HPO a Livdimc@ S263 Koo Sed R ge Bes oe rye fteaae tenn fiath weir eee oes Seah i go arate ge seat, fsburbacdoetoy Sh Ledviteee Bass Orbe Cie Aid ad tha Mne Rice On, ee a) Se et ee rea open on owe ne ee be ae . = She a8 o Setin Pee 2 Bet éltw?. soerk =F hy tad be Sort p> = Eee a ee e Nea gett PAS sUarwy- Bot: Re RKP ROR oN, SOR Moto BRST UN at Tae ae Bree te frre ea tae May teed, Sarton PGS he Pras React rowan Me aN ONG HERR Reobr in Bef etna Ne tthe elans he rerec beanies rune eaters Avene em vaF 5 TN Se Seana Siete oe a ay AN on Se eee ob to BB washed fers ! reer ire Aa Foon hee Fey ned What aE oe Seetek tay Bite eth URS ern fae eet eA A aes Paes sete ey MN et oe Noe. Xe pa. aot ny Dao Papert RS tr Seteeete paren eine ae Here ee lad FEN a a ath ot Pee eet Cede as, ante ee te IN RN eae Neh ie tate fee he Sgn ee SNe Wie Meds de Eh hate bay Bom te eee wine Pat adie aie tat gig hahy bene te om Pra npeisad aes Melvin were VetlanSghir? oes n ee a veges ded ol sone ite gh © a bs Otis Pee Aenet tee oe Sura baete A Eee NATE Tee pte Ta, em abate beboe ot ae PASTS Wee ote weed or cat ote UMM reir ieee eres fae Kone riates => = aati le. aan ae lee ot 4 ? : . ; Od ne : . ‘ 2 - . Ha oo ty Sake 3 : ; 7 eae it we Wy! [ i : - al “g oF a fh iP i “14,8 7 ir yt oll S 2 | 15 ro am fi ge : 4 oc : fh ho ss é es a eal % ad S, . Oy ES MZ LO — Pa Sloe te ee AGRE oe FEV = 1 et ~ ‘\ A s v SS ne, Ve 2 - eg Si,” BN _- % x lly ul il Ml iif! SHOLIN ASS pions poEh ie ah ex v ij Oy t il ae Ks Se or as x ‘? _ . : : a vee a ie Th, Gaia a reas er wis r" J Mee FF vi nt ‘el Ay < 2 a cae Zi ! Oo & > %, Welle ae peek be eT Mfg lr, * é ses Are oe ‘ BK Baa ra) Ea y on a J Pao ee al F) she YA re fl Sy a 2 “ a, J Ys © Ct | i ve ae. as, iH i ‘it - * ‘ee un Ps 2 Ss, | i “hy ; if a Oe r i ! i hi h 7 ws, = 7. BE yn" SS BEEN LP (ay Ay : ata etd o Bran Beat We St, it © te Rs Te yf i Lf } x hag f | rs Bi peeertct Re fer PHO) 5 a. ee u “, :. pitta Loe if, ie - ¢ 4 1 (a aC ltl 2 E Mg x - J 1 . Es hide, taleby PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCLETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1874. MDCCCLXXIV A MONOGRAPH OF THE POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA SCOTLAND INCLUDING SPECIES FROM ENGLAND AND LRELAND. BY GEORGE STEWARDSON BRADY, C.M.Z.8., THE REV. HENRY WILLIAM CROSSKEY, F.GS., DAVID ROBERTSON, F.G.S. FN BeG O.O on a a) a ra c_ LONDON: pea PRINTED FOR THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1874. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. Inrropuction.—Vagueness of the general title “‘ Post-Tertiary ” Terms “ Northern Drift,” “ Brick Clay,” “ Till,” “ Boulder Clay ” § I. Varieties or Boutprer Cray: I. Oldest Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay II. True Fossiliferous Boulder Clays Fossiliferous Boulder Clay of Caithness 1. Wick Harbour 2. Burn of Haster III. Stony Clay, of the same age as he Clyde Shell Clay, ee venes Boulder Clay; Lag, Isle of Arran A IV. Sands, Gravels, and Clays, containing Boulders, but Oe anaes to ihe Oldest Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay 1. Chappel Hall, Airdrie 2. Lag, Arran § II. Varintizs or Fossinirerous Deposits nor BEING Bountper Cxiays anp Not Post- GLACIAL : Necessity for subdivision : : The distinction between Glacial Deposits a Raised Reaee alone, not sufficient : I. Fossiliferous Beds nent eaeeh the Boulder Clay and ater Pre- glacial, Interglacial, or Glacial, without having any Boulder Clay for their vas : “Crag of Wierd sales : Kilmaurs Bed, with HL. primigenius eed C. rns Ostracoda from Kilmaurs 3. Tangy Glen, near Campbeltown Ostracoda from Tangy Glen ; : 4, King Edward, Aberdeenshire: Section of beds: Ostracoda II. Fossiliferous Beds intercalated between masses of Boulder Clay 1. Crofthead, near Glasgow; with Bos primigenius . Freshwater Ostracoda 2. Oakshaw Hill, Paisley PAGE 6 “ 10 11 11 li III. Great series of Fossiliferous Post-Tertiary Clays, Sands, and Gravels, charac- SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. terised by a Fauna more or less intensely Arctic IV. Clays and Sands characterised by an Arctic Fauna, either iarhedintely over- lying Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, or separated from it by a thin seam of Laminated Clay : Period to which these Beds ielone The finely Laminated Clay Ostracoda in the Laminated Clay § III. Osrracopirerous Brps A.—Principal Beds characterised by an Dae Hanna Hi the Guioode they have yielded : i . In and around Glasgow os *~w Ww wD DD WW WD BH BK kK BK eB eK eR hs oo C S aonb wownordovowmnnrooawv1rwnore oOo WC ONA THR Ow Paisley . Stobcross Railway Cutting, Guess . Jordan Hill, near Glasgow Govan . Rowan Bridge, Giecon a Phaey Canal . Old Mains, Renfrew . Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire . Dumbarton . Loch Lomond . . Garvel Park New Dock, Gee . Cumbrae College, Clyde . . Kilchattan, Isle of Bute . . Kyles of Bute . : . East Tarbert, Loch Fine . . West Tarbert . Loch Gilp . Crinan . Duntroon . Dyer’s Burn, Fort William . Lucknow Pit, Ardeer Iron-works, Ayrshire . Cleshmahew’s Tile-works, Stranraer . Terally Brick-works, Mull of Galloway . Port Logan Cliffs . Dipple Tile-works, Girvan . Errol, Perthshire . Elie, Fifeshire . . Dryleys, Montrose . Barrie, Forfarshire . Gamrie, Banffshire . Annochie, Aberdeenshire . “22 PAGE 22 22 23 25 25 25 28 31 33 35 36 37 38 41 42 43 52 53 56 58 60 61 64 65 66 67 68 69 69 70 71 74 75 75 76 77 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. iil PAGE B.—Summary of the characteristics of the Arctic Shell Beds: The Arctic Fossiliferous Clays do not necessarily belong to one Age eave Fluctuations of Climate may have taken place : eid Summary of Differences existing between Arctic Fossiliferous (clare : J. They vary in position with respect to Boulder Clays. . 78 II. Boulder Clays may be Arctic Shell-bearing Clays : . 78 III. Distinctions exist between the Faunz of the separate Beds 4S IV. Several Littoral Shell Beds mark different Coast-lines . Se) V. Shell Beds are found at varying heights : : 79 VI. The Position of the Mytilus edulis Bed denotes differences in feet of water ; : « 49 C.—Series of Beds of later date, and ict in any way Arctic, eating the steps through which the present physical geography of Scotland has been reached since the retreat of the ice : . 80 I. Deposits possibly belonging toa navies of dapnoweihnate conditions than now exist : : . 80 1. Blair Drummond, Taney of the Forth : . 80 2. Colintraive, Kyles of Bute : : . 8i 3. Irvine Water, Ayrshire . : F » o2 II. Series of Post-glacial deposits belonging to the most recent period of the depression of the land. : : . 85 Raised Beaches and Estuarine Beds 4 . 85 Estuarine Muds of Firth of Tay and Firth of Forth 2 85 Relation of the Estuarine Muds to old Sea Channel between the two Firths . . 85 Sections at Stirling and medee of Allan, with oaracsin: 1. Drip Bridge, Stirling . : . 86 2. Brick-works south-west of Stirling : or 3. Bridge of Allan : : yest) Estuarine Muds at the Mouth of the South Esk ‘ eis) Varying heights above sea-level of Raised Beaches and Estuarine Muds, with Ostracoda : : Fee 238) 4. Paisley, Cardium edule Bed : . eet!) 5. Isle of Cumbrae : : : yes) 6. West Tarbert Silt : : : 7 OE 7. Oban : : : : woe § IV. GENERAL SEQUENCE OF THE Post-TERTIARY Beps or ScoTLAND : ae A, Pre-glacial Period B. Glacial Period : I. Early Glacial ; : ; ; . 94 II. Middle Glacial . . ‘ ; : . 94 III. Final Glacial : ; : : : . 94 lv SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. C. Post-glaciai Period : I. Early Post-glacial II. III. Final Post-glacial—the termination of the Period being marten i Middle Post-glacial the most recent elevation of the land Previous notices of Ostracoda from Scotch Post-tertiary Beds § V. Toe Posr-tertrary OstRacopa Relationships between Glacial Fauna of Carian the Beer British acne and the Glacial Fauna of Norway and Canada, established by Ostracoda as well as Mollusca PAGE 95 95 95 96 96 o7 § VI. Eneuisu, Irisn, anp Weis Post-rertiary DErosits EXAMINED FOR SEASOD 100 di: . Portrush . Belfast . . Bridlington . Hopton Cliff . Hornsea -aCarditt . Liverpool . Branston Fen . Whittlesea . Chester OCOMmOnN aA oe w ov ee - © Carrickfergus § VII. Cuassirication or THE OsTRACODA § VIII. Disrrisurion or THE Post-rerTIARY OsTRAcoDA: 1 : . Arctic Species in Norway, Scotland, and America oe &W 0 I'reshwater and Marine Species . Post-tertiary, extinct . Glacial and Post-glacial of Norway . Glacial of Canada Bibliography § IX. Duscriprion or SPecizs I. Family: Cypridz ile ~) ee ose Genus: Cypris i Cypridopsis * Potamocypris 55 Paracypris 5 Aglaia . 100 . 101 . 102 . 103 . 103 . 104 . 105 . 106 . 107 . 108 . 108 . 109 Be LAs emai 5 INS) a 1S) . 120 ~ 121 . 1238 . 123 » 123 . 128 5 UY) . 130 . 131 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. v PAGE 6. Genus: Argilleecia 132 ial Fs Candona . é oS 3 . Wee Se 5) Pontocypris ; : : : . 136 Oe: Bairdia . ; : : . . 188 II. Family: Darwinellade . : , , i . 140 1. Genus: Darwinella ; ‘ : : . 140 IIL. Family: Cytheride : : : : . 41 1. Genus: Cythere . : : : , . 141 ae Limnicythere ; ; ; ‘ ~a7o de ss Cytheridea : : : : . 175 4, ,, Eucythere : : : : . 182 Daas: Krithe . : : : . 188 Ones Loxoconcha : : ; 5 difsts le) 5 Xestoleberis : : : ; ee tei, Ba 5 Cytherura , : : é ep ey o2; Cytheropteron ; : ; ; . 201 10, 5; Bythocythere : ; ; y ‘ Be OA ne er Pseudocythere , ; : : . 209 Re Cytherideis Ws ; ‘ , . 210 Tests oye Sclerochilus : 2 : : eal = 4. ,, Paradoxostoma : : : ; . 212 IV. Family: Cypridinade . : seb 1. Genus: Asterope . : s : : els V. Family : Polycopide . : ; ; ae) 1. Genus: Polycope ; : ; ‘ eS) VI. Family: Cytherellide . : ; ; : . 220 1. Genus: Bosquetia ; : : . 220 § X. SuprpLemMenT . : : : ¢ : . . 221 § XI. Tasie itLustratine tHe Distrisution or Ostracopa IN Post-TertiaRY Locauities 222 Inpex or Famizies, Genera, anv Sprcres : : : ‘ » 229 XVI. Exenanation or Prates I OF THE POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA OF SCOTLAND (INCLUDING SPECIES FROM ENGLAND AND IRELAND). INTRODUCTION. Tue larger part of the Ostracoda, described in the following Monograph, occur in the Glacial and Post-glacial beds of Scotland, and their geological position is a matter of very considerable importance. A mere catalogue of species under the vague general title of ‘“ Post-tertiary”” would have little or no geological value. The numerous deposits, which such a term as “ Post-tertiary ” includes, are widely separated from each other, both in age and in the climatic conditions they represent. A vast series of clays, sands, and gravels were deposited during the epoch intervening between the commence- ment and cessation of more vigorous conditions of climate than are now prevalent in Great Britain ; while that cessation itself was certainly gradual and may possibly prove to have been accompanied by its own recurring periods of increased heat and returning cold. It would be foreign to the purpose of this Monograph to discuss any theoretical explanations of the phenomena of the Glacial Epoch ; but we shall endeavour to indicate the precise characters of the various beds containing the species of Ostracoda we describe. Whatever position in the great sequence of deposits any bed we have examined may ultimately be pronounced to occupy, we trust that its identification with our description may be sufficiently easy to permit the facts we have ascertained concerning its composition and fauna to be of service to future students. ] eo POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. This task is not without its difficulty, simce many different writers upon the Glacial Epoch have employed the same terms, without meaning the same things. Three terms we shall at once discard. The term Northern Drift is far too loose to afford any help in the identification of the position of a bed; while one of the peculiar characteristics of the clay of the Clyde district, in which the fauna of the epoch is most perfectly preserved, is that it is im no sense whatever a drift, but one of the most gradually and quietly formed of deposits. The term Brick Clay is equally objectionable, since clay capable of making bricks may belong to any period, and the brick clay of one part of the country may be geologically distinct from that of another. ‘The use of the term Z%// is also in danger of misleading through its employment by the older Scotch geologists in a very vague sense; in fact, whenever a bed of coarse silt, or clay, or sandy loam was found containing boulders it was called 77. While retaining the term “ Boulder Clay,” we cannot employ it without considerable explanation. If we were to content ourselves with noting that certain species of Ostracoda occur zz the “ Boulder Clay,” or dexeath the “ Boulder Clay,” without speci- fying the precise character of the deposit to which we refer, it would lead to great confusion. Under the general term “ Boulder Clay” a very miscellaneous collection of deposits,.attributable to different causes and belonging to various periods of the great Glacial Epoch, has been vaguely included. Any clay containing boulders is not necessarily identical with the oldest Boulder Clay of Scotland. A fossiliferous Arctic clay may contain boulders (as boulders may be found scattered through the Paisley Shell- beds), and yet cannot be described as Boulder Clay without an extreme misuse of terms. Boulders have been in all probability dropped into the Shell Clay from ice floating over the Firth of Clyde, precisely as they are dropped from the ice floating at the present day in the St. Lawrence, and this Shell Clay, into which the boulders fell, may have been resting upon an old “ Boulder Clay” and have been formed long subsequently to its deposition and by entirely different agencies. A “ Boulder Clay” may have been carried from the land into the sea by a glacier breaking off into an iceberg, and thus have covered littoral Shell Clays, and have become mixed with fragments of shells, although not itself of marine origin. Without theorizing, therefore, upon the origin of the various beds roftehiy included under the general terms “ Northern Drift,” “Brick Clay,” ‘ Tull,” “ Boulder Clay,” it is necessary to note their characteristics in order that the physical geologist may understand the exact positions in which the Ostracoda we catalogue occur.’ 1 These deposits have been treated of to some extent in the series of Memoirs on the Post-tertiary fossiliferous beds of Scotland, by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson, in the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, p. 267; vol. iii, pp. 113, 321; and vol. iv, pp. 40, 128. See also Mr. Cross- key’s paper on the Boulder Clay, ibid., vol. iii, p. 149. BOULDER-CLAYS. 3 § I. VARIETIES OF BOULDER-CLAY. I.—One bed is so distinct in character and so easily recognised that one of the writers of these pages proposed, some years ago, that to it the term “Boulder Clay” should be entirely restricted,’ and this course will be followed in the present Monograph. This Boulder Clay contains a large number of striated and polished stones which have been worn down, and not broken, by the process through which they have passed. These polished and striated surfaces are so freshly preserved that the stones could not have been rolled on a beach subsequently to their production. Any trituration would at once destroy the fineness of the glaciated surfaces. The included stones are chiefly traceable to the heights nearest the locality in which the special bed under examination is found, although a distinct proportion have been derived from the more distant mountains. In some cases the included boulders have travelled from distances in the direction along which a glacier would naturally have moved, according to the general conformation of the country. The colour, as well as the general character of the enclosed stones, is determined by the mineral character of the district in which it is found. There is no distinct stratification, although there are occasional seams of sand and clay. The Boulder Clay varies in tenacity; but, as a rule, is toughly compact and hard to be worked even with a pick-axe. Its thickness is excessively variable, extending from a mere surface-covering of the rock to a depth of one or two hundred feet. The highest pomt at which the stratified clay contaiming glacial shells has yet been found in Scotland is at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie, 526 feet above the sea; but an unstratified and unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, of the character just described, may be traced to very considerable heights. It has been seen by Mr. J. Geikie on the tops of the Ochils, 1500 feet; by Mr. Croll on the Pentland Hills, 1617 feet; by Mr. Milne Home, near Schehallion, 2000 feet above the sea; and it may be found in almost every nook and corner of the Highlands. At lower levels it is very largely developed, both in the plains themselves and on the flanks of the hills bordering wide valleys. While this Boulder Clay reaches to a height of at least 1500 feet beyond that at which any arctic shell-clay has yet been discovered, it at the same time wnderlies the shell-bed throughout the whole of the west of Scotland, as well as in some of the Eastern districts. Many instances of this fact will be noted in the detailed descriptions 1 See a paper “On the Tellina calcarea Bed at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie,” by Henry W. Crosskey, in the ‘ Quarterly Journal Geolog. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, p. 219. 4 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. of the beds we have examined. Shell-beds have also been found, under circumstances needing special local examination, intercalated between masses of Boulder Clay of the same character. The only cases in which a Boulder Clay physically analogous to that of which we are treating contains fossils are those which will presently be described as a second type of Boulder Clay, which forms cliffs near the shore and never extends beyond a few miles inland. Whatever explanation of its origin may be given, so far as present investigations extend, there seems to be ample evidence for the existence of a Boulder Clay: (1) Older than the stratified clay containing Arctic shells ; (2) extending to far greater heights than either any fossiliferous Boulder Clay or any stratified clay ; (3) unsubjected to any action of the tidal wave upon the shore; (4) and connected with the more remote and extreme Arctic conditions of the Glacial Epoch. The position of the beds from which we have obtained Ostracoda in relation to this Boulder Clay will at any rate furnish a guide available for the practical use of the advocates of any theory regarding their succession, which may be in debate. II. There are fosstlzferous Boulder Clays which have several striking peculiarities. 1. They occur (so far as we yet know) either close to the coast or within a distance of four or five miles, and generally form low cliffs immediately on the shore. They may be seen on the north-east coast of Scotland, along the north-east coast of Ireland, on the north-east coast of England, on the Lancashire coast, and along the banks of the Mersey. 2. The shells they contain are very seldom perfect, except in the case of a univalve, hike Zurritella communis ; and, even when perfect, they are not found in their natural living position. These features form a remarkable contrast to the state of the fossils in the great shelly beds resting upon the Boulder Clay in the Clyde districts. In those beds numerous specimens of such Molluscs as Sazicava (Panopea) Norveyica, and Mya Uddevallensis are found in their natural upright position, with fragments of the syphon preserved; while Pecten Islandicus, Astarte sulcata, and almost every other bivalve, together with the Ostracoda, occur with united valves; and in many cases, when they are taken freshly from the clay, the connecting ligament may be detected, although it quickly decays on exposure to the air. 3. The fauna is sometimes less Arctic in character than that yielded by the stratified glacial clay immediately resting upon the lowest unstratified Boulder Clay. The Caithness Boulder Clay, which reaches a thickness of more than 100 feet, contains (writes Mr. Jamieson) “remains of sea shells all through it, often from top to bottom, and these shells are broken, rubbed, and scratched, evidently by the same agency that marked the rocks and boulders,” while “the group is the most modern, except that of FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 5 Fort William,” and “the proportion of Arctic species is less than at any of the other localities.” Mr. Jamieson gives the following explanation of the probable origin of the Caithness fossiliferous Boulder Clay :—“ A set of marine beds containing Arctic shells were probably deposited over the low part of Caithness; and much drifting ice seems to have passed over the district from the north-west, which crushed and destroyed these marine beds, broke the shells, and mixed them up with other superficial déjris into that mass of rough pebbly mud which now overspreads the surface. These marine beds were probably of different ages; the older contaiming Arctic species, the later containing chiefly Boreal and southern forms. This would account for that mixture of species which we observe in the Caithness list.”” 4. The fauna, also in some of the fossiliferous Boulder Clays, is somewhat mixed. Foraminifera, e.g., are found in the Caithness Boulder Clays, which have been derived from the wearing down of the oolite, lias, and chalk blocks they contain. In the same clays there is also a mixture of southern, British, northern, Arctic, and North-east American species of Mollusca.’ While this Boulder Clay possesses the general appearance of the Boulder Clay first described, containing the usual striated and polished stones and being compact and unworkable, these characteristics may fairly be described as, in many instances, not quite ‘so intense in their development, although often their only distinguishing mark is the presence of shell fragments. Its peculiar position in cliffs near the shore, the occurrence of fossils, and its general composition, seem to sustain the theory that in some cases it marks the point where the debris of great glaciers was pressed to the bottom of the sea at their final point of descent ; and it may be of the same age as the shell-beds, which, in other localities, rest in hollows of the unfossiliferous Boulder Clay ; while in other cases it may be an accumula- tion dropped from icebergs, and in others a wash from an older bed during the final re-elevation of the land. Withont reference, however, to the method of its formation, as a matter of fact there exists a fossiliferous Boulder Clay (1) not xecessarily of the same age as the unfossiliferous Boulder Clay ; (2) with an included fauna more or less Arctic, although mixed and fragmentary ; (8) chiefly developed in the neighbourhood of the shore, in the form of sea cliffs ; (4) physically, not always distinguishable from that which underlies the Shell Clay of the Clyde district, although sometimes marked by a diminution in the intensity of its ice-marks. 1 “On the Glacial Phenomena of Caithness,” by T. F. Jamieson, F.G.S., ‘Quarterly Journal of Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, pp. 272, 273. 2 Jamieson, paper cited, p. 278. 6 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. 1. Wick Harpour. We examined the fossiliferous Boulder Clay at Wick Harbour and Burn of Haster, for Ostracoda. It is a hard compact mass with striated and polished boulders, similar in composition to that Boulder Clay in the west of Scotland, in which we have failed as yet to detect fossils. We are unable to make any physical distinction between the two Boulder Clays now mentioned. The Caithness Boulder Clay varies in depth and is generally overlain by shingly gravel, succeeded by surface soil. The fossils are thinly interspersed from top to bottom through the section, and are very much worn and fragmentary. They appear very equally distri- buted, as if the whole mass had been mixed up and kneaded together, and can be obtained, although sparingly, on the face of weather-beaten sections. On some strong valves of Cyprina Islandica glacial strize may be observed. Mr. Jamieson gives the following section at Wick Harbour: 1. Reddish-brown clay, with boulders ; 2. Dark pebbly silt, with broken shells ; 3. Old Red Sandstone ; and adds the following description : “In the banks beside the harbour (at Pulteney Town) the drift is fifty or sixty feet deep. The lowermost two thirds of it are a sandy mud or silt of a very dark grey colour, solid and firm, as if much compressed, and although there are a good many small pebbles dispersed through it, yet they do not form a large proportion of the mass, and there is an absence of big stones. Fragments of shells are in many places not uncommon, and are scattered through it in an irregular manner, not occurring in horizontal lines or seams. There is, in short, no distinct stratification, although in some places there is an approach to it, owing to patches of a more sandy nature occurring ; it is an unstratified pebbly silt, the greater part of the mass consisting of fine sand. The upper part of the bank, on the other hand, is of a browner, more ferruginous colour, much coarser in quality, with more muddy sediment, and few or no shells; it is also full of stones and large ice-worn boulders of sandstone, quartzose mica-schist, and granite, on which the glacial scoring is well marked ; one of these granite blocks is twelve feet in length. JI cannot say that there is any clear line of separation between this coarse upper stuff and the dark siltier matter beneath; for although in some places the distinction is pretty well marked, in others they seem to eraduate into each other. When the rock rises in the cliff, the dark silty portion thins out, and the coarse brown mud full of boulders rests immediately upon the ice-worn surface of the Caithness flags.’ We washed 12 lbs. of the dry shell-bearing clay, and found that it lost 4 Ibs. through a sieve of ninety-six threads to the inch, leaving 8 Ibs. residue, of which 2 Ibs. 1 * Quarterly Jonrnal of Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, p. 265. M FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 7 was retained in a sieve of one eighth of an inch mesh, and consisted of small stones more or less worn and striated. The remaining 6 lbs. was chiefly sand. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere viridis, Miller. — mirabilis, Brady. — Dunelmensis (Norman). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — tenera, Brady. — lutea, Miller. Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. — papillosa, Bosquet. Loxoconcha impressa (Baird). Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). 2. Burn or Haster. Along the banks of the Burn of Haster, near Wick, Mollusca are more abundant than at Wick Harbour, although the Boulder Clay is very coarse and contains many stones of large size. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — Finmarchica (G. O. Sars). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars. Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars. Cytherideis subspiralis, nov. sp. III. A third clay, which has been improperly, we believe, termed Boulder Clay, is precisely of the same age, although not of the same physical character, as the stratified shell-bearing clays of the Clyde and other districts. An example may be seen near Lag Arran, overlying the older Boulder Clay from which it is very distinctly separated ; it is hard and compact, but not so hard and compact as the clay on which it rests, while the stones it contains are generally smaller, much more worn, and, except in a few 8 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. exceptional cases, far less distinctly striated. The Arctic shells found scattered through it, although chiefly in single valves and broken, are decidedly better preserved than in the fossiliferous Boulder Clay just described. A Zeda, indeed, has been found with both valves united, and the bed contains species as characteristic of the ordinary Glacial Clays as Pecten Islandicus, Astarte borealis, Leda pernula, Cyprina Islandica, together with Foraminifera and Ostracoda. Patches of sand and gravel are common. This clay is evidently the wash of an old Boulder Clay upon a somewhat exposed coast. The angular blocks have been jumbled together, their striations half obliterated, and their’ polish somewhat worn off, while the clay has been washed and rewashed around them, and a rude and rough habitat formed for the scanty development of a marine fauna. In an account of these beds given by Dr. Bryce and one of the authors of this paper,* it is pointed out that the upper part of the shell-bed is a little sandy, while in the lower part the character more closely approximates to the underlying Boulder Clay.’ The following Ostracoda were found in the shell-bearing clay, of the character now described, on the banks of the Cloinid Burn, near Lag Arran. A complete section of the bank will be given as we proceed to notice the next division of so-called Boulder Clays: Cythere pellucida, Baird. — concinna, Jones. — Clutha, nov. sp. — emarginata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. — papillosa, Bosquet. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady. IV. A series of deposits composed of sand, gravel, and clay, and containing boulders: often in large numbers, must be carefully discriminated from the ‘‘ Boulder Clay ”’ of this. paper. Instead of the innumerable finely polished and striated stones characteristic of the “ Boulder Clay,” these beds contain stones with coarsely worn surfaces and half oblite-- 1 ¢ Arran and other Clyde Islands,’ by J. Bryce, LL.D., 4th ed., p. 184. 2 A different view of this clay is taken by the Rev. R. B. Watson, B.A., in his paper “‘On the Great. Drift Beds with Shells in the South of Arran,” ‘ Trans. Royal Soc. Edin.,’ vol. xxiii, p. 523. FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 9 rated striae, while many retain no signs of ice-action. Differing in texture, they are often loose and rubbishy—sandy and earthy—and to a large extent have been exposed to the wear and tear of air and water. They sometimes contain blocks even larger and heavier than those in the lower clay ; but these blocks may have been dropped into the bed by floating ice. 1.—Some of the beds of this series consist of a thick clay with many boulders, and on a cursory examination might easily be mistaken for “ Boulder Clay” in the sense in which we have employed the term. They may be distinguished, however, by observing that the included stones while often angular and subangular, have a feeble polish, and preserve only faint reminiscences of their former striations. Generally speaking, also, the clay and the boulders are far less compactly pressed together, and are not welded, like the old Boulder Clay, into an almost solid mass. Sometimes a shell bed may be seen intervening between an upper bed of this kind and a lower Boulder Clay; and at other times the two clay beds may be seen in contact, the shell bed having been eliminated. During some excavations at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie, the following sections were exposed within seven yards of each other ft. in. Upper clay with boulders. : . 14 0 Finer clay, containing smaller stones, ai Tellina calcarea and Cyprina Tslandica ; in the deepest part (but rapidly thinning out) Dee Boulder Clay, not pierced. At seven yards’ distance the shell bed disappeared and the two clays met. Upper clay with boulders. : , . 5 8 Boulder Clay, not pierced through : : - oF 6 We carefully examined these two clays, and found the distinctions between them very decidedly marked. The boulders in the lower bed were polished with extreme fineness, and the striations upon them were numerous and clear, but in the upper bed only a few stones had slight indications of striae, while many had the appearance of having been worn down. ‘The upper clay was also looser and more easily worked than the lower. 2.—Other beds of this series are composed of sand and gravel rather than clay, and are either unstratified or very rudely stratified, and often contain angular and imperfectly stratified boulders. 2 10 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Between these beds also and the older Boulder Clay shell beds have been discovered. The following section occurs along the banks of the Cloinid burn, near Lag Arran.’ 1. Surface soil. 2. Upper drift of sand and stones. , . variable thickness. 3. Compact bed of stones with little sand : ae 5 to 6 ft. 4. Upper drift of sand and stones : : . variable thickness. 5. Dark sandy bed with open texture : ; 4to 5 ft. 6. Stony clay bed, with Arctic shells . : ; 7 to 10 ft. 7. Boulder Clay . : : : 12 to 20 ft. In this section we may see in regular and ascending order— An older Boulder Clay (I of this paper, p. 3), unfossiliferous and typical. A fossiliferous clay (III of this paper, p. 7); a wash from an older bed, with a scattering of striated stones. A younger series of clays, sands, and gravels (IV of this paper, p. 8); unfossiliferous (in this case), loose and sandy, and retaining some feebly striated stones. From the diverse characteristics of the deposits now described, and which have all been included more or less generally under the terms—Till, Northern Drift, Boulder Clay, it is evidently of the utmost importance that precise descriptions of the clays in which Ostracoda and other fossils have been discovered should be given. Employing a vague nomenclature, a species may be said to occur iz the Boulder Clay, and yet have been found either in the second or third or fourth of the beds discriminated in this paper ; or a species may be said to occur wader the Boulder Clay, and have been found under the first or the fourth. A fossil really belonging to the age of the Paisley Clay might thus, for example, be ascribed to a more remote or a more recent era almost ad liditum, to the great confusion of any attempts to understand either the variations of climate or the distribution of species which may have taken place during the Glacial Epoch and the subsequent physical history of Great Britain. 1 Bryce, ‘Arran,’ &c., p. 185. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. Tt § II. VARIETIES OF FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS, NOT BEING BOULDER- CLAYS. Necessary as it is to distinguish the so-called ‘“ Boulder Clays” from each other, it is equally necessary to note the differences existing between those numerous Post-tertiary fossiliferous deposits of Scotland which cannot under any circumstances be described as Boulder Clays, and in the larger number of which Ostracoda occur in more or less abundance. In the earlier researches into the Post-tertiary beds of Scotland two superficial deposits alone were noted. The lowest was vaguely termed “ ‘Till, a stiff unstratified clay mixed with boulders,” while the upper was described as brick or finely laminated clay overlain by sand and gravel. The whole of the fossils found were classed together and catalogued by Mr. Smith of Jordan Hill, in the first catalogue ever issued,’ as belonging to the “ Newer Pliocene deposits in the British Islands.” As Mr. Smith’s investigations proceeded he discovered that he had confounded two distinct sets of beds, and that there were in the elevated marine beds of sand, gravel, and clay, which cover the older formations, at /east two deposits differing in climate and fauna, and separated by wide intervals of time.* He discriminated the “ glacial deposits” of Great Britain and Ireland from the “raised beaches,” and a Glacial Epoch was added to the geological record. Mr. Smith published a second catalogue in which he confined himself to the marine Testacea, including Cirripedia, Annelida, and Foraminifera’ been detected—of the “glacial deposits.’ difficulties. Apart from the fact that there is a very perplexing employment of é] —Ostracoda had not then This catalogue, however, presents many synonyms, the original specimens from which several “ new species’ were described have not been preserved, so that it is impossible to decide whether some of them may not have been identical with the varieties of modern conchologists, and many of the localities are far too vaguely specified for identification. The simple distinction between “ raised beaches” and “ glacial deposits’ does not at all cover the whole ground occupied by the fossiliferous beds in question. 1 «Transactions of the Wernerian Society.’ 1839. 2 “Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post-tertiary Geology.’ By James Smith, F.R.S. Glasgow: John Gray. 1862. 3 Tbid., p. 46. In connection with this department of Scotch Geology, the name of Mr. Smith ought always to be honourably remembered, and the results of his researches acknowledged. His collected papers indicate the successive steps which led to his great discovery, and constitute a chapter of great value in the history of Post-tertiary geology. 12 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Professor Edward Forbes, in his paper “ On the Connection between the Distribution of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and the Geological Changes which have affected their area, especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift,”’ while referring in his catalogue of “species of marine animals found fossil in beds of the Glacial Epoch ” to localities so broadly defined as “Scotland,” “ drift beds of Scotland and Ireland,” and “ Clyde beds,” nevertheless, by the whole course of his arguments plainly indicates that these beds themselves must differ from each other in their general characteristics, and require to be studied separately rather than be roughly gathered into one group. Among the “chief conclusions ” (some of which subsequent researches have neces- sarily modified) in which he sums up the results of the facts and arguments stated in the essay the following occur, which bear upon the existence, among the Post-tertiary fossili- ferous deposits under discussion, of many varieties of beds deposited neither at one time nor under one set of circumstances. “The greater part of the terrestrial animals and flowering plants now inhabiting the British Islands are members of specific centres beyond their area, and have migrated to it over continuous land before, during, or after the Glacial Epoch”’ (p. 399). “The termination of the Glacial Epoch in Europe was marked by a recession of an Arctic fauna and flora northwards, and of a fauna and flora of the Mediterranean south- wards, and in the interspace thus produced there appeared on land the general Germanic fauna and flora, and in the sea that fauna termed Celtic ” (p. 401). “The causes which thus preceded the appearance of a new assemblage of organized beings were the destruction of many species of animals, and probably also of plants, either forms of extremely local distribution or such as were not capable of enduring many changes of conditions,—species, in short, with very limited capacity for horizontal or vertical diffusion” (p. 401). “ All the changes before, during, and after the Glacial Epoch appear to have been gradual and not sudden, so that no marked line of demarcation can be drawn between the creatures inhabiting the same element and the same locality during two proximate periods” (p. 401). The recession of one fauna and flora and the advance of another, the changes in the local distribution of species caused by the elevation and subsidence of the land, and the gradual passage from one set of conditions to another, must be indicated in the varying composition of the different deposits. The first important attempt to classify the various beds belonging to the “Scotch glacial drift,” as well as explain their origin and determine their sequence, was made by Prof. A. Geikie, whose treatise “On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland” was published in 1863.’ 1 «Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. i. London, 1846. 2 «Transactions of Geological Society of Glasgow,’ vol. i, part il. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 13 Other investigators, including Mr. Jamieson, of Aberdeen, Mr. Croll, Mr. Milne Home, Mr. James Geikie, and many other geologists, have largely advanced our know- ledge; and the reader may be referred to many papers which during the last few years have appeared in almost every volume of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow ;’ ‘ Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow ;’ ‘ Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;’ ‘ Transactions of the Geological Society of Edinburgh ;’ ‘Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh,’ ‘ Geological Magazine ;’ ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ &e. We proceed to describe the various fossiliferous deposits, not being Boulder Clays, which have come under examination for the purposes of this paper. There are various striking differences both in position and character existing among the Post-tertiary fossiliferous glacial clays, sands, and gravels, which raise questions of great intricacy and importance, and by which (at any rate for the purposes of study) they must be more or less distinctly separated from each other. In the following remarks (as well as throughout this paper) we mean by “ Boulder Clay” the first clay which we described’ among the varieties to which that name has been affixed.’ I. “ossiliferous beds, the remains either of the immediate Pre-glacial period or Inter- glacial or Glacial, have been discovered immediately beneath the Boulder Clay, and without any Boulder Clay for their base. The fact of the occurrence of these fossiliferous beds im this position does not, of course, either prove them to belong to one epoch or determine their precise age at all, but its significance willbe illustrated by the following examples. 1]. Suamns AND Cruprn, ABERDEENSHIRE. In the parishes of Slains and Cruden, on the east coast of Aberdeenshire, some thick masses of sand and gravel have been described by Mr. Jamieson, ranging up to 200 feet above the sea-level, which are covered in many places “ by the red clay of the Glacial Period, containing large boulders and ice-scratched stones,” and have no Boulder Clay below them, and which contain a fauna allied to that of the Crag strata of England.’ ‘There can be no doubt that the group of species mentioned in the following passage 1 See page 3. 2 Mr. James Geikie, in his elaborate and remarkable work on “The Great Ice Age,” which has been published while these pages are passing through the press, restricts the term Tvl to the Boulder Clay of this paper. 3 «Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, p. 161. 14 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. is entirely different from any group discovered either in the older glacial or the more recent deposits of Scotland. “There are fragments of Voluta Lamberti, Cyprina rustica, Nucula Cobboldie, Fusus contrarius, Purpura incrassata, Nassa elegans, Nassa reticosa, Turritella incrassata, and _ probably Zrophon costiferum, forms unknown either in our glacial beds or in our present sea. Besides these there are the broken remains of many others, of the genera Cardium, Pecten, Venus, and Astarte, which differ from those found in any of our glacial beds, and one of the most common shells is Pectunculus glycimeris, which attained a large size.”? 2. KinMaurs, NEAR KinMARNOCK. Messrs. John Young and Robert Craig have published notes “On the occurrence of Freshwater Plants and Arctic Shells, along with the remains of the Mammoth and Rein- deer, in beds under the Boulder Clay at Kilmaurs.” ? Since the discovery (1816) of the remains of Hlephas primigenius and Cervus tarandus at Woodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, near Kilmarnock, considerable interest has attached to the beds underlying the Boulder Clay in this neighbourhood. Dr. Bryce has published ® the following section of beds exposed during excavations made under his direction. One of the writers of this paper noted the section in company with Dr. Bryce, and is perfectly satisfied that the sixteen feet of Boulder Clay consist of precisely the same clay as that unfossiliferous Boulder Clay we have described and to which we limit the term. 1. Carboniferous Sandstone, terminating upwards in beds of sandy clay, resembling a fire-clay : Hard gravel, with a little clay, and small ite of ania smooth stones, reer 2. of them quartz and trap, but all free from striation : 2 ft. 3. A fine dark-blue clay, with occasionally small bits of quartz and arhen pebbles, extremely distinct in character . : Be rity 4. Sand, iregular in structure, very fine in places and again coarse, approaching gravel, very like river-sand 5 : 6 to 18 in. 5. Boulder-clay, of reddish-brown colour, very tough and unworkable, full of large boulders and smaller stones, mostly smoothed, polished, and striated ; bits of coal-shale, covered with striations, not crushed ° . 16K: Upper Drift, with stones, but much more open in texture, no striations . 20 ft. Subsoil and surface soil. “I oS 1 On the Hist. of the last Geol. Changes in Scotland,’ by T. F. Jamieson, F.R.S., p. 162. 2 ‘Transactions of the Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. iii, p. 310. 3-©On the Occurrence of Beds in the West of Scotland beneath the Boulder Clay,” by James Bryce, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S., ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxi, 1865, p. 213. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 15 During this excavation no fossils were found, but from the same quarry a tusk of Elephas primigenius and a pair of horns of Cervus tarandus were sent some years ago to the Hunterian Museum (University of Glasgow), with a statement that they had been found at a depth of thirty-four feet from the surface. By washing some sandy clay in which the horns were embedded, and also the clay preserved in the cracks and crevices in the tusk, Messrs. Craig and Young have discovered (1) that the specimens came from the same bed, and (2) that this bed was of freshwater origin, and quite distinct from any bed containing marine shells. It appears clearly proved, therefore, that there exists in this district, beneath the old Boulder Clay, a freshwater bed containing the remains of /. primzgenius and C. tarandus. New pits having been sunk, Messrs. Craig and Young have been able to throw fresh light on those beds beneath the Boulder Clay we are now discussing." At No. 9, Woodhill, Kilmaurs, about half a mile from the old Woodhill quarry, the following beds were pierced : Surface-drift and Boulder-clay —. . ‘ . 50ft. Sand bed, containing Arctic marine shells. ; ; i]. hts Sais Sandy peaty clay, about : : : ; oo lett Coarse gravelly sand . : ; 1 ft. 6 in. Carboniferous strata. Every one of the nine species of Mollusca found in this sand bed also occurs in the glacial clay, resting in hollows of the Boulder Clay (of which we shall presently speak), so that the bed is entirely different from Mr. Jamieson’s Aberdeenshire “ pre-glacial ” sand and gravel, although it occupies the same position relatively to the Boulder Clay. The same remark applies to a sand bed found beneath the Boulder Clay at a pit 250 yards south-east from No. 9 pit, where the section is— Surface-drift and Boulder-clay . : ; : . . eh2 it. Sand bed, with Arctic shells : ’ ‘ : ait: Clay-shale, the roof of the “ Major Coal.” In this pit the coarse gravelly sand and sand and peaty clay of the neighbouring pit are absent.’ Messrs. Craig and Young believe that the freshwater bed, containing mammalian remains, is situated beneath the Arctic shell-sand, and consequently conclude that the land has suffered a long submergence since the mammoth and the reindeer existed in the pre-glacial valley of the Carmel at Kilmaurs, but for their ingenious argument on this point we must refer to the paper already cited. 1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iii, p. 315. 2 Thid., p: ol. 16 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere concinna, Jones. Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. 3. Tancy GLEN, NEAR CAMPBELTOWN. In ‘Tangy Glen, about six miles from Campbeltown on the road to Tarbert, about. 300 yards up the little stream, at a pomt where it turns eastwards, and 130 feet above the sea-level, the water has cut deeply into the bank, exposing a cliff of Boulder Clay rising to the height of upwards of 100 feet. This Boulder Clay is of the most pronounced type, stiff, compact, and full of highly striated stones of various sizes. At one part a finer or more sandy bed, gradually thinning out, is intercalated with the clay ; and such lenticular beds are not uncommon in the Boulder Clays of the West of Scotland. Within this Boulder Clay, and covered by it, a stratified shell-bearing clay is seen standing up like a boss or knoll, and has doubtless been brought to this form by abrasion. At the point of greatest exposure it is thirteen feet high; and it can be traced, as it thins down along the edge of the streamlet, for a distance of sixty or seventy yards. The exact depth could not be ascertained; but, as the rock is seen at a short distance on either hand, it is probably not more than a few feet deeper than the actual exposure, and we could detect no Boulder Clay beneath it. The shell- bearing clay is dark grey in colour, and contrasts strongly with the underlying Boulder Clay, which is of a full reddish-brown. Boulder Clay. Shell-bearing Clay. 50 per cent. fine mud. 80 per cent. fine mud. 27 >, sand (21 fine, 6 coarse). 14 >, fine sand. 23 Ms gravel. 6 ) gravel. The fossils in this deposit are but sparmgly met with—Mollusca especially are com- paratively rare—Leda pygmea being the prevailing shell, with an occasional Leda pernula, Venus ovata, Corbula gibba. Some species, however, are of an extremely Arctic character, and while somewhat common in the glacial beds on the east coast, are very seldom met with in the west of Scotland. Pecten Grenlandicus, e.g., is common at Montrose, Errol, and Elie, but in the west we have only seen it at Tangy. It is remarkable that at Mont- rose it is only obtained at a great depth, seldom less than thirty or forty feet, but at Hlie it is found only a few feet beneath the surface and within reach of the tide, and in neither of these cases beneath the Boulder Clay ; while at Tangy it is beneath Boulder Clay, and 130 feet above the present sea-level. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. . 17 Montacuta elevata, an Arctic species, very rare in the glacial clays of Britain, also occurs. The Ostracoda (of which we collected twenty-three species to be presently enumerated) have much in common with those found in the clays on the east coast of Scotland, which represent more strongly Arctic types than those generally found in the west. Amongst these are— Cytheropteron Montrosiensc, nov. sp. Cytheridea Sorbyana, Jones. Only one of these has yet been found in the glacial clays of the west of Scotland— C. Montrosiense, which we obtained at a depth of eighteen feet from a glacial clay, dipping away from the Clyde, near Govan. C. Sordyana is a common species in the glacial clays of Norway. There is little doubt, however, that these specics will be at some time found in a western clay, just as we have found in a pit in Ayrshire a solitary specimen of Ledu arctica, which is the characteristic shell of the Errol clay on the west, but the fact of their extreme rarity, to say the least, in the west and abundance in the east is full of significance. Height above the sea 130 feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — lutea, Miiller. — limicola (Norman). — globulifera, Brady. — concinna, Jones. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — Sorbyana, Jones. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. — dclathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). = arcuatum, NOV. sp. — Montrosiense, nov. sp. Lythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. 4. Kine Epwarp, ABERDEENSHIRE. A shell-bearing silt is in this section covered by a thick mass of Boulder Clay, which is fossiliferous in its lower portion only; but, as its base has not been exposed, it is uncertain whether any Boulder Clay extends beneath it. Mr. Jamieson gives the following section, and remarks that the broken shells in the lower part of the coarse upper drift appear to have been derived from the glacial marine silt below, in which the shells are za siti. ca) . Water-worn gravel and sand, stratified, often rather coarse and pebbly, and somewhat ferrugimous. Contains no fossils Unstratified pebbly mud of a dark-grey tint, hard, and difficult to pierce. ‘The stones in it are of small size, but numerous, and some of them are glacially scratched. In the upper part I could see no shells; but shell fragments occur in the lower part, increasing in numbers towards the base. Some of the shell fragments show distinct traces of glacial action : : Fine brownish sand, in some places rich in shells. This sand is interstratified with the upper part of the subjacent bed . Fine dark-grey silt, free from stones, containing Arctic shells com- plete, and apparently 7m sité...... This silt is very firm, as if much compressed, and the greater proportion of it consists of fine muddy sand. The base of this bed has not been exposed, but it has been Excavatedse .uou'. to a depth of ten feet. No difference in the quality is to be seen to this depth; no stones. The upper surface of this silt is about 150 feet above the sea.* Feet. 10 to 25 20 to 30 toe Mr. Jamieson classes the fossils found at King Edward with the Paisley, Kilchattan, and Gamrie groups, as being less intensely Arctic (as we shall also have occasion to remark when describing the Ostracoda) than the Errol and Elie groups. Height above the sea 150 to 200 feet. 1 «Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, p. 275. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 19 The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punchllata, Brady. — Sorbyana, Jones. Cytheropteron Montrosiense, nov. sp. 5. Thus the following classes of fossiliferous beds may be found dencath the Boulder Clay, and without any observed Boulder Clay for their base : a. Marine sands and gravels more allied to the English Crag than to the glacial clays. 6. Beds of freshwater origin with the remains of Llephas primigenius and Cervus tarandus. c. Marine beds containing the common Arctic fauna of the Clyde glacial beds. d. Marine beds which have been broken up by some disturbing force, and some of the shells from which have been mixed with the Boulder Clay under which they were finally crushed. It does not necessarily follow from the mere position of any one of these beds beneath a Boulder Clay that it must belong to an “interglacial ”’ period ; many other considerations are needed to determine this point. A Boulder Clay may have been deposited upon a shell bed during some interglacial period, or during the later part of the glacial marine period, according to the local circumstances of the case; or it may even have been thrown upon it by an accidental displacement long after its own original formation. Il. Fossiliferous beds have been also found, situated between masses of Boulder Clay, which have been referred (together with other sand and gravels) to a series of “ Interglacial deposits.’ The actual occurrence of fossiliferous beds between masses of Boulder Clay does not prove that all such beds belong to the same period, or even that they were deposited in the middle of the Glacial Epoch itself. It is possible (as instanced in Caithness) that drifting ice should have passed over a 1 «On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch.” By James Geikie, F.R.S.E. Triibner and Co., 1872.—‘ The Great Ice Age.’ By James Geikie, F.R.S.E. W. Isbister and Co., London. 20 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. shell bed of the same age, to say the least, as the later Clyde shell beds, and have deposited Boulder Clay upon it. Whether this actually happened or not in the special cases quoted from Caithness does not affect the possibility in question. | It is equally possible that during the final recession of the ice, at points where the glacier reached the sea, Boulder Clay may have been thrown over shell beds belonging to the most recent period of the Glacial Epoch. Regarding these intercalated beds, it has also to be determined whether they occupy their peculiar position naturally or accidentally. The Boulder Clay (as has already been described) exists in great undulating ridges, as well as against hillsides and in the interstices of broken ground, and often rises up in hillocks and eminences, and has marine shell clay deposited in its hollows. It is clearly within the range of possibility that it should in some instances have been undermined by the action of water or some other physical agency, and have fallen over a shell bed of far later date than itself. In the series of sands, gravels, and clays claimed by Mr. J. Geikie as ‘ mterglacial,”’ and regarded by him, in his striking argument, as proving that many changes of climate may have taken place during the accumulation of the Till and its associated deposits, few of a fossiliferous character can as yet be quoted, so that a general discussion of them does not fall within the limits of this paper. We shall notice only those examined for Ostracoda. 1. CROFTHEAD, NEAR GLASGOW. In the cutting of the Crofthead and Kilmarnock railway, beds of freshwater clay were exposed which have been the subject of considerable discussion. ‘They were described by Mr. J. Geikie as interglacial, in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ (vol. v, p. 398, vi 73, vil 58), and as resting upon and covered by the “ Till” (Boulder Clay). Mr. Craig in the same magazine questioned whether the upper bed overlying the stratified bed was “ a deposit from land ice,” and regarded the position of a large mass of Boulder Clay which covered a part of the stratified clay as owing to “a series of slips.”? These stratified lacustrine clays yielded the skull and horn core of Bos primigenius, part of the horn of A/egaceros Hibernicus, and a few bones of Hyuus caballus. 1 See also paper on “The Section of the Crofthead and Kilmarnock Railway.’? By Robert Craig. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ Glasgow, vol. iv, p. 17. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. ail The following Ostracoda were found : Cypris virens (Jurine). — cinerea, Brady. — gibba, Ramdohr. Potamocypris fulva, Brady. Candona lactea, Baird. — albicans, Brady. Limnicythere inopinata (Baird). — antiqua, N. Sp. Cytheridea lacustris, G. O. Sars. — torosa (Jones). 2. Patsney. When digging a foundation on the side of Oakshaw Hill, on which part of Paisley 1s built, a hill which is at its summit 106 feet above the sea-level, and stretches in a gradual slope 800 yards from east to west, a bed of Boulder Clay was laid bare, beneath which was found the common Arctic shell of the district ‘ with a bed of A/ytilus edulis on its surface.” ‘This Arctic-shell-clay itself, throughout the whole neighbourhood, rests upon the Boulder Clay. ‘The Rev. W. Fraser (from whose description we quote)! states that “this shell-bed was sixty-four feet above the mean sea-level, and the height rising over it was forty-two feet, of what in ordinary circumstances would have been accepted as genuine Til or old Boulder Clay,” and attributes its position to the stranding of masses of ice- carrying portions of the Boulder Clay on the ridge. Mr. J. Young, however, suggests that the position of this Upper Boulder Clay is due either to diggings from the Lower Boulder Clay which have been removed and laid down over more recent deposits, or to a slip of the Boulder Clay forming the crown of the hill over more recent beds.” This shell-clay, although intercalated in the way described, contains precisely the same fauna as that which will be presently given from the Paisley district. 