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Cee ee ey ee C EO EiUh eh badiT Wao bh) 200 CMU Leek he ha Nit CARRERE Cr Sin Cr MPO RPO YT UW MIE De tattcnee ir Wotey ian8 9 paver Rare an Se ne iy ae re ie WR TT RTE Me OCEAN NYE TCS Set Ra TC CR LO Oe Ck PD mittens a bb BBA eh ee Gtk be) Ac & A! ee TULA, Ads he hs bcd a) oa) Be Gd RB ihe ee Qi cc eb ay ds Os dear eed beh cd 4-06 ef he he ty ee aaes ‘te , i UA ey se if 1 a - Bch rk i i} My i if , t i ~~ — i 1 S 7 f ® ! ty y Pain : > ‘ My ‘ i i EI ; ( eRe ’ » 9 y a i ; rs , : y a e f: a he i i Wy i ! a 1 A MONOGRAPH OF THE NECTARINIIDA, OR FAMILY OF SUN-BIRDS. BY Cartas G. E. SHELLEY, F.Z.8., F.R.GS., &e. AUTHOR OF ‘A HANDBOOK TO THE BIRDS OF EGYPT,’ &e. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 6 TENTERDEN STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, W. 1876-1880. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. TO Mrs. ELIZABETH SHELLEY THIS WORK IS DEDICATED BY HER AFFECTIONATE SON, THE AUTHOR. Titlepage . Dedication List of Contents List of Plates Introduction . Dates of Publication Classification . Geographical Distribution Literature . Neodrepanis coruscans Hedydipna metallica platura . Nectarinia pulchella -—— famosa . —— cupreonitens . tacazze . bocagii . 3 Anthobaphes violacea . Ethopyga eximia nipalensis . horsfieldi . saturata —— sanguinipectus dabryi . gouldize . —— ignicauda . — temmincki. —— mystacalis . —— magnifica . flavostriata —— siparaja nicobarica . —— cara. seheriz . —— vigorsi . — shelleyi. — bella. CONTENTS. i (os) ararnanep eB eR wWwWwWw wwe wore mPNWrPON TRF ON TWON We ON Urodrepanis christine . Eudrepanis duyvenbodei . pulcherrima dubia Chalcostetha insignis . Cinnyris grayi porphyrolemus sangirensis auriceps —— morotensis nigriscapularis salvadori . proserpinee aspasioides cornelize aspasie . corinne —— mysorensis jobiensis —— maforensis —— therese . — hasselti. speratus —— julie —— zeylonicus . —— minimus —— flagrans aurora . —— jugularis frenatus andamanicus . flammaxillaris —— rhizophoree pectoralis . solaris . zenobia . lotenius. vl Cinnyris asiaticus cupreus notatus . superbus johannee splendidus . habessinicus erythrocerius . —— mariquensis osiris —— hifasciatus . —— microrhynchus comorensis osea . bouvieri — oustaleti —— albiventris . —— yentstus —— affinis — heuglini (/ege fazoglensis) . —— coquereli —— souimanga. —— afer . ——chalybeus . —— chloropygius . —— cruentatus . —— gutturalis . —— acik . senegalensis amethystinus . karkai —— fuliginosus . angolensis . adelberti — fuscus verreauxi . olivaceus . 181 5 Lg talatala (/ege leucogaster) . CONTENTS. Page Cinnyris obscurus dussumieri hartlaubi cyanolemus reichenbachii . —— verticalis Anthreptes hypogrammica fraseri . simplex . —— rhodolema — malaccensis —— celebensis . chlorigastra —— griseigularis —— pheenicotis . —— anchietze —— rectirostris —— tephrolema longuemarii —— aurantia collaris . —— zambesiana hypodila | Arachnothera magna aurata . — modesta affinis —— longirostra. flammifera . dilutior . —— chrysogenys | Arachnoraphis robusta crassirostris flavigastra . Promerops cafer . —— gurneyi. Index Page . 291 . 298 . 295 207 . 299 . 801 . 805 . 807 . 809 . 313 . 815 .-319 . 821 . 823 . 825 . 829 . 331 . 383 . 885 . 837 . 889 . 843 . 845 . 847 . 351 . 853 . 855 . 857 . 861 . 863 . 865 . 867 . 871 . 873 . 877 : 881 . 883 Plate il, . Neodrepanis coruscans. 2. . Hedydipna metallica. 3° platura. A. . Nectarinia pulchella. Des: famosa. 6. fig. 1 cupreonitens. » ug. 2 bocagii. fe > —— tacazze. 8. . Anthobaphes violacea. 9. . . . Athopyga eximia. 10. figs. 1, 3. nipalensis. » fig.2 . —— horsfieldi. BAe saturata. 12. . —— sanguinipectus. 13. dabryi. 14. gouldie. Gs ignicauda. 16. fig. 1 temmincki. » fig.2 . —— mystacalis. NYc . —— magnifica. 18. . —— flavostriata. NOE siparaja. 20. . —— nicobarica. 21. 5 > Gail, 22. seherize. 23. . —— vigorsi. 24. . —— shelleyi. 25. . —— bella. 26. . Urodrepanis christinz. 27. . Eudrepanis duyvenbodei. 28. . . . —— pulcherrima. 29. fig. 1 . Atthopyga shelleyi. » fig.2 . Eudrepanis dubia. 30. . Chalcostetha insignis. Slee: . Cinnyris grayi. 32. fig. 1 . —— porphyrolemus. by shee, sangirensis. LIST OF PLATES. y © eas fh Eh gg JO & =r) Of) oo OX =r) 43 U2) Oy Gey wHwH oO re 38. =r) og 99 tw) . Cinnyris sangirensis. auriceps. . —— morotensis. nigriscapularis. salvadori. proserpine. . —— aspasioides. aspasie. . ——.cornelie. corinne. . —-— maforensis. mysorensis. . —— theres. brasiliensis (/ege hasselti) - —-— speratus. . —— julie. —— zeylonicus. . —— minimus. aurora. flagrans. jugularis. . —— frenatus. andamanicus. . —— flammaxillaris. rhizophoree. pectoralis,, solaris. zenobia. lotenius. . —— asiaticus. . —— cupreus. notatus. . —— superbus. . —— johanne. . —— splendidus. habessinicus. Osiris. Vill Plate 64. UB 7A. fig. 2 fig. 2 fig. 1 fig. 2 figs. 1,3. . Cinnyris erythrocerius. mariquensis. bifasciatus. . —— microrhynchus. comorensis. osea. ~ bouvieri. oustaleti. . Anthreptes tephrolema. . Cinnyris albiyentris. affinis. venustus. coquereli. souimanga. afer. chalybens. chloropygius. cruentatus. gutturalis. acik. . —— senegalensis. . —— amethystinus. . — kirkii. . —— fuliginosus. angolensis. . —— adelberti. fuscus. verreauxi. olivaceus. obscurus. . —— dussumiert. . —— hartlaubi. talatala (/ege leucogaster). LIST OF PLATES. Plate 95. 96. =r) Fh Em fh fh oe og og og 99 98 we weve. =n ov ci) . Cinnyris cyanolemus. reichenbachi. verticalis. . Anthreptes hypogrammica. fraseri. - —— simplex. rhodolema. malaccensis. . —— malaccensis. chlorigastra. celebensis. griseigularis. anchietz. rectirostris. longuemarii. aurantia. collaris. . —— hypodila. zambesiana. . Arachnothera magna. . —— aurata. . — modesta. affinis. longirostra. flammifera. dilutior. chrysogenys. . Arachnoraphis robusta. crassirostris. flavigastra. . Promerops cafer. singalensis (/ege pheenicotis). INTRODUCTION. I BELIeVE that my first attraction towards the family of Sun-birds took place in Nubia, where I fell in with Hedydipna metallica, the first truly tropical form of bird that I had ever procured. The sense of pleasure with which I preserved my first specimens of this beautiful little species on the banks of the Nile above the First Cataract, and the engaging habits of the species, impressed me so much, that on all my subsequent visits to the African continent I paid especial attention to the Sun-birds in each country I visited. At that time, in the year 1870, I believe that both the late Marquis of Tweeddale and Mr. Bowdler Sharpe contemplated the production of a Monograph of the Nectariniide ; and it was only on their making no signs in this direction that, after the lapse of some years, | commenced to write the present work. If I have succeeded in reducing the family to a better state of order than it before exhibited, it is in a great measure due to the kindly assistance which I have received from ornithologists in all parts of the world, while at the same time I feel that I have left no stone unturned, nor spared any pains in my endeavour to make my Monograph as complete as circumstances would allow. The chief difficulty which lies in the path of an ornithological student in the present day arises from the vast increase in the literature of the Class of Birds which has taken place during the last twenty years: as regards species, many are described by authors who do not sufficiently master the subject, and thus needlessly add to the already overburdened synonymy of birds ; while as regards genera the case is still worse; for there seems to be a growing tendency to recognize style of colour and slight peculiarities of plumage as generic characters, when there is no structural difference to define such genera clearly to the mind’s eye. Professor Schlegel and Dr. Finsch have both of them waged war against this practice; and if they seem to have erred a little on the other side, and to have been guilty of too great a compression, it is better to have widely comprehensive genera which possess the advantage of definition, than a multitude of generic names which are capable of no definition whatever. On the principle of admitting none but definable characters for genera, Mr. Sharpe worked out his Monograph of the Kingfishers ; and it is by no means encouraging to observe how his careful studies have been ignored by many subsequent writers, who have revived for the Kingfishers many genera which Mr. Sharpe had suppressed on the grounds that no structural characters for their separation were forthcoming. Every naturalist is at liberty, of course, to hold his own opinion; but it appears to me that in consulting a Monograph, which is in most cases the result of years of study of a whole group b x INTRODUCTION. together, and whose author may be credited with having a wide grasp of his subject, the author of a casual paper is bound to accept the conclusion of a Monographer, unless he clearly shows some reason for a contrary decision. In the Nectariniide the metallic plumage of its members has proved fatal to the simplicity of its nomenclature, author after author having apparently vied with one another to fix generic differences upon style of colouring alone ; and I must confess that at an early stage of my work I was myself inclined to attach an importance to similar characters which a more prolonged study has now compelled me to ignore. The genera which I admit in the Introduction now published are even less than those recognized in the body of the work, as I have become convinced of their instability in the matter of structural definition. When I first began the present Monograph I applied to this family the title of the Cinnyride, which I am now of opinion should be discarded for that of the Nectariniidee, Nectarinia being the oldest genus; but this is a technical point upon which much argument might be expended and no assistance rendered to science. I also fell into the error of recognizing the generic title Anthodieta in the first Part of my work, in 1876. I am now convinced that it should not be separated from Anthreptes. To avoid the inconvenience arising from the great numerical strength of the genus Cinnyris, ‘I have found it advisable to recognize smaller divisions, which, as they do not depend upon structural characters, I prefer to consider groups rather than subgenera: these mostly agree with genera of some of the older writers, as Cabanis and Reichenbach; and several of the continental authors of the present day still use them. Before concluding the Introduction, I beg to express my warmest thanks to the many friends who have contributed to the success of this my first ambitious endeavour to produce a standard work upon birds. ‘To Mr. Bowdler Sharpe my thanks are first due for putting me in the right road at the commencement, and for the kind assistance he has lent me throughout wherever doubtful points required advice. The next to assist me was the late Marquis of Tweeddale, who placed the whole of his valuable collection of Sun-birds at my service: it includes a large number of types of the Philippine forms; and without his assistance my work must have been very imperfect. To Dr. Giinther my acknowledgments are due for the assistance I derived from the British-Museum collection and for the warm encouragement he gave me when I began. In India I found a true friend in Mr. Allan Hume, who not only sent me home all the specimens I wished to examine from his large collection, but also his original notes upon this family, made by himself and Mr. Davison: these form a very important portion in the history of the Sun-birds of the Asiatic region; so that to those two ornithologists I owe chiefly the success of my articles upon the Indian forms; but my thanks are also owing to Mr. Eugene Oates for his assistance in treating of the Burmese species. In Turin I met with great assistance from my esteemed friend Count Salvadori, especially in working out the difficult Hermotimie ; and although I have ventured to differ from him in a few instances as to the value of some of his specific characters in this group, on the whole I have been much guided by his judgment, which I cannot too highly appreciate. On my return from Turin Dr. Meyer sent me a large series of INTRODUCTION. XI Papuan Sun-birds, including all his lately described species, which were of great assistance to me in verifying the accuracy of my former conclusions, especially of my fifth Part, which had, unfortunately, gone to press; so that at the time I was unable to acknowledge much of the assistance I derived from his specimens. ‘To Professor Barboza du Bocage I am indebted for being able to examine the new species from the interior of the Portuguese settlements in Angola, and for other valuable assistance, and to Dr. Otto Finsch for assisting me with some very rare specimens, and for placing at my service his original notes upon this family. From Australia I received aid from Mr. Ramsay; and amongst my other supporters I have specially to thank Professor Milne-Edwards and M. Oustalet of the Paris Museum, and M. Bouvier, and in England Professor A. Newton, Mr. E. Newton, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. Salvin, Canon Tristram, Captain Elwes, and Mr. Gould, from all of whom I have received important assistance; while many other naturalists have supported me in my work, and have my warmest thanks. The illustrations, which form such an important portion of my Monograph, have all been executed by Mr. Keulemans, whose name is sufficient guarantee for the accuracy of the details and for high artistic skill. The latter is rendered perhaps more striking from his being acquainted with this family of birds in their native haunts; and his notes upon the Sun-birds inhabiting Prince’s Island have been incorporated in my work. ‘The lithographs have been printed by Messrs. M. and N. Hanhart, the colouring executed by Mr. Hart, whose work is well known to the public as artist in Mr. Gould’s publications, and the printing has been done by Messrs. Taylor and Francis; to all of whom I am obliged for the care and prompt attention they have bestowed in the execution of their special departments. 62 = i Ly rr Mt Fa destiny qual _ niftate ey " ’ av Shy ee kis oF eet bees DATES OF PUBLICATION. PART I. Jury 28ru, 1876. Contains descriptions of Anthodieta collaris, A. hypodila, A. zambesiana, sp. n., Nectarinia famosa, Cinnyris microrhyncha, sp. n., C. osiris, C. zeyionica, Anthodieta rectirostris, A. tephrolema, Urodrepanis, gen. n., U. christine, Cinnyris mariquensis, C. bifasciatus, C. gutturalis, Neodrepanis coruscans, and figures of Anthodieta collaris, Nectarinia famosa, Cinnyris zeylonicus, C. mariquensis, C. gutturalis, Neodrepanis coruscans, Aithopyga dabryi, Cinnyris brasilianus, C. amethystinus, Promerops cafer. Since the publication of this Part I have come to the conclusion that Anthodieta could not be separated from Anthreptes, that the title drasilianus, Gm., should be replaced by the name hasse/ti, Temm., and that Promerops should be excluded from the family. PART II. Novemper 297n, 1876. Contains descriptions of Cinnyris kirkii, sp. u., Aithopyga dabryi, Cinnyris verreauxi, C. olivaceus, Nectarinia cupreonitens, sp. u., Cinnyris notatus, C. superbus, C. johanne, C. talatala, C. albiventris, C. afer, C. chalybeus, C. chloropygius, Promerops cafer, P. gurneyi, Anthobaphes violacea, and figures of Cinnyris verreauxt, C. olivaceus, C. notatus, C. superbus, C. johanne, C. talatala, C. albiventris, C. afer, C. chalybeus, C. chloropygius. The title C. talatala (Smith), 1836, should be changed for C. lewcogaster, Vieill., 1819, the type of which is in the Paris Museum, and was not examined by me until 1877. PART III. Fepruary 271TH, 1877. Contains descriptions of Cinnyris fuscus, C. dussumieri, Anthreptes hypogrammica, Cinnyris cyanolemus, Eudrepanis, gen. n., E. pulcherrima, Aithopyga shelleyi, AE. magnifica, Arachnothera dilutior Cinnyris frenatus, C. jugularis, C. flammazillaris, C. rhizophore, C. pectoralis, C. bouviert, sp. n., C. andamanicus, Nectarinia tacazze, and figures of Cinnyris fuscus, C. dussumieri, Anthreptes hypogrammica, Cinnyris cyano- lemus, Eudrepanis pulcherrima, Aithopyga shelleyi, Ai. magnifica, Arachnothera dilutior, Cinnyris frenatus, C. flammaczillaris. PART IV. May 251, 1877. Contains descriptions of Cinnyris hasselti, C. speratus, Anthreptes simplex, Cinnyris minimus, C. reichen- bachii, Ethopyga gouldie, A. flavostriata, Eudrepanis duyvenbodei, Chalcostetha insignis, Cinnyris asiaticus, C. grayi, C. porphyrolemus, and figures of Cinnyris bifasciatus, C. bouviert, C. speratus, C. minimus, Chalcostetha insignis, Cinnyris asiaticus, C. porphyrolemus, C. sangirensis, C. rhizophore, C. andamanicus, Nectarinia tacazze. X1V DATES OF PUBLICATION. PART V. SEPTEMBER 22ND, 1877. Contains descriptions of Cinnyris sangirensis, C. auriceps, C. morotensis, sp. n., C. nigriscapularis, C. salvadorii, sp. n., C. proserpine, C. aspasioides, C. aspasie, C. jobiensis, C. mysorensis, C. maforensis, C. therese, C. lotenius, C. flagrans, and figures of Eudrepanis duyvenbodei, Cinnyris reichenbachii, C. sangi- rensis, C. auriceps, C. morotensis, C. nigriscapularis, C. salvadorii, C. proserpine, C. aspasioides, C. aspasie, C. mysorensis, C. maforensis, C. therese, C. lotenius. PART VI. Fesrvary dtu, 1878. Contains descriptions of 4ithopyga saturata, Al. sanguinipectus, AL. nipalensis, 4. horsfieldi, AL. siparaja, Ai. cara, Arachnothera longirostra, Anthreptes rhodolema, sp. u., A. malaccensis, A. celebensis, sp.u., A. chlori- gastra, and figures of Cinnyris osiris, C. erythrocerius, C. jugularis, C. pectoralis, Anthreptes simplex, Aithopyga nicobarica, Al. saturata, AL. sanguinipectus, AL. cara, Arachnothera longirostra, Anthreptes malaccensis. PARTS VII. anp VIII. June 25tu, 1878. Contains descriptions of Anthreptes phenicotis, Nectarinia pulchella, Arachnothera magna, A. aurata, A. modesta, A. affinis, Aithopyga eximia, Cinnyris julie, Hedydipna metallica, Cinnyris erythrocerius, C. osea, C. habessinicus, C. cruentatus, Aithopyga nicobarica, Cinnyris acik, C. senegalensis, C. fuliginosus, C. amethys- tinus, C. adelberti, C. splendidus, Arachnoraphis robusta, and figures of Urodrepanis christine, Anthobaphes violacea, Cinnyris grayi, Arachnoraphis crassirostris, Anthreptes rhodolema, A. malaccensis, A. celebensis, A. chlorigastra, A. singalensis, Nectarinia pulchella, Arachnothera magna, A. aurata, A. modesta, A. affinis, Cinnyris julie, Hedydipna metallica, Cinnyris habessinicus, C. cruentatus, C. acik, C. senegalensis, C. fuliginosus, C. adelberti, C. splendidus, Arachnoraphis robusta. The name Anthreptes singalensis on the Plate should be changed into 4. phenicotis. PARTS IX. anp X. Fesruary 261, 1879. Contains descriptions of Arachnoraphis flavigastra, Althopyga bella, Cinnyris comorensis, Arachnoraphis crassirostris, Aithopyga ignicauda, Arachnothera chrysogenys, Cinnyris solaris, C. verticalis, C. cupreus, Arach- nothera flammifera, Anthreptes griseigularis, Aithopyga vigorsi, Cinnyris angolensis, C. obscurus, C. hartlaubi, Anthreptes fraseri, Cinnyris souimanga, C. venustus, C. affinis, C. heuglini, C. cornelie, C. corinne, Anthreptes aurantia, A. longuemarti, ALthopyga temmincki, 42. mystacalis, AL. seherie, Hedydipna platura, Cinnyris zenobia, C. coquereli, C. aurora, Nectarinia bocagii, sp.n., Anthreptes anchiete, Eudrepanis dubia, and figures of Cinnyris kirkii, C. osea, Akthopyga siparaja, Arachnoraphis flavigastra, Aithopyga bella, Cinnyris comorensis, Aithopyga ignicauda, Arachnothera chrysogenys, Cinnyris solaris, C. verticalis, C. cupreus, Arachnothera flammifera, Anthreptes griseigularis, Aithopyga vigorsi, Cinnyris angolensis, C. obscurus, Anthreptes fraseri, Cinnyris souimanga, Anthreptes aurantia, A. longuemarii. PARTS XI. anp XII. Feprvary 1880. Contains description of Cinnyris oustaleti, the Introduction, Classification, Geographical Distribution, Literature, and Index, and Plates of Cinnyris oustaleti, Hedydipna platura, Nectarinia cupreonitens, N. bocagit, Athopyga eximia, A. nipalensis, Al. horsfieldi, AL. gouldie, AL. temmincki, AL. mystacalis, A. flavostriata, 48. seheria, AL. shelleyi 2, Eudrepanis dubia, Cinnyris cornelie, C. corinne, C. aurora, C. flagrans, C. zenobia, C. microrhynchus, C. affinis, C. venustus, C. coquereli, C. hartlaubi, Anthreptes anchiete, A. rectirostris, A. zam- besiana, A. hypodila, Anthreptes tephrolema. CLASSIFICATION, Tue Sun-birds form part of the large group of Honey-suckers, which in their turn constitute an important division of the order Passeriformes or Perching birds. The members of the family Nectariniide, as restricted by me in the present work, are birds of small size, graceful in their motions, and extremely active in their habits. The plumage of the males, in most instances, differs strongly from that of the females, and is often of unrivalled brilliancy: the metallic colours blend gradually, and are not so sharply contrasted as in the Humming-birds; but, like these, their plumage throws off an ever changing variety of hues according to the light in which they are viewed. Their nests are always beautiful structures, and are suspended from the end of a bough or from the underside of a leaf; and, excepting in the case of the Arachnotherine, the structure is of a lengthened oval form with an entrance at the side near the top, over which is often constructed a projecting portico. Apparently to give to the structure the external appearance of a mere mass of rubbish drifted together by the wind, it is generally partially covered with rougher materials, such as shreds of bark and leaves loosely attached to the surface by cobwebs. The full complement of eggs appears rarely to exceed three; but they are often not so many. The Sun-birds feed principally upon minute insects and the honey from flowers, for sipping which their tongues are admirably adapted. The wings, feet, and tarsi are moderate in strength and size; and they are not adapted, like the Humming-birds, for poising in front of the flowers to feed; but they cling to them, more after the manner of the Paride or Tits. The following is the classification I propose for this family :— Family NECTARINIIDZ. Bill long, slender, and finely pointed; edges of the mandibles very finely serrated. Nostrils placed in a short oval groove, covered by a membrane opening ina slit. Tongue bifurcated, and supposed to be capable of being rolled up into a double tube. Wing with ten primaries, first generally the shortest, third and fourth the longest. Tail of twelve feathers, very variable in form, but never forked; feathers only moderately stiff, not adapted for climbing. Tarsus moderate, covered with broad scales. ‘Toes moderate, armed with curved and acute claws. Range. Africa; Madagascar and the neighbouring islands; Palestine; Southern Asia; Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, New Guinea, North Australia, and the Papuan and Moluccan archipelagos. Not found in Europe or North Africa, Northern Asia, nor in any portion of the western hemisphere. XVi CLASSIFICATION, Synopsis of Subfamilies. a. First primary longer than the seventh, and cut away on the inner web towards the tip. Sides of the head in adult males wattled . . . . . Neodrepanine. 6. First primary the shortest. No wattles on the sides of the head. '. Form slight and graceful. Metallic colours generally present on adult TICS, Ca oe Ge oe ae Selo Gt ooo eo NGRTFUROR, c'. Form more robust and heavier. Metallic colours never present . . . Arachnotherine. Subfamily I. NeEopREPANINA. Sides of the head in adult males with wattles of bare skin. Bill very long and much curved, tapering to a fine and rather flexible pot. Wing, first primary not short, but sinuated or cut away on the inner margin towards the tip, which is sharply pointed; this quill is not much shorter than the second, and is longer than the seventh. ‘Tail square and short. Range. Confined to Madagascar. 1. NEODREPANIS. Type. Neodrepunis; Sharpe.se Zao S70 pis Oln wile ee) lee ecoruscans: Page 1. Neroprepanis coruscans. Add:— Neodrepanis coruscans, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 94 (1877); Grand. Hist. Nat. Madagascar, pls. 108, 108a@ (1879). Adult Female. No wattles, nor any bare skin on the sides of the head; entire upper parts olive-green witha slight metallic gloss; wings and tail dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged with olive-green; chin, throat, and front of the chest ashy, with the margins of the feathers partially washed with olive or olive- yellow; under the eye a rather well-defined broad buff band; remainder of the breast and abdomen buff, shading into bright yellow on the flanks and under tail-coverts; under surface of the wings brown, with pale inner margins to the quills, and the coverts sulphur-yellow ; bill black, shading into pale brown towards the base of the lower mandible; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 1:05, wing 1°95, tail 1-0, tarsus 0:5. My remark upon the absence of metallic colours in the females of the Sun-birds is not quite accurate, They occur in the females of many of the genus Anthreptes, and also in Cinnyris verticalis. The pale tips to the tail-feathers, so well marked in the type specimens, turns out to be a character of the immature bird only. Subfamily II. Necrarmy2. Form slight and graceful. Metallic colours generally present on adult males. Head with- out wattles or bare skin. Bill very variable in length and curvature. Membrane over the nostrils either feathered or bare. First primary shortest. Feathers on the sides of the back sometimes of a downy texture and sufficient length to cover the rump. ‘Tail very variable in CLASSIFICATION. XVil form, but never forked. Tarsus proportionally longer and weaker than in the Arachnotherine, and, excepting in Anthreptes, always dark brown or black. Range. The same as that of the family. Key to the Genera. a. In adult males: two centre tail-feathers generally narrower throughout their length than the next pair, and much elongated. a’. Remainder of the tail square; culmen considerably shorter than the tarsus . By tibadead oe ais ¢ Steet oa : . 2. Hedydipna. . Remainder of the tail square or Sunda: culmen not chorter ‘haa the (SUIS <5 6 oe Gf 0 6 8b 10 6 9 Ob eo Oh NGAI. pee of the tail str Suelo or panera . With no yellow band across the rump, and no loose downy feathers on the sides of the back capable of covermg the rump . . . . 4. Anthobaphes. d', With a yellow band across the rump, and loose downy feathers on the sides of the back capable of covering the rump. d". With the two central tail-feathers not page narrowing into fine points 5 oo Be AOUON el, With the two central ‘eile feathers spray narrowing into fine OWES ERE eee i one oe ee : : 5 6 eb 0 0 0 0 Os UiRamrgnmns. b. Centre tail-feathers never narrower an ae next pair. ‘Tail square, rounded, or evenly graduated. (In one species, Cinnyris erythrocerius, the two central tail-feathers are suddenly compressed and somewhat elongated.) b'. Keel of the lower mandible never perfectly straight. b". With loose downy feathers on the sides of the back es of covering the rump, which is yellow. Tailsquare. . . . . 7. Eudrepanis. cl, With no loose downy feathers on the sides of the back; rump never yellow. cl", Membranes over the nostrils feathered. Tail strongly and evenly graduated. Pectoral tufts bright yellow. . . . . . . . 8. Chalcostetha. d'". Membranes over the nostrils either feathered or not. Tail never strongly and evenly graduated. Pectoral tufts present or not . 9. Cinnyris. ce. Keel of the lower mandible perfectly straight . . . . . . . . - 10. Anthreptes. 2. HEDYDIPNA. Type. Hedydipna, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p.101 (1850). . . . .. . =. . - . H. metallica. Platydipna, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p.101 (1850). . . . . . . - - + - A. platura. Bill considerably shorter than the tarsus, proportionally shorter and wider at the base than in any other member of this family. Tail square, with the two centre feathers in the male much elongated, and with their ends rounded and slightly widened. Range. Confined to Western and North-eastern Africa. XVili CLASSIFICATION. Key to the Species. Entire head, neck, and back of metallic colours; abdomen yellow. a. Throat metallic green, terminating in a steel-blue collar . . . . . metallica, p. 3. 6. Entire throat metallic green . . platura, p.7. 3. NECTARINIA. Type. . N. famosa. . N. pulchella. Nectarinia, Ill. Prodr. p. 210 (1811). Paneola, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101 (1850) Bill not shorter than the tarsus. Tail square or rounded, with the two centre feathers in the male much elongated, with their ends rounded, but not widened. Range. South, West, and North-east Africa. Key to the Species. Entire head, neck, and back of metallic colours; abdomen metallic green or black. a. Abdomen and general plumage metallic green, a’. Smaller, centre of the chest scarlet . pulchella, p. 9. b', Larger, no scarlet on the chest. b". Greener, no reddish copper shades, and less golden shades . . -. famosa, p. 13. cl", Head and neck washed with reddish copper, and with strong golden reflections . 5 INE a GMa a . cupreonitens, p. 17. 4. Abdomen black ; general plumage coppery or violet-bronze. b'. Less shaded with steel-blue, head and neck coppery bronze, remainder of the metallic parts lilae . See. he . tacazze, p. 19. c', Upper parts and throat shaded with bluish green . . bocagii, p. 21. Page 9. NecraRINIA PULCHELLA. Add :— Nectarinia caudata, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 512 (1829). Nectarinia pulchella, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 14 (1875). Page 13. Necrarinia FAMosa. Add :— Cinnyris famosus, Vieill. N. Dict. d' Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 504 (1819). Nectarinia formosa, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia famosa, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 22; Sharpe, new edit. Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 306 (1876); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 202; Ayres, tom. cit. p. 420. Page 21. Necrarinia Bocaau. Add:— Adult Female. Upper parts pale olive-brown ; sides of the head darker, with a broad but somewhat ill-defined buff eyebrow, and a black patch in front of the eye; wings dark brown with pale edges to the feathers, lighter and inclining to olive on the quills: tail-feathers blackish brown, very slightly edged with olive, and the three outer pairs with white tips extending down the margins of the two outer feathers on each CLASSIFICATION. XIX side; entire underparts uniform deep buff, very slightly tinted with olive; under surface of the wings brown with pale inner margins to the quills; under wing-coverts buff, of the same colour as the breast ; bill and legs black, the former paler towards the base of the lower mandible ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 6 inches, culmen 1:0, wing 2:7, tail 2°15, tarsus 0°65. The male and female which I have described are in my own collection, having been kindly presented to me by my friend Professor Barboza du Bocage. ‘The only specimens as yet known have been collected by M. Anchieta, at Caconda, in the interior of Benguela; so that the “ Had. Angola” of my previous article upon this species should be changed to Benguela. It appears to me possible that the Cinnyris perreini, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 508 (1819), may refer to this species. It was discovered by Perrein at Malimbe, in the Congo district, and is described as being of the size of C. amethystinus, with all the upper parts, as well as the wings, golden green, the underparts black, and the tail graduated. The type no longer exists; so that it is difficult to determine the species to which C. perreini, Vieill., really refers. 4, ANTHOBAPHES. nes Anthobaphes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p.103 (1850). . . . . .. . . . . A. violacea. Bill longer than the tarsus. Tail very strongly graduated, with the two centre feathers narrow and much elongated and evenly tapering to points. No loose downy feathers on the sides of the back. Pectoral tufts present in the males. Metallic colours confined to the head, neck, mantle, and least series of wing-coverts. Lower back olive. Range. Cape colony and Little Namaqua Land. Page 23. ANTHOBAPHES VIOLACEA. Add :— ¢Certhia cinerea, P. L. S. Mull. S. N. Anhang. p. 98 (1776). tCinnyris aurantia, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 508 (1819); Less. Man. d’Om. ii, p. 93 (1828). Nectarinia cinerea, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 510 (1829). Anthreptes violacea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Anthobaphes violacea, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Sharpe, new ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 308 (1876). The correct spelling for the generic title is Anthobaphes. 5. ANTHOPYGA. Type. AEthopyga, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 103 (1850). . . . . . . . &. siparaja. Aithopyga, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 300 (1854). Tail very strongly graduated, with the two centre feathers the most elongated and usually pointed, but not abruptly narrowing into fine points. With loose downy feathers on the sides of the back capable of being drawn over the rump, which is always yellow, or has a band of c2 3.0.6 CLASSIFICATION. that colour. Metallic colours confined to the head, neck, upper tail-coverts, and tail; none of the wing-coverts metallic. Range. Indian, Malay, and Philippine regions. Key to the Species. 1. Eximia group. Metallic portions confined to the crown and a bar across the middle of the throat. 2S iep sn. een fone ile) MRIEEMUEZ Omar aoe Il. Metallic-necked group. Crown, back of the neck, and greater portion of the throat metallic. a. ete ey portions of the plumage green ; entire rump yellow. . Mantle red; rump rich gamboge- allow Rah Pek eee Om) Sh AG . nipalensis, p. 29. . Mantle olive (sometimes tinted with red); rump pale alpbane: yellowset .tiset ith asbee bi oeer 5 «ott oe) BU. sehorseldimp moss . Metallic portions of the plumage pine or Wolep; ; a narrow yellow band across the rump. sa@hest black =) ae : ORE eo cee! VeUIAMIT |B . Chest pale yellow, meeiled with aendlet emer “Sto ie . sanguinipectus, p. 37. Hl. ae throated group. Crown and entire throat metallic blue or sole nape and back of the neck red. a. ee tail-coverts and edges of the tail-feathers metallic blue or violet. * Breast scarlets (30 Gc. 85 Son ep ee ee ea es COTY Oo vy Breast yellow. . . : sts lol ble ee Coe INg eigouldi@ pean b. Upper tail-coverts and entire tail ncnrlet Sis Sp eoeo Spee Qradgnicaua a peetos IV. Red-throated group. Throat and mantle red; with metallic blue or violet moustachial bands. iy ell @amMky SI 59 5 oo 8 ft : AF 3: . . . « temminckt, p. 47. 6. Tail black, the feathers edged with italite bine or role metallic portion of the crown and the upper tail-coverts blue or violet. Basal half of the feathers of the moustachial band black, forming a narrow inner margin of that colour. b!. A few red feathers on the centre of the forchead. Breast silvery grey. Throat with fine yellow strix, and a well-marked broader streak down the centre of the middle throat . . . . . . . mystacalis, p. 49. c', No red feathers on the forehead. c'. Breast nearly black. cl. Larger. Yellow streaks on the throat nearly obsolete, or eniinelysabsente sear rene as Serco Pon en LOCH TE, 9, Dll da". Smaller. Throat strongly streaked with yellow. . . . . flavostriata, p. 53. d", Breast dusky ash, slightly tinted with olive. a Bill shorter‘and weaker 7/4) sean) ee sce RC UU Cm aOnt . Bill longer and stronger . . fp an OP cll es) on o LOT ae, de lle c. Tail ee the feathers edged with jetallie green or violet. Crown and upper tail-coverts metallic green, or green shaded with violet. Moustachial band uniform metallic violet with no black portion of the feathers visible. c', With no metallic spot on the sides of the head. CLASSIFICATION, XI ce’. Crown green, generally strongly shaded with violet. Upper tail- coverts and metallic portions of the tail violet, more or less shaded with green. Breast ashy grey, barely tinted with olive. cara, p. 63. da". Crown, upper tail-coverts, and metallic portions of the tail green, occasionally very slightly tinted with violet. Breast ashy olive. Bel cl bucny eerste Siam eee . seheri@, p. 67. d'. With a metallic violet spot just behind the ear-coverts. Throat strongly streaked with yellow . V. Yellow-throated group. Throat yellow. a. Entire crown metallic. Nape red. No metallic spot on the sides of . vigorsi, p. 71. the head . Ce Peart AEE eK Uy rt Bets eae sd . Shelleyi, p. 75. 6. Front half of the crown metallic, hinder half and the nape olive. A metallic violet spot just behind the ear-coverts . . . . . . . bella, p. 77. Page 29. ‘ASTHOPYGA NIPALENSIS. Add :— Nectarinia nipalensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. & B. Nepal, p. 59 (1846). Anthreptes nipalensis, Licht. Nomencl. Ay. p. 56 (1854). Aithopyga nipalensis, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Godwin-Austen, J. A.S. B. xxxix, p- 98 (1870). Cinnyris nipalensis, Blyth, J. A.S. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). Page 35. /Mrnopyea saturata. Add :— Aithopyga saturata, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix, p- 98 (1870). Cinnyris saturata, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). Page 57. AZTHOPYGA-SANGUINIPECTUS. Add :— Aithopyga sanguinipectus, Blyth & Walden, Mamm. & B. of Burma, p. 142 (1875); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, 1878, p. 182. According to Messrs. Hume and Davison this species-is “ confined apparently in Tenasserim to the higher portions of Mooleyit and Karennee.” - “T only observed this species,’ writes Mr. Davison, ‘‘on the higher slopes of Mooleyit, not below 5000 feet elevation. It is a forest bird, frequenting flowering trees, with much the same habits as 4. cara, not nearly so shy as 4. dabryi, and much more given to settling quietly. Where I met with it it was moderately common.” Page 39. AZrHopyeA DaBRyI. Add :— Aithopyga abrii, David, N. Arch. Mus. vii, p. 8 (1871). Althopyga debrit, Blyth & Walden, Mamm. & B. Burma, p. 141 (1875). Athopyga dabryi, Hume, Str. F. v, p. 272 (1877); David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 80, pl. 11 (1877); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 180 (1878); Anders. Anat. & Zool. Research. Yunnan Exped. p. 662 (1878). XX1l CLASSIFICATION. According to Messrs. Hume and Davison this species is “ confined in Tenasserim, so far as yet known, to the summit of Mooleyit and the higher portions of Karennee.” Mr. Davison only met with this beautiful species in one locality; and that was near the summit of Mooleyit. ‘I never observed it,” he writes, “much below an elevation of 6000 feet. It was frequenting a number of large flowering forest-trees, at that time covered with masses of red bell-like blossoms. Its habits were precisely those of all the Aithopygas. Even at Mooleyit it was decidedly rare, and I myself only succeeded in shooting four males and one female; but I saw, perhaps, a dozen more. They were very difficult to procure, because they did not permanently hang about the trees on whose nectar they were feeding, but suddenly emerged from the surrounding deep forest, in which it was quite impossible to see or find them, would appear about one of the blossoming trees, hover about it for a few seconds, and then dart away. This was in February; and on dissection they exhibited no signs of breeding.” Mr. Anderson records it from Bhamdé, Shitee Neru, and Ponsee. Page 41. AirHopyGa eouLpLe. Add :— Cinnyris subflavus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 494 (1819); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p- 35 (1828). tNectarinia subflava, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 509 (1829). Cinnyris gouldiw, Warlow, J. A.S. B. 1, p. 520 (1832). Aithopyga gouldiew, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Blyth & Walden, Mamm. & B. Burma, p. 141 (1875). Nectarinia gouldiw, Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857). Page 47. AZ THOPYGA TEMMINCKI. Add :— Cinnyris temmincki, Beccari, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xill, p. 453 (1878). Aithopyga temmincki, Salvad. Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 213 (1879). Dr. Beccari collected four specimens in the Singalan Mountains, in Western Sumatra, in June and July. Page 51. AirHopyGa MaGNnirica, Add:— Athopyga magnifica, Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 765; 1878, p. 287. Mr. A. H. Everett has collected specimens on the island of Zebu, and at Valencia, the southern point of Negros; one from the latter locality has the yellow rump mottled with scarlet. Count Salvadori informs me that his dthopyga, sp.? (Ibis, 1865, p. 549), should be referred to 4. flavostriata. Page 53. ANTHOPYGA FLAVosTRIATA. Add:— Aithopyga, sp.?, Salvad. Ibis, 1865, p. 549. Athopyga flavostriata, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii, p. 314 (1877); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 182. Athopyga beccarii, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii, p. 315 (1877). CLASSIFICATION, XX1l1 Page 57. /ETHoPY@A sIPARAJA. Add :— Aithopyga siparaja, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265 (1854); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 212 (1879); Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 342; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 260. Athopyga eupogon, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia stparaja, Briigg. Abhand. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 458 (1877). Count Salvadori records a specimen from Sumatra which has the abdomen shaded with olive, probably a very similar variety to the one I mention from Sibu, in Borneo. In my original article I employ the title Athopyga miles for Af. seheriw, and omit to mention that Mr. Moore, of the Kast-India Museum, London, kindly allowed me to examine the original drawing from which Sir Stamford Raffles described his Certhia siparaja: it is a well- executed painting; and there can be no doubt as to the species it represents. I was wrong in supposing that this species does not inhabit Java; for we are informed by Count Salvadori that Sig. G. B. Ferrari has sent several adult males from that island to the Genoa Museum. In Borneo, according to Mr. Treacher, its native name is “Suit merah.” Mr. Sharpe, writing on the birds of Labuan, informs us:—* ‘Two sets, consisting of two and six eggs respec- tively, are sent by Mr. Low. These are most beautiful, the ground-colour being of a pinky flesh-colour, deepening into richer rufous at the obtuse end, and sparingly spotted and scrawled with dark brown. ‘The two eggs sent by themselves are more uniformly blotched with reddish, the spots being more sparingly distributed; axis 0°55 inch, diam. 0°45.” Page 63. AitHopyea cara. Add:— Aithopyga cara, Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 179 (1878). Page 67. AMTHOPYGA SEHERI@. Add :— Aithopyga seherie, Ball, Str. F. vii, p. 208 (1878). Aithopyga miles, Anders. Anat. & Zool. Research. Yunnan Exped. p. 661 (1878). Dr. Anderson refers to this species specimens collected during the Yunnan expedition at Sawady and Bhamé. I have examined two adult specimens obtained by Dr. Anderson at Sawady, and now in the British Mnseum; and they seem to be true 4. scherie. Page 71. A®rHopyea vicorsI. Add :— Aithopyga vigorsi, Davison & Wenden, Str. F. vii, p. 79 (1878). Page 75. ASTHOPYGA SHELLEYI. Add :— Athopyga shelleyi, Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i, p. 343; Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 621. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-green as well as the least and median series of wing-coverts ; forehead and XX1V CLASSIFICATION. crown inclining to ashy brown; a triangular patch of feathers in front of the eyes dark brown; cheeks white ; ear-coverts and sides of the neck ashy olive; remainder of the wings dark brown, the quills and greater coverts broadly edged with golden olive ; tail dark brown broadly edged with golden olive, and with pale ends to all but the centre feathers; underparts white slightly tinted on the front of the chest with yellowish ash-colour, and with pale yellow down the centre of the breast, brightest on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; under surface of the wings brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter slightly tinted with yellow; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. Since I wrote my original article upon this species I have examined in the late Marquis of Tweeddale’s cabinet four adult males and the female above described, all collected by Mr. Everett at Puerto Princesa, on the island of Palawan. The metallic parts in the male are rather green than blue, excepting in certain lights; and the flanks are white. 6. URopREPANIS. Type. Urodrepanis, Shelley, Monogr. Sun-birds, part 1 (1876) . . . . . . . . U. christine. Similar to dithopyga, but with the two central tail-feathers abruptly narrowing into fine “points. Hab. Island of Hainan. U. christine, p. 79. 7. EUDREPANIS. Type. Apa Eudrepanis, Sharpe in Shelley, Monogr. Sun-birds, part 1ii (1877) . . . . E. pulcherrima. With tufts of downy feathers on the sides of the back capable of covering the rump, which is bright yellow. ‘Tail short and square. Least and median series of wing-coverts usually of metallic colours. Range. Philippine archipelago and Sanghir Islands. Key to the Species. a. Portion of the wing-coverts metallic. a’. Entire crown metallic green, back and sides of the head and neck red . duyvenbodii, p. 81. 6’. Front half of the crown, cheeks, and ear-coverts steel-blue; back half of the crown, back, and sides of the neck olive. . . . . . . . pulcherrima, p. 83. b. With no portion of the plumage metallic . . .... =.=. =. . . dubia, p. 85. Page 81. UDREPANIS DUYVENBODEI. Add:— Aithopyga duyvenbodei, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii, p. 316 (1877). CLASSIFICATION. 8. CHALCOSTETHA. Chalcostetha, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103 (1850) . XXV Type. . C. insignis. Membrane covering the nostrils feathered. Tail rather long, strongly and evenly graduated ; two centre feathers of the same form as the others, and but slightly longer than the next pair. No loose downy feathers on the sides of the back. Pectoral tufts yellow. Range. Malay region. Page 87. CHALCOSTETHA INSIGNIS. Nectarinia pectoralis, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 513 (1829). Anthreptes chalcostetha, Lich. Nomencl. Ay. Mus. Berol. p. 56 (1854). Chalcostetha pectoralis, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Chalcostetha insignis, Hume, Str. F. iti, p. 519 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 17; Tweedd. tom. cit. p. 302; id. P.Z. 8. 1878, p. 621; Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 183 (1878); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260; id. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 342. Nectarinia insignis, Brigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 465. According to Messrs. Hume and Davison it is “a rare straggler to the extreme south of the province of Tenasserim, but perhaps extending somewhat further north amongst the islands of the Mergui archipelago. We only procured a single pair of this species in Tenasserim, a male at Malewoon, in April, a female at Patoe Island, in the Mergui harbour, in November.” Mr. E. C. Buxton procured it at Lampong, in South-eastern Sumatra. In Borneo, according to Mr. Treacher, its native name is “ Suit Tongjong.” In January 1878 Mr. Everett collected an adult male at Puerto Princesa, on the island of Palawan, thus extending its range to the Philippine Islands. The late Marquis of Tweeddale kindly lent me this very fine specimen to examine ; it measures—total length 5:1 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2°35, tail 2°05, tarsus 0°6. It is perfectly identical in plumage with Malacca specimens. 9. CINNYRIS. Cinnyris, Cuv. Régne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817) Leptocoma, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 104 (1850) Cyrtostomus, Cab. tom. cit. p. 105 . : Arachnechthra, Cab. tom. cit. p. 105 . do beeraeuis Chalcomitra, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 277 (1854) . Nectarophila, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 280 Chromatophora, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 283. Aidemonia, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 284 Angaladiana, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 285 Hermotimia, Reich. tom. cit. p. 285 . Cyanomitra, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 291 . Eleocerthia, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 291. Carmelita, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 296 Leucochloridia, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 312 . Adelinus, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854, p. 265 SALSA sSeeag Type. . C. splendidus. . C. hasselti. . C. jugularis. lotenius. amethystinus. . hasselti. . Superbus. cupreus. notatus. aspaste. verticalis 3. verreauxt. . C. fuliyinosus. . C. verticalis ©. . C. verreauzi. d XXV1 CLASSIFICATION. Keel of the lower mandible never perfectly straight, but always more or less decurved towards the tip. Membrane over the nostrils either feathered or bare. No loose downy feathers on the sides of the back. Tail square, or slightly rounded, and in one instance (C. erythrocerius) with the two centre feathers abruptly narrowing into elongated tails; with this exception no portion of the central tail-feathers is narrower than the next pair. Range. The same as the family. Key to the Groups and Species. I. Black or Hermotimia group. Membrane over the nostrils feathered. General plumage black. Pectoral tufts absent. Metallic colours confined to the crown, scapulars, wing-coverts, lower back, margins of the tail-feathers, and the throat. Bill and tail proportionally longer than in the next group. a. Metallic portions of the wings and lower back blue. a', Throat and lower back of different colours. Sides of the metallic throat of a different colour from that of the centre. Gifs Milpsoitererval Oreswagtl 4 5 #8 6 pe 6 a co po 6 0 0 0 URS Cle b". Mantle and chest black. HE Winopiplilkyy 95 5 5 of 6 ao 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 9 RNRICTRAIZTUG, jos CS: Gl Micon Goyer 96 5 5 56 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 o » SRIRAOTO, js OM. v'. Throat and lower back of the same colour. Entire throat uniform in colour. 6". Crown more golden, Steel-blue portions strongly shaded with SPO tare Boy Se ee a Ae Fh loo oe Gee) oes om Una as BE) ec". Crown less golden. Steel-blue portions greener, with no violet TCO ee Meee GRRE Sec BQ Aa) oto han Jc 58g HORNER, 19 NOM, 6, Metallic portions of the wings and lower back green (often strongly glossed with blue). b'. Throat blue or lilac. 6". Scapulars and median series of wing-coverts black. b", Portion only of the least series of wing-coverts surrounding the angle of the wing metallic. WER SENS 5h oo on Oo Gl 8 eo oo lk 0 RAHUllR oD, NOB. ch eliarcere ine oe ans ie Pod oo 6 oceibtlanth fo, OS. ce", All the least series of wing-coverts Senpealie ys sa ee PRosennine apelOz7e ol Pe and median series of wing-coverts metallic. . Crown metallic green. cl, Metallic portions of the wings and lower back less shaded Utes Sain a os ep co 0 CSCO, fo, INS. *C, aspasie@ may be divided into the following subspecies :— 1. Female duller. 2. ee . Throat steel-blue with no lilac shade . . . . . . . « « . aspasioides, p. 109. 3!, Throat lilac with no steel-blue shade . . . . See amCON RELL aD al i elic 2’, Smaller. Throat lilac, or steel-blue shaded with lilae Ao on CRN) TOs WN. 1’, Female brighter. Throat steel-blue barely glossed with lilac. . . . corinne, p. 117. CLASSIFICATION. XXV11 d'". Metallic portions of the wings and lower back strongly glossed with blue. d'"". Metallic portion of the throat longer and rounded off on the front of the chest . . . . - . . mysorensis, p. 119. el! Metallic portion of the throat showes aide abruptly ending inastraightlne . .... . . . . . jobiensis, p. 121. aie Crowmyroldent) shee. 1 2 a) Ne) en Ee nayorenscs nals ce. Throat green . . . : . . . . therese, p. 125. II. Nectarophila group. Menon over ie Reaivile not aes feathered. Non-metallic parts rarely black. Metallic colours confined to the same parts as in the last group. Bill and tail short. a. Membrane covering the nostrils feathered. a'. Scapulars metallic. Mantle black. . . . . . . . . . . hasselti, p. 127. 6'. Scapulars not metallic. Mantle red. Rump green. OF, Cen eemdiss 5 eo eo ee BG OS bk oo 6 GUGRAND, fo IBM. ce’, Chest yellow . . . co 0 6 6 fies, jo, 18%. 6. Membrane covering the mosteils Bare: ‘Seaplane not metallic: Rump not green. b'. Mantle brown. Rump violet-shaded steel-blue. . . . . . . zeylonicus, p. 187. c'. Mantle red. Rump bright red, eee washed with metallic IEG 5 5 6 So 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 MNO. Ios Meas, III. Cyrtostomus or Olive- hice Leseihe group. In this and the following groups the membrane covering the nostrils is always bare. Upper parts olive; breast yellow, orange-red, or black ; metallic colours con- fined to the crown, throat, and upper tail-coverts. a. Throat not metallic, upper tail-coverts metallic. . . . . . . . flagrans, p. 147. 5. Throat metallic, upper tail-coverts olive. b'. Under surface of the body yellow. b". Pectoral tufts not darker than the chest. b'"". No yellow eyebrow nor loral band. Sides of the throat shaded with green. 6!" Entire chest chrome yellow. Forehead always steel-blue. aurora, p. 149. ce" Chest gamboge-yellow, occasionally shaded about the middle with chrome-yellow. Forehead rarely metallic, but often slightly tinted with steel-blue . . . . . . jugularis, p. 151. cl, Eyebrow and loral band yellow. Sides of the throat not shaded with green. . . a oe Og 0 HRCROURS, JO» NB. . Pectoral tufts darker than the eee “op With a non-metallic maroon-and-black collar. cl", Forehead not metallic. cl"! Sides of the throat shaded with green. Pectoral tufts uniform gamboge-yellow. Breast paler. Bill longer . andamanicus, p. 157 ad!" Sides of the throat steel-blue, not shaded with green. Pectoral tufts red and yellow. Breast darker. Bill GOS? o 6 6 0 6 Ob 0 6 8 6 0 0 6 oo JETIOERIUETIS, We WI, d'". Forehead metallic . . . . . . + + + + + + « rhizophore, p. 163. d!", With no non-metallic collar. Forehead metallic . . . . pectoralis, p. 165. d 2 XXVill CLASSIFICATION. c’. Under surface of the body orange-red or black. wiBreastiorange-red.= i) ) Ge) to ea en Sa mts /C7709 een lela . ToS IEG 5.5 4 ¢ . . . zenobia, p. 1738. IV. Cinnyris or Dark Metallic group. Entire) rea eee oa back of metallic colours. Abdomen black or dark brown. a. Back bronze, shaded with violet and green. a’. Abdomenbrown 2s a 4 sea) 8) © Oe eee) ee eLOLeR TUS mi emliaa, Bo Abdomen" black — 4 sna +3» oe satis On ECLS2OCICH Saami 6 Back copper-colouric, Ga) nai mctt me mtr) amen eta) Aarne: tr ninco mst) c. Back golden green. c’. Chin and middle of the throat the same colour. Pectoral tufts, when present, uniform yellow or scarlet. c", With no red pectoral band. Larger. el. “Chest black: © <> -. > 2 Gini) hg hee ee Se ovate pelo oe d'". Chest red. d'", Entire throat violet. No pectoral tufts . . . . . . superbus, p..197. el". Upper half of the throat green. Pectoral tufts yellow. . johanne, p. 199. d". With a red pectoral band. Smaller. d', Pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow. ai Mhroataviolets sat cei Ban nne lhe Beane ie eee msp ler atau omnes Ole eli, “Mhroationeeni s G93 ¢ @ 6A A alte) lay ot pemabessuizcus p20: é, Pectoral tufts absent. el". Tail graduated, with the two centre feathers much elongatedS. 7.0. Ul ub be ess reer meen) med ee RMeT UL nOCCRiUS mp E209: fi". Tail square. fll". S. Africa. Total length 5:1 inches, culmen 0°85 to 1, Wine 277, tail 21) tarsus) 0:70) ees ee erie) Wenn ROreguensis per lele. gi". N.E. Africa. Total length 4°7 to 5:1 inches, culmen 0°65 to 0°70, wing 2°6, tail 2:0, tarsus 0°65. . . . osiris, p. 215. hi", W. Africa. Total length 4°6 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2-4, tail 1:64, tarsus0°65 . . . De e eeeOvfasctatucnpeeline i", E. Africa. Total length 4-2 inches, ee 0°60, wing 2:1, tail 1°60; tarsus 0°55 =. 5 3. a, anieronhynchus pelo! fl". Pectoral tufts scarlet. . . . 5st Se PSE ilcomonenszsapaee ls . Chin blue, middle of the throat green. Pectoral tufts yellow, mottled with scarlet. he Abdomen black 3 2° a oe a sw) em eIOSeOREEE OT. Abdomen brown. . . . : : Be ty eo Jomo on 8 ICU Uo CNT Ae Pale weinitie group. Entire head, earl sel aere of metallic colours, Abdomen pale, never black or dark brown. ‘Tail square. a. Wntire head not uniform green. a’. Abdomen white. a". Pectoral tufts uniform sulphur-yellow. . . . . . . « ~~ dewcogaster, p. 229. b". Pectoral tufts scarlet and yellow. 6", With a partial narrow red collar. . . . . . . . . . oustaleti, p. 281. ce", With no signs of aredeollar. . . . . « . . . . « albiventris, p. 233. b'. Abdomen buff or yellow. CLASSIFICATION, XXIX 6. Smaller. Abdomen and thighs buff . . . . . . . . . venustus, p. 235. ce". Larger. Abdomen yellow. Thighs brown. GH. Sites Sabo) eae ee eS hcH Sb 0 bl 6 6 CUS Jey OD) GIN, URNS 550 a eS SOP Seo 5S 5G oo EOMADIS, fo, MA, 6. Entire head uniform green. b'. With no non-metallic pectoral band . . . . . . . . . . coquerelli, p. 243. c'. With a broad non-metallic pectoral band. c''. Pectoral band maroon-brown and black . . . . . . . . sowimanga, p. 245. d", Pectoral band bright scarlet. Abdomen ashy brown. d", Larger. With a narrow steel-blue collar. Abdomen not shaded with olive. d'. Larger. Scarlet pectoral band broader . . . . . . afer, p. 249. é, Smaller. Scarlet pectoral band narrower. . . « . . chalybeus, p. 253. el". Smaller. With no steel-blue collar. Abdomen shaded with Oli® 6 56 oo : : 0 0 - . . . chloropygius, p. 257. VI. Chalcomitra or Dark-brown group. Gaver al Hlbee ae ace brown. Metallic colours confined to the crown, least series of wing-coverts, rump, and throat. a. Lower throat and front of the chest scarlet. @, Clin graclwyjoee wor: lldiss 5 5 oo 6 6 6 a 6 Oo 6 GANGMIMIK, 1» QB 6'. Chin and upper throat metallic green. 6". With a metallic violet patch on the least series of wing-coverts. gutturalis, p. 261. c", With no metallic spot on the wings. cl", Wings and tail darker: dark brown . .. . =. . . . acik, p. 265. d'". Wings and tail paler: cimnamon brown . . . . . . senegalensis, p. 267. b. a no scarlet on the throat or on the front of the chest: . Throat metallic lilac. 3 Crown green. ob", Larger. Upper tail-coverts metallic lilac. . . . . . . amethystinus, p. 269. cl, Smaller. Upper tail-coverts dark brown like the back . . kirkii, p. 273. . Front half of the crown metallic lilac . . .. . . =. =. . fuliginosus, p. 275. Thani metallic green . . . 6-09 6 oe eh kn AOTOTOSISS 1 BIO oe throat black, lower ‘Toa buff . ae ose ef ee aaellentdpeaccle VII. ee or Submetallic group. Metallic colours confined to vais edges of the feathers of the upper parts, throat, and front of the breast, giving only a partial metallic appearance. a. Head, neck, and mantle very dark brown, glossed with bronze. Abdomen white. Pectoral tufts orange . . See ED USCUS aD OOr 6. Upper parts olive, glossed with metallic green. No meni gloss on the underparts, which are pale ashy. Pectoral tufts scarlet . . . verreauxt, p. 287. VIII. Cyanomitra or Olive group. General colouring olive. Metallic colours confined to the head and neck. a. No portion of the plumage metallic. Pectoral tufts yellow. a’. Darker. Beneath pale olive. Pectoral tufts gamboge-yellow . . olivaceus, p. 289. U!. Paler. Beneath ashy white, shaded with olive. Pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow . . . : eee OUSCUTUS Dwell. 6. Throat metallic. Cheeks an ee a epalliel XXX CLASSIFICATION, 6’. Crown not metallic. 6". Pectoral tufts orange . . . - . + + + + + + « «= « dussumieri, p. 293 a Pectoral tufts absent. . . . - «© « «© «© «© «w « ow « « Rantlauhi, pa295. . Crown metallic . . . Pee 6 pb ee oo 5 Oo GMIZTID, p> ZO Ce ane head and throat eallie c!. Metallic parts indigo-bronze, shaded with violet . . . . . . reichenbachii, p. 299. d', Metallic parts bluish green. . ye) Venticalisid pi pao0lle d. Cheeks, ear-coverts, and upper half of the heal Serie green ; under- parts ashy white... 6... 4) 7 a 4G 8 G0. Gy oe. eee empenacalesly pale Page 91. Crnyyris Grayl. Add :— Nectarophila grayi, Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 132. Page 95. CINNYRIs PORPHYROL&MUS. Add :— Chalcostetha porphyrolema, Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 131. Page 99. CINNYRIS AURICEPS. Add :— Nectarinia auriceps, Briigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 465 (1877). Dr. Finsch has kindly informed me that he has examined an adult male of this species collected by Dr. Bernstein on the island of Halmahera. Nectarinia porphyrolema, Briigg., should be erased from the synonymy. Page 109. Cinnyris ASPASIOIDES. Add :— Hermotimia aspasioides, Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 81. Page 113. CrNnNyRIS ASPASIA. Chalcostetha aspasia, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia aspasia, Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); D’Albertis, Ibis, 1877, p. 367. Hermotimia aspasia, Salvad. Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova, x, p. 89 (1877). Cinnyris aspasie, Ramsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, iii, p. 288 (1878). Mr. Morton procured specimens at Port Moresby and along the Laloke river, which Mr. Ramsay identifies as belonging to this species. Page 117. Crnnyris corinne. Add:— Nectarinia aspasia, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 289; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 10. Hermotimia corinna, Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 106. Page 121. Curnnyris Joprensis. Add :— Hermotimia jobiensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, p. 400 (1876). CLASSIFICATION. XXX1 Page 127. Cinnyris Hassett. Add :— Anthreptes hasseltii, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Leptocoma hasseltii, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 300. Nectarinia hasseltti, Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857). Nectarophila brasiliana, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix, p. 300 (1870). Nectarophila hasseltt, Blyth & Walden, Mamm. & B. Burma, p. 142 (1875); Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 18; Tweedd. tom. cit. p. 302. Cinnyris brasilianus, Hume, Str. F. v, p. 271 (1877). Leptocoma braziliana, Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 184 (1878). Cinnyris hasselti, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 342; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 264. Mr. Oates, who has kindly presented me with specimens of the bird and the nest from Lower Pegu, informs me that it is not uncommon in that district. In Sumatra, again, it appears to be a common species; for the late Mr. EK. C. Buxton collected many specimens in the Lampong district. Page 131. Crnnyris speratus. Add:— Red-breasted Creeper, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. p. 708 (ex Sonn. pl. 30. fig. D, 1781). Nectarinia sperata, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 511 (1829). Nectarinia coccinigastra, Drapiez, tom. cit. p. 512. Anthreptes sperata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Leptocoma sperata, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 266. Nectarophila sperata, Tweedd. P. Z. 8.1877, p. 830; id. P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 112, 286, 343, 620. Mr. A. H. Everett, in his late collections from the Philippine Islands, has sent this species home from Leyte Island, Valencia (at the southern extremity of Negros), from the islands of Dinagat and Nipah, and from Butuan river, Placer, and Surigao in the north-east of Mindanao, and from Puerto Princesa on the island of Palawan. All these specimens were kindly lent to me by the late Marquis of Tweeddale; and all the males collected from May to September are in full plumage, while many of those collected in Palawan in December and January are in imperfect plumage, which shows that this species has a dull winter dress, which I believe not to be the case with C. hasselti and C. zeylonicus, Out of this large series there are many in dull plumage, the sexes of which are difficult to determine, as it appears to me that Mr. Everett has sexed them nearly all females, probably without examination. « a. Nestling, not labelled (total length 2°65 inches, culmen 0°35, wing 1:5, tail 0-5, tarsus 0-5), similar in plumage to b. “Dinagat, 2, June 1877: bill black, mandible brown, legs black, iris dark brown.” Upper parts deep olive, including the least and median series of wing-coverts; remainder of the wings dark brown with rufous yellow edges to the feathers; tail black, a few of the feathers with white tips and with rufous-olive edges, a broad dusky band through the eye; eyelids sulphur- XXXIl1 CLASSIFICATION. yellow; a broad, rather indistinct, pale eyebrow; cheeks, throat, and entire under surface of the body pale-olive-shaded yellow, brightest on the lower chest and abdomen; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow. ‘Total length 3:5 inches, culmen 0:5, wing 1:9, tail 1-2, tarsus 0°5. This plumage I should refer to the immature bird, possibly of both sexes. c. “* Valencia, 2, August 1877.” Differs from J only in the upper parts of the head and neck being slightly more dusky, and in the bill being slightly longer and stronger. Culmen 0°6. This I consider to be the more advanced stage of the young bird, possibly of either sex. d. ‘“Dinagat, sex?, June 1877: iris dark brown, bill black, legs dark brown.” Upper parts more ashy brown, with scarcely any shade of olive; underparts, cheeks, and eyebrow ashy white ; centre of the breast tinted with yellow. ‘The feathers in this specimen are much worn. ‘This stage of plumage is possibly due to its being a hen bird which has just gone through the labours of incubation. e. “Surigao, 2, May 1877.” Differs from @ in the upper half of the head and back of the neck being ashy, not shaded with olive, the sides of the head paler and greyer, and the throat ashy white. This I presume to be the female in fully adult plumage. It agrees well with the adult female which I previously described and figured from the collection made by Dr. Steere ~ in Luzon. f. “ Valencia, 2, August 1877.” Similar to the last, excepting that the back of the neck and sides of the head are shaded with olive, and a few feathers on the front of the chest tinged with scarlet. This plumage I presume to belong to the young male or adult male in full moult. g. “Puerto Princesa, 2, 27th December 1877.” Similar to a, excepting that some of the feathers of the upper back and scapulars are shaded with rufous; margins of the wing-feathers more strongly shaded with rufous; centre of the chest and abdomen darker, and brighter yellow. h. “ Dinagat, ¢, June 1877.” Perfectly similar in plumage to the last. Males, probably young. I consider that ¢ is the full adult female; d, adult female after breeding ; a, b, and ¢, young, possibly of either sex; f, g, and /, young males. In fully plumaged adult males the abdomen and under tail-coverts are of a dusky-olive. These parts are generally shaded or mottled with olive-yellow, which I believe to be due to the last remains or approach of the moult: in some of these specimens the crown is more or less strongly shaded with fiery copper; and in such specimens the lower back and upper tail- coverts are generally more strongly shaded with lilac. In two specimens labelled ‘“‘¢, Puerto Princesa, January 1878,” in partial moult, the crown and nape are ashy brown, and the back and scapulars are mottled with that colour; the sides of the throat and the sides of the upper chest mottled with ashy white, and the abdomen and under tail-coverts are bright olive-yellow. In these specimens the metallic feathers which mottle the crown are of a fiery copper-colour, and the lower back and upper tail-coverts are very strongly glossed with lilac, but not to an equal extent; and in one specimen the throat is rather bluer than in the other. CLASSIFICATION. XXX111 Page 135. Cinnyris JuLia. Add:— Nectarophila julie, 'Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 951. Mr. A. H. Everett, while on the island of Mindanao, collected a large series of specimens at Zamboanga in April. Most of the males agree perfectly with my description and figures; but many have the sides and back of the neck next to the ear-coverts and the nape washed with olive. The description of the adult female agrees with the specimens before me; but in the illustration the green shade is a little too intense on the head and underparts. A young male and a young female, so labelled by Mr. Everett, are both perfectly similar in plumage to the adult female, but have the gape orange. Young Male in about half moult. Upper parts, including the least and median series of wing-coverts, ashy brown; remainder of the wings as in the adult; a few metallic feathers on the crown and least series of wing-coverts; sides of the neck and ‘the upper back mottled with red, lower back and upper tail- coverts metallic green glossed with lilac; tail brownish black with broad pale ends to some of the outer feathers; sides of the head ashy; chin and throat white shaded with buff on the sides of the upper throat; breast bright yellow; under tail-coverts paler. Page 137. Cinnyris ZEYLontcus. Add:— Certhia zeylonica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 2035 (1811). Cinnyris zeylonicus, Vieill. N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 507 (1819); Hume, Str. F. v, p- 270 (1877); Fairbank, tom. cit. p. 398; Davison & Wenden, Str. F. vii, p. 79 (1878) ; Cripps, tom. cit. p. 267; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 569 (1879). Nectarinia nigralba, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 510 (1829). tCinnyris lepida, Sykes, J. A. S. B. ii, p. 543 (1834). Anthreptes zeylonica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Leptocoma zeylonica, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 232; Fair- bank, Str. F. iv, p. 256 (1876); Ball, Str. F. vii, p. 208 (1878). Nectarinia zeylonica, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 292. Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1877, p. 270) writes with regard to the distribution of this species :— “Tt may be generally stated that this species is confined to Ceylon, Southern and Eastern India. It does not occur, so far as we know, in Sindh, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajpootana, the Punjab, the North-west Provinces, Oudh, Behar, the Central India Agency, nor in the major portions of the Central Provinces, though in these latter it has been observed occasionally near Chanda, and is common in the Rajpoor and Sumbulpoor districts. It does not extend into any part of British Burmah. It is normally a bird of the heavier rainfalls and better-wooded provinces, though it certainly occurs in the comparatively dry uplands of the Deccan. It never ascends any of the mountain ranges, to the best of our belief, to any considerable elevation, but is essentially a bird of the plains country. With this reservation its range may be said to include Ceylon, Travancore, Cochin, the whole Madras Presidency, Mysore, Hyderabad, the Bombay Presidency south of the 20th degree N. lat., the southern portions of Berar and the Central Provinces to about the same é XXXI1V CLASSIFICATION. latitude, Rajpoor and the eastern states of these provinces, Orissa, the Tributary Mehals, Chota Nagpoor and Lower Bengal west of the Burrumpooter. I have never yet seen it from any of the districts east of this, ¢. g. Chittagong, Cachar, Tipperah, or Sylhet, though at Dacca, imme- diately west of the river, it is common. Nor have I seen it from Assam, though said to occur there, and though Godwin-Austen records a specimen from the Khasya hills.” Page 143. Crnnyris minimus. Add:— Cinnyris minimus, Sykes, J. A. 8. B. iti, p. 543 (1834); Fairbank, Str. F. v, p. 398 (1877); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 572 (1879). Nectarinia minuta, Kelaart, Prodromus, Cat. p. 119 (1852). Leptocoma minima, Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1, p. 150 (1873); Fairbank, Str. F. iv, p. 392 (1876). The limits of its distribution in Ceylon, according to Captain Vincent Legge, appear to be very uncertain. The nest, Mr. Davison informs us, “is suspended to a twig about four or five feet from the ground; it is similar, both in shape and materials, to that of Leptocoma zeylonica, but considerably smaller. They lay two eggs.” ‘The latter are described by Mr. Hume as “ perfect miniatures of some of the eggs of Arachnechthra asiatica; in shape they are somewhat elongated ovals, a good deal compressed towards one end. They have scarcely any gloss. The ground- colour is dull greenish or greyish white; and it is thickly speckled and mottled all over, mostly so towards the larger end (where the spots have a tendency to become confluent and form a zone), with dull greyish white and olivaceous brown. ‘The eggs measure 0°62 by 0°42 inch.” Page 151. Crnnyris suauLaris. Add :— Blue-throated Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. Suppl. p. 163 (1801). Anthreptes jugularis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 56 (1854). Cyrtostomus jugularis, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 710, Gol SiON. das Arachnechthra jugularis, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 536, 538, 547, 698, 763, 830; 1878, pp. 112, 286, 343. The late Marquis of Tweeddale kindly lent me for examination specimens collected by Mr. A. H. Everett from the following localities:—Monte Alban, near Manila, island of Luzon ; Amparo, in the island of Leyte; Valencia, southern point of Negros; islands of Bohol and Nipah; Butuan river, Placer, Surigao, and Zamboanga, in Mindanao; islands of Basilan and Camiguin. The specimens examined from Leyte, Panay, and Guimaras show no signs of chrome-yellow on the chest, and no metallic colours on the forehead; two adult males from Negros have the centre of their chests rather strongly shaded with orange, and the frontal feathers slightly tinted with metallic green; a male from Zebu also has the chest shaded with orange, but no metallic CLASSIFICATION. XXXV shade on the forehead; one male from Basilan has the entire forehead metallic violet, and the centre of the chest slightly shaded with orange, while a second male from the same island has no metallic colouring on the forehead, and no shade of orange on the chest. An immature male from Leyte is similar in plumage to the female, excepting that it has a broad, black, partially metallic band down the centre of the throat. In this group of Sun-birds the adult dress appears generally in the form of a central band of metallic colours on the throat, while in the “ Hermotimia group” the metallic feathers are generally first assumed on the sides of the throat. The Nestling, “2, Butuan, May y 1877” (Everett). Upper parts olive; wings dark brown with broad olive- yellow edges to all the feathers; tail black with the outer feathers on each side white, and with white ends to some of the others; ear-coverts olive like the back; eyebrows, cheeks, and entire underparts bright yellow. Total length 2°5 inches, culmen 0:4, wing 1°55, tail 0°6, tarsus 0°55. Page 153. CINNYRIS FRENATUS. Add :— Cyrtostomus frenatus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, vii, pp. 400, 658, 777, 825 (1875), viii, p. 30 (1876), x, p. 143 (1877); id. Atti R. Acc. ‘Se. Torino, xii, p. 817 (1877); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 97. Nectarinia eximia, Gray, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 190; id. 1861, p. 433. ’Nectarinia zenobia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 155; 1860, p. 348, part., * Gilolo ;” 1861, p. 433, part., “New Guinea.” Nectarinia frenata, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865); D’Albertis, Ibis, 1877, p. 367; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 103, 553; Forbes, P. Z. 5. 1878, p. 125; Sclat. tom. cit. p. 289; larag@ln, 1B, ZA Ss IKST@), jos dude Cinnyris frenatus, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 8. Wales, iii, p. 287 (1878). Arachnechthra frenata, Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 131. I entered this species by error as found in the island of Ceram, on the authority of a female specimen so labelled. ‘This specimen was collected by Mr. Wallace; and I now feel confident that it should be referred to C. zenobia. C. frenatus and C. zenobia are not, I believe, to be met with on the same islands; so that the V. zenobia, Gray, in the above synonymy probably belongs here. The eggs of this species, according to Mr. Ramsay, “are three in number, whitish or pinkish white, with red spots, or dots, some sparingly, others thickly blotched.” Page 161. Cryyyris FLAMMAXILLARIS. Add :— tAnthreptes gularis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Arachnechthra flammazillaris, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, p. 301 (1870); Blyth & Walden, Cat. Mamm. & B. Burma, p. 141 (1875); Armstrong, Str. F. iv, p. 313 (1876); Oates, Str. F. v, p. 148 (1877); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, pp. 192, 507 (1878). Mr. Oates writes to me from Pegu, 4th September 1877, that “it is an error to suppose this e2 XXXV1 CLASSIFICATION. species has seasonal plumages. The young male is coloured like the female up to the first spring, then assumes by a complete moult the plumage of the adult male, and never again changes. ‘The eggs vary in length from 0°65 to 0°60 inch, and in breadth from 0°49 to 0:47 ; and the average of six eggs is 0°62 by 0:475. ‘The breeding-season lasts from the commencement of June to the end of August.” For further details regarding the breeding of this species I must refer my readers to Mr. Oates’s article in ‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. v, p. 148. Page 165. CINNYRIS PECTORALIS. Add :— Cyrtostomus eximius, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia eximia, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Arachnechthra pectoralis, Ball, J. A. S. B. xxxix, p. 31(1870); Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 302. Cyrtostomus pectoralis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 212 (1879). Cinnyris pectoralis, Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 166; Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 259; id. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 341. Page 177. CiINNYRIS LoTENIUS. Add :— Golden-qgreen Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. ui, p. 716 (1781). Cinnyris omnicolor, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 508 (1819). Cinnyris purpuratus, Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 596 (1823). 'Cinnyris falcatus, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 30 (1828). Nectarinia polita, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 511 (1829). Nectarinia purpurata, Drapiez, tom. cit. p. 514. Anthreptes lotenia, Licht. Nomencl. Ay. p. 56 (1854). Arachnechthra lotenia, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 18. Cinnyris lotenius, Fairbank, Str. F. 1877, p. 399; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 563 (1879). Page 181. Crnnyris astaticus. Add :— Cinnyris chrysopterus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 493 (1819). Cinnyris asiaticus, Vieill. tom. cit. p. 494; Fairbank, Str. F. v, p. 399 (1877); Davison & Wenden, Str. F. vii, p. 79 (1878); Cripps, tom. cit. p. 267; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 566 (1879). Cinnyris virescens, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 497(1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Ene. Méth. ii, p. 585 (1825); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 407 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p- 289, no. 669, pl. 575, fig. 3919 (1851); Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15. Cinnyris currucaria, Vieill. N. Dict. dHist. Nat. xxxi, p. 500 (1819); Sykes, J. A. S. B. iii, p. 542 (1834). Red-banded Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 244 (1822). Nectarinia chrysoptera, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 509 (1829). ’Nectarinia currucaria, Drapiez, tom. cit. p. 510. CLASSIFICATION, XXXVI *Nectarinia sola, Drapiez, tom. cit. p. 514. Cinnyris orientalis, Warlow, J. A. S. B. i, p. 320 (1832). Cinnyris mahrattensis, Sykes, J. A. S. B. iii, p. 543 (1834). Nectarinia mahrattensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. & B. Nepal, p. 59 (1846); Kelaart, Prodromus, p- 49 (1852). Anthreptes mahrattensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Arachnechthra currucaria, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 364. Cinnyris epauletta, Hodgs. J. A. 8. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). Cinnyris strigula, Hodgs. tom. cit. p. 575. Arachnechthra asiatica, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii, p. 743 (1856); Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p.415; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 47; Blyth & Walden, Cat. Mamm. & B. Burma, p. 141 (1875); Butler, Str. F. ili, p. 462 (1875); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 190 (1878). Nectarinia asiatica, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 293; Blanford, Ibis, 1870, p. 467. Arachnechthra edeni, Anders. Anat. & Zool. Researches Yunnan Exp., p. 661, pl. 47 (1878). Anderson separates the western and more purple form of C. asiaticus under the new name of Arachnechthra edeni. His type comes from Bhamé6, in Burmah; and he recognizes the Tenasserim bird as identical. I only know of this form from his illustration of the adult male and from his description, which appear to agree well with the A. intermedia, Hume, a form which I consider cannot be admitted as distinct from Cinnyris asiaticus. In my original article I incorrectly attributed the title Cinnyris orientalis to Horsfield instead of to Franklin. Page 191. Crnnyris cupreus. Add :— Nectarinia cuprea, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 270 (1858); Reichen. Corr. afrik. Gesellsch. no. 10, 1874, p. 179; Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 175 (1877). Nectarinia chalcea, Bocage, tom. cit. p. 174. Aidemonia cuprea, Oust. Nouy. Arch. Mus. i, p. 92 (1878). In my original article I entered Nectarinia porphyrocephala, Heugl., incorrectly as WV. porphyrolema. Page 195. Cinnyris Notatus. Add :— Cinnyris lotenius, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 493 (1819). Nectarinia angladiana, Hartl. Vig. Madag. p. 89 (1877). In a recent collection sent to me by Dr. Kirk from the island of Grand Comoro there were several males of this species, which does not appear to be uncommon on that island. Page 197. Crnnyris suPERBUS. Add :— Nectarinia superba, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 514 (1829); Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 165 (1877); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 25. XXXVIIl CLASSIFICATION. Cinnyris superbus, Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 41 (1876). Chromatophora superba, Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. i, p. 85 (1878). Page 199. Crnnyris Jonanna. Add :— Cinnyris johanne, Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 305 (1876); Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. i, p. 84 (1878). Nectarinia johanne, Bocage, Orn. d Angola, p. 166 (1877). The range of this species extends as far south as the Congo, where it has been collected by MM. Petit and Lucan. Page 201. CINNYRIS SPLENDIDUS. Add :— Nectarinia splendens, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii, p. 135 (1868). lectarinia splendida, Bocage, Orn. d Angola, p. 167 (1877). Cinnyris splendidus, Nicholson, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 129; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. i, p. 83 (1878). Mr. Henry Robin has sent it home from Abeokuta to Mr. Nicholson. Page 211. Cinnyris Mariquensis. Add :— Cinnyris mariquensis, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 319 (1876). Page 215. Cinnyris osiris. Add :— In my Latin description of the adult male, read C. mariquensis instead of C. bifasciatus, for it is larger than C. bifasciatus, and scarcely smaller than C. mariquensis. Page 217. Crnnyris Birasciatus. Add :— Nectarinia nitens, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 515 (1829). Nectarinia jardinei, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 340; 1876, p. 262; Reichen. J. f.O. 1877, p. 25. Cinnyris bifasciatus, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 322 (1876); Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 41. Nectarinia bifasciatus, Bocage, Orn. d' Angola, p. 168 (1877). Page 219. CrNNYRIS MICRORHYNCHUS. Add :— Nectarinia jardinei, Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 861 (1870); Fischer & Reichen, J. f. O. 1878, p. 260. Cinnyris microrhynchus, Nicholson, P, Z. 8. 1878, p. 555. Cinnyris jardinei, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 227. This species appears to be fairly plentiful throughout the Zanzibar district, from Mombas to Dar-es-Salaam ; and I have recently received several specimens from Dr. Kirk from the latter locality, and from the Ushambala hills, inland from Pangani. CLASSIFICATION. XXXIX Page 229. CINNYRIS LEUCOGASTER. Add :— Cinnyris leucogaster, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 515 (1819); Less. Mann. d’Orn. ii, p. 56 (1828); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 49. Nectarinia leucogaster, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p- 515 (1829). Cinnyris thoracicus, Less. Trait. d’Orn, ii, p. 297 (1831); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 487. Nectarinia talatala, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1874, p. 35; 1876, p. 151; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 318 (1876); Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 172 (1877). Cinnyris talatala, Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 294. The title Nectarinia talatala, Smith, by which this species is more generally known, must be set aside for the very appropriate one of Cinnyris leucogaster, Vieill.; for I have examined Vieillot’s type in the Paris Museum; it is a fine adult male in good preservation, and there can be no doubt as to its belonging to this species, which I figured and described under the title of Cinnyris talatala. Page 233. CINNYRIS ALBIVENTRIS. Add :— Nectarinia albiventris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv, p. 805 (1855). Page 255. CINNyRIS VENUSTUS. Add:— tCinnyris flaviventer, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 270 (1847). Nectarinia venusta, Bocage, Orn. d’ Angola, p. 173 (1877). Professor Barboza du Bocage records this species from Biballa and Caconda, thus extending it to the interior of Benguela. Page 239. CINNYRIS AFFINIS. Add:— Cinnyris affinis, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 227. According to Dr. Cabanis (/.c.), Drs. Hildebrand and Von Kalckreuth found this species plentiful at Ndi, in the Taita country. This is a most interesting new locality, as the species was not previously known to extend beyond the limits of the North-east African subregion. Page 241. Crnnyris FAZOGLENSIS (C. heuglini, Shelley, 1879). Nectarinia fazoglensis, Finsch in Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. App. p. Ixx. I overlooked the description by Dr. Finsch in Heuglin’s Appendix; hence my Cinnyris heuglini falls to the ground. Page 249. Cinnyris aAFER. Add :— Cinnyris viridis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 514 (1819). Nectarinia smaragdina, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 513 (1829). Nectarinia scarlatina, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854). Cinnyris afra, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265 (1854); Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 425; 1879, p. 294. Nectarinia afra, Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 22. Cinnyris afer, Sharpe, ed Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 313 (1876). Nectarinia ludovicensis, Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 169 (1877). It has been collected by Mr. T. Ayres in the Lydenburg district, and by Mr. T. E. Buckley in Swaziland. xl CLASSIFICATION, Page 255. CINNYRIS CHALYBEUS. Add :— Certhia chalybea, Shaw & Nodd. Nat. Misc. x, pl. 381 (1799). Nectarinia chalybea, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 510 (1829); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857). Cinnyris chalybeus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B.S. Afr. p. 314 (1876); Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 425. Nectarinia intermedia, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 3. Professor Barboza du Bocage has kindly sent me a specimen of his Nectarinia intermedia, collected by M. Anchieta at Caconda. It is a male of this species in partial moult. The locality is interesting, as it extends the range of C. chalybeus into Benguela. © ~~ Page 257. CrNNYRIS CHLOROPYGIUS. Add:— Nectarinia chloropygia, Licht. Nomencl. Ay. p. 55 (1854); Hartl. J. f. O. 1860, p. 109 ; Hein. tom. cit. p. 136; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 25; Bocage, Om. d’Angola, p. 170 (1877). Anthodieta chloropygia, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 7th series, i, p. 106 (1877); id. Nouv, Arch. Mus. i, p. 87 (1878). Cinnyris chloropygius, Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 41. b It has been collected in the Congo district by M. Petit, at Landana and Chinchonxo. Page 261. CINNYRIS GUTTURALIS. Add :— Cinmyris senegalensis, Hahn, Orn. Atlas, Cinnyris, pl. 1 (1834). Nectarinia natalensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Sperling, Ibis, 1868, p. 289. Nectarinia gutturalis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1875, p. 197; 1874, p. 51; 1876, pp. 151, 162; 1877, p. 66; id. Orn. d’Angola, p. 164 (1877); Fischer, J. f. O. 1877, pp. 178, 208; Cab. J.f, O. 1878, p. 227; Fischer & Reichen. tom. cit. p. 260; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 2. Cinnyris gutturalis, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 311 (1876); Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878. p. 395. Throughout the Zanzibar coast it appears to be plentiful, and evenly distributed ; for I have received it in Dr. Kirk’s collections from Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar, and the Pangani river. In Angola M. Anchieta met with it in bands of several individuals in the Humbe district, and was much struck with the sweetness and variety of its song. Page 269. Crinnyris AMETHYSTINUS. Add:— innyris erythrothoraa, Vieill. N. Dict. d' Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 507 (1819). Nectarinia amethystinus, Bocage, Orn. d’ Angola, p. 163 (1877). Cinnyris amethystinus, Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 294. To this species I think Vieillot’s Cinnyris erythrothorax should probably be referred ; but the description is far from being conclusive, and the type no longer exists. CLASSIFICATION. xli The north-western limit for the range of this species, as far as it is yet known, is Caconda, in the interior of Benguela; and it probably does not extend to the north of the river Quanza, into Angola proper. Page 273. Crnnyris KIRK. Add :— Cinnyris kirkii, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. of 8. Afr. p. 317 (1876). Cinnyris (Chalcomitra) kalkreuthi, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 205, 227. Nectarinia kalkreuthi, Fisch. & Reichen. tom. cit. p. 260. Dr. Hildebrandt has collected this species at Mombas, Adi, and Kitui; and Drs. Fischer and Reichenow give the following description of the egg :—* Die Kier sind einfarbig grau, oder am stumpfen Ende dunkel schattirt und mit schwarzlichem Kritzeln bedeckt. Lange 16, Dicke 10°5 mm.” Page 275. CINNYRIS FULIGINOsUS. Add:— Nectarinia fuliginosa, Reichen. Corr. afrik. Gesellsch. no. 10, p. 179 (1874); Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 14 (1875) ; Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 163 (1877). Carmelita fuliginosa, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 7th series, i, p. 106 (1877); id. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 93 (1878). The range which I ascribed to this species must be altered into “ West Africa, from Senegal to the Congo ;” for we have no evidence of its ever having been procured in Angola, or, in fact, any portion of the country south of the Congo. Page 279. . CINNYRIS ANGOLENSIS. Add :— Cinnyris angolensis, Sharpe & Bouvier, Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 304 (1876). Nectarinia angolensis, Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 162 (1877). ’ Nectarinia rubescens, Bocage, tom. cit. p. 178. Chalcomitra angolensis, Oustalet, N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 84 (1878). Page 285. Crnnyris Fuscus. Add:— Nectarinia fusca, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 513 (1829); Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 175 (1877). Page 287. CINNYRIS VERREAUXI. Add:— Nectarinia verreauxti, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854). Cinnyris verreauxii, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 309 (1876). Page 289. CunnyrIs oLivaceus. Add:— Adelina olivacea, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Cinnyris olivaceus, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. 