Dane . SIS Peete EVA Gh fi Ni 4 e pen eae ay ad rise ee Ee ac a> iy ty i ; a A MONOGRAPH OF THE TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA ENGLAND. BY T. RUPERT JONES, F.GS. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1856. INTRODUCTION. Tue TertiaRy ENnromMostraca of Britain have hitherto received but little notice. In my ‘Monograph of the Cretaceous Entomostraca,’ 1849, published by the Palzontographical Society, I referred to the occurrence of some of the Cretaceous species in our Tertiary deposits." Dr. Reuss, about the same time, figured and described two forms which he had received from the Barton Clay of Hampshire; and I have since described a few species from Woolwich and Colwell.? Several of the Post- tertiary fresh-water Entomostraca, however, have been noticed by me, in 1850, in the ‘Annals of Natural History.’ To these latter species I have now to add two others ; and of the Tertiary Entomostraca I am enabled, from my own collection and with the aid of my friends, to enumerate 50 species; altogether amounting to 58 species. Of these, 30 (including three described by me in the ‘ Memoirs of the Geological Survey ’ whilst preparing this Monograph) are new. The Post-tertiary species are included in this Monograph for the sake of con- venience, and to render the subject as perfect as circumstances will permit. The recent forms which have become fossilized in the Post-tertiary deposits, either of fresh- water, estuarine, or marine origin, not only complete the geological series up to the present day, but are of considerable value in assisting us in the identification of some carapace-remains, otherwise obscure in their relations. The list of these later species of Ostracoda may be also regarded as a not uninteresting addition to the valuable résumé of the Molluscan fauna of the Post-tertiary and Pleistocene eras, with which Mr. S. V. Wood has enriched his elaborate and valuable ‘Monograph on the Mollusca of the Crag.’ 1 In a few instances the determination of the species or of the deposits has since appeared to me to be unsatisfactory: the localities, therefore, given in the present Monograph are to be considered as corrected in such cases. 2 With respect to the Colwell species which were inadvertently quoted as from Woolwich, see further on, p. 26. vill INTRODUCTION, With regard to the sources from whence I haye derived the materials for the present Monograph, I have first to acknowledge the value of Mr. S. V. Wood’s extensive series of Entomostraca from the Crag of Suffolk (chiefly from Sutton), which he most liberally confided to my care for description. Mr. F. Edwards also kindly placed his numerous specimens from Barton, High Cliff, Colwell, and Bracklesham in my hands; Mr. H. C. Sorby supplied the Brid- lington specimens ; and I have the pleasure of noticing in the Monograph my debts to Mr. Brown, Mr. Pickering, Mr. Harris, Mr. Wetherell, Mr. Parker, Mr. Prestwich, and other friends for like assistance. The London Clay specimens were chiefly collected by Mr. J. Purdue from the Copenhagen Fields. To Mr. Morris and Mr. Salter I am especially obliged for the opportunity of examining an extensive series of “Cypris-shales” from the Hempstead and the Osborne Series of the Isle of Wight, chiefly collected by the officers of the Geological Survey, and some by Mr. Morris himself. Previously I possessed but a limited supply of these shales; but the new materials, though too late for illustration in the plates of this Monograph, enabled me to determine one additional species, and to add to my descriptions of some others. The specimens at my command from several of the localities referred to in the Monograph represent tolerably well the Entomostracan fauna of the deposits yielding them. The following may be considered as more or less fully illustrated, viz. the Newbury peat-beds (indifferently), the Cambridgeshire peat-marl, the Copford fresh- water deposits (indifferently), the Pleistocene beds at Grays, Clacton (indifferently), and Wear Farm, the Crag of Sutton, the Upper Eocene shales of Hempstead Cliff, the Middle Eocene beds at Colwell, Barton, and Bracklesham, and the London Clay at Copenhagen Fields. The distribution of the Tertiary Ostracoda and their proportional occurrence are generally indicated in the text; but the synoptical tables of the distribution and relative abundance of the species, given in the Appendix (Tables I, II, III), will, it is hoped, materially assist the student and collector in this respect. Frequently a deposit has been too imperfectly worked for a sufficiently good result for the purposes of comparison to have been obtained,—such as at Edwardstone, Alum Bay, East Woodhay, &c. Still the Post-tertiary era and each of the divisions of the Tertiary formation are perhaps, as far as the South East of England is concerned, fully represented by the