nag fee

r er;
ae
eb

.
%

+’
os ee .
«eee wee
ooo :

yy ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

| 870 OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Published by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts.

No. III.

MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTACIDA.

BY

DR. HERMANN A. HAGEN.

INVERT
Cn aD \ 00 He ike lE
Re

Letional Muse’

CAMBRIDGE:
FOR SALE BY SEVER AND FRANCIS.
1870.

{ 7 % y ve
; ‘Saw di eto a ee
- - ye ' af
“ . Be
~ ‘«
Fs ' ae ry '
1 © ae = - ne
' fe
é 4 ee
‘ ¥ Fe eee 4 n
y
ot
.
, ’
&
a
‘ |
University Press: Wetcu, BicELow, & Co., __
CAMBRIDGE. :
53 » h
*t Ae :
’
\
; Bi
/
Fc
. }
i

NOOO E

Ir is but justice to Dr. Hacen to state that this monograph was

completed by him and handed to me for publication as early as

October, 1868. Circumstances over which I had no control have

delayed its passage through the press till now.
LOUIS AGASSIZ.

CAMBRIDGE, February 21, 1870.

%,
S
Yay ee
<<
a e
Sz

&

“a
‘

Ree

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION, 1.

History, 5.

On THE CONSTANCY OF THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, 12.
abnormal gigantic specimens, 13; accidental variations, 14; differences of age, 14; differ-
ent shape of the head, 14; differences in sculpture, 15 ; hairiness, 15 ; older specimens, 15;
retrograde development, 15; postabdomen, 15; hands, 16; colors, 16; on the sexual dif
ference, 17; the abdominal legs of the male, 17; the purpose of their structure, 18; the
females, 18; annulus ventralis, 19; eggs, their attachment and bursting, 20; development
of the first pair of abdominal legs in the male, 20; second form of the male, 21; first form
of the male, 21; dimorphism or perhaps a sterile form, 22; inner sexual parts of the Cam-
barus male: of C. acutus, 22; of C. virilis, 23; of C. Bartonii, 23 ; inner sexual parts of the
Cambarus female: of C. acutus, 24; of C. Bartoni, 24; no dimorphism in the true Astaci,
24; dimorphism in other Crustacea, 24; dimorphism in insects, 25; the rarity of varicties
an important character of Cambarus, 26.

CAMBARUS, 27.
is Cambarus a distinct genus or not? 27; embryological confirmation as yet wanting, 29 ;
further division of the genus Cambarus, 29; hooked legs of the male, 30; rostrum, 31 ; first
pair of abdominal legs, 32.

CaMBARUS; DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES, 32.
Group I., 32.
Group II., 57.
Group III., 74.

Astacus; DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES, 89.

On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION, 97.
distribution of the species, 97.
distribution in every State or Territory, 99.
number of species in the States and Territories as yet known, 103.
our knowledge is at present very imperfect, 103.
strict limitation of the habitat of Astacus and Cambarus, 104.
limitation of Cambarus to North America and Cuba, 104.
distribution of the three groups of Cambarus, 105.
species associated, 106.
geographical distribution according to the river systems, 107.
distribution of the species, 109.
number of the Astacide known in the whole world, 109.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Vil.
INDEX TO THE SPECIES, 111.

vw

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate F. First abdominal legs of the male.

C. acutus, Form I, fig. 1 in front; fig. 2 outside. Form II. fig. 4 in front; fig. 3 the same en-
larged; fig. 5 outside.

C. Clarkii, Form L, fig. 7 in front; fig. 8 outside. Form IL., fig. 9 in front; fig. 10 outside.

C. troglodytes, Form I., fig. 11 in front; fig. 12 outside. Form IL, fig..13 in front; fig. 14 outside.

C. Lecontei, Form L., fig. 15 in front; fig. 16 outside. Form IL, fig. 17 in front; fig. 18 outside.

C. affinis, Form L., fig. 19 in front; fig. 20 outside. Form II., fig. 21 in front; fig. 22 outside.

C. virilis, Form 1, fig. 23 in front; fig. 24 outside ; figs. 25, 26 varieties outside. Form II, fig 27
in front; fig. 28 outside.

C. juvenilis, Form I., fig. 29 in front; fig. 30 outside; fig. 31 viewed more outwardly. Form IL,
fig. 32 in front; fig. 33 outside.

C. propinquus, Form L., fig. 34 in front; fig. 35 variety ; fig. 36 outside. Form IL, fig. 37 in front;
fig. 38 outside.

C. obesus, Form I., fig. 39 in front; fig. 40 outside. Form IL, fig. 41 in front; fig. 42 outside.

C. latimanus, Form I., fig. 43 in front; fig. 44 outside. Form IL., fig. 45 in front; fig. 46 outside.

C. Bartonii, Form L., fig. 47 in front; fig. 48 outside. Form IL, fig. 49 in front; fig. 50 outside.

C. Carolinus, Form I., fig. 51 in front; fig. 52 outside. Form ILI. fig. 53 in front; fig. 54 outside.

C. versutus, Form I., fig. 55 in front; fig. 56 outside. Form IL., fig. 57 in front; fig. 58 outside.

C. spiculifer, Form I., fig. 59 in front; fig. 60 outside. Form II, fig. 61 in front; fig. 62 outside.

C. Blandingii (Type), Form I., fig. 63 in front; fig. 64 outside.

C. angustatus (Type), Form L., fig. 65 in front; fig. 66 outside ; fig. 67 inside.

C. pellucidus, Form I., fiz. 68 in front; fig. 69 outside. Form II., fig. 70 in front; fig. 71 outside.

C. obscurus, Form I., fig. 72 in front; fig. 73 outside. Form II., fig. 74 in front; fig. 75 outside.

C. placidus, Form I., fig. 76 in front; fig. 77 outside. Form II., fig. 78 in front; fig. 79 outside.

C. rusticus, Form I., fig. 80 in front; fig. 81 outside. Form IL, fig. 82 in front; fig. 83 outside.

C. affinis, very old (C. Pealei), Form I., fig. 84 in front; fig. 85 outside.

C. lancifer, Form I., fig. 86 in front; fig. 87 outside.

C. extraneus, Form II, fig. 88 in front; fig. 89 outside.

C. advena, Form L., fig. 90 in front; fig. 91 enlarged in front; fig. 92 outside.

C. penicillatus, Form I., fig. 93 in front ; fig. 94 outside. Form IL, fig. 95 in front ; fig. 96 outside.

A. Gambelii, fig. 97 in front ; fig. 98 outside.

C. Clarkii (Type), young, Form IL, fig. 99 in front; fig. 100 outside.

C. immunis, Form I., fig. 101 in front; fig. 102 outside.

C. fullaz, Form I., fig. 103 in front; fig. 104 outside; fig. 105 inside.

Plate ITI.

C. acutus, Form I., fig. 106 in front; fig. 108 outside. Var. A, Form. I., fig. 107 in front; fig.
109 outside,

Form II. (young 1.7 inch long), fig. 110 outside; (2.7 inch long) fig. 111 outside.
Form IL (2.7 inch long) fig. 112 outside, imperfectly articulated.
Form II. (4.4 inch long), fig. 113 outside, not articulated.
Ventre between the fourth legs of the female, fig. 114; the same in var. A, fig. 115.
Rostrum from above, fig. 116; var. A, fig. 117.
Epistoma, fig. 118; var. A, fig. 119.

Vill EXPLANATION OF TIIE PLATES.

C. acutus, Transverse line of the thorax, fig. 124; var. A, fig, 125.
Inner sexual parts of the Male Form L, fig. 120; testicules viewed from above, fig. 121.
Form ILI., fig. 122.
Inner sexual parts of the female, fig. 123.
Annulus ventralis of the female, fig. 126 ; the same, inner side, fig. 127.

C. Clarkii, development of the first abdominal leg in the male, 0.3 inch long, fig. 183; the knob
enlarged, fig. 134.

C. virilis, inner sexual parts of the Male Form I., @ 128; side, fig. 129; testicules viewed from
above, fig. 132.

The same, in Form II, fig. 130; side, fig. 131.
C. Bartonii, inner sexual parts of the Male Form I, fig. 135; side, fig. 136.
The same in Form IL., fig. 137; side, fig. 138.
Inner sexual parts of the female, fig. 139.

Plate WIE. a, lamina antennalis ; 6, epistoma ; c, the exterior spine of the second joint of the exterior
antenna. (The letters are only indicated in fig. 140.)
CamBarus. Group I.

C. Blandingti (Type), fig. 140. C. troglodytes, fig. 141. C. Clarkii, fig. 142. C. acutus, fig. 143.
C. acutus, var. B, fig. 144. C. Lecontei, fig. 145. C. angustatus (Type), fig. 146. C. spicu-
lifer, fig. 147. C. pellucidus, fig. 148. C. penicillatus, fig. 149, C. versutus, fig. 150. C.
Wiegmanm, fig. 151.

CampBarus. Group II.

C. affinis, fig. 152. C. propinquus, fig. 153. C-. obscurus, fig. 154. C. virilis, fig. 155. C. extra-
neus, fig. 156. C. juvenilis, fig. 157. C. placidus, fig. 158. C-. lancifer, fig. 159. C. mmmunis,
fig. 160; fig. d, var. of the epistoma. C-. rusticus, fig. 161.

CampBarus. Group III.
C. latimanus, fig. 162. C. obesus, fig. 163. C. advena, fig. 164. C. Carolinus, fig. 165. C. Bar-
toni, fig. 166. C. robustus, fig. 167.
ASTACUS.
A, nigrescens, fig. 168. A. Klamathensis, fig. 169. A. Gambelii, fig. 170. A. Trowbridgii, fig. 171.

Plate IV.
Cambarus Clarkii, Male Form I. (nat. size).

Plate V.
Cambarus affinis, Fem, (nat. size).

Plate VI.

Cambarus pellucidus, Male Form I. (nat. size).
Plate VII.
Cambarus advena, Male Form I. (twice enlarged).
Plate VIII.
Cambarus virilis, Male Form I. (nat. size); a hand of var. A. Cambarus immunis, hand.
Plate IX.
Cambarus obesus, Male Form I. (nat. size),
, Plate X.
Astacus Trowbridgii, Fem. Type (nat. size).

Plate XI.
Astacus Gambelit, Male. Type (nat. size).

INTRODUCTION.

HE followmg monograph of the Fresh-water Crawfishes of North

America is intended to form the first step in a scientific examina-
tion of the rich crustacean materials contained in the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy at Harvard College, in Cambridge. The excellent
monograph of the genus Callinectes, published by Mr. A. Ordway in
1863, is the only work about Crustacea, based principally upon the
Cambridge collection.

Arriving in Cambridge in October, 1867, in order to take care of the
articulated animals belongmg to the Museum, I was charged first to
arrange and put in order the Crustacea. Because of the almost total
lack of room and of working hands (the rich collections from Brazil
procured by the Thayer Expedition having occupied all working time
for the last two years), but a small part had been as yet determined
and arranged in the rooms opened for public exhibition. The greater
portion of them had been stored for several years in the cellar, and
therefore was so situated as not to be readily accessible for a scientific
examination.

The part exhibited comprised a series of three hundred and twenty-
seven determined species in a systematical collection, also three hun-
dred and thirty-seven determined species in several faunal collections,
and a few types of the United States Exploring Expedition. Nearly all
the latter species being represented also in the systematical series, the
number of named species (determined mostly by Mr. Dana and Mr. W.
Stimpson) did not perhaps exceed five hundred. With the exception
of several boxes already separated, with duplicates for exchange, they
~ answered to a catalogue of nearly sixteen hundred numbers, contain-
ing the names of the respective localities and collectors, the dates of
capture, and, in some cases, the scientific determinations by Mr. W.

Stimpson.
1

, INTRODUCTION.

The whole collection is now in a safe condition, mostly unpacked and
arranged in new alcohol. The division of the entire assemblage has
been carried as far as the families, that of the greater part as far as the
genera, while several families have been critically identified. There are
over four thousand two hundred jars. The number of specimens, per-
haps, exceeds sixty thousand; the additions during the years 1863 —
1866 were fourteen thousand specimens. According to Professor L.
Agassiz’s estimate, the collection comprises more than two thousand
species, the entire number of species as yet known being about five
thousand. <A closer examination of several families verifies this esti-
mate, or rather indicates that it is probably too small. Nearly one half of
the collection is formed by the Brachyura, one fourth by the Macroura.

The value of the collection is the greater from the circumstance that
most of it has been secured and formed, in view of a definite plan
adopted by Professor L. Agassiz for the purpose of examining and de-
fining the different faunze in the gigantic water-area spreading between
the coast of Eastern Africa and Western America. Several persons
have been charged with the collecting of the fishes, the crustacea, and
the polyps at chosen points, — at Zanzibar, Mr. C. Cooke ; at Kingsmills,
Sandwich and Society Islands, Mr. Garrett ; on the West Coast of Amer-
ica, Messrs. A. Agassiz, and T.G.Cary. At the same time rich collec-
tions have been received from additional intermediate localities, —
Rangoon, Singapore, China, New Holland, and others, chiefly through
Captam W. A. Putnam. The Museum is also very rich in specimens
from the shores of the United States, from the Antilles, and from
Brazil; it likewise possesses valuable materials from the European and
Mediterranean fauna.

The materials examined by me for this monograph of the North
American Astacidee are, I think, as yet unrivalled. They consist of the
followmg assemblages: 1. The Astacidse of the Cambridge Museum,
twenty-five species, represented by nearly two thousand alcoholic speci-
mens from one hundred and fifty different collectors and as many differ-
ent localities, besides some dry specimens, partly types of Dr. Gibbes.
2. The Astacidee of the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, kindly
communicated to me by Professor Leidy, containing types of Messrs.
John LeConte and Girard. 3. The Astacide of the Museum of the
Natural History Society in Boston, containing types of Professor W.
Stimpson. 4. The Astacidee of the Museum of the Peabody Academy
in Salem, which, with the last, were kindly communicated to me by Dr.

INTRODUCTION. 3

A.S. Packard. 5. Types of nine species of Mr. Girard and Professor W.
Stimpson, kindly communicated to me by Professor W. Stimpson.

The Astacide in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution I have
not yet seen.

I have described thirty-eight species,
Astaci. Eleven species, all Cambari, are new. There are six species
— four Cambari and two Astaci— which I have not seen.

Among the twenty-eight species of Cambarus which I have examined

thirty-two Cambari and six

I have seen the two forms of the male, and the female of twenty-three
species, the first form of the male and the female of one species. There
are two species, of which I have seen only the first form of the male ;
of one species I have seen only the second form; of five species I have
seen but single specimens ; of all others, a considerable number.

Among the four species of Astacus which I have examined I have
seen of one species both the male and female ; of another species, the
male only ; of the other two species, the female only ; and in all cases
only a few specimens of each species.

This monograph, as I am convinced, is very far from embracing the
entire number of species livmg in North America. May new explora-
tions soon render my work incomplete.

“4

HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN ASTACIDA

1798. Tur first North American species made known was described
by Fabricius, in his Swpplementum Entomologice Systematice. It was
called Astacus Bartoni, and communicated by Professor Smith Barton.
The description is very short, and the locality not given, but it is prob-
ably the species more recently determined as A. Bartonu by American
naturalists. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust., Suites 4 Buffon an x. (1802),
describes in few words, repeated by Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Crust., VIL
240, Astacus Bartomi, which he collected in America. The figure given
by him is very bad, and it is impossible to identify his species.

1817. Rafinesque, in the American Monthly Magazine, I. 42, Novem-
ber, describes four species, — Astacus limosus, fossor, ciliaris, and pusillus.
His descriptions are likewise very short, but the locality is given,
and it will therefore be possible to determine them exactly by further
investigations.

A. iimosus is perhaps A. affius Say, and A. fossor the species de-
scribed by me as A. obscurus, if 1t has burrowing habits. A. ciliaris is
apparently A. Bartoni, but the dimensions given by Rafinesque are, as
for the foregoing species, excessive. The ciliated legs do not belong
exclusively to this species. I think A. puszllus does not differ from A.
ciliaris. The differences given are not important, —“ the rostrum oval
acute,” “the hands oblong, dotted,” “entirely fulvous brown”; in A.
ciliaris, “the rostrum short, acute,’ “the hands short, thick dotted,’
“entirely olivaceous brown.” Perhaps A. pusillus is the second form of
the male ; still, ciliz always occur on its second pair of legs, and Rafi-
nesque would have mentioned the fact in this instance no less than in
A. ciharis.

One month after the appearance of the account of Rafinesque, Th.
Say, in Journ. Acad. Phil, I. Part I. 167, December, described two
species, — A. Bartonu and affius. His descriptions are good, and suf-
ficient to designate the species. A supplement is given, |. c. 443, con-
cerning the variation of their armature and the proportion of the
hands in A. Barton ; but here perhaps Mr. Say speaks of a different
species. Astacus Bartout Say is probably the species described by
Fabricius, and Astacus affius seems to be Astacus limosus Rafinesque.

6 | ASTACID®.

The better description authorizes us to prefer a name published one
month later.

1830. R. Harlan, in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila. II. 464, gives
the description of Astacus Blandingi from South Carolina, repeated in
1835 in his Medic. and Phys. Research. 229, with the addition of short
specific characters of Astacus Bartomi and afinis, and the figures of the
three species. But the numbers of two species are erroneously changed
in the drawings. The specimen types preserved in the collection of
the Philadelphia Academy have been kindly communicated to me by
Professor Leidy.

1833. John D. Godman, in Rambles of a Naturalist, Philadelphia,
pp- 40, 41, has communicated his observations upon the burrowing habits
of Cambarus Diogenes. I have not seen this work, which is quoted by
Mr. Ch. Girard.

1837. Professor Milne-Edwards, of Paris, in his Hist. Nat. des Crust., IT.
331, describes Astacus Bartoni, affis, and Chilensis. The change of the
numbers in Harlan’s figures has apparently iduced him to reverse the
names of the two species.

1839. Mr. J. W. Randall, Journ. Acad. Phila, VIII, Part 1 138
describes Astacus Oreganus from the Columbia River, figured in pl. 7.
The description is very short and the figure apparently very erroneous.
The type was lost by the artist, and it is still impossible to identify the
species.

1842. De Haan, in Faun. Japonic. Crust., 164, has observed the
interesting fact that Astacus Barton and A. affinis possess one gill less
than A. fluviatilis and Japoucus. The gill on the fifth pair-of legs is
wanting.

Professor Z. Thompson, in his Natural History of Vermont, 170,
notes the occurrence of Astacus Barton in that State.

1844. In J. Mueller, Archiv. 583, Dr. Tellkampf describes the re-
markable blind species from the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, A.
pellucidus.

James E. De Kay, in his Zodlogy of New York, Part VL, Crustacea,
22, gives the description and figure (pl. 8, fig. 25) of Astacus Bartonit,
and the diagnoses of A. affinis, Blandingii, and Oreganus.

1845. I. E. Gray published in Journals of Exped. of Discovery in
Central Australia, by E. J. Eyre, a paper on some Astaci from New
Holland, in which he suggests that the genus <Astacus may be divided
into three sections, characterized by the texture of the caudal segment,
in being calcareous or not to its top. Mr. James D. Dana has proved
that this character cannot be of much value in classification.

1846. Krichson, in Wiegmann’s Archiy. Jahrg., XII. 86, and supple-
ment, 375, gives an elaborate monograph of the whole genus Astacus.
He describes from America, Astacus pellucidus, affinis, Carolinus, Bar-

ASTACID&. 4

toni’, Blandingi (after Harlan’s description and figure), Wiegmanni,
Mexicanus, Cubensis, Chilensis (after M. Kdwards’s description), and
Oreganus (after Randall's description and figure). His materials were
few; of A. pellucidus and affis he saw but one specimen, but his de-
scriptions are largely comparative. The observation first made by De
Haan, that the American species possess no gills at the base of the fifth
pair of legs, is repeated and verified in the other species described by
Erichson, and taken for the formation of a particular subgenus, Cumnba-
rus. Erichson’s monograph is still unrivalled, comprising all the species
of the whole world. Still, there is no certainty in the determination of
the species which he described, since so many similar species have been
more recently found. But it is possible to arrange them in my groups,
as Erichson has noted the number of hooked legs of the males. His
types are preserved in the Berlin Museum, and an examination of them
will prove, perhaps, that in the case of some species my determinations
are erroneous.

1850. Mr. Lewis R. Gibbes, in his work “On the Carcinol. Collect. in
the U.S.” 31, quoted Astacus Barton, affius, Blandingu, and pellucidus.
But the localities given by him are doubtful, as I have seen very differ-
ent species presented by him, under the same name, to the Philadelphia
and the Cambridge Museums.

1854. The richness of the materials preserved at the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington, and chiefly collected by Professor 8. F. Baird,
led Mr. Ch. Girard to examine them critically in “A Revision of the
North American Asfaci, with Observations on their Habits and Geo-
graphical Distribution,” Proc. Acad. Phil, VI. 87, and to characterize
them briefly, deferring to another opportunity more full descriptions,
accompanied by the necessary illustrations. Mr. Girard enumerates
twenty species, eleven of which are new. Two, @. Oreganus and
fossor, he had not seen. Professor Stimpson has kindly communicated
to me the types of five of the eleven new species, namely, C. Clarki,
propinquus, montanus, rusticus, longuus, and the types of two species
described before, namely, A. Bartonii and afinis. The Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy possesses also some species labelled with Mr.
Girard’s names, which were kindly communicated to me by Professor
Leidy. I do not know whether these specimens are types, since some
are marked with a ?; but as they are mostly from the localities quoted
by M. Girard, their identity is probable. These species are: C. Peale?
from the Potomac, @. rusticus 2, C. montanus ?, OC. Diogenes ? from the Dis-
trict of Columbia, C. acutissimus from Kemper County, Missouri, C. Blan-
dingii from South Carolina, @. robustus from the Humber River at To-
ronto, C. propinguus? from Garrison Creek, Sackett’s Harbor, C. mon-
tanus ? from the James River, Virginia. Also, of the twenty species
enumerated by Mr. Ch. Girard I have certainly not seen his types of

8 ASTACID.

the five following: C. pellucidus, Carolinus, pusillus, Nebrascensis, acutus,
nor the two species which he had not seen himself, C. Oreganus and
fossor.

Mr. Ch. Girard has adopted the generic name Cambarus Erichson for
the American species described by him. The introduction to Mr. Ch.
Girard’s Revision, etc., “according to recent investigations (Erichson is
here quoted alone), the crawfishes, or Asfaci, have been distributed
into several genera,’ does not agree at all with Erichson’s words.
Erichson, in his monograph, p. 86, in dividing the old genus Astacus,
expressly says: “The five groups quoted seem to have a higher value
than merely subdivisions. Perhaps hereafter they will constitute gen-
era. They may provisionally be regarded as subgenera.” Mr. Girard
added that Mr. James D. Dana had reclaimed the genus Astacus for
North America by a species from the Columbia River, — A. /emuseulus.
Subsequently, Proc. Acad. Phil. VI. 375, Professor Agassiz stated that
C. Gambelii, described as Cambarus by Mr. Ch. Girard, possesses six
pairs of gills like the crawfishes of Europe, and does not belong to
Cambarus at all. This statement is the more striking, as Erichson only
gives as the character of Cambarus, “no gills on the fifth legs.” The
reply of Mr. Ch. Girard, 1. c., p. 381, that he was not satisfied that this
peculiarity is of generic value, and consequently that he described C
Gambelu as Cambarus with the same propriety as he might have placed
it m the genus Astacus, gives no more light upon the characters of
generic value which induced Mr, Ch. Girard to separate Cambarus as a
distinct genus. In his Revision, etc., nothing more is said concerning
this point, and he has not given any other character for his genus Cam-
barus, including C. Gambeli and Oreganus.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Ch. Girard has not fulfilled his plan of
giving more full descriptions, accompanied with the necessary graphic
illustrations. His short descriptions are not sufficient to indicate his
new species with certainty, and for the species previously published the
synonymy alone is given, for which reasons it is impossible to prove
that his determinations are unquestionable. It is to be acknowledged
as a fact of value, that Mr. Ch. Girard first used in his descriptions the
specifically different shape of the first pair of abdominal legs in the
male, and the different breadth of the dorsal area.

He has divided the species into three groups, with the following char-
acteristics: I. Rostrum subquadrangularly elongated, terminated ante-
riorly by three conical and acute spines, the two lateral smaller than
the middle one, which forms the tip. Extremity of the anterior pair
of abdominal legs in the male straight and acute. (7 spec.) IL Ros-
trum generally broad, conical, and short, with margins entire and tooth-
less, terminated anteriorly by an acute and comparatively short point.
Anterior pair of abdominal legs in the male recurved at their extremity,

ASTACIDE. 9

the tip of which is rounded. (9 spec.) III. Rostrum very much elon-
gated, conical, tapering, provided on both sides and rather near the ex-
tremity with a small and acute spine, sometimes, however, but very
slightly developed. (4 spec.)

Concerning the species described by Mr. Ch. Girard, —I have given
my opinion at some length m my descriptions, —I may here make the
following remarks: @. Pealei I consider as a full-grown C. affinis; C.
montanus, Diogenes, and pusillus I am not able to separate from C. Bur-
toni ; and C. fongulus is possibly an abnormal specimen of the same
species. C. Blandingii is not the species described by Harlan, but is C.
troglodytes, Le Conte. C. acutissimus is the second form of the male of
C. acutus. Some of my determinations may be incorrect ; I hope here-
after to be able to compare the typical specimens preserved in the col-
lection of the Smithsonian Institution.

The description and the detailed account of the burrowing habits of
C. Diogenes given by Mr. Ch. Girard are very interesting, and, so far as
I know, they are still the most complete description of this peculiar
manner of living. Besides the remarks by Mr. John D. Godman, which
I have not seen, Professor Erichson has mentioned the burrowing habits
of some Australian species, and in the last edition of Cuvier’s “ Regné
Animal,” the burrowing habits of an American species which severely
damages the rice-fields of the Southern States are quoted from a com-
munication by Dr. John Le Conte.

1855. Dr. John Le Conte has given, in the Proc. Acad. Phila., VIL.
400, “Descriptions of new Species of Astfacus from Georgia.” Of the
species described by Mr. Ch. Girard all but one are from the South, the
others are from the Northern, and mostly from the Eastern States.
Therefore Dr. John Le Conte’s monograph is far more interesting. He
describes nine species from Georgia, eight new; and there are two
more, only seen by him. He remarks that he has preferred the old
generic name Astacus, because the very slight and not very apparent
differences which has been adopted to distinguish these two genera ap-
pear to him of little moment. Their color, says Dr. John Le Conte, is
generally lost with their life, so that it is of little value in the descrip-
tion. “All that I have ever seen were much of the same color,— a red-
dish brown, inclining to dark olive.” I do not find that any marks can
be definitely pointed out by which we can distinguish those which are
subterranean from those which are aquatic. It is possible to determine
the species by the elaborate descriptions, especially by the shape of
the rostrum and the hands, and the breadth of the areola. The types
of six species, contained in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy,
have been kindly communicated to me by Professor Leidy, viz. A.
troglodytes, smnculifer, fossarun, angustatus, latimanus, advena.

Concerning his species, I would remark that <A. troglodytes is sy-
2

10 ASTACIDA.

nonymous with C. Blandingii Girard, and that from this species I am
not able to separate A. fossarwm. But having seen only one female type,
the identity must be proved by further investigation. A. Blandingu
Le Conte is identical with C. Lecontei Hagen, or perhaps with Harlan’s
species. A. spiculifer is without doubt a new and good species, but I
am not able to separate it decisively from the type A. angustatus. A.
latimanus and_advena are new species; A. maniculatus is entirely unknown
to me.

After these reductions, we find the number of different species in the
United States to be twenty, — fifteen given by Mr. Ch. Girard and five
by Dr. John Le Conte.

1852. Professor James D. Dana, in his Synopsis Familiarum Crus-
taceorum, in the Proc. Acad. Phila., VI. 15, divided the old genus
Astacus ito two genera, Astacoides (segmentum abdominis maris
primum appendicibus carens) and Astacus (segmentum abdominis
maris primum appendicibus instructum). With Astacoides are united
Engeus and Cheraps, with Astacus Cambarus. He describes (p. 20)
Astacus lemusculus from the Columbia River “pedesquinti branchias
parvas gerentes.” In his celebrated work, United States Expl. Exped.,
Crustacea, I. 522, he says : “ Among the distinctions subdividing the ge-
nus Astacus, that of the presence or absence of prehensile appendages
to the first abdominal segments in males, fitted for use in coition,
appears to be of the first importance. But the texture of the caudal
segment, whether calcareous or not to its tip, cannot be of much value
in classification, for it varies in the same species with age, and must
therefore be somewhat dependent on the size of the species. The
presence of a branchia to the posterior pair of legs may prove to be a
characteristic of importance, requiring a subdivision accordingly ; but
of this we doubt. In the American species without this branchia, which
the author has examined, the medial posterodorsal region of the carapax
is narrow linear, while in the European species and that from Oregon,
having the full number of branchiz, this region is quite broad. But we
cannot say how far this is generally true. For the reasons stated, we
accept of Astacoides as a distinct genus, separated from Asfacus by the
absence of appendages from the first segment of the abdomen, and we
unite with it Cheraps and Engeus of Erichson. The occurrence of the
Engei in holes in moist earth is not peculiar to that group, for the
same habit has been observed by Professor 8. F. Baird in an American
species. Cheraps may perhaps be retained as a subgenus under Asfa-
coides, on account of the absence of the posterior branchix ; and, on the
same ground, and no other of importance, Ounbarus may be retained as
a subgenus under Astacus.” For this reason the author has retained
Cambarus as a subgenus under Astacus, in his Synopsis, 1. 523, and in
the revision and emendation, II. 1438.

ASTACID&. aa

Astacus leniusculus is described, p. 524, and figured, pl. 33, fig. 1. I
have never seen this species. Asfacus Barton, locality uncertain, pos-
sibly from Brazil, is described, p. 525, and figured, pl. 33, fig. 2. The
figure differs from all C. Bartoui which I have seen, even from the
types communicated by Professor Stimpson and Professor Leidy. The
rostrum, the antennal lamina, the areola, and the hand are so different in
shape that evidently there must be a mistake. The patria, “ possibly
from Brazil,” is another stumbling-block. In the Museum of the Phila-
delphia Academy are two Astaci labelled Potamobius spec. West Indies,
and one labelled Bahia. But all three are undoubtedly the European
Astacus fluviatilis. Perhaps the labels have been changed. Another
small specimen, labelled Brazil, agrees in the shape of the rostrum with
the figure given by Dana, but this curious species is neither an Astacus
nor a Cambarus, but perhaps a Cheraps. It is a male, without the first
pair of abdominal legs. Astacidze must be very rare in Brazil, as it was
impossible for Professor Agassiz and the members of the Thayer Expe-
dition to obtain any specimen, or even to ascertain the existence of any
Astacus species, in the vast country investigated by them. It must be
remarked that Erichson has never seen the Asfacus Chilensis mentioned
by him; perhaps it is not a Cambarus at all.

1857. Professor W. Stimpson, in “ The Crustacea and Echinodermata
of the Pacific Shores of North America,’ Journ. Boston Soc. N. H., VI.
(and separate, Cambridge, 1857-58, p. 93, pl. 6), gives detailed de-
scriptions of three new species, — A. myrescens, from San Francisco ;
A. Trowbridgi, from Astoria, and A. Klamathensis, from the Klamath
Lake. Also shorter notices of A. Ganbeli, A. lemusculus, and A. Ore-
gaus. He has kindly communicated to me the types of the new
species. They are apparently a very valuable addition to the North
American fauna, as is also the negative fact that as yet not a single
species of Cambarus has been found in the States of the Pacific shores.

1866. Spence C. Bate, in “ Vancouver Island Crabs,” in the Natural-
ist in Vancouver’s Island and British Columbia, by J. Keast Lord, Lon-
don, Il. 278, says that A. A~amathensis is to be found in all streams
east of the Cascades.

1864. Mr. H. Lucas has given a Note on Astacus pellucidus, which I
have not seen, in the Bullet. Soc. Entom. Paris, p. iv.

1857. Mr. H. de Saussure, in Geneva, describes in his “ Note carcino-
logique zur la famille des Thalassides et sur celle des Astacides,” Rev. et
Magas. de Zoologie, IX. pp. 99-102 et 503, three new species of Cam-
barus from America, C. consobrinus from Cuba, C. Montezume and C.
Aztecus, both from Mexico. ,The descriptions are too short for a cer-
tain judgement, especially as I have not seen any species from Cuba, and
but one female from Mexico. It is impossible, from the descriptions
alone, to separate C. consobrinus from C. Cubensis, and the two other
species from C. Mexicanus.

a ASTACID &.

1858. Mr. H. de Saussure, in Mém. de la Soc. Phys. de Genéve, T. 14,
Pars IL, pp. 456-461, Tab. HI. f. 21-23, gives detailed descriptions
and figures of the three before-mentioned species. His remark, that
the Canbarus prefer the marshes and muddy waters, is apparently not
of general value. Many species of Cambarus, perhaps the greater part,
live in pure running water ; for some species it is directly stated by Dr.
LeConte.

I find it possible to separate the species described by Mr. De Saus-
sure from the species described by Mr. Erichson, but a judgment from
two descriptions (I have seen only one female) is always doubtful. I
am not sure that the hooked legs described by Mr. De Saussure corre-
spond with those of Mr. Erichson. I think Mr. De Saussure’s second and
third pairs of legs are the third and the fourth of Erichson, the latter
commencing the numbering of the legs with the great claws, Mr. De
Saussure beginning with the pair next after the great claws. I think
the words in the Note by C. Montezwne, “son C. Mexicanus en est
bien distinct par le troisiéme article inerme de la quatrieme paire des
pattes,” is otherwise not intelligible. In C. consobrinus the second joint
of the legs is said to be hooked; if this be not a typographic error, it
is a strange exception.

C. consobrius is not at all compared with C. Cubensis Erichs.; per-
haps it is unknown to Mr. De Saussure. The two descriptions show no
difference. The lamina of the antenne, f. 21, b., has no apical external
spine, — perhaps an error.

C. Montezume does not differ from C. Mexicanus, and C. Aztecus seems
identical with C. Wiegmanu. But I confess that my materials are too
imperfect to decide this question.

ON THE CONSTANCY OF THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERS
AMONG ASTACID Zi.

The examination of the constancy of the specific characters was a
chief point in my labor, especially because Mr. Gerstfeldt, in his excel-
lent monograph concerning the fresh-water Crustacea of Europe, has
reduced the number of described species to only two, by proving that
the characters relied on in their separation are far from being constant.

The exceedingly rich mass of material before me, thus far unrivalled
for such a labor, has permitted a very extensive and careful examina-
tion of the constancy of the characters. Otherwise viewed, it could not
be denied that this rich material — there bemg more than a hundred
specimens of some species — would rather serve to obstruct the judg-
ment of the worker.

