flora, 1882, p. 457. Thallus frondosely dilated, membranaceous, the cortical layer dis- tinctly cellular, usually wanting beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia, or more frequently, of gonimia. Apothecia peltiform, PELTIDEA.] PELTIGEREI. 277 marginal and adnate either to the upper or the lower surface, or innate and scattered on the upper surface of the thallus ; spores Snse, rarely 4nae or 2nae. colourless, septate and fusiform in the marginal apothecia, brown, ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered apothecia ; paraphyses discrete, articulate, usually thickish. Sper- mogones (in so far as known) immersed in the thallus, with jointed sterigmata. Nylander points out the analogies of this tribe in various respects to Stictei (Pyr. Or. p. 31 note) ; but being less developed, it occupies an inferior place. The thallus for the most part is without a cortical layer on the lower surface, where also it is destitute of cyphellae. It is a small tribe, though most of the species are widely distributed in the colder and more temperate regions of the globe. In Nylander's recent arrangement it is divided into the two following subtribes, distinguished from each other by anatomical characters (cfr. Flora, 1884, p. 219). Subtribe I. PELTIDEI Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 457, 1884, p. 219. Thallus bearing cephalodia ; gonidial layer composed of gonidimia. Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe. Well characterized by the thallus being cephalodiiferous and gonidi- miose. Of the three genera, Nephroma, Peltidea, and Solorina, the first does not occur in Great Britain. It is distinguished from the others by the thallus being continuous beneath, with the apothecia adnate on its lower surface. The cephalodia are variable in their position, being either epigenous or hypogenous or endogenous ; when rhizinae are present, they are composed of fasciculate filamentosa elements. 49. PELTIDEA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 282 pro parte ; Nyl. Flora, 1866, p. 116. — Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on the under surface, which is nerved and 6 erhizinose. Apothe- cia adnate on the marginal lobules of the upper surface of the thallus, ascending or horizontal ; spores 3- or pluri-septate, fusiform ; by menial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones unknown. A small genus dis- tinguished from Pelti- yera of the following subtribe by the pre- sence of cephalodia, pjg 43 and by the nature of the gonidia. It con- Peltidea aphfkosa Ach. — a. Section of (entire) thallus, x200. b. Gonidimia, X 350. c. Them and para- physis, x35U. d. Three spores, X500. tains only two species, both of which occur in ir Islands 278 L1CHENACEI. [PELTIDEJ 1. P. aphthosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 516.— Thallus broadl membranaceous, thin or moderate, smooth, somewhat shining, bearin cephalodia, bright grass-green when moist, glaucous-green or lurid glaucous when dry : beneath either reticulately blackish-nervose o almost continuously brownish-black, with broad whitish margin ; th rhizinae long, blackish. Apothecia rotundate, moderate or large ascending, reddish-brown, the margin inflexed and lacerate ; spore 8nse, fusiform, 3-7-septate, colourless or pale-brown. 0,060-92 mm long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428 ;' Hook. Fl. Scol ii. p. 60 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153 Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28. — Peltigera aphthosa Mudd, Man. p. 81 Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101. Lichen aphthosm Linn. F] Suec. (1755) p. 1098 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 847 ; Huds. Fl. Ang] ed. 2, p. 547; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot. t. 1119 Lichenoides digitatum la>te-virens, verrucis nigris notatum Dill. Muse 199, t. 27. f. 106. — Some of the above include no doubt also th following variety. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 321 ; Cromb. n. 147. The epigenous cephalodia distinguish this from other species of th tribe. They are patelliform or verrucoso-unequal, pale, either superticia or slightly impressed, usually numerous and sprinkled over the whol upper surface of the thallus. The underside is sometimes continuous! blackish, with confluent nerves (form verrucosa Web.) ; but this seeni to be an accidental state resulting from the nature of the substratum. I: this country it is rarely seen in fruit ; the old apothecia become rathe large. Hob. Among mosses on rocks and boulders, as also on turf walls i moist shady upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. Eng land and S. Scotland ; more plentiful in the Grampians, Scotland, wher it fruits more freely ; rare in N. Ireland.— B. M. , Stouts' Wood, Glou cestershire ; near Button, Derbyshire ; Craigforda, Herefordshire ; Llyi Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Llanberris, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Walla Crag, Cumberland ; The Cheviots Northumberland. Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire; near Inverary am Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Blair Athole, Den o Rechip, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Invercauld and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Lochabe) Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. leucophlebia Not. Sallsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v (1866) p. 117. — Thallus less dilated, paler, more opaque; beneatl entirely whitish ; the nerves distinct, whitish or pale. Apotheci; rare; spores 3-septate, 0,052-0,066 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick — Peltigera aphthosa, var. leucophlebia Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 323 —Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 58. Differs in the usually smaller thallus, the colour of its upper and unde surface?, and in the paiici-septate spores. Nylander (Syn. /. c.) observe that it had somewhat the habit of Peltigera rufescens (this, however, i less marked in our British specimens), but with the peculiar cephalodi; of this species. In this country it is always sterile. Halt. Among mosses on shady rocks in upland districts. — Distr. Loca and rare in S.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and the S. and W PELXIDEA.J PELTIGEEEI. 279 Highlands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; White Force, Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; near Inverary, Argyleshire ; the Ochills, Raunoch, and the Trossachs, Perth- shire. 2. P. venosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 282.— Thallus small, simple, ascending or suberect, ovate or nearly flabelliformi-lobate, somewhat shining, smooth, bright-green when moist, pale-greyish or greenish- brown when dry ; beneath bearing cephalodia, white, with prominent black or brownish-black nerves ramifying from the base. Apothecia suborbicular, plane, horizontal, somewhat large, brownish-black, the margin crenulate, evanescent ; spores 6-8nae, fusiform, 3-septate, colourless or pale-brown, 0,030-0,045 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 21 5 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28.—Peltigera venosa Mudd, Man. p. 84, t. 1. f. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. Ill, ed. 3, p. 101. Lichen venosus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) n. 1097; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 844; Huds. FL Angl. ed. 2, p. 545 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69 ; Eng. Bot. t. 887. Lichenoides parwum virescens, ptltis nigricantibus _pZara*Dill. Muse. 208, t. 28. f. 109. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 42; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25. A small plant, easily recognized by the simple or slightly lobed flabelli- form thallus and the horizontal fructification. The hypogenous cepha- lodia, which from their position are very apt to be overlooked, are usually visible upon the brown tonientose nerves. They " are granular, carti- laginous, glaucous or glaucous-grey (at length becoming dark or blackish), small, superficial, subglobose or somewhat depressed, not unfrequently crowded, and contain gonimia of moderate size and moniliform, in the thin cellular texture " (Nyl. Flora, ut supra). The apothecia, which are large in proportion to the size of the thallus, are horizontal, and more connected with the upper than the lower surface of the margin of the thallus. Hub. On turf walls and on the ground in fissures of rocks in upland and alpine situations. — Distr. Local and rare in VV. England, N. Ireland, and the hilly tracts of S. Scotland ; more general in the Grampians, especially in Brea'dalbane. — B. M. : Whiteclifte Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire. Kirkmichael and near Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Habbie's How, Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Menstrie Glen, near Stirling ; Stronaclachan and Finlarig, Killin, Ben Lawers and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Reeky Linn and Clova, Forfarshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 50. SOLOKINA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 27 ; Nyl. Flora, 1884, p. 219. — Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on the under surface, which is sometimes obsoletely nervose and rhizinose. Apothecia innate, rotundate or oblong, scattered on the upper surface of the thallus ; spores 6-8nae, 4nse, or 2nae, fusiformi- oblong or ellipsoid, bilocular, brownish or reddish-brown ; hy menial gelatine (and the thecse) bluish with iodine. Spermogones un- known. The rhizinose thallus and innate fructification separate this from the preceding genus. The apothecia are at first covered with a thalline veil, 2SO LICHEXACEI. [SOLORINA.. which at length forms an evanescent margin. All the species are normally temcole, the thallus being closely adnate to the ground. With the excep- tion of S. octospora, all the European species have been found in Britain. 1 . S. crocea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 149.— Thallus orbicular, thickish, appressed, more or less smooth, laciniato - lobed, undulate at the margin, dark-greenish when moist, reddish- or cinnamon- greyish when dry ; be- neath (as also the medulla) deep orange- or saffron- coloured, villoso - nervose, indistinctly subrhiziuose. Apothecia moderate, plane, rotundate or oblong, tumid, dark brownish- red ; spores 6-8na3, oblong or fusi- formi - oblong, brownish, 0,035-45 mm.long, 0,010- „ saccata Ach.— a. Gomdimia, XooO. ^1^^X850. , Three Scot. ii.p. 36: Sir, Eng. Fl. v. p. 214 ; Mudd, Man. p. 85 : Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106. — Lichen croceus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) p. 1 101 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 856 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 548 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68 ; Eng. Bot. t. 49. Liclienoides subtus croceum, peltis appressis Dill. Muse. 211, t. 30. f. 120. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 46 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 50. A beautiful plant, readily distinguished by the saffron-colour of the underside of the thallus, which, even when growing, is generally per- ceptible from the margins being more or less subfree and upturned. The apothecia are at first slightly immersed and rounded, then plane, oblong, and at length diff orm and somewhat large. On the thallus is occasionally seen the parasitic fungus, Sphceria lichenicola DeNot. Hal. On the ground, and in fissures of rocks and boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Rather local and scarce towards the summits of some of the higher Scottish Grampians, abundant on the top of Ben Lawers ; very rare on the nits, of S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire; Ben More, Benteskerney and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., For- farshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, Ben-naboord,and Ben Macdhui, Aberdeen- shire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Brandon Mts., co. Kerry. 2. S. saccata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 149.— Thallus orbi- cular, submembranaceous, smooth or subsmooth, lobato-divided, pale-greyish or pale-brownish, occasionally white-pruinose ; beneath SOLORIJfA.] PELT1GEEEI. 281 white, spongioso-tomentose, affixed by long scattered rhizinae; lobes rounded, incised, or slightly crenate at the margins. Apothecia urceolato-depressed, moderate, brown or blackish-brown, immar- ginate ; spores 4na3, ellipsoid or oblong, reddish-brown, 0,032-50 mm. long, 0,018-27 mm. thick.- Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429 ; Hook. El. Scot. ii. p. 36 : Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153 ; Mudd, Man. p. 85, t. i. f. 24 : Cromb. Enum. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106.— Lichen saccatus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) p. 1102; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 855; Huds. Fl. Angl. ii. p. 548; Eng. Bot. t. 288 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 67. Lichenoides lichenis facie, peltis acetabulis immersis Dill. Muse. 221, t. 30. f. 121. — Brit. Eva. : Mudd, n. 63 ; Leight. n. Ill ; Cromb. n. 47 ; Bohl. n. 4. The thallus, which is bright green when moist, becoming in old herbaria 'specimens reddish-brown, varies somewhat in texture according to habitat, and is sometimes more or less white-pruinose (form pruinosa Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 49). The saccate-impressed apothecia, which in old plants are occasionally somewhat large, render this species easily recognized, though without examination of the spores it might be confounded with S. bispora. Hub. On the ground and decayed moases, in crevices of rocks, rarely on the mortar of old walls, in moist shady places, in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. General, but not common, chiefly in W. and N. Eng- land, N. Wales, and on the Grampians, Scotland; scarce in S.W. and N. Ireland. — B. M. : Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; near Buxton, Derby- shire; Apes Tor. Staffordshire; Whitecliffe Hocks, near Ludlow, Shrop- shire ; \Vhernside and Bolton Woods, Yorkshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Head of Loch Awe and Island of Lismore, Argvleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Canlochan Glen, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Carr Rocks, and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Bandon Hill, co. Kerry ; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo ; near Belfast, co. Antrim. 3. S. spongiosa Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot, 1865, p. 288. — Thallus suborbicular, squamulose, dark-green when moist, greyish- brown when dry ; squamules small, suberect, minutely inciso-lobed and crenate, at length becoming granulato-crustose. Apothecia deeply urceolate, becoming nearly plane, dark chestnut-coloured or almost blackish, bordered externally by a thinnish, granulate, thalloid margin ; spores 4nae, ellipsoid, brownish, 0,030-0,050 mm. long, 0,018-0,023 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30.— Collema sponyiosum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214. Pofychidium spongiosum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402. Lichen spongiosus Sm. Eng. Bot. 1805, t. 1374. Solorina limbata (Somm.), Mudd, Man. p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 1 13, ed. 3, p. 107. A singular-looking plant, sometimes regarded as a variety of S.saccata, with which perhaps it is connected by intermediate states, traces of the normal thallus being occasionally seen around the apothecia. It differs, however, from it in the squamulose thallus, and more slightly in the mar- gined apothecia and the thinner spores. The large and sometimes numerous apothecia become nearly plane when old. Hab. On the ground among rocks, and on turf walls, in upland districts- — Dislr. Rather local and scarce, chiefly in N. England, among the 282 LICHENACEI. [SOLORINA. S. Grampians, Scotland (where it is plentiful) ; rare in N.E. Ireland. — B. M. : Buxton Dale, Derbyshire ; Whernside and Guisboro' Moor, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Keudal, Westmoreland. Fin- larig, Killin, near Tumniel Bridge and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Glen- aritf, co. Antrim. 4. S. bispora Nyl- S)"n- 'l- (I860) p. 331, t. 8. f. 42.— Thallus orbicular, somewhat small, subcoriaceous, subsmooth, lobato-divided, pale-greyish or brownish-green, white-pruinose ; beneath white, spongioso-tomentose, with long scattered rhizinse ; lobes rounded or incised and somewhat crenate at the margins. Apothecia urceolato- depressed, small or moderate, brown or dark-brown, immarginate ; spores 2nae, reddish brown, ellipsoid, 0,065-88 mm. long, 0,033- 42 mnv thick.— Stirt. Grevillea, ii. p. 60 ; Cromb. Journ.Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 107. This differs from S. saccata in the white-pruinose thallus, the two-spored thecae, and the much larger spores. The thallus is also rather smaller, often somewhat rugulose, and thicker; and the apothecia are usually smaller. A variety limbata, described in Nyl. Syn. /. c., which is analogous to S. sponyiosa, has not been detected in Great Britain. Hub. On the ground in alpine districts.— Distr. Local and rare on the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Subtribe II. PELTIGERINEI Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 457 ; 1884, p. 219. Thallus destitute of cephalodia ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe. This also contains three genera — Npphromium, Pelti- f/era, and Solorinina — parallel to those of the preceding subtribe, except that the thal- lus is gonimiose and without cephalodia. Solorinina is exotic. Sl.NEPHROMIUMNyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 101 (nota); Syn. i. (1860) p. 318.— Thallus fragile, naked or villose beneath, the cortical layer there continuous and nerveless ; gonidial layer with the gonimia usually moniliform. Apothecia reniform, adnate Fig. 50. to the lower surface of the Nephromium lavigatum Nyl.— a. Section of margin of the thallus, with thallus, x 200. b. Two syngonimia, thalline margin ; thecse cla- *35a c- The^ and paraphysis, x350. vate; Spore9 8nffi, (l)-3- i^jS^ '«$*?£!&£ septate, fusiformi-oblong, and spermatia, x 500. NEPHROM1UM.] PELIIGEREI. 283 usually brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper- mogones marginal, pale ; spermatia somewhat incrassate at either apex, and obtuse. Distinguished from the allied genera by the position of the apothecia and the cortical layer being continuous on the nerveless under surface. When rhizinaa are present, they are composed of non-fasciculate filaments. Most of the European species and varieties occur in this country, though some of them only very sparingly. 1. N. tomentosmn Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 101, Syn. i. p. 319. — Thallus suborbicular, lobate or laciniato-lobate, glabrous or thinly tomentose, livid-glaucous or livid-chestnut or lurid-brown ; beneath pale, villose (medulla white, K — ). Apothecia moderate, tes- taceo-red, or reddish-brown, the receptacle crenulato-un equal and villose at back ; spores colourless or brownish, 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 28 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105., ed. 3, p. 99.— Peltigera tomentosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 108. Nephroma resu- pinata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426 : Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 ; iSm. Eug. Fl. v. p. 216. Readily distinguished by the villosity of the under surface of the thallus. The upper surface also is not unfrequently thinly tomentose, and sometimes also more or less sorediate, though these characters do not appear in our few British specimens. The apothecia are somewhat nume- rous, and the spermogones, which are occasionally present, have the sper- matia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of old trees in rocky upland situations. — Distr. Very local and rare, on the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. N. rameum Nyl. ^Norrl. Medd. Siillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 18. — Thallus smaller, thinner, somewhat broadly lobed, glaucous, lobules appressed, expanded ; the under surface pale, vil- lose, with white papilla? (pseudocyphellae). Apothecia smaller. — Kephromium tomentosum var. rameum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 106, ed. 3, p. 100. Nejjhroma ramtum Schasr. Enum. (1850) p. 18, t. ii. fig. 3. The more or less pseudo-cyphellate under surface (the papillae usually being numerous) gives this the rank of a subspecies. The apothecia are smaller, but internally similar to those of the type. There are no spermo- gones on the only Biitish specimen I have seen. Hab. On the branches of old trees (birches) in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Extremely local and rare on the N. Grampians, Scotland, in Braemar and (fide Leight. /. c.) Forfarshire ; not observed in recent years. — B. M. : Near Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. N. laevigatum Nyl. Mem. Sec. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 101, Syn. i. p. 320. — Thallus suborbiciilar, rotundato-lobed, smooth, subopaque, sinuato-crenate at the margins, chestnut- or livid- brown : beneath glabrous and slightly rugulose. pale (medulla 284 LICHENACEI. [NEPHKOMIUM. white, K — ). Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the receptacle crenulato-unequal at the margin and depresso-granulate at the back ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 104, ed. 3, p. 99.— Nephroma Icevigatum Ach. Syu. (1817) p. 242 ; Mudd, Man. p. 81. Nephroma, resupinata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154. Lichen resupinatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453 ; Lightf. FL Scot. ii. p. 843 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71. Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis femtgineisDill. Muse. 206, t. 28. f. 105 A. Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, pehis in aversa foliorum superficie locatis Dill, in Hay, Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 91. — Most of these synonyms refer no doubt to N. lusitanicum. Lichen resupinatus of the older authors included other species, so that it cannot be retained. Distinguished from the preceding by the absence of tomentum on the upper and by the naked under surface of the thallus. The thallus is gene- rally of moderate size, and rarely expanded. The apothecia are usually numerous, though comparatively small, and the spermogones have the spermatia 0,0035-0,040 mm. long (Jide Nyl.). Hob. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy boulders in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and in the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Keswick, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth- shire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 3. N. parile Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 47.— Thallus orbicular, mem- branaceous, rotundato-lobed, smooth, subopaque, crisp and caesio- sorediate at the margins ; beneath naked, rugulose, brownish-black (medulla white, K — ). Apothecia very rare, on short lobes ; spores as in N. Icevigatum. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77. — Nephromium Icevigatum var. parile Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105, ed. 3, p. 99. Nephroma Icevigatum ft. parile Mudd, Man. p. 81. Nephroma parile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220. Lichen parilis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 164, Eng. Bot. t. 2360. Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis ferrugineis Dill. Muse. 206, t. 28. f. 105 B, c.—Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 41. Though regarded by more recent authors as a variety of the preceding, this differs in the sorediate margins, the colour of the under surface, and especially in the size of the spermatia. These, according to Nylander in Ktt., are 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ; so that it must again be raised to its specific rank. The soredia, which are normally marginal, are occasionally also more or less scattered over the surface, becoming blackish in age. It rarely occurs fertile, and never so with us. Hob. On mossy rocks and boulders, and about the roots of old trees, in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local in S. and W. England, in S. Scot- land and among the Grampians, in S.W. and N. Ireland. — B. M. : Ivy Bridge, Hennock, near Bovey Tracey, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Totnes, S. Devon ; Cound Moor and Craigforda, Shropshire ; Dolgelly, Twll Du, and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Braith- waite, Cumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Caledonian Canal, Inverness-shire. Near Dunkerron, co. Kerrv. IfEPHROMIUM.] PELTIGEREI. 2S5 4. N. subtomentellum Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147. — Thallus subcoriaceous, somewhat expanded, rotundato-lobed, opaque, rugulose, sinuato-lobed at the margins, dark lurid-brown ; beneath rugulose, obsoletely tomentellose, brown (medulla white, K — ). Apothecia moderate, dark-red, the receptacle coriaceo-rugulose or thinly areolato-granulose ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Nephromium Icevigatum var. suktomentellum Nyl. Not. Sallsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 116 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 99.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 149. Distinguished by the rugulose thallus and receptacle, and by the obsolete tomeutum of the under surface, which with the size of the spennatia show that it is a good species. The apothecia are numerous, occasionally rather large and crowded. The spermogones, which are more frequent than in any of the other British species, have the spennatia (ex Nyl. in lift.) 0,6025-0,0030 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of old ash trees in mountainous regions. — Dt'str. Local and scarce in N. Wales, and among the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochav, Killin, Perthshire. 5. N. lusitanicum Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.— Thallus suborbicular, rotundato-lobed, smooth and somewhat shining, crenate, crisp and undulate at the margins, livid-chestnut or chestnut-brown ; beneath glabrous, somewhat rugulose, pale (medulla yellow, K + purplish). Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the receptacle crenato- laciniate, incurved, the back minutely depresso-areolate ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0.006-7 mm. thick.— Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 41; Lich. Fl. p. 106, ed. 3, p. 100.— Nephromium Iceviqatum f. lusitanicum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28. Nephroma lusi- tanicum Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 323. Lichen resupinatus Eng. Bot. t. 305 ; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71.— Brit. Ers. : Mudd, n. 57 ; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23 ; Leight. n. 107 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 288. Similar to N. l&vigatum, except in the colour of the medulla and the chemical reaction. These differences, however, are of sufficient importance to warrant our regarding it with Schaerer as a distinct species. With us it is much more common than N. Iceviyatum, and is generally fertile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and on mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and upland wooded districts. — Distr. General and common in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, in S. and Central Scotland, and in N. and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Brechou and Guernsey, Channel Islands. Lydd, Kent ; Lustleigh Cleeve and near Totnes, S. Devon ; near Res- pring, Launceston, Liskeard, Penzance, and St. Austell, Cornwall ; Mal- vern, Worcestershire ; Pentregaer near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon ; Island of Anglesea ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Mardale, West- moreland ; Kwswick and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire : near Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Dumbarton Castle, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine, Inverary, and head of Locli Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochav and Pass of Leny, Perthshire ; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn; Loch Linnhe, Fort George, and Falls of Foyers, Inverness-shire ; 286 LICHENACEI. [NEPHROSIIl'M. Applecross, Ross-shire. Fairhead, co. Antrim ; Luggelaw, co. Wicklow ; Killarney, co. Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway. Form panniforme Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 77. — Thallus lobulato-dissected, closely imbricate, the lobules small, crowded, beneath dark-brown. Apothecia small. Has the appearance of other pannifortn conditions of foliaceous lichens. The apothecia, which in the specimens seen are with one exception very sparingly present, are small and confined to the larger lobules. Hab. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Lo^al and scarce in S.AV. England and the W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. j3. Hibernicum JN'yl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 100. — Thallus with the medulla white (K + purplish). Apothecia with the back of the receptacle smoothish. Otherwise as in the type. A very distinct variety, it' not subspecies, characterized by the white or whitish medulla, in which respect it resembles N. leeoigatum. The chemical reaction, however, shows it to belong to N, lusitanicum. In the specimens seen the apothecia have the back of the receptacle smooth or subsmooth ; though as this occurs also in younger and muscicole states of the type, it can scarcely be regarded as of diagnostic value. Hab. On the trunks of old trees among mosses on rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.VV. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Walkingham, Devonshire; Launceston, Cornwall ; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Doughbruagh Mts., co. Galway. 52. PELTIGrERA Hoffni. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106 pro parte; Nyl. emend. Flora, 1866, p. 116.— Thallus fragile, opaque or somewhat shining, the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the under surface, which is generally nerved ; gonidial layer composed of gonimia. Apothecia adnate on the front margin of the thalline lobules, ascending or hori- zontal ; spores (6-)8tuc, 3- or pluri- septate, fusiform, colourless ; hyrne- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones not known. As previously observed, this is well separated from Peltidea, by the goni- Peltigera canina, Hoffm. — a. A syn- imose and ecephalodiiferous thallus. gonimium, x350. b. Free goni- From the preceding it is distinguished iuia,x350. c. Spores, xoOO. bv the cortical layer not being conti- nuous beneath, and by the position of the apothecia. The rhizinse also, when present, are composed of fasciculate filaments. All the European species occur in our Islands, and for the most part in considerable quantity. PELTIGERA.] PELTIGEREI. 287 1. P. malacea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 44.— Thallus moderate, smooth, opaque, thickish, usually very minutely punctato-tomen- tellose, or obsoletely adsperso-pulverulent, livid-brown when moist, greyish-glaucous or glaucous-brown, or partly brownish when dry ; beneath densely tomentose, with confluent nerves and without veins, brownish-black, broadly whitish at the margin. Apothecia moderate, orbicular, or nearly transverse, vertically adnate, brownish- red, the margin crenulate ; spores elongato-t'usiform, 3-5-septate, 0,058-74 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102 pro min. parte.— Peltidea malacea Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 240 pro parte. A very distinct species, though having a superficial resemblance to some states of P. rufescens. The apothecia, which are not very numerous in our few British specimens, are adnate on short, somewhat broad thai- line lobules. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and about the roots of trees in moun- tainous regions. — Distr. Gathered only in the S.W. Highlands and the N. Grampians, Scotland; may be found elsewhere. — B. M. : Inverary, Argyleshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. /3. microloba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot., xxv. (1878), p. 378. — Thallus smaller, more divided ; the lobes short, crisp, narrow. Apothecia smaller, at length incurved. Smaller in all its parts, and might be mistaken for P. polydactyla var. hymenina. In consequence of the thallus being more repeatedly lobed, the apothecia are more numerous than in the type. Hab. Among mosses on walls in upland tracts of mountainous dis- tricts.— Distr. Found only in the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. 2. P. canina Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106.— Thallus large, impresso-unequal, opaque, more or less adpresso-tomentellose, of moderate thickness, roundly lobed, brownish-green when moist, greyish when dry : beneath whitish, with prominent, concolorous or pale nerves, and long white rhizinae. Apothecia moderate, sub- rotundate, at length revolute, brown or brownish-red, the margin nearly entire ; spores elongato-t'usiform, 3-5-septate, 0,066-70 mm. long, about 0,004 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 82, t. 1. fig. 22 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101. — Peltidea canina Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 428 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153. Lichen caninus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) n. 1109: Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 845 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2299. Lichenoides digitatum cinereum. latucce foliis sinuosis Dill. Muse. 200, t. 27. f. 102 E. Liclienoides peltatum terrestre cinereum ma jus, foliis divisis Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 78. — Most of the above, however, include also the following variety. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 141 ; Mudd, n. 59. The most common and best -known species of the genus, easily dis- tinguished by the large thallus, with its tomentellose and (when dry) 288 LICHKNACEI. [PELTIGERA. ash-coloured upper surface, and its whitish under surface with long white rhizinse. The lobes are of moderate size, though many usually compose an individual plant, which then spreads extensively. It is common in fruit, especially with younger apothecia, nor do these attain any great size in age. On the margins of the lobes pycnides are occasionally seen. These are tubercular, brownish-black, the conceptacle colourless beneath; stylospores oblong, 0.009-0,012 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick (vide Nyl. Syn. i. t. 1. f. 27).' Hob. Among mosses on the ground, the tops of old walls, on boulders and about the roots of trees in lowland and upland situations. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, and probably Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire ; Glee Hills, Shropshire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumber- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Forres, Elginshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. /3. membranacea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 324.— Thallus thinner, more glabrous (subtomentellose), roundly lobed, the fertile lobes short. Apothecia small. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 108. — Peltidea canina y. membranacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 518.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 45. Distinguished by the thallus and apothecia, the characters of which, according to Nylander in Hit., entitle it probably to rank as a subspecies (cfr. Z\v. Lich. Heidel. p. 20). It is not frequent in fruit, and even when present the apothecia are but few. Hub. Among mosses on the ground in shady places in maritime, low- land, and upland districts. — Distr. Not very general, though common where it occurs in Great Britain, and perhaps also in Ireland. — B. M. : Near Penzauce, Cornwall ; Hyde Park, London (olirn) ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; near Conway, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Patterda^, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire : Strathmartin, Forfarshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Rostellan, co. Cork ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. 3. P. mfesceus Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 107. — Thallus moderate, somewhat thickish, subtomentellose, roundly lobed, crisp, greenish- or greyish-brown when moist, pale, pale-cervine or greyish-red when dry ; beneath with thick coarse dark or brownish nerves and few rhizinae. Apothecia moderate, rotundato-oblong, at length revolute, red or brownish-red, the margin denticulate ; spores elongato-fusiform, 3-5-septate, 0,042-72 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 108, ed. 3, p. 102. — Peltigera canina (3. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 82. Ptltidea rufescens Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 216. Lichen rufescens Eng. Bot. t. 2300 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405 ; Liclten rufus (errore) p. 70. Lichen canimts (3. rufescens Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. (1777) p. 846 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Peltirfm crujm PELXIGERA.] PELTIGEEEI. 289 (Ach.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428. Lichenoides digitatum rufescens, foliis latucce crispis Dill. Muse. 203, t. 27. f. 103. Lichenoides pel- tatum terrestre rufescens Dill, in Hay Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 88. — .Br& EJCS. : Cromb. n. 43 ; Bohl. n. 87. The smaller, smoother, more crisp thaUus, and the difference of colour, as also the darker or brownish veins of the underside, distinguish this from P. canina, to which it is intimately allied. Whether it is to be regarded as specifically distinct is doubtful, since intermediate states occur by which they may be connected. The apothecia when present are numerous, though it is often sterile. Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks and the stumps of felled trees in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Ilather local and uncommon in the Channel Islands, W. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. High- lands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Near Totues, S. Devon; Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Windermere and near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldiue, Argyleshire; Kannoch, Perthshire; Corriemulzie, Braeinar, Aberdeen- shire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Rosscarbery, co. Cork. Form praetextata Florke in Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 123. — Thallus with the lobes isidiiferous or minutely squamulose at the margins ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Dot. xvii. p. 574. — Peltigera canina, var. y. limbata (non Del.) Mudd, Man. p. 83. P. canina var. crispa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102. P. canina form lepidopJiora (non Nvl.) Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77. —Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 60 ; Leight." n. 262 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 46 ; Bohl. n. 30. Well marked by the isidioso-subgranulose excrescences by which the margins of the lobes are bordered (often densely), and which may be also scattered here and there upon their surface. It is not uncommon in fructification, the apothecia sometimes becoming large. Pycnides similar to those of P. canina are frequent on the marginal squamules. Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, generally near water, in upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat Iccal, but common in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands ; plentiful on the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. Lustleigh and Widdecombe, S. Devon ; Bocconoc, Cornwall ; near Wor- cester ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ea&by and Sowerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, AVestmorelaud ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Island of Skye. Kil- larney, co. Kerry ; Glendalough, Connemara, co. Galway. 4. P. spuria Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 108.— Thallus small, subsimple, digitately lobed, ascending or suberect, adpresso-tomen- tellose, smooth, greyish-green ; beneath whitish, with coarse con- colorous nerves and a few short rhizinae. Apothecia small, sub- rotundate, at length oblongo-revolute, brown or reddish -brown, the margin crenulate or denticulate ; spores aciculari-fusiform, 3-7. 290 LICHKNACEI. [PELTIGERA. septate, 0,056-75 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 103 ; Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 574. — Peltigera rufescens subsp. spuria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29. Peltidea spuria Sra. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215. Lichen spurius Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 159 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1542. Peltigera canina e. pusilla Koerb., Mudd, Man. p. 83. Lichenoides dir/itatum cinereum, Latucce foliis sinuosis Dill. Muse. 200, t. 27. f. 102 A-D. Differs from the preceding in the small digitately lobed thallus, the paler nerves, the smaller apothecia, and the longer spores. It so resembles P. potydactyla that it might readily be confounded with some of the states of that species. The thallus, which is sometimes pruinose, often grows in a scattered manner ; the apothecia are numerous, nearly all the lobes being fertile. Sab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, as also on the stumps of felled trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Some- what local in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, on the Grampians, Scotland ; not yet observed in Ireland. — B. M. : Sotterley, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Ightham, Kent ; near Hyde and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; the Sussex Downs and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Totnes, S. Devon ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridge- shire ; near Bicester, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ossvestry and Church Stretton, Shropshire ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ynysfaig, N. Wales. Appin, Argyllshire ; The Trossachs and Falls of Tummel, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5. P. scabrosa Fr. fil. N. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. TJpsal. ser. 3, t. iii. (1861) p. 145. — Tballus moderate, subcoriaceous, very finely and minutely scabrid, roundly lobed, opaque, pale-lurid or greyish-pale, beneath whitish, subreticulate, with pale, nearly confluent nerves, blackish in the centre. Apothecia moderate, subrotundate, at length revolute, brownish-red or dark-chestnut, the margin sub- crenulate; spores 0,068-80 mm. long (or even longer), 0,004- 0,005 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. A distinct species allied to P. rufescens, but differs in the minutely scabrous not tomentellose thallus, and in the more elongate spores. From P. scutata it is distinguished not only by the larger thallus and apothecia and the form of the lobes, but also by the almost verrucose epithallus, and the more septately divided spores. It is a plant of a boreal type, and is fertile only in subarctic regions. Hab. On turf-covered walls in a mountainous region. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Between Cor- riemulzie and Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. P. polydactyla Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106. — Thallus thinnish, digitato-lobed, ascending or suberect, glabrous and shining, smooth or obsoletely impresso-unequal. glaucous-green when moist, livid- or pale-glaucous or pale-brown when dry, beneath nearly glabrous, whitish or white, reticulate with coarse blackish- brown nerves, which are pale-reddish towards the circumference. Apothecia small, longitudinal, brown or reddish-brown, the margin PELIIGERA.J PELTIGEKEI. 291 irregularly crcnulate ; spores attenuate-fusiform, thinly 3-7-septate, 0,060-81 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 83; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 109, ed. 3, p. 103.— Peltidea poly dart yla Gray, Nat. AIT. i. p. 428 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. (51 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Tayl. in Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154. Lichen poh/dactylon Neck. Meth. Muse. (1771) p. 85 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69. Lichen caninus y. polydactylon Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 846 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon Dill. Muse. 207, t. 28. f. 107.— To a state of this belongs also the following : — Peltidea pdlueida Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429. Lichen caninus £. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides mem- branaceum pellucidum, peltis diyitatis yeminatis Dill. Muse. 208, t. 28. f. 108.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 148; Bohl. nos. 56, 71. This approaches P. rufescens, but is distinguished by the numerously lobed thallus with its glabrous and shining upper surface, and by the form of the smaller apothecia. These are usually abundant, adnate or elongate and attenuate lobes, and at length become revolute. Sometimes the/ occur two together (gemmate) on each fertile lobe, in which state it is represented in Dill. I. c. (Peltidea pellucida Ach.). On the margins of the lobes pycnides occasionally occur, with stylospores obloug, oblongo- fusiform or almost ovoid, 0,007-0,012 mm. long, 0.003-4 mm. thick. Hob, Among mosses and short grass in shady situations in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and usually plentiful in most parts of Great Britain ; rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Dartmoor and near Totnes, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Milton, Oxfordshire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cam- bridgeshire ; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Eglestone, Durham; Lamplufrh, Cumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Auchindenny Woods, near Edinburgh ; Bar- caldiue, Argyleshire ;. Glen Lochay and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Cor- riemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Iiiverness-shire ; near Forres, Elgin; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. collina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90. — Thallus smaller, the lobes narrower, crisp at the margins. Apothecia as in the type. — Croinb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104. —Lichen collinus Ach. Prodi-. (1798) p. 162. Easily recognized by the lobes. The thallus is rather fragile when dry, and the apothecia are not numerous. Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground and old walls in upland tracts. — Distr. Local and rare on the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 2. microcarpa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 327.— Thallus small, the i'(*-tile lobules short, narrow, subbifid. Apothecia minute. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77. — Peltidea polydactyla y. microcarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 520. u2 292 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. The shorter fertile lobules and the minute and often numerous apothecia are the distinguishing marts of this form, which is perhaps only a starved condition. Hob. On the ground among short mosses in upland districts. — Distr. Probably not rare in the mountainous regions of Great Britain, though as yet seen only in W. England and the Scottish Highlands. — B. M.: Oswestry, Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Var. j8. lophyra Kyi. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.— Thallus brownish; lobes scarcely ascending, rounded, beneath subvenose, brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, rotundato-oblong or sometimes transverse. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29. — Peltidea hori- zontalis y. lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 516. Distinguished by the roundly-lohed thallus, scarcely veined beneath, and the form of the apothecia. In the only British specimen seen these are transverse, whence it was considered by Acharius as a variety of P. horizontalis, from which, however, it otherwise entirely differs. Hab. On decayed mosses upon boulders in upland districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce on the S. Grampians, Scotland (though recorded from England by Acharius). — B. M. : Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire. Var. y. hymenina Nyl. Lich. Scaud. (1861) p. 90. — Thallus with paler subconfluent veins on the under surface. Apothecia rotun- dato-oblong.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 300 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104. — Lichen polydactylos var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69. Peltidea hymenina Ach/Meth. (1803) p. 284. Differs in the character of the thallus beneath, and in the form of the fructification. The thallus when dry is cervine-coloured, and the apo- thecia are generally but sparingly present. Hub. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of old trees in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Not general nor common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of W. and N. Ireland, N. Wales, and the W. Highlands of Scotland ; rare in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Bocconoc, Corn- wall ; Malvem, Worcestershire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Hope Bowdler and High Rock, Bridgenorth, and near Caer Caradoc, Shrop- shire; near Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Kil- dale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Kenmure, near Glasgow; Inverary and Appin, Argyle- shire ; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dawros River, Con- neinara, co. Galway. 7. P. scntata Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 110. — Thallus small, thinnish, sinuato-lobed, more or less minutely depresso-granulate, undulato-crenate, crisp and caesio-sorediate at the margins, greyish- green when moist, pale-greyish or greyish- red when dry ; beneath whitish, with pale-brown nerves and moderate whitish rhizinse. Apothecia small, suborbicular, ascending, brown or reddish-brown, the margin crcnate and inflexed : spores elongato-fusiform, usually 3-septate, 0,044-60 mm. long, 6,004-5 mm. thick. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104. — Peltiyera polydactyla var. scutata Cromb. Lich. PELTIGERA.] PELTIGEKET. 293 Brit. p. 29. Peltlgera canina g. scuta ta Mudd, Man. p. 83. Peltidea fi-tifatd Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. PL Scot. ii. p. 60 ; Sra. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215. Lichen scuhtus Dcks. Crypt, fasc. iii. (1793) p. 18 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71 j Eng. Bot. t. 1834. Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Muse. 205, t. 27. f. 104 c.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 262 pro parte; Cromb. n. 44. Well characterized by tlie sinuato-lobed tballus, minutely granulate above, and by tbe crisp and usually sorediate, though sometimes naked, margins ; otherwise it is closely allied to P. polydactyla. The apothecia, which are rare, are aclnate on very short lobes, and become dark-brown or blackish in dried plants. Ilab. Among mosses on the trunks of trees, rarely on turf walls, in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of W. and N. England, S. and N. Wales, S. and Central Scotland ; apparently rare in N.E. and S.Wr. Ireland. — B. M. : Shauklin, Isle of Wight ; Elburton, Kingsbridge, South Brent, and near Harbertou, Devon- shire ; Tregawn and Withiel, Cornwall ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Edwinsford, Carmarthenshire ; Ilafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Hoggart's Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ambleside, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Col- linton Woods, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Tlie Trossachs and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inver- ness-shire ; Glenferness, Nairnshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Killarney, co. Keriy. 8. P. horizontalis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 107.— Thallus expanded, rotundato-lobed, smooth, or obsoletely impresso-unequal, somewhat shining, sinuato-crenate and slightly undulate at the margins, dull- or brownish-green when moist, pale-glaucous or pale- brown when dry ; beneath white and reticulate with black or brownish-black subvillose nerves, which are pale at the circum- ference ; rhizinae few, scattered, blackish-brown. Apothecia large, orbicular or elliptical, transverse, plane, reddish- or blackish-brown, the margin subcrenulate ; spores 6-Snae, fusiform, 3-septate, 0,030-42 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 84; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 110, ed. 3, p. 104.— Peltidea horizontalis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib ii. p. 153. Lichen horizontalis Linn. Mant. (1771) p. 132; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 543; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 849; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 72; Eng. Bot. t. 888. Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Muse. 205, t. 28. f. 104 A, v.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 108 ; Mudd, n. 62 ; Cromb. n. 45 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 249 ; Bohl. n. 37. The thallus sometimes spreads very extensively, and, except in its larger size, is similar to that of P. ntfescens. From this as well as from the other species of the genus, the horizontal apothecia and the deter- minately 3-septate spores render it very distinct. The apothecia are usually very numerous, and occasionally become somewhat large. Hob. On shady rocks and the mossy stumps of felled trees in upland districts. — Distr. General though not very common in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland ; most frequent on the 294 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Betchworth, Surrey ; Bridge Rocks and near Henfield, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Ilsham Walk, Torquay, and near Totnes, S. Devon ; Pentire, Cornwall ; Leigh Woods, near Bristol, Gloucestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Mal- vern, Worcestershire ; Oswestry and Whitecliffe Rocks, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon- shire ; Stogdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Swanston, near Edinburgh ; Bowl- ing Bay, Dunbartonshire ; Dunoon and Barcakline, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, near Caliander, Kennaore, Craighall, and Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; near Forres, Elgin. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form nmscornm Schl. ex Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 21. — Thallus thinner, less roundly lobed, the lobes smaller, narrower. Apothecia small.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 105. Differs in being considerably smaller in all its parts. The apothecia are also fewer, at least in our British specimens. Hob. Among mosses at the roots of old trees in upland districts. — Dist.r. Local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, on the S. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Paington, S. Devon ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Kylemore Lake, co. Galwa}r. Tribe XVI. PHYSCIEI Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, vii. (1872) p. 322 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77). Thallus foliaceous or sometimes fruticulose, usually stellato- orbicular; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nae, subellipsoid or oblong, variously bilocular, or 1-septate, rarely quadrilocular, brown or colourless ; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones innate ; sterigmata usually pluri-articulate ; spermatia cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical, occasionally obsoletely incrassate at either apex, very rarely acicular. Consists of a single genus, formerly included under Parmsliei, but recently separated by Nylander as a distinct tribe. From the less deve- loped thallus aud the type of the apothecia it occupies an interior place in the Series. 53. PHYSCIA Schreb., Linn. Gen. PI. ed. 8, t. ii. (1791) p. 768 • Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 406. — Thallus horizontally expanded, or some- times ascending, variously lobed or laciniate ; beneath discolorous, very rarely concolorous, more or less fibrilloso-rhizinose ; medullary layer woolly, composed of filaments loosely interwoveu, cortical layer cellular, or with longitudinal cellular cavities. Apothecia sessile or pedicellate, rarely concolorous with the thallus ; hypo- thecium colourless, rarely brownish-black ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones generally scattered, becoming at length PHTSCIA.] 295 somewhat prominent, yellowish or blackish ; sterigmata very rarely subsimple. The species of this genus are diverse in habit, some being everniiform, a few subplacodioid ; but the larger number are parmelioid. They also vary somewhat in the structure of the cortical layer, the form of the spores, and the spermatia." They agree, however, in what is more essential, the lecaiiorine apothecia. The colour of the thallus, here closely connected with differences in the fructification, enables us to arrange them under two sections, which are almost entitled to be regarded as subgenera. A. FLAVESCENTES.— Thallus yellowish. Apothecia concolorous; spores polari-bilocular (the loculi usually connected by a thin tube), colour- less. Spermogones yellowish, with sper- raatia oblongo-ellip- soid. — Xantlwrin Fr. PI. Horn. (1825) p. 243 pro parte. 1. P. flavicans DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 189. — Thallus subfruticuloso-fila- mentose, cppspitose, very much and intricately branched, yellow or orange- yellow; beneath concolorous or subconcolorous, subcana- liculate; branches somewhat rounded, slender, attenuate, furcellate at the apices (K^^CaCr). Apo- Fig. 52. thecia lateral, small or Physcia parietina, De Not.— a. Vertical section moderate, plane, orange- of thallus, x 200. b. Theca and paraph j sis, coloured, the margin thin, * 3?°- '^pores *£"& fl?m the livin* ', , plant), X 500. a. Section of sperinoeone, subcrenulate ; spores some- £ 3a' e> Jointed ^erigmata and I spermatia, times Simple, 0,012-18 x 500. /. Spores of P. ciliaris DC. X 500. mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii. f. 33 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 37 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 130. — Parmelia flavicans Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera flavicans Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 224. Lichen flavicans Sw. Fl. Ind. Occid. iii. (1788) p. 1908 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2113. Borrera Iceta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435. Lichen vulpinus (non Linn.) Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 896 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 49. Usnea capillacea citrina, fruticuli specie Dill. Muse. 73, t. 13. f. 16. Lichenoides quod Muscus aureits tenuissimus Dill, in Ray Syn. p. 65, n. S.—Brit. Exs. : Leight, n. 169 ; Mudd, n. 84 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 21 ; Cromb. n. 48. A beautiful plant, easily recognized by the somewhat elongate orange- 296 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. coloured thallus, which is generally more or less sprinkled with yellowish- white soredia. Sometimes it is paler towards the base and on the under surface ; when growing in moist shady places it is somewhat greenish. It varies considerably in size occasionally spreading rather extensively, but frequently stunted in small densely csespitose tufts. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great Britain, and when they occur are few and small. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are scattered, usually some- what prominent, with spermatia as in P. parietina, but rather thinner and pistillar. Hob. On the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes on rocks and walls, chiefly in maritime districts. — Distr. Usually plentiful where it occurs, in S. and W. England, N. Wales, in 8. Ireland, and formerly in S.W. Scotland (Ailsa Craig).— B. M. : Islands of Sark, Alder- ney, and Guernsey. Lydd, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Fairlight Glen near Hastings, and Lewes, Sussex ; Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Ventnor, Hyde, Appuldurcombe, and Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; near Totnes, Lydford, Widdecombe, South Brent, and Torquay, Devonshire ; Bocconoc/Penzarice (fit.), Withifll, and Bude, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea. Lambay Island, co. Dublin ; Whiting Bay, co. Waterford ; near Cork, Castlebernard Park, Bandon, and Cape Clear, co. Cork. 2. P. chrysophthalma DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 40 L— Thallus crespitoso-fruticulose, rigid, lacero-laciniate, yellow or yellowish- white ; beneath whitish, laciniae narrow, ascending, divaricato- raultifid, piano or concave, the apices fibrilloso-ramulose or spinose (K+purple, CaCl~). Apothecia subterminal, moderate or large, concave or somewhat plane, orange-coloured, the margin fibrilloso- ciliate ; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 131.— Borrera chrysophthalma Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233 ; Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii. f. 34. Lichen chrysophthalmus Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 311 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1088. Lichenoides pulmo- narius minimus subluteus, receptaculis florum coronatis, mali aurantii coloris (Mich.) Dill. Muse. 74, t. 13. f. 17. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 394 ; Larb. Cassar. n. 22 ; Bohl. n. 122. Much smaller than the preceding, from which it is readily distinguished by the thallus and fructification. With us it occurs only in small scat- tered tufts, and is but little variable. It is generally well fruited, the apothecia being sometimes numerous and crowded. The spermogones are scattered towards the extremities of the laciniae, with the spermatia a little more slender than in the following species. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in orchards, rarely on old pales, in maritime districts. — Distr. Rather local and scarce, in the Channel Islands, S. England, and S. Ireland ; very doubtful in S.W. Scotland. — B. M. : Rozel and St. Brelade's, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Sark and Guernsey. Near Brighton and Lewes, Sussex ; near Hyde, Isle of Wight ; Ilsham Walk, near Torquay, S. Devon. Carrigalim and Kil- britain, co. Cork ; Muckrone, co. Kerry. Form 1. Dickieana Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 410.— Thallus small, PHYSCFA.] rHYSCIET. 297 glaucous-white. Apothecia small or moderate, nearly plane, with entire thalline margin. — Mudd, Man. p. 112; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 37 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. ISl.—Physria villosa, var. Dicldeana Linds. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. t. xxii. (1867) p. 254. Apparently but an accidental state of the type, depending upon the nature of the habitat. It is distinguished by the pale thallus and the entire margin of the apothecia, which latter character, however, some- times occurs in the type itself. Hab. On shady rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and rare in the Channel Islands (?) and in N.E. Ireland. — B. M. : Newcastle, co. Down. 3. P. parietina De Not. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Turin, ser. 2, x. (1849) p. 387. — Thallus suborbicular, appressed, imbricato-lobed, smooth, yellow ; beneath paler or pale-whitish, sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose ; lobes somewhat plane or concave, rounded and crenate at the mar- gins (K^violet-purplish, CaCl~). Apothecia moderate, concave or plane, subconcolorous, the margin entire or nearly entire ; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 113; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. 131. — Parmelia parietina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141. Lichen parietinus Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1143 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 822 ; Eng. Bot. t. 194 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34. Lichenoides vulgare simiosum foliis et scutellis luteis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 76. Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, flavescens Dill, in Bay Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 59. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 10 ; Mudd, n. 85 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 9 ; Bohl. n. 12. A very common and well-known plant, easily recognized by its bright- yellow, smooth, appressed thallus. At first sight it looks as if it were a Parmelia, but its essential characters are those of this genus. It varies considerably in colour and in the character of the laciuise, which give rise to the forms and varieties described. With us, as elsewhere, it is commonly fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and crowded, with the margin somewhat thickish and inflexed or thin and entire. The spermogones are not very frequent in the type. They are usually more or less congregate, inclosed in thalline protuberances, with sperinatia 0,0025 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, old pales, and walls, in mari- time, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. Very general and plentiful throughout Great Britain and probably Ireland. — B. M. : Bury St. Ed- munds, Suffolk ; Eclgeware, Middlesex ; Lydd, Kent ; Lewes, Sussex ; Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight ; Plymouth, Devonshire ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Windsor, Berkshire ; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire ; near Worcester ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire ; Matlock and Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Island of Anglesea ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levcns, West- moreland; Ilexham, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire ; near Stirling ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire : Dundee, Forfarshire ; Drum and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Abernethy, Banffshire ; 298 LTCHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. Applecross, Ross-shire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork ; Muckruss, Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1. virescens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 366.— Thallus pale-greenish. Apothecia scattered, the margin thin, entiro, greenish. — Form viridescens Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572. Lichen parietinus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34. Differs from the type in the colour of the thallus, which evidently results from the hahitat, since in the herbarium it again partially reverts to the normal colour. The reaction with K is also less distinct or scarcely any. The apothecia are few, but it is rarely seen fertile. Hub. On the trunks of trees in moist shady places in upland districts. — Distr. Among the S. and E. Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt to be de- tected elsewhere. — B. M. : Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Drum, Aberdeen- shire. Form 2. cinerascens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 133. — Thallus greyish-white. Apothecia with the margin greyish, entire or somewhat inflexed. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. The colour of this form also depends upon the nature of the habitat. It may be considered as a dealbate condition, having the reaction with K fainter than in the type. It usually occurs fertile, with the apothecia fairly numerous. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly elms, in shady places of mari- time and lowland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and rare in S. and Central England, in S. Scotland, and in S. Ireland.— B. M. : St. Leonard's Forest and near Brighton, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants ; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, Devonshire ; Windsor, Berkshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire. Cramond, near Edinburgh. Carrigaloe, near Cork. Yar. ft. aureola Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 411.— Thallus orbicular, plicato-rugose, vitelline or golden-yellow ; lobes concrete, dilated, plicate and iuciso-crenate at the apices. Apothecia with the margin at length crenulate.' — Mudd, Man. p. 113 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 132.— Parmelia aureola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 487 ; Syn. p. 210.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 212. Distinguished by the plicato-rugose and more closely lobed thallus, which is also occasionally somewhat granulate in the centre, and there also frequently more or less zonately centrifugal. When fertile the apo- thecia are numerous, the margin becoming crenate, in this respect also differing from the type. Hab. On trunks of trees and on walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only here and there throughout England, in S. Wales, and in E. Scotland. — B. M. : near King's Lynn, Norfolk ; Withiel, Cornwall ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Edinburgh ; Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen. Form congranulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78. — Thallus PHTSCIA.] PHTSCIEI. 299 clothed with small, prominent, crowded granules. Apothecia con- cave, the margin thickish, inflexed and crenate. A rather peculiar form referable to this variety, with which it agrees, except in the granulose thallus and the concave apothecia. It is allied to var. subyranulosa, Nyl. (Flora, 1876, p. 281), but is larger and more granulose. The granules ave usually so numerous as almost to obliterate the lobes, unless at the circumference, and upon them are frequently seen the young apothecia and the spermogones. It was apparently a spermogoniiferous state of this that Weddell(Bull. Soc. Bot. 18(39, p. 198) describes as subvar. tumida (cfr. Leight. Lich. Fl. iii. p. 133). In the specimens seen the apothecia are constantly concave, arid do not become plane. Hao. On trunks of trees and rocks in maritime, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. Local and rare in S., Central, and N. England. — B. M. : Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; St. Minver, Cornwall; Great Comberton, Worcestershire ; Weardale, Durham. Var. y. ectanea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 306. — Thallus imbricato-laciniate, deep tawny-yellow or orange- red ; laciuise narrow, multifid, plane or convex, impresso-unequal. Apothecia small or moderate, the margin entire or subentire. — Mudd, Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. El. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 132.— Parmdia parietina, ft. ectanea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 464 pro parte. Physcia parietina var. aureola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. — Lichen fulvus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 16, is perhaps referable to this variety. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Cyesar. n. 1. Distinguished by the thallus being less determinate, intenser in colour, and by the narrow and more divided lacinise. States of it sometimes occur which at first sight closely resemble Lecanora elegans. In speci- mens which are less closely appressed to the substratum, the under sur- face of the thallus, at least towards the circumference, is occasionally subconcolorous with the upper. The apothecia, which are usually nume- rous, have the margin generally entire, though sometimes slightly crenulate. Hab. On dry rocks in maritime, rarely in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands, S W. and N. England, S. and N. Wales, in E. Scotland, and S.W. Ire- land.— B. M. : Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Barmoutb, Merionethshire; Isle of Man ; Fern Islands, Northumberland; St. Bees, Cumberland. Crauiond, near Edinburgh ; Portlethea, Kincardineshire ; Peterhead and on the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Near Black- water Bridge, co. Kerry. 4. P. polycarpa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883) p. 359 — Thallus effuse, subpulvinate, greenish-yellow ; lobes short, grannlato-conglomerate and granulate- crenate at the margins (K + purple). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, numerous, crowded, the margin turgid, entire ; spores 0,011—15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grcvillea, xv. p. 78. — P. parietina l.pohjcarpa Mudd, Man. p. 113; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. 300 ITCHENACEI. [PHTSCIA. Lich. Fl. p. 144, cd. 3, p. 133. Squamaria candelaria ft. polycarpa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198. Psoroma poly- carpum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lichen polycarpus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 137 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1795.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 265 ; Mudd, n. 86 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 47. Characterized by the less developed granulato-conglomerate thallus, which occasionally spreads somewhat extensively, and' by the crowded apothecia, which may be so numerous as almost to cover the lobes except at the immediate circumference. The spores are somewhat smaller than in P. parietina. In less favourable habitats it occurs in small, orbicular, isolated patches. Hob. On old pales and trees, chiefly larch, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Found here and there throughout England, in N . Wales, and in the Central Highlands of Scotland ; not yet seen in Ireland. — B. M. : Yarmouth, Suffolk ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Kemble, Gloucestershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicester- shire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Island of Anglesea j Redcar, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Finlarig and near Lawer's Inn, Killin, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire. Form lobulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.— Thallus effuse, scattered, pulvinate, yellowish-orange ; lobes very short, roundly crenate. Apothecia minute, numerous ; spores 0,012-17 mm. long, 0.007- 8 mm. thick. — Physcia parietina e. lobulata Mudd, Man. p. 113 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Lecanora lobulata Fliirke, Deutsch. Fl. Exs. (1821) n. 14.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 86. Probably a starved state of the type, with which it often grows associ- ated, and from which it differs in the smaller and usually more scattered thallus and in the minute apothecia. Occasionally the thallus is only sparingly visible around the apothecia. Hab. On old pales in upland districts. — Distr. Only in N. England and among the S. and N.E. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cleveland, York- shire. Killin, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire. 5. P. lychnea Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288.— Thallus effuse, microphylline, ascending or erect, lacero-laciniate, orange- coloured or tawny-yellow ; beneath paler ; lacinise narrow, dissecto- multifid, crowded, entire and usually granuloso-pulverulent at the margins (K+violet-purplish, CaCl~). Apothecia subterminal, scat- tered, moderate, concolorous, the margin entire or crenate ; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Physcia parietina subsp. lychnea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Physcia parietina p. lychnea Mudd, Man. p. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 132. Parmelia candelaria var. lychnea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 187. Lichen candelarius Eng. Bot. t. 1794 pro parte. Lichen concolor Dicks, pro parte, and also probably Lichen candelarius pro parte of our older authors. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 11 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 162. The thallus occasionally spreads very extensively over the substratum. Though sometimes growing associated with P. parietina, yet it is entitled PHYSCIA.] PHYSCIEI. 301 to be regarded as distinct, on account of its manner of growth, its being much smaller in all its parts, and the absence of transition forms. It is not very common in a fertile condition ; but the apothecia when present are numerous. Hub. On rocks, walls, old pales, and the trunks of trees in maritime arid upland districts. — Distr. Rather local and not common in Great Britain ; apparently rare in N. Ireland. — B. M. : Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near "Penzance and St. Austell, Cornwall ; Windsor Park, Berkshire; Wheattield Park, Oxfordshire; Colwall, Herefordshire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire. Lawers, Killin, Perthshire; Findhaveu Hill, Forfar- shire ; Durris, Kiucardineshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Form perfusa Nyl. ex Lamy Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 382. — Thallus smaller, widely expanded, densely stipate. Apotheciu moderate. As stated by M. Lamy, I. c., this has the appearance of a granular " minute, very crowded, thalline lacinia?. Our crust, though com British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On granitic walls of gardens and houses in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Local, in N.E. Scotland and among the N. Grampians. — B. M. : Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. Var. />. pygmsea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 108.