combined product of the several localities where the different deposits have been met with. In indicating the geological series to which the several deposits both in England and on the Continent belong, I have chiefly followed the valuable Table at p. 105, of Lyell’s ‘ Manual of Elementary Geology,’ 5th edition. INTRODUCTION. ix M. Bosquet’s elaborate Table’ of the distribution of the French and Belgian species refers to the Upper, Middle, and Lower Tertiaries of those countries respectively ; but, as the “Lower Tertiaries” therein indicated do not necessarily include the Lower LHocene, which is but sparingly exhibited in France, it has been requisite, for the sake of comparison, to work out the serial position of the several deposits in which the species of Ostracoda found in England occur also on the Continent; and the result is given in Table IV in the Appendix. Tables V and VI in the Appendix will assist the reader in remembering the relations of the English and the Continental Tertiary deposits. Table VI comprises some of the latest corrections introduced by Mr. Prestwich, to whom geologists are ereatly indebted for important information on the correlation of the Tertiaries of England, France, and Belgium. I have prefaced the descriptive portion of the Monograph with as complete a general notice of the zoological characters of the animals whose carapaces are under consideration, as the means and time at my disposal have allowed me to do. I regret that the minute anatomical research is almost denied to me now by impaired eyesight : nor have I been enabled, for the same reason, to fully examine the “lucid spots” in the carapaces, as I once intended. In a zoological point of view, the species about to be described offer us some interesting peculiarities in the structure of the carapaces and in their hingement and ornamentation. Geologically, it is interesting to observe that considerable uniformity in the distribution of certain species, and of groups of closely allied species, obtain in England and the neighbouring European districts. Several forms belong exclusively to the Middle Eocene, and some are confined to the Lower Eocene, or to other strati- graphical series. On the contrary, some species belong to several deposits of different ages, and of wide geographical range,—such as Cythere (Cytheridea) Mulleri and C. (Bairdia) subdeltoidea, which latter is found from the Cretaceous to the recent period. I sincerely thank Mr. George West for the beautiful illustrations he has produced of these remains ;—often obscure and always minute, they have taxed his skill and patience; and I owe him much, too, in the elucidation of many points of structure which would have been indifferently noticed had he not, with the eye of a naturalist and geologist, worked out obscure characters at the expense of much time and labour. In figuring the specimens I have placed the carapaces and single valves with the anterior end upwards; this being the most convenient, when carapace-remains only have to be represented. It has therefore to be borne in mind that the upper and lower borders of the carapace-valves are right and left in the figures. ! «Descript. Entom. Terr. Tert.,’ p. 134, &e. x : INTRODUCTION. The natural position of the carapace and animal, when alive, is shown in the woodcuts | and 2, at p. 16. M. Reuss’s plan of placing the anterior end downwards is rather confusing; more especially since others follow a different plan. In the Plates the species are arranged, with some few exceptions,’ in strati- graphical order; so that the general faczes of each geological group is represented with tolerable clearness. NoveMBER, 1856. } Especially of the Woolwich Series. Introduction . 5 5 Tertiary Entomostraca ENTOMOSTRACA OstTRAcoDA, or CYPROIDEA CypRIDz CyYPRINE E : Cypris, Cypria, Cyprois, NoToDROMAS —Cypris setigera 6 — Browniana — Ovum — gibba CaNnDONA C. reptans — Forbesii — Richardsoni — candida — subequalis CyYPRIDEIS C. torosa CYTHERIN® CYTHERE C. punctata —- trigonula — triangularis — Wetherellu — striatopunctata — consobrina — attenuata — Kostelensis ? — concinna — Woodiana — laqueata — Dictyosigma — lacunosa — scabropapulosa — costellata — plicata — scrobiculoplicata — Angulatopora — Macropora — Trachypora CONTENTS. PAGE vil C. retifastigata 1 — spherulolineata 3 | CYTHEREIS 4 C. senilis 7 — Bowerbankiana 10 — horrescens 11 — Ceratoptera 12 — cornuta 13 | CyrHERIDEs 14 C. Mulleri 15 — debilis 16 — pinguis 16 — Sorbyana 18 — perforata 18 | CyTHERIDEIS 19 C. trigonalis 20 — tuberculata 24 — unisulcata 21 — unicornis 22 — Tamarindus 23 — Colwellensis 24 — Bartonensis 25 — flavida 25 — Ren 26 | Barrpra 27 B. subdeltoidea 27 — contracta 28 | CYTHERELLA 28 C. compressa 29 — Londinensis 29 — Munsteri 30 | APPENDIX 30 Table I 31 Smeal 31 — Ill ay ae NY 32 Notes 33 Table V 34 — VI 35 Bibliographical lists 36 | Index