Dr. J. Le Conte, in his careful monograph of the Astaci of Georgia,
says: “The shape of the rostrum and of the chelz and the size of the

ASTACIDA. 13

areola vertebralis affords the best characteristic marks. I have never
known this last character to vary in any degree. In the two others
there may occur slight differences of development, not, however, so
great as to be of any moment.” According to these remarks, Dr. J. Le
Conte seems to be convinced that the size of the areola vertebralis is
alone constant and always identical, and thus confirms the result of the
labor undertaken some years afterward for the European species by Mr.
Gerstfeldt. I have to add that Mr. Gerstfeldt does not speak at all of
the areola vertebralis, because it is not so well marked in the true
Astacus, and that Mr. Gerstfeldt also has proved all the other charac-
ters to be variable in some degree. I am obliged to go a little further,
and to state that, accordmg to my observations, even the areola verte-
bralis varies to a greater or less extent.

Abnormal Gigantic Specimens. — It is very necessary to give up the idea
that specific characters should bear a mathematical identity. Crustacea,
as is well known, grow continually, and possibly become very old.
Therefore we sometimes find of a species, which commonly has certain
and smaller dimensions, some old and gigantic individuals, differmg in
many characters (viz. in sculpture, armature, relative size of parts and
members) from the common examples of the same species. As pro-
gress 1s made in the cultivation of the land, and the improvement of
the rivers, and especially as the population of the country increases,
these giants become more and more rare in the species used as food, as
in A. flwiatilis of Europe. Perhaps the extraordimary dimensions given
by Rafinesque fifty years ago— for A. mosus nine inches, for A. fossor
six inches, while at this time the specimens.seen by me are only half as
large — are explicable in this way. I remark, however, that the Amer-
ican species are not commonly used as food, except by the French pop-
ulation of the Southern States.

But even aside from these abnormal instances, other younger and
older specimens present quite a variable material for comparison and
description. If you state, for instance, that the specific characters
should be only taken from the full-grown specimens, this statement is not
at all decisive, because it is impossible to determine whether a specimen
be full grown or not. In Norway it is against the law to sell lobsters
not full grown; and the law considers every lobster over eight inches
long as full grown, because it is supposed to have spawned three times.
But the lobster may become twice that size; it would then differ in
sculpture, armature, and the relative size of its members, as mentioned
before. The real difference is far greater, as it is reasonable to con-
sider every lobster after its first spawn, although then much smaller,
as a full-grown animal.

Although a good and complete description of a species should enable
us to determine both the young and the full-grown specimens, still the

14 ASTACIDZ.

careful and right choice of the specific characters seems to depend
largely upon the taste of the describer and upon the richness of the
materials at his command.

Accidental Variations. — Yn the first place, all accidental variations are
to be excluded. Crustacea are known very easily to reproduce parts
damaged or accidentally lost ; but these regenerated parts do not often
reach the size or form of the old portions. Of course I do not here
speak of variations, which are very easy to be recognized, as when one or
more limbs are reproduced on one side. But I have seen specimens
with the same limbs renewed on both sides, and such specimens,
especially if one do not have before him more examples, are some-
times very difficult to recognize, and they often occasion errors (cf. A.
Gambeli). The most prominent parts of the Crustacea are easily dam-
aged and reproduced, as the claws, the antenne and their basal lamina,
the rostrum, and the caudal lamelle. But sometimes the more pro-
tected parts are found affected in the same manner, as the first pair of
abdominal legs, and even the epistoma.

Differences of Age. — The differences of age are of vast importance, and
have a great influence on the right understanding of any species. The
very young and newly hatched animals are, without doubt, recognizable
by anybody. Afterward, as stated, there is more difficulty. The rich
materials of the Museum allow the followmg remarks : —

Though generally the body has a constant form, I agree with Mr.
Gerstfeldt, that even here there is no mathematical identity. The oval
shape of the body, its greater or less convexity, its compression or de-
pression, the abrupt or gradual curving of its sides, are somewhat
variable. These variations, it is true, do not exceed certain limits ;
but they are here more troublesome, as in the great number of species
they seem sufficient to obliterate the specific characters. I say ex-
pressly “seem sufficient,” as the greatest difficulty consists In expressing
these differences clearly and definitely by words, while the worker, who
sees the species before him, separates them more easily.

Differences in the Shape of the Head. — A more essential difference in
the shape of the head and the great claws is to be found in specimens
of different ages. Here these differences are more striking and more
troublesome than the relations of the different parts. Their length and
breadth, their thickness, compared with that of the body and its limbs,
undergo marked fluctuations, and these fluctuations are far from being
of the same kind in all the groups of our fresh-water Crustacea. In the
several species of the group, of which Cambarus acutus is the type, the
young animals always have a three-toothed rostrum, though in the older
individuals the lateral teeth are often nearly or entirely obliterated.
In the group of Cambarus Bartomi, on the contrary, the younger ani-
mals do not differ in the shape of the rostrum from the older, althouch

ASTACIDZ. 15

the limbs of the claw-legs are in their proportions sometimes very dif:
ferent in older individuals, the brachium longer even comparatively,
the claw longer and thicker, the fingers more curved and furthermore
separated from each other at the bases, while other similar differences are
to be seen in the antenne and their appendages, in the shape of the
rostrum, and the front margin of the cephalothorax.

Differences in Sculpture. —'The differences in the sculpture and arma-
ture are naturally much more considerable. The punctation, the gran-
ulation, the flat scales, the thorns, the spmes, and the teeth, the margins
of the thorax and of the great claws, are little or not at all developed in
the younger specimens; they are a little more visible in the middle-
aged animals ; even those that are old and full grown sometimes differ
considerably in the degree of development.

Huiryness.—On the contrary, the hairyness of some parts seems a
constant character for species, even in the younger animals. But this
character is to be found only in few species, and is not generally
important.

Older Specimens. — On the whole, it may be said that in the older
Astacidze the form and the sculpture are more strongly exarated ; the
claw of the first legs is larger and heavier. But, besides the dimorphism
of the males described further on, individuals are to be found in a so-
called retrograde or arrested development.

Retrograde Development.— Older and larger animals are found, which
in the degree of sculpture and armature are considerably behind speci-
mens of similar or even smaller size, and these have apparently stopped
at a lower stage of development. Naturally, these individuals are to be
found mostly in the group in which the development of the sculpture
and of the great claws is greatest, as in the group of Cambarus acutus.

Postabdomen. —The form of the postabdomen is constant in the differ-
ent species; in the females it is usually broader. The external angles
of the postabdominal segments are differently shaped, more or less
rounded or acuminated. These differences are specific and constant,.
but usually they are not very remarkable, and they are difficult to
describe. The “lamina analis,” especially the middle lamina, offers
specific characters. Its basal part always has two or three teeth on
each side of its front margm. But I must remark, that im shape and
size, and even in number, the teeth are often variable. Nevertheless,
when rich materials are at hand this character is useful. The form and
especially the margin of the apical part of the middle lamina are like-
wise in some species different, and in some degree constant. I remark,
as an example of the difficulty of recognizing occasional accidental
variations, that I have seen of Astacus Gambelii but two males, one
with the apical margin of the middle lamina exactly rounded, the other
exactly notched. I consider the latter as perhaps accidentally altered.

16 ASTACID &.

Hands. — The hands, or great claws, are, in every description, care-
fully used as one of the best specific characters. No doubt their form
and sculpture are quite different in many species, and offer characters
most easy of recognition. Nevertheless, these characters become more
and more uncertain as the materials in hand are richer. As I have
stated before, the development, the size, and the sculpture of the hands
vary considerably between the first and second form males and the
females, between the young, middle-aged, full-erown, and gigantic speci-
mens. Even the relative length and breadth differ ; the brachium sur-
passes the eyes or not; the fingers are equal or unequal in length,
longer than the rest of the hand or not, straight or curved, denticulated
at the margins or not; the carpus has the spines more or less numerous,
more or less developed. In the full-grown specimens the hands are
surely a constant and good specific character, but even here they vary
to a certain degree, and finally it is not at all easy, with scanty mate-
rials, to determine with certainty whether a specimen be full grown or
not. Therefore I have never given in the different species the exact
and detailed measurements of these parts, which are noted by some
authors, as I have found these measurements of very little value. The
measurements given by me are average measurements, generally of the
most full-grown specimens. But I have always been careful to record
all the different forms of the hands which I have observed in each
species.

The hairyness of the hands, which, like a beard, a brush, or a pencil,
is found in some species (A. Gambelu, C. pencillatus mumumis, ete.),
seems constant and a very good specific character; the same is true of
the partial hairyness on the first pair of maxillary legs (outside and
below, or outside only).

On the basal jomt of the fourth and of the fifth pair of legs there
occurs a little knob (capitulum), differing in its shape in given species
in a constant manner.

Colors. —'The colors are apparently of no value. I have not seen liv-
-ing specimens, but Dr. John Le Conte says directly: “ All that I have
ever seen were much of the same color,’ and “ their color is generally
lost with their life, so that it is of little value in the description.” All
the alcoholic specimens have a similar color, —reddish brown, inclining
to a more or less dark olive or dirty yellow. In certain species red
spots are occasionally to be found in some species, as noticed in my
descriptions. I should remark that the color is apparently altered in
alcohol as time advances. The specimens of C. Bartomi received with-
in a few weeks are reddish brown, the older ones nearly yellow.

Dr. John Le Conte says expressly that the burrowing species do not
differ from those that are aquatic.

ASTACID. 17

THE SEXUAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ASTACID &.

The sexual differences, aside from the genital parts, are often very
considerable. In the female the great claw is shorter, smaller, and not
so well developed. The sculpture and armature are less, the postabdo-
men mostly broader, and its legs stronger. Apparently the females
have, im many parts, retained the characters of the younger animals.
But sometimes there are females with a development not at all inferior,
or with one even superior, to that of the males. I am not certain
whether, as in the males, any dimorphism is to be found.

Abnormal Females. — It is not impossible in this way to explain, and
thus indeed may be explained, many apparent anomalies in females.
In these females we find a tendency to a more masculine development,
as in the aforesaid males a tendency to a feminine development. Never-
theless, even the rich materials of some species now in my hands are
not rich enough to enable me to solve by anatomical examination this
interesting question.

The Abdonunal Legs of the Males.— The sexual parts of the Astacida,
especially in the North American Cambarus, offer very good and con-
stant specific characters. The abdominal legs of the Astacidx possess a
short, transverse, inwardly situated basal article, and a longer doubled
flagellum, consisting of two approximated narrow bands of a more mem-
braneous consistency, flexible, and sprinkled with hairs on the outside.
In the males, the first and the second pair are partly transformed. The
second pair has the basal half of the inner flagellum corneous and thick-
ened, but the apical half retaims the same membraneous shape as the
external flagellum and the flagellum of all the following legs. The
corneous basal half is dilated at the end and rolled from the inside out-
ward, forming a channel. ‘The first pair of abdominal legs is even more
transformed. The articulation between the basal limb and the flagel-
lum is gone, and also the whole external flagellum, as well as the mem-
braneous apical part of the inner flagellum. The remains of the first
abdominal leg form a corneous limb, with the apical half dilated and
rolled from the outside inward, forming also a channel. This kind of
shape is most easily understood in the true Astacus from Europe and
from California. In the American species of Cambarus we find the
modifications and different exarations forming, as stated before, very
good specific characters. The dilated apical half is so closely rolled
together that the channel no longer exists, except very superficially,
and the closely rolled part is transformed mto two approximate cor-
neous solid cylinders, united above, while below there is an apparent
suture, constituting the rest of the channel before described. The tip
in each of the two cylinders is not simply truncated, as in the European

and Californian Astacus, but transformed into more or less corneous
3

18 ASTACID A.

hooks and teeth. We find also in Cambarus the tip o1 the first abdom-
inal legs bifid, and the two branches more or less elongated, equal or
not in length and breadth, straight or curved, and very well adapted to
form specific characters. Having examined a very great number of
specimens, I am able to state that these different forms are very con-
stant in the same species. Naturally here, as elsewhere throughout the
group, it is not possible to find an exact mathematical identity, but a
constancy within certain limits, and I was able to observe and figure
some variations.

The rolled part of the second pair of abdominal legs —TI have re-
marked before that it is rolled in the opposite direction — is apparently
analogous to this formation in the first pair, and is formed in the Euro-
pean species exactly in the same manner as in the first abdominal legs.
In the Cambarus the apical end of the dilated plate is considerably more
rolled than the basal end, assuming in this manner a triangular shape.
It is interesting to find the same arrangement in the true American
Astacus.

The Purpose of this Structure.—The purpose of this structure of the
first two pairs of abdominal legs is easily explamed. The seminal fluid
coming out of the basal part of the fifth legs by an open circular aper-
ture, must be conveyed to the sexual aperture of the female, situated
farther forward in the inner basal part of the third legs. The first pair
of the abdominal legs of the male, being situated closer to the venter, is
very well adapted by its channelled shape (represented in the Cambarus
by the shallow suture) to direct the seminal fluid to the designed part in
the female. It is likewise well to notice that the transformed shape of
the second abdominal legs gives a considerable help for this purpose in
two ways. First, the dilated part, especially im the Cambarus, is well
adapted to be inserted into the sutured part of the first legs, and
mechanically to support the first legs in a horizontal position. The
rolled part also serves to complete the channel made by the first legs
for the direction of the seminal fluid, and it is well to remark that the
inverse manner of rolling, as before stated, serves more completely to
prevent any of the ejected seminal fluid from taking a wrong direction.
In the Madagascar and most of the Australian Astacidee these modified
abdominal legs, fitted for use in coition, are entirely wanting, and the
conveyance of the seminal fluid is perhaps more simple and imperfect.

The Females.— Regularly in the articulated animals, especially in ~
the imsects, we find in the genera or families in which the organiza-
tion of the sexual parts differs specifically in the males, that the
females also exhibit differences more or less adapted to the male or-
gans. The striking differences in the male organs of the Cambari
made the presence of analogous differences in the females probable.
But these are not to be found. The female sexual aperture is always

ASTACID.®. 19

oval, closed by a thick membraneous plate, firmly attached by the out-
side half, moving and opening inwardly. The oviduct is a simple hole,
and, as far as I know, there are no specific differences. In a new gigan-
tic Australian species of Astacoides, very near A. nobilis Dana the female
aperture is more elongated and surrounded by a circular barbe of hairs,
apparently designed for the better conveyance of the seminal fluid in a
species without first abdominal first legs.

The manner of coition of the Astacidz has been as yet rarely ob-
served (Cuvier Régne anim, T. IV. p. 89, says: “L’accouplement
s’opére ventre contre ventre”); but, on comparing closely the situation
of the sexual parts of the male, it is evident that the first abdominal
legs partly enter into the oviduct, and certainly no more than with
their corneous tips. The length and situation of the parts, and the cir-
cumstance that the second pair of legs is apparently firmly fitted in
coition to the first legs so as to prevent a farther entrance, seems to
prove that perhaps this arrangement only serves to open the mem-
braneous plate of the female parts at the right time. In all the species
of Cambarus the part of the first abdominal legs of the male, which may
and which can only enter into the female aperture, is well marked and
separated by a transverse superficial suture.

It is well known that the females of the Astacidee possess no recepta-
culum seminis, and so the introduction of the seminal fluid seems without
purpose. But as it is stated by Milne-Edwards that he once discovered
spermatophores in the female aperture of Careimus, which also has no
receptaculum seminis, perhaps the same may occur in the Astacide.

Annulus Ventralis.—The female sexual aperture offers no specific char-
acters, but we find some in the ventral, or rather sternal, plates between
the last two pairs of thoracic legs, especially between those of the fourth
pair. These differences not being very remarkable in the true Astacus,
although they exist, I never find them mentioned by the authors. But
the American Cambarus shows well-defined characters, although difficult
to describe.

Between the fourth legs we find a broad trapezoidal plate, more or
less excavated and elongated in the different species. The posterior
end of this plate is ordinarily dilated and on every side angularly pro-
tracted. Its surface is smooth or tuberculated. Behind this plate is a
supernumerary corneous organ (repeated even between the fifth legs),
which gives specific characters. This organ —named annulus in my
descriptions — generally forms a short cone, with a transverse oval base
and a depressed tip. This cone is divided in the medial line of the
body by a denticulated suture, with inflated margins. The tip is often
more or less depressed, or even impressed, forming a deep, transverse
hole, crossing the denticulated suture. Tab. IL f. 126.

We find inside two approximated, inflated, or vermiform ridges, fol-

20 ASTACIDE.

lowing exactly the outside suture. The size of this corneous cone, and
the shape of the suture and apical hole, differ considerably in the differ-
ent species, and seem, to some extent, constant in the same species.
The structure and shape of this organ seem to be for some sexual
purpose. The ridges (in C. acutus, Clarki, Bartomi, etc.) have an inner
open entrance on the front margin, and seem opened between the suture
outside on the hind margin. In the annulus I found fat and fibrous
matter imbedded, and perhaps a glandular mass, which it was not easy
to determine in the old alcoholic specimens. Nevertheless, the whole
apparatus seems to be fitted for some secretion. Tab. II. f. 127.

The corneous cone in the species of Cambarus is well separated from
the ventral plate, being only united to it by a membrane, movable in
the young and sometimes even in the full-grown individuals. This is a
specific character (@ troglodytes).

In the true Asfacus this organ exists; still it is not separated from the
ventral plate, except by an external channelled space ; it forms a slen-
der transverse ridge, varying in shape in different species, but not so
conspicuously, and having no denticulated suture or secretional apparatus.

I have sometimes thought that this apparatus might perhaps serve
for gluing the eggs to the abdominal legs; but as this does not exist in
the true Astacus, it seems improbable. By what is possibly a singular
coincidence, I have failed to find, among specimens from more than
thirty localities and among several hundred females of all sizes, a single
female, in the Cambai of the group C. acutus, with the eggs attached.
Two females have young between the abdominal legs, but no remains
of the ege-cases. Do the females of the group of C. acutus lay their
egos in a manner different from the other Cambari? I presume not.

Liggs : their Attachment and Bursting. — The eggs in the Astacidz are
always attached, as in some insects (in Chrysopa, Hemerobius, Mantispa),
by a short stem. Before the appearance of the egg the glue is excreted
from the female sexual aperture, fixed, and drawn out mto a stem ;
finally the ege is fixed upon it. It is also to be presumed that the
Astacidee fix their eggs in the same manner. I should remark that the
stem in the Asfac: is always much stronger than in the Cambarz.

It is, perhaps, interesting to notice that the eggs im the true Astacidee
are always burst in the same manner, viz. into two parts perpendicu-
larly, the segments remaining attached to the stem. This condition
makes its probable that the Astacus embryo has a particular egg-burster
similar to that in the insects, although these interesting parts are little
observed or known even by entomologists.

Development of the First Pair of Abdominal Legs in the Male. — It is easy
to discriminate between the sexes of very young individuals of Cam-
barus Clarku. This is the case with those only 0.3 mech long, and
while they still occupy the postabdomen of the mother. In the females

ASTACID A. 21

the sexual aperture is visible at the base of the third set of legs. The
first abdominal segment is without any appearance of abdominal legs ;
in all the other segments the abdominal legs are well developed, their
length being nearly two thirds of the breadth of the postabdomen, the
basal article being oblong, while the length of the doubled flagellum is
a little greater.

In the males the first segment has on each side a little knob, some-
what longer than broad, turning inward. In the interior the developing
leg is visible, and its articulation seems marked. This oval knob, with
rounded tip, is the beginning of the first pair of abdominal legs. I have
seen the same form of the first abdominal legs in the young of C. Bar-
fom, even 0.55 inches long. Tab. II. Figs. 153, 154.

Second Form of the Males. —T1 have examined the further development
in Canbarus acutus. In the younger specimens, 1.7 inch long, the legs
are more developed, the basal third articulated. The shape of the legs
is nearly the same as in the full-grown animal, but narrower, more
curved, the tip a little broader, the teeth more obtuse. In the older
specimens, 2.7 inches long, the legs are the same as in the full-grown
animal, which is over four inches long. Occasionally, both in younger
and in full-grown specimens, the articulation is partly gone, but its
remains are still visible on the upper margin; in some cases the
articulation has entirely disappeared.

This form, which is always visible in the very young and in middle-
aged specimens, ordinarily with an articulation, I have described as the
second form of the male.

First Form of the Males.—In all species seen and examined by me,
many old, full-grown males have the first pair of legs of a particular
shape, analogous in a certain view to the form before described, and
always found in the young animals, but differing in the following
particulars.

The articulation is entirely gone; the tip of the leg is more dis-
tinctly finished and not so membraneous; the hooks are horny; the
_ teeth or bifid ends longer and more separated; the hairyness, if any
exists, more profuse. I have figured these parts in nearly all the
species, and described them as the first form of the male. I think it is
well to observe that, in the second form of the males, they are always
developed in a manner visibly less complete than in the first form.

The males of the second form differ also in another way from those
of the first form. The hooks on the third article of the third, or in some
groups of the third and of the fourth, pair of legs are smaller and less
developed. The whole body has less size and width, the sculpture is
not so well finished, while the claws are shorter, narrower, and more
like those of the female.

A closer examination of the rich materials at the Museum shows that

ris ASTACIDZ.

all the young male specimens of Cambarus, without exception, pertain
to the second form. But there are also not a few large males belonging
to the second form, which have retained the articulation and the shape
of the tip of the first abdominal legs proper to the young specimens.
The articulation is sometimes entirely or partially gone. Among nearly
fifty full-grown males of Cambarus acutus, about twenty-five belong to
the second form; while among fifty young males, nearly a dozen have,
for the most part or entirely, lost the articulation. Tab. I. Figs. 112,
113.

The discovery that every species of Cambarus possesses two different
forms of males was made by Professor L. Agassiz,* and kindly communi-
cated to me.

Dimorphorism, or perhaps a Sterile Form.— The existence of a second
form of the male, if it were no more than a passage or metamorphotic
form, would not be extraordinary. But the great number of full-grown
second-form specimens in every species, which are often even larger
than the first-form males, seems to prove that they are imdividuals
which have remained in a sexual stage that does not agree with their
corporal development, — in short, that they are perhaps sterile.

The objection that these second-form males may be individuals
shortly before or shortly after the casting of the skin I can surely
refute, as I have seen many specimens at this stage of growth; the
Museum collections exhibiting the animal in all the different phases of
its existence.

Another objection, that the males of the second form, or perhaps
those of the first form, are abnormally developed individuals, is refuted
_ by the great number of the two forms existing and living together.

The conjecture, on the other hand, that the second-form males may
be sterile, is really supported by the anatomical examination of the two
forms in the principal groups of Cambarus.

Internal Sexual Parts of Cambarus Male. Of C. acutus. Tab. Il. Figs.
120 —-123.—In two full-grown males of Cambarus acutus, first and
second form, both four inches long, the testicles are uilojatg as in
Astacus fluviatilis, but much smaller, the vasa deferentia shorter. In
the first-form males the two superior lobes are pyriform, truncated
above, united below in a membraneous hole a little shorter than the
testicles, and connected with the third inferior lobe. Where the two
superior are united, the vas deferens begins on each side, being vermi-
form and shorter than the body. The testicles in a Cambarus acutus,
four inches in length, are but 0.3 inch long; while in an Astacus flu-

oO?
viatis, two inches in length, they are 0.6 inch long, thus much larger,

* Intending many years ago to describe the North American Astacide, he made a close inspec-
tion of the material he had collected for that purpose. Observing the different shape and organi-
zation of the first pair of abdominal legs, he was led to this important discovery.

4 /

ASTACID&. 23

and there is no membraneous hole, as the three lobes are closely
approximated ; the vasa deferentia are also stronger, more curved, and
have greater length than the body. Their end is visibly more dilated
than in Cambarus acutus.

In the second-form male of Cambarus acutus the testicles are similar
but smaller, the superior lobes narrower, oval; the inferior lobe is
acuminated, narrower, and not bigger than the connecting hole of the
superior lobes. The vasa deferentia are shorter. The microscopic ex-
amination of the contents of the testicles offers no further argument, as
the specimens have remained too long in alcohol.

Of C. viritis. Tab. IL Figs. 128-152.— In the first-form male of
Cambarus virilis, 3.2 inch long, the testicles are somewhat similar, but
longer, bemg in length 0.7 inch. The superior lobes have a prismatic
form, with diverging acuminated ends. The prismatic part is exca-
vated above, and much separated from the smaller and compressed
hole. The inferior lobe is long and compressed, seen sidewise, oval,
and truncated behind. The vasa deferentia are longer than in Camba-
rus acutus, while their ends are not visibly dilated.

In the second form of Cambarus virilis, 2 inches long, the testicles are
shorter, the superior lobes prismatic, but the superior part is not much
separated ; the inferior lobe is shorter, beginning with a narrow hole,
laterally more compressed; the vasa deferentia are shorter and nar-
rower.

Of C. Bartow. Tab. IL. Figs. 135-138.—In the first form of the
third principal group in Cambarus Bartonii, 2 imches long, the sexual
parts are more similar to those of Astacus fluviatilis. 'They are 3.5
inches long, the superior lobes oval and large, while their superior tip is
a little contracted. Connected by an inferior, well-separated, smaller
membraneous hole with the equally long hole of the inferior lobe, there
is to be found behind the connecting joimt an inflated tubercle, while
lower down there is another which is similar but smaller. The inferior
lobe is pyriform, inflated behind, somewhat compressed laterally. The
vasa deferentia are stronger and longer, the ends being visibly dilated.

In the second-form male of Cambarus Bartonii,2 inches long, the
testicles are shorter, the superior lobes more trigonal, the inferior nar-
rower, elongated, much more compressed, acuminated behind, the
connecting holes not so well separated and finished, without tubercles
behind, while the vasa deferentia are narrower and shorter, the ends
not being visibly dilated.

I may remark, that in the first-form males of Cambarus acutus and
Bartomii the three lobes of the testicles exhibit the same granulated
contents as in Astacus flwiatilis. But in Cambarus virilis they are white
and have a fatty appearance, similar to those always found in the second-
form males.

24 ASTACID As.

The sexual parts of the second-form males are so much less devel-
oped that it would be allowable to consider them as sterile. An ana-
tomical examination of the second-form males without articulation in
the first abdominal legs was not possible, as the materials were not
sufficiently abundant.

As before stated, I surmise the presence of similar sterile females ;
which as viragoes show more of a male type.

An anatomical examination of the females of Cambarus acutus and
Barton’ reveals some difference in the shape of the ovarium.

Internal Sexual Parts of the Cambarus Female. Of C. acutus. Table II.
Fig. 123.—In Cambarus acutus the ovarium is nearly an inch in length,
elongated, narrow. The two superior lobes are shorter, cylindrical, a
little inflated at the base; the imferior lobe is elongated, conical. The
connecting part is more enlarged, and gives on each side a large oviduct.
Above this part is situated a strong membrane, which passes with an
acuminated tip between the superior lobes ; it is provided laterally with
some bands of “musculi alati,” while the fibres are strongly striated
transversely. This membrane also shows several nerves, apparently
belonging to the nervus sympathicus.

Of C. Barton. Table Il. Fig. 129.—In Cambarus Barton, 2 inches
in length, the ovaritum is 0.65 inch long, and larger. The superior
lobes are shorter and oval; the inferior a large cone. The oviduct is
even broader. The membrane is similar to that m Cambarus acutus.
In both species examined, the ovarium was filled with eggs of different
sizes and degrees of development.

No Dimorphism in the true Astact.—The existence of two forms of
males in the Cambarus of North America has been proved by me in all
species in which I was able to examine a large number of specimens.
In five species, represented only by single specimens of first-form males
or females, I have not seen the second form. But the existence of
this second form will be by far the more interesting, since it seems that
in the Astacide only the Cambarus possesses two forms of the male.
I have examined nearly two hundred specimens of Astacus shwiatilis
from different European localities (Germany, Switzerland, France, Scot-
land), without finding a difference in the males. I must add that I
have not seen very young specimens, and do not know at all whether
the young have the first pair of abdominal legs articulated as in the
Cambarus. The smallest specimen seen by me is 1.5 inch long. Of
the Californian Astaci I have not seen more than a dozen males. All
these were quite full grown, and without any differences answering to
the second form of Cambarus. Of the Amur species I have seen but
one female.

Dimorphism in other Crustacea.— Perhaps this fact of the existence in
the crustacea of two forms, one always sterile, is not unique. In the

ASTACID &. 25

genera Lupa and Callinectes there are not rarely females with a very
narrow and acute postabdomen. These it is very easy to separate from
the ordinary females, with large and circular postabdomen. Professor
L. Agassiz informs me that he has satisfied himself, by an anatomical
examination of living specimens, that these females are sterile. I have
found similar females with a narrower triangular abdomen in some
other genera of Brachyura.

I am indebted to Mr. Alexander Agassiz for the information that F.
Miller, Fuer Darwin, 1864, has described two forms of the male in
Orchesia Darwinti and in Tanais dubius. THe remarks that when found
upon the shore the form of the second pair of enathopoda varies from
that of specimens found at a distance inland, where it lives under mouldy
leaves in loose earth. In O. Darwiiii, intermediate forms between the
males with large and those with small hands are not to be detected, but
in two other species, O. tucurauna and O. tucuratinga, the shape of the
antenne and of the hands changes even in the full-grown males.

The supposition that the first-form males only in Cambarus possess
large hands for burrowing purposes is to be rejected, as the females also
have the same burrowing habits.

The existence of two different forms of males in Cambarus is very
important in the description of the species, and the fact that these
forms are not recognized by all preceding authors may explain some
erroneous determinations in their works.

Dimorphism in Insects—'The discovery of a dimorphism in the crus-
tacea is all the more interesting, since as yet in the whole animal king-
dom dimorphism was known only in the insects. There are many facts
and communications scattered through entomological literature, of which
a general review is very desirable. An anatomical examination of these
dimorphic forms is still wanting, only the external differences having
been thus far marked.

The dimorphism seems to be represented in two different ways; a
difference only in the colors (dichroic forms of Brauer), or a difference
in size and shape, and mostly in the female. I should remark that
dimorphism, as observed in insects, occurs only in one sex of the same
species, and mostly in the female. Perhaps in the ants and in the
white ants—it seems more natural to range all the socially living
insects, viz. the ants bees, wasps, and white ants under the same law
—a dimorphism is to be found in both sexes.

Dimorphism consisting in different colors was long since observed,
especially in Lepidoptera, in the hind wings of many Orthoptera, and in
the females of Agrion. In the latter genus the well-known orange-
colored females are probably sterile.

Dimorphism with difference in shape and size is also often observed.

A very common case is the difference in the development of the wings.
4

26 ASTACIDZ.

The wings are either long and well developed, or short, or entirely
wanting. The short-winged Orthoptera (Gryllus, Locusta, Blatta, Perla,
Termes, Psocus) have been carefully described by Messrs. Fischer, Von
Siebold, Lucas, Brauer, and myself; the short-winged or apterous
Hemiptera, by Westwood and Uhler (Amphibiocorisiz, Gerrida, etc.) ;
the short-winged Diptera by Schaum (Oriithobia and Lipoptera). Mr.
Brauer has recently given an interesting paper upon dimorphism in the
genus Neurothemis, which belongs to the Odonata. The dimorphic
females have wings with a less complicated neuration and different
colors. There is even a case of trimorphism in some butterflies, accord-
ing to the observations of Mr. Wallace. Papilio Ormenus, from Celebes,
has three distinct forms of females, and in some cases the number of
female forms appears to be four. Dimorphism consisting in different
shape and size is observed in the Lepidoptera (Kquites, etc.), im the
Coleoptera, in the Lamellicornia, and in the Longicornia, and perhaps in
the Lymexylon and Hyleccetus ; in the Hymenoptera (Cynips) ; in the
Diptera (Phasia). The dimorphism in the Dipterous genus Phasia, dis-
covered by Loew, is very remarkable. Having seen his specimens, I
may be permitted to add here a written communication by Mr. Loew,
sent to me some years ago and still unpublished: “In the genus
Phasia every species has two male forms; one similar to the female,
and another much larger, with the wings broader and more colored,
and usually the body more colored. The two forms fly at the same
time and unite with the same form of females. The genital parts of the
larger males are in shape and size identical with those of the smaller
males. There exist some intermediate forms of males, and it is some-
times, in certain species, possible to form a complete series, which seems
to unite the two different forms. I say seems, because I have never
seen a male which I hesitated to place in one of the two forms.”

I have noticed here the occurrence of dimorphism in the insects to show
how variable in the different families and genera is the mode of dimor-
phism, even from that observed in the Astacide. Perhaps a closer
examination will disclose even some difference in the sexual parts in
certain dimorphic insects, and it now seems probable that some forms,
heretofore described as distinct species, will be hereafter recognized as
only dimorphic variations. Still, it is possible that very different facts
are to-day united under the same name of dimorphism.

Certainly the discovery of a dimorphism in another part of the Artic-
ulata, viz. in the Crustacea, leads us to suppose that it will be found
also among the worms.

The Rarity of Varieties is an Tinportant Character for Cambarus. — The
rarity of varieties in the genus Cambarus is worthy of remark, and may
be considered as an important character of this genus. In the true
Astacus, the two species living in Kurope yary so much that eyen by

ASTACIDZE. 94

eminent naturalists these varieties have been taken for nine different
species. / In the genus Cambarus, the thirty-two known species show
comparatively very few varieties. But of three of these, viz. C. acutus,
C. virilis, and C. Bartoni, the described varieties differ in a more consid-
erable manner; while perhaps some of them, especially of OC. Bartoni,
will be hereafter recognized as different species. Indeed, the fact is
too striking to be overlooked ; here there are few species and many
varieties, there many species and few varieties.

CAMBARUS Enrica.

The question, Is Cambarus a peculiar genus different from Astacus
or not, is one of great importance to me as monographer. The his-
torical statements already quoted are all that have been made, so far as
I know, upon the subject. It would no doubt have been more easy for
me to judge of the importance of the generic characters if I had been
able to study in the same manner all the species of the old genus Asta-
cus. But the materials before me, except for North America, are not
sufficient ; some genera are entirely unrepresented, of others only a few
specimens are at my disposal. I therefore confess that my judgment
upon a division of the old genus Astacus into more genera is not com-
pleted; still, after a rather close examination, I am convinced that
Cambarus forms a very good and natural genus, and that, if it be not
accepted, a very great part of the actually adopted genera must be
equally rejected.

The differences between Asfacus and Cambarus are as follow :—

1. The general form of Asfaci is clumsier, coarser, and more oval.
The Cambari are more elongated and more cylindrical.

2. The absence of the gill on the fifth pair of legs in Cambarus is
first quoted by De Haan. Cambarus has seventeen, Astacus eighteen
gills. But there is also another difference, not before noticed. In
Astacus each pair of gills, except the single one on the fifth set of legs,
has a broad, deeply folded membrane, closely fixed behind the most
external gill lobe. In Cambarus this membrane is always wanting in the
gills on the fourth pair of legs, but exists, as in Astacus, in all the others.

In the true Asfacus all the gills with a folded membrane behind have
a basal external bundle of shorter but broader and irregularly placed
eill tubes; these are never to be found in Cambarus. 'The superior ex-
ternal plate of the fifth pair of legs in Cambarus is surrounded by longer
featherlike hairs; im Astacus we find but few on the posterior border ;
C. pellucidus is similarly organized to the true Astacus.