1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. iv, p. 180. Tbid., p. 214. e to POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Hil. The jirst great series of fossiliferous Post-Tertiary clays, sands, and gravels ts characterised by a fauna of a more or less decidedly Arctic character. These clays, sands, and gravels are found in the following positions : (1) They exist, in the manner already described, beneath great masses of Boulder Clay. (2) They are intercalated, as also has been described, with masses of Boulder Clay. (3) They either immediately overlie the fossiliferous Boulder Clay or are separated from it only by a thin seam of laminated clay, but are not covered by Boulder Clay. (4) They are connected with a series of sands and gravels. Examples of Arctic fossiliferous clays beneath the Boulder Clay and intercalated with Boulder Clay have already been discussed ; and we proceed to consider the deposits which are Arctic in character, but are neither situated beneath the Boulder Clay nor intercalated with it. IV. A large class of the clays and sands, characterised by an Arctic fauna, in many cases either immediately overlie the unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, or are only separated from it by a thin seam of laminated clay, but are not covered by the Boulder Clay itself. These beds belong to the period or periods during which an Arctic fauna was most abundantly developed. Whether they consist of clay, sand, or gravel, is, of course, a circumstance of purely local determination, as it is with the marine deposits which are forming at the present day, but since such differences naturally influenced the fauna of which they were the habitat we shall give some details regarding them, as we notice the localities from which our specimens have been obtained. As fossiliferous deposits they are generally remarkable for the perfect preservation of the various species they contain zz si. At Paisley, e.g., Cyprina Islandica occurs with both valves united and covered with its epidermis; and fragile bivalves lke Wucula tenuis, Avinus flecuosus, var. Gouldii, as well as the most delicate Ostracoda, are in a perfect condition. From a clay bed near Blairmore, Loch Long, we have gathered numerous specimens of Astarte, including 4. borealis, A. sulcata, A. compressa, evidently in their native habitat. In the banks of a freshwater stream near Loch Gilp, a whole bed of Mya Uddevailensis was found, each shell in its natural boring position. Pecten Islandicus and Saxicava (Panopea) Norvegica and Mya Uddevallensis have all been collected, in the Kyles of Bute, in the positions in which they lived and died; the POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 23 Pecten Islandicus being often covered with large Balani, which must have been broken had they been drifted. In exposed situations there must have been contemporaneous beds of gravel in which the Mollusca were rolled and broken and Ostracoda could not live. An example may be seen in the railway-cutting near Drymen, Stirlingshire (140 feet above the sea), where a gravel bed has been exposed, full of hinges and fragments of the shell of Cyprina Islandica, fragments of Pecten Islandicus, Astarte sulcata, Buccinum undatum, and other bivalves, while only a few univalves, like Zrophon clathratus, are entire, and Entomostraca are very scarce. Very frequently these Arctic Post-tertiary clays, especially in the west of Scotland, rest upon an unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, a thin seam of laminated clay alone interposing, and are overlain by beds of sand and gravel, followed by peat and surface soil. The Boulder Clay throughout the whole district is violently undulated ; and the over- lying beds of the Arctic shell clay commonly rest in the hollows of the Boulder Clay, although in some instances, as at Jordan Hill and Airdrie, they attain the heights of 63 feet and 526 feet respectively. The laminated clay which so frequently interposes between the Boulder Clay and the clay in which an Arctic marine fauna most abundantly occurs may be clearly seen in this position at Paisley, along the shores of Gareloch and Loch Long, at Kilchattan, and throughout the Kyles of Bute. The Boulder Clay deneath it, in all these localities, is uniformly azoic, while the clay immediately above it is literally packed with Arctic Mollusca and swarms with Ostracoda. This laminated clay was formerly supposed to be unfossiliferous ; we have, however, detected in it several species of Foraminifera and Ostracoda. When the specimens are extremely rare, it generally happens that they consist of Foraminifera only, but when they prevail to any slight extent Ostracoda are also found. This laminated clay was probably deposited by the cold and rapid waters of streams issuing from beneath the snow and ice of an elevated land surface, and carrying to the sea the fine mud with which they were charged. The way in which it has happened that the laminated clay itself contains so few fossils, while the clay immediately above it abounds with Ostracoda and Mollusca, is explained by observations made in the Arctic regions by Dr. Robert Brown, of Campster.’ Dr. Brown has had large opportunities of examining ice-action, and draws the distinction between the “ ordinary stratified azoic clay and the finer stratified fossiliferous clay,” upon which we have been led by our study of the Scotch beds to insist ; while he * “On the Physics of Arctic Ice, as explanatory of the Glacial Remains in Scotland.” By Robert Brown, of Campster, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S., &c. ‘Quarterly Journal of Geological Society,’ 1871, vol. xxvi, p. 671. 24 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. expresses a strong opinion “ regarding the identical character of the sub-glacial stream- clay, and the fossiliferous brick-clay.” “Jn this clayey bed the Arctic Mollusca and other marine animals find a congenial home, and burrow into it in great numbers. However, as the new deposits are thrown down, they keep near the surface to be able to get their food; so that if to-day a cata- strophe were to overwhelm the whole marine life of the Arctic regions, it would be found (supposing by upheaval or otherwise we were able to verify the fact) that the animals would only be imbedded in the upper strata of clay, and that the bottom one, with the exception of a few dead shells, would be azoic; yet I need not say how erroneously we should argue, if, from this, we drew the inference that at the time the bottom layers or strata of this laminated clay were formed there was no life in the Arctic waters, and that they were formed under circumstances which prevented their being fossiliferous. ‘The bearing of this on the subject in question neéd scarcely be pointed out. It ought to be noted that, supposing we were able to examine the bottom of the Arctic Sea (Davis’ Straits, for instance), it would be found that this clayey deposit would not be found over the whole surface of it, but only over patches. For instance, all of the ice-fjords would be found full of it to the depth of many feet, shoaling off at the seaward end; and certain other places on the coast would be also covered with it; but the middle and mouth of Davis’ Straits and Baffin’s Bay, and the wide intervals between the different ice-fjords, would either be bare or but shghtly covered with small patches from local glaciers; yet we should reason most grievously in error did we conclude therefrom that the other portions of the bottom covered with sand, gravel, or black mud were laid down at a different period from the other, or under other different conditions than geographical position. ‘These ice-rivers seem, in the first place, to have taken their direction according to the nature of the country over which the inland ice lies, and latterly according to the course of the glaciers. No doubt they branch over the whole country, like a regular river-system. When the glacier reaches the sea, the stream flows out under the water, and, owing to the smaller specific gravity of the fresh water, rises to the surface, as Dr. Rink describes, ‘like springs,’ though I do not suppose that he considers (as some have supposed him to do) that that water was in reality spring-water, or of the nature of springs. Here are generally swarms of Entomostraca and other marine animals, which attract flights of gulls, which are ever noisily fighting for their food in the vicinity of such places” (p. 682-4). It is very noticeable that the same kind of laminated clay occupies precisely the same position in the series of glacial beds exposed near Christiania.’ We observed the following section at the Lower Foss Clay Bank, near Christiania. 1. Unfossiliferous boulder-clay (with striated blocks, hard and compact). 1 See ‘Notes on the Post-Tertiary Geology of Norway.’ By H. W. Crosskey and D. Robertson. ‘Trans. Phil. Soc. of Glasgow,’ 1868. ; POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 25 2. Laminated clay (not to be distinguished physically from the laminated clay of the Paisley and other sections). 3. Clay, charged with an Arctic fauna. Just as the district around Paisley and other points where the laminated clay occurs would, from their natural position, receive a body of fresh water, supposing the land during the Glacial Epoch more elevated than at present; so would the district near Christiania, at which the same laminated clay is found. Whatever its origin, it constitutes a curiously distinct deposit ; and is easily distin- guishable from the fine clay (sometimes itself called “fine laminated clay ” or “ glacial marine bed”’) which succeeds it, and represents the slightly more recent bed of an arctic sea, crowded with life. The following Ostracoda have been found in the laminated clay : Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Cytherura Sarsvi, Brady. § II. OSTRACODIFEROUS BEDS. A.—We proceed to notice in detail the principal beds of clay and sand, characterised by an Arctic Fauna, from which the Ostracoda described in this Monograph have been derived. 1. PaIsLEy. In studying various clay-pits exposed from time to time in the neighbourhood of Paisley, we have observed the following beds, the measurements of which varied even within a few hundred yards. The Boulder Clay is of the usual irregular character, rising up in hillocks here and there, to and above the ordinary surface-level; and in some places formed into troughs of considerable depths. 1. Surface soil. 2. Sands and gravels (probably old river-drift). 3. Littoral marine shell bed, containing Cardium edule, Mytilus edulis, and pieces of wood bored by Zeredo, &c. (In one section which we measured this bed was nine inches in depth.) 4. Marine fossiliferous clay : a. Upper part ; no Mollusca to be found, but Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 6. Middle part; a few Mollusca, Ostracoda and Foraminifera more plentiful. e. Lower part ; fauna abundant. zi 26 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. 5. Laminated clay (estuarine or marine), as a rule, only containing a few Fora- minifera. 6. Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay. An instance in which the fossiliferous clay has been found between two Boulder Clays has been already noted. We examined in detail the following section at Short Road Brickwork (south side of road). 1. Mould : : : : 3 to 4 ft. 2. Gravel (no fossils) —. : : : : 4 upwards to | ft. 3. Thick dark clay (fossiliferous, especially in the lower 6 ft.) 18 ft. 4. Laminated whitish clay (with Foraminifera). ; tte 5. Yellowish-brown clay (with Foraminifera) : 2 ft. 6. Muddy sand, not cut through (Foraminifera and Ostracoda). The Boulder Clay is met with at about the same level in a pit not more than 100 yards distant, and without doubt forms here, as throughout the district, the base of the series. ‘The first seven feet under the gravel is brownish coloured, especially towards the top, and contains comparatively few fossils. Among these J/ytilus modiolus is found with united valves. The next six feet run into a dark-grey clay with an abundant fauna. In the tenth and eleventh feet below the gravel is a bed of Cyprina Islandica. The layer of Jaminated whitish clay (4) under this is more sharply defined below than above. When dry it has little cohesion and breaks down easily between the fingers hke a piece of chalk. It is finely laminated, and washes almost wholly away through a sieve of ninety-six meshes to the linear inch. In washing 100 oz. of dry clay, only two drachms were left as a residue, which consisted of very fine sand and a considerable number of Polystomella striato-punctata and Nonionina depressula. The yellowish-brown clay (5), constituting the next two feet in the section, is much more cohesive ; the layers are divided from an inch to half an inch apart by fine sand; and these again into excessively thin layers by lighter and darker coloured clays. In washing, this is similar to the clay above it, and only one Foraminifer was met with. The muddy sand (6) underlying this loses 63 per cent. in washing ; but the greater part of the loss is an extremely fine sand. Three Foraminifera were met with, and one valve of Cytheridea punetillata. The fossils in the clay beds around Paisley are mostly confined, as in the section we have now described, to the lower half of the deposit, and generally have their chief abundance within from one to three feet of the laminated clay. Foraminifera and Ostracoda are met with, more or less, from top to bottom of the clay, more constantly Foraminifera; but as a rule both are found most profusely where Mollusca prevail. In many cases Mytilus edulis occurs in considerable abundance below POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 27 Cyprina islandica, and near the bottom of the section. This is pre-eminently the case in a clay pit west of Paisley, and at Jordan Hill, about three miles north-west of Glasgow, where it is found fourteen feet below the surface. The position of the fossils in the clay is not precisely the same in all the glacial beds of the same geological horizon. When the Greenock New Docks were excavated the laminated clay was cut through for many feet, until the unstratified Boulder Clay was reached; and the junction was sharply marked by a thin layer of whitish-coloured clay, three or four inches thick, containing Foraminifera and Ostracoda. ‘This thin stratum of whitish clay was followed by a darker coloured clay crowded with Mollusca, amongst which were Cyprina Islandica, Pecten Islandicus, and Tellina calcarea. At Kilchattan tile-works, Buteshire, the fossils of all species are most plentiful, above the laminated clay, in a bed of sand or gravelly sand, which lies between the clays and the upper gravel. At Hlie, Fifeshire, the fossils are plentiful near the top of the clay a little under the gravel, and amongst them are Leda arctica and Thracia myopsis, with Ostracoda of an extremely arctic character. In many other deposits of the same age an odd shell is only seen occasionally. This not unfrequently happens at different points of the Paisley beds. In a brickfield on the west side of the Cart, near the park, one or two specimens only by diligent search may be met with, although they are plentiful in cuttings close to the spot. Before a microscopic examination of the clays was made the fossiliferous beds under discussion were described as situated between an unfossiliferous upper clay and an equally unfossiliferous laminated clay. It will be seen from the foregoing observations, however, that they occupy no such position. Foraminifera and Ostracoda of marine and estuarine character occur in the laminated clay, where the Mollusca are either absent or rare, and continue throughout the upper clay, where the Mollusca gradually disappear. It thus appears possible to trace by these fossiliferous beds, occurring in the valley of the Clyde, (1) the pourmg down of the muddy waters of an arctic river, (2) the subsidence of the land to a depth sufficient for the abode of an arctic fauna in the waters, (3) the gradual disappearance of the marine fauna owing to the re-elevation of the land, (4) the recurring of a river, with far broader boundaries than now exist. The height above the sea of the arctic-shell-clays around Paisley (including the bed on the higher ground, covered with Boulder Clay, which has been previously described) is from twenty feet to sixty-four feet. The following Ostracoda have been found : Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars. Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman). 28 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars. Cythere pellucida, Baird. — castanea, G. O. Sars. — crispata, Brady. — viridis, Miller. — lutea, Miller. — globulifera, Brady. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — convexa, Baird. — angulata (G. O. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — costata, Brady. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punctillata, Brady. Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars). Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). — fragils, G. O. Sars. Aestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars. Cytherura concentrica, i. sp. — undata, G. O. Sars. — Sarsii, Brady. — ¢élathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). Bythocythere simplex (Norman). Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Bosquetia robusta, nov. gen. et sp. 2. IN AND arRoUND GLASGOW. In the immediate neighbourhood of Glasgow the arctic marine clay rests upon a thick bed of sand, and is distinctly covered by a river-drift.’ 1 On this and other connected points, see an admirable series of papers by Mr. James Binnie, on “The Surface Geology of Glasgow,” published in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, parts ii and iil; vol. iii, part i. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 29 In sections made during the formation of Windmillcroft Dock, Mr. J. Binnie discovered in the Upper Sands, extending from a few feet to a depth of twenty-two feet, numerous portions of the epidermis of Unio margaritifera. ‘A few of them,” he writes, “had belonged to single valves, and in one or two instances the epidermis of both valves was flattened together; but the greater number were lying in their natural position with the umbonal portion undermost, proving that they had lived and died in the gravel and had not been drifted down by a spate.” A bed of clay containing marine Ostracoda, together with such arctic Mollusca as Leda pernula and Tellina calcarea, succeeded this river-drift, and was found to rest upon a bed of white sand of considerable thickness and extent (not exhausted in nineteen feet. of dredging between the piles at the entrance of the dock), and containing some polished and striated boulders. Mr. J. Binnie quotes the “Journal of a Bore for an Artesian Well” made at McPhail Street, Greenhead :? Surface soil : ; : eon O in: Coarse: sand : ae : te 36 Clay mixed with sand ; : een 10 Coarse sand : ‘ : - 2 6 River-drift : ; ; : + 11 ft. 01m. Good clay : : : a Oe 0) Muddy clay a) : : awe. «°0 Marine clay ; : ; : . 38 0 Soft running sand with gravel . : ee eat) Whinstone block A, Sand and gravel 0 Lae eS ar A) Sandstone block 52 Sand and gravel 0 White sand series, probably marine , ; . 61 98 110 ft. 93 in. Over a large district, around Glasgow, and connected both with the ancient course of the Clyde and the probable flow of glacial rivers during the period of the elevation of the land, the deposition of the Boulder Clay (similar in character to that upon which the Paisley shell-beds rest, and which crowns eminences such as Garnet Hill 1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, part ii, p. 109. 2 Tbid., part ili, p. 265. 30 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. and the New Park) appears to have been broken under circumstances which led to the intercalation of numerous beds of sand, gravel, and clay. Two bores may be quoted as examples :' Blairhardie, No. 4 Pit. Surface soil : : ; : » Aft. Game Blue clay 5 ‘ ‘ ; Me Hard stony clay. ; : é 5) 69) a0 Sand with a few shells 4 ; . ee Okman Stony clay with boulders : , - 40 aeao Mud and running sand ; 4 ie Hard clay, boulders, and brokenrock .. ; ee *(() 1/0 a0 Millichin, two miles east of Garscadden. Sandy clay : ‘ ; : > bath Olme Brown clay and stones : : : : hie ae Mud. : ; : 2 ee aie», (0) Sandy mud : ; : : Fol 0 Sand and gravel with water . : 2 Oem Sandy clay and gravel , : Rey w Sand. : : ; ; Pee rey) Mud. : ; .) OO Sand. : : ; on 0) Gravel . : ; : : 5 a) 0) Brown sandy clay and stones . ; a B® (0) Hard red gravel 5 : ; 6 Light mud and sand : : Reape eis) Light clay and stones : : J eO SiG Light clay and whin block : 4 2 85-0 Fine sandy mud. “ j : . 367 910 Brown clay, gravel, and stones . » 14 4 Dark clay and stones ‘ 3 - 268, z0 355 0 ' A series of bores is given in detail by Mr. Binnie in ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ p. 133, vol. iii, part i. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 31 Mr. Binnie sums up the general results as follows :—“ Between fifty and sixty bores have been obtained having sand, gravel, or clay, true water-drifted materials, inter- stratified with or lying beneath Boulder Clay. Twenty-five of these have one bed of sand or clay intercalated between two beds of Boulder Clay, proving that one break occurred. Ten bores have two beds of sand or clay intercalated between three beds of Boulder Clay ; showing, of course, so many more breaks. One bore has three, and two bores have four beds of sand, interpolated in Boulder Clay ; while one bore has no less than five beds of sand alternating with Boulder Clay,—a number sufficient to prove that the ice-sheet was not continuous throughout the Glacial Epoch, but disappeared for periods so long that great beds of water-made débris could be deposited in the interval. ‘Twenty bores have sand or gravel at the bottom and Boulder Clay above. Some of these may possibly be preglacial and synchronous with the Crag period of England, but they are probably inter- glacial, and only apparently preglacial from accidental causes easily supposable.” ! It must be remembered, however, that the district covered by these bores would probably be more or less directly connected with the bed of a glacial river, debouching into the sea, and be peculiarly affected, therefore, by the summer meltings of the ice. A large part of it also has undoubtedly been covered by floating ice charged with débris during the later portions of the Glacial Epoch. At Windmillcroft, sixteen feet above the sea, the followimg Ostracoda have been found : Sclerochilus contortus (Norman), Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). 3. Stopcross RatLway-Curtine (GLasgow). In this cutting a section nearly half a mile in length is exposed, between Galbraith Street on the east and Sandyford Street on the west, to a depth of forty feet from the surface. At the west end it passes through a layer of Boulder Clay 300 yards in length and 37 feet at its highest summit. On the east, where the knoll dips more rapidly than on the west, it is overlapped by a fine yellow sand, which, after continuing a little further eastward, is replaced by gravel. On the north side of the cutting a series of sands, clays, and gravels abuts against the Boulder Clay, and stretches over it. The sand overlies the gravel, which is covered with the clay, and the clay at some points is overlain by sand. There is no definite order, however, in which the sands, gravels, and clays of this neighbourhood fixedly 1 Ibid. p. 136. 32 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. recur, although the bores show that in some places sand alternates with gravel to a depth of eighty or ninety feet. The layers exposed in the railway-cutting do not maintain a horizontal line or follow a regular dip, but present false beddings with violent contortions. ‘The overlying shell-bearing clays conform, however, to the sand banks over which they are deposited, with depressions less or more abrupt according to their character. ‘The shell-bearing clays of this section are therefore evidently of later date than the estuarine sands upon which they rest, as well as later than the Boulder Clay. The clay is for the most part of a sandy character ; it is finest towards the east, where it is deepest and overlapped with muddy sand, with which it is less and less mixed as it descends. Along the north of the cutting, where the clay is seen overlying the sand, many of the layers of sand are more or less mixed with mud, showing that the deposit of mud has gone on mixing with the sand until chen gee circumstances permitted the mud_ to accumulate. The divisions between the layers of clay are, in most instances, formed by a very fine sprinkling of fine sand, and groups of these layers are often again divided by thicker and coarser beds of sand. These groups of thin layers are sometimes nearly of the same depth, but at other times are more irregular, and the bands of sand vary in thickness. These very thin layers appear to have been formed by frequent and gentle undula- tions of the water. Winds and tides would carry over the mud only the finest particles of sand, while the thicker bands would be produced by stronger winds and storms. The lapse of time between the recurrence of these disturbing causes may be reckoned by the distance of the bands from each other, and their strength by the depth of the bands. From the sharp lines between the bands we may infer that the causes were transient ; but in the case of such deposits as those at Stobcross, where the sands and clays have been washed into each other, the conditions must have been more continuous and the water comparatively shallow. The fauna (which has been chiefly obtained from the east bank of slay) although not abundant, furnishes ample proof of the purely marine character of the deposit. Among the shells obtained were— Tellina calcarea, Cyprina Islandica, Mya truncata, &c. In the muddy sand exposed at a lower level in the excavation for the Stobcross Docks, close by the Clyde, drackish water Ostracoda are found, marking the change from a sea to an estuary. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 33 The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere pellucida, Baird. — porcellanea, Brady. — viridis, Miller. — limicola (Norman). — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinaa, Jones. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punctillata, Brady. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). 4. Jorpan Hii, nrar Guascow. ‘The Crow Road, on the side of which the clay is worked, is at that point sixty-three feet above the sea-level. The clay extends down the incline of the hill, approaching the valley of the Clyde, on the south, where it is exposed along the White Inch Railway, and also passes over its summit on the north. Jordan Hill itself is irregularly covered’ with masses of Boulder Clay of variable thickness ; the Boulder Clay, however, cannot be observed in any place to rest upon the shell-beds. : Our examination of one series of excavations, made to a depth of from twelve to twenty-four feet, established the existence of the following series of beds ; their thicknesses, as usual, varying over very narrow areas. 1. Surface soil . : ‘ : : 1 to 2 ft. 2. Reddish-brown clay faneaiiferus ; :; 7 to 8 ft. 3. Dark grey or blue clay (arctic-shell-bed) . 10 to 14 ft. 4, Laminated clay or mud (not excavated because unfit for brick unless mixed with other clays) The reddish-brown clay (2) is full of vertical fractures, whose sides have a bluish colour, and are generally so smooth as to present the aspect of slickensides. The laminated clay is friable, marked by exceedingly thin laminations, and is the 5) 34 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. same as that which we have already described as underlying the clay more abundantly charged with the arctic fauna of the district, although itself containing evidence of its marine origin. The Boulder Clay can be traced to points at which it evidently passes under the whole series of laminated and fossiliferous clays. At another point of the Hill two distinct fossiliferous beds can be traced, and the series runs : 1. Surface soil. 2. Littoral shell-bed a few inches (with Zetlorina litorea, L. rudis, Mytilus edulis, &e., all recent species). 3. Clay with arctic species ; chiefly confined to a band of two to three feet. 4. Laminated clay. A similar littoral shell-bed (2) is met with on the low ground on the north of Paisley, about fifty feet lower than Jordan Hill. The two tidal belts represented by these littoral shell-beds could not have been coewtstent. Another curious feature in this deposit is the position of the Mussel-bed. While Mytilus edulis certainly abounds in the youngest littoral beds, it is also found at greater depths and overlain by arctic shells. At Paisley it is found twelve feet below the surface, at Muirhouse nineteen feet, at Stobcross twenty-four feet, and at Jordan Hill fourteen feet. Mussel-beds undoubtedly existed, therefore, in the early periods of the deposition of the arctic clays as well as in the most recent, indicating several changes of level in the sea-bottom, and marking in the various heights at which they occur changes of elevation in the land-surface. Height above the sea, sixty-thiee feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere pellucida, Baird. — castanea, G. O. Sars. — deflewa, nov. sp. — viridis, Miller. — lutea, Miller. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — pulchella, Brady. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 35 Cythere concinna, Jones. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punetillata, Brady. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. — gibba (Miller). — cellulosa (Norman). — dlathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). Bythocythere simplex (Norman). Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). 5. Govan. In the excavations for Messrs. Randolph and Elder’s docks two beds of clay were exposed. 1. The upper bed was composed of sand, gravel, and sandy mud, and dipped towards the Clyde. The section was— a. Mould ; : : TAs it. 6. Black vegetable matter, ended with ere faeibits of twigs, &. . 1 4 c. Gravel and sand sitemiWting d. Muddy sand (not pierced through) . : In the muddy sand Pecten opercularis and Trochus cinerarius were met with. 2. The lower bed was not detected in the section immediately beneath the upper, but made its appearance at a little distance, dipping away from the river and then rising upwards. At a depth of eighteen feet marine shells were sparingly collected, including Cyprina Islandica, Tellina calcarea, Mytilus edulis, Buccinum undatum, Balanus crenatus. The Ostracoda from this lower bed proved precisely the same as those common in the 1 The remains of the limbs are distinctly visible in some specimens of this species from this bed. 36 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. fossiliferous glacial beds of the west of Scotland, with the exception of Lowoconcha elliptica, a brackish water form, which was probably washed into it from the upper mud. In the lower clay the following Ostracoda were found. Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — viridis, Miller. — Clutha,n. sp. — globulifera, Brady. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Loxoconcha elliptica, Brady. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). — Montrosiense, n. sp. = elongatum, 0. Sp. Bythocythere simplex (Norman). — constricta, G. O. Sars. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. 6. Rowan Briper, Guascow AND PaiIsLEY CANAL. The shell-clay appears about 100 yards to the west of this bridge. The clay is of a grey colour, and when dry consists of 89 per cent. fine mud, and 11 per cent. dédrzs of shells, with gravel and sand. Mytilus edulis is abundant, and is associated with Ze/lina calcarea, and the usual species belonging to the arctic clays. Height above the sea forty-six feet. The following Ostracoda were found: Cythere pellucida, Baird. — viridis, Miiller. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 37 Cythere lutea, Miiller. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. 7. Otp Mains, Renrrew. 4 In a cutting for a tramway, between the Houston Pit No. 5 and the farm of Old Mains, a bed of shells of arctic character is exposed. The cutting is from six to seven feet at the highest point, and the bed of shells stretches along the section for about twenty yards, cropping out towards the farm and dipping towards the River Cart. The thickest part of the shell-stratum exposed is from eighteen to twenty inches; but the cutting appears only to have touched the edge of the shell-bed, as it is not seen on the opposite bank. The deposit is made up of brown sand and earth crowded with stones, many of them covered with Balant. Sand predominates in the shell-stratum. d/ytilus modiolus, Saaicava rugosa, Astarte sulcata, and Avinus flecuosus we found with united valves. Such species as Pecten Islandicus, Tellina calcarea,. Trochus Grenlandicus, T. tumidus, Natica afinis, N. Grenlandica, Velutina zonata, Pleurotoma violacea, Buccinum Grenlandicum, also occur. Height above the sea thirty feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere pellucida, Baird. — castanea, G. O. Sars. — concinna, Jones. — viridis, Miller. — lutea, Miller. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — angulata (G. O. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. 38 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars). Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. 8. Datmuir, DuMBARTONSHIRE. The deposit at Dalmuir was first described by Dr. Thomas Thompson in a paper entitled “On a deposit of Recent Marine Shells at Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire,’ and published in the Records of General Science,’ vol. i, p. 133 (1835). At that time, however, the distinction was not drawn between the recent marine shell-beds and the arctic shell-beds, to the latter of which classes the Dalmuir deposit undoubtedly belongs. Dr. Thompson describes the locality as follows :— The locality in which the fossils are exposed is situated on the banks of the Dalmuir Burn, about 100 yards above the bridge, by which the road from Glasgow to Dumbarton crosses it, and about a mile from the Clyde. The current of the stream is not very rapid, so that the bed of shells is probably not more than twenty feet above the level of the Clyde, which at that place is sensibly salt at high water. The breadth of the channel of the stream at this place is about fourteen feet, and the depth of the banks is about two anda half feet. The sandy deposit appears to extend on both sides of the stream, upwards and downwards, without alteration ; but the fossils are confined to a circular or rather elliptical face, the breadth of which (across the stream) is about twenty-five feet, while its length is only about fifteen feet. The deposit extends back from each bank only about six feet, so that more than one half the whole mass has been cut away during the change of the course of the rivulet}. <7... The depth of the bed in its original state must have been twelve or fourteen feet.” Mr. Sowerby pronounced three of the species there found to differ from any known recent British species. One of them was said to be Natica glaucinotdes, a Crag fossil (really, we believe, VV. affinis, described as WV. clausa by Searles Wood in ‘Monograph of Crag Mollusca,’ Part I, p. 147); another was called Fusus lamellosus, “which had only been observed about the Straits of Magellan” (a mistake for the arctic species now called Zrophon clathratum, var. Gunneri); and a third, Buccinum striatum, “an unknown species” (now identified with B. Grenlandicum, Chemnitz). The fact, however, that these species were unknown as British, led Mr. J. Smith to POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 39 imagine that the term “recent,” which had been usually applied to such deposits, was not rigidly correct ; and he made another excavation and published a list of shells which established the glacial character of the beds.’ No further examination of the Dalmuir beds was carried on until we made an excavation in the east side of the stream to the north of the bridge on the Dumbarton Road, in the immediately adjacent field, about half way down. At this point the shells are discovered in great abundance, in the position described by Dr. Thompson, beneath an overlying bed of sand and gravel. Of eleven pounds of the dry clay from this bed three pounds two ounces were lost in washing through a sieve of ninety-six cross threads to the inch, leaving seven pounds fourteen ounces of a residue. Three and a half pounds of this residue were retained in a sieve of 32-inch mesh, and consisted chiefly of small stones of trap, quartz, and sandstone ; a few were quite smooth and only rounded at the corners, others less or more irregular. Many of the polished stones were fractured, and some few finely striated. The bulk of the shelly dédris in this portion was made up of Mytilus edulis and M. modiolus. he other portion of the residue (four pounds six ounces) consisted chiefly of sand, mixed with the plates and spines of &chinc and many species of small Mollusca. Besides this north patch of shell-bearing clay, there is another bed a few hundred yards to the south which was laid open by a cutting for the water-course of the Dalmuir paper-mill, and extends along the north side of the bank, about forty yards east of the burn. ‘The shell-bearing clay rises about four feet above the water-course, when it is overlain by two feet of waterworn gravel. The upper portion of the shell-bearing clay is more sandy than the lower, which contains more stones, most of them water-worn, some rounded off at the corners, a few angular, and a few with well-marked striations. Beneath the upper clay, however, is a bed of sand about six inches in thickness, in which many of the peculiarly Arctic Mollusca are especially large and strong. Zrophon clathratum, e. g., is very abundant, while it is scarce in the upper part of the clay. The sand is followed by a stiff blue Boulder Clay (common through the district) in which no shells occur. The complete section is, therefore, as follows : 1. Sand and gravel é : ; . 22 ft. to 6 ft. 2. Shell-bearing clay. : : 2° it. a. Upper part mixed with sand. 6. Lower part not sandy. 3. Shell-bearing sand . : : . 6 inches. 4. Boulder Clay, not pierced through. 1 «Memoirs of Wernerian Soc.,’ vol. vili, p. 50. A0 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. In the section on the north, the shell-bearing sandy clay was originally twelve or fourteen feet. In both beds the deposit of shell-bearing clay appears very circumscribed. It could not be traced for more than twenty yards along the watercourse; and from the point where the shells are exposed, the overlying gravel deepens on both sides east and west. There can be no doubt, however, that many similar patches of fossiliferous sands and clays exist beneath the surface at different points through the whole district where circumstances have permitted their preservation, and will from time to time be discovered. Although the fauna of the two beds described is of precisely the same general character, there are local differences in the species found equivalent to those which occur in neighbouring parts of the same sea bottom at the present day. Tellina calcarea and Trophon clathratum, var. Gunnert, e.g., are more common in the south than in the north, but 7. truncatum and Lacuna divaricata, with spines of &chini, are much rarer. Height above the sea thirty-eight feet. The following Ostracoda were found: Potamocypris fulva, Brady. Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars. Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — pellucida, Baird. — porcellanea, Brady. — viridis, Miler. — lutea, Miller. — villosa (G. Q. Sars). — concinna, Jones. -— angulata (G. Q. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars). Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — similis, G. O. Sars. — pumila, n. sp. —_ undata, G. O. Sars. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. Al Cytherura Sarsii, Brady. — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). — nodosum, Brady. — angulatum, Brady and Robertson. Bythocythere simplex (Norman). Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma tenerum, n.. sp. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. 9. DUMBARTON. A bed of glacial clay was reached in sinking the foundations of a house near the south end of the bridge crossing Leven Water. ‘The same clay appears at half-tide-mark near Cardross, a few feet above high-tide-mark in the bay to the east of Helensburgh, and in patches all along the bay on which Helensburgh stands as far as the spit of gravel at the entrance of Gareloch. Height above the sea fifteen to eighteen feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars. Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman). Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — viridis, Miller. — lutea, Miller. — pulchella, Brady. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — limicola (Norman). — angulata (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. — papillosa, Bosquet. 42 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars). Loxoconeha tamarindus (Jones). Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars. — nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. / — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). —— angulatum, Brady and Robertson. Bythocythere constricte, G. O. Sars. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). — tenerum, i. Sp. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. 