Om Ov irate Noe Fe OS ERRATA. Page 5, line 2 from bottom, for cleanse read cleansed. Page 15, line 3 from top, for ieee read 13, 14, 17. Page 17, line 16 from top, for Candona lucens read Candona eandida. Page 30, line 18 from top, for Pleistocene read Pliocene. Page 33, line 5 from top, for laticostata read Laticosta. Page 47, line 10 from bottom, for Pleistocene read Pliocene. Page 49, line 7 from bottom, for Upper Eocene read Middle Eocene. Page 50, line 2 from top, and line 10 from bottom, for Upper Eocene read Middle Eocene. Page 51, line 3 from top, for Upper Eocene Lands read Middle Eocene Sands. Page 58, in the last column but one, and towards the lower M. E. | M.E. | right-hand corner of the table, some lines of letters have ae | M. E. slipped from their places: their right position is thus— Plice, Plioc. | | Plioc. | L. E. U. E.? | ME. { a'p, : ULE. & Plioc. M. E. M.E..| M. E. Be L. EB. ADDITIONAL ERRATA. In Tables If and II, “ Colwell Bay” should be tabulated as Upprr Eocene. The numerical results given at the foot of Table III will consequently be— 1 1 4 i Upper Eocene Middle Eocene Ste bh 1 2 9 “a At pages 26, 33, 34, and 39, the Colwell Bay Sands, &c. have been wrongly termed Middle Eocene. At page 49, near the bottom of page 50, and at page 51, they are correctly referred to as Upper Eocene. Besides the accidental shifting of the letters at the bottom of the ninteenth column in Table TH, p. 48, the letters in that column opposite to species 18 and 19 have also dropped too low. re f A MONOGRAPH OF THE TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA OF ENGLAND. In the introductory portion of my ‘Monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formation of England,’ published by the Palzeontographical Society, 1849, and also in my Notes on the Permian Entomostraca, at p. 58 of Professor King’s Monograph, of the same date, I offered some general remarks on fossil and recent Entomostraca, and supplied numerous references to earlier observers who had written on the subject." I need not repeat what is there stated. Since 1849 some highly important works on the recent Entomostraca by Baird, Dana, Liljeborg, Zenker, Fischer, &c., have appeared ;” and numerous valuable papers, illustrative of the fossil forms, have been published by foreign Academies and Institutions. Amongst these paleontographical works, the two Memoirs by M. J. Bosquet, of Maestricht, on Tertiary and Cretaceous Entomostraca, are pre-eminent; and, at the same time, Dr. A. E. Reuss, of Prague, has indefatigably produced several valuable and highly illustrated Memoirs, some of considerable extent, on similar fossils. I do not propose to enter into a critical examination of the Tertiary species described by these and other contemporary authors, for the figures published by some of these writers are, either from their indefiniteness or the want of the illustra- tion of details, of little use, even with the aid of the descriptions given, in satisfactorily 3 determining the differences or the specific identity of specimens ;* and I greatly regret that I trusted too much to the illustrations of former authors, when I was comparing 1 See also Bibliographical List, ‘Monog. Ent. Cret.,’ p. 38. 2 See Bibliographical List, APPENDIX. 8 Owing to the kindness of M. Bosquet, however, who has furnished me with a series of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Entomostraca of Belgium and France, I have been enabled to compare many of the forms described in this Monograph with their European congeners. 1 wo THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF : the English with the foreign Cretaceous Entomostraca. With regard to the generic arrangements adopted in the palzeontographical works referred to, I shall only observe that, for the most part, the fossil carapace-valves have been studied and arranged with but an indifferent knowledge of the relations of the carapace and animal. Hence, as soon as the misapplication of the generic term “Cypridina” to the Cytherine was corrected, the sub-generic divisions of Bairdia, Cytherella, &c., were erected into independent genera on account of difference of carapace-structure ; a reason which does not appear to me to be substantial, but requires other accompanying differences of organization in the animal to render it good for generic distinctions. As far as we yet know, the animal of Bardia resembles that of Cythere proper, and so does that of Cytheridea, judging from Dana’s figure of Cythere Americana’ and Zenker’s figure of C. viridis.” The animals with the other forms of carapace (Cythereis, Cytherella, &c.), although they exist, have not yet been met with alive. If future investigations in the Cytherine by such close observers as Zenker and Liljeborg should determine the existence of differences im internal organization (as these authors already have in the