8. Afr. p. 310 (1876). xhi CLASSIFICATION. Page 291. CrNNyRIs OBscURUS. Add :— Cinnyris obscurus, Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 304 (1876). Adelinus obscurus, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 88 (1878). Page 293. Crnnyris DussUMIERI. Add :— Nectarinia dussumieri, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 90 (1877). Page 295. CINNYRIS HARTLAUBI. Add ;-— Nectarinia hartlaubi, Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 179 (1877) Page 297. CINNYRIS CYANOL&MUS. Add :— Nectarinia cyanolema, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 13 (1875); Bocage, Orn. d’ Angola, p. 176 (1877). Page 299. CINNYRIS REICHENBACHII. Add :— Nectarinia reichenbachi, Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 31; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 14 (1875). Adelinus reichenbachii, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 88 (1878). Dr. Reichenow informs us that it is plentiful in the Camaroons and Gaboon; and M. Oustalet mentions a specimen collected by M. Marche at Cape Lopez. Page 501. CINNYRIS VERTICALIS. Add :— Nectarinia cyanocephala, Reichen. Corr. afrik. Gesellsch. no. 10, p. 179 (1874); Bocage, Orn. d’Angola, p. 171 (1877). Cyanomitra cyanocephala, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. i. p. 89 (1878 10. ANTHREPTES. Type. Anthreptes, Swains. Class. B. 11, p. 329 (1837) . A. malaccensis. Cinnyricinclus, Less. Rev. ii, p. 272 (1840) . . . . .. =... ~. . A. longuemarii. Anthodieta, Cab. Mus: Hein: i, p. 100) (1850) = = = A collars: Chateoparza, Cab. tom: icit.sp; 103] \) 1) 8S ee eRe see eee elena ecenzcoces: PICO RG DCR CE Woe iin jy OES 6 6 6 5 68 5 46 6 6 6 8 3 6 4b pamilnneIEE. Mangusta, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854, p. 265. - 2. 2 2 3 5 6 Aa reciinosinis: Euchloridia, Reichb. Handb. Scansorix, p. 312 (1854). . . . . . . . A. rectirostris. Hypogramma, Reichb. tom. cit.p.314 . . .. . - . . . - =. - A. hypogrammica. Tephrolema, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 137 . : . A. tephrolema. Arachnophila, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genova, v, p. 72 (1S74)) > = = ea srmplen: Keel of the lower mandible perfectly straight. Membrane over the nostrils bare. No loose downy feathers on the sides of the back. Tail square or slightly rounded. Range. Ethiopian, Indian, Malay, and Philippine regions. CLASSIFICATION. xlili Key to the Species. a. Throat and chest without metallic colours. Female never adorned with metallic colours, and with the back always clear olive. a’. General plumage olive. a". Breast strongly striped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aypogrammica, p. 305. b". Breast without stripes. 6". No portion of the boys metallic. Pectoral tufts orange- THO) pd. oe ¢ O54 6 oo 5 6 6 6 0 ADARL Os BOW. cl". Only forehead tell No pectoral tufts . . . . . . simplex, p. 309. é'. General plumage in the male not olive. Entire upper parts metallic. b". No metallic colours on the cheeks and ear-coverts. Larger. b!. Throat rosy-red. Cheeks and ear-coverts strongly shaded WGN TAOS 5 5 5 > 0 6 6 66 6 bp 6 6 0 o MaMa I OIE, cl". Throat brown. Cheeks and ear-coverts olive. cl", Smaller. cl". Breast and pectoral tufts ce the same shade of Welw o 6 oc ol i ins Malaccensis; py ald: da" Breast yellowish ilies contrasting strongly with the bright yellow pectoral tufts. . . . . . . « celebensis, p. 319. dad! Larger. Breast olive-yellow, contrasting water strongly with the bright yellow pectoral tufts . . . . . . chlorigastra, p. 321. oe Throat silvery grey . . . 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 9 RGIS, >. BEB. . Cheeks and ear-coverts ruby-copper. Smaller . . . . . . phenicotis, p. 325. b. The oat or collar of metallic’ colours. Females generally adorned with metallic colours, and with the back never clear olive. b'. Female—mantle ashy or dusky brown, and not metallic. b". Metallic parts confined to the throat and front half of the crown. A broad band down the centre of the chest and the under tail- Covertsiscarlete rum acune : a . . . . anchieta, p. 329. . Male—chin and upper half of ‘ne neat not Men. remainder of the head, neck, and mantle metallic green. Female with- out metallic colours. ce, Chin and upper half of the throat yellow . . . . . . . rectirostris, p. 331. ae Chin and upper half of the throat ashy grey. . - . tephrolema, p. 333. . Male—chin, throat, and entire upper parts metallic violet or steel-blue. Female with the same metallic colours confined to the upper tail-coverts and tail. . . . oho le . longuemarii, p. 335. . Female—entire upper parts of metallic colours, Suatere to the wale: In the male sides of the head, chin, and upper half of the throat also metallic. ec, Larger. Metallic portion of the throat shorter, and not ending in a steel-blue collar. Pectoral tufts orange . . . . . . aurantia, p. 337. d", Smaller. Metallic portion of the throat longer, and ending in a steel-blue collar. Pectoral tufts yellow. yo xliv CLASSIFICATION. d", Secondaries edged with metallic green. . . - «© «» « Ccollaris, p. 339: e"’, Secondaries edged with olive-yellow, glossed with gold on the inner feathers . . . . . « zambesiana, p. 343. fl". Secondaries edged with Blive. allow Tahoe metallic lustre . hypodila, p. 345. Page 305, ANTHREPTES HYPOGRAMMICA. Add :— Anthreptes hypogrammica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Briigg. Abhandl. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 458 (1876); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 178 (1878); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260. Hypogramma nuchalis, Hume, Str. F. ii, p. 319 (1875). Anthreptes nuchalis, Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, p. 300 (1877). Page 309. ANTHREPTES SIMPLEX. Add:— Anthreptes simplex, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 18; Briigg. Abhandl. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 458 (1877); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 188 (1878); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260. Arachnophila simplex, Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 301; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 212 (1879). Arachnothera simplex, Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, p. 300 (1877). Page 313. ANTHREPTES RHODOLZMA. Add :— Anthreptes rhodolema, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260. Mr. Sharpe records this species for the first time from Borneo upon the authority of a specimen collected by Mr. W. H. Treacher on the Lawas River. Page 515. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS. Add :— Cinnyris lepidus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 504 (1819). Nectarinia lepida, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 512 (1829). Anthreptes malaccensis, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 621; Hume & Davis. Stray F. vi, p. 186 (1878); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 213 (1879); Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 166; Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 342. The locality Flores should be taken from the range of this species; for the Flores specimen which I have examined I now consider to belong to A. celebensis. In the Paris Museum I have examined adult males from Igikas and Bang-kok, in Siam, on the authority of Bocourt, and from Cochin China (Harmand). Page 319. ANTHREPTES CELEBENSIs. Add :— Anthreptes celebensis, Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 131. The adult male and the three immature males collected by Mr. Wallace in Flores, which I CLASSIFICATION. xlv previously referred to A. malaccensis, I am now convinced should belong to this species, as well as another specimen collected by Mr. Wallace which I have examined in the Paris Museum. Dr. Meyer, from his personal notes on the birds of Celebes (Ibis, 1879, p. 131), writes:—“ A common bird in the Minahassa. Togian Islands, August; Limbotto, July. South Celebes: Batubassi, November; Makassar, Tello, January. Iris red; feet greyish green; claws grey; sole of the foot yellow; bill black. Feeds on insects.” Page 321. ANTHREPTES CHLORIGASTRA. Add :— Anthothreptes chlorogaster, Tweedd. P. Z. 8.1877, p. 763; 1878, pp. 287, 951; 1879, p. 72. Mr. A. H. Everett has collected this species at Valencia, at the southern extremity of Negros, on the island of Zebu, and also from Zamboanga, in Mindanao, and on the island of Basilan. The specimens from Zamboanga and Basilan are of rather small size; the only adult male, from Zamboanga, measures—total length 4-9 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2°6, tail 1°75, tarsus 0-7; and the throat is strongly shaded with rufous. Page 325. ANTHREPTES PH@NIcoTIS. Add :— Nectarinia phenicotis, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 513 (1829). Chalcoparia singalensis, Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 189 (1878). Chalcoparia cingalensis, Anderson, Anat. & Z. Researches, Yunnan Exped. p. 662 (1878). Anthreptes pheenicotis, Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 166; Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 260; id. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 342. Chalcoparia phenicotis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 214 (1879). The tongue of this species is of the ordinary Anthreptes type—bifurcated, and not quite so long as in Cinnyris; this I have ascertained from the examination of a specimen kindly sent to me in spirits by Mr. Hume for this purpose, which is now preserved in the British Museum. In Yunnan this species has been recorded by Mr. Anderson from Sawady. Page 331. ANTHREPTES RECTIROSTRIS. Add:— Mangusia rectirostris, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia fantensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, pp. 441, 470. Nectarinia gabonica, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 41 (1871); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 70. In my original article I describe an immature bird as the adult female, and the throat of that specimen as being buffish yellow instead of ashy white. The true adult female of this species I now feel confident is the Nectarinia gabonica, Sharpe (nec Hartl.), of which the following is a description :— Upper parts ashy brown slightly tinted with olive towards the lower back; wings and tail rather darker brown with the edges of the feathers paler and shaded with olive ; tail tipped with white, most broadly xlvi CLASSIFICATION. so towards the outer feathers; eyebrow, cheeks, and sides of the forehead white; under surface of the body white, shaded with ashy on the crop, sides of the body, abdomen, and under tail-coverts ; under surface of the wings brown with pale inner margins to the quills, and with the coverts white; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°5, wings 2:3, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°65. This specimen forms the subject of the upper figure in the illustration, and is the one of which Mr. Sharpe writes (Ibis, 1872, p. 70):—‘* Of this curious little Sun-bird Mr. Ussher sends a single specimen from Fantee. I had already noticed it in his Volta collection, but had been unable to determine it until M. J. Verreaux recognized it as V. gabonica, of which the type is in his own collection in Paris. I cannot help having an idea that this bird will prove to be the female of some other species of Sun-bird, though M. Verreaux entertains the contrary belief.” The generic title of Anthodieta, which I formerly applied to this species, should be discarded for that of Anthreptes. 3. ANTHREPTES TEPHROLAMA. Add :— Nectarinia gabonica, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, pp. 18, 109; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1300 (1869). Nectarinia chlorolema, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 7. Anthodieta tephrolema, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 69; Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 7th series, p- 106 (1877); id. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 87 (1878). Nectarinia tephrolema, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 13 (1875); Bocage, Orn. d’ Angola, p. 177 (1877). Page 33 In 1876, when I published the first part of my present work, I described as the adult female of A. tephrolama what I have now no doubt is a bird in immature plumage. This error arose from the sex not being marked on any of the specimens, and from my unwillingness to consider Nectarinia gabonica, Hartl., as specially distinct from N. gabonica, Sharpe; yet I now feel con- fident that the former is the true female of A. tephrolema and the latter that of A. rectirostris. Their range exactly coincides; their measurements agree ; and their colouring, as females of these two species, is not surprising when we compare them with the female of A. longuemarii. I have been nnable to examine a typical specimen of Nectarinia gabonica, Hartl. ; so I here quote the original description :—“ Supra cinerea; rectricibus, duabus intermediis exceptis, macula alba terminatis; fasciola stricta frontali utrinque supra oculos parum conspicue extendente lorisque albis; subtus albida, pectore et lateribus subcinerascentibus; subalaribus niveis; rostro brevi nigerrimo; pedibus nigris. Long. 3” 10-11", rostr. a fr. 5”, al. 2” 1, caud. a bas. 15", tar<16'7 (22 ).” In my original article, for Anthodiwta tephrolema read Anthreptes tephrolema; and in the description, for “ Adult Female” read “ Immature bird”. Nectarinia chlorolema, Hartl., was, I am informed by the author, only a misprint for N. tephrolema. CLASSIFICATION. xlvil Page 335. ANTHREPTES LoNGUEMARH. Add:— Anthreptes longuemarti, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 152 (1878). Anthothreptes lonquemari, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 227. M. Oustalet (/. ¢.) was the first to record this species from Los Island, close to the coast to the north of Sierra Leone, and remarks that the specimen agrees perfectly with others from Casamanse. : Professor Barboza du Bocage kindly forwarded to me for examination a male and female from Caconda, in Benguela; and I found them to agree perfectly with the specimens I figured and described from Casamanse. Since I wrote my original article the range of this species has been found to extend into the Zanzibar province of Eastern Africa, where Dr. Hildebrandt has procured it at Ndi, in the Taita country, as recorded by Dr. Cabanis (/. ¢.); and in my own collection I have a specimen collected by Dr. Fischer at Massa on the 5th November 1878. ‘This specimen, an adult male, agrees well with my former description, excepting in its somewhat smaller size: total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 2°5, tail 2, tarsus 0-7. Page 337. ANTHREPTES AURANTIA. Add:— Anthreptes aurantius, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 7th series, i, p. 106 (1877); id. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 94 (1878). Two specimens in the late Marquis of Tweeddale’s cabinet, collected by DuChaillu, and both labelled “3 juv., Camma River, 1858,” I shall here describe fully, as there are some interesting points to be remarked in their plumages. a. Upper parts, including the least and median series of wing-coverts and the ear-coverts, metallic golden-green strongly shaded with steel-blue on the ear-coverts, sides and back of the neck, upper back, and upper tail-coverts; remainder of the wings dark brown, glossed with green; the quills edged with olive-yellow; a few of the innermost secondaries, the greater and primary wing-coverts edged with metallic green, strongly shaded with gold; tail violet-shaded blue, with the edges of the feathers metallic bluish green; in front of the eye a small triangular patch of black feathers; sides of the forehead, a broad eyebrow, cheeks, chin, throat, and front of the chest white slightly washed with brownish buff; remainder of the under surface of the body yellow; pectoral tufts bright yellow slightly shaded with orange; under surface of the wings brown, with pale inner margins to the quills, and the coverts white. ‘Total length 43° inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°35, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°7. b. Upper parts ashy brown tinted with olive on the back; wings brown, all the eosin edged with olive-yellow; tail dark brown, strongly washed with violet, shaded with green, a few of the outer feathers with pale ends; a triangular patch of feathers in front of the eye and the upper half of the ear-coverts ashy brown like the crown; sides of the forehead, front half of a broad eyebrow, cheeks, lower half of the ear-coverts, and the chin buff; remainder of the eyebrow and throat white; under surface of the body very pale yellow; under wing-coverts white tinted with yellow. Total length 4:2 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 2°4, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°68. xlvill CLASSIFICATION. Page 339. ANTHREPTES COLLARIS. Add :— Nectarinia collaris, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xy, p. 511 (1829). Cinnyris metallicus, Less. 'Traité d’Orn. p. 294 (1831). Anthodiceta collaris, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 320 (1876). In my original article I referred this species to the genus Anthodieta; it should stand as Anthreptes collaris. Page 343. ANTHREPTES ZAMBESIANA. Add :— Anthodieta zambesiana, Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 321 (1876); Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 356, Anthodieta collaris, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 226. Nectarinia collaris, Fischer & Reichen. tom, cit. p. 260. In the Zanzibar district this is a common and widely spread species. In the original article, for Anthodieta zambesiana read Anthreptes zambesiana; and for the -last paragraph read that the figure is taken from the type specimen in the British Museum. The lower figure in the illustration alone belongs to this species. Page 345. ANTHREPTES HYPODILA. Add:— Nectarinia subcollaris, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. p. 15 (1875). Cinnyris hypodilus, Sharpe & Bouvier, Bull. S. Z. France, 1876, p. 41. Nectarinia hypodilus, Bocage, Orn. d Angola, p. 176 (1877); Reichen. J. f.O. 1877, p. 25. Anthodieta subcollaris, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. 7th series, i, p. 106 (1877). Anthodiata hypodila, Oust. N. Arch. Mus. i, p. 85 (1878). Subfamily III. AracHNoTHERIN&. Form more robust and heavier than in the other subfamilies. Metallic colours never present. Head with or without bare skin, but never wattled. Bill long; keel of the lower mandible always decurved. Bill stouter and rougher than in the other subfamilies. Membrane over the nostrils bare. First primary shortest. Feathers on the sides of the back often of a downy texture and rather long. ‘Tail square or rounded. ‘Tarsus proportionally shorter and stouter, and never dark brown or black. Range. Indian, Malay, and Philippine regions. Key to the Genera. a. Culmen compressed into a sharp ridge between the nostrils . . . . . . Arachnothera. 6. Culmen not compressed into a sharp ridge between the nostrils, but broad, iieiMneal OPO l G5 on 6 5 6 5 a 4 4 Ro . « « « Arachnoraphis. CLASSIFICATION. xlix 1. ARACHNOTHER:. Type. Arachnothera, Temm. PI. Col. pl. 388, note (1826) . A. chrysogenys. Sides of the head with or without bare skin. between the nostrils. Range. The same as for the subfamily. Culmen compressed into a sharp ridge Key to the Species. a. Cheeks feathered. No yellow on the sides of the head. a'. Bill proportionally stouter and stronger. No pectoral tufts. Throat and under surface of the body the same colour, and more or less striped. a", Upper parts striped. Underparts buff, and strongly striped. a. Stripes broader and more distinct on the lower half of the back . oo 3 0 68 6 5 1b 6 © 6 6.0 6 0 Ty 1D. GAN b". Stripes narrower and almost obsolete on the lower half of the back . See eer Name eer ys: ctrl Sain gag DAOC Nate, aU ALG a wont b". Upper parts without stripes. Underparts ashy and indistinctly striped. 6", Smaller. Shaft-stripes paler and less sharply defined. General plumage slightly greener. Lower mandible paler . . . . modesta, p. 353. c, Larger. Shaft-stripes darker and more sharply defined. General plumage slightly more golden above and more ashy beneath. Lower mandible darker . Fh Ror ota eer lee. Par hau aad HDR Os Co 6'. Bill proportionally weaker and longer. With pectoral tufts. Throat white or ashy white; under surface of the body yellow or shaded with yellow. b". Sides of the chest, abdomen, and under tail-coverts bright yellow. 6". Centre of the chest bright yellow. Pectoral tufts chrome- yellow Bod aU OMi aay ice ts a Sie ga . longirostra, p. 357. cl, Centre of the chest white. Pectoral tufts deep orange . . . flammifera, p. 361. ce’, Under surface of the body olive-buff. Pectoral tufts chrome- Ve lowe eee Tee. Pee iat hurd ROULULION DOOos b. Cheeks bare. An eyebrow and the lower half of the ear-coverts sulphur- yellow . chrysogenys, p. 365. Page 347. ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA. Add :— Arachnothera magna, Gammie, Str. F. v, p. 385 (1877); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, pp. 173, 507 (1878). Mr. Hume writes (Str. F. vi, p. 507) :—“ This year in April, for the first time in five years, Davison saw and shot a single specimen of this species, and this not only far south of Pahpoom, but actually at Tavoy itself.” Mr. Gammie (J. c.) gives an interesting account of its habits in Sikkim, and mentions an g ] CLASSIFICATION. instance of one of these birds “ feeding a fully-fledged Cuckoo (C. micropterus) quite strong on the wing.” Arachnothera affinis, Blanford, Ibis, 1870, p. 467, should not be referred to this species, but to A. longirostra. Page 353. ARACHNOTHERA MODESTA. Add :— Arachnothera modesta, Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, pp. 176,507; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 214 (1879). The range of this species is somewhat wider than I previously assigned to it. It ranges from Tavoy town, where it has been procured by Mr. Davison (/. ¢. p. 507), into Sumatra and Borneo. Count Salvadori regards a specimen collected by Dr. Beccari at Sungei Bula, in Western Sumatra, as identical with specimens from Borneo; and, upon such good authority, I presume that the Sumatra species is A. modesta, and that A. affinis is confined to Java; for I think it highly improbable that two such closely allied species should be found on the same island. Page 355. ARACHNOTHERA AFFINIS. Add :— Cinnyris affinis, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 101. 10 fo} I think it advisable to limit the known range of this species to the island of Java, as the evidence for its occurrence in Sumatra, based on Arachnothera inornata, 8. Mill. & Schl., is not sufficiently good, since Count Salvadori has recognized A. modesta as inhabiting that island. Page 357. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRA. Add :— Arachnothera longirostra, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 888, text (1826); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Fairbank, Str. F. v, p. 397(1877); Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, pp. 174, 507 (1878); Hume, Str. F. vii, p. 35 (1878) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 166; Sharpe, tom. cit. p- 261; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 214 (1879). Cinnyris longirostratus, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 32 (1828). Cinnyris longirostris, Less. tom. cit. p. 56. Arachnothera longirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv, p. 43 (1846); Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 237 (1857). Arachnothera pusilla, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 222 (1849). In Western Sumatra, Count Salvadori informs us (/. ¢.), it has been collected by Dr. Beccari at Kaju-tanem and at Ajer. The Celebes Spider-hunter was first referred to this species by Mr. Blyth (Cat. B. Mus. A. 8S. Bp. 1222). The illustration of this species was done after I published my article; and I thought it advisable to figure a male instead of a female from Java. CLASSIFICATION. hi Page 363. ARACHNOTHERA DILUTIOR. Add :— Arachnothera dilutior, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 621. I have examined four specimens collected by Mr. A. H. Everett at Puerto Princesa, on the island of Palawan. They are one male and three females, in all of which the pectoral tufts are present, and the plumage perfectly similar. According to the labels, “¢ iris brown, bill black, legs and feet dark grey; 2 iris dark brown, denuded orbital skin greenish yellow, bill black with the lower mandible grey, legs and feet bluish grey.” Male. Total length 5°8 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 2°8, tail 2°15, tarsus 0-75. Females. Total length 5°3 to 5:4 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 2:4 to 2°45, tail 1:6 to 1-75, wing 0°65. Page 365. ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS. Add :— Arachnothera chrysogenys, Hume & Davison, Str. F. vi, p. 177 (1878); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 261; id. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 343; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, xiv, p. 214 (1879). Count Salvadori records three specimens collected by Dr. Beccari at Ajer, in the west of the island of Sumatra. Mr. Sharpe writes (P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 343):—*Arachnothera chrysogenys (Temm.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 107, is to be expunged from the Labuan list.” Nevertheless I feel little doubt it will be found to inhabit that island. 2. ARACHNORAPHIS. Type. Arachnoraphis, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 313 (1854). . . . . . . . A. flavigastra. Arachnocestra, Reichb. tom. cit.p.314. . . .... =. =.=. =. ~. . . A. erassirosiris. No bare skin on the sides of the head. Culmen not compressed into a sharp ridge between the nostrils, but broad, flattened or rounded. Range. Malay region. Key to the Species. a. Bill proportionally slighter and longer; culmen more than three times the length of the tarsus. No yellow on the sides of the head . . .« robusta, p. 367. 6. Bill proportionally stouter and shorter; culmen rarely exceeds twice the length of the tarsus. With yellow on the sides of the head. b'. Yellow on the sides of the head confined to a few feathers above and lDeOw WHS GVO oo 4 2 6 § 6 @ 6 5p 9 5 Goo oD . crassirostris, p. 371. c'. Yellow on the sides of the head forms a broad circle round the eye, and extends over the lower half of the ear-coverts . . . . . . flavigastra, p. 373. Page 371. ARACHNORAPHIS CRASSIROSTRIS. Add :— Arachnoraphis crassirostris, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 261. Arachnothera crassirostris, Salyad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xiv, p. 215 (1879). According to Count Salvadori (/. ¢.) it has recently been collected at Ajer, in the western g 2 ln CLASSIFICATION. province of Sumatra, by Dr. Beccari; and Mr. Sharpe records a specimen sent home from the Lawas river, in Northern Borneo, by Mr. W. H. Treacher. Page 373. ARACHNORAPHIS FLAVIGASTRA. Add :— Arachnothera simillima, Hume, Str. F. vii, p. 171 (1878). With regard to A. simillima Mr. Hume writes (/. c):—‘* Our people sent us up from near Malacca three more specimens precisely similar to the type, two of which appear to be not only quite adult, but rather old birds. “ Having now four specimens of this form, all of them of precisely the same type, I hardly see how we can ayoid the conclusion that they represent a distinct species.” b 4 ee GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. liv | KI: . ele ele tle epee epeepee Cpe Ki). “| HI- i i ce * oe . eles oe oe . ea Se 0 Oe | cn eed ea oles ele elee . eles eelee ele . Ye ai ele Kies . | feeds el] oe]. [ae]. * || : ¢ . oallon 610 ao * i. oa a * |. Bae a een «|e |- sla]. sel oe | oe | oe . elects . . sede *| * I]. . *|- : * 1 KI: oe KK): ral . eele eto ele lee oo. . *& |e |e | KL * * || * |. : Cc Ce ee |S a * || ta foc] R BR OQ] td) ee) | | Q 7) Q Qa RnR) 8 N kd n 8 ile zi a Ee S 5 iS g cP B\S EIS Sls 9 & = = = 2 7 He & S E e Sy Sy 3 ale aj 2 = i] e S = & z = 5 EB a SZIS/S le lS IE IS |e lBls|elejs SiS /S18 18 SB) s lS) b/s 18 joe BISJZISIRISISISIBISISISIZIS IBIS ISM lale BVP S/R BRIER IB ISS 1S (8/2 (5/818 |2 lr) le le le els (S fale le (tle (S le iH lle le ele (Sie (S/Slele isle le all (PSE) e| EN Se FM Vite te eal (a 1 Ss] (S/2l@IS iF] IP uelelapayere) lee los EIS |e /8 8 ole sls se q BIPISlo/F == 5 41] 2 a 5 S/S) 4/8 > Ble |e lSl|® BIE ale olPl4 12 Ws 12 Ie S B| |S|a\E e| |2ls ‘ al yl2|e B|B/EIS al 18) (Be |e 2 El: q : & |B 5|2 1S |e BIS isis : S Bie 3 : 2 Ge a “ 1e,) 2 Pajre ite ‘eh B 9 5 Si ; “2 abe PA ss = p aS BB *NOIDAUAAG a Je “‘NOIDaUANG *NOIDaUAAG NUGLSVS-HLAO NT NOIDTUAAG NUGLSA AA NOIDaUTNG NUGHLAOG NUGLSVOT ANAUVOSVIY ‘“NOIDHU NVOIUAV s1r1s0 sismonbr1eur “7s sntrao0ryy 410 Pe SOIUIssaqey Cena ar ar ery snprpueyds an candace euueyol wee eee snqiedns + sngeqjou snoidno stiduury “+ BgoRpora soydeqonyuy Sie lelenavel.s)\ejialim Trsn00q OZ2ZB904 sueqrmoardno BSOULLT "os eyeyorud vrutrey00 Ny Bingeyd —— "+" Borpejour vudipApay suvosniod stwedarpoo yy lv * * * * % *% GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. oo0n 0000 eptpod.q Ie ee BUBISAG BZ 900006 ++ ++ “streroo vss eure pein See TLIVWANSUOT Ge Bmaporydoy ear a a STISOINIIL Sap oCD OO ajonpour “7 +" +> Troserz soyderqquy st[ROWqIOA Pee Trypequsyorer pa ee snuepourso DAE 1qnepLey TRE Idetummssup ees TOSCO snooBatyo SPRUE: TXNBOIIOA CGR AeaO-0 snosny saeco toqqope PaaS B SISMOTOSUB Od 0D 00 00 SNSOULST[NT FRE “+++ snogsAqyoure peek S SISMo[B.soTOS econ soe Boeke Fea STTRIN| INS sees snaequendo ae ear sntsAdoxo[yo eae ro snaq Aero So. GO RSD s roye aur} cena a0} eee soe rjeronboo Se EEA stsuoTbosvy ener eek * snqsnu0a Perak teaats SEIIUOATAR hlestese ake moss yoTeysno sorts ToqseSooney +++ wago sos" ststaLoulo0d CULES aa lvi GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. PALHARCTIC REGION. INDIAN REGION. MEDITERRANEO- | Inpo-Cuinesg InDIAN SUBREGION. | | Persic SuBREGION. v SUBREGION. a d 3 4 3 8 ele 2 Ee) Saeslenle nH < Tal. f : = j/& A ol eeh ania! Ai = Alot] .|_/sla] te! |Fl [1 Si ai4ls] dis] [2], a S\-| a) S| EIS] 8g] S$! g].8]/ a] | al S| 8) 2/ 8/8 gq I > -|n/S] S| & Al-ale] ei Si sige sto)| aty|)c 3 ==] 3 FSi gle) Vie] Sls1 8] a] 2/8) aS] 3 3|/¢ g\a)8 2 = | B/S) Bl al 5| Bi) 8) 8) 5/4] ee] 218) 8) 8/8) els) -a 3 A |aldla/Slalolaielala|SlaeiS)<4/alainisialsia (Gin socacwecenoee * ABthopyga nipalensis ........|)/......|...... Bol |Faleslianlnolfao! la lealealleolleSlloelles —— horsfieldim Mee wcee cc sill cee ecto] eisterocie Se llocall orale al etal (es RENE oo oo opooooonioogabs oaono5 cofeefecde |e lage] | oe] ae | | PNA THB coos ae oolllgososs || atasoc tal lod\ sollal aol eollec|aallacol/aallealsallgollaalljccl| = ==— CADEVM mata siecle eater l|nasstacnen| anions oare Stilo Sioallealtouiiaolle silo allo olla allecallay dia silo ollie /<7lo. off 2 gouldise sho Ove ch che Oo all] oO Coches Guo J seeeee sefeelecleelee| #] axel oe] +] el] oe) xe] KI OK —=sbiniGES) Go osmsoo s0ull| Ho osbe Nercrotore.< sefeefe ete ctee fae] ae] oe | ae | oe | ae foe Cri Wri GUO omc cmo tian enon oc ecg 3 65) [balsolivalfoolloallos|lenioullealfcalloclla allool||eoll Fall, H— G1] a De conneaiat Hoe Bto Cane | geecros Ge MSS citar efecfeede el) ae ae} ae] ae fae] ae lac toe ae te elle] ae Urodrepanis christine ...... Vonsaae letasiore Sol ot eclleral icl ib ollssioollsolloollae| lal nallovtllectioc|loilesllafolecallool[e Chalcostethaansyonisae tye alee nr letacient: gollso|loo|loolloalloclloo)orllo offs slfoslis olloolle-allisallool| esiioolfe oli Cinmyriswhasseltineyes yes ieee leeeese na aera: sqloalbaalleciicolaalloclsallaolis ollealool|ealles|feallsalicr PNM DAT Some us RSOO||| abooae| | ada oe oalloall alee aloeliselealtaalles ile: UMS ok noo g eco Youoeu || oseae wo fae | ae ibanerallny, scagaedel|laaeseo|lacoons sAllecllecleallgclos)ioallsollaofls.clleolleo|loollaallleseal_ulletallol|e mhizophorses «smile ie Peo Ose PanGie oo Ba|(A'5\arol loa) |o-0| al loalloe|loolle clloa/laolla.diloel|loulfoolla ulla.ciieallec!levalle*s LOtONIUS seasei xe sc ide eile peel eeeae wele ef oe | xe ———‘ASIALICUS =. ec oe ne oe aero hecy * ea ae eee a * * Anthreptes hypogrammica..../)..... Beers sa|/o4 (4 Slleollo||o ales} lacloclSollaciisiallsalloc SIMPLER ee ndash slewsied seal Uoiedrarsttonsy, |eneceeaec Sc o6 == AMAA COBNBIS im, sie, lorie cPall tee cheers never, cane Selon) (collen|lpolfaulleallo a|¥alloollomllooloollaolllasd is —— phonicotis............|)...... rokoetHo cb wefecfec{eeteefee[e eo] ae] ae] ae] oe] oe | xe Hl oe | oe * * * * * * Arachnothera magna ........ Ses dct eich aarsenbito< solectleo|balaal|ool|ealeallaaesilesiiesleallilles| cs PURE cago sono aod liad oo 0 'la63o.0:0 salloallodiicallaalloolloallacilowlloal[scllcallacllooll! olfes longirostra o [6 miviicst aitsibe ete) stelle, siurns ere) || ial evavelrene wefe el HM le el efecto ete ede ede ele ele ele] ell Be] —— chysogenys ..........]|...... Bonsetas 06 aelleral| ete B fo} Qu o a i} * * KK * GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. INDIAN REGION (continued). Inpo-Maay SuBREGION, ai| g|s|e\s a|"3 | al 3/8 : 3/ 2/8) 3 /8| 8/3818 Ee s| | 96| ale Ot 6S : E\-s| a 2(2/4| 3| el 2/412] S| | 2/4] el | 3] Sl aldis| Ss els |) ,2| 2) 5/8) 8/8) 5) S| alala| S| S| Si Sls| ee elals S/4/4/2/5 SASS Aas lajalalNialal/alslaia — — | — = ee | ADO EE GaN, o5a5 0650 oul|solloolaolas * temmincki.........: fea Pale oy ——— mystacalis ............ pales 1 —— magnifica Sec NETO O Aare rallies —— slparaja .....-.. Dees |: -| 3% | | sl ———— FIOEINE, 50 Gc o00e 0000 sllovol hes —— shelleyi.............- | ae | ag —— bella ......... aid 0.000 s-allo ollo | «| ae Eudrepanis pulcherrima...... solleolloclles Ghiloitiiewey isclion sabe acco aller Chalcostetha insignis ........ xe - |) fae lal. lela || a Cinnyris speratus .......... clam fae |e elae |e] eel ae | ae |e julize 465000 805-00 0650-0105 eels eels] oe | eK ; hassel titer acer x |. -|--lae fae]. Pale WACHEINS 55 060000080006 ie : «| GRU, “Gocoaosssoces so nes —— jugularis oogoodoDGuDO «Lae | oe] ae | el ae | oe | LT OL andamanieus .......... «|e flammaxillaris ........ ee pectoralis ............ wl ela false lel) tele lel xe SOLE Sooc0000000000 dalle ¢ «|e | Anthreptes hypogrammica....|/ x |..).-|%|- | —— simplex .............. Palloalloolle site «| xe —— rhodolema............ ealloalo ol ES|loallocllo «| ae ———— STMT 5 o.acacg000 wl. -|--laelaelaele dete -lae lel | ——— celebensis ............ allo =6lla allo ollaclles =—— chlorigastra, 2.3.2... ale «||. * griseigularis .......... : as alles [NCTMUOONS . ooca050000 x «|e | x «|e | se Arachnothera modesta ...... | (5 /5]|0 ol] £3 * EMITS ols soe ome eo oO af «|x longirostra........... elle |? |. - |e fae] .| MENTED, so ogo a oo uD HS allt 5 a (5 : “| % Ghillie oo on 0seeseando -| chrysogenys °......... *|- * | *|- * Arachnoraphis robusta ...... wll] etal: «| crassirostrigs .........+ Falloellou| le alloo|(o + | Havigasbcaley eect) Palle allo ollesile «| xR lvii lviii GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AUSTRALIAN REGION. 26 CELEBEAN Mo.vccan @ 26 SUBREGION. SUBREGION, SORES) SERRE, ae | 25 aR ce] is n \—| rr a | o g 14 is alee : | al alalels) 8 al 2 Bl o/s] s| gl:sll si a| 5) 812 Ol s\-ela| 3 6/2) 2] Ela| ¢ = | 4 [ElS| 2/5/53] 3] ele iS) e) 2] e| El) Sale] 3| 2) 2) eels & =| : 5 ot a | O | a |S SS a sal alol4ao as (q/a/S\ElSlsiSlsislalaiazial S | | Chaleostetha insignis... .). * | AEthopyga flavostriata ie o - . | | Eudrepanis duyvenbodei..| | Cinnyris grayl.......... \reronede]| eaake | | porphyrolemus ....||....| | sangirensis........ * | BUTICEPS . . - anos G sere! oe % iss) ae] oe) RK * || morotensis........ se oo|ldagoliog se es | ibaa [C EWE) 56 40l|/s0.dollacculloace Ile]. alone fice salvadorili ........ vevelee selec eaecfesteefeefe ate. |x proserpine........ Perot be alls neers |]%6) ss! esl ferc bei ses! hes aspasioides........ Ses eS oe os (ae [Meal atl ae Poeeacae | ComMelie.. si. a: ok Beets] 8 oe aire alla ale Sse | aspasie Se he eofeue ise te eNaile Helltets) (Ei ltelpieie i221 |e] fos] 21 fF * le) «|| Ke) COLIN eve bc w e|lbere betel eke | ear elise lene aleedlli al: alle ——_ mysorensis Rha he voir hinte sywgeteifivte on, wif)s=Rice « | seleel xe —— jobiensis....... SF aeategalll eats il tarirtes vefesfesferfeste cect cde sfeeteetes sl xe maforensis........ vafeefestosdecfa fe efe eds : Sele —— therese .......... weveferee[eseefosfestecleefec[e Meals cde clee]s ofa —— frenatus So CA oO tone fess. cea| Me"e * le) wR] awl | apa epee te ee ele ele elo Lae fae) fae fae] fe fe ede ce] eel ae tae |] ok =—— ZOnODIa .. 0.8.0 0sss Betuch oY |S eres) lator seo spe cde steeds ed}. oT oe K) Hele le Anthreptes celebensis....|....) * | | —— chlorigastra ...... re | Arachnothera longirostra .).... ? | |] | 1 LITERATURE. In reviewing the literature of the family Nectariniide I follow the plan adopted by Mr. Sharpe in his ‘Monograph of the Kingfishers, as his arrangement appears to me to be a clear and simple one; and I commence therefore with Linnzeus’s twelfth edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ (1766). Some of the species named by Linneus were already figured or described by the older authors, such as Seba, Edwards, and Brisson; and it is on their descriptions that some of the Linnean species were founded. As the works of these authors are anterior to the year 1766, the recognized starting-point of ornithological literature, I have not specially analyzed the birds described in them; but their names will all be found quoted in the detailed synonymy of the species mentioned in the present work. 1766. Liynaus, C. Systema Nature, vol. i (8vo, Holmiz), pp. 158-188. The Sun-birds are placed in the genus Certhia, of which he recognizes twenty-five species, fifteen of these belong to the present family; but only the following eleven titles can be adopted :—7, Certhia jugularis; 10, C. chalybea; 11, C. afra; 13, C. sperata; 14, C. senegalensis ; 15, C. gutturalis; 19, C. pulchella; 20, C. famosa; 22, C. violacea; 23, C. zeylonica; 25, C. lo- tenia. Four cannot be determined, viz.:—3, C. pusilla, a female or immature male (founded on the Little Brown and White Creeper, Edwards’s Birds, i, pl. 26); 4, C. capensis, a female or imma- ture male, possibly of Cinnyris chalybeus (founded on Le Grimpereau du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Briss. Orn. iii, p. 618, pl. 13, fig. 1); C. ewrrucaria, an immature male or male in partial moult, possibly of Cinnyris asiaticus; 21, C. philippina (founded on Le Grimpereau des Philippines, Briss.) probably = Cinnyris jugularis & . 1769. Scorou, J. A. Annus. I. Historico-naturalis (12mo, Ticini), p. 52. Certhia viridis I formerly referred to Cinnyris afer; but I am now of opinion that it is not a Sun-bird at all. 1770-86. Davsenron. Planches Enluminées (folio, Paris). Figures, more or less well executed, are given of certain Sun-birds, to which only French names are attached. Subsequent naturalists, however, founded specific names on some of the plates, which are quoted below. 1773. Mituzr, P. L. S. Systema Nature, vol. ii (8vo), pp. 205-260, 264. This naturalist gives Latin names to certain of the ‘ Planches Enluminées’ of Daubenton ; and as the latter are for the first time here included in an edition of Linneus, many of the h2 Ix LITERATURE. author’s titles hold good. The only addition to the nomenclature of the Sun-birds occurs in the Supplement. 1776. Brown, Perer. New Illustrations of Zoology (4to), pp. 81, 82, pl. 32. The Green Warbler is here figured. It is Anthreptes phenicotis (Temm. 1824). 1776. Miuurr, P.L. 8. Systema Nature, Anhang, pp. 97-100. Le Grimpereau noir de Madagascar, Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 575, figs. 2, 3, receives the Latin name of Certhia notata=Cinnyris notatus of this work. Certhia tricollaris (ex Grimpereau olive des Philippines, Pl. Enl. 576, fig. 4)= Cinnyris jugularis (Linn, 1766). 1776. Sonnerat. Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée (4to), p. 63, pl. 30. ‘Three Sun-birds are here figured as Premier, Second, and Troisieme Grimpereaux de isle de Iugon. ‘They receive Latin names from Scopoli in 1786. 1781. Laruam, Dr. J. General Synopsis of Birds (4to), vol. ii, pp. 702-741. The species here have only English names; but the points I would remark upon are, that Certhia pusilla, Linn., is referred to a variety of Cinnyris speratus, and C. capensis, Linn., to his Cape Creeper, which is certainly Cinnyris chalybeus 2. Both of these determinations are likely to be correct; but his assumption that the Certhia currucaria, Linn., should be referred to his Grey Creeper, ex Grimpereau gris des Philippines, Daubenton, P|. Enl., is highly improbable, as C. currucaria, Linn., is an original description taken from a specimen sent by Governor Loten from Ceylon. 1782. Sonnerat. Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine (4to), vol. ii, pp. 208-210, pl. 116. Good figures are here given of :— Le Grimpereau de Malacca, =Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop. 1786). Le Grimpereau vert du Cap de Bonne Espérance, =Cinnyris afer (Linn. 1766). Le Grimpereau gris de la Chine is probably a Drymeca. 1786. Scorou, J. A. Delicize Flore et Faun Insubrice (folio, Ticini), vol. ii, pp. 90, 91. The author here bestows the following Latin titles upon species figured by Sonnerat (vide antea) :— Certhia canora (ex Grimpereau vert du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii, pl. 116, fig. 2), = Cinngris afer (Linn. 1766). Certhia malaccensis (ex Grimpereau de Malacca, Sonn. loc. cit. fig. 1), = Anthreptes malac- censis of this work. Certhia quadricolor (ex Premier and Second Grimpereau de Visle de Lugon, Sonn. Voy. N. Guinea, pl. 30, figs. A, B), = Cinnyris gugularis (Linn. 1766). Certhia chalybea, Scop. nec Linn, 1766 (ex Troisieme Grimpereau de Visle de Lugon, Sonn. loc. cit. fig. D), = Cinnyris speratus (Linn. 1766). 1786. SparrMan, A. Museum Carlsonianum (4to, Holmiz). The following fresh Latin titles are here given to species previously named by Linneus :— —— LITERATURE. xi Part ii, pl. 35. Certhia lepida, sp. n., hab. 2, = Cinnyris zeylonicus (Linn. 1766). Part iii, pl. 58. C. scarlatina, sp. n. eon Cape of Good Hope, =Cinnyris afer (Linn. 1766). 3 pl. 59. C. polita, sp. n., fee %, =Cinnyris lotenius (Linn. 1766). Part iv, pl. 79. C. jugularis, sp. n., from “Martinique ”!, =Cinnyris jugularis (Linn. 1776), male in moult. 1787. Larnam, Dr. J. General Synopsis of Birds, Supplement (4to), pp. 127-133. Like the general body of the work, the Supplement only gives English names. The following are four additional species :— No. 51. Ash-bellied Creeper, =Cinnyris verticalis (Lath. 1790). No. 57. Tufted Creeper, =Certhia cirrhata, Lath., 1790, which cannot, I think, be deter- mined, but is probably Cinnyris zenobia, Less. 1826. No. 59. Yellow-winged Creeper (Certhia chrysoptera, Lath. 1790), = Cinn yris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). No. 60. Long-billed Creeper, = Arachnothera longirostra (Lath. 1790). 1788. Gwme.iy, O. P. Linnei Systema Nature (8vo), vol. i, pp. 469-483, 964. Twenty-five species of the genus Certhia and one Motacilla appear to be Sun-birds. For fifteen of these, Linnean titles are employed; and for one of them a name of Scopoli’s is adopted. Of the remaining ten, Certhia souimanga (ex Le Soui-manga, Montb. 1778)= Cinnyris souimanga of this work. C. brasiliana (ex Le Grimpereau violet du Brésil, Briss. 1760)=Cinnyris hasselti (Temm. 1825). The name brasiliana is to be rejected, as conveying a wrong idea of the habitat of the bird. Motacilla singalensis (ex Green Warbler, Brown, 1876)=Anthreptes phenicotis (Temm. 1824). ‘This species being unknown in Ceylon, the name singalensis cannot be employed. The following fresh titles become synonyms of already published names :— Certhia aurantia (ex Orange-breasted Creeper, Lath. 1781) and C. cinerea (ex Cinereous Creeper, Lath. 1781), = Anthobaphes violacea (Linn. 1766). C. omnicolor (ex Avis zeylonicus omnicolor, Seba) ; C. falcata (ex Sickle-billed Creeper, Lath.) ; C. maccassariensis (ex Avis Thioci, Seba): All three names probably belong to Cinnyris lotenius (Linn. 1766). I cannot say to what species Certhia indica (ex Polytmus ceruleus indicus, Briss.) should be referred ; and C. manillensis is equally difficult to determine, unless Latham is correct in the additional characters which he ascribes to this species (Ind. Orn. i, p. 285), which would lead one to the belief that it may possibly be intended for Anthreptes chlorigastra, Sharpe, 1875. 1790. Larxuam, Dr. J. Index Ornithologicus (4to), vol. i, pp. 280-301. Seventy-four species of Certhia are enumerated ; but of these only thirty-two appear to belong to our family. The following six new names are given by the author :— No. 22. Certhia asiatica, sp. n., from India, =Cinnyris asiaticus of this work. Ixii LITERATURE. No. 26. C. tabacina (ex Snuff-coloured Creeper, Lath. 1787), =Nectarinia famosa (Linn. 1766). ¢ in moult. No. 57. C. verticalis (ex Ash-billed Creeper, Lath. 1787), =Cinnyris verticalis of this work. No. 60. ©. lepida (nec Sparrm., ex Le Grimpereau de Malacca, Sonn. 1782), =Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop. 1786). No. 62. C. cirrhata (ex Tufted Creeper, Lath. 1787), =probably Cinnyris zenobia, Less. 1826. No. 64. C. chrysoptera (ex Yellow-winged Creeper, Lath. 1787), =Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. tom. cit.). No. 65. C. longirostra (ex Long-billed Creeper, Lath. 1787), =Arachnothera longirostra ot this work. 1790-1813. Suaw, Grorcr, and Nopprer, Freperick P. Vivarium Nature, or Naturalist’s Miscellany. 24 vols. (8vo.) Certhia famosa, Linn., is figured (vol. i, pl. 19). Saffron Creeper (vol. vi, pl. 210)=Anthobaphes violacea (Linn.). Certhia venusta, sp. n., from Sierra Leone (vol. x, pl. 509), =Cinnyris venustus of this work. Certhia chalybea, Linn. (tom. cit. pl. 581). Certhia gutturalis, Linn. (vol. xix, pl. 797). 1801. Larnam, Dr. J. General Synopsis of Birds, 2nd Supplement (4to), pp. clviii—clxiv. The following three additional species of Sun-birds are described :— No. 18. Crimson-bellied Creeper, =probably Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw, 1811). No. 19. Leona Creeper, = Cinnyris venustus (Shaw, 1799). No. 20. Mahratta Creeper, =Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). 1801. Larnam, Dr. J. Index Ornithologicus, Supplement (4to), vol. ii, pp. xxxv, Xxxvi. The first three species of Certhia here enumerated are Sun-birds :— No. 1. Certhia coccinigastra (ex Crimson-bellied Creeper, Lath. 1801). This is probably the same as Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw, 1811), which latter title I prefer to retain for this species, as Latham’s description is not quite conclusive, and might apply also to Cinnyris johanne (Verr. 1851). No. 3. Certhia mahrattensis (ex Mahratta Creeper, Lath. 1801), =Cinnyris asiaticus, Lath. 1790. 7 1802. Avprsert, J. B., and Vierniotr, L. P. Oiseaux dorés ou a reflets métalliques (folio, . Paris), vol. ii. This is a monograph of the family; but only French names are given to the species. The figures are generally very good; and hence there is no difficulty in recognizing the specific names which have been founded on them by subsequent authors. It also affords us an idea of the number of species of Sun-birds known to science at the beginning of our century. They appear to have been nineteen in number, to which the present authors add the following eight :— Eclatant, =Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw, 1811). Soui-manga a front doré, =Cinnyris amethystinus (Shaw, 1811). Soui-manga carmelite, = Cinnyris fuliginosus (Shaw, 1811). LITERATURE. ii Souguimbindon, =Cinnyris superbus (Shaw, 1811). Soui-manga bicolor and Sowi-manga rouge doré, =Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw, 1811). Soui-manga vert et brun, =Cinnyris bifasciatus (Shaw, 1811). Soui-manga & bec droit, = Anthreptes rectrirostris (Shaw, 1811). | Soui-manga «@ collier, =Cinnyris chloropygius (Sard. 1842). 1804. Hermann, J. Observationes Zoologice (4to), pp. 136, 137. The author here gives three fresh titles :— Certhia flaviventris and C. citrinella, both =Cinnyris zeylonicus (Linn. 1766). C. nitens, =Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). 1808. Levarnnant, Francois. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux d’Afrique (4to, Paris), vol. vi, pp. 145-178. Fourteen species are here figured and described; but only French names are given. Of these Le Sucrier cardinaline has been proved to have been a made-up bird; and we may therefore doubt Le Sucrier bronzé and Le Sucrion ever having been really obtained by Levaillant, as they cannot be determined. One species is new, Le Sucrier gamtocin ou Sucrion @ cordon bleu, =Anthreptes collaris (Vieill. 1819). 1811. IttieEr. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium (8vo, Berlin), p. 210. The genus Nectarinia is characterized. Type V. famosa (Linn.). 1811. Suaw, Dr. G. General Zoology (8vo), part Aves, vol. viii, pp. 188-271. The author here brings the synopsis of the genus Certhia, as then understood, down to the time of writing, and gives Latin titles to the following species figured by Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dorés, 1802 :— Certhia splendida, C. superba, C. amethystina, C. bifasciata, C. cuprea, C. fuliginosa, C. recti- rostris, all of which names stand good, while the following of his titles sink into synonyms :— Certhia angladiana, =Cinnyris notatus (P. L. 8. Mull. 1776). C. purpurata, =C. lotenius (Linn. 1766). C. cyanocephala, =C. verticalis (Lath. 1790), ¢. C. dubia, =C. zeylonicus (Linn. 1766), 2 or young. C. affinis, =C. speratus (Linn. 1766). C. rubrofusea, ; = C. cupreus (Shaw, loc. cit.). C. saccharina, =C. asiaticus (Lath. 1790). 1812. Becusrem, J. M. Kurze Uebersicht aller bekannten Vogel oder ihre Kennzeichen der Art nach Latham’s Synopsis of Birds und seiner Index Omnithologicus (4to, Niirnberg), pp. 177-194. Besides entering the species referred to by Latham, he gives Latin names to the additional species figured and described by Audebert et Vieillot, Ois. Dor. These are :— Certhia nitida, =Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw, 1811). C. aurifrontalis, =C. amethystinus (Shaw, 1811). Ixiv LITERATURE. C. cyanocephala, =C. verticalis (Lath, 1790). C. fuliginosa, =C. fuliginosus (Shaw, 1811). C. suguimbindo, =C. superbus (Shaw, 1811). C. dubia, =C. verticalis Lath. 1790). C. aurata, =C. cupreus (Shaw, 1811). C. cincta, =C. asiaticus (Lath. 1790). C. rectirostris, =Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw, 1811). 1814. Sraniey, Lord. Henry Salt’s Voyage to Abyssinia and Travels into the interior of that country executed under the orders of the British Government in the years 1809 and 1810 (4to), App. iv, pp. xlvii, lviii. Certhia tacazze, sp. n., is here described (App. p. 58), =Nectarinia tacazze of this work. 1817. Cuvirr, F. G. Le Régne Animal distribué d’aprés son organisation, pour servir de base i VHistoire Naturelle des Animaux et d’introduction a l’anatomie comparée (8vo, Paris), vol. i, p. 412. Cinnyris, n. gen., described. ‘Type C. splendidus (Shaw). 1819. Vuiemuot, L. P. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle (8vo, Paris), vol. xxxi, pp. 492-516. Under Cuvier’s generic title Cinnyris the author here gives a full list of all the species of Sun-birds known to him. Four of his names stand. These are :— Cinnyris platurus (ex Sucrier figuier, Levaill.), = Hedydipna platura of this work. C. collaris (ex Sucrier gamtocin ou & cordon bleu, Levaill.), = Anthreptes collaris of this work. C. fuscus (ex Sucrier namaquois ou & calegon blanc, Levaill.), = Cinnyris fuscus of this work. C. leucogaster, sp. n., =C. leucogaster of this work. Twenty fresh titles are applied either to species previously named, or to species which cannot be accurately determined. ‘These are :— C. subflavus, sp. n., =probably Aithopyga gouldie (Vig. 1831). C. indicus (ex Certhia asiatica, Lath.), =Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). C. wnea, Vieill. nec Sparrm. (ex Sucrier bronzé, Levaill.), is a fictitious species. C. pectoralis (ex Soui-manga a ceinture bleue, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor.), =C. afer (Linn. 1766). C. virescens (ex Soui-manga a ceinture orange, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). C. jugularis, Vieill. nec Linn, (ex Sowi-manga a cravatte bleue, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). Male in moult. C. splendens (ex Eclatant, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Cinnyris splendidus (Shaw, 1811). C. auratifrons (ex Sout-manga a front doré, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Cinnyris amethystinus (Shaw, 1811). , C. cinereicollis, sp. n., =Arachnothera longirostra (Lath. 1790). C. elegans (ex Soui-manga a bec droit, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), =Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw, 1811). LITERATURE. lxv C. rubescens, sp. n., =probably Cinnyris angolensis, Less. 1831. C. erythrothoraz, sp. n.,=probably Cinnyris amethystinus (Shaw, 1811). C. perreint, sp. n., from the Congo, may possibly= Nectarinia bocagii, Shelley, 1879. C. caudatus (ex Soui-manga & longue queue, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Nectarinia pulchella (Linn. 1766). C. smaragdinus (ex Sucrier & plastron rouge, Levaill.), =Cinnyris afer (Linn. 1766). C. bombicinus (ex Soui-manga & plumes soyeuses, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), = Cinnyris splen- didus (Shaw, 1811). C. nibarus (ex Soui-manga rouge doré, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), =Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw, 1811). C. sola, sp. n., =Cinnyris zeylonicus (Linn. 1766). C. tricolor (ex Sout-manga tricolor, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), =Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw, 1811). C. discolor (ex Soui-manga violet a plastron rouge, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit.), =Cinnyris senegalensis (Linn. 1766). 1820. Horsrietp, T. Systematic Arrangement and Descriptions of Birds from the Island of Java. Linn. Trans. vol. xiii, pp. 166-168. The following three new Sun-birds are described :— Cinnyris affinis, sp. n., = Arachnothera affinis of this work. Nectarinia pectoralis, sp. n., =Cinnyris pectoralis of this work. N. eximia, sp. n., = Aithopyga eximia of this work. 1820. Rarruies, Sir T. Stamrorp. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made in the Island of Sumatra and its vicinity, under the direction of Sir T. S. Raffles, with additional Notes illustrative of the Natural History of those countries. Linn. Trans. vol. xiii, pp. 298, 299. Certhia siparaja, sp. n., = Aithopyga siparaja of this work. 1820-33. Swainson, WituiaM. Zoological Illustrations. 6 vols. (8vo, London). Cinnyris chalybeus is figured (vol. ii, pl. 95). 1822. Burcnent, Witttam J. ‘Travels in the interior of South Africa (4to, London), vol. i. Sun-birds are referred to on pp. 17, 222, 245. 1822. Larnam, Dr. J. General History of Birds (4to), vol. iv, pp. 213-285. Here the following species are recognized, but only English names are given :— Goulpourah Creeper, = Aithopyga seherie (Tick. 1833). Violet-tailed Creeper, =Cinnyris affinis (Riipp. 1835). 1823. Bonnarerre, l Abbé, et Vierior, L. P. Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des trois Régnes de la Nature. Ornithologie (4to, Paris), 2° partie, pp. 983, 600. The authors here give the following fresh titles :— No. 63. Cinnyris rujicollis, sp. u., from the Indian region, = Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop. 1786). a Ixvi LITERATURE. No. 64. C. violaceofrons, sp. n., from Africa, = Anthobaphes violacea (Linn. 1766). No. 65. C. nigrescens, from an unknown locality. Iam unable to determine this species ; but it would appear to be one of the dark Asiatic Sun-birds with yellow pectoral tufts. No. 66. C. nigrogaster, from an unknown locality. Probably C. cupreus (Shaw, 1811). 1823. Licutenstein, H. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der kénigl. Universitat zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannten Arten von Sauge- thieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen (4to, Berlin), p. 15. The author here introduces the following new titles :— No. 130. Nectarinia aurifrons, nom. emend. pro Certhia aurifrontalis, Bechst., = Cinnyris amethystinus (Shaw, 1811). : No. 131. WV. melampogon, ll. fide Licht., = Nectarinia pulchella (Linn. 1766). No. 132. N. cyanopygos, sp. n., from Senegal, = Hedydipna platura (Vieill. 1819). No. 133. WV. metallica, sp. n., from Dongola, = Hedydipna metallica of this work. 1823. Tremmincx, C. J. Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d’Oiseaux (folio, Paris, 1823-26). In 1825 the following figures were published :— Plate 84, fig. 1. Mectarinia longirostra (Lath.). ss 5 fig. 2. WV. inornata, sp. n., from Java, = Arachnothera affinis (Horsf. 1820). » 126, fig. 1,¢, 2,2. MN. lepida, Temm. (nec Sparrm. 1786), = Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop. 1786). » 9» fig. 3,d. WV. mystacalis, sp. n., from Java, = dithopyga mystacalis of this work. » 138, fig. 1,d, 2,2. M. evimia, Temm. (nec Horsf, 1820), =Cinnyris pectoralis, Horsf. 1820. . » fig. 3,d. NV. pectoralis,Temm. (nec Horsf. 1820),= Chalcostetha insignis, Jard. 1842. 1823. Vicors, N. A. Observations on the Natural Affinities that connect the Orders and Families of Birds. Linn. Trans. vol. xiv, pp. 461-468. The author here divides the order Tenuirostres into the following five families :— Nectariniide, Cinnyride, Trochilide, Promeropide, Meliphagidee. 1824. ‘Temminck, C. J. Planches Coloriées (vide supra). In 1824 the author published :— Plate 108, fig. 1, g. Nectarinia phenicotis, sp. n., from Java and Sumatra, = Anthreptes phenicotis of this work. 1825. Trmminck, C. J. Planches Coloriées (vide supra). The livraisons published by the author in 1825 contain :— Plate 347, figs. 1,¢, 2,2. Nectarinia metallica, Licht., and in a note N. sylviella (ex Sucrier Jiquier, Levaill.), =Hedydipna platura (Vieill. 1819). Plate 347, fig. 8. NV. solaris, sp. n., from Amboyna!, =Cinnyris solaris of this work. » 976, figs. 1,3, 2,2. NM. kuhlii, sp. n., from Java, = Aithopyga eximia, Horsf. 1820. » » fig. 3,d. MW. hasseltii, sp. n., from Java, =Cinnyris hasseltti of this work. LITERATURE. xvii 1825. Visitiot, L. P., and Oupart, P. Galerie des Oiseaux (4to, Paris), vol. i, pp. 291, 292, plsealiiealens: Figures are here given of :— Cinnyris lepidus (Lath. 1790, nec Sparrm. 1785), pl. 177, = Anthreptes malaccensis, Scop. Cinnyris elegans, pl. 178, = Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw). 1826. Riprett, Epwarp. Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika, Vogel (folio), p. 10. Nectarinia metallica, Licht., is figured (pl. 7). 1826. Stepuens, James Francis. General Zoology. Vol. xiv, part i, pp. 228-235. Page 233. Cinnyris saccharina, Steph. (nec Shaw, 1811) (ex Le Sucrier figuier, Levaill.), = Hedydipna platura (Vieill. 1819). 1826. Trmminck, C. J. Planches Coloriées (vide supra). The following was published by the author in 1826 :— Plate 388, fig. 1. Mectarinia chrysogenys, sp. n., from Java, =Arachnothera chrysogenys of this work. In the accompanying letterpress he describes Arachnothera, gen. n., type A. chry- sogenys, Temm., and includes in the genus A. longirostra (Lath.) and A. affinis (Horsf.). Plate 588, fig. 2,2. N. phenicotis, Temm. fig. 3, 3. NV. coccinigastra, Temm. (nec Lath. 1801), =Cinnyris speratus (Linn. 1766). 39 3? 1827. Dumont. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (8vo, Paris), vol. 1, pp. 1-36. In my synonymy I have by error quoted this work as “ Less. Dict. Sc. Nat. vol. i.” Under the heading of Sowi-manga M. Dumont de St. Croix gives a list of the Sun-birds recognized by him. Amongst these the following fresh names appear :— Page 6. Cinnyris nigralba (ex Soui-manga brun et blanc, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. pl. 81), = Cinnyris zeylonicus (Linn. 1766). Page 15. C. ornatus (ex Nectarinia eximia, Temm. Pl. Col. 138), =C. pectoralis (Horsf. 1820). 18. C. clementie (ex Cinnyris zenobia, Less. 1826), =C. zenobia, Less. 1826. 21. C. sericeus (ex C. aspasia, Less. 1826), =C. aspasiw, Less. 1826. 24. C. iodeus (ex Soui-manga violet, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. pl. 12), =C. astaticus, Lath. 1790. 9 bh) 99 1828. Hempricu, F. G., and Enrenpere, C. G. Symbol Physice seu Icones et Descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum que ex itineribus per Libyam, Agyptum, Nubiam, Dongalam, Syriam, Arabiam, et Habessiniam &c. (folio), Zoologica, parti. Berlin. Nectarinia metallica, Licht., is figured, pl. 1. N. habessinica, sp.n., from Abyssinia, is figured, pl. 4, =Cinnyris habessinicus of this work. 1828. Lesson, R.P. Manuel d’Ornithologie, ou description des genres et des principales espéces d’Oiseaux (12mo, Paris), vol. ii, 1828, pp. 22-61. a2 lxvill LITERATURE. 1828. Lesson, R. P., in ‘ Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majesté “La Coquille,” pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825’ (4to, Paris), vol. i, part 2, pp. 674-679, pl. 30. No. 100. Cinnyris aspasia, sp.n., from Dorey. No. 104. C. zenodia, sp. n., from Amboyna. Both species are well figured. 1829. Draptnz, in ‘ Dictionnaire classique d’Histoire Naturelle’ (8vo, Paris), pp. 508-519. The Sun-birds are placed in the genus Nectarinia. 1829. Grirrita, Epwarp, and Piperon, Epwarp. The Class Aves arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions (8vo, London), pp. 390-393, pl. The Long-billed Souimanga is figured, = Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.). 1830. Quoy et Gaimarp. Voyage de découvertes de ‘]’Astrolabe’ exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-29, sous le commandement de N. J. Dumont d’Urville. Zoologie (8vo), vol. i, p. 225. 1831. Franxuin, Major James. Catalogue of Birds (systematically arranged) which were col- lected on the Ganges between Calcutta and Benares, and in the Vindhyan hills between the latter place and Gurrah Mundela on the Nerbudda. P.Z.S. 1831, p. 122. Cinnyris orientalis, sp. n., =C. asiaticus (Lath. 1790). 1831. Lusson, R. P. Traité d’Ornithologie (8vo, Paris), vol. i, pp. 291-322. Cinnyris croceus (ex Sucrier oranga 2, Leyaill.), =Anthobaphes violacea (Linn. 1766). *C. metallica, Licht.,” from 8, Africa, = Anthreptes collaris (Vieill.). C. angolensis, sp. n., from Angola, =Cinnyris angolensis of this work. C. lucidus (ex LI’ Eclatant, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor.), =C. splendidus (Shaw, 1811). C. sanquineus, sp.u., from Angola, =C. superbus (Shaw, 1811). C. ruber, sp. n., hab. ?, =C. hasseltii (Temm. 1825). C. thoracicus, sp. n., from a specimen in the Paris Museum, =C. leucogaster, Vieill. 1819 (type examined). C. solaris, sp. n., from India, Less. (nec Temm. 1825), =C. zeylonicus (Linn. 1766). C. luteoventer, sp. n., from the Sunda Islands, =C. pectoralis (Horsf. 1820). 1831. Lesson, R. P. Zoologie. Bulletin des Sciences naturelles et de Géologie, vol. xxv, pp. 242, 243. Cinnyris longuemarei, sp. n., from Senegal, = Anthreptes longuemarii of this work. 1831. Lesson, R. P. Illustrations de Zoologie (8vo, Paris). Cinnyris lonquemare? is figured, pl. 23. 1831, Sirs, AnDREW. Contributions to the Natural History of South Africa, &c. South African Quarterly Journal (8vo, Cape-town), part 5, p. 13. Cinnyris veroxii, sp. n., from Caffraria, = Cinnyris verreauat of this work. LITERATURE. lxix 1831.. Swainson, WILLIAM. Fauna Boreali-Americana.—Birds (4to, London), App. pp. 495, 496. Anthreptes, gen.n. ‘Type A. malaccensis (Scop.). 1831.. Vicors, N. A. On Birds from the Himalayan Mountains. P. Z.S. 1831, p. 44. Cinnyris gouldie, sp.n., = Aithopyga gouldie of this work. 1832. GovuLp, Jonn. A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains (folio, London). Cinnyris gouldie, Vig., is figured, pl. 56. 1832. Kuirrnitz, F. H. von. Kupfertafeln zu Naturgeschichte der Vogel (8vo, Frankfurt am Main), p. 22, pl. 28. Nectarinia purpurata, sp.n., from Abyssinia, is figured, =Cinnyris habessinicus (Hempr. & Ehr. 1828). 1832. Sykes, Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Catalogue of Birds of the Raptorial and Insessorial Orders observed in the Dukhun. P. Z. 8. 1852, pp. 88, 89. The following fresh names are given :— Cinnyris vigorsti, sp. n., = Aithopyga vigorsi of this work. C. minima, sp. n., = Cinnyris minimus of this work. C. concolor, sp. n., = Aithopyga vigorsi 2. 1832. Wartow, Dr. Catalogue of Indian Birds. J. A.S. B. vol. i, p. 320. 1833. Tickext, Lieut. 8. R. List of Birds collected in the Jungles of Barabhum and Dholbhum. Uo faa (Sh 185 We whl, fos WA g satay, Nectarinia seherie, sp. n., = Aithopyga seherie of this work. 1834. Gervais, P. Magasin de Zoologie, vol. iii, pl. 19. Cinnyris adelberti, sp. n., from Senegal, =Cinnyris adelberti of this work. A good figure of this species is given. 1834, Hann, Dr.C.W. Ornithologischer Atlas, oder naturgetreue Abbildung und Beschreibung der aussereuropiischen Vogel (8vo, Niirnberg), part 8, pp. 1-4, pls. 1-3. The following species are figured :— Cinnyris senegalensis (Linn.), pl. 1. C. chalybeus (Linn.), pl. 2. C. famosa (Linn.), pl. 3. 1834. Meryen, Dr. F.J. F. Reise um die Erde, ausgefiihrt auf dem koniglich preussischen Seehandlungsschiffe ‘Prinzess Louise, commandirt von Capitén W. Wendt, in den Jahren 1830, 1831, und 1832. Beitrage zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Vierte Abhandlung, p. 206. Nectarinia philippensis, sp. n. (ex Certhia philippina purpurea, Briss.), = Cinnyris speratws (Linn.). Ixx LITERATURE. 1834. Sykes, Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Catalogue of Birds from the Dukhun. J. A.S. B. vol. iu, pp. 542, 543. 1835. NorpMany, Dr. ALEXANDER VON. In ‘Erman’s Reise um die Erde,’ Atlas (folio, Berlin), p. 6. Nectarinia nitida, = Cinnyris splendida, and C. senegalensis are here recorded from Prince's Island (where, however, they do not really occur), fide Dr. Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 331. 1835. Riprett, Dr. E. Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehorig. Vogel (folio, Frankfurt am Main), pp. 87-90, pl. 31. Cinnyris affinis, n. sp., = Cinnyris affinis of this work. C. gularis, =C. habessinicus, male in moult. C. proteus, =C. cruentatus (Riipp. 1845). Although this is the first application of the name proteus, it is clearly intended by the author to apply to Le Suecrier protée of Levaillant, with which bird he considered the Abyssinian form to be identical. The plate contains figures of Cinnyris affinis, Riipp., C. gularis, Ripp., and C. tacazze (Stanley). 1836. Smirn, Dr. AyDRew. Appendix to the Report of the Expedition for exploring Central Africa (8vo, Cape-town), p. 55. Cinnyris mariquensis, sp. u., from South Africa. C. talatala, sp. n., from South Africa, =C. /eucogaster, Vieill. 1819. 1837. Lesson, R. P. Complément des ceuvres de Buffon (8vo, Paris), vol. ix, pp. 156-160. 1837. Swainson, W. On the Natural History and Classification of Birds (12mo), vol. ii, pp. 328, 329. Arachnothera is referred to the family Meliphagidze; and his family Cinnyride comprises Melithreptes, Cinnyris, Anthreptes, Nectarinia, and Diceum. 1837. Swainson, W. Birds of West Africa (12mo), vol. ii, pp. 123-147, pls. 14-17. The author here bestows the following fresh names :— Arachnothera flavigenis, = Arachnothera chrysogenus, Temm. Cinnyris erythronotus, =C. cupreus (Shaw, 1811). C. chloronotus, =C. verticalis (Lath. 1790). C. pusillus, =C. venustus (Shaw, 1799). Anthreptes leucosoma, =A. longuemarii (Less. 1831). 1859. Eyton, T. C. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Malaya, with Descriptions of the New Species. P. Z. 8. 1839, pp. 101, 105. Anthreptes flavigaster, sp.n., =Arachnoraphis flavigastra of this work. A, modesta, sp. n., = Arachnothera modesta of this work. 1859. Horsrietp, Dr. T. List of Mammalia and Birds collected in Assam by John M°Clelland, Esq. P.Z,S. 1839, p. 167. The following fresh titles are here given by Mr. M°Clelland :— LITERATURE. ixxi Cinnyris assamensis, = Athopyga saturata (Hodgs. 1837). C. labecula, = 4. seherie (Tickell, 1833). Arachnothera inornata, M‘Cl. (nec Temm. 1823), = Arachnothera magna (Hodgs. 1837). 1839. Royus, J. Forspes. Illustrations of the Botany and other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of Cashmere. 2 vols. (folio, London). Certhia goalpariensis and nest are figured (vol. ii, pl. 7). 1840. JeRpon, T. C. Catalogue of the Birds of the Peninsula of India, arranged according to the modern system of Classification; with brief Notes on their Habits and Geographical Distribution, and Description of new, doubtful, and imperfectly described Species. Madras Journal, vol. xi, pp. 224-227. 1840. Lesson, R. P. Notices ornithologiques. Revue Zoologique (8vo, Paris, 1840), p. 273. 1841. Buiyru, Epwarp. Report. J. A.S. B. vol. x, p. 925. Cinnyris vigorstt is here recorded as common in Tenasserim ; but this is evidently an error. Anthreptes rectirostris, Blyth (nec Shaw, 1811), = Anthreptes phenicotis (Temm. 1824). 1842. Buyru, Epwarp. Report, Aves. J. A.S. B. vol. xi. Two names are given; but they are unaccompanied by descriptions. They are:— Cinnyris horsfieldi, sp. n., = Aithopyga horsfieldi (Blyth, 1843). Anthreptes macularia, sp. n., = Anthreptes hypogrammica (S. Miller, 1843). 1842. Buiyrsa, Epwarp. Notes on various Indian and Malayan Birds, with Descriptions of some presumed new Species. J. A. 8. B. vol. xi, p. 192. Cinnyris rubricaudata, sp. n., with no description, = 4. ignicauda (Hodgs. 1837). 1842. Jarpive, Sir WinuiamM. Hore Zoologice. No. V. Description of some Birds collected during the last Expedition to the Niger. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x, pp. 187-190. Nectarinia strangeri, sp. n., from the Niger, = Cinnyris angolensis, Less. 1831. Nectarinia chloropygia, sp. n., from the Niger, =Cinnyris chloropygius of this work. 1842. Jarpine, Sir WittiaM. The Naturalist’s Library, v, 1842, Sun-birds (12mo, Edinburgh, 1842), pp. 166-276, pls. 1-30. The author here gives the following new names :— Page 181. Nectarinia parvula. He corrects this name on pl. 7, and again at p. 252 into LV. venusta (Shaw). N. natalensis, =Cinnyris gutturalis (Linn. 1766). N. minuta, =Cinnyris minimus, Sykes, 1832. N. lathami, = Athopyya siparaja (Raflles, 1820). NV. hodgsonis, = Aithopyga saturata (Hodgs. 1837). N. phenicura, = Aithopyga ignicauda (Hodgs. 1837). NV. eboensis, =Cinnyris adelberti, Gerv. 1834. Ixxil LITERATURE. N. obscura, sp. n., from Fernando Po, =Cinnyris obscurus of this work. Page 263. N. chalcostetha, and p. 274, N. insignis (N. pectoralis, Temm.), =Chalcostetha insignis of this work. 1843. Buryrn, Epwarp. Report for December Meeting. J. A. S. B. xii, pp. 969-982, 1008. Page 972. The author recognizes Cinnyris rubricauda, Blyth, 1842, as synonymous with Athopyga ignicauda (Hodgs. 1837). Page 975. Nectarinia horsfieldi, sp. n., from the Himalaya Mountains, = 4. horsfieldi of this work. Page 975. Nectarinia jugularis apud Blyth, =Cinnyris flammaaillaris (Blyth, 1845). Page 980. Anthreptes nuchalis, sp. n., from Singapore, =A. macularia, Blyth, 1842, sine descr., =A. hypogrammica (S. Mill. 1843). Page 982. Arachnothera latirostris, sp. n., from Singapore, =A. modesta (Byton, 1839). Page 1008. Nectarinia phayrei, sp. n., from Arracan, =Cinnyris hasseltii (Temm, 1825). 1843. Govunp, Joun. On the Collection made during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Sulphur.’ P. Z.S. 1843, p. 104. Nectarinia flavigastra, sp. n., from New Ireland, = Cinnyris frenatus (S. Mull. 1843). 1843. Jarpine, Sir WitiiaM, and Sepy, Pripeavx Jonny. Illustrations of Ornithology (4to, Edinburgh), vol. iv, pls. 48-52. The following species are figured :— Plate 48. Nectarinia strangeri, =Cinnyris angolensis, Less. 49. N. adelberti. », 00. N. chloropygia. » Ol. WN. obscura. 5, 02. Anthreptes fraseri, sp. n., from Fernando Po. 1843. Mi ier, SALomon. Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden der natuurkundige commissie in Ost-Indié en andere schrijvers. Land- en Volkenkunde (folio, Leiden, 1839-1844), p. 173. Nectarinia simplea, sp. n., from Sumatra and Borneo, = Anthreptes simplex of this work. N. hypogrammica, sp. n., from Sumatra and Borneo, = Anthreptes hypogrammica of this work. N. frenata, sp. n., from New Guinea and Celebes, = Cinnyris frenatus of this work. XN. temminckii, sp. n., from Sumatra, = dthopyga temmincki of this work. 1844. GouLp, Joun. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Sulphur,’ under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B., F.R.G.S., &c., during the years 1836-42 (4to, London), Birds, p. 43, pl. 24. Nectarinia flavigastra is figured, = Cinnyris frenatus (S. Miull.). 1844. Hopeson, B. H. In Gray’s Zoological Miscellany, 1844, p. 82. The following titles occur here :— LITERATURE. xxiii Cinnyris epimacurus, = As. ignicauda (Hodgs. 1837). Arachnothera chrysopus, = Arachnothera magna (Hodgs. 1837). 1845. Bryrn, Epwarp. Notice and Descriptions of various new or little-known Species of Birds. J. A.S. B. vol. xiv, pp. 557, 558. Nectarinia fammaxillaris, sp. n., from Tenasserim, =Cinnyris flammazillaris of this work. N. frontalis, sp. u., from Singapore, = Anthreptes simplex (Mill. 1843)- The author recognizes the following synonyms :— Arachnothera latirostris, Blyth, 1843, =A. modesta (Eyton, 1839). Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, 1843, =Cinnyris hasseltii (Temm. 1825). 1845-50. Des Murs, O. Voyage en Abyssinie exécuté pendant les années 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, par une commission scientifique composée de M. Théophile Lefebre, &c., 4®m™¢ partie, Zoologie (8vo, and folio Atlas, 1845-50), pp. 87, 88. Three species here entered I entirely fail to determine; and Von Heuglin also appears to consider them hopelessly unrecognizable. ‘They are :— No. 139. Cinnyris gularis. It cannot, I think, be C. gularis, Riipp.; for it is stated to be smaller than C. affinis. No. 194, Certhia chalybea, and No. 205, Cinnyris croceus, I cannot refer to any Abyssinian species; so I can only believe that they are either incorrectly named or that South-African specimens have been inserted in the collection. 1845. Jzrpon, T.C. Supplement to the Catalogue of Birds of the Peninsula of India. Madras Journal, 1845, vol. xiii, p. 172. Cinnyris longirostris, sp. n., from Mysore, = Arachnothera longirostra (Lath. 1790). 1845. Rtppent, Epwarp. Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nordost-Afrika’s (8vo, Frank- furt am Main, 1845), pp. 26-28, pl. 9. Nectarinia cruentata, sp. n., is figured, =Cinnyris cruentatus of this work. 1846. Buytu, E. On new or little-known Species of Birds. J. A.S. B. vol. xv, p. 45. 1846. Buyrn, E. Notes on the Fauna of the Nicobar Islands. J. A.S. B. vol. xv (1846), p. 570. Cinnyris pectoralis is here first recorded from these islands. 1846. Gray, G.R. Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal and Thibet presented by B. H. Hodgson, Ksq., to the British Museum (1846), p. 59. 1846. Minurr, Satomon, and ScuteceL, H. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indié en andere Schrijvers—Zoologie (folio, Leiden, 1839-1844), pp. 53-68, pls. 8-11. The following new species are here described :— Arachnothera robusta, sp. n., from Sumatra, = Arachnoraphis robusta of this work. Arachnothera armata, sp. n., from Sumatra and Java, = Arachnoraphis robusta (Miill. & Schl.). k Ixxiv LITERATURE. The illustrations are good, and comprise the following important figures :— Plate 8, fig. 1. Nectarinia frenata, Mill. » fig. 2. WV. temminckii, Mull. » fig. 8. WV. hypogrammica, Mill. Ps fig. 4. WV. simplex, Mill. Plate 9, fig. 1, 2. Nest and egg of Nectarinia mystacalis, Temm. » fig. 2, 2. Nest and egg of NV. pectoralis, Temm., = Chalcostetha insignis (Jard.). Plate 11, fig. 1. Arachnothera robusta, sp. n. Bs fig. 2. A. armata, sp. un. (vide anted). 1847. Brytu, Epwarp. Critical Remarks upon Mr. J. E. Gray’s published Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalia and Birds presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx, p. 316. 1847. Buiyru, Epwarp. Notices and Descriptions of various new and little-known Species of Birds. J.A.S. B. vol. xvi (1847), p. 472. 1847. Gray, G. R., and Mircnett, D.G. Genera of Birds (small folio, 1847), vol.i, pp. 97-99. The family of Sun-birds, as I have restricted it, is here treated of as a portion of the sub- family Promeropine, of which the following genera are recognized—Dyepanis, Moho, Promerops, Nectarinia, Arachnothera, and Diceum. One hundred species are placed in the genus Nectarinia, and nine in Arachnothera. Of these the following three are probably fictitious :—8, V. pusidla, Vieill.; 27, N. cardinalis, Vieill.; 31, V. enea, Vieill.,—all founded on Levaillant’s figures. The following nine do not belong to our family:—39, NV. melanwra; 43, N. olivacea; 46, VV. eques; 74, N. frontalis; 80, N. erythrorhynchos; 83, N. amboinensis; 85, N. parietum ; 100, V. melasoma; and 9, Arachnothera nove-quinee. Three I fail to determine :—82, NV. manillensis (ex Certhia manillensis, Gm. 1788); 90, NV. indica (ex Certhia indica, Gm. 1788); 93, N. nigrescens, Vieill. 1823. One species is new, and figured, pl. 85: but no description is given. Arachnothera uropygialis, sp. n., = Arachnoraphis robusta (Mill. & Schl. 1846). 1847. Suaw, Grorce, and Nopper, E. Naturalist’s Miscellany, vol. xx (1847 2), pls. 837, 865. Plate 837. Certhia erythrogastra, sp. n., =Cinnyris afer (Linn. 1766). 1848. ALLEN, Captain WILLIAM, and TuHomson, T. R. H. A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, under the command of Captain H. D. Trotter, R.N. 2 vols. 8vo. Some remarks upon Sun-birds are to be found in vol. i, p. 250; vol. ii, pp. 221, 222; App. pp. 901-503. 1848. Ferret et GaLinieR. Voyage en Abyssinie (8vo, and folio Atlas, Paris, 1847-48), vol. iii, p. 248. LITERATURE. lxxv 1848. Low, Huan. Sarawak; its Inhabitants and Productions, being Notes during a Residence in that Country with H.H. The Rajah Brooke (London, 8vo, 1848), p. 410. The author gives a simple list of the birds known to him from the above locality. 1849. Smirx, AnpREw. Tlustrations of the Zoology of South Africa (4to, London), vol. ii, Aves, pl. 57. Cinnyris verreauat is here figured; and at the end of the article accompanying this plate Cinnyris olivaceus, sp. n., from Port Natal, is described. 1850. Branconi, J. Josepui, Specimina Zoologica Mosambicana, quibus vel nove vel minus note animalium species illustrantur (4to, Bononiz), fasciculus iii, pp. 32-34. Cinnyris discolor ?, Vieill., apud Bianconi, =C. gutturalis (Linn. 1766). 1850. Bonapartr, C. L. Conspectus Generum Avium (8vo, Lugduni Batavorum, 1850), pp- 404-410. The family Promeropide is here divided into two subfamilies. The first, Nectariniinz, contains the following genera—Pachyglossa, Myzanthe, Diceum, Drepanis, Hemignathus, Nectarinia, Cinnyris, Anthreptes, and Arachnothera. The second subfamily, Promeropine, only contains Promerops. His Nectarinia comprises the following genera recognized by me—Hedydipna, Nectarinia, Anthobaphes, and Aithopyga ; and he includes in it Cinnyris adelberti. His Cinnyris comprises Chalcostetha and Cinnyris of this work, as well as Hedydipna metal- lica, Anthreptes collaris, A. rectirostris, A. simplex, and A. phenicotis. His Anthreptes includes Cinnyricinclus melasoma, Less., which does not belong to our family. His Arachnothera comprises Arachnothera and Arachnoraphis, and includes Cinnyris novee- guinee, Less., which I do not refer to this family. Page 408. Chalcostetha macklotii (ex Nectarinia pectoralis, Temm.)=Chalcostetha insignis (Jard. 1842). 1850. Casanis, Dr. J. Museum Heineanum (8vo), vol. i, pp. 100-106. The author here divides the family Nectariniide in the following manner :— Subfamily Nectariniine. Anthodieta, gen.n. Type A. collaris (Vieill.) Hedydipna, gen.n. ‘Type H. metallica (Licht.). Platydipna, gen.n. Type P. platyura, nom. emend. pro P. platura (Vieill.). Paneola, gen.n. Type P. pulchella (Linn.). Cinnyris, Cuv. Nectarinia, UW. Subfamily Ptiloturine, Cab. Aithopyga, gen.n. ‘Type Ai. siparaja (Raffles). In a footnote he describes 4. ewpogon, sp. u., from Malacca, =. siparaja (Raffles, 1820). k 2 Ixxvi LITERATURE. Anthobaphes, gen.n. Type A. violacea (Linn.). Ptiloturus, Swains., = Promerops, Briss. Subfamily Arachnotherine, Cab. Anthothreptes, nom. emend. pro Anthreptes, Swains. Leptocoma, gen.n. Type L. hasseltii (Temm.). Cyrtostomus, gen.n. Type C@. jugularis (Linn.). Arachnechthra, gen.n. ‘Type A. lotenia (Linn.). Arachnothera, Temm. 1850. Goutp, J. On new Species of Birds from Australia. P.Z.S. 1850, p. 201. Nectarinia australis, sp.n., =Cinnyris frenatus (S. Mill. 18438). 1850. Haun, Dr. C. W., and Kister, Dr. H. C. Vogel aus Asien, Afrika, America, und Neuholland, herausgegeben in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (4to, Niirnberg, 1850), part 16, pl. 3. Cinnyris chalybeus is figured. This reference I incorrectly entered under the date of 1829. 1850. SrrickuanpD, H. E. List of Birds procured in Kordofan by J. Petherick. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 216. 1851. Gout, Joun. Birds of Australia. Supplement (folio, London), pl. 45. Nectarinia australis (=Cinnyris frenatus, S. Mill.) is figured. 1851. Jarpive, Sir WiniiAM, and Fraser, L. Birds of Western Africa. Contributions to Ornithology (1851), pp. 151-155. Nectarinia hypodila, sp. n., from Fernando Po, = Anthreptes hypodila of this work. N. cyanolema, sp. n., from Fernando Po, =Cinnyris cyanolemus of this work. N. tephrolema, sp. n., from Fernando Po, = Anthreptes tephrolema of this work. 1851. Srricknanp, H. E. Birds from the River Gaboon, in West Africa. Contributions to Ornithology (1851), pp. 153, 154. 1851. Vrrreaux, JULES et Epovarp. Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles, rares ou peu connues, doiseaux du Gabon (Afrique occidentale). Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (1851), pp. 313-316, 417. Page 314. Cinnyris johanne, sp. n., from West Africa. » 417. Anthreptes aurantium, sp. n., from West Africa, = Anthreptes aurantia of this work. 1852. Jarpine, Sir WiLLiAM, and Fraser, L. Birds of Western Africa. Contributions to Ornithology (1852), p. 59. Nectarinia fasciata, sp. n., from the Niger district, =Cinnyris johanne, Verr. 1851. 1852. SrrickLandD, H.E. Ornithological Notes. Contributions to Ornithology (1852), pp. 42, 43. Nectarinia albiventris, sp. n., from Somali Land, =Cinnyris albiventris of this work. LITERATURE. Ixxvil 1853. Breum, ALFRED EpMunp. LEtwas tiber den Zug der Vogel in Nordost-Afrika. J. f. O. 1855, p. 456. 1853. LayarpD, Epcar Lropotp. Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon, collected during an eight years’ residence in the Island. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii, 2nd series, pp. 174, 175. Notes on the habits of the Sun-birds as observed by the author. 1853. Pucneran, Dr. Etudes sur les Types peu connus du Musée de Paris. Neuviéme article —Passereaux tenuirostres. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 2° serie, vol. v (1853), pp. 484-488. The author here makes the following determinations :— Cinnyris leucogaster, Vieill., and Cinnyris thoracicus, Less., are the same. C. sola, Vieill., =Certhia zeylonica, Linn. He was unable to find the types of C. cinireicollis, Vieill., and C. subflavus, Vieill. C. lucidus, Less., = Certhia splendida, Shaw. C. sanguineus, Less., = Certhia superba, Shaw. C. ruber, Less., = Nectarinia hasseltii, Temm. C. solaris, Less., =Certhia zeylonica, Linn. C. luteoventer, Less., = Nectarinia pectoralis, Horsf. 1854. Bonaparte, Cuarues, Prince. Zoologie. Notes sur les Collections rapportées in 1853, par M. A. Delattre de son Voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, vol. xxxviii, pp. 260, 261, 265. The author here treats of the classification of the Honey-suckers. Page 265. Nectarinia formosa nom. emend. pro V. famosa (Linn.); Sundevall (vide infra) proves that the change is not necessary, famosa being perfectly good Latin. Mangusia, gen.n. Types Certhia rectirostris, Shaw, and Anthreptes fraseri, Jard. & Selby (= Anthreptes). Adelinus, gen. n. Type Cinnyris verreauai, Smith. Not separable from Cinnyris as a genus. 1854. WHarrnaus, Dr. G. Versuch einer synoptischen Ornithologie Westafrica’s. J. f. O. 1854, pp. 9-14. This paper is the forerunner of the author's ‘ System der Ornithologie Westafrica’s,’ published three years later (1857). 1854. Licurenster, H. Nomenclator Avium Musei Zoologici Berolinensis (8vo, Berlin, 1854), pp. 99, 56. The following fresh titles are employed; but as there are no descriptions, it is only by examination of the actual specimens that they can be positively identified. They are Arachnothera liturata, Nectarinia cormorensis, N. saginata, Anthreptes equicauda, A. ex- pectatus. I have not been able to examine the types; and although I have little doubt that the names are of no real importance, it would be interesting to see them definitely determined. Ixxvili LITERATURE. 1854. Reicnensacn, Dr. L. Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie—Scansoriz (Svo, Dresden, 1854), pp. 277-316, pls. 567-594. The author here gives a synopsis of the family; and most of the species are illustrated by copies of figures from the works of former writers. He divides the family into twenty-nine genera, containing one hundred and seven species. Of these the following two genera and six species do not belong to our family :—Cosmeteira, type C. eques; and Hemignathus containing H. obscurus, H. olivaceus, and H. lucidus. The other two species are Cyrtostomus viridis, sp. n., from America, and Arachnoraphis nove-quinee. His new genera are :— Chalcomitra, gen. n. ‘Type Cinnyris amethystinus (Shaw). Nectarophila, gen. n., which he proposes should replace Leptocoma, Cab., on account of the latter name having previously been employed in botany. Type Cinnyris hasselti (Temm.). Chromatophora, gen. n. Type Cinnyris superbus (Shaw). Aidemonia (lege Atdemonia), gen. n. ‘Type Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw). In this he also includes Nectarinia tacazze (Stanley). Angaladiana, gen. n. Type Certhia angaladiana, Shaw, = Cinnyris notatus (P. L. S. Miill.). Cyanomitra, gen. n. Type Cinnyris verticalis (Lath.) ¢. Leucochloridia, gen. n. Type Cinnyris verticalis (Lath.) 2. Elecerthia, gen. n., = Adelinus, Bp. 1854. Both have the same type, Cinnyris verreauxi, Smith. Carmelita, gen. n. ‘Type Cinnyris fuliginosus (Shaw). Luchloridia, gen. n. ‘Type Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw). Arachnoraphis, gen. n. Type Arachnoraphis flavigastra (Eyton). Hypogramma, gen. n. Type Anthreptes hypogrammica (S. Miill.). Arachnocestra, gen. n. Type Arachnoraphis crassirostris (Reichb.). ‘The following four new specific titles are given :— Anthodieta subcollaris, sp. n., from W. Africa, = Anthreptes hypodila (Jard. 1851). Aithopyga chaleopogon, sp. n., from Borneo, = Athopyga siparaja (Raffles, 1820). Arachnocestra crassirostris, sp. n., hab.t, = Arachnoraphis crassirostris of this work. Arachnothera latirostris, sp. n., = Arachnoraphis flavigastra (Eyton, 1859). 1854. Tyrier, Captain Rospert C. Observations on the Fauna of Barrackpore. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, vol. xiii, p. 373. 1855. Bryrn, E. Report on a Zoological Collection made by Lieut. Speke from the Somali country. J. A. 8S. B. vol. xxiv (1855), p. 303. 1855. Burytn, E. Report. J. A.S. B. vol. xxiv (1855), p. 478. Arachnothera aurata, sp. n., from Pegu. 1855. Hartiaus, Dr. G. Systematisches Verzeichniss der von Herrn H. 8. Pel auf der Gold- kiiste zwischen Cap Tres Punctas und Accrah gesammelten Vogel. J. f. O. 1855, p. 360. 1855. Hopasoy, B. H. Catalogue of Nipalese Birds collected between 1824 and 1S44. J. A. S. B. vol. xxiv (1855), p. 575. LITERATURE. Ixxix 1855. Morty, Jamus, and Dituwyy, Lewis Lurwettyy. Contributions to the Natural History of Labuan and the adjacent Coasts of Borneo (Svo, London, 1855), pp. 15-17. 1855. Mtuter, Dr. J. W. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Vogel Afrika’s. J. f. O. 1855, pp. 13-16, 193. This includes a list of the African Sun-birds, compiled from the works of other authors. 1855. WVERREAUX, JULES, and VERREAUX, EpovarD. Observations sur les murs des Oiseaux de l'Afrique méridionale et occidentale. Revue et Mag. 2° série, vol. vii (1855), p. 511. 1856. Bownapartsr, Prince L. C. Zoologie. Espéces Nouvelles d’Oiseaux d’Asie et d Amérique, et tableaux paralléliques des Pélagiens ou Gavie. Comptes Rendus des Séances de YAcadémie des Sciences, xlii (1856), p. 765. Cinnyris osea, sp.n., from Jericho. 1856. Gouxp, Joun. The Birds of Asia (folio, London, part viii, 1856), pls. 5, 4 Nectarinia asiatica and N. lotenia are figured. 1856. Herve, Dr. T. von. Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nordost-Afrika’s (8vo, 1856), p. 20. Nectarinia erythrocerca (misprint for erythroceria), sp. n., from the White Nile, = Cinnyris erythrocerius of this work. N. porphyrocephala, sp. n., =Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw, 1811). 1856. HorsrieLD, THomas, and Moorr, Freprrtc. Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company (8vo, vol. ii, 1856), pp. 727-747. Arachnothera temmincki, sp. n., from Sumatra, = Arachnoraphis crassirostris (Reichenb.185 4). 1857. Harrnaus, Dr.G. System der Ornithologie Westafrica’s (8vo, Bremen), pp. 45-54, 270, 271. The author recognizes thirty-three species of Sun-birds as found in West Africa. No. 124. Nectarinia amethystina (Shaw). The locality Senegal, fide Swainson, for this species is incorrect. | No. 129. NV. erythrothorax (Vieill.). He searched in vain for the type in the Paris Museum. No. 131. WV. bifasciata (Shaw). The type of this species was collected by Perrein at Malimba ; so it should only be applied to the West-African bird; and No. 153. WV. jardinet, Verr., sp. n., should be added as a synonym. No. 134. WV. perreini (Vieill.). The author informs us that the type no longer exists in ‘ine Paris Museum. No. 142. WV. reichenbachii, sp. n., from Gaboon, =Cinnyris reichenbachit of this work. No. 143. WV. hartlaubi, Verr., sp. n., from Angola, =Cinnyris hartlaubi of this work. No. 146. WV. fusca (Vieill.) is here recorded from Angola on the authority of a specimen in the Paris Museum. 1857. Hervey, THropor von. Reisen in Nordost-Afrika (Svo, Gotha, 1857), p. 78 Ixxx LITERATURE. 1857. Moorn, Freperic. Notes on the Habits of some Birds observed in the plains of N.W. India in 1849, by the Rev. T. Philipps, Baptist Missionary. P.Z.S. 1857, pp. 101, 102. 1857. Scutecer, H. Handleiding tot de beolfening der Dierkunde (8vo, te Breda), pp. 236, 237. 1857. Scrater, P. L. On the Zoology of New Guinea (read December 17,1857). Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. ii (1858), p. 157. 1857. Sunprvaui, Cart J. Kritisk Framstalling af Fogelarterna uti aldre ornithologiska arbeten. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger (4to), 1857, pp. 15, 56-58. 1. Museum Carlsonianum :— Page 13, no. 78. Certhia wnea, Sparrm., = Trochilus holosericus, Linn. Page 13, no. 79. C. gularis, Sparrm., =C. gugularis, Linn. 2. Le Vaillant, Oiseaux d’ Afrique :— Page 56, no. 291. The type specimen of the Sucrier cardinalin is a made-up bird, composed of Cinnyris chalybeus (Linn.) with a red breast inserted. Page 57, no. 297. Sucrier bronzé. The male is here referred to Cinnyris lotenius (Linn.), and the female to C. zenobia, Less. P. 57, no. 298. Sucrion. The male is a made-up bird, principally of Cinnyris zeylonicus (Linn.). The female may be C. zeylonicus 2. 1858. Gray, G.R. A List of the Birds, with Descriptions of the new Species, obtained by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace in the Aru and Ké Islands. P. Z. 8S. 1858, pp. 173, 190. Page 190. The Nectarinia zenobia (Less.) of this list=Cinnyris frenatus 2 (S. Miill.). 1858. Grint, J. W. Zoologiska Anteckningar under en resa i sddre delarne af Caplandet aren 1853-55. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm (4to), 1858, pp. 38, 39. 1858. Moors, T. J., and F. Notes on the Habits, Haunts, &c. of some of the Birds of India. By A. Leith Adams, M.B., Surgeon 22nd Regiment. P. Z.S. 1858, pp. 496, 497. 1859. Bernstery, Dr. H. A. Ueber Nester und Eier einiger javanischer Vogel. J. f. O. 1859, pp. 279-281. The nests and eggs of Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.), C. aspasie, Less., and Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.) are described. 1859. Cassin, Joun. Catalogue of Birds collected on the Rivers Camma and Ogobai, Western Africa, by P. B. Duchaillu in 1858, with Notes and Descriptions of new Species. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, pp. 35-37. 1859. Gouxp, J. List of Birds collected at Tavoy, in the Tenasserim Province, by Captain Briggs. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 1'50. 1859. Gouup, J. List of Birds collected in Siam by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151. LITERATURE. Ixxxi 1859. Gray, G. R. List of Birds lately sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from Dorey or Dorery, New Guinea. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 155. Nectarinia zenobia (Less.)=Cinnyris frenatus (S. Mill.) 2. 1859. Gray, Joun Epwarp and George Rosert. Catalogue of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea in the collection of the British Museum (8vo), pp. 22, 55. The locality New Guinea, on the authority of Lesson, for Cinnyris zenobia is incorrect. 1859. Harrnaus, Dr.G. Zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der Vogel Indiens. J. f. O. 1859, pp- 292, 293. 1859. Hever, THEopor von. List of Birds observed and collected during a Voyage in’ the Red Sea. Ibis, 1859, p. 540. 1859. Moors, Freperic. -List of Malayan Birds collected by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M.D., with Descriptions of imperfectly known Species. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 460-463. 1860. Gray, G. R. List of Birds collected by Mr. Wallace at the Molucca Islands, with Descriptions of New Species &c. P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 348. The following localities are incorrect:—C. solaris from Amboyna, and C. zenobia from Gilolo. 1860. Guryey, Joun Henry. On Birds collected in the Colony of Natal, in South-eastern Africa. Ibis, 1860, pp. 207, 208. 1860. Harrnavs, Dr. G., and Monrstro, J. J. On some Birds collected in Angola. P. ZS. 1860, p. 110. Nectarinia cyanolema, Jard., and N. chlorolema (lege tephrolema, Jard. & Fraser) are recorded from Angola for the first time. 1860. Harrnaus, Dr. G. Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Madagascar’s. J. f. O. 1860, pp. 89, 90. This paper is the precursor of the more complete work on the avifauna of Madagascar published by the author in 1862 (vide infra). 1860. Hartiaus, Dr. G. Drei neue africanische Vogel der Pariser Sammlung. J. f. O. 1860, p. 340. Nectarinia dussumieri, sp.n., from the Seychelles Islands, =Cinnyris dussumiert of this work. 1860. Herve, Ferp. Catalogue of Birds collected on the rivers Camma and Ogobai, West Africa, by Mr. P. B. DuChaillu in 1858, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species, by Joun Cassin. ‘Translated in J. f. O. 1860, pp. 136-138. Page 137. Tephrolema, gen. n. ‘Type Anthreptes tephrolema (Jard. & Fraser). 1860. Sprxn, Captain J. H. On Birds collected in the Somali Country, Eastern Africa. Ibis, 1860, p. 247. ] Ixxxii LITERATURE. 1861. Gray, G. R. Remarks on, and Descriptions of, New Species of Birds lately sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from Waigiou, Mysol, and Gagie Islands. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 433. 1861. Harriaus, Dr. G. Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Madagascar’s. Mit Beriick- sichtigung der Inseln Mayotta, Nossi-Bé und St. Marie, sowie der Mascarenen und Seychellen (8vo, Bremen, 1861), pp. 54, 35. Nectarinia seychellensis, sp. n., from Seychelles, = Cinnyris dussumiert (Hartl. 1860). 1861. Hartiaus, Dr. G. Ueber einige neue Vogel Westafrica’s. J. f. O. 1861, p. 13. Nectarinia gabonica, sp. u., from Gaboon. I consider this to be the female of Anthreptes tephrolema, Jard. & Fraser. 1861. Harriaus, Dr. G. Berichtigungen und Zusatze zu meinem ‘System der Ornithologie Westafrica’s. J. f. O. 1861, pp. 108-110. Nectarinia pheothoraz, sp. u., from Ashantee, = Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw, 1811). 1861. Hever, Tu. von. Ueber einige ornithologische Sammlungen vom rothen Meer und der abyssinischen Kiiste bis Tigreh. J. f. O. 1861, p. 194. 1861. Heventn, Tu. von. Fauna des rothen Meeres, in Petermann’s ‘ Mittheilungen,’ 1861, p. 21. 1862. Gurney, Joun Henry. A Fourth additional List of Birds received from Natal. Ibis, 1862, p. 155. 1862. Jerpon, T.C. The Birds of India (8vo, Calcutta, 1862-64), vol. i, pp. 359-373. 1862. Monreiro, J. J. Notes on Birds collected in Angola in 1861. Ibis, 1862, pp. 337-341. Nectarinia chalcea, Hartl., sp. n., =Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw, 1811). 1862. Rocu,S.,and Newton, E, Notes on Birds observed in Madagascar. Ibis, 1862, p. 272. 1862. Watiace, ALrreD Russe. List of Birds from the Sula Islands (east of Celebes), with Descriptions of the new Species. P. Z. 8. 1862, pp. 335, 342, 343. 1863. Bream, Dr. A, E. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Habesch (8vo, Hamburg, 1863), p. 211. N. famosa, Linn., apud Brehm, =. cupreonitens, Shelley, 1876. 1863. Newton, E. Notes of a Second Visit to Madagascar. Ibis, 1863, p. 342. The nest of Cinnyris souimanga is described. 1863. Sciater, P. L. On the Mammals and Birds collected in Madagascar by Dr. Charles Meller. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 162. 1865. Scnater, P. L. Observations on the Birds of South-eastern Borneo, by the late James Mottey, Esq., of Banjermassing ; with notes. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 220. LITERATURE. Ixxxlli - 1863. Wattacr, ALFRED Russet. List of Birds collected in the Island of Bouru (one of the Moluccas), with Descriptions of New Species. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 32. Nectarinia proserpina, sp. n., =Cinnyris proserpine of this work. 1863. Wattacr, AtrreD Russen. A List of the Birds inhabiting the Islands of Timor, Flores, and Lombock, with Descriptions of new Species. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486. 1864. Antinori, OrAzio. Catalogo descrittivo di una Collezione di Uccelli fatta da Orazio Antinori nell’ interno dell’ Affrica Centrale dal maggio 1859 al luglio 1861 (Svo, Milano), pp. 35-37. Page 33. Nectarinia natalensis, Sard. apud Ant., =Cinnyris acik (Antin. 1866). Page 35. Nectarinia gonzenbachi, sp. n., from White Nile, =Cinnyris erythrocerius (Heug!. 1858. 1864. Buravan, Lieut. R. C. On Indian Birds’ Eggs. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 375. 1864. Cassin, Jonny. Fasti Ornithologici. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 244. This is a review of P. L. 8. Miiller’s Supplement to his edition of Linneeus’s ‘Systema Nature.’ 1864. Gurney, J.H. A Sixth additional List of Birds from Natal. Ibis, 1864, pp. 547, 348, 358. 1864. Hever, Dr. Tu. voy. Ornithologische Miscellen aus Central-Africa. J. f. O. 1864, pp. 261-263. This paper is a forerunner of the author's large work ‘ Ornithologie Nordost-Africa’s.’ 1864. Kirk, Dr. Jonny. On the Birds of the Zambesi Region of Eastern Tropical Africa. Ibis, 1864, p. 320. Nectarinia amethystina (Shaw), apud Kirk, =Cinnyris kirkii, Shelley, 1876. NV. collaris (Vieill.), apud Kirk, = Anthreptes zambesiana (Shelley, 1876). The two species I described in 1876 were collected by Dr. Kirk in this region. 1864. Prrers, W. Ueber eine neue Cinnyris-Art von den Comoren. J. f. O. 1864, May, 1 LUG Cinnyris comorensis, sp. n., from Anjuan Island. 1864. RosrnserG, G. voy. Beitrag zur Ornithologie von Neu-Guinea. J. f.O. 1864, p. 123. The localities for the Sun-birds are by no means correct. 1864. Scuompurex, Sir Rosert H. Cursory Notes on some of the Birds of Siam. Ibis, 1864, p- 248. Under the heading of Anthreptes lepida there is the description of a bird which is quite incomprehensible to me. 1864. Scuater, P. L. On the Birds of the Comoro Islands. Ibis, 1864, p. 299. - Ixxxiv 1864. 1864. 1865. 1865. LITERATURE. Swinnor, Rogert. Letter from. Ibis, 1864, p. 416. Tristram, Rev. H. B. Report on the Birds of Palestine. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 445. Letter from. Ibis, 1864, p. 230. Bravan, Captain R. C. Notes on various Indian Birds. Ibis, 1865, pp. 414-416. Finscu, Orto. Neu-Guinea und seine Bewohner (8vo, Bremen), p. 63. A list of Papuan Sun-birds is given; and the localities are more correctly stated than in any previous list. 1865. Goup, Joun. Handbook to the Birds of Australia (8vo), vol. i, pp. 585, 586. He recognizes the identity of his Vectarinia australis with N. frenata, Miill. 1865. Goud, J. Description of four new Species of Birds from Eastern Asia. P. Z.S. 1865, pp. 663, 664. Nectarinia (Arachnechthra) insignis, sp. n., from Penang, = Chalcostetha insignis (Jard. 1842). 1865. “1865. 1865. 1865. 1865. Monteiro, J. J. Notes on Birds collected in Benguela. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 96. Newton, A. A List of Animals collected at Mohambo, Madagascar, by Mr. W. T. Gerrard. P.Z.8. 1865, p. 834. PELZELN, A. von. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte ‘ Novara.’—Vogel (4to, Wien, 1865), pp. 51-53. Ramsay, Epwarp P. List of Birds received from Port Denison, Queensland. Ibis, 1865, pp. 8, 86. SaLvapori, Count. Letter from. Ibis, 1865, pp. 548, 549. Aithopyga lodoisia, sp. n., hab. ?, = 42. mystacalis (Temm. 1823). 1865. Tristram, Rev. H. B. On the Ornithology of Palestine. Ibis, 1865, pp. 72-74, pl. 2. The history of Cinnyris osea, Bp., is here given, with a plate of the male, female, and young. 1865. 1865. Vinson, A. Voyage 4 Madagascar au couronnement de “ Radama II.” Annexe B. Oiseaux, par J. Verreaux (8vo, Paris, 1865). Watace, ALFRED Russet. Description of New Birds from the Malay Archipelago. P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 478, 479. Nectarinia flavo-striata, sp. n., pl. 29, fig. 2, from Menado, in Celebes, = Hthopyga flavo- striata of this work. | N. porphyrolema, sp.n., from Macassar, in Celebes, =Cinnyris porphyrolemus of this work. N. gray?, sp.n., from Menado, =Cinnyris grayi of this work. 1866. BuiytH, Epwarp. The Ornithology of India. A Commentary on Dr. Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of — India.’ Ibis, 1866, p. 364. LITERATURE. ixxxv 1866. Bocacz, J. V. Barsoza vu. Aves das possessdes portuguezas d’Africa occidental que existem no Museo de Lisboa. Jorn. Lisboa, part ii, 1866, pp. 135, 136. 1866. Buneer, Captain G. EK. List of Birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May 1866. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 569. 1866. Doury, Dr. H. Synopsis of the Birds of Ilho do Principe, with some Remarks on their Habits and Descriptions of New Species. P. Z.S. 1866, pp. 326, 331. According to the author, the only two Sun-birds met with on the island are Cinnyris hart- laubi (Verr.) and Anthreptes fraseri; but the latter was wrongly determined, and should be Cinnyris obscurus (Sard. ). 1866. Harrmany, Dr. R. Orazio Antinori: Beschreibung und Verzeichniss einer von Mai 1859 bis Juli 1861 in Nord-Central-Afrika angelegten Vogelsammlung. Aus dem Italienischen auszugsweise tibersetzt und mit einigen Anmerkungen versehen. J. f. O. 1866, pp. 205-208, 235-238. Nectarinia acik, Antinori, sp.n., ex N. natalensis, Antinori, Cat. p. 34 (1864), = Cinnyris acik of this work. 1866. Martens, Dr. Epvarp v. Zusammenstellung der bekannten philippinischen Vogel. Jat, ©) 1866, pp: 12), 13: Only two true Sun-birds are here recognized from the Philippines; for Nectarinia pygmea, Kittl., does not belong to the family. 1866. Scutecet, Dr. H. On New Animals from Madagascar. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 421. 1866. Sciarer, P. L. Report on Birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Captain G. E. Bulger, C.M.Z.S. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 22. 1866. Watpry, Artuur, Viscount. Notes on Birds collected in Tenasserim and in the Andaman Islands. P.Z.S. 1866, pp. 540-544. Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.), apud Walden, =A. aurata, Blyth. LEthopyga miles (Hodgs.), apud Walden, = 4. cara, Hume. This communication contains many important notes upon nomenclature and distribution. 1867. Bravan, Captain R. C. The Avifauna of the Andaman Islands. Ibis, 1867, p. 322. Cinnyris pectoralis is here recorded from the Andaman Islands. This being the only instance known of its capture on this group, I am led to the belief that it should be referred to C. andamanicus ; for Mr. Davison (Str. F. 1874, p. 197) expresses as his opinion that C. pectoralis is not to be found on the Andaman Islands. Arachnothera longirostra is said to have been seen, but not procured, in these islands; and as I know of no instance of its capture there, the evidence is not conclusive; and no mention is made of it by Mr. Hume in his article on the birds of the islands of the Bay of Bengal (Str. F. 1874); so I think that it should not be admitted into the avifauna of the Andaman Islands. Ixxxvi LITERATURE. 1867. Bocagr, J. V. Barsoza pu. Aves das possessdes portuguezas d’Africa occidental que existem no Museo de Lisboa. Jorn. Lisboa, 1867, part iv, p. 332. Nectarinia, sp., from Capangombe, = Cinnyris leucogaster, Vieill. 1867. Fivscu, Orro. Ueber eine Vogelsammlung aus Natal. J. f. O. 1867, pp. 246, 247. 1867. GovuLp, Jonn. The Birds of Asia (folio, London, 1867), part xix, pls. 3-7. Nectarinia osea, N. zeylonica, N. insignis, N. gouldiw, and N. saturata are figured. 1867. Granpipinr, ALFRED. Notes sur les mammiféres et les oiseaux observés 4 Madagascar de 1865 41867. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 2° série, vol. xix, p. 355. 1867. Harriaus, Dr. G. Report on a Collection of Birds formed in the Island of Zanzibar by Dr. John Kirk. P. Z.S. 1867, pp. 824, 825. 1867. Hever, Tu. voy. Berichtigungen und Noten zu Antinori’s Katalog der nordost- afrikanischen Vogel. J. f. O. 1867, p. 202. 1867. Hever, Tu. voy. Ueber die ornithologischen Arbeiten der Herzogs Paul Wilhelm von Wirtemberg. J. f. O. 1867, p. 300. The author here makes the following determinations of the species named by Prince Paul von Wiirtemberg :— Cinnyris fulgens, Wiirt., = Cinnyris cupreus (Shaw). Nectarinia souimanga, Wiirt., from Singué and Qamamil, is fully described, but no name given, =Cinnyris fazoglensis, Finsch, 1871. 1867. Layarp, Epaar Lropoup. The Birds of South Africa (8vo, Cape-town, 1867), pp. 75-83. A very useful work upon the birds of South Africa. Nineteen species are mentioned under the genus NVectarinia; but only eleven of these are good South-African species; the following eight are entered on the authority of older writers :— No. 128, Nectarinia cinerea (Vieill.), =N. famosa (Linn.), immature. No. 153, N. senegalensis (Linn.), no. 138, NV. splendida (Shaw), no. 139, NV. pulchella (Linn.), and no. 140, N. platura (Vieill.) are West-African species. No. 155, WV. @nea (Vieill.), no, 137, NV. cardinalis (Vieill.), are fictitious birds, and no. 141, N. melanura, a New-Zealand Anthornis. 1867. Marrens, Dr. Epuarp y. Die preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien (4to, Berlin, 1867), pp. 189, 368. 1867. Newron, Epwarp. On the Land-Birds of the Seychelles Archipelago. Ibis, 1867, pp- 936, 337, 1867. VERREAUX, JuLus. Catalogue d’Oiseaux récoltés par Mgr. Perny, évéque du Su-tchuen, dans le nord de la Chine, et description de deux espéces nouvelles. Rey. et Mag. Zool. 2° série, xix, pp. 173, 174. Nectarinia dabryii, sp. n., from China, = Zthopyga dabryii of this work. LITERATURE. Ixxxvli 1868. Bocacs, J. V. Barsoza pu. Aves das possessdes portuguezas d’Africa occidental que existem no Museum de Lisboa. Jorn. Lisboa, vol. v, p. 41. Nectarinia ludovicensis, sp. n., from Benguela, =Cinnyris afer (Linn. 1766). 1868. Cuapman, James. ‘Travels in the Interior of South Africa (8vo, London, 1868), vol. ii, Appendix, p. 407. 1868. Gurvey, J. H. An Kighth additional List of Birds from Natal. Ibis, 1868, pp. 43, 44. 1868. Gurney, J. H. Notes on Mr. Layard’s ‘ Birds of South Africa.’ Ibis, 1868, p. 270. 1868. Layarp, E. L. Letter from. Ibis, 1868, pp. 243, 244. Chiefly refers to the nest and eggs of C. afer and C. fuscus. 1868. PrLzeLN, Avacust von. On the Species of Birds collected by Dr. Stoliczka in Thibet and the Himalayas. Ibis, 1868, p. 507. 1868. ScuieceL, H., and Potiey, Frangors P. L. Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances. Mammiféres et Oiseaux. 2™° Partie (royal 8vo, Leyde, 1868), pp. 69-71. An important work on the fauna of Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Three species of Sun-birds are recognized—C. notatus, C. suimanga, and C. coquereli; and the latter is well figured, pl. 8, fig. 1. 1868. Sprriinc, Acting-Commander RotanpD M. Ornithological Notes from the Ethiopian Region. Ibis, 1868, p. 289. 1868. Tristram, H. B. On the Ornithology of Palestine. Part viii. Ibis, 1868, p. 334. 1869. Bravay, R. C. Additional Notes on various Indian Birds. Ibis, 1869, pp. 418-421. 1869. Brooxs, W. E. Notes on Birds observed near Nynee Tal and Almorah, from April to June 1868. Ibis, 1869, p. 47. 1869. Bunerr, G. E. List of Birds obtained in Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas, between March and July 1867. Ibis, 1869, p. 159. 1869. Casanis, J. Baron Carl Claus von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika, vol. iii, Vogel (1869), pp. 28, 29. The following three species are recorded from Mombas and Zanzibar :— Anthodicta collaris (Vieill.), apud Cab., = Anthreptes zambesiana (Shelley, 1876). Cinnyris gutturalis (Linn.). C. jardinei (Verr.), apud Cab., =€. microrhynchus, Shelley (1876). 1869. Fryscu, Orro. On a Collection of Birds from North-eastern Abyssinia and the Bogos Country. Trans. Z. 8. vol. vii (1872), pp. 227-230. Read June 4th, 1869. Contains an account of Jesse’s collection. Nectarinia osiris, sp. n., from Bogos Land, = Cinnyris osiris of this work. Ixxxvlii LITERATURE. 1869. Gray, G. R. Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds vol. i (8vo, London, 1869), pp. 106-113. The author here gives a complete list of the genera and species of Sun-birds up to date. One new name is here given, no. 1390, Arachnothera melanogastra, n. sp., = Cinnyris zenobia, Less. 1826. The total number of supposed species enumerated is one hundred and twenty-five; of these the following six belong to other families :— 7. Nectarinia eques. 1338. Promerops cafer. 1363. P. simplex. 371. Arachnothera nove-guinee. 1374. A. vagans. 1400. A. melasoma. One, 1298, Nectarinia enea=0. One cannot be determined, 1299, Nectarinia perreini. Twenty-four are synonyms of other species; so that the actual number of Sun-birds known was ninety-three. 1869. Hever, Tu. von. Reise in das Gebiet des weissen Nil (8vo, Leipzig, 1869), p. 337. 1869. Layarp, E. L. Further Notes on South-African Ornithology. Ibis, 1869, p. 365. 1869. Suarpr, R. B. On the Birds of Angola.—Part I. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 566. 1869. Suarpe, R. B. On a Collection of Birds from the Fantee Country, in Western Africa. Ibis, 1869, p. 188. 1869. Sarre, R. B. On two more Collections of Birds from the Fantee Country. Ibis, 1869, p. 383. Nectarinia angolensis is here entered by mistake ; the specimens sent were Cinnyris adelberti. 1869. Swrynoer, Ropert. Descriptions of two new Species of Sun-birds from the Island of Hainan, South China. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th series, vol. iv, p. 456. Athopyga christine, sp. n., = Urodrepanis christine of this work. Arachnechthra rhizophore, sp. n., =Cinnyris rhizophore of this work. 1870. Buayrorp, W. T. On the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia made during the progress of the British Expedition to that country in 1867-68 (S8vo, London, 1870), pp. 551-354. Seven species are noticed ; and personal notes on their habits are given. Nectarinia jardinei, Very. apud Blanf., =Cinnyris osiris (Finsch). 1870. Briayrorp, W.T. List of Birds obtained in the Irawadi Valley around Ava, Thayet Myo, and Bassein. Ibis, 1870, p. 467. 1870. Buryru, Epwarp. Notes relating chiefly to the Birds of India. Ibis, 1870, p. 164. LITERATURE. lxxxix 1870. Bocacx, J. V. Barpoza pu. Aves das possessdes portuguezas d’Africa occidental que existem no Museum de Lisboa. Jorn. Lisboa, part viii (1870), p. 340. 1870. Finscu, Dr. O., and Harriaus, Dr. G. Die Vogel Ost-Afrika’s. Von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika, Band iv (royal 8vo, Leipzig und Heidelberg), pp. 212-225, 861. Like all the works of these authors, the Sun-birds of East Africa are here treated of with much care: in the present volume, however, I have found it necessary to separate some of the East-African forms as specifically distinct from their representatives in the other African regions. Thus :— Nectarinia jardinei, apud F. & H., =Cinnyris microrhynchus, Shelley, 1876. N. amethystinus, apud F. & H., =C. kirkii, Shelley, 1876. N. collaris, apud F. & H., = Anthreptes zambesiana (Shelley, 1876). N. jardinei, apud F. & H. (=C. microrhynchus, Shelley), and N. erythroceria, Heugl., are figured; the locality Mosambique given for the latter is extremely doubtful. 1870. Gopwin-Austen, Major H.H. A List of Birds obtained in the Khasia and North Cachar Jails, do vale Sb 184 Wl; 2oro-ab-e je whet 1870. Hume, Attan. Letter from. Ibis, 1870, pp. 436, 437. Arachnechthra intermedia, n. sp., described. This is a large race of Cinnyris asiaticus (Lath. 1790). 1870. Sanvapor1, Count T. Rivista critica del Catalogo descrittivo di una collezione di uccelli fatta da Orazio Antinori nell’ interno dell’ Africa centrale nord, dal maggio 1859 al luglio 1861. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1870, p. 731, pl. 1. Nectarinia acik, Antin., is figured. N. gonzenbachti, Antin., =. erythroceria, Heugl. 1870. Suarpe, R. Bowpiter. On the Birds of Angola—Part I. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 142. 1870. Suarps, R. Bowpier. Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar.—Part I. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 388. 1870. Suarps, R. Bowpter. On a Fourth Collection of Birds from the Fantee Country. Ibis, 1870, pp. 52, 53. Nectarinia fantensis, sp. n., = Anthreptes rectirostris (Shaw, 1811). 1870. Sarre, R. Bowpier. On additional Collections of Birds from the Fantee Country. Ibis, 1870, pp. 477, 478. 1870. Swrvunor, Rosert. On the Ornithology of Hainan. Ibis, 1870, pp. 236-239. Contains nearly all we know respecting Urodrepanis christine and Cinnyris rhizophorae. m XC LITERATURE. 1870. Watpen, Viscount ArtHur. On the Sun-birds of the Indian and Australian Regions. Ibis, 1870, pp. 18-51, pl. 1. A very important paper, the details being carefully and, as a rule, accurately worked out ; but there appears to have been no attempt at classification. He excludes Arachnothera. The family is divided into six genera containing thirty-nine species. 1871. Ayres, T. Additional Notes on Birds of the Territory of the Transvaal Republic. Ibis, 1871, p. 150. 1871. Buanrorp, W.T. List of Birds collected or observed in the Wardha Valley and its vicinity near Chanda. J. A. S. B. vol. xl (1871), p. 272. 1871. Hevertn, Tu. von. Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika’s (royal 8vo, Cassel), vol. i, pp. 221-235 ; vol. ii (Finsch, Dr. O., Beitrage), pp. lxviii, lxx. The author recognizes fifteen species belonging to this region, and carefully works out his subject. No. 177. Nectarinia jardinei, Verr., apud Heugl., = Cinnyris osiris (Finsch). No. 183. Nectarinia, sp., p. 233, = Nectarinia fazoglensis, Finsch, 1871, tom. cit. App. p- Ixx. This title supersedes Cinnyris heuglini, Shelley, 1879. 1871. Satvapori, Count T. Letter from. Ibis, 1871, p. 248. 1871. Suarpe, R. Bowpter. Catalogue of African Birds in the Collection of R. B. Sharpe (8vo, London), pp. 36-41. A useful work, on account of the localities being all well authenticated. The family Nectariniide here contains four genera. Two of these, the first and the last (Promerops and Pholidornis), I do not consider to belong to this family; the other two are Nectarinia and Anthreptes. Under Nectarinia he includes forty-four species. 1871. Snarre, R. Bowpter. On the Birds of Angola.—Part III. P.Z. 8. 1871, p. 133. Nectarinia chloropygia, Jard., and N. superba (Shaw) are here, recorded from Angola for the first time. 1871. Snarpe, R. Bowpier. Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar.—Part I]. P. Z.S. 1871; pdt. 1871. Suarpe, R. Bowpter. On the Birds of the Camaroons, Western Africa. P.Z. 8. 1871, pp. 609, 610. 1871. Suetiey, Captain G. E. Contributions to the Ornithology of Egypt. Ibis, 1871], pp. 135, 136. 1871. Swinuor, Rosert. Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China and its Islands, with Descriptions of New Species, References to former Notes, and occasional Remarks. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 349. LITERATURE. xci 1871. WALDEN, Artuur, Viscount. » 91, fig. 1. C. aspasioides. » 10, fig. 2. Athopyga horsfieldi. etek C. cornelie. 5 ul fig. 25 Ze? saturata 2. | 5 Ou C. corinne. eek M4. sanguinipectus. » 40, fig. 1. C. maforensis. » 13; fig. 1. 4. dabryi 2. » 40, fig. 2. C. mysorensis. sere Lis 4. magnifica. » Al, fig. 1. C theresie (lege theresa) ae 0) 4. wicobarica. 3 juy. sepals 4, cara. » 48, figs. 2,3. C. speratus 3 juv. eras A. shelleyt. et °. i 5 i. bella. » 44 C. julie. sae Ate Eudrepanis duyvenbodei. » 47, fig. 1. C. aurora. 5 oS E. pulcherrima. » AT, fig. 2. C. flagrans. Ys E. dubia. «5 C. andamanicus. a BB Cinnyris sangirensis, 5 Ol. C. fammaxillaris. males in moult and 2. OZ C. rhizophore. » 94, fig. 1. C. auriceps. aoile C. johanne. » 94, fig. 2. C. morotensis. » 64, fig. 1. C. ostris. » 99, fig. 1. C. nigriscapularis. 5 (her C. comorensis. » 99, fig. 2. C. salvadorit. oy O0. C. bouvier?. evi LITERATURE. Plate 72, fig. 1. Cinnyris oustaleti. Plate 104. Anthreptes griseigularis. » 72, fig. 2. Anthreptes tephrolema. ee llOGs A. anchiete. » 82, fig. 2. Cinnyris acik 2. » 107, figs. 1,2. A. rectirostris 2 et ay eras C. kirkii. 3 juy. Feats)! bs C. olivaceus. =. sl 09: A. aurantia. see BY C. dussumier?. peel Otiors A. collaris, nestling. 94. C. hartlaubi. » Ll, fig. 3. \ A> zambesiana. 95. C. cyanolemus. » 112, fig. 2. Arachnothera aurata. 296% C. reichenbachit. Seals iowa! A. modesta. » 101, fig. 1. Anthreptes rhodolema. Seals) A. flammifera. » 103, fig.1. A. chlorigastra. 5) SELG: A. dilutior. ., 103, figs. 2, 3. A. celebensis. The family is divided into three subfamilies, containing in all twelve genera, as follows :— I. Subfam. Neodrepanine. Gen. 1. Neodrepanis, Sharpe, 1875. Hl. Subfam. Nectariniine. Gen. 2. Hedydipna, Cab. 1850. 3. Nectarinia, Ml. 1811. 4. Anthobaphes, Cab. 1850. 5. dithopyga, Cab. 1850. 6 if 99 ” ). Urodrepanis, Shelley, 1876. . Eudrepanis, Sharpe, 1876. 8. Chalcostetha, Cab. 1850. 35 9. Cinnyris, Cuv. 1817. », 10. Anthreptes, Swains. 1830. Ill. Subfam. Arachnotherine. Gen. 11. Arachnothera, Temm. 1826. » 12. Arachnoraphis, Reichb. 1854. The following alterations of original titles are not admitted :— Nectarinia formosa, Bp. 1854, nom. emend. pro WV. famosa, Linn. N. tacaziena, Heugl. 1871, and N. tacazziana, Finsch, 1872, nom. emend. pro N. taeazze, Stanl. Avrachnothera eytonii, Salvad. 1874, for Arachnoraphis flavigastra (Eyton). With regard to synonymy and general remarks :— Pages xvili, 21. Nectarinia bocagii. Hab. Benguela, not Angola. Syn. ?Cinnyris perreini, Vieill. 1819. 29. Aithopyga dabryi is the correct spelling. » 93. 4. flavostriata, Wallace, 1865. Syn. A. beccarii, Salvad. 1875. 57. di. siparaja, Raffles, 1820. Syn. Nectarinia lathami, Jard. 1842; Athopyga eupogon, Cab. 1850; At. chalcopogon, Reichb. 1854. » 67. 4. seherie (Tickell, 1833). Syn. Cinnyris miles, Hodgs. 1837; Nectarinia goal- pariensis, Jard. 1842. » V1. &. vigorsi (Sykes, 1832). Syn. Cinnyris concolor, Sykes, 1832. Page LITERATURE. cvii 85. Eudrepanis dubia (Tweedd. 1878) is probably the female or immature male of E. pulcherrima, Sharpe. 113. Cinnyris aspasie, Less. 1826. Syn. Nectarinia amasia, 8. Miill. 1843; Chalco- stetha chlorocephala, Salvad. 1874. 125. C. therese (Salvad. 1874). Syn. Chalcostetha chlorolema, Salvad. 1874, a name cancelled by the original describer on account of its having been previously employed. 127. C. hasseltt (Temm. 1825). Syn. Certhia brasiliana, Gm. 1788. ‘This latter title is discarded on account of the species not being found in Brazil. 149. C. aurora (Tweedd. 1878) may prove to be only a variety of C. jugularis. 173. C. zenobia, Less. 1826. Syn. ?Certhia cirrhata, Lath. 1790. 178. C. lotenius (Linn. 1766). The Ceylon race differs slightly, but not specifically, from the Indian race. xxxvi, 181. C. astaticus (Lath. 1790). Syn. ?Certhia currucaria, Linn. 1766, can only be doubtfully referred to this species; Arachnechthra intermedia, Hume, 1870; Nectarinia brevirostris, Blanford, 1873; Arachnechthra edeni, Anders. 1878. 191. C. cupreus (Shaw, 1811). Syn. Nectarinia chalcea, Harti. 1862. 199. C. johanne, Verr. 1851. Syn. Nectarinia fasciata, Jard. & Fraser, 1852. 201. C. splendidus (Shaw, 1811). Syn. tCerthia coccinigastra, Lath. 1801. Although probably belonging to this species, Latham’s description is not quite con- clusive. 205. C. habessinicus (Hempr. & Ehr.). The spelling of this title being correct, no alteration can be admitted. 205. C. erythrocerius (Heugl. 1856). Syn. Nectarinia erythrocerca, Heugl. 1856, is only a misprint, corrected by the author in 1864. 211. C. mariquensis, Smith, 1839. Hab. 8S. Africa. Syn. Nectarinia bifasciata, Jard. 1842, nec Shaw, 1811. 217. C. bifasciatus (Shaw, 1811). Hab. W. Africa. Syn. Nectarinia jardinei, Verr. 1857. xxxix, 229, 231. C. leucogaster, Vieill. 1819. Syn. Nectarinia talatala, Smith, 1836 ; Nectarinia anderssonii, Strickl. & Sclat. xxxix, 241. Cinnyris fazoglensis, Finsch, 1871. Syn. Cinnyris heuglini, Shelley, 1879. 249. C. afer (Linn. 1766). Syn. Nectarinia ludovicensis, Bocage, 1868. xl, 253. C. chalybeus (Linn. 1766). Syn. Nectarinia intermedia, Bocage, 1878. 259. C. cruentatus (Riipp. 1845). Syn. Cinnyris proteus, Riipp. 1835. This latter title cannot be used, because it was intended for the S.-African bird. 261. ©. gutturalis, Linn. 1766. Syn. Cinnyris discolor, Bianconi, 1850, nec Vieill. xli, 273. Cinnyris kirkii, Shelley, 1876. Syn. Cinnyris kalckreuthi, Cab. 1878. 279. Cinnyris angolensis, Less. 1831. Syn. ?Cinnyris rubescens, Vieill. 1819. 291. C. obscurus (Sard. 1842). Syn. Nectarinia fraseri, Dohrn, 1866, nec Jard. & Selby, evill LITERATURE. Page 297. ©. cyanolemus, Jard. 1851. The female of this species is here recognized for the first time. » 301. Cinnyris verticalis (Lath. 1790). Syn. Certhia cyanocephala, Shaw, 1811, is the adult male. » 305. Anthreptes hypogrammica (S. Mill. 1843). Syn. Anthreptes macularia, Blyth, 1842, sine descr. ; Anthreptes nuchalis, Blyth, December 1843. 09. Anthreptes simplex (S. Mill. 1843). Syn. Anthreptes xanthochlora, Hume, 1875. 25. Anthreptes phenicotis (Temm, 1824). Syn. Motacilla singalensis, Gm. 1788. This older title is rejected on account of the species not being found in Jeylon. » 9dol. A. rectirostris (Shaw, 1811). Syn. Nectarinia pheothorax, Hartl. 1861; N. fan- tensis, Sharpe, 1870; WV. tephrolema, Sharpe, 1872, nec Jard. & Fraser, from Fantee; V. gabonica, Sharpe, 1872, from Fantee, is the adult female represented plate 107, fig. 1. The “adult female” described p. 551 is really immature male. » 339. A. tephrolema (Jard. & Fraser, 1851). The bird described as ‘‘ adult female,” p. 333, is really immature male (see p. xlvi). The true female of this species is Nectarinia gabonica, Hartl. . A. hypodila (Jard. 1851). Syn. Anthodieta subcollaris, Reichb. 1854. . Arachnothera longirostra (Lath. 1790), Syn. A. pusilla, Blyth, 1849. . Arachnoraphis robusta (Mill. & Schl. 1846). Syn. Arachnothera armata, Mull. & Schl. 1846; A. wropygialis, Gray, 1847. 1. A. crassirostris (Reichb. 1854). Syn. Arachnothera temmincki, Horsf. & Moore. 3. A. flavigastra (Eyton, 1839). Syn. Arachnothera simillima, Hume, 1877. 7, 381. Promerops cafer (Linn. 1766) and P. gurney?, Verr., are excluded from the family of Sun-birds. In the part entitled Classification there are keys to the Subfamilies, Genera, and Species ; and it is followed by a table of Geographical Distribution. ee ee ihe een T: 4) i) fi NEODREPANIS CORUSCANS, (WATTLED SUN-BIRD.) Neodrepanis coruscans, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 76; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 380. $ ad. supra chalybeus, tectricibus alarum nigricantibus, minimis dorso concoloribus, reliquis autem flavicante laté lavatis: remigibus eodem modo coloratis, secundariis intimis dorso concoloribus: caudd nigra, rectricibus laté chalybeo marginatis: regione oculari nuda& carunculis ceruleis ornatA: subtis flavus, plumarum basi celata nigra: rostro et pedibus nigris: ivide brunnea. Hab. in insula “ Madagascar” dicta. Aduit Male. Upper parts steel-blue, with a few yellow feathers on the sides of the forehead; large bare eye-wattles (covering almost the entire sides of the head) greyish blue; a narrow margin of black feathers in front and on the lower edge of these wattles; wings black, primaries narrowly edged with yellow, secondaries and the greater and median coverts broadly edged with that colour; the innermost secondaries and wing-coverts, and all the least series of coverts, steel-blue, the latter shaded with green ; tail black, the feathers broadly edged with steel-blue; underparts yellow, with the basal portions of the feathers black, slightly showing through on the breast; under wing-coverts yellow; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 1:15, wing 2:0, tail 1:0, tarsus 0°6. Obs. i) The type is similar to the adult male above described, excepting that the wattles on the sides of the head are absent; upper half of the head olive-yellow with a few steel-blue feathers; the dark portion of the wings dark brown instead of black. Total length 3:5 inches, culmen 1°I, wing 1°9, tail 1-0, tarsus 0°55. Has. Madagascar. THis very peculiar and little-known Sun-bird is a native of Madagascar, whence Mr. Crossley has sent home the only specimens known, which are figured here for the first time. The type specimen, which is in the British Museum, appears to be an immature male; and from its plumage being mottled on the upper portion of the head with dull olive-yellow plumes, and from most of the quills being dark brown instead of black, and the wattles on the sides of the head almost absent, we may conclude that the young bird differs very considerably from the fully plumaged adult male. Now with all known Sun-birds the females are without metallic plumes, excepting in a few species of the genus Anthodieta, where the metallic feathers are likewise present in the nestlings. For these reasons I conclude that the female of the Neodrepanis will be found not to possess metallic colours, and that the type in the British Museum is a male in not quite full plumage. Mr. Sharpe observes (P. Z. S. 1875, p. 76), when he describes the new genus Neodre- panis, that it is “allied to Nectarinia and Cinnyris, but at once to be distinguished by its scimitar- like bill and nearly obsolete first and sinuated second primary.” Mr, Sharpe had at the time not seen the adult male, as this arrived later on, and I was enabled to add (Ibis, 1875, p. 380) the striking character of the wattles round the eyes. These are not developed in the British-Museum specimen ; and thus it was that Mr. Sharpe did not mention them. I wish to retract my obser- vation that, with the exception of the wattles, the sexes are similar in plumage, as it was founded on the belief that the British-Museum specimen was a female; and I must also correct the state- ment that the first primary is nearly obsolete, the feather taken for the first primary being in reality the outer primary-covert. So far removed is this species from all the other Cinnyride that it must be placed in a separate subfamily, to which I here give the name of Neodrepanine, with the following cha- racters :—General appearance, form of the tongue, nostrils, and feet as in Cinnyris; wing with ten primary quills, the first not obsolete, but sinuated or cut away on the inner margin towards the tip, which is sharply pointed, this quill not much shorter than the second and longer than the seventh; bill long, much curved, and tapering to a fine rather flexible point; tail square and short. Males in full plumage have wattles of bare skin on the sides of the head. The knowledge of this very interesting form is due to that energetic collector Mr. Crossley, who has kindly informed me that he only met with it at Ampasmanhave, about 150 miles to the south-west of Tamatave. As he is again about to start for Madagascar, we may hope to obtain some additional information respecting this and the many other novelties with which he has made us acquainted of late years, HEDYDIPNA METALLICA. FIO VID IPI, UIE TTI AN, (BLUE-COLLARED LONG-TAILED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia metallica, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); Temm. PI. Col. 347, figs. 1, 2 (1825); Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. pl. 1 (1828); Riipp. Atlas, Vog. p. 10, pl. 7 (1828); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 211, 260 (1842); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98, no. 29 (1847) ; Strickl. P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 216; Sclat. Contrib. Orn. 1852, p. 124; Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, p. 456; Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 55 (1854); Mill. J. £ O. 1855, p. 14, no. 152; Brehm, tom. cit. p. 875; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vig. N.O.-Afr. p- 20 (1856); Brehm, J. f. O, 1856, p. 397; Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); Heugl. Ibis, 1860, p. 430; id. Faun. Roth. Meer. p. 21 (1861); Brehm, Habesch, pp. 211, 281 (1863) ; Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262; Hartm. J. f. O. 1866, p- 236; Heugl. Reise Weissen Nil, p. 337 (1869); Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii, p. 228 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 109, no. 13834 (1869); Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 214 (1870); Blanford, Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 803 (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 224 (1871); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 380 (1871); Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 135; id. B. Egypt, p. 112, pl. 4 (1872); Heugl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 48. Cinnyris metallicus, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 37 (1828); Riipp. Neue Wirb. p- 90 (1835); Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. iii, p. 248 (1847); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 11 (1850). Soui-manga métallique, Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Ois. p. 89 (1845-50). Hedydipna metallica, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 299, no. 700, pl. 583, figs. 3959-62 (1854); Antin. Cat. Descritt. Ucc. p. 86 (1864); Hartm. J. f.O. 1864, p. 147; Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, iv, pp. 90, 453 (1873). Nectarinia, sp.?, Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 340. 3 ad. supra leté metallicé viridis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: remigibus brunneis, tectricibus majoribus et secundariis intimis angustissimé violaceo limbatis: dorso postico, uropygio et supracaudalibus leté metallicé violaceis: rectricibus indigotico-nigris, vix ad basin mar- ginaliter violaceis : capitis lateribus et gutture toto dorso concoloribus : fascid latA prepectorali metallic’ violacea : corpore reliquo subtts leté flavo, subcaudalibus albicantioribus: tibiis nigris; subalaribus nigris : remigibus infra brunneis ints marginaliter cineraceis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturate brunnea. 2 ad. mari dissimilis: supra cinerascens, tectricibus minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus remigibusque brunneis extts cinerascenti limbatis: secundariis intimis paulld nigricantioribus cine- rascenti-albo marginatis: rectricibus duabus centralibus cinerascenti-brunneis angusté albo marginatis et terminatis, reliquis nigris, exterioribus intus albo terminaliter maculatis: fascia indistincté super- ciliari cinerascenti-alba: facie laterali flavicanti-alba, regione parotica summa cinerascente : corpore reliquo subtus pallidé flavido, guttwre et subcaudalibus albicantibus: tibiis cinerascentibus. Hab. in Africa septentrionali-orientali. 22 Adult Male. Entire head and neck, upper half of the back, scapulars, and the least and median series of wing-coverts deep metallic green ; lower half of the back and the upper tail-coverts brilliant steel-blue, shaded with violet; in front of the eye a triangular patch of black feathers; remainder of the wings black, the greater coverts partially margined with metallic violet and green; the quills narrowly margined with pale brown; tail black, glossed with blue, the feathers partially edged with steel-blue or metallic violet; a broad violet-shaded steel-blue collar at the base of the metallic-green throat ; entire breast rich gamboge-yellow, slightly paler on the sides of the chest, and partially fading into white on the under tail-coverts; thighs black ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the coverts black ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 6°8 inches, culmen 0:4, wing 2°2, tail 4°3, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts pale ashy brown ; a broad buff eyebrow and a narrow band of black feathers in front of the eye; wings and tail dark brown, with pale brown edges to all the feathers ; tail narrowly tipped with white, which colour widens out considerably on the inner webs of the outer feathers ; underparts white, shaded with pale yellow on the breast; bill black, fading into pale brown at the base of the lower mandible ; irides and legs dark brown. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2°1, tail 1'5, tarsus 0°6. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult female, excepting that it is mottled all over with feathers of the adult male plumage, and has the breast bright yellow. Has. North-east Africa. Tue small genus Hedydipna is restricted to the Ethiopian Region, where it is represented by two species, H. metallica and H. platura. It is characterized by the bill being very short and rather wide towards the base; and the males in full plumage, as in the genus Nectarinia, possess two long central tail-feathers. From H. platura the present species may be most readily recognized by the steel-blue collar at the base of the metallic green throat. This beautiful Sun-bird is confined to North-eastern Africa. In the lowlands of Abyssinia and in Southern Nubia it is a resident throughout the year, while it extends its range as a spring and summer migrant further north than any other member of this family upon the African continent, ranging in the Nile valley down to the First Cataract (in lat. 24° N.). On the 10th of April, while on the Nile, I procured my first specimens near Korosko, and frequently met with it afterwards to within a few miles of the lovely island of Phile, which overlooks the first cataract. They were at the time in full breeding-plumage, and exhibited no kind of fear, but fluttered within a few yards of me about the sparsely scattered flowering-plants which decorate the river-banks, or chased each other around the “sont” trees, on the outer boughs of which a pair would frequently sun themselves side by side, preening their feathers, and twittering in a sweet little duet, made the more pleasing by their graceful attitudes and their apparently perfect enjoyment rather than from any great variety in their song. ‘The latter, indeed, only consists of a few soft notes, and rather suggested the idea of a pleasant téte-d-téte between two happy lovers: and no doubt such was really the case; for these birds were evidently, at that season, migrating down the Nile in search of a suitable spot for the construction of their nest. According to Von Heuglin the breeding-plumage is attained, without a regular moult, in June and July, at which time they also commence-breeding. However, when I met with them on the Nile in April they had then attained their complete nuptial dress, and, I have no doubt, were just about to construct their nests. They have two broods in the year. The nest is of an oval form, with the entrance on one side, and consists of grass, fine roots, and fibre, closely and prettily woven together, and is attached to the end of a bough, usually of some acacia tree, at no great distance from water. Internally the nest is narrow and deep, and is lined with very fine roots, the down of plants, wool, and feathers, and contains from two to four eggs. The eggs are much elongated, and have very thin shells; their colour, according to Von Heuglin, is white with a roseate blush, a few pale rufous spots, and some larger dark grey or violet-brown marks. This description agrees with some of the eggs collected by Antinori and Beccari; but they found the colour vary considerably. . Mr. Jesse collected three specimens “about two miles from the plains of Koomaylee up in the hills in quite a cool temperature, full 1200 feet above the sea; this was in March.” On his return, at the end of May, they were plentiful in the plains of Koomaylee, but in very bad plumage, the males having all lost the long tail-feathers; and he concludes that the breeding- season was then over. Koomaylee is a small village a short distance inland from Annesley Bay. Mr. Blanford also found it at Koomaylee common in pairs in July, and apparently commencing to breed. ‘After the breeding-season,” he writes, ‘‘ this bird probably loses its long tail-feathers, as they were wanting in a specimen I shot in the beginning of August. I also met with WV. metallica in Samhar, the Lebka valley, and very rarely on the Anseba.” The range of this species is, as far as we yet know, limited to the Nile valley and the country to the eastward from 12° to 24° N. lat.—that is to say, from the First Cataract on the Nile to the Gulf of Tajurrah, opposite Aden. Near this latter locality Antinori and Beccari procured numerous specimens at Kursi; so that in all probability its range may extend somewhat further south. They also met with it at Monkullu, opposite Massowah, in March, April, October, and November, and therefore consider it to be a resident there. How far westward from the Nile valley it may extend we are unable to say, but presume that its range in that direction is very limited, or it would be found on the west coast. — The adult male and female which I have here figured and described were collected by myself on the Nile, near Korosko. "whirl pata: agian = eat rs , , 6) ake vine enya ane thee a Sigh at ila Ketgylinn dub. coecrt: FRA aT LP ub ahead (aaa why wee eel. i wathy tp lia (Pe Tes uid ci) tino tye i 1 ri F if it 9" ie oe Sully mata Sr ae aby mn + err . yay.) hii ottel} it oA fad rit 110 fda hibetag. I ee 7 } ceed bog baa ele i eo al ae . db calbily oiler Sout hoe et ee oem en our! ywiew git eted dg ene!ee leg 200 ah See mee 7 si pide Wed oe nek ‘isttre aR Padi : Li eae ati ge ey sige he rte ET in tao S Ye Sill ak ol ey, in Ai crore Teepe Senna: dg loses AO Hoalé eb ae roa Vite uileied Gy dit} ey lene ‘eianiiineal wists cet oh dvd aa iorage tet Malate wd Delany ot Pout ae Wee a wy mit teedy attr ay nl, Oe pedigree nk wh teat ive ee oat cas af @ leaped. wont bind? 1 hei y er i Ry Cae a as talaad a Malet grad TU a ports pe Ye Le Aociiw wit chi ‘ i i Ms 7 wap id on? & ih tienda . ba cab « ii" io§ diieiel Regen & ia Avouk oewtli bog uri sae ay ae usu bitsy Ver ii(ane ary pi oF ei ut cial; as Tr aT mn ih ian Wet COE ah eT) Nis UE Oy 1 : fu 5 avo ef ah ats ¥ YS eae Pabyeninae sa) firigo Cale tiviat Pepi 4/100 ayia ore "wren et bored Aidit ad Ce Slat Pile 2 eso nh Bea iiiow 4a, @ 9950 Vier ie ee a Lai ny 20S ihe eee \ VL pent agen Shae ahd baw ae ae » %ieank avi ware! i ome tly ie ehpecdyat ery) 2 a4 iat RL iiletlinng tie at toe aa: Elrneal sa af his doaels. Slagul Nidudlt we 70a At a eee aes seal Ai oe i lethal aie ; ert pel i raw Lageneedty evel Molla ype if Peete Cee aa wh A 7 aie je ee “sey rs ; 1 A ee re ez. I 2 R > slaty a? : - a > bac YOO : ‘ : eS a ec cae Ly ae > - ma aa > ase Ae ee )i ‘ - . —— i) eae = - eon" 4 mn , | . r omy i HEDYDIPNA PLATURA ED YE DAR INGAR OE InPAGIS Uae se (GREEN-COLLARED LONG-TAILED SUN-BIRD.) Le Sucrier figuier, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi, p. 157, pl. 293, fig. 2 (1808); Sundev. Krit. om Levaill. p. 56 (1857). Cinnyris platurus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 501 (1819); Aud. et Vieill. Ene. Méth. ui, p. 589 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 40 (1828). Saccharine Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 225, no. 13 (1822). Comyns Creeper, Lath. tom. cit. p. 229, no. 17. Nectarinia cyanopygos, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); id. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854) ; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15, no. 162. Nectarinia sylviella, Temm. Pl. Col. 347, note (1825). Nectarinia platura, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 511 (1829); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 209, 260, pl. 19 (1842); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 405, no. 6 (1850); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 9, no. 103; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 14, no. 151; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 53, no. 153 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 109; Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, pp. 261, 262; Antin. Cat. p. 36 (1864); Hartm. J. f. O. 1866, p. 237; Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 202; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 83, no. 140 (1867); Heugl. Weissen Nil, p. 337 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 109, no. 1333 (1869); Finsch et Hartl. Vig. Ost-Afr. p. 215 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 379 (1871). Cinnyris sylviellus, Less. 'Traité d’Orn. i, p. 294, no. 10 (1831). Platydipna platyura, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101 (1850). Hedydipna platyura, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 299, no. 699, pl. 583, figs. 3963-64 (1854). Nectarinia platyura, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 225 (1871). g ad. supra metallicé viridis cupreo lavatus, pileo summo cupreo nitente: tectricibus alarum mediis et minimis dorso concoloribus, reliquis nigricantibus, majoribus interioribus metallicé viridi limbatis: remigibus nigricanti-brunneis pallidé brunneo extts limbatis, supracaudalibus metallicé violaceis: rectricibus saturaté brunneis pallidius terminatis, duabus centralibus nigris, violascenti-bronzino mar- ginatis: plagdé anteoculari nigra: capitis et colli lateribus pileo concoloribus: gutture metallicé smaragdineo, aureo nitente: corpore reliquo subtus leté flavo: tibiis saturate brunneis: subalaribus et remigibus infra saturaté brunneis, his intus pallidioribus: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté - brunnea. Hab. in Africd occidentali et septentrionali-orientali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green strongly shaded with golden copper; least and median series of wing-coyerts and broad margins to most of the greater coverts metallic golden green; remainder of the wings dark brown with narrow pale edges to the quills ; upper tail-coverts bronzy violet, and the lower back partially shaded with that colour; two centre tail-feathers bluish black, partially edged with violet-bronze, remainder of the tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow pale ends; in front of the eye a triangular patch of black feathers; sides of the head and sides of the neck metallic golden green like the crown; chin and throat metallic green, of a more emerald shade than the back, but strongly glossed with gold; entire breast and under tail-coverts rich gamboge-yellow; thighs dark brown; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills paler; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 6 inches, culmen 0:4, wing 2°15, tail 3°5, tarsus 0°55. Has. White-Nile district and northern portion of West Africa. BesipEs the short bill and two elongated centre tail-feathers which belong to this genus, the members are also well marked by their bright yellow breasts. ‘The present species may be readily distinguished from H. metallica by the entire throat being green, not terminating in a steel-blue collar; and the metallic portions of the plumage are also strongly glossed with golden copper. In North-eastern Africa its range appears to be limited to the western side of the White Nile, and its northern range to be Kordofan, whence there is a specimen in the Cambridge Museum collected by Petherick. According to Von Heuglin it assumes its full plumage during the rainy season in September and October, and its habits and song resemble those of the closely allied H. metallica, and like that bird it is only met with singly or in pairs. All his specimens he procured in the Upper White-Nile district, between the Djur and Kasanga rivers: here it was also met with by Antinori around the flowers of the acacia trees. In West Africa its range is confined to the northern portion, where it appears to be fairly plentiful and evenly distributed from Senegal to Sierra Leone. Temminck records it from the Guinea coast; but if it does occur so far south it must be only as a straggler, for we have no authority for its ever ranging so far south as Fantee. The adult male, which we have here figured and described, is from St. Louis, in Senegal, and belongs to the Marquis of 'Tweeddale. NECTARINIA PULCHELLA., (BEAUTIFUL SUN-BIRD.) Le Grimpereau & longue queue du Sénégal, Briss. Orn. iii, p. 645, no. 21, pl. 34, fig. 3 (1760); D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. pl. 670, fig. 1 Certhia pulchella, Linn. S. N. i, p. 187, no. 19 (1766); P. L. S. Mill. S. N. ii, p. 259, no. 19 (1773); Gm. S. N.i, p. 481 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 288 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 210 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 182, no. 23 (1812). Soui-manga vert doré changeant & longue queue du Sénégal, Montb. Hist. Ois. v, p. 519 (1778). Beautiful Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii, p. 719, no. 20 (1781); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 217, no. 5 (1822). Le Soui-manga a longue queue, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii, p. 62, pl. 40 (1802). Le Suerier Cossu, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi, p. 154, pl. 293, fig. 1 (1808); Sundev. Krit. om Levaill. p. 56 (1857). Cinnyris pulchellus, Cuv. Regn. Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p- 586 (1823); Less. Man. d'Or. ii, p. 26 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. p. 293, no. 5 (1831); Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 90 (1835); Swains. B. W. Afr. ii, p. 123, pl. 14 (1837); Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. iii, p. 248 (1847). Cinnyris caudatus, Vieill. N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 508 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 595 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 54 (1828). Nectarinia melampogon, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 9; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 52, no. 152 (1857); Heugl. J. f O. 1864, p. 262. Nectarinia pulchella, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 207, 259, pl. 18 (1842); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28, no. 107 (1845); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 404 (1850); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 216; Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, p. 496, App. p. 97; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 9; Mull. J. f. O. 1855, p. 14; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 20 (1856); Brehm, J. f. O. 1856, p. 488; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 52, no. 151 (1857); Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 109; Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 261; Antin. Cat. Descrit. Uce. p. 35 (1864); Hartmann, J. f. O. 1866, p. 208; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1866, p. 136; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 82, no. 139 (1867) ; Heugl. Reise Weissen Nil, p. 337 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 383; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 109, no. 1332 (1869); Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii, p-. 227 (1869); Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. Pe: 394 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 378 (1871); Heuvgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 223 (1871). Paneola pulchella, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101, no. 552 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 297, no. 696, pl. 581, figs. 3952-53 (1854); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p- 256 ; Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, iv, pp. 90, 453 (1873). g ad. supra let® metallicé viridis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus et 21 arn remigibus saturaté brunneis: rectricibus nigris, metallicé viridi marginatis : maculé anteoculari triquetra nigra: facie laterali et corpore subtus metallicé viridibus: plagd przpectorali conspicua scarlatina, utrinque flava: plumis prepectoris lateralibus flavo terminatis et subterminaliter metallicé viridi fasciatis : subalaribus et remigibus infra nigricantibus, margine alari metallicé viridi: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. mari dissimilis: supra cinerascenti-brunnea, vix olivaceo tincta: supercilio lato parum conspicuo, fulvescente: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus remigibusque saturaté brunneis, pallidé brunneo limbatis: rectricibus nigris, viridi adumbratis, albo terminatis, lateralibus latitis apicatis et extts albidis: subtts pallidé fulvescens, pectore sulfureo lavato: sub- alaribus albis: remigibus infra saturaté brunneis, intus albidis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. Hab. in Africa occidentali et in parte septentrionali Africze orientalis. Adult Male. General plumage rich metallic green; the quills and greater wing-coverts dark brown; tail black, the feathers partially edged with metallic green ; a triangular patch of black feathers in front of the eye; on the front of the chest a large patch of bright scarlet, with some pale yellow on each side, owing to the ends of the feathers being of that colour, with subterminal narrow metallic green bars; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°2, tail 4, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy brown, very slightly tinted with olive; a broad, but rather indistinct, buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, with pale brown edges to the feathers; upper tail-coverts dark brown, with broad ashy brown edges; tail-feathers black with a greenish gloss, and with white ends, increasing in breadth towards the outer ones, which are also margined on their outer webs with white ; under surface of the body buff, shaded with sulphur-yellow on the breast; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°1, tail 1-8, tarsus 0°6. Young Male. Similar to the adult female, excepting that the chin and centre of the throat are dusky black. Male in moult, Similar in plumage to the adult female, excepting that some of the feathers on the sides and back of the head, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts are tipped with metallic green; the least and median series of wing-coverts are entirely metallic green; the two centre tail-feathers as in the adult male, the other tail-feathers with pale ends, narrower than in the female; down the centre of the throat a broad metallic green band; entire under surface of the wings dark brown. Has. North-east Africa and West Africa from Senegal to the Gold Coast. Turse brilliant little Sun-birds are characterized by the adult males in full plumage having two long centre tail-feathers, as well as the entire body metallic green, with a scarlet patch on the chest flanked on the sides with pale yellow. They inhabit both North-eastern and Western Africa, from 16° N. lat. to probably about 4° north of the equator; but their southern limits are far from being satisfactorily defined. With regard to their eastern range Von Heuglin, in his large work upon the Omithology of North-eastern Africa, observes that they occur but rarely in Nubia. He found them not uncommon in Bogos Land, the lowlands of Abyssinia, in Taka, Sennaar, Kordofan, and parts of the White-Nile district, where they remain in pairs throughout the year, and frequent the gardens, cotton-fields, and brushwood, but are rarely met with far from water. In Abyssinia he procured specimens in the mountains up to an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 feet; and he informs us that the males assume their full plumage during the rainy season, in May and June, and retain it until December. Antinori and Beccari during their travels in North-eastern Africa collected specimens on the Anseba river, in Bogos Land, in May, and at Karen in June, and found it equally distributed from Samhar to Barka, in the Bogos country, where it was frequently seen during the flowering- season of the “tamarind,” around the blossoms of which they procure an abundance of small insects. Von Heuglin also obtained specimens at Bongo and at Wau, on the Gazelle river ; while Messrs. Jesse and Blanford only met with these birds on the banks of the Anseba river, at Waliko and Bejook, during the months of July and August. Here, according to Mr. Blanford, it was “common, especially in the thickets near the river, usually upon high acacia trees, but not seen anywhere else. Females were very rarely noticed. ‘This bird has a fine song.” Dr. Brehm found a nest of these birds on the 12th of September ; it was suspended from an exposed bough of a low mimosa tree, in the thick forest, and consisted principally of the seed- shucks of Calotropis procera. It contained two rather round white eggs. In West Africa it ranges from Senegal to the Gold Coast. In the British Museum I have examined specimens from Senegal, collected by M. Marche, from Dakar, on the Cape-Verd penin- sula, and on the river Gambia from Bathurst and Daranka. From Casamanse and Bissao it is recorded on the authority of M. Verreaux. Dr. W. Fergusson collected it at Sierra Leone. From Fantee it was first noted by Mr. Sharpe in 1869; but it is not an uncommon species there, although not so plentiful as most of the other Sun-birds. I have seen it myself in that country in the thick bush near the small brook at Abrobonko, six miles from Cape-Coast Castle. Here in February the males were in full plumage, and might be occasionally watched as they flitted around the flowering-plants at the edge of the small native plantations and clearings, but not in company with the other species, which were so abundant in the large flowering-trees. Southward of the Gold Coast I can find no authentic instance of its having been captured ; and there can be no doubt that M. Le Vaillant was wrong in describing the species as a native of South A frica. With a large series of specimens before me from North-east and West Africa I can detect no variation or sign of local races. The adult male is here figured and described from one of my specimens from Senegal. The adult female and the immature birds, or males in moult, described above, are from Senegal and Dakar, the last three from Mr. Sharpe’s collection, now the property of the British Museum. Li ' » Sin " : wR arok Sieg er in ihe | aah : hy pT niaiuirat WO ubommnr? wis : ‘ ‘] slog (Ter) VANE Sant 178 Cis : THAN : WT eee leek tial ake ea, ae ai ‘ta t 4H hae. pee at Ms # parks ot fh _— . i tudar spain wiyyyth ek di alae ne eae iy ; 4 ye. Sy icheabd Daliiore Garin oh ail Hi Wht 1a vente E asteda ag hh agit f wud) dees vehi «fon tbieglth hutay (ean “sea dc beoldial .\ an mai gor ” ivwatotd ut i + peony, uf ae ’ G 3 isi alt cans th era km ay a ; ‘ - td } set ese, OT ate tert iaateinoe de! poy wagire a . 4 Ed f i ‘ tt reve SR if arinla bees Ps, ; alte Fatah fe tipoattet precere chiA a | i : : vas ( Ti phd ff i we At { mAh) CFE, ee oy Te ae icepae 7.16 1 eh weasel sit j ql Lobeiidel sauce ath 7 ie th wi ‘ : ‘ ‘ : 4 “ad dri ae ri ven baba . oman ce e ‘ 4 j al wpe oF iniaee ian ; tule sot, Gino mid dian . av . boit poy Eats ot ‘a qui al Fe bh aaeinie bx | Ai Y eeatel AP + ube nit a iat ' ‘ Pt i By ; & sus) it hebeolltee OfesT San i a ia 30i3 sen ual ae A gat" nbn ly ; el bees bFy bal b wisih se n nie foal jm tbh livig op ats uid ort) biel gil), fans, init Ay : ba. bd upeencscce | nom abelian sats ewe isi surf-oeonbeagl ith aan : i ay NECTARINIA FAMOSA. (MALACHITE SUN-BIRD.) Certhia famosa, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 187. no. 20 (1766); P. L. S. Mill. S. N. ii. p. 259. no. 20 (1773); Gm. 8. N. i. p. 481. no. 20 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 288. no. 24 (1790); Shaw, Nat. Misc. i. pl. 19 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 212, pl. 31 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 182. no. 24 (1812). Grimpereau a longue queue du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Buff. Pl. Enl. 83. fig. 1 (1770-86). Trochilus pella (pt., Africa), P. L. 8. Mill. S. N. ii. p. 264. no. 2. pl. 8. fig. 9 (1773). Trochilus capensis, P. L. 8. Mill. 8. N. Suppl. p. 100. no. 1 (1776). Soui-manga vert & longue queue, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 521 (1778). Famous Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 720. no. 21 (1781); id. Gen. Syn. Supp. p. 128. no. 21 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 214. no. 4, et vars. a et B (1822). Snuff-coloured Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 129. no. 50 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p- 218. no. 6 (1822). Certhia tabacina, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 289. no. 26 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 214 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 183. no. 26 (1812). Jeune Soui-manga, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 48, pl. 26 bis (1802). Le Grand Soui-manga a longue queue, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. pp. 59, 60, pls. 37, 38. Sout-manga couleur de tabac, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 67 (ex Lath.). Le Sucrier malachite, Levaill. Ois. d Afr. vi. p. 1438, pls. 289, 290 (1808); Sundev. Krit. om Levaill. p. 56 (1857). Nectarinia famosa, Mil. Prod. p. 210 (1811); Burchell, Trav. 8. Afr. i. p. 245 (1822); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 204, 259, pl. 17 (1843); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 223. no. 1349 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 404. no. 2 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 102. no. 561 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 296. no. 695, pl. 581. figs. 8949-51 (1854); Mull. J. f O. 1855, p. 14. no. 147; Schl. Handb. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 38 (1858) > Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 520; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vog. p. 51 (1865); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 77. no. 127 (1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 43; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1278 (1869) ; Finsch et Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 212 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 150; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 37, no. 842 (1871); Andersson, B. Damara Land, ed. Gurney, p. 68 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 874; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 69. Cinnyris famosa, Cuy. Regn. Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 59 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. i. p. 292. no. 3 (1831); Hahn, Orn. Atlas, Cinnyris, pl. 3 (1834). 3 ad. malachitaceo-viridis, splendens, uropygio, scapularibus tectricibusque alarum minimis et medianis, supra- caudalibus et pectore letioribus: regione anteoculari velutino-nigra: alis caudaque nigris, tectricibus majoribus lete viridi marginatis: remigibus bronzino limbatis: tectricibus duabus medianis elongatis C splendidé viridi utrinque marginatis, reliquis bronzino-viridi limbatis: fasciis pectoralibus leeté flavis : rostro et pedibus nigris: iride brunnea. 9 ad. mari dissimilis. Supra brunnea, alis saturaté brunneis, pallidits marginatis: cauda nigricante, rectricibus omnibus albo apicatis, extimis etiam extts albis: supercilio indistincto et plag& supraoculari fulvis : subtis cinerascens, flavo lavata, fascid mystacali utrinque flavicanti-fulva: pectore medio, abdomine et subcaudalibus lactesentibus sulphureo lavatis. . d juv. haud a foeminé adulté distinguendus. Hab. in Africé meridionali. Adult Male. General plumage rich metallic golden green; rather less golden and more emerald-green towards the upper tail-coverts and on the breast ; in front of the eye a black patch like velvet ; wings and tail black; scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, and a broad edging to the greater coverts green like the back, primary-coverts and quills partially edged with bronze; centre tail-feathers partially edged with metallic golden green, the others with more bronzy green; pectoral tufts bright yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 9°2 inches, culmen 1°38, wing 3°15, tail 5:0, tarsus 0°7. Adult Female. Upper parts brown; wings dark brown, with pale edges to the feathers; tail nearly black, with narrow white ends to the feathers, broadest on the lateral ones, which have also their outer webs white ; a rather indistinct eyebrow, and a few feathers below the eye buff; underparts, chin, throat, front of breast, and sides of the body very pale ashy brown, slightly washed with yellow; a band of yellowish buff from the lores down the sides of the throat; centre of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts cream-colour, shaded with sulphur-yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 2°75, tail 2°05, tarsus 0°65. Young Male. Similar in plumage to the female. Male in partial moult. Similar in plumage to the female, excepting that the centre tail-feather is elongated, and the white edging to the feathers almost gone, and almost similar to that in the adult male, as are also the wings, scapulars, and lower back; the buff band from the lores down the sides of the throat indistinct ; the breast mottled with metallic-green feathers. His. South Africa. From the southern part of Great Namaqua Land through Little Namaqua Land to the Cape of Good Hope, and from there through Natal and the Transvaal to the Shiré valley in the Zambesi district. Tur Malachite Sun-bird, no less attractive by its graceful form and active habits than by the brilliant green of its plumage and its elongated central tail-feathers, is one of the best-known birds of Africa, never having failed to arrest the attention of the sportsman and traveller, as well as of the naturalist. It ranges throughout South Africa from Little Namaqua Land to the Cape of Good Hope, and thence along the southern and eastern provinces as high as the Zambesi region. It has been met with at many places in the interior, being generally, but not evenly, distributed. In the Knysna district it is not uncommon, many specimens having been sent thence by Mr. Andersson; and it has also been collected in the Karroo by Victorin, and at Grahamstown by Atmore. ; During my travels in South Africa I had frequent opportunities of watching these birds in Cape colony, at Mossel Bay, and at Port Elizabeth. They frequent the flowering bushes which grow so luxuriantly in the sandy African soil, both on the plains and on the mountains, but are rarely met with in the wooded districts. While in the neighbourhood of the Cape scarcely a day passed without my seeing these lovely birds clinging on to the large flowers, fluttering and twittering with pleasure as they sucked the sweet nectar or captured the small insects embedded in the blossoms. Although frequently collected in considerable numbers around the more attractive plants, they are not gregarious, but only meet from their mutual wants attracting them to the same bushes, which frequently results in one (of a more quarrelsome or playful disposition) chasing his neighbour from the flowering plants where they have met. The pursuer and pursued fly swiftly and low over the ground, darting rapidly round the bushes, disappearing for a moment, and then reappearing again on the topmost twigs of two neighbouring shrubs, when, after a brief rest, they dart off again in their lively play, the rich green plumage flashing in the sunshine as they glance over the dull sandy soil, or flutter round the large crimson flowers of the South-African bushes, or hang about the clustered blossoms of the tall aloes. Levaillant, in his ‘ Oiseaux d’ Afrique,’ is the first traveller who gives us any account of this bird, of which he writes that when the breeding-season has passed, and the young have left the nest, the male throws off its brilliant livery. The bright plumes are dropped by degrees, and are replaced by the dull garb for the winter season. It not only loses its metallic plumes, but even the two long tail-feathers are replaced by shorter ones. The young male on leaving the nest is similar in plumage to the female, but in its first moult it assumes the winter livery of the adult male. After his second moult in the spring he selects his mate, with whom he remains throughout the year. This portion of his observations appears to me to be very accurate; for in all the species of Nectarinia and Cinnyris which I have seen in life, the moult appears to be very gradual, and takes a very considerable time to complete; and during this period of moult they are frequently paired. Mr. Layard (B. 8. Afr. p. 77) observes of this species:—‘‘ Common throughout the colony. It is very partial to the blossoms of the Aloe, among which it finds an abundance of its insect food. I have found it plentiful up the ravines of Table Mountain, extending even to the top. It has a shrill, not unpleasing, but short song, and when pursuing a rival utters a piercing scream. It is very combative; and if two males meet about the same bush a fight is sure to ensue, to the great detriment of the beautiful tail-feathers. ‘The males lose their beauty in the winter season; and the young birds are just like the females. Eggs, reported to be those of this species, have been given me; they are of a dull greyish brown colour, minutely mottled all over. They were said to have been taken from a domed nest, suspended from the end of a twig. Since this was written (1865) I have found several nests containing eggs, and can confirm the account given by my correspondent. The eggs are—axis 10", diam. 6’. It abounds on the Cape flats during the flowering of the Protea.” In Mr. Gurney’s edition of Andersson’s work we find the following extracts from the C2 notes of that undaunted traveller and accurate observer :—“ This splendid species is exceedingly abundant in Little Namaqua Land, and also occurs, though but rarely, in the southernmost parts of Great Namaqua Land. It is usually found permanently established where it has once taken up its abode. Its food consists of insects and the saccharine juice of flowers, in search of which its flits incessantly from one flowering tree or plant to another, now settling and now hovering, but glittering all the while in the sunshine like some brilliant insect or some precious gem. The male, in addition to the beauty of its plumage, possesses a very pleasant warble.” Mr. Burchell, during his travels in the interior of South Africa, found, when he was at Roggeveld on the Ist of August, 1811, “a beautiful Green Sugar-bird (Nectarinia famosa) frequenting the thorn trees, and in splendid plumage, surpassing all the other birds of the place.” Beyond Cape colony, to the eastward, it becomes a much scarcer bird. A few specimens have been sent me by Mr. T. L. Ayres from Pinetown, in the neighbourhood of Durban, where it appears to be only migratory, not remaining in that part of the country during our winter months; and I did not meet with it there during February or March. In ‘The Ibis’ for 1868 and 1871 are published the following notes made by Mr. Ayres in Natal:—‘‘ This bird is found more in the inland part of the colony, frequenting the open country, feeding upon the nectar of the various kinds of aloes abounding in some localities, and also on that of some species of lilies which are numerous in many of the valleys. When disturbed they generally fly right away, unless their attention is attracted by some flower or by others of their own species.” He also writes, ‘These birds are exceedingly scarce about Potchefstroom; but a few of them frequent the neighbouring hills and open country.” Mr. T. E. Buckley met with this species on the Drakenberg on the 19th of December, 1873, and observes :—‘‘Only seen in this one place, but most likely only a summer visitant. About here I found several pairs living amongst the thick patches of bushes along the small streams that run down the side of the Drakenberg. ‘They were restless, but not at all shy.” Although he passed a whole year in the Matabili country, he did not meet with it again. In the Macamac district and at Lydenberg it has been collected by Mr. Barratt. In the Zambesi district it appears to be very scarce ; for Dr. Kirk tells us (Ibis, 1864, p. 320), ‘‘T have seen this bird but once, in a thick clump of trees near the river Shiré during the rainy season. It is a rare bird in the region.” On comparing Natal specimens with those from Cape colony and Namaqua Land, the former are almost invariably brighter, slightly larger, and with longer centre tail-feathers, but are not specifically distinct. In Abyssinia there is the closely allied form (1. cupreonitens) which has been generally confounded with the South-African bird. Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub, in their work on the birds of East Africa, describe the adult and young male from Cape specimens, and the female from an Abyssinian one. They mention a young male specimen, in the Bremen Museum, from Casamanse, in Senegal; should the locality attached to this specimen be correct (which I am inclined to doubt), it must be an example of NV. cupreonitens. mi Tebi a tisha NECTARINIA CUPREONITENS. (ABYSSINIAN MALACHITE SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia famosa, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 90 (1835-40); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 28 (1845); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 20. no. 150 (1856); Brehm, Reis. n. Habesch, p. 211. no. 42 (1863); Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 261; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 221 (1871). Souimanga & longue queue, Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 88 (1845-50). 3 ad. similis N. famose, sed corpore superiore et gula pectoreque vividé rufescenti-cupreo nitentibus: dorso et tectricibus alarum minimis aurato cupreo lavatis. Q haud a feemina N. famose distinguenda. Hab. in Abyssinia et Senegambia. Adult Male. Similar in plumage to N. famosa, excepting that the head and neck are strongly washed with reddish copper, and the back and lesser wing-coverts with golden copper ; the chin and throat are like- wise strongly shaded with reddish copper, and the feathers on the front of the chest are partially shaded with the same colour; irides dark brown; bill and legs black. Total length 7-9 inches, culmen 1:15, wing 3°1, tail 4°5, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. “ Oberseite, Kopf und Halsseiten olivenbraunlich ; Fligel und Schwanz dunkler mit schwa- chem griinlichen Metallscheme und fahlbraunlichen Saéumen an der Aussenfahne ;° Schwanzfedern fahlweiss gespitzt, die ausserste an der Aussenfahne weiss; Kinn, Kehle und Kropf olivenbraunlich, schwachgelblich verwaschen; iibrige Unterseite blassolivengelb; untere Schwanzdecken weisslich ; jederseits von der Basis des Unterschnabels ein verloschener blassgelblicher Strich herab. Schnabel und Beine schwarz.”—Finscu & Hartt. Vg. Ost-Afr. p. 213. Has. North-east Africa and Senegambia. Tue above description of the adult male is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, and formerly belonging to Mr. Sharpe. It may be readily recognized from the South-African Malachite Sun-bird by the deep copper shades, which are most distinct on the head and neck. It is also slightly smaller in size, a character which Von Heuglin has already remarked as distinguishing the Abyssinian bird from the South-African WV. famosa. The female does not appear to differ in plumage from that of the South-African form; and as I have not had the opportunity of examining a specimen of that sex, I have quoted the description in full given by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub of a specimen in the Bremen Museum. This species ranges throughout the mountainous districts of Abyssinia, and has been recorded from Bogos. Of its occurrence beyond these limits, we are informed by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub (Vég. Ost-Afr. p. 213) that there is an immature male specimen in the Bremen Museum collected at Casamanze by Herr Schneider, which, if the locality be correct, I have no doubt should be referred to the present species. H Von Heuglin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 221) gives the following information respecting this bird :— In North-east Africa it is very limited in. range, having only been observed by him during the winter and spring months in the highest ranges of the Central Abyssinian Alps, where the Erica, Echinops, and the Djibara plant (hynchopetalum montanum) occur at an elevation of from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea, in the province of Semien, and at Begemedere, on the Guna. He observed it in pairs or small flocks, sometimes in company with JV. tacazze; and, notwithstanding the cold and the strong winds, they flutter and sing around the few bushes which grow on these dreary and often snow-clad mountain-ranges. It does not, he remarks, assume its full plumage before May or June, although WV. tacazze has already done moulting in April; and whether it be a resident throughout the year he is unable to affirm; but I think we need not doubt its being such. According to Brehm (Habesch, p. 211) its occurrence at Mensa may be doubted; but it was found, as we are informed, by Lefebvre at Adowa; and in the province of Semien, according to Riippell, it is plentiful up to an elevation of 12,000 feet. 5 2 p Ris Te } NECTARINIA TVACAZZE. (TAKAZZE SUN-BIRD.) Certhia tacazze, Stanley in Salt’s Trav. Abyss. App. p. 58 (1814). Splendid Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 226. no. 15 (1822). Cinnyris tacazze, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 89, pl. 31. fig. 3 (1835); Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 88 (1845-50). Nectarinia tacazze, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28. no. 108 (1845); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 405: no. 7 (1850); Mull. J. f O. 1855, p. 15. no. 158; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. N.O.-Afr. p. 20. no. 152 (1856); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 191; Riipp. J. f. O. 1862, p. 292; Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262; Gray, Hand-l. B.i. p. 108. no. 1529; Blanford, Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 352. no. 111 (1870). Aidemonia tacazze, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 284, pl. 3871. fig. 3896 (1854). Aithopyga tacazze, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 735. no. 1073 (1856-58). Nectarinia tacaziena, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 222 (1871); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 37. no. 343 (1871). Nectarinia tacazziana, Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 227 (1872). Aidemonia tacazziana, Antinori & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. iv. p. 89 (1873). 3 ad. corpore supra cum tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis et pectore metallicé lilacinis, capite summo guttureque cuprescentibus: corpore reliquo nigro: rostro et pedibus nigris : iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. supra olivascenti-brunnea, lined superciliari lata albicante : remigibus saturaté brunneis, extis pallidits limbatis: rectricibus nigris, externis laté albo terminatis: subtis fulvescens, gutture imo et corporis lateribus olivascenti-brunneo lavatis, pectore medio flavo adumbrato. 3 juv. similis feminze adultz, sed tectricibus alarum minimis, supracaudalibus et gutture medio metallicis. Hab. in Abyssinia et in terra “ Bogos”’ dicta. Adult Male. Entire head and neck copper-colour, shot with green and lilac according to the light, and changing gradually into rich metallic lilac on the back, scapulars, least and median series of wing- coverts, upper tail-coverts, and front of the chest; remainder of the plumage black ; the greater wing- coverts and the under tail-coverts partially edged with metallic violet ; the tail-feathers glossed at their edges with deep metallic green; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 8°5 inches, culmen 1°15, wing 3:1, tail 4, tarsus 0°75. Adult Female. Upper parts brownish olive; sides of the head darker, with a broad white eyebrow, and a black patch in front of the eye; wings dark brown with pale edges to the feathers, lighter and inclining to olive on the quills; tail blackish brown, most of the feathers with white tips, broadest on the outer ones; underparts buff, palest on the upper throat and the cheeks, and tinted with olive down the lower throat, sides of the breast, and thighs, and with yellow towards the middle of the breast; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts nearly white ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 2°75, tail 2-2, tarsus 0°75. ri Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult female, but with the metallic portions beginning to show on the lesser wing- and tail-coverts and down the centre of the throat. Has. Abyssinia and Bogos Land. Tus fine Sun-bird is readily distinguished from the other members of the genus Nectarinia, which have the two central tail-feathers considerably elongated, by the violet and coppery lustre of its plumage. It inhabits North-eastern Africa, especially affecting the more mountainous districts. Mr. Salt, who first discovered it in Abyssinia, only met with it in the low hot valleys, while Riippell records it from the Taranta Mountains at an elevation of 8300 feet. According to Von Heuglin, our best authority upon the birds of N.E. Africa (Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 222), it is resident throughout the eastern, central, and southern portions of Abyssinia, where it was observed by Riippell and himself, more frequently in the mountains than in the low lands, living mostly in pairs or family parties, and seeking its food amongst the flowering plants and trees. It is not shy in its habits; and it remains very constantly in the same locality until the shrubs have done flowering, when it becomes partially migratory in search of districts where blossoms are more abundant; for its food consists of small beetles and flies which infest the flowers. At Semien and Begemedere (Guna) he met with it at elevations above 13,000 feet. According to his observations the fresh breeding-plumage is assumed in March and April ; but the male at no time loses its metallic colours; and he remarks that he has met with it at all seasons, excepting during the autumn months, when he was never in a locality frequented by this species. This statement appears to me to differ from that made by Mr. Blanford (Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 352), where he observes: —‘ The non-breeding plumage is dull; it is only in the breeding-season that the males acquire their rich purple colour.” If we argue from the seasonal changes of plumage usually gone through by members of this family, it would appear that Mr. Blanford’s observations are the most correct ; for I understand by his calling the non-breeding plumage dull, that this bird assumes a distinct winter dress, as its near ally V. famosa most certainly does; yet we should not forget that Von Heuglin’s statements are those of an able ornithologist, who has had long personal experience in the facts he records. According to Mr. Blanford (7. ¢.), “ this fine Mectarinia ranges to a much higher elevation than the other species. It was common about Senafé and Adigrat, and was still abundant at 10,000 feet on the Wanday pass. In May they were apparently breeding about Senafé. It was very difficult to find the females, which were probably occupied in incubation.” Mr. Jesse (Tr. Z. S. vil. p. 227) found it only at Rayrayguddy, on the 8th of April, and at Goongoona, Facado, and Senafé in May. Dr. Beccari met with it at Keren in May; and it is, as Antinori and Salvadori remark, undoubtedly rare in Bogos. The present species was originally named Certhia tacazze, after the river Takazze, a tributary of the Atbara, where Salt first discovered it. I have adhered to the original spelling in prefer- ence to such names as Nectarinia tacaziena, Heuglin, or NV. tacazziana, Finsch, which have been proposed as more classical, as I do not consider that we gain any advantage by making such alterations—if indeed we have the right to do so in any case, excepting where the name has been wrongly spelt by a misprint or error in the publication. +NECTARINIA BOCAGIL (BOCAGE’S SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia tacazze, Bocage, Jorn. Lisbon, 1878, p. 2 (nec Riipp.). ¢ ad. nigricans, violaceo et chalybeo-viridi nitens, tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus: medianis nigris chalybeo lavatis : majoribus remigibusque nigris: cauda nigra vix metallicd: subtiis niger, gutture et jugulo metallicé chalybeo-viridibus, plumis paucis aurato nitentibus: subalaribus nigris, remigibus infra cimerascenti-brunneis : rostro et pedibus nigris. Hab. in prov. Angolensi Africe occidentalis. Adult Male in partial moult. Black, with the feathers on the upper half of the head, ear-coverts, back and sides of the neck, and the least series of wing-coverts broadly edged with metallic lilac, slightly glossed with blue, green, and copper; feathers of the back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts broadly edged with metallic bluish-green, glossed with lilac; median series of wing-coverts narrowly edged with the same metallic colours as the back; remainder of the wings brownish black, with a green gloss; the tail has a greenish gloss, and the feathers are narrowly and indistinctly edged with violet-bronze ; chin black ; entire throat metallic bluish green, with a faint lilac gloss; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the coverts black; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 8:1 inches, culmen 0:9, wing 3°05, tail 4°2, tarsus 0°7. Has. Angola. THE present species agrees with NV. ¢tacazze in form and size, but may be readily distinguished from that bird by the bluish-green colouring of the back, upper tail-coverts, and throat. The specimen before me is in apparently imperfect plumage; yet the colouring as well as the texture of the feathers show no signs of immaturity, so that I feel no doubt as to its being an adult male; but the plumage appears so very imperfect that I have only specially mentioned those characters for distinguishing it from NV. tacazze which I think must remain more or less constant: these, however, are quite sufficient to prove that it is not merely WV. tacazze in moult, but an undoubtedly distinct species, which I have no hesitation in naming after my much esteemed friend Professor Barboza du Bocage, to whom I am indebted for the loan of so many interesting specimens. The type, which is now in the Lisbon Museum, has been here figured in company with NV. cupreonitens. weil : 7 tun Wa >a ia . ik , ‘ an E . ¥ : F rs : Fs. ee he ® 7 r3 7 ea , ig te D1.” 1 ay / ? eis ihn ! | aa 5 =) ty «tag LO et May i 7 Ae i mS np hy — } : vert i i nw Hi Tite Soliant rhe ert “ww limped eerie bis Ny Ne ae neal bnornaiaeh ; ; ; ; an ay VE ae on oar zor Thin sd Ci ya le ' 7 j hn tO pall ‘ a . Of er @) bh? a jing iat .. Ay ne wy Ss Z , ut} To oh ub i te nea. —— ‘ ‘ et ‘Ad i i Toe nips. foie haan . : : : 7 f iG: a 600 ORO NAE A Ll A ar 5 ; aA TP yl pr ay rd a e & | wa ee Spay wedi aa 7 - ht lhe selipeabling ; ' ‘. j i 4 7 savtl nich 2 pat Tune ” ; l aoa oe ah d ; | 1: too, aff porieg at wT, ae . ie 5 + i > 1 7 —s . Py - ' ~ : : 3 n \ F ° \ . - iS . ig - e ; -. ‘ ~s , a . 2 »! - ny ; oors, te ’ 3 7 Pw 1p a eens i. Seep LO Pert wie ANTHROBAPHES VIOLACEA. (SOUTH-AFRICAN WEDGE-TAILED SUN-BIRD.) Certhia violacea, Linn. 8, N. i. p. 188. no. 22 (1766); P. L. S. Miill. S. N. ii. p. 260. no. 22 (1773); id. op. cit. Anhang, p. 97. no. 27 (1776); Gm. S. N. i. p. 482 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 288. no. 21 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 211, pl. 20 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 182 (1812). Petit Grimpereau a longue queue du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Buff. Pl. Enl. 670. fig. 2 (1770-86). Soui-manga a longue queue et capuchon violet, Buff. Hist. Ois. v. p. 517 (1778). Violet-headed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 718. no. 19 (1781); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 213. no. 3 (1822). tCinereous Creeper, Lath. Gen Syn. B. ii. p. 723. no. 22 (1781). tOrange-breasted Creeper, Lath. tom. cit. p. 734. no. 38; id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 264. no. 70 (1822). tCerthia aurantia, Gm. S. N. i. p. 472. no. 35 (ex Orange-breasted Creeper of Lath. 1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 295. no. 47 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 186. no. 48 (1812); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 43. ’Certhia cinerea, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 481. no. 52 (ex Cinereous Creeper of Lath. 1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 289. no. 25 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 182. no. 25 (1812). Certhia crocata, Shaw & Nodd. Vivar. Nat. vi. pl. 210. Le Soui-manga & capuchon violet, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 61, pl. 39 (1802). tLe Soui-manga orangé, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 64 (ex Gm. no. 35). Le Sucrier orangé, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi. p. 152, pl. 292. figs. 1, 2 (1808); Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 56 (1857). Nectarinia violacea, Mlig. Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 210 (1811); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p- 15 (1823); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 200, 258, pl. 16 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 223. no. 1350 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p- 404. no. 3 (1850); Mill. J. f. 0.1855, p. 15. no. 160; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 39 (1858); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vog. p. 51 (1865); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 78. no. 130 (1867) ; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 213. no. 94 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 37. no. 344 (1871). Cinnyris violaceus, Cuv. Régn. Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 598 (1828) ; Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 27 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. i. p. 293. no. 4 (1831). 'Cinnyris cinereus, Vieill. N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 498 (ex Cinereous Creeper of Lath. 1819); id. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 585 (1823). Cinnyris violaceofrons, Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 600 (1823). Cinnyris croceus, Less. 'Traité d’Orn. i. p. 294. no. 8 (ex Levaill. pl. 292. fig. 2, 1831). Anthrobaphes violacea, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103. no. 565 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, tH? p- 298. no. 698, pl. 582. figs. 3954-56 (1854); Gurney in Andersson’s B. Damara Land, p- 74 (1872). Promerops violacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1353 (1869). g ad. capite, collo, interscapulio et tectricibus alarum minimis saturaté metallicé viridibus violaceo nitentibus : dorso postico et supracaudalibus olivascenti-flavis, his vix metallicé lilacino apicatis: remigibus rectrici- busque saturaté brunneis, olivascenti-flavo limbatis: gutture et preepectore saturaté metallicé viridibus, jugulo lilascenti-chalybeo nitente: subtus flavicans, pectore summo et subcaudalibus aurantiaco-rubro lavatis: hypochondris tibiusque olivascenti-flavis: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis: rostro pedibusque nigris : iride saturaté brunnea. @ ad. supra olivacea, uropygio et supracaudalibus flavo lavatis: remigibus et rectricibus saturaté brunneis extus olivascenti-flavo limbatis: subtis dilutior, cinerascenti-olivacea, pectore medialiter flavo lavato, et subcaudalibus flavicantibus. Hab. in Africa meridionali. Adult Male. Head, neck, uppermost portion of the back, and the least series of wing-coverts deep metallic green, here and there with lilac reflexions; remainder of the back and the upper tail-coverts olive- yellow, the latter occasionally partially tipped with metallic lilac; remainder of the wing and tail- feathers dark brown, edged with olive-yellow; front of the neck deep metallic green, changing into lilac, shaded steel-blue on the lower half of the throat; undersurface of the body yellow, strongly washed with orange-red on the front of the chest and on the tail-coverts, and shading into olive-yellow on the flanks and thighs; pectoral tufts bright yellow; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0:9, wing 2°3, tail 3°3, tarsus 0°7. Adult Female. Upper parts olive, shaded with yellow on the lower back and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers edged with olive-yellow ; underparts paler and more ashy olive, washed with yellow down the centre of the breast and on the under tail-coverts; undersurface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts almost white, the latter tinted with sulphur- yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2, tail 2, tarsus 0°65. Has. South Africa. Tue South-African Wedge-tailed Sun-bird forms, I consider, the connecting link between the African genus Nectarinia and the oriental 4thopyga: to the former it is allied in the shape and length of its bill, and in not possessing the loose downy feathers on the middle of the back which are so characteristic of the genus 4thopyga, while to the latter it shows its affinities in the form of its tail. This last character, together with the metallic colouring of the least series of wing-coverts and the orange-yellow breast, distinguish it from all the other members of the family. It lives in the wild mountainous parts of South Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope east- ward to Cape Delgado. On the west coast it ranges into Little Namaqua Land; and if Mr. Layard is correct in the locality he assigns to Mr. Chapman’s specimens, it is found in the interior as far north as the Lake Ngami district. We haye, however, never seen a specimen from so far inland, and doubt the identification. With regard to its range in South-western Africa, I cannot do better than quote from Mr. Andersson’s valuable work on the birds of Damara Land (p. 74):—‘I have found this species pretty abundant in Little Namaqua Land; but to the best of my knowledge it is not an inhabitant of Great Namaqua or Damara Land, though Mr. Layard informs me that Mr. Chap- man brought specimens from the Lake-country. It is found singly and in pairs, often also in flocks, frequenting the slopes of hills and mountains, whence it descends to the lower grounds, but only during the flowering-season of the garden plants and trees, amongst which it is especially fond of the sweet-scented orange-blossom. With the exception of such excursions, it is not migratory. The male bird has a brisk pleasant song.” | Levaillant gives a very similar account of its habits as observed by him at the Cape of Good Hope, and also remarks:—‘ Le male a un gazouillement précipité des plus vifs et des plus agréables.” Mr. Layard (B. of S. Afr. p. 78) writes:—“'This Sun-bird appears to affect wild unculti- vated country and mountains more than the other species; indeed I never observed it near habitations. It is plentiful on the top and about the sides of Table Mountain. At the Knysna I found it in abundance among the uncultivated hill-sides, away from the timber. I saw a pair building a pendent, domed nest, with a projecting portico over the entrance, at Cape Delgado, on the east coast of Africa. The nest was hung at the extreme end of a drooping branch of a Casuarina, close to the sea-beach ; not far off was the nest of V. gutturalis.” During the rainy season the male loses its bright colours and assumes a plumage almost identical with that of the female. A very fine specimen in my collection, from which the accompanying illustration of the male is taken, has a few of the upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with metallic lilac, a character which I have not observed in any other individual that I have examined. 24 26 - ates afae i Onur Jind of Tague } At ie Re erik bun’ uh bite 2 yh Grit I TIOED 19 elie 3 Gh Ag fil al Hh onbal wand tal We fut Oath tl sot et i: alert Ae athe fA jul. 4a eariotwe’ DAV ald Faved hark small tie ines flrs i th ale pdin ee oe Dae stl hitiips rau al igtcaeaes cy! j tds ais ‘TAY y), wild. OF hiteean 7 sie i Lui fuck § 4 of WW File bee Bod Daw Aa mali wea, ie lity, fever epee ad hw ot pana | aw tf ‘moduli ; Pe io " a0 jhimaly Aattd did ehh hank) \o in Joa) tH wid id hay taeda wi ahfeg gi lip Linge outs oath ie TTY ally elt, Doing. dix NOR (ih 9 jiuohw hiliw MAT af w er Writlectey® aie lt *—: Seelave (ay. “4 th Fs te a¥ he 1a UP Perth incom © foveal Re wade .olP oan aon wiladinc ou fate eoeqaelh od ti dlahaols otind Ve ene ale agate fate GV op ty ga t ] Hay aA STON a Hee aE gal heme CB by ry areas AD arte, 6 es ang I ahaegt dq ra) cinta nile ere: OOH OR Yalaying & US Pi: ret ee Par Eeyvs Td ie a Te Line ahve ath ik es wrk enh wi ye OP Ry A TE pit ai aa Me iat he seh . dort sampling Thy i White hive nanny) filyhiik at iene “ie a 4 oe gift Te tole WOR Aa newts | dil ‘iit ntetk, ae Ver a pint: aay Ganesha Rahat SHB scr" Ae Neqy ee wend Ah Tag whe adh Wewal aS Seine viol Fie CUS EEE wills wR MF z ia ory 4 - mit © 5. a Lf 7 -_ “Qa - - hina js RG i : ihe 7 um a3 ‘ ¥ q i . ¥ 7 od a x - > 7 ‘ i? ; 4 —— ah, Gees i ss as ’ or Whew, ass : = A j : ; eee «ate = eet ’ oe ¥4 or: eg a] y ee te ATHOPYGA EXIMIA. (KUHL’S YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia eximia, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii, p. 168 (1820); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p- 268 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 405, no. 16 (1850). Nectarinia kuhli, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 376, figs. 1, 2 (1825); S. Mull. & Schl. Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 56 (1846); Schl. Handb. Dierk. p. 256 (1857). Cinnyris kuhlit, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 36 (1828). Cinnyris eximia, Vig. Mem. Raffles, p. 673 (1830). Aithopyga eximia, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 103 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 303, no. 709, pl. 587, figs. 8984-85 (1854); Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxix, p. 265 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii, p. 736 (1856); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 37. Anthreptes eximia, Licht. Nomencl. Ay. p. 56 (1854). Promerops eximia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 109, no. 1340 (1869). 3 ad. supra olivascenti-flavus: fronte et vertice, supracaudalibus et rectricum nigrarum marginibus latis metallicé viridibus: uropygio leté flavo: gutture toto et pectore rubris: fascia jugulari transversa A -formi metallicé violaced: corpore reliquo subtts sordidé olivascente: subalaribus et corporis late- ribus albis. ® ad. olivascenti-flava, capite magis sordidiore, viridescente: guld cinerascente: corporis lateribus albis. Hab. in insulé “ Java” dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts, as well as the sides of the head and neck, olive-yellow; forehead and crown metallic green; in front of the eyes a triangular patch of black feathers; wings dark brown, with the least and median series of coverts and broad margins to the other feathers olive-yellow ; lower back bright yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic green ; tail black, with the basal half of the centre feathers and the margins of the others metallic green; chin, throat, and front of the chest red; the middle of the throat traversed by a metallic lilac band forming an angle directed upwards; a broad, dusky olive band down the centre of the breast; thighs and under tail-coverts the same colour, but rather paler ; sides of the body white ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill, upper mandible dark brown, lower one paler brown; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 5:2 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2:3, tail 2°4, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Olive-yellow; quills and tail-feathers dark brown, broadly edged with olive-yellow, the latter having broad pale ends, barely perceptible, excepting from beneath; chin and upper half of the throat inclining to ashy grey; sides of the body white. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2:15, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°65. Has. Java. Tue following characters will readily distinguish this well-marked species. It has no metallic moustachial stripe; the throat is red, traversed about halfway down by a A-shaped bar of metallic violet, the angle of which points upwards. In both sexes the flanks are white, and contrast strongly with the centre of the body, which in the male is dusky olive, and in the female bright olive-yellow. It is only known to inhabit the island of Java, where, according to Dr. Horsfield, the native ’ name is “ Plichi Kembang.” Some five years after Dr. Horsfield’s original description, it was renamed after Kuhl, a young Dutch naturalist of great promise, whose sad fate in the cause of science justly entitled him to the warm sympathies expressed by Temminck in the ‘ Planches Coloriées.’ Miiller and Schlegel give an interesting account of this species. It is distributed over the highest mountain regions of the island, where it is found at elevations of from 8000 to 9000 feet above the sea-level. Here it frequents the bushes which grow in the clefts of the lava-streams of these volcanic ranges, and breeds in the high elevations during the dry season in May and June. It feeds around the flowering-plants upon insects and their larvee, and occasionally upon small berries, and during the cooler months descends into the valleys, and may then be seen flitting about the coffee-plantations and native gardens. The specimens here figured and described are a male collected by Mr. Wallace, belonging to the Marquis of 'Tweeddale, and a female in my own collection. “& ATHOPYGA NIPALENSIS. (NEPAL YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris nipalensis, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 278 (1837); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 192. no. 51 (1842); Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82. Nectarinia nipalensis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 236, 268, pl. 27 (1842); Blyth, J. A.S. B. xii. p. 974 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 224. no. 1355 (1849); Gould, B. Asia, part 2, pl. 27 (1850); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 405. no. 12 (1850). Aithopyga nipalensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103. no. 564 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p- 302. no. 706, pl. 585. figs. 3976-78 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p- 785. no. 1070 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 366 (1862); Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 414; Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 159; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 35. no. 21; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 17; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 147 (1873). Promerops nipalensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 109. no. 1541 (1869). 3 ad. pileo et collo posticis et gutture toto saturate metallicé viridibus, capite laterali et colli lateribus nigris violaceo nitentibus: interscapulio et scapularibus summis rubris: scapularibus reliquis, tectricibus alarum et remigibus extus olivaceis: uropygio flavo: supracaudalibus, rectricibus duabus centralibus et reliquarum marginibus metallicé viridibus: rectricibus aliter nigris versus apicem brunnescentibus : corpore reliquo subtus letissimé flavo, pectore scarlatino notato: subcaudalibus olivascentibus : rostro nigro: pedibus saturate brunneis: iride saturaté brnnnea. 2 supra olivascenti-flava, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: pileo nuchdque vix cinerascentibus: dorso postico pallidiore flavicante: ald reliqua saturaté brunnea, tectricibus majoribus olivascenti-flavo, remigibus brunnescenti-flavo marginatis: rectricibus brunnescenti-nigris, duabus mediis olivascenti-flavo lavatis, reliquis basaliter héc colore lavatis, apicaliter pallidioribus, intus ad apicem albidis: capite laterali pallidiore et quam pileus cinerascentiore: gulé cimerascente vix olivaceo tincta: pectore, abdomine et tibiis olivascenti-flavis, hypochondriis stramineis: subcaudalibus saturaté flavis: ala subtus saturate brunned, subalaribus et remigibus intus albis: rostro nigro: pedibus et iride nigris. Hab. in montibus Himalayensibus. Adult Male. Upper half of the head and back of the neck deep metallic green, narrowly margined on the back with black; upper back, lower portion of the sides of the neck, and part of the scapulars deep red; remainder of the scapulars and broad margins to all the wing-feathers olive-yellow ; remainder of the wings blackish brown; lower back gamboge-yellow; upper tail-coverts deep metallic green; tail black with the basal three quarters of the two centre feathers and the edges of the others deep metallic green, and all but the two centre feathers with broad pale ends; sides of the head and the greater portion of the sides of the neck black, glossed with violet; chin and throat deep metallic green; under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts gamboge-yellow, with the feathers of the chest strongly mottled with scarlet ; abdomen shaded with olive, and the thighs with dusky brown; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill black; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 5°] ches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°2, tail 2°8, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-yellow, including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; the forehead, crown, and back of the neck of a more ashy brown shade ; the lower back slightly paler and yellower ; remainder of the wings dark brown, the greater series of coverts broadly edged with olive-yellow, and the quills with brownish yellow; tail brownish black, the two centre feathers strongly washed with olive-yellow, and the others with their basal portions edged with that colour, and with broad, pale ends, becoming white on the inner webs; sides of the head rather paler and more ashy than the crown; chin and throat ashy grey, very slightly tinted with olive; breast, abdomen, and thighs pale olive- yellow; sides of the body straw-colour; under tail-coverts deep yellow; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill black; legs and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 1°85, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°6. Has. Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhootan, to the Khasia hills. Tun Nepal Yellow-backed Sun-bird may be easily distinguished from other Zthopyge by the crown, back of the neck, and the throat being rich metallic green, and the mantle red: the latter character separates it from the nearly allied &. horsfieldi. In distinguishing the females from those of the other Himalayan /thopyge, with the exception of 7. horsfieldi, of which we, as yet, know only the male, the following characters prove of service :—From /. ignicauda it is to be recognized by its smaller size, narrower and more curved bill, and by the white tips to the tail-feathers, the latter character also distinguishing it from 4. miles. From . saturata and 4. gouldie it is separated by the colouring of the lower back, which in those two species is crossed by a tolerably distinct yellow band. Messrs. Hume and Davison write in their notes to me :—“ This species is excessively common, in fact the commonest of all the Wthopyge in Sikkim, and is not uncommon in the eastern half of Nepal; but it does not, to our knowledge, extend westward into Kumaon; at least we never obtained it there, nor have we seen it thence; and we doubt even whether it occurs in Nepal west of Gunduck. Eastward it is found in Bhootan, and probably extends into Assam. It is very common in the Khasia hills; but we have not yet obtained it from Hill Tipperah, or from any more southern locality.” At Darjeeling, Dr. Jerdon tells us, it is the most common species of Sun-bird, and often seen in the gardens of the station. Captain Bulger, who also met with it there, writes, “I have frequently seen both male and female amongst the shrubs along the edges of the new cart-roads. They were not at all shy, but allowed me to approach them very closely. In their habits these little creatures reminded me much of the Humming-birds, often feeding in the same way, by probing tubular blossoms while poised on rapidly vibrating wings, the plumage of the males meanwhile glittering and flashing in the sun-light like living gems.” In the Himalayas, to the westward of the Jumna, it is replaced by @. horsfieldi, a bird which differs from 7. nipalensis in the olive colouring of the upper half of the back, a character which Mr. Gould was of opinion only indicated immaturity: but such is certainly not the case; for Mr. Hume writes to me, “ No specimen of #. horsfieldi has ever been obtained where @. nipa- lensis most abounds. During the last eight years many hundred specimens of this latter species, of both sexes, of all ages, and killed at all seasons of the year, have passed through Mr. Mandelli’s hands; yet he has never seen a specimen of . horsfieldi.” The characters which separate these two forms, although slight, are constant; and as they are restricted to distinctly different districts, they should, I consider, be looked upon as belonging to two species, and not as mere races of the same form. Of the breeding of @. nipalensis Mr. Hume gives us a good account (Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 147) taken from Mr. Hodgson’s notes and drawings:—‘‘ This species,’ he writes, “ begins to lay in April, and builds a comparatively large, oval, hanging nest (composed of moss and wool, and lined throughout with silky down), which is attached by some leafy twigs at an elevation of from 38 to 5 feet from the ground. ‘These birds, it is said, breed only in Nepal, in the central hill regions, frequenting groves and open forests, in which also their nests are always found. The nest is egg-shaped, 7°75 inches in length by 4 in breadth ; and a little above the middle is an oval aperture about 1°62 by linch. ‘There is no portico or projection above this; and whereas in the nest of 4. miles dark-coloured hair-like roots seem to constitute the chief components of the nest, in the present species green moss and white wool fibres seem to predominate.” They lay two to three eggs, which are figured as moderately broad ovals, 0°68 by 0°43 inch. The eggs are represented as nearly white, with a certain amount of reddish mottling towards the larger end. ‘They have only one brood in the year; and both birds participate in rearing the young, which are ready to fly in July. Dr. Jerdon writes, “1 obtained a nest of this bird, very neatly though loosely made of moss, domed at the top, with the entrance at the side, overhung by a sort of projecting roof; it con- tained two eggs of a dusky greenish tinge, with numerous small dusky spots.” The descriptions and figures of the adult male and female are taken from specimens collected at Darjeeling, in my own collection. Atte rei, ‘pak ip ATHOPYGA IGNICAUDA. (FIRE-TAILED SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris ignicaudus, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. ii, p. 273 (1837); Gray, Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82; Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). Cinnyris rubricaudata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 192 (1842). Nectarinia phenicura, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 242, 270, pl. 29 (1842). Nectarinia ignicauda, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xii, p. 972 (1843); Gray, Cat. Mamm. & Birds Hodgs. Nepal, p. 59 (1846); id. Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 223, no. 1354 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 405, no. 11 (1850); Gould, B. Asia, pt. 2, pl. 24 (1850). Cinnyris epimacurus, Hodgs. in Gray, Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82; id. J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1855). LEthopyga ignicauda, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 103, note (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p- 302, no. 705, pl. 585, figs. 3973-75 (1854); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii, p. 734 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i, p. 365 (1862) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 414; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 836; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 17; Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 659. Promerops ignicauda, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 110, no. 1344 (1869). ¢ ad. supra leté scarlatinus: scapularibus et tectricibus alarum magis flavicantibus scarlatino lavatis, his brunneis, olivaceo vel sordidé scarlatino lavatis: tectricibus primariorum remigibusque saturate brunneis angusté aurato-olivaceo limbatis, secundariis latits extus lavatis: plagé uropygiali conspicud sulfurea: supracaudalibus et rectricibus mediis longis scarlatinis, reliquis mtus nigricanti-brunneis, extus scarlatinis: capite summo, facie laterali toté et gutture metallicé chalybeis, héc medialiter violaceo layato: corpore reliquo subtus flavo, pectore medio scarlatino, hypochondriis imis_ pallidé olivascenti-viridibus : subcaudalibus flavidis vix scarlatino lavatis: subalaribus albidis angusté olivaceo marginatis: remigibus subtus saturaté brunneis, intis angusté pallidioribus: rostro et pedibus nigris : iride saturaté brunnea. © mari dissimilis, sordidé olivascenti-viridis, uropygio letits sulfureo et supracaudalibus conspicué flavicanti marginatis: tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus, reliquis et remigibus letiore olivascenti- flavo limbatis: cauda olivascenti-brunnea, rectricibus exterioribus scarlatino lavatis: plumis super- ciliaribus vix pallidits olivascentibus: facie laterali sordidé virescenti-olivacea, genis gulaque angus- tissimé medialiter albido lineatis: corpore reliquo subtus olivascenti-viridi, pectore medio et abdomine letits flavis: subalaribus albidis olivaceo lavatis, remigibus subtus saturaté brunneis, intus albido limbatis. Hab. in montibus Himalayanis orientalibus et in terré Assamicé usque ad montes Cacharenses. Adult Male. Forehead and crown steel-blue ; back of the head and neck, back, upper tail-coverts, and two central tail-feathers bright scarlet; lower back yellow; wings dark, all the feathers broadly edged with 9.9 ri Ss od olive, strongly washed with scarlet on the least and median series of coverts ; remainder of the tail dark brown, with slightly paler ends to the feathers, and with the outer webs more or less bright red; sides of the head black; chin and throat metallic violet down the centre, and shading into steel-blue on the sides; under surface of the body yellow, strongly shaded with scarlet on the centre of the chest, and paler and slightly shaded with olive on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter mottled with olive-yellow, and dark brown near the bend of the wing; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°3, tail 5, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts, including the least and median series of wing-coverts, olive-green; the crown and back of the neck slightly shaded with ash; lower back and upper tail-coverts yellower, the feathers being edged with that colour; remainder of the wings dark brown, with olive edges to the feathers ; tail dark brown, with paler ends to most of the feathers, the two centre ones strongly washed with olive, and the outer webs of the remainder with olive and rufous brown; a very indistinct yellowish eyebrow; sides of the head and neck, throat, and front of the chest ashy olive, palest on the chin and throat ; remainder of the body yellowish olive, the yellow predominating down the centre of the breast and on the under tail-coverts. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2°15, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°65. Has. Himalayas, eastward from Gurhwal; Assam and Silhet, as far south as the Cachar hills. Tuis handsome species is readily distinguished by the long scarlet tail-feathers, the metallic violet and steel-blue throat, and the yellow breast. Another well-marked character is the peculiarly straight bill, which is of service in recognizing the females and immature males. Messrs. Hume and Davison write to me:— This species belongs properly to the East Himalayas. It is excessively common in Sikkim, far less so in Kumaon, and very rare in Gurhwal; but it never occurs, to the best of our belief, westward of the valley of the Jumna. In the cold season it may occasionally be found in the Subhimalayan tracts, as, for instance, at Kalsi, in the Dehra Dhoon, whence we have specimens. “In the western hill portion of Assam, the Khasia and Naga hills, Silhet, and Cachar this species also occurs; but we have no record of it as yet from further south than the Cachar hills. “The males of this species certainly put on a winter garb very similar to that of the female, only that the upper tail-coverts remain red, and they retain the red tail, which, however, is much shorter in the cold season.” Dr. Jerdon observes :—‘ At Darjeeling it appears about April in considerable numbers, the males being all in the process of donning their beautiful nuptial plumage ; and before it is quite perfect most of them have left the immediate vicinity of the station; but where they go to or in what zone they breed, I could not fully determine. I did not see them there at any other season of the year; but I killed them at the foot of the hills about October.” The migration of this species, if indeed we should call it by that name, appears to be of the nature so common to the other members of the family—a mere shifting of their homes, prompted simply by the scarcity in the supply of food, to districts where a greater abundance of flowering plants and trees more readily supplies their daily wants. The adult male and female here figured and described came from Sikkim, and are in Japtain Elwes’s collection. oa en i re ae Ty * me ace om) ATHOPYGA TEMMINCKL (TEMMINCK’S YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD,) Nectarinia temmincki, 8. Mill. Natuurl. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 173, note (1843); S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, p. 66, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 405, no. 15 (1850); id. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Schl. Handb. Dierk. p. 286 (1887). Lthopyga temmincki, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 300, no. 702, pl. 584, fig. 3967 (1854) ; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 33; Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 679; Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 419. Promerops temmincki, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 110, no. 1347 (1869). S ad. swpra leté scarlatinus, pileo letiore fascia G-formi metallicé violaceé crnato: tectricibus alarum derso conceloribus: remigibus brunneis, exttis olivaceis, primariis rubro lavatis: uropygio sulfureo: supra- eaudalibus metallicé violaceis: rectricibus centralibus scarlatinis, reliquis saturaté brunneis extus scarlatine lavatis: facie laterali, gutture et pectore scarlatinis, vitté malari metallicé violacea: corpore reliquo subtus cineree, subeaudalibus flavidis: subalaribus et remigum margine interno albidis. Hab. im insulis “ Sumatra” et “ Borneo” dictis. Adult Mate. Upper parts bright blood-red; centre of the forehead and crown carmine-red margined by a broad metallic violet band in the shape of a horseshoe, ending on the sides at the nostrils; lower back sulphur-yellow, partially covered by the loose dusky olive feathers from the middle of the back; upper tail-coverts metallic violet; tail—centre feathers and the outer webs of the others carmine-red, remainder of the tail dark brown; wings dark brown with the least and median series of coverts and broad edges to the greater coverts blood-red like the back, edges of the quills rufous-shaded olive; chin, throat, and front of the chest carmine-red; moustachial band metallic violet; remainder of the chest and the abdomen silvery grey; the flanks almost white; thighs and under tail-coverts tinted with olive-yellow ; under surface of the wings dark brown with pale inner margins to the quills and with the coverts white; bill, irides, and legs dark brown. Total length 4°9 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 2°15, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°55. Has. Sumatra and Borneo. Tue following characters will distinguish this lovely species:—tail red, centre of the forehead. and crown red nearly encircled by a broad horseshoe-shaped patch of metallic violet feathers; remainder of the upper parts and the throat as in AY. siparaja; abdomen silvery grey. The type specimen, described by S. Miiller, came from Sumatra, where it inhabits the dense forests which clothe the mountain-ranges of that island; but it appears to be a very scarce species, but few examples existing in any collection. Mr. E. C. Buxton, who collected most of the Sumatran species of Sun-birds, did not meet with this bird in the Lampong district. Until quite recently it was supposed to be a form peculiar to the island of Sumatra; but ex. 4S Mr. Henry Everett has sent it home in his last collection from Sarawak; and his specimen is now in the British Museum. The female is not yet known; but we may presume that it will be very similar to that of E. siparaja. The adult male which we have here described and figured is in the British Museum, and was purchased from a collection of Sumatran birds. ATHOPYGA MYSTACALIS. (JAVAN RED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia mystacalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 126, fig. 3 (1823); Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 015 (1829) ; S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, p. 54, pl. 9, fig. 1 (1846); Schl. Handb. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 334. Cinnyris mystacalis, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 87 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. i, p. 296, no. 22 (1831). ‘Aithopyga siparaja, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 301, no. 704, pl. 584, figs. 3971-7 (i854 )a LEthopyga mystacalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Aithopyga lodoisie, Salvad. Ibis, 1865, p. 548; id. Ibis, 1871, p. 248. Promerops siparaja (pt.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 109, no. 1339 (1869). i) b g ad. supra ruber, macula frontali, superciliis et facie laterali coccineis: fronte et vertice metallicé lilacinis : plagé anteoculari nigra: tectricibus minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus remigibusque brunneis, exttis olivaceo limbatis: uropygio leté sulfureo: supracaudalibus metallicé violaceis : rectri- cibus nigris pallidius apicatis, metallicé violaceo limbatis, duabus centralibus flavo colore lavatis: gutture toto et preepectore leté coccineis, flavo striolatis, vitté angusté mediand gulari flava: vitta utrinque mystacali metallice chalybed violaceo nitente: corpore reliquo subtis cineraceo, crisso et subcaudalibus flavo lavatis: corporis lateribus albicantibus: subalaribus et remigum margine interne albis: restro, pedibus et iride saturaté brunneis. Hab. in insula sondaica “ Java”’ dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts deep glossy blood-red; centre of the forehead, sides of the crown, cheeks, and ear-coverts carmine-red ; remainder of the forehead and crown metallic violet; in front of the eyes a triangular patch of black feathers; wings dark brown, the least and median series of coverts red like the back, the greater series of coverts and the quills edged with olive; lower back sulphur-yellow ; upper tail-coverts metallic violet; tail black, with two thirds of the centre feathers and the margins of the others metallic violet, and with slightly paler ends to all but the centre feathers; chin, throat, and front of the breast carmine-red, very finely streaked with pale yellow, excepting down the centre of the upper half of the throat, where there is a broader and well-marked yellow streak ; moustachial band uniform steel-blue, shaded with violet ; remainder of the underparts grey, tinted with yellow on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, and fading into white on the sides of the body; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white ; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 1:95, tail 2-4, tarsus 0°55, Has. Java. Tus fine species of Sun-bird approaches 4. siparaja in the general colouring of its plumage, but may be readily known from that bird by the following characters, viz.:—A few feathers on the centre of the forehead and the sides of the crown or eyebrows red, and the abdomen pale silvery 50 grey: the tail is generally longer than in 4. siparaja, and is of a more lilac shade. This character at once distinguishes it from 4. temmincki, in which species the tail is red. It is, we believe, exclusively confined to the island of Java, where, according to Temminck, it feeds upon small insects, principally spiders. In his original figure and description of the adult male he neglected the yellow on the lower back, a character which is invariably present in all the members of the genus dithopyga, but may be often hidden by the elongated downy feathers which grow on the sides of the middle back, and constitute one of the characters of this genus. Having been able to examine only adult male specimens, we must refer our readers for the female to Miiller’s work, in which are figured the female as well as the nest and eggs. The female appears to offer no marked difference from that of 4. siparaja; and the nest is of the ordinary domed form, with a hole at one side, and is suspended from a twig. The egg is represented as white, and measures 0°65 by 0-4 inch. According to these authors the bird is not rare in Java in suitable localities, such as coffee-plantations, and in the forests surrounding the villages, as well as in the mountains. It is, however, a very scarce bird in collections; and we believe that the type specimen no longer exists. The specimen which we have here figured and described is in the Bremen Museum, ~ and was kindly shown to me by Dr. Finsch. I have carefully compared the type of 4. lodoisie, which is a very fine adult male, evidently of this species: and there is a beautiful skin in the Paris collection, also an adult male. tae ma ATHOPYGA MAGNIFICA. (BLACK-BELLIED YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) AKthopyga magnifica, Sharpe, Nature, 3rd August, 1876, p. 297. $ ad. similis 4. flavostriate, sed major et abdomine nigro nec olivascente distinguendus. Q ad. supra olivascenti-viridis, interscapulio et scapularibus rubro lavatis: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: remigibus rectricibusque brunnescenti-nigris rubro marginatis, alis externé pallidius terminatis: subtts flavicanti-olivacea: alis subttis saturaté brunneis, subalaribus remigibusque intus albidis. Hab. in insula philippinensi “ Negros” dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts blood-red, including the sides of the head and neck and the least series of wing- coverts; wings brownish black, the median series of the coverts broadly edged with blood-red, the greater coyverts partially edged with the same colour; forehead and front of the crown metallic violet, with a black patch on each side in front of the eyes; lower back bright yellow; loose downy feathers on the middle of the back black; upper tail-coverts metallic violet; tail black, the feathers broadly edged with metallic violet, excepting towards the ends of the feathers; chin, throat, and front of the breast bright blood-red, paler than the back; a metallic violet band from the sides of the chin to about halfway down the sides of the throat, with its inner edge black; remainder of the underparts dusky black, including the entire under surface of the wings; upper mandible dark brown, lower one brownish flesh-colour; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°9, wing 2°3, tail 2-0, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-green, mottled with red on the upper back and scapulars; least and median series of wing-coverts similarly coloured; remainder of the wings and the tail brownish black, the feathers edged with deep red; some of the outer tail-feathers with pale ends; underparts yellowish olive; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the coverts and inner margins of the quills white. Total length 4:3 inches, culmen 0:9, wing 2°2, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°6. Has. Island of Negros in the Philippine archipelago. Tuts is another of the fine species recently discovered by Dr. Steere in the Philippine Islands. It belongs to that division of the red-throated section of Hthopyga in which the metallic portions of the crown and tail are blue, and may be distinguished from its allies by the abdomen and under tail-coverts being black, and by its larger size. . This species may possibly be the same as one mentioned by Count Salvadori in a letter to ‘The Ibis’ (1865, p. 549), where he says:—‘‘ An dAithopyga (sp. non descr.) from Menado, in M. Verreaux’s collection, has the abdomen almost black.” If such be the case, I should doubt the correctness of M. Verreaux’s locality, ‘“‘ Menado.” ETORTR HiL-(S48 QI WOLTER 02.4 OP8T ovecA Balt osnite A aipiada baa al ; od [ rain ‘sotinofiele ba vourred frts ants er) a ‘ ~. 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Ai hs Our ri all eft bay abil yo 1 oh orrtaw oof All § ‘id nnry Cane ts Te soot (vind sok yn) yeqel 0A eco ait pide Meee oh od Od f i sta’ iat va se Noy ae woe oO i ATHOPYGA FLAVOSTRIATA, (CELEBEAN YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia flavostriata, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 478, pl. 19. fig. 2; Briigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 73 (1876). Promerops flavostriata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1349, part. (1869). AEthopyga flavostriata, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 35; id. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 71 (1874); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vii. p. 659 (1875). Nectarophila, sp.t, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 42. no. 30. Nectarinia, sp.?, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 71 (1874). Aithopyga beccarii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vii. p. 659 (1875). ¢ ad, supra sanguineus: fronte et sincipite, supracaudalibus et rectricum marginibus violaceis chalybeo nitentibus: uropygio flavo: caudé nigra: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus minimis et medianis sanguineis dorso concoloribus, tectricibus majoribus remigibusque saturaté rubro marginatis: gutture et preepectore scarlatinis, pallidé flavo conspicué striolatis, strigd mystacali utrinque nigra metallicé violacea nitente: corpore reliquo subtus saturaté fuscescenti-olivaceo: maxilla saturaté brunned, man- dibula pallidiore ; iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. supra olivascenti-viridis, capitis collique lateribus pileo concoloribus: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus 3 Juv. minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus, tectricibus majoribus remigibusque rubro laté marginatis : cauda brunnescenti-nigra rubro lavata, rectricibus laté rubro marginatis et ad apicem pallidioribus : subtts omnino flavicanti-olivacea. similis feminz adulte, sed plumis verticis quibusdam rubro marginatis: collo postico, interscapulio et scapularibus feré omnino sanguineis, supracaudalibus olivascenti-flavis: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis rubro marginatis: plumis quibusdam pectoralibus rubro variis. Hab. in insula “ Celebes ” dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts deep blood-red; forehead and front half of the crown violet-shaded steel-blue ; lower back yellow; upper tail-coverts and broad margins of the tail-feathers violet-shaded steel-blue, the remainder of the tail black; wings dark brown, the least and median series of coverts red like the back, the greater coverts and the quills narrowly edged with dark red; feathers in front of the eyes black ; the cheeks deep red; lores, chin, throat, and front of the breast bright scarlet-red, strongly streaked with pale yellow, especially towards the chin; a metallic violet and black moustachial streak extending from the beak to about halfway down the sides of the throat ; remainder of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts very dark dusky olive; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the coverts and the inner margins of the quills white; bill dark brown, with the lower mandible paler ; legs and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2:1, tail 1°9, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-green, as well as the sides of the head and neck, the forehead and crown browner; wings dark brown, with the least and median series of coverts olive-green, greater coverts and quills broadly edged with red; tail brownish black, washed with red, the feathers broadly edged with red, and with pale ends; entire underparts pale yellowish olive. Total length 4°2 inches, culmen 0:75, wing 2, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°55. Young Male. Forehead, crown, and nape olive-brown, with some of the feathers of the crown edged with red; back of the neck, upper back, and the scapulars blood-red, with the base of the feathers olive- yellow, which colour shows through to a certain extent; lower back olive; upper tail-coverts olive- shaded yellow; wings and tail dark brown, with all the feathers broadly edged with blood-red; the edges of the wing-coverts partially mottled with olive-yellow; the tail-feathers, with the exception of the two centre ones, having broad pale ends; the entire underparts as well as the cheeks pale yellowish olive; a few of the feathers on the front of the breast mottled with red. Total length 3°7 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 1°8, tail 1-5, tarsus 0°55. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult male, but with all the tail-feathers broadly edged with blood-red, excepting the two centre ones, which are edged with yiolet-shaded steel-blue, while on the centre of the breast there is a patch of pale yellowish olive. Has. Celebes. Tue Yellow-backed Sun-bird of the island of Celebes belongs to the section of Mthopyga in which the metallic portions of the crown and the upper tail-coverts are steel-blue, and in which the throat is red margined by a steel-blue moustachial streak. It occupies an intermediate position between 42. siparaja and Af. magnifica as regards its colouring and size, as it does in its geographical distribution. From both of these birds it may be distinguished by the yellow streaks on the throat, whence it has derived its name, as well as by the dusky olive colour of its abdomen. The first mention we find of this bird is in a letter by Mr. Wallace (Ibis, 1860, p. 140), where he writes :—“ I have just returned from a three-months’ exploration of Menado and the surrounding district of Minahassa, forming the north-eastern extremity of the Celebes. I first visited the most elevated districts, taking up my residence in a village at an elevation of 3500 feet. I then removed to a forest district beyond the lake of Tondano, at an elevation of 1500 feet. Of the few species I obtained, however, several were new to me; one was a most lovely Cinnyris with scarlet breast and yellow-striped throat (I hope a new species).” This was probably the identical specimen which five years later he made the type of his Nectarinia flavostriata, and is the one in the British Museum from which I have described the adult male. My descriptions of the adult female and of the male in moult are also taken from Mr. Wallace’s specimens in our national collection, while that of the young male is from Count Salvadori’s type specimen of Aithopyga beccarii. Count Salvadori (/. ¢.) mentions that Signor Beccari collected two adult males at Kandari, on the western coast, in June 1874, as well as the type of his &. beccarii, which he recognizes as a young bird; but at the time he wrote, naturalists were not apparently aware that some, though not all, of this group of Athopyge have these red shades in the plumage of the females and young males, and apparently also in adult males during their moult. This, however, is found to be the case in this species as well as in 4. magnifica from the Philippines, but is not met with in the females and young males of the nearly allied &. siparaja. Dr. Briiggemann first drew my attention to the fact that 4. beccarii belongs to this species ; and in his notes upon the ornithology of Celebes and the Sanghir Islands (/. c.) he supposes the plumage of the female and young male to be identical. It appears to me, however, that the plumage of the hen bird is never quite so red as the young male (4. beccarii, Salvad.), though I should mention that none of the specimens which I have examined have any indication of their sex on the labels. My adult female is probably the identical specimen of which the Marquis of Tweeddale writes (Ibis, 1870, p. 42):—“ Mr. Wallace possesses an example of what appears to be the young male of a sixth species from Celebes.” Dr. Briiggemann further writes to me :—“ I am quite certain that | am right in pronouncing the plumage of #. beccarii to be that of the young male as well as the female of this species. Not only do the two birds agree exactly in size and structure, but the currucarian plumage of 4. flavostriata had never before been described. I have also examined several specimens in transitional plumage. By these it is shown that the full plumage is obtained partly by moult, partly by change of coloration, as indicated in my Celebes paper. ‘The red edges to the quills and tail-feathers appear to be worn off; and thus the wings and tail assume a uniform brownish black colour.” The figures in the Plate are drawn from an adult male in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection and from Count Salvadori’s type specimen of 4. beccarii. . . ’ - ; - . i \ ray : i ae ee ~— eTown. ey) at Sar ih. eis ib ed 7 > dt whic ie Oar 19) atta hig 1.08 ental watt iiAd tele. see He OPA] ‘toilauhi aioe ae herd © teers (Cleve laPe ie + 7) ale Sita oth aie Woda or oak tate Tow centers) 0) Vga weal Deri nal E andes een & fi ad hide De weleenecy | (halite ape sh eens ie -sliaa “fue ; in ff feiuney Va, & naar emit i Ko (oe Asda 9.) ‘adil Stk of pp ae me ie tt Hlewy ga CO Wie aT Ut rem ] { “ie at wnat ihe 5 Va Ghiytihh Sub he Loe ai lieu Wivigivy ol tr tad bel Py a, x iv jralesn werrbeau yur. acf9 foe hin @n@ celal bi it% Wiese alah vara fn fe Senerim Tripinteew cele Ane DP Male wien Ret, } en? Ure Deelah i Agee iG ate Lite hen? wate * ay , iii wild OF wee Bee oe: tote oa | cab at Ct hoe de rt a ‘telat Mee eat a wh iii led Line id ar hi) eae nis Liem ‘VW teer? f snrels i, te 0" Whe re we Ae Kee ee hel ie ally eb? F a : rae b : ih (vey iol ATHOPYGA SIPARAJA. (MALAYAN YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Certhia siparaja, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 299 (1820). Cinnyris siparaja, Vig. Mem. Raffles, p. 673 (1830). Nectarinia mystacalis (pt.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 107 (1842); Miill. & Schl. (pt.), Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 54 (1846); Low, Sarawak, p. 410 (1848); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vog. p. 51 (1865). Nectarinia lathamni, Sard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 233, 268 (1842); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 970 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847). Nectarinia siparaja, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 235, 273 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. 1. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 223. no. 1352 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 405. no. 9 (1850); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 220. Akthopyga siparaja, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.1. Co. i. p. 731 (1856); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 461; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 33; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 580; Tweeddale, Ibis, 1877, p. 301. LEthopyga eupogon, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103, note (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 304. no. 711 (1854); Salvad. Ibis, 1865, p. 549; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, v. p. 174 (1874); Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 106; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 42; Walden, tom. cit. p. 348; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 17. Athopyga chalcopogon, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 303. no. 708, pl. 586. figs. 3982-83 (1854); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 34; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, v. p. 176 (1874). Promerops siparaja, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 109. no. 1339 (1869). Promerops chalcopogon, Gray, tom. cit. p. 110. no. 1351. Promerops eupogon, Gray, tom. cit. p. 110. no. 1352. Aithopyga lathami, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix. p.298 (1870); Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 166. 3 supra pulchré sanguineus, capite laterali et colli lateribus cum tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis sanguineis: fronte et vertice, supracaudalibus et rectricum marginibus metallicé violaceis : uropygio flavo: ala reliqua saturaté brunnea, pennis olivascenti-brunneo marginatis: loris, gutture toto et pre- pectore coccineis : vitté mystacali metallicé violaced: corpore reliquo subtus sordidé cinerascente. 2 ad. supra olivacea, tectricibus minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus : ala reliquaé saturaté brunned, pennis olivascenti-flavo marginatis: rectricibus nigris, olivaceo limbatis, et albido terminatis, exterioribus latius: corpore reliquo subtus pallidé olivascenti-flavo, pectore medio letits flavicante. Hab. in peninsula Malaccensi et in insulis “ Sumatra” et “ Borneo”? dictis. Adult Male. Upper parts deep glossy blood-red ; upper half of the cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and the least and median series of wing-coverts of the same colour; a triangular patch in front of the eye black; forehead, front half of the crown, upper tail-coverts, and margins of the tail-feathers metallic violet; lower back gamboge-yellow ; remainder of the wings dark brown, with olive-brown 2E 2 pr eA Te, margins to the feathers; a broad loral band, chin, throat, and front of the breast carmine-red; a moustachial band of metallic violet and black feathers; remainder of the underparts dusky ash, often tinted with olive on the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills paler, and the coverts white: bill, irides, and legs dark brown, with the under portion of the lower mandible much paler. Total length 44 inches, culmen 06, wing 2, tail 1:8, tarsus 0-5. Adult Female. Upper parts olive, including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; remainder of the wings dark brown, the feathers margined with olive-yellow; tail black, the feathers margined with olive, and with pale ends, broadest on the outer ones; sides of the head olive, slightly shaded with ash in front of the eyes, and rather yellower on the cheeks; entire under surface of the body pale olive- yellow, with the yellow slightly predominating down the centre of the breast; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white. Total length 3:6 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 1°8, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°5. Has. Malay peninsula, from Penang to Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo. Tus Sun-bird is a native of the Malayan region, and is a very well-known species, being common in many localities. It belongs to that section of Mthopyga in which the throat is red and the metallic portions of the crown, upper tail-coverts, and tail blue. To this section also belongs 4. mystacalis from Java, which is to be distinguished by having an eyebrow and a few feathers on the forehead red. 42. flavostriata and 4’. magnifica differ in the almost black colour of their abdomens and under tail-coverts, these parts being in 4. stparaja of an ashy brown, often tinted with olive. From the Burmese and Tenasserim species it may readily be distinguished by the black inner margins to its violet moustachial bands. Its nearest ally appears to be 4. nicobarica, which may be recognized by its larger size, and especially by its greater length of bill. On the island of Penang it has been collected by Mr. Swinhoe; and Dr. Cabanis has recorded it from Malacca; but Messrs. Hume and Davison write to me :—‘ We have not found this species abundant anywhere in the Malay peninsula. It was tolerably plentiful at the waterfalls near Penang, and again on Singapore Island, where it was not uncommon in the cocoanut plantations. “Tt does not seem to differ in any way in habits or note from 4. cara, 4. miles, or Ai. nicobarica. ‘Males measured in the flesh 4°25 to 4:62 inches, expanse 6°25 to 6:5, bill from gape 0°65 to 0-7, wing 2°05 to 2°12, tail from vent 1°65 to 1:82, tarsus 0°45 to 0°5: weight 0:2 ounce.” In Sumatra, where it was first discovered by Sir Stamford Raffles, it is known to the natives by the name “ Sipa-raja,” which means “* King Honey-sucker,” so called, no doubt, from its brilliant colouring. In the summer of 1876 Mr. E. C. Buxton collected this species in the Lampong district ; and the Marquis of ‘Tweeddale, in his article upon that collection (Ibis, 1877, p. 301), clears up all doubts as to the identity of Sir Stamford Rafiles’s Certhia siparaja in the following short paragraph :—“ The examples from §.E. Sumatra are identical with Malaccan, Penang, and Bornean specimens; Cabanis’s title of eupogon must therefore fall.” In Java it is probably entirely replaced by 4. mystacalis, while in all the known portion of Borneo it is a common species, frequenting, according to Mr. Wallace, the mangrove swamps. In the latter island it has been collected at Banjermassing by Mr. Motley, at Sarawak by Doria and Beccari, at Marup, Sibu, and the Matu beach by Mr. Everett, and in Labuan and on the opposite mainland by Mr. Low and Governor Ussher. One of the specimens collected by Mr. Everett at Sibu, on the 7th of January, 1875, a male, in apparently fully adult plumage, differs from all the other specimens which I have examined in having the lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts of a dusky olive-yellow, and the yellow patch on the lower back rather strongly mottled with scarlet; this latter character I have met with in a specimen of &. vigors?, and do not regard as of specific value. The peculiar colouring of the abdomen would appear to be of more importance; yet I think it may have occurred from some accident in the moult; and only being aware of a single specimen thus marked, I consider that it would be premature to separate it from the other specimens collected at the same time, with which I have compared it. This variety I have figured as well as a typically coloured adult male collected by Mr. Everett -at Sibu in January, and a female from the coast opposite Labuan, from which specimens my descriptions have also been taken. Much confusion has arisen amongst naturalists as to the correct title for this species, so that a few remarks upon this subject may be of service. The name of mystacalis, Temm., belongs to a distinct Java species; that of siparaja, Raffles, was applied to the Sumatran bird; and lathami, Jardine, probably belongs to the Malacca bird, to which Cabanis afterwards gave the title of ewpogon. These three latter names the Marquis of Tweeddale has already proved to be synonymous. Reichenbach’s chalcopogon from Borneo, though described as having the crown green, is figured with that part violet, and certainly belongs to this species. matin ty Bhi ¢ Ole pnhoguyt 2s co Title ea ex sieie yuh wil fede ie thins a Vest } ‘0 varie to. cola 1A tH vere} Price of Pepe sillbind : 4 aw bale) wi Prod eee ie tal ireeay ia? aus huh Ra ht) 1 ; enya tert) brains hae Geog Vou vo ERD ieee CW Wi ol Co ae 1 eee ee ee pene ont Fyecttl oigve seu oo. eylii i J ide Borne ee a ahi; : ~ Ty 2 ah LiS7 avi View, fe To ape wtp ni piel baa Jwioh hii, aceite Pore er u re : “= 86 Dwele sitiak oie + beets ee Dt ae Jando hoa ote A i Oe 1 liege TO &6 lop p leib Ble duke mae Ri Ta. aterte ae oy aa cyt olaigdl § lew poaeeenaerl Qa Se Pe ee Kuntivoth Gtyeie why apy pe St Vike hae gs ilyon ie 1? na Gon gi sift Culattone ed ha MTy alte 20 te ne i ee ee ee a iatrubaiat i an _ Ai tints - ae Hiloibe dele : rieurnte Ue tal lie mda suis Ui te hin ivy vimateyed WOO Sean heyirn Fens db eeuingh BOE Held bb ides) plein Jeet. We Aros iat Aue yes T foe ia ae ry - EI veya» Pee haat alte Pra lath Fs ive Pai dead: Myles oa (AEA) savin, Tike G3 : ' = A THOPYGA SEHERIA ETHOPYGA SEHERIA, (HIMALAYAN YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) me Goulpourah Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 221, pl. 74 (1822). Nectarinia seherie, Tickell, J. A. 8. B. ii, p. 577, no. 37 (1833) ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, pp. 347, 348. Cinnyris miles, Hodgs. Ind. Rey. ii, p. 273 (1837); id. J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 575 (1895). Certhia goalpariensis, Royle, Ill. Him. Bot. ii, p. 78, pl. 7, fig. 1 (1839). Cinnyris labecula, McClell. P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 167. Cinnyris mystacalis (pt.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 107 (1842). Nectarinia goalpariensis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 230, 267, pl. 26 (1842); Blyth, J. A.S. B. xii, p. 969 (1843); Gray, Cat. Mamm. & Birds, Nepal, p. 59 (1846); id. Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A.S. B. p. 223, no. 1351 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 405, no. 8 (1850); Gould, B. Asia part 2, pl. 25 (1850). Nectarinia labecula, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xii, p. 973 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847). Atthopyga miles, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 103 (1850); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii, p. 732, no. 1066 (1856); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 496; Jerd. B. Ind. i, p. 362 (1862); Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 159; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p- 32; Godwin-Austin, J. A. S. B. xxxix, p. 98 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 16; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 396; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 233; Blyth & Walden, Cat. Mamm. & Birds of Burma, p. 141, no. 491 (1875); Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 348; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 28. Athopyga goalpariensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 103 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 391, no. 703, pl. 584, figs. 3968-70 (1854) ; Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 146 (1873). Anthreptes goalpariensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Promerops goalpariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 110, no. 1343 (1869). Aithopyga seheriw, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 122. 3 ad, supra ruber, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: tectricibus majoribus saturate brunneis, olivaceo limbatis, interioribus rubro marginatis: remigibus brunneis olivaceo marginatis : fronte et vertice leté metallicé viridibus: nucha et occipite olivaceis: uroypgio leté flavo: supracau- dalibus nitidé metallicé viridibus: remigibus duobus centralibus metallicé viridibus versus apicem nigris, reliquis nigris metallicé viridi marginatis, vix violaceo lavatis: capitis lateribus dorso conco- loribus: plagd anteoculari nigra: genis, gutture et pectore toto letissimé sanguineis, vittd malari metallicé violaceé: corpore reliquo subtus flavicanti-olivaceo: subalaribus et remigum margine interno albis : rostro nigro, mandibula rufescenti-brunned: pedibus et iride saturaté brunneis. 2 ad. mari dissimilis: supra olivascenti-viridis, pileo magis cinerascente: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus et remigibus saturaté brunneis aurato-olivaceo marginatis : 3B 63 rectricibus saturaté brunneis, laté olivaceo marginatis, exterioribus paucis albido intts terminatis : capitis lateribus olivascenti-viridibus: corpore subtus olivascente, pectore medio et abdomine magis flavicantibus: gutture medio scarlatino lavato: subalaribus et remigum pogonio interno albis, his flavido lavatis. P Hab. in peninsula indica, preecipué in montibus Himalayanis. Adult Male. Forehead and greater portion of the crown deep metallic green; occiput and nape olive; sides of the head and neck, upper back, scapulars, and least and median series of wing-coverts deep red ; remainder of the wings dark brown, with the edges of the feathers olive partially washed with red on the greater series of coverts; lower back bright yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black with the greater portion of the two centre feathers and the margins of the others metallic green, often slightly shaded with violet; sides of the head deep red; a triangular patch of black feathers in front of the eye; chin, throat, and crop blood-red; a metallic violet moustachial band; remainder of the underparts yellowish olive; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill black shading iuto reddish brown on the lower mandible; legs and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 6 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°35, tail 3:1, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-green, slightly more ashy on the crown ; least and median series of wing- coyerts olive like the back; remainder of the wings dark brown with broad golden olive edges to the feathers ; tail dark brown, the feathers broadly edged with olive, and with narrow whitish tips to the inner webs of a few of the outer feathers; sides of the head olive-green ; underparts pale olive strongly mottled with scarlet down the centre of the throat; belly and under tail-coverts slightly yellower, especially down the centre of the breast; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter shaded with yellow; bill dark brown, with the lower mandible rather paler; irides and legs dark brown. Total length 4°1 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 1:9, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°55. Has. Himalayas from Gurhwal eastward to Assam, Silhet, and Tipperah, and southward to the Chota Nagpur district in Bengal. Tuts well-known Indian form of Athopyga may be readily distinguished by the crown and metallic portions of the tail being green and the nape dull olive-brown: in these characters #. vigorst much resembles it, but differs in having a patch of metallic plumes on the ear-coverts, the throat finely streaked with yellow, and the abdomen more ashy and less olive. &. cara, another nearly allied form, differs in the metallic portions of the crown, upper tail-coverts, and tail being more or less shaded with violet, and in the abdominal regions being more ashy. In the southern limits of its range on the Indian peninsula it occurs only as a straggler in Barabhum, where Colonel Tickell met with his type specimens at Seheria flitting about the willow bushes in the dried bed of a stream; and Mr. V. Ball saw a specimen in the Ghats east of Jona, while travelling between Ranchi and Purulia. It has on many occasions been confounded with 4. cara, the closely allied Burmese form ; and we are still unable to determine to which of these species the Silhet and Arracan birds should be referred; but most probably the present species inhabits the former locality, and 4. cara the Arracan district. With regard to its distribution our best authorities upon this subject are Messrs. Hume and Davison, who write to me:—‘“ The exact limits of this species have yet to be determined. We have the true @. seheriw from Cachar, the Khasia hills, Gowhatty in Assam, Sikkim, Nepaul, Kumaon, and Gurhwal; but we are not aware of its occurring westward of the Jumna, in the Himalayas. We have never obtained it in the neighbourhood of Simla or northward in the valleys of the Sutle] and Beas, though we have collected there continually for years. “In the summer it ranges as high as six and seven thousand feet; in the winter it may be found in all the sub-Himalayan tracts, the Dhoons, Terais, and Doars that skirt the Himalayas from where the Jumna debouches from the hills eastward of Assam. They are particularly plentiful about Kalsi and Dehra Dhoon during January and February. ‘* How far up the valley of Assam this species extends we have not yet been able to ascertain. How far, again, southward of Cachar it spreads, and where it meets the nearly allied @. cara, and whether or not the species that occurs in the Arracan hills is identical with &. cara or d. seheria, or distinct from both, are points which need further investigation. ‘““This species being so well known, we need only add that a fine male measured in the flesh—length 6°37 inches, expanse 7:12, tail from vent 5:25. The legs, feet, and bill vary from dark brown to dingy black; the irides are hazel.” Towards the western limit of its range Mr. W. E. Brooks met with it near the banks of the Bhagirata at Dunda and Batwari, between Mussoori and Gangaotri, in May. According to Dr. Leith Adams its note is soft, sweet, and musical, and it is met with singly in the dense jungles in the lower ranges of the Himalayas. Captain R. C. Tytler kept a cage full of these birds alive for a considerable time by feeding them upon sugar and water, bread and milk, occasionally varying their diet with honey. The males sang in captivity, and soon became familiar and confiding. According to Mr. Hodgson’s MSS. and drawings, this bird begins to lay in April, the young being fully fledged in July. The nest is of the usual oval form, suspended from a twig, and is about 6 inches in length by 3 inches in breadth, with an oval entrance about 2 inches below the point of suspension. ‘There is no portico or projection above the entrance. The nest is com- posed of fine roots with a little moss compactly interwoven with some cobwebs, and is lined with silky cotton-like fibres. The eggs are two or three in number, greyish white, speckled with brown, and measure about 0°65 by 0-45 inch, in shape rather broad ovals pointed towards the small end. With regard to the synonymy of this bird, we may observe that the name seherie@ was applied by Tickell to specimens from Seheria, in Barabhum, and undoubtedly belongs to this species; that of miles, Hodgson, to specimens from Nepal; goalpariensis, Royle, to examples from Dehra Dhoon; and /abecula, McClelland, to the Assam bird. C. mystacalis, Blyth, com- prises, besides this species, . cara, 4. siparaja, and possibly also the true 4. mystacalis. _4. miles of Beavan, as well as of Walden (P. Z.S. 1866; p. 541), refers to @. cara. The specimens which I have here figured and described are an adult male and female in my own collection, the latter collected by Dr. J. Reid in Upper Assam. There is no indication of the sex on the label; but it appears to be an adult bird; and as the other specimens in the same collection were males in full plumage, we presume this specimen to be an adult female. 3B 2 G9 ion, Pe éi saee 3 SD iment taht = a ear te ult (0 Sina aie ae fat pak ew oe i Li i) a ion ice eg 7 om e , nahh hy Aare Ie imal om silt bet: eee hil ute Ay a ree oor, arn Pe Wi ‘ - — : : j i il ive j ed Looe ; 4 sh Tod f a ee * o - PTT > at om & , j - i F 7 4 ry 7 if oT i f i ' a ; ’ ' - : ~~ es . MeN , 4 ; f ; ‘ ~< i i ‘ , ~ : t - : a - f iid 7 ‘ i ‘ i% a - j » = 1 Wee* mn ‘ é y c ed ‘ © * re P ¥ 2% ~ - re a j ' "OY j Ck T - ‘ J ie 7 = > fp, rege 7 ® om ee | is ‘ i i. c) - cs [epee i ai ‘ f i ' A - if, j 4 . = ¥ ‘ ! . % } - ATHOPYGA VIGORSI. (VIGORS’S SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris vigorsti, Sykes, P. Z.S. 1832, p. 98; id. J. A.S. B. iii, p. 542 (1834); Jerd. Madras, Journ. xi, p. 227 (1840); Blyth, J. A.S. B. x, p. 925 (1841). Cinnyris concolor, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 99; id. J. A. S. B. iii, p. 543 (1834). Nectarinia vigorsti, Gould, B. Asia, part 2, pl. 26 (1850). Aithopyga vigorsit, Reichb. Handb. Scansorize, p- 303, no. 707, pl. 586, figs. 39, 79-81 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii, p. 733, no. 1067 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i, p. 363 (1862); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 83; Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 255. Promerops vigorsii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 110, no. 1348 (1869). g ad. supra ruber, scapularibus et tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus: scapularibus imis, tectricibus reliquis remigibusque brunneis, his pallidé brunneo limbatis: uropygio flavo: supracaudalibus et rectri- cibus duabus mediis metallicé viridibus, rectricibus reliquis purpurascenti-nigris, metallicé viridi vix violascente marginatis: fronte et vertice metallicé viridibus: pileo postico nuchaque purpurascenti- brunneis: facie laterali sordidé rubra, macula postauriculari metallicé violacea: gutture et pectore scarlatinis flavo striatis: vittaé mystacali distincté metallicé violaced: corpore reliquo subtus cineraceo : plumis infrapectoralibus nigricantibus vix torquem formantibus: tibiis brunneis: subalaribus albis, vix brunnescenti lavatis: rostro nigro: pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. @ ad. obscure viridescens vix olivaceo tincta, pileo magis cinerascente: ald brunned, tectricibus et remigibus olivascenti-brunneo limbatis: rectricibus nigricantibus, extus olivaceo marginatis, ad apicem pallidio- ribus, duabus centralibus vix purpureo nitentibus: subtus pallidits cinerascens, vix olivaceo lavata: tibiis brunneis: subcaudalibus sordidé albido marginatis: subalaribus et remigum pogonio interno albis. Hab. in peninsula Indica occidentali. Adult Male. Forehead and greater portion of the crown metallic green; occiput and nape dark brown ; sides of the head and neck, upper back, greater portion of the scapulars, and the least series of wing- coverts deep red; remainder of the wings and some of the greater scapulars dusky brown; lower back bright yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black, with the greater portion of the two centre feathers and the margins of the others metallic green, often slightly shaded with violet; on the sides of the head a triangular patch of black feathers in front of the eye, and a metallic violet patch just behind the ear-coverts; chin, throat, and crop blood-red, finely streaked with yellow ; a metallic violet moustachial band; remainder of the underparts ashy grey, with a few black feathers on the front of the chest, and the thighs brown; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills brownish white and the coverts white; bill black, shading into reddish brown on the lower mandible; irides dark brown; legs black. Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°5, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Ashy brown; upper parts shaded with olive; greater wing-coverts and quills brown, the former narrowly edged with pale brown, the latter with olive-brown; tail brownish black, the feathers Py od wo edged with olive, and with rather paler broad ends to some of the outer feathers; underparts uniform paler ash-brown than the back, and very slightly tinted with olive; thighs darker and browner ; under tail-coverts edged with white; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white. Total length 4°8 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°2, tail 18, tarsus 0°6. Has. The mountains in West Central India. Vicors’s Sun-bird belongs to that section of the genus 4ithopyga in which the mantle and throat are red, and the metallic portions of the crown, upper tail-coverts, and tail green. It is at once distinguished from the allied species by the metallic violet patch just behind the ear-coverts, and by the yellow streaks on the throat. It is confined to Central India, and, although not uncommon in some few localities, is very local in its distribution. Colonel Sykes’s specimens all came from the Dukhun, where he only found them frequenting the lofty trees in the dense forests in the Ghats. Flies, spiders, ants, and other minute insects were discovered in their crops. Messrs. Hume and Davison write :—“ We have obtained this species both in the lower valley of the Tapti, in Western Khandeish, and in the hills north of Khandeish, and in the line of Ghats running down through Khandeish, and thence southward at Matheran (just above Bombay), and Mahableshwar, the hill station of Poonah. How far south of Mahableshwar it extends we are unable to say, but think it certainly does not get so far south as South Canara, or we think we must have obtained specimens. “Dr. Jerdon says he obtained it in the Busta country, quite on the other side of the peninsula, about the same degree of north latitude as Bombay. We are not aware that any one else has met with it elsewhere than within the limits from which all our numerous specimens were obtained. “From Mahableshwar the Rev. 8. Fairbank wrote to us that he did not think this species was a permanent resident there. In January and February none were to be seen; as the season advanced they began to make their appearance, becoming more and more numerous, and advancing higher up the hills. It was not until May that they were at all plentiful on the summits of the hills. ‘It seems probable that, as in the case of 4. seheriw, the birds descend during the cold season, and frequent the warm wooded tracts along the western base of the Ghats; for certainly in the cold season they descend to the plains-country of the valley of the Tapti. “*'This Honey-sucker,’ says Mr. Fairbank, ‘flies very rapidly from tree to tree, and generally sits upon the tops of the loftiest branches. I once saw it, however, sitting upon the under bush within 10 feet of the ground. It has a very pleasing note, consisting of a rather shrill whistling chirrup. This is often twice repeated in quick succession during flight.’ “The following are measurements recorded in the flesh :— “ Male. Length 5:75 to 6 inches, expanse 7 to 7:5, tail from vent 2°12 to 2°38, wing 2:5 to 2°62; weight 5°5 to 6 drachms. “ Female. Length 5 to 5:12, expanse 6°62 to 7, tail 1°62, wing 2°25; weight 5:25 to 5:5 drachms. “The bill is black, often, but not always, reddish brown on the lower mandible. The legs and feet are black; in some, probably younger birds, they are brownish black. ‘The irides are generally dark brown; but in two males and a female obtained at Mahableshwar in May the irides were recorded as crimson. “Of course the yellow striz on the breast are a constant character; it is present in all our very large series.” The Marquis of 'Tweeddale has kindly lent me for examination a large series of this species collected by Mr. Fairbank in the Mahableshwar hills in May, at which season they have assumed their full breeding-plumage. In two of these specimens the lower back, instead of being of a uniform yellow, is more or less strongly mottled with scarlet, a variety of plumage which, although difficult to account for, I have observed in several of the other species of Aithopyqa. The male and female above figured and described were collected by Mr. Fairbank at the same locality in May; the former is in my own possession, the latter in the Marquis of Tweed- dale’s collection. Its occurrence in the Busta country, although resting upon Dr. Jerdon’s authority, appears to us improbable, and to require additional evidence; we have therefore omitted that locality from the range which has been assigned to the species. Hs €3 ¢ et tie othe a a ; ; Gy oth hae h ; ‘ (ics tm @ecwl al) gon fe ae Pe os ab eoe Rf rEag one ; pa 4 +e Drea ai ie A Ld : ,; a ite oe oer are rey © 6 diynmise: BPs mr . # @tiba ¢ reo? 6 aw VO ; noite? Los rd r c ” i) ATHOPYGA SHELLEYI (SHELLEY’S YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Asthopyga shelleyi, Sharpe, Nature, 3rd August, 1876, p. 297. 3 ad. capite summo chalybeo, violaceo nitente: facie et collo lateralibus cum interscapulio saturaté coccineis : dorso reliquo olivaceo: uropygio sulfureo: tectricibus supracaudalibus et rectricibus medianis chalybeis, reliquis nigris extus chalybeis: tectricibus alarum olivaceis dorso concoloribus, majoribus vix rubro lavatis: remigibus brunneis, extus olivaceo limbatis: vitté malari chalybedé: subtis leté sulfureus, hypochondriis pallidioribus: gula laterali linealiter leeté coccined: preepectore etiam coccineo striolato : subalaribus albis, sulfureo lavatis. Hab. in insulis philippimensibus “ Palawan, Balabac”’ dictis. Adult Male. Forehead and crown greenish, shaded steel-blue; side and back of the head and neck and the upper back deep blood-red; in front of the eye black; least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, and loose downy feathers on the middle of the back deep olive; lower back sulphur- yellow; upper tail-coverts deep metallic bluish green; tail black, the entire centre feathers and the sides of the others deep metallic bluish green, shaded with violet ; remainder of the wings dark brown, with broad olive edges to the feathers; underparts sulphur-yellow, paler towards the abdomen; chin and sides of the throat deep blood-red, the outer webs of the feathers forming the moustachial streak greenish shaded steel-blue ; lower half of the throat finely streaked with bright red; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 1:9, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°55. Has. Islands of Palawan and Balabae, in the Philippine archipelago. Tuts very lovely Sun-bird, which my friend Mr. Sharpe has done me the honour to name after me. was discovered in the Philippine Islands by Dr. Steere, who brought home four specimens, allin adult male plumage, which he has informed me were collected in the mangrove-swamps near the shore. In such localities they were not uncommon, actively flitting around these bushes and chasing each other over the surface of the water, which mirrored back their bright colours. Shelley’s Sun-bird belongs to a small section of the genus Aithopyga, where the throat is yellow; of this group there are two known species—the present one and #. duivenbodit, Schlegel, from the Islands of Sanghir, a small group situated between Mindanao and Celebes. N2 psy oO of 7 ae nr 4 i Z a f Lith AVY SAR ee oye (eat ROR, Pr a Pike wee HG wn ay iepindol ine oho sg 4 ; ; +i j ‘ Hiwieeel (arte Wk ieee Cosi (NG rene ok Onna | ei é rqikh Sie > #4 weal i Pe ost (qa pralie om pllag y _wlhagaane <6) « Hin nue islteribi> 5 abel etal BeRNS ergia mp eee ‘beket did Ciegor Pr ee ee Mi wedived sinfigtarst ae {is Janie aye ‘ Ape ites ay, 9 aire x aanifanuer lem ibe fice auleegiiieg aii a Ph é ; nih aeel aul ahita sida i] : . i bw pat “i. fo egg ad es ; ; y \ a os Gad uit Vidette ri beige TeDinl 9 ct dant — eet) PS heel e™ eve 8 hi dea lif gi 2. OOF. i 0 tone éitel: i aw on ” ar rm oe . éc sin@=hal ie Aa ae ee oo ee ate << Hislos Ae (owe colt o . = : + , Poe ay vaio, oitle. > (ld Soa, Newey Gh eae ene on lan y ilet ihe CPE are & Bile igh ae aries als es | . halal ial “a a pedal iwes = cee b Util! “ f pA ae he & wa Wahi | | i | At erg We ped nyare el shea Rais vp abd 2 pe! pie } + id 17 14 “Lh” eee at's ¥ a 1 wie *) , ag aga' a We Se bin» (A258 a & a “7 im ruabn i ais }. 6 umn ai a se mus A py ell ee re, Ghia ¥ ae Le gig > tea ae Wi) » ie ah ea , = =A af he 2 va) i { Nii ne, '* ny ik ai ae 4 bial id AN a eS 5 aly i nee f ad to ‘via ey me A DER ou te Ls ou a bere ee y t Ms J at U | 7 ; %. tin y yracnaliy pacity. in a ; : body TT, rent ect fas | iy tl seat ais a Sada EY: Hy] es oe ir eV ew epare ‘y(eada $ a ~s v2 + augulail) Prue crew tore ih - hi . ; “ae ST pple’ quanrin eile We ad , : 4 Ni r = (lad tiianee otf areal Tse i ATHOPYGA BELLA, (WHITE-BREASTED YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Aithopyga bella, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p. 537 (1877); id. P. ZS. 1877, pp. 819, 829. ¢ ad. fronte et vertice antico metallicé viridibus: pileo postico nuchaque olivascenti-viridibus: plumis ante- ocularibus nigris: facie laterali, capitis et colli lateribus sanguineis: maculd postparoticé metallice lilacina: tectricibus alarum olivascenti-viridibus, remigibus saturaté brunneis, extts olivascenti-viridi- bus: dorso postico et uropygio leté sulfureis: supracaudalibus et rectricibus duabus centralibus metallicé viridibus, harum reliquis nigris, metallicé viridi vix violascente marginatis: strig& mystacali metallicé lilacina, infra viridi: mento summo angusté sanguineo: mento reliquo, gutture toto et prepectore leté sulfureis, héc angusté scarlatino striato: corpore reliquo subtuis et subcaudalibus albis: subalaribus albis: remigibus infra brunneis, intts albo limbatis: rostro et pedibus saturaté brunneis: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. mari dissimilis: supra saturaté olivascenti-viridis, tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus: remigibus brunneis, extts olivascenti-brunneis: dorso postico et uropygio leté sulfureis: supracaudalibus olivas- centi-viridibus: rectricibus nigris olivaceo marginatis, extimis albido terminatis: facie laterali et gutture toto cineraceis olivaceo lavatis: corpore reliquo subtis et subcaudalibus albidis, pectore medio flavo lavato; subalaribus albis: remigibus infra brunneis, intus albidis. Hab. in insula Philippinensi “ Surigao” dicta. Adult Male. Forehead and front half of the crown metallic green; remainder of the crown, occiput, and nape olive-green ; in front of the eye a triangular patch of black feathers; sides of the head and neck and the upper half of the back blood-red; on the ear-coverts a metallic lilac patch; wings dusky black with the scapulars and all the feathers broadly edged with olive-green ; lower back sulphur-yellow ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail-feathers metallic green; remainder of the tail-feathers black, edged with metallic green, shaded with violet; sides of the chin and sides of the upper half of the throat blood-red ; a narrow metallic lilac moustachial stripe extends about halfway down the sides of the throat, and is continued in a broader band of metallic green; remainder of the chin, the throat, and the front of the chest bright sulphur-yellow, with a few of the feathers on the crop slightly streaked with scarlet; remainder of the body and the under tail-coverts white; under surface of the wings dark brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 3°3 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 1°6, tail 1-2, tarsus 0:5. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-green; wings dark brown with all the coverts broadly edged with olive- green, and the quills more narrowly so with olive-brown; lower back sulphur-yellow; upper tail- coverts olive-green ; tail black, the feathers edged with olive-green and with broad pale ends to some of the outer feathers; cheeks, chin, and throat very pale olive-shaded ash; rest of under surface of body and under tail-coverts white, shaded with pale yellow down the centre of the breast, abdomen, and on the under tail-coverts; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. Total length 2:9 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 1°55, tail 1, tarsus 0°5. Has. Island of Surigao, in the Philippine archipelago. Tunis beautiful little Sun-bird belongs to the yellow-throated section of the genus thopyqa, and is nearly allied to 4. shelleyi, from which it is distinguished by the green forehead, the olive occiput and nape, the metallic violet patch upon the ear-coverts, by the metallic lilac and green moustachial band, and by the white abdomen. At the present time this species is only known from the type specimens, five in number, sent home by Mr. Alfred Everett from Surigao, a small island off the north-east extremity of Mindanao. These are now in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection; and to his kindness I am indebted for being able to figure and describe this lovely Sun-bird, the smallest of the genus. The five specimens are all labelled males: four are in the full breeding-dress; while the fifth shows no signs of the male dress, nor of immaturity in the structure of its feathers; and as I feel confident that the sex must have been incorrectly marked upon the label, I have here described it as the adult female. however, he must have made some mistake; for no other species of the family Cinnyride is known to possess this peculiar formation of the tongue, which is so characteristic of the family Meliphagide. All the specimens which Mr. Swinhoe collected in February are males in the finest possible plumage; so that I think we may safely conjecture that this is the season of the year at which they breed. I have felt constrained to place this species in a separate genus, on account of the well-marked character presented by the very peculiar form of the centre tail-feathers; but that it is very closely allied to Athopyga is shown in its general structure and the arrangement of its colours, especially in the bright yellow lower back, and in the long downy plumes in the centre of the back, which at times completely cover the yellow patch. The genus Urodrepanis may be thus characterized :—Similar to 4ithopyga, but with the two centre tail-feathers abruptly narrowing into very fine points. The female is, as yet, unknown. ‘The specimen here described is in Mr. Swinhoe’s cabinet, and was collected by himself in February 1868. ae cA D ODEI SUDREPANIS DUYVENI n oO +O EUDREPANIS DUYVENBODEL (SANGHIR YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia duyvenbodei, Schl. Ned. Tijdschr. v. Dierk. iv. p. 14 (1871); Meyer, Sitzb. k. Ak. Wissensch. Ixx. p. 125 (1874). Aithopyga? duyvenbodei, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, ix. p. 57 (1876). ad. fronte et vertice metallicé smaragdineis: pileo laterali et postico cum collo rubris: interscapulio et scapularibus olivascenti-flavis: uropygio leté flavo: supracaudalibus metallicé violaceis: caudé nigra, rectricibus quibusdam albo terminatis: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus minimis et medianis saturaté metallicé bronzino-viridibus, tectricibus majoribus violaceo-bronzino marginatis: remigibus angusté olivascenti-flavo limbatis: subtts leeté flavus, pectore medio paullo latiore. ad. supra olivascenti-flava: capite colloque magis olivascentibus: dorso postico, uropygio et supracaudalibus magis flavicantibus: capite laterali pileo concolori, supercilio angusto flavo: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus laté olivascenti-flavo marginatis, remigibus hdc colore angustiis limbatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus externis quibusdam albo terminatis: subtus leté flava. Hab. in insulis “ Sanghir ” dictis. Adult Male. Forehead and crown metallic emerald-green; in front of the eyes and the eyelids yellow ; sides and back of the head and neck brick-red; upper back and scapulars olive-yellow ; lower back rich gamboge-yellow ; upper tail-coverts metallic violet; tail black, some of the outer feathers with white tips; wings dark brown; the least and median series of wing-coverts deep metallic bronzy green ; the greater series of wing-coverts edged with violet-bronze; the quills very narrowly margined with olive-yellow ; underparts rich gamboge-yellow, rather deeper on the centre of the breast; on the crop a few of the feathers have indications of narrow orange-red bars; under surface of the wings brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 4°4 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°25, tail 1°55, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-yellow, the head and neck more olive, lower back and upper tail-coverts more yellow; sides of the head the same colour as the crown, with a narrow yellow eyelid; wings dark brown, the coverts broadly edged with olive-yellow, the quills more narrowly so with the same colour ; tail black, some of the outer feathers with white tips; upper parts rich gamboge-yellow with the sides of the crop olive; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 3:6 inches, culmen 0:65, wing 2:0, tail 1°35, tarsus 0°65. Has. Sanghir Islands. THE present bird belongs to Mr. Sharpe’s genus Hudrepanis, which was first characterized by him in this work in February 1877. The species may be readily recognized by the yellow rump, square tail, and metallic-coloured wing-coverts, which characters combined are only found in this species and in £. pulcherrima. To distinguish these two birds apart it is sufficient to remark that in the present one the sides and back of the head and neck are red. u 2 This beautiful species is confined to the Sanghir Islands, where it was first discovered by M. Jonkhur van Duyvenbode, and has since been procured there by Hoedt, Meyer, and Bruijn. All the latter gentleman’s specimens were collected on the small island of Petta; and a pair of these I have here figured and described. Count Salvadori (/. ¢.) observes that three female specimens which he has examined are all slightly smaller than the males; and he points out that Dr. Meyer has in his description mistaken the female of C. sanghirensis as belonging to this species. He further remarks that it does not appear to him right to retain this species in the genus dithopygqa, differing, as he observes, in the form of the tail, in the metallic colouring of the wing-coverts, and in the underparts being yellow; but he thinks that it should form the type of a genus intermediate between thopyga, Anthreptes, and Chalcoparia. For my own part, I see no particular affinities between this genus Hudrepanis and Anthreptes and Chalcoparia; but if we compare it with any group besides Hthopyga, it may perhaps present characters nearest to Mectarophila, Reichb., as I have already remarked in my article upon E. pulcherrima. I am indebted to Count Salvadori for his kindness in lending me a pair of this Sun-bird for the purposes of describing and figuring in the present work. Pe, Than, KUDREPANIS PULCHERRIMA EUDREPANIS PULCHERRIMA. (SHORT-TAILED YELLOW-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) Aithopyga pulcherrima, Sharpe, Nature, 3rd August, 1876, p. 297. 