I may remark that the breadth of the areola or the medial postdor-:
sal region (Dana) seems not to depend, as it would be easy to suppose,
upon the presence or absence of the gills on the fifth pair of legs. We

28 ASTACID A.

find in some Cambari (C. spiculifer, versutus) this areola even as broad as
in many true Astaci with gills (A. K/amathensis, Gambel’), but in general
the areola is never so well marked in Astacus as in Cambarus.

3. The inner antennze in Astacus have a peculiar structure and shape.
They are always very short and more conical (the basis thicker); the
inner flagellum is considerably more slender and shorter, while the
joints of the flagellum are more spherical, calcareous, and more fragile.
Of course the inner antenne are easily broken in the preserved speci-
mens. In Cambarus the inner antenne are visibly longer, the flagellum
is equally long, and of the same structure as the outer antenne.

The lamina of the outer antennz has a prismatic shape in Astacus, the
external border is much thickened. In Cambarus the lamina is visibly
more membranous.

The basal article of the inner antennz has an anteapical spine be-
neath in Asfacus ; in Caumbarus this spine is always situated in the middle
of the article, or more basally.

4. The epistoma in the true Astacus is more solid, conical, a little con-
tracted before the tip. It is in Cambarus more flattened, often exca-
vated beneath, always larger, and never contracted before the tip.

5. The ear, or what is considered the auditory organ, forms in Cam-
barus (as in Astacoides, Homarus, and perhaps in Cheraps) avery short cone
or a slightly elevated ring, closed above by a membrane, considered as
the tympanum. ‘The true Astacz are an exception, and have this organ
differently shaped, with a more elevated cone, rounded on the top, and a
narrower tympanum behind.

6. The parts which serve for sexual purposes in Cambarus differ
essentially from those in Asfacus. In Cambarus these parts are organ-
ized in a particular manner, and differently in every species. This is
very important, as it is well known that in the Articulata very nearly
allied genera often differ constantly in such a manner. ‘This difference
seems a criterion for separating two genera in forms otherwise nearly
related.

These differences are as follow: Dimorphism is to be found in the
males. The first pair of abdominal legs is differently formed ; the api-
cal half is not simply rolled as in Astacus, but transformed into two solid
approximated parts, with the tips more or less protracted and differ-
ently finished.

In the females is to be found behind the sternum, between the fourth
(and fifth) pair of legs, a particular separated part, — annulus,— differ-
ently shaped in the different species. In Astacus this part exists in-
deed, but it is never separated from the sternum, and is represented by
a ridge, either straight and transverse or curved and broken behind.
The particular shape of the annulus in Cambarus, with its denticulated
median suture and its transverse hollow impression, is evidently anal-

ASTACID&. 29

ogous to the form in Astacus, but produced in a different and exagger-
ated manner. The hinder part of the sternum is separated and curved,
not backward, as in Asfacus, but forward and entirely rolled.

I may remark that, according to my anatomical investigations into
some species, the internal sexual parts in males and females of Cam-
barus differ from those in Astacus. The three lobes of the testicles and
the ovarium are larger, rounded, and closely approximated in Astacus,
the vasa deferentia longer than the body. In Cambarus the three lobes
are small, elongated, and separated ; the vasa deferentia shorter than
the body.

It would be very interesting to prove that the young of the genus
Cambarus are hatched from the eggs in a similar but more advanced
stage of development than the young of the genus Astacus, described by
Professor Rathke. But the materials in my hands are not sufficient for
this purpose, the smallest seen by me being 0.3 inches long, and _ be-
longing to @. Clarku. The rostrum is incurved, but always tridentate ;
the terior antennx have the flagellum short, and the exterior branch
visibly thicker than the interior. The three anterior pairs of legs have
nearly the same shape, the first pair is a little longer. The appendage to
the legs of the young lobster, described by Thompson, Rathke, and others,
does not exist at all. The abdominal legs do exist. The hooks on the
third and the fourth pair of legs of the males are not developed. It is
easy, as I have before intimated, to discriminate between the two sexes.
The eyes are visibly more developed than in the more advanced ani-
mals.

With reference to the further division of the genus Cambarus, it was
especially important to decide whether all North American Cambari be-
longed to the same genus or to different genera. I am now convinced
that all the species I have seen form only one genus, containing several
more or less well-defined groups. In this manner the genera Cambarus
and <Asfacus seem very natural and of equal value. But I have no
doubt that some time the genus Asfacus will be divided into three gen-
era (for the European, North American, and Asiatic species), and Cam-
barus into three or it may be into six genera as Prof. Agassiz thinks.

The division of Cambarus into groups is not difficult, except in a cer-
tain view: first, as the most striking characters are to be found only in
one sex, in the males; and secondly, as some species seem to form a sort
of medium uniting the different groups. The first objection is only of
value to the naturalist who works with few materials, perhaps mostly
females, and is therefore not able to determine the groups to which his
specimens belong. But here the fault lies only in the scantiness of his
materials, and not in the principle of classification. The second objec-
tion would be more important if it were quite certain that there are
intermediate species. Perhaps these species only seem to be inter-

” 30 ASTACIDA.

mediate, and if not, finally, Nature never agrees with the strict prin-
ciples of a particular scheme, so that apparently capricious aberrations
are to be found everywhere the stumbling-blocks of the naturalist who
wishes to arrange everything in a regular series.

A principal character suggesting the division of Cambarus into groups
is to be found in the hooked legs of the males. This character divides
all the species into two great groups, one with hooks on the third and
the fourth pair of legs, the other with hooks only on the third pair of
legs. This characteristic seems preferable to the later mentioned one,
because it unites forms which are related in all other respects, while the .
groups divided according to the form of the rostrum unite species which
are otherwise quite unlike.

In number and situation the hooks are always identical and very sure.
Among nearly a thousand males I have found only one abnormal male
with no hooks at all. I have never observed any aberration in the
group with hooks on the third and on the fourth pair of legs, except a
few second-form males of @. pellucidus, with the hooks on the fourth legs
very small, even in one case not at all developed. In the other group,
with hooks on the third set of legs, sometimes, but very rarely, males
are to be found with hooks more or less developed on the second pair
of legs, but never on the fourth pair. I may add, that the second-form
males always have less developed hooks, and that all show the hooks
except the very young and newly hatched males.

It is worthy of remark, and seems to prove the importance of this
character, that the hooks are situated on the same jomt and at the
same place as the embryonal appendages of the legs in the young lob-
sters (Homarus), described by Professor Rathke and others. These
afterward disappear, and are not to be found at all in the young of
Astacus jfhwiatilis. Indeed, these hooks do not exist in the young Cam-
bari ; their development is later; but the analogy is too striking to be
overlooked, and suggests the great desirableness of an accurate ac-
quaintance with the embryological development of Cambarus.

According to the number of hooked legs, Cambarus is also divided
into two groups :—

I. Third and fourth legs hooked, — group of @. acutus.

Il. Third legs hooked, — all the rest.

The second important character for the division of Cambarus into
groups is the shape of the rostrum. Mr. Girard has employed this
character as a principal one, and forms three groups, with the following
characters : —

Rostrum subquadrangularly elongated, tridentated at the tip,— C.
afins and allied species.

Rostrum short, broad, conical, toothless C. Barton and allied species.

Rostrum very much elongated, conical, with a small and acute spime

ASTACIDZ. ol

near the extremity, sometimes, however, but very slightly developed, —
C. acutus and allied species.

This character is indeed good, but sometimes not so striking as to
prevent a mistake, which even Mr. Girard himself made, in placing C.
pellucidus in his first group. There are some species in every group,
the exact place of which is uncertain. At first sight the C. spiculifer
and C. versutus would be placed in the first group, and not in the third ;
C. penicillatus and C. Wiegmanu near C. Barton’ i the second group, and
not in the third; C. cmmunis in the second, and not in the first; C. ad-
vena and C. Carolinus in the third, and not in the second,— to which in
reality they respectively belong. But generally, I repeat, this charac-
ter is good, if not prima vista, at least in connection with the other
characters.

Nevertheless, in the rostrum is to be found another important char-
ter. In one group the rostrum never has lateral teeth at the tip, in all
others these lateral teeth are to be found, if not in the full-grown speci-
mens, yet always in the young. But the latter fact renders this mark
evidently less useful than the character taken from the hooked legs.
In the last case only the newly hatched specimens have no hooks and
are doubtful; but im the other instance only the newly hatched speci-
mens always have teeth, while the full grown are sometimes toothless.
C. acutus and the allied species always have in the young specimens
well-developed teeth, and the form of the rostrum is therefore altered
in such a manner as to place them prima vista in Mr. Girard’s first
group, near C. affius. C. pemcillatus, though toothless when full grown,
has well-developed teeth when young. C. ammuiis, and in some degree
C. virilis, C. propinquus, and others, are in the same condition.

According to the absence or presence of the lateral apical teeth of the
rostrum, Cambarus is divided into two other groups, not coinciding with
those already mentioned : —

I. Always toothless, — C. Bartoni and allied species.

_ IL With teeth, at least in the young,— all the rest.

Combining the two principal characters mentioned, — the number of
the hooked legs and the toothless or toothed rostrum, — we find three
well-defined groups : —

I. Third and fourth legs hooked, rostrum toothed,— C. acutus and
allied species.

IL Third legs hooked, rostrum toothed, — C. affnis and allied species.

Il. Third legs hooked, rostrum toothless,— C. Bartom and allied
species.

These groups coincide with those established by Mr. Girard, after re-
moving his erroneously placed species, viz. C. pellucidus, C. Oreganus, C.
Gambel.

Some other characters serve to evince more or less clearly the natu-
ralness of these groups.

32 ASTACID.

The first abdominal legs of the males show three different forms : —

I. The exterior part is nearly truncated at the tip, with three little
partly dilated corneous incurved teeth; the interior part has a short
acute tip, for the most part outwardly directed, — C. aculus and allied
species.

II. The two parts have elongated, straight, acute tips,— C. afinis and
allied species.

Il. The tips of the exterior part forms a larger tooth, which is
strongly recurved ; the tip of the interior part is broken, short, and
conical, — C. Bartow and allied species.

IT may remark that there are three exceptions to this character: C.
extraneus, belonging to the group of @ afims, has the abdominal legs
formed as in the group of C. Barton’; C. advena and ©. Carolinus,
belonging to the group of @. LS, hate the abdominal legs similar
to the group of C. acutus.

The other characters examined by me are not so striking. The
antenne are more slender, as long as, or longer than, the body in the
group of @. acutus ; they are thicker and mostly shorter in the others.
In © acutus and the allied species the flagellum of the inner antennz is
longer, while its branches are equally long. In all the other species
the flagellum is shorter, and the external branch somewhat longer, than
the immer. The antennal lamina is more elongated and enlarged before
the middle in the group of C. acutus ; shorter and enlarged near to the
tip in the group of @. Barton’; longer and enlarged in the middle in
the group of C. affiis. But here are to be found more numerous ex-
ceptions, — @. pellucidus, C. Wiegmann, C. Carolinus, C. lancifer, ete., lack
the form characteristic of their group.

CAMBARUS. — Cor pore elongato ; pecibus quitis branchus nulls ; antemus
aternis flagello longiort ; auro annulari, apice aperto ; pedibus mares a tas, vel
tertus et quartis articulo tertio unguculatis ; pears abdominahbus maris
bifidis ; fenuna annulo ventrali conco, perforato, separato.

I. GROUP, (lyn, 2C) Acurus,)

The third and the fourth pair of legs of the males hooked ; rostrum trian-
gular, elongated, with an ante-apical tooth each side, at least mn the young ; first
pur of abdonunal legs with the exterior part truncated at the tip with several
somewhat dilated incurved corneous teeth, occasionally covered with a pencil of
hairs ; the interior part terminated in a short, acute, and for the most part out-
wardly directed spine.

This group seems very natural, if we except some abnormal species,
viz. C. pemeillatus, C. Wiegmann, and especially C. pedlucidus.

The body and the hands are more slender and elongated. The fla-
gellum of the inner antennz has the branches of equal length. The

ASTACID. 33

length of the antenne equals that of the body, or exceeds it; their
lamina is elongated, and dilated near the base ; the basal joint of the
inner antennz has an inferior spine before the middle. The foreborder
of the cephalothorax is angulated behind the antenne.

In © troglodytus burrowing habits are observed.

It is worthy of remark that in the considerable number of females
seen by me, eggs are in no instance attached to the abdomen. Perhaps
the females live more retired now than formerly, and are not easily se-
cured. I have seen many females of various species of the other groups
with egos attached to the abdomen.

The species contained in this group are divided into four natural
sections, having the following characters: —

1. The rostrum is broad, very long, triangular, with a small spine
near the extremity, somewhat, but very slightly, developed (always
strongly developed in the young); the postabdomen is as long as the
thorax ; the hands are elongated; the antennal lamina is long, and
enlarged near the base, — @. acutus and allied species.

2. The rostrum is broad, very long, triangular, with a strong and
acute apical tooth on each side; the. postabdomen is longer than the
thorax ; the hands are elongated ; the antennal lamina is long, and en-
larged near the base, — C. spreulifer and allied species.

3. The rostrum is broad, triangular, not so much elongated, without
ante-apical teeth (always developed in the young); the postabdomen as
long as the body ; the hands are shorter, broader ; the antennal lamina
is shorter, and enlarged near the tip, —C. penicillatus and allied species.

4. The rostrum is broad at the base, very long, with a strong and
acute tooth each side ; the postabdomen is longer than the thorax ; the
hands are elongated ; the antennal lamina is Jong, and much enlarged
near the tip, — @. pellucidus.

The most aberrant species is @ pellucidus. Like the other animals
living in caves, it is blind. The eyes are atrophied, smaller at the base,
conical, instead of cylindrical and elongated, as in the other species.
The cornea exists, but is small, circular, and not faceted; the optic
fibres and the dark-colored pigments surrounding them in all other
species, are not developed. The shape of the rostrum is somewhat
analogous to that of C. afinis, the margins are more parallel at the base.
The lamina of the antenne is long, but strongly dilated nearer to the
tip ; the epistoma is shorter and broader than in the other species ; the
basal jomt of the inner antenne has a spine at the tip, which in the
other species is always nearer to the base; the. foreborder of the
cephalothorax is not angulated behind the antennz as in all other
species.

Nevertheless, the number of the hooked legs, the form of the abdom-
inal legs, and the elongated body and hands, exclude C. pellucidus from

9)

34 ASTACIDZ.

the other groups. Some, no doubt, will prefer to regard C. pellucidus as
a distinct group or genus, still, as I am convinced, without foundation.
The most striking differences consist in the aberrations in the shape of
the fore parts and of the limbs of the head. But it seems to be a some-
what well-recognized law in nature (Rathke, Metamorph. Retrograd.,
p- 125) that if any part is atrophied, or stopped in development, the
nearest parts show an abnormal imcrease of development. This is
apparently the case in @. pellucidus ; the eyes are atrophied, and the
rostrum, the fore border of the cephalothorax, the antennal lamina,
the basal joint of the mner antenne, and the epistoma are altered
or largely developed.

Similar alterations are not rarely noticed in the insects. The blind sol-
diers of Termes have the head and the mandibles more developed, the
maxille and the labium atrophied. Analogous facts are observed in the
ants and in the two very nearly related Coleopterous species, Hylecetus
dermestoides and flabellicorms. In EH. dermestoides the antennee are simple,
the maxillary palpi extraordinarily developed ; in A. flabellicornis the
antennz are much developed and the maxillary palpi simple. It would
not be difficult to give a greater number of similar examples.

The two species of the third section are not as abnormal as (7. pel-
lucidus, and they differ only in the two characters before mentioned.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

1st SECTION. (See p. 33.)
a. Epistoma rounded in front: C. acutus, C. Blandingii.
b. Epistoma truncated in front: O. Olarkii, O. troglodytes.

2d Section. (See p. 33.)
a. Areola narrow: C. fallax, C. LeContez.
b. Areola broad: C. spiculifer, C. angustatus, C. versutus.
(Incertx sedis.) : C. maniculatus.
3d Section. (See p. 33.) |
C. penicillatus : C. Wiegmanni.

4th Section. (See p. 33.)
C. pellucidus.

ASTACID&. 35

1. CamBARUS AcUTUS Girard.

Cambarus acutus Girard, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 91.

Figures on Pl. I., IL, and II.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 1 in front; fig. 2 outside; fig. 108 outside viewed more laterally; fig. 106
inside.
second form, fig. 4 in front; fig. 3 tip augmented; fig. 5 outside.
fig. 110 outside, young, 1.7 inch long; fig. 111 outside, 2.7 inches long.
fig. 112 outside, 2.7 inches long, not articulated; fig. 113 outside, 1.4 inch long, not articu-
lated.
var. A, first form, fig. 107 inside; fig. 109 outside.
Venter between the fourth pair of legs of the female, fig. 114, C. acutus; fig. 115, var. A.
Rostrum, fig. 116, C. acutus ; fig. 117, var. A.
Epistoma, fig. 118, C. acutus ; fig. 119, var. A.
Thoracic line, fig. 124, C. acutus ; fig. 125, var. A.
Inner sexual parts of the male:
first form, fig. 120; testicles viewed from above, fig. 121.
second form, fig. 122.
Inner sexual parts of the female, fig. 123.
Annulus ventralis of the female, fig. 126 outside; fig. 127 inside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 143, a; epistoma, ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c;
fig. 144, the same parts for var. B, from New Jersey.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, dimidio longiori, subdeflexo, ante api-
cem brevem acutum utrinque subsinuato, margine punctato-lineato ;
supra levi, subexcavato, basi late foveolato; cretis basalibus extus
sulcatis, apice subacutis, fere parallelis, postice callosis convergentibus.
Antennis externis corpore equalibus vel longioribus, articulis duobus
basalibus dente externo brevi, subacuto; antennis internis articulo
basali ante medium dente infero, acuto; lamina externa rostro longiori,
antennarum pedunculo xquali, lata, apice rotundata; margine externo
inflato, apice brevi-spmoso. LEpistomate brevi lato, excavato, antice
rotundato. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus barbatis.
Thorace postice latiori, densius tuberculato ; cephalothorace supra fere
levi, parce-punctato, postice obsolete bicalloso; linea profunda, sinuata,
lateribus divisa, spina infera ad antennarum basin apicali, modica ;
areola angusta, carinata, postice latiori, plana, interdum transverso-
impressa; margine postico subexciso. Postabdomine lato, apicem ver-
sus subangustiori, levi, parce-punctato, segmentis utrinque macula
obsoleta rubra; segmentis penultimis angulo externo postico recto;
lamina media parte apicali breviori, apice rotundata, margine medio
exciso; parte basali apice utrmque bispima. Pedibus anticis valde
elongatis, corpore interdum longioribus; chela longa, angusta, modice
tumida, squamoso-tuberculata ; margine interno longo, subrecto, forti-
ter dentato; digitis longioribus, interno sublongiori, supra planis, sub-
tus medio elevatis; externo recto, interno sinuato; digitis basi tubercu-
latis, externo tuberculo medio et basali interno; interno basi intus
exciso, margine externo basi tuberculato. Carpo longo, latere interno

36 ASTACID.

tuberculato, margine interno spinis duabus, antica majori; subtus spinis
majoribus duabus anticis, aliisque minoribus internis. Brachio elongato,
rostro longiori, extus levi, intus ante apicem et margine supero tuber-
culato, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis; subtus biseriatim
spinoso. Pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus
quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis elongato-ovali, quintis com-
presso, laminato. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, validis, apice
vix-bifidis ; parte externa majori, apice barbata, dentibus tribus fusco-
corneis, subincurvis; parte interna dente apicali acuto, obliquo, partem
externam fere superanti.

Forma II. differt unguiculis pedum minoribus; pedibus abdominali-
bus basi articulatis, parte externa fere obtusa, dentibus obsoletis ; parte
interna dente apicali crassiori, conico.

Mares formze secunde variant szpe brachio rostro breviori, inter-
dum chelis brevibus, valde angustis, digitis rectis, levibus; rostro
forma variabili, latiori, margimibus rectis vel subincurvis, acumine
angustiori, utrinque magis sinuato.

Femina differt pedibus anticis chelisque brevioribus, extus leevioribus ;
ventre inter pedes quartos antice tuberculo majori, postice bi-vel bisbi-
tuberculato ; annulo ovato, fissura longitudinali, labiis alternato-inflatis.
Chela interdum basi rubro-maculata.

Variet. A.

A great number of specimens from Illinois (Lawn Ridge, Basson
Ridge, Evanston, Athens, and Peoria) and from Indiana (Mus. Salem),
comprising both forms of the male and the female, which differ as
follows: The rostrum has the margins not so arcuated at the base, the
margins are more straight; the epistoma is often more poimted; the
transverse line of the thorax is less simuated, but usually with a lateral
spine. The shape of the first pair of abdominal legs is different ; seen
sidewise the apex more dilated, not hooked behind, the apical teeth
are a little larger, and pomted. The female has the ventral segment
between the fourth pair of legs not bituberculated, but with a slightly
elevated carina; the ventral segment between the fifth pair of legs is
more sharply pointed, its articulation-membrane reaching farther to the
tip of the base of the abdominal legs. The hands often have large red
basal spots.

I have seen very full-grown females, the males not so full grown as
those from New Orleans.

Varietas ? B.

I have seen six adult females from Essex, New Jersey; New York;
and Beaufort, North Carolina. At first they seem to belong to an-
other species. The lamina of the antennez is much smaller at the tip;
all have a lateral thoracic spine ; the rostrum appears narrower in front

ASTACID&. 37

of the tip; the tip is more sinuated, with sharper lateral teeth; the
hands are smaller and smoother; the femur is not tuberculated on the
inner side. But a closer examination of many young and old speci-
mens from the South shows so many analogous forms, that it is im-
possible, at least as yet, to separate them with certainty. But I con-
fess that they seem, in many respects, to belong to a different species
(viz. C. Blanding). Long. corp. 3 ad 4 inch.

Mas maximus long. corp. 6.3; antenn. 5.1; ped. ant. 6.2; chele, 3.9.

Patria: New Orleans and Milliken’s Bend, Louisiana; Mobile ;
Charleston, South Carolina; St. Louis, Mississippi bottom; James
River, Virginia (Mus. Philad.); Mobile River; Kemper Co., Mississippi
(Mus. Philad.).

Var. A. Lawn Ridge, Basson Ridge, Evanston, and Peoria, Ilinois ;
Indiana (Mus. Salem).

Var. B. New Jersey; New York; Beaufort, North Carolina.

Vidi specimina plurima, adulta et juniora.

I have not seen the type of @ acutus Gir., but I have no doubt that
it is the first form of the species described above. The Museum of
Philadelphia possesses two young dry second-form males, labelled
“C. acutissimus Gv.?” from Kemper Co., Mississippi, the locality men-
tioned by Mr. Girard for the type. There is no doubt that these males
are the young of the species above described, and I think also the
veritable C. acutissimus Gir., 1. c. T. 6, p. 91.

Cambarus acutus is the largest North American species. The most
important characters are: the rostrum is one and a half times as
long as broad, with a distinct large impression, surrounded by a
little elevated part at the base; the thorax is strongly tuberculated,
posteriorly dilated, without lateral spine ; the areola is impressed, very
little carmated in the middle; the external lobes of the two penulti-
mate segments of the postabdomen with the external posterior angle
finished in a sharp right angle; the lamina in the middle of the apex is
large, the basal part longer than the apical, the terminal margin of
which is not very deeply excised in the middle. The antenne are as
long as the body, or longer; their lamina much enlarged in the middle;
the external maxillary legs always barbate; the epistoma is transversely
elliptical, rounded in front; the anterior legs are very long; the
brachium is longer than the rostrum; the hand has large and flat
tubercles, which in front are a little hairy; the external margin of the
hand and finger is straight; the internal margin nearly straight,
strongly denticulated; the mobile finger is sinuated, a little longer
than the exterior; the brachium is tuberculated above and inside near
the carpus. The female has the venter between the fourth legs behind
bi- or bisbituberculated, and a larger flat tubercle near the third legs.

The four species, C. acutus, C. Clarki, C. troglodytes, and C. Blandingu

88 ASTACIDZ.

are very similar in size and forms. For C. Blandingii see the descrip-
tion of this species. Of the three other species, the thorax is more
ovoid, more dilated in C. acutus ; laterally more compressed in C. Clarkit ;
between the two in © troglodytes, nearly as dilated as in the first, but a
little more depressed. The areola is the broadest, but very narrow in
©. acutus, the narrowest and the most shallow in GC. Clarkivi; im both
species the areola is posteriorly much more dilated than anteriorly ; in
C. troglodytes the areola is nearly as broad posteriorly as anteriorly.
The thorax is strongly tuberculated in C. acutus and C. Clarki, granu-
lated in C. troglodytes. The rostrum is most sinuated, and often
clearly dentated in C. Clarku; less smuated and dentated in C. troglody-
tes. The rostrum is nearly plain in ©. troglodytes, most excavated, with
the margins more elevated, in C. Clarkw; C. acutus is mtermediate.
The base of the rostrum shows a different structure, but a little obscure.
There is in C. acutus and C. Clarkw a circular depression, terminated in
front by a somewhat rounded elevation in @ acutus; in C. Clarkit by
two oblique straight elevations, united in an obtuse angle; in @. ¢roglo-
dytes there is in the circular depression a very flat, central, round eleva-
tion or tubercle. The postabdomen is the narrowest and laterally most
compressed in ©. Clarkw; the apical part of the lamina is longer in
C. troglodytes than in the other species. The hands are the shortest
and broadest in C troglodytes ; the fingers nearly as long as the hands,
in the other species much longer, in C. Clarkw they are deflected. The
movable annulus in the female of C. troglodytes is striking ; ; 1t is very
firmly united with the venter between the fourth legs in the two other
species.

Cat. No. 1161, New Orleans, La, L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. Fem.
Specimens, 12.*

Cat. No. 1843, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. very large, Form I.
Spec. I.

Cat. No. 1844, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II.
Fem. Spec. 12:*

Cat. No. 1845, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form IL; first pair
of abdominal legs articulated or not articulated. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 291, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and Il Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1846, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II. Fem.
var. thorace leviori. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 182, Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 274, St. Louis, Mo., Dr. Engelmann. Mas. young. Spee. 1.

Cat. No. 151, St. Louis, Mississippi bottom, Dr. Engelmann. Mas.
Form I. Fem. Spec. 6.

Var. A. Cat. No. 214, Lawn Ridge, IH, Mr. O. Ordway. Mas. Form I.

and I. “Fem...Spee. 12*

* The star signifies that the Museum possesses more than 12 specimens.

ASTACIDZ. 39

Cat. No. 1460, Evanston, Il, Prof. O. Marcy. Mas. Form I. and II.
Spee. 2.

Cat. No. 1820, Basson Pudge, Ill, Mr. Bulten. Mas. Form I. Spec. 1.

Var. B. Cat.-No. 191, Essex, N. J. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 292, New York. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1821, Beaufort, N. C., Mr. T. Shute. Fem. Spee. 2.

Dry Spee. Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. Spee. 1.

Peoria, Ill., Mr. O. Ordway. Male var. A. Form I Spec. 2.

2. CAMBARUS CLARKIL Girard.
Cambarus Clarkii Girard, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 91.

Figures on Pl. I., II., III., and IV
First abdominal leg of the male:
first form, fig. 7 in front; fig. 8 outside.
second form, fig. 9 in front; fig. 10 outside.
young, type of C. Clarkii, fig. 99 in front; fig. 100 outside.
development of the first abdominal leg in the young male 0.3 inch long, fig. 133.
more augmented, to show the structure of the knob, fig. 134.
Antennal lamina, fig. 137, a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antennz, c.
Tab. LY. mas., first form, New Orleans.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, dimidio longiori, ante apicem acutum
brevem utrinque sinuato vel subdentato, margine vix punctato lineato ;
supra levi, excavato, basi foveola antice leviter triangulari; cretis
basalibus extus sulcatis, apice extus acutis, fere parallelis, postice
tuberculoso convergentibus. Antennis externis corpore equalibus, arti-
culis duobus basalibus dente externo brevi subacuto ; antennis internis
articulo basali dente infero medio acuto; lamina externa rostro lon-
viorl, articulo antennarum tertio equali, lata, apice rotundata, margine
externo inflato, apice brevi-spmoso. Epistomate brevi, duplo latiori,
antice truncato, bisinuato, lateribus oblique productis, subsinuatis.
Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus barbatis. horace utrin-
que subcompresso, densius tuberculato, cephalothorace supra levi,
parce punctato, postice obsolete bicalloso; linea profunda, modice sul-
cata, lateribus fissa, spma infera, ad antennarum basin apicali, acuta ;
areola angustissima, medio lineari, profunda, postice dilatata, triangulari,
plana. Postabdomine lato, compresso, apice subangustiori, levi, vix
punctato, utrinque obsolete rubro, sezmentis penultimis angulo externo
postico obtuso; lamina media parte apicali vix breviori, basi subattenu-
ata, apice subsinuata; parte basali apice sinuata, utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis elongatis, longitudine corporis. Chela longa, crassiori,
squamoso-tuberculata, margime interno longo, subincurvo, fortiter den-
tato; digitis chele longitudine, planioribus, apice subdeflexis, subsinua-
tis, apicibus acutis, incurvis, leevibus, intus apice spongiosis, basi sub-
dentatis, digito externo tuberculo medio et basali intus majoribus;
digito mobili sublongiori, basi intus exciso., Carpo longo, levi, intus

40 ASTACIDA.

tuberculato, spina media majori; subtus spinis duabus majoribus anticis,
allisque minoribus internis. Brachio rostro longiori, extus levi, intus
ante apicem et margine supero tuberculato, spinis duabus anteapicali-
bus oblique positis; subtus biseriatim spinoso, spinis imternis apicali-
bus validis. Pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo-ovall,
quintis compresso, laminato.

Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, cylindricis, basi et ante
apicem attenuatis, vix bifidis; parte externa margine postico dente
medio obtuso, apice dentibus brevibus duabus compressis, corneis, latis,
rotundato-incurvis ; parte interna apice spina fusiformi, acuta.

Forma II. differt antennis chelisque brevioribus, unguiculis pedum
minoribus; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, mimus attenuatis,
parte externa apice fere obtuso, bituberculato, dentibus obscurioribus,
nec fusco-corneis; parte Interna spina conica breviorl.

Mares formze secundze variant brachio rostro breviori, lateribus
cephalothoracis minus tuberculatis ; spina laterali ad lineam transversam
(semper fere nulla in Forma I.); forma et latitudine rostri et acuminis
variabili, vel marginibus rectis, vel subrotundatis; acumine basi dis-
tinctius dentato.

Femina differt antennis chelisque brevioribus, minoribus, minus tuber-
culatis; ventre inter pedes quartos nudo, non tuberculato ; annulo ovali,
obtuse conico, fissura longitudinali, labus antice inflatis, sulcatis, fere
bituberculatis.

Long. 3 and 4 unc. Mas maximus; long. 4.2; ped. ant. 4.7 ; antenn.
4.5; chele, 2.6.

Patria: New Orleans. Between San Antonio, Texas, and El Paso
del Norte. Vidi specimina multa, adulta et juniora.

This species is very similar to @ acutus, but it differs surely; the
rostrum is more evidently dentated before the acumen, and the obso-
lete impression at its base is terminated anteriorly by two oblique
elevated lines; the epistoma is truncated and sinuated anteriorly and
laterally; the thorax is laterally compressed, the areola linear in the
middle; the penultimate segments of the postabdomen with the ex-
terior angle are more obtuse; the apical part of the imtermediate
lamina is as long as the basal, a little attenuated at the base; the
chelee are shorter and broader; the legs of the postabdomen different ;
the venter of the fourth legs im the female is without tubercles.
There is rarely one spine at the sides of the thorax.

C. Clarkii Girard. I have most carefully compared male and female
types collected by the U. 8. Mexican Boundary Commission, communi-
cated by Professor Stimpson. They belong, without doubt, to this
species. The male is a young specimen of the Forma II. (1.8 une.

ASTACID&. 41

long); the female is smaller. The first abdominal leg of the male,
figured by me after the type, shows exactly the shape of the male
full-grown Forma IL, but not as well finished as it is always found
in the young specimens. I have not seen a similar young specimen
from New Orleans ; the smallest is 2.6 unc. long, but agrees very well.
The young of C. troglodytes, of which I have seen specimens 0.6 une.
long, are very similar; but C. Clark differs in having the rostrum exactly
triangular and a little attenuated at the tip (it is more dilated, with the
margins curved, in (. troglodytes); the acumen is longer, more acute
(in C. Clarku type #5 une. left side, = right side); the basis of the ros-
trum has two obsolete elevations connected in an obtuse angle; the
lamina of the antenne is more elongated, smaller at the tip.

In the Museum of the Natural History Society of Boston are two
females, together with a great number of apparently very young ani-
mals, before described by me.

Cat. No. 1162, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. and II.
Hen” Spec. 12*

Cat. No. 166, New Orleans, La., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form I. Fem. Spee. 5.

Cat. No. 264, New Orleans, La., Mr. Allen. Mas. Fem., young. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 1822, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Mas. Form II, young. Spec. 2.

3. CAMBARUS TROGLODYTES Le Conte.

Astacus troglodytes LeC., Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 400.

Figures on Pl. I. and IIL.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 11 in front, fig. 12 outside.
second form, fig. 13 in front, fig. 14 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 141,a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, tertia parte longiori, subdeflexo, ante
apicem acutum, brevem, paulo barbatum, utrinque leviter smuato; supra
fere plano levi, utrmque subtiliter margiato, tuberculo obsoleto plano
in foveola basali orbiculari; cretis basalibus extus sulcatis, apice
subacutis, subparallelis. Antennis gracilibus, corpore paulo breviori-
bus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo parvo subacuto ; antennis
internis articulo basali dente infero medio acuto; lamina externa
rostro longiori, articulo antennarum tertio vix breviori, lata, apice vix
rotundata, margine externo inflato, apice brevi spmoso. Hpistomate
lato, antice et utrinque subsinuato (forma variabili, semper brevi,
lateribus obliquis). Pedibus maxillaribus intus et basi subtus villosis.
Thorace postice latiori, postice subdepresso, granuloso, cephalothorace
medio fortius punctato, postice obsolete bicalloso, linea modice pro-
funda et sinuata, lateribus fissa, spina infera ad antennarum basi apical

acuta; areola media angusta, subcarinata, postice latiori, transverse
6

49, ASTACID&.

impressa. Postabdomine subangustiori, levi; segmentis penultimis
angulo externo obtuso; lamina media parte apicali vix breviori, antice
subrotundata; parte basali apice sinuata, utrinque bi-(vel tri)-spimosa.
Pedibus anticis elongatis, corpore vix brevioribus ; chela longa, crassi-
orl, squamoso-tuberculata, margine interno longo, subrecto, densius
tuberculato et fortiter dentato; digitis paulo longioribus, arcuatis, sub-
costatis, leviter punctato-lineatis, apicibus acutis, Incurvis; intus apice
squamosis, basi serratis; digito externo tuberculo medio et basali inter-
nis majoribus obtusis; digito mobili sublongiori, basi sinuata, tuberculo
majori. Carpo longo, levi, intus subtuberculato, spina media interna
majori; subtus spinis duabus anticis majoribus. Brachio rostro longiori,
extus leevi, intus ante apicem tuberculis nonnullis mmoribus; margine
superiori leviter tuberculoso, spimis duabus majoribus oblique positis;
subtus biseriatim spinoso, spinis apicalibus validis. Pedibus tertiis et
quartis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo basal,
latiori; quintis lamina quadrangulari, parva elevata. Pedibus abdomi-
nalibus brevibus, rectis, parte interna intus lata, plana, spa media
posteriori, apice bifida; ramo antico brevi, fusiformi, acuto; ramo postico
longiori, laminato compresso ; parte externa cylindrica, valde bi-attenu-
ata, dente apicali brevi, fusco corneo, triangulari.