Cyprine} among animals which differ but slightly in the character and arrangement of the masticatory and locomotive limbs, the division of Cythere into genera will become necessary ; but at present, with carapaces only before us, however these may differ among themselves, I think we had better keep the genus intact, and regard the subordinate forms of carapace (which often pass insensibly from one to another) as indicating only sub-genera or artificial divisions, convenient in the studies of zoologists and paleontologists. By pointing out, in my former Monograph, how frequently one and the same form of carapace among the Ostracoda was represented in different eras—in strata greatly differing in age, or in recent seas as well as even sometimes in paleozoic deposits— I have so much astonished some Continental paleontologists (who have found it necessary to point out that I have mixed together what they regard as “ incongruities,” both geological and paleontological),’ that I shall abstain from troubling myself with enumerating al! the close resemblances of form, and limit myself to the most obvious, assuring my readers that these incongruities do exist, and that very similar forms of carapace, both in the Ostracoda and in other Hnatomostraca, occur throughout nearly all epochs; although each geologic division of time has nevertheless had its peculiar facies as regards the Entomostraca, as it has had of other groups of animal existences. ! Dana’s ‘ Crustacea,’ pl. 89, fig. 9. 2 «Archiv f. Nat.,”’ 1854, t. 4, fig. 10, &e. 3 Pictet ‘Traité de Paléontologie,’ 2d edit., vol. ii, p. 532; Reuss, ‘Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.,’ vol. vii, p. 278. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 3 Division—EntToMostraca, Miller.' Animal aquatic, covered with a shell or carapace of a horny consistence, formed of one or more pieces; in some genera resembling a cuirass or buckler, and in others a bivalve shell, which completely or in great part envelopes the body and limbs of the animal; in other genera the animal is invested with a multivalve carapace, like jointed plate-armour: the branchiz are attached either to the feet or to the organs of masti- cation ; the limbs are jointed, and more or less setiferous. The animals, for the most part, undergo a regular moulting or change of shell as they grow; in some cases this amounts to a species of transformation.” The following is Mr. Dana’s classification of this division : Division—ENTOMOSTRACA. Legion 1. Lophyropoda. Legion 1. Peecilopoda. Tribe 1. Cyclopoidea. » Il. Arachnopoda. Order 1. Gnathostomata. | Order 2. Cormostomata. >, 2. Daphnioidea. | » 93. Cyproidea. | Legion 11. Phyllopoda. I have elsewhere observed that, in the case of the fossil Entomostraca, the soft parts, including the branchial, maxillary, and locomotive organs, on which the generic, and sometimes the specific, distinctions of the recent forms are mainly established, have quite disappeared, the hard carapace-valves alone remaining to guide us in the recognition of genera and species. It is fortunate, however, that the families, and most of the genera even, of the existing bivalved Entomostracans have carapaces sufficiently characteristic to enable us to co-ordinate the fossil forms by the analogies presented in the form and structure of the valves. When we refer, however, to the minute distinctions of form, hingement, and ornamentation, we find that among the recent bivalved Entomostraca some families, and even genera, have carapaces peculiar to them (Nebalia, Limnadia, and Cypridina); whilst in other families a nearly similar carapace belongs to two genera (Cypris and Candona, Daphnia and Lynceus); and, on the contrary, even two characteristically different carapaces occur among the species of one genus (Cythere and its sub-genus Bardia). In the case of two or more genera presenting a similar form of carapace, we 1 For synonyms see Dr. Baird’s ‘ Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom.,’ p. 16. 2 Zenker observes that there is no casting of the carapace in the Ostracoda. 4 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF necessarily meet with considerable difficulty in dealing with fossil carapaces referable to such genera. Thus we cannot be satisfactorily guided in our determination of fossil Cyprides and Candone except by the identification of fossil with known recent forms of carapace; and, were it not that several such identifications are readily made (many of the recent species having existed in the pleistocene period), the general term “Cypris” might have been conveniently applied (with but little zoological licence, owing to the close alliance of Cypris and Candona) to the Cypris-like carapaces from fresh-water deposits. Where, however, marked differences of structure occur among fossil carapaces of doubtful relationship, we may readily, for