— Thallus small, determinate ; laciniae erect, narrowly divided, often almost rounded, the margin usually granuloso-pulverulent. Apothecia moderate; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. — Bor- rerapygmcea Bory in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 73. Well distinguished from the type, with which, however, it is confluent through intermediate stages, by the very much smaller (almost minute) thallus, and by the nearly rounded lacinire. The thallus in our specimens is in small, discrete nodules, and the apothecia, which are numerous, are somewhat large in proportion to the size of the plant. Hab. On exposed granitic walls in an upland district. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce, among the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. B. CINERASCENTES.— Thallus greyish or whitish, rarely brown. Apothecia brownish or blackish ; spores 1-septate, brown or dark-brown ; spermogones black, with spermatia cylindrical or slightly thickened at either apex, rarely acicular. — Eupliyscia Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78. a. Spermogones with cylindrical or subcylindrical spermatia. 6. P. intricata Sena*. Enum. (1850) p. 11.— Thallus expanded, crcspitose, suberect, roundly compressed, laciniate, densely puberulo- villosc, greyish-glaucous or greyish -brown ; beneath greyish-white, subcanaliculate ; lacinias divaricately branched, very much en- tangled (K~ , CaCl~). Apothecia lateral, sessile, moderate, plane or 302 L1CHENACE1. [PHTSCIA. sometimes slightly convex, brownish-black, the margin black, entire ; spores dark-brown, 0,018-26 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Lcight. Lich. PI. p. 144, ed. 3, p. 133. — Borrera intricata Mudd, Man. p. 104. Lichen intricatus Dtsf. PL Atl. ii. (1800) p. 420, t. 258. f. 3. Borrera Atlantica Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435 ; Sm. Eng. PL v. p. 223. Lichen Atlanticus Sm. in Eng. Bot. t. 1715. Lichenoides subhirsutum teres, scutellis parvis nigris Dill. Muse. 157, t. 21. f. 51.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 76; Cromb. n. 49. A well-marked species, at first sight somewhat resembling narrower states of P. villosa, which does not occur so far north as the British Isles, but differing from it at once in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus sometimes spreads extensively, and the lacinise vary somewhat in length. As observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 409), the whitish villosity of the thallus, which occasionally becomes more or less evanescent, consists of hollow filaments scarcely articulate. The apothecia are extremely rare in this country, but the spermogones, which have the spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0.001 mm. thick, are more frequent. Hub. On rocks and trunks of old trees in maritime districts. — Distr. Only in S. England, in one or two places on the coast of Sussex. — B. M. : Bracklesham in Selsey Island, near Chichester, and cliffs near Hastings (fruit), Sussex. 7. P. ciliaris DC. PI. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 396.— Thallus diffuse, sub- ascending or decumbent, loosely adherent, lineari-laciniate, greenish- grey or greyish-brown ; beneath pale, canaliculate ; lacinise multifid, imbricato-intricate, the margins, especially towards the apices, ciliate, with long fibrils (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia pedicellate, large, caesio-pruinose or naked, brownish-black, the margin entire, crenate or ciliate ; spores oblong, 0,030-50 mm. long, 0,018-24 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. PL p. 145, ed. 3, p. 133.— Borrera ciliaris Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 434 ; Hook. PI. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. PL v. p. 226; Mudd, Man. p. 105. Lichen ciliaris Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1144; Huds. PL Angl. p. 448; Lightf. PL Scot. ii. p. 828 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 55 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1352. Lichenoides hizpidum majus et rifjidius, scutellis nifjris Dill. Muse. 150, t. 20. f. 45. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine- reum, scutellis niyris, foliorum extrcmitatibiis hispidis et pilosis Dill, in Kay Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 67. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 77 ; Leight. n. 364 ; Cromb. n. 50 ; Larb. Ca-sar. n. 68 ; Lich. Hb. n. 125 ; Bohl. n. 38. A rather variable plant as to thallus and apothecia. The thallus may have the lacinise longer or shorter, broader or narrower, often more or less white-pulverulent, with pale or sordid flexuose cilia. In colour it varies from greyish to greyish-brown or cervine according to nature of habitat, but when moist it is constantly greenish. States occasionally occur in S. England with the Iaciiria3 approaching to var. crinalis (Schl., Scbajr.), but not sufficiently typical. The apolhecia, when present, are plentiful, becoming at length naked and darker, "witli the receptacular margin very variable, being frequently with us in the same specimen PHYSCIA.] PHySCIEI. 303 entire, in Hexed, denticulate, or proliferous. In this last condition it is digitately fimbriate with lacimolae, whence var. actinota (Ach. Meth. p. 256). The speruiogones, which are usually very numerous, are large, prominent, scattered or aggregate, from pale-brown becoming blackish, with spermatia cylindrical, 0,004-5 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. In other- wise sterile specimens they are sometimes much elevated, rendering the thallus verrucoso-papillate, whence var. verrucosa (Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 497). Hob. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks and elms, in cultivated lowland, rarely upland districts. — Distr. General, and plentiful where it occurs, in England, much scarcer in the Channel Islands and E. Scot- land ; apparently very local and rare in N. Wales and E. Ireland. — B. M. : Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Norwich, Norfolk ; Bury, Suffolk ; near Colchester and Walthamstow, Essex ; Hythe, Kent ; Dorking, Surrey ; Glynde, Sussex ; Winchester, Hants ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Elburton and Newton Bushell, S. Devon ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Farringdon and Windsor, Berkshire ; near Swin- don, Wiltshire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Overthrope, Northamptonshire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Moor Park, Herefordshire ; Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire ; Clungun- ford, Shropshire ; Hopton, Cheshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Ayton, Cleveland, and Dalby, Yorkshire ; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Rossyln Woods, Mid- lothian ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Foulis, Baldovan, Auldbar, and Melgund Castle, Forfarshire ; Midmar Castle, Aberdeenshire. Oakpark, near Carlo w, co. Carlow. Yar. ft. saxicola Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 106, Syn. i. p. 414. — Thallus smaller, more appressed, greenish- or dark-cervine ; laciniae narrow, with sordid or brownish-black marginal cilia. Apothecia naked.— Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1886, p. "22 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3. p. 134. — Borrera ciliaris var. /?. saxicola Mudd, Man. p. 105. The darker colour of the* more appressed thallus and the narrower laciniae distinguish this variety, which sometimes occurs where the type is unknown. In this country it is only sterile, in which condition it is Pannelia ciliaris var. y. melanosticta Ach. Meth. p. 255. Hab, On rocks and walls (rarely on bare sandy soil) in maritime and mountainous regions. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S., W., and N. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in S.W. Ire- land.— B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall ; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Little Malvern, Worcestershire ; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea; near Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Morroue, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Sybil Head, co. Kerry. 8. P. leucomela Mich. Fl. Bor.-Amer. (1803) p. 356. — Thallus diffuse, subcaespitose, lineari-laciniate, whitish or glaucous-white ; beneath white, subgranulose, subcanaliculate or plane ; laciniae narrow, lax, subascending, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins (K^yellow, CaCl+yellow). Apothecia lateral, pedicellate, moderate, plane, caesio- pruinose, the margin radiating ; spores often subquadrilocular, 304 L1CHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. 0,035-63 mm. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149, ed, 3, p. 138.— Borrera leucomela Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 434 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 223 ; Mudd, Man. p. 104. Lichen leucomelas Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 3 (1764) p. 1613 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2548. Lichenoides anyustifolium planum, crinibus nigris Dill. Muse. 156, t. 2. f. 50. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 166 ; Larb. Ctesar. n. 69 ; Cromb. n. 150. Closely allied to P. ciliaris, but well distinguished by the simpler whiter lacinise and by the constantly dentate-coronate margin of the apothecia. The marginal cilia, which are usually short in our specimens, are generally blackish or partly brownish, according to exposure. The apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones, which are similar to those of the preceding, are but rarely present. Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, rarely on mossy trunks of trees, in maritime districts. — Distr. Confined to the Channel Islands and S. coasts of England and Ireland. — B. M. : Quenvais and St. Owen's Bay, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Sark and Alderney. St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Babbicombe and Bolt Head, S. Devon ; The Lizard and Kynance Cove, Cornwall ; Bryer and Trescoe Islands, Scilly. Ballycotton and Cape Clear Island, co. Cork. 9. P. speciosa Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 307. — Thallus appressed, stellato-laciniate, csesio- or greyish-white, greenish-white when wet ; beneath whitish, with whitish or sordid- whitish fibrillose rhizinae ; lacinise narrow, multih'd, plane subimbri- cate, with whitish or sordid marginal cilia, the apices dilated, obtuse, usually somewhat ascending and sorediiferous (K^yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia sessile, moderate, brown, the margin incurved, entire or at length crenulate ; spores 8noe, oblong, 1-septate, colourless, 0,025- 36 mm. long, 0,012-19 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 138. — Borrera speciosa Mudd, Man. p. 107. Parmelia speciosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149 proparte. Lichen speciosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii. (1789) p. 119 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (upper fig.). Muscicolous states, in which the thallus is more diffuse and the laciniae narrower and more discrete, have somewhat the appearance of P. leuco- mela, while corticolous and saxicolous states, in which they are closer and more imbricate, are somewhat similar to P. aipolia. With us it never occurs in a typical condition, but only sorediiferous, as elsewhere in Europe. In the more imbricate states the marginal cilia are but very sparingly present or entirely absent ; and when growing in more exposed situations these, as well as the rhizinse, become blackish. Specimens with the latter character are referred by Leighton (Lich. Fl. iii. p. 139) to var. kypokuca (Ach.). The apothecia have not been detected in Great Britain ; but the spermogones occasionally occur in S. W. England. Hab. On mosses, rocks, and trees, chiefly in maritime districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, in S. and W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and in S.W. and N.E. Ireland.— B. M. : Ilozel, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Alderney and Guernsey. St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Bolt Head, Devonshire; The Lizard, Kyuauce Cove PHYSCIA.] I'HYSCIEI. 305 and Rough ton, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Cwm Bychan, and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire. Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Argyleshire ; Glen Fal- loch, Perthshire. Dunkerron and Killarney, co. Kerry. Yar. ft. hypoleuca Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 417.— Thallus usually firmer, with the laciniae more closely imbricate ; beneath, white, here and there hispid with black rhizinse, the marginal cilia black. Apothecia with the margin of the receptacle crenate or radiato- fimbriate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Parmelia speciosa var. liypolmca Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 211. Parmelia speciosa Tayl. I. c. pro parte. Lichen speciosus Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (lower figs.). An exotic variety which finds its way to S.W. Ireland. The thallus in our British specimens is more sorediate than in the type ; and the margin of the apothecia, which are somewhat large and crowded, is thickish, crenate, and densely pulverulent. Hob. On rocks in shady upland situations. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 10. P. pulverulenta Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. se'r. 3, i. (1856) p. 308. — Thallus sub orbicular, somewhat firm, substellato-appressed, opaque, multifido-laciniate, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, more or less white-pruinose ; beneath rough with dense blackish fibrillose rhizinae ; lacinise plane, obtuse and crenato-incised at the apices (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia sessile, large, concave or plane, brownish- black, caesio-pruinose or naked, the margin thick, indexed, entire, pruinose : spores oblong, 0,020-36 mm. long, 0,012-20 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 146, ed. 3, p. 135. — Borrera pulverulenta Mudd, Man. p. 110. Parmelia pulverulenta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 443 ; Hook. PI. Scot, ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. PL v. p. 201 ? Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Bib. ii. p. 141. Lichen pulverulentus Schreb. Spic. (1771) p. 128. Lichen stellaris ft. Huds. PI. Angl. p. 448 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, seymentis latiitsculis, scutettis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71 A pro parte. Lichenoides arboreum, crusta foliosa virescenti, tenuiter et eleganter dissecta, scutellis nigris Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 73 pro parte.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 49 ; Mudd, n. 82; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 10; Bohl. n. 69. This may generally be recognized by the pruina, with which, when growing and in a dry state, it is more or less covered. As noticed, how- ever, by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 474), when wetted the pruina disappears both in the thallus and apothecia, the former being then greenish and the latter black ; but when again dried the pruina returns in both. The colour in a dry state varies in recent specimens from pale greyish to greyish brown, and, as observed by Lightfoot (1. c. p. 825), specimens after being kept for some years in paper (or in herbaria) turn to a russet- grey (or cervine). In other respects the thallus and apothecia vary con- siderably in character, giving rise to the subspecies, forms, and varieties which follow. The apothecia are generally somewhat scattered, though 306 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. numerous, and the spermogones, -which are not uncommon, have the spermatia equally cylindrical, 0,006 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, and on old pales, rarely erratic on stone walls, chiefly in cultivated lowland and upland districts. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain and probably Ireland, becoming rare in N. Scotland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, SuiFolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Edgeware, Middlesex ; Hurstpierpoint and Lewes, Sussex ; near Hyde, Isle of Wight ; Wembury, Devonshire ; near Withiel, Cornwall ; Bourn, Cambridgeshire ; Milton, Oxfordshire ; Bolton Abbey, Lincoln- shire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Moor Park, Herefordshire ; Crowle, Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Anglesea, N. Wales ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire; near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cults, near Aberdeen, and Abergeldie Castle, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross House, Ross-shire ; Carrigaloe and Aghada, co. Cork ; Ballynegarde, co. Limerick ; Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. Form 1. panniformis Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 571; Jourri. Bot. 1882, p. 273. — Thallus with the lacinife short, crowded, densely imbricate. Apothecia small. — Lichenoides ylaucum orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis niyris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71 D. One of those panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens which have recently been noted, forming as it were a thickish congested crust, the lacinise presenting their normal appearance only at the extreme circum- ference of the thallus in entire specimens. In the fertile plants seen, the apothecia are few and small, with the receptacular margin thickish. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in upland districts. — Distr. Only in W. England and among the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ilar- boro' Magna, Warwickshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. deminuta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. — Thallus effuse, more or lees diffract, the latinise minute. Apothecia very small, pruinose. Probably only a starved condition of the preceding form, in which the laciniae are either somewhat congested or scattered. In our few speci- mens the apothecia are, with one exception, very sparingly present. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in maritime and upland dis- tricts.— Distr. Only sparingly in S. and W. England, S. Wales, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Shanklin and Appuldiu- combe, Isle of Wight ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Ltolgelly, Merionethshire. Form 3. argyphea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 104. — Thallus entirely white-pruinose ; lacinise somewhat firm and slightly dilated at the circumference. Apothecia constantly pruinose, the receptacle often unequal or sometimes subcrenulate. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Sr c. Bot. xvii, p. 571. — Parmelia pulverulent a ft. argyphea Ach. Lich. PHISC1A.] PHYSCIEI. 307 L'niv. (1810) p. 474. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, segmentis Jatiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71 B. The milk-white pruina with which the thallus and apothecia are covered is often but little dense. It has somewhat the appearance of subsp. pityrea, from which it at once differs in the absence of soredia. The apothecia are rare in the British specimens. Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S. England, the Central Grampians, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Isle of Wight. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Adare, co. Limerick. Var. /3. subvenusta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, t. vi. (1872) p. 285. — Thallus more or less pruinose. Apothecia mode- rate or somewhat large, pruinose, the receptacle crowned at the base. — Physcia pulvendenta f. laciniolata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 358. P. pulverulenta var. venusta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte. Lichen pulverulentus Eng. Bot. t. 2063. Lichen stellaris ft. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 824 ; y. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 534 ; var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31. Lichenoides scutellis limbo cinereo crispo cinctis Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75. Distinguished by the lacinioli or lobules which crown the base of the receptacle, in which respect it is subsimilar to subsp. venusta. Occa- sionally the thallus also is more or less covered with minute suberect lobules. The apothecia are generally numerous, and, in entire specimens, some have the receptacle nearly or quite naked. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in England ; rare in S. Scotland and among the S. Grampians. — B. M. : Norwich, Norfolk ; Henfield and Glynde, Sussex ; Respringand near Penzance, Cornwall ; Kemble, Wilt- shire ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; near Cambridge ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Levens, Westmoreland. Ravelrig, near Edinburgh ; Fin- larig, Killin, Perthshire. Var. y. angnstata Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) •p. 308. — Thallus somewhat small, pale greyish-red or subcervine, cpruinose ; laciniae narrow, discrete, beneath densely blackish-hispid with rhi/iniae. Apothecia rather small, naked or pruinose, brown or brownish-black. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147, ed. 3, p. 135. — Borrera pulverulenta /3. angustata Mudd, Man. p. 110. Lichen angustatus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 77, t. 11. The narrow discrete laciniae and the numerous rhizinas render this a well-marked variety. In its typical condition, as noticed by Acharius, Lich. Univ. p. 474, the laciniaB are continuous from the centre to the cir- cumference ; but intermediate states occur in which the Iacinia3 are shorter and not so continuous, as is usually the case in Britain. The apothecia in our specimens are not very numerous. Ilab, On the trunks of old trees in upland districts. — Dittr. Local and x2 308 LICHENACEI. [i>HrSCIA rare in S. England and S.W. Scotland. — B. M. : Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, and Wembury, S. Devon. Near Creetown, Kirkcudbriglitshire. Var. S. subpapillosa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.— Thallus greyish-white, pruinose, almost entirely subgranulato-unequal or subpapillato-granulate. Apothecia nearly moderate, pruinose, with turgid margin. A very singular and, if constant, well-marked variety, which is so ab- normal that at first sight it would scarcely be referred to this species. In the single specimen seen the thallus has only one or two short laciniae here and there visible at the extreme circumference. There are but two apothecia present, in which the margin is also slightly subpapillate. Hob. On the trunk of an old tree in a lowland tract — Distr. Seen only from E. England.— B. M. : Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. ). 1. P. venusta NyL «a?Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv, (1878) p. 383. — Thallus cervine or cervine-greyish, epruinose, somewhat narrowly incised. Apothecia moderate, the margin crowned with horizontal thalline lacinioli. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — PTiyscia pulverulenta var. venusta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte. Parmelia venusta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 211, t. 8. f. 5. Differs in the colour of the naked thallus, the narrower lacinise, and the coronate margins of the apothecia, which entitle it to rank as a subspecies. It is to be noted, however, that states occasionally occur evidently b3longirig to this subspecies in which the receptacular margin is nearly or almost denudate (form ecoronata Cromb.). The apothecia in the British specimens are not numerous, though somewhat crowded. Hob. On trunks of old trees in wooded upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England, S.W. Scotland, the S. and W. Highlands, and in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Ilsham, Torquay, S. Devon. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire ; by Loch Tay, Keumore, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork ; Ballyuegarde, co. Limerick. Subsp. 2. P. pityrea Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 383. — Thallus subeffuse, thinner, appressed and adnate, greyish- white or subcervine ; lacinire somewhat short, sorediate at the mar- gins (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia small, pruinose, the margin crenulate or sorediato-lacerate ; spores 0,024-28 mm. long, 0-015-18 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — PTiyscia pulverulenta var. pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3, p. 135. Parmelia pityrea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201. Lichen pity reus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 124 ; Eug. Bot. t. 2064. Son-era pulveru- lenta y. yrisea (Lam.) Mudd, Man. p. 111. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, seymentis latiusculis, scutellis niyris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 23. PHYSCIA.] PHYSCIEI. 309 f. 71 c.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 83 ; Lcight. n. 370 ; Cromb. n. 51 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 48. Well characterized by the thinner, more adnate thallus, the shorter and marginally sorediate laciniae, and the smaller apothecia with their usually sorediate thalline margin. These characters, more especially the soredia, which are sometimes very abundant and obliterate the lacihise in the centre of the thallus, make it a distinct subspecies. In our specimens the apothecia, which are central, are not often present ; and the spermo- gones, which are similar to those of the type, are also but rarely seen. Ifab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on old walls, in maritime, lowland, and upland cultivated tracts. — Distr. General and common in most parts of England ; apparently rare in Scotland and the Channel Islands ; not yet with certainty gathered in Ireland. — 13. M. : Island of Guernsey. Sahani Wood, Norfolk ; near Bury, Suffolk ; High Beech, Epping Eorest, Essex ; Basingstoke, Kent ; Glynde, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants ; Hyde and Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight ; near Cheltenham and Cireu- cester, Gloucestershire ; Edgeware, Middlesex ; near Elstree, Herts ; Pampisford, Cambridgeshire; near Adderbury, Oxfordshire; Malvern and near Kempsey, Worcestershire; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire; Ludlow Park, Shropshire; Aberdovey, N. Wales; Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Winderuiere, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Blair- drummond, near Stirling ; Glen Ample, Perthshire ; Drum, near Aberdeen. Subsp. 3. P. muscigena Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 418.— Thallus de- pressed at the circumference, more or less ascending in the centre, livid-chestnut or cervine-brown, usually ceesio-pruinose ; laciniae somewhat short, dilated and discrete (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia with the thalline margin crenate ; spores 0,024-30 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Physcia pulverulenta var. muscigena Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 479, ed. 3, p. 136. Parmelia muscigena Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 472. Distinguished by the lacinire, the crenate margin of the apothecia, the smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. These differences, however, are scarcely sufficient to warrant our regarding it, with some older and more recent authors, as a distinct species, but only as a well-marked sub- species of this very variable plant. In the only British specimen gathered the apothecia, which are elsewhere very rare, are not present, nor are the spermogones visible. Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in a subalpine region. — Distr. Found only on the summit of one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 11. P. subdetersa Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 344. — Thallus orbicular, moderate, pale-cervine, subnaked or here and there yellowish-sore- diate ; laciniaj somewhat short (K — ) ; medulla yellow (K + deeper yellow). Apothecia unknown. Well distinguished from P. prtlveruknta var. detersa Nyl. (which has not occurred with us) by the colour of the medulla. It approaches P. enteroxantha Nyl., a Pyrenean plant, but differs in not being white- pruinose and in the medullary reaction. It is never seen fertile. 310 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA Hal. Among mosses on rocks in subalpino regions. — Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England and the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 12. P. aquila JSTyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 309. — Thallu8 suborbicular, appressed, narrowly laciniate, chestnut- brown ; beneath pale and sparingly blackish-fibrillose ; Iacinia3 multi- partite, somewhat convex, explanate at the circumference, imbri- cato-congested (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate, moderate, con- cave or somewhat plane, brownish-black, the margin tumid, sub- crenate; spores 0,030-44 ram. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 3, p. 142. — Bon-era aquila, Mudd, Man. p. 111. Parmelia aquila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143. Lichen aquilus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 109 ; Eng. Bot. t. 982. Lichen pullus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 825. Lichen fuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 533. Lichen obscurus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. Lichenoides angustifolium fuscum, scutdlis pullis Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. f. 69.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 144 ; Larb. Csesar. n. 23; Dicks. Hort. Sic. 25 ; Bohl. n. 111. Easily recognized by its chestnut-brown, narrowly laciniate thallus, and by its saxicolous habitat. The thallus, of which the cortical layer presents intricate tubulose cavities, is sometimes widely expanded, in which case in old plants it occasionally becomes zonately centrifugal. States occasionally occur with us passing into var. stippea (Ach.), but not sufficiently typical. The apothecia are common, sometimes very nume- rous and crowded, with the spores often thicker at one or the other apex. The spermogones also are not unfrequent. Hob. On rocks in maritime districts, rarely on hills at some distance from the sea in upland tracts. — Distr. General and not uncommon on most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands ; very abundant on the coast of Kincardineshire in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Petit Port, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Near Chichester, Sussex ; Torquay, Bolt Head, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and near Okehampton, Devonshire; Temple Moor, Stoneyford, Penzance, The Lizard, Roche rocks, and Helminton, Cornwall ; Mynydd-y-Myfyr, near Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Barrnouth and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea ; Douglas Head, Isle of Man ; Holy Island, North- umberland; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire ; King's Park and Turh'n Hill, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Arg\ le- shire ; Portlethen, Kincardiueshire ; near Peterhead, Aberdeeushire. Ballycotton and Mizen Head, co. Cork ; Kenmare River, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway ; Ardglass, co. Down. 13. P. stellaris Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.— Thallus orbicular, stellari-appressed, multindo-laciniate, white, greyish or glaucous- white ; beneath whitish, with greyish fibrillose rhizina3 ; lacinite sub- linear, convex, contiguous (K^ye OW) CaCl~). Apothecia submode- ep th PHYSCIA.] PHTSCIEI. 311 rate, sessile, brownish-black, caesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire or crenate ; spores 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Parmelia stellaris Hook. El. Scot. ii. p. 55 pro parte ; Sm. Eng. El. v. p. 201 pro parte. Lichen stellaris Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1144 ; Ach. Prodr. p. 111. Borrera okscura /3. chloantha (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 110. Physcia retro- gressa Stirt. Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85 vix differt. — As observed by Acharius (Meth. p. 209) the synonymy was then (as it still is) for the most part doubtful. It is, however, the plant of Linnaeus according to specimens in his herbarium. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 81. Distinguished from P. pulverulentd and its varieties by the smaller, ruinose thallus, which does not become greenish when moist, and by the smaller spores. It has been almost always confounded with the fol- lowing species, and especially with its var. /3. The apothecia are nume- rous, chiefly central, with the margin often nexuose. The spermogones are not uufrequent, with spermatia equally cylindrical, 0,0045 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. It is a variable plant, presenting the varieties aud subspecies to be described. Hob. On the trunks and branches of trees by roadsides, and in avenues of lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. Seen only from a very few localities in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt overlooked else- where.— B. M. : Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Monaltrie House, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Var. (3. leptalea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 425.— Thallus narrowly laciniate ; laciniae discrete, appresscd, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins, the cilia whitish or brownish ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 140.— Lichen leptaleas Ach. Prodr. (^1798) p. 108. Borrera Tiispida Mudd, Man. p. 106. Lichenoides hispidum minus et tenerius, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. t. 20. f. 46, A, B, D. Differs in the narrower, more discrete, and marginally ciliate lacinise. It must not be confounded, as has sometimes been done, with less forni- cate states of the following subspecies. The apothecia, which are not unfrequent, vary similarly to those of the type. Hub. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Occurs only here and there throughout England, in N. Wales, S. W. and Central Scotland ; rare in Ireland. — B. M. : St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants ; Brading, Isle of Wight ; Bolt Head, S. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Gainsford, Dur- ham. Near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blairdrummond, Perthshire ; Auchterhouse, Forfarshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen. Carri- galoe, Cork Harbour. Var. y. subobscura Nyl. Sallsk. E. et El. Eenn. Forh. ir. (1859) p. 239 ; Syn. i. p. 426. — Thallus greyish or greyish-brown, beneath white with scarcely any rhizinae ; laciniae short, narrow, the marginal cilia blackish or dark ; otherwise as in the preceding 312 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. variety. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 141 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. Might be taken for a state of P. obscura or P. ccesia esorediate, from both of which it is readily distinguished by the marginal cilia. It is closely allied to the preceding variety, from which it differs in the colour of the thallus and of the cilia, and in the almost entire absence of rhizinoe on the under surface. In the few British specimens there are no apo- thecia. Hob. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only in the Channel Islands, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. Barcal- dine, Argyleshire. Leenane, co. Galway. Subsp. 1. P. tenella Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 306.— Thallus subeffuse, narrowly laciniate ; lacinise ascending, usually tubuloso-inflated or fornicate at the apices, white fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins. Apothecia small or moderate, the margin entire or crenulate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Physcia stellaris var. tenella Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 : Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 141. Borrera hispida /3. tenella Mudd, Man. p. 106. Parmelia tenella Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera tenella Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 431 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 222. LicJien teneltus Scop. Fl. Cam. (1760) p. 1406 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1351 • With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 56. Lichen ciliaris /3. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 538 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 828. Lichenoides nispidum minus et tenerius, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 152, t. 20. f. 46, c, v.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 174 ; Mudd, n. 78 ; Cromb. n. 151 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 330 ; Bohl. n. 20. Looks at first sight as if it were a distinct species. It is readily recog- nized by the hooded-like apices of the ascendant lacinise, though these finally become sorediate. The thallus and the marginal cilia, which are either simple or variously divided, often become darker-coloured in age, or when growing in dry exposed places. The apothecia are not unfre- quent, and the spermogones are often numerous. Sab. On the trunks and branches of trees, old walls, and occasionally boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Earsham, Nor- folk ; Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk"; Walthamstow, Essex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Plymouth, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Withiel, Corn- wall ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Grims- bury Green, Northamptonshire ; Buxton, Matlock, and Darley, Derby- shire ; Herefordshire Beacon and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; near Usk, Monmouthshire ; Dolgelly and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Stokesley and Kildale, Cleveland ; Croft Head, Westmoreland ; Holy Island, Northumberland; near Ashy, Cumberland. Swanston Wood, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Montrose, Forfarshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork ; Dromorelaud, co. Clare. PHYSCIA.] PHY8CIET. 313 Form exempta Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 140. — Laciniae shorter, broader, imbricate, naked or very sparingly and shortly ciliate : otherwise as above. — Parmelia tenella var. exempta Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera tenella y. exemta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 499. — As noticed by Taylor, I. c., his specimen was referred by Borrer to P. erosa. Seems to be merely a modification of the type, from which it is distin- guished, at least as a well-marked form, by the characters of the lacinite. Our only British specimen is sterile. Hob. On the trunks of willows in upland situations. — Distr. Seen only sparingly from S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Ballynegarde, co. Limerick. 14. P. aipolia Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.— Thallus orbicular, stel- lari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, whitish ; beneath concolorous with greyish-browii rhizinae ; lacinioe somewhat plane, narrow, subcon- tiguous. discrete, and with the apices crennlate at the circumference (K^Tyellow, CaCl~). Apothecia submoderate, somewhat convex, brownish-black, csesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire ; spores 0,016-26 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. — Lichen aipolius Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 112. Physcia stelldris var. acrita Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39. P. aipolia, form acrita Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 571. Lichen stellaris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 (ex specimine in Herb. Huds.). Lichenoides cinereiim, segmentis angustis stellatis, scutellis niyris Dill. Muse. 176, t. 23. f. 70, A, B. Frequently not distinguished, even as a variety, from the preceding, to which it is subsiiuilar. The planer, more divided lactni;e, which are discrete at the circumference, and especially the positive reaction of the medulla, well characterize it and raise it to its Acharian specific rank. In its typical condition (a. acrita Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 477) the thallus is entirely smooth in a young state, but at length becomes slightly rugose in the centre. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central. Hob. On the trunks and branches of trees in cultivated tracts, often in orchards, rarely on old pales, very rarely on calcareous walls, of maritime, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local in S. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W., Central, and N. Highlands of Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Lewes, Sussex ; Shanlilin, Isle of Wight ; Ilaham Valley, Torquay, S. Devon ; Penzance, Cornwall ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyle- shire : Killin and foot of Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Koss-shire. Kylemore and Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. /5. anthelina Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.— Thallus narrowly laciniate, beneath with black rhi/iua3 ; laciniaj more dis- crete, somewhat convex. Apothecia submoderate, crowded or scat- tered, at length slightly convex, the thalliue margin entire. — 314 11CHENACEI. [PHYSCTA. Physcia stellaris var. aipolia f. antlielina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 111. Lichen anthdimn Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 111. The narrower and more discrete laciniae, which are either entirely smooth or somewhat rugose, distinguish this variety. In what Acharius subsequently (Lich. Univ. p. 478) regarded as the more typical state, the lacinise are c jntinuous from the centre to the circumference, when it is eutirely analogous to var. angustata of P. pulverulenta. In the few British specimens the apothecia are numerous. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. Entrland and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Henfield, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Ilsham Valley, near Torquay, Devonshire. Muckruss Demesne, Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. y. cercidia Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 384. — Thallus whitish or greyish-white, somewhat rugose, be- neath with blackish rhmnae ; lacinias contiguous, somewhat convex, short, difforin and crowded in the centre, plane and broader at the circumference. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, plane, the thalline margin at length crenulate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Pannelia aipolia /3. cercidia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 478. Physcia stellaris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 (excl. var. acrita) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 140. Borrera stellar is Mudd, Man. p. 109. Parmelia stellaris Tayl. in Mack. El. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen stellaris Lightf. EL Scot. ii. p. 824 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 31 pro parte : Eng. Bot. 1. 1697. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 6 ; Mudd, n. 79 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. no. 161. A larger and coarser plant with somewhat of the aspect of P. pulveru- lenta. It differs from the type in the colour of the rhizina? and in the more contiguous, convex, and rugose lacinise, which are at times as if imbricato-squamose in the centre. The apothecia are often very nume- rous and crowded, sometimes nearly obliterating the thallus, when they become flexuose and deformed. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, very rarely on calcareous walls, in cultivated tracts from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. General and plentiful in most parts of Great Britain ; apparently rare in S. Ireland and in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Edgeware, Middlesex ; near Elstree, Herts; Reigate, Surrey ; Glynde, near Hastings, and Henfield, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall ; near Nails- worth, Gloucestershire ; Madiugley Park, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ,• Pixham, near Worcester, and North Malvern, Wrorcester- shire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Aber- dovey, Merionethshire ; Clungnnford and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kendal and Windermere, Westmore- land ; Alston, Cumberland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Troquain, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Melrose, Roxburgh ; near Edinburgh ; Tnverary Castle, Argyleshire ; Blair Drummond, near Stir- ling ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Camperdown, Forfarshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. PHVSCIA.] PHYSCIEI. 315 15. P. melops Cut', (sub Parmelia) ex Nyl. Flora. 1874, p. 16.— Thallus orbicular, stellari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, more or less cffisio-greyish ; lacinise narrow, contiguous, convex (K^yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia small, plane, the thalline margin entire or at length slightly crenulate ; spores as in the preceding species. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. Closely allied to P. aipolia, from which it differs chiefly in the darker caesious thallus. Our single British specimen is sterile, with the thallus not well developed. According to Nylander /. c. it is a widely distributed saxicolous plant in the mountainous regions of Europe. Hob. On a calcareous wall among dead mosses in a maritime moun- tainous district. — Distr. Seen only in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Appin, Argyleshire. 16. P. tribacia Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 48.— Thallus orbicular or subeffuse, moderate, shortly laciniate. glaucous-white or white, sprinkled with small, subglobose, concolorous soredia, usually slightly subfarinaceo-suffused : beneath whitish, with a few concolorous fibrilloso rhizinae ; laciniae crowded, imbricate, digitato-crenate at the apices (K+>'ellow, CaCl~). Apothecia moderate, scattered, blackish, the thalline margin subentire or subcrenulate ; spores oblong, 0015-20 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Borrera ccesia ft. tribacea Mudd, Man. p. 107. Squa- maria tribacia Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194 pro parte. Psoroma tribacium Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lecanora tribacia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 415. A plant little understood by authors, allied to P. stellar is, with which it agrees in the reactions. It differs, however, in the thallus being generally covered with a thin farina, in the presence of soredia, and in the more crowded laciniae being digitately crenate at the apices. In the soredia it approaches P. ccesia, but differs in all other essential characters. The apothecia are not present in the British specimens (cfr. Ach. I. t-.). Hab. On fruit-trees of orchards in maritime districts. —Distr. Confined to a few localities in S. England and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : St. Martin's, Island of Jersey. Lymington, Hants ; near Penzance, Cornwall. 17. P. tribacoides Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 307.— Thallus orbicular, small, shortly laciniate, whitish, sprinkled with small, subglobose, white soredia, sparingly subfarinaceo-suffused ; beneath whitish, nearly naked ; laciniae narrow, crowdedly imbricate, digitato-crenate at the apices (K+ycllow, CaCl~). Apothecia not seen rightly developed. — Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22 j Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 140. Subsimilar to the preceding species, from which, besides other charac- ters, it at once differs in the reaction of the medulla with K. In the specimen gathered there are only two young apothecia. 316 LICHENACEI. [PHTSCIA. Hob. On the smooth bark of a young tree in a maritime district. — Distr, Extremely local and rare, in S.England. — B. M. : Near Hyde. Isle of Wight. 18. P. erosa Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 152.— Thallus subor- bicular, moderate, shortly laciniate, greyish or glaucous-white ; beneath whitish, sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose ; Iacinia3 crowdedly imbricate, more or less ascending, rounded and eroso-lacerate or at length pulverulent at the apices (K+yellow, CaCl+yellow). Apo- thecia moderate, brownish-black, the thalline margin subentire ; spores oblong, 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 358 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 139.— Par- melia erosa Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. 1837, t. 2807. Son-era ccesia y. albinea (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 108, t. ii. f. 31; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39. Squamaria tribacia Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. p. 194 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 266; Larb. Caesar, n. 24; Lich. Hb. n. 294. A well-marked species somewhat resembling P. tribacia, from which it is well distinguished by the efarinose and esorediate thallus, the apices of the laciniee, and the different chemical reactions. The apothecia, which with us are extremely rare, are chiefly central, numerous, with the thalline margin at length subcrenate. flab. On trees, walls, and rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Not very general nor common throughout England and in the Channel Islands ; rare in S. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands and S. Gram- pians ; not yet seen in Ireland. — B. M. : Rozel, St. Ouen's, and La Moyp, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg and Moulin Huet, Island of Guernsey. Bex- hill and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ; Porchester, Hants ; Plymouth and Wembury, S. Devon ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; St. Mary's, Scilly ; near Swindon, Wilts ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Nannau, Dol- a, Barmouth, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Ayton, Cleve- , Yorkshire ; near Staveley, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 19. P. astroidea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 308. — Thallus orbicular, thin, closely adpressed, granulose or leprose in the centre, laciniato-effigurate at the circumference, greyish-white ; beneath whitish, black fibrilloso-rhizinose ; lacinia? narrow, contiguous (K ^yellow, CaCl+ yellow). Apothecia innato- sessile, small, concave or plane, brownish-blackish, naked or prui- nose, the thalline margin inflexed, crenulate ; spores ellipsoideo- oblong, 0,017-26 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 3, p. 139.— Borrera astroidea et /3. dementi Mudd, Man. p. 108, t. ii. f. 32. Parmelia astroidea Clem. Ens. Add. (3807) p. 302. Squamaria dementi Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 196. Parmelia Clementi Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 146, t. 13. f. 1 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 439 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Lichen Clementi Eng. Bot. t. 1779. — Parmelia PHYSCIA..] PHY8C1EI. 317 columnaris Tayl. in Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144, is a more granulose state. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 324. Easily recognized by the thallus being often almost entirely granulose or leprose, with the laciniai visible only at or towards the circumference. With us it is but seldom and sparingly seen with apothecia. The sper- mogones apparently do not occur in Britain. Hub. On the trunks of trees, often in orchards, and on tiled roofs in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in S. and Central England, N. Wales, S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands ; not seen from Scotland. — B. M. : St. Martin's, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; near Maidstone and Tunb'ridge Wells, Kent ; near Lewes, between Henfield and Brighton, and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; near Southampton, Hants ; Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Plymouth, Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall ; West Haddon, Northamptonshire ; near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Tervoe, co. Limerick ; Carrigalim, near Cork. Form elegans Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 139. — Thallus glaucous-white ; lacinise finely isidioso-fimbriate at the mar- gins. Apothecia not seen. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 88. The peculiar fimbriate margins of the lacinise, which are not leproso- grauulose, render this a somewhat distinct form. It does not occur fertile. Hab. On rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Found only very sparingly in N. W. Ireland. — B. M. : Kyleinore Lake, co. Galway. 20. P. caesia Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 308. —Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, stellate, multifido-laciniate, ;fesio-white or greyish-white, sprinkled with caesious subglobose ioredia ; beneath pale and sparingly fibrillose ; lacinise narrow, con- vex, contiguous, slightly dilated at the apices (K ^yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia sessile, small, concave or plane, black, naked or pruinose, the thalline margin thickish, entire or crenulate ; spores oblong, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39. — Pliyscia stellaris var. ccesia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 152, ed. 3, p. 141. Borrera ca'sia Mudd, Man. p. 107. Squamaria ccesia Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 196. Parmelia ccesia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 443 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Lichen ccesius Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 65, t. 12. f. 1 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1052. Lichen Psora Dicks. Ciypt. fasc.iii. p. 17 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 26. Lichenoides cinereum, sey mentis anjutis stdlatis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 176, t. 24. f. 70 c. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 323. Distinguished from its more immediate allies bv the pulvinate csesious soredia, which are scattered regularly over the thallus and rarely become confluent. The apothecia are chiefly central and not of frequent occur- rence. Hab. On walls, roofs, and boulders in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. General though not common in England ; much rarer in Scot- 318 LICHENACEI. [PHY6CIA. land ; rare in the Channel Islands and N. Wales ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Acle, Norfolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Richmond House, Surrey ; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall ; near Oxford ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Harboro' Magna, Warwick- shire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kcndal, Westmoreland; near Hexham, Northumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Edinburgh ; Kirkfield, Lanarkshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Dunblane, Perthshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form teretiuscula Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 112.— Laciniae narrower, more discrete, somewhat convex ; otherwise as above. — Parmelia casia ft. teretiuscula Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 479. Differs from the type only in the minor characters of the lacinia?, and intermediate states are not wanting. The British specimens are sterile. Sab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Seen only from W. England and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Penzance, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 21. P. obscura Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 309. — Thallus orbiculari-stellate, closely appressed and adnate, dark or greyish-brown : beneath black-fibrillose ; latinise narrow, plane or slightly convex (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia sessile, small, blackish- brown, naked, the margin entire ; spores ellipsoideo-obloug, 0,015- 25 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte. — Borrera obscura Mudd, Man. p. 109 pro parte. Lichen obscurus Ehrh. PI. Crypt. (1785) n. 177. Parmelia cijcloselis Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 444 pro parte ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202 pro parte. Lichen cyclo- selis Eng. Bot. t. 1942. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 252. In its typical condition, which has seldom been rightly described, the thallus is entirely esorediate, with the margins of the latinise en'brillose. The form chloantha (Ach. Syn. p. 217), with '• pale-greyish thallus and laciniae lacerato-dentate at the margins," has not yet occurred with us, though recorded by Leighton, I. c., as British. In our specimens the ap_othecia are fairly numerous. The sperm ogones are more frequent, with spermatia oblong, 0,003 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On the trunks of trees in upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from a very few localities in England and the S. Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt frequent but overlooked. — B. M. : Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Cambridge ; near Ledbury, Herefordshire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire. 22. P. lithotea Kyi. Flora, 1877, p. 354.— Thallus orbicular, appressed, narrowly laciniate, glaucous- or dark-brown, furfuraceo- or granuloso-sorediate ; beneath black-fibrillose ; laciniaB plane, closely imbricate, subciliate at the margins (K~, CaCl~). Apo- thecia central, blackish ; spores as in the preceding species or slightly PHYSCIA.] PHYSCIEI. 319 smaller. — Physcia olscura subsp. lithotea Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78 ; form lithotea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 137. ParmeUa cydo- sdis fi. lithotea Ach. Meth. (18U3) p. 199. Subsimilar to P. obscura, but differs in being firmer, more or less furfti- raceous, and especially in the cellular structure of the cortex, which - consists of rounded cells, being more distinct. In age r.early the whole thallus and the margins of the lacinise are covered with a dark furfur. The state sciastra (Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 49) differs merely in being darker and sorediate only at the margins of the lacinise. The apothecia when present (for it is usually sterile) are small and few. Hab. In depressions of rocks which are frequently moistened by the sea and by lakes and streams in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, N. Wales (Jide Leight.), among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near New- ton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Loch Dochart and Ken- more, Perthshire. Connernara, co. Gal way. 23. P. alothrix Nyl. Flora, 1875, pp. 360, 442.— Thallus orbicu- lari-stellate, greyish-glaucous or dark-brown, sometimes sublivid, esorediate; beneath black-fibrillose ; lacinise discrete, narrow, linear, multifid, plane, ciliate at the margins, the cilia rigid, horizontal (K~, CaCl~). Apotbecia moderate, dark-brown, tbe thalline mar- gin entire, at length inflexed, the receptacle at the base black- fibrillose ; spores oblong, 0,015-25 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick. — Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 571. — Physcia obscura var. ulothrix Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 j Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149, ed. 3, p. 137. Borrera obscura $. ulothrLv Mudd, Man. p. 110. ParmeUa ulothrix Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146. Lichen ulothrix Acb. Prodr. (1798) p. 113. Lichen virellv.s Eng. Bot. t. 1696 (lower fig.). Lichen ciliatus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30. Lichen stellaris var. 4, With. I. c. p. 31. Lichcn- oides viride, segmentis angitstis distortis, scutellis pulUs Dill. Muse. 178, t. 24. f. 72 A.— Brit. Kvs. : Leight. n. 80. Usually regarded by more recent authors as a variety of the preceding ; this was rightly viewed by Acharius as a distinct species, as warranted more especially by the peculiar character of the marginal cilia and in a minor degree by the radiating fibrillose receptacle of the apothecia. In this latter respect, as already observed, it is analogous to subsp. Farmelia carporhizans, though in old plants this character is less apparent. When sterile it is readily distinguished by the horizontal marginal cilia of the thallus. The apothecia are numerous and often crowded, and the sperrno- gones, which seem to be rather rare, are as in P. obscura. Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on old pales and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Occurs only here and there in England, S. Scotland and the Highlands, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Lakenham and near Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Brighton and Alboume, Sussex ; near Pen- zance, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestei- shire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Worcester. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Fiularig, Killin, and Glen Fender. Blair Athole, Perthshire. Carrigaloe, near Cork. 320 LICHEKACEI. [l>HYSCIA. Var. ft. virella Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. — Thallus subeffuse, pale greyish -green, here and there greenish- or yellowish-sorediate ; lacinise short, imbricate, with horizontal cilia at the margins. Apo- thecia small or submoderate, the receptacle blaek-fibrillose at the base. — Ptiyscia obscura var. virella Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148, ed. 3, p. 137. Borrera obscura y. virella Mudd, Man. p. 110. Parrnelia virella Sm. Eng. Fl. Y. p. 202. Lichen virellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 108 ; Eng. Bot. fc. 1696 (two upper figs.). Lichenoides viride, seqmentis angustis distortis. scutellis 2Jullis Dill. Muse. 178, t. 24. f. 72 v.—Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 80 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 126. Overlooking the character of the marginal cilia of the lacinise and of the receptacle of the apothecia, licheuologists have associated this distinct variety with P. obscura. As suggested by Nylander in lift., and confirmed by a specimen from Acharius in Herb. Linn. Soc. (fragmentary and abraded, though sufficient for recognition), it entirely belongs to this species. It differs from the type in the thallus being more effuse, often less closely appressed, paler in colour, and sprinkled with, or at. times almost covered by, roundish soredia, as also in the shorter and usually more imbricate laciniae. When wet it is of a bright-green colour, and when growing associated with P. parietina it is suffused with chryso- phanic acid, when the thallus and soredia are more or less yellowish (form -flavescens Cromb.). It then gives a purplish reaction with K, which, however, is quite abnormal. To this state is referable Physcia endococ- cina (non Koerb.) Cromb. Joum. Bot. 1872, p. 359; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 142. The cilia of the laciniee and the apothecia (frequently absent in the latter, as they occasionally are in the type itself) are at first pale, speedily becoming brownish, and at length in old plants blackish. The apothecia and the spermogones are frequent in our specimens. Hob. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on walls, in maritime and up- land districts. — Distr. Not uncommon in most parts of England ; appa- rently rare in N. Wales, Scotland, and S.E. Ireland. — B. M. : Kennetand Ickworth, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Heniield and near Brighton, Sussex; Hyde, Isle of Wight; Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall ; near Cirencester and Honeybourne, Glouces- tershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Darley, Derbyshire ; Aber- dovey, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, ai:d Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Killaloe, co. Cork; Lyons, near Dublin. 1. Spermogones with long acicular spermatia. 24. P. adglutinata Nyl. Flora, 1862, p. 355.— Thallus small, orbicular, closely agglutinate, imbricato-stellate, sordid greenish- grey ; beneath blackish, scarcely fibrillose at the margins ; lacinias very narrow, multifid at the circumference, subleprose in the centre (K~~, CaCl~). Apothecia small, plane, brownish-black, thethalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,014-21 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 137.— Borrera obscura e. adglutinata Mudd, Man. p. 110 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149. Lecanora adglutinata Florke Deutsch. Lich. iv. (1815) p. 7 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146. Parmelia elaina Gray, Nat. Arr. PUYSCIA.] PHYSCIEI. 321 i. p. 439. Sqnamaria elirlna Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 197. Lichen elceinus Eng. Hot. t. 21o8.-Jlrit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 152 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 49. The thallus is often leproso-pulverulent in the centre, and sometimes subtffuse, through the confluence of several plants. P'roin states of P. obscura, of which it has frequently been considered as a variety, it at once differs in the form of the spcrmatia. The apothecia are chiefly central. The sperm ogones, which are not uncommon, are olive-brown, with spermatia long, acicular, about 0,018 mm. long, searcely 0,001 min. thick. Hub. On the trunks of trees, rarely on walls, in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. Probably not uncommon throughout England and W. Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands ; apparently absent from Scotland. — B. M. : Noirinont, Island of Jersey. Norwich, Norfolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Glynde, Hurstpierpoint, and between Heufield and Brighton, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants ; Penzance, Cornwall ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kendal, Westmoreland. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form sorediata Nyl. ex Leight. Licb. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 138. — Thallus leproso-sorediate almost throughout, glaucous- white : lacinioe more dilated at the circumi'erence and there only esorediate. Apo- thecia not seen. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 127. Apart from the paler colour and the broader lacinise this differs only in the much more sorediate thallus, in which respect it resembles var. sitboirella Nyl. (Pyr. Or. p. 03), which does not occur in our Islands. The specimens seen are sterile. Hab. On \valls and trees in upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Letterfrack and Letter Hill, Conuemara, co. Galwav. Tribe XVII. GYROPHOREI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 175; Lich. Scaud. p. 112. Thallus membranaceo-foliaceous, monophyllous or subpolyphyllous, peltate, umbilicately affixed in the centre to the substratum, cor- ticate on both surfaces ; internally with white lax filamentose medulla ; gonidial layer containing gonidia. Apothecia either leca- noroid, or lecideine and gyrose, black ; spores solitary or usually 8nae, oblong or ellipsoid, simple or murali-divided, colourless or brown ; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones either immersed or somewhat prominent, with jointed sterigmata. The systematic position of this tribe has been variously regarded by authors. There is no doubt, however, that this is its true place as indi- cated by the character of the vegetative and reproductive organs, though the structure and form of the apothecia are rather peculiar. It is a very natural t*ibe, comprising two genera, the distinctive characters of which have recently been definitely pointed out by Nylander. The species are all saxicolous, characteristic of cold regions, and for the most part very brittle when dry. 322 4. UMBILICARIA Hoffin.Pl.Lich.(1795) p. 109 pro parte ; Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 303. — Thallus efribrillose beneath. Apothecia lecanoroid, with thal- line receptacle, con- taining no gonidia ; hypothecium brown- ish-black; spores soli- tary, 2nae or 8nae, brown or colourless, murali-locular or sim- ple ; hymenial gela- tine bluish and then wine-red with iodine. Spermogones some- what prominent; sper- matia short, cylin- drical. Formerly distinguish- ed from the following genus by different au- thors on insufficient grounds, this has boen definitely separated by LICHETfA.CEr. [tJMBILICA-RIA. Fig. 53. Ny lander On account of UnMKcaria pmtulata Hoffm.-a. Vertical section of the peculiar type ot the th;illus, x200. b. Vertical section of apothecium, apothecia. These are x3o. e. A theca and paraphysis, X 3.50. d. Two in a certain way Lea- spores, x5(0. e. Vertical sectin of thallus with a norine, but not truly so ; spermogone, X30. /. Sterigmata and sperniatia, for though they present x 500. externally a thalline re- ceptacle composed of the cortical and medullary layers, they do not con- tain gonidia (vide Nyl. Flora, I. c.~). As to the structure of the thallus, will be seen from fig. 53 a that this consists of four layers. These are — (1) an epithalline layer more or less developed or evanescent (whence the presence or absence of pruina on the upper surface) ; (2) a corticali-gonidial layer, the gonidia occupying the lower half of the more darkly delineated portion ; (3) a white medullary layer ; and (4) a cor- tical layer on the under surface, of which the upper portion is chondroid (sometimes partly wanting) and the lower (blackish) cellular (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1. c.\ The spermogones have the spermatia in all the species*of nearly the same size, viz. 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. The genus is divided into two subgenera, founded upon differences in the cortical texture. Subgen. 1. LASALLIA Merat (Fl. Par. (1836) p. 202 pro parte). — Thallus papulose above, lacunoso-foveolate beneath, interm;lly •with the chondrohyphae wanting in the lower concave portion of the pustules. Apothecia with the spores solitary or 2nae, rnurali- divided, brown. USfBILICARTA.] GYROPHOEKI. 323 1. U. pustulata HofFm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 111.— Thallus large, monophyllous, inciso-lobed at the circumference, papulose, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, subpruinose, sprinkled with large fuliginoso-floccose glomeruli ; beneath deeply lacunoso-foveolate, naked, brownish or greyish-pruinose, very minutely rimuloso-areo- late (K~, CaCl^redcjisli). Apothecia moderate, superficial, scattered, somewhat plane ; spores large, solitary, 0,028-70 mm. long, 0,018— 34 mm. thick.— Sm. Eng. El. v. p. 219 ; Mudd, Man. p. 115, t. ii, f. 35 ; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 294 ; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 576. — Gfyrophora pustulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 232 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 154, ed. 3, p. 143. Lichen pustulatus Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1150; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 858 ; With. AIT. ed. 3, iv. p. 64 ; Eug. Bot. t. 1285. Lichenoides pustulosum cinereum et veluti ambustum Dill. Muse. 226, t. 30. f. 131.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 166; Larb. Caesar, n. 25; Cromb. n. 52 ; Bohl. n. 125. The peculiar pustular and isidio-glomerulose upper, and the deeply pitted under surface of the thallus at once distinguish this from the other British species of the tribe. The thallus, which is greenish when moist, is normally orbicular, becoming at length irregular in shape, and often attains a very large size. The apothecia, which are rare in Britain, are scattered among the gloineruli chiefly towards the circumference, and are at first concave, then plane or convex, with the margin at length excluded. Hob. On rocks and boulders, rarely on old walls, in mountainous dis- tricts.— Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, S. and W. England, S. Scotland, the W. Highlands and Shetland, Scotland, and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : La Move, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Blackstone Rock, near Bovey Tracey, Hay Tor and Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Capel Curig and Nant Gwynant, Carnarvonshire ; Nepha, Westmoreland ; Wastdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Loch Sligachan and Loch Corruisk, Isle of Skye ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Sandy Loch, near Lerwick, Shetland. Mizen Head and Glengariff, co. Cork ; near Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Subgen. 2. AGYROPHORA Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 247.— Thallus epapulose above, efoveolate beneath, internally with the chondro- hyphse continuous in the cortical layer of the lower surface. Apo- thecia with the spores 8nao, simple, colourless. 2. U. atropruinosa Schser. Ser. Mus. Helv. vi. (1829) p. 109, t. 12-14. — Thallus moderate, monophyllous or subpolyphyllous, rigid, thinly areolato-rimulose or rugoso-areolate, brownish-black, greyish-pruinose in the centre ; beneath smoothish or very finely granulato-areolate, black or partly paler, often pruinose (medulla K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia somewhat prominent, nearly moderate, Y2 324 LTCHENACET. [UMBILICARIA. plane ; spores often obsoletely curved, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. Differs very much from U. jmstulata in the external appearance of the thallus, though agreeing with it in the character of the apothecia. It is well characterized by the somewhat rigid thallus having the upper sur- face minutely areolate and the lower smooth and glabrous, as also by the apothecia being constantly lecanoroid and not becoming gyrose. The few British specimens are smaller than those of more boreal regions. They are, however, well fertile, the apothecia being numerous, though some- what small. Hab. On granitic boulders in exposed alpine places. — Distr. Found only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summit of Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeeushire. 55. GYROPHORA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 110; Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 303.— Thallus naked or fibrillose beneath. Apothecia lecideine, usually more or less gyroso-plicate ; hypo- thecium usually brown : spores 8use, simple, colourless ; hymenial gela- tine bluish and then sordid wine- red with iodine. Spermogones immersed ; spermatia short, cylindrical. Distinguished from Umbilicaria by the apothecia being lecideine, with the perithecium differing in texture from the cortex. The structure of the thallus scarcely differs from that of subgen. Agyrophora. The apothecia are either simply lecideine or beautifully gyroso-complicate, each individual epi- thecium being narrow and margined. The sperinogones have the spermatia similar in size to those of Umbilicaria, In several cases the chemical reaction of the medulla with CaCl affords a valu- able aid in the discrimination of spe- cies otherwise with difficulty separable from each other. Fig. 54. Gyrophora cylindrica Ach. — a. 1. G. grisea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 236.— Thallus monophyl- lous, thin, minutely areolato-papillate, somewhat lobed and crenate at the margins, greyish-white or mouse- coloured; beneath finely granuloso- areolate, scabrous, naked or sparingly fibrillose in the centre, blackish or greyish (K^, CaCl~red). Apo- thecia at length convex, immargin ate, gyroso-plicate; spores 0,014-18 Vertical section of thallus.with lateral portion of a spenno- gone, X 200. b. Vertical sec- tion of an apothecium, X30. c. Theca and paraphysis, X300. d. Three spores, X 500. e. Sterigmata and spermatia, X500. GYKOl'HORA.] GYKOTHOREI. 325 mm. long, 0,003-10 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 120 ; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 57o. — Umbilicaria grisea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 147. Umbilicaria varia rj. grisea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 283. Lishsn grixeus Sw. in Westr. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1793, p. 52. Gyrophtra murina Ach. Eng. Bot. t. 2486 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218. Lichen DUhnii With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63. Lichen deustus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455. Lichenoides coriacewn cinereum, pdtis atris compressis Dill. Muse. 219, t. 30. f. 117. Lichenoiles saxatile foliis minus divisis, cinereo-fnscum Dill, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 66. Has its nearest ally in G. hirsuta Ach., which is unknown in this country. It is easily recognized from the allied British species by the colour of the thallus, which is generally monophyllous, and by the cha- racters of its upper and lower surfaces. With us it is not seen fertile. Hub. Oa rock? in maritime districts.— Distr. Found only very sparingly in the Channel Islands and S.W. Englanl (lib. Buddie).— B. SL: Beauport, Island of Jersey. St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol, Gloucestershire. There is also a specimen marked ? Glyder Vawr, N. Wales, where it is not likely to have been gathered. 2. G. proboscilea Ach. Metb, (1803) p. 105.— Thallus mono- phyllous, somewhat thin, nearly moderate or small, crenate or slightly lobed at the margin, reticulato-rugose (especially in the centre), blackish-brown or blackish, greyish-pruinose in the centre ; beneath smooth, naked, pale-greyish or partly dark-greyish (K~, CaCl+reddlsh). Apothecia at first thinly margined and somewhat plane, at length immarginate, convex, gyroso-plicate ; spores 0,012- 18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.