Forma II. differt chelis brevioribus, unguiculis pedum minoribus ;
pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, parte interna ramo interno fere
obtuso; parte externa dente apicali minori nec fusco corneo; spina
thoracis laterali interdum distincta.

Femina differt antennis chelisque brevioribus, minoribus; ventre
inter pedes tertios tuberculato, inter pedes quartos nudo; annulo
obovah, fissura longitudinali, dentibus alternis, modice inflatis; annulo
mobili, nec ventre pracedenti connato.

Long. 3. Mas maximus; long. 3.8; ped. ant. 3.7; antenn. 3.6.

Patria: Charleston, South Carolina; Lawn Ridge, Illinois; Rocky
River, Olmsted, Ohio; Georgia.

(Habitat in Georgiz oryzaceis, ubi spiracula 4 une. alta format.
LeConte.)

I have seen many very young specimens 0.6 inch long.

From Georgia I have seen but four specimens, two males (Forma I),
and two females. The first abdominal legs in the male are a little
different in shape. The tip is more recurved, not straight as in the
others. Apparentiy this is the veritable A. troglodytes LeC., and the
intermediate lamina is always trispinose.

A. troglodytes male type LeConte (Mus. Philad.), with the dimensions
given by Mr. LeConte, is identical with the males from Charleston.
The abdominal legs are (Forma I.) similar; the lamina is trispinose.

ASTACID&. 43

The specimens before mentioned, from Georgia, are not essentially
different, though the thorax is more compressed. The female has the
areola larger. Some females from Charleston have the lamina also
trispinose. It seems not prudent to separate the two species, for the
materials are insufficient.

A single male, the largest seen by me, was in the same bottle with
A. obesus, from Lawn Ridge, Tlinois.

The posterior hooks of the abdominal legs of the male exist in the
young males, Forma II.; in the very young they are sometimes ab-
sent; sometimes they disappear. The fingers are not arcuated in
the younger male and female specimens.

A large female (dry), in the Cambridge Museum, communicated by
L. R. Gibbes, as A. Blandingii Hari. from South Carolina, is A. troglodytes.

A. fossarum LeConte. A dry specimen (Mus. Philad.), a female,
agreeing very well with the description, does not differ from A. troglo-
dytes. It possesses the same compressed thorax, like the specimens
from Georgia.

C. Blandingii (Mus. Philad.), from Charleston, is a male, Forma IL, of
C. troglodytes, and perhaps a type of C. Blandingii Girard.

Cat. No. 182, Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 283, Charleston, 8. C., Mr. Crady. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 197, Lawn Ridge, Illinois, Mr. O. Ordway. Male Form I.
Spec. lL.

Cat. No. 1823, Georgia. Male Form I. and II Fem. Spec. 4.

Dry spec. South Carolina, L. R. Gibbes. Male, labelled “A. Blan-
ding.” Spee. 1.

Rocky River, Olmsted, Ohio, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz. Male. Spee. 1.

4, CamBarus BLANDINGII Harlan.

Astacus Blandingii Harl, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., T. 3, p. 464. Harlan. Med. and Physic.
Research, p. 229, fig. 1.
Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 63 in front, fig. 64 outside.
Antennal lamina fig. 140,a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, levi, excavato, marginibus summa
basi parallelis, lmeato-punctatis ; acumine brevi, angusto, acuto, utrin-
que subsinuato; cretis basalibus validis, extus sulcatis, apice subacutis
parallelis, postice calloso-convergentibus. Antennis validis, corpore
brevioribus (?secundum MHarlani figura), articulis duobus basalibus
dente acuto externo; antennis internis articulo basali dente medio

44 ASTACID 2.

infero; lamina rostro paulo longiori, pedunculo antennarum quali,
ante medium latiori, apice angusta, margine externo inflato, apice
brevi-spinoso. Epistomate longitudine vix latiori, antice rotundato,
lateribus obliquis, angulis lateralibus rectis. Pedibus maxillaribus mtus
et subtus barbatis. Thorace leviter ovali, grosso-punctato, lateribus
granulosis ; cephalothorace medio leviori, rarius punctato, postice
bicalloso ; linea ordinaria profunda, sinuata, utrinque fissa, spina laterali
mediocri, spinaque infera apicali; areola angusta, profunda, postice
paulo latiori, punctata. Postabdomine thorace vix angustiori, levi,
segmentis penultimis angulo externo postico recto; lamina media
parte apicali vix breviori, margine apicali medio vix exciso; parte
basali apice utrinque bispmosa. Pedibus anticis valde elongatis, sub-
cylindricis; chela longa depresso-cylindrica, dense squamoso-tubercu-
lata, margine interno longo recto, subdentato; digitis margine interno
chelze sequalibus, intus curvatis, gracilibus, carinatis, punctato-ciliatis,
intus squamosis; digito interno paulo longiori; carpo longo, angusto,
antice oblique truncato, intus tuberculato, spina interna media, aliaque
antica minori, spinis duabus inferis anticis; brachio rostro longiori,
extus levi, intus ante apicem et margie supero tuberculato, spimis
duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis. Subtus biseriatim spinoso, spina
utrinque antica ad articulationem. Pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo
tertio valde unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovali, com-
presso; quintis perbrevi, acuto. Pedibus abdominalibus validis, rectis ;
parte interna breviore, recta (dente apicali fracto); parte externa
latiori, subcontorta, apice non angustiori; dentibus tribus fusco-corneis,
medio longiori, antico lato, contorto, postico parvo, angusto, fere recto.

Long. corp. 3.8 inch; ped. ant. 3.9.

Patria: Camden, South Carolina (mas. Form IL) _

I have only seen the type described and figured by Mr. Harlan, pre-
served dry in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, and labelled,
“A. Blandingi Harlan, Camden, 8. C., Dr. Blanding.” Camden is situated
in the mountains, but Mr. Harlan (in the Trans. Amer. Philos. Soe. 1. ¢.)
says: “All the crawfish which I have seen from the Southern States,
and I have received specimens from New Orleans and South Carolina,
are the same species with that now described.” I have most carefully
examined several hundred specimens from New Orleans and South
Carolina, (the collection in the Museum of Cambridge being very rich
for these localities,) but I have not found a single specimen of C. Blan-
ding. The description and the figure given by Mr. Harlan agree very
well with his type; but the hand is no broader at the base than seen
in the right hand of the figure. The hand is two inches long; the
inner finger seems when open 0.1 inch longer than the external, it is
as long as the hand, 1 inch.

Cambarus Clark and C. troglodytes are very similar, but instantly sepa-

ASTACIDZ. 45

rated since the epistoma is truncated at the tip. C. Clarkii differs in
having the thorax strongly tuberculated, the areola linear or none; the
base of the rostrum with two linear elevations joined in obtuse angle;
the second article of the exterior antennex, with the teeth shorter than
its tubercle (as long as in C. Blandingii and very acute); the lamina
is more enlarged at the tip; the hands broader, shorter, the fingers
more arcuated and deflected, more tuberculated (one tubercule on
the inside of the external finger in the middle in C. Blandingii); the
abdominal legs differ also. C. troglodytes differs by the same characters.

C. acutus Gir. is very near in the shape and sculpture of the rostrum
and epistoma, but the lamina is much larger at the tip; the teeth of
the second article are shorter than the tubercle, the hands broader and
shorter, the abdominal legs different. I have seen some hundred males
of all sizes, but never a male with the abdominal legs analogous to
C. Blanding. The body is more tuberculated.

The females from Essex, New Jersey, quoted under C. acutus (but it
is always difficult to identify females with males) are more similar, the
body is not very strongly tuberculated, the lateral spine is evident, the
lamina smaller at the tip.

C. LeContei is very near, but the abdominal legs are different; the
shape of the hand is most similar, but the fingers are shorter and
straight; the rostrum strongly dentated at the tip, the areola broad.
The typical specimen of C. Blanding is very well developed and it does
not seem to me to be an abnormal specimen of @. acutus with abnormal
hands, abdominal legs, and lamina. I cannot help regarding it a good
species, perhaps (?) identical with the New Jersey females described
provisionally as C. acutus.

It is not impossible that C. Blanding LeConte, 1. c. p. 400 (Georgie et
Carolin regionibus intermediis), is this species, but in this the linea
ordinaria is suleated as in C. troglodytes, and not sulcated in Le Conte's
species. Erichson gives but a copy from Mr. Harlan’s description.

C. Blandingi Gir. |. c. p. 91, without description, is probably C.
troglodytes, which the Museum possesses from the same locality, Sum-
merville, South Carolina, given by Mr. Girard. (Vide C. Lecontev.)

5. CamBarus Fattax Hagen.

Figures on PI. I.
First abdominal lee of the male :
first form, fig. 103 in front, fig. 104 outside.
second form, fig. 105 inside.

Mas. Rostro elongato triangulari, levi, excavato; acumine suba-
cuto, ciliato, spa utrinque acuta; cretis basalibus validis, parallelis,

extus vix sulcatis, apice acutis. Antennis gracilibus, corpore breviorl-
bus, articulis duobus basalibus dente acuto externo; antennis internis

46 ASTACIDA.

articulo basali dente medio infero; lamina rostro pedunculoque anten-
narum longiori, ante medium latiori, margine externo latius inflato,
spina apicali acuta longiori. Epistomate lato, rotundato, antice medio
subacuto; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace an-
gusto, compresso, punctato, lateribus scabris; lea profunda, sinuata,
lateribus fissa; spina brevi valida, postice leviter barbata, aliaque infera
acuta ad antennarum basin; areola plana, punctata, angusta, postice
latiori. Postabdomine lato, compresso, thorace longiori, parcepunctato,
segmentis penultimis angulo externo subrecto; lamina media parte
basali quadrangulari, apice utrinque trispimosa; parte apicali eequali,
apice angulis rotundatis. Pedibus anticis longis, gracilibus, angustis ;
chela elongata, angusta, depresso-cylindrica, leviter squamoso-tubercu-
lata; margine interno longo, recto, subdentato ; digitis paulo breviori-
bus, rectis, subcostatis, tus squamosis ; digito mobili margine externo
subdentato. Carpo longo, angusto, parce tuberculato, spina antica et
media interna breviorl; subtus spina antica externa; brachio longiori,
subleevi, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis; subtus biseriatim
spinoso, utrinque ad articulationem spina antica acuta. Pedibus se-
cundis chela parce villosa; pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio
unguiculato; pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo
majori, quintis compresso, triangulari, erecto. Pedibus abdominalibus
validis, brevibus, rectis; parte externa spina anteapicali acuta, obliqua ;
parte externa dentibus perparvis fusco corneis adpressis.

Forma IL, differt pedibus tertiis et quartis unguiculo minor; chela
leeviorl ; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, parte imterna spina
anteapicali fortiori; parte externa apice rotundato; intus ad apicem
fortiter sulcatis. .

Femina junior differt chela brevi, mimori; ventre inter pedes quartos
levi; annulo transversali, valido, fissura longitudinali antica recta,
postica dentato-tuberculata.

Long. corp. 2.9; antenn. 2.4; ped. antic. 1.9.

Patria: Florida. Museum Boston Natural History Society.

I have seen only one male of each form (the male of the second
form is even a little larger), and two very young females. This species
is very near C. Le Contei, but differs in the longer thorax, the hands, and
the abdominal legs. The legs, especially in the second form, are strongly
sulcated on the inner side.

ASTACIDA, 47

6. CamBarus LeContet Hagen.

Fieures on Pl. I. and JI.
First abdominal leg of the male:
first form, fig. 15 in front; fig. 16 outside.
second form, fig. 17 in front; fig. 18 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 145, a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro triangulari, lato, levi, excavato, marginibus basi fere
parallelis, lineato-ciliatis ; acumine acuto, ciliato, utrinque spina acuta;
cretis basalibus validis, parallelis, extus sulcatis, apice acutis. Antennis
corporis fere longitudine, articulis duobus basalibus dente acuto ex-
terno; antennis internis articulo basali dente media infera; lamina
rostro pedunculoque antennarum sublongiori, ante medium latiori,
margine externo latius inflato, spma apicali breviori. Epistomate lato,
antice rotundato, angulis externis fere rectis; pedibus maxillaribus
externis intus barbatis. Thorace subcompresso, punctato-pubescente,
lateribus scabris ; linea profunda, vix sinuata, lateribus fissa, spa brevi
valida, -aliaque apicali infera acuta ad antennarum basin; areola
angusta, plana, punctata, postice subito latiori, ante marginem thoracis
posticum excisum transverso-impressa. Postabdomine lato, thorace
longiori, parcepunctato, segmentis penultimis angulo externo rotundato;
lamina media parte basali quadrangulari, apice utrinque tri-(vel quadri-)
spinosa; parte apicali breviori, apice leviter emarginato. Pedibus
anticis longis, gracilibus, angustis; chela longa, angusta, depresso-
cylindrica, ubique squamoso-tuberculata, ciliata; margine interno longo,
recto, subdentato; digitis paulo brevioribus, rectis, subcostatis, dense
ciliatis, intus squamosis; digito externo dente medio interno minori.
Carpo longo, angusto, leviter squamoso-tuberculato, spina antica interna
et media majoribus; intus spimoso, spinis duabus anticis validis ; brachio
longiore, extus sublevi, margine supero et intus ad apicem tuberculato,
spinis duabus oblique positis anteapicalibus; subtus spinis nonnullis
biseriatis ; utrmque ad articulationem spina antica acuta. Pedibus
secundis chela intus villosa; pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio
unguiculato ; pedibus quartis et quintis capitulo basali, quartis oblongo,
majori, quintis triangulari, compresso, erecto. Pedibus abdominalibus
validis, brevibus, rectis, parte interna apice dente fusco corneo incurvo,
spinaque anteapicali longiori transversali; parte externa, equali, sub-
contorta medio crassiori, apice dentibus tribus incurvis acutis.

Forma II. differt pedibus tertiis et quartis unguiculo minori, chela
angustiorl, breviori fere levi; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis,
dentibus apicalibus non fusco corneis, condunatis, latioribus.

Femina differt chela breviori, obsolete tuberculosa; ventre inter
pedes quartos apice bituberculato; annulo transversali, valido, fissura
longitudinali, labiis alternatim crassioribus.

48 ASTACID&.

Long. corp. 3.8; antenn. 3.5; ped. antic. 3.2.

Patria: Mobile, Alabama; Pensacola, Florida; Beaufort, North
Carolina ; Milledgeville, Georgia; Root Pond, Mississippi; vidi 50 spe-
cimina.

I had previously considered this species as C. angustatus LeConte ; but
the type in the Philadelphia Museum is surely different (viz. C. spicu-
lifer). This species is separated from the similar ones by the short
mesothorax, the longer abdomen, and the long, small, and nearly cylin-
drical hands.

I consider A. Blandingwi LeConte, 1. c. T. 7, p. 400, as probably identi-
cal with C. Leconte. The words “linea ordinaria non sulcata” do not
agree very well; the transverse line is as sulcated as in C. troglodytes.
The lamina of the postabdomen is bispmose in Mr. LeConte’s species,
trispinose in C@ Leconte. Still it seems probable that the two species
are as likely to be identical with each other as with C. Blandingii
Harlan.

Cat. No. 201 and 217, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and IL
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1824, Beaufort, N. C., Mr. T. Shute. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 246, Milledgeville, Ga. Fem., and young. ~ Spee. 4.

Cat. No. 307, Root Pond, Miss., Mr. Wailes. Male Form II. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 249, Pensacola, Fla. Male, Fem., young. Spec. 3.

7. CAMBARUS SPICULIFER Le Conte.

Astacus spiculifer LeConte, Proc. Acad Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Figures on Pl. I. and II.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 59 in front; fig. 60 outside.
second form, fig. 61 in front; fig. 52 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 147, a; epistoma, ) ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro longo, levi, excavato, basi obsolete impresso, margini-
bus punctato-ciliatis, basi parallelis, demde subconvergentibus ; acumine
longo, angusto, triangulari, acuto, utrinque spina breviori acuta; cretis
validis, modice elevatis, parallelis, extus obsolete sulcatis, apice brevi-
ter acutis, postice obsolete inflatis, convergentibus. Antennis validis,
corpore paululum brevioribus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo
acuto; antennis internis articulo basali dente medio infero acuto;
lamina rostro fere longiori, medio latiori, apice angusta, margine ex-
terno latius inflato, spina modica acuta apicali. Epistomate lato, antice
triangulari, angulis lateralibus rotundatis; pedibus maxillaribus ex-
ternis intus barbatis. Thorace leviter ovato, punctato, lateribus leviter
granulatis, vel partim tuberculosis; cephalothorace postice obsolete
bicalloso ; linea profunda, lateribus fissa, utrinque spinis duabus validis
acutis ; spina antica infera breviori ad antennarum basin; areola lata,

ASTACIDZ. 49

ad marginem anticum utrinque impressa, postice latiori, calloso-inflata ;
margine thoracis postico smuato. Postabdomine thorace longiori, lato,
subcompresso, parce-punctato, segmentis antepenultimis angulis late-
ralibus fere rectis ; lamima media parte basali apice utrinque bispinosa
(interdum trispmosa), parte apicali breviori, angulis rotundatis. Pedi-
bus anticis longis, validis ; chela longa, lata, subdepressa, ubique tuber-
culis majoribus obtusis, subtus rarioribus, margine interno subrecto,
fortiter dentato; digitis vix brevioribus, planis, subcostatis, punctato-
ciliatis ; digito interno recto, sublongiore, utrinque dentato; externo
incurvo, intus dentato, dente anteapicali majori. Carpo longo tuber-
culato, extus nudo, spina media interna valida; subtus spinis duabus
apicalibus validis, intus bi-vel triseriatim spinoso; brachio longo, mar-
gine supero tuberculato, spmis duabus anteapicalibus acutis, subtus
spinis biseriatis, anticis utrinque ad articulationem validis. Pedibus
tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus quartis et quintis
capitulo basali, quartis ovato majori, quintis minori, laminato, erecto.
Pedibus abdominalibus validis, apice paululum divisis, parte externa
ante apicem angustiori, apice extus barbata, dentibus duobus fusco-
corneis incurvis, supero longiori; parte interna fusiformi, apice spina
longiori, gracili, subrecta, partem externam non superante.

Forma II. differt chelis minoribus, minus tuberculatis; unguiculis
articuli tertii minoribus; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, parte
interna fortiori, spina apicali mobili, extus curvata; parte externa
apice dentibus conicis, nee fuscocorneis, subincurvis; capitulo basali
pedum posticorum minus expresso.

Femina differt antennis brevioribus, chela minori; ventre inter pedes
quartos levi, postice utrinque tuberculo compresso ; annulo transverso,
sulco antico longitudinali, lumine transverso, profundo, postico.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 3.6; antenn. 3.5; ped. antic. 3.2.

Habitat: Athens, Georgia; Roswell, Georgia. Vidi multa specimina.

The females from Roswell differ a little in having the venter be-
tween the fourth legs not so much tuberculated, and the annulus less
open. The males (Forma II.) seem to be identical.

I have seen the male type, Forma II, in the Mus. Philadelphia.

Cat. No. 172, Athens, Ga. Dr. J. LeConte. Male Form I. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 222, Roswell, Ga. Mr. N. A. Pratt. Male Form I., Fem.
Spee. 4.

50 ASTACID 2.

8. CAMBARUS ANGUSTATUS Le Conte.

Astacus angustatus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male.
First form, fig. 65 in front, fig. 66 outside, fig. 67 inside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 146,a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenne, c.

A little dry typical specimen, communicated to the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy by Mr. LeConte, is very difficult to identify
with any specimen before me. It is a male (Forma I.), 1.95 inch long,
hands 1.2 long, and agrees with the description. It seems to be a
young male of ( spiculifer or a new species. The differences quoted
in the descriptions of C. spiculfer and C. angustatus are not decisive.
The rostrum in @ angustatus is described: “valde acuminatum, utrin-
que versus apicem fortiter et acute unidentatum”; in © smeculifer:
“longissime acuminatum, denticulo parvo utrinque ad acuminis basin.”
The two types show no difference, except that in C. angustatus the
rostrum is not so narrow before the acumen. I have seen similar
differences in C. spiculifer. C. angustatus is “limea ordinaria apice spina
armata,’ but the same spine exists in C. spiculifer. The thorax has but
one lateral spine (not at all noticed in the description), and two in
C. spiculifer. But I have seen C. spiculfer with two, with three, and
even with one spine. The lamina intermedia of the postabdomen has
sometimes three apical spines in C. spiculifer as well as in C. angustatus.
I should not hesitate to unite the two species (C. spiculifer as Forma IL.,
and C. angustatus as Forma I. of the male), did I not find two differences
not so easy to explain. !

1. The hands are longer and narrower, not so tuberculated in C.
angustatus ; the fingers a little shorter than the hands, and inside always
spongiose. I have seen hands nearly of the same shape in young C.
spiculifer, but the fingers were always as long as the hands or longer,
and not always spongiose, although sometimes a little so at the tip.

2. The first pair of abdominal legs are a little more obtuse at the
tip, with the posterior border a little more dilated, and are sulcated on
the inside. I confess that these differences are perhaps rather too
minute, but the two together seem more important. I should ex-
pressly remark, that the type of C. angustatus seems well developed,
and the hooks in the third and fourth legs strong. Finally, as Mr.
John LeConte has seen and observed the species alive, and I have only
two single specimens, I prefer to separate C. angustatus ; a further ex-
amination may perhaps bring out more strongly the differences of the
two nearly allied species.

“C. angustatus is found in Georgia inferiore, in aque pure rivuios
inter colliculos arenosos, C. spiculifer in Georgia superiore.”

ASTACIDZ. 51

9. CAMBARUS VERSUTUS Hagen.

Figures on PI. I. and III.
First abominal leg of the male :
first form, fig. 55 in front ; fig. 56 outside.
second form, fig. 57 in front; fig. 58 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 150,a@; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenne, c.

Mas. Rostro longo, levi, excavato; marginibus nudis, basi fere
parallelis, demde subconvergentibus; acumine angusto triangulari, acuto,
utrinque spina valida subrejecta ; cretis basalibus validis, fere parallelis,
extus sulcatis, apice spina acuta longiori. Antennis corporis fere
longitudine, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo acuto longiori ;
antennis internis articulo basali dente medio infero longiori, acuto ;
lamina rostro pedunculoque antennarum longiori, media latiori, mar-
gime externo lato inflato, spina apicali longiori. Epistomate brevi, lato,
antice obtuso triangulari, angulis lateralibus rotundatis ; pedibus maxil-
laribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace fere cylindrico, levi, utrinque
antice subscabro ; linea profunda, lateribus breviter fissa, spinis utrinque
duabus validis, acutis; areola lata plana, antice posticeque latiori ;
margine thoracis postico exciso. Postabdomine thorace vix angustiori,
paulo longiori, levi, segmentis antepenultimis angulo externo subrecto ;
lamina media parte basali elongato-quadrangulari, apice utrinque tri-
(imterdum bi-vel quadri)-spinosa ; parte apicali breviori, antice rotun-
data. Pedibus anticis modicis, gracilibus ; chela angusta, media inflata,
densius tuberculato-squamosa ; margine interno subrecto, dentato; chela
subtus leviorl, ad marginem internum distincte sulcata; digitis chelee
longitudine, angustis, subcarinatis, subsinuatis, intus vix leviter serratis.
Carpo longo, levi, intus tuberculato, apice oblique truncato, spma antica
et media internis acutis, longioribus ; subtus spinis duabus anticis majori-
bus ; brachio breviori, levi, spmis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis ;
subtus spinis validis biseriatis, utrinque ad articulationem spina antica
acuta; pedibus tertiis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus
quartis capitulo basali ovato, quintis minori laminato, erecto. Pedi-
bus abdominalibus brevibus, modicis, partim intus ciliatis; parte in-
terna cylindrica, spina anteapicali acuta; parte externa ante apicem
angustiorl, apice obtusiori, dentibus tribus mternis fusco-corneis, in-
curvis.

Forma II. differt chelis angustioribus, depresso-cylindricis, rostro
interdum magis triangulari; pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis,
apice obtusioribus, parte interna ante apicem angustiori, spina ante-
apicali transyversali; parte externa apice obtuso, dentibus obsoletis,
nec fusco-corneis ; pedibus tertus unguiculo minori.

52 ASTACID ZA.

Vidi marem majorem (Forma II.) pedibus abdominalibus basi non
articulatis.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos apice
exciso, tuberculis conicis duobus apice approxinatis ; annulo transver-
sali angusto, longitudinaliter fisso.

Maximus. Long corp. 2.6-—3; antenn. 2.5 ; ped. antic. 2—2.5.

Patria: Spring Hill, Alabama; ten miles west of Mobile. — Vidi
specimina multa.

Sometimes in the larger examples the thorax is more punctulated,
and more granulated on the sides.

This species is very similar to C. Leconte, but it differs in having a
smaller and more parallel rostrum, a shorter mesothorax, twice as broad
an areola, two spines on each side, somewhat shorter but broader
hands, its inner margin slightly curved, sulcated beneath, the fingers
a little curved, and the sexual parts.

C. versutus, spiculifer, Leconte, and angustatus (if it be not identical
with C. spiculifer) form a single group. The mesothorax is short;
the abdomen a little longer than the thorax ; the areola is broader ; the
lamina is longer than the pedunculus, and the rostrum long and slen-
der; the spines of the antennal joints are well developed. Besides
the differences taken from the sexual organs, C. Lecontei and an-
gustatus have one lateral thoracic spine, while C. spiculifer and versutus
have two lateral thoracic spines. C. Lecontei 1s separated by long
and nearly cylindrical hands; C. spculifer, by strongly tuberculated
hands. .

Cat. No. 190, Spring Hill, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and IL
Fem. Spee. 12.*

Cat. No. 1825, ten miles east from Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male
Form I. and Il. Fem. Spec. 12.*

10. CAMBARUS MANICULATUS Le Conte.
Astacus maniculatus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

I have not seen this species, which is described by Mr. LeConte as
follows : —

Rostrum subplanum, vix concavum, obtusum cum acumine, versus
apicem utrinque unidenticulatum. Lamina antennalis pedunculum
eequans. Cephalothorax supra punctatus, lateribus sparsim granulosis.
Areola suturalis angustissima, stria solum. Dorsum sicut in prioribus.
Chela parva, angusta, tuberculato-punctata, margine interiore dentata,
digiti recti, carimati, punctati. Carpus intus paucidentatus, dentibus
tribus superioribus majoribus spiculeformibus. Brachium punctatum,
latere superiore vix serrato, duabus tamen spinis brevibus anterioribus,

ASTACIDA. 53

inferiore seriebus duabus spinularum. Lamelle caudalis intermedize
pars anterior trispinosa.

Long. corp. 2.3 inch ; antenn. 1.5; chelee, 0.5.

Patria: Habitat cum priore (C. fossarum) in fossis Georgie inferioris.

The number of the hooked legs is not mentioned, and perhaps this
species belongs to the group of C. afinis. The “areola suturalis angus-
tissima, stria solum,” is a very striking character, suggesting more or
less agreement with C. Clarku, C. Wiegmann, C. lancifer, C. obesus, C.
advena, and C. Carolinus. C. advena is otherwise described by LeConte ;
in C. Carolinus, C. obesus, and C. Clarkii the hands are different; in C.
lancifer and C: Wiegmanu the rostrum differs.

11. CamBarus PENICILLATUS Le Conte.
Astacus penicillatus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 401.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 93 in front; fig. 94 outside.
second form, fig. 95 in front ; 96 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 149, a; epistome, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenne, Cc. f

Mas. Rostro lato, longo, plano, levi, apice subdeflexo, marginibus
ad acuminis brevis acuti apicem elevatis, convergentibus, antice subito
incurvis; cretis vix elevatis, subparallelis, lmeato-impressis, muticis.
Antennis modicis corpore brevioribus ; articulis basalibus duobus dente
parvo externo ; antennis internis articulo basali dente infero submar-
ginali; lamina brevi, lata, apice fere truncata, margine externo inflato,
spina apicali acuta. Kpistomate brevi, lato, antice obtuse-triangulari ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus barbatis. Thorace cylin-
drico, compresso, punctato, lateribus granuloso ; linea modice profunda,
subsinuata, lateribus divisa, apice mutica; areola punctata, modica,
_postice valde dilatata. Postabdomine thoracis longitudine ac latitudine,
lateraliter compresso; lamina media parte basali apice utrinque bi-
spina, parte apicali elliptica, vix breviori; segmentis anteapicalibus
angulis externis posticis obtusis, rotundatis. Pedibus anticis modicis;
chela, latiuscula, punctato-granulosa, margine interno recto, serrato,
longe barbato ; digitis chele sequalibus, rectis, costatis, punctato-ciliatis,
intus spongiosis, digito mobili basi extus serrato. Carpo parcepunctato,
longiore, extus oblique truncato, margine interno serrato, spina media
majori; subtus leviori, spina antica media. Brachio levi, spmis ante-
apicalibus parvis; subtus biseriatim spinoso. Pedibus tertiis et quartis
articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo basali conico,
quintis spina basali obtusa. Pedibus abdominalibus rectis, brevibus,
apice contortis, subtus medio excisis, apice fere coadunatis; parte in-

54 ‘ ASTACIDZ.

terna dente apicali acuto erecto ; parte externa apice incurva, internam
tegente, dentibus duabus apicalibus corneis perparvis, coadunatis.

Forma II. differt chela non barbata; pedibus abdominalibus magis
eylindricis, basi articulatis, parte interna dente apicali extrorsum re-
curvo, parte externa dentibus non fusco corneis, majoribus, distantibus.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre mter pedes quartos levi,
annulo majori, ovali, sulco longitudinali, alternatim fisso.

Long. 1.8; antenn. 1.3 ; ped. ant. 1.2.

Habitat: Georgia; Charleston, South Carolina.

Animal paulo villosum. Vidi juniores rostro acutiori, ante apicem
utrinque dente acuto, pedibus maris abdominalibus dentibus magis ex-
pressis.

The description of C’ penicillatus LeConte differs somewhat. The
words, “ Thorax lateribus granulatis,” “brachio punctato, spinoso, tuber-
culato,” do not answer very well to the single male, Forma I, which I
have seen. But I think the species the same. The tuft of hairs along
the inner margin of the hand is very striking.

Cat. No. 250, Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz. Male, female, young.
Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 254, Charleston, 8. C., Professor Baird. Male Form J. Fem.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 279, Georgia, Dr. Jones. Male, young. Spec. 1.

12. CamBARUS WIEGMANNI Evichson.

Astacus Wiegmanni Erichson, Wiegm. Arch., T. 12, p. 99, n. 19.

Figures on PI. II.
Antennal lamina, fig. 151, a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Fem. Rostro lato, modice longo, articulum antennarum secundum
vix superanti, plano, punctato, antice sensim angustiori, acumine subito
ac breviter triangulari, latitudine fere dimidio breviori; marginibus
usque ad apicem elevatis; cretis modice elevatis, postice divergentibus,
extus obsolete lmeato-impressis, antice muticis. Antennis validioribus,
corpore brevioribus ; articulis basalibus dente parvo externo ; antennis
internis dente infero medio acuto; lamina brevi, antice latissima, mar-
gine externo inflato, spina apicali brevi, acuta. Epistomate brevi, lato,
antice triangulari, acutiori; pedibus maxillaribus intus dense, subtus
minus barbatis. Thorace elongato ovato, ubique punctato, lateribus
mesothoracis granulosis; linea modica profunda, subsinuata, lateribus
divisa, apice mutica; areola punctata, angusta, postice subito latiori.
Postabdomine thoracis longitudine, basi thorace latiori, subcompresso,
levi, postice angustiori; segmentis anteapicalibus angulis externis ob-
tusis, subrotundatis; lamina media parte basali apice utrinque bispina

ASTACID®. Be

parte apicali antice rotundata (? margo deest). Pedibus anticis modi-
cis, dense squamoso-tuberculatis ; chela latiuscula, modice inflata, ubique
squamoso-tuberculata, margine interno recto serrato ; digitis validis, rec-
tis, costatis et punctato-lineatis, extus squamoso-tuberculatis, intus den-
tatis, tuberculis basalibus validioribus. Carpo squamoso-tuberculato,
margine interno dentato ; subtus spimis duabus anticis. Brachio levi,
supra et antice tuberculato, subtus biseriatim dentato. Ventre inter
pedes quartos nudo, annulo majori, obovato, indiviso, antice subexciso,
medio transverso-elevato, postice depresso.

Long. 2.6; antenn. =; ped. ant. 1.7.

Hab.: Mexico. Acad. N. Se. Philadelphia.

I have seen only one female, which was found by Mr. Pease. Pro-
fessor Erichson has described a little smaller male (two inches long) ;
the description agrees very well. Erichson remarks that the third
pair of legs and the fourth possess a hook.

This species is apparently of the same group as C. penicillatus. It
differs in the strongly tuberculated hands, the much enlarged lamina
of the antennz, and the small areola. This species and A. pellucidus
have the lamina of the antennz most dilated near the tip, all other
species of this group have the greatest dilatation behind the middle
and nearer the base.

Cambarus Aztecus Saussure, Revue et Magas., T. 9, p. 503, and Mém.
Soc. Phys. Genéve, T. 14, P. IL. p. 460, fig. 23, from Tomatlan (ruis-
seaux dans les Terres-Chandes), seems to be identical with C. Wiegmanni,
at least with the female described by me.

13. CamBARUS PELLUCIDUS Tellkampf.

Astacus pellucidus Tellkampf, Mueller Archiv. 1844, p. 383.— Erichson, Wiegm. Archiv.,
T. 12, p. 95, n. 14.

Figures on Pl. I., III, and VI.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 68 in front, fig. 69 outside.
second form, fig. 70 in front, fig. 71 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 148,a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro lato, longo, levi, subexcavato, foveola basali, latiori,
marginibus modice elevatis, subconvergentibus, utrinque valde excisis,
spina valida, acuta, subrejecta; acumine longo, angusto, acuto; cretis
perparvis, fere parallelis, extus impressis, antice spina valida acuta.
Antennis corpore longioribus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo
valido ; articulo basali internarum dente infero subapicali acuto ; lamina
rostro fere longitudine, sat lata, ante apicem latiori; margine externo
paulo rotundato, inflato, spina apicali acuta. Epistomate brevi, lato,
subexcavato basi vix angustiori obtuse triangulari, dente medio antico
interdum producto. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis.