3 ad. supra olivaceo-viridis, uropygio leté flavo, lateraliter fasciis duabus plumosis olivaceis celato: fronte et sincipite, genis et regione paroticd superiore leté chalybeis: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis metallicé chalybeo-viridibus, majoribus etiam héc colore limbatis: remigibus saturaté brunneis, olivaceo marginatis: tectricibus supracaudalibus caudéque metallicé chalybeo-viridibus: subtis leté flavus, plaga pectorali miniata ornatus : rostro pedibusque nigris: iride saturaté brunned. Hab. in insula philippinensi “ Basilan ” dicta. Adult Male. Forehead, front half of the crown, cheeks, and ear-coverts steel-blue; back of the head and neck, upper back, and scapulars olive-green; on the middle of the back a thick tuft of loose downy olive-coloured feathers, capable of covering the lower back, which is bright yellow; upper tail-coverts and a broad edging to the tail-feathers metallic bluish green; wings dark brown, the least and median series of wing-coverts and a broad edging to the greater coverts rich metallic bluish green; quills margined with olive; underparts uniform bright yellow, with the feathers on the middle of the crop edged with red, forming a large, nearly circular, spot; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 3°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 1°8, tail 1:05, tarsus 0°55. Has. Island of Basilan, in the Philippine archipelago. Tuts beautiful species, one of the recent novelties brought home from the Philippine Islands by Dr. Steere, is closely allied in general plumage and structure to the genus 4thopyga, possessing, as it does, the tuft of loose downy feathers on the middle of the back which partially cover the yellow patch on the rump; but it differs in possessing a short square tail, instead of the well- known elongated tail of Athopyga. It is perhaps most nearly allied to Urodrepanis christine from Hainan, and appears to prove the affinity which exists between dthopyga and the ** Nectarophila” section of the genus Cinnyris. Mr. Sharpe writes to me that this species should, in his opinion, certainly be placed in a distinct genus, for which he proposes the following diagnosis :— EupREPANIS, gen. nov., affine Mthopyge sed cauda integra, breviore, et fasciis plumosis ut in genere Ethopyga ad latera dorsi inferioris positis distinguendum. Dr. Steere during his successful travels in the Philippines collected over forty new species of birds, five of which belong to the present family, thus raising the number of Sun-birds known to inhabit these islands to eight, viz. the present species, Athopyga shelleyi, Al. magnifica, Cinnyris speratus, C. jugularis, Anthreptes malaccensis, A. chlorigastra, and Arachnothera dilutior. Of the present bird the type specimen alone is known, which my courteous friend Dr. Steere most kindly placed at my service, and of which I have given two figures on the Plate. ‘The type appeared to be in fully adult plumage, and was in a beautiful state of preservation. N a ails =. tesa ° Am APTHOENA awnya aoe a = ai * mic y We AAROAR, HOMES “a Py. 702. O78t Jord in ge oqane orn \ “== pp atvotl celkisy dgavile delle milan tie wiilsraial walt Shab oiggipria ibe isuchlige® fd) als silt igibtelas nr nae i shatyiady, Stal wnodpeaptia Aaifinan & vain WAIT yy _ key Emote ata lade = } oa - Tk0 aT of: at Marry De GTS je ak Got We wh ae ie avin an 3 sill telout ead of neta lee at nies © note, TUF 3 age vial My oa iaiouns- wil ial (Asie ee eae See Siheask, hohe aAke oa 4 ceepgn ones A/meiad aidh Dias Wal mult in fire ome mas Sa alee ; . tied Hi Ya ata ate i iam | di i gouiplan dy allel ste Tbe Any! ahhetana ak Gamma as sp peng g i . * * a em CINNYRIS PORPHYROLAMUS, (CELEBEAN BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia aspasia (pt.), Schl. & Mill. Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1846). Nectarinia porphyrolema, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 479. Promerops porphyrolema, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1360 (1869). Chalcostetha porphyrolema, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 46; id. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 71 (1874); Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, lxx. p. 122 (1874). Hermotimia porphyrolema, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Sc. Tor. x. pp. 208, 232 (1874); id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vii. p. 660. no. 38, pl. 18. fig. 3 (1875); id. Atti R. Acc. Sc. Torino, xil. p. 310 (1877). g ad. niger, saturaté indigotico nitens: pileo summo metallicé aurato-viridi: tectricibus alarum minimis, dorso postico et supracaudalibus chalybeis, vix violaceo nitentibus: rectricibus nigris, extis chalybeis : mento gulaque metallicé rubescenti-lilacinis: striga mystacali viridescente, chalybeo lavata: rostro nigro: pedibus et iride saturaté brunneis. 2 ad. pileo postico et cervice cineraceis: dorso, scapularibus et tectricibus alarum minimis olivaceis: alis aliter saturaté brunneis, plumis laté olivaceo marginatis, remigibus flavicanti-olivaceo limbatis: rectri- cibus nigris, plumis albo terminatis, externis latius: gulé alb&: pectore, abdomine et subcaudalibus sulfureis: alis infra brunneis, intts albidis: subalaribus albis, angusté flavo limbatis. Hab. in insula Celebensi. Adult Male. Black with a deep blue gloss; entire crown metallic golden-green ; least series of wing-coverts, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and the outer edges of the tail-feathers steel-blue, slightly tinted with violet ; chin and throat metallic ruby lilac, with a well-defined greenish shaded steel-blue streak down each side; bill black; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°25, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper half of the head and the back of the neck ashy grey; back, scapulars, and the least series of wing-coverts olive; remainder of the wings dark brown, with all the feathers broadly edged with olive, which, on the quills, is of a more yellow shade; tail black, the feathers mostly tipped with white, most broadly so on the outer ones; chin and throat white; breast, abdomen, and under tail- coyverts sulphur-yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter partially washed with pale yellow. Total length 4°2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2:05, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-6. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult female, excepting that the metallic colours begin to show on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, and on each side of the throat a well-defined metallic moustachial streak; the breast is much paler, the yellow fading almost into white on the sides of the body and on the under tail-coverts. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°25, tail 15, tarsus 0°6. Has. Celebes. ‘Tuis Sun-bird is most nearly allied to another Celebean form (C. grayt), from which it differs in S6 having the mantle and chest black instead of red. These two species may be readily distin- guished from the other members of the “ Hermotimia” group by the steel-blue moustachial line on each side of their metallic lilac throats. This is by no means a common bird in collections; and, owing to the great resemblance between the members which constitute this group, there was much confusion until Count Salvadori, in his valuable paper upon the genus Hermotimia of Reichenbach (J. ¢.), ably pointed out their distinctive characters. My descriptions of the adult male and of the male in moult are taken from Macassar specimens, the former from the type in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Wallace, the latter from one of Dr. Meyer’s specimens. The adult female I procured from a dealer out of a collection from Celebes. The measure- ments of the type, as well as of one of Dr. Meyer’s specimens of an adult male from Macassar, are a trifle smaller than the one I have figured, which was collected by Dr. Meyer in the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomine and is now in the Marquis of 'Tweeddale’s cabinet. In this specimen the wings measure 2°5 inches; but in the coloration of the plumage there is no difference, The species has also been recorded by Count Salvadori from Kandari, on the south-west coast of Celebes, where Signor Beccari procured three males. we CINNVDTa LININ I yin CINNYRIS SANGIRENSIS. (SANGHIR BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Chalcostetha sangirensis, Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, Ixx. p. 124 (1874); Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 419. Hermotimia sanghirensis, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. p. 233, pl. 1. fig. 2 (1874); id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, ix. p. 56. no. 10 (1876); id. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii. p. 311 (1877). g ad. brunnescenti-niger purpureo nitens: pileo summo metallicé aurato-viridi: tectricibus alarum minimis, scapularibus minoribus, dorso postico et supracaudalibus chalybeis: gutture cuprescenti-bronzino, supra lateraliter chalybeo marginato. 2 ad. supra grisescenti-viridis: remigibus nigricantibus extts olivascenti-viridi, intts albido limbatis: caudd nigra, rectricibus externis albo terminatis: subtus flava, gutture et pectore saturatioribus, abdomine et subeaudalibus albidis. Hab. in insulis Sanghirensibus. Adult Male. Brownish black with a purple gloss; the forehead, crown, and nape metallic golden green ; least series of wing-coverts, a few of the smaller scapulars, the lower back and upper tail-coverts steel- blue, shaded with violet and green; tail-feathers edged with lilac-bronze; throat coppery bronze, margined with steel-blue on the sides of the chin and upper half of the throat; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°4, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper half of the head and neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow ; upper tail-coverts black ; wings dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged with olive-green; tail black, with white tips, broadest on the outer feathers; cheeks yellower than the crown; underparts sulphur-yellow, slightly tinted with olive on the sides of the breast; the under tail-coverts very pale yellow; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter shaded with yellow; bill, legs, and irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°05, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°6. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult female, excepting that it has a few metallic feathers on the back of the crown; tail-feathers edged with metallic violet ; a streak on each side of the throat coppery bronze. Young Male. Similar to the last, excepting that there are no metallic feathers on the crown, and the chin and throat are strongly shaded with orange-yellow. Has. Sanghir Islands. Tuts well-marked species belongs to that section of the ‘“ Hermotimia” group which comprises species with the metallic portions of the back biue. It may be distinguished from its allies by the general brownish shade of its plumage and by the bronzy copper-colour of its throat, in which latter character it appears to be the species which most nearly approaches to Chalcostetha insignis. Z GS Like the Celebean forms C. grayi and C. porphyrolemus, it has the sides of the metallic throat margined with a distinct band of steel-blue, which is not met with in the other members of this group; and they also resemble each other in the absence of metallic colouring on the scapulars and median series of the wing-coverts; but this latter character is not confined to these three species. The present bird was first described by Dr. Meyer from specimens collected by himself at Siao, one of the Sangir or Sanghir Islands, a small group situated to the north of Celebes; and it appears to be exclusively confined to that archipelago. _ Count Salvadori has more recently received a large series of forty specimens obtained in the island of Petta by Bruijn, which he divides into nine varieties of plumage. ‘The first is the fully adult male similar to the specimen in my own collection, which I have figured on the same Plate with C. porphyrolemus ; this specimen was collected by Duyvenbode in Siaoin 1866. The next five are in the gradual changes of plumage between the young and adult male, and offer nothing out of the common in their mode of moult. The last three plumages mentioned are exhibited in my second illustration of this species, and represent the adult female with the pale yellow throat, and two plumages of the male: one I have designated ‘‘male in moult” with the throat of a similar yellow to that of the female; the other, “young male,” with the orange shade on the throat. It appears to me probable that these two plumages should be referred respectively, one to the adult male in moult, the other to the young male prior to its first assumption of the full dress; and I would therefore refer the more orange throat to the younger bird. In this latter dress, according to Count Salvadori, were the specimens which Dr. Meyer referred to the females of £. duyvenbodet; and he further remarks:—‘‘I do not know to what cause can be attributed this orange shade on the upper part of the throat; it is not equally intense in all the specimens, from which I argue that it is a mere variation to which individuals of this species are subject.” This species differs from all the other members of this group, not only in the peculiar colouring of the male, but also in the female not having the head and neck of the grey colour which we find in the other species. I have retained Dr. Meyer’s original spelling of the name, as these islands are marked upon different maps as the Sangir or Sanghir Islands. oh Ce CINNYRIS AURICEPS. (MOLUCCAN BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia auriceps, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 348; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 343; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Promerops auriceps, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1357 (1869). Chalcostetha auriceps, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 46; Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, Ixx. p. 123 (1874). Hermotimia auriceps, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 228 (1874); xii. p. 309 (1877). Nectarinia porphyrolema, Brigg. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 75. no. 77 (1876). é ad. niger, pileo summo virescenti-aureo: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis, scapularibus, dorso postico, supracaudalibus et rectricum marginibus chalybeis plus minusve violaceo nitentibus: mento gulaque chalybeis dorso postico concoloribus. ? ad. pileo summo colloque cinerascenti-brunneis: dorso scapularibusque olivaceis: alis saturaté brunneis, pennis omnibus olivaceo marginatis: rectricibus nigris, albo terminatis, duabus centralibus haud apicatis, externis latius: mento gulaque albis: pectore, abdomine et subcaudalibus pallidé flavis. g juv. similis feminze adultz, sed pileo colloque postico olivaceo lavatis, mento gulaque pallidé flavis pectori concoloribus. Hab. in insulis Moluccensibus “ Gilolo,” “ Batchian,” “‘ Ternate,” “ Kaioa,” “Tifore,” “Sula,” et “ Celebes” dictis. Adult Male. Black with a deep blue gloss; the entire crown metallic greenish gold; the least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts steel-blue, more or less shaded with violet ; in some specimens a few of the greater wing-coverts, and in all the tail-feathers, are broadly edged with steel-blue; chin and throat of the same shade of steel-blue as the lower back ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:5 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2-4, tail 1:8, tarsus 0°6. \ Adult Female. Upper part of the head and the back of the neck ashy brown; back and scapulars olive ; wings brown, the feathers with broad olive edges, which on the quills have a slightly more yellow shade; tail black with white ends to all but the centre feathers, the white tips broadest on the outer ones; chin and throat white; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills white, the former slightly shaded with sulphur-yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°1, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°55. Young Male. Very similar to the adult female, but with the upper parts of the head and back of the neck shaded with olive, and the chin and throat pale yellow like the breast. The feathers of the abdomen are of a downy texture, indicative of youth. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 2:0, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°55. Male in moult. Similar to the female, with the metallic portions beginning to show on the crown, upper tail-coverts, and the sides of the throat. Has. Moluccas: islands of Gilolo, Batchian, Ternate, Kaioa, Tifore, Sula Islands, and Celebes. Z2 LGO C. auriceps may be readily recognized by the metallic portions of the throat, wings, scapulars, and lower back being of a deep violet-shaded steel-blue, and in the very golden green colour of the crown; in this latter respect it is similar to the Celebean C. porphyrolemus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the colour of the throat and by having the median series of wing- coverts and the scapulars metallic like the lower back. From the present species I have found it necessary to separate the Morty-Island bird, on account of its much greener crown, which is similar to that of C. aspasiev, and from the metallic portions of the throat, wing-coverts, scapulars, and lower back being greenish, rather than violet- shaded steel-blue. In the British Museum I have examined adult males from Ternate, Batchian, Kaioa, and Sula Islands, collected by Mr. Wallace; and they all are undoubtedly referable to this species. An adult male in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection is labelled “‘ Lombock ? ( Wallace).” The only reason I can see for doubting the locality Lombock for this specimen is, that I cannot find the species mentioned from that locality in any of the numerous articles published upon Mr. Wallace’s collections. I have not been able to examine fully adult specimens from Gilolo ; but Count Salvadori (2. ¢.) assures me that they are perfectly similar; and it is also recorded from thence by Mr. Wallace (J. ¢.). Dr. Briiggemann informs me that C. auriceps has been collected in Celebes by Dr. Fischer ; and this does not appear to me to be at all surprising, as it has been found in the Sula Islands and Tifore. ‘Though it would appear to be improbable, these specimens may possibly belong to my new species C. morotensis; for Count Salvadori remarks (/. ¢.) that in Count Turati’s collection there is a specimen labelled Menado; but this locality he believes to be incorrect. It differs slightly from Gilolo specimens in having the metallic throat much less extended, the crown a little less golden and more green, the wing-coverts, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, as also the throat, deep steel-blue with a slight greenish reflection. He also examined a similar adult male specimen in the Turin Museum from an unknown locality, and observes that they probably come from a different place from that of the Gilolo bird, and may perhaps constitute a distinct species. These specimens appear to belong to the same species as the Morty-Island bird; but in the type of that species I do not recognize any character in the shortness of the metallic portion of the throat. The upper figure in the illustration represents an adult male of this species collected by Mr. Wallace in Batchian, from which specimen my description is also taken, while my lower figure represents the type of the closely allied C. morotensis. The description of the adult female is taken from a Batchian specimen, and that of the young male from a bird from Ternate: both of these were collected by Mr. Wallace, and are in the British Museum. CINNYRIS MOROTENSIS. (MORTY ISLAND BLACK SUN-BIRD.) tHermotimia auriceps (pt.), Salvad. Att. R. Ac. Tor. x. p. 229 (1874). 3 ad. similis C. auricipiti, sed pileo aurato-viridi ut in C. aspasie colorato: ptilosi chalybeo-viridi nec violacea nitente distinguendus. ; Hab. in insulé Moluccensi “‘ Morty ” vel “ Morotai”’ dicta. Adult Male. Differs from C. auriceps only in the much greener shade of the crown, which is of the same colour as in Dorey specimens of C. aspasie@ ; the least and median series of wing-coverts, the scapulars, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and the edges of the tail-feathers are greenish-shaded steel-blue, with no lilac shade, excepting on some of the median series of wing-coverts, which are edged with lilac, and the edges of the tail-feathers, which are glossed with violet; the metallic throat is of a uniform deep greenish-shaded steel-blue like the lower back ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 45 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°4, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°6. Has. Morty Island. THE type of this species, a fully adult male, was collected by Mr. Wallace in Morty Island, and is now in the British Museum. The specimen bears Mr. Wallace’s own label; so that there is no doubt of its having come from the island of Morty, although in the numerous published records of his collections I have failed in finding any mention of a Sun-bird of this group having been obtained by him in that locality. Like C. auriceps the present bird may be distinguished from all the other members of the “Hermotimia” group by its having the throat and lower back of the same shade of steel-blue. The characters which separate this bird from C. auriceps are the greener crown and the deep green instead of a violet shade to the steel-blue portions of the plume. ‘These characters, if constant, as I suspect they will prove to be, are sufficiently well marked. It appears to me. probable that the specimens mentioned by Count Salvadori (0. ¢.), viz. one in Count Turati’s collection and the adult male in the Turin Museum, may belong to this species. 404 102 i ba axox ee - ‘ne rata aR vee fs = >a Gai aiat ha Pe Oe oh, ata) belie i} a ” k oe @ : ? hat) | OP a areas AO Sh a iy Mn ali ting I he & } ole See inal letvond> an gg hae Y auTis of OND i F546 j mury a at iff hit : . : i“ . } i (ine 78 ‘Hp | UGE: habhegae anna ate ae Jhon a ‘del age: oa bag Foe te «mis © ANE La nd nt Cin ‘1 2 I ee 0H S 5 ee Baie ~ ae - ae - a 7 — (hs gee & RE ) eae Bee ¢ a 7 s i) 4, Ge) 24.0 Senge bas ™ | ; Oh iy DO Gabe ee ; / oe : ob yugith ib Cathe MUN Tupialihn. ew sli aban tlh ae eG doe “tel ese Coe Se ter ad dy vise oT, sundial UR ead UT Lue ay w crea sik zit a hipaa” att Th is our oF cvs few YA iberpay 4? eat Msisae vet ya eth wt jaliut afetel aml utiew . Tihs Lili hae Avi EGS SP a ala ie nd Phu BA cadet aay i wid TRAIN yp seabed ser we dd ah wit «rb yibe PTE BR SL aa ras 8 Datel eri ley pow Sip ginaie Ti atl EEC eS op aIe = | ieee Os of il eile gate id nin asap j a 6g SHE inns eee" ~ fh ter Sel J 1 410 Jal? older, Santee (gayi yl nina) 4) wi tile os Tite: inkealica ty rs (a, @ & hi er Se. =x- CINNYRIS NIGRISCAPULARIS. (MIOSNOM BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Hermotimia nigriscapularis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vil. p. 937 (1875); id. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii. p. 308 (1877). g ad. niger, indigotico nitens: pileo toto nuchaque metallicé viridibus : scapularibus alisque nigris, tectricibus minimis paucis marginalibus metallicé cyanescentibus viridi nitentibus: dorso postico, supracaudalibus et rectricum marginibus metallicé cyanescenti-viridibus: mento gulaque chalybeis lilacino nitentibus : rostro pedibusque nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. ? ad. pileo et collo postico cinerascenti-brunneis : tergo olivaceo : alis saturaté brunneis, plumarum marginibus olivaceis: cauda nigra, rectricibus externis albo terminatis: mento gulaque cinerascenti-albis : corpore reliquo subtus sulfureo: subalaribus albis, sulfureo lavatis: remigibus infra brunneis, ints versus basin albidis. Hab. in insula Papuana “ Miosnom”’ dicta. Adult Male. Black with a deep blue gloss; forehead, crown, and nape metallic green; wings and scapulars black, with a few only of the least series of coverts towards the angle of the wing metallic bluish green ; lower half of the back, upper tail-coverts and the edges of the tail-feathers metallic bluish green ; chin and throat steel-blue shaded with lilac; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°4, tail 1°65, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper part of the head and back of the neck ashy brown; back olive; wings dark brown, with the margins of the feathers olive; tail black, with white ends to some of the outer feathers ; chin and throat ashy white; breast and under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the coverts and the inner margins of the quills white, the former shaded with sulphur-yellow. Has. Miosnom, an island in the Bay of Geelvink. THE present species belongs to the second section of the “ Hermotimia” group, viz. that in which the metallic portions of the wings and lower back are green. This section may again be split up into two divisions, viz. those species which have the scapulars and median series _ of wing-coverts black, and those species which have these parts metallic green. As belonging to the first of these subdivisions we are at present acquainted with three forms—C. nigriscapularis, C. salvadorii, and C. proserpine. ‘The first two of these differ from C. proserpine in the metallic colours on the wings being confined to a portion only of the least series of wing-coverts round the bend of the wing. From C. salvadorii the present species differs in its smaller size. This bird was recognized as a new form by Count Salvadori after the examination of twelve specimens collected by Signor Beccari in Miosnom, one of the small islands in the Bay of Geel- 163 igG4 vink. One of these typical specimens I have figured on the same plate with C. salvadorii, in order that their difference in size may be readily compared. I find in five adult males of this species the following differences in measurements—total length 4 to 4°3 inches, culmen 0°65 to 0°70, wing 2:3 to 2°45, tail 1:4 to 1-65, tarsus 0°6 to 0°65. Out of the twelve typical specimens mentioned by Count Salvadori (/. ¢.), six were in per- fectly adult plumage; two were males in advanced moult; three were young, and the remaining one the adult female here described. Of the three young birds, one is similar in plumage to the female, but has the crown olive like the back, and the chin and throat tinged with yellow like the breast, but not so pure; in another example the sides of the throat are mottled with metallic colours, and in the third the upper part of the head is greyish olive, and the throat clear pale yellow. yarc a aD CINNYRIS NIGRISCAPULARIS NYRIS SALVADORII CINNYRIS SALVADORII (COUNT SALVADORI’S SUN-BIRD.) Hermotimia nigriscapularis (pt.), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vii. p. 938 (1875). Hermotimia, sp., Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii. p. 308 (1877). 3 ad. similis C. nigriscapulari sed multo major, et partibus metallicis magis cyanescentibus. Hab. in insula Papuana “ Jobi” dicta. Adult Male. Similar in plumage to C. nigriscapularis, but considerably larger ; the metallic portion of the wings, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and the margins of the tail-feathers slightly bluer. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°8, tail 1:9, tarsus 0:7. Has. The island of Jobi, in the bay of Geelvink. THE present species is, in my opinion, clearly distinct from C. nigriscapularis, being, as the measurements will show, a very much larger bird; and that these relative dimensions may be the better recognized, I have illustrated both species upon the same Plate, the lower figure repre- senting this species. The island of Jobi, in Geelvink Bay, contains two Sun-birds belonging to this group—the present one, closely allied to C. nigriscapularis of the neighbouring island of Miosnom, and C. jobiensis, representing C. aspasiw, from the mainland of New Guinea. My C. salvadorii is founded upon two specimens collected by Bruijn at Ansus; one of these is in such bad condition that measurements would be unreliable, as the wings and tail are formed of partially grown feathers; nevertheless it considerably exceeds in all its dimensions the numerous specimens which I have examined of C. nigriscapularis. The types of C. salvadorii are the specimens mentioned by Count Salvadori (/. ¢.) in the latter portion of his article upon Hermotimia niqgriscapularis, where he observes :—“ In Bruijn’s collection there are two specimens from Ansus very similar in colour to those from Miosnom, and having the wing-coverts similar, but differing in their much larger dimensions. They should, I believe, belong to a distinct species, which, however, I shall merely content myself with noticing.” As, in my opinion, the Jobi bird is specifically distinct from C. nigriscapularis, I venture to attach Count Salvadori’s name to the species in acknowledgment of the great services he has rendered to our knowledge of Moluccan and Papuan ornithology. or -— a. _— bade’ ee y > i ’ 7 i | t : 5 “he ci } J Wi minh . f ' iG —— ~ — . ey 7 ‘ + ’ os be sid} he . P| [ a) vid) earny baal ‘ avih g ——— a . . ‘SI ? wate tie * \4 : H t Zz i { 1s nasi b, ea o =e I~ ie (Wet etl ie bs i eif % " (A oe aie me ie i). Lan wink) ju 7 : j : CINNYRIS PROSERPINEA (BOURU BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia proserpina, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 32; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Promerops proserpina, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1358 (1869, err.). Chalcostetha proserpina, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 46; Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, lxx. p. 123 (1874). Hermotimia proserpina, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 230 (1874), xii. p. 307 (1877). gad. niger: pileo saturaté smaragdineo: tectricibus alarum minimis, dorso postico et supracaudalibus metallicé viridibus chalybeo nitentibus: scapularibus et tectricibus medianis nigris: cauda nigra, rectricibus chalybeo marginatis: gulaé metallicé violaced chalybeo nitente, clarits lateraliter. 2 ad. pileo et collo postico cinerascentibus: dorso, scapularibus, supracaudalibus, remigum rectricumque marginibus olivascenti-flavis: alis cauddque aliter saturaté brunneis: rectricibus quibusdam externis albo terminatis: mento gulaque pallidé cineraceis, pectore et subcaudalibus olivaceis, sulfureo lavatis. Hab. in insula “ Bouru”’ dicta. Adult Male. Black, with a deep blue gloss; crown deep metallic emerald-green with a bluish gloss; least series of wing-coverts, lower back, and upper tail-coverts metallic green, glossed with steel-blue ; scapulars and median series of wing-coverts black, remainder of the wings brownish black; tail blue- black, the feathers edged with steel-blue; throat metallic violet, glossed with steel-blue, especially on the sides; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2:5, tail 1:8, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper half of the head and back of the neck ashy grey ; back and upper tail-coverts and edges of the feathers of the wings and tail olive-yellow, remainder of the wings and tail dark brown ; some of the outer tail-feathers with broad white ends; chin and throat pale ashy; breast and under tail-coverts olive-shaded yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow. Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2:2, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°6. Has. The island of Bouru. THe black Sun-bird which we find in the island of Bouru belongs to that division of the “Hermotimia” group in which the metallic portions of the wings and lower back are green, and in which the scapulars and median series of wing-coverts are black. It differs from C. nigro- scapularis and C. salvadorti by possessing a greater amount of metallic green on the wings, and in the somewhat different shade of the green of these parts and on the lower back. It is a rare species in collections, which may probably be accounted for by its being limited in its range to the island of Bouru. I have only been able to examine four adult males and three females, all of which were collected by Mr. Wallace; in these I find the colouring and measurements are remarkably constant. The specimens which I have here figured and described are in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection. 2A 2° LUZ "a sone avr A. Niece, ie ii Pr \ ir ta Nia ae eu 4s, niet , ; } alice ¥ r pontine a it ve wit, 1 — ; LTE Et eg ADR ta ne a res nee nergnae : a ' aw oy ‘ ‘ 17 ‘ 5 ncaa =F n i ah Sake Oe i : a - - * = an a nae ig yokes m2 rhe 4% yen aie : r i ee ee quik dull. ue qioy ” j wal & ij be Leah? Gh gre apie tp topes apn Ded abun ve ‘te | PMI eee BLT jalh a Marat i \ ive outgy Diicg hiv! fv elt i afada Wo eeity, ohh DD nba ‘eegttiey kuin bette PET i faidt sanlieol et th =e 7° res, Ga ren 4 a ‘ Lm ha aa al J cqawllal a yo Beta 60h he - Sitaliee shies ee wht witty Ow Peelarrers baa BR unt 9 ; F-. our - . \ a i ‘og i “y as a SINNYRIS ASPASIOIDES CINNYRIS ASPASLA CINNYRIS ASPASIOIDES. (CERAM BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia aspasia, 8S. Mill. Natuurl. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 110 (1843); 8S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, p. 58 (1846, part.); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 1635 (1865, part. ). Nectarinia aspasioides, Gray, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 548; Pelz. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1872, p. 427. Cinnyris aspasia, Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 123 (part.). Nectarinia aspasinoides, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Nectarinia amasia, Finsch, tom. cit. p. 163. Promerops aspasinoides, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1356 (1869). Chalcostetha aspasioides, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 46; Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, Ixx. p. 123 (1874). Ptiloturus aspasioides, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 631 (1872). Chalcostetha goramensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vi. p. 85 (1874). Hermotimia aspasioides, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 216 (1874), xii. p. 306 (1877). 3 ad. similis C. aspasie sed major: culmine et cauda longioribus, ptilosi brunnescentiore, pileo minus aureo et cyaneo adumbrato, tectricibus minimis et medianis, scapularibus, dorso postico, supracaudalibus et rectricum marginibus magis cyanescenti-viridibus, his partim puré chalybeis, tectricibus majoribus externis haud metallicé marginatis, gutture puré chalybeo haud lilacino lavato, distinguendus. 2 similis feminze C. proserpine, sed dorso olivaceo sordidiore et pectore pallidiore distinguenda. Hab. in insulis Moluccensibus australibus. Adult Male. Very similar to C. aspasie, but larger, especially in the measurements of the culmen and tail ; the black portions of the plumage slightly browner; the crown less golden and shaded with blue; the least and median series of wing-coverts, the scapulars, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and margins of the tail-feathers of a bluer green, with a portion of the edges of the tail-feathers almost pure steel-blue ; the outer greater wing-coverts with no metallic margins; the throat pure steel-blue with no lilac shade. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2-4, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the female of C. proserpine, excepting that the olive on the back is duller and the breast whiter. Total length 4°35, culmen 0°75, wing 2°15, tail 1°55, tarsus 0°6. Has. Amboyna, Ceram, Goram, Matabello, and Banda? THE Ceram Black Sun-bird is very similar to C. aspasie, the characters by which it is distin- guished being very slight ; but they are numerous, as I have shown in my description of the adult 409 male of this bird, and are perfectly constant. Its most marked features are perhaps its larger size, as shown by the greater length of the culmen and tail, and the throat being pure steel-blue with no lilac shade. In the British Museum I have compared specimens collected by Mr. Wallace from Ceram, Amboyna, Goram, and Matabello islands; and they all belong undoubtedly to this species; th culmen measured in all the five adult male specimens 0°85, and the tail from 1:7 to 1:9, while in seven fine specimens of C. aspasie I have found the measurements never greater than the following—culmen 0:7, tail 1°5. The Nectarinia aspasia mentioned by S. Miiller from Banda Island should, no doubt, belong to this species; but as I have not been able to examine a specimen from there. I have entered the locality as doubtful. In the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection I have examined a typical specimen of this bird labelled “ Aru Islands;” but as there is no indication on the label by whom it was collected, I think the locality must be wrong; for it appears to me impossible that a species like the present one, which is really barely more than a constant local variety, should be found so apparently out of its geographical district as the Aru Islands, when it appears to be absent, and replaced by an entirely distinct species ((. theresiw) in the intervening Kei Islands. I have therefore taken no notice of this specimen in the range which I assign to the present species. C. aspasioides is distinguished from C. proserpine by the scapulars and greater series of wing-coverts being metallic. Mr. G. R. Gray, who first distinguished this bird from C. aspasiw, nevertheless appears to have confounded it with C. proserpine in his ‘ Hand-list of Birds; for he there gives the locality Bouru for this species, which would appear to have been taken from some specimen in the British Museum. But in that collection there are no specimens of any Sun-bird from Bouru except C. proserpine; I have therefore excluded that island from the range assigned to this species. CINNYRIS CORNELIA CINNYRIS CORNELIA (TARAWAI SUN-BIRD.) Hermotimia cornelia, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xiii, p. 519 (1878). ¢ ad. similis C. aspasie sed paulld major: gutture omnino metallicé lilacino, ad latera gule summe et versus regionem prepectoralem minimé chalybeo tincto distinguendus. 2 ad. similis 9 C. aspasie, sed paullo major. Hab. in insula papuand “ Tarawai” vel “ D’Urville” dicta. Adult Male. Similar in plumage to C. aspasie from Dorey, excepting that the throat is entirely metallic lilac, enly very slightly tinted with steel-blue on the sides of the upper throat and towards the crop. It is also slightly larger. Total length 4:6 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°7, tail 1°8, tarsus 0:7. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to typical C. aspasie, only larger. Has. Island of Tarawai or D’Urville Island. Tur island of D’Urville, known to the natives as Tarawai, is situated off the northern coast of New Guinea, in long. 148° 7’ E. On this island Mr. Bruijn has recently collected twelve specimens of a Sun-bird which, in deference to Count Salvadori, I treat as distinct from C. aspasie, though in my opinion the characters are not of sufficient value to be considered specific, but indicate rather a constant local race or subspecies. Count Salvadori informs us that Mr. Bruijn’s hunters collected eight adult .males, three adult females, and one male in moult, in all of which the characters are perfectly constant. These he compared with a large series of the other allied species, especially with C. aspasie, and entertains no doubt of their belonging to a distinct species, differing, as he observes, from C. aspasie by their notably larger size, and by the throat being constantly lilac, without any mixture of steel-blue. The only characters which appear to me to distinguish this form from C. aspasi@ are the measurements; and these, in my opinion, are too slight to constitute specific distinction. The colouring of the throat, which appears to be constant in Tarawai specimens, agrees perfectly with the colouring of the throat in some individuals from the Aru Islands and from Koffiao, where, however, the colouring of this part is not a constant character. The adult male and female are described from two of the typical specimens in my own collection. na) - Chie fem ayaa : ) oan ee eds bs dainty hk 7 adhe 7 ; * fla oie a lyn ketal aly od ire : “J toe Ge ean ae Ae ' 4 ; ; err arbea tt Le, Tf) aimee fs hy ae ofl be sigh a) inl fu bee ae ane Na nie te may + i ee aah ae © Hao ton alot yer le gaia ee iy > Pally Ui Gi fl aa Hem ib j ee) my We alii ‘ab i wld aah a geet my ae evils aK strip Avant of Aisi eat inantds aera ay CINNYRIS ASPASI A (NEW-GUINEA BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris aspasia, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 676. no. 100, pl. 30. fig. 4 (1826); id. Traité d’Orn. i. p. 295. no. 14 (1831); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 409 (1850); Bernst. J. f. O. 1859, p. 279; Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 123 (part.). Cinnyris sericeus, Less. Dict. Sc. Nat. i. p. 21 (1827); id. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 43 (1828). Cinnyris aspasie, Less. Comp]. Buff Ois. p. 590 (1838). Nectarinia aspasia, Sard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 219, 272 (1843); S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, pp. 58, 64, 65 (1846, part.); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98. no. 44 (1847); Sclat. Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. p. 157 (1858); Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 190 (part.); id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 15d; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, pp. 22, 55 (1859, part.); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 433 (part.); Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865, part.). Nectarinia amasia, 8. Mill. Natuurl. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk. p. 22 (1843); Gray, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 190; id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 55 (1859); id. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 433; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 50. Chalcostetha aspasia, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103 (1850); Bp. Coll. Delattre, p. 57 (1854); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 45; Meyer, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wissensch. zu Wien, Ixx. p. 122 (1874). Hermotimia aspasia, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 285. no. 661, pl. 572. fig. 3901 (1858) ; Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. p. 219 (1874); id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vii. pp. 400, 936 (1875); D’Albertis, Sydney Mail, 1877, p. 248; Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii. p. 802 (1877). Promerops aspasia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 110. no. 1855 (1869). Promerops amasia, Gray, tom. cit. no. 1362. Ptiloturus aspasia, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. pp. 631, 695 (1872). Chalcostetha chlorocephala, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vi. p. 78 (1874). Hermotimia chlorocephala, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 226 (1874); xii. p. 305 (1877). Hermotimia, sp.t, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. ix. pp. 30, 31. nos. 113, 114 (1876); id. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xu. p. 312 (1877). g ad. niger indigotico adumbratus: pileo metallicé smaragdineo : tectricibus minimis et medianis, scapularibus, dorso postico et rectricum marginibus leté metallicé smaragdineis, vix chalybeo tinctis: tectricibus majoribus externis vix metallicé cyanescenti-viridi marginatis : mento guldque chalybeis lilacino lavatis : rostro pedibusque nigris: iride saturaté brunneda. 2 ad. pileo colloque postico saturaté cinerascentibus, capite laterali pallidiore: dorso, scapularibus et supra- caudalibus olivaceis: alarum plumis brunneis laté olivaceo marginatis, remigibus flavicanti lavatis: rectricibus nigris, vix olivaceo marginatis, exterioribus omnibus pallidius terminatis: gula alba: corpore £ iD ii4 reliquo subtis pallidé flavo: subalaribus et remigibus intus albis, margine carpali flavido: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturate brunnea. Hab. in insulis Papuanis. Adult Male. Black, with a deep-blue gloss ; entire crown metallic emerald green; least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and edges of the tail-feathers rich metallic green, barely tinged with blue; some of the outer greater wing-coverts partially edged with metallic bluish green; chin and throat lilac-shaded steel-blue; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2-4, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper part of the head and back of the neck dark ashy grey; sides of the head paler; back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts olive ; wings brown, the feathers broadly edged with olive, which, on the quills, has a slightly yellower shade; tail black, the feathers partially margined with olive, and with pale ends to all but the centre ones; chin and throat ashy white; breast and under tail-coverts pale yellow, slightly tinted with olive; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills white, shaded with sulphur-yellow on the primary joint; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°1 inches, culmen 0:65, wing 2°1, tail 1*4, tarsus 0°6. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the female, but with a steel-blue streak down each side of the throat ; upper tail-coverts mottled with metallic green; tail black, the feathers partially margined with metallic green. Has. Waigiou, Koftiao, Mysol, Salwatti, Aru Islands, and New Guinea, and eastward to the Duke-of-York Island. ’ THE present species, the most widely spread of the “ Hermotimia” group, belongs to that section of the Black Sun-birds in which the metallic portions of the lower back are green. It has the scapulars and median series of wing-coverts metallic, and may thus be distinguished from C. proserpine, C. nigroscapularis, and C. salvadorii. From C. maforensis it may be separated by the green instead of golden colour of the crown, and from C. jobiensis and C. mysorensis by the metallic portions of the wings and back being distinctly less shaded with steel-blue; and, more- over, it differs from the latter bird by the metallic throat not descending so far down towards the chest. It appears to me that C. aspasioides is the nearest allied species; and it approaches so near to some specimens of this bird that it is not without some hesitation that I now keep them” distinct. The characters by which C. aspasioides may be recognized from the present species are given in my article upon that bird, the most marked perhaps of them being the greater length of the culmen and tail, and the throat being pure steel-blue with no shade whatever of lilac. Although I have recognized many nearly allied forms as distinct. species, yet I cannot deny _that the present one is still somewhat variable in the shade of colouring of the crown and throat. It has been collected by Mr. Wallace in the islands of Waigiou and Mysol. From the former locality I have not been able to examine specimens; from the latter island there are in the British Museum several typically coloured specimens, as weil as one which more nearly approaches (. aspasioides than any other example that I have yet seen; it has the throat only very slightly tinted with lilac, of which, however, there is never a trace in C. aspasioides, and the measurements also show that it is referable to this species. The specimens with the most golden shade on the crown were shown to me by Count Salvadori from the islands of Koffiao and Salvatti, and from Sorong, on the north-western peninsula of New Guinea. ‘Those with the deepest green shade on the crown come from the Aru Islands, and were in consequence described as distinct by Count Salvadori under the title of Chalcostetha chlorocephala. I cannot, however, detect any specific distinction between the type specimen of C. chlorocephala and Cinnyris aspasie ; for the crown has such a mere shade more greyish green that it is next to impossible to distinguish it from some specimens from the mainland of New Guinea, and the throat is metallic lilac, strongly shaded with blue on the sides, the metallic portions of the wings and back being perfectly identical with true C. aspasie. In the British Museum I have examined a specimen from the Aru Islands collected by Mr. Wallace, in which the crown is of a considerably more emerald green; and in this respect it differs more widely from the type of C. chlorocephala than that bird does from C. aspasie ; and, further, it differs in having the entire throat uniform metallic lilac. The shade of colouring of the metallic throat is not a constant character in C. aspasie ; and I find this uniform lilac throat also present in the specimens I examined from Koffiao Island. Thus we find a specimen from Koffiao agreeing perfectly, as regards this character, with a specimen from the Aru Islands; but those very two examples are the ones which differ most in the colouring of their crowns. I have come to the conclusion that neither the colour of the crown nor that of the throat are perfectly constant in this species, and that the crown may vary from golden green to emerald-green, and the throat may vary from steel-blue, only slightly shaded with lilac, to pure lilac. The bluer-throated specimens appear generally to be found on the mainland of New Guinea and on the Duke-of-York Island, the latter a locality from whence Mr. Sclater has recently received an adult male and female and a young male. According to Count Salvadori (Att. R. Acc. Torino, xii. p. 303), these specimens from the Duke-of-York Island should not be referred to C. aspasie; for, he observes, the male does not agree exactly with any of the numerous specimens examined by him of this species. I myself have also compared it with Dorey specimens and can find no distinctive characters whatever in the plumage or measurements of the adult male. The female and young male are certainly rather bright on the underparts, but differ in no other respect from similar specimens of C. aspasie. ‘The most that in my opinion can be said with regard to these specimens is that they may belong to a race in which the plumage of the female and young bird is possibly constantly paler and brighter than in the typical Dorey race. Under any circumstances its distinctive characters are not so well marked as in many of the races of Indian Sun-birds, such as C. intermedius and C. brevirostris, which I refer to races of C. asiaticus, or the Indian and Ceylon races of C. zeylonicus and C. lotenius, which have never yet been separated. In the above article Count Salvadori further gives some interesting notes upon the plumages of sixteen specimens from Dorey, Mansinam, Krudu, Sorong, Salvatti, and Koffiao, and remarks that the bird collected by D’Albertis at Naiabui, on the Fly River, is referred by that gentleman (‘The Sydney Mail, 1877, p. 248) to C. aspasie. Count Salvadori, however, still retains that 28 specimen (p. 312) as distinct, but does not give ita name. It is labelled male, but is in a dress similar to that of the female; and its only known specific character lies in the bill being wider at the base than in any other species of this group yet described. Besides the localities above mentioned, C. aspasiw has been collected by Dr. Meyer at Andai (foot of Arfak Mountains), at Nappan, and at Rubi (coast of Geelvink Bay); and by Miiller at Lobo. Of the localities wrongly assigned to this bird we have Macassar and Banda Island (S. Miller). Undoubtedly the specimens collected in the former locality should be referred to C. porphyrolemus; and those collected by him in the latter island probably belong to the Ceram form (C. aspasioides). ‘The specimens mentioned by Von Rosenberg from the Kei Islands should no doubt belong, as Count Salvadori has already remarked, to C. theresie. Very little has ever been written upon the habits of this species. Lesson mentions it as frequenting the woods which surround the Port of Dorey, where he collected the type specimens ; and S. Miiller tells us that he found it in habits to be very similar to Chalcostetha insignis, frequenting the coast in the vicinity of streams and marshes, constantly flitting among the aquatic shrubs and plants, where, although active in its habits, it was not shy. A nest collected by Von Rosenberg in the vicinity of Dorey contained two eggs, and has been described by Bernstein as similar to that of Chalcostetha insignis, about 6 inches in length, of an oval form, widening below, and suspended by a narrow thread from the extremity of a twig. It was constructed of leaves, fibres, and bark interwoven with spider’s web and caterpillar- silk, by which it was attached to the overhanging bough, and was prevented from slipping off by the two end leaves being thus secured and interwoven into the sides of the nest. The entrance to the nest was an oval hole at one side. The eggs were transparent white, with a few small black spots towards the thick end only. Count Salvadori (Atti R. Acc. Tor. x. p. 223) points out very clearly that the name Nectarinia amasia was a lapsus calami of Miller, or was a printer’s error, amasia being printed instead of aspasia; for in the index we find WV. aspasia cited for page 22, and the name is not found in Miiller and Schlegel’s later work. In Mr. Godman’s collection I have seen two specimens of C. aspasiw labelled Cape York, on the authority of Mr. Cockerell; and doubting the correctness of the locality, I wrote to Mr. Ramsay, in Australia, upon the subject, who kindly writes:—‘* With regard to C. aspasie Mr. Thorpe, who skinned the whole, and collected the greater part, of the birds obtained by Thorpe and Cockerell at Cape York, assures me that no other Sun-bird, except C. frenatus (N. australis, Gould), was obtained there by them. Cockerell, sen., on his way from the Aru Islands to Brisbane, called in at Cape York; and I examined the whole of his collection at Brisbane on his return. He showed me many wonderful species said to have been shot at Cape York, amongst others Henicoperius longicauda, Ardea heliosylos, and Cinnyris aspasie. These two latter he made Mr. Diggles believe he got there; and they were accordingly figured by him as new Australian birds. Mr. James Cockerell, who accompanied his father to the Aru Islands, informs me that C. aspasiw was not shot at Cape York.” LIN IN CINNYRIS CORINNA (DUKE-OF-YORK-ISLAND SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia aspasia, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 102. Hermotimia aspasia?, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Se. Torino, xii, p. 312 (1877). Cinnyris aspasie, Shelley, Monogr. Sun-birds, pt. v. (1877, part.). Hermotimia corinna, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Sc. Torino, xiii, p. 532 (1878). ¢ ad. similis C. aspasie, sed gutture chalybeo minimé lilacino tincto distinguendus. 2 ad. similis 2 C. aspasie, sed pectore letits flavo diversa. Hab. in insula papuand “ Duke of York” dicta. Adult Male. Similar in plumage to C. aspasie from Dorey, excepting that the throat is entirely steel- blue only very slightly tinted with lilac. Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°5, tail 1-7, tarsus 0°62. Adult Female and Immature Male. Differ only from Dorey examples of C. aspasie in the colours being brighter, especially the yellow on the breast. Has. Duke-of-York Island. Tue Duke-of-York Island is situated to the east of New Guinea, between New Britain and New Ireland. In this island Mr. George Brown collected several specimens of a Sun-bird to which Count Salvadori has applied the title of Hermotimia corinna, and insists upon its being speci- fically distinct from C. aspasie. I have therefore here treated of this form in a separate article, and give an illustration of the adult male and female, and of the male in moult. I have carefully reexamined this subject, and have come to the same conclusion which | have previously expressed, that it is not specifically distinct from C. aspasi@, but only a local race of that species. With regard to the measurements, the two birds agree in size, in the length of the culmen and wing, with C. aspasie; in the length of the tail they occasionally, but not invariably, exceed that of typical C. aspasie, as measured by me, by 0:1 to 0-2 inch; and the tarsus is very slightly longer, but never more than 0:05 inch; so that I do not consider that any specific characters can be based upon the measurements. In colouring the only character in the adult male to be remarked upon is the constantly very blue throat only slightly tinged with lilac; but this character I have already recognized as very variable in C. aspasiw; for in the British Museum I have examined two specimens collected by Mr. Wallace on the island of Mysol, in one of which the throat is quite as blue as in the Duke-of-York-Island specimens, while in the other the throat is blue and lilac, and perfectly identical with Dorey specimens. The females have on the under surface of the body a plumage much lighter than we have 115 met with in New-Guinea specimens, their chins and throats being perfectly white, and the breast sulphur-yellow, which character is also as intensely marked in the males in moult. When I wrote my article upon C. aspasie I had only three specimens before me from the Duke-of-York Island. I now have ten—two males in full plumage, one nearly so with a few feathers of the moult on the chest, one in about half moult, four in nearly full moult, and two females; yet I cannot recognize this form as specifically distinct from C. aspasiew; but it may be considered a local race in which the females and males in moult present the most marked characters. net te f CINNYRIS MAFORENSIS IN 1 CINNYRIS MYSORENSIS CINNYRIS MYSORENSIS. (MYSORE-ISLAND BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Chalcostetha aspasia, var. mysorensis, Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, Ixx. p. 124 (1874); Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 419. Hermotimia mysorensis, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 224 (1874), xii. p. 301 (1877). g ad. C. jobiensi similis, sed plagé gutturali metallicé lilacind ampliis extensd et versiis preepectus rotundata. 2 ad. femine C. aspasie similis. Hab. in insula Papuand “ Mysore” dicta. Adult Male. Black with a deep-blue gloss; the entire crown metallic bluish emerald-green; the least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts metallic green, very strongly shaded with blue; the tail-feathers and a few of the outer greater wing-coverts edged with the same metallic bluish green; chin and throat rich metallic lilac, and extending further on the chest than in C. aspasie; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:6 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°5, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female and Young Male. Similar in plumage to those of C. aspasie. Has. Island of Mysore, in the Bay of Geelvink. Tus form is nearly related to C. aspasiw; and I place it in the green-backed division of the “< Hermotimia” group: yet it much depends upon the light in which we view these feathers, as to whether the green or blue shade predominates; in this respect therefore it may be readily distinguished from C. aspasi@, as well as in the greater extent of the metallic throat. It also differs from typical specimens of that bird in having the crown of a darker colour, and the throat almost pure lilac; but these parts in C. aspasie@ vary to a certain extent in individual specimens, as may be seen in my article upon that species. The present bird has only been found on Mysore, the large outer island of the Bay of Geelvink, where it was first collected by Dr. Meyer, who pointed out its specific characters. I have figured and described the adult male from a specimen lent to me by Count Salvadori ; and I have examined four typical specimens of Dr. Meyer’s collecting from the Dresden Museum. These are :—a fully plumaged male perfectly similar to the adult male above described ; a male in nearly full plumage, with a few feathers of the moult still remaining on the median series of wing- coverts, and a large patch of yellow on the abdomen; the third specimen is nearly in full moult— that is to say, similar in plumage to the female, with a few feathers of the full dress on the back, upper tail-coverts, and breast, and with well-defined metallic moustachial lines down the sides of the throat; the fourth specimen is an adult female. + 4 oberon Hore coh vena . | WHat eg. <. be ; : Ty #¢: 24 a ment, vey WN eau. ane ‘noone i 7 : eerie ore of — ia : : ‘2 oc Seed aie ae Nile eae me at = ~ a? Ra ech popakal ps Seow tt. ih OME eneroe: cmces ene Shear iow Maid 7 a hi eat yy - oy lal vein: Petliaile yi Spin pit aia ad Tuhouny he 1 j : wr bb somite, an - : : ea @ ato: ret te wade salen r ali Tes | Hise koe | af i 2° = Ty 7 F F wee ‘yo Apphes Ait: ° wi ae Gye ie 5 : Hh coc age yite aT Bs ay ce et = ' 7 a ‘y mn“ MP fats it ba ; 7 . 7 2 : be xy —) «ald al +e ily real tllavig (4h exp fi Di vi H 4 ' vii i} ah 4 DIG ays te ipa 7 VAL 1 ual Li ‘ Ayr wii if S Tet | if gh ‘ a Tren it Te Bl on : j fh itfae ity f vlhobtlione oor 7 ‘ =<} a CINNYRIS JOBIENSIS, (JOBI-ISLAND BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Chalcostetha aspasia, var. jobiensis, Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, Ixx. p. 124 (1874); Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 419. Hermotimia jobiensis, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 225 (1874), xii. p. 302 (1877). 3 ad. C. aspasie simillimus, sed pileo saturatiore smaragdineo cyanescente: ale dorsique plumis metallicis cyanescenti adumbratis: tectricibus majoribus paucis exterioribus et rectricibus cyanescenti-viridi mar- ginatis: mento gulaque leté metallicé lilacinis abrupté definitis et vix ut in C. aspasid extensis. 2 ad. feminee C. aspasie similis. Hab. in insula Papuana “ Jobi” dicta. Adult Male. Black with a deep-blue gloss; the entire crown metallic bluish emerald-green; the least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts metallic green very strongly shaded with blue; the tail-feathers and a few of the outer greater wing-coverts edged with the same metallic bluish green; chin and throat rich metallic lilac, abruptly terminating in a nearly straight line, and barely extending so far down as in C. aspasie; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°4, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female and Young Male. Similar in plumage to those of C. aspasie. Has. Jobi Island, in the Bay of Geelvink. C. jobiensis is nearly intermediate in plumage between C. aspasie and C. mysorensis, and is one of those closely allied species which are very hard to distinguish. Its specific characters appear mostly to depend upon the strong blue shade on the metallic green parts of the wings and lower back. In this respect it resembles C. mysorensis, but differs decidedly from that bird by the metallic portions of the throat being shorter and very abruptly terminated in nearly a straight line, being, if any thing, shorter than in C. aspasiw. This metallic throat appears to be con- stantly lilac with no steel-blue shade; and this character is sufficient to distinguish it from C. aspasie of the mainland of New Guinea; but so variable is this character in that species that the present bird cannot be separated on that account from some of the specimens of C. aspasiw from the islands on the west coast. The crown, again, in the present species, as in C. myso- rensis, is darker, and not of such a golden green as is generally met with in C. aspasiw; but some specimens of C. aspasiw, notably those from the Aru Islands, in some cases approach it very nearly. This species was first collected by Dr. Meyer near Ansus, in Jobi, one of the islands in the Bay of Geelvink. He remarks (/. c.) that it resembles C. mysorensis, but that the metallic throat 2B 2 jem does not extend so far down; and he adds that the females and young males of the three species here mentioned are perfectly identical. My description of the male is taken from one of the specimens in the Turin Museum. In the Dresden Museum I have examined four of Dr. Meyer’s typical specimens. One of these is a full-plumaged male, agreeing in every respect with the bird above described; two are females, and the fourth a male in nearly full moult. All these specimens are considerably smaller than C. mysorensis. CINNYRIS MAFORENSIS. (MAFOOR-ISLAND BLACK SUN-BIRD.) y Chalcostetha aspasia, var. maforensis, Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. zu Wien, lxx. p. 125 (1874); Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 419. Hermotimia maforensis, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 227 (1874), xi. p. 301 (1877). g ad. similis C. aspasie, sed major et pileo leté aurato distinguendus. Hab. in insula Papuana “ Mafoor”’ dicta. Adult Male. Black with a deep-blue gloss, the entire crown golden; the least and median series of wing- coverts, the scapulars, the lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts metallic green very slightly shaded with blue; a few of the outer greater wing-coverts and the tail-feathers edged with the same colour; chin and throat violet-shaded steel-blue. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2:5, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°65. Has. Island of Mafoor, in the Bay of Geelvink. THE present species belongs to the division of the “ Hermotimia” group in which the lower back is green. It only differs from C. aspasiw in the golden colour of the crown, which in this bird is only faintly tinted with green in certain lights. It is also slightly larger. As far as we yet know, it is entirely confined to the small island of Mafoor, in the Bay of Geelvink. The figure and description of this bird I have taken from one of the typical specimens collected by Dr. Meyer, and lent to me by him. re ete —- tg ene ue og —_ =a tig . ae ght ibs) pr os ae tne Mialh Sauer Me \ ; Pe wh iat atl Dif | Te ees “ ed ne) ek “iz Aig nlaes . : ~— page Sell arpa iiatanry oso He dle oe i : sn ° bla a ; > ; , : 1, ti ot i See Ate dene wi? [ uafitag vy OANA edd Goal welt evi’ wit oats i ot i - Del) GFE i? Saae a) eaqu i! 64 Don yd? vio Lo Tip Nae ae rn ie £6 eke ilies VA Tia @iye8 gare trleaTy Vere) AP ee : Ae" ts Camm. seal > dent Bar vilidre tetas Sep hank igs i , es hs oe oe od oil : ; ; a 7 ; 4 hottie |b Spe ia 7 here i ai 18 3 al 7 ~) ; i) ihe qty ep seimeis petetanks ~ .e'hy miontede Witt ne sedbot shoe Sel P ; he fie Prive any sheila vita enw 4) aed eohitig ties 3 4 ‘ we oe e Ag fh giidpil Th aS ti bi 'T pay 4 eit iin (wel iby Oriel a) Tap Var” at? (reir e: tip J Pat es Wl AD ; r _ x" we ull Mins bois! yi0h Qs ap oed as \Y 2) [ Salt an te HOD tele thle ru ne ne fest hen oly. . ’ | 7 ~ ~. | , j Rl ny 7 ie — ~ ay 7 - if : ee =e a CINNYRIS THERESA (KEI-ISLAND BLACK SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris aspasia (part.), Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 123. Nectarinia aspasia (part.), Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Chalcostetha chlorolema, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, vi. p. 77 (1874). Hermotimia theresia, Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, x. pp. 208, 214, cum tab. fig. 1 (1874), xii. p. 300 (1877). g ad. niger: pileo metallicé aurato-viridi: tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis, dorso postico, supra- caudalibus et rectricum marginibus metallicé viridibus: mento guldque metallicé viridibus dorso postico concoloribus. g im. pileo et collo postico saturaté cinerascentibus, pileo laterali pallidiore : dorso, scapularibus et supra- caudalibus olivascenti-flavis: alis saturaté brunneis, plumis laté olivascenti-flavo marginatis: rectricibus nigris, angusté olivaceo limbatis, quatuor externis albo terminatis: mento guldque cinerascenti-albis, lateraliter metallicé viridibus: corpore reliquo subtis pallide flavo. Hab. in insulis “ Kei”’ dictis. Adult Male. Black, with a deep-blue gloss; the entire crown metallic golden green; least and median series of wing-coverts, scapulars, lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts metallic green; remainder of the wings brownish black, glossed with blue, and with some of the outer greater coverts partially edged with metallic green; chin and throat of the same metallic green as the lower back ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:8 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°35, tail 1-6, tarsus 0°65. Male in moult. Forehead, crown, and back of the neck deep ashy grey, sides of the head paler; back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; wings dark brown, with all the feathers broadly edged with olive-yellow ; tail black, the feathers narrowly edged with olive, and with white ends to the four outer ones, broadest on the lateral ones; chin and throat ashy white, with a streak of metallic green feathers on each side; breast and under tail-coverts very pale yellow; under surface of the wings brown, with the coverts and the inner margins of the quills white. Total length 4:5 inches, culmen 0:8, wing 2°35, tail 1-6, tarsus 0°65. Has. Kei Islands. Tuis well-marked species may be readily distinguished from all the other members of this group by the chin and throat being of the same brilliant metallic green as the lower back. It appears to be confined to the Kei Islands, where Signor Beccari in 1873 procured four fully plumaged adult males and one male in moult; upon these Count Salvadori founded his Chalcostetha chlorolema, but changed the name a few months later into Hermotimia theresia, in honour of the Marchioness Teresa Doria, on account of the name Nectarinia chlorolema having 2¢ been employed by Dr. Hartlaub for a West-African species. This employment of the name, Dr. Hartlaub has informed me, was a misprint for WV. tephrolema; but Count Salvadori is, I consider, quite justified in not again using that name, and I have therefore adopted his later title for this species. It is, I believe, the only member of this group of Sun-birds which is found in the Kei Islands, and is therefore included by Von Rosenberg and Finsch in the above references under the title of aspasia. The specimens which I have here described and figured are two of Count Salvadori’s types. From the plumage of the male in moult it would appear that the adult female must be very like that of C. aspasic. CINNYRIS HASSELTI (VAN HASSELT’S SUN-BIRD.) Le Grimpereau violet du Brésil, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 661. no. 30 (1760). Le Guit-quit noir et violet, Buff. Hist. Nat. v. p. 541. no. 30 (1778). Black and Violet Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 730 (1781); id. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 274. no. 89. Certhia brasiliana, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 474. no. 41 (1788, ex Briss.); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 298. no. 39 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 257 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 183. no. 40 (1812). Le Soui-manga violet, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 65 (1802). Certhia sperata, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 298 (1822, nec Linn.). Nectarinia hasseltii, Temm. Pl. Col. 376. fig. 3 (1825); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 218, 262, pl. 22 (1843); S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, p. 59, pl. 10. fig. 5 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Low, Sarawak, p. 410 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A.S. B. p. 226, no. 1370 (1849); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 220; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vog. pp. 52, 161 (1865); Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 420. Cinnyris hasseltii, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 31 (1828); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 409, no. 48 (1850). Cinnyris ruber, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 296. no. 23 (1831); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 487 (1853). Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, J. A.S. B. xii. p. 1008 (1845); id. op. cit. xiv. p. 557 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98. no. 60 (1847). ? Leptocoma hasseltii, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 104 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 740. no. 1081 (1856); Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 462; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473. Nectarophila hasseltii, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 280. no. 650, p. 563. figs. 3868-70 (1854); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, v. p. 177 (1874); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 106. Leptocoma brasiliana, Walden, P. Z. 8S. 1866, p. 543. Arachnothera phayrei, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 111. no. 1380 (1869). Arachnothera hasseltti, Gray, tom. cit. p. 112. no. 1394. Nectarophila brasiliana, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 41. gad. pileo nuchaque metallicé viridibus: capitis et colli lateribus, dorso summo, alis scapularibusque nigris : tectricibus alarum minimis et scapularibus minoribus, dorso postico, uropygio et supracaudalibus chalybeis: cauda indigotico-nigra, rectricibus omnibus chalybeo marginatis: mento et gula metallice lilacinis : pectore saturaté rubro : abdomine, subcaudalibus, et remigibus infra, nigris: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. supra olivascenti-flava: supercilio indistincto flavido: alis brunneis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medi- anis olivascenti-flavo, majoribus pallidé brunneo, remigibus brunnescenti-flavo marginatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus vix olivaceo marginatis, tribus externis laté albo terminatis: subtts pallide flava. Hab. in regione Indo-Malayana usque ad terras Burmanenses. R Adult Male. Forehead, crown, and nape metallic golden-green; sides of the head and neck and the upper half of the back and the scapulars black ; least series of wing-coverts, smaller scapulars, lower half of the back, and the upper tail-coverts steel-blue with green and violet reflections ; remainder of the wings black; tail blue-black, the feathers edged with steel-blue; chin and throat rich metallic lilac; chest deep red; abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under surface of the wings black; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 1°9, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°5. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-yellow ; an indistinct narrow yellow eyebrow ; wings brown, the least and median series of coverts edged with olive-yellow, the greater coverts with pale brown, and the quills with brownish yellow; tail black, the feathers slightly edged with olive, and with broad pale ends to the three outer feathers on each side; underparts pale yellow, slightly tinted with olive; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 3°5 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 1°75, tail 11, tarsus 0°5. Has. Hill Tipperah and Chittagong, Arracan, Southern Burmah, Tenasserim, the entire Malay peninsula, and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Tue ‘“ Nectarophila” group, to which the present species belongs, comprises four brilliantly coloured eastern species, which have the metallic portions, as in the ‘“* Hermotimia” group, confined to the crown, throat, wing-coverts, lower back, and upper tail-coverts. They constitute the genus Leptocoma of Cabanis, a name which, having been previously employed in botany, was changed by Reichenbach into Nectarophila. ‘The true position of this group is evidently between the black-coloured group (lermotimia, Reichenbach) and the “ Asiatic olive-backed group” (Cyrtostomus, Cabanis). ; Van Hasselt’s Sun-bird may be distinguished from the other members of the “ Nectaro- phila” group by its having the upper back and the abdomen black, and the chest deep red. It is a widely spread and rather common species. In Arracan it has been collected by Sir Arthur Phayre, whose specimens formed the types of Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth. In Tenasserim it has been procured by Captain Beavan at Moulmein, in the valley of the lower course of the Salween river, where it was found by him feeding on the low flowering shrubs (P. Z. S. 1866, p. 543); and he further informs us (Ibis, 1869, p. 420) that at Moulmein, where he procured it in a garden on the 50th of August, it was apparently rather rare. ‘Its note is a low piping call.” According to Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1874, p. 475) it is rare in that province between Om-ben-gwen and Tavoy. Messrs. Hume and Davison write to me:—‘‘ The head quarters of this lovely species seems to be the extreme south of Tenasserim. About Mergui, and between Mergui and the Pakchan estuary, it was common to a degree, frequenting principally the gardens and cocoanut- palms, but found also occasionally in forest, where this is not too thick, and in the mangroves that everywhere about Mergui fringe the interminable labyrinths of creeks. Northward we obtained it at Tavoy and Ye, but did not observe it further north in Tenasserim, though it has been obtained at Molmein, where, however, it is rare; neither have we received it from Pegu; but it again appears in the Arracan hills, Chittagong, and Hill Tipperah, from whence many specimens were sent us long ago by the late Mr. Irvine. ** As far as we can judge from our very large series, killed at different times, this species has no distinctive non-breeding plumage. “This species is a true Honeysucker, feeding almost exclusively on nectar; and its note, like that of the rest of its congeners, is only a very feeble ‘chip chip, uttered as it flies from flower to flower. “We measured a great many specimens in the flesh :— “« Male. Length 3°8 to 4:12 inches, expanse 5°85 to 6°25, tail from vent 1-1 to 1:45, wing 1:75 to 1:95, tarsus 0°45 to 0:5, bill from gape 0:6 to 0°65; weight 0:2 to 0°25 oz. “ Female. Length 3°75 to 3°85 inches, expanse 5°82 to 6:12, tail from vent 2°12 to 2°25, wing 1°75 to 1:85, tarsus 0-5, bill from gape 0°62 to 0°65; weight 0-2 to 0:25 oz. ‘“ Bill, legs, and feet black; irides dark brown.” In Penang Mr. Swinhoe collected numerous specimens, a male and female of which I have figured and described in the present work. Dr. Cantor also found it plentiful in that island, as well as at Malacca. Mr. Blyth observes (J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 557) :—“ Nectarinia phayret proves (as I formerly suspected) to be the WV. hasseltii, Temm., and is common also in Malacca ;” and he further justly remarks that it is the Certhia sperata, var., of Raffles, from Sumatra, where, according to that naturalist, it is known as “ Chirichit, Chechat, or Siap.” According to M. Pucheran, the type of Cinnyris ruber, Less., was collected by M. Duvaucel in Sumatra; and as Temminck’s type of Nectarinia hasseltvi was procured by Van Hasselt in Java, it is seen that the Arracan, Sumatra, and Java specimens have each received a separate title. In Borneo it appears to be widely distributed, having been collected at Banjermassing, in the south, by Motley, at Sarawak by Wallace, Doria, and Beccari, where it is considered by Count Salvadori to be rare; but from the north-west coast opposite Labuan, and from that island itself, Mr. Low has brought home a great number of specimens, as well as the nest and SBEeh The nest is suspended from the end of a twig by a cord of bark fibres, 2-5 inches in length, at the end of which it swells gradually into the shape of a pear, with an oval aperture at one side near the top, and, although loosely. is very neatly constructed, entirely of bark, thin leaf-like portions of which give to it solidity, and are bound together with strips like matting, and with hair-like fibres, the finer threads forming the sole inner lining. The whole structure being of the colour of dead leaves, with here and there some whitish portions of outer bark, must be very difficult to detect. The egg measures 0°72 by 0°50 of an inch, and is of a nearly uniform oval. Its colour is white clouded with a greyish zone towards the obtuse end; and it is thickly striped longitudinally with irregular rufous-brown bands, not extending quite to the ends, where there are a few bold irregular blotches of the same colour; these coloured parts appear as if thinly washed over with white ; and there are no small spots. Messrs. Hume and Davison inform me that C. zeylonicus has no separate non-breeding plumage; and I feel very confident that the present species has not got one either, a very excep- tional case with birds of this family. I published my illustration of this bird in the first Part of my work, under the oldest name Cinnyris brasilianus. It was afterwards pointed out to me (Ibis, 1877, p. 124) that this name, not being appropriate to a Malayan bird, may on that account be put aside. I have therefore here employed Temminck’s title. we gir? bet Pie isi: (aqpostnay (ay ome init POA Stull te awit ele intl acl} bil or erate ah arate al dh "7 "4 Oe ane al ane 7 a aft ‘igh oro unFag me gir ming hs Wh ov. over(e Sint ok thas he Gg eee We i) Ie as a Ls wi Ol ed Bl yrs AOU of Peay aegtliak Ot lel iagapt Ae i ah ie2et 205 inet ant Not, oe tee rep Sa ee pad at Ne a Ade 0 aw niger Ty ar Tih Pypey: wey (DP 9A by sl ve inact tO ei ee ct Pate Tite Sada a ie ee site Pagal ui ie dark bi r it 7 | at Lyi hy IT Tait viulus t eg Mae ‘ eHorevd 4 cup, aparends crrgidhiy siniyte gee Ae 1:0 te deal rian wet ped lid feirewdel® ai wlaleerages of Te one ae Te eiitieoa oly ne ane’ mail ty tnt, rth Chic cain th? MO ut. aatinetar Seater ote ae See’ Pe haw alent ue derevoT TDK to Sa eae dari fi ian insider > peel ul ogee wet ro oe ~~ ey . Se-wihe_ fOr. - « @ eg upp Deg irer Baa ae i it adnetecelaly dh ladelie wl sidias Artic plop? VO ny pe ai: CE eek of i ee eet pet AT pid te Wl Loy pA eme id nial lies RO ire Lara @i\s ort he [Rupr Shey farts Fil: Jee With oh idee wer barons vet e Hey UNE e ee . wie ~ ee haha cee Fawii'a! acid ave deel ty bet eae wh oy Tenn (alee cat mee 08 Pre lh pp oer as @ Jo: ll vee ine ee ? So Sgat a1lh hint hy (0-8 deere enol ee wo ¥ Meant dove sea ferent pecs -! pa lipe Pelee) ire ie nea a Tele Pemeri i val bor 4d ne wari ub Rois wot 7 “i ; ey + ew “ei Oa 7a9 dries olf Pen elim oH a we Gas dnt tad “Ve aa ee ibn ait gre! fey he idle is Inte ytorew Gages SPO id eee eee se iii: qa Gd, Vit wee pho alee oper Sai hicp ash he, hater ry ; rie By ads Vee DR Wa srg Bie ik mri gee ae : : i = LAr | “tung og a) ian ona inte “gail vnbaren dina wf eri Oy SROTUEES , i Toily abi Ee noDath tes Resi’. dees ie 0 ate adaae ce. on wha triiangs a fay PRD CP lwitf 2 oe ayaa ehh oy yiaaatenand | adeie-evel.teyiha-ackerw Aine VAD iAtodt ni Tall adie tlh ese aml Te whet ate thd Mh SO OE Ede pO iil tei AE wit) eA Ea Say Se Tanai cea Ape vt nn Ayashi lt i. ae er. ie . ‘Oe i of fot wis CINNYRIS SPERATUS. (PHILIPPINE SUN-BIRD.) Le Grimpereau pourpré des Philippines, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 655. no. 27. pl. 31. figs. 2, 3 (1760). Certhia sperata, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 186. no. 13 (1766, ex Briss.); P. L. S. Mill. 8S. N. ii. p. 257. no. 13 (1773); Gm. 8. N. i. p. 477. no. 13, et var. B (1788); Lath. Ind. Om. i. p. 283. no. 8, et var. y (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 206 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178. no. 8 (1812). Grimpereau des Philippines, Montb. Pl. Enl. pl. 246. figs. 1, 2. Certhia jugularis, P. L. S. Mill. S. N. Anhang, p. 98. no. 29 (1776, ex Montb.); Cass. Pr. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 244. Troisieme Grimpereau de U Isle de Lugon, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 63, pl. 30. fig. p (1776). Sout-manga marron pourpré & poitrine rouge, Montb. Hist. Ois. v. p. 497 (1778). Le Grimpereau ou Soui-manga & gorge violette et poitrine rouge, Montb. tom. cit. p. 499. Red-breasted Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 706. no. 8(1781); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 219. no. 8 (1822). Certhia chalybea, Scop. Flor. et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 91. no. 68 (1786, ex Sonn.). Soui-manga a gorge violette, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. pp. 55, 56, pls. 82, 33 (1802). Certhia affinis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 208 (1811, ex Audeb. et Vieill.). Certhia pusilla, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178. no. 8 (1812). Cinnyris speratus, Cuv. Regn. Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxx1. p- 505 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 593 (18235); Less. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 56 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. i. p. 297. no. 24 (1831). Nectarinia coccinigastra, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 388. fig. 3 (1826); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847) ; Von Martens, J. f. O. 1866, p. 12. no. 48 (1866); id. Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, p. 189. Cinnyris coccinigaster, Less. Man. d’Orna. ii. p. 30 (1828). Nectarinia philippensis (part.), Meyen, Reise, Zool. p. 206 (1834). Certhia zeylonica, Meyen, tom. cit. p. 206 (nec Linn.). Nectarinia affinis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 216, 262, pl. 21 (1843). Leptocoma sperata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 105. no. 569 (1850). Anthreptes expectata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 56 (1854). Chalcomitra pusilla, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriew, p. 280. no. 649, pl. 568. figs. 8871-72 (1854). Nectarophila sperata, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 281. no. 651; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 42; id. Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 200 (1875). Nectarophila affinis, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 281. no. 651, pls. 551, 568. figs. 3879-80 et 4066-67 (1854). Nectarophila coccinigastra, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 283. no. 652, pl. 569. fig. 3882. Arachnothera sperata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1393 (1869). me ¢ ad. pileo summo nuchique metallicé cupreis viridi nitentibus: genis et regione paroticé nigris: collo laterali et postico, dorso summo et tectricibus alarum medianis sordidé coccineis: tectricibus minimis, dorso imo, uropygio et supracaudalibus metallice viridibus violaceo nitentibus: tectricibus majoribus remigi- busque brunnescenti-nigris, sordidé coccineo marginatis: rectricibus indigotico-nigris, metallicé violaceo vel chalybeo marginatis: gutture metallicé hlacino: pectore summo chermesino: corpore reliquo subtus olivaceo, tibiis et subcaudalibus flavo lavatis: rostro et pedibus saturaté brunneis: iride flavicanti- brunnea. 2 supra flavicanti-olivacea: facie laterali et vertice cinerascentibus, hac paullo olivaceo lavato: supercilio albicante: remigibus rectricibusque saturaté brunneis, flavicanti-olivaceo marginatis: rectricibus externis albo terminatis : subtus sulfurea, mento albicante: loris albis. g juv. supra olivascens, capite laterali pileo concolori: supercilio fulvo: dorsi plumis rubro marginatis : remigibus saturaté brunneis, olivaceo limbatis, vix rubro lavatis: rectricibus nigris, olivaceo lavatis, externis albo terminatis: subtus flavus, plumis prepectoralibus rubro marginatis. Hab. in insulis Philippinis. Adult Male. Forehead, crown, and nape metallic coppery green; cheeks and ear-coverts black ; sides and back of the neck, upper back, scapulars, and median series of wing-coverts deep red ; least series of wing-coverts, lower half of the back, and upper tail-coverts metallic greén with a slight violet gloss ; remainder of the wings brownish black, with the edges of the greater coverts and quills deep red; tail blue-black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic violet and steel-blue; chin and throat rich metallic lilac; chest bright carmine-red ; remainder of the underparts olive, washed with yellow on the thighs and towards the under tail-coverts ; under surface of the wings dark brown; bill and legs dark brown; irides yellowish brown. Total length 3°8 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2, tail 1°2, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Upper parts yellowish olive; sides and upper half of the head and neck ashy grey, slightly shaded with olive on the crown; a whitish eyebrow ; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers edged with yellowish olive, with a shght rufous tinge on the greater wing-coyerts ; some of the outer tail- feathers tipped with white; underparts sulphur-yellow, fading into white towards the chin; lores white. Young Male. Upper parts olive, including the sides of the head; a buff eyebrow; feathers on the back with rufous edges; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with olive, shaded rufous; tail dark brown, the feathers with olive edges and with white tips to some of the outer ones ; underparts yellow; the feathers on the crop broadly edged with red. Has. Philippine archipelago. = Tus richly coloured Sun-bird belongs to the “ Nectarophila” group, and may be readily distin- guished by its olive abdomen, which, together with the deep-red mantle, the metallic lilac throat, and scarlet chest, form characters by which it may be recognized from all the other members of this family. It inhabits the Philippine Islands, and was first described by Brisson from specimens sent to Krance by Poivre. According to Temminck, Dussumier found to be plentiful at Manila; and in the.same island of Luzon it has been collected by Sonnerat, Dr. Meyer, Von Martens, and Dr. Steere. To the kindness of the latter gentleman I am indebted for my being able to figure the adult female and young male of this species, as well as for the loan of four other beautiful new species of Sun-birds with which his energy first made us acquainted. He also procured it in the islands of Guimaras and Negros. According to Dr. Meyer the iris is yellowish brown; two specimens of his collecting are recorded by the Marquis of Tweeddale (Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 200), who remarks :—“ One has the head golden green, the uropygium and upper tail-coverts pure brilliant metallic green, the throat violet. The other has the head coppery green, the uropygium and upper tail-coverts violet- green, and the throat purple.” Reichenbach enumerates Certhia sperata, Linn., C. affinis, Shaw, and Nectarinia coccini- gastra, Temm., as three distinct species; but I concur with the Marquis of Tweeddale (Ibis, 1870, p. 43), where he says, “setting aside the extreme improbability of three closely allied, yet distinct, species of this isolated form coexisting at Manilla, it seems pretty clear that the slight discrepancies to be found on comparing the original descriptions result from the difficulty of noting the iridescent hues of metallic plumage.” We may add to these remarks that the metallic colours are liable to be affected by the atmosphere, according to the length of time that these feathers have been worn, and more especially in the preserved specimens which have been exposed to strong sunlight or todamp; and I come to the conclusion that there is but one species _ of this form, confined to the Philippine Islands, which is subject to slight, but quite unimportant, variations in the shades of the metallic plumes. et ahi dings, si} He yi iets Ms my s/f Lakai eh She Anleeyilies wi by appa Saye Wath ae fi eT 4 sche . fienyl ati anal capt )* 3; rainy eA" ee See Bn Rear slink ori Wai ees lee, Ub Tamu sagt 3 sa i cain dein oa er. Ns Oy ee eae un boy ditt l- putorihe altel ce : eran aU i et) WELD nian bats ry ee anit ite \ oniplnn wa Mtb Wel tan ‘hae ' daa a tM Bing . koe a. Ft neo eit 29S ee lune uielaia Of Ailived Tae aby mila “VT ee hed vale igor es le aan el cmt SON i . Nbe if ie - oa ofl l) pholavera’ Teeiagult, wit dive yosno btn hat abih bili ive id wat iS at) 3 ad. 9 ad. CINNYRIS MINIMUS. (TINY SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris minima, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 99; Jerdon, Madras Journ. xi. p. 226. no. 235 (1840); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 409. no. 47 (1850). Nectarinia minima, Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 277. no. 38 (1833); Blyth, op. cit. xii. p. 978 (1843); Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 226. no. 1369 (1849); Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xii. p. 175. no. 60 (1853); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 165. Arachnothera minima, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1395 (1869). Nectarinia minuta, Jard. Mongr. Sun-birds, pp. 224, 265, fig. titlepage (1843, lapsu cal.). Nectarophila minima, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 282. no. 654, pl. 568. figs. 3873-74 (1854); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 40; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 434. Leptocoma minima, Horst. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 742. no. 1869 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 869 (1862); Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 42. supra saturaté ruber, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: capite summo metallicé viridi: loris, genis et regione paroticé nigris: dorso postico et uropygio leté rubris chalybeo lavatis : tectricibus alarum majoribus, remigibus rectricibusque nigris: mento guldque metallicé lilacinis: pre- pectore saturaté rubro: pectore, abdomine et subcaudalibus flavicanti-albis : fasciis pectoralibus sulfureis : rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. supra olivascenti-brunnea, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: tectricibus majoribus remigibusque nigris, pallidius marginatis: dorso postico, uropygio et supracaudalibus saturaté rubris: rectricibus saturaté brunneis, rufescenti-olivaceo marginatis: subtus fulvescens, pectore summo et subcaudalibus flavicantibus. 