— Eng. Bot. t. 2484 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 222 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217 ; Mudd, Man. p. 118. — UmbUicaria probosoidea Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3, p. 147. Lichen proboscideus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 147. Utiibtti- caria varia 6. deusta Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 289. Lichen deustus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 861 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63. Distinguished from allied species by the thallus being more or less reticulato-corrugate on the upper surface, with the rugae more distinct in the centre and less visible towards the circumference, where it is some- times nearly smooth. The thallus is closely appressed to the sub- stratum, thinnish, somewhat rigid and brittle,\arying in other respects as in the forms and variety that follow. It is generally well fertile, with numerous and small, or "fewer and nearly moderate apothecia. The spermogones are rare, with the spermatia about 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and stone walls in upland and subalpine regions. — Distr. Somewhat local in N. Wales, N. England, and in S. Scotland ; general and plentiful amongst the Grampians"; reported also (but doubt- fully) from S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Snow- don", Carnarvonshire ; Cardiganshire ; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lawers and Ben More. Perthshire; Clova, 326 LICHEN ACEl. [GYROPUOKA. Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Lochnagar, near Invercauld, Glen Callater and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire . Form 1. fimbriata Mudd,Man.(1860)p. 118. — Thallus sparingly fibrillose at the margins and on the under surface ; otherwise as above. — Cromb. Grevillea, XY. p. 79. — Umlilicaria proboscidea form Jlmbriata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3, p. ]47. Gyrophora deusta ft. fimbriata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 222. Seems always to grow associated with the type, of which it is probahly to be regarded only as a state, since at times similar conditions occur in the variety. The "fibrillge are usually very few, though occasionally they are more numerous. Hob. On rocks and stone walls in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Local and rare in N. Wales and N. England; more common among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Swinhope Fell, Durham. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinuoch, and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. exasperata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105. — Thallus deeply plicato-corrugate, the plica? crowded, undulate, and subreticulate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79. — Umbilicaria proboscidea var. exasperata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40. GyropTiora de^^sta y. corrugata (Hoffm.), Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 222. Umbilicaria varia 6. deusta c. corrugata Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 290. Gyro- phora proboscidea c. corrngata Mudd, Man. p. 118. Umbilicaria proboscidea f. corrttgata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3, p. 148. — The trivial name corrugata Hoffm. (PI. Lich. (1794) p. 65) has priority ; but I have retained that of Acharius in order to prevent confusion with G. corrugata (Ach.) Nyl. Differs in the very prominent reticulate rugae of the upper surface, which are nearly a line in height, and which " look like a series of erect curled squamules" sometimes developing into small lobules. These occur chiefly towards the centre of the thallus (except in smaller plants), beyond which it is usually very rugose, " almost papillose." To this latter state belongs var. mesenteriformis (non Wulf. nee Schser.), Turn. & Borr. 1. c., Leight. II. cc., Mudd, Man. p. 118. The few British specimens are sparingly fertile. Hob. On rocks and boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Very scarce among the N. Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. ft. deplicans Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 163.— Thallna brown-fuliginous, scarcely greyish in the centre, continuously rugose or rngulose on the upper surface.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. — Umbilicaria proboscidea var. deplicans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 116. Well distinguished from the type by the absence of reticulate plica?. In the few British specimens the under surface and the margins are more or less fibrillose, so that in this respect they are analogous to f GYKOPHOEA.] GYEOPHOREI. 327 briata of the type. It somewhat resembles G. arctica, but at once differs in the smaller and thinner thallus. The apothecia are numerous, though small, in our specimens. Hob. On granite rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Very local and rare among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Head of Glen Callater and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeeushire. 3. G. cylindrica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 1 07.— Thallus monophyl- lous or polyphyllous, moderate or somewhat small, thickish, smooth, sinuato-lobed, greyish or greyish-brown, usually greyish-pruinose, black-fib rillose at the margins ; beneath pale, here and there blackish, more or less fibrillose( medulla K — ,CaCl~). Apothecia at first sessile, plane, then pedicellate, and at length subglobose, gyroso-plicate, thinly margined : spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Mudd, Man. p. 119. — Umbilicaria cylindrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 161, ed. 3, p. 148. Lichin cylindrwus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 148. Gyropliora proboscidea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 219. Umbilicaria varia t. proboscidea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 291. Liclien proboscideus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 551 ; Eng. Bot. t. 522 (two upper figs.) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 65. Lichen crinitus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 360. Lichenoides corneum, marginibus eleganter fimbriatis Dill. Muse. 218, t. 29. f. 116 A. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 95 ; Mudd, n. 88. AVell distinguished from the preceding by the thallus being smooth, paler beneath and ciliate at the margins, as also by the absence of any medullary reaction. It is commonly monophyllous but often also poly- phyllous, very unequally lobed, naked or sometimes covered with a ca?sious pruina. In other respects it is a rather variable plant, giving rise to the forms and varieties that follow. The apothecia are usually numerous, as are also the spermogones, especially in otherwise sterile specimens. Hub. On rocks and boulders from upland to alpine situations. — Distr. .Rather local in the mountainous tracts of W. and N. England and N. Wales ; general and plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland ; local in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Dol^elly and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Glyder Vawr, Carnarvonshire ; Cronkley Scarr, Yorkshire ; Teesdale/ Durham. Ben Lawers and near Aberfeldy, Perth- shire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and near Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Mangerton and Brandon Mts., co. Kerry ; Connavalla, co. Cork. Form 1. denticnlata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 107.— Thallus with the margins lacero-laciniate, coarsely fringed and denticulate ; other- wise as in the type. — Mudd, Man. p. 119. — Umbilicaria cylindrica var. denticulata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162, ed. 3, p. 149. Umbilicaria varia t. proboscidea b. denticulata Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 2, xviii. p. 293. Gyrophora proboscidea p. denticulata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 219. Liclien proboscideus Eng. Bot. t. 522 (two lower figs.). Lichenoides corncum, marginibus clec/anter jimbnatis Dill. Muse. 21 S, t, 29. f. 116 B. 328 LICHENACEI. [GYROPHORA. Differs only in the marginal cilia being coarser, larger, and usually less numerous and scattered. In all probability it was this form Linnaeus had in view when he applied the trivial name of proboscideus , from the resemblance of the bristles (when magnified, as in Eng. Bot. lowest fig.) to the proboscis of the elephant beetle (vide Eng. Fl. I. c.). The apothecia in our specimens are generally but sparingly present. Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine mountainous districts. — Distr. Not very general nor common in W. and N. England, among the Scottish Grampians, and in E. Ireland. — B. M. : Llanberris, Snowdon, and C'arnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Lochnagar and above Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness- shire. Sleive Donard, co. Wicklow. Form 2. denudata Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 119.— Thallus sub- monophyllous or polyphyllous, naked or nearly naked at the margins. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79. — Umbilicaria cylindrical var. denu- data Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162, ed. 3, p. 149. Umbilicaria varia /. proboscidea c. denudata Leight. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 293. Gryrophora proboscidea y. denudata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. (1839) p. 219. Descends apparently from the preceding, from which it differs only in the entire or almost entire absence of marginal cilia. Occasionally, how- ever, one or two very short denticulate cilia are here and there visible, especially when it is more polyphyllous. The thallus is at times some- what rugose ; the apothecia are numerous and occasionally pedicellate. Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions. — Distr. Sparingly in N. Wales, N. England, among the Scottish Grampians, and in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Snowdon, N. Wales; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord, Braemar. Brandon Mt., co. Kerry. Form 3. fimbriata Aeh. Lich. TJniv. (1810) P- 224.— Thallus polyphyllous, shortly and densely black- ciliate at the margins, occa- sionally sparingly fibrillose beneath. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 74. — Umbilicaria cylindrica var. fimbriata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40. Lichen proboscideus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 65. A rather elegant form, which is constantly polyphyllous, and easily recognized by the lobes being densely pannoso-ciliate at the margins. The apothecia are occasionally pedicellate, smaller than in the type, and some- times but slightly plicate. Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly quartzose, in uplard and sub- alpine districts. — Distr. Local and rare in S.W. and N. England , more common among the Scottish Grampians, especially in Braemar. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and near Amulree, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; above Invercauld, Morrone, Loch Phadrig, and head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. /j. Delisei Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 159.— Thallus larger, firmer, sparingly fibrillose or subnaked at the margins ; beneath more or less brownish-hirsuto-rhizinose. Apothecia pcdi- GYROPHORA.] GVKOPHOREI. 329 collate, large, numerous, much gyroso-plicate. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. — Umbilicaria cylindrica var. Delisei Despr. fide Nyl. Lich. IScand. (1861) p. 117. A well-marked variety, distinguished by the characters of the thallus and of the apothecia. In the few British specimens seen the thallus is thick, shortly fibrillose or nearly quite naked at the margins, beneath of a somewhat 'pale pink colour and rhizinose, especially towards the cir- cumference. The apothecia are large, crowded, and much gyroso-plicate. Hob. On rocks and boulders in alpine places. — Disfr. Only on the summits of two of the loftiest Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Ben-naboord, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Tar. y. tornata Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 157.— Thallus polyphyllous, complicate, more or less rugose on the upper surface ; lobes congested, ascending, undulate, crisp, naked or subnaked at the margins. — Gyrophora tornata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 222, t. 2. f. 13. Gyrophora proboscidea $. exasperata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 219. Umbilicaria varia i. probosddea d. exasperata Leight. Ann. Mag. TsTat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 294. Gyrophora cylindrica d. exasperata Mudd, Man. p. 119. Umbilicaria cylindrica form exasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 1 62, ed. 3, p. 149. Characterized by the smaller, subeffuse, polyphyllous thallus and the congested ascending lobes, which are nearly naked at the margins. In the British specimens the apothecia, which are small, are but rarely present. Hub. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions. — Distr. Very sparingly in W. and N. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : 'Falcon Glints, Teesdale, Durham. Cairn Turc, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. 4. G. erosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 103.— Thallus monophyllous, thin, rigid, rugose, densely cribrose, erose or eroso-laciniate at the margins, olive-brown or brownish-black ; beneath naked, usually thinly granulose, pale-brown (K~, CaCl~). Apothecia somewhat prominent, at first plane and thinly margined, at length convex and immarginate, gyroso-plicate ; spores 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79 (pro parte). — Lichen erosus Weber, Spic. Fl. Gott. (1778) p. 259. — Gyrophora erosa of other British authors belongs entirely to the following species. Easily known by the peculiar reticulato-perforate upper surface and the usually finely lacero-laciuiate margins of the thallus. It is also generally marked above by flexuose anastomosing black, indented lines, whence it appears as if insculpt with rivulose sutures. The apothecia are small, numerous, at first but very slightly, afterwards more plicate. Hab. On rocks in alpine regions. — Distr. Very local and rare on one or two of the higher Scottish Grampians. — B. M. : Lochnagar, Morrone, and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5. G. torrefacta Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 74.— Thallus monophyllous, some\vhat thickish, plicato-rugosc, scarcely cribrose, 330 LICHENACEI. [orKOPHOEA. usually little or non-eroso-laciniate at the margins, olive-brown or brownish-black ; beneath lacunulose or trabeculose, granulose, more or less fibrillose, pale-brownish (K(CaCl)~ ^j^). Apothecia and spores as in the preceding species. — Lichen torrefactus Lightf. FL Scot. ii. (1777) p. 862 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62. Umbilicctria erosa var. torrida (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41. Gyrophora erosa Eng. Bot. t. 2066 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 229 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Mudd, Man. p. 117. Umbilicaria erosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 158, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia e. erosa Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 284. Lichen polyrhizos Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455. Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peltis atris ver- rucosis Dill. Muse. 118, t. 30. f. 118. — Brit. Exs. : Bohl. n. 19. This has often either been confounded with or regarded as a variety of G. erosa, to which it is closely allied. It differs, however, in the cha- racters of the upper and lower surfaces of the thallus, as also in the reaction of the medulla. For these reasons it has been raised to specific rank by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 387, s. n. Umbilicaria torrida (Ach.), Nyl.). Where the plant is abundant, the thallus is sometimes more or less deeply laciniato-divided at the circumference (form siibdtvideiis Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273), and the lacunoso-trabeculose and fibrillose under surface is aptly compared in Eng. Bot. to " shavings." The apo- thecia are numerous, becoming when old large and beautifully gyroso- plicate, almost as in G. polyrrhiza. Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions. — Distr. General and common in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Walkhampton and Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Cader Idris and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvon- shire ; Swinhope Fell, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Goatfell, Island of Arran; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Katelaw and Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney Mts. and Mangerton, co. Kerry ; Curslieve, co. Mayo ; Doughruagh Mts., co. Galway. 6. G. hyperborea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105. — Thallus mono- phyllous, moderate, thin, unequal, papuloso-rugose, more or less lacerate at the margins, olive-brown or blackish-brown ; beneath glabrous, sublacunoso-unequal, blackish or brownish-black, usually somewhat greyish (K~, CaCl^red). Apothecia at first simple, lirellfcform, at length gyroso-complicate ; spores 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 227; Mudd, Man. p. 117. — Umbilicaria hyperborea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia y. hyper- borea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 282. Lichen hyperboreus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1794, p. 89, t. 2. f. 2. Lichen pullus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 23. Lichen Jacquini With. ? Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62. GYROmOKA.] GYEOPIIOKEI. 331 A very distinct species having a general resemblance to G. erosa, but differing in the upper surface being papuloso-rugulose and imperforate, and in the lower being darker, egranulose, and lacunose. It is also fur- ther separated by the reaction of the medulla. It is usually fertile, the apothecia being numerous and very variable according to age. Hab. On rocks and large boulders in alpine situations. — Distr. Not yet with certainty gathered, except on a few of the higher Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M. : Ben More, Breadalbane, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Lochaber, Inver- ness-shire. 7. G. arctica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 106, t. 2. f. 6.— Thallus mono- phyllous, moderate or somewhat large, thick, rigid, slightly lobed, irregularly crenate and reflexed at the margins, crowdedly grannlato- corrugate, brownish or blackish-brown, often pale greyish ; beneath minutely granulato-rimulose, pale, blackish in the centre (K~, CaCl T j). Apothecia at length convex, gyroso-complicate ; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.— Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit, p. 225 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2485 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477. — Qyrophora proboscidea ft. arctica Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217. GyropJwra hyperborea ft. arctica Mudd, Man. p. 117. Umbilicaria arctica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 ; Leight. Lich. El. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia $. arctica Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 283. Lichenoides atrum, Corii Persici instar exasperatum Dill. Muse. 220, t. 30. f. 119. By some authors (as subsequently by Acharius himself, Syn. p. 65) this has been regarded only as a variety of G. proboscidea ; while others have viewed it as being a variety rather of G. hyperborea, with which it agrees in the reaction of the medulla. From both of these, however, it is sufficiently separated by the characters of the thallus to entitle it to specific rank. The few British specimens are only of moderate size, though sufficiently typical. With us the apothecia are extremely rare, and have only once been met with. Hab. On rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Found only with certainty on one or two of the Scottish Grampians in Braemar. — B. M. : Ben- naboord, Aberdeenshire. 8. G. polyphylla Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 214.— Thallus monophyllous or polyphyllous, small or moderate, somewhat rigid, smooth or subsmooth, irregularly lobed, black or brownish-black ; beneath naked, smooth, black (K~, CaClT f reddish^ Apothecia small, at first plane, thinly margined, at length convex, immar- ginate, only slightly gyroso-plicate ; spores 0,013-18 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217 ; Mudd, Man. p. 116, t. ii. f. 36 ; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 576. — GyropTiora (jlabra ft. polypliylla Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41. Umbilicaria polyphiilla Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 155, ed. 3, p. 143. Umbilicaria varia a. polyphylla Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 278. Lichen poly- phyllus Linn. Sp. PL (1753) p. 1150; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 863 ; With. Nat, 1 Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 65 : Eng. 332 I.ICHENACEI. [GYROPHOHA. Bot. t. 1282. Lichenoides tenue pullum, foliis utrinque glabris Dill. Muse. 225, t. 30. f. 129.— Brit. Exs, : Leight. n. 313; Mtidd, n. 87; Larb. Lich. lib. n. 331. A rather variable plant in its manner of growth, whence different states have been regarded by authors as more or less distinct varieties. In nature, it is originally monophyllous, consisting of a single small peltate leaf (form monophyua Turn. & Borr. /. c. ; Leight. //. cc.), which subse- quently becomes more or less lobed and polyphyllous. Sometimes the lobes become deeply divided and lacerate at the margins (form lacera Leif-ht. Lich. Fl. p". 150, iii. p. 144; Mudd, Man. p. 116; Cromb. Enum. p. 41). At other times the upper surface is occasionally marked by a few undulating cracks with black interstices (form sulcata Turn. & Borr. I. c. ; Leight. Lich. Fl. //. cc). Both of these, however, are but mere states, and may be seen in the same specimen, so that they are not entitled to be regarded as distinct forms. The apothecia seem to be extremely rare in Great Britain. Hob. On rocks, boulders, and walls in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous regions of Great Britain ; apparently rare in those of E. Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near St. Clear, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Cader Idris, Cellfawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire; Ingleby and Battersby Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; between Hyshope and Wasterly, Durham ; Kentmere, West- moreland ; near Wallington, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire ; Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire ; Ben Lawers, near Tummel Bridge, and Craig-y-Barns, Duukeld, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Clova Mts., and Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Morrone, and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenslrire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Luggelaw, co. Wicklow. Form 1. glabra Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Gee. 1876, p. 212.— Thallus larger, monophyllous, somewhat firm, slightly rugulose, the margin undulate and unequally inciso-lobed. — Uyropkom glabra Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41. Lichen glaber Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 144 pro parte. Lichen anthracinus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 19 ; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63. Differs in the rather thicker, less smooth, and larger thallus (2-3 in. broad), which is not polyphyllous, though more or less lobed at the cir- cumference. Elsewhere the normally brownish-black colour of the thallus merges into greyish (leaden-black), but this is not visible in our few British specimens. With us it is always sterile. Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland mountainous districts. — Distr. Seen only sparingly among the Grampians, Scotland, and in E. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Loch Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lough Bray, near Dublin. Form 2. congregata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 214. — Thallus very small, the lobes clustered and curled, with the margins erect or reflexed, entire or lacerate. — Cromb. Grevillea xv. p. 79. — Umbilicaria polyphylla form congregata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156, ed. 3, p. 144. Umbilicaria varia a.polyphylla b. congregate Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p* 279.— Brit. L\vs. : Leight. n. 65. GYROPIIORA.] GYROPHOREI. 333 A small form with the thallus pulvinate, polyphyllous, and the lobes nu- merous, congested, and variable at the margins. It is connected with the type by intermediate states, and is but rarely seen in its more charac- teristic form. Apparently it never occurs in fruit. Hab. On rocks in upland mountainous tracts. — Distr. Found only (in a typical state) in W. and N. England. — B. M. : Arcoll Hill, Caer Ca- radoc, and The Wrekin, Shropshire ; Ilowden Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 9. G. flocculosa Turn. & Borr.Lich. Br. (1839) p. 217.— Thallus monophyllous or polyphyllous. moderate or small, thin, opaque, sub- smooth, or obsoletely papuloso-unequal, often more or less squamu- lose, reflexed at the margins, olive-black or blackish-brown, black furfuraceo-floccose ; beneath naked, subconcolorous, lacunose or im- presso-punctate (K ~, CaCl~recl). Apothecia plane, thinly margined, at length convex, immarginate, usually only slightly complicate ; spores sometimes slightly curved, 0,018-27 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79. — Gyrophora polyphylla ft. floc- culosa Mudd, Man. p. 110. Umbilicaria flocculosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156, ed. 3, p. 144. Umbilicaria varia ft. flocculosa Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 280, t. x. f. 4. Lichen flocculosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii. (1789) p. 99, t, i. f. 2. Gi/rophora deusta (Linn.) Eng. Bot. t. 2483 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 478. — Brit. Exs. : Leight, n. 219. Though generally regarded as a variety of the preceding, the different characters of the thallus and the larger spores render it as distinct a species as most of the others in the genus. It may at once be recognized by the peculiar flocculose and usually more or less squamulose upper surface of the thallus, which is sometimes paler in colour, lacunose beneath (form brotera, Ach. Meth. p. 103), and occasionally in old plants becomes subcribrose at the margins. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great Britain, and are sparingly visible only in one or two specimens. Hab. On rocks and walls in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Rather local in W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Whitwick Rocks, Leicestershire ; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Cader Idris and Cellfawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Eglestone, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova, Forf.irshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. 10. G. polyrrhiza Krb. Par. (1859) p. 41.— Thallus monophyllous or subpolyphyllous, small or nearly moderate, smooth, unequally lobed, crenate and undulate at the margins, greenish-copper-coloured ; beneath black, papilloso-graiiulose, reticulate, densely fibrilloso- pannose (K~, CaCll^reddish). Apothecia at first simple, orbicular or lirellaeform, plane, immarginate, becoming at length convex and very much gyroso-complicate : spores 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 119. — Umbilicaria polyrrJiiza Cromb. Lich. 334 LICHENACEI. [GTROPHORA. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 159, ed. 3, p. 146. LicJien pnlyr- rhizos Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1151; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 864; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 64. Gyrophora pellita Ach., Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 240 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 42 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 219 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155. Liclien pettifog Eng. Bot. t. 931. Lichen velleus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454. Lichenoides pullum superne glabrnm, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 226, t. 30. f. 130.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 89. Somewhat similar to G. polyphyllit, but differs at once in the black hirsute fibi'illae of the under surface. The upper is somewhat shining, and is occasionally sprinkled with a few small, irregular tufts of black fibres. The apotkeeia, which are very rare in this country, are finely gyroso-complicate, resembling, as stated in Sm. Eng. Fl. I. c., " the finest and most beautiful filagree-work." Hub. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in W., N. England, and N. Wales; general and plentiful among the Scottish Grampians ; rare in E. Ireland (co. Wicklow). — B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall; Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire ; Cwrn Bychan and near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ay ton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; Aberfeldy, Amul- ree and Glenshee, Perthshire ; Cortachy and Clova, Forfarshire ; Loch- nagar, Loch Phadrig. Glen Callater, and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; near Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis, and Ben Ferrog, Inverness-shire. Form luxurians Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 159.— Thallus polyphyllous, lohulate or somewhat laciniatc and crisp at the margins, beneath subnaked. — Cromb. Grevillca xv. p. 79. — Umbili- caria polyrrhiza var. luxurians Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 147. Gyrophora pellita /3. luxurians Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 228. As its trivial name denotes, this is a more luxuriant state of the type, •with the thallus more divided, the lobes often much congested, crisp at the margins, and much less (or scarcely) fibrillose on the under surface. It is not seen fertile. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and stone walls in mountainous districts. — Distr. Only in S.W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland. — B.M. : Walkhampton and Sharpitor, S. Devon. Ben Lawers and near Tummel Bridge, Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness -shire. PLACODEI. 335 Series T. Placodei Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. vii. (1355) p. 175. Thallus variously crustaceous, sometimes evanescent, rarely en- tirely wanting ; medullary layer, when present, usually cretaceous. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine or biatorine, or lirellaeform ; para- pbyses discrete or coherent, rarely not distinct. Spermogones with various sterigmata and spermatia. — Placodece Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 13. A very extensive series comprehending by far the largest number of Lichens. It is very variable in the characters of the thallus and fructifi- cation, though the tribes of which it is composed are in both these respects related to each other by connecting links. The less developed thallus, the absence of a distinctly filarnentose medullary layer, and the inferior type of the apothecia distinguish it from the preceding series. The thallus is rarely hypophloeodal, and the apothecia are rarely parasitic. Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEEI Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 458. Thallus crustaceous ; laciniate, squamose, granulose or pulveru- lent, sometimes but little visible, occasionally absent ; internally rarely entirely cellular, containing gonidia, rarely gonimia ; hypo- thallus more or less distinct. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine or biatorine, occasionally difform. Spermogones with jointed or simple sterigmata. This comprises the numerous species of the Lecanorei and Lecidcei, formerly in the Nylanderiau arrangement regarded as distinct tribes. They are now, however, more naturally united into a single tribe from the circumstance that in some instances lecanorine apothecia are not to be distinguished from lecideine ; while in certain cases normally biatorine apothecia occur in species otherwise entirely referable to the Lecanorei. The tribe is primarily divided into six subtribes (one of which, Ifeppiei, does not occur in Great Britain), differing from each other in the fructifi- cation. Subtribe I. PANNASIEfSyl. Flora, 1882, p. 458. Thallus squamulose or granulose, rarely monophyllous, cellular in texture, containing gouimia, which are usually somewhat inonili- form. Apothecia either lecanorine or biatorine, rarely lecideine ; spores 8nse, colourless, simple or variously septate ; paraphyses discrete, often thickish, generally articulate. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata. A subtrihe well characterized by the structure of the thallus. Since it contains gonimia it holds much the same position in this as the Feltiycrci in the preceding series, though the texture is otherwise very different. 56. PANNARIA Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 606 ; Kyi. emend. Flora, 1879, p. 360. — Thallus laciniately divided or squa- mulose. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, simple ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia somewhat short, cylindrical, slightly thickened and obtuse at either apex. 336 LICIIKXACET. [PAXXAHIA. Owing to the separation of the following genus formerly included in it, this is now much better limited both in the character of the thallus and of the apothecia. Most of the species are exotic ; but, with a few ex- ceptions, those which are European occur in this country. Fig. 55. Pannaria rvbiginosa Del.— a. Vertical seclion of thallus with hypothalline filaments, X 200. b. A theca and paraph y sea, X 350. c. Spores, xf>00. d. Jointed steriginata and spermatio, x500. 1. P. rubiginosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1803) p. 006.— Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, smooth, laciniate at the cir- cumference, livid-glaucous or pale ; laciuiae somewhat plane, inciso- lobulate and crenate, crenulate and silvery- white at the margins ; hypothallus spongioso-tomentose, bluish-black. Apothecia mode- rate, plane, red or reddish-brown, the thalline margin crenulate, silvery- white ; spores ellipsoid, often somewhat acuminate at the apices, 0,017-30 mm. long, 0,006-0,011 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 122 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 164, ed. 3, p. 150.— Parmelia ru- biginosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53. Par- melia jilumbea ft. affiuis Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen rubiginosus Thunb. Fl. Cap. (1794) p. 176. tiquamaria affinis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 196. Lichen affinis Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 24, t. 12. f. 6 ; Eng. Bot. t. 983.— 5rt*. Exs. : Leight. n. 234 ; Cromb. n. 53 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 11. A rather beautiful plant, well marked by the silvery-white margins of the laciuifle and by the bluish-black hypothallus. In the centre the PANNARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 337 thallus is often squamoso-imbricate, and at the circumference the laciniee are approximate and radiating. The apothecia are chiefly central, nume- rous and crowded, becoming larger and deformed in age, with the margin at length flexuose. Hob. On the trunks of old trees, rarely among mosses on walls and rocks, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and usually plentiful in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably also of Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Appuldurcombe, Isle o*f Wight ; near Totnes, S. Devon ; Bocconoc and near Respring, Cornwall ; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Teesdale and Eglestone Woods, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Keswick and Ennerdale, Cumberland. Inverary, Head of Loch Awe and Appin, Ar- gyleshire ; Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Glen Falloch and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie Falls, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron and Old Dromore, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. caeruleo-badia Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 122.— Thallus coesio-pulverulent towards the centre, bluish-white ; laciniae pulve- rulent at the margins. Apothecia small, appressed, the thalline margin pulverulent; spores 0,016-0,020 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thecae at length wine-reddish) with iodine. — Leight, Lich. Fl. p. 164, ed. 3, p. 151.— Lichen cteruleo-badius Schl. Cent. 2 (1805), n. 71. Pannaria rubiginosa var. conoplcea (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42. Parmelia plumbea y. tumescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 54 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 11. Looks almost a distinct species, but is connected with the type by in- termediate states. It is, however, in its most characteristic form, well distinguished by the densely granuloso-pulverulent (in old plants sore- diate) thallus, with the laciniae often visible only at the immediate cir- cumference. With us it is rarely fertile, and, even when present, the apothecia are few and scattered. Hob. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, W. Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Charlton Forest, Kent; bt. Leonard's Forest, and Black Down, Sussex ; Newton Bushell, and near South Brent, Devonshire ; Withiel, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire ; Teesdale Forest, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Aberfeldy, and Den of Rechip, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Glenfernes, Nairnshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Kil- larney, co. Kerry. 2. P. brunnea Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1853) p. 324 ; Lich. Scand. p. 123. — Thallus suborbicular, granulato-squamulose, cervine or greyish-brown ; squamules small, crenate, densely imbricate ; hypothallus thin, arachnoid, greyish-white. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, plane, red-testaceous or reddish-brown, the thalline margin crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,015-28 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bright-blue, then sordid- bluish with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 124, t. ii. f. 37 ; Cromb. Lich. 338 LICHENACEI. [PANNAKIA. Brit. p. 42. — Lecanora brtmnea Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51. Psoroma brunneum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446. Lichen brunneus Sw. N. Act. Upsal. iv. (1784) p. 247; Eng. Bot. t. 1246. Lecidea coronata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 182 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 127. Pan- naria pezizoides (Weber), Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165, ed. 3, p. 151. Lichen pezizoides Weber, Spicil. (1778) p. 200, seems doubtfully referable to this species, but denotes rather the following. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, D. 90 ; Cromb. n. 55 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 14. Easily recognized from its British allies by the thallus and apothecia. The thallus is occasionally somewhat extended, and varies in colour ac- cording to the substratum and exposure. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming somewhat flexuose, and vary in colour like the thallus. When growing on mosses in shady situations, it is csesio-greyish with the squamules less imbricate and with paler apothecia ; it is then Lichen coronatus Ach. Prodr. p. 75 ; Pannaria brunnea var. coronata Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42 ; cfr. Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 32. At hi^h altitudes again it is much darker in colour (as are also the apothecia) with the hypothallus blackish. Hab. On the ground and among rocks on decayed mosses, seldom on semiputrid stumps, in upland, rarely in alpine situations. — Distr. General and not uncommon in maritime and mountainous districts of Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Dolgelly, Barmouth, and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Gwydir and Glyder Vawr, Car- narvonshire ; Battersby Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland ; Wrhitehaven, Cumberland ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Roslin Castle, Midlothian ; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine aud Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Den of Rechip, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie and Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Brandon Mt., Turk Mt., Cromaglown and Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 3. P. nebulosa Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1853) p. 324 ; Lich. Scand. p. 125. — Thallus indeterminate, thinly granuloso-crustose, greyish or dark caesio-greyish ; granules imbricato-congested, crenate. Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, crowned with the granulose thallus, red or reddish-brown, internally pale-whitish ; spores ellipsoid or fusiformi-oblong, 0,015-24 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish and then wine-red with iodine.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 168, ed. 3, p. 153.— Psora nebulosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 166. Pannaria brunttea var. coronata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 166, ed. 3, p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 124. Lichen pezizoides Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. p. 10, t. 2. f. 4 ; With. Arr. iv. p 21 ; Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2801. Lecanora coronata Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. n. 151, is only the type with paler margin of the apothecia (vide Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 32). — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 235 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 26 ; Lich. Hb. n. 13. Distinguished from the preceding b}T the colour of the granulose crus- taceous thallus and by the smaller spores. The thallus sometimes spreads extensively, is but loosely coherent and very friable. The apothecia, which are usually numerous, are superficial or innate, becoming at length PA XX ARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 339 convex and often with the thalline margin obliterated (form btatoroidea Cronib. Grevillea, xviii. p. 42). Hob. On earth-covered walls and hedge-banks, rarely on decaying stumps, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, here and there through- out England ; scarce in N. Wales, Scotland, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Quenvais and St. Brelade's Bay, Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark, Guernsey, and Alderney. North Wootton, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; St. Germains, Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall ; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hay Forest, Here- fordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Egle- stone, Durham ; near Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Tay and Killin, Perthshire. Co. Cork. 4. P. Hookeri Xyl. Mem. Soc. Chcrb. v. (1857) p. 109 ; Syn. ii. p. 32. — Thallus radioso-crustaceous, appressed, greyish or greyish- brown, granuloso-corrugate in the centre, radiately lineato-plicate or only lobulato-effigurate at the circumference ; hypothallus thin, black. Apothecia nearly moderate, plane, black or blackish, in- ternally pale, the thalline margin usually crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,014-15 mm. long, about 0,009 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-red with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 125 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43. — Lecanora Hookeri Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51. Lichen Hookeri Eng. Bot. xxxii. (L811) t. 2283. Pannaria leuco- lepi* Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165, ed. 3, p. 151. Squamaria leucolepis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 267. An interesting species well characterized by the colours of the thallus and apothecia,, as also by the nature of its habitat. The thallus when perfect is orbicular, placodioid, sometimes leaden-greyish, with the hypo- thallus little visible and at length evanescent. It is usually well fertile, with numerous, crowded apothecia, which in old plants are entirely black. Hab. On rnicaceo-schistose rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Very local and rather scarce on the summits of a few of the S. Grampians, Scotland ; reported also by Leighton, but very doubtfully, from N.W. Ireland (Con- nemara, co. Galway). — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Mael Graedha and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. Yar. /3. leucolepis Nyl. Syn. ii. (1870) p. 33. — Thallus squamu- lose, greyish-white or lurid-greyish ; squamules subimbricate, sub- creuate, sometimes slightly striate towards the circumference. Apothecia black, the thalline margin subentire or at length subcre- nate; spores about 0,015-19 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43. Usually confounded with the type by British and other authors, but distinguished by the less developed thallus and by the size of the spores. The apothecia also are fewer, with the thalline margin less crenulate. Hab. On decaying mosses upon rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce on the summit of one of the S. Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 340 LICHENACEI. [PANIOJLARIA. P annular ia nigra Njl. — a. Vertical section of a young apotheeiurn, X30. 6. A theca and paraphysis, X350. e. Spores, X500. d. Tri- septate spores of P. psotina Nyl., X500. 57. PANNULARIA Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360, Z. c. 1882, p. 458. • — Thallus squamulose or granulose. Apothecia biatorine, rarely lecideine : spores 8nse, ellipsoid or oblong, simple or variously sep- tate, colourless ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia as in the preceding genus, but sometimes shorter. Differs from Pannaria in the less developed thallus and the different type of the apothecia, though occasionally these have a lecanoroid appearance. In some respects it might not inappropriately be re- ferred to the subtribe of the Lecideei, but its true affinities are ratherwith Pannaria. 1. P. lepidiota Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336. — Thallus microlepideo-squa- mulose, lurid, lurid-brown or cervine ; squamules moderate, imbricato-congested, firm, crenu- late, often ascending at the margin, whitish beneath, more congested, smaller and granulato-crenulate in the centre. Apothecia biatorine, nearly moderate, plane or convex, dark-red or brown, internally pale- whitish ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0.008-12 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine at first faintly bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43. — Lecidea carnosa ft. lepidiota Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 174. Liclienoides granosum iubglaucum, tuberculis planis nigricantibus Dill. Muse. 544, t. 82. f. 2. Looks as if intermediate between Pannaria rubiyinosa var. /3 and the following species, but is separated from the former by the biatorine apo- thecia, and from the latter by the more developed thallus and the larger rres. The thallus in its more typical state is pulvinato-acervulate with squamules thickish and granulato-cvenate ; but it is often for the greater part granulose and lurid-csesious in the centre. The apothecia are elsewhere sometimes crowned with the thalline granules, and thus have a lecanoroid aspect. The only British specimen seen is sparingly fertile. Hob. Overspreading decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the S. Grampians, Scot- land.— B. M. : Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 2. P. microphylla Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336.— Thallus subdeterminate, squamuloso-crustaceous, areolato-diffract, cervine or livid-grey ; squamules minute, crenate, closely imbricate, often whitish at the margins ; hypothallus brownish-black. Apo- thecia small, biatorine, usually convex, brownish or reddish, intern- PANNTJLARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 341 ally pale or whitish ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine somewhat bluish and then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xiii. p. 43. — Pannaria microphylla Mudd, Man. p. 123 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 166, ed. 3, p. 152. Lichen microphyttus Sw. Vet Ak. Handl. (1791) p. 301. Lichen escharoides Eng. Bot. t. 1247 ? Le- cidea coronata ft. escharoides Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 182. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Csesar. n. 71 ; Lich. Hb. n. 89. Closely allied, as already intimated, to the preceding, but with an in- ferior type of thallus and smaller spores. The thallus is often effuse, and at times forms a thickish diffract crust. The apothecia are either scat- tered or approximate, somewhat plane or usually convex, rarely in a young state lecanoroid. Hnb. On rocks, seldom on the ground, in maritime districts. — Distr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the S.W. High- lands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.— B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Sark and Guernsey. Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Connernara, co. Galway. Form cheilea Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 43. — Thallus dark-cervine, the squamules concolorous at the margins. Apothecia subinnato-sessile, somewhat plane, crowned by the thallus ; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, spuriously 1-septate. — Pannaria microphylla var. cheilea Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 35. Pannaria cheilea Nyl. in Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 155. Massalongia cheilea Mudd, Man. p. 126. Differs from darker states of the type in the margins of the squamules not being whitish, in the apothecia being lecanoroid, though often at length biatorine, and in the spuriously septate spores. It is scarcely, ac- cording to Nylander in litt.jto be considered as a distinct variety, but only as a form. Hob. On damp schistose rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Loch Creran, Barcaldiue, Argyleshire. Western Blasquet Island and Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry; Kilkee, co. Clare. 3. P. triptophylla Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336. — Thallus thinly microlepideo-granulose or minutely and crowdedly coralloideo-squamulose, greyish-brown or leaden-greyish ; bypo- thallus bluish-black or blackish. Apothecia biatorine, small, plane or convex, brown or reddish-brown, usually paler at the margin, internally brownish-black ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,012-19 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; hymeuial gelatine intensely bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 58. — Pannaria triptophylla Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 167, ed. 3, p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 123 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42. Lepidoma triptophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 462. Lee-idea microphylla Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41. Placodium micro- phyllum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198. Fannelia plunibea ?. microphylla 342 LICHEN ACEI. [PANNTTLAKIA. Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen microphyllus Eng. Bot. t. 2128. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 153. Externally subsimilar to P. mtcrophyUa, but differs in the less firm, squarnulose thallus, and more especially in the infuscate hypothecium. It forms a thin or thinnish crust, with the squamules at first plane and adnate on the hypothallus, becoming at length granulose and diffract, the Suamules being visible only at the immediate circumference. The allus varies somewhat in colour according to situation, becoming more or less blackish, whence form niyricans Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 3, p. 153. The apothecia are scattered and occasionally darker in colour, but are seldom present in our specimens. Hub. On the trunks of old trees in wooded upland districts. —Dist.r. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the mountainous tracts of W. Britain and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Lydford, Ilustyn's Wood, and Lyuton, Devonshire; St. Breock, Cornwall; Barmouth, Cwm Bychan, and Harlech, Merionethshire ; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea. Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Inverary, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyieshire ; Crianla- rich, Loch Katrine, and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Iloss-shire. Glen Bower W^oods and GlengarifF, co. Cork; Turk Mt. and Dinish, Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. /3. incrassata Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 389. — Thallus thick, densely coralloideo-stipate, brownish-black ; hypothallus spongioso-rhizinose. Apothecia very rare, convex, brownish-black. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Pannaria tripto- phi/lla var. incrassata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 124. Pannaria lasitlla Stirt. Scot. Nat. iv. p. 164. Distinguished by the darker, much thicker thallus (4-6 mm. thick), and by the peculiar hypothallus. It has only recently been met with in a fertile condition. Hob. On the trunks of old ash trees, rarely on mossy ground among rocks, in upland wooded districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the S.W. Highlands, and among the S. andN. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Glen Creran, Barcaldine, Argyieshire (frt.) ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth- shire. 4. P. nigra Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Gcs. 1882, p. 336.— Thallus subdeterminate, minutely coralloicleo-granuloso-crustaceous, usually diffracto-areolate, thinnish, dark-greyish-black, brownish- black or black ; hypothallus bluish-black. ' Apothecia lecideine, small, plane or slightly convex, black, internally pale-whitish, the margin entire, concolorous ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate (or simple and oleoso-locular), 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hypo- thecium brownish-black, paraphyses thick ; hymenial gelatine deep- bluish and then dark-violet with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 58. — Pannaria nigra Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 168, ed. 3, p. 154. Lecothecium nig rum Mass., Mudd, Man. p. 175 pro parte. Collema nigrum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 207 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 107. Placyiiihium nigrum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 395. Lichen niger Huds. Fl. Angl. ii. (1778) p; 524 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 10 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1161.— Brit. Kvs. : Leight. n. 366. PANNULAKIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 343 Allied to P. triptophylla, of which it has sometimes been considered as a variety; but it is specifically distinct by the less developed thallus, the typo of the apothecia, and by the spores not being definitely simple. The thallus, which forms a crowdedly diffracto-areolate crust, at times sub- ramuloso-divided, is normally determinate, and is very distinctly limited by a broad, conspicuous hypothallus. Occasionally it is of a dark-brownish colour, as are also the apothecia, whence var. /3 fuscum (Hepp.) Mudd, Man. /. c. The apothecia are numerous, scattered or approximate, sometimes becoming convex with evanescent margin. Hab. On calcareous rocks, mortar of walls and flint pebbles, in mari- time, lowland, and upland tracts. — Distr. General aud common through- out Great Britain, and no doubt also in Ireland ; rarer in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Gorey, Island of Jersey. Shiere, Surrey; Glynde, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, and Paington, S. Devon ; St. Minver, Cornwall ; near Cromford and Buxton, Derby- shire ; near Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Bathampton Down?, Somersetshire ; Llanymynech Hill and Bridgenorth, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire ; Eglestone. Durham ; Levens, Westmoreland ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. Subsp. P. psotina Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia internally pale ; spores occasionally 3-septate (the septa thin) ; hypothecium almost entirely colourless (or partly pale-brownish). — Pannaria nigra subsp. psotina Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133. P. psotina Leight. Lich. PL ed. 3, p. 156. Pannaria nigra var. psotina Ach.,Jide Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 126. Lecothecium nigrum Mudd, Man. p. 175 pro parte, t. iii. f. 65 (middle fig.).— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 144. Differs in the internal colour of the apothecia and in the spores being rarely triseptate. In our specimens the thallus is subeffuse, with the hypothallus rather narrow and at times little visible. In Flora, 187(3, p. 239, Nylander seems inclined to regard it as a proper species. Hab. On mortar of walls and calcareous rocks in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. Only here and there in England and the Channel [slands ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Eastbourne, Sussex ; near the Horse, Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Bilsdale, Yorkshire. Hexham, Northumberland ; White- haven, Cumberland. 5. P. triseptata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44. — Thallus subdeterminate, granuloso-crustaceous, diffracto-areolate, brownish-black; hypothallus blackish, not very distinct. Apo- thecia lecideine, small, thinly margined, black or dark-reddish- brown, internally whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick ; hypothecium blackish or brown ; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Pannaria nigra var. triseptata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 126 ; Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. p. 125 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43, subsp. trissptata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171. 344 LICHENACEI. [PANNULABIA. Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs at once in the determi- nately 3-septate and larger spores. At first sight it looks almost like Pteryyium pannariellum, but it is not distinctly radiate at the circum- ference, and is more definitely separated by the presence of a more or less visible hypothallus. The apothecia are rather scattered and not numerous in the British specimens. Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in subalpine and alpine regions. — Distr. Only sparingly among the S. and Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. 6. P. melantera Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.— Thallus effuse, diffracto-squamose, black, beneath bluish-black ; squamules thickish, minutely papillose. Apothecia small, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, the margin shining ; spores oblong, 1-3-septate or simple, 0,03-0,045 mm. long, 0,0045-0,005 mm. thick ; hypo- tbecium brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish, thethecse tawny with iodine. — Pannaria melantera Stirt. Scot. Nat. 1879, p. 16 : Leight. Lich. n. ed. 3, p. 544. Said by Dr. Stirton, I.e., to be similar to P. dolichotera Nyl.. a Scandi- navian plant, but with longer spores. Evidently it would differ also, ac- cording to the diagnosis given, in the more squamose thallus and the distinct hypothallus. In the absence, however, of any specimen, I regard it as a doubtful species (probably only subsp. P. psotina), Hab. On mica-schist rocks in an (?) alpine situation. — Distr. Found only on the S. Grampians, Scotland (Ben Lawers, Perthshire). 7. P. carnosa Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 62.— Thallus sub- determinate, squamuloso-lobed, livid- or cervine-brown ; lobes variously divided or crenato-incised, imbricate or ascending and congested, usually granuloso-crenate at the margins, whitish beneath ; hypothallus brownish-black, evanescent. Apothecia biatorine, small or slightly concave, reddish-brown or dark-red, the margin paler ; spores oblong, oblon go-fusiform or rarely ellipsoid, simple or obso- letely 1-septate, 0,016-31 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine yellow (the apices of the thecas deep bluish) with iodine. — Pannaria carnosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 155. Massa- longia carnosa Mudd, Man. p. 126, t. ii. f. 39. Lichen carnosus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. (1790) p. 21, t. vi. f. 7 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 33 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1684. Pannaria muscorum (Ach.) Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 43. Squamaria muscorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Lecanora muscorum Hook. Fl. Soot. ii. p. 51 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139. Psoroma muscorum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 154; Leight. n. 393. Readily recognized from other British species by the colour of the more distinctly squamulose thallus and by the variable narrow spores. The thallus is thinnish, usually spreading somewhat extensively over the sub- stratum, but at times smaller, determinate, and bordered by the hypo- thallus. The apothecia are generally small and numerous, sometimes fewer and moderate, with the spores occasionally obsoletely brownish. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in maritime and moun- tainous districts. — Distr. Local, though plentiful, in S.W., "W., and N. PANNULARIA.] LECAIfO-LECIDEEI. 345 England, N. Wales ; more general among the Grampians, Scotland ; rare in E. Ireland. — B. M. : Near South Brent, Devonshire ; Penzance, Corn- wall ; Cader Idris, Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan, and Barmouth, Merioneth- shire ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Foot of Ben More, Glen Lochay, and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire ; Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Kippure Mts., co. Dublin. Yar. j3. deterininata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44. — Thallus microphylline, paler, livid, crenato-lobate. Apothecia small, the margin yellow-testaceous ; spores determinately 1-septate, brownish, 0,0'26-36 mm. long, 0,007-8 ram. thick. — Pannaria car- nosa var. determinate Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 156. Pan- naria musconnn var. deterininata Xyl. Scand. (1861) p. 128 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43. Differs in the less developed thallus (resulting probably from the hab- itat) and in the regularly septate, larger, brownish spores, which some- times present several spurious septa. Hab. On moist soil in upland districts. — Distr. Apparently very local and rare in N.E. Ireland. — B. M. : Carulough, co. Antrim. 8. P. delicatula Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.— Thallus thin, adnate, minutely grannloso-crustaceous, brown. Apo- thecia biatorine, small, somewhat convex, immarginate, brownish- black (reddish when moist) ; spores fusiformi-vermicular, straight or substraight, 7-9-septate, 0,040-76 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses yellowish-brown at the clavate apices, hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine (and the theca?) bluish, with iodine. — Pannaria delicatula Nyl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 181. Arctomia delicatula Fr. fil. N. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1861) p. 387. A minute but very distinct species, well characterized by the peculiar spores. The thallus is more or less adnate, closely appressed to the sub- stratum, and scarcely visible except in wet weather. The apothecia, which, though small, are large in proportion to the size of the granules, are either scattered or crowded, and when moistened are of a bright wine- red colour. Originally included by Th. M. Fries among the Collemacei, it is entirely referable to this genus. Hab. On decayed mosses in alpine situations. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and (Jide Nyl. in lift.) on the Mts. of N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway). — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 58. COCCOCARPIA Pers. in Gaudich. Yoy. Uran. (1826) p. 206; Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 41. — Thallus monophyllous or submonophyllous, lobato- or laciniato-divided at the circumference. Apothecia biato- rine, adnate : spores ellipsoid or oblong, simple, small ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with short, cylindrical spermatia. Intimately allied to Pannaria, but differs iu the type of the thallus and 346 LICHENACEI. [COCCOCAKPIA. apothecia. Like Pannularia, it might almost be included among the Lecideei (vide Nyl. and Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xx. p. 51); but its more appropriate place is in this subtribe. It comprises only a few species, which, with a single exception, are natives of warm regions. 1. C. plnmbea Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 109 ; Lich. Scand. p. 128. — Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, sub- monophyllous, adnate, radiato-inciscd and radiately plicato-rugose at the circumference, the margins broadly expanded and crenate, livid-greyish or livid leaden-coloured ; hypothallus thickish, tomcn- tose, leaden-bluish. Apothecia small, plane or convex, reddish- brown, the margin thin, entire, paler ; spores ellipsoid, simple, Fig. 57. Coccocarpia plumbed Nyl. — a. A theca and paraphysia, x350. b. Three spores, X 500. c. Vertical section of two spermogones, X 30. d. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x500. 0,016-30 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43.—Pannaria plumbea Mudd, Man. p. 121 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170, ed. 3, p. 154. Placodium plumbeum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 197. Par melia plumbea Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen plumbeus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 826, t. 26 (lower fig.) ; With. Arr. iv. p. 60 ; Eng. Bot. t. 353. Lichen cceru- Jescens Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 531. Lichenoides tenue et molle, Agarici facie Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. 1 73.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 233 ; Cromb. n. 56 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 72 pro parte ; Lich. Hb. n. 253. A well-marked and easily recognized plant, varying in diameter from y to 6 inches, and occasionally still more expanded. The thallus is often COCCOCARPIA.] LECANO-LECIDKE1. 347 concentrically rugulose towards the circumference, is very rarely partly panniform, and occasionally bears pale rhizinse on the under surface. The apothecia are small in proportion to the size of the thallus, though some- times moderate, occasionally having the appearance of being compound, while rarely they are proliferous, with the margin crenate and inflexed. Hub. On the trunks of old trees, seldom on mossy boulders and walls, in maritime and upland wooded regions. — Distr. General and common, especially in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland ; scarce in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Guernsey, Crevichou, and Alderney. Appnldurcombe, Isle of Wight ; South Brent and Bolt, Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Bodmin, Pentire, Bocconoc and Respring, Cornwall ; Cader Idris, and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Aber, Carnarvonshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Keswick and Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Appin, and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay, and Killin, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown and Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. myriocarpa NyL Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 128.— Thallus microphylline or granulose in the centre. Apothecia rather small, numerous, often margined by the granulose thallus. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43. — Pannuria plumbea ft. myriocarpa Mudd, Man. p. 122 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 154. Parmelia plumbea var. myriocarpa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 606. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 57 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 72 pro parte. Differs in the smaller, less developed thallus, which is frequently gra- nulose almost throughout, and is thus analogous to var. £ of Pannaria mbiffinoM. The apothecia are usually crowded, and in a young state are often crowned by greyish thalline granules (form lecanoroidea Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44). Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland wooded re- gions.— Distr. Rather local in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, and N.E. Scotland ; rare in the Channel Islands and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Jersey. Throwleigh, Totnes, and near Hopton, Devon- shire ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Near Campsie, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Aberfeldy, and Killin, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Deer Park, Castlebernard, co. Cork. Subtribe II. LECANOREI Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 458. Thallus squamulose, granulose or pulverulent, internally contain- ing gonidia. Apothecia typically lecanorine; spores 8nae, rarely numerous, simple or variously divided ; paraphyses discrete. Sper- mogones usually with jointed sterigrnata. Well distinguished from the preceding subtribe by the gonidial layer consisting of eugonidia. _ It is very variable in the characters of the thallus and fructification, sometimes, in the latter respect, passing as it were into the subtribe of the Lecideci. 348 LICHENACEI. [LEPROLOMA. 59. LEPROLOMA Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.— Thallus mono- phyllo-lobate, submembranaceous, soft, pulverulent on the surface, containing gonidia. Apothecia and spermogones unknown. A pseudo-genus separated by Nylander from Amphiloma (now restricted to exotic species) on account of the thallus b^ing leprarioid and always sterile. Indeed in Lich. Scand. p. 129, he had said in regard to the single species of which it consist?, " it is possible that our lichen may be a de- graded state of a type which we do not yet know." In the absence of fructification, its systematic place is quite uncertain. 1. L. lanuginosain Nyl. Z. c. — Thallus orbicular or subeffuse, granuloso-pulverulent in the centre, white or yellowish-white, lobes Bubimbricate, adpresso-adnate (K — ) ; hypothallus tomentose, bluish-black. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Amphiloma lanugi- nosum Mudd, Man. p. 126 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170, ed. 3, p. 156. Squamaria lanuginosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 53. Parmelia lanuginosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 439 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Lichen lanugi- nosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 120. Lichen membmnaceas Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 21, t. 6.'f. 1 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 61.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 55 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 332. 'The thallus, which is moderate, or at times somewhat expanded, is occasionally granuloso-pulverulent almost throughout, so that the lobes are nearly obliterated. It is never seen except sterile, though apothecia have been described both by Dickson and Acharius; by the former as being " few, minute, pale-yellow," and by the latter as " minute, reddish, with pulverulent margin." Apart from the discrepancy as to colour, these evidently were not the true fructification. Hob. On decayed mosses on shaded rocks, chiefly granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.- — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Lustleigh Cleeve, S. Devun ; Roche Rock, Cornwall ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Longmynd Hill and Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Falcon Clints, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Black Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbarton- shire ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin ; The Trossachs and Craig Calliach, Perth- shire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Bonane, near Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 60. LECANOEA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 77; Nyl. emend. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.— Thallus radiato- laciniate, squamulose, granulose, rarely leprose or evanescent. Apo- thecia lecanorine, occasionally biatoroid ; spores usually 8nae, seldom numerous, ellipsoid or oblong, rarely fusiform, simple or sometimes locular or septate, usually colourless ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with jointed, rarely simple sterigraata and various spermatia. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 349 A large genus comprising several subgenera, formerly ranking as distinct genera, but not sufficiently differing to warrant this arrangement. Indeed, so intimately are they related that Nylander seems at times in- clined to regard them as only leading sections. Some of these with bia- toroid apothecia have sometimes been arranged under the Lecideei ; but in most cases the apothecia are, at least in a young state, lecanorine, with the margin containing gonidia. In other instances the character of the spermogones indicates their true relation. Subgenus 1. PSOROMA Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1886) p. 125. — Thallns squamulose or subgranulose, internally cellular. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nae, ellipsoid, simple ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and short cylindrical spermatia slightly thickened at either apex. — Psoroma Ach. Prodr, (1798) p. 91 pro minima parte ; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1885) p. 322. At once distinguished by the entirely cellular structure of the thallua. Most of the species are exotic, and of the few which are European, only one occurs in this country. Fig. 58. Lecanora (Psoroma) hypnorum Ach.— a. Vertical section of thallus, x200. b. Spores, X5CK). c. Sterigmata and spermatia, X500. 1. L. hypnorum A.ch. Syn. (1814) p. 193; Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.— Thallus indeterminate, squa- muloso-granulate, yellowish-brown or tawny-yellow ; squamules minute, crenate or granulate (K— ). Apothecia moderate or some- what large, at first urceolate, then plane, red or brownish, the thai- line margin granuloso-crcnate ; spores often somewhat acute at either apex, 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 60 ; Hook. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 51 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139. 350 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. — Psoroma Tiypnorum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 166 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 163, ed. 3, p. 149 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Pannaria Tiypnorum Mudd, Man. p. 124. Squa- maria Tiypnorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Lichen Tiypnorum Dicks. Crypt, fasc; iii. p. 14 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 22 ; Eng. Bot. t. 740.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 70 ; Cromb. n. 58 pro parte. Internally somewhat resembling more developed states of Pannaria brunnea, with which it is confounded in some of our older herbaria, but is definitely separated by the texture of the thallus. The plant is more or less effuse, with the squamules either somewhat discrete, or imbri- cately crowded, or sometimes little developed — according to the habitat. The hypothallus is very rarely visible, and only in corticolous speci- mens, where it is thin, greyish or greyish-brown (vide Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 125). The apothecia are generally numerous, becoming larger in old plants. Hob. Among mosses on the ground, rocks, and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local in England, N. Wales, and the Channel Islands, more frequent in Scotland ; not recorded from Ireland. — B. M. : Grosnez, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Respring, Cornwall ; Tresco, Scilly Islands ; Kale's End, near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Dur- ham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Hills above Greenock, Renfrewshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Killin, Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Clova and near Dundee, Forf arshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form deaurata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125. — Thallus bright-yellow or tawny-yellow. Apothecia rather large, with concolorous thalline margin. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Psoroma Tiypnorum form deaurata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 121 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44. Lecanora lepidora ft. deaurata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 418. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 58 pro parte. Differs merely in the more yellowish thallus and the normally larger apothecia. When the thallus is less developed it is more luxuriant at the margins of the apothecia. Hob. Among mosses on boulders and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Seen only from N. Wales and the Highlands of Scot- land.— B. M. : Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subgenus 2. SQUAMABJA Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.— Thallus radiately laciniate or cartila- gineo-squamose. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nso, ellipsoid, simple, colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper- mogones with simple sterigmata and long, arcuate, spermatia. — Squamaria DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 374 ; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. p. 177. LECASO-LECIDEEI. 351 Characterized by the type of the thallus, which is comparable with that of Pdrtiteliijps'is, and bv the structure of the spermogones, which are immersed, their ostioles being concolorous with the thallus. Fig. 59. Lecanora (Squamaria) crassa Ach. — a. A theca and paraphysis, x350. b. Two spores, X 500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. 2. L. crassa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 413.— Thallus indeter- minate or suborbicular, subcartilaginous, loosely adpressed, thick, squamoso-imbricate, pale-livid or pale-yellowish ; squamules some- what depressed, roundly lobato-crenate (K— ). Apothecia mode- rate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, reddish-brown, the thalline margin entire, at length excluded ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellip- soid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51. — Squamaria crassa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 193 ; Mudd, Man. p. 127 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 171, ed. 3, p. 157. Psoroma crassum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 444. Lichen crassus Huds. Fl. AngL ed. 2 (1778), p. 530 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1893. Lichen cartilagineus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 815 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 29. Lichenoides cartilagineum, scutellis fulvis 2)lanis Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. f. 74. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 5 ; Larb. Caesar, n. 73; Lich. Hb. n. 333; Cromb. n. 157; Bohl. n. 2; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. The largest British species of the subgenus, with the thallus usually very much expanded, rarely smaller and somewhat orbicular, often here and there whitish. "With us it is much less variable than it is in warmer regions, presenting only the following form. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia becoming rather large in age. Hab. On the ground and on rocks, chiefly calcareous, in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. General and common in England and Wales ; rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Herm and Guernsey. Hur^tpierpoint, Sussex ; Berry Head, S. Devon ; St. Merryn, Cornwall ; Cleeve Hill and Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol, Gloucester- shire ; Pont Eynon, Glamorganshire ; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aber- dovey, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Great Orrne's Head, Carnarvon- 352 UCHENACEI. [LECANORA. shire ; Rhyl, Flintshire ; Beaumaris and Puffin Island, Anglesea ; Llan- gollen, Denbighshire ; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Oswestrv, Shropshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Whitbarrow, Westmoreland. Arthur's Seat, Edin- burgh ; Black Isle and Island of Lismore, Appin, Argyleshire. Morning- ton, co. Meath ; KilJarney, co. Kerry. Form melaloma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 414. — Thallus with the squamules rounded and subentire, here and there blackish at the margins. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 91. Differs in the squamules being less crenate and more or less blackish at the margins. It is often, however, confluent with the type, from which it is scarcely to be distinguished unless as a state. Hob. On calcareous rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Apparently only in W. and Central England. — B. M. : Near Buxton, Derbyshire'; Durdham Downs, near Bristol, Gloucestershire. 3. L. lentigera Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 423.— Thallus orbi- cular, crustaceo-foliaceous, moderate, loosely appressed, areolato- squamose in the centre, radiato-lobed at the circumference, whitish or pale-whitish, subpruinose ; lobes plane or somewhat concave, un- dulato-crenate (K — ). Apothecia adnate, pale- testaceous, the thai- line margin thin, entire ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,045-0,005 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61. — Squa- maria lentigera Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195 ; Mudd, Man. p. 128, t. ii. f. 40 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3, p. 159. Placodium lentigerumGreiy, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447. Lichen lenti- gerus Weber, Spicil. (1778) p. 192 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. p. 11 ; Eng. Bot. t. 871 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 27. Closely allied to L. crassa,into which, as observed by Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 131), it seems to pass in the South of France. It is, however, distinguished by the thallus being smaller (at least twice as small), thin- ner, and differently coloured ; while it is also effigurato-radiating at the circumference. The apothecia are numerous, submoderate, at length sub- biatorine, with the thalline margin excluded. Hob. On cretaceous soil in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Found only sparingly in S. and E. Central England ; now almost extinct. — B. M. : Isle of Wight, Hampshire ; Newhaven, Sussex ; Gpgmagog Hills and New- market Heath, Cambridgeshire. 4. L. chrysoleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 411.— Thallus lobato-squamose, peltate-affixed, ochroleucous or whitish-straw- coloured ; beneath sordid-pale, broadly blackish towards the circum- ference ; squamules firm, imbricate, lobed, plane, crenate or crenato- incised at the circumference (K — ). Apothecia moderate, generally crowded, concave or plane, reddish-flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thin, flexuose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Squamaria chrysoleuca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 158. Lichen chnisolencus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. i. (1791) p. 82, t. 4. f. 5. ECAXORA.] T/EC.YXO-LEC1DEEI. 353 A well-marked species wliich is rather variable in different regions. Thoug-li recorded by Laighton, /. c. fidi Dr. Stirton, it is a very doubtful British plant, and is not at all likely to have occurred in the locality spe- cified, since it is certainly absent on the higher mts. of the vicinity. Hob. On granitic and schistose rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Re- ported as gathered on Ben Brecht, Argyleshire. 5. L. cartilaginea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 415.— Thallus expanded, cartilaginous, imbrrcato-laciiiiate, somewhat shining, pale ochroleucous or greenish-straw-coloured ; lacmiae narrow, linear or sublinear, whitish beneath, slightly dilated, dichotomously divided or inciso-lobed or crenate at the apices (K — ). Apothecia large, somewhat plane, fleshy- or tawny-testaceous, the thalline margin entire or crenulate ; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Sguamaria cartilayinea Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2802 ; Mudd, Man. p. 128 ; Cromb. Enum. p. 44 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3, p. 158. Lichen cartilayineus Ach. Yet. Ak. Haudl. (1795) p. 133, t. v. f. 4. Intermediate between the preceding and the following species, to the one or other of which it approaches in different regions, but differs from both in the characters of the laciniae. In our British specimens the thallus is pulvinate, as it usually is elsewhere. The apothecia are numerous, be- coming at length irregularly lobed and angulose.. Hal). On a single rock in a maritime locality. — Diatr. "\Vith certainty only in N. Wales, though reported also from Yorkshire (fide Leightou). — B. M. : Near the outlet of Llyn Bodlyn, above Barmouth, Merioneth- shire. 6. L. saxicola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 431.— Thallus orbi- cular, moderate or somewhat large, appressed, areolato-crustaceous in the centre, radiate at the circumference, greenish- or pale-ochro- leucous ; radii contiguous, plane or subplicate, crenate at the apices. Apothecia small or moderate, plane or somewhat convex, pale- or brownish-testaceous, the thalline margin thin, entire or crenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140.— Squa- maria saxicola Sm. Eng. Bot. v. p. 197 ; Mudd. Man. p. 129 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 • Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 173, ed. 3, p. 158. Placodium saxicolum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447. Lichen saxicola Poll. PI. Pal. (1777) p. 225 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1695. Lichen muralis Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. p. 11 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 29. — Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 145; Mudd, n. 92 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 213 ; Bohl. n. 55. A rather variable plant which may be recognized from its British allies by the thallus being thinner, radiate, appressed, and areolate in the centre. Sometimes it is less appressed when it is rather thicker (approaching L. cartilaginca), and occasionally it is effuse and somewhat scattered. Tho apothecia are numerous and" crowded, becoming flexuose and difform from mutual pressure, with the margin at times flexuoso-crisp. Other and more marked differences in the thallus and apothecia give rise to tho varieties and subspecies that follow. 2A 354 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, sometimes on flints, tiled roofs, rarely on oak pales, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General, though somewhat scarce where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and England ; rarer in Scotland and Ireland. — B. M. : Fliquet Bay, Island of Jersey ; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey ; Island of Sark. Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Yarmouth, Suffolk ; near London, Middlesex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Penshurst, Kent ; near Hyde, Isle of Wight ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Penzance, Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Bed- fordshire ; Ross, Herefordshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Bridge of Ludlow, Haughmond Hill, Oswestry, and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Bar- mouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Eglestor.e, Durham; Kendal and Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Wauk and Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire ; Arthur's Seat and Dalmahoy Hill, Edinburgh ; Kyles of Bute, Arran ; Burntisland, Fifeshire ; near Connel Ferry, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Forfarshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kilcully, near Cork ; near Belfast, co. Antrim. Var. /3. diffracta Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 133.— Thallus almost entirely areolato-diffract ; areolae angular, usually blackish at the margins. Apotbecia dark-reddish. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. L44. — Squamaria saxicola var. diffracta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 ; ight. Lich. Fl. p. 1 73, ed. 3, p. 159. Lichen diffrachis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 63. Squamaria saxicola var. areolata Leight. Mudd, Man. p. 129.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 81 ; Mudd, n. 93. In this variety the radii, which are constantly pi me, are visible only at the immediate circumference, the rest of the thallus being entirely areo- late. The apothecia in our specimens are but sparingly present, with the thalline margin subcrenate and at length nearly obliterated. Hab. On rocks in upland and subalpine situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W., W., and N. England, and among the S. andN. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : St. Minver, Cornwall ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braeruar, Aberdeenshire. Yar. y. versicolor Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 226.— Thallus whitish-yellow, more or less suffused with white. Apothecia with the thalline margin often white-pulverulent. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Squamaria saxicola var. versicolor Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 174, ed. 3, p. 159. Lichen versicolor Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 24. Differs in the colour of the usually smaller thallus, and in the character of the thalline margin of the somewhat crowded apothecia. Rarely it occurs with only the peripheral radii visible and scattered over the sub- stratum (form distans Cromb.), but this is quite accidental. Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in maritime and hillv tracts. — Distr. Rather sparingly in W. England, Wales, the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Chance's Pitch, Malvern, Worcestershire ; St. David's, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. LTIf'AXORA.j LKCAXO-LECIDEEl. 355 Form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 159.— Thallus ptilvinate, the pulvinuli more or less distantly scattered, rounded, ttiinid, convex, white-suffused. Apothecia innate, minute, crowded. A peculiar form which at first sight seems very distinct, but is connected with the type by the state already noticed. The apothecia are numerous, becoming augulose from mutual pressure. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. — D!str. Only in X. NVales and apparently very rare. — B. M. : Great Orme's Head, Carnar- vonshire. Subsp. L. albomarginata Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147. — Thallus thicker, less appressed, with the radii broader, subimbricate, white at the margins. Apothecia somewhat large, the thalline margin thickish, inflexed or crenate, white. — Lecanora saxicola var. alhomaryinata, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 159. Squa- maria saxicola var. albomarginata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. xi. (1871) p. 181. Entitled to rank as a subspecies on account of the marked difference in the characters of the thallus. In the only entire Biitish specimen seen the thallus is orbicular and moderate, the apothecia being somewhat crowded in the centre. Hab. In crusting decayed mosses on rocks and walls in upland situa- tions.— Distr. Local and scarce in S. and W. England. — B. M. : Near Lewes, Sussex ; Cheshire. 7. L. pruinifera Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. 13 (1866) p. 368, not. 2. — Thallus orbicular, opaque, whitish, subfarinaceous on the surface, placodioid at the circumference (CaCl + red). Apothecia moderate, csesio-pminose, the thalline margin subcrenate or some- times entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly tawny-yellow with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. — Lecanora pruinosa Chaub. in St. Amand. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 495 has priority, but was previously applied to another species of the genus. Near var. j3 of the preceding species, but at once differing in the sub- farinaceous thallus, the pruinose apothecia, and the chemical reaction. In our only British specimen the thallus is small and the apothecia few. Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland tract. — Dislr. Found only very sparingly in \V. England. — B. M. : Cleve Hill, Somersetshire. Subgen. 3. PLACOPSIS Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. t. xv. (1862) p. 376. — Thallus crustaceo-adnate, more or less effigurate at the circumference, cephalodiiferous, the cephalodia externally placo- dioid, internally containing gonimia. Apothecia lecanorine ; thecae cylindrical ; spores 8na3, oblong or ellipsoid, simple ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate or substraight spermatia. 356 LICHENACEI. [LECAXOIU. Allied to subgenus Squamaria, under -which the species have usually been included, but distinguished by the cephalodia, which are constant in all the species (most of which are exotic) under all conditions of growth. a 8. L. gelida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 428.— Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, rimoso-arcolate in the centre, laciniato-radiose at the circumference, sordid-white or pale- greyish (K+ yellow, CaCl -f- red) ; cephalodia scattered, greyish- or brownish-flesh-coloured. Apothe- cia moderate, adnate, concave or plane, pale-testaceous, the thalline margin thick, entire ; spores ellip- soid, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xv. p. 232; Hook. PL Scot. ii. p. 50 ; Tayl. in Mack. PL Hib. ii. p. 140. — Squamaria gelida Sm. Eug. PL v. p. 195; Mudd, Man. p. 129; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 45 ; Leight, Lich. PL p. 174, ed. 3, p. 159. Placodium gelidum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 448. Lichen gelidus Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. ]33; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 19 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 26 ; Eng. Bot. t. 699. Brit. Exs. : Dicks. Sort. Sic. n. 25 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. u. 50. Fig. 00. Lecanora (Placopsis) gelida Ach.— a. A gonimic glomerule and gonimic granules, X 350. b. Two spores, X 500. c. Sterigmata and sper- matia, X 500. Easily recognized amongst British Lecanorei by the cephalodiiferous thallus, which is usually of moderate size, greyish-flesh-coloured when moist, and occasionally sprinkled with greyish or greyish-olive, impressed soredia. The cephalodia, which are more or less numerous according to the development of the thallus, are depresso-verrucarioid, at length radi- ato-rimose, internally with the gonimia glomerulose, or often several moni- liform. The apothecia, when present (for the thallus is often sterile), are usually sparingly scattered. A young sterile state, with the thallus little developed and scattered and bearing a few young cephalodia, is form dis- persa (non Fr.), Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. iii. p. 160. Hob. On rocks, granitic, schistose, and old red sandstone, in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr. Rather local in England and Wales, more frequent in Scotland, and probably also in Ireland. — B. M. : St. Austell, Cornwall ; Cader Idris, Dolgelly, and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Knock Morton Screes, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Loch Awe, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Clova and Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Glen Caudlic and Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis, and Fort Augustus, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, and Connor Cliffs, Dingle, co. Kerry ; Letterfrack and Recess, Conne- rnara, co. Galway ; Carnlough, co. Antrim. LECANOBA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 357 i. 4. PLACODIUM Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 126. — Thallus radiating, usually effigurate at the circumference. Apothecia often at length subbiatorine ; spores 8nse, ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, very rarely simple or subsimple ; hymenial gelatine (especially the thecae) bluish with iodine. Spermogones with shortly jointed sterigmata, and straight, oblong or bacillifortn spermatia. — Placo- dhnn DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 377; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. p. 177. Fig. 61. Lecanora (Placodium) callopisma Ach.— a. Vertical section of thallus, X 200. b. Three spores, X 500. c. Sterigmata and spertnatia, X 500. Known by the more or less radiose thallus (which is variously yellow, very rarely whitish), by the usual mode of division of the spores, and by the short arthro'steriginata. The spermogones are externally somewhat prominent, with the ostioles in the yellow thalli orange-yellow. 9. L. fulgens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437 ; Nyl. ex Hue, Revue Bot. 1886, p. 21. — Thailus orbicular, submonophyllous, adnate, opaque, laciniato-divided at the circumference, pale yellow or citrine; laciniae crenate or crenato-lobulate(K-f- reddish-purplish). Apothecia small, plane or convex, orange-coloured, K + purplish, the thalliue margin concolorous, at length obliterated ; spores simple, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Placodwm fulgens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 ; Mudd, Man. p. 131 ; Cromb. Licli. Brit. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p. 164. Squamaria fulgens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen fulgens Sw. N. Act. Upsal. iv. (1794) p. 246 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1667 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 24.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Caesar, n. 27 ; Lich. Hb. n. 296 ; Cromb. n. 155. From the simple spores this might be referred, as ha*$ often been done, to submenus SyuaiHaria. Its true place, however, is shown by the 358 iicHEKAOEi. [LECANOK.Y. structure of the spermogones. The thallus, which is of moderate size, is ofteu thinly white-pruinose, especially towards the centre, but becomes citrine when moistened. The apothecia, which are chiefly central, are in age subbiatorine. The spermogones have the spermatia 6,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous soil, shell-sand, and in the crevices of rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local, thongh not uncommon where it occurs in the Channel Islands, S. England, and S. Wales.— B. M. : Quenvis, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight ; Newhaven and Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex ; Bray Hill, St. jVlinver, Cornwall ; Stackpole Court and Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. 10. L. elegans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 435. — Thallus orbi- cular, appressed, stellato-radiate, thickish, orange- or tawny-red ; laciniae subdiscrete, multirid, convex, torulose (K-f- purplish). Apo- thecia moderate, adnate, somewhat concave or nearly plane, conco- lorous (K-f purplish), the thalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,000-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte. — Placodium elegans Mudd, Man. p. 131, t. ii. f. 41 ; Cromt). Lich. Brit. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p. 163. Squamaria ekt/ans Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen elegans Link, Ann. Bot. i. (1794) p. 37.— This is the plant of most British authors only in so far as relates to the diagnosis (evidently borrowed from Acharius) given by them, the localities and habitats cited being chiefly erroneous. A beautiful lichen, somewhat resembling PJiyscia parietina var. ectanea, but is of an Arctic or Alt-alpir.e type. From tbe other species of the subgenus it is easily recognized by the thallus being distinctly corticate on both sides. Elsewhere in Europe it is rather variable, presenting several well-marked varieties, of which only one has been met with in this country. The few British specimens seen are rarely fertile, the spermogones also being rare, with spermatia 0,C03-4 mm. long, 0,(01 mm. thick. Hab. On granitic rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Only very spar- ingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Lochnagar and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Yar. /3. tenuis Ach. Syn. (1815) p. 183.- Thallus small, thin ; laciniao narrow, discrete. Apothecia small. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Lichen elegans ft. tenuis Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 417. Lecanora eleyans form minor Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 571. Placcdium eleyans ft. discreta (Schser.), Mudd, Man. p. 131. Lichenoides tenuissimum, scutellis exiguis minlatis Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. f. 68. Differs in the much smaller thallus, the narrower subfiliform discrete radii, and the smaller apothecia. In most Biitish specimens the thallus is minute, with the ladii somewhat scattered, and very sparingly fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in snbalpine situations. — Dittr. Very local and scarce in S. Wales, N. England, and among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : \Vhimbold Rocks, near New Radnor, Radnorshire: East Allendnle, Northumberland. Craig Guie, Bvuemar, Aberdccnshirw. LKCAXOKA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 359 1 1. L. murorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 443 ; Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106. — Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, usually whitish- suffused, subrimoso-areolate in the centre, plicato-radiose at the circumference, vitelline-yellow or citrine; radii somewhat turgid, crenate and often also inciso-plicate at the apices (K + purplish). Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, tawny-yellow, orange- coloured or concolorous with the thallus (K -|- purplish) ; the thalline margin entire, paler or concolorous ; spores 0,009-15 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140 pro parte. — •Pliicodium murorum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 161 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 132 pro parte ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 pro parte. Squa- maria murorum Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194 pro parte. Lichen murorum Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 63 ; Eng. But. t. 2157 (lower fig.). Lichen. Jtauescens Huds. Fl. Augl. p. 445 pro parte. A species until recently little understood and very imperfectly limited, so that the trivial name of murorum, as applied to it by British and other authors, is, to a great extent, a nomen vagum. It appears under two con- ditions of growth — a larger, with the thallus more developed and extended (var. (3 nvijor Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 416) ; and a smaller, with the thallus rosulate and stunted (var. pulrinata Mass. Symm. Lich. p. 13). Both states are usually well fertile, the apothecia being numerous and often crowded. The spermogones have the spermatia oblongo-bacilliform, 0,030-35 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks and mortar of walls in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. No doubt general and common, though seen only from a few localities in Great Britain. — B. M. : Glynde, Sussex ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon ; St. Austell, Cornwall ; near Cirencester, Glouce^ter- shire ; Great Or me's Head, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham : Wark- worth Castle, Northumberland. Morningside, near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire ; near Aberdeen. Var. /3. corticicola Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 366.— Thallus smaller, more contracted and less developed, vitelline-yellow or greyish-green. Apothecia numerous, congested ; spores (often subsimple) 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. ±±.—Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 52. From the structure of the spores probably referable rather to the next subspecies, a.? suggested by Dr. Arnold (Flora, 1875, p. 153), though al>o approaching subsp. L. tegularis in external aspect. The plant, as described by Nylander, differs from the British specimens in the thallus being greyish-green, when the reaction with K is less distinct. Hub. On the trunk of an elm and on old timber in lowland districts. — Distr. Apparently very rare in S. and E. England.— B. M. : Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Great \Villbraham, Cambridgeshire. Subsp. 1. L. decipiens Xyl. Flora, 1869, p. 81 (nota), 1883, p. 106. — Thallus moderate, crowdedly verrucose in the centre, the vcrrucac often efflorescent with concolorous sorcdia, peripheral radii 360 LICHENACEI. [LECAXORA. rather narrow, imbricate. Apothecia small, the thalline margin entire, or at length subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, often somewhat curved, 2-locular (with K polari-bilocular), 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.— Martind. Naturalist, 1887, p. 359. —Physcia decipiens Am. Flora, 1866, p. 529, 1875, p. 153, t. v. figs. 2, 3. — Placodium decipiens Lcight. Lich. PI. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 162, refers chiefly to the following subspecies. Characterized by the central thalline verrucae, the narrower radii, and more especially by the spores, the true structure of which, however, as in many other instances, becomes apparent on the application of K. The typical condition here described, represented by Arnold's Lich. Exa. n. 44-5, may, as suggested by Nylander (Flora, 1883, /. c.), be the original Lichen innrornm of Hoffmann. In the very few British specimens seen, the apothecia are few and not well developed. The spermogones, how- ever, are more frequent with spermatia oblongo-bacilliform, 0,030-35 mm. long, 0,0007-9 mm. thick. It is, as noted by Martindale, I. c., a somewhat variable plant, and the specimens (well fertile) issued by Larbalestier (s. n. var. camboricum Larb.) are referable to a state in which the thallus becomes effuse, or nearly so, the peripheral lobes being very irregularly produced. Hub. On walls in lowland districts. — Dittr. Local in S., "VV., and E. England. — B. M. : Shoreham, Kent ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Milton Church, Cambridgeshire. Subsp. 2. L. tegnlaris Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.— Thallus some- what small, short, plicato-radiate at the circumference, diffracto- areolate in the centre, naked or suffnsed, vitelline, pale-yellow, or miniate. Apothecia small, concave, then plane, concolorous or sub- concolorous with the thallus, the thalline margin entire ; spores asm ' the type, or occasionally somewhat smaller (0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick). — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Lichen ter/uhtris Ehrh. Exs. n. 304 (1785). To miniate states are referable pro parte Squamaria miniata 8m. Eng. Fl. ii. p. 195. Placodium murorum y. miniatum Mudd, Man. p. 132 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175, ed. 3, p. 162 (ut sp. propr.). LicJien elegans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (two left-hand figs.). — Brit. Ext.\ Leight. n. 207 ; Mudd, n. 95 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 51. A smaller and rather variable plant, distinguished from the type and the preceding subspecies, with both of which it is subcontinent, by the characters given. The thallus is at times somewhat scattered with the peri- pheral radii little distinct. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being numerous and varying in colour like the thallus. The spermogones have the spermatia either as in the type or a little smaller (0,002-3 mm. long, 0,0007-8 mm. thick). It is to vermilion-coloured states that the trivial name miniata (Hoffm.) has more especially been applied ; but as other species growing in dry and exposed habitats, especially calcareous, have similarly coloured thalli, the name cannot with propriety be used either in a specific or varietal sense. Hob. On rocks and walls, very rarely on old timber, from maritime to upland situations. — Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain; rave in the Channel Islands; nut seen from Ireland.— B. M. : Kozel, LECANOKA.] LKCANO-LECIDEEI. 361 Island of Jersey. Near Glynde, Sussex; Kemble, Gloucestershire; Weston, Oxfordshire ; Llanym'ynech Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brotlghton Castle, Westmoreland. The Trossachs, Perth- shire ; Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen. Form Arnold! Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.— Thallus very small, epruinose, cinnabarine, shortly and narrowly radiose, diffracto- areolate in the centre. Apothecia minute, concolorous with the thallus. — Crornb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44. — Li-canora Arnoldi Wedd. Bull. Soc. Bot. xxiii. (1876) p. 96. L. minlata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140. Only a minute condition of the type with naked miniate thallus and apothecia. The three British specimens seen are well fertile. Ilab. On dry calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Only in N.E. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ilartlepool, Durham. Morrone, Aberdeeushire. Dun- kerron, co. KeiTy. Yar. /3. obliterascens Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.— Thallus small, slightly and narrowly radiate at the circumference, vitelline. Apo- thecia small, plane or convex, the thalline margin at length often obliterated ; spores 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. According to Nylander /. c., apparently only a variety of this sub- species. In our British specimens, it occurs on the substratum in small scattered patches, which occasionally have a tendency to become con- fluent. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, almost obliterating the thallus. Hob. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Found only in N. England, the Central Grampians, and N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Bassenthwaite, Cumberland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cove, Kin- cardineshire. 12. L. dissidens Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 298.— Thallus orbicular, appressed, somewhat small, stellato-radiate, vitelline ; lacini® narrow, plane or somewhat convex, discrete, subfree at the circum- ference (K-f purplish). Apothecia small, plane, concolorous (K -f- purplish), the thalline margin subentire or crenulate ; spores 0,009-0,016 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 180. — Phicodium murorvm form dissidens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lichen flavicans With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 25 pro parte. — Lichen, eleyans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (right-hand fig.). Looks like a variety of L. elegans, but is distinguished by the colour (rarely subminiate) of the planer lacinia?. It approaches states of subsp. L. tegular is, but the lacinise are more discrete, and the thalline margin of the apothecia usually more or less crenate. The British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On slate roofs of outhouses and on brick walls in lowland and up- land tracts —Distr. Found only here and there in England, but probably 362 LICHENACM. [LECANOR.V. not uncommon. — B. M. : Near Groombridge, Sussex ; near Stroud and King's Stanley, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Brigsteer, Westmoreland. 13. L. callopisma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437.— Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, smooth, radiato-lobed, bright-yellow, often very thinly white-suffused ; lobes rimoso-areolate in the centre, dilated and nearly plane at the circumference (K + purplish). Apo- thecia subsessile, plane or slightly convex, orange-coloured (K + purple); the thalline margin thickish, flexuose or subcrenulate, paler; spores broadly citrit'ormi-ellipeoid, 0,008-15 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Placodium callopismum Mudd, Man. p. 133, t. ii. f. 42 ; Cromb. Enum. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 162. Lichen murorum Eng. Bot. t. 2157 (upper fig.). Lichen candelarius /3. Lightf. ? Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811. Lichenoides crustosum, orbicuUs et scutdlis fltivis Dill. Muse. 236, t. 18. f. 18 A, C.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 113 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 164. Subsimilar to L. murorum, but well distinguished by the form of the peripheral radii, and more especially by the shape of the spores. The apothecia are generally numerous, becoming convex, with the thalline margin at length excluded. The spermogones, which are rarely present, have the spermatia bacilliform, 0,040-50 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and the mortar of walls, often on old ruins, in mari- time and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Framlingham, Suffolk; near Torquay and Plymouth, S. Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; near Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; Quy Churchyard, Cambridgeshire ; near Bonsall, Tong Priory, and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire. Subsp. L sympagea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.— Thallus smaller, somewhat shining, smoothish, or ruguloso in the centre ; lacinise narrow, contiguous, convex, incurved and subcrenate at the apices (K + purplish). Apothecia somewhat small. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lichen sympageus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 105. Pla- codium callopismum var. plicatum (Wedd.), Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177, ed. 3, p. 163. In Herb. H. Davies there is a specimen with miniate thallus s. n. Lichen fulvus Dicks., but vide supra p. 299. According to Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 47) it is Lichen aurantius Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. ii. p. 14, which, being only another form of the prior trivial name Lichen aurantiacus Lightf., cannot be retained in Lecanora. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, nos. 94, 96 j Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 15. Externally often more resembling states of subsp. L. tegularis, but definitely separated by the form of the spores. From the type it differs so much in the laciuise, that it is well entitled to rank at least as a subspecies. The thallus, also, is usually smaller, often more or less shining and waxy-looking (miniate in maiitime situations), with the apothecia fewer and smaller. Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, and on mortar of walls in mari- time (chiefly) and upland districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 303 in Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also in Ireland. — B. M. : Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey ; coast of Alderney. Reigate, Surrey ; Glynde and Peasemarsh, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Torquay and North Lynton, Devonshire ; St. Maws, Cornwall ; near Buxton and Cromford, Derbyshire ; Llanyraynech Hill, Shropshire ; near Soulherndown, Glamorganshire ; Manorbeer, near Tenby, Pem- brokeshire ; island of Anglesea ; Bilsdale, Yorkshire ; near Hartle- fool, Durham ; Arnbarrow, Westmoreland ; St. Bees, Cumberland, sland of Lismore, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; West Water, Fifeshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen,'Kiucardineshire; near Aberdeen. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Cleghan, Conuemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. brevilobata Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.— Thallus moderate, unequally diffract, or verrncoso-areolate in the centre, shortly or obsoletely lobulate at the circumference. Apothecia and spores as in the type. Differs in the thalline characters given, the laninia? being also more dis- crete at the apices. The two Biitish specimens seen are but sparingly fertile. Hub. On schistose rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Very rare in N.W. England and N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Foreshield, Alston, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. H. L. cirrochroa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 181 ; Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et FL F. Forh. v. p. 126. — Thallua orbicular, closely aclnate, narrowly laciniate, bright orange-yellow, verruculose and citrino- sorediate towards the centre, radiate at the circumference, internally citrine ; radii minute, somewhat convex, occasionally whitish- pruinose at the margins (K -(- purplish). Apothecia minute, scattered, plane, orange-coloured (K + purple), the thalline margin subentire; spores 0,013-18 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Placodium cirrochroum Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lecanora linearis Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260, according to a specimen from him- self in Hb. Brit. Mus., is only a very young state. Easily recognized by being internally citrine and superficially more or less citrino-sorediose. The thallus is small, rarely moderate (through the confluence of several thalli), with the radii slender. Specimens in which the radii become diffract and scattered (e. g. Taylor's plant) closely approach L. obliterans Nyl. (Flora, 1874, p. 7) and show that this, as suspected by Nylander, I. c., is probably only a variety. With us it i» always sterile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local and scarce in S.W., Central, and N. England, in N. Wales; rare in the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland, as also in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Sidmouth, Devonshire ; Yatton and Weston- puper-Mare, Somersetshire ; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire ; Arnbarrow and near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 15. L. lobulata Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1^26) p. 104; Nyl. Flora, 1S7-5, p. 105. — Thallus subeffusc, areoluto-vcirucose, thin, scarcely 364 LICUENACEI. [LECAXOKA. effigurate at the circumference, bright-yellow or orange-red (K-f purplish). Apothecia minute, numerous, plane or convex, con- colorous (K + purple), thalline margin entire; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Placodium murorum ft. lobulatum Mudd, Man. p. 132 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45. — Var. obliteratum (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 161.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 268 ; Cromb. n. 156 ; Larb. Ceesar. n. 74 ; Lich. Kb. n. 295. Distinguished from all the preceding species by the less developed and almost non-radiate thallus. In a young state it is orbicular and slightly effigurate, but becomes indeterminate (often spreading extensively), with the peripheral radii indistinct. When the colour is more miniate, it is Lichen obliterates Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. ii. p. 15 (miniatus auctorum pro parte). The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, usually almost obliterating the thallus, becoming at length convex and iinmarginate. The spernaogones have the spermatia oblong, 0,002-3 mm. long, 0,0005-7 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. — Dvstr. Here and there through- out Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands ; very abundant on the coast of Kincardineshire. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; West Coast of Guernsey ; Island of Alderney. Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Maws, Cornwall; North Cliff, Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown, Glamorganshire; Barrnouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Douglas, Isle of Man ; St. Bees, Cumberland ; Arnbarrow, Westmore- land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Peterhead, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Upper Lake, Killaruey, co. Kerry ; Ardglass, co. Down. 16. L. scopularis Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 105.— Thallus orbicular, somewhat small, firm, naked, radiately divided at the circumference, verrucoso-areolate in the centre, vitelline ; radii narrow, contiguous, convex (K + purplish). Apothecia small, numerous, plane, con- colorous (K + purple), the thalline margin entire ; spores 0,009-0,017 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. Approaches L. lobulata, but differs especially in the distinctly placodioid thallus. In the single fertile British specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin persistent. The spermogones are rarely present, with spermatia oblong, about 0,0025 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Found only very sparingly in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 17. L. miniatula Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 98. — Thallus small, orbicular, plane, closely adnate, thinly rimoso-areolate, slightly subeffigurate at the circumference, deep tawny-vermilion-coloured (K -f- purplish). Apothecia minute, ooncolorous (K -f purple), the thalline margin entire; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. L885, p. 195. Subsimilar to L. lobulata (obliterate), but differs in the subeffigurate thallus, the smaller apothecia, and more especially in the smaller spores. It probablv, however, descends from subsp. L. teyularis, of which it LECAXOEA.J LECANO-LECIDEEI. 365 would then be a variety. The thallus at length becomes indeterminate in consequence of the confluence of several thalli. The apothecia are numerous and crowded ; but the spermogones are not present. Hub. On quartzose rocks in a subalpine district. — Distr. Found only sparingly in a single locality among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braernar, Aberdeenshire. 18. L. granulosa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 373. — Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, minutely diffracto- granulose, shortly subradiate at the circumference, yellow-vitelline ; granules usually crenulate, scattered, or agglomerate, but not con- tinuous (K + purplish). Apothecia small, concolorous (K-f purple), the thalline margin entire, at length subcrenulate ; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Amphiloma granules um Miill. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. nat. Genev. xvi. (1862) p. 380. Not unlike less developed states of L. cirrochroa, as observed by Miiller /. c., but differing entirely in the creuulato-granulose and non- efflorescent thallus. It is only sparingly effigurate at the extreme cir- cumference, with the radii rugose, plane or convex. In the two British specimens seen, the apothecia are but few, with the thalline margin at times evanescent. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a hilly district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England. — B. M. : Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire. 19. L. teicholyta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 425 ; Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197. — Thallus subdetermiuate, thin, entirely pulverulento- granulose or occasionally radiato-lobed or crenate at the circum- ference, csesio-greyish or greyish-white (K — ). Apothecia small or submoderate, plane, orange- or tawuy-red (K-f deep purple), the thalline margin thickish, undulate, whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecanora arenaria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212. Callopisma arenarium Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lichen arenarius Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 27. — Lecanora ccesiorufa 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189. Lichen ccesiorufus Eng. Bot. t. 1040. Rinodina rubricosa Gray, Nat. Am i. p. 452.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 96. Easily recognized by the cffisio-greyish, subpulverulent thallus and the saffron-red colour of the apothecia. The thallus is usually subeff use, forming a loose crust, rarely determinate and slightly radiating at the circumference. It is at times almost entirely evanescent, when it is Lichen arenarius Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 27. The apothecia, which are innato-sessile, are scattered or occasionally a few congregated. Hab. On sandstone rocks and walls, rarely on bricks, in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S.E. and W. England, and in S. Wales. — B. M. : Strumpshaw, Norfolk ; Burv St. Edmund's, Suffolk; Maidstone, Kent; Fairlight, Hastings, Sussex; Isle of Wight; near Hereford; near Momnouth ; AVisbech aud "Waterbeaoh, Cambridge; near Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. 366 LicnEjfACEi. [LECANOKA. 20. L. Lallavei Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1880, p. 347. — Thallus determinate, tbickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, subeffigu- rate at the circumference, chalky-white (K — ). Apothecia small, subinnate, at first lecanorine with thin thalline margin, at length biatorine and immarginate, bright-rusty- or blood-red (K + dark crimson) ; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, polari-bilocular, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick. — Crorab. Lich. Brit. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212 (pro parte).— Callopisma Lallavei Mudd, Man. p. 139, t. ii. f. 44. Lecidea Lallavei Clem. Ess. (1807) p. 295. Allied to the preceding species, but differs in the more tartareous, milk- white thallus, and the at first lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is sometimes described as limited by a thin, dark hypothallus, but this apparently belongs to a plant with which, at times, it grows associated. The apothecia are numerous and often crowded. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime districts. — Distr. Seen only very sparingly from S. and S.W. England and S.E. Ireland — B. M. : Isle of Wight, Hampshire; St. Austell, Cornwall. Lower Glan- nrire Road, co. Cork. Subgen. 5. LEPROPLACA Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.— Thallns leprose, soft, vitelline, sublobate. Apothecia and spermogoues un- known. Entirely leprarioid, having much the same relation to Placotlinm as Leproloma to A-inphiloma. 21. L. xantholyta Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.— Thallus subleprose, thin, crenulato-subeffigurate at the circumference, golden-citrine- coloured (K+ purplish), internally white. — Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 112, xviii. p. 45. While in some respects allied to L. cirrochroa, with which it occasionally grows associattd (as also with L. callopisma), it at once differs in being internally white. The thallus spreads extensively over the substratum and is always sterile. Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in S.W., Central, and N. England, N. Whales, and the Central Highlands of .Scotland.— B. M. : Swanage, Dorsetshire ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, Devonshire ; Bath- anipton Downs, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; View Edge, near Stokesay, Shropshire; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire ; Scout Scar, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Subgen. 6. CANDELARIA (Mass.), Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 454 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45). — Thallus subeffigurate or en- tirely granulose, yellow or vitelline. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nae or numerous (12-16-32nae), ellipsoid, simple or apically bilocular, rarely 1-septate ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the apices of the thecae bluish with iodine. Spermogoncs with long simple sterigmata and straight spermatia. LEC.-VXORA.] LECANO-LBCIDEKI. 3'37 Subsimilar in the colour of the thallus and apotheeia to subgenus Plat-odium, but differs, among minor marks of distinction, in the absence of chrysophanic acid, and more essentially in the charaster of the sterig- mata. 1 i) O Fig. 02. (1) Lecanora (Cnndelaria) laciniosa Nyl. — a. A iheca and paraphysis, X 350. b. Three spores, X 500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, X 500. (2) Lecanora medians Nyl.— d. A theca and paraphysis, X 350. e. Three spores, X 500. «. Thecae polyspored. 22. L. crenata Xyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1886) p. 130. — Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, crenato-granulose, narrowly radiato-effigurate at the circumference, citrine-yellow, opaque; radii convex, crenato-incised (K— ). Apotheeia moderate, somewhat plane, pale-citrine or livid-yellow (K — ), the thalline margin crenate ; spores 20-40nae (or more), ellipsoid or oblong, simple or obsoletely L-septate, 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3, p. 166. The specific name crenulata AVahlenb. Fl. Lapp, p. 416, has priority, but cannot be retained, because of the previous homonym of Dickson. Looks like a Placodium, but the ahsence of any reaction, the number of the spores, aud ihe nature of the sterigmata place it in this subgenus. In the t\vo British specimens seen, the thallus is not very well developed, and only one is sparingly fertile. Hnb. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and rare in X. AVales and N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Aberdovey, Merionethshire. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 23. L. laciniosa Xyl. Flora, 1881, p. 451.— Thallus suborbicular or effuse, minutely laciniato-divided, greenish-yellow ; laciniae mul- tifid, subimbricate, crowded, the margins crisp, more or less granu- loso-pulvcrulent (K — ). Apotheeia small, subsessile, tawny-yellow (K — ), the thalline margin entire or granulate; spores (10-100na3) ellipsoid, simple, often subpolari-bilocular, variable in size, 0,006- 0,01 1 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. 368 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. — Physcia parietina $. laciniosa et $. concolor Mudd. Man. pp. 113, 114. Parmelia parietina e. laciniosa Duf. in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 73. Physcia candelaria Mudd, Man. p. 114. Lecanora candelaria Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 167. Squamaria candelaria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Psoroma candelarium Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lichen candelarias Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811 pro parte; With. Arr. p. 27 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1794. Lichen concolor Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 18, t. ix. f. 8 pro maxima parte. — Lichen cande- larius of Linmeus and the older authors is a nomen vagum including species belonging to different genera and cannot be retained. Lichen concolor Dicks, pro parte must also be rejected in order to prevent confusion with Lecanora concolor Ram. In Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 65, Nylander proposes the name concolorans, bat, as he states, Lich. Scand. p. 108, that Parmelia laciniosa Duf., according to original specimens, is entirely this species, Dufour's name must be adopted. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 12 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 53. Closely resembles states of Physcia lijchnea, with which it has often been confounded. It is, however, well distinguished by the absence of any reaction and by the number of the spores. The apothecia are not usually present in the British specimens. Var. granulosa Leight. //. cc. Exs. n. 12, is only a stunted, more granulose state, of common occur- rence. Hab. On trunks of trees and on old pales, rarely on walls, in maritime, lowland, and uplaud districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : St. Lawrence, Island of Jersey ; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. Wal- thamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Pensh urst Park, Kent; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Penzauce, Cornwall; Stowell Park, Glouces- tershire; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; Cherry Hinton, near Cam- bridge; Berwick, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merio- nethshire ; Stokesley, Yorkshire; near Keswick, Cumberland; Levens Park, Westmoreland. Doune Castle and Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Fort William and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Limerick ; Blackrock, ne;ir Cork ; Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 24. L. vitellina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 403.— Thallus effuse, suhareolate, granulose, vitelline or yellow-vitelline; granules minute, crenate or sublobulate or verrucoso-glomerate, usually crowded (K — ). Apothecia submoderate, sessile, plane or convex, tawny- or livid-yellow (K— ), the thalline margin entire or granulato-crenu- late ; spores (12-24-32nee) ellipsoid or oblong, simple or obsoletely 1-septate (or apically 2-locular), 0,008-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. FL p. 180, ed. 3, p. 186 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 192 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138. — Callopisma vitellinum Mudd, Man. p. 135. Lichen vitelliiws Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 155; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 23; Eng. Bot. t. 1792. To this is also referable var. corrvscans LECAXORA.] LECANO-LEC1DEEI. 369 Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167. — Parmelia vitellina ft. corruscuns Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 177. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 214, 297, 298 ; Bohl. n. 78. The thallus forms a thinnish, continuous or subdiffract crust, and generally spreads somewhat extensively over the substratum. In its more typical state, with the tlialline granules and those of the margin of the apothecia distinctly crenate, it is var. corruscans Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 149 (vide Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 141). When growing on maritime rocks, both the thallus and apothecia at times give an abnormally brownish-red reaction with K, the result probably of being suffused with salt water. The apothecia are numerous, generally crowded and then at times anguloso-diffjrm, yellow suffused, and often yellow-olivaceous. Hab. On rocks, walls, and on the earth in their crevices, also on trees and old pales in maritime, lowland and upland situations. — Distr. Gene- ral and common in most parts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and no doubt also of Ireland. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Near Cromer, Norfolk ; Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Wal- thamstow, Essex ; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Minver, Cornwall ; Ma- dingley, Cambridgeshire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumber- land ; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Stockstield, Northumber- land. Craigleith, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Will's Braes, Forfarshire ; Portlethen, Kin- cardineshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. aurella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 177.— Thallus with the granules scattered, often subevanescent. Apothecia minute, the thalline margin entire or at length excluded. — Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167. — Verrucaria aurella Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1791) p. 197. Differs from the type, with which it may be confluent, in the less contiguous, more or less obliterated thallus, and in the much smaller apothecia which frequently become biatoroid. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts. — Ztistr. Apparently local in the Channel Islands, the S.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Achro- sagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire. Subsp. L. xanthostigma Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. (1866) p. 130. — Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose. Apothe- cia small. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecanora xanthostigma Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1832, p. 273. L. citrina ft. xanthostigma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 403. Lichen citrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 upper fig- Characterized by the thinner, more leprose thallus, which at times is somewhat scattered. Nylander observes I. c. that it may be a distinct species. In the fertile British specimens the apothecia are numerous, at length convex, with the thalline margin obliterated. 2s 370 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Hob. On the trunks of old trees in wooded districts. — Distr. Only in S. and W. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.— B. M. : Wal- thamstow, Essex ; Glynde, Sussex ; near Bradford, Wiltshire ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire. b. Thecae 8-spored. 25. L. medians Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. (1866) p. 367.— Thallus orbicular, minutely granulose or leproso-granulose in the centre, plicato-radiose at the circumference, opaque, vitelline-yellow or citrine, greyish- white in the centre (K— ). Apothecia moderate, plane, sordid-yellow or yellowish-brown (K — ) ; the thalline margin entire or crenulate, citrine ; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, simple, or oc- casionally 1-septate, 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3, p. 189.—Placodium medians Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. ix. (1862) p. 262.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 59. Externally subsimilar to L. murorum, to which at first sight it seems allied, but differs in the absence of any reactions and in the structure of the spores. The thallus is at length somewhat expanded, becoming almost leproso-dissolved in the centre, which is inspersed with citrine granules. It is seldom fertile, though when present the apothecia are numerous. Abbey, Cambridgeshire. 26. L. epixantha Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. t. xxv. (1864) p. 8. — Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, yellow- vitelline or greenish-grey (K — ), often subevanescent. Apothecia small, sessile, plane or slightly convex, yellowish-orange or greenish-yellow (K— ); the thalline margin thin, subcrenulate, pale-yellow ; spores 8nse, oblong or ellipsoid, simple, at length polari-locular, 0,012-21 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 213. — Lecanora viteUina vars. epixantha et octospora Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; var. epixantha Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167. Lecidea epixantha Ach. Licb. Univ. (1810) p. 208. Externally scarcely distinguishable from L. viteUina, but differs defi- nitely in the number of the spores. The thallus is entirely absent when the plant grows, as it often does, mixed up with other lichens. At times the thalline margin of the apothecia is at length excluded. Hob. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. England, Wales, and S. Ireland ; no doubt overlooked elsewhere, especially when athalline. — B. M. : Hastings, Sussex; Cheddar, Somersetshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire. Giant's Stairs, co. Cork. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 371 Subgen. 7. EULECANORA Xyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 127.— Thallus crustaceous, granulose or leprose, very rarely radiate. Apothecia lecanorine or iecideoid ; spores occasionally numerous, simple or variously septate, rarely brown ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermo- gones with jointed or simple sterigmata and various spermatia. The largest subgenus of Lecanora and in several respects confluent with the preceding subgenera. According to the structure of the apo- thecia and spennogones it is divided into different sections, most of which have been viewed as distinct genera by sporologists. A. Spores 8nae (rarely 8-16use), polari-bilocular, rarely simple or 1 -septate, colourless ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecae, bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. (Eucaloplaca Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 172.) a. Apothecia brightly coloured. (CaVopis- meUa Wedd. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. xix. p. 276.) 27. L. citrina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 402 ; Xyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xiii. p. 366. Fig. 63. — Thallus effuse, granuloso-leprose, rimoso-sub- Lecanora cerina Ach. areolate, citrine (K + purplish). Apothecia — «• A spore, x moderate, plane or somewhat convex, orange- 3^0: ; Jointe^ 11 /-IT- i \ j.1- j-u IT • -L- stengmata and yellow (K + purple) ; the thalhne margin thin, 8permatia( x 500. entire, at length obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, colourless, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick. — Sm. Eng. Bot. ii. p. 192 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61. — Placodium citrinum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177, ed. 3, p. 163. P. murorum subsp. citrinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 ; var. e. citrinum Mudd, Man. p. 132. Lichen citrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 (three lower figs.). Verrucaria citrina Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 193 pro parte. Lichen candelarius Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 27 pro parte. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Muse. 136, t. 18. f. 18 *.—Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 86 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 8ij. Differs at once from L. (Placodiuni) murorum, of which it has fre- quently been regarded as a variety, in not being radiate at the circum- ference, while connecting states are never found. The thallus occasionally spreads extensively, varying somewhat in thickness, at times subevane- scent, and is often of a greenish-yellow colour when growing in shady places, and in old plants is partially more or less greyish-citrine. The apothecia when present (for the plant is often sterile) are generally numerous, at first somewhat innate, becoming at length convex, with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On the mortar of walls, rarely on rocks, very rarely on old trunks of trees, chieflv about towns and villages, in maritime, lowland, 372 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. and upland tracts. — Distr. General and common in the Channel Islands, and throughout Great Britain ; apparently rare in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Islands of Jersey and Sark. Norwich, Norfolk ; Wimpole Park, Cam- bridgeshire ; Bonchurch and St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight ; Torquay, Devonshire ; Withiel, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Windsor, Berkshire ; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Monmouth; Island of Anglesea ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brougham Castle, Westmoreland ; Hexham, Northumberland ; Lam- plugh, Cumberland. Near Edinburgh ; Gourock, Renfrewshire ; Cupar, Fifeshire ; King's Park, Stirling ; near Doune, Perthshire ; Wills Braes, Forfarshire ; Nigg, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Form depauperata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 45.— Thal- lus effuse, little developed, the granules minute, very much scattered. Apothecia small ; otherwise as in the type. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 128. The thallus is but sparingly visible, and at times inspersed here and there over what seems to be Pannularia nigra, upon which the fructifi- cation then looks as if parasitic. Hob. On granitic rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Seen only from the Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Island of Alderney. Kyle- more, Connemara, co. Galway. 28. L. flavocitrina Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 461. — Thallus indeter- minate, thinnisb, minutely squamulose, citrine-yellow ; squamules appressed, more or less citrino-pulverulent (K + purplish). Apo- thecia small, somewhat concave or plane, biatoroid, orange-yellow (K + purple), the margin entire, paler; spores ellipsoid, polari- bilocular, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,006 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs in the character of the thallus and in the biatoroid apothecia. The squamules are either entirely citrino-pulverulent, or only so at the margins. The specimen seen is well fertile, with occasional traces of a thalline margin to the young apothecia. Hob. On schistose walls in an upland situation.— Distr. Only in N.W. England (Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland). 29. L. incrustans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 405 ; Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106. — Thallus effuse, crustaceous, verrucose, more or less diffract, pale-yellow, subpulverulent (K -f- purplish). Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, deeper yellow, pruinose (K + purplish), the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo- cular, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. A plant seldom rightly discriminated. It is allied to L. citrina, from which it may be recognized by the paler thallus and apothecia. In the only British specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous with the thalline margin persistent. The spermogones have the spermatia oblong or subellipsoid, 0,020-25 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 373 Hob. On schistose walls in a maritime district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.E. Scotland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Portlethen, Kiucardineshire. 30. L. aurantiaca Kyi. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1858) p. 112 ; Lich. Scand. p. 142. — Thallus determiiiate or subefFuse, thinnish, granulato-verrucose, unequal, yellowish or pale-lemon-coloured (K + purplish) £ hypothallus dark-greyish, limiting the thallus, often obsolete. Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, orange-coloured (K4- deep violet), usually hiatorine with entire proper margin ; the thalline margin thin, crenulate, speedily ex- cluded ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,007 -10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46. — Lecanora aurantiaca var. salicina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. 206. Callopisma aurantiacum a. salicinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Lecidea aurantiaca Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 186 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476. Lichen aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 810 pro parte. .Rinodina salicina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lich">i saJicinus Eng. Bot. t. 1305. Lichen ft ivombescens Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15 pro parte. — I have retained Lightfoot's specific name, instead of the more deter- minate one L. salicina Ach., owing to its being generally accepted, though it includes also the subspecies that follows. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 09 ; Leight. n. 212 ; Bohl. n. 118. A very distinct species which cannot be confounded with any of its allies. The thallus is somewhat variable in colour, being occasionally whitish or greyish (when the reaction is less distinct), and at times is almost evanescent. The apothecia are numerous, though chiefly central, and except in a very young state are biatoroid. In otherwise sterile plants the spermogones are especially frequent and papillaBibrm, with spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. tl ick. This state is described by Acharius (Vtt. Ak. Handl. 1810, p. 148) as var. microthelia (cfr. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456). Hub. On the trunks of trees, chiefly poplars, ash, and willows, also on old pales, in maritime, lowland, and upland situations. — Distr. General and common in England, probablv also in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Hadiscoe, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Halstead, Kent ; Sussex ; near St. Helen's and Bembridge, Isle of Wight ; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, and near Plymouth, S. Devon ; Cornwall ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Malvern and near Crowle, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Black Mount, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham ; Hexham and Wansbeck, Northumberland ; Levens, West- moreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire ; near Edinburgh ; Connel Ferry, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Clon- mel, co. Tipperary ; Ballynegard, co. Limerick. Subsp. 1, L. erythrella Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 549.— Thallus effuse, thin, or submoderate, areolato-diffract, or rugose and rimose, yellow or orange-yellow (K-f- crimson). Apothecia biatorine (rarely 374 LICHENACEI. [LECANOKA. lecanorine), saffron-coloured or tawny-orange. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecanora aumntiaca var. erythrella Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. -07 Lecanora erythrella Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v:p. 186. Lecidea erythrella Tayi. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 130. Einodina erythrella Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen erythrellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 43 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1993. Callopisma aurantiacum [3. flavovirescens Mudd, Man. p. 137. Lichen Jtavorubescens Huds. Fl. Angl. i. p. 443 pro parte ; With. Arr. iv. p. 15 pro parte. Lichen aurantiacus Light!'. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 810 pro parte.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 100 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 20. Distinguished by the areolate and more developed thallus, which is often widely expanded. The colour also is of a deeper yellow, though in shady places it is at times yellowish-green. The apothecia, which are numerous, are also smaller, more convex, with the thalline margin very seldom visible, even in young plants. Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland localities. — Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the more hilly tracts of Great Britain ; apparently rare in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Hastings, Sussex ; Saltash and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire ; near Pen- zance, Cornwall ; North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, and Llauymyuech Hill, Shropshire ; Snowdr.u, Carnarvonshire; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Brigsteer, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Appin and Glen Orchy, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Kinnoul Hill, and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire ; Castleton of Braemar and Morrone, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. inalpina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.— Thallus thin, paler or whitish ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45 ; Lich. Brit. p. 46 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218 pro minima parte, ed. 3, p. 207 pro minima parte. — Callopisma auran- tiacum y. inalpinum Mudd, Man. p. 137 pro minima parte. Leca- nora inalpina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 388. Differs in the colour of the thallus, which in our few specimens is rather scattered and pale-yellowish. By British authors it has not been rightly distinguished from L. pyracea. Hab. On mica- schist rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in N.W. England and the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Harris Moor, near Whitehavon, Cumberland. Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form rubescens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.— Thallus thinnish, pale-yellowish or whitish. Apothecia convex, reddish- saffron-coloured. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.' p. 45. — Lecidea auran- tiaca /3. rubescem Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 69. Only a form of the above variety characterized by the convex, differently coloured apothecia. Hab. On schistose rocks in a subalpine region. — Distr. Very sparingly on one of the S.Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Ben Lawer? Perthshire^ LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 375 Subsp. 2. L. irrubescens Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 318.— Thallus effuse, thin, scattered, tawny-yellow, at times subevanescent. Apo- thecia subminute, biatorine, sessile, becoming convex and immargi- nate, orange-red. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Differs in the characters given of the tballus and apothecia. The only British specimen (fragmentary) is in lib. Salwey s. n. Lecidea picta TayL, which Schierer (Enum. p. 149 ) referred to his var. 8. rubescens (non Ach.). It is, however, identical with that of Anzi, Lich. min. rar. n. 135, upon which Nylander founded this subspecies. Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous district. — Distr. Seen only very sparingly from N. Wales.— B. M. : Near Barmouth, Merionethshire. 31. L. crenulateUa Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 461.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, unequal, rimose, citrine-coloured (K + purple). Apothecia moderate, plane, zeorine, subconcolorous (K + purple), the thalline margin when present finely crenulate; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo- cular (the loculi moderate), 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,008-9'mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Well characterized by the double margin of the apothecia. It conies near subsp. L. erythrella, but, as Nylander /. c. observes, is scarcely to be subjoined under this. The thallus is little visible in the single speci- men seen, but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally crowded. Hab. On quartzose rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N.W. England (Arnside, Westmoreland). 32. L. ochracea Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 46.— Thallus determinate, thinnish, continuous or obsolctely rimoso- areolate, ochrey-yellow (K + crimson). Apothecia small, sessile, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, tawny-saffron or orange- coloured (K -J- purple), the margin thin, paler: spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.-^Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218, ed. 3, p. 208.— Callopisma ochractum Mudd, Man. p. 138, t. 2. f. 43. Lecidea ochracea Schaer. in Nat. Anz. 1819, p. 11. Lecidea icterica Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 150 (fide Leight. I. c.). Closely allied to L. aurantiaca, but distinguished among other cha- racters by the constantly biatorine apothecia and the smaller spores. The structure of the latter definitely separates it from L. tetrasticha Nyl., to which externally it is almost similar and for which it is often mistaken. It is usually limited by a more or less distinct whitish hypo- thallus, and is always well fertile. Hab. On cahareous rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Very local and rare in S.W. England, S. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scot- laud, and ?S.W. Ireland.