56 ASTACIDA.

Thorace fere cylindrico ; mesothorace longiori, postice paulo angustiori ;
parce punctato, levi, lateribus subgranulosis; cephalothorace utrinque
spinis nonnullis acutis; lea profunda, non sinuata, serie postica spina-
rum acutarum, spimaque acuta antica infera ad antennarum basin;
areola sat lata, plana, levi. Postabdomine latitudine thoracis, compresso,
levi, apice non angustiori, angulis segmentorum externis rectis ; lamina
media parte apicali longa elliptica, parte basali apice utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis longis gracilibus, chela longa, angusta, depresso-cylin-
drica, subpunctata, margine interno longo, recto, dentato ; margine ex-
terno subdentato; digitis vix longioribus, rectis, gracilibus, subcostatis,
basi subdentatis. Carpo longo, subcylindrico, intus tuberculato, spina
media acuta; subtus spimis duabus anticis acutis, serie interna tubercu-
losa. Brachio longo, margine supero tuberculoso, spinis duabus ante-
apicalibus, oblique positis; subtus spimis acutis biseriatis. Pedibus
tertis et quartis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo
basali compresso, dilatato. Pedibus abdominalibus modicis, rectis, apice
contortis ; parte interna fortiori, cylindrica, apice membranacea, triangu-
lari, acuta, subincurva; parte externa vix breviori, apice cornea, subre-
curva, triangulari. Oculis occultis, cornea parva, indivisa.

Forma IJ. Pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, similibus, apice ob-
tusis, nec corneis.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos nudo,
annulo rotundato, clauso, medio carinato. | ;

Long. corp. 2.6 and 3.2; antenn. 3.2 and 3.4; ped. ant. 2.1.

Hab.: Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

I have seen thirty-eight specimens, old and young.

The Museum possesses a full-grown female of C. Bartonu, with the
eyes well developed, found in the Mammoth Cave.

I have given the peculiarities of this abnormal species in the intro-
duction to this genus. I remark that in the second-form males the
abdominal legs are often not articulated, and that the hooks on the
third and the fourth set of legs are less developed. I have seen a
few specimens with the hooks on the fourth pair of legs much less
developed; in one specimen, even, they are entirely wanting. This
observation justifies me, perhaps, in placing @. pellucidus as the last
species of this group, and as somewhat allied to the following group of
C. affinis.

Cat. No. 193, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male Form I. and Il. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 225, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Professor Baird. Male
Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1826, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male. Fem. Spee. 6.

Cat. No. 1827, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male, very large. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Male. Fem. Spee. 2.

ASTACIDZ. BY

II. GROUP. (Tyrs, C. Arrinis.)

The third legs of the males hooked ; rostrum subquadrangularly elongated,
with an anteapical tooth on each side, at least in the young ; first par of abdom-
mal legs bifid, elongated, straaght and acute at the tip.

This group seems very natural, if we except two abnormal species,
C. immunis and C. extraneus. C. lancifer is to be considered in some de-
gree as an exaggerated form of this group.

Well-developed hooks always appear on the third pair of legs of the
male; on the fourth pair they are never to be found; in very rare
instances the second pair shows similar incipient hooks more largely de-
veloped (as in C. wirilis). :

The rostrum is exceedingly long, more than three times longer than
broad, in C. lancifer. In all the other species the rostrum is twice, or
less than twice as long as broad, of a more subquadrangular form ; ex-
cavated, the margins thickened and parallel (C. affinis), or concave on
the sides (0. guvenilis and C. placidus), or flattened, more or less straight
on the sides, in the other species. The apical tooth and the two la-
teral teeth are all well developed, at least in the young. In C anmunis
alone the shape of the rostrum is very different in the full-grown
species. The rostrum is conical, short, and toothless, as in the third
group (C. Bartoni) ; nevertheless, according to the form of the abdom-
inal legs, it belongs to the group of C. affius.

The foreborder of the cephalothorax is strongly angulated behind the
antenns in © lancifer, C. extraneus, C. unmunis, and C. affinis, straight or
slightly notched in all the other species. This character serves to sep-
arate the species otherwise related to C. affinis into two sections of equal
value.

The first pair of abdominal legs is always strongly bifid, the tips
much elongated and acute. In @ lancifer, while the tips are not so
much elongated, they are somewhat flattened, but apparently of the
shape characteristic of this group. A remarkable exception is to be
found in @ extraneus, which has the first pair of abdominal legs of the
shape peculiar to the third group (@. Bartoni); but the rostrum and
other characters prevent me from placing them otherwise than in the
group of C. affiius.

The body and the hands in the species of the second group are shorter
and broader, except in @. lancifer, which more nearly resembles the spe-
cies of the first group. The flagellum of the inner antenne has the in-
ternal branch visibly narrower, and sometimes even a little shorter,
than the external branch. The lamina of the antenneze is smaller,
shorter, and dilated in the middle, except in @ lancifer, the lamina of

which has exactly the form described in the first group. The epistoma
8

58 ASTACIDZ.

is mostly truncated before in front. The basal joint of the inner an-
tennze has a spine beneath, in the middle, or nearer the tip.

As yet burrowing habits have not been observed in the species be-
longing to this group. But perhaps C. odscurus is identical with Astacus
fossor Rafinesque, which burrows in meadows and milldams.

The species contained in this group are divided into four sections, or
perhaps they more fitly form one natural group and three abnormal or
exaggerated species, which may be described in the followmg terms: —

J. The rostrum is very long and acute; the lamina of the antennz
elongated, dilated near the base; the hands are narrow and elongated ;
the first abdominal legs somewhat flattened at the tip. (C. dancifer.)

2. The rostrum is more subquadrangular; the lamina of the an-
tennz small, short, dilated in the middle; the hands are shorter and
broader ; the first abdominal legs acute at the tip. (C. affims and allied
species. )

3. The rostrum is short, conical, toothless; the other characters are
as in the foregoing groups. ( C. mus.)

4, Characters as in the groups of C. affins, but the first abdominal
legs recurved at their extremity, the tip of which is rounded (as in
Barton).

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.
1st SECTION.
1. C. lancifer.

2d SECTION.

2. A. The margins of the excavated rostrum thickened.
a. The margins straight, front border of the cephalothorax angulated: C. affinis.
b. The margins concave, front border of the cephalothorax not angulated: C. juvenilis and.
C. placidus.
B. The margins of the flattened rostrum not thickened, front border of the cephalothorax not
angulated. :
a. The rostrum carinated at the tip: C. propinquus.
b. The rostrum not earinated: C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. obscurus.

3d SECTION.
3. C. immunis.

4th SECTION.
4. C. extraneus.

I have already mentioned that the species more closely related to C.
affinis are separated into two sections, one with the front border of the
cephalothorax angulated, — C. affinis, C. lancifer, C. immunis, C. extraneus ;
the second with the front border straight or slightly notched, — C. juve-
nilis, C. placidus, C. propinquus, C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. obscurus. The lat-
ter section is very natural, and perhaps it would be preferable to follow
this arrangement in the separation of the species described.

ASTACID. 59

14. CamBARUS LANCIFER Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 86 in front; fig. 87 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 159, a; epistoma, ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro lato, longo, levi, profunde excavato, longissime acumi-
nato, marginibus parallelis, ad acuminis apicem ciliatis; acumine rostro
longiori, angusto, acuto, recto, antennarum pedunculo longiori, basi
utrinque spma valida; cretis basalibus rostro coadunatis parallelis,
modicis conicis, extus vix sulcatis, apice acutis. Antennis corpore paulo
brevioribus, gracilibus, articulis basalibus elongatis, articulo primo dente
externo longiori, acuto, articulo secundo dente parvo acuto; antennis
internis articulo basali dente medio infero acuto. Lamina longa, rostro
equali, angusta, ante medium latiori, deinde sensim attenuata, margine
externo sinuato, inflato, apice acuto. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice
obtuso-triangulari, angulis lateralibus rotundatis. Pedibus maxillari-
bus intus barbatis. Thorace cylindrico, cephalothorace supra longi-
ori, levi, sub-pubescente ; lea profunda, non sulcata, lateribus fissa,
spina valida, acuta, intus barbata; spima antica infera ad antennarum
basin parva; areola media nulla, antice spatio triangulari parvo, postice
majori plana. Postabdomine thoracis latitudine, subtiliter punctato, see-
mentis antepenultimis angulo externo acutiori; lamina media parte api-
cali breviori, antice leviter rotundata, media subsinuata; parte basali
apice utrinque spina unica valida. Pedibus anticis longis, gracilibus,
depresso-cylindricis, subpubescentibus ; chela longa, angusta, subdepres-
sa, marginibus parallelis, interno longo, recto; digitis brevioribus, rec-
tis, intus squamosis ; carpo longo, leviter oblique truncato, spina interna
antica brevi, acuta; subtus spina antica externa valida, acuta; brachio
longo, spina anteapicali acuta; subtus spina interna antica, aliaque ex-
terna media brevioribus. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis tuberculo perparvo basali, quintis capitulo basali annu-
lari. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, validis, apice bifidis, contortis ;
parte interna cylindrica, apice subito subangustiori, extus curva, lami-
nata, obtusa; parte externa fortiori, apice subito subangustiori, fusco
cornea, intus curva, laminata, obtusa.

Long. corp. 2.8; antenn. 2; ped. antic. 2.

Patria: Root Pond, Mississippi.

Species valde insignis; vidi marem unicum, Forma I, pedibus
abdominalibus basi non articulatis, apice fusco corneis, rostro acumine
longissimo.

Cat. No. 306, Root Pond, Miss., Mr. Wailes. Male Form I. Spee. 1.

60 ASTACIDZ.

15. CAMBARUS AFFINIS Say.

Astacus affinis Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., T. 1, p. 168, n. 3.— Harlan., Med. Physic. Researches,
p- 230, fig. 2.

Figures on Pl. I, III., and V.

First abdominal legs of the male (full-grown C. Peale?) :

first form, fig. 84 in front, fig. 85 outside.
Common size:

first form, fig. 19 in front, fig. 20 outside.

second form, fig. 21 in front, fig. 22 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 152,a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
Pl. V. Full-grown female (C. Peale:) from Maryland, Havre de Grace.

Mas. Corpore pubescente ; rostro lato, parallelo, basi media late ex-
cavata, utrinque ad marginem linea impressa, ciliata; acumine angusto,
triangulari, acuto, parti dilatate: fere squall, marginato, apice subre-
curvo, basi utrinque spina acuta longior1; cretis validis, extus sulcatis,
parallelis, spina apicali longiori. Antennis validis thoracis longitudine ;
articulis duobus basalibus dente externo acuto longiori; antennis in-
ternis articulo basali dente mfero medio acuto longiori; lamina longa,
rostri longitudine, lata ad apicem attenuata, margine externo late in-
flato, spina apicali valida. Hpistomate lato eliptico, basi angustiori.
Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus, basi subtus villosis. Thorace ovoi-
deo, punctato-pubescente, lateribus leviter, antice magis granulosis ;
cephalothoracis lateribus spinis nonnulis mmoribus ; linea profunda, vix
sinuata, utrinque fissa, spina acuta, valida; spina apicali, infera, acuta ;
areola modica, plana, antice posticeque eeque latiori. Postabdomine
thorace longiori, lato, fere lavi, segmentis penultimis angulis externis
subrectis; lamina media parte apicali breviori rotundata; parte basali
utrinque apice bispina; lamina laterali usque ad marginem costata;
lamina externa toto margine intermedio dentato. Pedibus anticis bre-
vibus, chela brevi, angusta, depressa, punctato-ciliata, margine mterno
subrecto, serrato, margine externo lineato; digitis paulo longioribus,
rectis, subcostatis, margine interno recto, spongioso; chela subtus parce
punctata, digitis magis ciliatis. Carpo longo, oblique truncato, punc-
tato-ciliato, spina media aliaque antica minori, internis acutis; subtus
spinis duabus acutis validis. Brachio brevi, levi, spmis duabus ante-
apicalibus acutis validis, oblique positis; subtus spinis nonnullis validis,
acutis, biseriatis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio articulato; pedibus quin-
tis capitulo basali annulari. Pedibus abdominalibus, brevibus, validis,
rectis, subcontortis, apice breviter bifidis; parte interna cylindrica,
apice cornea, laminata; parte externa sequali, apice recurva, cornea,
acuta.

Forma II. differt pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, apicibus nec
fusco corneis, parte interna conica, acutiori, externa obtusiori recurva.

Femina differt ventre inter pedes quartos levi; annulo obovato,

ASTACIDZ. 61

valido, lumine postico transversali, sulco antico longitudinali, fere bi-
tuberculato.

Long. corp. 3; antenn. 1.4; ped. antic. 1.9.

Very old specimens: Long. corp. 4.7; antenn. 2.8; ped. ant. 3.5.

Patria: Reading, Schuylkill River, Philadelphia ; Pittsburg, Pennsyl-
vania; New Jersey. Many very young specimens from the Niagara
and Lake Erie. The very old specimens from New York; Havre de
Grace, Maryland; from the Potomac at Washington; Carlisle, Penn-
sylvania.

The abdominal legs of the first form of the male vary a little in the
shape of the interior tip, which is more or less acute. I have fig-
ured both; the more acute one is taken from the largest specimens, but
it is also found in the younger. The obtuse tip is figured from one
of intermediate age.

The young are similar to A. propinquus (vide that species).

The full-grown and very old specimens, described by Mr. Girard as
Cambarus Pealei, differ in the following points : —

Mas. Corpore densius punctato-pubescente; rostro latitudine duplo
longiori, leviter excavato, basi foveola lata, profundiori ; marginibus late-
ralibus inflatis, spmis anteapicalibus validis, subrejectis; lamina anten-
narum margine externo subsinuato. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice ob-
tuso-rotundato, angulis lateralibus acutioribus. Thorace lateribus magis
eranuloso; cephalothoracis spinis acutioribus ; linea profunda, utrinque
fissa, spina duplici valida acuta aliisque minoribus; spina antica infera
rejecta; areola punctato-ciliata. Pedibus anticis validis; chela forte
ciliato-punctata, margine interno subincuryo, dentato, supra et subtus
sulcato, digitis vix longioribus, planis, intus et digito mobili extus den-
tatis; carpo spina interna media valida; brachio spinis nonnullis ante-
apicalibus, nonnullisque minoribus anticis, omnibus acutis; subtus
utrinque spina ad articulationem valida. Annulo femine utrinque
tuberculo ad sulcum longitudinalem valido.

Six very old and full-grown specimens from Havre de Grace, Mary-
land, agree so very well with the description given by Mr. Thomas Say,
that they are doubtless Astacus affinis Say. A full-grown male from the
Potomac, communicated by the Philadelphia Academy and labelled
“(C Peale’ Girard?” is identical with the specimens from Havre de
Grace. Girard’s species was from the Potomac, and “the fingers fasci-
ate with green near the tips” are also described by Mr. Thomas Say.
I have seen male and female from Reading, Schuylkill River, collected
by Professor Baird, labelled as C. afinis Girard, and communicated as
types from the Smithsonian collection by Professor W. Stimpson. The
male belongs to the second form; the specimens are young, with only
one lateral thoracic spine ; in other respects they do not differ. I have
no doubt that they are young of the species described above; Mr. Gi-

62 ASTACIDZ.

rard’s description of C. affinis bemg made from specimens from Reading,
and of C. Peale‘ from those of the Potomac, he was perhaps induced by
this difference (though he does not say so) to refer the individuals to
two species. The other differences given by him, namely, the longer
antenne, the broader area, the much less developed lateral spine of the
rostrum, have no decisive value.

The Astacus imosus Rafinesque, Amer. Monthl. Mag., T. 2, p. 42, from
the muddy banks of the Delaware, is apparently the same species, as
quoted before by Mr. Girard. Rafinesque describes “a thorn of each
flank” and gives the extreme dimensions “three to nine inches.” I
have seen specimens three inches long with only one thorn upon a
side, and I have no doubt about their identity. The largest specimen
seen by me is about five inches long. Nearly all younger specimens
(three inches long) are bearded at their articulations, as quoted by
Rafinesque; the larger specimens show much less hair. The descrip-
tion of A. dimosus was published in November, 1817, of A. affius in De-
cember, 1817, one month later. But the description of A. affinis is so
perfect, that of A. dmosus so imperfect, that it would be more suitable
to retain the name given by Mr. Thomas Say, although the other has
the priority.

The identity of A. affins Erichs., Wiegm. Archiv, T. 12, p. 96, n. 15, 1s
probable. His descript.on contains no different indication, but gives no
security. A. Barton Milne Edw., Hist. Crust., T. 2, p. 331, n. 2, is appar-
ently C. affinis. The typographical error in the quotation of the figures
by Mr. Harlan has misled Mr. Milne Edwards, as Erichson remarks.
The types of A. Bartonii Gibbes, in the Philadelphia Academy, are 0.
affis.

Cat. No. 164, Havre de Grace, Md., Mr. T. R. Williams. Male Form I.
Fem. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 180, Havre de Grace, Md., Mr. T. R. Williams. Male Form I.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 163, New Jersey, Mr. Abry. Male. Fem., young. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 162, Schuylkill River, Pa., Mr. J. H. R. Male. Fem., young.
Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 179, Niagara, N. Y., L. Agassiz. Male. Fem., young.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 177, Carlisle, Pa. Male. Fem., young. Spee. 2.

Cat. No. 270, New York, Mr. Pike. Fem. Spee. 1.

ASTACID. 63

16. CamBarus viritis Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I., II., 1., and VIII.
Antennal lamina, fig. 155, a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c,
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 23 in front; fig. 24 outside; figs. 25, 26 variety, outside.
second form, fig. 27 in front; fig. 28 outside.
Inner sexual parts of the male:
first form, figs 128, 129 side; fig. 132 viewed more from above.
second form, figs. 130, 131 side.
Pl. VII. Male, first form: a variety A.

Mas. Rostro lato, fere duplo longiori, subexcavato, marginibus paral-
lelis, antice vix convergentibus, punctato-lineatis; ante apicem utrinque
subito sinuato, acumine triangulari, acuto, rostri latitudine non longiori,
angusto, angulo basali laterali corneo, obtuso vel subacuto; cretis basa-
libus extus sulcatis, parum elevatis, parallelis, antice truncatis, subacutis.
Antennis corpore brevioribus, articulis duobus basalibus dente externo,
parvo, subacuto; antennis internis articulo basali dente infero medio
acuto interno; lamina rostri longitudine, lata, margine externo in-
flato, apice brevi spmoso. Kpistomate longitudine dimidio latiori, an-
tice truncato, angustiori, acumine medio brevi, lateribus obliquis, sub-
excavato. (Forma epistomatis variabili, antice lateribusque margine
vel recto, vel sinuato, vel exciso; angulis obtusis vel rotundatis. ) ‘Pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus villosis. Thorace leviter ovato,
subdepresso, parce sed distincte punctato, lateribus scabris, cephalo-
thorace medio fere levi; lmea profunda modice sinuata, utrinque fissa,
spina brevi, valida; spina antica infera subnulla; areola plana, punctata,
medio angusta, postice magis dilatata. Postabdomine lato, thoracis
longitudine, parcepunctato, segmentis penultimis angulo externo ob-
tuso; lamina media parte apicali breviori, angulis rotundatis; parte
basali apice sinuata, utrinque spinis duabus validis. Pedibus anticis
brevibus, validis ; chela lata, planiori, obsolete punctata, intus tuberculis
biseriatis dentata; digitis dimidio longioribus, latis, planis, costato-line-
atis, fortiter punctatis; interno recto, basi extus et mtus tuberculoso-
dentato; externo basi margine interno tuberculoso, subtus barbato,
margine externo levi, apice subincurvo; carpo latitudine vix longiori,
extus oblique truncato, subleevi, spina interna media majori, aliaque
basali minori; subtus spinis duabus anticis validis; brachio brevi, levi,
spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, obtusis; subtus spinis bi-
seriatis acutis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ; pedibus
quintis capitulo basali brevi. Pedibus abdominalibus longis, subcon-
tortis, longe bifidis, apice acutis, incurvis; parte externa longiori, basi
crassiori; parte interna apice compresso-dilatata, acuta vel obtusiori.

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, apicibus paululum
divisis, crassioribus, cylindricis, minus incurvis.

64 ASTACID A.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos leevi, an-
nulo magno, fere cordiformi, fissura transversa, lata, profunda, margine
tumido, antice fisso.

Variat interdum angulis rostri ad acuminis basin longioribus brevi-
spinosis; rostri interdum angustiori, acumine longiori; lamina anten-
narum rostro longiori.

Long. 3.2; long. antenn. 2.4; long. ped. antic. 2.7.

Patria: Lake Superior; Lake Winnipeg; Saskatchavan and Red
River, British America, and Toronto, Canada; Quincy, Illinois; Daven-
port and Burlington, lowa; Miami River, Dayton, Ohio; Osage River,
Missouri; Sugar Tien Wisconsin (Mus. Salem); Texas.

I have seen the male of both forms from Lake Superior and from
Illinois.

Var. A.

I have seen many full-grown male (Forma II.) and female examples
from the Osage River, Missouri, and male and female from the Miami
River, Dayton, Ohio, in the Philadelphia Museum, which I cannot yet
separate specifically. The rostrum is smaller anteriorly, the thorax
seems not so much dilated and less punctated, the areola is a little
smaller; the fingers are more separated, the exterior more notched at
the base interiorly ; the carpus is trispmose beneath at the apex, the
third spine is between the great middle interior spine and the two or-
dinary apical spines; the legs composing the third pair are not so much
hooked, and those of the abdomen are similar to those of the second
form described.

The male (Forma I.) and female from Davenport, Iowa, are in form
and specific character doubtless identical with the examples from Lake
Superior; but they agree more nearly with the specimens from the
Osage River in the form of the rostrum and the greater development.
of the spines; the third spine on the carpus is more or less visible.

It is likewise impossible to separate the males and females from
Texas. The rostrum is intermediate, but more similar to the Osage
examples; the abdominal legs (Forma I.) are of the typical form; the
carpus is trispinose, but in some examples from Lake Superior there is
a similar third spine very little developed. One male is larger: Long.
corp. 4.1; long. ped. antic. 3.7; long. chele, 2.2. In this male the
fingers are more elongated. 7

The examples from Burlington, Jowa, are similar to the Texas ex-
amples. The male has a little hook at the third joint of the second
pair of legs, but a similar monstrosity is not very uncommon. Acci-
dentally the spines on the rostrum are more or less obliterated.

Cat. No. 1151, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and IL.
Bem. spec. 12

ASTACID &. 65

Cat. No. 194, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 203, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 1828, Lake Winnipeg, British America, Mr. 8. H. Scudder.
Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1829, Red River, British America, Mr. 8S. H. Scudder. Male.
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1850, Saskatchavan River, British America, Mr. 8. H. Scud-
der. Male. Kem. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 196, Quincy, Ill, Dr. Watson. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

a Via At |

Cat. No. 1831, Osage River, Dr. Stolley. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1832, Osage River, Dr. Stolley. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 192, Osage River, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I. Spee. 1.
Cat. No. 171, Burlington, Iowa. Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 8.
Cat. No. 200, Texas, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 12.*
Cat. No. 207, Texas, Dr. Stolley. Male Form I Fem. Spec. 4.
Cat. No. 1833, Davenport, Iowa. Male Form I. Fem. Spee. 3.
Dry Spec., Lake George, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

17. CamBarus PLAcIDUS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I. and HI.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 76 in front; fig. 77 outside.
not articulated second form, fig. 78 in front; fig. 79 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 158, a; epistoma, b; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

This species is intermediate between C. viilis and C. juvenilis. It
lives in the same localities, —Texas, Tennessee, and Quincy, Illinois.
In its general form, more cylindrical thorax, smaller and more deeply
sulcated rostrum, with the margins more thickened, it resembles C. juve-

mlis ; the abdominal legs of the male (Forma I. and I.) are very sim-
ilar to those of C. virifs, though in one male the posterior hook is
slightly evident; nevertheless, the forehands are very dissimilar, more
slender, much longer, not so much punctated, especially on the fingers,
which are flattened; the inner margin of the hands is very little tuber-
culated ; the fingers are more separated at the base, while the external
one is not barbated; a few females from Tennessee have little hairs,
and are scarcely tuberculated at the inner margin, though sometimes
they are much elongated; the carpus is bispinose beneath, the spines
often being very obtuse, especially the interior ones; the biseriated

66 ASTACIDA.

spines beneath the brachium, except the two apical ones, are nearly or
quite obliterated, as in C. gwenilis. The external maxillary legs are
not barbated beneath.

The largest male: Long. corp. 3.5; long. ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria: Lebanon, Tennessee ; Quincy, Illinois; Texas.

I have seen more than twenty examples, male (Forma I. and IL) and
female. In the males, Forma IL, the abdominal legs are not articulated
at the base.

Cat. No. 289, Lebanon, Tenn., Mr. J. M. Safford. Male Form I. and
Hiren: specs 2

Cat. No. 296, Quincy, Il, Dr. Watson. Male Form I. Spee. 1.

Cat. No. 170, Texas, G. Stolley. Male Form I. and II. Fem. Spec.
12"

=I

18. CAMBARUS JUVENILIS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 29 in front; fig. 30 (Tab. II.) viewed more outwardly ; fig. 31 outside.
second form, fig. 32 in front; fig. 33 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 157, a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro angusto, longiori, sulcato, marginibus basi divergentibus,
crassioribus, costato-lineatis; acumine triangulari, angusto, acuto, sinu-
ato, spina utrinque brevi fusco-cornea, subrejecta; cretis subparallelis,
vix elevatis, sulcatis, spina antica brevi, fusco-cornea. Antennis corpore
paulo longioribus, articulo basali dente externo brevi, articulo secundo
dente subnullo; articulo antennarum internarum basali dente infero
acuto, magis apicali; lamina parva, rostro fere longiori, angusto, mar-
gine externo late inflato, apice longius spmoso. Hpistomate lato, antice
obtuso-angustiori, lateribus smuatis, angulis basalibus paulo prominenti-
bus. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus summaque basi subtus villosis.
Thorace fere cylindrico, subdepresso, punctato, punctis ad rostri basin
profundis crebrioribus, lateribus leviter granulosis; lmea modice pro-
funda, vix sinuata, utrinque fissa, spma parva acuta; spina antica infera
nulla; areola angusta, plana postice paulo latiori. Postabdomine tho-
racis latitudine, fere levi, segmentis penultimis angulo externo obtuso ;
lamina media parte apicali breviori, rotundata, parte basali apice angus-
tiori, sinuata, utrinque bispina. Pedibus anticis latis, brevibus; chela
lata, depressa, ubique grosso-punctata, margine interno brevi, mcurvo,
tuberculis squamosis serrato; digitis lengioribus, rectis, costatis, ad
marginem internum lineato-punctatis, externo subtus basi barbato ;
carpo lato, extus oblique truncato, sublevi, spina imterna media obtusa,
subtus antice spinis duabus obtusis; brachio brevi, levi spinis duobus
obtusis anteapicalibus, oblique positis, subtus fere nudo, spinis duabus
anticis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quintis

ASTACIDE. 67

capitulo basali brevi. Pedibus abdominalibus longis, subcontortis, longe
bifidis, dente medio supero, partibus apicalibus gracilibus, spiniformibus,
interna breviori, ante apicem sublatiori.

Forma II. Differt pedibus abdominalibus brevioribus, basi articu-
latis, apice modo bifidis, partibus apicalibus inflatis, cylindricis, dente
medio supero nullo.

Vidi mares adultos similes, sed pedibus abdominalibus basi non articu-
latis.

Femina differt abdomine latiori, chelis angustioribus, minus puncta-
tis, subleevibus; venter mter pedes quartos nudo, fere plano; annulo
magno, transverso, fissura transversa lata, profunda, antice bitubercu-
lata.

Long. corp. 2.5; antenn. 2.6; ped. chel. 1.8.

Patria: Little Hickman, Kentucky River; Osage River.

Vidi mares utriusque formee, ac feminas, permultos.

This species is very similar to C. virilis Hag., but smaller, the thorax
nearly cylindrical, more flattened above ; the rostrum is smaller, deeply
sulcated, with the margins thickened and laterally not so sharply rec-
tangular, but more oblique ; the three apical teeth are more developed ;
the antennal lamina is smaller, the hands throughout are punctated and
more flattened, the spies of the carpus and brachium obtuse; the or-
dinarily biseriated spmes beneath are not at all developed, except the
two anterior.

Cat. No. 213, Little Hickman, Kentucky River, Mr. A. Hyatt. Male
Horm I >kem: Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1834, Little Hickman, Kentucky River, Mr. A. Hyatt. Male
Form II., first pair of abdominal legs articulated or not articulated.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 271, Osage River, G. Stolley. Male. Spec. 1.

19. CAMBARUS PROPINQUUS Girard.

Cambarus propinquus Girard, Proceed. Acad. Philad., T. VI. p. 88.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
Antennal lamina, fig. 158, a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 34 in front; fig. 35 variety; fig. 36 outside.
second form, fig. 37 in front; fig. 38 outside.

Mas. Rostro angustiori, elongato, subexcavato, marginibus paral-
lelis, punctato-lineatis, apice utrimque sinuatis, spinis lateralibus per-
parvis fusco-corneis; acumine triangulari, acuto, latitudine rostri longi-
ori, supra leviter carinato ; cretis basalibus brevibus, margine distantibus,
parallelis, vix elevatis, sulcatis, antice truncatis. Antennis corpore bre-
vioribus, dentibus articulorum basalium brevibus acutis; antennis inter-
nis dente anteapicali infero interno acuto; lamina rostri longitudine,

68 ASTACIDZ.

apicem versus latiori, margine externo sinuato, modice inflato, apice
spina longiori. Epistomate antice angustiori, truncato, dimidio latiori,
lateribus excisis. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus parum villosis, sub-
tus nudis. Thorace subovoideo, parum-punctato, lateribus subtilissime
granulosis; linea profunda, subsinuata, lateribus divisa, spina laterali
acuta; areola plana, paulo latiori, antice posticeque aequo dilatata.
Postabdomine thorace subangustiori, fere levi, segmentis penultimis
angulo externo mutico; lamina media parte apicali breviori, subangus-
tiorl, rotundata; parte basali quadrangulari, antice utrinque bispinosa.
Pedibus anticis brevibus, chela modice lata, subdepressa, punctata, sub-
tus levi, margine interno brevi, recto, paululum serrato; digitis fere
duplo longioribus, rectis, margime mterno costato-lineatis, basi intus
subdentatis. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, sublevi, spma media in-
terna, subtus spma solum externa antica valida. Brachio brevi, levi,
spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, spinis inferis biseriatis, dua-
bus anticis exceptis subnullis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguicu-
lato. Pedibus quintis capitulo basali cylindrico. Pedibus abdominali-
bus brevioribus, subcontortis, apice modo bifidis, partibus cylindricis,
crassioribus, sequalibus, parte interna, apice subacuta paulo introrsus
curvata, parte externa fusco-cornea, tenuiori, acuta.

Forma I. differt chela angustiori, crassiori, leeviorl; pedibus abdomi-
nalibus, basi articulatis (interdum non articulatis) partibus apicalibus
aequalibus, parte externa non fusco cornea.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos levi,
annulo obovato, subdepresso, fissura longitudinali dentata, apertura
transversali nulla.

Long. corp. 2.6; long. ped. ant. 2.3.

Ordinarily, long. corp. 1.5 at 2.

Patria: Lake Oneida; Lake Superior; Niagara; Ogle County, Illi-
nois; Delphi, Indiana; Rochester, N. Y.

I have seen many examples. In one abnormal male the third pair
of legs are not hooked; some males have the third joint of the second
pair of legs hooked.

A male type (Forma I.) found by Professor Baird on Grass River, St.
Lawrence County, N. Y., and communicated by Professor Stimpson, is
identical with the specimens from Lake Superior. Mr. Girard has seen
specimens of this species from Lake Ontario, Garrison Creek, Sackett’s
Harbor, Four-Mile Creek, Oswego.

In one abnormal male the first pair of the abdominal legs are not
developed, but they have the same shape as those of the females.

One male, Delphi, Indiana, is larger, long. corp. 3.2; ped. ant. 3.1,
but very similar. The hands are more developed, as is commonly the
case in old males ; the abdominal legs are similar in form, but the pos-
terior margin is a little hooked in the middle, and more emarginated

ASTACID. 69

before the base. The rostrum is carinated as in the type. The iden-
tity is rendered much more probable, since I have seen from the same
locality male and female types, both full grown and young, and the
two forms of the male. In one male, nearly full grown, the rostrum
is scarcely carinated at all.

Two males, Forma I., from Rochester, N. Y., were mixed with C.
obscurus.

The very young and small specimens much resemble those of C. a/-
finis. The rostrum is more acute, the thorns at the base of the acumen
long and acute, the exterior margin of the antennal lamina sinuated,
but the acumen is always a little carinated, and the hands are broader
and shorter.

C. propinquus Gir. differs from C. viritis in having its rostrum carinated
and narrower, with the acumen longer than broad; the cephalothoracic
carinx more distant from the margin; the lamina of the antenne nar-
rower, more acute; the maxillary legs without hairs externally; the
carpus below with only one anterior spine, the brachium externally
smooth; the inner margin of the chela straight; the areola broader,
but not so much enlarged behind; the lamina media of the postabdo-
men more rounded. The angle of the cephalothoracic margin behind
the eyes is almost obliterated.

Cat. No. 202, Lake Superior, L.-Agassiz. Male Form II. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1835, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 206, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1836, Ugle County, Il. Male. Fem. Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 1837, locality unknown. Male Form IL, first pair of ab-
dominal legs not articulated. Spee. 3.

Cat. No. 268, Delphi, Indiana, Mr. F. C. Hill. Male. Fem. Spec.
2

Cat. No. 205, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 247, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 185, Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spee. 12.*

Cat. No. 1838, Rochester, N. Y., Professor C. Dewey. Male. Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1839, Lake Oneida. Male. Spec. 3.

Dry Spec., Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec. 2.

20. CamBaruS oBscuRUS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I. and Il.
First abdominal legs of the male.
first form, fig. 72 in front; fig. 73 outside.
second form, fig. 74 in front; fig. 75 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 154, a; epistoma, }; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mate. This species is very similar to C. propinquus, and I have seen
the males from the same locality mixed in the same bottle. But hav-

70 ASTACIDA.

ing compared many full-grown individuals, I find the following dif-
ferences : — .

Rostro non carinato, antice plano, vix angustiori; cretis basalibus
brevioribus ; lamina apice acutiori, margine externo non sinuato; episto-
mate antice magis truncato; chela latiori, planiori, marge imterno in-
curvo, distincte biseriatim tuberculato, linea tuberculosa alia paululum
distante versus basin mediam digiti mobilis; digitis brevioribus, latio-
ribus, externo incurvo, basi magis distantibus; carpo subtus spinis anticis
distinctis ; pedibus abdominalibus margine postico medio dentato ; parte
interna lata recta, fere carinata, apice obtusa; postabdomine laminze
mediz parte apicali breviori.