the sake of convenience, group the several varieties of form under sub-generic appellations, without hazarding a decision as to their exact zoological value. Tribe—Ostracona, Latreille! Cyproipes, Milne Edwards. CyprIDACEA, Dana. CyprormpEA, Dana. Animal enclosed in a bivalved carapace (which presents some modifications of form and structure according to the gender of the animal). The two valves of the carapace are united along the back by a membrane, with their edges either simply in contact, or more or less closely fitting to each other by means of ridges and furrows, or toothed hinges: the other marginal edges are either trenchant and provided with internal narrow lamelliform plates—in which case, when the valves are closed, the edges of the smaller valve lie within those of the other; or they are thickened, and fit against each other with grooved and flanged contact-surfaces. The valves are closed together by the transverse muscle of the animal; the place of the attachment of this muscle’ is indicated on the interior of each valve by a sub-central tubercle (in Cytherella),—by a sub-central shallow pit,—or by a small group of translucent spots,—or a combination of spots and pit. The posterior, and sometimes the anterior jaws are branchiferous. There are two or three pairs of feet, and two pairs of antennee. Some of the Ostracoda have a single (coalesced) eye; and others have two distinct eyes. ! See also ‘Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom.,’ p. 138; and ‘ Monog. Cret. Entom.,’ p. 7. 2 We are indebted to M. Zenker for a clear exposition of the relation of the transverse muscle of the animal to the “lucid spots” on the carapace-valves. See his Memoir in the ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ for 1854 The existence of the muscle and its place of attachment to the interior of the valves in Hstheria and Cypridina have been pointed out elsewhere, as mentioned in my paper on Leperditia, ‘ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ Feb. 1856, p. 97. I much regret that I was not acquainted with M. Zenker’s paper when I wrote on Leperditia. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 5 The “lucid spots,” or mark of the place of muscular attachment, afford an interest- ing subject for examination and comparison. It is generally impossible to see them fairly in the living carapace or in the uncleaned dead valves. Some fossil valves present them clearly; but mineralization frequently obscures them. To facilitate the examination of the spots, it is necessary to boil the valves, both recent and fossil, in a weak solution of potash,’ after which their structure is much more easily observed. The boiling may be carried on in a flask over a spirit- or gas-lamp for ten minutes or more,—as long as an hour, if found requisite. My friend Mr. W. K. Parker, who has kindly favoured me with some of the finest and cleanest specimens in my collection, informs me that the process above mentioned is appropriate and indeed necessary for the preparation of Foraminifera and other microzoa for the cabinet. Baird, Fischer, Zenker, and Liljeborg have indicated the lucid spots in their figures of Cyprides and Cytheres ; but frequently, owing to the partial opacity of the valves in the recent state, and the difficulty of defining the spots externally, only portions of the groups of spots are given; and in some of the figures by Fischer and Liljeborg the spots appear to have been sketched in without exact reference to their position on the valve, since they are in these instances represented parallel with the upper and lower borders of the valves, whereas the elongate spots are, as a rule, obliquely situated. The lucid spots occupy a sub-oval space, or follow a short transverse linear sulcus, near the middle of each valve, and rather towards the ventral border; usually slightly in advance of the centre, but sometimes behind it. The sub-oval space is sometimes faintly raised externally ; the spots themselves, however, are almost always concave externally and convex internally. Among the Cyprine three styles or systems of arrangement of the spots obtain. These are illustrated by some of the figures in the accompanying Plates, and will serve as terms of comparison. a. A system of about seven elongate oval spots, arranged in four unequal parallel oblique rows; the two outer (upper and lower) rows are each formed of two long spots, frequently coalescent. The obliquity is directed in a line from about the antero- dorsal angle, or the anterior hinge, towards the posterior third of the ventral margin. (See Plate I, figs. 7 a, 74, 7 ¢, 9a.) B. A system of six sub-oval spots arranged in two transverse (vertical) rows 3 the front row consisting of four, and the hinder row of two spots; the hinder spots are 1 About 1 part of liquor potasse with 19 parts of water (and more of the potash if required, according to the coarseness and foulness of the specimens, up to | part in 4). My friend Mr. Harris, of Charing, also has shown me some of his Cretaceous Entomostraca, &e., thoroughly cleause by the action of water only, in a phial, half-filled with water, lashed to a small barrel (externally fitted as a water-wheel, and propelled by a stream), in which he washes his Chalk-detritus. 