— B. M.: Hope Cove, near Kingsbridge, S. Devon; Giltar Point, Tenby, Pembrokeshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 33. L. ferniginea Xyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, t, i. (1856) p. 322. — Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thinnish, areolato- or 376 LICHENACEI. [LECANOEA. verrucoso-unequal, or subsmooth, greyish or greyish- white (K-f purplish). Apothecia small or submoderate, biatorine, plane or at length convex, bright rusty-red (K-f purple), the proper margin thin, undulate, subpersistent ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube or none, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. (forma corticola) p. 219, ed. 3, p. 208.— Callopisma ferruyineum Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lecidea ferruginea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128 pro parte ; Lichen ferrugineus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 444; Eng. Bot. t. 1650. Lecidea ccesio-rufa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 473 pro partj ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 39 pro parte. Lichen vernalis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 805 pro parte. Lichenoides leprosum, tuberculis fuscis et ferruglneis Dill. Muse. 126, t. 18. f. 4 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 95 ; Bohl. n. 108. Easily recognized by the colour of the apothecia. In its typical state it is corticolous, seldom, at least in this country, saxicolous. The thallus varies considerably in thickness ; when it is little developed the greyish- black hypothallus is here and there visible. It is usually well fertile, with numerous apothecia, which are occasionally proliferous. They are rarely crowned by the thallus when thicker and verrucose, whence form sublecanorina Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197, which occurs also in the variety. Hob. On trunks of trees, very rarely on schistose rocks, in maritime and upland situations.- — Distr. General in most parts of England ; rarer in Scotland and Ireland; very rare in the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Epping Forest and Widdington. Essex ; Hurst, St. Leonard's Forest, Lewes and Brighton, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Isle of Wight ; near Plymouth, Devonshire ; near Bocconoc, St. Minver, and Penzance, Cornwall ; Oswestry, Shrop- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, York- shire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Levens, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire ; near Stirling ; Finlarig and Kenmore, Perthshire. Kenmare and Glen- more Lake, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. /3. festiva Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143.— Thallus thin or thinnish, greyish or dark, rimuloso-areolate, often evanescent. Apothecia small, with the proper margin entire, flexuose or crenu- late, at length convex and imrnarginate. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — L. ferruginea forms saxicola, festiva Leight. Lich. Fl. pp. 219, 220, ed. 3, pp. 208, 209. Callopisma ferrugi- neum ft. festiva Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lecidea ccesio-rufa (3. festiva Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 44. Lichen crenularius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405 (errore crenulatus p. 22). Lecanora ferruginea var. crenu- laria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 85 ; Mudd, n. 102 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 165. When best developed almost confluent with the type. The thallus is very rarely whitish (in the darker states- K-), and is frequently entirely absent. The apothecia are small or minute, at times crowded, with the margin often inflexed and more or less crenulate, whence Lichen crenu- larius With. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Not unfrequent and plentiful where it occurs in Groat Britain and LECANORA.] LECANO-LEC1DEEI. 377 Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Hastings, Sussex ; Kingsbridge, S. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcester- shire ; Croesfaen, near Monmouth; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llan- dyssil, Cardiganshire ; South Stacks, Holyhead Alt., Anglesea ; near Rose- berry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestoae and Teesdale, Durham ; White- haven, Cumberland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Barcaldine aud Head of Loch Awe, Arjryleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire ; Porfletb.cn, Kincardineshire ; The Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Near luniscarra, co. Cork; Kilkee, co. Clare; near Kylemore, co. Galway. 34. L. ferruginascens Xyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427. — Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-difi'ract, whitish (K + purplish), often evanescent. Apothecia small, biatorine, plane and margined, or at length convex and immarginate, rusty-ochraceous or tawny-fcrrugineous (K + purple) ; spores obloug, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Allied to var. ft of the preceding species, but differs in the colour of the apotliecia and in the spores, which, as observed by Nylaiider /. c., often appear simple in the recent plant. In the British specimen seen the apothecia become at length rather dark. Hub. On schistose rocks in an upland situation. — Distr. As yet only very sparingly in N.W. England. — B. M. : Near Kendal, Westmoreland. 35. L. fuscoatra Xyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427.— Thallus effuse, thin, minutely areolato-diffract, sordid-greyish (K -f purplish-violet). Apothecia small, nearly plane, lecanorine, rusty-red (K + purplish), the thalline margin distinct, entire; spores polari-bilocular, 0,011— 15 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecanora ferruginea var. fuscoatra Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209. Biatora ferruginea £. fusco- atra Bayrh. Uebers. (1849) p. 82. Apparently specifically distinct from L. ferruginea, differing at once in the definitely lecanorine' apothecia. Our few British specimens are well fertile. Hob. On schistose rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. England, the S.W. Highlands, and N.E. coast of Scotland.— B. M. : North of Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldiiie, Argyle- shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 36. L. concilians Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388. — Thallus subdeter- minate, granuloso-areolate, dark-greyish (K — ). Apothecia moderate or small, rusty-brown or brownish-black, at first lecanorine, plane, with thin thalline margin, at length convex, biatorine, immarginate (K + dark purplish) ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecanora ferruginea forma concilians "Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209 (obs.). — To this is referable the British specimens of L. dijihyodes 378 LICHENACEl. [LECA.NORA. (non Nyl.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 ; Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 213. A peculiar species known only from Scotland and Norway. It is now regarded by Nylander as distinct from L. ferruginea in its limited accep- tation on account of the typically lecanorine apothecia. Specimens in which these are darker-coloured, aud with a few exceptions entirely biatorine in appearance, closely approach L. nig r icons Tuck., which, however, has the thallus little developed. Hob. On schistose rocks in a maritime tract. — Dlstr. Extremely local in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : Near Portlethen, Kiucardineshire. 37. L. caesiorufa Xyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388.— Thallus subdeter- minate, rimoso- or diffracto-areolate, rugose, thickish, caesio-greyish (Kf -)- purplish). Apothecia moderate, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, rusty -orange-coloured (K + purple), the margin pro- minent, entire or inflexed, paler ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,014-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick; hypothecium lax; paraphyses slender, jointed towards the apices; hymenial gelatine at length wine-red with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. It may be Lecidea ccesio-rufa of British authors pro parte. Well separated from L. ferruginea, with which until recently it has usually been confounded, not merely by minor differences of the thallus and apothecia, but more especially by the hypothecium, the cells of which are much less compact (fide Nyl. in litt.). The numerous apothecia are at times undulate and subcrenulate at the margins. Hab. On rocks, chiefly sandstone and schist, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in the Channel Islands, S.W. and VV. England, S. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. The Lizard, Cornwall; Hollybush Hill, Malvern ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Rerwick, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Edinburgh ; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Kilkee, co. Clare. 38. L. phaeocarpella Xyl. Flora, 1830, p. 388 nota. — Thallus indeterminate, thin, mactilar, greyish- white, often nearly obsolete (K — ). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane, brown or dark-brown, often slightly oeruginoso-suffused (K-f- purple), colourless within, thinly margined; paraphyses moderate, brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006-11 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. — Lecanora nigricans (non Tuck.), Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Near L. nigricans (Tuck.), with which it was at one time joined by Nylander as a state (Lapp. Or. p. 123), but is now regarded by him as distinct. Like others of the more immediately allied species it looks almost a variety of L. ferruginea. The biatorino-lecideine apothecia in the only British specimen gathered are frequent. Hab. On the truuk of a fir-tree in a mountainous region. — Distr. Onlv among the N. Grampians, Scotland, where probably it is not rare. — B. M. : Craig Cluny, Braernar, Aberdeenshire. LECAXORA.] LECANO-LEC1DEEI. 379 39. L. atroflava Nyl. iu Zwach Lich. Heidelb. (1813) p. S3. — Thallus subeffuse, smooth, thin, rimoso-diifract, continuous, um- brine-blackish (K — ). Apothecia small, plane, biatorine, ochraceo- {'erruginous (K + purplish), the margin entire, paler; spores ellip- soid, polari-bilocular, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — • Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. — Lecidea atroflava Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185; Turn. Linn. Traus. ix. (1808) p. 142, t. 11. f. 2. Lichen atroflavus Eng. Bot. t. 2009. Lecanora scotoplaca Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. '2'3'2. Lecanora ftrruyinea var. scotoplaca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 20ti.—Bfit. Kvs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335. Near to L. c&siunifa, but apparently a distinct species. The thallus, usually more or less effuse, is at times when associated with other crus- taceous lichens (e. g. Lecanora campestris) well determinate. The apo- thecia are numerous and crowded, whence it has often been confounded with var. holocarpa of L. pyrac'a. Hab. On siliceous rocks, usually exposed flints, in maritime, rarely upland tracts. — D^str. Local and scarce in S. and E. England, N. Wales, and in N.W. Ireland.-B. M. : Ryde, Isle of Wight; Beechy Head and the Downs, Sussex : Lyddbeach, Kent ; Thetford Warren, Norfolk. Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Near Kylemore, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 40. L. Turneriana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Thallus thin, areolato-rimose or diffract, the areolae verrucoso- unequal, dark-grey or brownish-black (K — ). Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, biatorine, reddish-yellow, the margin thick, entire, persistent, paler yellow (epithecium K + purplish) ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 209.— Lecidea Turneriana Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206. Has the aspect of L. pyracea, but differs in the colour of the thallus and apothecia, and especially in the thicker spores. The thallus varies from dark-grey to deep-brown, passing into black; but in our specimens it is but sparingly visible. The apothecia are usually scattered, though here and there a few are crowded, the epithecium being at times of a darker colour. Hub. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Seen only sparingly from S. Wales, N.W. England, and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : St. David's, Pem- brokeshire ; Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Kylemore and Killerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 41. L. albolutescens Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 177.— Thallus thin, subfarinaceous, continuous or somewhat scattered, whitish (K — ). Apothecia moderate, prominent, orange-coloured, Bubbiatorine, thickly margined, the margin externally thalline and whitish, but orange on the upper portion, epithecium unequal (K+ purplish); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick, the loculi large. — Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 22. Not to be confounded with L. pyracea, from which it at once differs in the larger, thickly margined apothecia and the larger spores. As observed 380 LICHENACEI. [LECANOKA. by Nylander 1. c. it is more allied to L. Turneriana, from which it probably descends. The thallus is effuse, with no distinct hypothallus, and at times becomes evanescent (form ecrustacea Johns.). The apothecia are numerous, at times somewhat crowded, and at length angulose. Hob, On granitic rocks in upland tracts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N. England. — B. M. : Tyneside, Bywell, Northumberland ; Scalegill, Cumberland. 42. L. cerina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 390.— Thallus deter- minate, thin, smoothish or granulato-unequal, greyish-white (K-f- crimson), limited by a thin bluish-black hypothallus. Apothecia lecanorine, moderate, somewhat plane, pale waxy-yellow (K+ crim- son), the thalline margin, thin, entire, persistent ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses tawny-yellow at the apices. — Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 136 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209.— Callopuma cerinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina cerina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen cerinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 216 ;" Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 14 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 24 ; Eng. Bot. t. 627.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 83 ; Mudd, n. 97 ; Cromb. n. 60 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 167. A very variable plant as to the thallus and fructification, but readily known from its allies by the colour of the hypothallus and the regularly lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is often almost or entirely evanescent, though even then it always margins the apothecia. These are usually fairly numerous, sessile, occasionally of a paler colour, with the spores at times more broadly ellipsoid. From it descend the forms and subspecies that follow. Hob. On the trunks of trees and on old pales in maritime, lowland, and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in the Channel Islands and England ; apparently rare in N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Coltishall, Norfolk ; near Colchester and Widdington, Essex ; Maidstone, Kent ; Lewes, Sussex; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Plymouth, S. Devon; Tregawn and Truro, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cherry Hinton and near Quy, Cam- bridgeshire ; Oswestry and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Bilsdale, Yorkshire ; Derwent River, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Largs, Ayrshire ; Blair Drummond and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Near Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Adare, co. Limerick. Form 1. cyanolepra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.— Thallus thin, evanescent; hypothallus chiefly present. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 210. — Patellaria cyanolepra DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 560. Well marked by the very distinct predominating hypothallus, upon which the proper thallus is only very sparingly here and there visible. The apothecia at times appear to arise from the hypothallus, but have a distinct greyish thalline margin. LECANORA.] LECA.NO-LECIDEEI. 381 Hab. On the smooth bark of ash and poplars in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Sparingly in S. and W. England, and among the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants ; Withiel, Cornwall. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. albiseda Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.— Thallus very thin, white. Apothecia bright-yellow, the thalline margin, thin, white. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. A peculiar form, differing in the colours of the thallus, the apothecia, and their thalline margin. Hab. On old pales in upland districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in S. England and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : near Lewes," Sussex. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. Var. p. stillicidiorum Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 112; Lich. Scand. p. 144. — Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose or leprose, greyish-white ; hypothallus obsolete. Apothecia small, yellowish- or olive-green, or dark olive, pruinose, the thalline margin undulate, pale-greyish. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210. — Callopisma cerinum j. stillicidiorum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina stillicidiorum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen stillicidiorum Hornem. Fl. Dan. (1792) t. 1063. f. 2. Lecanora cJiloroleuca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190. Lichen cMoroleucus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1373.— Brit. Exs. : Bohl. n. 94. Probably rather a subspecies (cfr. Norrl. Medd. Sa'llsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn. i. p." 22), differing in the absence of a hypothallus, the colour of the fructification, and in the habitat. The thallus spreads rather exten- sively and the apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin rarely subpulverulent. Hab. Incrusting masses, on calcareous rocks, in upland and subalpine situations. — Distr. Local, though not uncommon where it occurs in S.W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands and among the Grampians, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire : Egle- stone, Durham; Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; nearSkelton, Cumberland. Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. chlorina Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 505. — Thallus effuse, thickish, granuloso-verruculose or areolato-rimulose, verdigris- or dark-green ; hypothallns not dis- tinct. Apothecia darker cerine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecanora cerina var. chlorina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210. Callopisma cerinum ft. chlorinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Zeora cerina var. chlorina Flot. Lich. Siles. (1849) p. 216.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 22. Distinguished as a subspecies by the more developed thallus, its very different colour, and by the darker apothecia. The hypothallus is con- fused with the thallus. In the few British specimens the apothecia are 382 LICHENACEI. [LECAXORA. numerous, though elsewhere it often occurs sterile (fide Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 174), in which condition it has probably been overlooked in our country. Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and N.VV. Ireland.— B. M. : Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens Park, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Near Lough Corrib and Great Killery, co. Galway. Form cyanopolia Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 128. — Thallus subleprose or depresso-granulate and rimoso-diffract, sordid greyish or sometimes caesio-bluish. Apothecia lecanorine, somewhat concave, at length biatorine, pale-yellowish- orange. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecanora cerina f. cyano- polia Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 211.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 23. Apparently referable to this subspecies, with which it agrees in habitat, but differs in colour and in the tha^ine margin of the apothecia being at length excluded. Our only specimen seen is well fertile. Hab. On wet stones in upland districts. — Dixtr. Only sparingly in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Between Lough Feagh and Lough Muck, Con- nemara, Galway. Subsp. 2. L. haematites Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112.— Thallus subeff'use or determinate, contiguous, verruculose, greyish ; hypothallus bluish. Apothecia submoderate, plane, rusty-red, the thalline margin thickish, persistent. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecanora hcematites Charb. in St. Am. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 492 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 212.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 56. Often regarded as a distinct species, but scarcely with propriety, since it differs from the type chiefly in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus is somewhat small, often confused with and at times limited by the hypo- thallus. The apothecia, in the few specimens seen, are numerous and crowded. Hab. On the sracoth bark of young trees and their branches, chiefly in orchards, in maritime and lowland districts. — Distr. Found only sparingly in S.W., E., and W. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Ilsham, Torquay, S. Devon ; Cherry Hinton, Cam- bridgeshire ; near Worcester. 43. L. cerinella Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 370; Flora, 1872, p. 427. — Thallus thin, sordid-greyish, little visible (K + yellowish). Apothecia minute, subbiatorine, bright-yellow (K + purplish); spores 8-12-16nae, ellipsoid, indistinctly bilocular, with thin septum, 0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. Looks as if it were a small variety of L. cerina, but is distinct by the minute apothecia and the pluri-spored thecae. On the application of K, the spores at once assume a placodine form, and are seen to be polari- biloeular with longitudinal tube. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 383 Hab. On branches of trees in lowland districts. — Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in E. England (near Cambridge) ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. 44. L. biloculata Xyl. Flora, 1878, p. 248.— Thallus effuse, very thin, unequal or rugulose, whitish or glaucous- white, somewhat shining (K — CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, adnate, lecideoid, plane and thinly margined, at length convex and immarginate, black (K — ); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, brownish, 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,008 mm. thick ; hypothecium brownish-black ; paraphyses thickish, dark-brown at the clavate apices, hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecidea polo- spora (nomen ineptum) ; Leight. Trans. Linn Soc. n. a. Bot. i. (1878) p. 241, t. xxxiii. figs. 4-6 ; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 313. A rather inconspicuous plant, with quite the aspect of a Lecidea allied to L, myriocarpa, as observed by Leighton //. c. According to Nylander apud Hue Rev. Bot. 188b', p. 20, it is in reality a Lecanora of this section. It evidently, however, departs from it in the colour of the apothecia and the spores, as also in the absence of any epithecial reaction with K. In the small specimen seen, it is only sparingly present associated with Lecanora ruyosa and Lecidea parasema. Hab. On an old hawthorn tree in a maritime tract. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in X.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ballinahinch, near Kylemore, co. Galway. 45. L. pyracea Xyl. Xot. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. eer. v. (1866) p. 129. — Thallus effuse, very thin, granulato-leprose, greyish-white, often obsolete (Kf+ reddish in thin section); hypo- thallus thin, whitish. Apothecia small or minute, somewhat plane or convex, yellow-orange-coloured (K-f crimson), with the thalline margin speedily excluded ; or biatorine with the proper margin thin, paler yellow ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46 ; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte. — Parmelia cerina £. pyracea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 176.— Brit. Exs.\ Leight. n. 118; Mudd, n. 101 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 132. In some respects allied to L. cerina, from which it differs chiefly in the less developed thallus and the biatoroid apothecia. The thallus is usually sparingly visible, and at times entirely wanting. The apothecia are numerous, at first with thin, evanescent or obsolete thallbe margin, so that they are seldom seen lecanorine. It is a rather variable plant, and hence the British variety, forms, and subspecies that follow. Hab. On rocks and stones, rarely on trees and old pales from maritime to subalpine tracts. — Distr. Here and there in England and Wales, the Scottish Grampians and X.W. Ireland ; no doubt often overlooked. — B. M. : Hastings and the South Downs, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; St. Merryn, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near Cambridge; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ingle- borough, Lanbraugh, and near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Stavelev, Kendal, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Xorthuraberland. Ballachulish, 384 LJOHENACEI. [LECANORA. Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Rothiemurchus and near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Ballyuahinch, Connemara, co. Galway ; Westport, co. Mayo. Form submersa Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 43. — Thallus thin, dark, at length rimuloso-diffract ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. Differs merely in the character of the thallus, which is probably owing to the habitat. T have not seen a British specimen. Hab. On stones in streams in upland situations. — Distr. Very sparingly in N.W. Ireland (near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway). Var. /5. pyrithroma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 367.— Thallus paler, often scarcely visible. Apothecia somewhat convex, deep-yellow or reddish ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46 ; Lich. Brit. p. 47. — Lecidea rupestris p. pyrilhroma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335. Differs chiefly in the size of the spores. It usually occurs athalline and mixed up with other crustaceous lichens, so that it is apt to be over- looked. Hab. On rocks, walls, and flints in lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain and N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Park, near Aberdeen ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. Form picta Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 47.— Thallus thin, greyisb, evanescent. Apothecia concave, then plane, pale greenish- dun coloured, yellow-pruinose, the proper margin thickish, inflexed. — Lecidea picta Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 130. — Leca- nora pyracea var. pyriihroma Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222, ed. 3, p. 212.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 55. Only a form of var. 8, distinguished chiefly by the bright-yellow pruina -with which the fruit is covered. In specimens long preserved in Herbaria this disappears. The apothecia are minute or somewhat small, numerous and usually crowded. Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions. — Distr. Local and scarce on the S. Scottish Grampians and in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. Carig Mt., co. Kerry ; Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. y. lactea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 352.— Thallus thinnish, amylaceous, chalky- white. Apothecia small, orange-red, at length convex and immarginate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. — Callopisma luteo-album var. lacteum Mass. Sched. Grit. (1855) p. 133. A good variety characterized by the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia. Massalongo, I. c., describes the latter as scattered ; but, in the specimens seen, they are here and there congregate. It is a very doubtful LECANOKA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 385 British plant, though there are two specimens from Mr. Mudd in Herb. Brit. Mus. purporting to have been gathered in the locality cited. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Only in ? N.E. England. B. M. : Hartlepool, Durham. Subsp. holocarpa Nyl. Lich. Scand (1861) p. 145. — Thallus nearly obsolete. Apothecia contiguous, crowded, vitelliue or yellow- orange ; sports 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46 ; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte ; var. holocarpa • Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte. — Callo- pisma luteoalbum (3. liolocarpum Mudd, Man. p. 127 pro parte. Lichen holocarpus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) u. 284. Occasionally there are visible slight traces of a thin, dark-greyish, granulose or subfurfuraceous thallus, which, however, is probably not proper. The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, so that, from mutual pressure, they become angular. Hab. On old pales, very rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland situa- tions.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in Great Britain. — B. M. : Near Ayton, Cleveland and Rowcliff, Loftus (saxicolous), Yorkshire ; Morpeth, Northumberland. Achmore, Killin, Perthshire. 46. L. vitellinula Nyl. Flora, 1863, p. 305.— Thallus subefl'use, very thin, yellowish or vitelline-yellow (K + purplish). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane, margined, at length convex, vitelline (K + purplish); spores polar i-bilocular with longitudinal tube, 0,009- 0,012 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bofc. (1882) p. 273. Closely allied to L. pyracea, from which it differs chiefly in colour and in the size of the spores. The thallus is at times nearly evanescent, and the apothecia are usually numerous. Only saxicolous in Britain. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and hilly tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey ; Sidmouth, Devonshire ; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somer- setshire ; Overend, Egrernont, Cumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyle- shire. Carrigogumal, co. Limerick. 47. L. luteoalba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot, t. xxv. (1878) p. 398. — Thallus effuse, thin, leprose, greyish- white (K — ), often almost obsolete. Apothecia minute, biatorine, orange-yellow, at first innate, plane, with paler entire proper margin, at length convex and immarginate (K -j- purplish) ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not very discrete. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Callopisma luteo-album Mudd, Man. p. 136 pro parte. Lecidea luteo-cdba Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 475 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 40. Lichen luteo-albus Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. (1804) p. 92; Eng. Bot. t. 1426. Lecanora pyraceav-dT. ulmicola (DC.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222, ed. 3, p. 211. Lecidea ulmicola Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 84 ; Mudd, n. 98 ; Cromb. n. 61 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 168 ; Bohl. n. 76. 2c 386 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Often confounded with or regarded only as a variety of L. pyracea, to which it is externally similar, though definitely separated by the dis- tinctly-septate spores. It spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus "being frequently evanescent. The apothecia are very numerous, and at times much crowded with a thalline margin rarely visible in their earlier stage of growth. Though normally a corticolous plant, it at times occurs on chalk, mortar, and limestone (very rarely in Britain), when it is form mpestris (? Scop.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p.' 145; Lecidea ulmicola Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. li. p. 129. Hob. On the trunks of trees, chiefly elms, rarely on rocks, from mari- time to upland situations. — Distr. General in most parts of England, apparently rare in N. Wales, Scotland, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Great Glenham and near Sotterly, Suffolk ; Hale P]nd, Epping Forest, Essex ; Eynsford, Kent; Lewes and Glynde, Sussex; near Veutnor, Isle of Wight; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near Mill Hill, Middlesex; Elstree, Herts ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Stowe Park, Bucking- ham ; Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Worcester and at North Malvern, Worcestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Masham, Yorkshire ; Leven's Bridge, Westmoreland ; Meldon Park, Wansbeck Valley, Northumberland. Doune Castle, near Stirling ; Pitfour, Aberdeenshire. Castle Connell, co. Limerick; Rostellan, co. Cork ; Inisfallen, Killarney, co. Kerry. The saxicolous state has occurred only in the following localities in S. and N. England and S. W. Ireland : — South Downs, Sussex ; Newton Abbot, S. Devon ; Ingleborough, York- shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 48. L. phlogina Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112; Lich. Scand. p. 141. — Thallus effuse, very thin, minutely granuloso- leprose, citrine or yellowish-green ; granules globular, often some- what scattered (K-f- purplish). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane or at length convex, yellowish-orange : spores clliptico-oblong, polari- bilocular, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 213.— Par- melia citrina var. phloyina, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 180. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 57. Sometimes viewed as merely a corticolous state of L. citrina, but allied rather to L. pyracea, from which it is at once distinguished by the very different thallus. The apothecia are generally rather scattered. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, ash and e]m, rarely on old posts from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. Found only in a few localities in the Channel Islands and England. — B. M. : St. Clement's Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Hastings, Sussex; Penzance, Cornwall ; Windsor Great Park, Berks ; Pampisford, Cambridgeshire ; near Worcester ; Alston, Cumberland. Var. /3. lutea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.— Thallus leproso- pulverulent, whitish-citrine or pale-luteous. Apothecia pale-orange : spores 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecidea eplxantha var. lutea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 209. A peculiar variety, differing in the more pulverulent, paler thallus, the paler apothecia, smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. The few British specimens are well fertile. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 387 Hab. On vegetable detritus in maritime districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in S. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Luccoinbe Cove, Isle of Wight ; Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire. 49. L. irrubata Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Siillsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 22. — Thallus determinate, thin, rimose or rimoso- areolate, sordid or greyish (K — ). Apothccia adnate, small, biato- rine, somewhat plane or convex, immarginate, yellow-reddish (K + purplish); spores ellipsoid or ovoid, simple, 0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. ; paraphyses scanty. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 58. — Lecanora calva var. irrubata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47. Lecidea irrubata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128. Lecanora rupestris forma viridi-Jiavescens (Wulf.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 204. Lecidea rupestris y. viridiflavescens Mudd, Man. p. 194. Lichen rupestris Eng. Bot. t. 2245.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 119 ; Mudd, n. 161; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 100. Usually arranged by authors among the Lecideei owing to its simple spores and biatorine apothecia. Its true place, however, is among other biatoriue species of this section, as shown by the spermogones. From the more developed thallus, which is usually limited, it is to be regarded as the specific type rather than the subspecies that follows. The apo- thecia are numerous, usually small, rarely submoderate. The spermo- gones, which are externally black-punctate, have the spermatia cylindrical, about 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks, siliceous and cretaceous stones, and the mortar of walls in maritime and upland localities. — Distr. Not uncommon in England ; not seen from Wales ; apparently rare in Scotland and Ireland. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; Beachy Head, Sussex ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, and Cornworthy, S. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bath- ampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Windsor Great Park, Berks ; Norton, near Worcester ; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Bonsall, Derbyshire ; Bilsdale and near Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Beamish, Durham ; Leven's Park, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Kirklnnd, Fifeshire. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. L. calva Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883) p. 379. — Thallus effuse, very thin, whitish, or scarcely any. Apo- thecia small or moderate, convex, vitelline or tawny-yellow ; spores 0,009-0,014 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick ; paraphyses thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Lecanora calva Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 47. Lecanora rupestris form calva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 203. Lichen calvus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. (1790) p. 18, t. 6. f. 4 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14 ; Eng. Bot. t. 948. Lecidea rupestris (? Scop.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 472 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128 : Mudd, Man. p. 193. Often spreads extensively with the thallus indistinct, being confused with the substratum. The apothecia are at times somewhat large, and then more convex, immarginate and scattered. 2c2 388 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. Hob. On calcareous rocks, rarely on flints in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Rather local, though common where it occurs in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland.— B. M. : Reigate, Surrey ; Lydd Beach, Kent ; Peasemarsh and near Lewes, Sussex ; Isle of AVight ; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Leven's Park, Westmoreland ; Bywell, Northumberland. King's Park, Edinburgh ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, and near Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth- shire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form incrustans Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46. — Thallus very thin, white, usually evanescent. Apothecia minute, immersed, plane or slightly convex, thinly margined. — Lecanora rupestris forma incrustans Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 203. Lecidea rupestris fi. incrustans Mudd, Man. p. 194. Patellaria incrustans DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 361. Differs in the smaller, immersed, margined apothecia, which, if a con- etant character, would render it a distinct variety. At times, however, these in the same specimen become at length somewhat prominent and immarginate, so that it can rank only as a form. Hob. On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — - Distr. Seen only from S.W. England, the S.W. Highlands, and the N. Grampians, Scotland, though reported also by Leighton from W. England (Ludlow, Shropshire). — B. M. : Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. L. Siebenhaariana Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1874, p. 215. — Thallus effuse, rimoso-areolate, unequal, whitish or greyish. Apothecia small, adnate, convex, at first orange-coloured, at length sordid-olive or brownish tawny-yellow, internally dark ; spores as in the type. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. — Biatora Sieben- haariana, Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 207. Characterized by the differently coloured apothecia and the dark hypo- thecium. This, as observed by Fries fil., Lich. Scand. p. 425, in the young apothecia is usually violet-rose-coloured, then becoming more and more brownish, though in these it at times presents the natural colour of the type. The thallus is at times almost evanescent and visible only around the apothecia, which are small and scattered, or minute and several congregate. Hob. On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine situations. — Distr. Very sparingly on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 50. L. nivalis Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. & Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 129. — Thallus effuse, very thin or slightly granulate, whitish or greyish- white (K + purplish). Apothecia small, adnate, ochraceous or orange-coloured, at first plane with an evanescent thalline mar- gin, at length somewhat convex, biatorine with thin, entire proper margin (K + purplish) ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, simple or faintly 1-septate, 0,024-38 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses LECAKORA.] LECASTO-LECIDEEr. 389 moderate, often divided at the apices. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 217. — Zeora, nivalis Koerb. Sert. Sudet. (1853) p. 1. Lecanora fuscoluteolina Mudd, Man. p. 153. Externally resembles L. fulvolutea Nyl., a Scandinavian plant not yet detected in Great Britain, but differs at once in the spores, which with K are seen to be thinly 1-septate. The apothecia are usually numerous, crowded, and for the most part biatoroid. Hob. On decayed mosses upon rocks and boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Very sparingly on one or two of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers and Ben Cruachan, Perthshire. 51. L. tetrasticha Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 307.— Thallus subdeter- minate, deplanate, thin, areolato-rimose, vitelline or yellowish- white (K + crimson). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, thinly margined, or at length subimmarginate, orange- ochraceous (K -|- purplish) ; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, 4-locular or 3-septate (the transverse loculi retracted), 0,014—18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 224. Subsimilar, as noted by Nylander L c., to subsp. L. erythrella, but differing in the paler thallus and the different spores. It still more closely resembles L. ochracea, with which it is often confounded, but is widely separated by the spores, which ally it to L. Brebissonii (Fe"e), a South- American plant. The British specimens are well fertile. Hob. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Local in S.W., Central, and N. England, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Ilsham, Torquay, and near Plymouth, S. Devon ; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Bonsall, Derbyshire ; Malham Tarn, Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland. Island of Lismore, Argyle- shire. 52. L. refellens Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458. — Thallus thin, con- tinuous, unequal, greyish, minutely greenish-sorediate (K — ). Apothecia small, plane, pale-reddish ; the thalline margin thin, sub- pulverulent, at length excluded ; epithecium yellowish (K — ) ; spores polari-bilocular, with a longitudinal tube, variable, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish. — Cromb. Grevillea, 1878, p. Ill ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 213. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 24. A singular species of this section, externally not unlike L. Sambuci, distinguished at once from its allies by the absence of any reaction of the epithecium. It is a rather inconspicuous plant, the thallus being but sparingly visible in the few specimens seen. The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length subbiatorine. Hob. On the trunks of poplars in a mountainous district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Near Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway. 390 LTCHENACEI. [LECANORA. b. Apothecia blackish (Pyrenodesmia Mass. MOD. Blast, p. 119 pro parte). 53. L. candicans Schaer. Spic. (1828) p. 119.— Thallus orbicular, adnate, squamoso-radiose, subareolate and plane in the centre, plicato-lobate at the circumference, glaucous- or greyish-wbite, naked or pulverulent (K— ). Apothecia small, oppressed, plane or slightly convex, brownish-black, more or less pruinose (K — ) ; the thalline margin thickish, entire, persistent ; spores ellipsoid, 1 -sep- tate, 0,007-14 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Placodium candicans Mudd, Man. p. 133 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 164. Squa- maria candicans Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen candicans Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. (1793) p. 15, t. 9. f. 5 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1778. Lecanora epiyea Ach., Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50. Placodium epigeum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 218. A very distinct species, -which can be confounded with no other British lichen, unless perhaps with Lecidea canescens (Dicks.), saxicolous, from which it is at once distinguished by the type of the apothecia and the absence of any thalline reaction. The thallus is small or submoderate, with the radii roundly dilated and crenate at the circumference, and without any visible hypothallus. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and somewhat scattered. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Here and there throughout England ; very rare in N. Wales and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Near Beachy Head, Sussex ; Portland Island and Swanage, Dor- setshire ; Cleeve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Buxton and near Cromford, Derbyshire. Near Oswestry and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale and Eglestone, Durham ; Arnbarrow and Helsington, West- moreland. Near Shean Ferry, Argyleshire. • Var. ft. Cesatii Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.— Thallus densely white-pruinose, the radii narrow, somewhat convex. Apothecia caesio-pruinose, the margin at length subobliterate. — Placodium Cesatii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164. Ricasolia Cesatii (Garov.) Mass. Mem. Lich. (1853) p. 47, t. 8. f. 46. Distinguished by the more pruinose thallus and apothecia, the narrower, more convex circumferential radii, which are also somewhat incurved at the apices. The only British specimen seen is well fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England. — B. M. : Sherborne, Gloucestershire. 54. L. chalybaea Schser. Eiram. (1850) p. 60. — Thallus orbicular, adnate, smooth, diffracto-areolate in the centre, radioso-diffract and subeffigurate at the circumference, whitish- or greyish lead-coloured (K + pale violet), usually limited by a blackish hypothallus. Apo- thecia small, innate or immersed, plane, black, naked or pruinose (K — ); the thalline margin thin, entire, depressed; spores ellipsoid, LKCANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEET. 391 polari-bilocnlar, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — Placodium chalybwum Mudd, Man. p. 134 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165. Rirmdia chalybcea Duf. in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 125.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 59. Easily recognized by the colour of the thallus, which is somewhat thickish, small or considerably expanded, occasionally somewhat lobed or lobato-crenate at the circumference. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming, when moistened, turgid, somewhat prominent, and livid-brown. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Local in S.W. andN. England, N. Wales, and the Central Gram- pians, Scotland. — B. N. : Babbicombe, Devonshire ; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire ; Penhill, Yorkshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 55. L. variabilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 369.— Thallus determinate, adnate, thinnish, diffracto-areolate, greyish-brown or lurid-grey (K-f violet), usually limited by a thin blackish hypo- thallus. Apothecia submoderate, slightly prominent, plane or con- vex, black, subpruinose (K — ) ; the thalline margin entire, usually white-suffused ; spores broadly ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007-0,010 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. Placodium variabile Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165. Lichen variabilis Pers. in list. Ann. (1794) p. 26. Similar to the preceding species, but distinguished by the thinner, darker non-effigurate thallus, the more prominent apothecia, and the rather larger spores. In the British specimens the hypothallus is only sparingly visible. The apothecia, which when moistened are livid-brown, are usually numerous, at times crowded and somewhat angulose. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland hilly situations. — Distr. Seen only from W. and Central England, and (Jide Leight.) N.W. Ireland (Conne- mara, Galway). — B. M. : Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Grove Lane, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire. Yar. /3. ecrustacea Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46. — Thallus indistinct. Apothecia small, lecideoid, subinnate, at length immarginate ; otherwise as in the type. — Placodium variabile var. ecrustacea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 139. P. Agardhianum Hepp (non Ach.), Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 165. Differs in the absence of a thallus and in the character of the apothecia. But for the form of the spores it might be taken for a Lecidea. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. In S.W., N.W. England, and S. Wales.— B. M. : Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon ; Bathampton Downs, Somerset ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. 392 LICHEN A CEI. [LECAXOEA. B. Apothecia biatorino-lecanorine ; spores 8nae, 1-septate, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with shortly jointed sterigmata and straight short spermatia. 56. L. holophaea Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. viii. (1861) p. 755.— Thallus determinate, squamulose, Inrid-brown or cervine-chestnut ; squamules firm, difform, subcontiguous or somewhat imbricate, repand or obtusely crenate at the margins (K — ,CaCl— ). Apo- thecia small, adnate, at first plane, with entire thalline margin, at length convex and biatoroid, dark-brown or concolorous with the thallus : spores sometimes 6nae, oblongo-fusiform, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses moderate, slightly incrassate and infuscate at the apices, hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine and especially the apices of the thecse bluish with iodine. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 217.— Psoroma holoph^a Mont, in Hist. Nat. Canar. (1840) p. 113. TJialloidima sublurida (Nyl.), Mudd, Man. p. 172. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 380. Might readily be taken for a Lecidea allied to L. lurida, were it not that the young apothecia, seldom present in our specimens, are distinctly lecanorine. Its true place is also well indicated by the character of the spermogones, which are not unfrequent. Our Herbaria specimens, owing to the fragile nature of the habitat, are chiefly fragmentary, but in the few which are perfect the thallus is small, orbicular, and well fertile. Hab. On the ground in crevices of rocks and walls in maritime, very rarely upland districts. — Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S. and W. England, S. and N.E. Ireland.— B. M. : Moulin Huet Bay, Island of Guernsey. Pulborough, Sussex ; Bradstone churchyard and near Prawle Point, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Bridgenorth, Shrop- shire. Ardglass, co. Down ; Sybil Head, co. Kerry ; Coast of co. Clare. Var. ft. glaucopsora Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 164 ; cfr. p. 473.— Thallus subeffuse, squamuloso-crenate, granuloso-squamulose or subleprose, glaucous- or greyish-white (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, livid-brown, the thalline margin subentire ; spores fusi- form, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, clavate and brownish at the apices. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Oesar. n. 79. Only a well-marked variety, though differing from the type in colour, the less developed thallus, and some other minor characters. It is rather variable in texture, becoming at length almost entirely leprose, the squa- mules being only here and there visible. The thalline margin of the rather scattered apothecia is persistent. The spermogones are not un- frequent with spermatia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in the Channel Islands and S.W. England. — B. M. : Groanez Common, Island of Jersey; Saint's Bay, Island of Guernsey; Island of Aldemey. Near Endellion and Penzance, Cornwall. LECANORA.] LECAXO-LECIDEET. 393 57. L. leucospeirea Kyi. Flora, 1 868, p. 473.— Thallus thinly squamulose, white, opaque, the squamules subcrenate, adnate, scattered, often granuliform (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia. plane, brown, subopaque, the thalline margin entire, white; spores oblong or ovoideo-obloug, 1-septate, 0,011-13 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, yellow-infuscate at the apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet-coloured, with iodine. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218. Allied to var. j8 of the preceding species, with which it agrees in the spermogones and other analytical characters, but differs in the white, scattered, little developed thallus and in the form of the smaller spores. Nylander says that it may be only a subspecies of L. holophtea, which in some habitats may readily pass into dissimilar secondary types. The fragmentary specimen seen is but sparingly fertile. Jfab. On gravelly soil in a maritime district. — Distr. Very rare in one of the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. 58. L. Ralfsii Cromb. Grevillea, ii. (1873) p. 13. — Thallus sub- determinate, thin, continuous or slightly rimulose, frequently rimoso-subcolliculose, smooth, leaden-grey or dark olive-green (K — , CaCl — ) ; hypothallus dark. Apothecia rather small or minute, biatoroid, sessile, somewhat prominent, plane, brownish or dark- reddish-brown, the margin thin, at length excluded ; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, often slightly constricted in the middle, 0,0] 8-23 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses discrete or subdiscrete, jointed, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet- coloured, with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220 (excl. syn. L. actcea). — Lecidea Ralfsii Salw. Ann. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. ii. (1853) p. 144. Biatorina Muddii (Salw.), Mudd, Man. p. 178. Lettdea Muddii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 315. Lecanora jejuna Kyi. Flora, 1875, p. 442 ; Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 181. Lecidea subdiluta Leight. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. i. p. 145. t. 22. figs. 13-16 ; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 340.— Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich] Hb. nos. 134, 346. A species hitherto not well understood, as may be inferred from the variety of synonyms, originating in slight differences of the thallus and apothecia which depend upon age or habitat. In general appearance of the thallus, as noticed by Nylander /. c., it approaches L. gibbosa, and in that of the apothecia it is subsimilar to Lecidea coarctata. From the presence of gonidia in the margin of Hhe apothecia and from the structure of the spermogones, it is a true Lecanora of this section. It often grows associated with L. prosechoides and is usually well fertile. The spermo- gones are frequent, with spermatia ellipsoideo-oblong 0,002 mm. long, 0,0000 mm. thick. Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime tracts, — Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N.W. England, the S.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.— B.iM. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Scilly Islands, the Lizard and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Barrow- mouth, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Bay of Nigg, Kincardine- shire. Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 394 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 59. L. spodomela Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 572, 1886, p. 101.— Thallus effuse, thin, opaque, subleprose, rimoso-diffract, greyish- brown (K — , CaCl-). Apothecia small, blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores ellipsoid, usually 1-septate, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, brown at the clavate apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine. — Cronib. Grevillea, v. p. 106 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 221. A peculiar plant having the aspect of some ally of L. sopJiodcs. In the two specimens seen the thallus is rather scattered and little visible, being overrun by a foreign plant, but the apothecia are frequent. Hob. On sandstone rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Killery Bay and Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. C. Apothecia lecanorine or sublecideine : spores Snoe, very rarely 16-24nae, ellipsoid, 1- very rarely 3- septate, brown or blackish, often 2- ^' nucleolate ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and moderate, straight sper- matia. (Rinodina Stiz. Beitr. Flecht. (1862) p. 169.) 60. L. sophodes Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 356. — Thallus determinate or subdeter- minate, granulate or granulato-arcolate, moderate or thinnish, olive- or greyish- brown (K — , CaCl-); hypothallus thin, blackish, limiting the thallus. Apothecia small, plane, usually crowded, brownish- spermatia, x500. black, the thalline margin entire; spores, 0,012-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 pro parte ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 188 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 224 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 314 pro parte. — Lichen sophodes Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 67. Rinodina exigua y. AortzaKoerb. Mudd,Man. p. 143.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 109. Usually not rightly separated by authors from L. exiyua and L. robot-is. The thallus is generally small, macular, thin, distinctly limited by the hypothallus, rarely thickish and more expanded. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and becoming angulose from mutual pressure. Hab. On trunks of trees, especially ash, in wooded maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, and in S. Wales. — B. M. : New Forest, Hampshire ; near Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon ; Kemble, Wilts ; Donat, Glamorganshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Var. /3. malangica Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46. — Thallus effuse, rimuloso-diffract, dark olive-green or blackish, fur- LECANORA.] LECAtfO-LECIDEEI. 395 furaceous on the surface. Apothecia minute, scattered ; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Forma melangica Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 214. Rinodina leprosa * nudangica Norm. Spec. loc. (1868) p. 103. A very distinct variety, or probably subspecies, differing in the cha- racters given of the thalfus and apothecia. As observed by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 201), it is very dissimilar in habit to the type, but transi- tion-states are not wanting. Hub. On trunks of old trees in an upland tract. — Distr. Only sparingly in W. England.— B. M. : Haughmond Hill, Shropshire. Subsp. L. laevigata Xyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1882) p. 358. — Thallus effuse, thin, scattered, or scarcely any visible. Apothecia rather small, usually lecideoid ; spores 0,014—20 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.— L. sophodes /3. Irviqata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 357; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; form lawiyata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 215. Characterized by the little developed thallus, the type of the smaller apothecia, and the thicker spores. The thallus is often evanescent when the apothecia at length appear as if sublecideine (var. lecideina Nyl. olini. in Herb. Mus. Fenn. p. 87). This is the ordinary condition of the plant in this country, where it does not, as elsewhere, occur corticolous. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork ; Lettermore, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 61. L. exigua Xyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, unequal, subgranulate or scattered, whitish, pale-greyish or dark (K — , CaCl— ); hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small, plane or convex, crowded, black or blackish ; the thalline margin thin, often somewhat crenulate, whitish ; hypothecium colourless ; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. 'thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46 ; Sm. Eng Fl. v. p. 187. — Rinodina exigua Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 ; Mudd, Man. p. 143 pro parte. Lecanora sopliodes var. exigua Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 ; form exigua Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 224, ed. 3, p. 214. Lichen exiguus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 69 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1849. Lichen pencleus (non Ach.) Eng. Bot. t. 1850. Lecanora periclea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 133. Rinodina periclea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 pro parte. R. exiffua $. periclea Mudd, Man. p. 143. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 107; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 169, 261. Probably descends from L. sophodes, with which at times it seems sub- continent, but differs in the colour of the more effuse thallus, and especi- ally in the smaller spores. It usually spreads extensively, but at times when associated with other crustaceous lichens it is much smaller, though scarcely limited by a distinct hypothallus. It is always well fertile. 396 LICIIENACEI. [LECANORA. Hal>. On trees, old pales, rocks, walls, and tiled roofs in maritime, lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Not uncommon in England and the Channel Islands ; apparently rare in N.E. Scotland, E. and N.W. Ireland, though probably often overlooked in both these countries. — B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark ; The Vale, Guernsey. Yarmouth, and near Brandon, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Lyndliurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Bristol, Somersetshire ; Charfield, Gloucestershire ; near Worcester ; Weston, Oxfordshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Aber-ty-Gyn, N. Wales ; Port Soderick, Isle of Man ; near Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire : St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. Portmaronock, near Dublin ; Kylemore and Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway. Form demissa Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1822, p. 359.— Thallus thin, leproso-granulose, greenish-brown or pale, often evanescent. Apothecia minute, somewhat prominent, the thalline margin at length obliterated.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. — llinodina meta- bolica ft. demissa Kcerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1885) p. 124. Distinguished by the colour of the thallus, and more especially by the minute, emersed, at length immarginate apothecia. In the very few British specimens these are numerous and here and there crowded. Hob. On rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. Eng- land.— B. M. : Shanklin and near Luccombe, Isle of Wight. Var. ft. lecideoides Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46. — Thallus very thin, macular, greyish-white, usually evanescent. Apothecia small, lecideine, black or blackish, the margin dark- brown, at length obliterated ; spores 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick. — Lecanora sophodes var. lecideoides Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 149; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 225, ed. 3, p.'215 pro minima parte. Might readily be taken on a cursory inspection for Lecidea myriocarpa, as observed by Nylander /. 2 404 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. gubimbricatus Relh. Fl. Cantab. 1785, p. 427 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 18. The thallus is small or moderate (1-4 inches in diameter), often greyish -brown, rarely somewhat leaden-coloured, and at times in old plants becomes centrifugal. In some situations the thallus is reddish- grey with the apothecia brownish-red, when it seems to be var. /3. myr- rhina Fr. (non Ach.) Lich. Eur. p. 124; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 47. This, however, evidently arises from its being suffused either with peroxide of iron or with urine, so that it is only an accidental state. Our British specimens are well fertile, the apothecia, though central, being numerous, occasionally crowded and then subangulose. The spermogones are frequent, dark-brown, with simplish sterigmata and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and walls, usually on the coping of bridges, in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Here and there throughout England, in N. Wales, reported also from S.W. Scotland (Cathkin) ; very rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk ; Clare Hall Bridge, Cambridge ; near Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Hale's End, Malvern and Pershore Bridge, Worcester- shire ; near Congerstoue, Leicestershire ; Oversley Bridge, Warwickshire ; Garn Bridge, Conway Castle, Denbighshire ; Barnard Castle and Egle- stone, Durham ; Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland. 79. L. circinatula Xyl. Flora, 1883, p. 100. — Thallus small, ap- pressed, diffract, radiately divided at the circumference, the radii plane, dark-greyish or brownish-grey (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apo- thecia innate, submoderate, plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, entire ; spores 8nae, ellipsoid, about 0,007 mm. long, 0,005 7nm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89. Closely allied to L. circinata, from which it is distinguished by the different reaction and by the smaller thallus and spores. The apo- thecia are numerous and crowded except at the immediate circumference. The spermogones have the sterigmata slender, 2-3-jointed, with straight bacilliform spermatia, 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hub. On siliceous stones in a maritime district. — Distr, Only very sparingly in S. England. — B. M. : Near Beachy Head, Sussex. E. Apothecia lecanorine or at times biatoroid; spores 8nse, very rarely 8-16na3, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless : hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate, very rarely straight spermatia. a. Thallus normally subeffigurate, K — . 80. L. galactina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 424.— Thallus sub- orbicular, appressed, verrucoso-diffract, lobato-crenate at the circum- ference, opaque, subpulverulent on the surface (K — ). Apothecia moderate, or somewhat small, adnate, somewhat plane, pale- or brownish-testaceous, white-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin at length crenulate and often flexuose ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, LECANORA.j LECANO-LECIDEE1. 405 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, dis- crete, not clavate at the apices ; hymcnial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 149 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Leight. Lich. Fl.p.206,ed. 3, p. 189. — ParmeUa galactina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 190. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculare, incanum Dill. Muse. p. 135, t. 18. f. 17 B.— Brit. Kvs. : Mudd, n. 116 ; Leight. n. 400. A common plant overlooked by our older authors and rarely appearing in their herbaria s. n. Lichen muralis, along with L. saxicola. At first the thallus is orbicular, small, and squamarioid in appearance ; but it is often little developed, and frequently at length is indeterminate. The apothecia are numerous, crowded towards the centre, and thus often angulose. It is in other respects a rather variable plant, presenting the form and sub- species that follow. Hub. On walls and rocks, chiefly calcareous, from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands and in S E. and N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Sark ; Rozel, Jersey. Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk ; Holloway, London ; Stanmore, Middlesex ; Crystal Palace, Surrey ; Peasemarsh and Hastings, Sussex ; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance aud Withiel, Cornwall ; Cleve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Great Malvern, Worcestershire; Shitthal and Oswestry, Shrop- shire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. King's Park, Stirling ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; aear Fort William, Inverness-shire. Near Cork; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Form verrucosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 190.— Thallus pulvinate, white, the pulvinuli thickish, convex, verrucose, scattered. Apothecia small, immersed, crowded. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 67. Differs in the form of the thicker, dispersed thallus, and in the innate apothecia, resulting probably from the nature of the habitat. It no doubt descends from var. deminuta (Stenh.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195, and is subconfluent with Hepp, Exs. n. 901 (left-hand specimen). Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only a few localities in Wales, N.W. England, and the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Mumbles, near Swansea, Glamorgan ; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire ; Asby, Westmoreland. Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. dissipata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.— Thallus macular or indeterminate, very sparingly visible, consisting chiefly of a blackish, subleprose hypothallus. Apothecia small, pale-livid, slightly white-suffused; the thalline margin white, opaque, subentire or obsolctely crenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not well discrete. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 67. A peculiar lichen, the only one which with a state of the type occurs in the immediate suburbs of London. In our British specimens, which 406 LICHENACEI. [LECAXORA. are evidently referable to Nylander's plant, the thallus at first appears as small scattered ink-like stains upon the substratum, which at length be- come confluent, so that it spreads extensively without any distinct limits. For the greater part it is only hypothalline, but here and there a few thai- line verrucae are present, coloured blackish with smoke, as are also the gonidia (form fumigata Cromb.). The apothecia are numerous and crowded. Hob. On composite walls and pillars of houses in lowland tracts. — Distr. Confined apparently to the more open suburban districts of London, where it is not uncommon. — B. M. : Camden Town and Notting Hill, London ; Crystal Palace, Surrey. Subsp. 2. L. dispersa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 291.— Thallus obsolete or entirely wanting. Apothecia minute, more or less scattered, pale-livid, subcarneous or blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline margin white, entire or subcreuulate ; spores 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,0045-60 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, usually slightly incrassate at the apices. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — Lecanora galactina form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 190. A good subspecies, characterized chiefly by the absence of a distinct thallus. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and as it occasion- ally grows associated with less developed states of the type, it probably descends from some of these. The apothecia are usually somewhat scat- tered, though at times rather crowded in the same specimen. Hob. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Ryde beach, Isle of Wight ; Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Hartlepool, Durham ; Cuuswick Scar, Westmoreland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, and Glen Lochav, Killin, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare ; Delphi, Connemara, co. Gal way. 81. L. urbana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus subdeterminate, moderate, granulato-squamulose, white, opaque ; granules depressed, crenate or subcrenate (K-). Apothecia mode- rate, crowded, pale, more or less white-suffused, the thalline margin subcrenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses thickish, jointed, not clavate at the apices; hy- menial gelatine bluish, the theca? at length sordid-violet or bluish with iodine. — Lecanora galactina subsp. urbana Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368. Differs from L. galactina in the thicker, whiter thallus, the longer spores, and more especially in the paraphyses being twice or thrice as thick and distinctly articulate. In the British specimens the apothecia are numerous, crowded, often subangulose, with thickish, slightly crenate margin. Hob. On mortar of old walls near towns in lowland districts. — Distr. Only in S. England and S. Ireland : no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Near Dorking, Surrey ; Folkestone, Kent ; Lewes, Sussex. Cork. LECAXORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 407 82. L. livida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 375.— Thallus indeter- minate, pale-whitish or livid, squamuloso- diffract ; squaraules adnate, contiguous, moderate, usually crenulate at the margins (K — ). Apo- thecia minute, more or less immersed, several in each squamule, plane or slightly convex, concolorous with the thallus or livid flesh- coloured, the thalline margin entire, scarcely prominent ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gela- tine faintly bluish, then tawny wine-red with iodine. — Cromh. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 68. — Lecanora galactina var. livida Xyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 190. Now regarded by Nylander in litt. as a distinct species allied to L. yalactina rather than to L. sa.ricola, under which he mentions it, Lich. Scand. p. 133, as belonging doubtfully to subgenus Squamaria. From the other species of this subsection it is readily distinguished by the thallus and apothecia. Our few British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On calcareous walls in upland districts. — Distr. Seen only from N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Wansbeck Yallev, Northumberland. Appin, Argyleshire. 83. L. subluta Xyl. Flora, 1876, p. 232. — Thallus indeterminate, continuous or dispersed, thin, minutely granulose, whitish (K— ). Apothecia small, crowded, pale-yellow or yellow-sublivid, the thal- line margin subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not very distinct ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190. Evidently belongs to this subsection, though the spermogones have not been detected. In the specimens seen the thallus is, with a single excep- tion, somewhat scattered and developed chiefly about the apothecia. These are numerous, and from mutual pressure often become difrorm. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Local in N.W. Ireland and the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Recess and Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form perspersa Xyl. Flora, 1876, p. 233. — Thallus obsolete. Apothecia distantly scattered ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190. Differs merely in the absence of a thallus (though traces of it are rarely seen) and in the scattered apothecia, which are somewhat smaller. Hab. On rocks in upland situations. — Distr. Only in N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. 84. L. aipospila Ach. Lich. LTniv. (1810) p. 385.— ThaUus sub- orbicular or expanded, tuberculose or papillate towards the centre, radiately sulcate or crenulate at the circumference, thinnish or mode- rate, brown or greyish-brown (K — ) ; hypothallus dark, limiting the thallus or obsolete. Apothecia small, innato-sessile on the papillae, brown or blackish, at first plane with entire thalline margin, at length 408 LICHEITACEI. [LKCAKORA. somewhat convex and sublecideine ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 1- eeptate, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses sub- moderate, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine deep bluish, then dark violet with iodine.— Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 2 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228, ed. 3, p. 219. — Lecania erysibe y. aipospila Mudd, Man. p. 141. Parmelia aipospila Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 36.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 159. A well-marked species, easily recognized by the papillose thallus and the situation of the apothecia. In herbaria specimens the thallus is usually entirely verrucoso-unequal or papillate, but in nature it is some- what radiate at the circumference, and more or less limited by the hypo- thallus. When growing in drier situations, it becomes brownish-black or almost black. The apothecia are situated chiefly cm the central papilla:-, with the thalline margin eventually excluded. The spermogones are prominent and frequent towards the circumference of the thallus, with epermatia arcuate, 0,016-23 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hob. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts. — Digtr. Local though plentiful in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N.E. England, N.E. Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Le Fret, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Tolpedn Penwith, r.ear Penzance, Land's End, and the Lizard, Cornwall ; Holy Island and Staples Island, North- umberland. Portlethen and Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Shirky Island, co. Kerry. Var. /3. maritimaNyl.Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 158.— Thallus thin, granulate- rugose, subcrenate at the circumference, greyish, the hypo- thallus scarcely visible ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229, ed. 3, p. 219. Characterized by the epapillate, thinner, more continuous thallus, and by the hypothallns being less distinct. Sommerfelt (Lapp. Suppl. p. 97) says that the thallus at length becomes griseo-blackish, but this does not occur in our few specimens. The apothecia, which are situated on the granules, are frequently sublecideine. Hob. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S.W. and W. England, and in N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Near Penzance, Cornwall ; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Portletheu, Kin- cardineshire. 85. L. poliophaea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 398 ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 410, t. 27. f. 3. — Thallus subdeterminate, granulato- papilloso-diffract or papilloso-verrucose, greyish- or greenish-brown (K — ); hypothallus fibrilloso-byssoid, whitish, often limiting the thallus. Apothecia small, adnate, plane, dull-brown or brownish, the thalline margin thin,crenulate; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,007-13 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, the apices incrassate ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 200.— Parmelia poliophcea Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 38. Lecanora spodoplcea (Wahl.) Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 3 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. lb~.— Brit. Ex*. : Cromb. n. 62. LECANOKA.] LECAXO-LECinEEF. 40U Differs from the preceding species in the colour of the thallus and hypo- thallus, in the character of the thalline margin, and in the simple spores. The papillae of the thallus, which is either orbicular or somewhat ex- panded, are minute, very much crowded, rather fragile, and form a some- what thickish and superficially granulose crust. In moister situations it is more greenish, its usual condition with us ; whence form spodopheea Cromb. (Parmelia spodophaa Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 37). The apothecia are numerous and crowded, with the thalline margin persistent and (except in very young apothecia) always creuulate. Hub. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Local, though usually plentiful in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Le Fret, Island of Jersey. Tolpedn Pen- with, and near Penzance, Cornwall. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. I. Thallus uniform, K+. 86. L. subfusca Xyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250,nota 2.— Thallus deter- minate, thin, subsmooth, or slightly rugoso-uneqiial, whitish (K -J- yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, plane or somewhat convex, brown or reddish- brown, opaque or somewhat shining, the thalline margin entire ; paraphyses slender, discrete, brownish at the apices ; epithecium non-granulose ; spores 0,011—16 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then dark-violet (the thecse dark tawny-coloured) with iodine. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 68. — L. subfusca form argen- tata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186. L. subfusca y, glabntta Mudd, Man. p. 146 pro parte. L. subfusca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47, Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189, is a nomen vagum pro maxima parte (ut videtur). — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Herb. n. 217. Fig. 65. Lecanora subfusca Nyl. — a. A spore and para- physis, X 350. b. Ste- rigmata and spermatia, X 500. A species until recently ill-defined and not well limited, several of those which immediately follow being either confounded with it or viewed simply as varieties. These are now separated chiefly by dif- ferences in the paraphyses and epithecium, and also, according to Nylander I. c., in the size of the spermatia. The typical state includes Lecanora subfusca a. aryentata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 893, and y. glabrata Ach. 1. c., which do not differ from each other. The apothecia are usually more or less crowded, rarely somewhat scattered. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,016-19 mm. long (fde Nyl. inlitt.'), and in this, as in the allied species, are black above. Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and lowland tracts. — Distr. Seen only from a" very few localities in E., S., and W. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ilsham, Torquay, S. Devon ; near Cambridge ; Churchill, near Worcester. 410 LiciiKNAGEi. [LKCANORA. Yar. ft. campestris Xyl. Flora, 1873, p. 198. — Thallus granuloso- verrucose, greyish-white or grey. Apothecia small or submoderate, the thalline margin entire or at times subcrenulate. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 68. — L. subfusca £. campestris Mudd, Man. p. 147 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51. L. subfusca Ibrma argentata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186 pro parte. Lecanora subfusca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47 pro parte (?'. e. saxicola); Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189 pro parte (i.e. saxicola). Lichen punctatus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. p. 15, Eng. Bot. t. 450, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15, according to specimens in Hb. Sowerby, is a young state of this variety with darker apothecia. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 99. Differs from the type, of which probably it is only a saxicolous form, in the thallus being more unequal (though transition-states are not wanting) and in the thalline margin of the apothecia being occasionally slightly crenulate. The thallus is rarely somewhat expanded and is usually well fertile. It is at times the host of a parasitic Endococcus hereafter to be described. Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain and Ireland, as also in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : St. Ouen's Bay, Island of Jersey ; The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Hastings, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Anstey's Cove, Torquay, S. Devon ; WTithiel and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Stormy Down, Glamorganshire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Barnsley Park, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Grecha Mt., Isle of Man ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Helsington, Cumberiand ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. ? West W7ater, Fifeshire ; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lyon and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen. Cork Harbour and Kinsale, co. Cork ; near Kilkee, co. Clare ; Bally- nahinch, Dawros Bridge and Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway. 87. L. spodophaeoides Jsyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2, nomen. — Thallus determinate, thinnish, rugulose, grejish (K -4- yellowish, CaCl— ); hypothallus whitish, byssino-radiating. Apothecia small, plane, black-sanguineous, often crowded and angulose, the thalline margin subentire or subcrenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; paraphyses moderate, subarticulate, sub- clavate at the agglutinate apices ; epithecium deep yellow-brown ; hymenial gelatine (especially the thecae) bluish with iodine. — L. sub- fusca var. spodopliceoides, Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 188. Approaches var. /3 of the preceding species, but the characters of the hypothallus, apothecia, and paraphyses render it distinct. In the single entire specimen gathered the thallus is but of moderate size, and is distinctly limited by the hypothallus. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia 0,025 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. i\\ick,Jide Nyl., to whom I owe also the diagnosis of the plant. Hab. On a mica-schist wall in an upland district. — Distr. Very local and rare in the Central Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair A thole, Perthshire. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 411 83. L. allophana Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.— Thallus determinate, unequal, rugose or granulato-corrugate, whitish or greyish- white (K -f yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, plane or slightly convex, brown or brownish-black ; the thallinc margin entire, at length subcrenate and flexuose ; paraphyses slender, not discrete at the apices ; epithecium continuous (not granulose) ; spores 0,013- 22 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecae violet-coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — L. subfusca form allophana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 200, ed. 3, p. 185. L. subfusca rj. allophana Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 395. Lichen subfuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 219. Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellis sub- fuscis Dill, in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71 pro parte; Muse. 134, t. 18. fig. 16. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 116 pro parte ; Bohl. n. 35. At one time Ny lander, like some other authors, regarded this as the type of L. subfusca. This i.s so far warranted also by its being Lichen subfuscus Linn. (Fl. Suec. 1755, p. 409) pro maxima parte, according to specimens in his own herbarium ; but it is better to adopt the nomen- clature of Acharius as having a definite signification. It differs from L. subfusca chiefly in the more rugose thallus, the form of the thalline margin of the apothecia, the more conglutinate paraphyses, the smaller spores, and the size of the spermatia, which (Jide Nyl. in litt.) are 0,018- 24 mm. long. Hab. On trunks of trees from maritime to upland districts. — Dixtr. Not uncommon in England ; apparently rare in N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Ireland ; probably often overlooked. — B. M. : Bury St. Edmund s, Suffolk ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Lustleigh, S. Devon; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Worcester ; near Shrews- bury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, York- shire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Inverary, Argyleshire. Castle- connell, co. Limerick. 89. L. epibryon Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 155; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250. — Thallus subdeterminate, verruculose or granuloso-con- crescent, white (K + yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia somewhat large, plane, brown or reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thin, entire, often flexuose ; paraphyses slender ; epithecium non-granulose ; spores 0,014-23 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick : hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecse at length dark-wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — Lecanora subfusca var. epibryon pro parte Mudd, Man. p. 147; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 187. Lichen epibryon Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 79. Usually confounded by British authors with terricolous states of var. |3 of L. subfusca. It is, however, a plant of a more alpine type, and is well characterized by the much larger apothecia and spores. Ihe only British specimen is well fertile ; but the few speimogones visible have become partially abraded. These elsewhere (fde Nyl. in litt.) have the spermatia 0,015-18 mm. long. Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in mid-alpine situations. — 412 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Dlstr. Extremely rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 90. L. Parisiensis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.— Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, rugose or rugoso-granulate or subverrucose, greyish (K-f yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia mode- rate, plane, brownish-black or rarely brown, naked or occasionally csesio-pruinose ; the thalline margin rugose or subcrenate ; para- physes distinctly articulate, slightly thickened and brownish at the apices; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thecaa at length violet) with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178. — Lecanora subfusca forma Parisiensis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 185.— In Flora, 1883, p. 107, Nylander says that Lecanora subfusca 1. horiza Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 394, belongs pro parte (i. e. the French specimen) to this species, so that probably it ought to be called L. horiza (Ach.) Nyl. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 116 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 58. Distinguished from its more immediate British allies by the jointed paraphyses. At times the thallus is small and distinctly limited by a white hypothallus, and is then probably the var. horiza Ach. The apo- thecia occasionally are partly conglomerate, smaller, with the thalline margin subevanescent, a state which may be L. subfusca e. rufa Ach. Syn. p. 157. The spermogones (Jide Nyl. in litt.) have the spermatia 0,018- 28 mm. long. Hob. On trunks of trees, seldom on old pales, in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Not unfrequent in England ; rare in S. Ireland ; not seen from Scotland or the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Walthamstow, Essex ; Glynde, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Ilsham, Torquay, and near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tullygreen, co. Cork. 91. L. rugosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.— Thallus deter- minate, thickish, granulato-rugose, whitish (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, at first concave, then plane, pale or brownish, sometimes slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin thick, elevated, rugose or rugoso-crenate and inflexed ; paraphyses crowded, colourless; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red .with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — L. subfusca form rugosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186. Lichen rugosus Pers. fifusca forma cMarona Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 188. L. alhella form chlarona, Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 51. L. subfusca •/. glabrata (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 147. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 115 ; Mudd, nos. 112, 113 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 256, 257. Distinguished from the type by the thinner, smoother thallus, and the non-rugose thalline margin of the apothecia. It so closely touches it, how- ever, in other respects that Nylander I. c. does not regard it as specifically distinct. This view is further confirmed by the occurrence of intermediate states with difficulty referable to either. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being numerous, often crowded, and becoming darker in age. Hub. On the smooth bark of trees, occasionally on old pales, from maritime to upland situations. — Distr. General and abundant in England; apparently rarer in N. Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. — B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Wrotham, Kent ; Glynde, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ilsham, Torquay, and near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Withiel, Cornwall ; near Cirencester, Glou- cestershire ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Over and Babraham, Cambridge- shire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Near Glasgow ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber, Inverness- shire. Near Cork; Upper Lake, Killarney, co. Kerry. Form pinastri Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, subleprose, greyish-white. Apothecia small, plane or convex, brown, the thalline margin entire. — Lecanora subfusca e. pinastri Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 74 ; Mudd, Man. p. 146. Differs only in the less developed thallus and the entire thalline margin of the apothecia. At times, however, it is a^ost confluent with the tvpe, so that the differential characters given seem owing to the habitat. The apothecia are either scattered or somewhat crowded. 414 LIC HEX AC KI. [LECANOR.V. Hab. On trunks and branches of firs and on fir pales in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Kather rare in England ; not uncommon in Scotland ; not seen from Wales or Ireland. — B. M. : Near Leith Hill, Surrey ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley, Westmoreland. West Lomond Hill, Fifeshire; Achmore, Killin, Ben Lawers, and Blaeberry Hill, Perth- shire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Var. /3. geographica Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — Thallus finely decussate throughout, with black hypothalline lines. Apothecia subminute, plane or somewhat convex, brown. — L. sub- fusca e. yengrapliica Mass. Kic. Lich. (1852) p. 6. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 113 pro parte. A well-marked and rather fine variety. The numerous black lines with which it is everywhere limited, so that'the individual plants are of small size, seem to belong to Lecidea parasema, with which it is always asso- ciated in our specimens. Hab. On shrubs and the branches of trees, chiefly ash, in wooded maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only here and there throughout England, S.W. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Bathampton, Somerset ; Desford, Leicestershire ; Malvernj Worcester- shire ; CliflFrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire. 92. L. atrynea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.— Thallus deter- minate or indeterminate, granulate or verrucoso-areolate, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate or some- what large, plane or at length convex, brown or corneous-brown, the thalline margin crenulate, rarely subentire ; paraphyses thickish ; epithecium brown, granuloso-iuspersed ; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish (the thecae violet) with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — L. subfusca e. atrynea Mudd, Man. p. 147 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 187. Lecanora sub- fusca £. atrynea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 395. In some conditions this also closely resembles L. rugosa, of which, as noted by Ny lander (Flora, 1883, p. 107), it is almost a subspecies. The British specimens, with a single exception saxicolous, are for the most part not very typical. At times the apotheeia are infested with SphcBria epi- cymoiia Wallr., giving them much the aspect of those of L. coilocarpa. The spermogones have the spermatia (Jide Nyl. in litt.) 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks, very rarely on trunks of trees, in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Found only in a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland. B. M. : Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Buxton, Derbyshire; Bar- mouth, Merionethshire ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Killin, Perth- shire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen. Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerrv. LECAXORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 415 Var. ft. cenisia Xyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bofc. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 409. — Thallus more or less verrucose. Apothecia usually some- what large and more convex, livid or yellowish-brown, slightly greyish-pruinose, — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — Lecanora cenisia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 361. Regarded by some authors as tho type of the species, from which it differs, though probably only as a form, in the character of the apothecia. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, these are but small, not large as they are described by Acharius. Hob. On schistose rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.E. Scotlanl. — B. M. : Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Var. y. melacarpa Xyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, i. (1873) p. 171. — Apothecia somewhat small, black; epithecium more or less in- spersed ; spores 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. — L. sub- fusca forma melacarpa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 187. A well-marked variety characterized by the colour of the apotheeia> •which gives it much the aspect of the following species. Hab. On mica-schist stones of a wall in an upland situation. — Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 93. L. coilocarpa Xyl. e.v Xorrl. Medd. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 23. — Thallus determinate or subdetermiuate, thin, un- equal or grauulato-rugose, whitish or greyish-white (K+ yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or at length somewhat plane, brownish-black or blackish, the thalline margin entire or subentire; paraphyses slender, discrete, dark-brown at the apices; sporesO,012-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet-coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — L. siibfusca form coilocarpa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 186 (excl. pinastri Schser.). L. subfusca ft. coilo- carpa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 393.— Brit. Exs. : Leight, n. 52 ; Hudd, n. Ill ; Larb. Caesar, n. 77. Often confounded with L. atra, but closely allied to subspecies L. chlarona, from which it differs in the colour of the apothecia and the characters of the thallus and paraphyses. In corticolous plants, of which I have seen no British specimens, though these no doubt occur in the Scottish Highlands, the thallus is thin, but in saxicolous ones much thicker and verrucoso-diffract. The apotbecia in these are numerous and at times crowded. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Not uncommon in the Channel Islands and Great Britain ; apparently rare in S. Ireland. — B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Kusthall Common, Kent; Helmenton, Corn- wall ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Trellick, Monmouthshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Cwm Ffynnon Llugy and Naiit Francon, Carnarvon- shire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; 416 LICHENACEI. [LKCANORA. Staveley, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Baldovan, Forfarshire : near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork. Form pnlicaris Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68. — Thallus very thin or obsolete, whitish. Apothecia small, plane, at length convex ; the thalline margin thin, entire, whitish. — Lecanora pulicaris Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 336. Patellaria pulicaris Pers. Act. Wetteraw. ii. (1810), fide Ach. I. c. The few British specimens are entirely ecrustaceous, and are limited throughout by black hypothalline (?) lines. The apothecia are numerous, though not crowded. Hob. On old fir palings in upland mountainous districts. — Distr. Very local among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Blair Athole, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeeushire. 94. L. gangaleoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 354.— Thallus sub- determinate, verrucoso-areolate, greyish-white (K-f yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane, crowded, black ; the thalliue margin thin, entire ; piraphyses moderate, epithecium not iuspersed ; spores 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecse at length wine-coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 189.— L. sul- fusca forma gangalea (non Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 187, may be this pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 19. Like the preceding apt to be confounded with L. atra, from which it is distinguished by the internal colour of the apothecia and by the arcuate spermatia. From L. coilocarpa, which it more closely approaches, it differs chiefly in the darker apothecia and the thicker paraphyses. Its nearest ally is L. atrynea, of which Nylander /. c. says it may probably be a variety distinguished by the colour of the apothecia and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The apothecia are often crowded, with the thalline margin occasionally slightly inflexed. The spermogonea are frequent, with spermatia 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hob. On rocks and walls in hilly and mountainous regions. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in N. England, the Scottish Highlands, and N.W. Ireland — B. M. : N. Derbyshire ; Bearmoor, Northumberland ; Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Letter Hill and Ballinakill, Counemara, co. Galway. L. schistina Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.— Thallus deter- minate, continuous, smooth, rugulose, areolato-rimose, glaucous- white. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, black, opaque ; the thalline margin at length flexuose, white ; spores 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — L. schistina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1182, p. 274. Differs from the type more especially in the smoother deplanate thallus LECANORA.] LECANO-LECJDKEI. 417 and the character of the thalline margin of the apothecia. These in the British specimens are somewhat large and at times scattered. Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in the S W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 95. L. intnmescens Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855), p. 143.— Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length rimoso-areolate, whitish (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia somewhat convex, moderate, brown or carneous, at times slightly livid-pruinose : the thalline margin thick, entire, inflexed or subci enate, snow-white ; paraphyses crowded, thick, yellowish-brown towards the apices ; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 601. — L. subfusca forma intumescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 186. Parmelia intumescens llebent. Prodr. Fl. neom. (1804) p. 301. Lichen pallidus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 12. — Brit. Exs. : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23. Easily distinguished from the allied species by the colour of the thalline margin of the apothecia, though in this respect it is subconfluent with states of L. rugosa. From this, however, it differs in the thinner, smoother thallus, the less crowded and more convex apothecia, the colour of the paraphyses, and the thinner spores. The spermogones have the spermatia (as in L. atryned) 0,020-30 mm. long. Hob. On smooth trunks and branches of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local in Great Britain; very rare in S.W. Ire- land.—B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Rhiwgreidden, Merio- nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyle- shire ; Fiularig, Killiu, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Tervoe, co. Limerick. 96. L. cMarotera Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 550, nota 1.— Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thickish, areolato-diffract, verru- culoso-granulate, white (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia large, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, pale-testaceous, the thalline margin thick, crenulate ; spores oblong or ellips.oideo-oblong, 0,009- 11 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses distinct, thick ; epi- thecium not inspersed ; hymenial gelatine persistently deep bluish with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 182. Distinguished from subspecies L. chlarona by the thicker thallus, the large, paler apothecia, the non-inspersed epithecium, and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. It has somewhat the aspect of states of Lecanora pallescens, with which, however, it can scarcely be confounded. The apothecia are either somewhat scattered or approximate and subconfluent, occasionally slightly pruinose, with the thalline margin at length flexuose. In the two British specimens seen the spermogones are only sparingly present, with the spermatia rather longer than in subsp. L. chlarona. Hab. On the trunks of trees in upland districts. — Distr. Only in the 2E 418 LICHENACEI. [LECAXORA. S.W. Highlands of Scotland and N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Glen Creran, Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway. 97. L. prajpostera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 19.— Thallus deter- minate, thin, smoothish, areolato-rimose, whitish, darkly limited and subfimbriate at the circumference (K + yellow, then cinnabarine- reddish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, blackish, opaque, glaucous- suffused or subdenudate, the thalline margin rugulose or subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; epithecium yellow-inspersed ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecae, bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, 1873, p. 141 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173. Looks at first sight as if only a peculiar variety of L. atrynea, but is well distinguished by the smaller spores, the reactions of the thallus and hymenial gelatine. The two specimens seen by me are evidently an old state of the plant, and though the apothecia are numerous the spores are seldom present, Hob. On basaltic rocks in a maritime district — Distr. Extremely local and rare in one of the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. 98. L. albella Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p. 137 ; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365. — Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, whitish (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, plane or slightly convex, pale- flesh-coloured, caesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire ; paraphyses not very discrete ; epithecium granulose (CaCl — ) ; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then nearly colourless or somewhat yellowish, the thecse tawny wine-red (their apices bluish) with iodine. — Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453-; Sru. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191 ; Mudd, Man. p. 148 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 206. — L. subfusca forma albella Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. i. p. 204. Lichen albellus Pers. in list. Ann. Bot. xi. (1794) p. 18 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2154. In several respects allied to more than one of the preceding species, from which externally it may be discriminated by the pale buff-coloured apo- thecia, which are rather scattered or sometimes crowded. It is, however, more definitely separated by the spermogones, which, as stated by Nylander (Flora, 1872, p. 250, note 2), are pale above. The spermatia are 0,016-20 mm. long ( f de Nyl. in Hit.). It is a somewhat variable plant, presenting the following forms. Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. — Distr, As yet only here and there sparingly in Great Britain and Ire- land.— B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants ; Falls of Becky, S. Devon ; Savemake Forest, Wiltshire ; Hay Park, Hereford- shire ; Island of Anglesea. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killaloe, co. Clare. Form 1. peralbella Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361. — Thallus as in the type. Apothecia small, pale-brownish, slightly pruinose ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — LECANOBA.] LECANO-LECJDEEI. 419 Lecanora peralbella Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed 3 p. 206. Originally regarded by Nylander as specifically distinct, this is now viewed by him only as a ibrm characterized by the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. Hob. On thorns and trunks of trees in a maritime district — Distr. Very rare in N.AV. Ireland.— B. M. : Killery Bay and Ballynahinch, Con- neuiara, co. Galway. Form 2. subalbella Xyl. ex Hue, Rev. Bot. 1887, p. 161. — Spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine and the thecae bluish, then darker with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. — Lecanora subalbella Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365. — Lichen rosellus Eng. Bot. t. 1651 (apotheciis magis convexis). Only another form of L. albella, though more distinct than the pre- ceding, differing not merely in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine but also in the slightly smaller spores and the slightly longer spermatia, which fide Nylander are 0,016-22 mm. long. Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. England. — B. M. : Netley Abbey, near Bartly Lodge, and Bramble Hill, New Forest, Hants. 99. L. angulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 364 ; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250. — Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length unequal or rugoso-subrimose, greyish-white (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apo- thecia small or submoderate, plane or slightly convex, crowded and subangulose, pale-brown or sordid-pale, slightly caesio-pruinose (epitheciuin CaCl + yellow); the thalline margin thin, subentire or somewhat crenulate, at length subevanesceiit ; paraphyses slender, subdiscrete ; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 205. — L. albella subsp. angulosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 ; var. /3. angulosa Mudd, Man. p. 148. L. subfusca var. angulosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 204. Lichen angulosus Schreb. Spicil. (1771) p. 136. — Brit. EMS. : Mudd, nos. 114, 115. Usually regarded as only a variety (or subspecies) of L. albella, this essentially differs in the positive reaction of the epithecium with CaCl, and in the black colour of the spermogones above. Among minor cha- racters it also differs in the crowded angulose apothecia, especially in the centre of the thallus, and in the rather larger spores. The spermatia are shorter than in the preceding species, being (Jide Nyl. in litt.) 0,014-18 mm. long. Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Here and there in Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Kpping Forest, Essex ; near Lewes and Hastings, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cliffrigg and near Easby, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Catterleen, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, 2E 2 420 LICQENACEI. [LECANORA. Killin, Perthshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Castleconnell, co. Limerick ; Killaloe, co. Clare. Var. /3. chondrotypa Stiz. Bot. Zeit. 1868, p. 899.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia convex, often crowded, whitish or subcarneous, the thalline margin excluded. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p, 68.— Lecanora chondrotypa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 365. According to Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 162) this is present in Hb. Acharius s. n. Lichen glabratus Dicks., but as Dickson does not record it his specific name cannot be retained. Differs in the character of the apothecia, which, however, in a very young state are plane with a distinct thalline margin. Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Local and scarce in S. England. — B. M. : Bembridge, Isle of Wight ; St. Leo- nard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ullacomhe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon. 100. L. glaucoma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 362.— Thallus sub- determinate, at first continuous, then rimoso-areolate, whitish or glaucous- white (K + yellow, CaCl — ); hypothallus thin, whitish. Apothecia moderate, innate or appressed, plane or convex, carneous- livid or livid-black, caesio-pruinose (CaCl -f- yellow) ; the thalline margin thin or tumid, at length flexuose and obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick : paraphyses somewhat slender, conglutinate ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, the theca? violet with iodine. — Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 135 ; Mudd, Man. p. 153 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Lcight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed. 3, p. 204.— Rinodina glaucoma Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453. Lichen glaucoma Eng. Bot. t. 2156. Verrucaria glaucoma Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 172. Lichen rupicola (? Linn.) Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 806 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 13.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 53 ; Mudd, u. 122 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 259. A very variable plant as to the thallus and apothecia, whence the forms, varieties, and subspecies that foil »w. It may, however, always be easily recognized by the livid-pruinose apothecia. The thallus, which is rarely caesio-greyish, is thickish, more or less expanded, the hypothallus being visible only in shaded situations at the circumference. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being numerous (at times aggrega to-conglomerate), with the pruina persistent (forma cinereopruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216) unless when accidentally rubbed off. The spermogones are frequent, black-punctate, immersed, with spermatia arcuate, as in the allied species. Both the thallus and the apothecia are the hosts respectively of two dif- ferent parasites hereafter to be described. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, granitic, schistose, and whinstone, in maritime and upland situations, chiefly in mountainous districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; no doubt also in Ireland. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey ; The Vale, Guernsey ; Island of Sark. Near Folkestone, Kent; Bolt'Head, S. Devon; Valley of Rocks, Lynton, N. Devon ; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall ; Bardon Hill, LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 421 Leicestershire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Pwllheli, Carnarvon- shire; Island of Anglesea; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, and Ribbledale, Yorkshire ; near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ; Swinhope, Northumberland ; Catterleen, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Kyles of Bute; Barcaldine and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; near Dundee, Forfarshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island and Kinsale, co. Cork. Form 1. decussata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68. — Thallus white or greyish-white, finely marked throughout with black hypothalline (?) lines. Apothecia as in the type, with con- colorous thalliue margin. Looks at first sight as if almost referable to L. calcarea, but has the reactions of this species. In our two British specimens the spermogones are very abundant, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance. It seems to be the plant alluded to by M. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 75. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Very spar- ingly in the Clannel Islands and Is. England— B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Guunerton Crags, Northumberland. Form 2. complanata Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3 (1879) p. 205.— Thallus and apothecia in an uniform plane, the apothecia innate. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. Differs merely in the thallus and apothecia being smoothed down to the same level, but is connected with the type by intermediate states, and no doubt depends upon the nature of the substratum. Leighton describes the apothecia as blackish; but this is accidental, and in other specimens referable to this form they are of the normal colour. Hab. On slate-rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Only sparingly in S. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.E. Ireland.— B. M. : Near Towyn, Pembrokeshire. Ballachulish, Argyleshire. Kinsale, co. Cork. Yar. /i.inflexa Johns, ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Thallus rimoso-areolate, greyish-white. Apothecia plane, crowded ; the thalline margin prominent, thickibh, snow-white, crenate and flexuose. A distinct variety characterized by the thalline margin of the apothecia. These are for the most part aggregate and become angulose through mutual pressure. It is scarcely referable to var. ruyosa (Ach.) Fr. til. Lich. Scand. p. 271. Hah. On quartzose rocks in an upland district. — Distr. Very local in N.W. England.— B. M. : Alston, Cumberland. Var. y. Swartzii Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 159.— Thallus un- equal, rimose or verrucoso-granulate, subradiate or at times byssino- radiate at the circumference. Apothecia subglobose, usually aggre- gato- conglomerate, the thalline margin at length evanescent. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216, ed. 3, p. 205.— 422 LICHENACEI. [LECAXORA. Lichen Sivartzii Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 55, t. 1. fig. 2 (non bonum) ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 23. The form of the thallus at the circumference and that of the apothecia are the distinguishing marks of this variety. In the former respect, how- ever, the radii are visible only in entire specimens and are sometimes absent even in the growing plant. The apothecia are occasionally much deformed. Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly on the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Cruachan, Argyle- shire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. subradiosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 549. — Thallus and apothecia as in the type, but the former with different reaction. Thallus CaCl + orange passing into reddish. Apothecia (epithecium) CaCl + yellow. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Nylander /. c. says that this may be ooly a state of L. glaucoma, mixed up with which it frequently occurs in the E. Pyrenees, though not in the very few British specimens as yet detected. These, apart from the reactions, from a diagnosis given me by Mr. Johnson present no special marks of distinction. Hab. On stones of a wall in an upland district. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N.E. England (Sinderhope, East Allendale, Northumberland). Subsp. 2. L. bicincta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. vii. (1863) p. 398. — Thallus as in the type. Apothecia glauco-pruinose, with double margin, a thalline and within this a black proper margin ; spores 0,011-14 mm. long. 0,007-8 mm. thick.- — Lecanora bicincta Ram. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem. xiii. (1825) p. 248. At least a good subspecies well characterized by the zeorine apothecia, though in other respects agreeing with L. glaucoma. The type does not occur in Britain, but only the variety that follows. Var. ft. lecideina Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Apo- thecia small, lecideoid, black, more or less pruinose, the proper margin slightly prominent and flexuose. — Lecanora rimosa b. leddina Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 71. L. glaucoma var. ccerulata (Flot.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed. 3, p. 204. Probably only a form, as in the single British specimen seen a few young apothecia are zeorine. Otherwise they are lecideine, convex and aggregate, with the thalline margin obliterated. Hab. On a quartzose rock in a mountainous district. — Distr. Found only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 101. L. subcarnea Ach. Licb. Univ. (1810) p. 365.— Thallus sub- determinate, yellowish- white, rimoso-areolato-granulate(K-)- yellow, then deep orange-red). Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, some- times conglomerate and dift'orm, flesh-coloured or livid-testaceous, LECAXORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 423 thinly pruinose (epithecium CaCl— ); thethalline margin undulate, at length nearly obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; epithecium granulose, brown ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecae violet with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216, ed. 3, p. 205. — Lecanora glaucoma var. subcarnea Mudd, Man. p. 153 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50. Lecidea subcarnea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen subcarneus Sw. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1791, p. 126. Lichen pallescens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 2, pro parte. Usually regarded as a variety of the preceding species, but, among other characters, at once differs in the reaction of the epithecium. The thallus in entire specimens is subradiate at the circumference, but is usually widely expanded. The apothecia are numerous, and occasionally become substipitate. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland mountainous districts. — Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, N. England, on the Grampians, and in N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Island of Alderney. Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Keighley and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; near Porlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 102. L. fuscescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 552, nota 1.— Thallus subdeterminate, thinly granulose, whitish or greyish (K + yellowish, CaCl— ); hypothallus thin, brownish-black. Apothecia small or submoderate, adnate or adnato-sessile, plane, thinly margined, pale- brown or blackish, internally whitish ; paraphyses submoderate, blackish or brownish at the clavate apices ; spores globular or sub- globose, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecae at length wine-coloured or tawny-reddish with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.— Lecidea fuscescens Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 161. Formerly regarded by authors as a Lecidea (Biatora), this, as pointed out by Ny lander I. c., is in reality a Lecanora with gonidia intruded in the margin of the apothecia. In a young state these are truly lecanorine, though afterwards they become convex and immarginate so as to appear biatoroid. In the British specimens, which are well fertile, the thallus is rather scattered, with the hypothallus predominant. According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 461) the spermatia are " long, acicular, curved." Hab. On trunks of birch in a mountainous district. — Distr. Only sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. c. Thallus uniform, K — . 103. L. umbrina Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 369.— Thallus subefFuse, thinnish, granulato-unequal, sordid-greenish or greyish (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia somewhat small, plane, umbrine- brown, at times slightly csesio-suffused ; the thalline margin thin, whitish, subcrenulate ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the clavate apices ; 424 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-wine-coloured or violet with iodine. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 255 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68 ; Lich. Brit. p. 51, pro parte ; Loight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 191.— Lichen umbrinus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 245. Easily recognized in this subsection by the colour of the apothecia. The thallus, which is usually indeterminate, vanes somewhat in thickness according to the habitat. Rarely it is more or less scattered over the substratum and little developed (olive-brownish hypothalline), when it is forma subdistans Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. The apo- thecia are at times subbiatorine. The spermogones have the spermatia semicircular, 0,015-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks, occasionally on old pales, rarely on the ground in maritime and upland districts. — Distr, Only here and there in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. Lamorna Cliff, Penzauce, Cornwall ; Lydd, Kent ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire: Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen and Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare ; Killery Bay, Conuemara, co. Galway. 104. L. crenulata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Fdrh. n. s. v. (1866)p. 181 ; Flora, 1872,p. 250.— Thallus effuse, very thin, often scarcely visible, greyish- white (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, scattered, brownish-grey, at times caesio-suffused ; the thai- line margin whitish, deeply crenulate ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the apices; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-coloured with iodine — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190 pro parte. — L. umbrina subsp. crenulata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 59, form crenulata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 191. L. albella £. crenulata Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lichen crenulatus Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iii. (1793) p. 14, t. 9. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 930; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17. According to a specimen from his own Herb, this is also L. c/alactina ft. disperso-areolata (non Schaer), Mudd, Man. p. 149. — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 258. Frequently confounded with subsp. dispersa of L. galactina, but distinct in the character of the paraphyses and in the smaller spores, as pointed out by Nylander, who first definitely discriminated between them. From the preceding species it is distinguished by the tessellato-crenate margin of the apothecia, — the erenulations being deeply divided and separated by a furrow, though in abraded specimens this character is scarcely apparent. It differs also from it in the size of the spermatia, which (fide Nyl. in lift.) are 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous, rarely sandstone, rocks in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S.W. arid N. England, the Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Watcombe Bay, S. Devon ; Alfrick, Worcestershire ; near Ayton and Carlton Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Lamplugh, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Oughterarde, co. Galway. LKCANOKA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 425 105. L. Zosterae Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 577.— Thallus effuse, very thin, glaucous-grey, subevanescent (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, plane, scattered or aggregate, reddish-brown, naked or slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin thin, entire or subcrenate, white-pulverulent: spores 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; paraphyses very slender, discrete ; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine. — Lecanora umbrina subsp. Zosterce Nyl., Cromb. Jouru. Bot. 1874, p. 148 ; forma Zosterce Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 191. — Lecanora subfusca var. y. Zosterm Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 158. Allied to L. umbrina, but differs in the pulverulent thalline margin of the smaller apothecia, the size of the spores, the slender paraphyses, and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. It may be recognized from its peculiar place of growth, though Nylander (Flora, /. c.) says that L. Hageni also occurs zostericolous in Jersey. Hub. On old leaves of Zostera marina in maritime districts. Distr. Sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey ; The Eperquerie, Island of Sark ; Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey. Pentire and the Lizard, Cornwall. Kil- kee, co. Clare. 106. L. Hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 367(excl. vars.) ; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250. — Thallus effuse, very thin, leproso-verruculose, greyish-white, often nearly obsolete (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, plane or at length convex, pale- or dark-brown, naked or cresio-suffused ; the thalline margin thin, subpersistent, crenulate or subentire, white ; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid wine -coloured with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192. — L. umbrina var. Hageni Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51. L. albella j. Hageni Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lichen Hageni, Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 57.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 131, 219. A plant not rightly discriminated by most authors from L. umbrina. Among other marks of distinction, however, as well as in general aspect, it at once differs from this in the shorter spermatia, as pointed out by Nylander, /. c. These he gives in litt. as being 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. The thallus frequently spreads extensively, and is occasionally scarcely visible from the numerous crowded apothecia. These at times become convex with the thalline margin excluded. Ilab. On trunks (usually decorticated) of trees, old pales, very rarely on schistose rocks, from maritime to upland tracts. — Distr. Not uncommon in England, rare in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands ; not seen from Wales. — B. M. : St. Aubin's Bay, Island of Jersey. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Hyde, Isle of Wight ; Wellow, near Bath, Somerset ; Windsor Great Park, Barks; Brandon, Suffolk; Whnpole Park, Cam- bridgeshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Inverary, Argyleshire ; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kin- cardineshire (saxicolous). Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Ballynagarde, co. Limerick. 426 ucn.EN'ACEi. [LECANORA. Form calcigena Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361 (nomeu); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 192.— Thallus determinate, thicker, areolato-diffract, greyish. Apothecia livid, subpruinose, the thalline margin entire. Differs in the characters given of the tballtts and apothecia. It is probably a good variety, but has been seen too sparingly to decide. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N. W. Ireland. — B. M. : Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway. 107. L. Agardhiana Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 152 ; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 138. Thallus effuse, thin, contiguous, smooth, opaque, dark- greyish (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, at first innate, concave, •with whitish entire thalline margin, at length sessile, convex, im- marginate, brownish-black, slightly pruinose or naked (epithecium HNo3 rosaceous) ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gela- tine bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. A plant, according to Nylander in lilt., allied to L. Hageni, though the apothecia are at length lecideoid. In the few British specimens the thallus is indistinct, so that they may be referred to a form ecntstacea Cromb. The apothecia are numerous, though not crowded, and for the most part epruinose. The spermogones are rarely present, with spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. Distr. As yet only in N. Wales.— B. M. : Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire. 108. L. prosechoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.— Thallus deter- minate, thinnish, areolate-rimose, whitish or sordid-yellowish (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia small or moderate, plane, somewhat prominent, brownish or blackish, the thalline margin subentire ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, occasionally 1- septate, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick ; paraphyses discrete, moderate or thickish, brownish or yellowish-brown at the clavate apices ; hy- menial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 82. — Lecanora umbrina subsp. prosectioides Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870), p. 51 ; forma proseclwides Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 191. To this fide Nyl. in litt. is referable Lecanora helicopis f. dilutior Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 159, Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23, Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; also Parmelia subfusca var. lainea Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. n. 371. Lecanora prosecha (non Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 224. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 67; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 94. At first regarded as a subspecies of L. umbrina by Nylander, this differs in the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia, in the form of the spores, and in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The thallus, though determinate, is at times somewhat expanded, and varies in colour, being paler in shady situations. The apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin occasionally at length obliterated. They are rarely the LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 427 host of Arthonia variam (Dav.). The spermogones have the spermatia arcuate, 0,022-23 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick. Hub. On schistose, very rarely cretaceous, rocks in maritime districts. Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N.W. England, Wales, the S.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, S. and N.E. Ireland.— B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Vale Bay, Island of Guernsey. Between Porlock and Lvnton, Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall ; Manorheer, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown, Glamorganshire ; The Mowd- doch and Barmouth, Merionethshire; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire, Port Soderick, Isle of Man. Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincar- dineshire. Kilkee, co. Clare ; Ardglass, co. Down. Form sublutior Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 456.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia pale-brownish. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60 (lapsu s. n. dilutior). Differs in the colour of the fruit, which probably arises from the habitat. In the single British specimen the thalline margin of the apothecia is here and there evanescent, so that they then appear biatoroid. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in a maritime district. Distr. Ex- tremely rare in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : near Cove, Kincardineshire. 109. L. prosechoidiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 3.— Thallus thin, arcolabo-dift'ract, greyish (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, blackish or brownish-black, at first with entire whitish thalline margin, at length convex and immarginate; spores ellipsoid, 0,009- 12 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses rather coherent; hymenial gelatine bluish and then (especially the thecae) violet or subtawny with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. Approaches the preceding species, from which it differs more especially in the less discrete paraphyses. Nylander, I. c., observes that it is probably to be regarded only as a subspecies of L. umbrina ; but from this it at once differs in the colour of the apothecia. In the single British specimen the thallus is indeterminate and the apothecia are numerous. The spermogones are only here and there visible, with spermatia 0,016-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N.E. Scotland. — B. M. : near Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. 110. L. conferta Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 1867, p. 314, nota 1. — Thallus effuse, thin, granulato-unequal, greyish-white or greenish- grey, often obsolete (K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia small, plane, crowded, subangulose, testaceous or pale-testaceous, with thin crenulate thalline margin, or frequently subbiatorine ; spores 0,009 -15 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick; paraphyses submoderate, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish (the thecse dark-violet) with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora umbrina var. conferta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. L. Hageni var. conferta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192. Patellaria covferta' Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 654. 428 LICHENACEI. [LECANOBA. Closely related, like all the other plants of this subsection, to L. umbrina, from which it differs in the characters given. In the British specimen gathered the thallus is subgreenish and somewhat scattered, with numerous, mostly subbiatorine apothecia,in which the paraph yses are scarcely discrete. Hob. On granitic stones of a wall in a lowland district. — Distr. Only sparingly in N.E. Scotland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.— B. M.: "Woodside, near Aberdeen. 111. L. mammillifera Stirt. Trans. Glasgow Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85. — Thallus minutely areolato-diffract, dark- or brownish-grey, the areolae plane (X— , CaCl — ). Apothecia small, prominent, convex, black or brownish-black, internally pale-greyish, the margin (? thalline) obtuse, at length depressed ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-010 mm. long, 0,007-0,0085 mm. thick ; paraphyses few, discrete, thickish, brownish at the clavate apices ; hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny (especially the thecae) with iodine.— Leight. Lich. FJ. ed. 3, p. 201. I have seen no specimen of the plant, and as the author says nothing as to its affinities or the character of the sperniogones, it may not belong to this section. Hab. On rocks in a mountainous district — Distr. Very local on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland (Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire). d. Thallus usually more or less yellowish. 112. L. sulphurea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 399.— Thallus thickish, rimoso-areolate, greenish-sulphur-coloured, the areolae tumid, smooth (K + yellowish, CaCl — ); hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia moderate, at first innate, then protruded, biatorine, plane or convex, difform, livid, olive- or livid-black, subpruinose, the thal- line margin speedily excluded ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose, brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then sordid with iodine. — Mudd, Man. p. 152 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 198, ed. 3, p. 182. — Lecidea sulphurea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 38 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. p. 127. Lichen sidphureus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 32; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. ii. p. 17 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 12 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1186, upper fig.— Brit. Exs.\ Leight. n. 114; Mudd, n. 121; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 61, 92 ; Bohl. n. 117. Distinguished from the allied species chiefly by the colour of the thallus and by the biatorine, usually immarginate apothecia. It frequently spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus varying somewhat in thickness. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming more or less confluent. The spennogones are punctif orm, immersed, livid-black, and often crowded. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime, upland, rarely mountainous districts. — Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.— B. M. : Island of Sark. 1ECAXOBA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 429 Walthamstow, Essex ; Hastings, Sussex ; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall ; Cheveley Park, Cambridgeshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Koseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Rerrick, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork ; Kil- larney, co. Kerry ; Letter Hill, Connemara, co. Galway. 113. L. orosthea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 400.— Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-rimulose or subpulverulent, yellowish-sulphur- coloured (K-f yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, biatoroid, convex or tuberculoso-difform, immarginate, subconcolorous with the thaJlus or yellowish-flesh-coloured, sometimes sordid or subpruinose ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodiue. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199, ed. 3, p. 183 pro parte. — Lecanora varia subsp. orosthea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Lecidea orosthea Gray, Xat. Arr. i. p. 470. Lichen orostluus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 38. Approaches L. sulphured, but differs in the thinner, paler, more or less pulverulent thallus and the smaller apothecia. It grows chieflv on the smooth sides of perpendicular rocks, is very widely effuse, and is either entirely sterile or sparingly fertile. The apothecia are more or less scat- tered, varying in colour according to degree of exposure. Hob. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland, but is no doubt more widely distributed, though, from being so frequently sterile and the nature of the habitat, specimens are rare in herbaria. — B. M. : Land's End, Cornwall ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. West WTater, Fifeshire ; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Croghane, co. Kerry ; co. Wicklow ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. /3. snblivescens Xyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248. — Thallus as in the type. Apothecia often livid or livid-black, epruinose. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora varia var. symmicta form livescens Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Differs in the apothecia being naked, frequently variously livid, and more especially in the habitat. In our specimens the thallus is usually less pulverulent and rather darker. The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, some at times appearing as if crowned by the thallus. Hab. On the trunks of aged beech-trees in wooded upland districts. — Distr. Only a few localities in S. and E. England, where, however, it ia plentiful. — B. M. : Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire. 114. L. epanora Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 377. — Thallus effuse, granulose, thinnish, greenish -yellow, citrino-sorediate, the granules globuloso-congested, contiguous or dispersed (K — , CaCl— ) ; bypo- thallus blackish or obsolete. Apothecia submoderate, lecanorine, 430 I.ICHENACEI. [LECANORA. sessile, plane, brownish- or reddish-yellow ; the thalline margin tumid, flexuose or subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete, tawny-yellow at the apices ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the thecse bluish with iodine.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3, p. 189. — Lichen epanorus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 39. Lecanora albo- flavida Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260 ; Mudd, Man. p. 155.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 397. Well characterized by the citrine soredia with which the thallus is sprinkled throughout, and which often at length obliterate the subsqua- mulose granules. In the British specimens the hypothallus is scarcely visible, and the granules are more or less scattered. The apothecia are present on a single specimen sparingly and not very well developed. Hob. On rocks and walls, chiefly schistose, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local in N. Wales, the S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, and in S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Cader Idris, Dolgelly (fruit), and Barmouth, Merionethshire. Ballachulish, Argyleshire ; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 115. L. varia Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 161.— Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, thinnish, areolato-verrucose or granulato-unequal, yellow- ish-green or straw-coloured (K + yellow, CaCl — ); hypothallus in- distinct. Apothecia numerous, moderate, sessile, plane or subplane, concolorous with the thallus or pale-yellow or sublivid, often prui- noso-suffused ; the thalline margin persistent, subentire, at length angulose; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then somewhat sordid with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 149 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 176 pro parte. — Rinodina varia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 452. Lichen varins Ehrh. Crypt. (1785) n. 68 ; Eng. Bot, t. 1666.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 51 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 215 ; Bohl. n. 107. A much less variable plant than its trivial name imports and as was formerly supposed, in consequence of the separation by Nylander on ana- tomical and other grounds of several species that follow. With us the thallus is generally widely effuse and at times is very scanty. The apo- thecia are often crowded, angulose, almost obliterating the thallus. The spermogones, which are not unfrequent, are immersed, dark brown or blackish. Hab. On old pales and on the trunks of trees (chiefly pines) in mari- time and upland districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands and apparently in Ireland. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk ; AValthamstow, Essex ; Finchley, Middlesex ; Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Elstree, Hertford- shire; Gauilingay, Cambridgeshire; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Hay Park, Herefordshire ; Battenhall, near Worcester ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; near Shrewsbury, Shrop- shire ; Ay ton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Wark-on-Tyne and near Hexham, LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 413 Northumberland. Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Crathie and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire : Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Carrigaline, co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry. Form pleorytis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 161 (excl. syn.).— Thallus determinate, thickish, granulate, yellow. Apothecia crowded, con- colorous, the thalline margin inflexed and crenulate. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 69. — Parmelia varia ft. pleorytis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 178. Differs chiefly, in the character of the thalline margin, which is as if incised. This, however, is less visible in the young apothecia of the only British specimen (fragmentary). Hab. On old pales in an upland district. — Distr. Only very sparingly in the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Lawers, Killin, Perthshire. 116. L. conizaea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249. — Thallus effuse, thickish, leproso-pulverulent, whitish-yellow (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia lecanorine, small or moderate, plane or somewhat convex, pale or pale flesh-coloured, at length brownish ; the thalline margin entire or flexuose, somewhat thickish, pulverulent ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-yellow with iodine. — Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club. iv. p. 64. — Lecanora varia var. coniza>a Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193. Lecanora expalhns var. (3. conizcea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 374. Lecanora lutesc-ens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte. Lecanora sarcopis subsp. homopis (non Nyl.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133. Lecidea farinaria Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2727. — Brit. Exs. : Croaib. n. 163 ; Leight. n. 378. Well distinguished from L. varia by the paler, leprose thallus and the pulverulent margin of the apothecia. In a young state the thallus is thinnish, but subsequently becomes rather thick and spreads extensively. The apothecia are numerous when present (for the plant is often sterile), and become dark-brown and flexuose in age. Hab. On old pales, chiefly oak, in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Local in S., Central, W. and N. England, but abundant where it occurs. — B. M. : Albourne, Sussex ; Finchley, Middlesex ; Reigate, Surrey ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Elstree, Herts ; Penshurst, Kent ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Stableford, Shropshire ; Urpeth Valley, Durham ; Asby, Cumberland. 117. L. conizseoid.es Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus effuse, somewhat thickish, leprose or subleprose, pale- or whitish-yellow (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia lecanorine, submoderate, innato-sessile, pale-yellow or livid-brownish ; the thai- line margin persistent, crenulate and often inflexed ; spores oblong, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine. Intermediate between L, varia and L. conizcea, to which latter the thallus is almost similar, though the spores are more turgid. From L. 432 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. varia it at once differs in the leprose thallus, though in all other respects it nearly agrees with that species (Nyl. in Hit.). The margin of the young apothecia is leproso-pulverulent. Hab* On old beeches (near the roots) and on aged pines in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Only a few localities in E., S., Central, and N. England, but plentiful in these. — B. M. : Near Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hampshire; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Overend, Egremont, Cumberland. 118. L. expallens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 374.— Thallus effuse, thin or thinnish, leproso-pulveruleiit, pale-sulphur-coloured (K + yellow, CaCl-1- orange-red). Apothecia small, lecanorine, sub- innate, plane or slightly convex, pale-yellow or flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thin, pulverulent, at length obliterated ; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,011—16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69 ; Leight. Lich. M. p. 199 pro parfe, ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte. — Lecidea expctllens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181 (excl. " on rocks ") ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 127. Leprnria expallens fers.JldeA.ch. 1. c. Lecanora varia ^. orosZAraMudd, Man. p. 150. Lichen orostheus Eng. Bot. t. 1549. — Brit. Ea-s. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 216. Easily recognized by the colour of the leprose thallus, which spreads very extensively over the substratum. In more shaded habitats it is somewhat thicker, whitish-sulphureous, sterile, and might readily be taken for a " Lepraria.'' The apothecia, which are comparatively rare, are usually somewhat scattered, though at times several are subcon- fluent. The sperm ogones, which, however, are much more frequent in the following variety, have the spermatia 0,020 mm. long, 0,0009 mm. thick (fide Nyl. in lift.). Hab. On the trunks of trees, firs and oaks, and on old pales in lowland and upland districts. — Distr. Here and there throughout England and in N.Wales; rare in S.W. and N.W. Ireland; not seen from Scotland, though no doubt it exists there in a leprarioid state.— B. M. : Thetford, Norfolk ; Ickworth, Suffolk ; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire ; New Forest, Hants ; near Newton Abbot, Devonshire ; Coleshorne and Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Upton, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merio- nethshire ; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire ; Island of Auglesea ; Airyholme Wood and Bipon, Yorkshire ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Bally nahinch, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. lutescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.— Thallus minutely granulato-pulverulent. Apothecia numerous, crowded, at length convex, submoderate, sessile, with the thalline margin inflexed or excluded. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora lutescens Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 : Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164. — Patellaria lutescens DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 354.