10. Locu Lomonp. On the shore of the little island of Inchlonaig, in dry seasons when the water of the lake is very low, a bed of dark grey clay is exposed, thickly interspersed with shells, amongst which are Ze/lina calcarea, Pecten Islandicus, Leda pernula, L. pygmea, Trochus Grenlandicus, and Pleurotoma pyramidalis, species which sufficiently establish the general arctic character of the deposit. The same clay has also been found in the banks of a small burn to the north of the Pass of Balmaha. A shell-bed of a more recent character occurs on the Loch side, in a little creek at Rossaden, near Luss, which must not be confounded with this older arctic clay. It is one to two feet under the ordinary level of the Loch. The clay is of a whitish colour, and has a strong peaty smell. It is very pure, containing only a small percentage of sand. The shells are abundant, but exceedingly friable. Mytilus edulis and Hydrobia wee are the most abundant; Zi/torina is moderately common; and TZellina Balthica is represented by a few valves. All these species can endure a certain admixture of fresh water with the sea. A few Foraminifera occur of similar habitat, but no Ostracoda. Height above the sea twenty feet. Tu the glacial clay of Inchlonaig the following Ostracoda were found : Cythere pellucida, Baird. — viridis, Miller. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 43 Cythere lutea, Miller. — limicola (Norman). — villosa (G. O. Sars). — angulata (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punctillata, Brady. Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — undata, G. O. Sars. — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron angulatum, Brady and Robertson. — latissimum (Norman). 11. Garvet Park New Dock, GREENOCK. The dock, in the construction of which the fossiliferous deposit was found,runs very nearly parallel with the Clyde, and was cut through a slightly inclined bank of compact Boulder Clay about sixty yards from the shore. ‘The bottom of the section is forty feet beneath the surface. The first ten or fifteen feet are crowded with large boulders, many of them striated on one or more sides. ‘Towards the bottom boulders of large size are fewer, one only being seen here and there; but the clay is closely packed with small pebbles, few of them exceeding an inch in diameter. The great majority of the larger boulders are sand- stones from the immediate neighbourhood, the remainder being of quartz, mica-schist, &c., from the Argyleshire mountains to the north-west. The blocks derived from a distance not unfrequently show much cross striation. The Boulder Clay is of such stiff consistence that gunpowder has comparatively small effect upon it. The deep section of the dock is about 500 feet in length, and the colour of the clay varies, the junction of grey and reddish-brown clays at some points being very decidedly marked both vertically and horizontally. At one place the red clay, in the form of an obtuse inverted cone, reaches nearly to the bottom of the section; and this fact accounts for the irregular position of the red and grey clays as described in the “journal of the bores.” The reddish colour of the Boulder Clay is, without doubt, due to a large admixture of the soft Old Red Sandstone of this portion of the coast. AA, POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. A sample of the red Boulder Clay taken from a depth of fourteen feet consisted of 76 per cent. fine mud, 10 per cent. sand, 14 per cent. gravel or small pebbles. A sample of the grey Boulder Clay taken from a depth of thirty feet consisted of 56 per cent. fine mud, 9 per cent. sand, 35 per cent. small gravel. In the upper red Boulder Clay the West Highland rocks, entering into its composition, constitute less than one third, while in the lower division of the grey Boulder Clay at the depth of thirty feet they form more than half of the bulk. The bores made preparatory to the construction of the dock extended over a radius of about 600 feet, and displayed many irregularities in the succession of the two distinctly marked Boulder Clays. The following plan and journal of bores will illustrate the disturbed and varying nature of the old Boulder Clay base of many shell-beds. JOURNAL OF Bores aT GAaRVEL Park. FT. IN. FT. IN. Fr. oOIN. FT. IN. No. 1. No. 6 (in River). Noles: son fei fat erate 1 0 Dark *sandein.aiseecedsves se 3 0 Tint till cease eeesacscapaaats: 29 0 ight) Clr ec serccas ese scence 3 0 301040 sReditil es errr ssecese x. IT) 40 No. 2. : ; uy, 4 Noland sand) co ocscssccnss.ses 2 6 Noe sCaeirer): : : ' Dark sand and shells ......... 3 6 Dist AM sth So Peel Pa at 38 6 : : Al 0 EYE Ln Ws nee A 8 0 Minde:e pemtime ance cso nes 1 6 No. 3 Red till 6 0 NO ee eee tah oa e ee ] 0 19 0 Nan digs usin era ines ccatee esate 2 0 No. 8 (in River). Sand and gravel ............... 5 0 Sand and shells................4 18 0 Light tries eee cect cones 32 0 Redtille-e = Othe eee 2 0 40 0 20 0 No. 4. No. 9 (in River). Oily Meter soueaseseseseervowase 1 0 Tinehe tile teccoses sere. ceess. eo 4 0 Gravel net ate seesens 1 6 Redttillt en csnctechetatresceteas 15 0 Light tiles ges can ses teteaee. 5 6 19 0 Red itil. 245 eee) ees a 4 0 No. 10 (in River). Sandstone rock................. 3 0 Sand and shells.................. 7 SIR oe me ci@lneheene enters crs. 17 uae No. 5 (in River). 25 (0 Sand sci ccuesetl cee eee ees 2 0 No. 11 (in River). Red till and stones ............ 6 0 NAM Cie repre e neem tern ericcnians 9 0 Sandstone rock: 9..0., senate 1 0 Miehitacll Gere amass -sarasecnens 11 6 POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. No. 12 (in River). No. 13 (in River). Light till No. 14 (in River). Light till No. 15 (in River). Markesandy till, <:22i0....0sc0s. Light till No. 16 (in River). Reggie a cc. 6. ates ageacess oe No. 17 (in River). Sand and shells...............:. Darlosandy till... .....0.0.206+. HRECAUI UE 8 ise aacmtee tes etube iss No. 18 (in River). Dark sandy till .................. Ve Gm til bree ete gods See cones No. 19 (in River). Ve til eee ee cas rth ak ae cy Light till Mud (firm) Soil Soil ere ee ee ee ee ad ee eee ie Peete carrer creer eves cesses ve eo ee ee ed Fr. IN. 27 0 9 0 20 0 24 0 6 0 14 0 7 6 2 6 4 0 7 0 9 0 6 9 a 0 1 0 6 0 13 0 6 6 1 0 6 6 26 6 1 0 34 0 36 20 24 20 10 20 11 25 34 35 IN. Light till Light till No. 22 (in River). No. 23 (in River). Ce ee. i er aii No. 24 (in River). Tive inte tiller, ores caste ne wseeears Soil . Soil er ee rr ey eee ee eee ee ee! vege tilly eer ee seer eeseae nase, Soil ODited a Will eae ere Meee Sandstone block Light till Sols eee ee Mngintetill aces ter cenece ose eceniiee Reds tillvenscsssettcee ieee tence Red till and stones No. 29. Light till and stones............ Red till and stones No. 30. Light till and stones............ Red till and stones Red sandstone ............000 00: FT. IN. 30 0 30 0 30 0 ] 0 3 0 27 0 1 0 33 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 6 1 0 36 6 ] 0 3 0 15 6 0 7 4 0 13 0 — Ww nonwnon FT. 30 30 30 31 40 40 17 A6 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. FT. IN. FT. IN. Fr IN. FT. IN. No. 31. Red tilland stones ............ 8 3 ete Light till and stones............ 9 0 Soil sleletsletapsteletcla|s sists o;e/clerelefeieteteeie’e)e/e 1 0 Red sandstone .................. 6 l Wellowzclay gaecs ssc. 22c0 nese 5 6 23 AG Grevitille es ert. ee ea eonees 18 0 No. 32. Red sandstone ..............2... 3 6 Laight Gil 2... see Vt 28 «0: Pire-clay” %.50 .0s2tccseeee eee 1 9 Red sandstone (soft)............. 4 7 No. 5a. Hedi enndetpne (heed) e cee Be es OSD Soil ee eee oe 0 9 No. 33. Wellow clay; etree etre asec 4 6 Soil ...... iN Seen Mt Oa 86 1 0 Grey till vee 8 : Light till PA a eee em 5 Red tile eer eterna 3 3 Light till, with blocks ......... 6 1 Red sandstone .................. 3 2 4] 6 i9 611 No. 34 Nollie ee ee 1 0 No. 6a. Light till and stones............ 6 4 Red till and stones ............ 3 Sandstone block ............... 1 6 Soft white sandstone ......... 1 6 Light till and stones............ 2 6 5 3 Sandstone block ............... 2 3 Light till and stones............ 24 4 No. 7a. White sandstone ............... 0 1 fe ; CSaridiandictancem eee l 6 No, 35, Taran Prr Red till and stones ............ 4 0 Ste eee i Tess Ta a aes mati Wellowccl ay: e225 ete vec eactenovach 7 6 oe : Grey till and stones ............ 13 6 r Red till and stones ............ 3 0 mes ae Grey Atlee arn. ieocetonse ts 2 0 Light grey till 2.0.0... l u White sandstone ............... 0 tii Fine red till ..-..- sees ° 6 27 aa — +7 6 Looking at these forty bores, and confining ourselves to the clays only, which vary from nine to thirty-eight feet in thickness—in nineteen of these what is termed “light till” (grey unstratified clay) is only met with. In six bores what is termed red till (reddish unstratified clay) is only met with. In other six both occur, and the light-coloured till overlies the red. In three the red overlies the light, while in the remaining six the clays alternate variously. For example, taking them in the ascending order, in one bore, No. 26, light till, three feet; red till, three feet ; light till, thirty-three feet. In another, No. 30, red till, five feet ; light till, thirteen feet; red till, ten feet. Three of the bores, lying between the dock and the highway, have the addition of what is termed yellow clay. Taking them in the same order as above, No. 35 has light till, two feet; red till, three feet ; light till, thirteen feet ; yellow till, seven feet. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. AT In another, No. 4a, light till, eighteen feet ; yellow clay, five feet. Again, in No. 5a, red till, three feet ; grey till, five feet ; yellow till, four feet. In all these bores, some of which extend two hundred feet beyond low water, the same varieties of Boulder Clay have been met with in varying proportions. In bore No. 8, sixty yards beyond low water, eighteen feet of sand and shells overlie the red till; but we cannot learn whether the shells belong to the glacial or recent period. About the same distance beyond low water, No. 12, twenty-seven feet of sand over- lies light till; another bore, about half-way between this and low water, No. 13, gives twenty feet light till. The fossiliferous clay lies in a trough or oblong hollow in the Boulder Clay, crossing the longitudinal section of the dock, and shallowing at both ends. On the south it terminates near the surface about two hundred yards west of Garvel Park House, and on the north, at the embankment near the surface, close to the Clyde. The length of the trough is about three hundred feet, its breadth twenty-four feet, and its depth, near the middle, fourteen feet. This trough is filled with a remarkable fossiliferous clay, crowded with Post-tertiary Mollusca and other marine organisms, which, like those found in other “ Clyde beds,” are of arctic type. The natural character of this deposit was at first suspected because of (1) the disorderly manner in which the shells are distributed, and (2) the soft loose state of the clay in which they are embedded, which resembles material that has been roughly drifted rather than regularly deposited. We have come, however, to the conclusion that these shells lived and died where they are now found. With regard to the apparent disorder in which they ‘ae it is well known that where Mollusca congregate, dead shells often preponderate largely over the living; and that a great number of the shells in this deposit were accumulated as dead shells is evident from the numerous valves having their internal surfaces grown over with marine organisms. Although, on a cursory view, they look as if tossed about, and promiscuously heaped together, yet, on closer examination, this irregular appearance seems to arise chiefly from the presence of so many large valves of dead shells; and, taking the general arrangement, they alternate very distinctly in layers. The loose state of the soft clay may be explained in the following way : This fossiliferous deposit unquestionably rests in a hollow or trough formed in the Boulder Clay. The open shelly clay of the deposit would take’ in more water from the surface than the stiff compact clay on which it reposes could withdraw, and an excess of water, accordingly, would be retained in the trough. When this was cut through at the deepest part by the excavation of the dock, and the super- fluous moisture to some extent drained off, the deposit would naturally be brought much to its existing state. Similar cases are by no means uncommon. In uncultivated moorlands, our footing is A8 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. often imsecure, owing to impermeable hollows filled with silt or other porous material, and grown over with turf, which may remain in this state indefinitely, while the surface continues to supply the water, and the basin to retain it. Such conditions are well known to agriculturists, whose skill is exerted in discovering how they can best draw off the imprisoned water which impedes the fertility of their lands over particular areas. The Boulder Clay, it may be added, is softer at the bottom of the trough immediately under the laminated clay than at a greater depth, doubtless owing to contact with the moister clay above. There are facts, moreover, which cannot be reconciled with any mere drifting agencies. 1. The large boulders embedded in the shelly deposit. Many of these had marine organisms attached to them, and were not less than half a ton in weight. Even with modern appliances one of these large blocks could not (the contractors informed us) be removed without blasting, and not one of them when uncovered had the slightest mark of a mallet or bore of a blast upon it. 2. Had the fossiliferous material been dug up from one place and carried to another by human agency, unmistakeable tool-marks, cuts, and indentations of pike and shovel, would have been visible on the shells in their crowded condition ; but not a single mark of this kind has been found. 8. Although the great mass of the shelly deposit lies in some apparent disorder, the under portions of it are distinctly laminated. Resting on the Boulder Clay there is an unevenly thin bed of reddish-brown clay, made up of very fine layers. Overlying this is a layer of whitish clay, about six inches thick, which is again covered by a layer of light grey clay, about one inch thick. These layers can be traced over the bed and up both sides of the trough, and it is impossible that sediment washed down through the loose materials above, as has been supposed, could have been accumulated in this manner. Again, had the layers been the immediate washings of the upper material, they would have been similar in colour and composition; but all three differed largely from the overlying clays, as well as amongst themselves in colour, constitution, and fossil contents. The thin light-grey layer lying between the whitish six-inch layer and coarser shell-clay above contains one Polyzoon (Ldmonea fenestrata, Busk) far more abundantly than we have found it elsewhere in the section. In this thin layer also occur the asbestos-like fibres of the shell of the common Mussel (A/ytilus edulis), of which we have not found a vestige in the overlying clays. The six-inch stratum of whitish clay is, when dry, of an extremely friable character, and very like a stratum of clay met with in some of the Paisley brick-fields, and at Jordan Hill, in the same relative position; and the reddish-brown clay underlying this corresponds with the thinly laminated clays frequently found at the base of the fossili- ferous clays of the Clyde district. Further, these underlying strata all contain organisms POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. AQ of marine and arctic character, without the least admixture of those decided brackish- water forms so common in the present neighbouring lagoons of the Clyde. 4. At the south end of the hollow, lying between the shell-clay and the upper mould, a bed of brown clay is disclosed two feet in thickness which has never been disturbed since its original deposition. As all these circumstances are incompatible with the supposition that this deposit has been interfered with by human agency, they are equally so with the theory that it has been drifted from any near or distant locality by the action of ice. The fossils bear no trace, moreover, of having been in any way rolled or crushed, as they would infallibly have been from such a cause. ' Traces of a thin irregular bed of small shells have been seen near the surface along the south-east side of the dock ; and about one hundred yards from this, in an easterly direction, another shelly deposit, belonging to the same series, has been exposed on the side of a sandstone quarry, where the shells and other organisms, though fewer in number and variety of species and different in their proportions, are similar in character to those we have described. Another shell-bed, also of Arctic type, has been brought to light in making a channel way to the west end of the dock, rather below half-tide. That these beds at one time were all connected is highly probable; but there appears no evidence that any of them were ever covered by the Boulder Clay. At first sight the deposit in the hollow, indeed, seems to dip under the Boulder Clay, but on further examination it is clearly seen to thin out to the surface. The whole Frith of Clyde on both sides is patched with beds of laminated fossiliferous clay, which, doubtless, at one time covered the bottom from side to side, and reached the various heights on which we find their remains above the level of the sea. ‘The whole deposit has evidently suffered much since it was first laid down, from currents, changes of level, and other causes. The clays are generally found cut away between low tide and high-water mark, where the abrading power of the water is greatest. Examples may be seen at Langbank, Helensburgh, Roseneath, Fairlie, Cumbrae, &c. In these localities the truncated edges of the fossiliferous clays are exposed to view here and there in the more sheltered hollows along the tidal belt. The trough at Cartsdyke has, doubtless, been separated from the deposit existing close by, near low-water-mark, by the agencies determining the distribution of the beds through the whole Frith. The Cartsdyke deposit is remarkable, not only for its puzzling appearance, but for the great abundance and diversity of organisms found crowded within its narrow linits. The dry fossiliferous clay consists of 76 per cent. fine mud; I9 per cent. fine and coarse sand; 5 per cent. gravel and shell dééris. 7 50 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. The gravel has chiefly been derived from the sandstones of the neighbourhood, with fragments of quartz and mica-schist, and the greater portion is less or more water-worn and striated. In our list of Mollusca sixty-one species and seven varieties have been identified. The two prevailing shells are Pecten Islandicus and Mytilus modiolus, but perhaps the shell of most geological interest in this deposit is Pecten mawimus, as it has been considered doubtful whether it lived at the same time in the Clyde beds with Pecten Islandicus or at a subsequent period. Questions have been raised regarding P. maximus, which show the necessity of extreme care in cataloguing supposed “ glacial’’ fossils of any description. It is very doubtful, indeed, whether P. maaimus belongs to the group of shells found in the true glacial clays. 1. It is not uncommon as a living species in the Frith of Clyde, and its valves abound in the upper silts and raised beaches, and specimens really belonging to the younger beds may have been accidentally mingled with the older fossiliferous deposits beneath. From such mixtures catalogues of species from the ‘“ Clyde beds ” have often been augmented. 2. There is a Pecten maximus bed (presently to be described) immediately in contact in some localities with the older Arctic shell-clays on which it rests. 3. Balani have never been found attached to P. maximus, yet in the glacial beds they are common on P. Jslandicus; and as B. porcatus and B. crenatus (which are remarkably large and abundant in the Arctic clays) do not seem at all fastidious in their choice of attachment, whether to a stone or shell, we may reasonably infer that most of the shells of P. mazimus found in the Clyde beds were not cohabitants with P. Islandicus. 4, With the exception of the one valve met with at Cartsdyke, P. maximus has only been found in beds between high and low water which have been greatly disturbed and re-arranged again and again by storm and tide. This argument regarding P. maximus has been given to show the necessity of great caution in making deductions regarding the percentage and range of species generally in the whole series of glacial beds. Whether such deductions are made from the Ostracoda or the Mollusca, the same argument applies with equal force. Height above the sea ten to twelve feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars. Pontocypris mytilordes (Norman). — trigonella, G. O. Sars. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. Cythere pellucida, Baird. — porcellanea, Brady. — viridis, Miller. — Tlutea, Miller. — clutha, n. sp. — limicola (Norman). — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — angulata (G. O. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punctillata, Brady. Lucythere Argus, G. O. Sars. Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). — fragilis, G. O. Sars. Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars. — pumila, 0. sp. — undata, G. O. Sars. — _ striata, G. O. Sars. — Sarsii, Brady. — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). — nodosum, Brady. — angulatum, Brady and Robertson. Bythocythere simplex (Norman). Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). — Fischeri, G. O. Sars. == tenerum, 1. Sp. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. 92 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. 12. CumBRaE COLLEGE. The following succession of beds was found during the sinking of a water-tank (1867) near the College in the Isle of Cumbrae : Earthy mould. : : : . If. Gin: Gravel 2 : : : oA a0, Shell-bearing sand (not pierced through) ‘ « 7 46 The bed occurs at a distance of 200 yards from the shore, measuring from high- tide- mark. On parts of the flat of slightly elevated ground, on which the excavation was made, beds of Nullipore, which is not now found in the neighbouring bay, are met with forming part of an old sea-beach and covered by a few inches of mould. The shell-bed contains a large proportion of sand. ‘Taking seven and a half pounds of the dried material, only ten ounces washed away through a sieve of 96 threads to the inch, leaving six pounds fourteen ounces residue. Of this residue one pound is composed of gravel and broken shells, retained in a sieve of g-in. mesh. The fragments of rock are sandstone, quartz, trap, and mica-schist, the larger pieces being mostly water-worn, while the smaller are generally angular or partially rounded. Some of the smooth stones appear to have been broken in two, and the fractured surface is entirely unworn. Height above the sea thirty-two feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — porcellanea, Brady. — Macallana, Brady and Robertson. — viridis, Miller. — iutea, Miller. — albo-maculata, Baird. — convexa, Baird. — clutha, n. sp. POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 53 Cythere pulchella, Brady. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — angulata (G. O. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — limicofa (Norman). Cytheridea punctillata, Brady. — papillosa, Bosquet. Lucythere Argus, G. O. Sars. — declivis (Norman). Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). — impressa (Baird). Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — similis, G. O. Sars. — undata, G. O. Sars. — _ striata, G. O. Sars. — Sarsi, Brady. — clathrata, G. O. Sars. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). — nodosum, Brady. == angulatum, Brady and Robertson. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). 13. Kincuattan, IstE oF Burts. The deposit lies at the north-west side of Kilchattan Bay, beyond tide-mark, and dips seaward. ‘Taking the beds in descending order, we find— I.—Peaty mould: about 1 foot. Il—Gravel : 3 to 5 feet. T1J.—Muddy sand: 4 to 6 feet. IV.—Grey laminated clay: 6 to 7 feet. V.—Reddish Boulder Clay: depth unknown. 54 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Section showing position of shell-bearing clay at Kilchattan Tile-works, Bute. a, Boulder clay. 6, Laminated clay. c, Sandy mud, with shells, &e. d, Gravelly mould. e, Peaty mould. Passing over e and d, it is in the stratum of muddy sand (c) that the shells occur; and they are more abundant towards the bottom than near the top. The prevailing shells of this deposit are Tellina calcarea, Awinus fleeuosus, Scrobicularia prismatica, Cyprina Islandica, Mya truncata, and Utriculus obtusus. Most of these reach a size rather above the average of those met with in the Clyde beds generally. They are all abundant, from the fry up to the adult forms, showing, as regards this deposit, that the conditions for all stages of growth of these various species had been exceedingly favorable. The majority of the J/ye@ were found to have both valves preserved, together with remains of their siphons in position within the shells. This sandy material seems to be favorable for the preservation of this portion of the animal tissue. Siphons have been met with in the soft clay of other localities, but rarely. A number of the valves of Mya truncata have thick patches of the muddy sand in which they are imbedded indurated on their inner surface so firmly as not to be removed even by boiling water. Similar hard clays are occasionally found in shells taken from other Post-tertiary deposits. These patches generally do not extend over the whole interior of the shell, but are confined to a particular spot. Sometimes we have met with hard nodules of clay which, when broken, disclose a cluster of small shells embedded within, much like the well-known clay nodules enclosing shells or fish-remains in other formations. These indurated patches of sand and clay within the shells, and those enclosing shells, as well as the clay-nodules found in many of our brick-clays, that have no apparent organic nucleus, have all, so far as we have examined, a strong calcareous base, while the clays in which they are embedded have none. The grey-coloured laminated clay (4) is formed into layers by thin bands of red sand, which are thicker and more distinct as they approach the bottom, where the clay between them is again divided into exceedingly thin layers. From three pounds of this laminated POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 55 clay we obtained an oval plate of an Hchinus, three valves of Cytherura Sarsii, twelve specimens of Nonionina depressula, and three of Polystomella striato-punctata. A much larger portion from the same stratum had previously been examined without finding a vestige of animal remains, showing how unsafe it is to pronounce any deposit unfossiliferous from one trial, inasmuch as organisms may not be equally distributed through all parts of the same stratum. The shell-bearing clay consists of 32 per cent. fine mud ; 68 per cent. fine sand. The laminated clay when dry is of a lightish drab colour, and consists of 964 per cent. fine mud, 3 per cent. fine sand, with occasionally small pebbles less than the size of a common pea. The Boulder Clay, which is very unevenly distributed, and at some places rises up in knolls through the grey clay and nearly reaches the muddy sand layer above, when dry consists of 51 per cent. fine mud, 28 per cent. fine and coarse sand, 21 per cent. gravel. Height above the sea fifteen to twenty feet. The following Ostracoda were found : Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars. Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars. — porcellanea, Brady. — WMacallana, Brady and Robertson. — viridis, Miller. — lutea, Miller. — Clutha, n. sp. — limicola (Norman). — pulchella, Brady. — villosa (G. O. Sars). — concinna, Jones. — angulata (G. O. Sars). — tuberculata (G. O. Sars). — Dunelmensis (Norman). Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. — punetillata, Brady. Lucythere Argus, G. O. Sars. Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones). Cytherura nigrescens (Baird). — gibba (Miller). 56 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars. — undata, G. O. Sars. — Sarsii, Brady. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman). 14. Kytzs or Burs. 1. Zigh-na-bruaich—Walking along the shore, and proceeding from high-tide-mark to low, the following series of beds is passed over : (1.) Boulder Clay, hard, compact, unfossiliferous. It is red in colour through the ferruginous character of the mica-schist of which the included boulders largely consist, and which constitutes the base rock on which it rests. (2.) Laminated clay, remarkable for the decisiveness and freedom of its laminations and of the same character as that described in other beds. (3.) Shell-clay, rich in characteristic Arctic shells. This bed is composed of clay and sand mixed in various proportions at different points. At some points a pure sand, at others a pure clay, is found, and there are all possible intermediate varieties. To the left of the pier, covered with one to two feet of sand, is an extensive bed of Pecten Islandicus, the shells having both valves united, and beimg in their natural position. Saxicava (Panopea) Norvegica with Mya truncata, var. Uddevallensis, also occur in a thick clay, adjoining the sand, of large size, standing in their natural boring position. Astarte compressa and A. sulcata can be picked out from the clay also with united valves, and large valves of 4. dorealis may also be found. ‘To some of the boulders imbedded in the clay large specimens of Balanus porcatus are attached. The true order of these beds is the reverse of the order in which they are passed over in walking from high- to low-tide-mark. The action of the sea has swept away the upper parts of the beds; and since the denudation has been most complete where the waves have broken upon the shore, the lowest bed (the Boulder Clay) is the most exposed at that point ; the middle bed (the laminated clay) is still less exposed ; and the upper bed (the shell-clay) is the least exposed of the whole series. This order is invariable through the whole length of the Kyles, although one or other of the beds is occasionally absent. Fossils might appear at first sight to be in the Boulder Clay when they really occur at points where the fossiliferous bed is in immediate contact with it, the laminated clay being absent. On the Bute shore, immediately opposite Tigh-na-bruaich, the same beds are visible POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 57 wherever any jutting point has saved them from denudation. In some places a bed of Mya truncata runs under the turf, and is above high-tide-mark, while the Boulder Clay is seen beneath it, the shell-bed having been more perfectly protected than on the opposite side of the water; Savicava Norvegica of very large size is in sit, and any lump of clay yields numerous examples of Ze/lina calcarea. 2. Balnakeaile Bay.—In this bay, which is almost directly opposite to Colintraive Pier, the glacial beds have been well preserved; they are cut through by a small stream which discharges itself into the sea in the middle of the bay, and exposes the clay with characteristic Arctic species em sedi. On the left of the stream the shell-bed extends under a bank of sand and gravel, rising to a height of twenty feet ; and it also crops out in the wood, a quarter of a mile inland, on the same side of the stream. The nature of the matrix in which the shells are found varies from a loose sand. to a tenacious clay. Following the Rothesay Road, in a slight bend of the Kyles opposite the first farm- house, the shell-bed has been found in great perfection. It is now almost washed away, but a few years ago the remains of an Arctic fauna were multitudinous. : te cde a mS ; s unds VUES ea Babee Siena unite : el : Ses is if ais ft is ts Sate as SigGr Aer As as Ss Sco : a : GER sdgc58 ise ie eS8g She's SFs: S& te oi gag letei= |: ga be are Poe TUES LR STE E SES GSPsagta- gels Go -E REORS SSS af Su Bo & SoS Boel ESSESESS MSR Sa gegel Pe JES go Se SS Geese BE oS es - o Seg essa gy ASUS ee wel. Gal stsgd ge gt BS Ge oe alee oh gts SE Le Se Sze eae Se Rigesesd Ba: BS af gs BleeeSate ES ot & 0 LER a seh ae eecas as Bees s yee ¢ HE aS BSAREeses Se 2a fe BUSGLESEEGiGagEiaii24 S2222822 G2kS Fe Ge 2S E2eeeccee ge 2 BE = Ss = > i=} A} eB REE ESSHEEERAERSSRESES HSSRESEE Sse RS BE #8 GSahohas a gS Ss Be a r=] : re] 8 SE = = ——- GENERIC AND INDEX OF SPECIFIC NAMES. *,* The Synonyms are printed in italics. PAGE PAG WARD re Ae Cees aishd dagen Vbcshcicea dey she Cos VSI Cypria: COU aga nc cca: out manieaseantioraa ah Abel ata RlACIAIG © 265 s2s.- s05 crea covwagsccesesmeneese 132 So UNCLE OCA arse nxhisiawra setdsaansenreceeees ase PAG IMIR OMAN. Woe Sec apes horh veo esenie ss knnyon seis 1327 COV PRIDE 5 twes..g0a8 poscune a csmpsecatadnameeaa eats Argilloecia cylindrica ..............0.6::eseee ewes 132) | eCyprideis Bara) 2... seaqeeenesesc scan teesseen IANSPEROPE! oi toscesseuspaesorssedicaencsocceeeeress 217 Wn “UPLOLUna re periasccrnesee eshte eee PUSLCEO DC) UCLOS i ty n-.c23censisiawbaws cc san ep aaasitberey 218 cB COTOSO. ca crtecss ce ee uh canes hes Geaitia iene vitae Cyprtdind teres... 2.2 .ccccecccteesscecsccenseneaces AUR DUAN: 5, sue dater vscaunts Gain eer iagoanse seine 1395 | PCN PRIDTNADIS 2 coe ecge sence ses ecseeeasaee senate Bairdia Cam Drica. o...c¢ssatesss coceere ens gacece vee 1597) CY PRIM OPSIS - oy eeasce hea stade ase. RPE CLOCEY LUS Mee sais senrecea iinccuce aot se eben seh 136 | Cypridopsis Newtoni ...................0.0e0¢e000s PMR LUC rane sic seus t toot maseasea een acids 130 % ODES, Maracayauic Woseeetaeeesceen eee Meme lNf Atay cc tolcauen ceca osseihie asses onites LS OMRON PRES! 26s SG en veuan ta scedaseem eccias badaaned vase POM DUNCL ALG War Meet esac ee aes cee tise WAXD || COpOS GUO Sioscc sn ceetupancnecsbondeessoen: Bee, (SUOACILOLAEE: cocci tise deve sactheet eves mst 139) wy pris CIMETed 222.2 Niiec sas cosy neneseveesaase. estan BOSQUBTUA. <5... .cGscetec soto aches etraneedsaneee ne 220 3H) COMPTCSSAN Io yg scnecasaees-scosceeese ceteee Bosquetia robusta: .....5....2-2..--05--2e2esese-2 220 SD LOL CCE es Po cite rey te nee Se Soe IBYOH O CY THERE | sotcccass fences a arttiecwesenes s 207 Wai CUD Daisies syste ncn ak cee eet ane mee Bythocythere acuminata. ........... 00.220 0.0 00005. 208 Fah TLCS ae res od th ais MN OREN hans Se Bythocytnere constrict s. <2..5:vhe.gceese-c dene: 208 99) ANEMUL 2 oe ses on tin Decinntosaisassontcnced vent ay ie CLON SAGA AF ia vere weetgenteaecena ccs 209 55iy MONSETUCUs. 2% La dstereaaiyavedtanaseveeiBuecs 35 JUCLUOSOD Mawes eee teenscercceese. 2 UO some OVMLIN Pe accaneeG cee aitenascldee dimen dou Btaoeree es Ms SIM PleXeeawen eeeeee nce se Maoh fo 208 Ft AULA HULUD Corrente lee em en gy TEPCANS ecco de sewa gar tea cedure vem eneesees (CANDONAY 2. ceuas cata seesieetat Shonen cacasvehime 133 SR gt) 1.01: a eae ne Candona albicans ........ 00.0. c eee eee cee eee 133 PPS CLIULOE DO. oduct ons nats ale eantad waco ae - CANCIC aeenE nies seen aes eee tee eee 135 SM SCLIQ CTO Maa. tuig cr ee anna eae ee bye) eCOMMPLCSSHE Uo re. cee eensse sehen: 135 35 un SELIG ACG raza kes weceogeneaiscet. as ueguasana en 5 detectaverny: cetek.c sccm nee teas 134 PF MEN ETIES ERTL wrens ne hoe Greraactecacsreereee mE - ACEC Apes eterno tren ivaiecns erates 134 SMe VITCLLS ie Seems ence, era Nee a ee Se LUCETISI ee craneno attire oe nee ose PSOU | CGMDEME RB yeas acts san ccuuainsciieeee at Suet apemnetaee Re. FO REDLANS Accs cismiemvenestenetecccneatiors U2Bi lt Cyt here GOYSS COL. cas ac waters senaedssoaipe cee pedens We WELOT OSG anes oseiesoearnn saeco eee 179) Cytherealbomaculatas: <5. -.javscee <2 4000 secdeeces CUlMAROlEDEhtS LENCE ZA iiauatatesaitucisenyeqce eas 218 » angulata ...... 230 POST-TERTIARY PAGE Cy ier ONG Uslata if, iecidiaccdssyeras pronuecons oO je ADVIQUAGA (ay an sce aeaiae a eee ons ener 170 PES CUOONCSCCT Sri = ene ten ee 15] sy ORCOLGE Dean Neck cuca oes ee 154 Pen OULONULUG ts teen aek itl sae eee 191 oie au LUCIUD Rentrete tat Achy ae a ee ee 136 SSP LLU, Wicd y OBE SE 0h Ad PUT Re OE 146 PE 21010 1) aE eee ee rea col P OD Oe 176 Spb COLUNGLG:< ot ihe ty. Se eee ee 186 53 wee CASLAN CA 7s... 355.004 . «Aves aad ocean eben eee 208 5 Suodeltotdea™ ay. tae ne eee 139 PP 1) 13) 1 eerie ete ald See ASE ean tna hc idoo 145 35, Htuberculatao 2o2)- sey eae ee 164 gp PBARTAD TIS ee eee ren eee 213 5p.) UCNER COS ON eee eee rere cceret eee eee 154 3 villosa See ec eee 157 53 WARIS! ee pete tee eee cece ee ee 147 5g. SOUT Ista Cerne een ee eet eae 186, 191 se. Welaitetn ero ahora, ee eee 169 Cythereis angulata mice. scscetscee a eeaete 162 A ONLIQUGE tame cies seco nee ce eee 170. sy CUMUGE OREN cre ce ane eren NA dente 160 5G COPRULOD Rect Siac ee det Re Ce 171 5; Dunelmensts ie: ccctac ee eee eee 168 COL GUNGL Dene ee eee eres 166 FRY CULAR SS REAR A estore noes 20 171 Soo? RORTICD BRE ede acer eo Eee EE 168 5 TOMESIUL EN oe ae ane 171 spn epectabtlis wis 7-20. c een een 171 3 . Subeoronata’,<. i ac aenrerenreees 171 - fuberculata sans ee eer een 164 INDEX TO PAGE CROP CIS VU OSG) 2.5 acc suits sdk oon ae tees 157 Fe A a ee ee ne SORT 169 {NAT URE ULED A co seaeecnsaccgnnteeecae waste ests 220 MOWALTE MRED Al sya cess caine sec sees Oe ta eaenes Soe ee nd ses 141 ONIPEERIDW Ad Spo te nstente aesteis op cues wach eomectares 175 ajthenided Centatay sarc. ccueces: seas enennnes 180 Gytheridea elongata ......0.scsceseeuses ssnsoetees 181 . AN OUINUS Wome alton oS Peo Soon ISTHE 180 ss IN OLN Atacama ores csc nec soe Ree 181 i HaCUSiMISS eestsonc acer seer nee 179 Ps LiGCOT OL1S ua onete ee eerie Ae 179 3 Papullosa Meccoed,.sweeesswstaets aves 176 es punctilater. say cyxcce sonra y 177 NORD VAN AY cite aioe sn cutis nivads 180 rf GETCS WAR ie ote eres eid iat eotien ee 178 5 OTOSAE fae schs xs ements aaa Sees 178 a LUNIA eee Race An Mee AO Abi 190 CYTHERIDEIS ............ Pei eee nee ascend ees 210 Cytherides Bartonensts..,.1..0.2.c0csecceisee-s 184 @ytherideissubspiralis .......0......0c02:2.100-.. 211 oF COMOANUNDUS =n, seuss eee enna ee 188 8 GUL OC CULCE ea ee eer eee 164 CU CETING-CLDONSO: on i iiads ett ob tans wnnvsnsn’d 127 - EUMUGS Basia tssseancecooeuse it eaee we sees 190 MP PRENOPSISPAN GUS ocx cust dc huay tenses amentiets 183 AVY THBROPTERON. . aw seveceoneevessevenncssaedeenners 201 Cytheropteron angulatum........................ 206 a ALCUALUIM, 2 ieeee seas serena dese 203 4 CONUELULING acer enna anat nee 202 es MMVGENAWIIN, 495 es oromaosaheedoonese 204 5 latissimum see 202 x Montrosiense..................... 205 $ PORAUOPOWD. ee ne ce soca npros nee 187 7 MOGOSUIME nesses eset eee comes eee 203 - ME CEM et etliennce en erantess 206 s. WCSMENUCLLO Nene ee eette eet a va 203 WNTHERURA 1.5 tedreuneneenusacnecueiniseaed psa 191 - below. front. Carapace, seen from left side. above. below. 9 99 JE} 39 Carapace, seen from right side. above. below. a) 29 22 Ee) Carapace, seen from left side. Carapace, seen from above. below. front. 29 2) 2) 29 Carapace, seen from left side. S Ps above. : below. . front. Carapace, seen from left side. above. front. 9? 39 2? 92 (All magnified 40 diameters.) Carapace, seen from left side. ie Right valve, seen from outside. (Hornsea.) (Hornsea.) (Hornsea.) (Hornsea.) Mersey beds.) (Crofthead.) (Dalmuir.) ( Whittlesea.) (Hornsea.) Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl. I, 7 2 3 4 o 6 ie G.S. Brady ddl. TaffenWest ith, W.West amp. . . i . 1 { 7 . , ¥ 7 ' ‘ . ‘ + , ss . ‘ : . 1 ’ Cane: < “s i ‘eg - AY q . a . a ‘ ' 4 + r \ ty ’ , ‘ ‘ , y zi . 1 7 s : 1 . : , , . ' . y ’ . 4 j ‘ . . Oey = = rt PLATE II. Fre. 1. Limmicythere Sancti-Patricii. Carapace, seen from left side. Ma oS aa 7 » above x 30 (Recent.) 3. — — 5 3 below. A. Bythocythere el ; - By ae here Senge Carapace, seen from ees i x 60 (Given 6. Cypris cinerea. Carapace (slightly imperfect), seen from } left side. x 60 (Crofthead.) ee ” oe) ” above. 8 a. Limnicythere monstrifica. Carapace, seen from left side. 8 6. — ~ " e above. Sen. oS, -_ ‘ . Dae x 40 (Recent.) 8 d. — = - . front. 9. Pseudocythere caudata. Right valve, seen from outside. Xx 85 (Dalmuir.) 10. Candona compressa. Carapace, seen from left side. ene bn \ ae ; x 40 (Recent.) 13. Darwinella Stevensoni. Carapace, seen from left side (female). 14. — — Bs - above. 15. - na : . Balen x 40 (Recent.) 16. — — > front. 17. — — acre spots x 100. 18. Pontocypris acupunctata. Carapace, seen from left side. 19. ie a : 7 aes } x 40 (Recent.) 20. Cypridopsis Newtoni. Carapace, seen from left side. 21. oo — — 4 above. ae x 40 (Recent. 22. Krithe Bartonensis. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 23. — — is below. 24. — ~-- Carapace of male, seen from left side. x 55 (Duntroon.) 25. — — 5 - above. 26. — — cs n below. 