6 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF usually placed behind the lower or most ventral spots of the front rank. (See Plate I, figs. 1 a; 1:0, lc; 56; Sia, 82578772) c. A system of four or five sub-oval spots, arranged in a transverse row, more or less curved, and set in a linear sulcus. (See Plate II, figs. la, 12, 1f; Plate IV, fig. 6 d.) The lucid spots in the Cythering are not yet well examined. In some species they are very similar to one or other of the systems above described as occurring among the Cyprine,—in others the modifications are more distinct,—and, lastly, in Cytherella the arrangement of the spots resembles that of some Cypridine. The following is Mr. Dana’s classification’ of the Ostracoda (Cypridacea and Cyproidea, Dana), founded on the study of the limbs or articulate appendages : Tribe—CYPROIDEA vel OSTRACODA, In the Cyproidea there are two pairs of antenne and a pair of mandibles, and the pairs of appendages posterior to the mandibles—in number four pairs—are divided variously between the mouth and the legs, as follows: 1. One pair of maxille and three pairs of legs, as in Cythere. 2. Two pairs of maxilla and two pairs of legs, as in Cypris, Conchecia, and Halocypris. 3. Three pairs of maxillz and one pair of legs, as in Cypridina. Fam. \. Cypripm. Antenne secunde subteretes, 3—5 articulate. Mandibule apice producte et denticulate et lateraliter palpigere, palpo ad mandibule apicem remoto. Ocili pigmento unico minuto conjuncti, lenticulis duobus sphericis. Pedes duo vel plures tenmter pediformes. Sub-fam. 1. CyPRINE (Cypridide, Baird). Pedes numero quatuor ; anteriores tenues pediformes, posteriores debiles. Abdomen elongatum stylis duobus confectun. Genus 1. Cypris, Miller. Antenne secunde ad articuli tertic apicem bene setigere. Species natatoria. Genus 2. CANDONA, Baird. Antenne secunde ad articuli tertii apicem via setigere. Species gressoria. 1 «Exploring Expedition: Crustacea,’ p. 1277, &c. 2 Dr. Baird’s classification of this group is very similar to Dana’s, viz. : OstRACODA. Cypridide, Cytheridee, Cypridinadee. In Dr. Baird’s work the term ‘“ Cypride ” is corrected as an erratum at p. vill. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. = Sub-fam. 2. CYTHERINE (Cytheride, Baird). Pedes numero sex, toti tenues, con- similes, pediformes. Genus 1. CyYTHERE, Miller. Testa tenuis, levis. Cauda brevis. Genus 2. CytTuEREts,' Jones. [Sub-genus, Jones.| Testa rugulis vel tuberculis ornata. (Animal ignotum. An hagus sedis ?) Fam. Wl. Hauocypripa. Sub-fam. 1. CyYPRIDININA. Genus 1. CYPRIDINA.” Sub-fam. 2. HaLocyPRIna&. Genus 1. CoNcH&CIA. Genus 2. HALOoCYPRIS. The minute anatomy of the internal organs supplies some very important charac- teristics in addition to those derived from the limbs. Zenker, who has published® copious anatomical details of the internal organization of some of the Cypring and Cytherine, and has somewhat modified the generic arrangement of the former group, has still other species to examine before a complete classification on his plan can be arrived at. This observer finds reason to divide the Cypris of authors into Cypris proper, a sub-genus Cypria, and a genus Cyprois. The elaborate and highly illustrated work by M. Liljeborg, of Lund, published in 1853, has added greatly to our knowledge of the anatomical structure of a considerable number of species of Cypris, as well as of other genera of Hntomostraca; and, by his careful comparison of the Swedish species with published descriptions (as far as the figures and descriptions of former authors serve), this author has advanced the arrangement of specific forms. ! Cythereis was not established by me as a genus, but as a sub-genus. See ‘Monog. Entom. Cretac.,’ p. 14. Its animal was unknown in 1849, and still remains so; and the gradual passage of the carapace of Cythereis into that of Cythere proper was too well recognised to allow of the difference of the two forms being dwelt upon in any other light than as sub-generic, and as a convenient distinetion for the sake of paleontologists. My friend Dr. Baird, from whose beautiful work on the ‘ British Entomostraca’ (Ray Society, 1850) Dana has apparently derived his information on this point, recognising the marked difference between some extreme forms of recent Cythereis and that of the common Cythere, figured and described some carapaces of the former as generically distinct, and inadvertently omitted, when enumerating the synonyms (p. 174), the word “sub-genus ” in his reference to my detailed description of the carapace of Cythereis. On subsequently seeing a series of the various modifications of the carapace in fossil specimens of Cythere and Cythereis, Dr. Baird has expressed himself quite willing to regard the latter as a sub-genus, until something at least is known of the animal itself. ®* M. Liljeborg has also established a cognate genus, Philomedes. (‘De Crustaceis,’ &c., 1853, p. 175.) 