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 65. Differs from the type, with which it has usually been confounded, in the more granulose thallus, and the larger, sessile apothecia with epulve- rulent thalline margin. These are often so numerous as almost to ob- literate the thallus. LECAXORA.] LECAtfO-LECIDEEI. 433 Hub. On the trunks of trees and on old pales, especially fir, in mari- time and upland districts. — Distr. Probably general in Great Britain, usually plentiful where it occurs ; rare in the Channel Islands and S. Ireland. — B. M. : Beauport Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent ; New Forest, Hants ; near Torquay and Totness, S. Devon ; Roche, Cornwall ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Ludlow, Herefordshire ; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire ; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcal- dine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and near Loch Tutnrnel, Perthshire ; near Forfar ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aber- deen, and Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Glenbower Wood and Castlebernard Park, co. Cork. Var. y. smaragdocarpa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248, nota 1. — Thallus as in the type. Apothecia bright emerald-green. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. From the peculiar colour of the apothecia to be regarded as a distinct variety. In the only British specimen the thallus is scarcely visible, though the apothecia are somewhat crowded, convex, with the margin at length excluded. Hab. On decorticated stumps of oak in an upland district. — Distr. Very rare in Central England.— B. M. : Summit of the Chiltern Hills, Oxford- shire. Subsp. L. inversa Xyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.— Thallus nearly as in the type. Apothecia small, the thalline margin distinct, per- sistent, subentire, epulverulent ; spores not seen. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. As observed by Nylander I, c. the thallus (which is somewhat firmer) agrees in the reaction with L. e.rpailens, while the thalline margin of the apothecia is subsimilar to that of L. varia. Were the spores known, it might probably be a distinct species. Hab. On the branches of furze in an upland district. — Distr. Only a fragmentary specimen from S.W. Ireland (s. n. Lecanora albo-Jlavida Tayl. nov. sp.). — B.M.: Finnechy River, co. Kerry. 119. L. symmicta Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 340 ; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249. — Thallus subeffuse, thin or very thin, subleprose or minutely granulose, pale yellowish-green or whitish- straw-colonred (K + yellow, CaCl + orange). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first plane with thin, entire margin, speedily convex and immarginate, pale-yellow or pale-testaceous, partly olivaceous ; spores oblong, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, not very well discrete ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-yellow with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora symmicta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183 (excl. vars.). Lecanora varia £. symmicta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 379; Mudd, Man. p. 150 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 193 pro parte. May be recognized from its more immediate allies chiefly by the con- 2F 434 LICHENACEI. [LECANOEA. stantly biatorine apothecia and by the thalline reaction with CaCl. In the few British specimens seen the thallus is comparatively small and determinate ; but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally 2-3- aggregate. The spermogones are only very sparingly present, with sper- matia^0,018-20 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hob. On trunks of firs and on old pales in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and S.E. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. — B. M. : Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Island of Anglesea. Appin, Argyleshire. Great Island, co. Cork. Var. ft, szepincola Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249. — Thallus effuse, granulose or granuloso-unequal, at times subevanescent. Apothecia biatorino-lecideine, convex, sordid-reddish or blackish : spores occasionally thinly 1-septate, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora varia var. scepincola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 193.— Leeidea scepincola Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 35. Evidently referable to this species, of which it is a good variety, dif- fering in the colour of the apothecia and the rather longer, less simple spores. The thalline reaction with CaCl at once keeps it distinct from var. /3 of the following species, with which it might be confounded. Hob. On old pales in upland situations.— -Distr. Local in N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Hart, Durham ; Lam- plugh, Cumberland. Killin, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. 120. L. symmictera Nyl. Flora, 1 872, p. 249.— Thallus effuse, subleprose or subgranulose, yellowish-straw-coloured (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, biatorine, convex, concolorous with the thallus, pale or dark-olivaceous, the margin excluded ; spores oblong, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 117; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 130. Subsimilar to the preceding species, with which till recently it has been confounded, but differs at once in the reaction with CaCl. In Britain it is a much more common plant, with the thallus spreading extensively and the apothecia numerous. The spermogones are fre- quent with spermatia as in L. symmicta. Hob. On old pales and the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. General in Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands ; not seen from Ireland. — B. M. : Beauport, Island of Jersey. Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; near Penzauce, Cornwall ; near Minety, Wiltshire ; Millhill, Middlesex ; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Angle- sea ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blairdrummond, near Stirling ; Finlarig, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECTDEEI. 435 Yar. ft. aitema Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 229.— Thallus somewhat thickish, leprose, bright yellow. Apothecia small or submoderate, convex, lecideoid, black ; spores 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora varia var. aitema Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192. L.sym- micta var. aitema ed. 3, p. 183. Lecidea aitema Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 178. Lecanora varia £. denigrata (non Fr.), Mudd, Man. p. 151.— Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 66 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 255 : Mudd, n. 118. Looks entirely as if a Lecidea, near L. parasema. It is, however, only a variety of this species, with which it agrees in the reactions, but differs in the more leprose thallus and the colour of the apothecia. The thallus at times occurs in small determinate macula? and is alwaj's well fertile, the apothecia being colourless within. A state in which there are few or no traces of a thallus, with the apothecia crowded and often less convex, is form depauperata Oromb. Grevillea I. c. Hob. On old palings in upland districts. — Distr. Not infrequent in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire ; Shanklin, Isle of "Wight ; Dart- moor, S. Devon ; near Millhill, Middlesex ; near Gamlingay, Cambridge- shire ; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumberland. Finlarig, Kenmore, and Glen Lyon, Killin, Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perth- shire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. 121. L. trabalis Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458. — Thallus effuse, glebuloso-granulate, subverrucoso-diffract, thinnish or submoderate, greyish (K + yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia small, adnate, some- what convex, immarginate, pale-livid, sordidly pale-testaceous or livid-blackish ; spores rarely spuriously 1-septate, oblong, 0,009- 0,014 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick ; epithecium granulose, paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then subincolorous (the thecae subpersistently bluish) with iodine. — Lecidea scepincola var. trabalis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 35. Allied to L. symmictera, of which Nylander I. c, says it may perhaps be a subspecies. In the British specimens, one of which was recently determined by him, the thallus is chiefly dark-grey from age. The apothecia are numerous and often diff or mi- connate. Hab. On a decorticated stump of hornbeam oak in a wooded upland tract. — Distr. As yet only sparingly in E. England.— B. M. : Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex. 122. L. piniperda Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 81.— Thallus effuse, thin, verruculoso-leprose, whitish (Kf-f- yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, plane or convex, subcarneous or brownish, pruinose, the thalline margin pale, thin, entire, or subcrenulate, at length excluded : spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then tawny with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 ; Leight, Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 174. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 176 ; Cromb. n. 160. 436 LTCHENACEI. [LECANORA. May readily be distinguished from the allied species by the colour of the thallus and of the minute apothecia. These are usually crowded, at first concave, becoming in age convex and iinmarginate. The spermogones, rarely visible in our specimens, have the spermatia 0,011 mm. long. Hab. On old pales and the trunks of firs in lowland and upland situa- tions.— Distr. Only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland; no doubt often overlooked. — B. M. : Near Millhill and Edgware, Middlesex ; near Worcester ; Tugford Churchyard, Shropshire. Appin, Argyle- ehire ; near Loch Tummel, Perthshire. Maam, Connemara, co. Gal way. Var. /3. ochrostoma Koerb. Par. Lich. Z. c. — Apothecia sub- biatorine, convex, yellowish.- or rusty-red, epruinose, immarginate. — Leight. Lich.. FL ed. 3, p. 174 (excl. loc. cit.) ; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. Differs in the form and colour of the naked biatoroid apothecia. In the few British specimens seen the thallus is almost obsolete. Hab. On old pales in wooded districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. and W. England.— B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Braydon Forest, Wilt- shire. Subsp. L. glaucella Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 60. — Thallus glaucescent, at times subcvanescent. Apothecia sub- livid, glauco-pruinose, the thalline margin entire, subpersistent ; spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick. — Lecanora albella var. glaucella Flot. Lich. Exs. n. 348 (1850). Characterized by the colour of the thallus and apothecia, which entitle it to rank as a subspecies according to Nyl. in litt. The few British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On the bark of pine trees in an upland district.— Distr. As yet only very sparingly in N.W.England. — B. M. : Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland. 123. L. fugiens Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 289.— Thallus effuse, very thin, granulate, scattered, glaucous or pale-whitish-yellow (K + yel- low, CaCl + orange). Apothecia minute, sessile, whitish-isabelline, the thalline margin entire or sometimes crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-0,013 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then (especially the thecse) tawny wine- coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184. Near L. piniperda (ex Nyl. /. c.), but is well distinguished by the characters given. In the two specimens seen the thallus is scattered with the granules scarcely, or rarely, concrescent. The minute apothecia are scattered, or here and there a few together. The spermogones have the spermatia arcuate, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce in the Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey. Near Salrock, Connemara, co. Galway. 1ECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 437 124. L. metaboloides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.— Thallus effuse, subgranulose, thin, whitish, often evanescent (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, biatoroid, at first plane and thinly margined, then convex, immarginate, pale, livid-brown or blackish, naked or slightly prninose; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. To this, fide Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 184, is referable Biatora sarcopisioides Mass. Rich. Lich. (1852) p. 128 ; Lecidea minuta var. sarcopisioides Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 69 ; Leight. Lich. PL p. 266, ed. 3, p. 264. This, however, is a mere state of Nylander's plant, whose name has a wider and more definite signification. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 162 pro parte. Looks quite a Biatora, but the spermogones show its true relation. It is a somewhat variable plant both as to thallus and apothecia, though the differences in these merely indicate states resulting from habitat. The thallus is seldom well developed, and usually is entirely obsolete. At times it is dark-greyish with blackish apothecia (form obscurior Cromb. Grovillea, xviii. p. 69). It spreads very extensively over the substratum, and is always abundantly fertile. Hab. On old pales, decorticated stumps of trees, rarely on stems of gorse, in maritime and upland wooded tracts. — Distr. Sparingly in S.W. and N. England ; abundant among the S. and Central Grampians, Scot- land.— B. M. : Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hampshire; Stiperstones, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumber- land. Achmore, Glen Lochay arid Fiularig, Killin ; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 125. L. polytropa Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81 pro parte; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251. — Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, granu- late- or rimoso-areolate, or subsquamulose, pale sulphur-coloured or yellowish-green, often subevanescent (K + yellowish, CaCl — ); hypothallus, when present, thin, black. Apothecia small or moderate, adnate, usually biatorine, at first plane with thin, entire, subflexuose margin, at length convex, with the margin excluded, yellowish-flesb-coloured or pale-testaceous ; spores ellip- soid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender or not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid- violet with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69 ; Mudd, Man. p. 151 ; Leight. Lich. PL p. 197, ed. 3, p. 180. — Lecanora varia var. polytropa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Lecidea polytropa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 475 ; Sm. Eng. PL v. p. 185. Lecidea Ehrhartiana ft. polytropa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 40. Lichen polytropus Ehrh. Crypt, (1793) n. 294; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 22; Eng. Bot. t. 1264 (two lower figs.).— .Sri*. Exs. : Leight. n. 179 (atypical). Often regarded as only a saxicolous variety of L. varia, this has now been definitely separated by Nylander on account of the different cha- racters it present*. At the same time it is a very variable species both as to the thallus and apothecia. The thallus, which frequently spreads extensively, varies in thickness and at times is scarcely, if at all, visible, whence var. acrusfacea Schaer, Mudd, Man. p. 151 ; Leight. Exs. cit. A 438 LICHENACEI. [LECANOKA. condition of this with small apothecia is var. K. itiusoria Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 380, Cromb. Lich. Brit. 1. c. (non Leight. Lich. Fl. II. c.). The apothecia are variable in size, usually very numerous so as almost to obliterate the thallus, and at times in old plants several are conglomerate. The spermcgones, which are also frequent, are punctiform, immeised, dark-brown or blackish. Ildb. On rocks, boulders, and walls in maritime and mountainous dis- tricts.— Distr. General in Great Britain and Ireland, plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : La Move, Island of Jersey. Bolt Head, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Nesscliffe Hill, Shropshire; Cliflrig, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire, Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire : Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Kinsale, co. Cork; Derryquin, near Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Doughruagh nits. ; Connemara, co. Galway. Form 1. efflorescent Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 69.— Thallus sprinkled here and there with, pale-yellowish soredia. Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, usually immarginate. Apparently a rare condition not previously observed, but resulting no doubt from the habitat. The soredia are yellowish with K. It is very different from L. epanora. Hnb. On shaded stones of a schistose wall in an upland district. — Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. alpigena Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81. Thallus rimoso- areolate, pale yellow. Apothecia large, appressed, plane or convex, concolorous, the thalline margin paler, flexuose. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 181. — Lecanora varia var. i. alpigena, Ach. Lich. Uuiv. (1810) p. 381 (excl. vars.). Evidently confluent with the type, differing chiefly in the larger paler apothecia. These at length become convex, more or less aggregate, with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine places. — Distr. Very rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form 3. snbglobosa Cromb.— Thallus effuse, thin, granulate, greenish-yellow, often nearly obsolete. Apothecia small, numerous, convex or subglobose, greenish-yellow or sub-brownish, immar- ginate.— Lecanora polyptropa var. £. conglobata (non Flot.) Mudd, Man. p. 152, form conglobata (non Somm.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 180. Lecanora varia var. polytropa form conglobata (non Somm.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 152 ; Mudd, n. 120. In this form, as observed by Leighton //. c., the crowded apothecia are yet distinct, though at times scattered and confluent. The thallus is sometimes scarcely visible, when, except in the shape of the apothecia, it differs little from the so-called var. illusoria Ach. As the young apothecia, LECANORA..] LECANO-LECIDKKI. 439 however, are plane and margined, it is, like the preceding form, confluent with the type. Hub. On rocks, boulders, and walls in upland and subalpine districts, — Distr. Local in N. Wales, W. and N. England, and among the Gram- pians, Scotland.— B. M. : Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Guisboro' and Ay ton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. Subsp. L. intricata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.— Thallus deter- minate, thinnish or submoderate, areolato-diffract, subeffigurate at the circumference, yellowish- white or greyish-yellow (K + yellowish, CaCl — ); hypothallus black, often limiting the thallus. Apothecia small, adnate, plane or somewhat convex, lecanorine, or at length often sublecideine, variable in colour, sordid-pale-testaceous, brown- ish, olive or blackish ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010- 12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora intricata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 198, ed. 3, p. 181. L.polytropa e.intricata, Mudd,Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Lecidea intricata 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185. Lichen intric'itus Schrad. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 72. — Lichen poly- tropus Eng. Bot. t. 1264, two upper figs. Lecanora polytropa y. alpigena Mudd, Man. p. 152, is merely a state of this. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 153; Mudd, n. 119. Well distinguished as a subspecies by the more distinct hypothallus and the colour of the usually lecanorine apothecia, which, however, are at length often lecideino-biatorine and immarginate. A lignicolous con- dition, differing from the type merely in the thallus being more effuse and the hypothallus less distinct, is rarely met with in the Highlands of Scotland. Jfab. On rocks, boulders and walls, rarely on old palings, in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Somewhat local and much less com- mon than the type, in N. Wales, N. England, among the Scottish Gram- pians, and in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire ; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire ; Bodbury Ring, near Church Stretton, Shropshire ; Ingleby and Kildale, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Staveley, Westmoreland ; Swinhope, Northumberland. Crian- larich, Killin, Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness- shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Var. ft. leptacina Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 351. — Thallus small, thin, granulato-squamulose, straw-coloured, the granules smooth, crenate (K + yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, plane, olive or blackish, obsoletely yellowish-suffused, the thalline margin persistent, usually crenulate ; spores 0,010—12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. — Lecanora varia subsp. leptacina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 177. Lecanora leptacina Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 96. Lecanora varia form terrestris Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 52 ; Leight, Lich. Fl. p. 193. 440 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Looks at first sight a distinct species, but is evidently referable to subsp. intricata. It is, however, a very well-marked variety characterized by the constantly lecanorine apothecia and the peculiar 'habitat. The hypothallus also is not distinctly visible. The apothecia are numerous and crowded. Hub. On tufts of mosses (Grimmias and Andreseas) upon boulders in alpine places. — Distr. Only very sparingly on the summits of two of the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 126. L. stenotropa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, yellowish-greeu ; otherwise as in the preceding species. Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, pale-yellowish ; paraphyses thickish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly wine-coloured with iodine. Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. The thallus is little visible in the single authentic British specimen (determined by Nylander) which, however, is well fertile. It differs from L. potytropa, of which it may be but a subspecies, only in the thicker paraphyses and thinner spores. Hnb. On schistose stones of a wall in an upland district (associated with Lecidea leucophcea Flcerke). — Distr. Only very sparinglv on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 127. L. suMntricata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249. — Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose, ochroleucous or sordid-greyish, often obsolete (Ki'+ yellowish, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, plane or slightly con- vex, biatoroid, variable in colour, yellowish, brown, olive, livid- brown or blackish, the margin thin, entire or excluded; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; para- physes slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 (excl. form obscurior) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 177 pro parte. — Lecanora varia var. subintricata Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 162 pro parte. As observed by Nylander, this is intermediate in appearance between L. symmicta var. s, ellipsoid, 0,009-12 min. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. — Asj)icilia chrysophana Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 159. Distinguished at once by the colour of the thallus and fruit from the other British species of this subsection. The chrysogonidia (fide Arnold) are 0,036-45 mm. long, 0,025-30 mm. thick. In our few specimens the apothecia are rather scattered, though here and there a few are con- gregate. Hab. On quartzose rocks and stones in alpine situations. — Distr. Extremely local and rare on two of the higher Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Beu-nabuord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 0. Apothecia lecanorine, not immersed ; spores 8nae, simple, colourless. Spermogones with subarticulate sterigmata and ellipsoid spermatia. 181. L. decincta Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 452.— Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, rimulose, umbriue, greyish at the circumference (K — , CaCl— ). Apothecia submoderate, plane, black, opaque, internally subincolorous or brownish, the thallino margin not prominent; spores 8nae, ellipsoid, 0.010-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; paraphyses discrete, submoderate, thicker and brown towards the apices ; hymenial gelatine pale-blue and then (especially the thecse) tawny with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89. Allied to L. intercincta Nyl., with which it constitutes a distinct section (vide Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 531) characterized by the form of the sterigmata and spermatia. From L. intercincta, which does not occur in Britain, it differs chiefly in the colour of the thalline margin of the apothecia and in the larger spores. In the single specimen seen the apothecia are numerous, somewhat small, and the spermogones frequent, with spermatia 0,0025-35 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in a hilly locality. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N.W. England.— B. M. : lied Screes, Westmoreland. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 481 P. Apothecia lecanorine, more or less immersed; thecse myrio- spored ; spores (very rarely 8-32nae) simple, usually small, colourless ; hy menial gelatine variously tinged with, iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and minute oblongo- ellipsoid spermatia. (Acarospora Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 27 pro maxima parte.) 182. L. glaucocarpa Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1810) p. 151.— Thallus squamulose, opaque, pale-livid or lurid-brown, white beneath ; squamules somewhat erect or depressed, thickish, scattered or rarely subimbricate, free and crenate at the margins (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia somewhat large, nearly plane, caesio-pruinose or naked, thick, reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thick, entire ; spores oblongo-bacillar, 0,003-6 mm. long, 0,0015-25 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine intensely and persistently bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 168.— Lichen glaucocar pus Wahl. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1806, p. 143, t. iv. f. 4. A well-marked plant easily recognized by the characters of the thalline squamules and of the apothecia. In the British specimens the thallus is somewhat scattered, at times little developed and visible chiefly around the apothecia (form discreta, Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bayer, p. 17). These are occasionally somewhat aggregate with the margin flexuose. It is a somewhat variable plant, of which the British forms maybe included under the variety that follows. Hub. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous regions. — Distr. Local in N. England and on the Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. : Craig-v-Khiw, Oswestry, Shrophire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. p. depauperata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134 ; Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Thallus obsolete. Apothecia sublecideine, variable in size, naked or pruinose, scattered or crowded, the margin more or less thickish. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 169. — Acarospora cervina y. glaucocarpa * depauperata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 155. Confluent with less developed states of the type, but differs in being ecrustaceous and in the variable apothecia. According to the differences in these it presents two well-marked forms. Form 1. pminifera Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58. — A.pothecia moderate, scattered or crowded, caesio-pruinose, the margin entire or undulate. — The trivial name pruinosa given to this by Krempelhuber (Lich. Fl. Bayer. (1861) p. 172) is not to be retained, having been previously applied to an allied species. Characterized by the pruinose apothecia, which give it much the appearance of L. pruinosa (Sm.) Nyl. When more crowded they often become angulose. Hub. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Only sparingly on the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2i 482 UCHENACEI. [LECAKORA. Form 2. denudata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.— Apothecia moderate or small, naked, brownish-red or chestnut- brown, the margin entire. The epruinose apothecia chiefly distinguish this form. Otherwise they are in some specimens moderate and crowded (form conferta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134) ; while in others they are small and somewhat scattered (form conspersa Fr., " apotheciis minoribus," Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171). Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Found only in N. England and the Central and N. Grampians, Scot- land.— B. M. : Near Dent, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 183. L. squamnlosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 554.— Thallus areolato- squamulose, opaque, cervine, pale badious or badious-brown ; squamules adnate, rounded at the margins, white beneath (K (CaCl) — ). Apothecia somewhat large, plane, reddish- or dark- brown, the thalline margin usually depressed ; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, occasionally jointed, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 169 pro parte. — Lichen squarnulosus Schrad. Crypt. Exs. (1797) n. 153. Lecanora cervina (Pers.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima parte. Acarospora cervina a. squamulosa, Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro parte. Readily distinguished from the preceding species by the closely appressed thallus, the contiguous differently coloured squamules, as also by the thinner spores. It is not very variable, presenting only the form that follows. The apothecia are at first immersed and then become superficial. Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts. — Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. Wales, N.W. England, and on the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; near Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form albomarginata Cromb. — Thalline squamules densely white- pulverulent at the margins : otherwise as in the type. Analogous to form mosaica, Duf., Nyl., of L. castanea (Ram.), a plant which does not occur in this country. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine district. — Distr. Extremely rare on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 184. L. percaenoides, Nyl. ex Wedd. Bull. Soc. Bot. xvi. (1869) p. 202. — Thallus verrucoso-squamulose, thickish, chestnut-coloured, white- or cassio-pruinose, the squamules convex, scattered or imbri- cate (K — ,CaCl — ). Apothecia innate, concave, irregular, rounded or difform, often crowded, reddish- or dark-brown, naked, the thalline margin prominent, whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,004-6 mm. IECAXORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 483 long, 0,002 mm. thick ; paraphyses usually jointed ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. — Cromh. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora castanea (Ram.) form perccenoides Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. x. (1863) p. 268. Looks in some respects as if intermediate between L. alaucocarpa and L. sqitamulosa, but is veiy different in the characters of the thallus and the apothecia. The single British specimen is scarcely typical. Hob. On calcareous rocks in an upland situation, — Distr. Found only in S. W. England. — B. M. : Near Yatton, Somersetshire. 185. L. peliocypha Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 182. — Thallus areolato-diffract or verrucoso- squamulose, thickish, somewhat shining, the squamules often crenate, slightly convex, cervine-brown, blackish beneath (K(CaCl) — ). Apothecia at first immersed, then plane or slightly convex, papillose in the centre, reddish-brown, naked, the thalline margin persistent, crenulate and flexuose ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-5 mm. long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Parmelia peliocypha "Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41. A plant of an alpine type which might readily be confounded with the following, especially with its variety, from which the negative reactions of the thallus and the papillate apothecia keep it distinct. The single fragmentary British specimen gathered is well fertile. Hab. On an exposed granitoid boulder in an alpine situation. — Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : The Braeriach, Braeuiar, Aberdeenshire. 186. L. fuscata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364. — Thallus appressed, areolato-squamulose, pale-chestnut or cervine-brown, opaque, the squamules angular and sublobate, blackish beneath (K(CaCl) + reddish). Apothecia at first punctiformi-impressed, minute, then concave, small, difformi-angulose and rimose, reddish- or dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, flexuose ; paraphyses not discrete ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001-0,0015 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine (especially the thecse) tawny wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58 ; Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 17 pro parte. — Lichen fuscatus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. (1794) p. 83. Acarospora cervina (Pers.) Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro maxima parte. Lecanora cervina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro parte. Psoroma cervinum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 444. Lichen squamulosus Eng. Bot. t. 2011 (male). Lecanora squamulosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 350; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187 pro parte.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 24 ; Mudd, n. 131. Differs from L. squamulosa, from which it has frequently not been rightly discriminated, in the form of the thalline squamules, their chemical reaction, and the colour of their under surface, as also in the character of the apothecia. As in all the allied plants the hypothallus is 2i 2 484 LICHEN A CEI. [lECANORA. absent, so that the thallus is indeterminate and developed directly from the prothallus (cfr. Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 34). The apothecia when present, for the plant is often sterile, at times remain persistently punctiform. Hob. On rocks, boulders, and walls from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. General and common in England ; rarer in Scotland and the Channel Islands ; apparently very rare iu S. W. Ireland. — B. M. : La Moye and L'Etacq, Island of Jersey : Island of Alderney. Gorleston, Suffolk ; near Hastings, Sussex ; Morwell Eocks, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ankerdine Hill, Worcestershire ; Buckstone, near Monmouth, and Croesfaen, Monmouth- shire; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire ; Oswestry and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton and Guisboro' Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; near Hexham, Northumberland ; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland. King's Park, Stirling ; Ballachulish, Argyles'hire ; Craig Calliach, Perth- shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; The Stocket, near Aberdeen ; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Var. p. peliscyphoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.— Thallus and apothecia as in L. peliocypha, but the thalline reaction K (CaCl) + reddish. — Lecanora peliscypTia Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134; Leight. Lich. FJ. ed. 3, p. 172 (quoad loc. cit.). A good variety entirely referable to this species, though externally similar to the preceding, for which the British specimens were originally taken. It is one of those lichens in which the Nylanderian reactions are most useful for the discrimination of plants which otherwise might readily be confounded. Hob. On walls in a maritime distinct. — Distr. Only in N.E. Scotland, where in the locality given I believe it is plentiful. — B. M. : About Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 187. L. rufescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364, 1879, p. 356. — Thallus squamulose, rimoso-areolate or areolato-glebulose, reddish or reddish-brown (K(CaCl)-), dark beneath. Apothecia immersed, small, one or several immersed in each areola, at first concave then somewhat plane, the thalline margin irregular; spores 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Urceolaria rufescens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 173. Leo'dect rufescens Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2657. Acarospora cervina y. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 159. Endocarpon smaracjdalum $. rufescens Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t. 4. f. 4. Sagedia rufescens Turn, in Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 329. Often confounded with L. ftiscata, but at once distinguished by the negative thalline reaction. It is more nearly related to L. smarctffdula, of which it may probably be the more developed and typical condition. The apothecia are at times numerous and crowded. Hob. On rocks and walls, chiefly arenaceous, rarely schistose, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only a very few localities in E. and N. England, Wales, and the S.AV. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Gorleston, Suffolk ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire : Ayton, Cleveland, York- shire. Appin, Argyleshire. LECANOKA.] LECAtfO-LECIDEEI. 485 188. L. rhagadiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 178.— Thallus conti- nuous, unequal, variously rhagadiosely fissured, dark-olive-greyish (K(CaCl) — ). Apothecia small, innate, concave or plane, reddish- flesh-coloured ; paraphyses slender ; spores oblongo-bacillar, about 0,0035 mm. long, about 0,0010 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-coloured with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23. A peculiar plant, as observed by Ny lander /. c., near L. rufescens, but differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. In the single specimen gathered the thallus is well fertile. Hob. On moist sandstone rocks in a maritime locality, — Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce in N.W. England (Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cumberland). 189. L. admissa Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 370, et 1872, p. 364.— Thallus indeterminate, adnate, anguloso-areolate, brownish- or dark- red, the areolae plane, contiguous, opaque, blackish beneath (K(CaCl)— ). Apothecia minute, impressed, somewhat angular, subconcolorous, the thalline margin obtuse or little distinct ; para- physes moderate, jointed ; spores oblong, 0,004-5 mm. long, 0,0010- 15 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny wiue-coloured with iodine.- — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — L. discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte. A good species well separated from L. rufescens, to which it is allied, by the characters of the thallus and the fructification. The apothecia are rarely solitary, but usually several slightly impressed in each areola. In the Scottish locality the thallus was widely expanded, and, along with the normal apothecia, bearing in the centre a 'few others, large, superficial and deeply fissured at the margins. Hob. On exposed schistose rocks in suhalpine and alpine situations. — Distr. Extremely local and rare in N. Wales and on one of the S. Gram- pians, Scotland. — B. M. : Y Fegle fawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Summit of Ban Lawers, Perthshire. 190. L. discreta Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.— Thallus verrucoso- areolate, dark- or badious-brown, the areolae turgid, discrete, subru- gulose (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, impressed in the areolae, at times slightly convex in the centre, concolorous, the thalline margin obtuse ; spores oblong, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte. — • Parmelia squamulosa y. discreta Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41. Lecanora admissa (non Nyl.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185. Characterized by the normally turgid and discrete thalline areolae ; though occasionally in the British specimens they are here and there more depressed and subcontiguous, rarely several confluent. The apo- thecia are usually solitary, but sometimes several in each areola. Hab. On rocks in subalpine tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and on the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Teesdale, Durham. Summit of the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. 486 LICHEXACEI. [LECAXORA. 191. L. smaragdula Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.— Thallus squa- mulose, greenish or greenish-brown, the squamules plane or slightly convex, rounded, more or less discrete (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, punctiform, immersed, solitary or several in each squamule, dark-brown; spores about 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine pale blue, then tawny with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora fuscata var. smaragdula Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. L. squamulosa forma smaragdula Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 169. Acarospora cervitia 3. smaragdula et T). privigna Mudd, Man. p. 159. Endocarpon smaragdulum Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 29 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 44 ; 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 158 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 499 ; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t. 4. f. 3. Lichen smaragdulus Eng. Bot. t. 15 12. Endocarpon rufo- virescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. IQO.—Srit. Exs. : Leight. n. 271 ; Mudd, n. 132. Looks distinct but, as already intimated, probably descends from L. ru- fescens, of which it would then be a subspecies characterized by the small, scattered squamules and the minute apothecia. The former, however, are at times more approximate and when much scattered are only sparingly fertile. Hob. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Rather local in Great Britain, rare in S.W. Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Redruth, Cornwall ; Wickwar, Gloucestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Howden Gill and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Hexharn, Northumber- land ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; King's Park, Stirling, Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; S. of Bay of Nigg, Kincar- dineshire. Derriquin and Sybil Head, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Form sinopica Nyl. ex Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. t. xiii. (1873) p. 332. — Thallus areolato-squamulose, rusty- red. Apothecia black. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora fuscata var. sinopica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. L. squamulosa forma sinopica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina £. sinopica Mudd, Man. p. 160. Endocarpon sinopicum Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 30 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 159 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 499. E. smaragdulum ft. sinopicum Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t. 5. f. 1. Lichen sinopicus Eng. Bot. t. 1776 (upper fig-)- Differs merely in the colour of the more contiguous thallus and in the darker apothecia, which are more frequently solitary in the squamules. The ferruginous colour, as in other instances, is owing to suffusion from peroxide of iron. Hob. On rocks and boulders, chiefly schistose, in mountainous regions. —Distr. Only in N. Wales and on the Scottish Grampians.- B. M. : Dol- gelly, Merionethshire ; Aber and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea. Achrosagan Hill, Appiu, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. LECAXORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 487 192. L. Heppii Xyl. ]STot. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 182. — Thallus effuse, very thin, continuous, greyish-white or sordid-ochraceous (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia minute, concave, brown, the margin entire, at length inflexed ; epithecium gyalectoid- impressed ; paraphyses slender, not discrete; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,0040-45 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine- or sordid-wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57. — Lecanora squamulosa forma Heppii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina 0. Heppii Mudd, Man. p. 160. Myriospora Heppii Naeg. in Hepp, Exs. (1853) n. 37. Lecanora squamulosa forma privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 185 pro parte. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 196. A rather inconspicuous plant very apt to be overlooked. It is apparently a distinct species, though its claims to be so have at times been questioned. The thallus is often scarcely visible aud, as observed by Th. M. Fries (Licb. Scand. p. 218), is rarely minutely verruculose. The form of the minute, usually numerous apothecia give it much the aspect of some young Gyalecta. Hub. On arenaceous and calcareous rocks and flints in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. Only a few localities in England and S. Wales. — B. M. : South Downs, Hastings, and Bexley Hill, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Llandrindod, Radnorshire. 0 Q. Apothecia normally lecideine ; thecaa myriospored ; spores simple, minute, colourless. Spermogones with simple sterigmata, at- tenuate at the apices, and ellipsoid, very minute spermatia. (Sarcogijne Mass. Geneac. (1854) p. 10.) 193. L. pruinosa Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57. . 0> — Thallus very thin, leprose, greyish-white (K — , CaCl—), usually obsolete. Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane, reddish-black when moist, black and more or less cajsio-pruinose when dry, whitish within, the margin thin, entire, sometimes undulate ; hypothecium thin, subincolorous; paraphyses slen- der, not discrete, brown at the apices ; spores oblongo-cylin- drical, 0,005-6 mm. long, scarcely 0,0003 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora glaucocarpa forma pruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 ed 3, p. 168. Lecidea pruinosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 179 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. X-500 Fig. 63. Lecanora pruinosa Nyl. — A. A theca with paraphysis (separated by K), X350. B. Three spores, X 350. C. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. 488 LICHENACEi. [LECA.NORA. ii. p. 125. Biatorella pruinosa Mudd, Man. p. 191, t. 3. fig. 74. Lichen pruinosus 8m. Eng. Hot. xxxii. (1811) t. 2244. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 300 ; Mudd, n. 160. It is only occasionally that a tballus varying from whitish to dark greyish is distinctly visible, so that the plant is often described as ecrus- taceous. Were it not for the character of the spermogones it might readily be taken for a polyspored Lecidea. A state occasionally occurs on chalk pebbles in which the apothecia are much smaller and subimmersed as if calcivorous (var. immersa, Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 296). Hab. On calcareous rocks and mortar of walls from maritime to upland tracts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain : probably also in Ireland.— B. M. : Shiere, Surrey; Lewes, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of AVight ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Hereford ; near Malvern and AVhittington, Worcestershire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; near Corwen, Merioneth ; Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Gainford, Durham ; Leven's Park, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire ; King's Park, Stirling ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; near Aberdeen. Dunkathal, co. Cork. Form nnda Nyl. ex Laray, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 423. — Thallus little visible or entirely wanting. Apothecia small or moderate, reddish- brown, epruinose, — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. Differs merely in the constantly naked apothecia, which probably depends on habitat. Hah. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, rarely arenaceous, and mortar of walls in upland situations. — Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain ; but no doubt often overlooked. — B. M. : Egerton, Kent ; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth- shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Yar. /3. albocincta Cromb. — Thallus obsolete. Apothecia thinly pruinose or naked, with a white pruinose epithalline margin ; other- wise as in the type. Looks entirely lecanorine and as if the type of the species, but has no gonidia intruded in the spurious margin, which becomes evanesceut in age. It is probably the plant referred to by Th. M. Fries in Lich. Scand. p. 407, s. n. Lecidea immersa var. £. atrosanyuinea Sornm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp, p. 152 ; but as the latter I. c. says that the margin is " black," I have named it as above. The apothecia in the two British specimens seen are here and there congregate when the epithalline margin is flexuose. Hab. On the mortar of a wall in an upland district. —Distr. Extremely local and scarce in W. England. — B. M. : Mathou, Malvern Hills, Wor- cestershire. 194. L. encarpa Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xi. (1871) p. 184. — Thallus absent or scarcely any visible. Apothecia large, lecideine, often aggregate, at first concave then plane, black, dark-reddish when moist, reddish within, the margin black, persistent; hypothecium thin, blackish-brown ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,004- 5 mm. long, about 0,002 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora glaucocarpa L1XAXORA.] LECAXO-LECIDEEI. 489 forma eucarpa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183, ed. 3, p. 168. Lecidea eucarpa Nyl. Bot. Not. 1863, p. 163. Looks as if it descended from L. glaucocarpa (athalline), but from the type of the apothecia it belongs to this section. These are either simple and umbilicately affixed or several connate in a common umbilicus. The lower stratum "of the hypothecium, as observed by Nylander, is thin, black. The peculiar fructification at once distinguishes it from all the allied species. Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in the Channel Islands and those of S.W. England. — B. M. : West coast of Guernsey. Scilly Islands, Cornwall. r 195. L. privigna Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69. — Thallus obsolete. Apothecia plane, small or submoderate, usually approximate, rounded or angulose, brick- red when moist, blackish when dry, the margin black, entire or flexuose, persistent ; spores 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, jointed, brownish at the conglutinate apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid or slightly tawny with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. — Lecanora fuscata var. privigna Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. L. squamulosa forma priviyna Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185, ed. 3, p. 170. Lecidea privigna Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 49 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen simplex Eng. Bot. t. 2152 (two right-hand figs.). — Brit. Exs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 254. Apparently a distinct species intermediate as it were between L. pruinosa form nuda and less plicate states of L. simplex. From both, however, it differs in the characters given, though more nearly allied to the latter. The apothecia are frequently in groups with the margin constantly black. Hab. On arenaceous and granitic rocks in maritime tracts. — Distr. Only here and there in the Channel Islands, S. and N. England, and the E. coast of Scotland. — B. M. : St. Brelade's Bay, Island of Jersey ; Island of Alderney. Tyneside, near Bywell, Northumberland. South of Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Old Machar, near Aberdeen. 196. L. hypophaea Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 34.— Thallus effuse, thin, granulato-unequal, greyish or greyish-green (K — ). Apothecia submoderate, lecideine, blackish or dark-sanguineous, at first plane with the margin subcrenulate or unequal, black, at length convex with the margin excluded ; paraphyses moderate or thickish, jointed, amber-brown at the apices ; hypothecium colourless, infuscate beneath; spores oblong, 0,(^)5-6 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red or tawny-reddish with iodine. —Cromb. Journ. Bot. p. 97 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186, ed. 3, p. 172. Very near the preceding species, but differs in the character of the paraphyses and the darker lower stratum of the hypothecium. It would differ also externally in the presence of a thallus were this really proper, which is rather doubtful. The two British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On granitic stones of a wall in a lowland submaritime district. — Duttr. Extremely local and rare in N.E. Scotland.— B. M. : Near Old Machar Cathedral, Aberdeen. 490 XICHEXACEI. [LECANOBA. 197. L. simplex Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57.— Thallus obsolete. Apothecia lecideine, minute, plane, or concave, variously corrugate or plicate, black, the margin flexuose and irre- gularly crenate ; spores very numerous, 0,003-6 mm. long, about 0,001-2 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Lecanora squamulosa form simplex Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185, ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina t. simplex Mudd, Man. p. 160. Lecidea simplex Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 179 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 124. Lichen simplex Dav. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. (1794) p. 283, t. 28. f. 2 j With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 5 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2152 (two left- hand figs.). Rinodina privigna, Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. nos. 272, 273. Well characterized by the form of the fruit and the very minute spores. Occasionally there are traces of a very thin, dark-brown or blackish thallus, but this is evidently foreign. The apothecia are rather variable, often crowded, rotundate or somewhat angular, with the disc, which is constantly black even when moistened, but little visible. When more rotundate with the disc rugose and the margin involute and rimulose, it is form strepsodina (Ach.) (Opegrapha Persoonii y. strepsodina Lich. Univ. p. 247). When more angulose and much gyroso-plicate as if gyro- phoroid it is form complicate, Cromb. Grevillea, xtx. p. 58. Both of these, however, pass into and are frequently mixed up with more typical conditions. Hub. On rocks, chiefly schistose and calcareous, in maritime and moun- tainous districts. — Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain and the Channel Islands ; apparently rare in W. Ireland. — B. M. : La Move, Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Buckfastleigh, A?h- burton and Ilfracombe, Devonshire ; Tintagel, Withiel, and Penzance, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Capel Arthog, Merionethshire ; Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; north of Douglas, Isle of Man ; Hexham, Northumberland. Baroaldine and Ballachulish, Argyle- shire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; South of Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Glencorbol, Connemara, co. Galway. Form herpes Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58. — Apothecia very minute, punctiform, impressed. — Sarcoyyne simplex var. herpes Norm. Bot. Not. 1873, p. 34. Readily overlooked from being, scarcely visible to the naked eye. Probably it is only a poorly developed state depending on the nature of the substratum. Hob. On shady schistose rocks in a maritime locality. — Distr. Only very sparingly in the W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Ballachulish, Argyleshire. 61. DIRINA Fr. PI. Horn. (1825) p. 244; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. p. 180. — Thallus crustaceous, continuous or rimulose, containing chrysogonidia. Apothecia tuberculoso-lecanorine ; spores 8n«e, fusiform, 3-septate, colourless ; hypothecium thick, black ; paraphyses slender, not very discrete ; hymenial gelatine wine- DIRISA.] LECAXO-LECIDEEI. 491 red with iodine. Spermogones tuberculoso-immersed, with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia. A small genus closely allied to Leca- norn, from which it differs chiefly in the character of the hypothecium. In this respect, as also in their form, the apo- thecia resemble those of Roccella. 1. D. repanda Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (.1857) p. 116.— Thallus determinate, thick, tartareo- farinose, tuberculoso-unequal, subeffigurate at the circumference, white (Kt' + yellow, CaCl +- red) ; bypothallus white. Apothecia elevated, piano-depressed, at first closed, then expanded and di- lated, black, caesio- or white-pruinose ; the thalline margin thick, obtuse, more or less inflexed ; spores often slightly curved, 0,027-30 mm. long, about 0,004 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ.Bot. 1871 , p. 178 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 235, ed. 3, p. 22(5.— Par melia repanda Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 177. Dirina repanda Nyl. — a. A theca and paraphysis, X 350. b. Three spores, X 500. c. Ste- rigmata and spermatia, X 500. A plant chiefly of S. Europe and N. Africa which finds its way to a few localities in our Islands. The peculiar apothecia are numerous, at times crowded and dift'orm with the thalline margin then flexuose. In sterile specimens the spermogoues are abundant, with sterigmata 0,010 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. The corticolous form (Lecanora Ceratonice Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 36], t. 7. f. 5) does not occur with us. Hob. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N. Wales.— B. M. : La Coupe and Rozel, Island of Jersey. Portland Island, Dorsetshire; Great Orma'a Head, Carnarvonshire. Subtribe III. PERTUSARIEI Xyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 177. Thallus variously crustaceous, continuous ; gonidial layer con- taining typical eugonidia. Apothecia more or less inclosed in thalline verrucge, punctiibrm or with the disc expanded and leca- noroid ; spores variable in number, simple. Spermogones with simple sterigmata. Arranged by many authors among the Pyrenocarpei from the fruit of both being frequently subsimilar. As, however, the more developed forms of the apothecia in Pertusariei resemble those of many Lecanorei, its two genera are more appropriately included in this tribe. 62. PERTUSARIA DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 139 ; Nyl. Mem. 492 LICHENACEI. [PERTTJSARIA. Soc. Cherb. iii. p. 180.— Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or smoothish, very rarely hypophlceodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid ; spores l-4uae, 6-8na3, large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless, rarely blackish, with a thick or thickish epispore ; paraphyses lax or coherent, variously branched and arcuate ; hy menial gelatine, but chiefly the thecse, deep-lilac with iodine. Spermogones with acicular, straight spermatia. A natural and well-defined genus, most of the European species of which occur in our Islands, where also one or two seem to be endemic. Several of the plants included in it frequently occur only in a variolarioid or isidioid state, constituting the pseudogenera Variolaria and Isidium of older authors. A few of these enumerated by Turner and Borrer in their ' Lichenographia Britanuica ' and subsequently figured in Eng. Bot. Suppl., being very doubtful, are here omitted. A. Theca3 pauci-spored ; spores colour- less. a. Spores solitary. 1. P. bryontha Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 178 ; Flora, 1881, p. 538. — Thallus effuse, thin, subgranulato- unequal, white or whitish, white-sore- diose (K + yellowish, soredia CaCl-f- reddish). Apothecia lecanorine, mode- rate, at first urceolate, then subplane, prominent or substipate, opaque, sordidly liver-coloured, or sordid- brownish, the thalline margin at length depressed or excluded ; spores 0,150—0,230 mm. long, 0,050-70 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 240, ed. 3, p. 230. — Parmelia subfusca ft. bryontha Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 167. Pertusaria macrospora Hepp, Mudd, Man. p. 277. Looks almost a state of Lecanora epibrya, but is very different in the structure of the fruit and the form of the spermatia. The apothecia, which are at first pale, are in our few specimens at times somewhat crowded. It is one of our rarest British lichens. Hab. On the ground, encrusting mosses and decayed Carices, in alpine places. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one or two of the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Cairngorm and Ben-naboord, Braernar, Aberdeenshire. X-2.BO Fig. 70. Pertusaria communis DC. — A 2-spored theca and para- physes, X 250. rERTUSARIA.] LECAXO-LECIDEEI. 493 2. P. dactylina Nyl. Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. t. vii. (1863) p. 447 (nota 1). — Thallus thin, unequal, papillato-dactyloid, white ; pa- pillae erect, thickish, simple or rarely divided (K + yellowish, then reddish, CaCl — ). Apothecia inclosed in the apices of the papillae, rarely lecanorine, sometimes sublecanorine, blackish, usually covered with a thalline operculum ; spores 0,125-220 mm. long, 0,065- 85 mm. thick. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 239, ed. 3, p. 230.— Lichen dactylinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 89. Lichen oculatm Eng. Bot. t. 1833, also of the older British authors pro parte (vide sub Lecanora oculata). Subsimilar to Lecanora oculata, but differs in the thicker and usually larger papillse. These are generally constipate and rarely once or twice divided. The reaction with K is not always very distinct (cfr. Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 141). In the British specimens, which are usually sterile, the apothecia are occasionally sublecanorine. Hob. On the bare ground and overspreading decayed mosses in alpine situations. — Distr. Local and scarce on the summits of a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 3. P. Hutchinsiae Leight. Angio. Lich. (1851) p. 30, t. 11. f. 1.— Thallus effuse, thin, minutely rugoso-unequal, whitish or cream- coloured (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia lecanoroid, in small or sub- moderate, crowded, difform verrucae ; the ostiola large, brownish- black, caesio-pruinose, depressed, lacerate at the margins ; spores 0,08-12 mm. long, 0,040-55 mm. thick. — Mudd,Man.p.277; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed. 3, p. 233. — Thelo- trema Hutchinsice Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. (1831) t. 2652 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 178; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 162; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Bub. ii. p. 103. Externally somewhat resembles Lecanora verrucosa, with which it agrees in habitat, but the structure of the apothecia is very different. From Urceolaria scruposa subsp. bryophila, to which, as observed by Borrer, it is also subsimilar, it is at once distinguished by the reaction with CaCl. Its nearest ally in this genus seems to be P. panyrga (Ach.) Fr. fil. ; but from this it differs among other characters in the thallus not becoming papillate. It is apparently peculiar to Ireland. Hob. On the ground incrusting mosses and heaths in an upland situa- tion.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce in S.W. Ireland. — B. M. : Hills near Bantry, co. Cork. 4. P. melanochlora Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 70. — Thallus deter- minate, thickish, rugoso-verrucose, subrimose, densely papillose, greyish- white or greyish-fumose (K (CaCl) ~yiolet rose.co]oured)' papilla? short, thick, cylindrical, simple, sorediate at the apices. Apothecia minute, several (2-5) inclosed in the apices of the papillae ; spores 0,180-250 mm. long, 0,075-100 mm. thick. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xix. p. 59.— Isidium melanochlorum DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 326. 494 LICHEN ACEI. [PERTTJSARA. A well-marked species readily recognized, even when sterile, by the peculiar thalline papillae. The apothecia, recently described by Nylander, from plants gathered in the E. Pyrenees, are seldom rightly developed in the few British specimens. The spermogones, also rare in these, have the spermatia bacillar, about 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick (fide Nyl.). Hob. On quartzose and schistose rocks in a mountainous region.— Distr. Seen only sparingly from N. Wales.— B. M. : Barmouth, Merionethshire. 5. P. monogona Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71. — Thallus subdeter- minate, rugose, areolato-rimose, greyish- white (K ~ el]ow thpn saffron-orange). Apothecia at first innate in the areolse, then somewhat prominent, the thalline margin entire or subcrenate ; epithecium dilated, brownish, uneven, white-pulverulent ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,150-235 mm. long, 0,070-80 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. Nylander I. c. says that this is subsimilar to P. dealbafa, from which it at once differs in the monospored theca?. The other characters given sufficiently distinguish it from this and other British Pertusarias. In our specimens the fertile verrucse are numerous and here and there- crowded. The spermogones are not infrequent, with spermatia about 0,004 mm. long, nearly 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous region. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales — B. M. : Cader Idris, Merionethshire. 6. P. multipuncta Nyl. Not. Sallsk.pro F. ct Fl.Fenn.Fdrh. xi. (1870) p. 185. — Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thinuish, granulate- or rugoso-unequal, rimose, whitish or greyish-white ; i'ertile verrucee small, prominent, usually white-sorediate (K — , CaCl— ,1 + dark-bluish). Apothecia usually numerous in each verruca, pale or blackish, caesio-pruinose, at length naked ; spores oblong or lineari-oblong, 0,106-140 mm. long, 0,028-68 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Pertusuria multipunctata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 236, ed. 3, p. 226. P. globulifera /3. multipunctata Mudd, Man. p. 274 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59. Varidlaria multi- puncta Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 137, t. 10. f. 1 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 73 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 490 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170. Lichen multipunctus, Eng. Bot. t. 2061. — A saxicolous state is Pertusaria sublactea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 474 ; Lich. Fl. p. 245, ed. 3, p. 236 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534).— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 262. Has often externally the aspect of some PMyctis, as noticed by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scaud. p. 309). From the other species of the genus it is well separated by the more elongate spores. The verrucse are usually very numerous, though distinct, each with from 1 to 12 apothecia. The thalline reaction with K is erroneously given by Leighton, there being only visible at times a very faint yellow tinge immediately passing into brown. rERTTJSARIA.] LECAXO-LECIDEEI. 495 Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, very rarely ou schistose rocks, in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Not uncommon in England and Wales; rarer in Ireland; very rare in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard's Forest and Glynde, Sussex : Isle of Wight ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; East Lynn, Devonshire ; Bocconoc, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicester- shire ; Barmouth and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Brantsdale, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Asby, Cum- berland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Ravenscotirt, co. Wicklow; Castle- bernard, co. Cork ; Cromaglown and Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Form 1. laevigata Cromb. — Thallus thin, continuous or very slightly rimose, scarcely subrugulose, the thalline vernicae depressed, more or less scattered. — Variolaria multipuncta var. /3. Icevigata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 73 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170. V. constdlata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 pro parfce. Apparently only a less developed condition resulting from the nature of the substratum. Hab. On smooth bark of young trees in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Only a few localities in S. England and S.W. Ireland.— B. M. : St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Falls of Beckey, S. Devon. Askew AVood, co. Kerry. Form 2. fastigiata Cromb. — Thalline verrucse submoderate or somewhat large, hemispherical, crowded, substipitate, fastigiate and sorediate at the apices : otherwise as in the type. — Pertusaria fasti- gata Leight. Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 474 ; Lich. Fl. p. 245, ed. 3, p. 236. Isidium oculatum var. /?. fastiyiatum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. W3,fide Leight.; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232. Vario- laria polythecia Tayl. in Mack. Fl.Hib. ii. p. 113. A well-marked form, if not a distinct variety, differing in the character of the verrucse. Dr. Taylor /. c. says that it is " conspicuous by the crowded and stalked apothecia placed in contact, like certain basaltic columns." In the few specimens seen the spores are very seldom well developed. Hab. On naked rocks and incrusting mosses in mountainous regions. — Distr. Found only in S. and W. Ireland. (Bantry, co. C.u-k; Conne- mara, co. Galway.) — B. M. : Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 7. P. globulifera 3STyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 116.— Thallus suborbicular, cartilagineo-membranaceous, verrucoso-rugose, greyish or glaucous, white-sorediate, smoothish and zonate at the circumference (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia inclosed in large thalline verrucae, which are at first globular, closed, slightly depressed at the apices, corticate, at length lacero-dehiscent, pseudo-scutelliform, white-sorediate ; spores (rarely 2nae) 0,207-276 mm. long, 0,050- 80 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 273 (excl. vars.) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 59 (excl. vars.) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed. 3, p. 233.— Variolaria globulifera Turn. Trans. Linu. Soc.ix. (1808) p. 139; Turn. & Borr. 496 LICHENACEI. [PERTTTSAKIA. Lich. Br. p. 59 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 490 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 169. Lichen globuliferus Eng. Bot. t. 2008. Lichenoides candidum et fdrinaceum, scutellis fere planis Dill. Muse. 131, t. 18. f. 11 B. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 263 pro parte. The thallus, which usually spreads extensively, is somewhat depressed at the circumference, where it presents zones of various shades, chiefly brown and carneous. The fertile verrucee, of which the form and ultimate development are aptly described by Turner and Borrer, I. c., are not of common occurrence and are usually but few on the same plant. More frequently the verrucse are sterile, plane, with a thickish margin and densely white-sorediate having a lecanoroid appearance. In this abortive condition of the apothecia, which at times occurs on the same plant as their normal state, it is form discoidea Crornb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59; Lichen discoideus Eng. Bot. t. 1714 ; Variolaria discoidea Turn. & Bon-. Lich. Br. p. 61, Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 168, Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 112, Dill. /. c. f. 11 C. Hub. On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. — Distr. General and common where it occurs in Great Britain ; appa- rently rare in Ireland. B. M. : Yarmouth, Norfolk : Epping Forest, Essex ; Penshurst, Kent ; Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard's Forest and Danny, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Chudleigh and Beckey Falls, S. Devon ; Boconnoc and near Withiel, Cornwall ; Savernake Forest, Wilts; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Charn- wood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Lambeth, S. Wrales; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Craig-y-Rhiw and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; Inverary and by Loch . Creran, Argyleshire ; Craigforth, Stirling ; Glen Lochay, Killin, and Blaeberry Hill, near Perth, Perthshire ; Murtle, near Aberdeen ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Castlemartyr and Macroom demesne, co. Cork ; Ashley Park, near Galway. 8. P. ophthalmiza Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 354.— Thallus effuse, thin, smoothish, or slightly rugoso-unequal, greyish (K — , CaCl — ) ; fertile verrucas small, more or less crowded. Apothecia 1, rarely 2-3 in each verruca, lecanoroid, blackish, crowned with a rugose or subleprose thalloid margin; spores 0,160-205 mm. long, 0,080- 100 mm. thick.— Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 242, ed. 3, p. 233. — P. globulifera subsp. ophthalmiza Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59; var. ophthalmiza Nyl. Lich.Scand. (1861) p. 180. Well distinguished from the preceding, to which it has a superficial resemblance, by the form of the fructification. It spreads extensively, though interruptedly, over the substratum with no visible circumferential line. The fertile verrucse are usually numerous, at times almost oblite- rating the rest of the thallus. Hab. On the trunks of aged pines in an upland district. — Distr. Only sparingly in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Glen Falloch, and Black Wood, Rannoch, Perthshire. 9. P. amara Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 22.— Thallus determinate, rugoso-rimose, unequal, subpulverulent, greyish-white, brown and zonate at the circumference (K— , CaCl — ). Apothecia white- PERTDSARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 497 pulverulent, in convex, thinly margined, at length immarginate verrucse (K + yellow, K(CaCl) + violet) ; spores 0,190-236 mm. long, 0,050-070 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Vario- laria amara Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 324 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 46; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 491. Lichen fayineus Linn. Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 ? ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 807 ? ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 4 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1713. Variolaria faginea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 64 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 169 (uon Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 112). Pertusaria faginea Leight Lich. Fl. p. 242, ed. 3, p. 232. Lichenoides candidum et farinaceum, scutellis fere plants Dill. Muse. 131, t. xviii. f. 11 C. — As Lichen fagineus of the older authors is for the greater part a " nomen vagum," the determinate and very expressive trivial name of Acharius is here adopted. — Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 263 pro parte. As noticed by Acharius (I. c.) the taste of the whole lichen is very bitter, almost as in Cinchona. It has at times been confounded with the discoid state of P. globulifera, but the taste, the chemical reactions, and the smaller verrucse keep it distinct. The soredia are very numerous, confluent, frequently almost obliterating the thallus except towards the circumference. In Britain, as elsewhere, the apothecia are very rare in a well-developed condition. Hub. On trunks of old trees, chiefly beech and elms, occasionally ash, in maritime and upland wooded tracts.- — Distr. General and not un- common in Britain ; apparently rare in S.W. Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Great Glenham, Suffolk ; Hainault Forest and near Gosfield, Essex ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Lydford, S. Devon ; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Minsty, Wiltshire; CwmBychan, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Asby, Cumberland ; Meldon Park, Northumberland. Near Glasgow, Lanarkshire ; Craigforth, Stir- ling ; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeensbire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 10. P. velata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 179.