3 juv. similis feminze adulte, sed capite et collo olivaceis et subtus pallidé flavescens. Hab. in peninsula Indica et in insula Ceylonensi. Adult Male. Forehead and crown metallic green; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts black ; back and sides of the neck, upper back, scapulars, and least and median series of wing-coverts dark red; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright red, strongly glossed with steel-blue, making these parts in certain lights appear rich metallic lilac; remainder of the wings and the tail brownish black ; chin and throat metallic lilac; crop and front of the chest dark red; remainder of the breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts yellowish white; pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts and imner margins of the quills white; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 1°8, tail 1°25, tarsus 0°5. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-brown, including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; remainder of the wings dark brown, with the edges of the feathers paler, and shaded with olive on the quills; lower back and upper tail-coverts deep red; tail dark brown, the feathers edged with reddish olive ; underparts pale buff, slightly yellower on the centre of the breast and on the under tail-coverts ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 3°3 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 1°75, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°5. 414: Young Male. Differs from the adult male in having the upper half of the head and neck olive, and the entire underparts very pale yellow. Has. South-west India and Ceylon. Tuis beautiful little Sun-bird, the smallest of the family, is distinguished from the other members of the ‘* Nectarophila” group by the upper back, lesser wing-coverts, and front of the breast being of a uniform deep red, while the lower breast and abdomen are yellowish white. It is found in India, only inhabiting here the western side, from the Ghauts, above Bombay, to the extreme south of the peninsula, and the island of Ceylon. Owing to the very slight information I could find in published works respecting this little Sun-bird, I was led to consider it a rare species; and therefore the following notes sent to me by Messrs. Hume and Davison have proved to be of special value :—* Common as this lovely little species is in all the hilly tracts of the Indian peninsula, in the Ghauts, as at Matheran (above Bombay), and Mahableshwar, all over the Neilgherries, in the Wynaad, and the hills of South Travancore, from all of which localities we have obtained specimens, its changes of plumage, nay, even the distinctive characters of the sexes, seem to be but imperfectly understood. ‘““At all seasons and at all times the female is characterized by a dull red rump. The males, on the other hand, in the non-breeding plumage, in which they in all other respects assume the garb of the female, retain invariably the amethystine-glossed rump, and usually a little red about the shoulder of the wing. “About April some of the males begin to doff the brilliant nuptial plumage; early in May some may be obtained in full non-breeding plumage; but during May some may still be obtained in the nuptial garb. In June most of the birds have assumed the complete non-breeding dress ; but a few will still be found that have only partially moulted. After the first of July not a bird is to be seen in the nuptial dress. “ During September they begin to resume their wedding garb; by the end of that month a good many males are in perfect plumage; and by the middle of October every bird is in the gay nuptial attire. “Though not strictly migratory, this species moves about a great deal; and though there are places in the Neilgherries at elevations of 5000 or 6000 feet, where some may be seen at all seasons of the year, the mass of them move higher in summer, and descend a great deal lower in the winter. Thus in the Chinchona plantations at Neddivuttum, at an elevation of about 6000 feet, some specimens may be seen at all seasons; but it is not till the first burst of the south-west monsoon, between the 10th and 15th of June, that a single bird is to be seen higher up at Ootacamund. After this they swarm in every garden where there are flowers, and especially about the apple-blossoms of the orchards. By the end of October they have all left Ootacamund, and have descended to a lower level, while, again, in January and February they abound at the base of the hills, as in the Moyar valley, in the Wynaad. “They are very restless, active little birds, hopping about ceaselessly from twig to twig and flower to flower, and using their legs probably more than their wings, keeping up all the time a soft uninterrupted chip, chip, chip; very rarely, if ever, are they seen poised Humming-bird-like in front of any flower. So far as our observations go they always perch to feed, and probably feed quite as much on insects as on nectar. They may be often found in low brushwood, especially in the thickets of the wild raspberry, and along the outskirts of all the sholas, or strips of jungle which run down every ravine on the hill-side. About the Chinchona plantations they are so numerous when the trees are in flower in November, you might probably shoot a dozen specimens any morning off a single tree. “There is scarcely any appreciable difference in the size of the sexes; but the males are possibly a trifle larger. “ Male. Length 3°5 to 4 inches, expanse 5:37 to 6, tail from vent 1 to 1:25, wing 1°8 to 1:95, tarsus 0°43 to 0°5, bill at front from margin of feathers 0°43 to 0:5. “The females average from 3:25 to 3°5, with an expanse of 5:5; and their bills are, as a rule, slightly shorter than those of the males.” Mr. Hume further remarks (Str. F. 1877, p. 42) :—‘‘ This beautiful little bird is common on the edges of forest, and is slightly gregarious in habit, three or four hunting about together amongst the boughs of some gamboge tree, which is a tree they seem particularly to hike. They are not at all shy; and when sitting quiet in thick brushwood, I have seen them perch inquisi- tively within a few feet of my face. I have not obtained the eggs of this species; but Mr. Ferguson observed a pair commence a hanging nest at the extreme end of a gamboge-bough at some height from the ground. Unfortunately the birds left the nest unfinished.” Colonel Sykes, who first described this species, writes:—‘‘ Met with only in the Ghauts. White ants and larve of flies were found in the stomach. One bird was seen sucking honey.” Dr. Jerdon (/. ¢.) observes :—‘ This beautiful little species has only been found on the west coast of India, extending from about 18° N, lat. to Travancore, and passing over into Ceylon. Layard states that it replaces NV. zeylonica in the north of the island. Itis by no means common. I have seen it up to nearly 3000 feet on the slopes of the Nilgherries, and also near the level of the sea in Malabar.” In Ceylon it has been procured by Mr. Holdsworth, who remarks (P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 434) :— ““T do not remember seeing this bird in the Aripo district, although Mr. Layard states that it is common in the north of the island. It is occasionally seen at Colombo.” In the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection I have examined specimens from the Mahab- leshwar hills collected by Colonel Sturt, which I have here figured and described. He also possesses a female marked ‘ breeding” from Kunkunbe, in the Goa hills, and a specimen from Belgaum. Naoto wal a FiyayeR amegh an? Gone enh oz ee ie y ete Ss PRs fi. {ies el? yA eae fy ya 7 r “a ” a le git Tea okt oh we OOF OE Qn yee fh Oe Re a la a it Oya uh Soi weed oak nS | | sone gale AN ae 7" ee ee quays pulkl/epis wie ty ei | | = +) OP heat 0 : bk Te aug jal nits ob dae | ror Et nid Hunt 10 oo yeni, Sra tint in Dit 8 = | : i rad 1. a r ive Pre erin, = ‘ 5 olild ee Ale a Ya te anna ey Me wb Gly aged at ar) ni 7 ae Ye ae sehr aa ppt a tl dash alenl foiowml oil? enc Rie sp eSB R Pees 7 mxiugiol MadW Saavik. tit | ree (re Baan grey ahd: “iby aoe tT. ee Sen ‘hh abd i Hl ‘ lee vik ose nena ey Se et ee a seed a rita ule Hol Sie if ois 4) ie BPO Vee cae alt, Lily TG A Lot ao Pa fi Me eo | Pile ers be tee Cee hil Deg rar airal ary oe : > ND ee ith dad ienh wage ree : aL e est, (ie ~ WH dive CA lebgerenis eree Oe * oniaal hurd e ee sul Mil Ane? “ene chp tip de tuse raed si We wpe , fensel Yee, lab o's Livi oy PV fied eral eae PO ae Rima an Bt ao ELUTE, OT Rl eames I AGM LGRT RT iy F 3R is Bile ee DP humo) stl iT, i aru fyyin CeLTiime eee ll i sayhyei Porat GH Ihr pot tage rite gee OP evnly wc mate’ dint epee mite a Th SO ae aL Fini ih i sien th Me ee ee lore whlek math Ate af OYE whe 2 te foaia® JA, PRG cati lat chert ol ey mine ea sa} 1d pe ‘Gigi v heb. slanatal oat ii orig oem AG sil id ; uy rt (eine iia a sete ay, o vloblaive Pie dhuyledy fy Ot feeirmdad had bonne mi wed | i, PS A oe JUPth Fabia bit ii Ul did silt bee, 7 juallvps vid + bel ucneal : na rm : ? hi’ 7 o ‘ i gull 6 - —s ‘ r é > to = . : : y ‘ 7 <_ . 9 : _- i ye : ~~ - -_ 7 . CINNYRIS FLAGRANS. (FLAME-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Aithopyga flagrans, Oustalet, Journ. de l'Institut, 1876, p. 108. 3 ad. fronte et vertice violaceis, metallicé cyanescenti-viridi nitentibus : nucha, collo postico, dorso et scapula- ribus olivascenti-flavis, interscapulio aurantiaco lavato, uropygio magis olivaceo: supracaudalibus metallicé viridibus: rectricibus nigris metallicé violaceo aut viridi marginatis: alis nigris, plumis olivaceo marginatis: capite laterali, mento guldque nigris: pectore pallidissime olivascenti-flavo : strigd lata aurantiacd a gulé mediand usque ad pectus extendente, versus abdomen pallidiore: sub- caudalibus pallidé olivascenti-flavis: remigibus infra brunneis, intts albidis: subalaribus albis vix flavo lavatis: rostro et pedibus brunnescenti-nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. Hab. in insula Philippinensi “ Luzon” dicta. Adult Male. Forehead and crown violet, shaded with metallic bluish green; nape, back of the neck, back and scapulars olive-yellow, shaded with orange between the scapulars, and more olive on the rump ; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black, with the feathers edged with metallic violet and green ; wings black, the feathers edged with olive; sides of the head, chin, and throat black ; breast very pale olive-yellow ; from the middle of the throat, below the chin, extends down the centre of the body a sharply defined broad band of deep orange, which gradually fades away entirely on the abdomen; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the coverts and the inner margins to the quills white, the former slightly washed with yellow; bill and legs brownish black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2, tail 1°3, tarsus 0:5. Has. Island of Luzon, in the Philippine archipelago. THE type specimen, apparently a fully adult male, is in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. It undoubtedly belongs to the large genus Cinnyris; but, from the very peculiar colouring of the plumage, it cannot be placed in any of the groups which I have hitherto recognized, possessing, as it does, a broad flame-coloured band down the centre of the throat and breast—a character which at the present time is quite sufficient to distinguish this bird from all the other members of the family. M. Oustalet, who first recognized this species as new, found it amongst a small collection sent home from the Philippines by a young traveller, M. L. Laglaize, who collected it on the 25th of June at a place called Lagune, on the island of Luzon. M. Oustalet, in his original article upon this species, makes a few remarks upon the value of some of the commonly received genera of Sun-birds, with a slight sketch of their geographical distribution, and observes that, previous to the discovery of this bird, only two species were known from the Philippines, viz. C. speratus and C. jugularis. Since M. Oustalet wrote the py bbs 45 above-mentioned article last year, Dr. Steere has collected in these islands five new species; and another new one has still more recently been brought home by H.MLS. ‘ Challenger.’ Why C. flagrans should have been referred to the genus ithopyga is not very apparent, as it neither possesses the yellow patch nor the loose downy feathers on the back which are the most obvious characters of that genus, while in the present bird the tail also is square as in typical Cinnyris. I am indebted to M, Oustalet for being able to describe and figure this type specimen, which is at present unique in the Paris Museum. CINNYRIS AURORA. (PHILIPPINE ORANGE-CHESTED SUN-BIRD.) Cyrtostomus aurora, Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 620. 3 ad. supra olivascenti-flavus, tectricibus alarum minimis scapularibusque dorso concoloribus, medianis et majoribus remigibusque nigricantibus olivaceo marginatis: caudd nigra, rectricibus extimis laté albo terminatis : plumis paucis frontalibus chalybeo-viridibus : plumis anteocularibus nigris: genis et gutture toto metallicé violaceis, linea malari vix chalybeo-viridi, regione preepectorali metallicé viridi: pectore leeté aurantiaco: corpore reliquo subtts flavo, hypochondriis et tibiis olivascentibus: -subalaribus flavis : rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunneda. © ad. mari similis sed plumis frontalibus metallicis nullis et subtts omnino flava, supercilio flayo distinguenda. Hab. in insula Philippinensi “ Palawan ”’ dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts yellowish olive; the feathers of the forehead tipped with steel-blue; wings dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged with yellowish olive; tail black, with the four outer feathers on each side tipped with white, about one third of the outermost one being of that colour; sides of the head olive like the back, with the eyelids and feathers in front of the eyes black; chin and throat metallic violet, slightly shaded on the sides and on the crop with green; breast and under tail-coverts and pectoral tufts bright yellow, shading into deep orange-yellow on the front half of the chest; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter shaded with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°15, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts similar to those in the adult male, excepting that it has no metallic colouring on the forehead, and possesses a broad pale yellow eyebrow; cheeks and the entire underparts bright yellow, fading into buff on the chin; flanks slightly tinged with olive; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6. Has. The island of Palawan, in the Philippines. Tue present species is closely allied to C. gugularis; but the male differs from typical specimens of that bird in haying the frontal feathers tipped with steel-blue and the front half of the chest deep orange. Although, from our present knowledge of the subject, I feel bound to regard C. aurora as a good species, distinct from C. yugularis, I think it possible that these differences will not prove so important as they at first appear. On examining a large series of specimens of birds not to be separated from C. jugularis, I find in some examples that the frontal feathers are more or less tipped with steel-blue: in one specimen in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection, procured by Mr. Kyerett in June on the 150 island of Basilan, the colouring of the frontal feathers is the same as in C. aurora, and the front of the chest is slightly shaded with orange ; while another adult in the same collection, killed in May, has no metallic lustre on the forehead, and no orange shade on the chest. The specimens of C. jugularis from Zebu appear generally to have the front half of the chest shaded with orange ; and more rarely the frontal feathers are slightly tipped with steel-blue. At the base of the metallic throat many specimens of C. jugularis have two or three maroon feathers ; but this is not a constant character, even in specimens from the same island; so it will be seen that C. jugularis goes through certain modifications of plumage which more or less approach the coloration of C. awrora. What may be the true limits of these variations I am unable at present to determine; but possibly future discovery will prove C. aurora to be included within these limits. The present form has been described as a distinct species by the Marquis of Tweeddale from two specimens—an adult male and female collected by Mr. Everett at Puerta Princesa, on the island of Palawan, respectively on the 30th of November and the Ist of January; and from the labels attached to them I have taken the colouring of the bill, irides, and legs. By a lapsus calami, Lord Tweeddale has given the irides in the male as “deep crimson ;’ the label, however, gives them as deep brown. I have been unable to distinguish the difference in size between the sexes which Lord Tweeddale’s measurements would seem to indicate. I have here to thank the Marquis of Tweeddale for the loan of the original specimens, the male of which I have here figured on the same Plate as C. flagrans. eS) 15 i Titiaeiie i CINNYRIS JUGULARIS. CINNYRIS JUGULARIS. (PHILIPPINE YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) tLe Grimpereau des Philippines, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 613. no. 4, pl. 30. fig. 2 (1760). Le Petit Grimpereau des Philippines, Briss. tom. cit. p. 616. no. 6, pl. 32. fig. 5; Montb. PI. ‘Enl. 576. fig. 3. Le Grimpereau olive des Philippines, Briss. tom. cit. p. 623. no. 10, pl. 32. fig.4; Montb. Pl. Enl. 576. fig. 4. Certhia jugularis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 185. no. 7 (1766, ex Briss. no. 6); P. L. S. Mull. S. N. 17. p- 256. no. 7 (1773); Gm. S. N. i. p. 474. no. 7 (1788). * Certhia philippina, Linn. S. N. i. p. 187. no. 21 (1766, ex Briss. no. 4); P. L. S. Mull. S. N. ii. p. 260. no. 21 (1773); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 293. no. 9 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178. no. 9 (1812). | ; Certhia tricollaris, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Anhang, p. 99. no. 31 (1776, ex Buff. fig. 4). Premier Grimpereau de UIsle de Lucon, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 63, pl. 30. fig. a (1776). Second Grimpereau de (Isle de Lugon, Sonn. |. ¢. fig. B. Soui-manga a gorge pourprée, Montb. Hist. Ois. v. p. 506 (1778). t Philippine Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 711. no. 12 (1781). Grey Creeper, var. «, Lath. tom. cit. p. 714. no. 15; id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 231. no. 19. Certhia quadricolor, Scop. Del. Faun. et Flor. Insub. ii. p. 91. no. 69 (1786, ex Sonn.). Certhia gularis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. pl. 79, “ Martinique” (!) (1786); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p- 300. no. 69 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 190. no. 7 (1812). Certhia currucaria, var. B, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 286. no. 15 6B (1790). Soui-manga a gorge bleue, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. pp. 51, 52, pls. 29, 30 (1802). Certhia currucaria et jugularis, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 180. no. 15 (1812). Cinnyris zeylonicus, Cuy. Régne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817, ex Buff. fig. 4); Vieill. N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 507 (1819); id. Ency. Méth. ii. p. 594 (1823). Certhia philippinensis (part.), Meyen, Reise, Th. iii. p. 206 (1834). Certhia sperata 2, Meyen, tom. cit. p. 207. Nectarinia jugularis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 228, 267, pl. 25. fig. 2 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Martens, J. f. O. 1866, p. 13. no. 49. Cereba gularis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 101. no. 4 (1847); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 400. no. 4 (1850). Nectarinia pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 33 (1849, ex Montb. fig. 4). Cyrtostomus jugularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 105. no. 570 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p- 308. no. 723, pl. 570. fig. 3889 (1854). Cyrtostomus gularis, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 310. no. 728, pl. 589. fig. 3997. Arachnothera jugularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1389 (1869). Arachnechthra juqularis, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 27; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 200 (1875). ¢ ad. similis C. frenato sed strig4 superciliari et lorali nullis: suprd magis viridescens, et gutture laterali viridi nitente, macula anteoculari nigra, regione paroticA saturatiore, pectore summo vix aurantiaco layato distinguendus: fasciis pectoralibus pectore concoloribus. 2 ad. similis feminz C. frenati sed strigi pallida lorali nulla distinguenda: supréa minus flavicans, subtis pallidior. Hab. in insulis Philippensibus. Adult Male. Very similar to C. frenatus, from which it differs in not possessing an eyebrow, and in having no yellow loral streak, in the upper parts being slightly greener, by the metallic throat glossed towards the sides with deep green. There is a black patch in front of the eye, the ear-coverts are darker, and the breast is slightly shaded with orange towards the base of the metallic throat. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°2, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Very similar to that of C. frenatus, but with the upper parts less yellow, and the underparts rather paler. It has a pale yellow eyebrow, but no loral streak. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2°1, tail 1°6. Has. Philippme Archipelago. THE present species is confined to the Philippines, where it has been met with in nearly all the islands from Luzon to Mindanao ; but as Dr. Steere did not procure it in Palawan, it would appear not to extend so far westward as that island. It is most nearly allied to C. frenatus, from which bird it differs in not possessing the yellow loral streak, and in the sides of the metallic throat being shaded with green instead of blue, and from the other members of this group in the pectoral tufts being of the same colour as the breast. It usually, though not invariably, has some of the yellow feathers towards the dark metallic plastron shaded with orange ; and the maroon and black breast-band, possessed by several of this group, is in the present species absent, or merely indicated by a few stray feathers. A specimen collected by Dr. Meyer in Zebu has some of the frontal feathers tipped with metallic violet, and a very distinct eyebrow of that colour. It has been recorded by Dr. Meyer from Luzon, whence also came the specimens which furnished the subject of the early description by Sonnerat. I have examined specimens from Manila in Mr. Gould’s cabinet, on the authority of Mr. Hugh Cuming, as well as those collected by Dr. Steere in Panay and Mindanao, and those obtained by Dr. Meyer in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s cabinet, procured in Guimaras and Negros in March, and in Zebu in April. The latter, a male and female, form the subject of my plate and descriptions. CINNYRIS FRENATUS CINNYRIS FRENATUS. (AUSTRALIAN YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia frenata, 8. Mill. Verhandl. p. 173 (1843); id. op. cit. Zool. Av. p. 61. no. 9, pl. 8. f.1 (1846); Gray, P. Z. 8.1858, p. 173; id. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 348; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 433 ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 342; Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 73. Nectarinia flavigastra, Gould, P. Z. §. 1843, p.104; id. Voy. Sulphur, p. 43, pl. 24 (1844). Nectarinia australis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 201; Macgillivray, Voy. Rattlesnake, ii. App. p. 357 (1852); Ramsay, Ibis, 1865, p. 85; Gould, Handb. B. Australia, i. p. 584 (1865); id. B. Australia, Suppl. pl. 45 (1869); Newton, Zool. Ree. vii. p. 46; Diggles, Orn. Aus- tralia; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 598. Cinnyris frenatus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 408 (1850); Rosenberg, J. f. O. 1864, p. 123. Cyrtostomus frenatus, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 309. no. 726, pl. 589. fig. 83998 (1854). Cyrtostomus australis, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 309. no. 727, pl. 589. figs. 3999-4001. Arachnothera frenata, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1387 (1869). Arachnothera australis, Gray, tom. cit. no. 1388. Arachnothera flavigastra, Gray, tom. cit. no. 1391. Arachnechthra frenata, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 26; id. Tr. Z.S. viii. p. 71 (1874). 3 ad. supra flavicanti-olivaceus: alis saturaté brunneis laté olivaceo marginatis: caudd nigra, rectricibus quatuor externis albo terminatis: capite laterali olivaceo: supercilio flavido indistincto: loris flavidis : subtus leté flavus: gutture metallicé violaceo, chalybeo lateraliter nitente: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 9 ad. similis mari adulto, sed subttis omnino flava. Hab. in regione Austro-Malayana et in Australia septentrionali. Adult Male. Upper parts yellowish olive; wings dark brown, all the feathers broadly edged with yellowish olive; tail black with the four outer feathers on each side tipped with white, about one third of the outermost one being of that colour; sides of the head olive, with an eyebrow and a streak from the lores yellow; underparts uniform bright yellow, with no distinctly coloured pectoral tufts; chin and throat metallic violet, slightly shaded with steel-blue on the sides; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the under wing-coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 44 inches, culmen 0:85, wing 2°3, tail 1-6, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the adult male, excepting that the chin and throat are yellow, uniform with the breast. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°2, tail 1-5, tarsus 0°6. Young Male. Similar in plumage to the female, but with a broad metallic violet band down the centre of the throat. Has. Celebes, Molucca Islands, New Guinea, islands of Torres Straits, and North-eastern Australia. O Fran by Cr Ye 5 ‘Tux present species belongs to the yellow-breasted section of the Asiatic “ olive-backed” group (Cyrtostomus of Cabanis). In this section there are six very closely allied forms; but the present one may be recognized at once by its possessing a pale-yellow loral band, as well as a superciliary streak of that colour. It is most nearly related to C. jugularis, and, like that bird, differs from the other members of the group by the pectoral tufts being of the same colour as the breast. This species has a very extended range, being found in the Celebes and the Sula Islands. Mr. Wallace has obtained it in Batchian, Morotai or Morty Island, Ternate, Mysol, Ceram, Kaioa Island, and the Aru Islands. I have in my collection a skin said to have come from Gilolo. It is also probably found all over New Guinea, as Count Salvadori received it from Dorey (Bruijn), while Messrs. Petterd and Broadbent obtained specimens near Port Moresby during Mr. O. C. Stone’s expedition to New Guinea, and both Signor D’Albertis and Dr. James have met with it in Yule Island. As will be seen below, during the voyage of the ‘ Rattlesnake,’ Mr. Macgillivray procured it in the islands of Torres Straits; and it is frequent in collections from Cape York, ranging southward into Queensland. It is evidently the Sun-bird mentioned by Lesson (Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 844) as abundant at Port Praslin (New Ireland), where, according to him, its native name is “Sic-sic.” It was also collected in New Ireland during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Sulphur,’ by Mr. Goodridge, and was described by Mr. Gould under the title of Nectarinia flavigastra from a female specimen; and in 1850 he described the male from the east coast of Australia as V. australis, and even in his later works insists on its being distinct from C. frenatus; but the characters he assigns are not recog- nizable, and, as I have examined many specimens, I have no doubt of the identity between the Australian specimens and those which I have here figured and described from Batchian Island. Mr. E. P. Ramsay, in his “List of birds from Port Denison, Queensland” (Ibis, 186, p- 85), gives the following very interesting account of its habits :—‘“ According to Mr. Rainbird, numbers of this beautiful little Sun-bird may be seen, on bright mornings, among the leafy tops of the mangrove-belts near Port Denison. They are there ever darting out to capture some insect on the wing, returning and disappearing again in the thick foliage, or perching upon some topmost twig to devour their captures and show their shining purple breasts glittering in the sun. During the hottest part of the day the Sun-birds betake themselves to the thick scrub, which in many places runs down quite to the waters edge. They breed in the months of November and December. One pair chose a little break in the scrub, within a few yards of the water, where, facing the rising sun, they constructed their nest, suspending it by the top from the dead twig of a small shrub, at the foot of a large ‘ Bottle-tree’ (Sterculia rupestris). The nest is of an oval form, much resembling and suspended in the same way as that of Acanthiza lineata, with a small hood over the opening, which is near the top. It is composed of fibrous roots and shreds of cotton-tree (Gomphocarpus fruticosus) bark, firmly interwoven with the webs and cocoons of various spiders, and a few pieces of white sea-weed ornamenting the outside. It is lined with feathers and the silky native cotton, and is about 5 inches long by 33 inches in diameter.” I must now refer to Mr. Gould’s ‘ Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ from which I shall quote at some length. Mr. Macgillivray writes to him:—‘'This pretty Sun-bird appears to be distributed along the whole of the north-east coast of Australia, the adjacent islands, and the whole of the islands of Torres Straits. Although thus generally distributed, it is nowhere numerous, seldom more than a pair being seen together. Its habits resemble those of the Ptilotes, with which it often associates, but still more closely to Myzomela obscura: like these birds, it resorts to the flowering trees to feed upon the insects which frequent the blossoms, especially those of a species of Sciadophyllum. ‘This singular tree is furnished with numerous spike-like racemes of small scarlet flowers, which attract numbers of insects, and thus furnish an abundant supply of food to the present bird and many species of the Meliphagide. Its note, which is a sharp shrill cry, prolonged for about ten seconds, may be represented by ‘T'see-tsce- tsee-tss-ss-ss-ss.. The male appears to be of a pugnacious disposition, as I have more than once seen it drive away and pursue a visitor to the same tree; perhaps, however, this disposition is only exhibited during the breeding-season.” He then mentions finding two of their nests at Cape York on the 29th of November, one of which contained a young bird and an egg. ‘“‘The egg was pear-shaped, generally and equally mottled with obscure dirty brown on a greenish-grey ground.” A nest he took at Mount Ernest, Torres Straits, differed from those he found at Cape York “in having over the entrance a projecting fringe-like hood composed of the panicles of a delicate grass-like plant. It contained two young birds;” and he “saw the mother visit them twice with an interval of ten minutes between; she glanced past like an arrow, perched on the nest at once, clinging to the lower side of the entrance and looking round very watchfully for a few seconds before feeding the young, after which she disappeared as suddenly as she had arrived.” 02 a ea ee ee 156 ts nea ea 7 hore ste wak: © Tatil] duite yifotoais- Ste eS annul veoh > aout Lil cmewt iofi.- .yghiemne “no “Te ) en pa 6 foals OVALS (ire, kek oeteP ial. roy 7 4 Cobb choaek sth ae baat i ARERR, ; finite healed, fad aya Dee is te} 4, ah Ae (thd wes ie Tor: BaF aerigthy ee : ile oul deve hide seal, este ian eae ne Hatmcpletlaniip {es an ; hon mtd lar eis ape (uoror have Tort freon a in ; , —s 0 (aij r iru ahlote oe gine S08 eee lov Acud Tinie ~~ : j w1eahier oats O)/ te aie #4) w si Wane e: ‘ Te ee ae a Tanay. gt im “pone, wba We, ued, Woke Com wi 4", fee SL aay: a iL vie Oot Pith pit? ¢ Gt me ie ae ‘iis uy dled abt iuh nn (ir Be a een ee Elana nel theta tal) oes) Syst ref i) Sot elaine iy wat pon = be Wek hp RRM aals Her dtm, fires Saab ods lo RATE Baal AP Perea a Lan tari) tlee® VAIN OC2 pimh’”.« ire "habeas ts) ‘ed foo bette aC ae : lil du Je VT wey. UR SAL fay fre wide ute i ine find ‘poy ai i uy tent + =. yhwi dye emer Rapes: gob lige @o cif ddh Bi eis Brien mie. ky aril St, oat 1s ue ie inwrse kmeornerth dar tothe yall e koe au rik omnes ug q oo ob "+ . > . c tn . * + = i 7 ‘ = = q ant ss) * ; v 1 las \ ~ = -* Pee. t,3 sh ile a. ie ae yess uae oS) ai £57 CINNYRIS ANDAMANICUS. (ANDAMAN SUN-BIRD.) Arachnechthra frenata, Ball, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 280 (1872); id. Str. F. 1873, p. 65. Arachnechthra flammacillaris?, Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 312. Arachnechthra andamanica, Hume, Str. F, 1873, p. 404; id. Str. F. 1874, pp. 60, 105, 109, 198. 3 ad. supra C. flammazillari similis: capite laterali pileo concolori: supercilio indistincto pallidé flavo: subtus pallidissimé flavus: mento gulaque saturaté metallicé violaceis, lateraliter smaragdineo angusté margi- natis: torque preepectorali sordidé coccineo olivaceo lavato: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis. 2 ad, similis mari adulto, sed subtus pallidé flava: supercilio magis distincto. $ juv. similis feminz adultz, sed supercilio mints distincto et gutture medio saturaté violaceo, Hab. in insulis Andamanicis. Adult Male. Similar in colour above to C. flammazillaris; sides of the head of the same colour as the crown, with an indistinct pale yellow eyebrow; underparts very pale yellow; chin and throat deep metallic violet, rather narrowly edged on the sides with emerald-green; at the base of the metallic throat a narrow olive-shaded maroon collar; pectoral tufts bright yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°2 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2:1, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6, Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the adult male, excepting that the entire underparts are uniform very pale yellow, and the eyebrow is more distinct. Total length 4°35 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°0, tail 1:35, tarsus 0°6. Young Male. Similar in plumage to the adult female, the eyebrow not quite so distinct; a broad deep metallic violet band down the middle of the throat. Has. Andaman Islands. THE Andaman Sun-bird is most nearly related to C. fammavillaris, from which it differs in having the bill longer and stronger, in the paler colour of the breast and axillary tufts, the latter being uniform gamboge-yellow with no shade of orange or red, in the sides of the metallic throat being green instead of blue, and in the less extent of the non-metallic breast-band. It is confined to the Andamans, and is apparently very abundant in all the islands of that group. ‘The figures in the Plate and my descriptions are taken from specimens collected by Lieut. Wardlaw-Ramsay, and kindly lent to me by the Marquess of Tweeddale, who possesses a fine series of this species. A study of these skins convinces me that Mr. Hume was right in separating the bird specifically from the other yellow-breasted Sun-birds. Mr. Hume, while visiting the Andamans in company with Mr. Davison, crossed over to Barren Island, situated about one degree east of Middle Andaman. On this small island, a Q 2 mere volcanic cone in the middle of the sea, they came across several little parties of this bird, and on the neighbouring small wooded island of Narcondam likewise procured a pair; and as they collected a large series from the other islands, the notes given by Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1873, p. 404) deserve to be quoted at considerable length. ‘‘ We obtained,” he observes, “ this species in every part of the Andaman group. We have specimens from every station about Port Blair, from the Jolly Boys, Macpherson’s Strait, from Stewart Sound between N. and M. Andaman, from Little Button in the Archipelago, from Narcondam, from both the great and little Cocos, and from Preparis. We never once obtained it in any portion of the Nicobar group, every island of which we visited, and throughout which A. pectoralis, Horsf., abounds. The following are the dimensions, taken in the flesh :— ‘“‘ Male. Length 4:5 to 5 inches, expanse 6°5 to 7:0, wing 2:1 to 2°15, tail from vent 1:4 to 1:75, tarsus 0°5 to 0°62, bill from gape 0-97, bill at front 0°75 to 0°8, wings when closed reach to within 0°62 of end of tail. “* Female. Length 4°4 to 4:7, expanse 6°25 to 6°5, wing 1°82 to 2-02, tail from vent 1°22 to 1-4, tarsus 0°55, bill from gape 0-97, bill at front 0°75 to 0°8, wings when closed reach to within 62 of end of tail.” He then gives a full description of the plumage, and observes that the bill, legs, and feet are black and the irides dark brown, and that the upper parts of the plumage are tinged or suffused with olive. ‘The amount of this tinging varies very much in various specimens: in some there is only a trace of this; in others it almost entirely hides the brown. In fact the difference is as great as between the summer and winter plumage in some of the Phylloscopi; in some specimens there is more green on the rump; in others the tinge is decidedly brightest on the head and interscapular regions. Some birds almost entirely want this tinge; and these have absolutely no trace of a supercilium; others, again, in which the green tinge is more marked (killed, as a rule, towards the middle or latter half of April, and which are about to doff the breeding-garb), show a pale yellowish white supercilium, more or less distinctly. It is the birds killed from December to March (during which period they breed) that are brownest above, and are characterized by the absence of the supercilium. ‘Towards the middle of April the males doff the breeding-plumage; the upper surface becomes somewhat greener, and the rump slightly brighter-coloured; the superciliary stripe, though still very small, becomes more distinct and pale yellow; the chin, throat, and breast become a clear pale yellow, with only a moderately broad central stripe of steely-blue feathers; the brown pectoral band disappears. The female closely resembles the male, is browner when he is browner, greener when he is greener, and shows more or less supercilium at the same time as he does—but always, I think, shows rather more; she differs in having the chin, throat, and upper breast always pale yellow or yellowish white, and in never exhibiting any trace of the brown pectoral band. The descriptions are founded on sixteen specimens of males and ten of females, killed in different parts of the Andaman group, between December and the end of April. The species is very common in the Andamans; and had we not had so many other birds to attend to, we might have secured any number of specimens.” Messrs. Hume and Davison further inform me by letter:—‘‘Of the nidification of the Andaman Honey-Sucker, Captain Wimberly writes, ‘I send the nest and two eggs of A. anda- manica, taken by me on the 3rd March at Aberdeen, together with the female bird. The nest was suspended from a creeper growing on a Gurjun or Wood-oil tree. It was built about five feet from the ground.’ “The nest is a typical ‘ Honey-sucker’ structure, suspended from a very slender leafy twig, about 4 inches from its extreme point, these remaining 4 inches being allowed to hang down alongside the nest. The body of the nest is egg-shaped, the longer diameter being vertical and the end nearest the point of suspension being drawn out into a point. At the lower extremity there is, as usual, a fringe of pendent ornaments, thin strips of bark of two kinds, brown and silvery. The body of the nest is about 5 inches by 3, external diameter; the point is drawn up about an inch longer; and the fringe hangs down about two inches below the bottom of the true nest. About two inches below the point of suspension is a little portico, which projects about an inch and immediately overhangs the oval aperture, which is an inch or rather more wide, and nearly two inches high. The greatest interior diameter is two inches ; and it is only 1-5 inch deep below the lower margin of the entrance. The nest is somewhat loosely woven with fine grass and vegetable fibre; and a few dead leaves, and numerous pieces of red fern-roots, white silver paper-like bark, and other similar vegetable odds and ends are incorporated in the outer surface. As usual, the margin of the lower half of the entrance is more firmly woven; and the whole interior below the aperture is densely felted with soft satiny vegetable down, mingled white and brown. “The egg (for one was destroyed in transit) is a moderately elongated oval, a good deal pointed towards one end. ‘The shell is fine, but glossless. The ground-colour appears to be slightly pinkish white, everywhere clouded and mottled with a faint wash of pinkish or purplish brown. Besides this a few dark brown, in some cases almost black, specks, mostly very minute, are scattered here and there about the surface of the egg. Only one of the specks exceeds in size a full stop, as here printede ‘The clouding already alluded to seems to have a faint tendency to form a zone about the large end. Some of the dark spots are surrounded by a nimbus, as if the colour had run. The egg measures 0°67 by 0°48.” 159 eet ; HL fall steal sil univt vottegey yeaa ie jo piven pad srw , ih ks Lae ik eeal a att a7 “v0 rok Layee? } ; : tus ae us VER. Ciieee ‘HOTT fy war a ina SP bingy ii onlijatevia! ‘eraiaol = | Riviui apa logue -yuloed eqbyal P oahotiieay wate aang acer fy ee a ya Tink rt gui eyed odo clay lee Regia rk eee tea gerd sie pe: 3 yt oA Dee okt ce ven aici Foun Drl ay BF snag, Sd "7 sid trite, te dca lone fail alot AM HEED +ratiunasgeity, aati ~ S77 ajpusly & jhioponk? tials lca laintae bf evi, oui il age Totides aay ‘yoke ae Oe wh hy ine ey wel | fankani we idida@ prah wird eek att fit orraged, eS i dural me as me iy Avie ins he ge algal {ani ys ag bap Bel at ahve sake auth Bi F a hd eed bd y dupd na at AL et Se ni fae an enna rag “ 7) gooely Alig Gtd Pry iF Lowe s sHton? Wed at Utd area ale a a i See ks * aay yh Abe sty yahoo Juiviubon ab! wold sana en lb joan a Villa ally Aooeuvd Ty ere ‘dof Jays mina THis gif frat hol iw, Ludi weadid ef ; villite, salty oth UR ATkueet ia dae Dia Abie oh ieee tate higeahilba rhoul ft ‘int ‘pith = Uae & teat Lah Aa 4h ith! s37R ay "Aa f Pal oe ft fe niziwhe Ag ] isl Ve borfgpeié Oy ee lity. ketay Rtn ow Qos Lian! deal p al) gots «a3 palh cy uh Mi “ : : : : ibe Ais Singh ial a Jos Yinwiaes Ueurgibon’ «hCG Wit wild yin ear; it wii 402. dele et ae Uh ‘a Fie aE dna Sy alee Heady yg ve hey dinliy Te as a Ste ee aultane lel MITT he! re eho a . [me VW wit 4 as 5 VTi a peedret Atal 7 2 lr 2 H hit Mitek ue) an Wi Mie Cie eS- ae id JA eahecty tage purbe Pata tga! Wage AA SORE HONOLI) ich B capil od aipate w2 failieghanly s lul> ied & eit red apgott ¥ a ti i bebi pips it % AMD ae yo fut aed ald Lonely ra vs ‘ PS tag MON Eos va cit =. grees A ain a : eis CINNYRIS FLAMMAXILLARIS CINNYRIS FLAMMAXILLARIS. (BURMESE YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia jugularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 979 (1843). Nectarinia fammazillaris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 557 (1845), xv. p. 370 (1846); id. Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 226. no. 1567 (1849); Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 151; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 830; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 129; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 420. Cinnyris flammasillaris, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 408. no. 45 (1850). Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, Horst. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. 11. p. 739. no. 1080 (1856) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 462. Arachnechthra flammazillaris, Walden, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 541; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 24; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 239; Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 167; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 164 (1873); id. Str. F. 1874, p. 473; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 348. Arachnothera flammasillaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1583 (1869). g ad. supra olivaceus: alis saturaté brunneis olivaceo lavatis: rectricibus nigris, externis quatuor albo termi- natis, extimis latits: gutture saturaté metallicé violaceo, lateraliter et infra chalybeo nitente, pectore sulfureo: torque duplici pectorali sordidé coccineo et nigro: fasciis pectoralibus flavis aurantiaco-rubro Javatis : rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. mari similis, sed nusquam metallica: supercilio indistincto flavo. Hab. in regione Burmanensi meridionali et indé ad insulam Malaccensem “ Penang” dictam. Adult Male. Upper parts olive; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with olive; tail black, the four outer feathers on each side with white ends, broadest on the outer ones; on the forehead occasionally a few metallic violet feathers; feathers in front of the eye black; cheeks steel-blue; chin and throat deep metallic violet, shading into steel-blue on the sides and base of the plastron ; breast rich sulphur-yellow ; a well-defined maroon and black pectoral band; pectoral tufts deep yellow, shaded with orange; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter shaded with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4:2 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°15, tail 1°45, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the adult male, but with no metallic portions to the plumage ; entire underparts, as well as the cheeks and a partial eyebrow, rich sulphur-yellow. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 1:9, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°55. Has. Arracan and Southern Burmah; from the towns of Akyab and Arracan into Siam, and thence through Tenasserim and the western Malay provinces to the island of Penang. THE present species may be distinguished from C. andamanicus by the characters I gave while treating of that bird, and from the Hainan form C. rhizophore by the forehead not being metallic blue, although occasionally a few of the feathers on this part are tipped with that colour. The breast, however, is always slightly darker than in either of these two other species. ucsick From Burmah it has been recorded by Mr. Blyth; and that gentleman, as well as Dr. Cantor, mention it from Arracan, which appears to be its most northern and western limit. It has been collected by Lieutenant Wardlaw Ramsay at Rangoon, Pegu, and in the Tonghoo hills. The Marquis of Tweeddale (Ibis, 1870, p. 24) records it from Kyodan and the Salween river, on the authority of Captain Beavan, who also found it at Moulmein singly or in pairs feeding among the flowers. In Siam Sir R. Schomburgk procured it; and I have seen a male specimen in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s cabinet from the same locality, which, according to the label, was taken with the nest and two eggs. From ‘Tenasserim came Mr. Blyth’s original types; and here, according to Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1874, p. 473), it is generally distributed, but is not numerous ; and from Tavoy it has been recorded by Mr. Gould on the authority of Mr. Briggs. Messrs. Hume and Davison have sent me the following note:—‘ The exact limits of this species have yet to be defined; all we can say certainly about it is that it occurs in Arracan, southward of Akyab, that it occurs in the southern half of Pegu, and in Tenasserim southwards from Moulmein, and thence again along the west coast of the peninsula at Tonka and Penang. Further south than this we have not observed it. “At Mergui and along the coast of Malewoon it is extremely abundant, at any rate in December and January; and it was then in full breeding-plumage. “Like C. asiaticus the males put off the breeding-plumage, and assume a dress precisely similar to that of the female, except in so far that they retain a gular stripe. Specimens killed at the close of April had nearly completed the change. “Males measured—length 4°4 to 4°5 inches, expanse 6°35 to 6°8, tail from vent 1:45 to 1:55, wing 1°95 to 2°12, tarsus 0°5 to 0°55, bill from gape 0°7 to 0°8, weight a little over 0°25 oz. “ Female—length 4°27 to 4°37 inches, expanse 6°25 to 6:5, tail from vent 1:3 to 1:45, wing 2 to 2°05, tarsus 0°45 to 0°, bill from gape 0:7 to 0°75. “Legs, feet, bill, and claws black; irides dark brown.” Two specimens from Penang, one in Mr. Swinhoe’s cabinet, collected by Pére Martin, and another in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s, have a few of the frontal feathers tipped with steel-blue; while another specimen, nominally from the same locality, does not possess these metallic colours on the forehead. I am inclined to doubt the slight metallic shades on the forehead being a constant mark of the Penang bird, which, I should observe, differs in no other respect either in colour or measurements from the specimens which I have examined from Moulmein, Siam, Tonghoo, or Rangoon; and this character is not of specific value. A very similar instance of variation is to be met with in some specimens of C. jugularis. According to Mr. Hume (Nests and Eggs of Ind. B. p. 154):—“ Mr. T. Theobald states that he obtained a nest of this species at Tavoy on the lst February. The nest resembled that of A. asiatica, and was a neat purse, suspended in a lime-tree (Citrus). It contained two oval pyriform eggs, pale greenish, speckled with greyish ash, which measured 0°56 by 0°43 inch. I suspect some error in measurement here; the dimensions are apparently too small for the bird.” My figures and descriptions are taken from a pair of Moulmein birds collected by Captain Beavan, now in the Marquis of Tweeddale’s cabinet. CINNYRIS RHIZOPHORA! CINNYRIS RHIZOPHORA (HAINAN YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Arachnechthra rhizophore, Swinhoe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. iv. p. 436 (1869); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 25; Swinhoe, tom. cit. p. 237; id. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 349. 3 ad. similis C. flammazillari, sed fronte chalybeé distinguendus: pectore pallidissimé flavo: torque pectorali duplici rubro et nigro. 2 ad. similis mari adulto, sed colore metallico, fasciis pectoralibus et torque pectorali absentibus. 3 jun. similis feminz adultz, sed gutture metallico. Hab. in insula “ Haiman” dicta. Adult Male. Upper parts brown, shaded with olive, most strongly so on the lower back ; forehead violet, shaded with steel-blue; wings dark brown, with the edges of the feathers paler, and shaded with olive on the secondaries; tail brownish black, with the three outer feathers on each side tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer ones, of which nearly the terminal half is white; underparts yellow, shaded cream-colour ; chin and throat deep violet-bronze, entirely surrounded by an edging of steel-blue, shot with green; pectoral tufts deep yellow, tinted with orange, and between them a pectoral band of maroon-red, at the base of the metallic plastron, followed by a broader one of black ; under wing-coverts and the inner margins of the quills white, the former shaded with yellow; bill black ; irides dark brown; legs deep leaden-grey. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2:1, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the adult male, but without any metallic plumes; it has an obscure pale yellow eyebrow; forehead similar in colour to the back; chin, throat, and pectoral tufts uniform pale yellow; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts almost white. Young Male. Similar in plumage to the adult female, but with the metallic colours beginning to appear down the centre of the throat. Has. Hainan. Tue Yellow-breasted Sun-bird of Hainan is distinguished by its metallic violet forehead, its broad non-metallic pectoral band, and pale yellow breast. It is confined to the island of Hainan and West Island, where Mr. Swinhoe found it to be common both among the mountains and in the marshes along the coast. In his article in ‘The Ibis’ (1870, p. 258), after giving a good description of the plumage, and pointing out its special characters, he observes :—‘“ About the capital city in the north-west I did not meet with this lively little bird; nor on my journey into the interior did I see it, until I got to Shuy-wei-sze, where it was quite a common species among the trees round villages. Its call-note somewhat recalled to mind the ‘ toweet’ of Reguloides superciliosus, but is louder and sharper. As it hovers P jo Whe i164 and frolics over a bush, it utters a rapid succession of these notes; but its voice often runs off into quite a cheerful little song. In the midst of its activity, it often stops suddenly and begins to preen itself, twittering gaily all the while. On the banks of the Chinlan river (N.E. Hainan), on the 7th of March, we found it in abundance among the mangrove-marshes, flitting from bush to bush and alighting on the topmost twigs. The edge of the jungle at Lingshuy and Yu-lin- kan (S. Hainan) yielded plenty of these birds, and we found them also plentiful on West Island, picking the insects off the large red flowers of the tall leafless Bombax malabaricum. At 'Tuntow, on the borders of the Kangén and Changhwa districts, at Haosuy, and at Hungpe (all in W. Hainan) we noticed them again in tolerable numbers; and from all the places noted we got specimens. I have thus a good series: and not one shows an extension of the frontal metallic black; and as the last specimen was shot on the 30th of March, there is no reason to suppose that the summer dress would appear otherwise, all the birds having the lateral yellow breast-tufts well developed.” . Mr. Swinhoe has most kindly placed his fine series of this bird at my service; and from his specimens my figures and descriptions are taken. All these birds were collected by him in February, at which season the adults have evidently assumed their full plumage. ‘Two other specimens, one collected in February and the other in March, are in the plumage of the fully adult male, excepting as regards the forehead, where only a few of the plumes are metallic. Those are, I consider, birds bred in the earlier part of the previous season; and the young bird here described was probably from a late brood. a CINNYRIS PECTORALIS CINNYRIS PECTORALIS, (MALAYAN YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia pectoralis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 167 (1820); Vigors, Mem. Raffles, p. 675 (1831); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 226, 266, pl. 25. fig. 1; Blyth, J. A.S. B. xv. p. 370 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 225. no. 1366 (1849); Motley & Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 15 (1855); Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 319; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 220; Wallace, tom. cit. p. 486; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vog. pp. 52, 161 (1865); Tytler & Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 322; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 334. Pectoral Cionen, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 266. no. 75 (1822). Nectarinia eximia, Temm. Pl. Col. 138. figs. 1, 2 (1823); S. Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Overz. Bez. Zool. Av. p. 61. no. 10 (1846). Cinnyris ornatus, Less. Dict. Sc. Nat. i. p. 15 (1827, ex Temm. PI. Col. 138. figs. 1, 2); Man. d'Or. ii. p. 36 (1828). Cinnyris luteoventer, Less. Trait. d’Orn. p. 298. no. 29 (1831); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 488. Cinnyris pectoralis, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 408. no. 43 (1850); Bernstein, J. f. O. 1859, p. 279; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 106. Cyrtostomus pectoralis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 105 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 307. no. 722, pl. 570. figs. 3891-92 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i. p. 739. no. 1079 (1856); Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 155 (1873); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, v. p. 170 (1874). Arachnothera pectoralis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1385 (1869), Arachnechthra pectoralis, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 25; Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 64; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 196. 3 ad, supra olivascenti-flavus: fronte lata chalybed: alis cauddque ut in C. flammazillari coloratis: subtis leté flavus: gutture metallicé violaceo, lateraliter angusté chalybeo: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis : rostro pedibusque nigris: iride saturaté brunned. 9 ad. mari similis, sed gutture et jugulo metallicis absentibus: supercilio pallidé flavo. Hab. in insulis Nicobaricis, in peninsula Malaccensi et in insulis “ Sumatra,” “Sunda,” “ Java,” “ Madura,” “ Lombock,” “ Flores,” “ Borneo,” “ Labuan ” dictis. Adult Male. Upper parts olive-yellow ; forehead, front half of the crown, a partial eyebrow, and the cheeks violet shaded steel-blue ; a black patch in front of the eye; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with olive-yellow ; tail black, the four outer feathers on each side with white ends, broadest on the outer feathers; beneath rich yellow; chin and throat deep metallic violet narrowly edged on the sides with steel-blue, and margined at the base with a few maroon feathers ; pectoral tufts very deep bright yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins ef the quills and the coverts white, the latter P2 i6o tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°15 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°2, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Similar in plumage to the adult male, excepting that it has no metallic plumes; forehead and crown the same colour as the back; eyebrow pale yellow; feathers in front of eye black; throat yellow, like the breast, but paler towards the chin. Total length 3°75 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°1, tail 1°35, tarsus 0°55. Male in postnuptial plumage. Similar to the female, but with a broad metallic violet band down the centre of the throat. Has. Nicobar Islands, southern extremity of Malay peninsula, and the islands of Sumatra, Sunda, Java, Madura, Lombock, Flores, Borneo, and Labuan. Tus Sun-bird, like C. rhizophore, possesses a metallic violet forehead, but is distinguished from that bird by the almost entire absence of the non-metallic pectoral band, and by the deeper-yellow breast. From C. frenatus and C. jugularis it may be readily separated by its metallic crown and the deep-yellow pectoral tufts, and from C. fammavillaris by the almost entire absence of the non-metallic breast-band, as well as by its well-marked metallic forehead. Captain Beavan (Ibis, 1867, p. 322) mentions this species as found in the Andaman Islands, on the authority of a specimen procured by Colonel Tytler in his garden at Port Blair; this specimen should doubtless be referred to C. andamanicus. From the Nicobars it has been frequently recorded ; and Mr. Hume observes (Str. F. 1874, p. L96) that, with a series of over forty specimens before him from these islands, he could find no constant difference in the size of the two sexes, but that individuals differed very considerably in their dimensions. ‘ Length 4:0 to 4°75, expanse 6:0 to 6°75, wing 2°0 to 2°2, tail from vent 1:4 to 1:6, tarsus 0°5 to 0°6, bill from gape 0°75 to 0:9, bill at front 0°65 to 0°83, weight from 0:25 to 0°37 ounce. “The legs, feet, and bill are black ; the irides brown. “Jn non-breeding plumage the males appear to be similar to the females, except that some of the feathers of the forehead are very narrowly and faintly margined with steel-blue. We procured no male of this species with a central gular stripe, such as the males of A. asiatica, A. andamanica, &c. exhibit in non-breeding plumage. ‘“‘In some specimens, both male and female, in worn plumage a great deal of the olive-green has disappeared off the back, leaving the dull brown basal portion of the feathers the predo- minant tint. ‘Some few of the males in full breeding-plumage exhibit on the sides of the breast, just at the junction of the steel-blue and yellow, two or three maroon-tipped feathers. ‘“* Davison remarks :—‘ This little honeysucker is very abundant on the Nicobar Islands; and numbers may always be seen in the tops of the cocoa-nut palms hopping about among the flowers. I have frequently seen the male perch himself on an exposed branch, slightly open his wings, elevate his axillary tufts, and pour forth a feeble, twittering, but pleasing little song.’ Of the nidification of this species in the Nicobars, the following brief note by Mr. Davison sums up all we yet know :— Although I found several nests of this species, I never obtained the eggs; on the 19th of January I found a nest at Camorta; I shot both the birds, but on climbing up to the nest found it empty. Again, on the 17th of February I found three nests, two empty. one with two young birds.’ ” Mr. Blyth (J. A. 8. B. xix. p. 557) states that it is common at Malacca, whence I have examined a fine adult male collected by Mr. Wardlaw-Ramsay. Messrs. Hume and Davison kindly write to me, with regard to the Malay peninsula, ‘“‘ We have only met with this species at Singapore, where it was very abundant. “* Male. Length 4:55 to 4°62 inches, expanse 6:75 to 7:12, tail from vent 1:5 to 1:62, wing 2:12 to 2:25, tarsus 0°52 to 0-6, bill from gape 0°75 to 0°8, weight 0°3 to 0°35. “ Female. Length 4:25 to 4:6 inches, expanse 6°35 to 6°75, tail 1:25 to 1:5, wing 2:0 to 2:12, tarsus 0-5 to 0:55, bill from gape 0:7 to 0°8. ** Bill, legs, and feet black; irides dark brown. ‘““'This species assumes a non-breeding dress similar to that of A. astatica. Specimens killed in August, and several of those killed in September, are in this dress, or passing out of it; but almost all the specimens killed at the end of October were in full or nearly full breeding-dress.” Miller remarks that it is plentiful in Sumatra and Java, inland as well as on the coast, in forest districts, but is not found in the mountains. It was from Java that Horsfield’s type came; and here, according to Bernstein (J. f. O. 1859, p- 279), this lively little bird is everywhere met with, being very plentiful in the gardens and village-woods, where it attracts attention by its bold habits and clear loud voice. It flies rapidly about amongst the tangled branches of the trees and bushes, or clings, with back downwards, to the leaves and blossoms, after the manner of Tomtits, searching for small insects. Sometimes it runs along a horizontal branch with tail erect like a Wren; and at other times it climbs a vertical stem like a Tree-Creeper. It feeds on the small insects which it finds in the flowers or amongst the leaves and moss of the trees. Its very artistically constructed nest is suspended from the end of a twig, and is pear-shaped, with an oval entrance at the side, which is covered by a portico to protect it from the rain. The nest is composed of leaves, creepers, bark-fibres, and chips of bark and flowers, woven together with wool and the silk of caterpillars, and some- times appears, from its careless, loose structure, so like an accidental mixing of leaves, bark, &c. round a cobweb, that it may pass unnoticed. Inside it is lined with wool mingled with a few feathers and horsehairs, and in a few cases with bark-fibres. It lays two eggs, of a dirty white colour shaded with green, and clouded and spotted with olive-brown, and with pale-edged dark- brown streaks. In the Sunda island, between Sumatra and Java, it is known, according to him, by the name of Zjuét; and it has also been recorded from these islands by Lesson. It is, according to Mr. Horsfield, the ‘“‘ Fri-ganti” of the Javese. Mr. Hume (Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, p. 155) gives the following description of the nest :—‘ Very similar to, but larger and more coarsely made than that of A. asiatica. The nest is a pendent, elongated egg, a good deal drawn out towards the twig it hangs from, nine inches in length and three in diameter, composed chiefly of dry grass and cocoa-nut fibre, with a few feathers intermingled in the body of the nest, and the interior thickly lined with these. About an inch below the point of suspension the portico projects for 1:25 inch; it is about 1°5 thick; and below this is the little oval entrance to the nest, about 1:25 by 1:0 inch. Interiorly the 163 cavity is about 3°5 deep, and below the lower margin of the entrance-hole nearly 1:75 in diameter. The portico and the upper portion of the neck of the nest is chiefly coir, while the lower and broader portions are mostly grass and pieces of bamboo-sheaths, a dead leaf or so, and a scrap or two of bark. There is no attempt to decorate the nest externally, as is so common in this genus; but perhaps the nest was not quite finished, though Davison says they were all alike.” These nests were no doubt, as Mr. Hume suggests, not quite finished; for I am informed, in that gentleman’s and Mr. Davison’s recent notes to me, that “‘ subsequently Mr. De Roepstooff took a beautiful nest of this species near Camorta, in the Nicobars, containing two hard-set eggs, in January. “The nest was suspended a few feet from the ground, from near the end of a slender twig of a thorny plant. “Tt was of the usual Arachnechthra type, a pendent pear, about 6 inches in length and 3°26 in its greatest breadth, suspended by the small end, composed of the finest flower-stems of grass with a quantity of broad blade leaves of grass incorporated in the outer portion of the structure, some of these, as usual, being allowed to hang down below the bottom of the nest, giving the characteristic ragged or, possibly the bird considers it, ornamental appearance to the nest. ** About 2°5 inches below the point of suspension a circular aperture, 1 inch in diameter, has been pierced; and above this the nest has been pulled out into an ample portico completely overshadowing the whole entrance, and projecting a good deal beyond it. ‘The ground-colour of the egg is a dull pale brownish grey; and it is finely streaked and freckled everywhere with a darker shade of brown: besides this a very few specks and minute spots of a very dark brown are observable here and there on the surface of the egg, each more or less enveloped in a brownish haze. On one side of the egg the markings seem to have a tendency to form a zone round the large end. The eggs measured 0°61 by 0°45.” It has been recorded by Mr. Wallace (P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 486) from Lombock and Flores; and some of that gentleman’s specimens I have examined. They are large, but come within the measurements given by Mr. Hume of Nicobar specimens. An example in the Marquis of 'Tweeddale’s collection obtained by Dr. Meyer in Madura, a small island to the north-east of Java, has the smaller dimensions of the Javan bird, and thus differs from the Flores specimens in Mr. Swinhoe’s cabinet, from which I have taken my figures and descriptions, in having the wing 0°2 inch shorter; but it is evident from the measurements given by Mr. Hume of Nicobar and Singapore specimens that these variations are of slight importance. In Borneo it appears to be rather a scarce bird; of its occurrence at Banjermassing, we are informed by Mr. Sclater (P.Z.S. 1863, p. 220) that it was sent home in a large collection made in South-east Borneo by Mr. Motley; and it is referred to in the following note :—‘“ Found also in Labuan; here it frequents chiefly the flowers of the Laban (Vitex tomentosa).” At Sarawak, according to Count Salvadori, the Marquis Doria and Dr. Beccari found it in January and February, and not very common then; and he informs us that a nest they discovered there, apparently belonging to this species, was very like the nest of C. insignis figured by S. Miller (Verhand. pl. 9), which differs very considerably from the descriptions of the nest of this species given by Bernstein and Hume; and from the colouring of the egg he describes, I should doubt its really belonging to this species. Messrs. Motley and Dillwyn, in their charming work (Contr. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 15), of which unfortunately only one part ever appeared, remark concerning this bird :—‘‘ Our specimens were shot on a Mimosa-like tree, overhanging the sea-beach, where they were very busy among the branches, in company with a great variety of small birds; they appeared to be hunting some insects, and in their manner and attitudes much resembled our English Tits.” In a letter Mr. Motley says:—“J think that there is no doubt that this lively little bird feeds almost entirely on honey; three or four of them frequent all day long a beautiful plant of Russelia juncea just before my office window, clinging to the slender twigs in all sorts of positions, and turning up the scarlet bells to insert their fairy little beaks; they appear very sociable little birds, never passing one another without putting their beaks together with a little chirp. If any one comes too near, off they go like meteors, but are back in a minute. I think I never saw any thing more beautiful than this plant; its long pendent twigs are one blaze of scarlet blossoms for months together, with half a dozen of these living gems flitting around them. I often sit and watch them, and wish I could place them before your window—birds, flowers, broad sun- shine, and all.” From Lord Tweeddale’s magnificent series of this species I have examined specimens from all the localities here mentioned, and can detect no appreciable difference in specimens from any of these places, the extent of the metallic forehead and the almost entire absence of non-metallic pectoral band being extremely constant characters. The Javan bird, Horsfield’s type of his Nectarinia pectoralis, afterwards received the name of Nectarinia eximia from Temminck, from whose plate Lesson described his Cinnyris ornatus, while to the bird from the Sunda island Lesson gave his title of Cinnyris luteoventer. ALT sali s at? nha S75 t< nae algr v4 ply = ah 1, ti odie 8 ak bingy oti) Lah ofS Janey cevUy ie ak bE) eed SPA he ta i oe | a? leh Sivintey Pattoesh at oes Oa ale a! sa aap mi TUR to? i sinctl hae Pat bern eb ilts “ 2 Tee ier te eae ee ae ee | Cee fee Pie ee RA {init Jong ath Si a Ve OT Roe Desi ay Yea Ce Me ei kt hia dt RE RAR Coot) ay ae lel jae. Sele tee cna ae yan Re ce na a Si preeme hea). a a rod portyelle Jeo hay ne 0 ep work =i Mel ate. ¢talt See tes 0 9 eee aed ieee vi aif, 2 B64 ya Pahi”d it witty iinet) epithe ade Bietat. wy ,veow PN) Aer eo re Set ee iy bili Oy te at et ori rr tH Drea i rons Av wo AB Ate ti iT A Seb SY capllgyd BOC Ty Cae avy eral it? . Types ee (de ' it rt | ae hr (veh hes pst rine AN ‘aay 1 4 i ae val ry , Shur ae v, TSA ne reg me See Cary wail ns ind’ 62 ar dee moar Che wor “arth (AK ly “Oe Tow ee ieee ee ee ee eure) bere ae : : : Veet Tee ave toi ath Da mihars Bi wie SPV AN ULE Sanne pueewe® Tg 2 Ss eco eet Te AD bg Av OsERs MEM! SLd OT Sees ea” lle a ae Mh! ras j a : ae CINNYRIS SOLARIS CINNYRIS SOLARIS. (ORANGE-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia solaris, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 347, fig. 5 (1825); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 215, 266 (1842); S. Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Aves, p. 60, pl. 8, fig. 5 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 256 (1857); Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p- 486; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865). Cinnyris solaris, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 31 (1828); id. Traité d'Or. i, p. 297, no. 25 (1831) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. pp. 225, 228, no. 1365 (1849); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 408, no. 42 (1850); Wallace, Ibis, 1861, p. 350. Anthreptes solaris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854). Cyrtostomus solaris, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 308, no. 725, fe 589, figs. 3995-96 (1854); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Arachnothera solaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 112, no. 1386 (1869). Arachnechthra solaris, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 32. ¢ ad. supr2 sordidé olivaceo-flavus, uropygio et supracaudalibus lztits flavis: tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus, reliquis brunneis dorsi colore limbatis: remigibus brunneis angusté letiore flavo marginatis: rectricibus nigris, sub certd luce indistincté translineatis, exterioribus versus apicem palli- dioribus et angusté albo terminatis: vertice, loris, genis et gutturis lateribus metallicé viridibus chalybeo nitentibus : gutture medio olivascenti-bronzino, fascia transversali jugulari metallicé violacea : corpore reliquo subtts miniato, crisso et subcaudalibus magis aurantiacis: corporis lateribus olivascenti- flavis, fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis: subalaribus albis vix flavo lavatis: remigibus subttis brunneis, angusté albo intus marginatis: rostro nigro: pedibus et iride saturaté brunneis. © ad. a mare diversa: supra olivascenti-flava: remigibus et rectricibus ut in mare coloratis, his laté albo termi- natis: facie laterali olivascente, supercilio parvo flavo: genis et regione parotica inferiore flavis: subtis flava, gula vix pallidiore. Hab. in insulis “ Timor” et “ Flores” dictis. Adult Male. Upper parts olive-yellow; forehead and crown deep metallic green, often shaded with violet- bronze; wings dark brown, the feathers broadly edged with olive-yellow; tail black, tipped with white, broadest on the outer feathers ; in front of the eyes black; cheeks, lower portion of the ear-coverts, and an eyebrow metallic green; remainder of the sides of the head and neck olive-yellow; chin and throat deep metallic green, with a more or less well-defined broad violet-bronze band down the centre ; © breast orange-red, darkest on the chest, and fading into orange-yellow on the abdomen and under tail- coverts; flanks and thighs shaded with olive; pectoral tufts bright sulphur-yellow; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter partially shaded with sulphur-yellow ; bill black; irides and legs dark brown. ‘Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2:1, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-yellow; wings and tail as in the adult male; sides of the head olive- iVi yellow, with an eyebrow, cheeks, and lower portion of the ear-coverts pale-yellow ; entire underparts yellow ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter partially shaded with yellow. Length 4 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 1°95, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°55. Has. Flores and Timor. Tur Orange-breasted Sun-bird belongs to the “ Cyrtostomus” group. The male is readily distin- guished by the orange-red colour of the breast; the female, however, possesses a yellow breast, ; and is not so easily recognized from the other closely allied species; the bill is, perhaps, the best- marked character, being longer than in @. pectoralis, the only closely allied form found within the limits of its range. Temminck, who first described this species, gave the locality Amboyna for his type specimen ; but this was evidently an error, as 8. Miiller has already pointed out. Mr. G. R. Gray, again (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 348), refers to Amboyna as a habitat, but was evidently copying Temminck. It has been recorded by 8. Miiller from Timor, Poeloe, and Samao. From Timor and Flores I have examined several specimens collected by Mr. Wallace; and in the former of these islands it is the only species of Sun-bird at present known, while in the latter are also to be found C. pectoralis and Anthreptes malaccensis. It is a rather rare bird in collections; and nothing has, as yet, been recorded respecting its habits. The specimens here figured and described are an adult male and female collected by Mr. Wallace in the island of Flores, and now in my own possession. ac ae adele caen sry CINNYRIS ZENOBIA. (BLACK-BREASTED OLIVE-BACKED SUN-BIRD.) t Tufted Creeper, Lath. Syn. Suppl. p. 132, no. 57 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 251, no. 46 (1822). tCerthia cirrhata, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 299, no. 62 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 271 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 189, no. 63 (1812). tSoui-manga & touffes gaunes, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii, p. 65 (1802). tCinnyris cirrhatus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 495 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Ene. Méth. ii, p. 599 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 29 (1828). Cinnyris zenobia, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i, p. 670, no. 104, pl. 30, fig. 3 (1826); Bp. Consp. Ay. i, p. 409, no. 50 (1850); Rosenb. J. f. O. 1864, p. 193, part. Cinnyris clementie, Less. Dict. Sc. Nat. i, p. 18 (1827); id. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 40 (1828). ’Nectarinia cirrhata, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 509 (1829). Nectarinia clementie, Drapiez, tom. cit. p. 510. Nectarinia zenobia, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p. 272 (1842); S. Mill. & Schl. Verhand. Zool. Aves, p. 60 (1846); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847); id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 178, 1860, p. 348, part., 1861, p. 453, part.; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 32; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 163 (1865, part.). Chalcostetha zenobia, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 286, no. 663, pl. 572, fig. 3900 (1854). ’Nectarinia solaris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 348. Arachnothera zenobia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 110, no. 1361 (1869). Arachnechthra zenobia, Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 30. Cyrtostomus zenobia, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, viii, p. 379 (1876); id. Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii, p. 319 (1877). ¢ ad. supra olivascenti-flavus: tectricibus alarum brunneis, extus olivascenti-flavo marginatis: rectricibus nigris, angusté metallicé viridi limbatis, exterioribus albido terminatis: gutture toto et preepectore metallicé violaceis, vitté lataé mystacali viridescenti-chalybea ad latera juguli producta: corpore reliquo subtus velutino-nigro violaceo lavato: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis: subalaribus et remigibus infra brunneis, his intus albido vel pallidiore brunneo marginatis: rostro et pedibus. nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. @ ad. mari dissimilis, haud metallica: supra olivascenti-flava: alis saturaté brunneis, plumis dorsi colore limbatis: rectricibus nigris, exterioribus albo terminatis: vittd superciliari flavidd: plumis anteocu- laribus et regione parotica saturate brunneis : corpore subtus flavo, gula pallidiore. Hab. in insulis Moluccanis. Adult Male. Upper parts olive-yellow; wings dark brown, the least and median series of coverts olive- yellow like the back, and the remainder of the feathers edged with that colour; tail black, the feathers poo a} bowie Praeede narrowly edged with a deep metallic gloss, and with very narrow pale tips to the three outer ones on each side; underparts black, with a blue gloss; chin, throat, and front of the chest metallic violet, shading on the sides of the throat into deep metallic green; pectoral tufts bright golden-yellow ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills white; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2:1, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts olive-yellow; a broad buff eyebrow ; wings dark brown, with the least and median series of coverts olive-yellow like the back, and the remainder of the feathers edged with that colour; tail black, tipped with white, most broadly so towards the outer feathers ; underparts yellow, fading almost into white on the chin; flanks slightly shaded with olive; under surface of the wigs brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter slightly shaded with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Length 3°75 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 1°85, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°55. Has. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, and the Kei Islands. THE present species belongs to the “‘Cyrtostomus” group. It may be at once recognized from all the other Sun-birds by the olive-yellow colouring of the upper parts, combined with a black breast and bright yellow pectoral tufts. It has been collected by Mr. Wallace in Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, and the Kei Islands. It is recorded from Dorey, in New Guinea, and from Gilolo upon the same authority by Mr. G. R. Gray (P. Z.S. 1859, p. 155, 1860, p. 348); but I much doubt these localities for C. zenobia, and suspect that the specimens were females, and should be referred to C. frenatus. The Marquis of Tweeddale observes (Ibis, 1870, p. 50):—‘“ A specimen in my possession, obtained from a large collection of birds from Queensland, and consisting of authenticated Queensland species, represents a form exactly similar to Ceram examples of A. zenobia (Less.), excepting that it is smaller in its principal dimensions, and that it possesses a steel-blue frontal patch. Thus this alleged Queensland bird bears to A. zenobia the same relation that A. pecto- ralis (Horsf.) does to A. frenata (S. Mill.). Can it be the one mentioned by Mr. Ramsay as Nectarinia australis (Ibis, 1865, p. 85, no. 32)?” I have written to Mr. Ramsay upon this subject ; and he replies: —‘* With the exception of C. frenatus, 1 know of no other Australian Sun-bird. C. frenatus is found as far south as Port Denison, from whence I have received specimens, and also the nest mentioned (Ibis, 1865, p. 85). It is found also in the Rockingham-Bay district, and on the Daintree and Johnstone rivers to the north of Cardwell. I have before me specimens from Cape York, Port Moresby, New Guinea, the Duke-of-York Island, and New Ireland, in none of which do I observe any material differ- ence. I certainly would not admit either C. aspasie or C. zenobia into the Australian fauna, unless from some undoubtedly good authority; for, as a rule, I find collections of birds from Queensland most untrustworthy.” The specimen of C. zenobia, nominally from Queensland, is in full adult plumage, and is said to have been collected by Mr. Thorpe. The forehead is slightly shaded with metallic violet, the tips of some of the feathers being of that colour, thus differing from typical examples of C. zenobia in exactly the same proportion as some Penang specimens of C. fammaaillaris do from Moulmein birds of that species ; and varieties of a similar character are not uncommon with C. jugularis. In one of Count Salvadori’s articles upon the Sun-birds of the Papuan region (Atti R. Acc. Torino, xii, p. 320), he writes: —“ Due maschi, forse pit adulti degli altri, uno di Buru ed un altro delle Isole Kei, hanno il pileo tinto di nerastro splendente.” He further remarks that he has examined twenty-seven specimens from Bouru collected by Bruijn and Beccari, thirteen from Amboyna, one from Ceram Lant, and six from the Kei Islands. He suggests that probably Wallace’s Cinnyris, n. sp. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xx, p. 473), collected in the Kei Islands, should be referred to this species, while the Nectarinia zenobia, Gray (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 155), from Dorey should be referred to C. frenatus, to which species sixty specimens collected by D’Albertis, Beccari, and Bruijn all belong. For a similar reason he believes that the locality Aru Islands, mentioned by Von Rosenberg (J. f. O. 1864, p. 123), is likewise incorrect, as all the specimens collected there by Beccari belong to C. frenatus. He further observes that C. zenobia and C. frenatus apparently are not found on the same islands. In my article upon C. frenatus I mention by error the locality Ceram for that species on the faith of the specimen which I have here figured and described as the adult female of this species, now in the Marquis of 'Tweeddale’s magnificent collection. The adult male here figured and described was also collected in Ceram by Mr. Wallace, and is in my own cabinet. Lesson’s type came from Amboyna, where it was killed in the mountains of Soya; and in this island, according to §. Miiller, it is not uncommon among the farm inclosures and sparsely covered hills. The description of Certhia cirrhata, Lath. (Ind. Orn. i. p. 299), agrees well with this species. That description was taken from his “Tufted Creeper,’ which was described from one of Lady Impey’s drawings, said to have the ‘“‘head, neck, and back deep olive, the feathers edged with dusky, primary quills brown, belly and tail black, on each side of the breast a tuft of yellow feathers, legs black. Inhabits Bengal.” It would appear from the description that the throat of the “Tufted Creeper” was olive, which is not the case with any known Black-breasted Sun-bird ; and I think it therefore probable that this part was either hidden in the figure or that it was overlooked in the description. The locality, Bengal, is certainly an error; for undoubtedly it should not be referred to C. asiaticus, as that bird always loses the black breast in its moult before it assumes the dull plumage on the back, and, besides, the yellow pectoral tufts always disappear in the moult, before the back becomes olive. The name, however, appears to be of little real importance, as the description is inaccurate if intended for this species, and therefore should not, in my opinion, be used. An immature male of this species in the Paris Museum, collected during the voyage of the ‘Astrolabe,’ is labelled C. melanogaster. It differs from the adult in the breast and abdomen being yellow mottled all over with black feathers. Pia Oe 7 yatt a es ‘tng es iA viebtiie Dee uti. iii es { fb ihe: 9 Dan a pins seam al * & 2 Mie 5 “ys i — ae ee Gam ee 2 of \ ‘ ae ae fh : a ie thee tata) tina i dient aay venke . (ha, eM eal (Pcie Ye aloe ® ad ha carting of® 1 falta) herve @ * < a boa in ‘ie aS ~~ < e - | si Bs, es re Ate iy a 0 ie re CINNYRIS LOTENIUS. (LOTEN’S SUN-BIRD.) ‘Avis Tsioct, Seba, Thes. i. p. 100, pl. 63. fig. 8 (1784-65). Avis zeylonicus omnicolor, Seba, tom. cit. p. 110, pl. 69 (1734-65). Purple Indian Creeper, Edw. Gleanings, vi. p. 116, pl. 265, upper fig. (1760). Certhia lotenia, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 188. no. 25 (1766); P. L. S. Mill. S. N. ii. p. 260 (1773); Gm. S. N. i. p. 483 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 286. no. 16 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 180. no. 16 (1812). Le Soui-manga pourpre, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 501 (1778); Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 29, pl. 11 (1802). Le Soui-manga de toutes couleurs, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 513 (1778); Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 67 (1802). Loten’s Creeper (part.), Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 715. no. 16 (1782); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p- 235. no. 24 (1822). tSickle-billed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 716 (1782). Certhia polita, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. ii. pl. 59 (1786); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 287. no. 19 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 181. no. 19 (1812). Polished Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 159 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 245. no. 38 (1822). : tCerthia falcata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 470. no. 30 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 282. no. 6 (1790) ; Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178. no. 6 (1812). Certhia omnicolor, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 483. no. 53 (1788, ex Seba, pl. 69); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p- 286. no. 17 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 200 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 181. no. 17 (1812). Le Soui-manga cuivré, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 64 (1802). tLe Sowi-manga de Macassar, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 66. Le Soui-manga au bec en faucille, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 67. Certhia purpurata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 201, pl. 28 (1811, ex Edwards). Cinnyris omnicolor, Cuvier, Régne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 52 (1828). Cinnyris purpuratus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 909 (1819); Steph. Contin. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 230 (1826); Less. Man. d’Orn. li. p. 03 (1828). Cinnyris lotenius, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 408. no. 38 (1850). tCinnyris falcatus, Vieill. N. Dict. dHist. Nat. xxxi. p. 494 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 599 (1828). Cinnyris politus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 500 (1819, ex Sparrm.); Aud. et Vieill. 2c 2 : ed Enc. Méth. ii. p. 586 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. il. p. 29 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. 1. p. 296. no. 19 (1831); Jerd. Madras Journ. xi. p. 225. no. 233 (1840). Green-gold Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 237. no. 26 (1822). tCinnyris macassariensis, Aud, et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 592 (1823, ex Seba, pl. 63. fig. 3). Nectarinia lotenia, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 220, 263, pl. 23 (1842); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 978 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98 (1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. S. Bengal, p- 224. no. 1359 (1849); Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd series, xii. p. 175. no. 61 (1853); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 165; Gould, B. Asia, part vill. p. 3, pl. 3 (1856). Nectarinia omnicolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 99 (1847). Arachnechthra lotenia, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 105. no. 571 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p- 294. no. 690, pl. 579. figs. 3957-38 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Comp. ii. p. 743. no. 1084 (1856-58); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 372. no. 235 (1862); Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 23; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 434; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1873, p. 229; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 275. Arachnothera lotenia, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no. 1382 (1869). ¢ ad. supra saturaté metallicé bronzino-viridis lilacmo nitens: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus minimis et medianis scapularibusque dorso concoloribus: rectricibus indigotico-nigris, metallicé violaceo angusté limbatis, capitis collique lateribus metallicé bronzinis dorso concoloribus, gutture imo violaceo lavato : vitta angusté prepectorali saturaté rubra chalybeo lavati: fasciis pectoralibus lzeté flavis, vix aurantiaco striatis : corpore reliquo subtis cum subalaribus subcaudalibusque saturaté brunneis: rostro pedibusque nigris: iride saturaté brunned. 