Forma IL, pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, margine postico
non dentato; partibus magis inflatis, externa cylindrica obtusa.

Femina differt annulo apertura transversali antice bituberculata ;
tuberculo ventrali inter pedes secundos.

Long. corp. 3.5; antenn. 2.5; ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria: Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y.

Vidi 30 specimina.

This species is perhaps A. fossor Rafinesque, Amer. Monthl. Magaz.,
T. Il. p. 42. The description is very short, and contains nothing con-
tradictory, while the granular “gaping” toothed hand seems to desig-
nate this species rather than C. propinquus.

“ A. fossor. Antenne as long as the body, rostrum short, one-toothed
on each side, a thorn behind the eyes; three pairs of spiniferous feet,
hands of the first pair very large, granular-gaping-toothed, with a fur-
rowed and bispinous wrist. Obs. Vulgar name, burrowing lobster, —
communicated to me by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, — native of Virginia,
Pennsylvania, and New York; size from four to six inches; it burrows
in meadows and milldams, which it perforates and damages.”

The dimensions are greater than in the specimens before me. Among
the seven species known from New York, this species and C. propinquus
are the only ones answering to Mr. Rafinesque’s description. From
Pennsylvania I know only C. affims and Bartonii, from Virginia only C.
Barton and C. obesus.

I do not know whether C. obscwrus burrows in dams; should this pecu-
liarity be made out, the name proposed by Mr. Rafinesque must be
restored.

Cat. No. 181, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y.. Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1840, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form I. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1841, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form II. Spec. 3.

ASTACID A. val

21. CAMBARUS RUSTICUS Girard.

Cambarus rusticus Girard, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 88.
Figures on Pl. I. and HI.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 80 in front ; fig. 81 outside.
second form, fig. 82 in front; fig. 83 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 161, a; epistoma, d ; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

I nAVE heretofore considered the males and females from Cincinnati,
Ohio, which belong to C. rusticus Gir., as a variety of C. propinguus ; the
rostrum, however, is never carinated. The specimens are very closely
allied to C. placidus ; still, the apex of the abdominal legs is nearly
straight, while in C. placidus it is shghtly incurved.

They are very similar to C. propinguus, though the rostrum is nar-
rower and concave on the sides, the acumen shorter, the inner margin
of the hand is incurved, the interior spine of the carpus less developed,
while there are two apical spines beneath, the mner one being the
smaller; the brachium is more biseriated spinose beneath; the fingers
are more separated at the base; the rostrum has the acumen exca-
vated, not carimated; the external part of the abdominal legs is a little
longer; the posterior margin hooked as in C. odscurus ; in the female
there is a triangular lumen in the annulus; the external parts of the
two antepenultimate segments of the postabdomen are nearly rec-
tangular.

Long. corp. 3; long. antenn. 2.6; long. ped. antic. 2.5.

Patria: Cincinnati, Ohio. I have compared a male type, Forma IL,
communicated by Professor W. Stimpson. I have seen nine examples,
male, Forme I. and IL, and female. The abdominal legs in the Forma
IL. are not articulated at the base. One male from Lake Superior seems
not to differ.

While this species is very near to C. placidus, the apical parts of the
abdominal legs are shorter and more nearly straight. Nevertheless, the
identity is not impossible. C. obseurus is very similar, but instantly sep-
arated by the truncated epistoma.

Cat. No. 285, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 187, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. Spec. 1.

22. CAMBARUS IMMUNIS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I., III, and VIII.
First abdominal legs of the male.
first form, fig. 105 in front; fig. 106 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 160,a; epistoma, }; variety, d; spine of the second joint of the exterior
antenne, c.
Pl. VIII. Hand.

Mas. Rostro lato, dimidio longiori, supra excavato, levi, basi foveola,

72 ASTACIDZ.

antice vallata, dense punctata, marginibus ad acuminis apicem elevatis,
vix punctato-lineatis, antice convergentibus, apice leviter sinuatis, acu-
mine brevi, triangulari, acuto, dentibus lateralibus nullis; cretis basali-
bus subdivergentibus, vix elevatis, extus sulcatis, antice muticis. An-
tennis gracilibus, thorace paulo longioribus, articulo basali dente externo
parvo acuto, articulo secundo dente perparvo; antennis internis dente
medio articuli basalis infero; lamina rostro vix longiori, lata, apice sub-
truncata, margine externo inflato, brevi-spmoso. Hpistomate lato, apice
exciso (vel truncato, spina media perparva), lateribus obliquis, angulis
rotundatis. Pedibus maxillaribus externis intus et subtus villosis. Tho-
race subcylindrico, compresso, supra fortiter punctato, lateribus leeviori-
bus; linea profunda, sinuata, lateribus divisa, spina utrinque parva,
aliaque antica ad antennas infera minori; areola plana, punctata, angusta,
postice valde dilatata. Postabdomine thoracis latitudine, levi, seemen-
tis antepenultimis angulo externo rotundato; lamina intermedia parte
apicali vix breviori, rotundata, medio subexcisa; parte basali utrmque
bispina. Pedibus anticis modicis, brevioribus; chela modice lata, de-
pressa, leviter punctata, subtus levi, extus marginata; margine interno
brevi, subrecto, tuberculato-serrato; digitis longioribus, rectis, apice
corneis, incurvis, supra costatis et punctato-lmeatis; digiti mobilis mar-
gine externo serrato, interno basi exciso, tuberculato; digito externo
tuberculo medio et basali minoribus, basi subtus valde barbata. Carpo
lato, extus valde oblique-truncato, spina interna media majori, alusque
brevioribus; subtus antice et intus multispinoso, duabus anticis majori-
bus. Brachio brevi, levi, margine supero parce tuberculoso, spinis dua-
bus parvis anteapicalibus minoribus; subtus spinis obtusis biseriatis,
anticis nonnullis majoribus. Pedibus secundis intus ante apicem valde
barbatis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quintis
capitulo basali annulari. Pedibus abdominalibus modicis, contortis,
longe bifidis, margine postico medio subito latiori, parte interna cylin-
drica, apice acuta, depressa, incurva, subdilatata; parte externa paulo
longiori, acuta, incurva.

Femina differt chelis minoribus, pedibus secundis minus barbatis;
ventre inter pedes quartos levi, annulo obovali, fissura denticulata,
apertura magna transversa; ventre inter pedes tertios tuberculo apicali
planiori.

Long. corp. 2.6; long. antenn. 1.5; ; ped. antic. 2.

Wadi marem (ex Alabama) paulo AOD, chelis medio magis dila-
tatis, digito externo intus curvo.

Baia Lawn Ridge and Belleville, Mlinois; Huntsville, Alabama.

I have not seen the second form of the male.

A female from Beaufort, N. C., is a little smaller, the antennal lamina
not so broad at the tip, the areola a little narrower, the hands are very
small, the moving finger has its inner margin straight, without basal

ASTACID. "3

excision; the example is otherwise similar to C. immmnis ; nevertheless,
it possibly belongs to a different species.

C. mums is a very interesting species; by its conical, short, and

-toothless rostrum it is allied to the group of C. Barton, by the ab-

dominal legs of the male to the group of C. affinis. I have not seen
young specimens; they, perhaps, possess lateral spines.

Cat. No. 188, Lawn Ridge, Ill, Mr. C. Ordway. Male. Fem. Spec. 5.

Cat. No. 1841, Belleville, Tl. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 301, Huntsville, Ala. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 1842, Beaufort, N. C., Mr. Bickmore. Fem. Spee. 1.

23. CAMBARUS EXTRANEUS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :
second form, fig. 88 in front; fig. 89 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 156, a; epistoma, 5; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenna, c.

Mas. Rostro lato, duplo vel triplo-longiori, levi, excavato, margini-
bus punctato-lineatis, subparallelis vel subconvergentibus, utrinque ad
apicem fortiter sinuatis; acumine longo, acuto, utrinque ,dente brevi,
acuto; cretis parum elevatis, parallelis, sulcatis, spma acuta antica.
Antennis validis (basis modo exstat), articulis duobus basalibus dente
externo acuto, antennis internis articulo basali dente infero acuto; la-
mina rostri longitudine, modice lata, margine externo late inflato, apice
spina acuta longiori. Epistomate brevi, lato, antice obtuso, rotundato,
angulis lateralibus acutioribus; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus
barbatis. Thorace leviter ovato, densius punctato-ciliato, lateribus
granulosis, scabris; linea profunda, subfissa, utrinque spina valida acuta;
spina antica infera ad antennarum basin; areola lata, plana, punctata,
antice posticeque paulo dilatata, cephalothorace margine antico ad basin
antennarum loco anguli dente parvo acuto. Postabdomine thoracis lati-
tudine, paulo longiori, parce punctato, segmentis antepenultimis angulo
laterali subrecto; lamina intermedia utrinque bispinosa, parte apicali
breviori, rotundata. Pedibus anticis modicis ; chela magna, lata, depres-
sa, densius punctato-ciliata; margine interno longo, subrecto, biseriatim
tuberculato-dentato; digitis validis, planis longioribus, costato-lineatis,
intus dentatis, basi subtus barbatis. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parum-
punctato, spina interna media majori, aliaque basali brevi; subtus spinis
duabus anticis validis. Brachio longiori, levi, spinis duabus anteapicali-
bus validis, oblique positis, subtus spinis acutis biseriatis, spima ad arti-
culationem utrinque valida. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato ;
pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovato, parvo. (Forma I. mihi invisa.)

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalibus basi articulatis, validis, brevibus,

contortis; parte interna cylindrica, brevi, apice acutiori recurva; parte
10

A ASTACID&.

externa valida, antice impressa, apice compressa, dente valido recurvo,
obtuso, intus duplici.

Vidi marem majorem pedibus abdominalibus non articulatis.

Femina differt abdomine latiori; ventre mter pedes quartos levi,
annulo transverso, lumine posteriori plano, sulco antico longitudinal,
utrinque tuberculo rotundato.

Long. corp. 3.3; ped. antic. 2.

Habitat: Tennessee River, Georgia. The label is no doubt in part
erroneous, as no portion of the Tennessee River flows through Georgia.

I have seen six specimens (three males, three females), of which the
largest was a female. The males belong to Forma II., though the largest
have the abdominal legs unarticulated. Apparently the males, Forma I,
have larger hands and a more finished sculpture. In all the specimens
the whole animal is punctuous-ciliated. The thorax is a little shorter
than the abdomen.

A. affinis Say differs in having a double spine on each side of the tho-
rax, in the very unlike forms of the abdominal legs, in the absence of
the thoracic marginal spine behind the eyes, and in its larger areola. I
cannot discover this species in Mr. LeConte’s monograph.

It is possible that the larger female belongs to a different species ;
the five others are identical, the rostrum being visibly attenuated be-
fore, the acumen shorter, and the area broader. This female seems
very near C. affiis Say. The species itself is very remarkable in hay-
ing the abdominal legs formed exactly as in the group of C. Bartow.

Cat. No. 175, Tennessee River, (near the borders of?) Georgia, Colonel
Jones and Dr. Daniell. Male Form I. and Il. Fem. Spee. 6.

Ili. GROUP. (Type C. Barront.)

The third legs of the males hooked ; rostrum short, toothless ; first paw of
abdominal legs with the tip of the exterior part recurved, the tip of the mterior
part short. .

This group, perhaps, unites two groups of co-ordinate value. It is, of
course, possible that an examination of a greater number of specimens
of C. Carolinus and other allied species would allow us to place them in
another different group.

1. C. Bartomi and the allied species (except C. Carolinus and C. advena)
form a very natural group. Hooks only occur in the males on the third
pair of legs. The rostrum is short, broad, obtuse at the tip and tooth-
less, even in the young animals. The antennez are shorter than the
body ; their lamina is short and dilated near the tip; the spine beneath
the first jomt of the mner antennz is more apical; the flagellum is ©
short, the inner branch a little more slender, shorter, and the joints
are sometimes more calcareous and fragile, similar to those of the true

ASTACID/. 15

Astacus. 'The-foreborder of the cephalothorax is strongly angulated.
The body, especially the postabdomen and the hands, is broader. The
first pair of abdominal legs of the male has a peculiar and striking de-
velopment. The tip of the exterior part forms a larger and more
strongly recurved tooth; the tip of the interior part is broken, short,
and conical. The second pair of legs and the third are ciliated with
hairs. Burrowing habits are observed in C. Diogenes (united by me
with C. Barton). ;

2. The other group, C. Carolinus and C. advena, differs in having the
front border of the cephalothorax not angulated, the very narrow post-
abdomen, and principally in the form of the first abdominal legs, sim-
ilar to those described in C. acutus.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

1st SECTION.
Front border of the cephalothorax angulated; first abdominal legs strongly hooked.
A. Areola linear: C. obesus, C. Nebrascensis.

B. Areola broad: C. Bartonti (with C. pusillus, C. montanus, C. longulus, C. Diogenes), C.
robustus, C. latimanus.

Incertze sedis: C. Mexicanus, C. Cubensis.

2d SECTION.

Front border of the cephalothorax straight; first abdominal legs not hooked: C. advena, C.
Carolinus.

The determination of the species in this group is not so certain as
in the foregoing groups. In some species the entire lack of typical
specimens, or the insufficiency of materials, has perhaps misled me
and occasioned errors. .

This is especially the case in the species united by me with C. Buar-
toni, viz. in C. pusillus, C. montanus, C. longulus, and C. Diogenes. More
ample material will either confirm my views or correct my errors.

24. CamBarus Barton Fabricius.

Astacus Bartonii Fabr., Supplem. Ent., p. 407, n. 3. — Bosc., Hist. Nat. Crust., T. II. p. 40. — Latr.,
Hist. Nat. Crust., T. VI. p. 240.— Say, Journ. Acad. N. Sc. Philad., T. I. p. 167, 2. — Har-
lan, Med. and Phys. Research., p. 230, fig. 3.— Erichson, Archiv. T. XII. p. 97, n. 17. — De-
Kay, N. Y. Zoology, VI. 22, Pl. 8, fig. 25.

Figures on Pl. I., I, and III.
First abdominal legs of the male :
first form, fig. 47 in front; fig. 48 outside.
second form, fig. 49 in front; fig. 50 outside.
Inner sexual parts of the male:
first form, fig. 135; side, fig. 136.
second form, fig. 137; side, fig. 138.
Inner sexual parts of the female, fig. 139.
Antennal lamina, fig. 166, a; epistoma, 6; spine of the second joint-of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro brevi, lato, fere quadrangulari, ante apicem utrinque

76 ASTACID&.

subito sinuato, acumine latitudine rostri breviori, acuto; supra fere
plano, marginibus antice ad acuminis apicem elevatis; basi foveola la-
tiori, punctata; cretis basalibus parvis, vix rostro separatis, parallelis,
extus linea punctata impressis, antice subacutis. Antennis corpore bre-
vioribus; articulo basali dente parvo, acuto; antennis internis articulo
basali spina infera antica acuta. Lamina brevi, angusta, rostro sub-
longiori, apice angustiorl, margine externo latius inflato, apice spina
longiori, acuta. Kpistomate semicirculari, spma media antica; pedibus
maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace subcylindrico, paulo de-
presso, postice subangustato, punctato, lateribus granulato; cephalotho-
race medio lzvi; lmea profunda, sinuata, spina parva infera antica ad
antennarum basin; areola modica, plana, punctata, postice latiori. Post-
abdomine vix angustiorl, punctato, segmentis antepenultimis angulis
rotundatis ; lamina media bispina; parte apicali aequali elliptica. Pedi-
bus anticis brevibus, modicis; chela lata, subinflata, punctata; margine
brevi dentato, interdum biseriatim tuberculato, recto, subtus sulcato ;
digitis validis basi non claudentibus, costatis, fortiter punctato-lineatis,
dimidio longioribus, rectis, paululum subtus curvatis, mtus dentatis.
Brachio previ, levi, ante apicem supra obsolete-tuberculoso, subtus
spinis biseriatis acutis. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, rarius punctato,
spina media interna majori, aliaque basali minori; subtus spimis duabus
anticis obtusis. Pedibus secundis densius ciliatis; pedibus tertiis arti-
culo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capitulo basali ovali. Pedibus
abdominalibus brevibus, validis, contortis, subtus medio depressis, parte
interna cylindrica, apice acuta, incurva; parte externa longiori, latiori,
intus plana, apice dente separato, compresso, longo, incurvo, margine
externo fusco-corneo, striato.

Forma II. differt chela angustiori, digitis longioribus, seepe basi clau-
dentibus. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, validis, contortis, basi arti-
culatis, parte interna brevi, cylindrica, apice extus curvata ac subito
acuminata; parte externa latiori, intus plana, apice dente magno, ob-
tuso, recurvo, compresso, intus duplici. Variat pedibus basi non articu-
latis, chela perparva, digitis fere cylindricis; carpo interdum spina in-
terna media singula.

Femina differt chelis minoribus; ventre inter pedes quartos levi ;
annulo cordiformi, lumine transverso postico, suleoque angusto antico
longitudinali; abdomine latiori, summa basi angustato.

Long. corp. 2.8 — 3.6; antenn. 1.5—3.8; ped. antic. 2—2.5

Patria: Lake Superior; Lake Champlain, Burlington, Vermont (Salem
Museum); Elizabethtown, Essex County, and Berkshire, Tioga County,
Fishkill and Newburg (Rafinesque), N. Y.; Schooley’s Mount, New Jer-
sey; Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, and Berwick, Pennsylvania; Cin-
cinnati, Scioto River, Columbia, Ohio; Hickman’s Landing, Kentucky
River; Georgetown, D. C.; Osage River, Missouri; Georgia ; Greenbrier
River, Virginia.

ASTACIDEA. - a

I have seen more than four hundred specimens, both very young and
very old. The shape of the rostrum is variable, sometimes broader and
quadrangular; the sculpture is different, the oldest individuals are most
strongly tuberculated; the antenne are shorter than the abdomen,
though im one male (the largest seen by me) they are a little longer
than the abdomen. The hands are variable in form, often very broad,
and the fingers much separated at the base; the abdominal legs in the
second form are often not articulated.

It is possible that A. Bartoni Fabr. belongs to this species; the de-
scription contains no contradictory characters. The description by
Bose is too short, and his figure too imperfect to afford any help. The
species of Say, Harlan, Krichson, are apparently identical. DeKay’s (N.
Y. Fauna, T. 6, p. 20, T. 8, fig. 25) description is very brief and the fig-
ure poor, still I think the species the same. A. affinis M. Edwards seems
to be the same (Crust. II. p. 332, n. 3). A. Bartonii M. Edwards is C.-
afins. I do not know whether M. Edwards has seen the type of Bosc.

Girard gives (Proc. Acad. Philad., No. 8, T. 6, p. 88) no description
of his Barton, but he quotes the works above-mentioned. Girard cites
as identical A. charis Rafinesque (Amer. Month. Mag. II. No. 3, p. 42),
and this is possibly true of very large specimens.

Girard describes (I. c. p. 90, n. 13) A. pustllus Rafin. The description
by Rafinesque (Lc. No. 4, p. 42) is too short, “the rostrum oval acute,”
and “wrist smooth,’ being the only important characters given. The
comparative description by Girard is not sufficient, though the Cam-
bridge Museum possesses one female from Lake Champlain by Professor
Baird, possibly the A. pusdllus Rafinesque.

I suppose that C. pusillus does not differ from A. Barton, because
the examples from the North, Lake Superior, and other localities are
always very small. The external lamina of the postabdomen has the
inner third of the apical margin of the basal part not denticulated ; in
C’. obesus it is entirely denticulated. Cilia evidently occur on the second
pair of legs, and justify the name given by Rafinesque. The basal in-
ner angle of the hand is nearly rectangular.

I have seen a female from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, with the
eyes well developed, and a female from Georgia.

In the largest male from Ohio the antennez are longer than the body,
—a character given for C. montanus Girard,— but the areola is not
broader.

I have compared a female type from Berwick, Pennsylvania, labelled
C. Bartont Er., and communicated by Professor Stimpson. The speci-
men is from the locality mentioned by Mr. Girard and identical with
the specimens described by me from Schuylkill River.

T have also compared Cambarus montanus Girard, 1. c. p. 88, male type
from Greenbrier River, Virginia, communicated by Professor Stimp-

78 ASTACIDZ.

son. Itis a young male of the second form, with the abdominal legs
articulated. The animal is identical with C. Barton, and the shape
of the epistoma forbids us to regard it as a young C. latimanus. The
external lamina of the postabdomen has the inner third of its margin
not denticulated. A dry male specimen from Virginia, C. montanus,
Acad. Philad., is identical with the foregoing, the abdominal legs ex-
actly resemble those of C. Bartow. In the Cambridge Museum there
is a Jar with alcoholic specimens labelled, Isle of Pico, Azores, presented
by Mrs. Dabney. It contains one Alpheus and three C. Bartoni. It
seems very doubtful at present that these Cambari are from the Azores.
The types in the Cambridge Museum of A. Bartow Gibbes, mentioned
in his Fauna of South Carolina, belong to C. datimanus. The types of
C. Barton in the Mus. Acad. Philadelphia, from Pennsylvania and Pitts-
burg, also determined by Mr. L. R. Gibbes, are C. affiius Say.

A female type of C. dongulus Gir., Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 90, com-
municated by Professor Stimpson, is from the Middle States; it differs
from C. Barton in having its hands smooth, very large, and apparently
deformed. The fingers are small and unusually far separated at the
base. In the space between them is a large bunch of hairs. I have
not found such a bunch of hairs in any specimen of C. Bartoni ; per-
haps there was more room for the growth of these hairs in this de-
formed specimen. But I should remark that specimens of C. Bartoni,
with the fingers about as widely separated, are destitute of any such
tufts. I have sometimes found hairs in this place, but never so many
in C. latimanus. Nevertheless, the other characters show that it must
be C. Barton or a new species. I think it is C. Bartoni.

C. Bartonw is the most variable species; as yet I cannot find stable
and constant characters for dividing them into three or four species, as
Mr. Girard has done. The rostrum is often nearly quadrangular, with
a little tooth in the middle of its front border, and varies in being more
elongated, more attenuated before, with the angles more or less rounded
and the apical tooth longer or shorter, broader or narrower. The lamina
of the antennz varies in breadth, principally in front, and m the length
of the apical spine. The epistoma is often triangular, acute, often more
rounded laterally, sometimes more obtuse at the tip and nearly trun-
cated in front. The dorsal areola varies in specimens from the same
locality (Cincinnati from 2, to 8; inches). The form of the hand is
exceedingly variable, the fingers being often broadly separated at their
base, frequently nearly contiguous.

The type of C. montanus does not differ from the typical form. The
length of the antennze quoted by Girard is variable. One male from
Cincimnati, with the most quadrangular rostrum, has the antenne even
longer than the body.

I have seen more than one hundred specimens from Lake Superior,

ASTACID. 79

Lake Champlain, and from the Aquarial Gardens in Boston (locality
uncertain, but perhaps from the Northern Lakes), which belong un-
doubtedly to C. pusiilus ; still the differences given by Mr. Girard are
not sufficient for separating C. pusillus from C. Barton.

The type of C. dongulus is, as I think, merely an accidental variety of
C. Barton. The fingers are cylindrical, very widely separated at the
base, and bearded in this place and inside of the external finger, along
the basal half. The shape of the finger is unusual and, I think, acci-
dental. Broadly separated fingers are sometimes seen; the Museum
possesses a specimen having the fingers on the right hand separated
and those on the left hand contiguous; but I have never seen the space
between the fingers bearded with hairs. The other differences quoted
by Mr. Girard, and taken from the shape of the rostrum and the breadth
of the areola, are not important enough to warrant a specific separation.

Mr. Say, Journ. Acad. Philad., T. 1. p. 445, says: “A. Barton has the
hands differently proportioned with respect to the thumb, and more
or less muricated. They are extremely common in the pine barren
marshes of the Southern States, and particularly in those of Georgia
and Florida.” I have not seen specimens from there, but they perhaps
belong to A. datimanus.

Cat. No. 1847, Aquarial Garden, Boston, L. Agassiz. Male Form I.
andulin Nem: “Spec: 12.*

Cat. No. 284, Berkshire, Tioga County, N. Y., L. Agassiz. Male
Form I. and II. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 278, Schooley’s Mount, N. Y., Mr. A. Mayor. Male. Fem.,
young. Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 290, Elizabethtown, N. Y., Professor Baird. Male Form II.
Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 251, Lake Champlain, Professor Baird. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 227, New Jersey, L. Agassiz. Male Form I. and II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 235, Schuylkill River, Penn., L. Agassiz. Male. Fem. Spec.
IDs

Cat. No. 238, Philadelphia, Penn., Dr. Leidy. Male Form I. and IL
Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 244, Lake Superior, L. Agassiz. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 243, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male Form II. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 267, Cincinnati, Ohio. Male Form II. Fem. Spec. 3.

Cat. No. 288, Cincinnati, Ohio, L. Agassiz. Male. Fem., young.
Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 295, Scioto River, Columbia, Ohio, Mr. J. Sullivan. Male
Form II. Fem. Spec. 6.

Cat. No. 286, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Fem. Spec. 1.

80 ASTACID.

Cat. No. 240, Hickman’s Landing, Kentucky River, Mr. A. Hyatt.
Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 185, Osage River, Mr. Stolley. Male Form II. Fem.
Spec. 8.

Cat. No. 237, Georgetown, D. C., Lanman. Male Form IL., the
first pair of abdominal legs not articulated. Spec. 1.

?Cat. No. 1101, Pico, Azores, Mrs. Dabney. Male. Fem. Spec. 4.
(The last locality is apparently erroneous. )

Dry spec., Niagara, L. Agassiz. Male. Spec. 1.

25. CAMBARUS ROBUSTUS Girard.

Cambarus robustus Girard, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 6, p. 90.

Antennal lamina, fig. 156,a; epistoma, b; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

C. Bartonii similis, sed differt: rostro excavato, longiori, antice angus-
tiorl, acumine triangulari, rostri latitude longiori; lamina antennarum
longiori, antice latiori; articulo antennarum secundo dente externo
acuto; epistomate triangulari, lateribus paulo rotundatis; thorace sub-
ovato; linea thoracica spina utrinque laterali; chela margine mterno
serie duplice tuberculorum serrata, digito externo supra ac subtus im-
presso, excavato; carpo tuberculo parvo inter spina antica et illa ante-
riorl marginis interni.

Long. 3.2; antenn. 2.5; ped. ant. 2.

Habitat: Toronto, Humber River; Genesee River, Rochester, and
Lake Regis, N. Y. Two females from Fredericksburg, Virginia (Salem
Mus.).

I have seen one typical male, second form, from Toronto, in the
Philadelphia Academy, and some specimens from New York, both forms
of the male and female, all full grown. The abdominal legs of the
male have somewhat more resemblance to those of C. latimanus. ‘The
rostrum and the hands, the external finger of which shows a very Visi-
ble impression, separate this species from C. Bartoni. :

C. obesus differs constantly in the linear areola. C. datimanus has no
lateral thoracic spme, a more rounded thorax, the carpus beneath
strongly tuberculated on the inner side; besides the different and more
elongated rostrum, and the rounded not impressed under side of the
external finger.

Cat. No. 176, Genesee River, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. A. Ward.
Male Form. Il. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1176, Western New York, L. Agassiz. Male. © Spec. 4.

ASTACIDZ. 8]

26. CAMBARUS OBESUS Hagen.

Figures on Pl. I., III., and IX.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 39 in front; fig. 40 outside.
second form, not articulated, fig. 41 in front; fig. 42 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 163, a@; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
Pl. XI. Male, first form.

Mas. Rostro lato, brevi, latitudine paululum longiori, antice angus-
tiori, acumine brevi, late triangulari, acuto ; rostro supra excavato, levi,
marginibus subito elevatis, ad acuminis apicem non interruptis; foveola
basali latiori; cretis subdivergentibus, obsoletis, extus punctato-sulcatis,
antice muticis postice calloso-inflatis. Antennis validis, thorace vix
longioribus, articulis basalibus dente externo subnullo; antennis inter-
nis articulo basali dente medio infero parvo; lamina brevi, angusta,
intus non dilatata, margine externo latius inflato, spina apicali longiori.
Epistomate longitudine vix latiori, elliptico, angulis externis obtusis;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. horace valido, cephalo-
thorace supra punctis profundis rarioribus, lateribus sparsim granulosis;
mesothorace compresso, supra depresso, subtilissime punctato, punctis
profundis rarioribus sparsis, lateribus vix granulato; lmea profunda,
sinuata, antice spma ad antennarum basin infera nulla; areola nulla,
linea intermedia profunda; spatio triangulari postico latiori. Postab-
domine lato, segmentis anteapicalibus angulis externis rotundatis; la-
mina media bi-(vel tri-) spinosa, parte apicali sequali elliptica. Pedibus
anticis longis, validis; chela magna, latissima, subdepressa, leevi, punctis
rarioribus ; margine interno brevi, incurvo, forte biseriatim tuberculato ;
margine externo incurvo, punctato-lineato; digitis plus duplo longiori-
bus, latis, costatis, profunde bilineato-punctatis ; interno basi tus ex-
ciso, dimidio basali extus et intus tuberculato; externo triangulari, basi
forte depresso, acutiori, tuberculis majoribus basalibus internis; supra
ad marginem externum dense exsculpto. Carpo lato, oblique truncato,
levi, punctis nonnullis profundis, tuberculis internis rarioribus, subantico
majori; subtus levi, spinis duabus anticis obtusis. Brachio valido ; levi,
tuberculis nonnullis anteapicalibus, duabus oblique positis majoribus ;
subtus spinis obtusis biseriatis. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio ungui-
culato; pedibus quartis capitulo basali compresso ovali, quintis sub-
nullo. Pedibus abdominalibus brevibus, validis, contortis; intus latis,
planis; parte interna breviori, apice conica, extus curvata; parte ex-
terna longiori, apice intus curvata compressa, dente lato, fusco corneo,
striato, intus duplici, valde incurvo.

Forma II. Differt chelis minoribus, unguiculis parvis; pedibus ab-
dominalibus non articulatis, parte interna conica, longiori; parte ex-
terna apice nec fusco cornea, nec striata, obtusa incurva.

Femina differt antennis brevioribus, chelis minoribus, ventre inter
11

82 ASTACID &.

pedes quartos levi, annulo transverso inflato, apertura media profunda *~
transversali; postabdomine latiori, basi summa angustiori.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 4.5; antenn. 2.6; ped. antic. 4.

Habitat: Evanston, Lawn Ridge, and Belleville, Illinois, and the
prairies near Chicago (Philad. Acad.) ; ‘Petersburg, Va.; Monticello,
Miss.; Arkansas; New Orleans; Kelley’s Island, Ohio; Lake Erie ; Lake
Michigan; Garrison Creek; Sackett’s Harbor; Lake Ontario.

Vidi 16 specimina. The Salem Museum contains a full-crown male
and a very young male of the second form, the abdominal legs not
being articulated.

C. obesus is very similar to C. datimanus, but the “areola nulla” always
separates them instantly. The thorax is more ovoid than in @ /atimanus.
The epistoma is not pointed anteriorly, the second joint of the external
antenne has no spine; the carinse are posteriorly calloso-inflatee.

One female (Garrison Creek, Philad. Acad.) was labelled C. propin-
quus ? but the type of C. propinquus, communicated by Professor Stimp-
son, is a different species.

I have not seen the C. diogenes Girard. Although he treated of it
at some length, he left it without an accurate description. The dorsal
lines of the carapace are almost contiguous, so that the areola is almost
wanting. Iam in doubt whether it can be referred to @. obesus. The
only specimen, from Georgetown, D. C., in the Museum is C. Bartoni.
Perhaps (. Diogenes is also C. Barton.

A specimen from the District. of Columbia, labelled @ Diogenes, in
the Museum of the Philad. Acad., does not agree at all with the descrip-
tion of Mr. Girard, and is C. preen eare:

A single female from New Orleans differs in having a narrower ros-
trum, with the margins parallel and the tip more acute. The first pair
of abdominal legs, ordinarily bearded at the margins and flattened, are
sincularly transformed. They are thicker, cylindrical, with the tip
narrower and twisted, as is the case with the abdominal legs of Astacus
fluriatils. The postabdomen is narrower at the base. Possibly this
specimen is a sterile female.

Another female, in shape and size similar to the foregoing (3.2 inch.
long) has the rostrum broader, the margins not so aah fhiclened as
in the type, the acumen more acute. The hand is more flattened and
not so strongly dotted, the inner margin more rounded, with six strong
and separated teeth, giving to the specimen a very peculiar aspect.
The two anterior spines of the inner margin of the carpus are long and
more developed. The annulus between the fourth pair of legs has its
anterior margin irregularly tuberculated. The right hand is wanting ;
I regard the specimen as abnormal and deformed.

Cat. No. 165, Belleville, Ill, Dr. Engelmann. Fem. Spee. 2.

Cat. No. 1461, Evanston, Ill. Male. Spec. 1.

Fig

ASTACID&. 83

Cat. No. 195, Lawn Ridge, Ill, Mr. A. Ordway. Fem. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 197, Lawn Ridge, Ill, Mr. A. Ordway. Male. Fem. Spec. 6.
Cat. No. 1848, Petersburg, Va. Fem. Spec. l.

Cat. No. 229, Arkansas, Mr. G. Stolley. Male. Spec. 1.

Cat. No. 242, New Orleans, Mr. Lawrence. Fem. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec. Lake Michigan, Professor C. Marey. Fem. Spec. 1.

27. CamBarus NEBRASCENSIS Girard.
Cambarus Nebrascensis Girard, Proc. Philad. Acad. N. Sc., No. 10, T. 6, p. 91.

“Rostrum intermediate in form between that of C robustus and C.
Diogenes.” “Dorsal lines of suture of the carapace in close contiguity.
Large claw nearly conical, giving to the species a very peculiar aspect.”

“Fort Pierre, Nebraska; collected in 1850 by Thaddeus Culvertson.”
— Girard.

I have never seen any Cambarus agreeing with the description given
by Mr. Girard, and I have not seen a typical specimen of C. Diogenes,
the species compared with C. Nebrascensis. I have spoken of all the
species of Cambarus with a linear areola under C. maniculatus. None of
these several species agrees with the description given of @ Ne-
brascensis.

28. CAMBARUS LATIMANUS Le Conte.

Astacus latimanus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad. N. Se., T. 7, p. 402.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal leg of the male :
first form, fig. 43 in front; fig. 44 outside.
second form, fig. 45 in front; fig. 46 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 162,a@; epistoma,; spine of the second joint of the exterior an-
tenna, c.