— Thallus deter- minate, smoothish or rugoso-unequal, rimulose, obsoletely radiato- rugose or plicate towards the circumference, whitish or milk-white (K— , CaCl-fred). Apothecia submoderate, plane, lecanoroid, pale or white-suffused, thinly veiled, in small, depressed, concolorous verrucas ; spores very large, 0,214-310 mm. long, 0,067—090 mm. thick, or occasionally somewhat smaller. — Mudd, Man. p. 274; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241, et ed. 3, p. 232 pro parte. — Variolaria velata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 490; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. IW.—Parmelia velata Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 143, t. 12. f. 1. Lichen velatus Eng. Bot. t. 2062. Might readily be taken for a state of Lecanora parella, but is at once distinguished by the veiled apothecia and the thalline reaction with CaCl From Pertusaria multipuncta, which it more distantly resembles, it similarly differs in the reaction, as also in the form of the apothecia and the larger spores. The fertile verruca? are occasionally very numerous and crowded. 2K 498 LICHEXACEI. [PERTUSARIA. Hab. On trunks and branches of trees in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Very sparingly in S. England, N. Wales, and S. Ireland. — B. M. : St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; near Rusthall Common, Kent ; Quarn Wood, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants ; East Lulworth, Dorsetshire ; Ivy Bridge, S. Devon ; Island of Anglesea. Castlemartyr, co. Cork. Form aspergilla Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 59. — Fertile verrucse scattered, elevated, scarcely margined, white-pulverulent ; otherwise as in the type. — Variolaria aspergilla Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 67 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170 ; Eng. Dot. t. 2401 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 1.12. V. communis var. y. asperc/illa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 491. Lichen asperyillus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 28 ? Differs in the character of the verrucse ; while in the British specimens seen the thallus is also thinner. Our plant, which is that of Turner and Borrer pro maxima parte, may be different from that of Acharius and other authors, who speak of it as only saxicolous. Hab. On trunks of trees and pales in upland situations. — Distr. Only a few localities in S. and Central England. — B. M. : Ickworth, Suffolk ; Sevenoaks, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Shiere, Surrey ; .New Forest, Hants ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Hay Park, Herefordshire. 11. P. reducta Stirfc. Scottish Naturalist, iv. (1877) p. 28.— Thallus thin,rimuloso-areolate, greyish or greyish-brown (K + yellow, then deep red). Apothecia sessile, lecanorine, inclosed in mono- carpous thalline verruca?, brown or reddish-brown, caesio-pruinose ; spores 0,09-14 mm. long, 0,03-04 mm. thick. — Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 229. The author says 1. c. that it is " closely allied to P. multipuncta ; " but from this it is widely separated by the type of the apothecia and the thalline reaction. I have seen no specimen. Hab. On trees in a mountainous region. — Distr. Local and rare in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland (Ben Brecht, Argyleshire) . 12. P. lactea Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 539.— Thallus determinate, smooth, rimoso-areolate, subeffigurate at the circumference, greyish or whitish (K — , CaCl + reddish). Apothecia lecanorine, small, scattered, white, subleprose above, the thalline margin irregular ; spores 0,0180-205 mm. long, 0,063-70 mm. thick.— Crorab. Gre- villea, xix. p. 59. — Variolaria lactea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 492; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 46 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 62 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113. Pertusaria lac- tescens ft. lactea Mudd, Man. p. 272. Lichen lacteus Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 132; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 526; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 5 ; Eng. Bot, t, 2410. A plant whose systematic place was doubtful till the recent discovery of the fructification, which renders it a very well-marked species. The thallus, though orbicular, usually spreads very extensively over the sub- stratum, varying somewhat in thickness, the sterile verrucas being at times numerous and subcontinent in the areolae. With us it is very rarely fertile. PERTCSAK1A.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 499 Hab. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Rather local in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Aberdovey and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Near Moffat, Dumfries- shire; West Water, Forfarshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perth- shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Blackwater, co. Kerry. 6. Spores normally 2nae. 13. P. communis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 230.— ThaUus deter- minate, membranaceo-cartilaginous, smoothish, rugose or verrucoso- areolate, the verrucae subglobose, difform, greyish or glaucous-white (K+oran7eiSh' CaC1~)- Apothecia 1 or several, usually 2 in each verruca ; the ostiola minute, punctiform (or slightly depressed), black or blackish (epithecium K-f- violet) ; spores 2na3 (occasionally solitary or 3nae), 0,130-160 mm. long, 0,045-65 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 238, ed. 3, p. 229 ; Angio. Lich. p. 27, t. 9. f. 3 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58 ; Mudd, Man. p. 275; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 196. — Porina pertusa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 45 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 495. Lichen pertusus Linn., Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 802; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15 ; Eng. Bot. t. 677. Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum, cinereum, glabrum Dill. Muse. 128, t. 18. f. 9 proparte. — According to the specimens in his Herb, this is Lichen pertusus Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 134, but his specific name is not adopted as it has fallen into desuetude.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 264. The most common and widely distributed (at least in a fertile state) of the British Pertusarias. The "thallus is orbicular, limited by a pale, zonate, narrow, rarely broad, hypothalline line, and is but moderately thick even when best developed. It is almost always very well fertile, the verrucse being- numerous, often crowded, and then more or less confluent and difform by mutual pressure. The apothecia, as observed by Turner and Borrer, vary from one to twelve in each verruca ; while in old plants they are often without spores. The ostioles are occasionally whitish, an " immature " state called leucostoma by Schaerer (Enurn. p. 229), owing probably to the plant growing in shade, when the epithecium gives no reaction with K. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on pales, in maritime, lowland and upland tracts. — Distr. General and abundant in Great Britain ; no doubt also in Ireland and the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Islands of Sark and Guernsey. Great Glenham, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Penshurst, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest and near Hastings, Sussex; Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Ulla- combe, near Bovey Tracey, and Lustleigh, S. Devon ; Withiel, Cornwall ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Millersdale, Derbyshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merio- neths'hire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Church Stretton and Llanforda, Shropshire ; Kildale and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- bri"-htshire ; Roslin and Colinton Woods, Midlothian ; near Glasgow ; 2x2 500 1ICHENACEI. [PERTUSAEIA. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, S. of Loch Tay, Killin and Balthayock Woods, near Perth, Perthshire ; Countesswells Woods near Aberdeen, and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Blarney, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form rupestris DC. El. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 320 ; Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 456. — Fertile verrucae more or less aggregato-difform, verrucoso- areolate ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (excl. syn.) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 239, ed. 3, p. 23Q.—Pertusaria rupestris Mudd, Man. p. 272. Var. (3. areolata Mudd (non Clem.), 1. c., is merely a darker state. — Brit. Eocs. : Mudd, n. 259. Only a saxicolous condition of the type, from which it scarcely differs except in the thallus being usually more verrueose. Hub. On rocks in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in S. and N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Hastings, Sussex : Aytou, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near White- haven, Cumberland; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Aberfoyle, Perthshire. Subsp. P. areolata Nyl. ex Hue, Rev. Bot. 1886, p. 74. — Thallus thickish, rimoso-areolate, rugose, shortly and more or less densely papillate, greyish-white (K + yellow). Apotbecia as in the type. — Pertusaria areolata Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 456; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. Thelotrema pertusum var. areolatum Clem. Ens. &c. Add. (1807) p. 300. Often confounded with the preceding form, but differs in the character of the thallus and in the reactions. As Nylander says, it may be a distinct species. In the British specimens only a few scattered apothecia, not well developed, are present. Hab. On rocks and walls, schistose and arenaceous, in mountainous districts. — Distr. Local among the Grampians and in the N. W. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Craig Calliach and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. 14. P. dealbata Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 59 (excl. syn. P. lactescens) ; Flora, 1880, p. 390. — Thallus subindetermi- nate, grauuloso-unequal or papillose, rimose or diffract, thickish or somewhat thin, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellow, CaCl — , I ~ i UT. )• Apothecia in globulose, pulverulent verrucae ; epithe- cium dark or sordid-glaucous, somewhat plane, suffused ; spores 2nae, 0,080-15 mm. long, 0,050-82 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 57 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 238, et ed. 3, p. 228 pro parte.— P. syncarpa et /3. dealbata Mudd, Man. p. 273. Lichen dealbatus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 29. Variolaria chlorothecia Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 114. Isidium paradoxum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 97 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Variolaria corallina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 492 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113.— Brit. Exs. : Leight, 11. 320 ; Mudd, n. 261. PERTTTSAEIA.] LECANO-LECIDKET. 501 The thallus spreads extensively and is occasionally of considerable thickness. It is usually more or less covered with short, simple, con- colorous papillae which are at length fractured into rugose areolse. When fertile the verrucse are generally aggregate, becoming irregularly lacerate. It is, however, more frequently sterile, and is then at times the host of the parasitic Spiloma sphcerale Ach., which occurs also on the form. Hob. On rocks, boulders, and walls in maritime and mountainous regions.— Distr. Apparently general and common in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Island of Sark. Dartmoor Tors, Devonshire ; St. Austell, Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Barmouth, Aberdovey, and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Oswestry and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Crianlarich, Ben Lawers, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. Dunkerron and Finnehy River, co. Kerry; Dawros River, Connernara, co. Galway. Form corallina Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1883) p. 59. — Thallus thick, densely papillose ; the papillae elongate, thin, simple and branched. — P. syncarpa y. corallinum Mudd, Man. p. 273. Isidium coralUnum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412 : Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 100; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Lichen corallinus Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 131 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 526 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 808 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16 pro parte ; Eug. Bot. t. 1541. Differs from the type in the character of the isidioid papillae. It is, however, connected with it by intermediate states, so that perhaps it is to be regarded only as a luxuriant condition. It is never seen fertile. Hob. On rocks in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Seen in a typical state only from a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland. — B. M. : near Pont-ned-vechan, Brecknockshire ; Barmouth, Merio- nethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Alston, Cumberland. Ben-y-gloe, Perthshire ; Baldovan Woods, Forfarshire. The Dargle River, co. Wicklow. 15. P. ceuthocarpa Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 200; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. T. p. 116. — Thallus determinate, thickish, areolato-diffract, cream-coloured; the areolae convex, undulato- rugose (K-j- yellow, then deep orange-red). — Apothecia few, in sub- globose, smooth, conglomerate verrucas ; the ostioles minute, punctiform, blackish; spores 2nse, 0,150-170 mm. long, 0,057- 60 mm. thick. — Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160; Mudd, Man. p. 271; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58 ; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 28, t. 9. f. 4 ; Lich. Fl. p. 237, ed. 3, p. 228. — Porina ceuthocarpa Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 102. Lichen ceuthocarpusSm. Eng. Bot. xxxiii. (1812) t. 2372.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 284. Apparently an endemic species well distinguished by the characters given. The areolaa are at times plane, especially towards the circum- ference, where the plant is limited by a dark-olive hypothalline margin. 502 . LICHENACEI. [PERTUSARIA. The verrucae, occasionally very tumid, vary considerably according to the number of the ostioles. 'These are usually 1, but sometimes 3, 4, 5, or even more, appearing like minute, blackish subpapillate dots. Hob. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Rather local in S.W. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians, Scotland, as also in S. Ireland. — B. M. : Pentire, Lamorna, near Penzance, Cornwall ; Barmouth and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Appin, Argvleshire; Craig Calliach, Perthshire. Lambay Island, near Cork. Form 1. microstictica Cromb. — Thallus sprinkled with short, simple, concolorous papillae, brownish at the apices. — Lichen microsticticus Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxii. (1811) t. 2243. Isidium microsticticum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 94 : Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 774 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 342. A sterile condition analogous to form Westringii of P. concreta. The papillae, as noticed by Turner and Borrer, I. c., are minute, scattered, rarely confluent, brittle, and when abraded leave a minute white im- pression in the crust. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Spar- ingly in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, and S.W. Ireland. Form 2. variolosa Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Thalliue verrucae sterile, transformed into white, pulverulent soredia. — Var. ft. variolosa Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 27L— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 341. Though looking as if distinct, it is only one of those variolarioid con- ditions so common in the plants of this genus. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Very local in N. Wales and the S.AV. Highlands of Scotland.— B. M. : Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 16. P. coccodes Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 146.— Thallus determinate or effuse, unequal, subleprose, rimulose or rimose, at times verruculose, whitish, often limited by a dark line at the circumference (K-f- yellow, then deep rusty red, CaCl — ). Apothecia usually several in scattered subglobose or nodulose verruca? : the ostioles punctiform, black, slightly prominent ; spores 0,115-140 mm. long, 0,040-60 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 59. Pertusaria globulifera var. 3. coccodes Mudd, Man. p. 274. Isidium coccodes Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 89 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 230 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412. Lichen coccodes Ach. Prodr (1798) p. 10; Eng. Bot. t. 1511. A distinct species, though by some authors mixed up with the preceding, from which, apart from the habitat, it is sufficiently separated by the characters given. The sterile thallus, which, when more leprose, is apt to be mistaken for Lecanom porella, var. Turner i, is often some- what isidioid with the isidia cylindrical, short and simplish. When fertile, as it rarely is in the British specimens, the verrucae are at times as if glomerulose. PERTUSARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 503 Hab. On trunks of old trees in upland districts. — Distr. Only here and there throughout England; not seen in Scotland or Ireland. — B. M. : Near Norwich, Norfolk ; near Quendon, Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex ; Albourne, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Salpcrton, Gloucester- shire ; Hay Park, Herefordshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Form bacillosa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 425. — Thallus covered with numerous, long, isidioid papillae which are obtuse and branched. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. Only a very luxuriant though well-marked condition of the type. It is always sterile. Hab. On the trunk of an old tree in a wooded upland situation. — Distr. Only very sparingly in S. England. — B. M. : Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants. 17. P. concreta Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 117 ; Flora, 1876, p. 234. — Thallus determinate, continuous, thickish, rimose, unequal, white or whitish, subeffigurate at the circumference (K ^ yellow, then saffron-red). Apothecia immersed in convex^ variously confluent, thalline verrucas, endocarpoid, colourless, indicated externally by a dark punctiform ostiole ; spores 0,015- 25 mm. long, 0,052-080 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 227. A rather interesting plant, forming, as observed by Nylauder (Flora, /. c.), the typical condition of " Isidium Westringii" the relation of which to the allied species had previously been very uncertain. On the thallus of the Irish specimens, which are well fertile, traces occur here and there of a few short abortive papillae. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N.W. Ireland.— B. M. : Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway. Form Westringii Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 234. — Thallus more or less densely papillose; papillae at first minute, subglobose, then elongate, subcyliudrical, simple and branched, brown at the apices. Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — P. Westringii Leight. Lich. PI. p. 236, ed. 3, p. 227 pro minima parte. Lichen Westringii Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1794, p. 179, t. 6. f. 1 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2204 ; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. iv. p. 20. Isidium Westrinc/ii Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 92 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239. Only a sterile isidioid condition, though at first sight appearing very distinct. The papilla are sometimes 2-3 confluent, and in age the apical globules become dark- or reddish-brown. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands and W. Ireland ; probably often overlooked.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Near St. Austell and Penzance, Cornwall ; Barmouth and Aberduvey, Merionethshire; Arkendale, Durham; Thornthwaite, near 504 LICHENACEI. [PEETtTSAKIA. Keswick, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braeinar, Aberdeen- shire. Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. 18. P. melaleuca Dub. Bot. Gall. t. ii. (1830) p. 673.— Thallus subeffuse, tbin, smootbish, rimuloso-verrucose, yellowish-cream- coloured (K-f yellowish, K(CaCl) + orange-red). Apothecia in con- vexo-depressed, irregular verruca3, lacerate at the margins, the ostioles depressed, brownish-black, at length pseudo-disciform ; spores 2nae, 0,072-75 mm. long, 0,023-25 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 275; Leight. Lich. El. p. 240, ed. 3, p. 230 ; Brit. Angio. Lich. p. 29, t. 10. f. 3.—Thelotrema melaleucum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 183 ; Sm. Eng. El. v. p. 161 . Lichen melaleucus Eng. Bot. xxxv. (1813) t. 2461. The fertile verrucse are for the most part scattered, at times 2-3 con- fluent, very rarely crowded, with the ostioles 1 or more, and the margins lacerate, inflexed and irregular. They thus appear lecanoroid, and give the plant somewhat the aspect of young states of P. Wulfenii. From this, however, it is definitely separated by the number of the spores. Hob. On smooth trunks of trees in upland wooded situations. — Distr. Found only in a few localities in S. and Central England and in N. Wales. — B. M. : Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Barmouth, Merioneth- shire. 19. P. pnstulata Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, t. i. (1856) p. 441. — Thallus subeffuse, tbinnish, subrimose, greyish- white (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia several, in small, convex verrucae ; the ostioles punctiform, confluent, blackish; spores 2nae, 0,070-0,120 mm. long, 0,034-44 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59 ; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 30, t. 10. f. 4? ; Licb. El. p. 244, ed. 3, p. 234 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 275 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 pro parte. — Porina pustulata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 309. Often confounded with L. leiopltica, from which, among other cha- racters, it differs in the number of the spores. It has more the general aspect of P. communis, but apart from the different thalline reactions, the verruca? are smaller and the ostioles less depressed. There is also a leucostonious state (form superpallens Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 466) which has been very sparingly gathered in Britain. Hob. On trunks of trees in wooded upland situations.— Distr. Local and scarce in E., S. and N. England, and N. Wales. — B. M. Eppiug Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants ; Hinton Abbey, Somersetshire ; Gil- garron, Cumberland ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire. B. Thecae pauci- or pluri-spored ; spores blackish. 20. P. lactescens Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 272 (excl. var. ft).— Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, continuous, at length rugoso- unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish or cream-coloured (K + yeDow, then PERTtJSATUA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 505 saffron-red, CaCl— ). Apothecia rugoso-difform, innate in non- prominent thalline areolse, brownish-black, internally subincolorous ; spores 2ua3 (rarely 3-4n»), olive-blackish (K + violet), 0,090-130 mm. long, 0,055-85 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — • P. spilomanthodes Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 179 ; Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23. — Brit. Ea-s. : Mudd, n. 260. With the following well characterized by the blackish spores, though Mudd erroneously describes them (in their immature state) as pale- yellowish-green or pale-yellow. It comes very near P. spilomantha Kyi., a plant of the Eastern Pyrenees, but differs in the normally 2-spored theca3 and the smaller spores. The apothecia are rather scattered in the specimens seen. Hob. On rocks and walls in upland districts. — Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities of N. England. — B. M. : Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. 21. P. nrceolaria Hyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. vi. (1873) p. 324 (nota). — Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-rimose, subpapilloso- scabrid, greyish- or yellowish- white (K-f yellow, then orange-red, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, depressed, urceolariiform, black ; spores l-4nse, blackish (K+ violet), 0,100-140 mm. long, 0,050-75 mm thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 238 pro parte. An endemic plant easily recognized by the urceolato-depressed apo- thecia. It is allied to the preceding species, but differs in the thallus being more or less rough with papilla? and in the form of the fruit. The two specimens seen are well fertile. Hab. On granitic stones of a wall in a maritime district. — Distr. Ex- tremely local in one of the Channel Islands.— B. M. : La Moye, Island of Jersey. C. Thecae pluri-spored ; spores colourless, a. Spores 8nae. 22. P. Wulfenii DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 320.— Thallus deter- minate or subeffuse, membranaceo-cartilaginous, thickish, plicato- rugose, rimose, whitish- or greyish-yellow (Kf + yellowish, K(CaCl) + orange-yellow); fertile verrucse crowded, irregularly depresso- globose or'difform. Apothecia with the ostiola dilated, confluent, difform, sublecanoroid, blackish, undulate and subcrenate at the margin (epithecium K+ violet); spores 0,058-85 mm. long, 0,028- 38 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.— P. fattax (Ach.) Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160 ; Leight. Br. Angio. Lich. p. 29, t. 10. f . 2 ; Mudd, Man. p. 276 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 240, ed. 3, p. 231. Lichen hymenius, Eng. Bot. t. 1731. Thelotrema hymenium Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 185. Porina hymenea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 495. Porina fallax Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 102. Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum, cine- reum, glabrum Dill. Muse. 128, t. 18. f. 9 pro parte.— Brit. Exs. : Mudd, n. 266 ; Leight. n. 71. 506 LICHENACEI. [PLBTUSARIA. In general appearance not unlike P. communis, but differs in the colour of the thallus, the form of the apothecia, and more especially in the 8- spored thecse. The thallus is at times widely expanded, and is often almost entirely covered with the numerous crowded verrucas, which from mutual pressure become much deformed. By the confluence of the "ostiola when there are more than one in the same verruca, the apothecia assume a discoid aspect with a thick, infiexed, rugoso-crenate thalloid margin. The spermogones are not uufrequent, with spermatia 0,013-23 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hob. On trunks of trees, chiefly in forests and large woods, from maritime to upland districts. — Distr. General and not uncommon in England ; apparently rare in Scotland and Ireland. — B. M. : Sotterly, Ugley, and Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex; Penshurst, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; near Totnes and Lustleigh, S. Devon ; Bocconoc and Withiel, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth- shire ; Trefriw, Denbighshire ; near Conway, Carnarvonshire ; Oswestry and Llanyblodwell, Shropshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale Forest, Durham ; Keswick, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire ; Craig Calliach and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardine- shire; Craig Cluny, Braeruar, Aberdeenshire. Castlebernard Park, co. Cork ; Dinish, Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1. carnea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 424. — Thallus as in the type. Apothecia with the disc protruded, tumid and flesh-coloured. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Tlielotrema 7iymeniumva,r. j. car- neum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1849) p. 185. Evidently a monstrosity with abortive fructification. Though the thallus is said by Turner and Borrer to be thin and filmy on the bark of cherry and holly, yet when growing on beeches it is quite as in the type. Hab. On the bark of trees in wooded upland tracts. — Distr. Very local and scarce in S. England.— B. M. : New Forest, Hants; Toy's Hill, Canterbury, Kent. Form 2. sparsilis Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, (1879) p. 232. — Thallus scanty, whitish-yellow, the fertile verrucae few, distantly scattered ; otherwise as in the type. A rather singular condition, depending probably upon the habitat. In the few fragments seen the thallus is little visible. Hab. On moist shady rocks in an upland situation. — Distr. Only very sparingly in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Lough Inagli, Conuemara, co. Galway. Var. ft. glabrescens Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71.— -Thallus thin, smoothish or slightly rugulose, yellowish-grey or greyish-green. Apothecia with the epithecium subrimose, blackish. — Cromb. Gre- villea, xix. p. 59. Apparently a good variety characterized by the thinner, smoother thallus and the form of the epithecium. In the single British specimen the fertile verrucae are mostly somewhat scattered. Hab. On the trunks of holly in a mountainous district. — Distr. Only in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, though probably to be detected else- where.— B. M. : Barcaldine, Argyleshire. PERTUSAKIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 507 Yar. y. rupicola Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71. — Thallus effuse, thickish, areolato-verrucose, sulphur- or greenish-yellow colour ; fertile ver- rucae crowded, difform. Apothecia with the ostioles punctiform, blackish, depressed. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Pertusaria fallax var. j3. sulphured Mudd, Mann. p. 276 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 231. Pertusaria sulplmrea var. (3. rupicola Schaer. Enum. (1850) p. 229. Differs in the deeper colour of the thallus and in the habitat. In this country it is very rarely fertite. The thallus is occasionally sprinkled with small sorediose (abortive) verrucse, when it is Endocarjxm sulphu- reum Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 100, approaching subspecies P.jiam- cans Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. p. 427. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions. — Distr. Only a few localities in W. and N. England, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnar- vonshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. 23. P. lutescens Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 427.— Thallus subeffuse, thin, pulverulent, yellow, at times thinly zonate at the circumferance ; sterile verrucae transformed into concolorous soredia (K (CaCl) -j- orange-yellow). Apothecia very rare, lecano- roid, dilated, blackish, the margin tumid ; spores 0,054-79 mm. long, 0,028-40 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix . p. 59. — Isidium lutescens Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 87 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 230. Lepraria lutescens Eng. Bot. t. 1529. Lepra lutescens Hoffm. PI. Lich. (1784) t. 23. ff. 1, 2. Pertusaria fallax var. y. variolosa Fr., Mudd, Man. p. 276. Has quite a leprarioid appearance when sterile, as it always is in this country. By Th. M. Fries, who first described the fructification (Lich. Scand. p. 312) it is regarded as only a variety of the preceding. From this, however, it scarcely descends, while it differs in the much shorter spores. The apothecia have as yet been found only in Sweden. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland situations. — Distr. Seen from only a few localities in S., W., and N. England ; probably often overlooked.— B. M. : Ickworth Park, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Ockham, Surrey ; Hnrstpierpoint, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants j Oswestry, Shropshire ; 'near Battersby, Cleveland, York- shire. 24. P. carneopallida Anzi, Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478.— Thallus hypophlaeodal, macular, pale or pale-glaucous (K — , CaCl — ). Apo- thecia erumpent, minute, pseudo-lecanorine, at first plane with a thin, irregular, white, spurious margin, then pulvinato-convex, immarginate: spores 8me, 0,018-32 mm. long, 0,011-20 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 60. — Lecidea carneopallida Nyl. Bot. Not. 1853, p. 183 ; Lich. Scand. p. 196, t. 1. f. 9. Lichen cupularis With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 22 pro parte (i. e. " on trees"). 508 LICHEXACEI. [PERItrSARIA. A peculiar plant, looking, with its white spurious margin, as if allied to Lecidea coarctata, but with all the essential characters of this genus. Superficially it still more resembles L. carneolutea (Turn.), but among other characters at once differs in the simple spores. Nylander observes (Lich. Scand. p. 197) that there are scanty gonidia towards the base of the apothecia and that their margin consists chiefly of minute crystals of oxalate of lime. In the two British specimens the thallus is almost obsolete. Hab. On the bark of alders in mountainous regions. — Distr. Seen only from the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and N. Wales.— B. M. : Appin, Argyleshire. 25. P. inquinata Fr. fil Bot, Not. 3867, p. 108.— Thallus sub- determinate, areolato- or verrucoso-rimose, greyish (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia innate, one or several in each areola, the ostioles some- what plane, variously flexuose, and rotundate, the margins irregular, thin, persistent, paler ; spores 0,025-30 mm. long, 0,014-18 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. PI. ed. 3, p. 235 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59. — Lecanora coarctata eJ. inquinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 353. Might readily be taken for a Lecanora allied to L. gibbosa or L. cinerea, as noted by lh. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 311). The microscopical characters of the apothecia, however, show its true place, though, with the following, it has in other respects a connection with the Aspic-ilia section of Lecunora. In the few fragmentary British specimens, which are well fertile, the thallus is thinnish, though elsewhere it varies in thickness, according to the nature of the substratum. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Very local and scarce in N.E. England (Gunnerton Craggs, Northumberland), W. Ireland, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway. 26. P. nolens Nyl. Flora, 1864, p. 489.— Thallus determinate, smooth, areolato-rimose, greyish (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia innate, not prominent, two or more approximate, colourless within ; the ostioles plane, difform, rotundate or oblong, black, whitish at the margins ; spores 0,030-42 mm. long, 0,015-22 mm. thick. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 289 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 ; Leight. Lich. PI. p. 245, ed. 3, p. 235. Probably not specifically distinct from the preceding, to which it is intimately related ; though differing, among some minor characters, in the larger spores. In his observations upon the original specimen gathered by him. Admiral Jones (Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, May 1864) says: — "In the beginning this plant might be supposed to be ' Urceolaria,' but the Urceolarian appearance is of short duration. There are no prominent warts as in Pertusaria, but the nuclei are in masses, as in this genus, and the ostioles are irregular in form with a white pulverulent margin. Internally the plant is altogether a Pertusaria in asci, spores and paraphyses." Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in N.E. and W. Ireland. — B. M. : Glenarm, co. Antrim ; Lough Feagh, Connemara, co. Galway. TEETUSARIA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 509 27. P. gyrocheila Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 354.— Thallus deter- minate, subgranuloso-unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish (K + yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia in thelotremoid tubercles, simple or at length subgyrose, the thalline margin thick, stibgyrose ; epithecium glypholeceine, hymenium pale ; spores 0,068-70 mm. long, 0,036- 50 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine and the thecae bluish with iodine. — Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p 61 • Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241, ed. 3, p. 232. A very distinct species well characterized by the peculiar form of the fructification. The thallus is small, with the fertile verruca? more or less scattered and crateriform. The very few specimens gathered are only sparing fertile. Hob. On mica-schist rocks in an alpine situation. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 6. Spores normally 4nae. 28. P. leioplaca Schaer. Spicil. (1823) p. 66 ; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 181. — Thallus subdeterminate, thin or rarely submoderate, smooth or ruguloso-unequal, rimose, milk-white, yellowish-white or whitish (K— orf+ yellowish). Apothecia in somewhat convex, smooth, usually discrete verrucae, the ostioles solitary or few (1-3-5), punctiform, dark ; spores usually 4nse (but variable in number), oblongo- ellipsoid or subellipsoid, 0,042-75 mm. long, 0,020-38 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 267; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 60 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 244, ed. 3, p. 234.— Porina leioplaca Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1809, p. 159 ; Lich. TJniv. p. 309, t. 7. f. 2. Pertusaria communis var. S. leioplaca Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 197.— Brit. Exs. Leight. n. 230 ; Mudd, nos. 265, 267. The thallus varies somewhat in thickness, becoming at times subcon- crescent, when the verrucae are more prominent. As noted by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 316), the chemical reaction varies according to the colour of the thallus, being little (or not) distinct when it is dealbate. The apothecia are also variable, usually solitary, rarely 3 or o in the verrucae, with the spores at times 3-5-6-8na3, very rarely 2na3 (in a single British specimen). Hab. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. In most parts of Great Britain, no doubt also of Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Near Highbeach, Epping Forest; Ightham, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants ; Lustleigh, S. Devon ; "Withiel, Cornwall ; near Ciren- cester, Gloucestershire ; Woodbury Hill and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Gloddaeth, Carnarvonshire ; Bettws-y- coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Newton Wood and Sowerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire: Lamplugh, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire ; Craig Calliach, Killin and Falls of Moness, Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Enniskean, co. Cork ; McCarthy's Island and Upper Lake, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Renvyle Wood, Conneniara, co. Galway. 510 LICHENAOEI. [PERTESARIA. Form hexaspora Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 182.— Spores usually 6nae, 0,038-86 mm. long, 0,025-38 mm. thick. Otherwise as in the type. Differs merely in the thecae being generally 6-spored, though in the same apothecium they are occasionally 4-spored. Nylander (/. c.) says the spores are rarely 3nae, which is not the case in our specimens. Hob. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland wooded situations. —Distr. Only a few localities in S. and W. England.— B. M. : Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon ; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 29. P. glomerata Schaer. Spicil. (1823) p. 66.— ThaUus effuse, thin, interruptedly plicato-verrucose, white or yellow-cream-coloured, the fertile verrucae subglobose, conglomerate (K-f- bright yellow, then cinnabar-red, CaCl — ). Apothecia usually solitary, the ostioles punctiform or slightly dilated, generally somewhat prominent, blackish; spores 0,072-125 mm. long, 0,028-44 mm. thick.— Hudd, Man. p. 277; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 237. ed. 3, p. 227. — Lichen glomeratus Schleich. PI. Crypt. Cent, iii. (1807) n. 11, fide Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 310 (sub Porina). Per- tusaria fflomulifera (Borr.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed. 3, p. 234, Angio. Lich. p. 30, 1. 11. f. 2, is only an old dealbate state in which the reaction with K is absent. An alpine plant well distinguished from its allies by the characters given and by the habitat. The thallus, scarcely contiguous, is itself white (K-), as noted by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 315) ; but the fertile verrucae, which are occasionally 2-3 concrescent, are more or less ochroleucous. The few British specimens are well fertile, the ostioles being at times two and often subpapillate. The spermogones, rarely present, have the spermatia aciculari-fusiform, 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick (fide Nyl.). Sab. Incrusting dead mosses at high altitudes on mountains. — Distr. Local and scarce on the S. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M. : Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 30. P. xanthostoma Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 427.— Thallus effuse, thin, smooth, milk-white, the fertile verrucae elevated, depresso-subglobose (K — , CaCl — ). Apothecia punctiform, usually 1-2 in each verruca ; the ostioles depressed, pale or pale-yellowish ; spores ellipsoid or ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,060-76 mm. long, 0,034—40 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 141 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 235. — Porina xanthostoma Somm. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1823, p. 115. Has at first sight a considerable resemblance to Lecanora poriniformis Nyl. The verrucse sometimes occur 2-3 together, and the ostioles are occasionally tinged pale-reddish. Rarely 1-5 apothecia are seen hi each verruca. Hob. On old stems of Ericas in alpine and subalpine localities. — Distr. Sparingly on the N. Grampians and in the N. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Abardeenshire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. VARICELLATUA.] LECAHO-LECIDKKI. 511 63. VARICELLARIA Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117 ; Lich. Scand. p. 182. — Thallus thinly crusta- ceous, pulveraceous or subleprarioid. Apothecia variolarioid or sorediiform (in convex verrucas), pale, carneo- punctate or suffused ; thecae ventri- cose, monospored ; spores very large, 1 -septate, colourless ; paraphyses scanty, subdiscrete, slender, variously arcuate. Sperm ogones not yet seen. Among other characters well distin- guished from Pertusaria by the septate spores, which are also the largest observed among lichens. Only a single species is known, which has recently been recorded as British. 1. V. microsticta Xyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117; Lich. Scand. p. 183, t. i. f. 8.— Thallus effuse or subdeterminate, unequal, rimose or granulato-pulverulent, sub- leprose, whitish (K - , CaCl — ). Apo- thecia moderate,promiuent, rotundate, above plane or unequal, often 2-3 confluent, white-suffused or denudate, concolorous within ; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, 0,225-0,350 mm. long, 0,095-0,115 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine and the thecae deep blue (then often denigrate) with iodine. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.— According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 322) it is Pertusaria rlwdocarpa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 384, " sec. spec, orig." ; but as Koerber's diagnosis by no means corresponds, the specific name of Xylander must be adopted. When sterile and less developed the plant looks quite like a leprarioid or variolarioid state of some Pertusaria. The apothecia are innate in the thalline glomerules, subglobose or at length depressed ; in the two British specimens they are only sparingly present in a rightly developed condition. Hab. On the ground in an alpine situation. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland ; though it probably also occurs corricolous in the same district. — B. M. : Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subtribe IV. THELOTREMEI Xyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 183, emend, apud Stiz. St. Gall. Xat. Ges. 1880, p. 394. Thallus crustaceous, continuous, areolate or pulverulent, in- ternally containing gonidia. Apothecia urceolato-impressed, often with double margin : spores variable in number, plurilocular X -350 Fig. 71. Varicellaria microsticta Nyl.— A spore, x350. 512 LICHENACEI. [PHLTCTIS. or murali-divided. sterigmata. Spermogones with simple or slightly branched usually more X-350 ft X-250 Fig. 72. open, and especially in the spores being murali-divided. It comprises 7 genera, four of which are entirely exotic, while Belonia Koerb., though European, does not occur in Britain. 64. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg. der Flecht. (1825) p. 527.— Thalhis thinly crustaceous, continuous or pulverulent. Apothecia rotundato- difform, usually suffused, erumpent, the thalline margin irregularly dehiscent or indistinct ; hypo- thecium colourless ; spores large, l-2nae, ellipsoid or oblong, murali- divided, colourless ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the thecse bluish with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and short, slender, straight sperm atia. A small genus the plants belonging Phlyctis agdcea Koerb. — A. A 2- to which are, from the appearance of spored theea and paraphysis, X the fructification, readily overlooked. 250. B. Two spores, X350. In some respects it approaches Pertu- saria, but is definitely separated by the muriform spores. Of the three European species two are found in this country. 1. P. agelaea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 391.— Thallus effuse or subdeterminate, thin, rugose or smoothish, often subleprose, white or greyish-white (K + yellow, then deep-red). Apothecia minute, blackish, white- or caasio-suffused ; spores 2nae (3-4nae), ellipsoid, mucronate at the apices, 0,045-70 mm. long, 0,014-27 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 279, t. 5. f. 118 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 61 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 246, ed. 3, p. 237.—The7otrema ayelcea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 494 pro parte. Variolaria agdcea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 78 ; Sm. Eng. PI. v. p. 171. Lichen agelceus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1730. Variolaria con- stellata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 pro parte (ex specimiue ab ipso).— Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 282 ; Mudd, n. 269. Occasionally speads very extensively and then covers the lower portion of the trunks of trees. The apothecia, which are scattered or more frequently crowded, are at first entirely enclosed in thalline verruca and at length leproso-coronate or almost covered by the thallus. The spermo- gones are very seldom visible in the British specimens. Hob. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. General and common in England ; scarce in S. Ireland ; not seen from Scotland or the Channel Islands. — B. M. : Ickworth, Suffolk ; near Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Epping Forest, Quendon, and Rickling, Essex ; Penshurst, Kent : Shiere, Surrey ; Glynde and Ilenfield, Sussex ; Caris- THLTCTIS.] LECAXO-L'ECIDEEI. 513 brook, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Ilsham Walk, Torquay, S. Devon ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire ; Huglith, near Church Stretton, and Oswestry, Shropshire : Barmouth and Aberdovey. Merionethshire ; Airyholme Wood and Hoggart's WTood, Cleveland,* Yorkshire. Kits- boro', Riverstone and Castlebernard Park, co, Cork ; Dunkerron, Killarney, co. Kerry. 2. P. argena Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 391.— Thallus effuse, thin, smootbish or rugose, pulverulent, silvery-grey or cream-coloured (K + yellow, then deep red). Apothecia minute, brownish-black, csesio-suffused ; spores solitary, oblong or cylindrico- oblong, very large, 0,100-0,140 mm. long, 0,027-50 mm. thick. — Mudd, Man. p. 280 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 246, ed. 3, p. 237. — Variolaria argena Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 75; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 171. Lichen aryenus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 8 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1923. Subsimilar to the preceding, from which it at once differs in the non- apiculate spores. It usually cccurs only in a sterile condition, when it is \ fry apt to be overlooked. The apothecia are either scattered or aggregate, and in the former case are with difficulty detected by the naked eye. Hob. On the trunks of old trees in upland tracts. — Distr. Local (at least in fruit) in S. and W. England.— B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex ; Ightham, Kent; New Forest, Hants; Haslemere, Surrey ; Beckey Falls1, S. Devon ; Burnham Beeches, Bucks ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Oswestry, Shropshire. 65. THELOTREMA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. ISOproparte; Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. t. iii. (1855) p. 324. — Thallus thinly crustaceous, continuous, containing chrysogonidia. Apothecia verrucaeform, at first closed, then open, with a proper and a thalline margin ; spores variable in number (l-4nse or 8nse), oblong or fusiform, usually colourless ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. A germs well characterized by the fructification. Nearly all the species are exotic and natives of warm regions. The three which occur in Europe, one of which is confined to our Islands, belong to the sub- genus Euthelotrema Nyl. 1. T. lepadhram Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 132 pro paite ; Syn. p. 115. — Thallus subeffuse or rarely determinate, thin, smooth or slightly ruguloso-un equal, protuberant around the apothecia, whitish or cream-coloured (K -f- red , CaCl — )„ Apothecia submod erate, urceo- lato-scutelliform, dark-brown or blackish, caesio-pruinose or naked ; the proper margin lacerate, inflexed, the thalline margin thin, even ; spores (4nse) 8nae, oblongo -fusiform, colourless, 0,035-70 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.— Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 31, t. 12. f. 1; Lich. Fl. p. 247, ed. 3, p. 238 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 ; Mudd, Man. p. 278, t. 5. f. 116 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 180 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 161 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 494 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 2L 514 LICHENACEI. [THELOTREMA. p. 45. — Lichen lepadinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30. Lichen in- clusus Eng. Bot. t. 678. — Brit. Exs. : Leight. n. 121 ; Mudd, n. 268. X-30 X-25O Fig. 73. Thelotrema lepactinum Ach. — A. Section of apothecium, X 30. B. Theca and paraphyses, X250. C. Two spores, x350. The thallus varies somewhat in thickness, and at times, especially when growing on holly, is determinate and marked by a narrow, black, hypothalline line. In a young state the apothecia might be taken for those of a Pertusaria, but when fully developed they are very different in appearance. They are usually more or less scattered, but occasionally in old plants become crowded. Hab. On smooth bark of trees from maritime to upland tracts. — Distr. General and common in England ; rarer in Scotland ; apparently very rare in Ireland. — B. M. : Ugley and Walthamstow, Essex ; Ightham, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Ilsham Walk, Torquay, S. Devon; St. Breock, Cornwall; Bagley Wood, Berks; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Holly bush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Cwm Bychan and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Haughmond Hill, Church Stretton, and Acton Burnel Hill, Shropshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Calder Abbey, Cumberland ; Felton Woods, Northumberland. Foot of Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch and Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeeushire. River- stone, co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. /3. scutelliforme Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 312; Syn. p. 115. — Thallus effuse, thickish, unequal, at times subpulverulent, cream-coloured. Apothecia prominent, somewhat large, crowded, THELOTREMA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 515 disc dilated, the thalline margin tumid, rugose. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. A good variety apparently constant to the characters given. The apothecia are often here and there aggregate in small protuberant groups. Hub. On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and mountainous tracts. — Distr. Only a few localities in S. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.— B. M. : New Forest, Hants ; Nannau, Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Wark, Northumberland. Loch Creran, Argyleshire. Glenstale, co. Tipperary ; Derricuintry, Kil- larney, co. Kerry. Form rupestre Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1878) p. 61. — Thallus more or less scattered, occasionally evanescent, otherwise as in the variety.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 248, ed. 3, p. 238.— Var. rupestre Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 180 ; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 32, t. 12. f. 2 ; Mudd, Man. p. 278. Var. scutelliforme Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 103. A depauperate state rather than a distinct form, resulting no doubt from the habitat. The thallus is at times subochraceous as noted by Leighton, who, however, erroneously says that the spores are l-2nae. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Sparingly in N. Wales, N. England, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and W. Ireland.— B. M. : Llyn Bodlyn and Cammlan Valley, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Kenmare Road, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore and Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, co. Galway. 2. T. subtile Tuck. Americ. Journ. Sc. & Art, t. xxv. (1858) p. 426; Nyl. Flora, 1864, p. 491.— Thallus macular, somewhat shining, cream-coloured or whitish (K -f yellowish, CaCl — ). Apo- thecia erumpent, small, colourless, the thalline margin slightly prominent, the proper margin often white-pulverulent ; spores 8nae, oblong, 10-13-locular, colourless, 0,040-56 mm. long, 0,009-0,010 mm. thick.— Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 289 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit, p. 61 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 248, ed. 3, p. 239. — Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 169 ; Larbal. Lich. Herb. n. 62. An interesting plant, elsewhere found only in the United States of America. At first sight it looks as if it were only T. lepadinum with filmy thallus and smaller apothecia ; but its real affinity is with T. bi- cinctulum Nyl., an Australasian species, from which it differs chiefly in the larger spores. Hab. On smooth bark of trees in shady upland situations. — Distr. Only sparingly in W. Ireland. — B. M. : Turk Mt., Cromaglown, Kil- larney, and Lough luchiquin, co. Kerry ; Lough Derryelare and Holly Island, Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. 66. UBCEOLARIA Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30 (ut tribus) ; Meth. p. 141 (ut genus) pro parte ; NyL Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 180. — Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate, very rarely obsolete ; hypothallus white. Apothecia urceolato-impressed, with .a proper and a thalline margin ; hypothecium brown or blackish ; 516 LTCUENACEI. [tJRCEOLAEIA. spores 4-8nae, oblong: or ellipsoid, septate and murali-divided, at first colourless, then dark ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged or tawny with iodine. Spermogones with some- what branched sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. A small but well-marked genus, whose systematic place has been variously viewed by authors. Evidently, however, it is in this subtribd as now definitely fixed- by Nylander. From Thelotrema, to which it is subsimilar in the structure of the apothecia, it differs chiefly in the green gonidia of the thallns and in the form of the sterigmata. x- soq X-350 X- 25O Urceolaria scniposa Ach. — A. A theca with spores and a paraphysis, X 250. B. Two spores, X 350. C. Sterigmata and spermatia of subsp. U. bryophila, X500. 1. U. scniposa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147; Lich.Univ. p. 338.— Thallus determinate, tartareo-farinose, verrucoso-rugose, continuous or areolato -diffract, greyish or greyish- white (K — » CaCl ^ red, I ~ blue^' ^-Pothecia moderate, black or blackish, usually caesio- pruiuose, the proper margin connivent, greyish-black, the thalline margin thick, rugose or slightly crenulate on the inner side ; spores 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,026-38 mm. long, 0,012-15 mm. thick ; paraphyses brown at the apices. — Mudd, Man. p. 165; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234, ed. 3, p. 239 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 459. — Lecanora scruposa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58. Lichen scruposus Linn. Mant. ii, (1771) p. 131 ; Eng. Bot. t. 266 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19; Dicks. Crypt, fasc. i. p. 11. Lichenoides crustaceam et leprosum, scutellis nirjricantibus majoribus et minoribus Dill. Muse. 133, t. 18. f. 15 B.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. nos. 54, 379 ; Mudd, n. 137 ; Cromb. n. 75 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 136. An easily recognized species which can scarcelv be confounded with any other lichen. In some habitats it spreads rather extensively, while it varies in the thickness of the thallus. The apothecia are also variable in size, from punctiform becoming moderate or somewhat large, and are either somewhat scattered or at tim^s crowded. The spermo- gones are not uncommon, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. CRCEOLARIA.] LECAXO-LECIDEEI. 517 Hub. On rocks and walls, very rarely on old wood, from maritime to subalpine districts. — Distr. General and common in Great Britain; ap- parently rare in the Channel Islands aud in Ireland, though plentiful where "it occurs.— B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Livermere, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex ; Kew Gardens, Surrey ; Barton Mills, Sussex ; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Lustleigh, S. Devon; near Padstow, Cornwall ; Bathampton Downs, Somerset ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Goguiagog Hill and Chevely Park, Cambridgeshire ; near Buxton, Derby- shire ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Cader Idris and Baruiouth, Merio- nethshire ; Island of Auglesea ; Oswestry, Gruishill, near Shrewsbury, aud High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shropshire ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York- shire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Staveley, Westmoreland ; Chesters, North- umberland ; Alston, Cumberland. 'New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; King's Park and Craig Lockhart, Edinburgh ; West Water, Fifeshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Den of Mains, Forfarshire ; Ben Vrackie and near Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Kilcully, co. Cork ; Loughcooter, co. Galway. Form plumbea Ach. Heth. (1803) p. 147.— Thallus greyish- leaden-coloured. Apothecia usually small and naked ; otherwise as iu the type. Characterized chiefly by the darker thallus, which is probably owing to the nature of the substratum. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous soil in maritime and upland situation.*. — Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S. and Central Eng- land and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland. — B. M. : Near Hoathly, Sussex ; Buxton, Derbyshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Subsp. II. bryophila Xyl. ex STorrl. Medd. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenu. i. (1876) p. '27. — Thallus thinner, smoother, or less rugose, greyish-\\hite or whitish, often obsolete or scarcely visible. Apo- theciu smaller, the thalline margin subevanescent ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. — U. scruposa var. bri/o- pTiila Mudd, "Man. p. 165; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 ; forma, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 235, ed. 3, p. 240. Lichen brijophilus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 236.— Brit. Exs. : Leight. nos. 359, 360 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 63, 221. A good subspecies distinguished by the characters given. The thallus, which is usually somewhat effuse, is at times somewhat dealbate and subpulverulent, when it is var. /3. dealbata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 341. It often grows upon the folioles and the podetia of forms of Cludonia jn/xidata either as a parasite or with scanty traces of a proper thallus, and it is then Lecanora scruposa j3. parasitica Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lap. p. 100 pro parte, form ecrustacea Nyl. Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. This condition, however, is scarcely entitled to rank even as a form. Hab. Overspreading mosses and on Cladonia pyxidata in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Not uncommon, in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. B. M. : Queuvais, Island of Jersey. Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Eppiua: Forest, Essex ; near Torquay and on Lustleigh Cleeve, S. Devon ; St. Minver and Penzanoe, Cornwall ; Pembury Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Matlock, Derbyshire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth ; High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shrop- shire ; Lanbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham. Island of Lismore and Appin, Argvleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Ben Lawers, 518 LICHEXACEI. [URCEOLAKIA. Blaeberry Hill, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Morrone and Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Deer Park, Belfast, co. Antrim ; near Kilcully, co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Glen Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. 2. U. gypsacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 338. — Thallus thick, soft, continuous, rugoso-unequal, pulverulent, white (K — , CaCl ^ red, I~). Apothecia moderate, black, caesio-pruinose ; the thalline margin tumid, inflexed, the proper margin subrugose ; spores (rarely 2na3) 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoid, 0,033-57 mm. long, 0,016-24 mm. thick. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. — U. scruposa forma gypsacea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234, ed. 3, p. 239. Urceolaria scruposa f3. albissima Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147 (nomen informe). Usually considered as only a variety of L. urceolata differing in the softer, white, pulverulent thallus, this has now been rightly separated by Nylander on account of the negative reaction on the medulla with iodine (vide Norrl. Fl. Karel. Oneg. p. 27). We have thus another instance of the judgment of older authors being confirmed by modern chemical tests. In the British specimens the apothecia are more or less scattered. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland tracts. — Distr. Only a very few localities in S. and Central England, S. Wales, and W. Ireland; probably often overlooked.— B. M. : The Downs, Lewes, Sussex ; Bathamptou Downs, Somersetshire ; N. Derby- shire. Aberdw Rocks, Brecknockshire. Glencorbot, co. Galway. 3. U. actinostoma Pers. ex Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 288. — Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, the areolae more or less convex, greyish white (K— , CaCl-f-red, I7yue)- Apothecia minute, immersed, one or several in each areola, sub- globose, at length explanate, blackish, caesio-pruinose, the proper margin finely plicato-striate ; the thalline margin thick, entire or slightly crenulate ; paraphyses very slender, intricate ; spores Snae, ovoid or ellipsoid, 5-0-septate, muriform, 0,030-34 mm. long, 0,016-20 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 196. A singular species with much the aspect of a Verrucaria, in which genus it was placed by Acharius (/. c.). In the essential characters, however, of the fructification it is clearly an Urceolaria, the apothecia, though long remaining as if verrucarioid, having the disk ultimately open, plane and margined as in the other species of the genus. The British specimens are scarcely typical, but belong rather to the following variety. Var. /3. csesioplumbea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 70.— Thallus some- what shining, greyish leaden-coloured ; otherwise as in the type. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Differs in the characters given, though perhaps only as a well-marked form depending on the habitat. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. — Distr. Only very sparingly in the Channel Islands and N.W. England. — B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. St. Bees, Cumberland. 519 INDEX TO THE GENERA IN THIS VOLUME. Alectoria 208 Bseorayces 108 Calicium 85 Cetraria 215 CJadina 173 Cladonia 126 Coccocarpia 345 Collema 39 Colleraodium 57 Collemopsis 77 Coniocybe 98 Dendriscocaulon 77 Dirina 490 Ephebe 27 Ephebeia 28 Euopsis 22 Evernia 228 Gomphillus 107 Gonionema 18 Gyrophora 324 Lecanora 348 Leprocaulon 123 Leproloma 348 Leptogidium 35 Leptogium 62 Lichina 31 Lichiniza 33 Lobaria 271 Lobarina 270 Hagmopsis 29 Kephromium 282 Pannaria 335 Pannularia . . 340 Parmelia . . 232 Parmeliopsis 262 Peltidea 277 Peltigera 286 Pertusaria 491 Phlyctis 512 Physcia 294 Pilophorus 114 Platysma 219 Pterygium 33 Pycnothelia 124 Pyrenidlum 81 Pyrenopsis 23 Ramalina 186 Ricasolia 274 Roccella 182 Schizoma 38 Solorina 279 Sphserophorus 103 Sphinctrina 83 Spilonema 19 Stenocybe 97 Stereocaulon 116 Sticta 273 Stictina 265 Synalissa 36 Thamnolia 184 Thelotrema 513 Trachylia 101 Umbilicaria 322 TJrceolaria 515 Usnea 201 Varicellaria . .511 PRINTED BY TAYIOK AND FKANCIS, KED UON COURT, FLEET STREET. 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Pp. vii., 402. 101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8*. Supplement. By John Edward Gray,F.R.S., &c. Pp. vi., 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2*. Gd. List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. Is. Gd. Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (JPecora, LinnaBUs) in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. Gd. Hand-List of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Ruminant Mammals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vii., 176. 42 Plates of Skulls, &c. 1873, 8vo. 12s. Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401. 4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. I/. 8s. BIRDS. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : — Vol. III. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Colio- morphce, containing the families Corvidse, Paradiseidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridse, and Prionopidee. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 343. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1877, 8vo. 17*. Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphcB : Part I., containing the families Campophagidae and Muscicapidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 494. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. I/. Vol. V. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphes : Part II., containing the family Turdidae (Warblers and Thrushes). By Henry Seebohm. Pp. xvi., 426. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. II. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3 Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued. Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphce : Part III., containing the first portion of the family Timeliidse (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 420. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 11. Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphce : Part IV., containing the concluding portion of the family Timeliidae (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 11. Gs. Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphce : Part V., containing the families Paridae and Laniidae (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and Certhiomorphts (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17*. Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cinnyrimorphce, containing the families Nectariniidae and MeliphagidsB (Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884, 8vo. 14*. Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes : Part I., containing the families Dicaeidae, Hirundinidse, Ampelidae, Mniotiltidae, and Motacillidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates, [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885. 8vo. 11. 2s. Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes : Part II., containing the families CcerebidaB, Tauagridae, and Ictericlfe. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 431. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo.ll. Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilli- formes: Part III., containing the family Fringillidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. ll. 8s. Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Sturni- 4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued. formes, containing the families Artamidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, and Alaudidse. Also the families Atrichiidae and Menuridae. By E. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo., II. Ss. Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo- myodce, or the families Tyrannidae, Oxyrhamphidae, Pipridae, Cotingidae, Phytotomidse, Philepittidae, Pittidae, Xenicidae, and EurylaemidaB. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.B.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. II. 4s. Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Tracheo- photi(B, or the families Dendrocolaptidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae, and Pteroptochidae. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.K.S. Pp. xvii., 371. Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. I/. Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picarise in the Collection of the British Museum. Upupce and Trochili, by Osbert Salvin. Coracice, of the families Cypselidae, Caprimul- giddc, Podargidaj, and Steatoruithidre, by Ernst Hartert Pp. xvi. 703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 1L \6s. Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of the British Museum. Coracice (contin.) and Halcyones, with the families Leptosomatidae, Coraciidae, Meropida?, Alcedinidae, Momotidae, Totidaj, and Coliidae, by K. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by W. E. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. II. 10*. Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family Picidae. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. II. 6s. Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picarise in the Collection of the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : containing the families Ilhamphastidae, Gralbulidae, and Bucconida?, by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indicatoridae,Capitonidae, Cuculidae, and Musophagidae, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii., 484: 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. II. 5s. Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5 Pp. xvii., 658 : woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 11. 10*. Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbae, or Pigeons, in the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori. Pp. xvii., 676: 15 coloured plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. 10s. Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Pterocletes, Gallinee, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii), in the Collection of the British Museum. By W. II. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xvi., 080 : 8 coloured plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. 6s. Hand-List of Grenera and Species of Birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum. By G. R. Gray, F.R.S., &c. : — Part II. Conirostres, Scansores, Columbse, and Gallinae. Pp. xv., 278. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part II.] 1870, 8vo. 6s. Part III. Struthiones, Gralla?, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. Pp. xi., 350. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. 8*. List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. By George Robert Gray : — Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonidae and Picidae. [With Index.] Pp. 137. 1868, 12mo. 1*. 6d. Part IV. Columbs. [With Index.] Pp. 73. 1856, 12mo. ]s. 9d. Part V. Galling. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1867, 12rao. 1*. 6d. Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6d. REPTILES. Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1844, 12mo., 1*. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. :— Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Pp. 79. 50 plates. 1855, 4to. 21. 10*. Supplement. With Figures of the Skulls of 36 Genera. Pp. ix., 120. 40 Woodcuts. 1870, 4to. 10s. Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4tc. 2s. 6d. Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis- Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3s. 6d. 6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4*. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum CNatural History). New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s. Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct) in the Collection of the British Museum. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv., 96. 55 Plates, and two Charts of the Aldabra group of Islands, north-west of Madagascar. [With a Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Living Gigantic Land Tortoises.] 1877, 4to. II. 10s. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger : — Vol. I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygo- podidse, Agamidze. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20*. Vol. II. Iguanidse, Xenosauridae, Zonuridse, Anguidse, Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae, Teiidas, Amphisbamidse. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s. Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro- pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40 Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 11. 6s. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidse, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae aglyphae, part. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xiii., 448. 26 Woodcuts and 28 plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. Is. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With Geographical, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. BATRACHIANS. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7 Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia, s. Ecaudata, in the Collection of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xvi., 503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 11. 10*. Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 9s. FISHES. Catalogue of the Pishes in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.E.S., &c. :— Vol. III. Acanthopterygii (Gobiidae, Discoboli, Oxuder- cidae, Batrachidae, Pediculati, Blenniidae. Acanthoclinidae, Comephoridae, Trachypteridae, Lophotidao, Teuthididae, Acronuridae, Hoplognathidae, Malacanthidae, Nandidae, Polycentridae, Labyrinthici, Luciocephalidae, Atherinidae, Mugilidae, Ophiocephalidae, Trichonotidae, Cepolidae, Gobiesocidae, Psychrolutidae, Centriscidae, Fistularidas, Mastacembelidaa, Notacanthi). Pp. xxv., 586. Wood- cuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, and a Systematic Synopsis of the families of the Acanthop- terygian Fishes.] 1861, 8vo., 10s. Qd. Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Anacan- thini. Pp. xxi., 534. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1862, 8vo. 8*. Qd. Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluridse, Characinidae, Haplochi- tonidae, Sternoptychidaa, Scopelidse, Stomiatidae). Pp. xxii., 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8s. Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinidae, Gono- rhynchidse, Hyodontidae, Osteoglossidae, Clupeidae, Chirocentrid*, Alepocephalidae, Notopteridae, Halo- sauridas). Pp. xx., 512. Woodcuts. [With System- atic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8s. Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotidas, Symbranchidae, Murasnidse, Pegasidae), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Lep- tocardii. Pp. xxv., 549. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. Ss. Qd. List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x., 160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1851, 12mo. 3s. Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. Qd.