9 ad. supra brunnea, vix olivascenti-flayo lavata: alis dorso concoloribus: rectricibus nigris, externis albo terminatis: subtts fulva: alis infra’ brunneis, remigibus intts et subalaribus albis, his flavo lavatis. Hab. in insula Ceylonensi et in peninsula Indica meridionali. Adult Male. Upper parts deep metallic bronzy-green, shaded with lilac; wings dark brown, with the’ least and median series of wing-coverts and the scapulars of the same metallic colour as the back ; tail blue- black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic violet; the sides of the head and neck and the chin metallic bronze like the upper parts; the throat gradually shades into metallic violet towards the crop, below which is a rather narrow deep-red pectoral band glossed with steel-blue; pectoral tufts bright yellow, slightly streaked with orange-red; remainder of the breast, under tail-coverts, and under surface of the wings dark brown; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5 inches, culmen 11, wing 2°25, tail 1°55, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts brown, very slightly washed with olive-yellow on the edges of the feathers ; wings similarly coloured; tail black, with some of the outer feathers tipped with white ; underparts buff; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow. Total length 4°3 inches, culmen 0°9, wing 2°05, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°6. Male in moult. Similar in plumage to the adult female, but mottled all over with the more brilliant feathers of the full dress. _ Has. Ceylon and Southern India. THE present species belongs to the purple-backed section of my “ dark-metallic” group, or, in other words, to the Indian species of this group which formed the genus Arachnechthra, Cabanis. The characters by which the present species may be at once recognized are the long and very strongly curved bill and the brown abdomen. There appear to be two races, viz. the Ceylon race, with the bill generally longer and more curved, and with the pectoral tufts usually paler, often without any signs of the bright scarlet which is generally to be met with in the continental birds. Although it is well not to neglect remarking upon these races, they should not, in my opinion, be separated specifically, more than the Ceylon and continental races of Cinnyris zeylonicus or the eastern and western races of C. asiaticus (C. brevirostris and C. intermedius). Of its distribution Messrs. Hume and Davison write to me :—‘ As far as our present know- ledge goes, this species is confined to Ceylon and the Indian peninsula south of 15° north latitude. It is a bird of the plains, and does not ascend the hills, but is common in localities such as Calicut, Trinchinopoly, Salem, and Madras itself.” The type specimen, an adult male, was sent home by Governor Loten from Ceylon. In this island, according to Mr. Layard, it is very plentiful, especially in the southern and midland districts, and constructs a nest exactly similar to that of C. asiaticus. In the south-eastern division of Ceylon it is said by Captain W. V. Legge (Ibis, 1875, p. 275) to be partially represented by the much more numerous C. asiaticus. At Colombo Mr. Holdsworth found it to be very common; but, he observes, “I have no note of its occurrence at Aripo. Some specimens have the bill very much curved.” At Galle Mr. Swinhoe met with it in April, and believes it was then breeding in the neigh- bourhood; “the gizzard,” he observes, “contained a number of small Pipule (hairy long-legs) entire.” This shows that although spiders and honey are the more usual food of all the species of Sun-birds, they do not refuse to capture any soft and suitable-sized insects which may come in their way. On the Indian peninsula, according to Dr. Jerdon, ‘it is common along the Malabar coast, and also tolerably so in the more wooded parts of the Carnatic, as about Madras and other large towns. It frequents both jungles and gardens. At Tellicherry I have seen it frequently enter my verandah to feed upon spiders. I have not observed it elsewhere in India.” Seba tells a story, which has frequently been repeated by the older writers, that the young of this bird often falls a prey to the great spider (Aranea avicularia); and Latham adds :—* This is not peculiar to the brood of this species; for it is the case with respect to every other when- Doubtless the large spider, if he could gain the superiority, would enjoy the meal; but I cannot conceive any spider having much chance against these long sharp-billed active little birds; and so constant is the attendance of the parent birds upon their young, that few indeed must be the opportunities left for the spider to approach the young unobserved. ” ever the insect can gain the superiority. The figures of the adult male and female, as well as my description of the female and male in moult, are taken from a mainland bird, while my description of the adult male is from a Ceylon specimen. forms a) i8O The references to this Species, although very numerous, are remarkably devoid of informa- tion. The Marquis of Tweeddale, in his article upon this species (Ibis, 1870, p. 23) includes in the synonymy le Sucrier bronzé, Levaill., and Cinnyris eneus, Vieill.; this bird, if not entirely fictitious, as is probably the case, would, in my opinion, more probably belong to a species which has yet to be rediscovered than to C. lotentus. ‘ OI a Take CINNYRIS ASIATICUS. (PURPLE SUN-BIRD.) Purple Indian Creeper, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. ii. p. 116, pl. 265 (1760). tCerthia currucaria, Linn. §. N. i. p. 185. no. 6 (1766); P. L. S. Mull. S. N. ii. p. 256. no. 6 (1773); Gm. 8. N. i. p. 474. no. 6 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 285. no. 15 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 221 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 180. no. 15 (1812). tGrey Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 714 (1781); id. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 231. no. 19 (1822). Yellow-winged Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 133. no. 59 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 250. no. 44 (1822). Certhia asiatica, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 288. no. 22 (1790); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 182. no. 22 (1812). Certhia chrysoptera, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 299. no. 64 (1790). Sugar-Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 159. no. 4 (1801); id. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 238. no. 27, cum var. a (1822). Mahratta Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 164. no. 20 (1801). Certhia mahrattensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. Suppl. p. 36. no. 3 (1801). Soui-manga violet, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 31, pl. 12 (1802). Soui-manga &@ cravatte violette, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 36, pl. 15. Soui-manga a& cravatte bleue, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 53, pl. 31. Soui-manga @ ceinture orange, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 56, pl. 34. Soui-manga aux ailes jaunes, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 65. Certhia nitens, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 137 (1804). Certhia saccharina, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 258 (1811). Certhia cincta, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 193. no. 83 (1812). tCinnyris currucaria, Cuy. Régne Anim. i. p. 412 (1817). Cinnyris mahrattensis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 508 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 595 (1823); Sykes, P. Z.S. 1832, p. 99. no. 136; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 224. no. 232 (1840). Eastern Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 232. no. 21 (1822). Cinnyris cyaneus, Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 599. no. 56 (1823). Cinnyris indicus, Bonn. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 599. no. 59 (1823). Cinnyris iodeus, Less. Dict. Sc. Nat. i. p. 24 (1827). Cinnyris currucaria, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 28 (1828); id. Traité d’Orn. i. p. 297. no. 26 (1831); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 98. no. 133. Cinnyris chrysopterus, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 35 (1828). Cinnyris asiaticus, Less. tom. cit. p. 36; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 408. no. 37 (1850). Cinnyris orientalis, Horsf. P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 122. no. 105; Bulger, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 257. Cinnyris epauletta, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. ii. p. 272 (1837). x Cinnyris strigula, Hodgs. tom. cit. p. 272; Gray, Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82. Nectarinia mahrattensis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 222, 264, pl. 24 (1843); Blyth, J.A.S. B. xii. p. 973 (1843); id. J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 597 (1845); Gray*Gen. Bap. 98. no. 51 (1847); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 165. Nectarinia chrysoptera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 98. no. 78 (1847). Nectarinia asiatica, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. pp. 224, 328. no. 1560 (1849); Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) xii. p. 175 (1853); Gould, B. Asia, pt. 8, pl. 2 (1856); Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 101; id. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 497; Pelzeln, Ibis, 1868, p. 307. Arachnechthra currucaria, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 105. no. 572 (1850); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 17. Arachnechthra asiatica, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 295. no. 691, pl. 579. figs. 3959-41 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 370 (1862); Beavan, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 375; Bulger, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 569; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 421; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 20; Holdsworth, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 434; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 151 (1873); id. Str. F. 1873, p- 174; Cock and Marshall, tom. cit. p. 351; Adams, tom. cit. p. 374; Lloyd, Ibis, 1874, p- 408; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 396; Hume, tom. cit. p. 473; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 285; Morgan, tom. cit. p. 315; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 87; Brooks, tom. cit. p. 253; Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 256; Armstrong, tom. cit. p. 313; Hume, tom. cit. pp. 393, 458. Arachnechthra mahrattensis, Reichb. Handb. Scansorix, p. 295. no. 692 (1854). Cyrtostomus currucaria, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 308. no. 724. pl. 570. fig. 3890. Arachnothera asiatica, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 112. no 1381 (1869). Arachnechthra intermedia, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 436; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p.18; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 154 (1878). Nectarinia (Arachnechthra) brevirostris, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 86; id. Eastern Persia, ii. p. 220, pl. 14 (1876). 3 ad. supra ex violaceo chalybeus, viridi nitens: alis saturaté brunneis, tectricibus minimis et medianis et Q@ ad. scapularibus chalybeis dorso concoloribus: rectricibus nigris, vix metallicé violaceo limbatis: subtus niger, metallicé violaceo nitens: capite laterali et gutture chalybeis dorso concoloribus vix virescen- tioribus: mento et fascia latd per gulam mediam ducté saturaté metallicé violaceis, hic preepectoraliter magis chalybed: fasciis pectoralibus flavo et aurantiaco-rubro mixtis. supra cinerascenti-brunnea, capitis lateribus dorso concoloribus, supercilio fulvido lato, vix tamen distincto: alis saturaté brunneis, plumis cinerascenti-brunneo limbatis: rectricibus nigris, quibusdam externis albo terminatis, externis latiis apicatis: subtts fulvescens, guld inferiore et pectore medio flavo adumbratis. Hab. in regione Indica. Adult Male. Upper parts violet-shaded steel-blue, glossed with dark green; wings dark brown, with the least and median series of coverts and the scapulars steel-blue like the back; tail black, the feathers partially edged with metallic violet ; underparts black, glossed with metallic violet; sides of the head and throat steel-blue like the back, or slightly greener; chin and a broad central band down the throat deep metallic violet, which colour shades into steel-blue on the crop; pectoral tufts yellow and orange- red; under tail-coverts broadly, and more or less distinctly, edged with violet-shaded steel-blue ; under- surface of the wings brown with the coverts black; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°2, tail 1-5, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy brown; the sides of the head of the same colour, with a broad but rather indistinct buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, the feathers with pale ashy brown edges; tail black with a green gloss, and with white tips to some of the feathers, broadest on the outer ones ; beneath creamy white, shaded with yellow towards the base of the throat and on the centre of the breast ; under surface of the wings ashy brown, with the coverts and the inner margins of the quills white. Total length 3°8 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2°15, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°6. Male in moult (1st stage). Similar in plumage to the adult female, excepting that it has a rather narrow metallic violet band down the centre of the throat. Male in moult (2nd stage). Similar in plumage to the last, excepting that it has the lesser wing-coverts and a portion of the lower back metallic, and the dark band on the throat extends to about halfway down the breast. Has. Ceylon; India, northward to the Himalayas; westward it extends through Sindh and Baluchistan to the confines of Persia, and is possibly to be found in Southern Arabia. To the eastward it ranges through Assam, Tipperah, Chittagong, Arracan, Burmah, and Tenasserim, but in this-direction has not been collected southward of the river Yé. Obs. In about half the adult males which I have examined there is present a more or less distinct reddish brown pectoral band. This character occurs quite irrespectively of the locality whence the specimens came; nor is there any corresponding difference in the measurements and general shade of the metallic parts, which vary considerably in some individuals. A typical specimen of Arachnechthra intermedia, Hume, from Tipperah differs from the adult male above described in having the metallic parts more strongly glossed with violet, and the pectoral band present. Total length 4°4 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2:2, tail 1-55, tarsus 0°6. A typical specimen of A. drevirostris, Blanford, collected by that gentleman at Bampoor, in Baluchistan, and now in the British Museum, differs in having the metallic parts more strongly glossed with green. It has no pectoral band. Total length 4:1 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 2°2, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6. I have examined a very large series of adult males, including three typical specimens of Mr. Hume’s A. intermedia, and four of A. brevirostris, Blanford; and it appears to me quite evident that all these specimens belong to one species. The “ adult male” and the “ male in moult (2nd stage), which I have here described, were collected by Sir W. Elhot in Madras. The “adult female” was collected by Dr. Hinde at Kamptee, and the “male in moult -(1st stage)” from Nepaul. All of these specimens are in the British Museum. The illustrations are drawn from specimens in the collection of the Marquis of Tweeddale, and represent the adult male and female and the male in moult. THE “dark metallic group” of Sun-birds includes the typical species of Cinnyris. It seems to me to be a very natural group, in which, however, the distribution of the colour is of more value than the length and curvature of the bill, or the form of the tail. At some time or another the larger portion of these species have been separated off as types of genera, founded mostly upon the last-named characters, which, however, are so variable as to be little reliable. I propose to assemble the species into one group, which may be thus simply characterized :—head, neck, and back of metallic colours; abdomen black or dark brown. ‘The only species of another group which corresponds in these characters is Nectarinia tacazze, a bird which, in my opinion, forms the connecting link between Nectarinia and Cinnyris. The present very common Indian species may be at once recognized by its haying the upper : x 2 wae ee parts violet or greenish shaded steel-blue, by its bright yellow and red pectoral tufts, and by the black abdomen. In its general colouring it nearly approaches C. lotenius, but is readily distin- guished from that bird by the black instead of brown abdomen, as well as by the smaller size of the bill. In the notes sent to me by Messrs. Hume and Davison, Mr. Hume observes :—“ This species has been rather hardly treated by us in India of late years. First I divided off the larger-billed, more brilliantly coloured eastern and southern birds as Arachnechthra intermedia; and now Mr. Blanford has separated the rather smaller shorter-billed western birds (which moreover have the under surface in the winter plumage paler and whiter) as A. brevirostris. “Tn my opinion neither of these species merit retention; but certainly of the two, A. inter- media is the most strongly characterized. A. brevirostris appears to me to be nothing but the ordinary A. asiatica of the whole of the dry-plains portion of India; and I think I understood Mr. Blanford himself to say that Sindh specimens were probably not separable from A. brevirostris. **T have measured the bills of a considerable number of specimens, and with the following results :— “Fyrom Sehwan and Larkhama, Sindh; Sambhur, and near Moulmein: bill 0°60 inch. “From Rangoon; Kutch; Mount Aboo: 0°62. “From Dera Ghazi Khan; Muttra; Sambhur; Sehwan; Goorgaon; and Bampur, Balu- chistan; and one of Mr. Blanford’s specimens of A. brevirostris: 0°63. “From Goorgaon: 0°64. * From Bombay; Goorgaon; Sambhur; Mussoori; Attaran R.; Burmah; Pahpoon: 0°65. “From Goorgaon; Raipoor; Rangoon: 0°67. “From Muttra, Sindh; Raipoor; Ootacamund: 0°68. * From Ryoukphor; Lutocorin; Simla; Agra: 0°69. “From Tipperah; Mynal; Travancore; Tipperah; Ootacamund; Raipoor; Dacca; Mate- reau; Salween district, Burmah: 0°7. * From Salem; Sumbulpoor: 0°72. “From Raipoor; Salem; Tipperah; Dacca: 0-73. “From Raipoor: 0°74. “From Raipoor: Dacca: 0°75. ‘All these specimens are perfect adult males. Other measurements differ somewhat similarly, but not quite proportionally; and I cannot see myself how the difference in dimensions will assist any one to divide this species. A. brevirostris is said to have a green instead of a purple gloss on the upper parts; but so have at least three fourths of the Indian birds from the plains portions of the country. I have a dozen specimens from different parts of India absolutely inseparable in every respect from the specimen of A. brevirostris, Blanford, which I send you. To see the purple gloss in perfection you must get a Rangoon or Cominillah bird. In my opinion all that can be said is, that the western birds from the dry-plains country run smaller and greener, while those from the well-watered eastern and northern regions run, as a rule, larger and more purple. “T should unhesitatingly suppress A. intermedia myself; and I think A. brevirostris should likewise be suppressed. “ As to distribution I need only say that it extends far into the Himalayas, that I have obtained it in the valley of the Beas almost at the foot of the Rohung pass, in the valley of the Sutlej] as far as Chini, in the valley of the Ganges, or rather Bhagirati, to within four or five marches of Gangaotri; but eastward of this I do not remember observing it at any great distance from the plains. Westward, if I am correct in uniting A. brevirostris, it extends to the borders of Persia. Eastward it is found far up in the valley of Assam, and thence extends through the Burmese countries and British Burmah to Arracan, Pegu, and the northern and central portions of Tenasserim; but the River Yé appears to be here its absolute southern boundary, beyond which we have never observed a single specimen.” In Ceylon, according to Captain Vincent Legge, it is abundant in the maritime districts and low jungles of Wellaway Korle, especially in the dry shrubby parts; and Mr. Holdsworth observes (/. ¢.), “very abundant at all seasons at Aripo. At a Government rest-house in the extreme south of the island, where I was staying in August 1869, a pair of these birds had a nest in the verandah; it was fastened to the end of an iron rod hanging from the roof, and once used for suspending a lamp. The birds showed very little fear, although I was for several days sitting within a few feet of the nest engaged in the preparation of specimens. I have obtained this species at Nuwara Eliya in October.” : From the Laccadive Islands, off the west coast of Southern India, it has been recorded by Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1876, p. 458). As regards Southern India (in the same volume, p. 393), Mr. F. W. Bourdillon, in his notes on the birds of the Travancore hills, observes :—‘ This species occurs abundantly in the open jungle near the foot of the hills; it is very active, and keeps up an incessant chirping throughout the hottest part of the day, when nearly all other birds, except the Crimson-throated Barbet, are silent.” We may add that the Certhia nitens of Hermann was founded on an adult male from 'Tranquebar. According to Dr. Jerdon (Madras Journ. xi. p. 224), ‘‘ this appears to be the most generally distributed of all the Cinnyride, and is the only one I have met with on the bare tableland. In the Carnatic it is less numerous, I think, than C. zeylonicus and C. lotenius. ‘The Purple Honey- sucker has a very feeble, but swect, chirping note. It feeds, like others of the genus, partly on the honey extracted from flowers and partly on minute insects, flies, cicadariz, &c. It occa- sionally hovers on the wing before a flower while extracting the honey, but generally hops, or flies rather, among the smaller twigs. Occasionally I have seen it snap at an insect in the air. Whilst feeding it frequently opens and closes its wings. I have seen this bird on the very top of the Neilgherries, which shows what a great amount of cold some of this tropical genus will suffer without inconvenience.” Mr. Morgan informs us (J. c.) that it breeds in the Neilgherries up to an elevation of 6000 feet, as well as in the plains, from February to June, the majority of the nests being con- structed in March and April. According to Major Bulger (/. ¢.) it is a common bird in the Neilgherries, at Wellington, constantly about the gardens, where its feeble little song may be frequently heard. The Rey. S. B. Fairbank (/. ¢.) records it as abundant in the vicinity of Khandala, about forty miles south-east of Bombay. Mr. Leith Adams (P. Z.S. 1858, p. 497) found it to be common in the Deccan, Sindh, Punjab, and lower Himalayan ranges; and, according to his notes, “the song resembles that of %o the Chaffinch, is less strong, but more sweet and melodious: call-note loud and varied.” This statement differs from that of Mr. Blyth, who likens its song to that of our Willow-Wren. Mr. Phillips (P. Z. S$. 1857, p. 101) tells us that it is common all over the North-west Provinces of India. “In winter it may be seen sporting on the sunny side of lofty trees. As soon as the Sahajna (//yperanthera maringa) begins to blossom, it is constantly seen hovering before the white flowers ; and as each forest-tree begins to bloom, it rifles them of their sweets. It finds nourishment even in the Chankra flower, and is now (May) every morning to be seen hovering over the poisonous Ak Madar Aling. It is very bold, but does not thrive in confinement, though it will suck out honey from flowers put between the bars of its cage. It moults in the rainy season; and at this time its whole breast is yellow, with the exception of a purple line in the middle; the back feathers are all of a dull olive-green, but with one or two purple feathers appearing.” Mr. Gould, in his ‘ Birds of Asia,’ writes: —‘“ The late Hon. F. J. Shore killed it at Hurdwar in April, and under the date of June 19th remarks—‘I find this species is common in the warm parts of Ghurwal, and that it is also met with in the warm valleys of the Himalayas, in the Western Provinces, and in the Saugur and Nurbudda territories. It hovers over flowers like a Humming-bird while sucking’ the nectar; I have also observed it on twigs destitute of flowers, engaged apparently in capturing small insects. The yellow and orange patch on the sides of the chest is scarcely perceptible when the wing is closed; but every movement of the body shows them very conspicuously.” According to Major Lloyd (/. ¢.) it is “ very common in the Kattiawar province, in Western India.” Amongst the other numerous references to this species in the North and North-western Provinces we find the following notes. Captain Cock and Marshall (/. c.), while in the vicinity of Murree, took several of their nests in May and June in the lower valleys, at about 4000 feet above the sea. Captain Beavan (Ibis, 1869, p. 421) met with it breeding at Umballah. Captain Boys procured specimens at Sultampore and Buares in January, and at Jucunie in November. According to his observations, the young males resemble the females for the first year; and when commencing the second year to assume their full plumage, the throat and breast are the parts which first show the adult dress. According to Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1873, p. 174), it appears to be very abundant all over Sindh. All the specimens he obtained there up to the middle of February were still in winter dress. To the eastward of Sindh the greener and short-billed variety, Nectarinia brevirostris, Blanford, is recorded by that gentleman, in his interesting work on his travels in Eastern Persia, from Bahu Kalat, near Mand, Jalk, Kalagan, Dizak, Ispidan, and Bampur, in Baluchistan; and from Rigan and Bam in the Narmashir territory. He observes :—‘ I first met with this Sun- bird at a short distance from the Makran coast; and I subsequently found it in all the parts of Baluchistan traversed, up to an elevation of 4000 feet, wherever there was a sufficiency of bushes. Its favourite resort appeared to be the thickets, chiefly of tamarisk, in some of the stream-beds ; but it was very common in gardens at Bampur and Bam, and appeared to have an especial pre- dilection for rose-bushes. Its habits differed in no respect from those of the allied species, except that it occurred in small patches of vegetation sparingly scattered in a land of desert and barren rock. When I first came across specimens, towards the end of January, the males were in winter plumage; but in the course of the next month all rapidly acquired their breeding-livery, and those shot in March had completed their moult. This bird is very probably confined to Balu- chistan and the low portion of Fars, in Southern Persia, perhaps ranging along the north-east coast of the Persian Gulf; but it has not been obtained in the neighbourhood of Bushire or Shiraz. It may extend northward across the deserts of Sistan to the Helmund and Afghanistan ; and it may possibly inhabit Kelat; but in Sindh it appears to be replaced by WV. asiatica. In December, near Maskat, in Arabia, I saw a Nectarinia which I had at the time no means of shooting; it was not in breeding-plumage; and I cannot form an idea as to whether it was the present species or JV. osea, or an undescribed form.” In the north-eastern provinces of India, and eastward into Burmah, the more violet-shaded, long-billed variety, A. ¢ntermedia, Hume, is generally to be met with. From Chota Nagpore. Mr. Ball observes (Str. F. 1874, p. 396):—It is nearly always to be found on the parasitical species of Loranthus and on Grislea tomentosa when in flower.” According to Mr. Blyth (J. A.S. B. xii. p. 978), “it visits the neighbourhood of Calcutta only in the cold season, when it is not uncommon. On its arrival both sexes are clad in the plumage referred to WV. currucaria by Sykes; and before they leave all have more or less com- pletely assumed the nuptial dress. In Nepaul it is probably a summer visitant only. I have lately procured the young of this species, which is dark olive-green above, and tolerably bright yellow on the underparts. To this plumage would succeed the purple breeding-dress; and the Cinnyris striquia, Hodgson, would seem to be founded on a specimen which had begun to throw out the purple feathers as a long central stripe from chin to breast. Ihave found askin referred by Mr. Hodgson to the female of his C. strigula, but which has no trace of ‘ greenish yellow’ on the underparts, these being uniform dull albescent. As far as I can make out from the con- dition of the specimen, I should judge it to be an old female (NV. mahrattensis) in non-breeding plumage.” At Maunbhoom, in the vicinity of Barrackpore, Captain Beavan found it on the 15th of April to be breeding, and very common. In the eastern district of the Irrawaddy delta Mr. Armstrong records it (/. c.) as extremely abundant in the neighbourhood of Rangoon and Syriam; but he only met with it two or three times between Elephant Point and China Bakeer. In Upper Pegu, according to Mr. Oates (Str. F. 1875, p. 87), it is very common. “Birds in black plumage are the rule here, the so-called winter plumage being rarely seen.”’ So much has been written upon the breeding of this species that I consider it would be superfluous for me to give here more than a slight sketch of what has already appeared in print. Mr. Layard (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 155) describes the nest as ‘an elongated domed structure, generally suspended from the extremity of a twig of some low bush, and artfully covered with cobweb, in which,” he says, “I have often seen the spiders still weaving their toils, having extended the web to the surrounding branches, thus rendering the deception still more effective ; and it would seem that the birds are aware of it, and left their helpers undisturbed.” Dr. Jerdon (B. India, i. p. 371) writes: —“ A pair built their nest just outside my house- door at Julna. It was commenced on a thick spider’s web, by attaching to it various fragments 1387 of paper, cloth, straw, grass, and other substances, till it had secured a firm hold of the twig to which the spider’s web adhered; and the nest suspended on this was then completed by adding other fragments of the same materials. The entrance was at one side, near the top, and had a slight projecting roof or awning over it. The female laid two eggs, of a greenish grey tinge with dusky spots. ‘The first nest was accidentally destroyed after the eggs were laid; and the couple immediately commenced building another in a small tree at the other side of the door, and in this instance, as in the last, commenced their operations on a fragment of spider’s web.” According to Mr. Morgan (Ibis, 1875, p. 315) the nest “is composed of small twigs, pieces of grass and leaves, and is lined with the down of thistles and silk cotton. It is generally adorned with the excrement of caterpillars, small bits of rag, paper, &c. black ; under tail-coverts more or less tipped with violet-bronze; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5°6 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 2°75, tail 1:9, tarsus 0-7. Adult Female. Upper parts brown; feathers of the forehead and crown with dark centres; wings dark brown, with pale brown edges to the feathers; tail black, a few of the outer feathers with narrow white terminal margins; sides of the head brown, with a white eyebrow; underparts buff, the feathers of the throat, chest, and flanks with large triangular dusky black centres; chin and central portion of upper throat entirely buff; under wing-coverts and inner edges of the quills white, the former tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5:5 inches, culmen 11, wing 2°6, tail 1-9, tarsus 0°7. ; Immature Male. Similar to adult female, but with the eyebrow barely perceptible, and the chin and central portions of the upper throat dusky black. Has. Madagascar. Tuts fine species, which is confined to the island of Madagascar, is in form and size most nearly allied to C. superbus. The following characters distinguish it from all the other members of this family—viz. the upper parts rich metallic green, entire breast black, with no pectoral tufts. Though not so common as C. sowimanga, it appears to be generally distributed, at least along the east coast of Madagascar; but according to Mr. E. Newton (Ibis, 1863, p. 342), “at Fenerive only it appears tolerably common.” In a previous visit to that island he and Mr. Roch first observed it at Manubonitra on the 7th of October. ‘ Its chirp,” they write, ‘is exactly like a Tree-Sparrow’s, and when first heard it was taken for a bird of that genus; its song is moderate.” They give its native name as “ Schonwee,” while according to Dr. Meller (P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 162) it is also called ‘“‘Sushné,” and by the older French writers it was called ‘ Angala-dian.” It has been recorded by Quoy and Gaimard from the small island of Ste Marie, by Schlegel from Nossi-bé. Mr. Crossley has sent several skins from Saralalan, where it was apparently plentiful. So little has been noted respecting this species, that we know next to nothing concerning its habits; yet so closely allied are all the members of this family that we may fairly conclude that, like the species with which we are better acquainted, it constructs a pendent purse-shaped nest, although Mr. Adanson many years ago described is as in the form of a cup (cf. Less. Man. d’Orn. lL, p. 29). snes eat a veil CINNYRIS SUPERBUS, (SUPERB SUN-BIRD.) Le Sougnimbindou, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 44, pl. 22 (1802). Certhia superba, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 193 (1811); id. Nat. Misc. xx. p. 316, p. 865 (1847). Certhia sugnimbindu, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 193. no. 80 (1812). Cinnyris superbus, Cuy. Régn. Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d@Hist. Nat. xxxi. p- 512, pl. 20. fig. 3 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. 1. p. 597 (1823); Bp. Consp. Ay. i. p. 408. no. 34 (1850). Violet-throated Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 257. no. 58 (1822). Cinnyris sugnimbindou, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 48 (1828). Cinnyris sanguineus, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 296. no. 18 (1851); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 487. Nectarinia superba, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p. 275 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 97 (1847); Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 133; Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 816; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 13. no. 122; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 16. no. 182; Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855, p- 511; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 45. no. 127 (1857); Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 37; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 107. no. 1313 (1869); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 52; id. P. Z.S. 1871, pp. 133, 609, 615; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 38. no. 355 (1871); Shelley & Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 59; Reichenow, J. f. O. 1875, p. 31; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. p. 13. Chromatophora superba, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 283. no. 656, pl. 569. fig. 3878 (1851). g ad. supra metallicé aurato-viridis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: tectricibus majoribus remigibusque nigris, metallicé viridi limbatis: capite summo saturaté metallicé smaragdineo : gula et preepectore chalybeis, mento violaceo nitente: pectore saturaté coccineo: abdomine, hypochon- driis et subcaudalibus nigris, his szepits rubro laté terminatis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. supra sordidé olivacea: alis saturaté brunneis, plumis olivaceo limbatis: rectricibus saturaté brunneis angusté olivaceo marginatis et albido terminatis: supercilio, genis et regione paroticd fulvis: subtis pallidé flavicans olivaceo tincta, subcaudalibus aurantiaco-flavis. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic golden-green, including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; greater series of coverts and the quills brownish black ; tail black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic green; forehead and crown deep metallic emerald-green, with a few of the feathers towards the edges occasionally with subterminal metallic orange and red bars; a black patch in front of the eyes; cheeks and ear-coverts bronzy green with copper and violet reflections ; throat and crop steel- blue, glossed with violet towards the chin; breast dark glossy red; abdomen, flanks, and under tail- 195 coverts black, the latter often more or less broadly tipped with deep red; under surface of the wings black ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 2°8, tail 2°0, tarsus 0°75. Adult Female. Upper parts deep olive, shaded with yellow on the tail-coverts; wings dark brown, the coverts edged with olive, the quills more narrowly so with olive-yellow ; tail dark brown, the feathers with partial olive-yellow edges and with pale ends, broadest on the outer ones; a black patch in front of the eye; eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts pale yellow ; underparts uniform pale yellow, tinted with olive; under tail-coverts orange-yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills white, the former tinted with yellow ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 1°15, wing 2°8, tail 2:0, tarsus 0°75. Has. West Africa, from Senegal to Angola. In West Africa there are two closely allied forms, the present species and C. johanne, distin- guished from all the other members of the “dark metallic group” by their red breasts. Their true position appears to be between C. notatus, of Madagascar, and C. splendidus, of West Africa. The present bird is distinguished from C. johanne by the colour of the crown, throat, and breast as well as by the absence of yellow pectoral tufts. It appears to be fairly plentiful in West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Angola; and I think it probable that it ranges commonly as far as Sierra Leone, although I only know of one instance of its capture to the north-west beyond the boundaries of Fantee; that is, its occurrence in Senegal, which rests on M. Bouvier’s sole authority, as he states that Marche procured it on the Cape-Verd peninsula. In Fantee it was first met with by Governor Ussher, at Abrobonko, about six miles inland from Cape-coast Castle, but the greater number of his specimens were sent to him from the little-known forests of Denkera, further in the interior. In fact, I do not think it ever actually comes down to the coast, as near the shore all the large flowering trees have been cut for timber. At Enimil Mr. Blissett has procured it; and in the lofty forests of the Aguapim mountains Mr. Buckley and I had frequent opportunities of observing this beautiful bird. In this district in February it was very abundant, assembled in company with many other species in the higher branches of some of the lofty trees, which at that season were one mass of blossoms. At times they twinkled like stars as the sunbeams glanced off their rich metallic plumage while they clung to the sweet-scented flowers and revelled in the profusion of this rich banquet spread for them by nature throughout the magnificent forests. It is essentially a woodland species, to be met with only in the forests of large trees; and in this respect it differs somewhat from C. splendidus, which also frequents the more scattered trees and bushes, and is not uncommonly seen on the plains of Accra, where the shrubs are dispersed at intervals. In Mr. Sharpe’s cabinet I have examined specimens from the Cameroon Mountains (Crossley), from Gaboon (Du Chaillu), from Angola (Hamilton), and in Lord Walden’s collection from the Moonda river (Du Chaillu). It has also been recorded by Cassin (Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 37) as collected by Du Chaillu on the Muni river, and by Audebert and Vieillot as forming part of Perrein’s Malimba collection. It was also contained in a recent consignment received by M. A. Bouvier from his correspondent M. Petit at Londana, in the Loango district. Sf CINNYRIS JOHANNA (CRIMSON-CHESTED SUPERB SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris johanne, Very. Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 314; Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 290. no. 674 (1854). Nectarinia johanne, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 134; Hartl. J. f O. 1854, p. 13. no. 123; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 16. no. 173; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 45. no. 128 (1857); Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 37; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1291 (1869); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 478; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 38. no. 356 (1871); Shelley & Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 59; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 15. Nectarinia fasciata, Jard. & Fraser, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 59; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 12. no. 119; Mull. J. f. O. 1855, p. 16. no. 172; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 47. no. 132 (1857). Cinnyris fasciata, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 289. no. 671 (1854). g ad, similis C. superbo, sed pileo colloque metallicé viridibus dorso concoloribus, torque gutturali lata metallicé violacea, pectore dilutiore et letits coccineo, hujus plumis anticis metallicé violaceo angusté fasciatis, distinguendus. 2 ad. similis foemine C. superbi, sed subtis saturaté brunneo striata, et subcaudalibus pectore concoloribus. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green, including the least and median series of wing-coverts; greater series of coyerts and the quills brownish black; tail black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic green; sides of the head, chin, and throat metallic green, with a broad violet-shaded steel-blue collar on the crop; chest bright blood-red, the feathers on the front half narrowly barred with metallic violet ; pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts black; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5°3 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 2°5, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts deep olive-brown; a distinct buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with olive-brown; tail black, the feathers edged with olive and with pale ends, broadest on the outer ones; underparts, including the lower portion of the cheek and ear-coverts, white, shaded with pale yellow, most strongly so on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; throat streaked, the chest and under tail-coverts more broadly, with deep olivaceous brown centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills white, the former partially streaked with brown and tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 1:1, wing 2°5, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°65. Has. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Gaboon. ‘THE present species is closely allied to C. superbus, from which the male may be distinguished by haying the crown and throat uniform metallic green, like the back, by the brighter red breast, and by the pale sulphur-yellow pectoral tufts. ‘The female is distinguished by the striped breast, and by the under tail-coverts not being orange-yellow. This lovely bird is one of the most striking of all this richly coloured family. It is a native of tropical West Africa, where it ranges from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon; at the former place it was collected by Mr. Bourcier, whose collection was unfortunately lost in its transmission to America (Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 59). Mr. Ussher sent a few specimens home from Fantee, and observes (Ibis, 1874, p. 59):—‘“ This beautiful Sun-bird is of very rare occurrence on the Gold Coast; and I do not recollect having seen more than three specimens during my stay of many years. Those which I obtained have been from the interior.” I may therefore consider that I was most fortunate when, in company with Mr. Buckley, I procured six specimens in a very short time at Abouri during our travels in the Aguapim mountains, where the dense forest and the gigantic overspreading trees sheltered us from the scorching rays of the tropical sun, and where the fresh breeze from the wide-spreading plains of Accra tempered the air impregnated with the sweet scents of the flowering trees: in this soft atmosphere, in these wild flowering woods, this lovely little bird takes up its abode, frequenting in company with many other species, especially C. swperbus, the rich blossoms in the higher trees. They may be seen hanging from the twigs and flowers or darting about through the boughs, but usually at such a height that their colours cannot be detected, except when a few rays of light glance at intervals off their plumes. It was towards the end of February that we met with them, at which time of year com- paratively few of the Sun-birds had attained their full plumage; and they all appeared to be on the most friendly terms, displaying none of those fits of jealousy which Sun-birds, as a rule, are so wont to exhibit during the nuptial season. We never met with this bird except at Abouri, about thirty miles inland from Accra; and as Mr. Ussher’s knowledge of it was derived from specimens procured by his collector from the forests of Denkera, we may presume that it is an inland species, restricted to the denser forests of large trees; and this would well account for its great scarcity in collections, so little as yet being known of those regions. At Abomey, in Dahomey, it was collected by Mr. Fraser, whose specimens formed the types of Nectarinia fasciata, Jard.; and from the Gaboon came M. J. Verreaux’s types of C. johanne. It has also been collected on the Moonda river by DuChaillu (Pr. Philad, Acad. 1859, p. 37). oan ay cas i CINNYRIS SPLENDIDUS. (WEST-AFRICAN SPLENDID SUN-BIRD.) 1Crimson-bellied Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii, p. 164, no. 18 (1801); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 246, no. 39 (1822). tCerthia coccinigastra, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 35, no. 1 (1801); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 216 (1811). LP Eclatant, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. 11, p. 15, pl. 2 (1802). Le Soui-manga a plumes soyeuses, Aud. et Vieill. tom. cit. p. 119, pl. 82. Sucrier eblouissant, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi, p. 163, pl. 295, fig. 1 (1808); Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 57 (1857). Certhia splendida, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 191, pl. 26 (1811). Certhia nitida, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 191, no. 76 (1812). Certhia sericea, Bechst. tom. cit. p. 194, no. 86. Cinnyris splendidus, Cuv. Régne Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 500 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. i, p. 587 (1828); Less. Man. d’Orn. u1, p. 41 (1828); Swains. B. W. Afr. u, p. 125 (1837); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 408, no. 36 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101, no. 553 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 287, no. 664, pl. 574, figs. 3908-9 (1854). Cinnyris splendens, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 501 (1819); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 41 (1828); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 290, no. 673, pl. 576, fig. 3925 (1854). Cinnyris bombicinus, Vieill. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 509 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Ene. Méth. ii, p. 596 (1825); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 53 (1828). tCinnyris coccinigaster, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 515 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 588 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 55 (1828). Blue-rumped Creeper, var. c, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 240, no. 28c (1822). Glossy Creeper, Lath. tom. cit. p. 253, no. 50. Nectarinia splendida, Drapiez, Dict. Class. xv, p. 511 (1829); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 176, 250, pl. 5 (1842); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 486; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 13, no. 125; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 13, no. 134; Hartl. tom. cit. p. 360; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 46, no. 130 (1857); id. J. f O. 1861, p. 108; Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 331; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 82, no. 138 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 106, no. 1279 (1869); Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 188; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 38, no. 357 (1871); Shelley & Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 287; Reichenow, J. f. O. 1873, p. 217; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 59; Reichenow, J. f. O. 1875, p. 30; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, p. 13 (1875). Cinnyris lucidus, Less. Traité d’Orn. i, p. 295, no. 17 (1831); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 486; Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 423. Nectarinia uitida, Nordm. in Erm. Reise um die Erde, Atlas, p. 6 (1835); Licht. Nomencl. Ay. p. 55 (1854). 2Q PA | site ine ’ Nectarinia coccinigaster, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98 (1847). Nectarinia splendens, Schl. Handl. Dierk. p. 236 (1857). ¢ ad. supra splendidé metallicé viridis, collo postico et interscapulio saturatits viridibus vix chalybescentibus : tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus remigibusque nigris sub certd luce viridescenti lavatis: supracaudalibus longissimis chalybeo-viridibus: rectricibus nigris metallicé viridi marginatis: pileo summo et gutture metallicé violaceis, facie laterali chalybeo lavatd: colli lateribus metallicé viridibus: pectore scarlatino, plumis chalybeo marginatis, imis latits chalybeis : corpore reliquo subtts nigro: subeaudalibus chalybeo-viridibus: fasciis subalaribus pallidé sulfureis : subalaribus nigris, margine alari viridi:* remigibus infra indigotico-nigris: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 9 ad. supra flavicanti-olivascens: tectricibus alarum brunneis olivaceo marginatis, majoribus et secundariis intimis angusté albido terminatis: remigibus brunneis, extus olivascenti-flavo limbatis: rectricibus nigris albido angusté terminatis: plumis anteocularibus fuscescentibus: supercilio indistincto flavido : regione parotica olivascente: genis et corpore reliquo subtus flavis, pectoris plumis et hypochondriis basaliter brunneis quasi marmoratis: subalaribus albicantioribus vix flavido lavatis et basaliter brunneis. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Upper parts rich metallic green, with a blue gloss towards the back of the neck and upper tail-coverts, and with a golden shade on the centre of the back ; entire head and throat metallic violet, gradually shading into green on the sides and back of the neck; wings and tail black, with a green gloss; the least and median series of wing-coverts metallic green, and the tail-feathers edged with that colour; underparts black; chin, throat, and front of the chest metallic violet ; the feathers of the front of the chest are edged with scarlet, and form a broad pectoral band of that colour shot with metallic violet ; pectoral tufts pale sulphur-yellow ; under tail-coverts metallic green, glossed with blue; under surface of the wings black, with the marginal coverts partially edged with metallic green; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°95, wing 2°7, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy olive ; sides of the head the same colour, but slightly darker in front of the eyes; a broad buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, with the edges of all the feathers pale brown, shaded with olive on the least and median series of wing-coverts, and on the secondaries; tail-feathers brownish black, glossed with green, partially edged with olive and with narrow white tips; underparts yellowish buff, palest towards the chin, and slightly shaded with olive on the flanks; lower portion of the throat and the front and sides of the chest obscurely mottled by the olive-brown centres of the feathers ; under tail-coverts with large triangular brown centres; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter partially shaded with buff; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°9 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°55, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°65. Young Male. Very similar in plumage to the female, but with the chin and the greater portion of the throat black. Male in partial moult. Very similar to the female, but slightly browner; no eyebrow; a few metallic feathers on the head and wing-coverts; only a few of the outer tail-feathers tipped with white; entire chin and throat rich metallic violet, and a few of the feathers on the front of the chest tipped with scarlet. Has. West Africa. Tals brilliantly coloured Sun-bird is the type of the genus Cinnyris, and belongs to the “ dark metallic” group. Its nearest ally is C. habessinicus; but it is readily distinguished from that bird by the violet instead of green throat. It is entirely confined to the West-African region, ranging from Senegal to the Congo. The assertion made by Levaillant that it inhabits Great Namaqua Land and builds in decayed trunks of trees is fallacious; and we are assured by Dr. Dohrn that Erman also committed an error in recording this species as found on Prince’s Island. In the northern portion of its range it has been collected by Marche at Ruffisque, Mboa, and Daranka, on the peninsula of Cape Verd, and at Sierra Leone. We have also examined specimens from Senegal, Gambia, Casamanze, and Bissao, on the Gold Coast from Wassaw, Cape- Coast Castle, Abrobonko, Accra, Aguapim, and the river Volta. From the Camaroons it has been recorded by Reichenow; Du Chaillu collected it in the Gaboon; and, according to Hartlaub, there is a specimen from the Congo in the Berlin Museum. On the Gold Coast it is the commonest species of Sun-bird, and was met with by myself and Mr. Buckley very evenly distributed throughout the open country in the neighbourhood of Accra and the forest districts of Aguapim and Abrobonko. In the forests scores might be seen flitting around the blossoms of the large flowering-trees in company with many other species. ‘They were also common, though generally in pairs, about the cocoanut-trees at Cape-Coast Castle and the small bushes on the arid plains of Accra. Ata short distance the males generally appear entirely black ; for as they mostly frequent the higher boughs, the reflections from their unrivalled plumage rarely catch the eye. In February and March about half the specimens we met with were in full plumage, and, I presume, would in another month’s time commence breeding; but we are not acquainted with the nest and eggs of this species. Mr. Ussher writes:—‘‘ This beautiful little bird is widely distributed on the Gold Coast. There are very few places where the active little creature cannot be observed sitting on flowering- shrubs and succulent plants. He generally selects some middling-sized shrub or bush for his nest ; and he appears exceedingly attentive to the female during incubation. “At certain seasons of the year (about the months of December and January) great numbers can be observed flitting over the huge tulip-shaped scarlet flowers of a species of Bombax, which is of frequent occurrence in the open spaces of the forests of Fantee, the trees being at this time entirely denuded of foliage; so that the birds can easily be obtained by collectors, although in the upper branches they are almost invisible from their small size and quick movements. At this period they appear to associate freely with other birds; and from two trees in the neighbourhood of Cape Coast I have obtained specimens of NV. splendida, N. superba, N. adelberti, N. chloropygia, N. subcollaris, N. cyanocephala, N. cyanolema, and N. cuprea, &c. &c. After each shot they mostly plunged down en masse into the low bushes, but returned almost immediately to their feeding-grounds. The beauty of the plumage of WV. splendida and N. superba can only be under- stood by those who have seen them while alive or immediately after death, as the colours soon become dull.” The specimens here figured and described were collected by myself in Fantee. ‘ive ~~ a, > 2 z any = 1 se 7 , es} = = i ~ —s Linki’? cit wregentind Tend ghee ing ia Aaa si eta laid Fale io) felted ORE Ae ae ee ‘oe aan th i) Uinta ; sips Acer, i = iy ‘J staph A bay ay re ww. fe a on in . 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Yaa F : re yr ingen amr it 7 { Mal jan 1201 [ey 1 Pee + hun. . ‘ : - Z JIT e Nee os Tae CINNYRIS HABESSINICUS. (ABYSSINIAN SPLENDID SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia habessinica, Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. Zool. i, Aves, pl. 4 (1828); Miull. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15, no. 156; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 303 (1855); Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 340; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 247; Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer. p. 21 (1861); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262; Finsch, Trans. Zool. 8. vii, p. 229 (1869); Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 221 (1870); Blanf. Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 351 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 38 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 229 (1871). Nectarinia purpurata, Kittl. Kupf. Nat. Vog. p. 22, pl. 28, fig. 1 (1833); Gray, Gen. B i, p. 98, no. 36 (1847); Mull. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15, no. 166; Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p- 262. Cinnyris gularis, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 88, pl. 51, fig. 2 (1835); Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. iii, p. 248 (1847); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 15 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p- 291, no. 677, pl. 577, fig. 3931 (1854). Cinnyris abessinica, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 90 (1835). Nectarinia habyssinica, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28 (1845); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 20 (1856) ; Brehm, Reise Habesch, pp. 211, 284 (1863). t Soui-manga a collier, Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. -Ois. p. 88 (1845-50). Nectarinia gularis, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98, no. 32 (1847); Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 14, no. 155 ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 20 (1856); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262. Nectarinia abyssinica, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 98, no. 34 (1847); Sclat. & Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 124. Cinnyris abyssinicus, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. iii, p. 248 (1847); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.1. Co. Mus. ii, p. 736 (1856); Antin. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, iv, p. 451 . (1873). Cinnyris habessinicus, Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 14 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 288, no. 665, pl. 574, figs. 3910-12 (1854). Cinnyris purpuratus, Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 17 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p- 290, no. 672, pl. 576, fig. 3924 (1854). Cinnyris habyssinicus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia lucida, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262. Nectarinia habessynica, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 106, no. 1280 (1869). ¢ ad. supra metallicé aurato-viridis, vix violascens, supracaudalibus magis viridibus purpureo variis: caudd nigra: tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus: majoribus et remigibus nigris vix indigotico nitentibus : fronte et sincipite metallicé violaceis: facie [aterali et gutture toto anrato-viridibus, plumis prpecto- ralibus violaceo limbatis: pectore leté scarlatino, plumis inferioribus infra viridi vel violaceo marginatis : corpore reliquo subtus velutino-nigro: fasciis pectoralibus leté sulfureis: subalaribus nigris, margine alari viridi: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2N @ ad. mari dissimilis: supra cinerascens, supracaudalibus saturatius brunneis: tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus, reliquis brunneis angusté dorsi colore limbatis: cauddé nigré: fascia superciliari pallida cinerascenti-albA: plag& parva anteoculari fuscd: regione paroticd cinerascente: genis guldque albicantibus: corpore reliquo subtus pallidé cineraceo, vix flavo lavato. Hab. in Africé septentrionali-orientali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green, strongly shaded with steel-blue and violet towards the upper tail- coverts; forehead and crown metallic violet; least and median series of wing-coyerts metallic green partially shaded with violet-bronze ; remainder of the wings and the tail black; a triangular patch of black feathers in front of the eye; remainder of the sides of the head and neck, as well as the entire throat, metallic green like the back, with a few feathers on the crop partially edged with metallic violet ; across the front of the chest a broad band of rich scarlet, the feathers of which have narrow sub- terminal steel-blue bars; remainder of the breast, under tail-coverts, and under surface of the wings black, with a few of the feathers, next to the scarlet breast-band, broadly edged with metallic violet and green ; pectoral tufts bright sulphur-yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°5, tail 19, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts pale ashy brown; a broad buff eyebrow, and a narrow brown band in front of the eye; wings brown, with pale edges to all the feathers ; tail black ; underparts very pale ashy brown, becoming almost white towards the chin; under tail-coverts brown, with broad white edges; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°7 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°25, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°6. Has. North-east Africa. Tuts species belongs to that portion of the “dark metallic” group or typical Cinnyris, in which the upper parts as well as the entire head and neck are of metallic colours, and the abdomen is black. Like C. splendidus it possesses pale yellow pectoral tufts, but is distinguished from that species by the throat being green instead of violet. It inhabits Kordofan and the country to the east of the Nile valley from Taka, or about 16° N. lat., southward into the Somali country. In Kordofan Ruppell procured two specimens in February and March about the ‘“Asclepia” bushes. ‘They were in imperfect plumage, and formed the types of his Cinnyris gularis; he also met with the full-plumaged birds common along the Abyssinian coast. Von Heuglin collected it in the province of Taka, in Upper Nubia, and in the Danakil country, on the Red Sea, from the peninsula of Buri to the Gulf of Tadjurrah; and he records it from the mountainous districts of Eastern Abyssinia up to an elevation of 12,000 feet above the sea. In the neighbourhood of the Massowah district Hemprich and Ehrenberg collected their type specimens at Arkiko and Ailet. Mr. Jesse procured it at Sahati, and during his journey inland met with it at Rairo, and on the Anseba at Maragaz and Waliko. He also procured it at Koomaylee, near Annesley Bay. Out of the nine specimens he brought home, Dr. Finsch observes :—‘ The steel-blue lustre on the rump is visible only in a few specimens; most of them have the rump of the same metallic green as the other parts of the body.” Antinori, Beccari, and Issel during their travels in North-eastern Africa collected specimens in Bogos in February, May, June, October, and November on the Anseba river, or at Keren and Scifscifit, and in December at Monkullo, a village on the coast close to Massowah. They found it in the same localities as C. crwentatus, but not in company with that species. They further inform us that it remains in Bogos the greater part of the year, but shifts from the lower valleys to the more elevated and cooler regions during the months of July and August. In October, according to Riippell, they have assumed their full breeding-plumage, and may be heard singing frequently and loudly. This species is, writes Mr. Blanford, “ very common. near the coast and up to about 4000 feet above the sea, in the passes leading to the highlands. In January and February many birds were in the plumage described by Riippell as C. gularis. Others, however, were in full plumage ; and it is not quite clear whether the gularis plumage is assumed by all males after the breeding-season, or whether it is only the livery of the first year. I am strongly inclined to the latter opinion. The nest figured by Ehrenberg, and one which I also found, is very similar to that of Nectarinia asiatica. ‘That NV. gularis is identical with N. habessinica cannot, I think, admit of a doubt. I only saw the former in places where the latter also occurred. I shot two or three specimens when trying to obtain females (more difficult to see and procure than the males); and one specimen which I shot was moulting and in intermediate plumage.” It has further been recorded by Brehm as of rare occurrence at Samchara; and a bird referred to this species was collected by Lefebvre at Adoua and Meyegonagona; but as the specimens were in imperfect plumage, and were stated to be smaller than C. affinis, we cannot look upon the determination as positively correct.: In the Somali country it has been collected by Captain Speke, and appears to be common there. The specimens which I have here figured and described were collected at Ailet by Mr. Esler, and are in my own collection. FT : aS ‘rien lind ovina) outta! ee aie i a . a in W iain _ ¢. deere abhi unl ine Lae wiht fot » dertneg tala: ta wads, dork weOdy ei “onion aalt Dil -ealent Ser hie oye, Liv Geonsiahhiyainin) oolnnrs niente’ a . a . meqeeetanlcy igi fia nyt ani (ili writ! roat-eayt {oie ¥ Witt bal s cies eubinad i aon Hi PO WaWwWE of oe ind b Hy we 0 Grteume bo Wank 1A oeiwh ar faring pag fanny Pre re "\, tumal? vba dd) ok Lotese weir hing raniiily don bieg hit. do ; ees u ve iaele ds abc ot i TLD eal of cal Sap ellie penile Decal Dawns Oe Wek aaa 4 que ithe it aid a Saki A jo teaelin ery fitiigenty Bini) te igh wine onl Lisi eae , Gail ae. a > CINNYRIS ERYTHROCERIUS. (LONG-TAILED BIFASCIATED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia erythrocerca, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 20 (1856); Hartl. Orn. W.- Afr. p. 270 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1294 (1869). Nectarinia erythroceria, Heug)l. J. f. O. 1864, p. 261; id. Reise Weissen Nil, p. 337 (1869); Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. pp. 219, 861, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Pps 2207S 7a)): Nectarinia gonzenbachii, Antin. Cat. Descritt. Ucc. p. 35 (1864); Hartm. J. f.O. 1866, p. 235 ; Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. p. 320 (1867); Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 202; Salvad. Atti Rk. Acc. Torino, 1870, p. 731. ¢ ad. supra metallic’ viridis vix aurato-nitens: supracaudalibus metallicé chalybeis sub certd luce violaceo nitentibus: tectricibus minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus remigibusque nigris: rec-- tricibus nigris metallicé viridi limbatis: plagd parva triangulari ante oculos posita nigra: facie laterali et gutture toto metallicé viridibus: torque prepectorali metallicé violaced: pectore scarlatino, torquem alteram latam formante, plumis angusté subterminaliter violaceo fasciatis: corpore reliquo subtis nigro, subcaudalibus metallicé violaceo lavatis: subalaribus nigris, margine alari metallicé chalybeo: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. Hab. in regione Nilotica superiore. Adult Male. Entire head and neck, back, scapulars, and least and median series of wing-coverts metallic green, slightly glossed with blue on the back; upper tail-coverts steel-blue partially glossed with violet and green ; in front of the eye a triangular patch of black feathers; remainder of the wings brownish blaek with a few of the greater coverts partially edged with metallic green; tail black, the feathers partially edged with metallic green; at the base of the metallic-green throat is a narrow metallic-violet collar, followed by a broad scarlet pectoral band, the feathers of which have narrow subterminal metallic- violet bars; remainder of the underparts brownish black; the under tail-coverts partially edged with metallic violet ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5:2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°4, tail 2, tarsus 0°6. Has. White-Nile district and Mozambique. Since the illustration of this species was printed off I have seen a much finer specimen in the - Turin Museum—the type of Antinori’s Vectarinia gonzenbachii. ‘This specimen measures—length 5:4 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°4, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°65. In this example the two centre tail- feathers are much longer than in the one we have above described and figured, so much so, that, were it not for the general structure and proportions of the other parts so nearly coinciding with the members of the present group, it might have deserved specific separation; but such a course does not appear to me to be necessary. The peculiar form of the two central tail-feathers, which rather suddenly narrow about halfway down, is a well-marked character of this species, which in rw B LO its colouring very nearly approaches C. osiris of Abyssinia and the better-known C. bifasciatus of West Africa. The steel-blue colour of the upper tail-coverts is, perhaps, the next most prominent feature in the present species. Von Heuglin first discovered this bird near the Bahr-el-Abiad ; and, according to that gentle- man, it is distributed throughout the Upper-White-Nile district, southward from 8° N. lat., and is not uncommon in the lowlands about the Gazelle River. It frequents the high trees in damp localities, and is especially fond of the beautiful flowers of the Kigelia africana. In winter he met with it at Bongo; and in March, he informs us, the males begin to assume their breeding- plumage. Signor Antinori also collected a specimen in the same locality in 8° N. lat., which we pre- sume to be about its most northern limit; yet too little is known of this species for us to define its range, especially as it has been recorded from the Mosambique district by Bianconi upon the authority of a specimen collected by Signor Fornasini. ; This species has been called erythrocercus; but this is evidently due to a misprint in the original description, as the bird is not red-taz/ed, but is red-breasted («np, the heart); and Heuglin, who intended to write erythroceria, meaning “red round the region of the heart,” took the first opportunity to correct the misprint. The specimen here figured and described is from Mr. Sharpe’s collection, now added to our national Museum. The lower figure in the illustration represents this bird in company with C’. osiris, its nearest allied form. CINNYRIS MARIQUENSIS CINNYRIS MARIQUENSIS. (SOUTHERN BIFASCIATED SUN-BIRD.) African Creeper, var. ©, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 127. no. 18¢ (1787). Certhia afra, var. y, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 287. no. 18 y (1790). Cinnyris mariquensis, Smith, App. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr. p. 53 (1836). Nectarinia bifasciata, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 174, 250, pl. 4 (1843); Strickl. & Sel. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 153; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 12. no. 118; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 16. no. 181; Hartl. Orn. W.Afr. p. 46. no. 131 (1857); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 77. no. 126 (1867); Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. App. p. 407 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1283 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 38. no. 359 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 374. Cinnyris bifasciatus, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 389. no. 670, pl. 576. figs. 3920-21 (1854) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 150; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 70 (1872). $ ad. supra metallicé viridis, cupreo nitens, capite et collo undique dorso concoloribus: torque jugulari metallicé chalybeo: torque altero pectorali rubro, plumis hujusce vix chalybeo marginatis: corpore reliquo subtus, alis caudaque nigris. 2 ad. supta cinerascens: plag& anteoculari nigré: supercilio albido: alis saturaté brunneis, pennis pallidius marginatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus exterioribus albo terminatis: subtts alba, pectore medio flavo lavato, juguli et preepectoris plumis, cum subcaudalibus, medialiter brunneo notatis : hypochondriis cinerascente lavatis. Hab. in Africa australi. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic golden green, including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; greater series and primaries black, with a brownish gloss; head, neck, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts with a strong coppery gloss; upper tail-coverts deeper green; tail-feathers black with a brownish gloss, and partially edged with bronze ; from the eye to the beak a patch like black velvet ; remainder of the head, neck, and entire throat metallic green like the back, and narrowly margined on the crop with a steel-blue collar, followed by a broad band of deep red on the front of the chest, the feathers partially edged with steel-blue or green; remainder of the underparts black, including the under surface of the wings, where some of the outer coverts are edged with metallic green; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5:1 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2:7, tail 2-1, tarsus 0°7. Adult Female. Above ashy brown; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with paler brown; upper tail- coverts black with broad pale brown ends; tail black with a greenish gloss; two outer feathers on each side tipped with white, the outermost ones most broadly so, and edged on their outer webs with that colour; sides of the head ashy brown, with a black patch from the eye to the beak, and a white eye- brow from above the eye to above the ear-coverts; under surface white, washed with pale yellow down the centre of the breast, and with large triangular brown centres to the feathers of the lower throat, upper chest, and under tail-coverts; sides of the body shaded with ashy brown; under surface of the quills brown, with white margins to their inner webs; under wing-coverts white, strongly mottled with brown; beak and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°8 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°5, tail 2, tarsus 0°7. Young Male. Similar in plumage to adult female. Has. South Africa. Obs. A specimen in Mr. Sharpe’s collection from the Transvaal (Ayres), an adult male in full plumage, has the two centre tail-feathers 0°15 inch longer than the others. A specimen in the same collection from the “ Zambesi (Verreaux)”’ has the culmen 0:9 inch in length. THE present species is confined to South Africa. It is common in Ondonga and Damara Land, and southward to Cape colony, and across the interior from Lake Ngami to the Transvaal and the Zambesi, but it does not appear to frequent the actual coast of South-eastern Africa. During my short visit to this coast I was never fortunate enough to meet with it, either during my excursions about Cape colony, or in my visits to Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth, or Durban; and from the latter locality I have seen so many collections that I feel very positive that it does not occur there; but in the interior and the Transvaal it is certainly not uncommon. Mr. T. E. Buckley during his travels in South Africa obtained several specimens of this bird, and gives the following notes in a very interesting paper upon his journey in the Matabili country :—“ Quite the commonest Sun-bird from north of Pretoria into the Matabili country. They were generally to be seen in pairs, or perhaps two cocks chasing a hen. Like all dark- coloured Sun-birds, the beautiful plumage of the male is only to be seen on a near approach. From the specimens I have in my collection it would appear that the male changes from the sober colours of the female into his own lovely hues in October. The habits of all Sun-birds seem to be similar, very lively and restless, rarely remaining long in one tree, unless attracted by an abundance of flowers, in which, no doubt, their food is to be found. The males are much shyer than the females. I did not observe this species in Natal.” In the Transvaal it has been found by Mr. Ayres, who remarks :—‘ This lovely little bird I first shot at some distance from the river Limpopo during July. I found several feeding amongst some aloes; but they were very shy and difficult to obtain. Flowers being at that season exceed- ingly scarce, they frequently hunted for small insects amongst the dry seed-tops of the high grass, hovering round the stems as a Humming-bird would do, and thus remaining stationary, but darting away immediately on my approach, so that I found it difficult to get within forty or fifty yards of them.” From the Zambesi district I have seen a specimen in Mr. Sharpe’s cabinet ; and it is worthy of note that in his fine collection there is another from the Transvaal with the two centre tail- feathers slightly elongated, being 0°15 inch longer than the others. ‘This form of the tail I have also met with in an example of C. cupreus in the same collection, a peculiarity which I have not observed in any specimens belonging to the other groups of Cinnyris; and I consider that it points to this “dark metallic group,” as I call it, of Cinnyris as being that most nearly allied to the genus Nectarinia. This species penetrates throughout the central portions of South Africa; for both Mr. Chapman and Mr. Andersson speak of its frequenting the Lake-Ngami district, as well as Damara Land, and the latter gentleman observes in his notes :—‘“ This species is very common in Ondonga, and is not uncommon in Damara Land; it is also found at Lake Ngami. It is usually seen in pairs, and frequents the banks of periodical streams; I never saw it far away from such localities.” It is probably migratory to this extent, that it leaves the districts where the dry season has parched the ground, and flowers have passed into seeds, for the neighbourhood of ‘“ vleys” or streams, where the moisture throws out the blossoms and brings forth the insects upon which it feeds. The specimens here figured and described were collected by Mr. T. E. Buckley at the Towanni river, Bamangwato, on the 25rd of October, 1873. Pe » Aw B ep An rae 0) Undel Wells and Senafé), that the dimensions of this bird are constant and larger than in C. bifasciata, rivalling the South-African C. mariquensis in size, but with a shorter bill and tarsus. Neither Dr. Finsch nor Von Heuglin remarks the strong copper gloss on the throat, or the emerald-green shade on the forehead, the latter being very distinct and characteristic of the species, CINNYRIS BIFASCIATUS. (WESTERN BIFASCIATED SUN-BIRD.) Soui-manga vert et brun, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 46, pl. 24 (1802). Certhia bifasciata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 198 (1811, ex Aud. et Vieill.). Cinnyris nitens, Vieill. N. Dict. xxxi. p. 514 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 588 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 47 (1828). Violet-breasted Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 248. no. 41 (1822). Nectarinia bifasciata, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 97 (1847). Cinnyris bifasciatus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 407. no. 82 (1850). Nectarinia jardinei, Verr. in Hartl. Orn. W.Afr. p. 47. no. 133 (1857); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 109; Monteiro, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 96; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 135. no. 35 (1866); Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 566; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1286 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 38. no. 560 (1871); Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 717; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c. p. 13 (1875); Reichen. Corresp. Afrik. Gesellsch. 1875, p. 179. g similis C. mariquensi, sed minor et pilei colore metallico minis cupreo nitente distinguendus. 2 similis feemine C. mariquensis. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Upper parts, as well as the entire head and neck, metallic golden green, as are also the least and median series of wing-coverts; upper tail-coverts of a deeper shade of green; remainder of the wings blackish brown; tail blue-black, the feathers narrowly edged with bronzy green; the metallic- green throat is bordered by a steel-blue collar, succeeded by a broader one of deep red, the feathers of which have narrow subterminal bars of steel-blue shaded with violet; remainder of the under surface of the body black; under surface of the wings brownish black ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 4°6 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°4, tail 1-65, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts, as well as the sides of the head, olive; a partial buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, with the least and median series of coverts olive, and the remainder of the feathers edged with olive- yellow; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish black, the feathers edged with olive, and those of the latter with pale ends, broadest towards the sides; underparts buff, inclining to yellow on the centre of the breast; the lower throat and the front and sides of the chest with indistinct olive central streaks to the - feathers; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2:0, tail 1:4, tarsus 0:6. Has. West Africa, from Gaboon to Benguela. Obs. I deem it unnecessary to figure this species, as it only differs from C. mariquensis in its smaller size and in the almost entire absence of coppery shade on the head, back, and throat. The description of F + ca the adult male is taken from one of M. Verreaux’s types of C. jardinei from the Gaboon, a more than usually fine specimen, in Mr, Sharpe’s valuable collection of African birds. TuE present species, as here restricted, is exclusively confined to West Africa; for I consider that the specimens from the east and north-east portions of this continent which have been called C. jardinei, belong to distinct races. There are really four very nearly allied forms, differing only in their measurements; but they each seem to have a distinct habitat. C. mariquensis is from South Africa, C. bifasciatus from the west coast, C. microrhynchus from the Zanzibar district, and C. osiris from Abyssinia. We cannot, as has been generally done, only select C. mariquensis and C. bifasciatus as good species; for C. osiris is so nearly intermediate between them, that it cannot be referred more justly to one than to the other, while C. microrhynchus is the smallest, and quite as distinct from C. bifasciatus as that bird is from C. ostris. The present species was first described and figured by Audebert and Vieillot from specimens sent from Malimba by Perrein, and was afterwards renamed by M. Verreaux from Gaboon spe- cimens. It is fairly plentiful in West Africa, ranging from the Gaboon to Benguela, and is recorded by Mr. Monteiro as being very abundant in the latter locality, even in comparatively barren places, and feeding upon little insects, especially small spiders. Professor Barboza du Bocage, who has kindly presented me with a specimen from Loanda, has also recorded it from Dombe, in Benguela, where, according to Senor Anchieta, it is known to the natives by the name of ** Kanjongo.” On the Loango coast it has been collected by Falkenstein. em Ne CINNYRIS MICRORHYNCHA. (EASTERN BIFASCIATED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia jardinei (nec Verr.), Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 824; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 218, pl. 2. fig. 1 (1870); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713. Cinnyris jardinet, Cab. in Von der Decken, Reis. Ost-Afr. ili. p. 29. no. 23 (1869). C. similis C. difasciate, sed staturd multo minore et rostro parvissimo distinguenda . Hab. m Africa orientali. Adult. Distinguished from C. bifasciata by its very small bill and smaller general size. Young Male. Upper parts brown very slightly tinted with olive; sides of the head of the same colour, with an eyebrow and a streak from the lores buff; wings dark brown, the feathers with broad pale edges slightly tinted with olive; lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts mottled with metallic goklen green; remainder of the upper tail-coverts dark brown; underparts buff, shaded with yellow down the centre of the breast, a broad band from the chin down the centre of the throat dusky black interspersed with metallic golden green plumes; front and sides of the chest and under tail-coverts mottled with dusky black centres to the feathers; under surface of the wing brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white; beak and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4:2 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2:1, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°55. Has. Zanzibar district. Tus pretty little Sun-bird is very closely allied to C. bifasciata, of which it is the East-African representative, and is confined, as far as we at present know, to the Zanzibar coast. A few years ago the late Sir William Jardine brought a specimen of this bird to the British Museum for identification, considering it to be distinct from C. bifasciata; and Mr. Sharpe at once recognized it by its short bill as the same species which had then recently been sent from Mombas by Mr, Wakefield. This character presented by its little short bill is one readily to be recognized ; and with the least care there is no fear of confounding it with C. difasciata. I have described the immature male from one of three specimens in Mr. Sharpe’s collection, sent by Mr. Wakefield from Mombas. Nothing has been published on the habits of this species; but they are, in all probability, identical with those of C. mariquensis. Iam unable also to give a detailed description of the species, as the specimens examined by me have been in incomplete plumage; but the adult male apparently of this species has been figured by Finsch and Hartlaub (Vog. Ost-Afr. pl. 2. fig. 1), and the latter gentleman, writing in 1867, first mentions its occurrence in Zanzibar under the title of Nectarinia jardinei, and observes :—‘'There is no difference whatever between the Zanzibar bird and a specimen from Angola in the Bremen Museum.” I feel confident, however, that the Ko J eV distinctive character pointed out in my description of this species will be found to hold good with the two specimens alluded to by Dr. Hartlaub. The closely allied forms are important to recognize ; for although to the more casual observer they may appear to unnecessarily complicate the subject by increasing the already large list of known species, the recognition of them is of considerable assistance to those who would study the subject more thoroughly, by restricting the range of certain species, and enabling us more truthfully to point out the true limits of natural zoo-geographical districts. It is worthy of note that, of the many West-African species of Sun-birds which have been met with between the Senegal river and the Congo, not one extends its range to any part of the east coast between Cape Guardafui and the Cape of Good Hope; for I consider Anthodieta zambesiana certainly distinct, though very closely allied to A. hipodila. Now in North-east Africa this is not the case; a few of the West-African species finding their way into those districts tend to show that the interior of Africa between the Nile basin and the west coast presents a less formidable barrier, at least for birds, than does Central Africa south of about 10° North latitude. CINNYRIS COMORENSIS. (JOANNA SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris comorensis, Peters, J. f. O. 1864, p. 161. Nectarinia comorensis, Sclat. Ibis, 1864, pp. 297, 299; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1303; Hartl. Vog. Madagascar, p. 93 (1877); E. Newton, P. Z.S. 1877, pp. 297, 302. ¢ ad. supra metallicé viridis, uropygio nigricante: tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus, medianis et majoribus nigris, illis laté, his angusté metallicé viridi marginatis: remigibus brunneis, secundartis vix olivascenti lavatis: supracaudalibus nigris metallicé viridi marginatis: rectricibus purpurascenti-nigris metallicé viridi limbatis: facie laterali toté guttureque metallicé viridibus, plumis jugularibus vix purpurascente adumbratis: fascia transversali prepectorali sordidé coccinea: corpore reliquo subtis fumoso-nigro chalybeo vix lavato: fasciis pectoralibus leté miniatis basaliter flavis: subalaribus fumoso-brunneis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 2 ad. mari dissimilis: supra olivascens: tectricibus alarum majoribus dorso concoloribus, reliquis et remigibus brunneis angusté olivaceo limbatis: rectricibus nigris, apicaliter cinerascenti-albido notatis, externis latiis: supercilio indistincto flavido: facie laterali dorso concolori: genis et gutture toto pallide olivascenti-flavidis, plumis basaliter fuscis quasi marmoratis: corpore reliquo subtus olivascenti-flavo, subcaudalibus fuscis laté flavido marginatis: subalaribus et remigum pogonio interno marginaliter albidis: axillaribus olivascenti-flavis. Hab. in insulé Comorensi “ Anjouan” vel ‘‘ Johanna” dicta. Adult Male. Entire head and neck, back, least series of wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts metallic green; a small black patch in front of the eyes; remainder of the wings brownish black with the median series of wing-coverts broadly edged with metallic green, the greater series only slightly margined; tail black, the feathers edged with metallic green; at the base of the uniform metallic green throat is a reddish-brown pectoral band; remainder of the underparts brownish black; pectoral tufts bright scarlet; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4:4 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°2, tail 1:65, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts olive including the sides of the head; wings dark brown, all the feathers with paler edges, shaded with olive on the least and median series of coverts and on the primaries; tail black with white tips to the feathers, broadest towards the outer ones; underparts pale olive-shaded yellow fading almost into white on the throat and under tail-coverts ; the dark centres to the feathers. of the throat partially visible; under surface of the wings brown with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter faintly tinted with yellow. ‘Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2, tail 1°3, tarsus 0°65, Has. Joanna, one of the Comoro Islands, Tue Comoro Islands are situated in the Mozambique channel, about halfway between the main- land of Africa and the northern extremity of Madagascar. From these islands we at present know of two species of Sun-birds—C. comorensis, confined to the island of Joanna, and C. coquerelli inhabiting the island of Mayotte. They both have the entire head, neck, and back metallic green: in the former the abdomen is black, while in the latter it is yellow; so that they belong respectively to my “dark” and “ pale” metallic groups. The present species differs from all its nearest allied forms by the scarlet pectoral tufts and by the entire head and neck being uniform metallic green. Its natural position is between C. bifasciatus and C. bouvieri; from the former it is distinguished by the scarlet pectoral tufts, and from the latter by the forehead and chin being of the same metallic green as the remainder of the head and neck. It was first discovered by Dr. Peters during his short visit to the Comoro Islands; and more recently Mr. C. E. Bewsher collected six specimens on the island of Joanna, where it is, according to his notes, very common, arid bears the native name of “Shetozee.” ‘The nest,” he states, “is similar to those of others of the genus. The egg is greyish white, spotted and blotched, especially at the larger end, with ashy brown.” These specimens have been kindly lent to me by Professor Newton; and I have described and figured the adult male and female, and have also represented in the illustration the immature male. These three specimens are now in the Cambridge Museum. CINNYRIS OSEA CINNYRIS OSEA., (PALESTINE SUN-BIRD.) Cinnyris osea, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xlii, pt. 2, p. 765 (1856). Nectarinia osea, Tristram, Ibis, 1862, p. 278; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 230; id. P. Z.S. 1864, p- 445; id. Ibis, 1865, p. 72, pl. 2; Gould, B. Asia, part 19 (1867); Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 334; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 106, no. 1287 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 373 (1871); Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 645. g ad. supra metallicé viridis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus, majoribus et remi- gibus brunneis, his vix olivascenti lavatis: supracaudalibus metallicé chalybeis: rectricibus purpureo- nigris, extts angusté metallicé viridi marginatis: fronte et vertice metallicé violaceis, posticé vix viridescente: facie laterali et regione parotica metallicé viridibus: macula triangulari anteoculari nigra : genis anticis gutture et pectore metallicé violaceis, gutture imo et laterali viridescente: corpore reliquo subtus nigro, plumis indistincté indigotico limbatis: fasciis pectoralibus leté scarlatinis, basaliter flavis : subalaribus fuscis, margine alari metallicé viridi: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunneda. 