Mas. Rostro brevi, basi lato, tum sensim angustiori, fere triangulari,
ante apicem leviter sinuato, acumine brevi, acuto; rostro supra ex-
cavato, basi foveolato; marginibus lineato punctatis ; acumine vix mar-
ginato; cretis parvis, postice subdivergentibus, extus linea impressa,
antice obtusis. Antennis gracilibus, thorace longioribus, articulis duo-
bus basalibus dentibus externis parvis acutis; antennis internis articulo
basali dente infero anteapicali parvo; lamina brevi, angusta, apice lati-
orl, margine externo inflato, spina acuta apicali. Epistomate latiori,
antice truncato, spina parva media; lateribus obliquis, angulis obtusis ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace leviter ovato,
parce punctato, lateribus granulosis vel tuberculosis; linea profunda,
sinuata, spina utrinque laterali modica vel obsoleta; spina antica infera
subnulla; areola modica, plana, antice paululum carinata, postice latiori.
Postabdomine vix angustiori, levi, segmentis anteapicalibus angulis ex-

84 ASTACID&.

terns obtusis; lamma media parte utrinque bispina, parte apicali, sub-
longiori, elliptica. Pedibus anticis brevibus, latis; chela lata plana,
ciliato-punctata; subtus levi, ad marginem internum sulcata; margine
interno brevi, incurvo, tuberculoso-serrato; digitis duplo longioribus,
latis, rectis, bicostatis, lineato-punctatis, ciliatis; digito mobili extus et
basi intus tuberculato; digito externo basi intus tuberculato, extus mar-
ginato, punctato. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parce punctato, intus
subtuberculoso, spina interna media valida, interdum alia basali parva;
subtus spinis duabus obtusis anticis, tertia mimori interna. Brachio
brevi, levi, spinis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis, subtus spimis
biseriatis acutis. Pedibus tertius articulo tertio unguiculato; quartis
capitulo basali, ovoideo, quintis subnullo. Pedibus abdominalibus bre-
vibus, validis, contortis; intus latis, planis; extus medio crassioribus ;
parte interna breviori, cylindrica, apice inflexa, conica, acumine parvo,
compresso; parte externa dente longo apicali subito incurvo, extus
fusco-corneo, striato. :

Forma II. differt chela plerumque leviori; pedibus abdominalibus
basi articulatis; parte imterna apice obtusiori; parte externa dente
apicali latiori, vix separato, breviori, obtuso, extus nec fusco-corneo nec
striato.

Marem vidi magnum pedibus abdominalibus similibus sed basi non
articulatis ; chelis magnis, leevioribus, digitis angustioribus.

Femina differt abdomine latiori, basi angustato ; ventre inter pedes
quartos nudo; annulo transverso, modice crasso, lumine denticulato pos-
teriori, sulco anteriori longitudinal.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 2.9; antenn. 2.5; ped. antic. 2.3.

Habitat: Athens, Georgia; South Carolina.

Vidi specimina multa et juniora.

Juniores leeviores, acumine variabili, rostro interdum longiori.

I have examined a female type m the Mus. Acad. Philad. of C. /ati-
manus LeConte. It is the largest seen by me, and has the dimensions
given by Mr. LeConte, long. corp. 3.3.

Cat. No. 236, Athens, Ga., Dr. J. LeConte. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 1849, Milledgeville, Ga. Male. Spec. 1.

Dry Spec., South Carolina, Mr. L. R. Gibbes. Male. Spec. 1; la-
belled A. Barton Gibbes.

29. CamBarus Mextcanus Ejyichson.

Cambarus Mexicanus Erichson, Wiegmann’s Archiv, No. 20, T. 12 p 99.

“CHELIS granulatis, gracilibus, subcylindricis, carpis muticis, rostro
lato, apice obtusiusculo.”

“Thorax somewhat compressed, always densely punctulated ; crete
prominent, divergent behind; rostrum nearly flat, broad, obtuse at the

ASTACID&. 85

apex, with sharply recurved margins; lamina of the antenna broad,
with a little apical external spine. Hands narrow, nearly cylindrical,
densely scabrous; the fingers a little shorter than the hands, thin;
carpus longer than broad, scabrous, without spines on the inner side
and beneath. Postabdomen nearly as broad as the thorax. The third
pair of legs in the male hooked. Long. corp. nearly 2 inch.. Mexico.”
— Erichson.

I have not seen this species. The hands resemble in shape those of
C. Nebrascensis.

C. Montezume Saussure, Revue et Magas. Zool., T. 9, p. 102, and Mém.
Soc. Phys. Genéve, T. 14, Pl. IL. fig. 22, p. 459, from the marshes of the
valley of Mexico, Chapultepec, seems to be the young of C. Mexicans.
It is always difficult to identify or to separate species by the descrip-
tions, but I cannot find any difference in the description given by Mr.
DeSaussure. It is said that the males of C. Montezume have hooks on
the second and the third pair of legs, and I have seen the same aberra-
tion in some species of this group.

30. CamBaruS CuBENSIS Lichson.
Cambarus Cubensis Erichson, Wiegmann, Archiv, T. 12, p. 100, n. 21.

“CHELIS granulatis, gracilibus, subcylindricis, carpis muticis, rostro
lato, apice acuminato.

“Very similar to C. Mexicanus. Thorax punctulated; cretze visible, a
little divergent behind; rostrum nearly flat, broad, sharply notched on
each side in front. Lamina of the antennz very broad, nearly truncated
before in front, with a little apical external spine. Hands shorter, nar-
row, nearly cylindrical, delicately scabrous; fingers slender; carpus
scabrous, with sharp spies on the imner side; postabdomen nearly
as broad as the thorax. The third pair of legs in the male hooked.
Long. corp. 2.3 inch. Cuba.” — Erichson.

I have not seen any species or specimen from Cuba. Perhaps this
species belongs to the first group. The words in Hrichson’s description,
literally “rostrum on each side notched in a sharp spine,” translated by
me “sharply notched,” are doubtful. C. consobrinus Saussure, from the
same locality, has the rostrum with anteapical spines. I know nothing
more about these two species.

C. consobrmus Saussure, Revue et Magas. Zool., T. 9, p. 101, and Mém.
Soc. Phys. Genéve, T. 14, Pl. II. fig. 21, p. 458, from the marshes in
the interior parts of Cuba, cannot be separated from C. Cubensis by the
description. Apparently Mr. DeSaussure has seen the two forms of the
male ; this supposition would explain his remarks concerning the differ-
ences in the hands. But not having seen any specimens from Cuba, I
am unable to give a definite judgment.

86 ASTACIDZ&.

31. CAMBARUS ADVENA Le Conte.

Astacus advena LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad., T. 7, p. 402.

Figures on Pl. I., U1., and VII.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 90 in front; fig. 91 augmented; fig. 92 outside.
Antennal lmeine. fic. 164,a; epistoma, bs spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
Pl. VII. Male, a form.

Mas. Rostro lato, paululum longiori, fere triangulari, apice subito
acuminato breviorl; supra excavato, sparsim punctato, basi foveola la-
tiori; marginibus obliquis, ad acuminis apicem non interruptis; cretis
vix separatis, parum elevatis, extus obsolete sulcatis, antice obtusis, pos-
tice subdivergentibus. Antennis thorace paulo brevioribus, articulis
duobus basalibus dente nullo; antennis internis articulo basali dente
infero acuto medio; lamina brevi, rostri longitudine, angusta, margine
externo inflato, spa apicali acuta; margime cephalothoracis angulo
oculari nullo. Epistomate latiorl, margine antico recto, spma media
parva lateribus obliquis; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus longe bar-
batis. Thorace angusto, compresso-cylindrico, levi, parce sed profunde
punctato, lateribus granulis rarioribus; linea profunda, sinuata, lateribus
fissa, spa antica infera ad antennarum basin; areola profunda, media
fere nulla, lmeari, antice posticeque profunda, triangulari, dilatata.
Postabdomine angusto, levi, lateribus parallelis, sezmentis antepenulti-
mis angulis externis subrotundatis; lamina media antice utrinque bi-
spina, parte apicali breviori, rotundata, lamina laterali costa media usque
ad marginem integra, spina marginali. Pedibus anticis modice longis
validis; chela lata, inflata, parce punctata, margine externo obsolete
dentato; margine interno longo, incurvo, subtus paulo sulcato, for-
titer et acute serrato-dentato; margine externo obsolete dentato
digitis vix longioribus, validis rectis, costatis, intus dentatis, digito
mobili basi extus tuberculato. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, intus tu-
berculato, spina interna, subantica majori; alia minori basali (in adultis
spinis nonnullis minoribus internis); subtus spinis duabus anticis obtu-
sis ; brachio modice longo, oculos superanti, levi, margine supero tuber-
culato, spmis duabus anteapicalibus oblique positis acutis; subtus bi-
seriatim spinoso; pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus
quartis capitulo basali nullo. Pedibus abdominalibus longis, gracilibus,
contortis, parte interna cylindrica recta, apice acuta, longiori, extus
curva; parte externa sublongiori, apice dentibus duobus fusco corneis
incurvis coadunatis, lamina compressa ovali, externa recurva.

Femina differt, chelis antennisque brevioribus, abdomine lato, basi
thorace fere latiori; ventre inter pedes quartos levi; annulo transver-
sali lumine profundo, obcordiformi.

Long. corp. 2.2 ad 2.9; antenn. 1.4; ped. antic. 1.7 “el 2.

ASTACID&. 87

Habitat: Charleston, S. C.; Georgia; Mobile, Ala.

I have seen male and female.

This species is remarkable for the lateral lamina of the postabdomen.
In the allied species the middle rib terminates in a spine before the mar-
gin; in this species the rib ends exactly on the margin, and the spine
is acute and marginal.

I have compared a female type in the Philadelphia Museum. This
is the largest specimen I have seen.

It differs from the @. Carolinus in the short and anteriorly dilated
lamina of the antennx, with a short external spine; in the teeth of the
first joint of the interior antennee, in the anterior spine at the end of the
thoracic line. In the larger specimens the hand is more sulcated beneath
at the inner margin, and the carpus more spinulose.

I have seen many young specimens, but only one very young male
of the second form. The abdominal legs are in their first stage of de-
velopment. The tip is cylindrical, simple, and a little incurved.

Cat. No. 282, Georgia, Dr. Jones. Male. Fem. Spec. 6.

32. CAmMBARUS CAROLINUS E/ichson.

Cambarus Carolinus Erichson, Wiegm. Arch., T. 12, p. 96, n. 16.

Figures on Pl. I. and III.
First abdominal legs of the male:
first form, fig. 51 in front; fig. 52 outside.
second form, fig. 53 in front; fig. 54 outside.
Antennal lamina, fig. 165, a; epistoma, b; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Rostro longiori, lato, triangulari, antice deflexo, excavato,
parce punctato, serie punctorum marginali, marginibus elevatis ad
acuminis acuti apicem non interruptis; cretis parvis, sulcatis, antice
muticis, subdivergentibus, postice callosis, convergentibus. Antennis
gracilibus, thorace paulo longioribus, dentibus articulorum basalium
nullis; lamina parva, angusta, margine externo inflato, spina apicali
longiori. Epistomate lato, antice obtuso triangulari, lateribus obliquis,
subsinuatis ; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace com-
presso, supra subdepresso, sparsim sed profunde punctato, lateribus
granulosis; lmea profunda, sinuata, lateribus fissa, spina antica infera
nulla; areola angusta, plana, media subnulla, lineari, postice triangulari
majori punctata. Postabdomine aneusto, thorace sublongiori, parce
punctato; segmentis antepenultimis angulis lateralibus rotundatis; la-
mina media utrinque bispina, parte apicali breviori, rotundata. Pedibus
anticis brevibus, latis, chela brevi, lata, subinflata, paulo lanuginosa, punc-
tata; margine interno curvato, serrato dentato, subtus sulcato; margine
externo obsolete dentato; digitis fere sequalibus, validis, nec longiori-
bus, rectis, costatis, lmeato-punctatis, intus tuberculato-dentatis ; digito
mobili basi extus tuberculato. Carpo lato, oblique truncato, parce punc-

88 ASTACIDA.

tato; latere interno tuberculato-spinoso, spina media majori; subtus
spinis duabus anticis modicis. Brachio brevi, margine supero spinoso,
spinis duabus anticis oblique positis majoribus; subtus biseriatim spi-
noso. Pedibus tertiis articulo tertio unguiculato; pedibus quartis capi-
tulo basali orbiculari. Pedibus abdominalibus gracilibus, rectis, parte
interna angustiori cylindrica, apice acuta elongata; parte externa apice
subinflata, dente fusco-corneo, extus striato, triangulari, compresso, acu-
minato.

Forma II. Pedibus abdominalibus basi non articulatis, parte interna
apice crassiori, breviori; parte externa apice magis inflata, brevi, conica,
subacuta, nec fusco-cornea.

Femina abdomine vix latiori, ventre inter pedes quartos nudo; an-
nulo fere orbiculari, antice subbituberculato, lumine centrali.

Long. corp. 2.1; antenn. 1.3; ped. antic. 1.4.

Habitat: Georgia ; Carolina (Hrichson).

I have seen twenty specimens; the males are younger, the male
Forma II. is very young; its abdominal legs are not articulated, never-
theless it has the shape commonly observed in the second form.

This species is similar to C. advena, but differs as follows: the rostrum
is more triangular, the thorax strongly punctulated, the areola not im-.
pressed ; the apical part of the median lamina is longer, the rib in the
lateral lamina ends before the margin; there are no spines at the basal
joints of the smaller antenne; the carpus beneath and on the inside
has numerous spines; the lateral margins of the postabdomen are not
straight, but every segment is more rounded on the outside; the sexual
parts differ visibly.

I think this species is the C. Carolnus Erich. The description seems
to agree very well; the obviously small postabdomen, the more pointed
lamina of the antenne, and the linear areola are the chief characters
mentioned by Erichson. The subsequent addition, that the males have
only the third pair of legs hooked, places the C. Carolinus without doubt
in this group. All the other species of the group, except C. obesus, are
immediately seen to differ in having a larger areola, but the enlarged
postabdomen separates them from the species described by Hrichson.

Cat. No. 232, Charleston, S. C., Professor L. Gibbes. Male. Fem.
Spec. 2.

Cat. No. 1850, Georgia. Male. Spee. 1.

Cat. No. 230, Mobile, Ala., Mr. Forbes. Male. Fem. Spec. 12.*

Cat. No. 275, Mobile, Ala., L. Agassiz. Male. Spee. 1.

Dry Spec., Georgia, L. Agassiz. Male. Spee. 1.

ASTACIDE. 89

ASTACUS.

Corpore robusto ; pedibus quintis branchis gerentibus ; antenus internis
Jlagello breviort, incequali ; aure conico postice aperto ; pedibus maris tertis et
quartis inermibus ; pedibus abdominalibus maris simplicibus ; feniina annulo
ventral solido.

Having already given the differences of the genera Astacus and Cum-
barus, I need not here repeat them.

In its general form the species of Asfacus are clumsy and oval. The
fifth pair of legs has a gill, but without the broad, deeply folded mem-
brane peculiar to the gills of all the other legs, which possess also a basal
external bundle of shorter and irregularly placed gill-tubes. The inner
antenne are short, their bases thick, the jomts more spherical and. cal-
careous. The exterior antenne are shorter than the body; their lamina
is prismatic, being more thickened on the external border. The epistoma
is solid, conical, a little contracted in front of the tip. The ear forms an
elevated cone, rounded at the top, with a narrower circular tympanum
behind. The areola is broad and slightly marked. The postabdomen
is always broad, the exterior angles of the segments are often elongated
and acuminated. The third and the fourth pair of legs in the males
never differ from the other legs, and are never hooked. The first ab-
dominal legs in the male form a corneous, not articulated limb, with the
apical half dilated and rolled from the outside inward, forming also a
channel. The shape of these legs seems not to vary in the different
species, at least no difference is as yet known. In the second pair of
abdominal legs the inner flagellum with the dilated basal half is rolled
from the inside outward, or it has exactly the form of that of the first
abdominal legs, as in the European species, or it is of a more triangu-
lar shape, similar to the Cambarus, as in the American species. The
separated and perforated annulus ventralis behind the fourth pair
of legs of the females, described in Cambarus, is not to be found in
Astacus. In fact, the same part exists here, though in the European
species it is never separated, but forms only a slender transverse ridge,
which in the American species is curved behind like a horseshoe. In
the American species it is far more dilated behind in a triangular man-
ner, excavated beneath, and apparently more similar to Cambarus, but
neither separated nor perforated. As yet no dimorphism of the males
is known, and nothing of burrowing habits in the species. It seems
striking, as already mentioned, that the species of Astacus, especially
those from Europe, offer so many varieties, which are rarely found, con-
sidering the great number of species in the American Cambarus. At the
same time I expressly remark, that none of the characters set forth as
variable in the European species is used by me to characterize and to

separate the American species.
12

90 ASTACIDZ.

Concerning the further division of the genus Astacus into groups, I
am not able to give a final judgment, being entirely ignorant of the
Australian species, and having before me of the Amur species but one
female, and of the European species only Astacus fluviatihs.

The European species, or more precisely Astacus fluviatilis, differ from
all the others in having the apical part of the intermediate lamina of
the postabdomen separated from the basal half, although not so strongly
as in Cambarus ; in the American and Asiatic species this part is only
more or less separated at each side, it is most so in A. Trowbridgit.

A. fluviatilis has a basal tooth on the exterior margin of the antennal
lamina, which is never to be found in any other species. This appar-
ently very striking character is never mentioned for A. fawiatilis.

The -Asiatic species, A. Dauricus, differs in having a rostrum similar
to that of C. Bartonu, the front border of the cephalothorax strongly
angulated, a narrower and more elongated thorax, with a nearly straight,
transverse suture and the above-mentioned form of the annulus ventralis.

The American species are divided according to the following char-
acters : — ;

I. Margins of the rostrum denticulated ; front border of the cephalo-
thorax slightly angulated.

1. Rostrum not notched in front of the tip; crete visible; hands
barbated: A. Gambehi.

2. Rostrum strongly notched before the tip; no crete, but two spines
on each side; hands without beard: A. mgrescens.

Il. Margins of the rostrum not denticulated; front border of the
cephalothorax straight.

1. Rostrum long, margins parallel, strongly notched in front of the
tip: A. Trowbridgi.

2. Rostrum short, tapering, slightly notched before the tip: A. A/a
mathensis.

I have not seen A. /emusculus, which differs from both the preceding
species in the acute angles of the segments of the postabdomen.

My knowledge is too limited and fragmentary to authorize my say-
ing more respecting the geographical distribution of the species.

1. Astacus GAMBELIL Girard.

Cambarus Gambelit Gir., Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., T. 6, p. 90; p. 375; p. 380. — Stimpson, Proc.
Boston Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (separat. p. 52).
Figures on Pl: I., III., and XI.
First abdominal leg of the male:
first form, fig. 97 in front; fig. 98 outside.

Antennal lamina, fig. 170, a; epistoma, ); spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
Pl. XI. Male type from California.

Mas. Pallidus obesus, rostro modico triangulari, subplano, medio

ASTACID&. 91

calloso-carimato, marginibus subcallosis 10-dentatis, acumine parvo, acuto,
recurvo; cretis brevibus, impressis, antice subacutis. Antennis modicis
(apex deest); articulis duobus basalibus dente externo brevi acuto; an-
tennis internis articulo basali dente infero anteapicali acuto; lamina
valida trigona, rostri sublongiori, angusta, margine externo sinuato,
crasso, apice spina acuta breviori. EHpistomate parvo, acute triangulari ;
pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace ovato, depresso,
parce punctato, leviori; linea sinuata, modice profunda; areola lata.
Postabdomine thorace non latiori, levi, seementorum angulis externis
subacutis; lamima media parte basali quadrangulari apice utrinque bi-
spina; parte apicali breviori, rotundata, margine apicali rotundato in-
tegro (mas alter parte basali apice angustiori, utrinque unispinoso ;
parte apicali brevi rotundata, margine medio exciso); lamina laterali
costata. Pedibus anticis validis, longis, spinulosis; chela magna, elon-
gata, subplana, marginibus subacutis, rectis; supra ad marginem inter-
num et externum sulcata ac densius barbata; digitis validis, rectis,
conicis, chela non-longioribus. Carpo lato, truncato, intus scabro ; sub-
tus spina media antica parva. Brachio supra ante apicem spinuloso,
subtus biseriatim spinuloso, spinis ad articulationem obsoletis. Pedibus
abdominalibus brevibus, rectis, dimidio apicali circumvolutis, apice
truncatis.

Long. corp. 3.2”; ped. antic. 3”.

Habitat: California.

I have seen two males taken by the late Dr. Gambel in California,
and communicated by the Academy of Philadelphia; these same males
were examined at an earlier day by Professor L. Agassiz (Proc. Acad.
Pinlad; PT. 6, p. 375):

This species is very remarkable in having tufts of fine erect hair on
each side of the hands, giving to the species a very peculiar aspect.
The triangular rostrum with dentated margins and the acumen only
represented by a similar, but little stronger tooth, instantly separate A.
Gambelii from the other Western species. In the second pair of abdom-
inal legs the palpus of the penultimate joint is not longer than the leg,
though this palpus in A. wgrescens is much longer.

Mr. Girard, 1. e. p. 91, says: “Anterior pair of abdominal legs elon-
gated resembling somewhat in shape those of C. robustus, to which it
bears a close relationship.” But the type of @ robustus in the Phila-
delphia Academy is very near C. Barton, while its abdominal legs are
very different. Also ©. robusfus possesses no gills on the fifth pair of
legs, and is quite unlike A. Gambeli.

Of the two males seen by me, one has the intermediate lamina of
the postabdomen rounded at the tip, the other strongly and regularly
notched. I regard the last as an accidental variety.

92 ASTACID 2.

2. ASTACUS NIGRESCENS Stimpson.

Astacus nigrescens Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat p. 52).

Figures on PI. II.
Antennal lamina, fig. 168, a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Mas. Obesus, obscure olivaceus; rostro longo, valido, basi latiori,
antice fere parallelo, acumine triangulari, longiori acuto, subrecurvo ;
supra medio canaliculato basi callo obsoleto in fovea antice angulata;
marginibus calloso-inflatis, sex vel octo-dentatis; loco cretarum denti-
bus utrinque tribus acutis. Antennis validis, corpore brevioribus, ar-
ticulis duobus basalibus dente externo acuto; antennis internis articulo
basali dente infero anteapicali acuto; lamina valida trigona, rostri
longitudine, modice lata, margine externo crasso, inflato, apice spina
longa acuta. Epistomate lato, subtus carinato, antice triangulari; pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis subtus spinulosis, intus barbatis. Thorace
ovato, depresso, densius et fortiter punctato, lateribus granulosis; linea
lata profunda, utrinque subsinuata; areola lata, plana, antice latius
dilatata. Postabdomine lato, fere levi, segmentorum angulis externis
elongatis acutis; lamima media parte basali quadrangulari; apice utrin-
que spinis duabus validis, subrejectis; parte apicali mimori, angustiori,
elliptica, margine antico exciso; lamina laterali vix costata, spina media
antemarginali, externaque marginali. Pedibus anticis validis, longis,
corpore paulo brevioribus; chela magna, elongata, subplana, margini-
bus subacutis, densius punctata, margine interno fere recto, subtus
paulo depresso; digitis validis, rectis, chelze longitudine, conicis, apice
spimulosis. Carpo lato, granuloso, antice truncato, subtus spina media
valida. Brachio levi, margine antico et superiori spinoso, spina apicali
majori, subtus biseriatim spinuloso, spina antica aliaque utrmque ad
articulationem majoribus. Pedibus abdominalibus, brevibus, rectis,
dimidio apicali cylindrico circumvolutis, apice truncatis.

Femina differt ventre inter pedes quartos levi, canaliculato; annulo
bifido laminato.

(Maxim.) Long. corp. 4.6; antenn. 3; ped. antic. 4.2.

Habitat: San Francisco, California.

I have seen eight males and one female; the fifth pair of legs has
branchie. Male and female type communicated by Professor Stimpson.

This species and A. Gambelii are separated from the others by the
denticulated rostrum.

Cat. No. 228, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. T. G. Cary. Male. Spec. 4.

Cat. No. 1851, California, Mr. T. G. Cary. Male. Spee. 1.

ASTACIDA, 93

3. AstTacus Trowsripeir Stimpson.

Astacus Trowbridgii Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat. p. 53).

Figures on Pl III. and X. |
Antennal lamina, fig. 171, a; epistoma, 0; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.
Pl. X. Female type.

Fem. Obesa, olivacea, chelis obscurioribus; rostro lato longo, excavato,
parce punctato, medio obsolete canaliculato, lateribus parallelis, mar-
ginatis, crassioribus; acumine triangulari, longo, angusto, acuto, fusco-
corneo, spinis lateralibus validis; cretis brevioribus, antice spina rejecta;
aliaque ad basin crete spina. Antennis corpore brevioribus modicis, ar-
ticulis duobus basalibus dente externo valido; antennis internis articulo
basali dente infero apicali, lamina valida, trigona rostro breviori, modice
lata, margine externo crasso, apice spina longa, acuta. Epistomate tri-
angulari; pedibus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace ovato,
antice angustiori, densius punctato, lateribus subleevibus ; linea profunda,
sinuata; areola lata. Postabdomine thorace latiori, apicem versus de-
crescente, levi, angulis segmentorum externis rotundatis; lamina inter-
media quadrangulari, apice, angustiori, utrinque spinis duabus validis,
rejectis; parte apicali breviori, fere orbiculari; lamina laterali_vix cos-
tata, spina media antemarginali, externaque marginali. Pedibus anticis
validis, longis, corpore brevioribus; chela magna, lata, punctata sub-
plana, marginibus subacutis, margine interdum recto subtus excavato ;
digitis validis, subsinuatis, chela paulo longioribus, apice spinulosis ; digi-
to mobili intus basi exciso ; externo digito basi intus producto; utroque
intus dentato. Carpo lato, truncato, punctato, spina antica interna
acuta; subtus spina media antica. Brachio, sublevi, margine antico
et superiori spinoso, spina anteapicali majori; subtus biseriatim forte
spinoso, utrinque ad articulationem spina valida. Ventre inter pedes
quartos levi; annulo transverso, cylindrico.

Long. corp. 4; antenn. 3; ped. antic. 3.

Habitat: Astoria, Oregon; “near Astoria it occurs sometimes abun-
dantly in brackish water.”

I have seen two female types of Mr. Stimpson’s, communicated by
the Museum of the Soc. Nat. Hist. in Boston.

This species differs from A. mgrescens in the broad, rounded lateral an-
gles of the abdominal segments.

4. Astacus Kuiamatuensis Sfimpson.

Astacus Klamathensis Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat. p. 52). — Bate
Spence. Naturalist in Vancouver’s Island and Brit. America, 1866, T. 2, p. 278.

Figures on PI. II.
Antennal lamina, fig. 169,a; epistoma, b; spine of the second joint of the exterior antenna, c.

Frm. Rostro longo, densius punctato, subplano, medio obsolete

94 ASTACID A.

canaliculato, antice angustiorl, utrinque marginato, acumine modico,
acuto, spinis lateralibus parvis; cretis brevioribus, spina antica perparva,
postica nulla. Antennis corpore brevioribus (apex deest) articulo primo
dente valido, secundo subnullo; antennis internis articulo basali dente
infero subapicali, lamina valida, trigona, rostro breviori, lata, margine
externo crasso, apice spina brevi, acuta. Epistomate triangulari; pedi-
bus maxillaribus externis intus barbatis. Thorace ovato, antice angus-
tiori, densius punctato, lateribus granulosis; linea profunda, simuata ;
areola lata. Postabdomine thorace latiori, apicem versus decrescente,
levi, angulis segmentorum externis rotundatis, lamima mtermedia qua-
drangulari, apice subangustiori, utrinque spmis duabus validis rejectis ;
parte apicali breviori, rotundato; lamina laterali vix costata. Pedibus
anticis modicis, brevibus; chela modica, punctata, subplana, marginibus
subacutis, margine interno recto, subtus excavato; digitis validis, sub-
rectis, chele non longioribus, apice spinulosis, non dentatis. Carpo lato,
truncato, punctato, intus mutico; subtus spma media antica parva.
Brachio subleyvi, spa anteapicali majori, subtus biseriatim spinoso,
utrinque ad articulationem spina interna valida. Ventre inter pedes
quartos levi, annulo transverso, cylindrico, bipartito.

Long. corp. 3”; ped. antic. 2.1”.

Habitat: Klamath Lake, California; in all streams east of the Cas-
cades. Sp. Bates.

I have seen only one female type, in bad condition, communicated
by Dr. W. Stimpson.

It may be distinguished from A. Trowbridgu by its stronger and more
punctulated thorax, its tapering rostrum, with less developed spines,
the shortly spined antennal lamina, the smaller hands, the carpus with-
out internal apical spe; the annulus between the fourth pair of legs
divided in the middle.

The accurate determination of this species requires the examination
of more specimens; the antennal lamina on the right side is accidentally
abnormal, perhaps the other is also a little changed in shape.

5. ASTACUS LENIUSCULUS Dana.

Astacus leniusculus Dana, Proc. Acad. N. H. Philad, T. 6, p. 20.—U. S. Exploring Exped.
Crustac., T. 1, p. 524, t. 33, fig. 1.— Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soe. N. H., T. 6, p. 87.

“Rostrum tridentatum, dentibus acutis, medio tenuiter elongato.
Carapax levis, punctulatus, lateraliter pone rostrum utrinque bi-spi-
nosus ; areola inter suturas longitudinales postdorsales lata. Pedes an-
ticl compressi, Inermes, non tuberculati, manu levi, punctulata, carpo
paulo oblongo, tus recto, inermi, apice interno acuto excepto ; brachio
antice denticulato, apice interno elongate acuto, dorso unispinoso. Pedes
sequentes nudiusculi. Segmentum caudale parce oblongum, lateribus

ASTACID&. 95

fere parallelis. Pedes 5" branchias parvas gerentes. Hab. flumine Co-
lumbie,” Oregoniz. Long. 4”.— Dana.

In the description Mr. Dana says, “arm with anterior margin den-
ticulate, and a longer tooth at apex, on ower margin, short distance
from apex, wnispinous.”

“May be recognized by its well-developed thoracic spines, and light
color. Has a general resemblance to A. Trowbridgi ; differs from that
species in having more prominent thoracic spines ; the rostrum is some-
what shorter and broader, the dorsal area broader.” — Stimpson.

Habitat: Columbia River; Puget Sound.

I have not seen this species, which seems to be very similar to A.
nigrescens, except in the non-denticulated margin of the rostrum. The
description and the figure given by Mr. Dana are not sufficient.

6. Astacus OrEecANuS Randall.

Astacus Oreganus Randall, Journ. Acad. N. 8S. Philad., T. 8, Pl. I, p. 138, t. 7. — Erichson,
Wiegm. Arch., T. 12, p. 375. — Girard, Proc. Acad. N, S. Philad., T. 6, p. 87. — Stimpson,
Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., T. 6, p. 87 (Separat. p. 55).

“ Body fuscous, granulated, carpus with a sharp spine at the interior
angle; arm produced into a spine on each side anteriorly ; thorax be-
hind the front with five spines, placed three before and one on each
side behind the lateral ones; a large reddish spot on each side posteri-
orly ; front little reflected on the sides, terminating in a very long, slen-
der spine, and having a short, marginal spine on each side. Long. 4”.
Columbia River.

“Testa granulata, bimaculata, fronte valde producta.” — Randall.

Erichson, in his translation of this description, makes a mistake, “das
Magenfeld an jeder Seite mit fuenf Dornen, naemlich drei vor und zwei
hinter den Seitendornen”; Randall by no means says that there are five
spines on each side.

“Dr. Randall's single specimen of this species was unfortunately lost
by the artist employed in delineating it. No other example has been
since found, although its locality has been since repeatedly searched.
If the figure in the eighth volume, etc., is correct, this is a very remark-
able species, differmg from all others known, in possessing a median
thoracic spine as well as in the length of the terminal rostral tooth, and
above all in the singular lateral appendages of the abdominal seg-
ments.” — Stimpson.

The figure published by Randall is without doubt very incorrect, giv-
ing one segment too much in the postabdomen, and a little claw at the
tips of the fourth pair of legs. The curious lateral appendages to the
seoments of the postabdomen are probably its lateral angles, acute as
in A. iigrescens, or the artificially protruded abdominal legs. Mr. Ran-

96 ASTACIDZ.

dall would have mentioned these very curious organs in his description
if they had really existed. The tail is apparently very poorly figured,
but the strong spines at the apex of the intermediate lamina are di-
rected outward as well as in the lateral lamina and the base in the
same manner as in A. wgrescens and Trowbridgu. Ithimk the spime in the
middle of the base of the beak is not at all a spine, but merely a car-
inated elevation very badly figured. A. mgrescens has a similar but not so
well produced elevation; the spines could not have been very prominent,
as the painter did not figure them at all. It is possible that the form
of the carpus and brachium is as badly exaggerated. The exterior an-
tennz are apparently too short, and the length of the rostrum, so much
longer than the peduncle of the antenne, is probably erroneous; the
lamina of the antenne is figured as trvarticulate! I think the characters
quoted make it evident that the figure is without scientific value.

It is impossible to recognize this species, from an incomplete deserip-
tion and a very inadequate figure. The general appearance (although
the mesothorax is very short) seems to point to a species near A. /eu-
usculus and Trowbridgu, both being from the same locality, while the out-
wardly directed spines on the tail are truly characteristic of this group.
The rostrum has the shape of A. /eniusculus. The position of the five
spines behind the front is very doubtful, and probably Erichson intended
to give by the figure, which shows the little marks on each side, a more
correct view of their position. The apparent mcorrectness induces me
to think that A. Oreganus can be no other than A. emusculus, or else is to
be struck out entirely.

ASTACID&. 97

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The several different species mentioned have the following distribu-
tion : —

Genus CAMBARUS.

GROUP I. 11. C. penicillatus.
U1. acutus. South Carolina: Charleston.
Louisiana : New Orleans, Milliken’s Bend. Georgia.

Alabama: Mobile.

South Carolina: Charleston, Summerville. 12. C. Wiegmanni.

Missouri: St. Louis. Mexico.

Mississippi: Kemper County. 13. C. pellucidus.

es es Fiver, Kentucky : Mammoth Cave.
Var. A.

Illinois: Lawn Ridge, Basson Pudge, Evy-

anston, Peoria, Athens. GROUP II.

inden: 14. C. lancifer.

Var. B. Mississippi: Root Pond.

North Carolina: Beaufort.

New Jersey: Essex. at: ios G, aufinis:

Now Work: Pennsylvania: Delaware, near Phila-
delphia, Pittsburg, Carlisle, Reading,

2. C. Clarkii. Schuylkill River, Erie.

Louisiana: New Orleans. Maryland: Havre de Grace.

Texas: between San Antonio and El Paso District of Columbia: Potomac at Wash-

del Norto. ington.
New Jersey.

3. C. troglodytes. New York: Niagara.

South Carolina: Charleston.

Illinois: Lawn Ridge. L 16. C. virilis.

Georgia. } British America: Lake Winnipeg, Sas-
katschavan, Red River, Lake Superior,
4, C. Blandingii. Toronto.
South Carolina: Camden. Illinois: Quincy.

Towa: Davenport.
5. C. fallax. Wisconsin : Sugar River.
Florida.
Var. A.
Iowa: Davenport, Burlington.
Missouri: Osage River.
Ohio: Dayton, Miami River.