27. Cypris virens. Carapace, seen from right side. x 16 (Recent.) 28. — — 3 re above. 29. Candona candida. Left valve of male, seen from outside. 30. — — " ie above. Daleue an bed.) 31. Cypris reptans. Carapace, seen from left side. Sem can cna ote i ae x 16 (Recent.) 33. Asterope teres. Carapace of female, seen from left side. x 40 (Jordan Hill) SA. = ¥ a below. Nots.—The figures of Cypridopsis Newtoni, Candona compressa, Darwinella Stevensoni, Limnicythere monstrifica, L. Sancti-Patricii, Pontocypris acupunctata, Cypres virens, and Cypris reptans, are all taken from recent specimens, no fossil examples having been found sufficiently perfect to illustrate the species satisfactorily. Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl. If. | et) eel ese 2OuS gieues aa aye she Tecineeis W.West & C? imp. G.S Brady del* T. West lith, ie i { : ; My ‘ Pre . 1 : f * i i ; 1 . i i A oy i i ‘ i are Aw 7 ‘ ' ; * : : + ’ ‘ : . f ‘ ' \ . : ‘ / ‘ ; a a7 ' ' . ' ‘ . ‘ . . ‘ : Fy ' * ‘ ‘ i ; . PLATE III. Fra. 1. Cythere lutea. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 20 — = & above. 380 —- — sg below. eM es t a " front. (Loch Gilp.) 5 Carapace of male, ns right side. 6. — — ie separated valves show- ing hinge-margins. 7. Cythere villosa. Carapace of female, seen from left side. \ 8. — — i. male, - 9 — — Ks 5 is ane 10.0 — = 5 55 9 below. (Jordan Hill.) ll. — oo Ms m . front. \ lla—- — Separated valves. 2.0 — female (variety). / 13.0 Carapace of male, radiate variety. (Greenock.) 14. Cythere convexa. Carapace of female, seen from left side. ee Pea - - noe (Oban, raised-beach.) 17. — — a . front. i Cie Ee ae eae ent ont i (Oban sasedehenan 20. Cythere pellucida. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 2 — Fe * above. 22, — — a » below. (Loch Gilp.) 2 = ‘ a front. 24, — — Right valve, ee above. 25. Cythere castanea. Right valve of female. (Paisley, brick-field.) 26. Cythere viridis. Carapace of female, seen from left St) Of eae 7 z above. (Paisley.) 28. — — " ; front. J 29. Cythere pulchella. Carapace of female, seen from left side. -30.0 — — ' i above. ; a _ M e Lala. (Loch Gilp.) Se = ; - front. 33.0 — — Carapace of male, if left side. \ 34. — — Ae separated valves, seen from above. 35. — a Hinge-processes of right valve x 84. (Jordan Hill.) 36. — — Lucid spots x 84. 37. Outline of young carapace. / (All x 40 except where otherwise stated.) 4 a oe <. Post-Terti ary Entomostraca PI. III. Jey 24 ee 2 gets = Bs 9 26 ¥) 3 Vest tup Ww GS Brady del. T West Lith. 7 a: Ds U , = ft > ' t ‘ — iB - * Li | . ) : i ' ' * E3 ni he *. . 19. 20. 21. Cythere angulata.” 22. 23. 24, PLATE IV. Cythere concinna.' Carapace of female (variety) seen from left side. re above. below. ss front. Right valve of female carapace, seen from outside. Left valve of male carapace, seen from outside. Carapace of male (variety), seen from left side. 99 valves separated and seen from above. Carapace of female, seen from left side. ao) valves separated and seen from above. Carapace, seen from left side, male ; normal form. 22 variety. 37 2 Carapace in different stages of growth. Young carapace, seen from left side. Xs above. A below. - front. Carapace of female, seen from left side. : above. below. front. 99 29 (All magnified 40 diameters.) 1 At page 160, 1st line, for Figs. 1—16, read figs. 1—20. 2 ” 162, 22nd ,, for » 17—24, read ,, 21—24. tomostraca, Pl: IV. Post-Tertiary En ip 4] WV. West imp G.§ Brady del. T. West lith. ee ar PLATE V. Cythere emarginata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. 3 - » above. 9 * » below. : _ * sfront. 5 female, _,, right side. 03 , separated valves. (Loch Gilp.) Cythere tuberculata. Carapace of female, seen from left side. ——_ — . Cythere Dunelmensis. eft valve of male, lateral view. ‘ - above. i - below. _ - - front. 5 male, Fe left side. 3 33 hinge-margins. (Dalmuir.) (Greenock new Dock.) Fr », seen from above. Fe 3 » below. 55 ve = front. » inside. Right valve of female. » _ young. Hinge-margins. (Jordan Hill.) Right valve of female, seen from out- side. (Bridlington.) » above. Left valve of mal f tsid idli eft va ae male, seen from pa (Bridlington.) (All magnified 40 diameters.) Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl: V. /] 70 Zi Drady de! W. We st (mg yy T West bth if Pes \\ hte PLATE VI. Fie. 1. Cytheridea punctillata. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 2 — — i _ above. 3 — — Me ¥ below. 4 — — Carapace of male, seen from left side. 5. — — ss female (variety). 6,7. — — Carapaces in early stages of growth. 8 oo — Right valve, seen from outside. 9 — — End-view of adult carapace. 10. — — Hinge-margin of left valve, seen from above. 1a — — : “4 ., inside. 12. Cytheridea papillosa. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 13. — Pa ne above. 14. — — is a below. 15. — —— - 4 front. 16. Cytheridea lacustris. Carapace, seen from left side. Ue —_ — Pe a above. 18. — _ - - below. 19. — — = Fe front. 20. — — Hinge-margins, seen from above. 21. Krithe glacialis. Carapace, seen from left side. 22. — — = 3 above. 23. — — - ms below. 24. — — 3 front. 25. — — Left valve, seen from inside. C0 — Right and left valves, separated, and seen from above. (All magnified 40 diameters, except 10, 11, and 20, which are on a larger scale.) ii = Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, - LN it NX CG ca) < W West mp G.§ Brady del.T West lith, . — PLATE VII. . Cytheridea torosa, var. teres. Carapace of female, seen from left side. = . above. . Cytheridea (?) inornata. Carapace, seen from left side. — - above. 99 — > - below. — - front. 29 . Cytheridea Sorbyana. Left valve of female, seen from side. — Right — Left — Right ,, — Carapace of female, seen from below. — Right valve of male, seen from side. 29 " . Above! . Xestoleberis depressa. Carapace of female, seen from left side. — a » above. — . » below. — 3 » front. — Carapace of male, __,,. left side. os i » above. — » front. 20. Bythocythere simplex. Left valve of ? , seen from side. Ae » above. . Cythere mirabilis (female). Left valve, seen from side. — _ above. _ Right valve _,, — Left valve - front. — Lucid spots. | Ae : * (Paisley.) (Annochie.) (Errol.) (Norway.) (Errol.) (Loch Gilp.) (Paisley.) (Errol.) (All the figures x 40, except fig. 26, which is x 96.) Post-lIertiary Fntomostraca, Pl. VIL 19 78 1a /6 Ti 73 ad ) 2, Oo 20 haa Mo Tes W West GS. Brady del. T. West lth. bane en ; . i v \ . ' ' a f ‘ ' zi . Loxoconcha guttata. Left valve of female, seen from side. PLATE VIII. . Loxoconcha impressa. Carapace of female, seen from left side. — — x » above. — _ * » below. — — rs »» front: (Oban, Raised-beach.) — _- » above. (Drip Bridge, Stirling.) — — Left valye of male, » side. . Loxoconcha tamarindus. Carapace of female, seen from left side. — — - 5, . above. —— — , eiront: — a Carapace of male, ,, left side. (Greenock new Dock.) (Dalmuir.) . Cytheropteron nodosum. Carapace, seen from left side. _ __ ae os (Dumbarton. ) — oon ” a) dront. . Cytheropteron arcuatum. Left valve, seen from side. — - . » below. . (Errol.) — — ie , front. . Cytheropteron latissimum. Carapace of male, seen from left side. — — i » above. (Kilchattan.) — — a » below. — — PS aniconte — — Carapace of female, seen from right cae (Montrose. ) . Cytheropteron inflatum. Right valve, seen from side. —- — 7 above. Pca — — - below. (Errol.) — — 3 front. . Cytheropteron Montrosiense. Left valve of female, seen from outside. — _ above. = ae below. (Montrose.) — — front. — — Right valve of female, seen from above. —- — Carapace of male (?), seen from left side. — — 3 above. } (Annochie Brick-works.) — — * below. — — front. , . Cytheropteron angulatum. Carapace, seen from left side. =F = oH id le (Dumbarton.) — — ie y front. (All x 40, except C. arcuatum, which is X 50.) Post-lertiary Fntomostraca Pl. VIII. G.S.Baady dul T West Jith” ene — = 7 hed at wa %) . ‘ a) ' ) . ' , is - t ‘ ° te Fie. = rae ode 22. . Cythere leioderma. Right valve, seen from outside. . Cythere globulifera. Left valve (of male?), seen from . Cythere emaciata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. be PLATE IX. . Cythere albomaculata. Carapace of female, seen from left side. a — r ,, above. (Raised beach, Irvine.) — — “ » below. — -— 3 », front. = ae 7 » above. (Bridlington.) . Cythere concinna. Carapace of female, seen from left side. — — above. (Bridlington.) 29 — — ie Pe front. . Cytheridea elongata. Carapace, s seen from left side. — — above. 2? 22 — — behind. 29 ”? — — Hinge-margins. (Raised beach, Irvine.) — — se above. — — " below. — — io front. (Raised beach, Oban.) (Errol.) outside. = — Right valve (of female ?), seen from outside. — — ,, above. — — Right einen seen from outside. a — above. 29 39 x 50 (Annochie.) (Bridlington.) . Cythere laticarina. Carapace, seen from the left side. -— — 2 above. — — 3 below. — — : front. (Raised beach, Oban.) (All x 40, except where otherwise stated.) Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl: IK. z= TESS Sa c Fa pita 5A SSS e basi Ss ee ee ON C (bee EASE eT > Zo. 23 cap , W. West Brady del. T. West isth S$ 1 « ys f is ry ‘ - - ,=_ = ww: - Fie. . Cythere limicola. Carapace of female, seen from left side. Bow . Cytherideis subspiralis. Right valve, seen from outside. . Limnicythere inopinata. Carapace, seen from left side. . Paradoxostoma ensiforme. Right valve, from outside. . Paradoxostoma variabile. Carapace, seen from left side. PLATE X. — _ 3 above. e ae is * below. = ae 7 5 front. (Kilchattan.) . Cythere cribrosa. Carapace, seen from right side. a = 5 55 above. (Bridlington.) a a » 3 front. cas a 55 ss above. ae ane i i Hele: (Hornsea.) —— = . s front. . Eucythere Argus. Carapace of female, seen from left side. ” male, oe aa ” ” 29 above. ia aie 2? ” ” fr ont. (Dumbarton.) (Burn of Haster, Caith- a eo % i above. ness.) . Cythere Finmarchica, Carapace, seen from left side. Niocn Gilp.) — — " F right side. (Burn of Haster.) Pe a _ (young), left side. } (Gamrie.) — — ae x above. ; . Cythere angulata, var. Carapace, seen from right side. (Dalmuir.) . Cythere cuneiformis. Carapace of female, seen from left side. — — Fe ,», above. — — “ ,, below. — — Fe ,, tront. (Bridge of Allan.) (Bridlington.) — — _ » above. — — Es o above. — —_— - A, below. — — - front. (Cumbrae, College-bed.) . Sclerochilus contortus. Carapace, seen from left side. — — * a below. ine : a i 0 ' i iS Bat PLATE XI. Fie. 1. Cytherwra clathrata. Carapace, seen from left side. 2. — — 5 above. By -= — 3 7 below. 4. —_ — . . front. 5. Oytherura cellulosa. Carapace of male, seen from left side. 6 —— — - - above. 7. Cytherura concentrica. Right valve, seen from side. QB oe = = > above. 9. Cytherura undata. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 10. — — ‘s . above. Hak — — > below. 12. — — Carapace of male (variety). 1B} — -- - seen from above. 14, == aa. ” ” below. 15. — — x8 " front. 16. Cytherura similis, Carapace, seen from left side. 7. — — - - below. 18. — — . 5 front. 19. Cytherura (?) complanata. Right valve, seen from side. 20. _ — ss 9 above. 21. Cytherura compressa. Carapace, seen from left side. 22. — — Pe m above. 23. — — 5 5 front. 24. Cytherura Sarsii. Carapace, seen from left side. 25. — — . 5 above. 26. — — . 5 below. 27. “= — . A front. 28. Cytherura nigrescens. Carapace, seen from left side. 29. = — “ e above. 30. — — . - below. 31. — — mA _ front. 32. — - pe ; separate valves. 33. Cytherura pumila, Carapace of female, seen from left side. 84. = = s 55 above. 35. -— — Carapace of male, left side. 36. Cythere Dunelmensis (young). Left valve, lateral view. 37. a -—— _ . seen from above. 38. Cytherura striata. Carapace, seen from left side. 39. _— —_— Fe rs above. 40. — _ 55 as below. 41. = = s 3 front. 42. Cytherura cuneata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. 43. Cytherura flavescens. Carapace, seen from left side. 44. _ —_— * > above. 45. —— — Hi a below. 4G. — _ 5 ; front. 47. — cwneata. Sculpture of male carapace. 48. Cytherura angulata. Carapace, seen from left side. 49. _ _— : 5 above. 50. oo _ below. 51. — — 3 ¥ front. 52. Cythere crispata_ Carapace of female, seen from left side. Bp}. _— — Pe 3 above. 54, Aglaia (?) glacialis. Carapace, seen from left side. 55. — — 7 as above. 56. — —_— _ front. ” 1 At page 146, printed Plate X in error. x 40 (Raised beach, Oban.) x 84 (Gamrie.) x 40 (Hrrol.) x 40 (Paisley.) x 40 (Loch Gilp.) x 40 (Loch Gilp.) x 50 (Annochie.) x 40 (Gamrie.) x 40 (College-bed, Cumbrae.) x 40 (Jordan Hill.) x 40 (Greenock Dock.) x 40 (Errol.) x 40 (College-bed, Cumbrae.) x 40 (Dalmuir.) x 40 x 84 x 40 (Oban, raised beach.) x 40 (Oban.) (Drip Bridge.) Ne een NE mm’ Net ee ee Sma NF O_O RowP”_ Ho en “Ory m’’ Post-lertiary Fntomostraca Pl: XI. Nw BS ae: sD PPR, N eS S C = 2 \ 0) % & SS Lay Nay ‘ N Say x ay x ; B a) 3) iS) AN SS N ~) » N ~~ sy nw Sa) ~ N = Ss s) Dd T Ss == N gE D oe % = N Tt W. West omp G.S. Brady del. T. West hth Fie. . Cythere Whiter. Carapace, seen from left side. ow NOs 20. PLATE XIi. agar ” ” above. aa ay ” 29 below. . Cythere Jonesii. Left valve, seen from outside. — — 3 Bs above. — —_ S below. 39 — — var. ceratoptera. Left valve, seen from outside. . Cythere antiquata. Left valve, seen from outside. _— A 2 above. — — fe . below. . Cythere globulifera. Carapace, seen from left side. Bs 7” above. . Cytherura nigrescens. Carapace of female, seen from left side. . Cytherura angulata. Carapace, seen from left side. . Cytherura cuneata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. . Cytherura (similis?). Carapace, seen from left side. . Cytherura undata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. . Bosquetia robusta. Carapace, seen from left side. —- — i above. — — - a below. — — ‘ if front. . Polycope orbicularis. Left valve, seen from outside. — — - i above. x 40 (Belfast New Dock.) x 40 (Belfast New Dock.) x 40 (Belfast New Dock.) x 60 (Barrie.) x 84 (Irvine.) x 84 (Oban.) x 84 (Loch Gilp.) x 84 (Loch Gilp.) x 84 (Paisley.) x 40 (Paisley.) x 60 (Dalmuir.) Lol 2 c ntomostr Post-lertiary Ez 6° > R 20 18 W.West amp i G.S Brady del -Tuffen West ht > PLATE XIII. Fie. 1. Cythere Macallana. Carapace, seen from left side. 9. as = i Pe apace ; x 60 (Kilchattan.) 3. Cythere porcellanea. Carapace, seen from left side. 4A, — . 3) above, x 60 (West Tarbert.) 5. — — * below. 6. Cythere tenera. Carapace, seen from left side. } 60 i - » above. (Cardiff New Dock.) 8. Cythere castanea. Carapace (of female), seen from left side. 9 — — . » above. x 40 10.0 — — » (Of male), » left side. (Cardiff New Dock.) ll. — — - a3 » above. 12. Cythere crispata. Carapace, seen from left side. x 60 13. — = %3 » above. (West Tarbert, silt.) tee Cythere defleza. Right valve, seen from side. e240 Fordan Ealln 1. — — rr = above. 16. Cythere Cluthe. Cavapace, seen from left side. 4. (Kilchatian 7. — — m » above. 18. Cytherura Sarsii. Carapace, seen from left side. oe x 60 19. — oe a a above. (Kames Bay, Cumbrae.) 20. Bairdia (?) Cambrica. Right valve, seen from side. x 84 Ps — _ is above. (Cardiff New Dock.) 22. Cythere quadridentata. Carapace, seen from left side. x 40 (Loch Gilp.) 23. Cytherura cornuta. Carapace (of female), seen from left side. x 40 24. = — S below. (West rhe silt.) aye —_ - " front. 26. Cytherura gibba. Carapace (of female), seen from left Oh: — — ad Ps Re above. West in oe 7 28. = = . : belose (West Tarbert, silt.) 29. — — ps H front. 30. Cytherura producta. Carapace, seen from left side. Be — — 5 a above. x 50 32. — — - Rs below. (Cardiff New Dock.) Bo — — mi front. 34. Cytherura quadrata. Right valve, seen from side. x 40 (Belfast) 3D. — — a; es above. 36. Cytherura cuneata. Carapace, seen from left side. x 50 BYE — — a a above. (West Tarbert, silt.) (Norr.—By a mistake of the lithographer fig. 4 has been made of a smaller size than the others.) Post-Tertiary Entomostraca Pl. XIII. GS. Brady de® TWest ith. Fig. ie LO: ll. l2a 12 6. 13. 14. 15. DG. ive ep CHM Ane wr 26. Cytheropteron inflatum. Carapace, seen from left side. PLATE XIV. Cythere macropora. Carapace, seen from left side. - ca » 9 above. x 40 (Hopton Cliff) — — e me below. Cythere Hoptonensis. Left valve, seen from outside. ae oe es above. x 40 (Hopton Cliff.) — — Right valve, seen from outside. Cythere cicatricosa. Carapace, seen from left side. oo = » »5 above. . 25; i iu . . below. x 40 (Hopton Cliff.) a = . "4,4 front, Lowoconcha multifora. Carapace, seen from left side. a Sa oe) ” above. x 60 (Bristol.) a a, 05 a below. Cytheropteron Montrosiense (junius). Carapace, seen from left side. — — 53 above. x 50 (Errol.) — — Ns below. — — = front. Cytheropteron rectum. Carapace, seen from left side. x 60 (Recent: Westport.) aa a » » above. x 60 (Cardiff Dock.) a 9 ” above. —- Be em below. — “ . front. . Cytheropteron arcuatum. Carapace, seen from left side. x 50 (Dryleys.) . Lowoconcha elliptica. Carapace of male, seen from left side. x 40 (Govan New Dock.) bs Ks above. — —_ », female, seen from left oe x 40 (Cardiff Dock.) .; i above. -— rs “2 below. — - Fe - front. x 40 (Dryleys.) . Loxoconcha fragilis. Carapace of male, seen from left side. — — Left valve of female, seen from out- side. = » » (outline), seen from above. x 60 (Paisley.) Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl. XIV. G.S Brady del* T.West lith W.West &C° imp . we ‘ ' . i 1 \ = . . Cypris gibba. Carapace, seen from right side. . Pontocypris mytiloides. Carapace, seen from left side. PLATE XV. . Bairdia inflata. Carapace, seen from left side. — — ws above. — — ee Hs below. — a Bs front. x 40 (Oban, Raised-beach.) x 40 (Hornsea.) Saar e e above. x 40 — 55 es above. ; (Oban, Raised-beach.) . Paracypris polita. Right valve, seen from outside. ; — — “ rs above. (Oban, Ea. beach.) . Cytheridea torosa. Carapace, seen from left side. ; x 40 (Mundesly, Crag.) sas = Be, Bh above. . Cythere mirabilis. Carapace of male, seen from above. 15. — — Outlines of the young shell. . x 40 (Dryleys.) = = Carapace of male, seen from below. . Cythere Logani. Left valve of female, seen from outside. x 40 (Elie.) — —_ a 3 below. . Cythere globulifera. Carapace, seen from below. ae a : : Res } x 84 (Dryleys.) . Cytherura concentrica. Carapace, seen from below. x 84 Post-Tertiary Entomostraca Pl: XV. W. West x C°imyp G.S. Brady delt T West lith. . Cytherura acuticostata. Carapace, seen from left side. . Limnicythere antiqua. Carapace, seen from left side. . Cythere latimarginata. Lett valve (imperfect), seen from . Cytherura flavescens. Carapace, seen from left side. . Bythocythere constricta. Left valve, seen from outside. . Cythere costellata. Carapace, seen from left side. . Paradoxostoma flecuosum. Carapace, seen from left side. 21. Paradoxostoma tenerum. Carapace, seen from left side. . Cythere (?) semipunctata. Carapace, seen from right side. we x 60 PLATE XVI. x 60 (Oban, Raised-beach.) — — = . below. — — ‘y RA behind. x 60 (Crofthead and Dipple.) — — = bs above. x 60 (Hopton Cliff.) outside. nie ah ; Se aborc: x 84 (Colintraive.) cat _ i 7 anaes < 40 (Helensburgh.) oa an » » below. ban, Raised-beach.) 60 Seo Pholas. bed.) — — as -f above. a — Ms e below. . Cythere gibbosa. Carapace, seen from left side. — — a es below. — — es oe front. x 84 (Portrush.) 60 (Cardiff Dock.) -— a % é above. x 40 (Dumbarton.) — oo a ‘5 above. . Paradoxostoma Fischeri. Carapace, seen from left side. x 60 — a nes ‘ above. (West Tarbert, silt.) . Paradoxostoma arcuatum. Carapace, seen from left side. x 40 (Oban, Raised-beach.) . Pontocypris trigonella. ’ Carapace, seen from left side. — — a 3 above. x 40 (Duntroon.) — —~ - a below. . Argillecia cylindrica. Carapace, seen from left side. — — a n above. x 40 (Duntroon.) — —- ee na below. . Xestoleberis aurantia. Carapace of female, seen from left side. < 40: (Belfast.) — 3 » above. | i \ ' ! | { } | i | 1 i | | | | oat ! L x nas a S BOSS, W.West &C° imp Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, Pl G.S. Brady delt T West lith. BU EY ie Pot hear By Pr fore 1H” ty on ON oy Prisowy Y Site: Y RS hice Te, a y 70, 0, IN = My, SINC a, ee LN, ON 0 “epce rN pay ~~ Hf Ln Peete ros &) wa ae Za 9 ENO SS 1 sti ane AvP ee Piale se, | —— —— 2 = —= ey, a NC, b 3 ee e ANA Wot sm aT eee, = eS ee ye oy wae 4 ag _ SER, i i ( = “ab, ii, Se es = J 1 | ro oe is SEX” a | ia EN TA 7 yh | vi =e) oO ro] PeHecyy f fai ? fis LAL fiers os tsa,” > = mas OL) AEA 80 big he Sa | 31°, 7 2 az ° A 1 " ’ cs Bi So ee Wy. Sasi By f tn ih | . ni t irs - Kh w y Hs “LS \ a4 if 2 RS 4, i soy j © sie} ee ad SEZ of a mmo % am A Ss. Pi ie A a ar i” | xa + ih | ag “ iif Za . yz ea TH fT if RN in a7) ~ FS i soa ih 00765 6754 | INSTITUTION LIBRARIES | SMITHSONIAN 3 9088