2 ad. supra pallidé cinerascenti-brunnea, alis brunneis, plumis dorsi colore marginatis: supracaudalibus nigri- canti-brunneis, sordidé metallicé viridi marginatis: rectricibus nigricantibus, medianis sordidé viridi marginatis, omnibus pallidé brunneo terminatis, exterioribus latits: facie laterali dorso concolori, regione parotica vix saturatits brunned: strig& supraoculari minuta indistincta fusco-albidd: genis et corpore subtus toto pallidé cinerascentibus, subcaudalibus albicantioribus basaliter saturaté brunneis : abdomine medio flavicanti lavato: hypochondriis vix saturatioribus olivaceo paulld adumbratis: sub- alaribus pallidé cinerascentibus. Hab. in Palestina. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green including the least and median series of wing-coverts ; remainder of the wings dark brown with a greenish gloss; forehead and front of the crown metallic violet gradually shading into green posteriorly; upper tail-coverts partially glossed with steel-blue; tail black, the feathers edged with metallic green; sides of the head metallic green with a triangular patch of black feathers in front of the eye; chin, upper throat, and a broad collar metallic violet gradually shading into metallic bluish green about the middle of the throat; pectoral tufts bright scarlet and sulphur-yellow ; remainder of the under surface of the body brownish black, with the feathers on the chest partially glossed with metallic green on their edges; under surface of the wings dark brown, with pale inner margins to the quills and with the coverts black; bill and legs black ; irides dark-brown. Total length 4:4 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2:1, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts light brown, as well as the sides of the head and neck; wings darker brown with pale brown edges to all the feathers ; upper tail-coverts dark brown with the edges of the feathers glossed with metallic green ; tail brownish black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic green and with narrow pale ends, broadest on the outer ones; underparts brownish buff, slightly darker and browner on the lower throat and on the flanks; under tail-coverts with narrow dark-brown shaft- stripes; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coyerts 2M white, the latter shaded with sulphur-yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 1°95, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°6. Young. Similar in plumage to the adult female; but the upper parts are slightly shaded with olive, and the underparts more strongly so with pale yellow. Has. Palestine. TuE Palestine Sun-bird belongs to the green-backed or African division of the “ Dark-metallic” group, and is nearly allied to C. bowviert and C. venustus: from the former it is distinguished by the absence of the red pectoral band as well as by the colouring of the throat, and by the almost black abdomen, while from C. venustus it may at once be recognized by the black instead of buff breast. Little was known of the history of the present species before Canon Tristram’s valuable communications to ‘The Ibis’ upon the birds of Palestine. Although a common species in that country, especially in the Jordan valley and the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea, it was previously to 1865 only represented in our European museums by the unique type specimen which was collected by the Duc de Vallombrosa. We shall quote very largely from Canon Tristram’s notes with regard to its habits; and further details, especially with respect to its history before the year 1865, may be found in ‘The Ibis’ for that year (p. 72). “Our first acquaintance with the Sun-bird,” writes Canon Tristram, “ commenced on the last day of the year, at Jericho, when six specimens were obtained, close to our camp at Ain Sultan, the day after our arrival. The oases of the plains of Jericho appear to be its metropolis; and we never met with it excepting in the immediate neighbourhood of water. But wherever a few tamarisks, Zizyphus bushes, or graceful ‘retem’ shade a fountain or straggling pool in some deep glen opening on the Dead Sea, there a few occur. The larger oases, however, of Jericho at the north-west and Safieh at the south-east end of the Dead Sea are the resorts of great numbers, which, though here to be found in almost every tree, are nowhere gregarious, but are noisy and pugnacious, the males chasing each other with loud cries, and as tenacious of their respective freeholds as Robins at home. ‘The note is clear and monotonous, very much like the call of the Willow-Wren, but sharper, and often reminding one of the Blue Tit, yet with a more hissing sound. This is incessantly repeated from sunrise to evening, and the whereabouts of the male bird can at once be detected; but to see him is not so easy, as he ceaselessly hops in the centre of the very thickest and most impenetrable scrub, and darts very quickly and suddenly across the open from tree to tree. The male is extremely restless, and, as it twists and clings to one twig after another in search of insects, reminds one of the Titmouse, much more than the Creeper, in its actions. It has a curious jerking flap of the wings, opening and closing them like Tichodroma muraria. Occasionally I have seen two rivals for the favours of a female singing on the top of a tree, and puffing out the brilliant orange and red axillary tufts, which only at such times are at all conspicuous. The female during the winter continually repeats the same monotonous note, but almost always remains stationary, or creeping slowly about in the very centre of a bush. “The male varies much, and does not appear to attain the nuptial dress till after Christmas, which he loses again in the summer. Not more than one in four of the males we shot in January was in full plumage, the brilliant metallic reflections of the back, throat, and breast being inter- rupted by many brown feathers; and I have several times taken birds who have paired, and were breeding, in this incomplete livery. We ascertained that this state of plumage is certainly not the mark of immature birds, as it is always accompanied by the bright axillary tufts, which the young birds do not acquire till after their first moult, prior to which they have the sombre dress of the female, but with a lighter-coloured breast. “As we crept along the western shores of the Dead Sea, we met with a few pairs up the different Wadys where water remained; but here, deprived of cover, they are extremely shy and wary. In the Ghor es Safieh, under Kerak (the richest and hottest portion of the whole Ghor), the Sun-birds were as numerous as at Jericho. On our return we found them plentiful by the wooded banks of the Jordan, but never far removed from the banks. In the month of March we ascertained their summer range to be more extensive than we had expected; for one day, while shooting on the south side of Mount Carmel, on the slopes which run down to the Plain of Sharon, Mr. Bartlett declared he heard their notes; and after a long pursuit, I secured a pair close to the edge of the plain, not far from the sea. This was the only occasion on which the bird ever occurred to us away from the Jordan valley; but I have reason to believe it has been obtained in Asia Minor, as a French collector at Smyrna described to me a bird he had once received from the interior, which could only, I think, have been a female Sun-bird. ‘“‘A few days after our visit to Carmel we again met with the Sun-bird in a deep gorge, the Wady Hamam, opening onto the plain of Gennesaret. Mr. Cochrane and I pursued it in vain; but, while searching among the cliffs for Vultures’ nests, Mr. Cochrane pulled down from the extremity of the twig of a hyssop-plant what he imagined to be an old nest of Drymeca gracilis. It had the external appearance of a loose ball of rubbish, such as might have been floated down by a sudden flood and caught in a bough of a tree. After tossing it about for some time, he threw it tome; and on examining it I was dismayed to find it a fresh nest, very firm, and compact inside, with a small hole in the side, and containing two broken fresh eggs, elongated, of a greenish white, with a zone of darker green-grey spots near the larger end. On the 23rd of May I returned to the same place, and while climbing up to a cave, the resort of Hirundo rufula, 1 struck with my head a little ball of straw and leaves attached to the extremity of a castor-oil plant, not two yards from the spot where Mr. Cochrane had found his nest. It contained three eggs, quite fresh, and was beautifully shaded both from the sun and from observation. Close by was another nest, from which the young had been reared; and we watched the female feeding the young family of three in the hyssop overhead. I am inclined to believe that they had bred twice ; for we could not make out a third pair. “ Meanwhile I had returned, in April, to our old quarters at Ain Sultan, near Jericho. On the afternoon of my arrival, on the 15th of April, I discovered by myself no less than seven nests —one with three eggs, one with two hard-set, one building, and four with young. All were in precisely similar situations, suspended from the extremity of a small twig hanging down in the centre of a ‘nubk’ tree, whose thorny branches spread in a circle so close to the ground that I had in every instance to creep on all fours-till I could get under the trees. The nests in these PAY) places were perfectly inaccessible to the attacks of the serpents and lizards which abound there. The nests are at first very neat and compact, long straws and fibres being attached to the extremity of the drooping bough; and on these the bag is woven. When finished a few loose leaves and straggling straws are loosely fastened all round to elude observation and remove the appearance of art. I kept three young birds for ten days in a box, and fed them with bunches of the blossom of a jasmine and convolvulus. The hen bird lingered always in the neighbourhood of the tent, attracted doubtless by their cries; and when we were about to leave I turned out the two surviving captives, and was glad to see the parent take to them at once, and attend to them in an adjoining tree.” Canon Tristram has kindly forwarded to me the nest and eggs of this bird, as well as his fine series of skins. This nest, which contained three fresh eggs, was collected by him on the 23rd of May, in a small valley running up from the plains of Gennesaret. It was suspended from the end of one of the under boughs of a bush about five feet from the ground. Its form is a long oval, with the entrance-hole at one side near the top, and is composed of the seed-down of plants, a few feathers, shreds of grass, and coarse pieces of weeds carefully interwoven, and fastened together, to some extent, with spiders’ webs, which material is largely used to fasten the structure securely to the bough. ‘The coarser materials form the outer portion of the nest; and here and there the seed-pods of the castor-oil plant are interwoven in the fabric, from the bottom of which some of the rougher materials hang down and give it the appearance of rubbish cast together by accident, although in reality it forms a carefully constructed nest, solidly built, and softly lined, The eggs are of a lengthened form, white, minutely freckled with ashy olive, which freckles are so numerous towards the thicker end that they form a zone or cap of that colour. Five specimens before me measure—breadth 0°4 inch, length 0-6 to 0-7. The specimens figured and described are the adult male and female collected at Jericho on the 4th of January, and the young bird on the 25th of May 1864, by Canon Tristram, and are in his collection, CINNYRIS BOUVIERI ~CINNYRIS BOUVIERL (BOUVIER’S SUN-BIRD.) $ ad. similis C. bifasciato, sed magis cuprescens: fronte et loris violaceis chalybeo lavatis: mento sordidé nigro: abdomine fumoso-brunneo: fasciis pectoralibus flavis scarlatino mixtis: fascia pectorali non- metallicé rubra angustiore et saturatiore distinguendus. 2 supra cinerascenti-brunnea, vix olivaceo tincta: supercilio fulvido indistincto: alis saturaté brunneis, plumis omnibus pallidé brunneo marginatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus externis albo terminatis, extimis etiam extis albo marginatis: subtis lactescenti-alba, pectore medio magis flavicante: gutturis imi et prepectoris plumis medialiter fuscescenti-brunneo indistincté striolatis. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Upper parts, as well as the entire head and neck and the least and median series of wing- coverts, metallic golden-green, with a slight coppery shade, most intense on the ear-coverts ; forehead, front half of the crown, and the lores steel-blue, shaded with violet towards the bill; a black patch in front of the eye; upper tail-coverts more emerald-green than the back; wings dark brown ; tail black, the feathers edged with metallic golden-green ; chin dull black; remainder of the throat golden-green, margined towards the chest by a narrow belt of steel-blue, followed by a rather broader one of metallic ruby-violet ; remainder of the underparts blackish brown, slightly paler and more ashy towards the under tail-coverts, with a narrow, very deep red non-metallic pectoral band, and bright sulphur-yellow and scarlet pectoral tufts; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°05, tail 1°35, tarsus 0°62. Adult Female. Upper parts, including the sides of the head and neck, ashy brown, very slightly tinted with olive; a partial buff eyebrow; wings dark brown, all the feathers edged with very pale brown; tail black, a few of the outer feathers tipped with white, and the outer ones narrowly edged with that colour ; underparts creamy white, slightly more yellow on the centre of the breast ; lower throat, front and sides of the chest with very indistinct dusky brown central streaks to the feathers ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter slightly tinted with yellow ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°15 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 2, tail 1°35; tarsus 0°6. Has. Landana, Congo. Tus pretty little Sun-bird I have named after my friend M. Bouvier, to whom the specimens here figured and described were sent from Landana, in the Congo region, by M. Petit, his able and energetic collector, who has already procured several new species in this as yet little-explored portion of Africa. Its structure and plumage show that it should be placed near C. bifasciatus, C. osea, and C. venustus, from all of which it is distinguished by its dark brown breast; from C. bifasciatus by its possessing yellow and red pectoral tufts, and by the colour of the forehead and chin; from C. osea by the colour of the chin and throat, and by the red non-metallic pectoral band ; from Q ~~) ri C. venustus by the narrower ruby-violet margin to the metallic throat, by the red pectoral band, and of course more decidedly by the dark brown instead of yellow breast. Its affinities to this latter species are shown in the coppery shade of the green plumage, and in the colouring of the forehead, chin, and throat. The females of C. bifasciatus and of C. venustus are very similar in plumage; but the latter may be distinguished by its shorter bill. The female of the present species we may therefore presume to be also very similar; but it would be recognized from C. venustus by the greater length of the bill, which is, if any thing, longer than in C. difasciatus. It is, however, more difficult to distinguish the females of this species from those of C. bifasciatus. With seven good specimens of females before me I can separate two forms—the first similar to that which I describe as the female of this species, the other, a more olive-backed bird, with a yellow abdomen and with the throat more distinctly striped, similar to the specimen described and figured as a female of C. bifasciatus. I doubt, however, if these are the specific characters of the females of the two species. Of the first form there are two specimens labelled “female ;”’ one, which I have above described, was procured at Landana on the 51st January, the other at Chinchoxo on the Ist April. This I believe to be the winter plumage; and in four specimens of this form none of the measurements differs by more than 0°05 inch. The second form is certainly the plumage of immature females, and possibly also of the adult female in summer dress. Of these I have three from Landana, in which the measurements vary as follows—culmen 0°64 to 0°70, wing 1:72 to 2:0, tail 1:10 to 1:45, tarsus 0°60. The smaller measurements are apparently due to immaturity. I figure in the accompanying Plate the adult typical specimen of C. bowviert, as well as the bird which I believe to be its true female. I cannot, however, be certain that it is not a hen of C. bifasciatus. LATALA A TA 1 CINNYRIS TALATALA. (SOUTH-AFRICAN WHITE-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia talatala, Smith, App. Rep. Exp. S. Afr. p. 58 (1836); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40. no. 375 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 375; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. of S. Afr. pl. 7 (1876). . Nectarinia anderssoni, Strick]. & Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 153; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1285 (1869). Cinnyricincla anderssonii, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 307. no. 720 (1854). Nectarinia, sp.?, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 332. no. 12 (1867). Cinnyris talatala, Layard, Ibis, 1868, p. 270; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 78; Gurney, in Anderss. B. ~ Dam. Ld. p. 72 (1872); id. Ibis, 1873, p. 255. 3 ad. supra metallicé viridis, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: fronte et supracau- dalibus chalybeo nitentibus: tectricibus majoribus et remigibus saturaté brunneis, pallidé brunneo angusté marginatis: cauda indigotico-nigra, rectricibus metallicé viridi seu violaceo marginatis: subtus albus, mento guldque chalybeis, medialiter viridi nitentibus: torque angusto jugulari violaceo: pectoris -summi lateribus nigricantibus: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis. ? ad. supra pallidé brunnea: alis saturaté brunneis, pallidits marginatis: caudé brunneséenti-nigra, rectrici- bus exterioribus dilutits limbatis et albido terminatis: subtts albescens. Hab. in Africa meridionali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green, as also the entire head and neck, least and median series of wing- coverts, shaded with steel-blue on the forehead and upper tail-coverts, and more slightly so on some of the lesser wing-coverts; quills and greater coverts dark brown, the feathers narrowly edged with pale brown; tail blue-black, the feathers partially edged with dark metallic green and violet; under- parts white; chin steel-blue, gradually changing into deep metallic green on the middle of the throat, which colour again merges into steel-blue and rich metallic violet towards the base of the throat, and is edged by a partial black collar, broadest at the sides ; axillary tufts uniform pale sulphur-yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills pale ashy brown; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 44 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2:8, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts, as well as the sides of the head, uniform pale brown; a scarcely perceptible pale eyebrow ; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with pale brown; tail brownish black, the outer - feathers with nearly white tips and pale brown edges; underparts white, faintly tinted with ashy brown on the chin and throat; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°15 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°1, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°65. Has. South Africa, north of 28° S. lat. THE present species belongs to the white-breasted section of the ‘pale metallic” group, and is distinguished from all the other members of the genus Cinnyris by its pure white breast and I 250 uniform pale yellow pectoral tufts. It much resembles in general plumage the rare C. albiventris of the Somali country, which, however, may be readily distinguished by its smaller size and by having the front half of the pectoral tufts bright orange. It inhabits South Africa, but is not found in Cape colony. On the western side of the continent it has been collected by Senor Anchieta at Capangombe, in Benguela, where it is known to the natives as “ Mariapinda,’ a name which in that district appears to apply equally to all Sun-birds. In Lord Walden’s and Mr. Sharpe’s cabinets I have seen specimens collected by Mr. Andersson from Damara Land, at Ovaquenyama and Elephant Vley; and that traveller, in his notes published by Mr. Gurney (B. Damara Land, p. 72) observes :—‘I only met with this exquisite little species in my journeyings to the Okavango, in the neighbourhood of which river it was very abundant during the rainy season, being a migratory species, and arriving a little before the commencement of the rains. “TT also found it very common, though exceedingly shy, on the edge of the bush in Ondonga, where I obtained its nest on February 19th; the nest was very large and strongly built, and resembled in form and material that of C. fusca; it contained five small, oblong, and pure white eggs. Another nest, taken on March 27th, also contained five eggs. “This Sun-bird is exceedingly lively in its habits, and at the approach of the pairing-season it becomes inspired with the most lovely and exquisite melodies; in fact its voice is then enchanting beyond description, being a concentration of the softest thrilling and melodious notes. I always found it either singly or in pairs.” Sir Andrew Smith, during his expedition into the interior, first discovered this species, and records it as inhabiting the country between the Orange river and Kurrichane: from hence throughout Namaqua Land, as far north as Walwich Bay, I can find no evidence of its occurrence further south; but to the eastward Mr. Buckley records it as common in the Bamangwato district, where they are generally seen in pairs. From Natal it is mentioned by Mr. Gurney; and there is a specimen, collected by Mr. Meller in the Zambesi district, in Mr. Sharpe’s cabinet. To the kindness of Mr. Layard I am indebted for the following note made by Captain Harford :—‘ This species always goes in pairs; and I have hardly ever seen many together. They keep company very often with the ‘ White-eyes’ (Zosterops), and utter a note similar to theirs.” Two eggs, sent by the above-named gentleman from Natal, resembled those of NV. famosa, but were paler and less densely speckled; axis 9’, diam. 6”, and rather truncated in shape. CINNYRIS OUSTALETI ANTHREPTES TEPHROLAMA CINNYRIS OUSTALETL (OUSTALET’S SUN-BIRD.) fectarinia albiventris™, Bocage, Jorn. Lisboa, 1878, p. 203. Nectarinia oustaleti, Bocage, tom. cit. p. 254. g similis C. leucogastro (vel C. talatala), sed plumis metallicis preepectoralibus rubro terminatis torquem formantibus et fasciis axillaribus anticé aurantiaco-rubris distinguendus. Hab. in provincia Benguelensi Africze occidentalis. Adult Male. Very similar to C. leucogaster (better known as C. talatala, Smith). It differs from that bird in the bill being slightly shorter and narrower at the base, in the feathers which form the violet prepectoral collar being tipped with maroon-red, and the front half of the pectoral tufts being orange- red; bill and Jegs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 2°2, tail 17, tarsus 0°6. Has. Benguela, in South-west Africa. Professor Barboza du Bocage has named this bird after our mutual friend M. Oustalet, of the Paris Museum. Three specimens of this species were collected by M. Anchieta at Caconda, in the interior of Benguela: two were adult males, and one a young male apparently in a dress very similar to the female; for it is described as follows:—‘ Brun légérement nuancé dolivatre en dessus, avec les grandes couvertures alaires, les rémiges et les rectrices bordées de cette couleur; en dessous il est d’un blanc sale, lavé de jaune sur la poitrine et le ventre et de cendré sur la gorge.” While alluding to the present species, | may make the following correction in the nomenclature of the common South-African White-breasted Sun-bird, which should be called Cinnyris leucogaster, under which title Vieillot described it in 1819. The same identical specimen was renamed by - Lesson in 1831 Cinnyris thoracicus. It was supposed to have been brought back from Timor ; but, as with so many other birds named by Lesson and Vieillot as coming from this island, the locality is erroneous. The type specimen has been well mounted, and is still to be seen in the Paris Museum. I have examined it carefully; and there can be no doubt that it belongs to _ the same species as Nectarinia talatala, Smith, described in 1836. Cinnyris oustaleti is, in some respects, intermediate between C. leucogaster and C. albiventris, there not being quite so much red on the pectoral tufts as is generally met with in C. albiventris, while I have never met with a trace of red on the pectoral tufts of the common South-African C. leucogaster. ‘The red on the collar is exclusively confined to C. owstaleti. My description is taken from one of the types, an adult male, kindly presented to me by Professor Barboza du Bocage; and I have figured it on the same Plate with Anthreptes tephrolema. 3E es tw y f a € uf) Der) ue rite ni ¥ 4 ed. a Pa hw q : 2 x» © j J to f yi 4 wes p 5 moe : A b ar ay cv Bi) io _ -<% “ae ‘ ae iT f+ » 7 ‘a i ’ 7 : = ee - : t 7 —— Ps f Te ae ape Sa agi i ie « “2S a ait ; : « . *e@ ; : os ; 7 . i M ' a ' ny rl p 0 (ae ! i 7 4 i : 7 ; ¥ Sak aay oy ‘ » » is 7 ‘ ‘ ! i via 1 i A f | i i iW Ls i= 1 a“e ta i U U | ' 7 yy 4d i Le Dat » Corus See are yl 1 SIA = te A aT ik bs Fine a i f ' A f i} 4) te jill 4 yi - | i j Lin j ry - I pi i i ‘ 8 t J * — * aricuny \dt Alita Vii ahaak tails ball Mi : as yh ea eee ee ATAU OF Ohi ake CHATS, OAT eae MOD ce SUED gildk ce Bag ace ee £38 Al Were et \eip "f havin iin OLA Qe oxi One t mie Dah a iy} gisay ned . = atte eet a iam, AV ee ie fier’ DT wf ae ie a Ps ., 4 Toe’ ou er iain NTRIS Rt pes ALBIV 7 = = CINNYRIS ALBIVENTRIS. (EAST-AFRICAN WHITE-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia albiventris, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 42, pl. 86; Sclat. tom. cit. p. 124; id. Rep. Coll. Somali Country, p. 14 (1860); Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 247; Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer. in Peterm. Mitth. p. 21. no. 54(1861); id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 203; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 107. no. 1292; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 223 (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 234 (1871). r Cinnyricincle albiventris, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 306. no. 717, pl. 607=562 b. figs. 4078-79 (1854). g ad. similis C. talatale sed minor: fasciis pectoralibus anticé aurantiacis, posticé flavis. 2 ad. similis femine C. talatale sed minor. Hab. in terra Somalensi Africe orientalis. Adult Male. Upper parts, including the least and median series of wing-coverts, metallic green glossed with steel-blue, passing into violet, shaded steel-blue on the forehead and upper tail-coverts; quills and greater series of wing-coverts dark brown, the feathers narrowly edged with pale brown; tail brownish black, the feathers edged with bronzy green; chin and throat violet, shaded steel-blue, inclining to green on the sides of the upper throat ; breast and under tail-coverts pure white; pectoral tufts orange in front, and sulphur-yellow behind; thighs dark brown; under surface of the wings brown, with white inner margins to the quills; under wing-coverts partially glossed with metallic green or steel-blue. Total length 3°6 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2:1, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°65. Adult Female. Upper parts, as well as the sides of the head, uniform pale brown; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with pale brown; upper tail-coverts and the tail dark brown, the former slightly glossed with bronzy green; underparts white. Total length 3:1 inches, culmen 0°60, wing 1:95, tail 1:3, tarsus 0°6. Has. Somali Country, in Hastern Africa. 4 Obs. The type specimens, from which the above descriptions have been taken, are in very bad condition, and consequently difficult to measure accurately. LittLe is known concerning the present species, which appears to be entirely confined to the Somali country, a portion of Africa of which the avifauna is very slightly known. The type specimens, an adult male and female, from which the above descriptions and figures have been taken, were collected by Mr. J. Daubeny, at Ras Hafoon, the most eartern point of the African continent. ‘These specimens, which are in the Strickland collection at Cambridge, have been kindly lent to me by Mr. Salvin. They undoubtedly belong to a well-marked species, which I consider should be arranged between C. venustus, of the West coast, and C. talatala, of South 12 Africa; in size it is about intermediate. It resembles C. venustus in the orange and yellow pectoral tufts, and C. talatala in the pure white of the abdominal region. Captain Speke, the only other traveller who records having met with this species, observes (Ibis, 1860, p. 247) that he found it on the plateau of the Somali country, always in company with (. habessinicus, flitting around the plants, shrubs, and flowers. That it is a very local species we may fairly presume, from so little being known respecting it; for although it is entered by Von Heuglin in his great work, and by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub in the ‘ Vogel Ost-Afrika’s,’ those gentlemen never had an opportunity of examining a specimen. The Sun-bird described by Von Heuglin (J. f. O. 1867, p. 301), and labelled Nectarinia souimanga, in Prince Paul von Wiirttemberg’s cabinet, evidently belongs to this group, but cannot be confounded with the present species, as it has the abdomen yellow; but it is positively asserted by that gentleman to be distinct from C. affinis, Riipp., and is apparently an unnamed species, which I shall trust to be able to examine before the conclusion of my present work. CINNYRIS AFFINIS CINNYRIS VENUSTUS CINNYRIS VENUSTUS. (LITTLE BUFF-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Certhia venusta, Shaw, Nat. Misc. x, pl. 369 (1799); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii, Suppl. p. 35, no. 2 (1801); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 247 (1811). Leona Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii, p. 164, no. 19 (1801); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 234 (1822). Soui-manga de Sierra Leone, ow le Quinticolor, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii, p. 116, pl. 79 (1802). Certhia quinticolor, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 194, no. 85 (1812). Cinnyris venustus, Cuy. Régne Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 512 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 598 (1823); Bp. Consp. Av. 1, p. 407, no. 29 (1850); Nicholson, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 130. Band-breasted Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 260 (1822). Cinnyris quinticolor, Less. Man. d’Orn. u, p. 45 (1828). Cinnyris pusillus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii, p. 138 (1837, nec Vieill.); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 9 (1850); id. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 102, no. 560 (1850). Nectarinia parvula, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p. 181 (1842). Nectarinia venusta, Jard. tom. cit. p. 252, pl. 7; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 11, no. 113; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 55 (1854); Mull. J. f O. 1855, p. 16, no. 180; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p- 48, no. 136 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 109; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii, p. 41, no. 16 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1312 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 376 (1871); Reichenow, J. f. O. 1875, p. 30; Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c., p. 13 (1879); Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 2. Chalcomitra venusta, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 280, no. 648, pl. 569, fig. 3884 (1854). Cyanomitra pusilla, Reichb. tom. cit. p. 291, no. 679, pl. 614, figs. 4105-6. tNectarinia affinis, Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, &c., p. 14 (1875). g ad. supra metallicé viridis, cuprescenti-bronzino nitens: tectricibus alarum minimis dorso concoloribus : tectricibus reliquis remigibusque saturaté brunneis, primariis extus pallidiore brunneo marginatis : supra- caudalibus chalybeis: rectricibus nigris, metallicé viridi marginatis, extimis ad apicem pallidioribus : plagd frontali pulchré violacea chalybeo nitente: facie laterali et colli lateribus dorso concoloribus : plumis anteocularibus nigris: genis anticis et gula violaceis, hdc sordidé chalybeo lavaté: gulé ima metallicé viridi cupreo nitente: jugulo et preepectore metallicé violaceis : corpore reliquo subtis flavo, fasciis pectoralibus scarlatinis, vel flavis scarlatino striatis: subcaudalibus pallidits flavis: subalaribus albidis vix flavido lavatis: remigibus subtus brunneis, ints albo marginatis: rostro et pedibus nigris : iride saturate brunnea. 9 ad. mari dissimilis: brunnea, alis et supracaudalibus paulld saturatioribus: supracaudalibus caudaque saturate brunneis feré nigricantibus, externis conspicué apicaliter cinerascentibus : loris flavidis: facie Zab laterali brunnea: genis et corpore subtus sordide flavis, gula magis brunnescente: subalaribus et remigum margine interno albidis. Hab. in Africa occidental. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green with a coppery bronze reflection; forehead and front half of the crown metallic bluish violet; wimgs dark brown, with narrow pale edges to the quills and greater coverts, least and median series of coverts metallic green like the back; upper tail-coverts shaded with steel-blue ; tail black, the feathers narrowly edged with metallic bluish-green, and with narrow pale ends to a few of the outer feathers, becoming white on their inner webs; feathers in front of the eye black ; cheeks metallic violet, gradually shading off into blue and green; chin and upper throat black, with steel-blue edges to the feathers, which colour gradually passes into metallic bluish-green on the centre of the throat, and then expands into a broad metallic violet breast-band, followed by a partial black band separating the metallic colours from the buff of the breast, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow, strongly mottled with orange-red; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter shading into dark brown along the bend of the wing; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 3:6 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 1°95, tail 1°45, tarsus 0°55. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy brown, as well as the sides of the head and neck; wings brown, with paler edges to the feathers; upper tail-coverts dark brown; tail brownish black, the feathers narrowly edged with glossy olive, a few of the outer feathers with narrow pale ends, becoming white on their inner webs; cheeks and underparts buffish white, with a slightly more yellow shade down the centre of the breast ; under surface of the wings brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 3°8 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 1°85, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°55. Has. West Africa. Tus species belongs to the “ pale metallic” group; that is to say, it has the upper parts metallic and the breast pale, in this instance buff—a character by which the species may be most readily distinguished. It is so closely allied to C. affinis of North-eastern Africa, that, although we shall describe that bird by simply pointing out its distinctions from the present species, we think it best also here to remark upon those characters. The Little Buff-breasted Sun-bird is exclusively confined to the west coast, while C. affinis is only found in the north-eastern division of the African continent ; for we presume the Nectarinia affinis, Bouvier, should be referred to the present bird, founded, we believe, upon a specimen of this species in which the breast is strongly shaded with yellow. A specimen of this form I now have before me from Bissao. It is in immature plumage; but its measurements agree with those above given for this species, and it also presents the following specific characters, which are, perhaps, the ones most to be relied upon:—Thighs buff, not dark brown as in C. affinis ; under wing-coverts white, not shaded with ash as in the north-eastern representative species. As a general rule, however, the buff colour of the breast, combined with the pale yellow and orange-red pectoral tufts, are the most strongly marked characters; but in this species the pectoral tufts are not constant in their colouring, being occasionally uniform pale sulphur-yellow, when the species somewhat approaches C. talatala, but is always distinguished from that bird by the metallic violet forehead ; and, besides, the breast is never white. Although this pretty little Sun-bird has long been known to science, our information respecting it is limited to the mere skins. Its range in West Africa extends from Senegal to the Gaboon; and it appears to be most abundant towards its northern limits. Swainson’s type came from Senegambia. I have examined specimens collected by Marche and De Compiégne from Dakar, Hann, Joal, and Sierra Leone, and M. Verreaux’s specimens from Casamanse and Bissao. On the Gold Coast it is rare, or confined to certain localities; fer Dr. Reichenow was the first person to record it from the Aguapim Mountains; but it is apparently not so uncommon in the Lagos district, for Mr. Henry Robin sent home three specimens from Abeokuta. Our descriptions and figures are taken from an adult male from the Gaboon and a female from Sierra Leone, both from the collection of M. J. Verreaux, by whom they were given to Mr. Sharpe. On the same illustration we have figured the adult male of the closely allied C. affints. These three specimens are now in the British Museum. To 4 — ee ee = . - « "A Pen é ) ‘© one inet —_ “ie ipiite™) (RT) Uneasy a hoey Raye id, Poa (pela; its At lira seer ai wi aor ana Ait. Lf ahd (kant ey seats ay Waiora 7. a eames tt thea uuase itt - » Shae mat vi a = Ee ih oie te Ovi Tk Renan Teas ea jul se a4, ie Oita — By phar ee, tty bik COR ale = WAL aire © in ‘ US 0 bad iedel Peds adh: inch p ami LD Sia i (06 ai) ® arly Soper ont wiih te ; eee wit) ak) «ee > ile ite Py ane rays ; - ees ae : Sea ; ‘ 7 a - : : : A ae: » = : 7 : . . ' : = oe fod i n +s ee Sg ’ : 7: ee = ta 4 . a : - - - - de ¥ 7 eo. 4 _ - ‘oan ‘ Lr : ; es: , =< c she - 6 = saa - — ‘ j oe 5 4 : 7 e * ‘) — ie ne 5 ; ‘ CINNYRIS AFFINIS, (ABYSSINIAN YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD.) Violet-tailed Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 232, no. 20 (1822). Cinnyris affinis, Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 87, pl. 31, fig. 1 (1835); Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Ois. p. 87 (1845-50) ; Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. iii, p. 248 (1847); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265. Nectarinia affinis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p. 275 (1842); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 28 (1845); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 406, no. 12 (1850); Mill. J. f. 0.1855, p. 14; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 21 (1856); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii, p. 737, no. 1076 (1856); Heugl. Faun. Roth. Meer, p. 21 (1861); Brehm, Habesch. pp. 211, 284 (1863); Heugl. J.f. O. 1864, p. 262, 1867, p. 300; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 108, no. 1326 (1869) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii, p. 229 (1869); Blanford, Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 351, no. 108 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 40, no. 377 (1871); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 232 (1871). Cyanomitra affinis, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 292, no. 630, pl. 573, fig. 3907 (1854) ; Antin, & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iv, p. 452 (1873). Ad. similis C. venusto, sed paull6 major: supra vix cuprescenti-bronzino nitens: pectore et subcaudalibus leeté flavis: tibiis saturaté brunneis: fasciis pectoralibus flavis, interdum aurantiaco mixtis: subalari- bus cinerascentibus. Hab. in Africa septentrionali-orientali. Adult Male. Very similar to C. venustus, but slightly larger; upper parts with scarcely any coppery bronze reflections ; breast and under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs dark brown; pectoral tufts chrome- yellow, occasionally slightly mottled with orange-red; under wing-coverts ashy grey. ‘Total length 4°2 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°15, tail 1:6, tarsus 0°6. Has. North-east Africa. THE present species is so closely allied to the West-African C. venustus that the same characters distinguish them both from the other members of this family, while the specific characters are shortly given in my description of this latter species. It is confined to North-eastern Africa: here Riippell found it plentiful in small family parties on the bushes and trees along the valleys of the Abyssinian coast-country of the Massowah district and on the road to the Taranta pass. According to Mr. Blanford it “replaces V. hubes- sinica, above 3500 to 4000 feet, and extends upwards into the temperate regions,” breeds about May; and he saw young birds with their parents in July. From Von Heuglin’s observations it does not appear to be very generally distributed ; for he only found it on the eastern side of the Abyssinian highlands, and at no greater elevation than 6000 to 7000 feet above the sea, They do not appear to come actually down to the coast, but 2z wad rather frequent the neighbouring mountain-valleys, especially where the Accasia, Asclepia, and Euphorbia are in blossom. He also met with it at Takah and Southern Kordofan, where it appears to be resident, and was in full breeding-plumage during the rainy season. Mr. Jesse found it plentiful about Rayrayguddy, and procured specimens on his journey from Undul Wells to Facado, but did not meet with it in Bogos, owing probably to its having migrated from that district during his visit; for the Italian naturalists Antinori, Beccari, and Issel, who procured, while near Keren, young birds in May and specimens in the moult in October, consider it to be a summer visitant in Bogos, arriving there in May and remaining to the end of November, where it frequents the same localities as C. habessinicus ; they did not meet with it in December, January, or February, at which season it probably approaches the equator ; but its furthest southern limits cannot yet be very accurately defined. In 'ligré, according to Lefebvre, it is common throughout the year, where it may be seen flitting around the bushes which clothe the hill-sides. It probably never extends to the west of the Nile valley; for we have little doubt that the Nectarinia affinis of M. Bouvier’s catalogue of the collection made by Marche and De Compiégne in West Africa should be referred to the closely allied C. venustus. It breeds in April and May; and I have extracted the following notes upon its domestic economy from Dr. Brehm’s observations:—A pair, he remarks, although not in full plumage, had their nest almost completed. The latter was placed not more than three feet from the ground, between the leaves of a bush and a creeping plant, which were partly interwoven into its structure, which consisted of scraps of bark and fibre, fine grass and down, lined inside with hair and wool. In form it was bag-shaped, with an entrance near the top, which was partially hidden by a large leaf. The birds were engaged eight days in constructing this edifice. The specimen, from which my figure and descriptions are taken, was collected by Mr. Jesse at Rayrayguddy, and forms the centre of the group in the illustration. -CINNY RIS PE WG RING (VON HEUGLIN’S SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia soui-manga, Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 300. Nectarinia, spec.?t, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 233 (1871). $ juv. “similis N. affini, minor, rostro longiore, debiliore, magis incurvo, alis brevioribus, tarsis debilioribus : uropygio (tergi et interscapulii modo) pulchré aurato-viridi, nec purpurascenti-chalybeo: pectore, abdomine et subcaudalibus flavis: fasciculis axillaribus aurantiacis, ex parte leté sulfureis: macula frontali, ut videtur, in fundo aurato-viridi chalybea: rectricibus coracino-nigris, delicaté aurato-viridi limbatis: long. tot. circa 4”, rostro a fr. vix 7’, al. 1” 11", tars. 63”, caud. 1! 3!" (Von Heuglin). Hab. in Africa septentrionali-orientali. Male. Wike Cinnyris affinis, but smaller, with a longer, weaker, and more curved bill, shorter wings, and more feeble tarsi; rump beautiful golden green, in the same way as the back and interscapulary region, not purplish steel-blue; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow; pectoral tufts orange and bright sulphur-yellow; a frontal spot, apparently steel-blue on a golden green ground ; tail-feathers crow-black, delicately edged with golden green. Has. North-eastern Africa. In North-eastern Africa there appears to exist a second species of yellow-breasted Sun-bird closely allied to C. affinis, of which we have not been able to examine a specimen, and only know of it from Von Heuglin’s description, which we have copied above. ‘This description was taken from specimens collected at Quamamile and Singué, south of Fazogl, and preserved in Prince Paul of Wiirtemburg’s collection at Mergentheim. They were, we are informed, not in full breeding-plumage, but are certainly distinct from C. affinis, and agree in size with C. soui- manga. As no specific name has yet been applied to this species, it appears necessary to give it a title; and we therefore propose to call it Cinnyris heuglini, in honour of the late Baron von Heuglin, to whose researches we are indebted for what we at present know regarding this Sun-bird. bo N bo ; ; : ; xe t acu | a, | ra, ctitie ar07 tie a eee bp Ss eee ion | 5 ial ie oe ma ’ acy om ahhv bey oe as bales! Dy i" PL ’ : ) @ i ioe a A ae - ; OND oA PSone me . ; A) FOL YMG Oph oR le ee bie a —— . - _ 7 ; Trigy porte eile os nrwinl amass welll Aa te eee eae Sea ‘STRAT 4 i Fitna es me er ae er yl oe aa eo ae Hig ee Reese (ae Dae 1 ieee PR PbS e qe’ | wow Pan 1G if - rt oe 4 ? . ff 5 Gay ans ulion, Gh eieevin. enya Hira Of Mie eeeill Pa mie | jin Rt i side ‘ie width om, SY : am * RS a wed te BE Stelh arcs vedst +P lic’ ; al wl oi he utp | ei Janes jy Geet es) ipa iteie iter en - Ye Rie een Oi ore spd Y | fol tung ett I sgl fing Beep “a Metre Care Fa 8h eat ND.) A Saal a a nae 4 it SECM Y TE ed Ac Aha. 18 ate » “Old Ae aie eat Susp’ anh sina hide it? wl wih? thib roa onl nee OL LL ae sf Diy < 7? aviat Ber, With Cee 1 wi las ot hie uhhe @ ATH yusate a? CINNYRIS COQUERELL (MAYOTTE SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia coquerellii, Verr. J. f. O. 1860, p. 90; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 34 (1861); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 130 (1869); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 92 (1877). Nectarinia coquereli, Schl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 421; Schl. & Van Dam, Faun. Mad. p. 71, pl. 18, fig. 1 (1868); E. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 502. $ ad. supra metallicé viridis vix bronzino nitens, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus : ala reliqua saturaté brunnea, plumis angusté viridi limbatis: supracaudalibus letioribus viridibus : rectricibus indigotico-nigris, exttis metallicé viridibus : facie laterali et gutture toto metallicé viridibus : corpore reliquo subtus leté flavo, hypochondriis imis vix olivaceo lavatis: tibiis nigricantibus: sub- caudalibus albidis flavo lavatis: fascid pectorali mediand miniata: subalaribus albis flavo lavatis : remigibus brunneis, intus pallidiis marginatis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. Hab. in insulé Comorensi “ Mayotte” dicta. 2 Adult Male. Upper parts deep metallic bronzy green; least and median series of wing-coverts of the same colour; remainder of the wings dark brown; tail bluish black, with narrow metallic-green edges to the feathers ; sides of the head, chin, and throat deep metallic green like the back; at the base of the metallic throat a very few black feathers; breast bright yellow, with a scarlet patch down the centre of the chest and fading into buff on the under tail-coverts, which have dark triangular centres; thighs mottled with dark brown; under surface of the wings dark brown with pale inner margins to the quills: and with the coverts white; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 3°8 inches, culmen 0:75, wing 1:95, tail 1:4, tarsus 0°6. Has. Island of Mayotte, one of the Comoro group. TuIs pretty and well-marked species is confined to the island of Mayotte, one of the Comoro group, situated between Africa and the northern portion of Madagascar. Here it was first discovered by Dr. Coquerel, and was named after that gentleman by M. J. Verreaux in 1860. It belongs to the yellow-breasted division of my “pale metallic” group, but is not very nearly allied in its colouring to any of the other forms which constitute this group, and may be readily recognized by the broad scarlet patch down the centre of the chest, as well as by the . entire head and throat being uniform green. The following notes I take from Pollen and Van Dam:—It loves to flit around the mimosa and other trees of the acacia family, and may occasionally be observed on the fronds of the cocoanut-trees in search of its food, which consists, like that of the other Sun-birds, principally of honey, in search of which it will occasionally entirely hide itself in the chalice of the large flowers. It is continually on the move, beating its wings like a butterfly, and uttering its song, which reminds one of that of the Blue Tit, although more feeble. It is often seen in company 3c 2 do ray) with Zosterops mayottensis ; but generally it lives alone, and was never seen to congregate in such large parties as C. notatus and C. souwimanga. The French colonists of the island of Mayotte call it ‘* Colibri.” The specimen which we have here figured and described is a male in the British Museum, formerly presented to Mr. Sharpe by M. J. Verreaux. G! OQUIMAN PD) cS 21S Atm NNY1 yT U | ( CINNYRIS SOUIMANGA. (COMMON MADAGASCAR SUN-BIRD.) Grimpereau violet de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii, p. 638, no. 18, pl. 32, figs. 2, 3 (1760). Le Soui-manga, Montb. Hist. Ois. v, p. 494 (1778); Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii, pp. 39, 41, pls. 18, 19 (1802). Violet Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii, p. 705, no. 7 (1781); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 222, no. 10 (1822). Certhia soumanga, Gmel. 8. N.i, p. 471 (1788); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178, no. 7 (1812). Certhia madagascariensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 282, no. 7 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 208 (1811). Cinnyris madagascariensis, Cuv. Regn. Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi, p. 492 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 591 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 24 (1828). Nectarinia madagascariensis, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, p. 276 (1842). Cinnyris souimanga, Bp. Consp. Av..i, p. 407, no. 18 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p- 290, no, 676, pl. 577, figs. 5928-30 (1854). Nectarinia souimanga, Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 15, no. 157; Hartl. J. f. O. 1860, p. 90; id. Faun. Madag. p. 34 (1861); Roch & E. Newton, Ibis, 1862, p. 272; Sclat. P. Z.S. 1865, p- 163; E. Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 342, pl. 13, fig. 1 (egg); A. Newton, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 834; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421; Grand. Rey. et Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 855; Schl. & Poll. Faun, Madag. p. 70 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1293 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 388; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 40 (1871); Bartlett, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 65; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 87 (1877). $ ad. supra sordidé metallicé viridis, plumis marginaliter lilacino-bronzino nitentibus, tectricibus alarum minimis et scapularibus summis dorso concoloribus: tectricibus reliquis remigibusque brunneis, primariis extus obscuré olivaceo limbatis: dorso postico et uropygio olivaceis, supracaudalibus saturaté brunneis: rectricibus indigotico-nigris, extimis apicaliter pallidioribus: gutture toto pileo concolori, jugulum versiis saturaté chalybeo nitente: fascia jugulari sordidé rubra: preepectore fuscescenti- brunneo: corpore reliquo subtis flavo, hypochondriis olivascentibus: fasciis pectoralibus leté flavis : subeaudalibus fuscis fulvo marginatis: subalaribus pallidé flavis: remigibus ‘subtts brunneis, intis cinerascenti-albis: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunned. 2 a mari diversa: supra sordidé brunnea vix olivaceo lavata, uropygio magis olivascente: alis saturatits brunneis, plumis obscuré olivaceo limbatis: tectricibus minimis extimis vix chalybeo lavatis: supra- caudalibus rectricibusque nigris, externis ad apicem pallidioribus: facie laterali saturatits brunnea : | genis et gutture flavicanti-olivaceis, plumis basaliter fuscis: corpore reliquo subtis obscuré flavo, — hypochondriis sordidé olivascentibus:: subalaribus.albis flavo lavatis: axillaribus letits flavis: remi- gibus subtus saturate brunneis intus cinerascenti marginatis. Hab. in insula “ Madagascar ” dicta. 246 Adult Male. Upper parts as well as the sides of the head and neck and the least series of wing-coverts deep metallic green, with lilac-bronze reflections ; remainder of the wings dark brown, the feathers with narrow pale edges, shaded with olive on the secondaries ; lower half of the back olive; upper tail-coverts dark brown; tail black, a few of the outer feathers with pale ends; in front of the eye a triangular black patch of feathers; chin and throat metallic green, of the same shade as the remainder of the head, but shading off at the base of the throat into a narrow steel-blue collar; at the base of the metallic neck comes an irregular maroon-brown chest-band, followed by a broader one of brownish black ; remainder of the underparts buff, shaded with yellow down the centre of the body, and with olive on the flanks ; under tail-coverts buff, with broad triangular brown centres to the feathers; pectoral tufts bright yellow ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white, the latter tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2°2, tail 1°6, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts, sides of the head, and the least series of wing-coverts olive; a slight indication of a yellowish eyebrow; remainder of the wings dark brown, with narrow paler margins to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish black ; cheeks and throat buff, slightly tinted with olive, and with obscure dusky bars down the centre of the throat formed by the black basal portions of the feathers ; under surface of the body pale yellow, shaded with olive on the flanks, and with obscure dusky mottling on the front of the chest, owing to the dark colour of the basal portions and centres of the feathers ; under tail-coverts dark brown, broadly edged with buff; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2, tail 1-4, tarsus 0°6. Has. Madagascar. THE name Souimanga (Sugar-eater) is the one by which this bird is known in Madagascar, where it is a fairly abundant species, and generally distributed over the island. The characters which will be found readily to distinguish this bird are the yellowish buff breast, the broad maroon and black chest-band, and the lower half of the back being olive and not of metallic colouring. In the north-eastern districts, according to Pollen and Van Dam, it is particularly abundant about the shady mimosa trees in the plain which extends at the base of the hills on which stands Fort Hova, at Anourontsanga (Mourounsang). It feeds chiefly from the flowers of the Acacia lebbee. Mr. E. Newton gives the following notes upon this species :—‘“ The song is strong, loud, and very like a Willow-Wren’s. We observed it everywhere between Tamatave and Ankera Madinika, where we left the forest. On October 31st, near Ranomafana, I watched a hen bird of this species building for some time.” ‘The nest, which had not at that time been roofed over, ‘‘ was placed on a low bush near the ground, and much exposed... . Outside it was built of coarse grass and decayed leaves, untidily put together; inside it was lined with the down of some grass or reed.” In another article he writes :—‘‘ Common everywhere. On the Ist of October, paddling up the Hivondrona, I found a nest of this bird, containing two eggs, on the bank, almost over- hanging the water; it was a domed one, and very prettily placed in some tall grass, the blue flower of a Lobelia bicolor almost closing the entrance. It is composed outwardly of broad leaves of grass, decayed, and a little moss; over the entrance it has a sort of projecting porch of a finer grass; and inside it is lined with down of some plant. The eggs, which were hard-set, are greyish white, thickly freckled with light hair-brown, so as to show but little of the ground- colour. ‘They are 0°59 inch in length by 0°44 inch in breadth.” A figure of the egg accompanies this paper (Ibis, 1863, pl. 13, fig. 1). The adult male and female, which we have here figured and described, were collected for us by Mr. Crossley. pul of ae ran abel ofan + * f co cna ee >& *411 oe ee 2 y = OSes I i Elif D2 ae ae ae alee arene ~ she Pg if as >» = om? eo” hie =e =I a ) ‘

: > ros ~~ & wee = . =o a i. mn I Bn, Te S ) ta 3) “a UL, © #araes ee Oe J e — a) 7 a . 7 + ti ‘= a en 4 ‘ae Th a The’ Gna j < ae IF i : in | peat % i eer ; > ee Lona? a a i = . oe mae > —— . : y a = oe = 2 o> he. + Fad : ~ ans x = =a ny ve 1 7 7 — CINNYRIS AFER. (GREATER DOUBLE-COLLARED SUN-BIRD.) Certhia afra, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 186. no. 11 (1766, ex Edwards); P. L.S. Mill. S. N. ii. p. 25 no. 11 (1773); Gm. 8. N. i. p. 476 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 286. no. 18, p. 28 var. B, y (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 192 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 18 no. 18 (1812); Lath. in Salt, Voy. Abyss. p. 345 (1816). Certhia viridis, Scop. Ann. i. p. 52. no. 60 (1768); Gm. S. N. i. p. 469 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 281. no. 2 (1790); Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 506 (1817); id. Ene. Méth. ii. p. 583 (1825). Soui-manga vert a gorge rouge, Buff. Hist. Ois. v. p. 514 (1778); Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 63 (1802). Green Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 702. no. 2 (1781). African Creeper, Lath. tom. cit. p. 717. nos. 18 et 18 a. Grimpereau vert du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 208, pl. 116. fig. 2 (A082), Certhia canora, Scop. Flor. et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90. no. 61 (1786). Blue-rumped Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 131. no. 53 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 238. no. 28, et p. 239, var. a (1822). Certhia scarlatina, Sparrm. Mus. Carl. ii. pl. 58 (1788). Sout-manga a ceinture bleue, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 28, pl. 10 (1802). Le Sucrier @ plastron rouge, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi. p. 176, pl. 300 (1808); Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 57 (1857). Cinnyris afra, Cuy. Régn. Anim. i. p. 412 (1817); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 407. no. 23 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 102. no. 558 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 288. no. 667, pl. 575. figs. 3914-15 (1854); Gurney, in Andersson’s B. Damara Land, p. 70 (1872). Cinnyris pectoralis, Vieill. N. Dict. dHist. Nat. xxxi. p. 497 (1819); id. Enc. Méth. ii. p- 584 (1823). Cinnyris smaragdinus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 508 (1819); id. Enc. Méth. ii. - p- 995 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 49 (1828). - Bifusciated Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv. p. 285. no. 98 (1822). Cinnyris viridis, Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 588 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 46 (1828). Nectarinia afra, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 169, 247, pl. 2 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. i. p-. 97(1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 224. no. 1358 (1849); Mill. J. £ O. 1855, p. 13. no. 135; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 207, 1862, p.155; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 76. no. 123; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 243; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no. 1281 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 39. no. 368 (1871); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 69. Certhia erythrogastra, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xx. pl. 837 (1847). Cinnyris canora, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 407. no. 21 (1850); Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 288. no. 666, pl. 574. fig. 5915 (1854). Nectarinia scarlatina, Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 16. no. 177; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 11, 39 (1858). Nectarinia ludovicensis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 41. no. 17 (1868); Gray, Hand-l. B. 1. p-. 107. no. 1504. Nectarinia canora, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 106. no, 1288 (1869). g ad, supra metallicé viridis, tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus: his majoribus primariisque saturaté brunneis pallidiis marginatis: supracaudalibus chalybeis: caud4é brunnescenti-nigra: gutture toto et prepectore metallicé viridibus dorso concoloribus, torque infra’ marginante angustd metallicé chalybea : torque laté pectorali scarlatinad: fasciis pectoralibus flavis, abdomine et subcaudalibus cinerascenti- brunneis. 2 ad. supra cinerascenti-brunnea, supracaudalibus olivascente lavatis: supercilio obsoleté albicante: remigibus saturate brunneis, pallidits marginatis: caudd brunnescenti-nigra, rectricibus externis angusté albo terminatis: subtus pallidissimé cinerascenti-brunnea. Hab. in Africé meridionali. Adult Male. Upper parts metallic green, including the least and median series of wing-coverts; greater series and quills dark brown, the feathers narrowly margined with pale brown; upper tail-coverts steel- blue; tail brownish black, the outer feather on each side paler and with a narrow whitish edge; a black patch in front of the eye; sides of the head and neck, entire throat and fore neck metallic green like the back, followed by a narrow steel-blue collar; entire front of the chest bright glossy scarlet, forming a broad belt; pectoral tufts sulphur-yellow ; lower breast, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts ashy brown; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 1°1, wing 2°6, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°75. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy brown, with a slight olive shade on the upper tail-coverts; an obscure whitish eyebrow; wings dark brown, the feathers edged with pale brown; tail brownish black, the outer feathers on each side paler and narrowly edged with white; underparts very pale ashy brown, with a slight yellow shade down the centre of the abdomen; under wing-coverts white; bill and legs black ; inides dark brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 1:1, wing 2°5, tail 2°25, tarsus 0°75. Has. South Africa. Obs. Immature males, and males in full moult, resemble the females in plumage. The brilliant colours first appear on the head and throat, and lastly on the lower back. Tuts handsome Sun-bird belongs to the ashy-breasted section of the ‘ pale metallic group,” and is closely allied to C. chalybeus and C. chloropygius, from which the present species may be readily distinguished by its greater size and by the greater breadth of the scarlet pectoral band. In South Africa it is widely distributed; and although a very common and well-known bird, its occurrence has not been recorded from many districts which are apparently within its range: for instance, it has been collected by Sefior Anchieta at Biballa, in Benguela, where it is known to the natives by the name of “ Kanjoi;” and Mr. Layard records it from the Lake-Ngami district upon the authority of Mr. Chapman; yet it does not appear to occur in Damara and Namaqua Land; and Mr. Andersson, in his notes (B. Damara Ld. p. 70), observes :—‘ It never came under my personal observation, except in the south-eastern districts of the Cape colony. It frequents forests, but may occasionally be observed in the more open parts during the flowering-season ;” but it is entered in that work owing to its having been recorded from the Lake-Ngami district. In like manner we are assured by Mr. Layard (B. S. Afr. p. 76):—“* This species never visits the neighbourhood of Cape Town. It replaces NW. chalybea in the forest districts; but about Swellendam it is mingled with it, and keeps to the wooded river-banks. At the Knysna it is abundant, and has the same habits as WV. chalybea, being only, perhaps, rather more shy.” At Eland’s Post it has been obtained by Mr. T. C. Atmore; and we are informed by Mr. Layard (Ibis, 1868, p. 243) that Mr. W. Atmore found several nests in the Long Kloof, George district, in October. ‘They were ‘well woven with the fibre of Asclepias, grass-bents, snake-skins, and all sorts of odd things, and then filled up with feathers. My boys have taken three or four nests, each with but two eggs; and I believe that to be the orthodox number.’ These are similar in colour (clouded grey-brown) and size to those of the western species NV. chalybea.” It has been collected by Mr. Rickard at Port Elizabeth and at East London. In South-eastern Africa it is plentiful and, I think, more evenly distributed. In Natal, according to Mr. T. Ayres (Ibis, 1862, p. 155), “this species is not found immediately on the coast, its range commencing about ten miles inland.” During my short stay in the neighbour- hood of Durban, from February to April, I did not meet with this species, it being, as I was informed, migratory, but occasionally resorting there during the breeding-season in July and August ; from Pinetown, some twelve miles distant, I have received several specimens collected by Mr. T. L. Ayres. In Mr. Sharpe’s cabinet I have examined specimens said to have been collected in the Zambesi district by Mr. Meller, and from Algoa Bay, upon the authority of M. J. Verreaux. The illustration represents the adult male and female. ya qaingianr baw gilts ui aria Gh has won at evga AM TiN thi \ r i er me a sinlen' hy aired. ad hailwirr al ry Ly" Pat) 18 CSE tas ce Serer Rely Mio ) ie Py fern aye GAD ie Serine fam tile te Why

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Mw PALI) ferme’ se il yeti baa re add of agit “etd lie (nude ad aid: eet = a eo ew Oe hyo) sed rig) rat wh Grd trot) O32 ac Sighs oop’ hres efi ode Tel teed Cy ft aw CTD | CANINA RUSE ACO Ke (ACIK SCARLET-CHESTED SUN-BIRD.) Nectarinia natalensis, Antin. Cat. p. 34 (1864, nec Jard.); Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 202; Salvad. Atti R. Acc. Torino, 1870, p. 731, pl. 1, fig. 2. Nectarinia cruentata, Heugl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 262 (part.); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 21 (1856, part.). Nectarinia acik, Antin. J. f. O. 1866, p. 205; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 230 (1871); Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. pp. 217, 861 (1870). Nectarinia senegalensis, vel acik, Heugl. Weissen Nil, p. 337 (1869). 3 ad, supra velutinus, nigricanti-brunneus, alis caudaque vix pallidioribus et cupreo adumbratis: pileo circum- scripté aurato-viridi, loris et facie laterali dorso concoloribus: genis anticis metallicé aurato-viridibus : mento et gula summa metallicé olivascenti-viridibus: gutture reliquo et pectore leté scarlatinis, plumis angusté chalybeo vix viridescente subterminaliter fasciatis: corpore reliquo subtus velutino, brunnes- centi-nigro, subcaudalibus vix brunnescentioribus: alis infra saturaté brunneis, subalaribus fére nigris > rostro et pedibus nigris: iride nigra. 2 ad. supra brunnea, capitis et colli lateribus dorso concoloribus: alis cauddque saturatioribus et magis bronzino-brunneis: remigibus pallidé marginatis, et rectricibus angusté pallidits terminatis: corpore subtts saturaté brunneo, plumis omnibus olivascenti-flavo marginatis, pectore medio magis flavicante : subcaudalibus laté flavicanti-fulvo marginatis: alis subtis saturaté brunneis, subalaribus laté fulvido marginatis, Hab. in terra Niloticd superiore Africe septentrionali-orientalis. Adult Male. Upper parts dark brown, as well as the sides of the head and neck; wings and tail rather paler and strongly shaded with copper; forehead and crown metallic golden green; chin and upper portion of the throat metallic olive-green, flanked on the sides with broad cheek-bands of metallic golden green of less extent than in C. senegalensis ; remainder of the throat and the front of the chest bright scarlet vermilion, each feather with a narrow subterminal bar of steel-blue very slightly shaded with green ; remainder of the body brownish black ; under tail-coverts rather browner ; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the coverts almost black; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°6, tail 2, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts brown; sides of the head and neck the same colour; wings and tail darker and more bronzy brown; the wing-feathers with pale margins; the tail-feathers with narrow pale ends ; underparts dark brown, all the feathers edged with olive-shaded yellow, which edgings are most distinct and yellowest down the centre of the lower breast ; under tail-coverts very broadly edged with yellowish buff; under surface of the wings dark brown, the coverts with partial broad buff edges. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°4, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°6. Has. North-east Africa, Upper-White-Nile district. Tuts form of Scarlet-chested Sun-bird is to some extent intermediate between C. gutturalis and C. senegalensis, resembling as it does the former in the dark-brown colour of the wing and tail, and in the metallic bars to the scarlet feathers being steel-blue only slightly glossed with green ; but it differs from that bird and resembles C. senegalensis in the absence of metallic feathers on the least wing-coverts, in the golden rather than emerald-green of the crown, and in its smaller size. We have only seen one authentic specimen of the female; in this bird the depth of the colouring, especially of the under surface of the body, is a very well-marked character, readily distinguishing it from the females of the other Scarlet-chested Sun-birds. Antinori enters this species in his catalogue of the birds collected by him in North-eastern Africa as Nectarinia natalensis, and first describes it as a distinct species in a note attached to Hartmann’s translation of his catalogue (J. f. O. 1866, p. 205). According to Antinori it arrives in the Djur country (Upper-White-Nile district) from the equator about the first week in February, when a few pairs may be seen around the sweet-scented white flowers of the “ babanus,” or ebony of the Soudan. It also frequents other flowers, such as varieties of Euphorbia and Cassia pendula. The natives call it “Acik,” and look upon its arrival as a good omen, fortelling the approach of the rainy season. The note, which it con- stantly utters while on the wing, he compares to that of the Chaffinch. Antinori further states that after the 15th of April they all disappeared, but he was unable to tell where they migrated to, as he did not again meet with them. ‘This differs from Von Heuglin’s observations; for that gentleman met with them in the same locality at all seasons excepting during the months of July and August. He found them not uncommon in the country of the Upper Gazelle River, at Bongo, Wau, and the Kasanga river, usually in pairs, frequenting mostly the high trees. He received specimens of Sun-birds from the neighbourhood of Mount Belenia, on the White Nile, above the Gazelle River, collected for him about the end of January and beginning of February; these he did not closely examine, but labelled them at the time Nectarinia cruentata. THe since believes that they probably belong to this species. The accompanying illustration, as well as the descriptions, are taken from the type specimens in the Turin Museum. CINNYRIS SENEGALENSIS. (WEST-AFRICAN SCARLET-CHESTED SUN-BIRD.) Grimpereau violet du Sénégal, Briss. Orn. iii, p. 660, no. 29, pl. 34, fig. 2 (1760). Certhia senegalensis, Linn. 8. N. i, p. 186, no. 14(1766); P. L.S. Mull. S. N. ii, p. 258 (1773) ; Gm. 8. N. i, p. 477 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 284, no. 10 (1790); Shaw, Gen. Zool. vill, p. 205, pl. 79, figs. 1, 2 (1811); Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 178, no. 10 (1812). Soui-manga violet & poitrine rouge, Montb. Hist. Ois. v, p. 500 (1778); Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii, p. 25, pl. 8 (1802). Senegal Creeper, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii, p. 209, no. 9 (1782); id. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 236, no. 25, note f (1822). Sucrier Protée, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi, p. 165, pl. 295, fig. 2 (1808, part.) ; Sundey. Krit. om Levaill. p. 57 (1857). Cinnyris senegalensis, Cuv. Régn. Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Hahn, Orn. Atlas, Cinnyris, p. 2, no. 1 (1834); Swains. B. W. Afr. ii, p. 127 (1837); Bp. Consp. Av. i, p. 408, no. 33 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 102, no. 557 (1850). Cinnyris discolor, Vieill. N. Dict. dHist. Nat. xxxi, p. 519 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii, p. 589 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 46 (1828). Nectarinia senegalensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); Drapier, Dict. Class. xv, p. 515 (1829); Kittl. Kupf Vog. p. 22, pl. 28, fig. 2 (1833); Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 191, 255, pl. 11 (1842); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p.10; Licht. Nomenel. Av. p. 55 (1854); Mull. J. f. O. 1855, p. 13, no. 143; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 49, no. 139 (1857); Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866, p- 331; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. i, p. 135, no. 37 (1866); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1306 (1869); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 39, no. 367 (1871); Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche &c. p. 18 (1875). Chalcomitra senegalensis, Reichb. Handb. Scansorie, p. 278, no. 643, pl. 567, figs. 3866-67 (1854). ¢ ad. supra saturaté velutino-brunneus, tectricibus alarum minimis et medianis dorso concoloribus: majoribus cum remigibus, supracaudalibus rectricibusque conspicué pallidits brunneis: pileo metallicé aurato- viridi: loris et facie laterali dorso concoloribus: genis metallicé aurato-viridibus: mento metallicé olivaceo-viridi: gutture reliquo et pectore leté scarlatinis, plumis celatim metallicé cyanescenti-viridi angusté transfasciatis: corpore reliquo subtus velutino-nigricante, versus supracaudales pallidiore: ala subtis bronzino-brunnea, subalaribus saturatioribus: rostro et pedibus nigris: iride saturaté brunnea. 9 ad. supra brunnea, capite laterali et colli lateribus dorso concoloribus: cauda alisque bronzino-brunneis, primariis albido limbatis: rectricibus angusté pallidits terminatis: corpore subtus fulvescente, gutturis plumis brunneis fulvido marginatis et pectoris plumis medialiter brunneis, quasi marmoratis: hypo- chondriis brunneo lavatis: subcaudalibus saturate brunneis: remigibus infra saturaté brunneis, intts fulyido marginatis: subalaribus fulvidis flavo lavatis, basaliter saturate brunneis. Hab. in Africa occidentali. Adult Male. Back and sides of the head and neck, back, scapulars, least and median series of wing-coverts 202 dark brown, fading into pale brown on the remainder of the wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail; fore- head and crown metallic golden-green; chin and upper portion of the throat metallic olive-green, flanked on the sides with broad cheek-bands of metallic golden-green, of greater extent than in C. acik or C. gutturalis; remainder of the throat and the front of the chest bright vermilion, with a narrow metallic bluish green subterminal bar to each feather; remainder of the body blackish brown, rather paler towards the under tail-coverts ; undersurface of wing bronzy brown, with the coverts darker ; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 5 inches, culmen 0:9, wing 26, tail 1°9, tarsus 0°6. Adult Female. Upper parts brown; sides of the head and neck of the same colour; wings and tail bronzy brown; the wing-feathers with pale edges, becoming white along the bend of the wing and on the primary-coverts ; the tail-feathers with narrow pale ends ; underparts buff, very strongly mottled with dark brown on the throat ; the centres of some of the chest-feathers and of the under tail-coverts dark brown; flanks strongly shaded with brown; under surface of the wings dark brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts buff, the latter slightly shaded with yellow, and mottled with dark brown; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 4°6 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°45, tail 1°7, tarsus 0°65. Young Male. Similar in plumage to the female, excepting that the underparts are shaded with yellow; chin and throat black ; chest and flanks more distinctly mottled with black instead of brown. Has. West Africa. Tue chief characters which distinguish the present species are the pale-brown colour of the wings and tail, the strong green shade on the subterminal metallic bars of the red feathers, and the absence of metallic colours on the least series of wing-coverts. By this last character, as well as by the golden-green shade of the crown, it approaches most nearly to C. acik, but is distinguished from that bird by the other characters above mentioned. Although a well-known species to the older writers, who, however, often confounded it with the South-African C. gutturalis, absolutely nothing has been recorded upon its habits; and in the numerous references to this species we only find the mere localities mentioned whence specimens have been sent home. In several cases these localities are probably incorrect, even when they do not properly refer to C. guttwralis—for instance, as regards its occurrence in Prince’s Island and on the Gold Coast. With regard to the former locality, Dr. Dohrn writes :—“ I am sure that Nectarinia splendida and N. senegalensis, though entered by Erman, do not occur in Prince’s Island.” Dr. Hartlaub mentions a specimen, in the Bremen Museum, said to be from the Gold Coast : this we believe to be incorrect as regards locality ; for no other authority for its occurrence there is to be found; and Governor Ussher, who from his long residence in that country, and from the large collection made by him there, is certainly our chief authority on its ornithology, never once saw this species; nor did Mr. Buckley, myself, or Mr. Blissett ever meet with it there. In fact, I know of no reliable instance of its capture south of Sierra Leone, although I possess a specimen originally labelled as coming from the Gaboon; but it rests only on a dealer’s authority, and is of no value, especially as it bears no collector’s ticket. It has been recorded by Bocage from Goree, a small island off Cape Verd. Marche and De Compiégne collected it in Senegambia, at Haun, Daranka, and Sedhion. In the Marquis of Tweeddale’s collection I have examined specimens from Cape Verd, Daranka, St. Marie, and Casamanze. In Mr. Sharpe’s collection there were specimens from Senegal, and the ones here figured and described from the Gambia, Casamanze, and Bissao. COD CINNYRIS AMETHYSTINUS. (AMETHYST SUN-BIRD.) Soui-manga & front doré, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. dorés, ii, pp. 21, 22, pls. 5, 6 (1802). Sucrier velours, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. vi, p. 160, pl. 294 (1808); Sundev. Krit. om. Levaill. p. 96 (1857). Certhia amethystina, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii, p. 195 (1811). Certhia aurifrontalis, Bechst. Kurze Uebers. p. 192, no. 77 (1812). Cinnyris amethystinus, Cuv. Régne Anim. i, p. 412 (1817); Less. Traité d’Orn. i, p. 294, no. 12 (1831); Swains. B. W. Afr. ii, p. 134 (1837); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 406, no. 2 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i, p. 101, no. 555 (1850); Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 265; Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 425; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s B. S. Afr. p. 315, no. 300 (1877). Cinnyris auratifrons, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 502 (1819); Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Méth. i, p. 590 (1823). Meropine Creeper, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iv, p. 223, no. 11 (1822). Amethystine-throated Creeper, Lath. tom. cit. p. 254, no. 51, and var. a. Nectarinia aurifrons, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 15 (1823); Less. Man. d’Orn. ii, p. 42 (1828); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 55 (1854). Nectarinia auratifrons, Drapier, Dict. Class. xv, p. 511 (1829). Nectarinia amethystina, Jard. Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 195, 256, pl. 13 (1842); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 10, no. 107; Mill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 14, no. 146; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 44 (1857); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 39 (1858); Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 207; Hartl. J. f.O. 1861, p. 108; Finsch, J. f. O. 1867, p. 246; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 79, no. 132 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 107, no. 1305 (1869); Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1869, p. 340; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 220 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 38, no. 361 (1871); Bouvier, Cat. Ois. Marche, p. 13 (1875); Gadow, J. f. O. 1876, p. 419; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 203; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1877, p. 153; 1878, p. 2. Chalcomitra amethystina, Reichb. Handb. Scansoriz, p. 277, no. 641, pl. 567, figs. 3861-63 (1854). é ad. supra velutino-niger, sub certa luce lilacino:bronzino nitens: alis cauddque cuprescenti-brunneis, tectri- cibus extus velutino nigro limbatis, minimis chalybeis violaceo adumbratis: supracaudalibus metallicé igneo-lilacinis: fronte et vertice metallicé viridibus, postice vix aurato nitentibus: loris nigris: facie laterali, capitis collique lateribus et corpore subtus velutino nigris, gutture metallicé lilacino: subalaribus pectori concoloribus : remigibus infra bronzino-brunneis : rostro et pedibus nigris ; iride saturaté brunnea. 9 ad. supra cinerascenti-brunnea, olivaceo lavata: pilei plumis medialiter saturaté brunneis quasi marmo- ratis : supracaudalibus saturaté brunneis, pallidé cineraceo marginatis: tectricibus alarum brunneis pallidé cineraceo marginatis: remigibus brunneis cineraceo limbatis, secundariis extus paullo olivascentibus : rectricibus nigricanti-brunneis bronzino nitentibus et pallidé cinerascenti terminatis, externis latits 2P apicatis: supercilio indistincto et angusto flavido: plag& anteoculari fuscd: facie laterali dorso con- colori: genis pallidé flavidis: gulé migra, plumis vix cinerascenti limbatis: corpore reliquo subtus pallidé flavido, pectoris plumis basaliter brunneis et minuté brunneo terminatis: hypochondriis longi- tudinaliter pallidé brunneo notatis: subalaribus albidis, basaliter brunneis: remigibus infra brunneis, inttis conspicueé albido marginatis. Hab. in Africa meridionali et meridionali-occidentali. Adult Male. Velvety black with a lilac-bronze gloss; wings and tail of a more coppery shade; forehead and crown metallic emerala-green, with a few of the feathers on the occiput inclining to golden yellow; least series of wing-coverts violet-shaded steel-blue; upper tail-coverts, chin, and throat rich metallic lilac; chin slightly tinted with copper-colour, and the edges of the throat with violet; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown. Total length 5:3 inches, culmen 1:15, wing 2°9, tail 2, tarsus 0°7. Adult Female. Upper parts ashy olive; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark brown, with ashy-olive edges to the feathers, excepting a few of the outer wing-coverts, which are edged with white; the edges of the outer tail-feathers and narrow tips to a few of the other tail-feathers white; sides of the head dusky olive shading into black in front of the eyes; eyebrows and cheeks yellowish buff; chin and throat black, the feathers partially edged with grey; under surface of the body buff with black triangular centres to the feathers, most visible on the chest, less so on the sides of the body and under tail-coverts, and almost hidden on the abdomen ; under surface of the wings dark brown with the edges of the coverts and inner margins of the quills white; the outer coverts tinted with yellow; bill and legs black; irides dark brown. ‘Total length 49 inches, culmen 1:1, wing 2°5, tail 1:8, tarsus 0°65. Male in nearly full moult. Similar in plumage to the female, excepting that the buff on the eyebrows and cheeks is nearly absent; the throat is slightly darker and has a few metallic lilac feathers. Has. South Africa, ranging as far as Angola on the western coast. Tue South-African Amethyst Sun-bird belongs to the “dark brown” group, named Chalcomitra by Reichenbach, and to that section in which the front of the chest is not scarlet. Like C. kirkii, it is distinguished from all the other Sun-birds by its velvet-like black plumage; and these two species are separated by the colour of their upper tail-coverts, which in the present species are of a metallic amethyst-colour, while in C. kirkii they are black like the back. It is a common bird in many portions of South Africa, and ranges northward as far as Angola, whence it has been recorded by Professor Bocage, as well as from Caconda, in Benguela, where it was procured by Senor Anchieta. It nevertheless appears to be absent from that por- tion of the south-west coast which lies between the Orange River and the Cape of Good Hope; for Mr. Andersson never met with it excepting at the Knysna; and although we have frequently received specimens from the Cape, we believe they were all collected in the more eastern portion of the colony; for, according to Mr. Layard, it is “an abundant species in the eastern provinces, but never seen near Cape-town, and not very uncommon in the forest districts of the colony.” He adds:—‘‘ We have also received it from the neighbourhood of Swellendam, through Mr. Cairncross, who informs us that the specimens sent by him were procured in the mimosa trees which line the banks of the rivers flowing through that district. We saw it at the Knysna; and its habits appeared similar to those of the common C. chalybeus. “Mr. Rickard informs us that it is not very common at Port Elizabeth, where it frequents the aloes when in flower; at East London, however, he says it is very abundant on the Tecoma (Cape Honeysuckle).” Levaillant found this species plentiful along the Gamtoos river during the dry season ; Mr. Atmore has collected specimens at Eland’s Post and Graham’s Town; and Lieut. Anstey at King William’s Town. It is abundant in Natal and the Transvaal, and is also, according to Mr. T. E. Buckley, common in Swazi Land, but does not cross the Limpopo into Matabili. In Natal, near the coast, Mr. T. L. Ayres has collected it for me at Pinetown, and writes :—“ These Sun-birds remain in the bushy country about Pinetown throughout the year, and are generally met with in pairs. In winter, when they are out of plumage, they congregate to feed from the red flowers of one of the common shrubs, and pick up spiders &c.” Mr. Barratt writes:—‘‘I shot one or two near Rustenburg, and observed it more than once during my journey through the bush between Potchefstroom and Rustenburg. I also saw a few in the bush near Pretoria; and J have killed it in British Kaffraria, near East London, in company with WV. chalybea; it is, however, much more shy in its habits than the latter bird.” Mr. T. Ayres records it from the Lydenburg district, and informs us that the nest is similar in structure to that of C. guttwralis, but is not hung over water as is generally the case with the nest of the latter species. Mr. Atmore found a nest at Oudtshoorn, on the 24th of January, “hanging on a branch of an apple-tree, very rough outside, composed of short bits of stick, grass, and spider’s web—arched, as are the nests of all the tribe. The number of eggs appear to be two, as we did not take these till they were incubated ; before they were blown they were of a soft creamy-yellow colour. I have not seen this species west of the Gouritz river; on the other side they are plentiful, especially when the ‘ wilde dagga’ is in flower.” According to Mr. Layard, the eggs sent to him by Mr. Atmore were of a beautiful creamy grey, with indistinct, confused blotches, spots, and streaks, chiefly at the obtuse end: axis 9", diam. 6”. The male in assuming the full breeding-plumage first puts on the metallic lilac feathers on the throat ; in the next stage they generally become mottled all over with black feathers, while the metallic-green crown gradually appears; but in one specimen we find the metallic crown almost perfect before any of the black feathers have appeared. The metallic-lilac upper tail- coyerts are acquired when the bird has assumed about three quarters of the black plumage, and the metallic feathers on the bend of the wing only when the remainder of the full dress is almost complete. The adult male and female here figured and described, and the male in nearly full moult, were collected for me by Mr. T. L. Ayres at Pinetown, and are still in my possession. goo © Ss ee eS, eee, i een poll TPeginn ew wee Ti Ja sel he vee ae Pie f ; iia yj has ic he ae 8 ti Al scons WoO GE Fee \ wert or , at é ‘a “el i ti hi (ha OjMmse ) % at D estes i Mlhaste eee : YF Te wi SitmleAY bal oT VEE ee eae Ds " —" nt ~ : - 5 Lia it Ce donk Sema wea sl Pay ina esas apt hire inet. an tial 18 Oth bhive. iid ary) @ wink) (Meena! ae Oe. Ui yh ¥ i Ne, Hu | Paine Shag ae PHS Wilidaent iA © - 7 ne a l wick HE tied ppg? 2 cin im F : td ed he LL a re (wap “rari + 0 Sar Be ihe taih cia EN “fe CA pi VL OU Fb Shee ili Bolin Sele sree 7 PAL