6. C. Lecontei.
Alabama: Mobile.
Florida: Pensacola.
North Carolina: Beaufort.

Texas.
Georgia: Milledgeville. east
Mississippi: Root Pond. 17. C. placidus.
7. C. spiculifer. Illinois: Quincy.

Tennessee: Lebanon.

Georgia: Athens, Roswell. ee

8. C. angustatus.

* = oe . C. juvenilis.
Georgia: Georgia inferior. ue juve

Kentucky: Little Hickman, Kentucky

9. C. versutus. River.
Alabama: Mobile, Spring Hill. Missouri: Osage River.
10. C. maniculatus. 19. C. propinquus.
Georgia: Georgia inferior. - Canada: Lake Superior.

13

98

x C. propinquus — Continued.

-f

_

New York: Lake Oneida, Rochester, Ni-
agara, Grass River, Lake Ontario, Four-
Mile Creek, Oswego, Garrison Creek,
Sackett’s Harbor.

Illinois : Ogle County.

Indiana: Delphi. -

20. C. obscurus.
New York: Genessee River, Rochester.
? Virginia: (A. fossor Rat.)
? Pennsylvania: (A. fossor Raf:)

‘< 91. C. rusticus.

Ohio: Cincinnati.
Canada: Lake Superior.

22. C. immunis.
Illinois: Belleville, Lawn Ridge.
Alabama: Huntsville.
North Carolina: Beaufort.

23. C. extraneus.
Georgia: Tennessee River.

GROUP III.

a 24. C. Bartonii.

Canada: Lake Superior.

Vermont: in most of the small streams in
the western part of the State.

New York: Lake Champlain, Elizabeth-
town, Berkshire, Fishkill, Newburg,
Western New: York.

New Jersey: Schooley’s Mountain.

Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Schuylkill
River, Berwick, Hammetstown.

Ohio: Cincinnati, Sciota River, Columbia.

Kentucky: Hickmann’s Landing, Ken-
tucky River, Mammoth Cave.

District of Columbia: Georgetown.

ASTACIDA.

C. Bartonii — Continued.
Missouri: Osage River.
Virginia: Greenbrier River.

25. C. robustus.

Canada: Toronto, Humber River.

New York: Genessee River, Rochester,
Lake Regis, Adirondack Region. _

Virginia: Fredericksburg.

26. C. obesus.

Illinois: Prairie near Chicago, Evanston,
Lawn Ridge.

Missouri: Belleville.

Ohio: Kelley Island, Lake Erie. :

New York: Garrison Creek, Sackett’s
Harbor, Lake Ontario.

Arkansas.

Virginia : Petersburg.

Mississippi: Monticello.

Louisiana: New Orleans.

27. C. Nebrascensis.
Nebraska.

28. C. latimanus.
Georgia: Athens.
South Carolina.

29. C. Mexicanus.
Mexico.

30. C. Cubensis.
Cuba.

31. C. advena.
Georgia.
South Carolina: Charleston.
Alabama: Mobile.

32. C. Carolinus.
Georgia.
Carolina (or South Carolina ?).

Genus ASTACUS.

33 (1). A. Gambelii.
California.

34 (2). A. nigrescens.
California: San Francisco.

35 (3). A. Trowbridgii.
Oregon: Astoria.

36 (4). A. Klamathensis.
Oregon: Lake Klameth, Cascades.

A. Klamathensis — Continued.
British Columbia: all streams east of the
Cascades.

37 (5). A. leniusculus.
Oregon : Columbia River.
Washington Territory: Puget Sound.

38 (6). A. Oreganus.
Oregon: Columbia River.

ASTACIDA. 99

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF CAMBARUS

IN EVERY STATE OR TERRITORY ACCORDING TO LOCALITIES YET ASCERTAINED.

1. Maine. — None.

2. New Hampsurre. — None.

3. VerMoNT. — C. Bartow, Burlington, Shelburne, Colchester, Chit-
tenden County, in affluents of Lake Champlain.

4. Massacuusetts.— None. I am told by Mr. S. H. Scudder that
fresh-water crabs (C. Bartomi) have been collected in the western parts,
at Williamstown. Lewis R. Gibbes cites, on the authority of Dr. Gould,
C. Barton from Massachusetts.

5. Connecticut. — None.

6. Ruopvr Istanp. — None.

7. New Yorx.—Seven species: C. acutus var. B., C. affinis, C. ee
pingquus, C. obscurus, C. Barton, C. robustus, C. obesus.

C. Bartoni lives in the western part of the State, on the Hudson
River and its affluents; im the southern, at Newburg and Fishkill; in
the northeastern, along Lake Champlain, and particularly at Elizabeth-—
town, Essex County; also in the Tioga affluent of the Susquehanna at
Berkshire, Tioga County. Rafinesque also mentions Lake George, Sar-
atoga, Utica, and Oswego, but perhaps the latter locality belongs to C.
proprinquus.

C. propinquus lives in the northern part of the State, in Lake Ontario,
in its affluents, the Genesee River at Rochester, Garrison Creek near
Oswego, Lake Oneida, Four-Mile Creek near Sackett’s Harbor, and in
Grass River, a branch of the St. Lawrence River.

C. obscurus and C. robustus also live in the Genesee River at Roches-
ter, C. obesus lives in Garrison Creek.

C. affius lives in the western part, at Niagara. For C. acutus the
locality is not given.

Our knowledge of the great State of New York is mostly confined to
the northern and the western border. The remainder, with the excep-
tion of a small portion of the southern limits, is unknown.

8. New Jersey.— Three species: C acutus var. B., C. affinis, C. Bartoni.

The first species is from Essex; of the second the locality is not
given; the third is from Schooley’s Mountain, Morris.

Of the State of New Jersey our knowledge is limited to two points
in two counties very near New York, and to the rivers which empty
into the outlet of the Hudson River.

9. DELAWARE. — None.

100 ASTACIDZ.

10. PENNSYLVANIA.— Three species: C. affims, C. obscurus (?), C.
Bartonu.

The first and the third species are known from the Delaware River
(Philadelphia) and from the Schuylkill River (Carlisle, Reading), from
the Susquehanna and its affluents (Hummelstown, Berwick), and from
the Ohio (Pittsburg). C. obscurus (if it be the A. fossor Raf.) is from
Philadelphia.

In the great State of Pennsylvania, which consists of sixty-five coun-
ties, we are acquainted with only a few single localities in six counties.
Cf these, one is on the eastern border, another on the western, while
the four others lie near together in the middle of the State.

11. Maryianp.— One species: C. affinis.

Only one locality, Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna,
is known.

12. Vireinra.— Five species: C. acutus, C. Barton, C. robustus, C.
obesus, and C’. obscurus (if it is the A. fossor Raf.).

Out of one hundred and sixty-five counties our knowledge extends
to only four, —the James River and its affluents, at Petersburg, the
Rappahannock (Fredericksburg), and Greenbrier River in the western
part. /

13. District or CoLtumpiA.— One species: C. Bartomi, at George-
town.

14. Norrn Caroxrina.— Three species: C. acutus var. B., C. Lecontet,
C. immunis.; all from Beaufort, on the southeastern border.

15. SourH CaroLtina.— Seven species: C. acutus, C. troglodytes, C.
Blanding, C. pencillatus, C. latimanus, C. advena, C. Carolinus.

C. Blanding’ is from the northern border, Wateree River; all the
others are from Charleston and Summerville, on the southern border.

16. Grorera.— Ten species: C. troglodytes, C. Lecoutei, C. spiculifer,
C. angustatus, C. manculatus, C. pemeillatus, C. extraneus, C. latimanus, C.
advena, C. Carolinus.

Georgia, thanks to the monograph of Mr. John LeConte, is as yet still
the best explored State. He describes nine species; one, C. fossarum, is
perhaps identical with C. troglodytes. A. Blanding 1 have not been able
to determine with certainty. Two other species have been seen by
him, making in all ten species, exactly the number I have marked. It
is a pity that he never gives the exact localities. C. spiculifer, C. lati-
manus are noticed as living “in Georgia superiore”; C. troglodytes, C.
Sossarum, C. maniculatus, C. angustatus, C. advena, “in Georgia inferiore ” ;
C. Blandingi, “in regionibus intermediis.”

Our knowledge of localities enables us to credit C. spiculifer and C.
lutimanus to Athens, C. Leconte: to Milledgeville, and C. spiculifer to Ros-
well; also to two points in the northern parts and to one in the middle
of the State. C. extrancus is cited from the Tennessee River, Georgia,
but this river does not touch the limits of Georgia.

ASTACID A. 101

17. Fiorma.— Two species: C. fallax and C. Leconte.

The only locality given is Pensacola, on the northwestern border, near
Alabama. Our knowledge of Florida also is very scanty. Lewis R.
Gibbes quotes C. afinis from Florida, but his determinations are not at
all trustworthy. .

18. AtABAmMa.— Five species: @. acutus, C. Leconte’, C. versutus, C.
muumis, C. advena.

C. mmmuns lives in Huntsville, on the northern border; all the other
species occur at Mobile, in the southwestern limits of the State. Nearly
the whole State remains unexplored.

19. Mississrppr.— Four species: C. acutus, C. obesus, C. Lecontei,
C. lancifer. The first from the Mobile River, Kemper County, the mid-
dle of the eastern border of the State; C. odesus from Monticello; the
two others from Root Pond, a locality unknown to me.

20. Lovuis14na. — Three species: C. acutus, C. Clarkii, C. obesus.

The species are from the southeastern border from New Orleans, one
also from the northeastern border, from Milliken’s Bend; all from the
Mississippi. Nearly the whole State remains to be explored.

21. TENNESSEE. — One species: C. placidus, from Lebanon, nearly in
the middle of the State.

22. Kentucky. — Three species: C. pellucidus, C: juvenilis, C. Bartonit.

Besides the celebrated species from the Mammoth Cave, C. pellucidus,
the others are from Little Hickman and Hickman’s Landing, near the
Kentucky River, in the middle of the State.

23. Ixprana.— Two species: C. acutus, C. propinquus.

Only one of the ninety-two counties gives a species; this is from
Delphi, on the Wabash River, in the middle of the State.

24. Onto.— Four species: C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. Bartonii, C. obesus.

Only in the southwestern part of the State, from Cincinnati and Co-
lumbia, and a little farther, from Dayton, Miami River, Montgomery
County, are species noticed. C. obesus is from Kelley Island, Lake
Erie. We know of species from only two of the eighty-eight counties.

25. Micutean.— None. I am told that fresh-water crabs occur in
Lake St. Clair; species are also noticed from Lake Superior.

26. Wisconsin. — C. virilis, from the Sugar River. Iam told that
fresh-water crabs are found near Milwaukee.

27. Minnesota.—None. Professor Agassiz has found a species of
Cambarus at Minnehaha Falls, above St. Paul. JI have not seen the
specimen.

28. Iowa.—One species: C. virilis is found in the Mississippi at
Davenport and Burlington, along the southeastern border. The State
is unexplored. .

29. Innivois.—Seven species: C. acutus var. A., C. troglodytes, C.
erilis, C. placidus, C. propinguus, C. immums, C. obesus.

102 ASTACIDZ.

This State is one of the best explored, for I have seen in the Museum
of the Chicago Academy sixty glasses with Cambarus, mostly from the
different localities of Ilinois, but I was not able to ascertain the species.
There are known from the northern border, as at Chicago and Evans-
ton, C. acutus var. A., and C. obesus ; from the middle northern parts
(Illinois River and affluents), Ogle County, Lawn Ridge, Basson Pudge,
Peoria, Athens, C. acutus var. A., C. troglodytes, C. propinquus, C. imnumis,
C. obesus, and from the western border from the Mississippi, from Quincy
and Belleville, C. virilis, C. placidus, and OC. immunis.

30. Missourt.— Five species: @C. acutus, C. virilis, C. juvenilis, C.
Bartow, C. obesus. All are from St. Louis and from the Osage River,
near the centre of the State.

31. ArKkansas.— One species: C. obesus, locality unknown.

32. Trxas.—Three species: C. Clarku, C. virilis, C. placidus ; the
first occurs near the middle of the State, between San Antonio and El
Paso del Norte; of the others the localities are unknown.

33. Inpian Territory. — None.

34. Kansas.— None. I have seen only one species in the Chicago
Museum.

35. NEBRASKA. — One species: C. Nebrascensis, without locality.

36. Daxota.—None. I have seen only one specimen in the Chi-
cago Museum.

37. Wyomine. — None.

38. Montana. — None.

39. IpAHo.— None.

40. CoLtorapo. — None.

41. Uran. — None.

42. Arizona. — None.

43. New Mexico. — None.

44. Nevapa.— None.

45. Wasuineton Territory. — One species: A. demusculus, at Puget

46. Orecon.— Three species: A. Trowbridgii, A. leniusculus, A. Kla-
mathensis. From Astoria, from the Columbia River and Lake Klamath.
The locality of A. Oreganus is doubtful.

47. CALIFORNIA. — Two species: A. Gambelii and A. nigrescens. From
San Francisco.

British AMERICA. — Five species: 0. virilis, C. propinquus, C. Bartonit,
C. robustus, C. Klamathensis.

In Canada from the Humber River near Toronto is noticed 0. robus-
dus. In Lake Superior C. Bartomi, C. propinguus, C. virilis occur, the
latter also in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatschavan, and the Red River. A.
Klamathensis is found in British Columbia.

Mexico. — Two species: C. Wiegmanni, C. Mexicanus. One from the
marshes of the valley of Mexico, the other without known locality.

ASTACIDZ. 103

Cuba.— One species: C. Cubensis, from the marshes in the central
part of Cuba.

According to the list given above, we know nothing upon the geo-
graphical distribution or even the existence of species in the following
nineteen States and Territories : —

1. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, Indian Territory, Kansas, Dakota, Wy-
oming, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada.

2. From nine States and Territories we know one species, the local-
ity being definitely known in only one half of them, viz., Vermont,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Tennessee, lowa, Arkansas, Wisconsin,
Nebraska, and Washington Territory.

3. From three States we know two species, viz., Florida, Indiana,
California.

4. From eight States we know three species, viz., New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, North Carolina, Louisiana, Kentucky, Texas, Oregon.

5. From Ohio and Mississippi, four species.

6. From three States we know five species, viz., Virginia, Alabama,
Missouri.

7. From three States we know seven species, viz., New York, Tli-
nois, South Carolina. :

8. From one State we know ten species, viz., Georgia.

The first step to take, and the best way if we would make progress
in knowledge, is always to ascertain how limited it is; and for this pur-
pose it is evidently profitable to show that the undoubtedly unrivalled
- materials before me represent a very limited part of the gigantic terri-
tory comprised in the United States. Besides more than the western
half, noticed before as not represented in our catalogue, it is surprising
that the much-explored New England States are nearly wanting. Per-
haps the multitude of manufactories and the consequent spoiling of the
water, especially of the running streams, has some influence on the rar-
ity of the fresh-water crabs; but a more careful exploration is doubt-
less necessary to prove the existence or the absence of Astacide.

At the same time some of the other States, seemingly better repre-
sented in our catalogue, are far from being well explored; even some,
furnishing the largest number of species, are in reality to a great ex-
tent unexplored.

Of the great State of New York we are only acquainted with the
eastern border, and in New Jersey with a single locality in the vicinity
of New York City. In Maryland and the two Carolinas we know only
a small area, along the eastern limits. In Florida, Alabama, and Louisi-
ana, only the localities very near to each other are noticed, while all
the rest of these States are unexplored, The number of species in

104 ASTACID 2.

Georgia, the best explored portion of the country, suggests how much
may be found in the adjacent States. The Middle States are in parts
better explored, but without doubt they will furnish many new species
or show a wider distribution of the known species, as is stated in our
catalogue.

It would be very interesting to ascertain whether the extensive table-
lands between the Sierra Nevada of California and the Rocky Moun-
tains, as well as the great American desert, possess species of the genus
Astacus or of the genus Cambarus or not. As yet nothing is known
about these regions.

Perhaps under these circumstances a detailed exposition of the geo-
graphical distribution of the North American Astacide would be prema-
ture and incorrect, but some facts are too striking and too apparent to
be overlooked, even at this stage of our knowledge.

The first and chief point ascertained as yet is the strict limitation
of the genera Asfacus and Cambarus, which completely exclude each
other. In the parts west of the Sierra Nevada, and perhaps of the
Rocky Mountains, lives the genus As¢acus, in all the eastern parts the
genus Cambarus. At present no exception is known. This fact is all
the more interesting, as the only species known from the eastern parts
of Asia, Astacus Dauricus Pallas, which is probably identical with Astacus
leptorinus Fisher, from the Amur River, seems to be a group interme-
diate between the EKuropean and North American species of Astacus, and
more nearly related to the species of the latter country.

Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the North Amer-
ican species of Astacus is as yet too limited for us to say anything more
respecting them.

The second fact, which seems to be ascertained, is that the genus
Cambarus is confined to the other parts of North America and perhaps
to the Antilles. I have not seen the species described by Erichson and
de Saussure from Cuba, but it doubtless belongs to the genus Cambarus.
The asserted presence of the genus Caumbarus in South America is to be
discredited, unless further and more trustworthy evidence be produced
in its favor. (@. Chilensis, mentioned by EHrichson as a species of Cam-
barus, was never seen by him, and seems from the description to be
more nearly related to Cheraps, or perhaps to represent some distinct
genus. I have seen one and only one specimen of Astacide from Brazil,
—if there be no error as to the habit, which was apparently the case
with some Asfacus fluviatilis communicated to me as Brazilian species, —
a male in a very bad state of preservation, and evidently nearly re-.
lated to C. Chilensis. As the specimen is dry and very old, it is impos-
sible to ascertain whether it have gills or not on the fifth pair of legs.

The C. Bartoni, figured and described as perhaps from Brazil by Mr.
Dana in his excellent work, is certainly not identical with the C. Bar-

ASTACIDZA. 105

tonw from North America. The habitat is uncertain, and so not of de-
cisive value.*

Concerning the geographical distribution of the genus Cambarus, we
find the interesting fact that the most distinct group, containing the
species related to C. acutus, seems to be confined to a limited territory.
Its boundaries answer for the most part to the Southern fauna, traced
by Professor L. Agassiz for the Chelomans, but is somewhat more exten-
sive, as some species are observed to live also in the upper parts of the
rivers and their affluents. Beginning on the Atlantic coast in Virginia
(also farther north, as with the Chelomans), it extends through the Caro-
linas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.

Some species follow up the Mississippi and its tributaries for a great
distance, while a peculiar variety, described by me as C. acutus var. A,
has its habitat far to the north, and is not to be found in the southern
parts. It is very interesting to remark that the same species is to be
found farther north on the Atlantic coast, forming also a peculiar va-
riety, described by me as @ acutus var. B, from New Jersey and New
York. It was impossible for me to give an adequate account of it, as
I have not seen the male.

Our knowledge of the Mexican fauna is very meagre, but it seems
probable that a few species at least belong to the same group. Still
more interesting is the fact that some species of the other Cambarus
groups, living within the limits noticed for the species for the first
group, have an analogous appearance and shape of body, viz., C. lancifer,
C. immunis, C. extraneus, C. advena, and C. Carolinus.

I have heretofore stated that these species, even when viewed under
other relations, constitute aberrant forms. But it should be remem-
bered that several species, viz., C. placidus, C. obesus, C. latimanus, which
also live in the same southern country, belong in all their characters
to very different groups. The groups of Cumbarus, as defined by me,
do not apparently coincide with certain faunal regions.

The species of the second group, except the aberrant forms before
mentioned, especially the species related to ©. wirilis, belong to the
northern and middle parts of North America. These species occur es-
pecially in the Northern Lakes and their affluents, also in the Missouri,
Mississippi, Ohio, and their tributaries, and in Texas.

C. affinis, a somewhat peculiar species, alone lives in the rivers run-
ning eastward to the Atlantic coast, in the Hudson, Delaware, Potomac,
Susquehanna, and their affluents.

* Von Martens, in Troschel Archiv, 1869, T. 35, p. 15 sqq., describes two species of fresh-
water crabs from Brazil, Astacus pilimanus, p. 15, Tab. 2, fig. 1, from Porto Allegre and Santa Cruz,
in the affluents of the Rio Pardo River, which is an affluent of the Jacuhy River, with burrowing
habits, Astacus Brasiliensis, p. 16, Tab. 2, fig. 2, from Porto Alegre and from Roedersberg, in
ponds and smallrivers. The latter is perhaps the species from Brazil mentioned by me, p. 11.

Professor H. Burmeister writes to me that he has seen a species of Astacus from the Banda
oriental.

14

106 ASTACIDZ.

Evidently the faunal area of the second group of species coincides
with that of the first group in the vast regions watered by the Missis-
sippi and its branches, without touching, except in some aberrant forms,
the southeastern regions.

The third group occurs in the whole country inhabited by the two
others, in the Northern Lakes and their affluents, in the rivers running
both to the Atlantic coast and to the Mississippi; in short, equally in the
northern and southern, in the eastern and western parts of the United
States. © Bartoni and the next allied species are to be found in Lake
Superior and in the St. Lawrence River, in Nebraska, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and along the Atlantic coast from Vermont to South Carolina, and
perhaps to Florida.

An interesting fact in the geographical distribution of the animals is
the association or exclusion of certain species, also the representation
of given species in different localities by others that are closely allied.

Concerning the association of particular species, I would remark that
the materials before me give for two localities four species. I have
seen from Charleston, C. acutus, C. troglodytes, C. penicillatus, and C. ad-
vena ; from Mobile, C. acutus, C. Leconte’, C. versutus, and C. advena.

From six localities three species are cited: from New Orleans, C.
acutus, C. Clarku, C. obesus ; Lawn Ridge, C. acutus, C. immunis, C. obesus ;
Beaufort, C. acutus, C. Leconte, C. immunis ; Lake Superior, C. virilis, C.
propinquus, C. Bartoni ; Rochester, C. propinguus, C. obscurus, C. robus-
tus ; Osage River, C. virilis, C. guvenilis, C. Bartonit.

Two species are quoted from more localities: from St. Louis, C. acutus,
C’. obesus ; Root Pond, C. Lecontei, C. lancifer ; Athens, Ga., C. spiculifer,
C. latimanus ; Quincy, Ul, C. virilis, C. placidus ; Niagara, C. affius, C.
propinquus ; Philadelphia, C. afiius, C. Bartonii ; the Mammoth Cave, C.
pelulcidus, C. Bartowi; Cincinnati, C. rusticus, C. Barton ; Evanston,
Ill., C. acutus, C. obesus.

The list given shows no regularity, at least I am not able to find any;
still, this is perhaps because of the incompleteness of the material.
Looking over the species that occur together, we find the most nearly
related living with those that are evidently different; those of the
first group with others of the second, some of the second with others
of the third, and even all three groups in the same locality.

No more regularity is to be found in association of the different spe-
cies. C. acutus lives in seven different localities together with eight
different species, the half belonging to the other groups. C. advena is
found in the same localities with five other species, none belonging to
its own group. C. Leconte’, C. obesus, C. virilis, C. Bartonii live together
with four, C. propinguis with five different species, partly belonging to
different groups.

The uncertainty already referred to prevents my dwelling upon the

ASTACIDZ. 107

exclusion or representation of particular species. New explorations
would no doubt very soon and perhaps entirely alter any views we
might form from incomplete materials.

C. acutus, C. virilis, C. Bartonii, and C. obesus are the most widely
spread species.

The geographical distribution according to the river systems is as fol-
lows : —

The rivers west of the Mississippi, running to the Gulf of Mexico, are
little explored. From Texas, perhaps from the branches of the Colo-
rado, C. Clarku, C. virilis, and C. placidus are cited; the two latter were
collected by Mr. Stolley, the locality not being given.

The Mississippi and its numerous well-known affluents contain a great
number of species. In the lower part of this river, and in its inferior
affluents, especially near its mouth, as at New Orleans, occur C. acutus,
C. Clarku, C. obesus ; a little higher up in the branches on either side
are found C. Clarku, C. Leconte, C. lancifer, C. obesus.

The Ohio River and its affluents furnish C. viilis, C. placidus, C. juve-
mlis, C. rusticus, C. Bartoni ; while in the Wabash River, one of its lower
branches, occur C. acutus and C. propinquus. The fauna of the Ohio
River is also quite different from that of the Lower Mississippi, if we ex-
clude from consideration C. acutus and the two species C. virilis and
C. placidus, which are found in the Colorado River.

The middle part of the Mississippi, the Missouri, with the Osage River
and their several branches, contain C. acutus, C. obesus, C. Nebrascensis,
C. plaadus, C. virilis, C. guwenilis, C. Bartoni; the three latter species
being from the Osage River; also nearly the same species as are cited
in the Ohio fauna.

In the Upper Mississippi and its affluents, especially in the Illinois
River, are found C. acutus var. A., C. troglodytes, C. virilis, C. placidus, C.
propinguus, C’. immuus, C’. obesus. It is worthy of remark that a channel
unites the Ilinois and the Chicago Rivers, and that perhaps in this
way may be explained the occurrence of the southern species C. acutus
and C. obesus at Evanston, on Lake Michigan. Among the several rivers
and their branches lying to the east of the Mississippi, it may be added
that the Mobile River contains C. Clarku, C. Leconte’, C. versutus, C.
mmmumus; while in the Florida rivers occur C. Lecontei and C. fallaz.
Two of them, C. versutus and C. fallax, are not as yet known farther
to the west.

The rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains furnish in Georgia, C.
troglodytes, C. Leconte, C. spiculifer, C. angustatus, C. maniculatus, C. penieil-
latus, C. extraneus, C. latimanus, C. advena, C. Carolinus ; also besides the
first two a quite different and new fauna. Farther north, in South
Carolina, live C. acutus, C. troglodytes, C. Blanding, and C. pemcillatus ;
in North Carolina, @ acutus, C. Leconte, and C. immunis,— species which

108 ASTACIDZ&.

are nearly all, except C. Blandingi and the Georgian C. penicillatus, rep-
resented at the mouth of the Mississippi.

In Virginia, in the James River and its affluents, we find C. Bartoni
and (. robustus, with the southern form C. acutus. The first-named
species descends no farther than to the middle of the Mississippi; the
second is of a decidedly northeastern type, more properly belonging to
the fauna characteristic of the waters that empty into the St. Lawrence.
In the more northern rivers, especially in the Potomac, Susquehanna,
Delaware, and their tributaries, we find C. Bartont and C. affinis, and
perhaps C. obscurus.

In the Hudson River, also in the other streams as far north as Ver-
mont, and in Lake Champlain, occurs C. Barton. But the mouth of
the Hudson River in New Jersey and New York is the extreme limit
of a peculiar variety of the southern species @. acutus, which is well
represented in North Carolina.

The fauna east of the Alleghany Mountains is also very peculiar.
Perhaps the most peculiar part is the well-explored and striking fauna
of Georgia. But we find farther to the north — besides C. acutus,
widely extended in the South, and C. Barton, a species to be found
in the whole middle part of the United States, — the exclusively north-
eastern species C. affinis and C. obscurus.

The northern fauna, comprised in the immense water-basin of the
St. Lawrence and its tributaries, furnishes in Lake Superior, C. virilis,
C. propinguus, C. rusticus, C. Bartona; m the Niagara, C. affins and C.
propiquus ; in Lake Ontario and its affluents, especially Genesee River
and Lake Oneida, C. propinquus, C. obscurus, C. Barton, C. robustus, C.
obesus. Some of these species, and in fact all those found in Lake Su-
perior, as C. wrilis, C. propinquus, C. rusticus, C. Barton, C. obesus, are
also represented in the regions watered by the Upper Mississippi and
its branches; C. obscurus, C. affinis, and C. robustus are the only species
peculiar to the northern fauna. The remarkable habitat of C. acutus
and C. obesus in Lake Michigan has been before mentioned.

(. vivilis occurs in the more northern waters, which empty into Hud-
son’s Bay, especially in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatschavan, and Red River.
I am told that these waters are connected in the summer time through
marshes with the affluents of the Upper Mississippi.

We also find true, especially for the genus Cambarus, that the United
States are divided into three great faunal regions, — the region traversed
by the Mississippi; the eastern region, lying between the Alleghany
Mountains and the Atlantic coast; and the northern region, which is
watered by the Northern Lakes and the St. Lawrence. I have not
spoken of the Mexican and Cuban species, my acquaintance with them
being as yet very imperfect.

The three great regions just mentioned, particularly the first and the

ASTACIDZ. 109

second, doubtless comprise several subordinate faunal districts. The
region watered by the Mississippi apparently divides itself into two
parts, a southern and a northern, the latter beginning near the mouth
of the Ohio River. The eastern region has a decided and peculiar
southern fauna, which is perhaps to be united with that of Cuba, and a
northern fauna beginning in Pennsylvania. In the northern region
‘there seems hardly any difference between the eastern and western
parts. Nevertheless, it is certain that some species belong to more
than one region, and that these regions do not coincide with the three
principal groups of the genus Cambarus. The first group, as has been
already stated, prevails in the southern parts of the western and eastern
faunal region; the second group prevails partly in the northern part of
the eastern faunal region.

The examination of the distribution of single species, or rather the
exact determination of the circle in which every species lives and the
central point which is to be taken as its most proper habitat, would
be very interesting, if the materials at command were sufficiently abun-
dant. The greatest impediment to such an examination is the scanti-
ness of our knowledge, I may say our almost entire ignorance, of the
ereat country comprising the Alleghany Mountains and circumjacent
regions.

A detailed examination of the questions suggested being as yet im-
possible, I may be permitted to offer a few words upon some of the most
widely spread species.

The central pomt of C. acutus seems to be the southern shore around
the mouth of the Mississippi; of C. affius, the Lower Potomac; of C.
virilis, Lake Superior; of C. propinquus, Lake Ontario; of C. obesus, the
middle part of the Mississippi; of C. Barton, perhaps the middle of the
eastern part of the United States. Some of these so-called central
points are in fact not at all central, they being either near the shore of
the sea or not far from the limits, so far as we yet know, of the distri-
bution of the species. I accordingly attach no great value to them, as
they are liable very soon to be greatly modified by new explorations.

The number of species now known to belong to the old genus Astacus
is 56. Of these there are in America, 40 (two in South America) ; New
Holland, 11; Asia, 2; Europe, 2; Africa, 1.

As now distributed, there belong to the genus Cambarus, 32; Astacus,
13; (Astacoipgs) Astacoides, 4; Cheraps,1; Engeus,2. The systematic
position of the other species is not yet ascertained.

Astacus, 89.

Gambelii, 90.
Klamaihensis, 93.
leniusculus, 94.
nigrescens, 92.
Oreganus, 95.
Trowbridgii, 93.

Cambarus, 27.

acutissimus, 37.
acutus, 35.

advena, 86.

affinis, 66.

affinis M. Edw., 77.
angustatus, 50.
Aztecus, 55.
Bartonii, 75.
Bartonii M. Edw., 62.
Bartonii Gibb., 62.
Blandingii, 43.
Blandingii Gibb , 43.
Blandingii Gir., 45.

Blandingit LeConte, 45, 48.

Carolinus, 87.
ciliaris, 77.
Clarkii, 39.
consobrinus, 85.
Cubensis, 85.
Diogenes, 82.
extraneus, 73.

INDEX.

Cambarus — Continued.

fallax, 45.
fossarum, 43.
Jfossor, 70.
immunis, 71.
juvenilis, 66.
lancifer, 59.
latimanus, 83.
Lecontei, 47.
limosus, 62.
longulus, 78.
maniculatus, 52.
Mexicanus, 84.
montanus, 77.
Montezume, 85.
Nebrascensis, 83.
obesus, 81.
obscurus, 69.
Pealei, 61.
pellucidus, 55.
penicillatus, 53.
placidus, 65.
propinquus, 67.
pusillus, 77.
robustus, 80.
rusticus, 71.
spiculifer, 48.
troglodytes, 41.
versutus, 51.
virilis, 63.
Wiegmanni, 54.

ot.
e” yy ‘ atc Pe, Le t A ofa a
Aue face. ce : Z ee «6 a
eetccted pelees LOD i SPE ae oe A

it

pinguus.

Fs

Hagen del ~ C Roetter on store i. —————— el

ew Eng. Lith.Co.Boston.

i n
4 m 5

C.acutus. f. 106-127.
¢.€larkii. f. 133-134
C.Virilis. £.128-132
C Bartonn f 135-139.

137 136

: —#1
Dr Hagen, del- P.Roetter, on stone New Ene. Lith.Co.Boston.

iq aay

Pl, LT

Cambarus Grl

Blandinen. troglodyles. Clarkit, acutus. acutusvar.B. Leconte, angustatus

Cambarus Gr.)

spiculifer. pellucidus. penicillatus. versutus. Wiegmanni| affinis. propinquus.

obseurus. virilis. extraneus. juvenilis. placidus. lancifer. Immunis. rusticus.

Cambarus Gr. lil

167

Ae

jalimanus. obesus. advena. Carolinus Bartonii. yobustus.

Astacus.

a. lamina antenn.
b. epistoma.

e, spina externa
artic 2 antenn

& yd

nigrescens <Alamathensis. Gambelii.

Trowbridéi.

Dr Hagen, del-P Roetter, onstone. New Eng. Lith. Co.Boston.

PLAV,

€.Clarkii.

Male.Form!.

New Eng. Lith.Co.Boston

stone from nat.

5

P. Roetter, on

Female.

PLY

C.Affinis.

PRoetter, on stone from nat

NewEné. Lith Co. Boston.

ia
ve

TM, Wai

re

——

j
H

C.pellucidus Male. Form J

New Fing Lith. Co.Boston

P.Roetter, on stone from nat.

LAE WADE

C.advena. Male. Form !.

P Roetter, on stone from nat ’ New En¢.Lith.Co. Boston

7
A - ey a
» f ,
i %
j
W
: i
i
‘
{
. Sy
‘ i
x . “ ise od
. a i:
fh *
ue)
: “
Ph y
o—— as 7 q
.! . 4 ‘
¢€
: 2
ke fs
+ L) .
4
ou
j
4
1
he
i
vo .
a
eu
Pe 1
AY
,
q
:
i
a
i J
7 =
Ves
AS
.
an .
» =
- 1
“4
és \
4 = :

’
,
.
:
—
x
; 4

ay real oy a

= 7 ee
er |

PRoetter onstone from nat.

C, wirilis.
Male Form 1.
a. Hand. var A.Male.

b. Cimmunis Hand. as! p

FAY, Akash

ormal

e AKOrn

a

New Eng. Lith.Co. Boston.

Pe

+

\

LIE SEM Gay

-

C.obesus.
Male torm /.

= dicgenes

P Roetter, on stone fromnat NewEne Lith.Co. Boston.

|

A. Trowbride1i. Female

|
P.Roetter, on stone from nat. NewEng Lith. Co. Boston.

"
if

Ie

ay
My tay
a |

A. Gambeli1. Male.

Ell, Pe

P.Roetter, on stone from nat

New Ené. Lith.Co Boston.

wii
3 9088 00718 8832