3 «Archiv f. Anat., 1850; ‘Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ for 1854. (e's) THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Liljeborg divides the Cyprin@ into three genera, characterised as follows : Setee long, reaching’ [ Second pair of maxille with- much beyond the Lie Galas, | out branchial appendage. cart ee anne apex of the terminal Nafiahioras. 5 hook. Both pairs of maxille pro- pe oh ae caes Sete reaching as far, vided with branchial es) Beenie *\ as or beyond the pendage. apex of the terminal hook. Cypris. Eve single (coalesced). ( Setee short.! Second pair of maxille with- ‘Lower pair of antennee | out branchial appendage. | without a pencil of; . : 6 . Candona. setee. ] The researches of Liljeborg and Zenker often coincide in their results; but these authors differ widely in their views as to the synonymy of several forms, owing to the often imperfect accounts and figures by earlier naturalists,—to the different extent or direction of the zootomical examinations made by these two authors respectively,— and to the different appreciation of the value of the form of the carapace entertained by them. As it is necessary that the anatomy of all the species must be fully and equally well examined previously to a complete classification on anatomical grounds being made, it is evident that any arrangement is incomplete until each known species has been subjected to such a minute examination as that instituted by the crustaceologists above referred to. In the meantime paleontologists must be guided in the recognition of specific forms by the characters of the carapace-valves, which, however, among the Cyprine do not present satisfactory generic differences of character. The carapaces of Cypris proper, Cypria, and Notodromas or Cyprois are similar in general structure and form. The carapaces of the Candone, or the group which are destitute of the plume on the lower antennze, for the mest part resemble those of Cyprides, but are conspicuous for their great relative size and oblong shape. A distinct hingement, however, is present in a Candona-like species which occurs recent at Gravesend, and fossil in our pleisto- cene deposits. This animal resembles Candona in its plumeless lower antennze ; but minute anatomical examination is required to determine its exact relations. In the meantime, on account of the hinge and the comparative coarseness of the carapace, I shall regard this as a sub-generic form, under the appellation of Cyprideis. In the ‘ Munich Transactions,’ of 1855, Dr. 8. Fischer has given us an additional memoir on the Ostracoda, in which he refers to some of Zenker’s and his own 1 These short setee do not form a plume, and characterise forms which are included in Baird’s genus Candona. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 9 discoveries in the anatomy and habits of these animals, and describes seventeen species of Cypris, nearly all of which are new, also three Cydheres (two of them new), and a new genus (Paradoxostoma), from the coast of Madeira, differing from Cyfhere’ in having its masticatory organs blended together in a conical mass. Lastly he notices a new species of Asterope (= Cypridina). Including the new generic divisions established by Liljeborg and Zenker, together with the sub-genera proposed for the various fossil and recent forms referable to Cythere, the family Cypride will stand thus : Fam.—Cyprivm, Dana. Sub-family CYPRINAL, Dana. Sub-family CYTHERINA, Dana. Genus Cypris, Miller. Genus Cytuere,* Miller. Sub-genus Cypria, Zenker. Sub-genus CYTHEREIS, Jones. Genus Cyprors, Zenker. Probably Fp CytHErtpea,®? Bosquet. 5 NoropDRomMAs, eae ie same. " CYTHERIDEIS, Jones. i, Canpona, Baird. * Barrpra,® M‘Coy. as Sa eal » [2] CyrHEeRELLa,’ Jones. Sub-gen, [?] Cyprrpnis,” Jones. Genus a Parapoxostoma, Fischer. a [?] Cyerrpea,® Bosquet. I may here mention that Cyprella and Cypridella, of M. De Koninck, probably belong toa different group of the Entomostraca,—that Bosquet’s “ Cyprellee ” of the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits are true Cypriding,—and that De Koninck’s “ Cypridina ” (of the Carboniferous Limestone) is not the Cypridina of Milne Edwards. In a courteous reply to an inquiry with which I lately troubled M. Milne Edwards, he kindly informed me that the Cypridina described in the ‘ Hist. Nat. des Crust.’ has really the antero-ventral notch so characteristic of the genus. ! Tt resembles in carapace C. variabilis of Baird. 2 Having lately again endeavoured to obtain clearer anatomical characters from the few dried specimens I possess of this form, I find that the upper antennee are plumeless, as well as the lower pair (see fig. 2, p. 16); and the fragmentary posterior limbs appear to be referable to more than two pairs of feet. Under these circumstances we have indications of a fresh or brackish water Cythere. (Oct. 1556.) 3 Proposed by M. Bosquet as a genus for the ‘“Cyprides’’ of the Wealden and Purbeck deposits (‘ Descript. Entom. Tert.,’ p. 48); their thick and often tuberculated valves have some analogy with those of Cyprideis. 4 Zenker observes that Cythere is perhaps divisible into two genera at least, by the distinctive charac- ters of the spermatozoa; but further anatomical research is required on this point. 5 Proposed as a genus by M. Bosquet. 6 Proposed as a genus by Mr. M‘Coy. 7 This division is more likely to prove to be a true ‘‘genus,’” when the recent animal is examined, than either of the other fossil forms here indicated as sub-genera; for it presents a wider departure from the type of carapace of Cythere than any of the others, and intermediate forms appear to be wanting: in its system of “lucid spots” also it differs from Cythere ; approaching Cypridina in this respect. 2 10 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF For the purposes of the paleontologist a succinct table of the characters of the carapace of the chief forms of the Ostracoda will be useful : CyprRis, genus CaNnbDoNA, genus CypripEIs, sub-gen. ? CypripEa, sub-gen. ? CYTHERE, genus CYTHEREIS, sub-gen. CyTHERIDEA, sub-gen. CyTHERIDEIS, sub-gen. Barrpra, sub-gen. CYTHERELLA, sub-gen. ? ' | | CARAPACE-VALVES. | Shape. | aN) Hinge-margins. Thin. Thin. Thic Thin. Thin. Thick. | Thickish. | | ; Oblong. { Thick. | .Thickish. | ea | .'Thickish. } Ovate or oblong. ) Long-ovate or oblong. Ovate. Oblong. Oblong. Contact- margins. iio & & @ |Largerthan Cypris. S02 oe Notched at the antero-ventral angle. Peach-stone-shaped. Often showing one central and two posterior tubercles. The three tubercles strongly shown ; the postero-ventral one developed into a long ventral ridge. ‘Dipling pur ‘nuopuny Triangular or ovate-oblong. Triangular. aaa Grooved Ovate or oblong. .. and lesan SIT 10 dLOW B YIM pouty pue ‘apisut Jo poy[taog SOGAILT SI OA ‘oju(d awUrUAe] MOAIeU pa Simple, inclined to be sulcate. Knurled. ig Hinge consisting of bar and _ furrow, with terminal teeth.| Hinge consisting of terminal teeth ; bar and furrow obsolete. Knurled. Simple and sulcate, as in Cypris. Quite simple. No special hinge. Sub-family—CyPRINE, Dana. (Cypridide, Baird.) I have alluded to the difficulties in the way of the paleontologist when comparing the Tertiary Cyprine with their existing representatives ; and in the following descrip- tions I shall not dwell on the probabilities of the agreement of any of our few fossil forms with the carapaces of Cypria, Cyprois, and Notodromas, but arrange them in two groups accordingly as the carapaces more or less resemble those of the known recent species of the genera Cypris and CANDONA. At the same time it will be advisable to point out the anatomical characteristics of all the above-mentioned divisions, that the subject may be fairly presented in its zoological aspect. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 11 Genus—CyPris, Miller. (Monoculus, Auct. prior.) Animal swimming and creeping; inhabiting fresh water: eye single (coalesced) : both pairs of antennee plumed. Carapace more or less oblong, generally smooth and more or less setigerous; occasionally punctate; contact-margins thin and trenchant, furnished on the anterior, ventral, and posterior borders with an internal lamellar plate which projects freely and obliquely into the cavity of the valves, and is broadest at the anterior end of the valves; the edge of the right valve received within that of the left: dorsal edge simple ; its central third (and sometimes more) slightly thickened, and more or less distinctly defined by an anterior and a posterior angle; these angles in general faintly project, the central portion of the margin between them being straight or slightly incurved: the ventral margin of each valve has its central portion somewhat incurved. [ Sub-genus—Cyrria, Zenker.’ 1854. (Cypris, Auct.) Animal like Cypris, but having a broader eye, more slender limbs with longer sete (hence greater briskness of motion in swimming), a peculiar bag-like prolongation of the mucous gland in the male genital apparatus, longer and thinner spermatozoa, and a bending downwards of the ovary at first between the valves instead of upwards. Carapace like that of Cypris. (This includes, according to Zenker, C. punctata, Jurine, C. Joanna, Baird, C. vidua, Miller, C. semi/unaris (?), S. Fischer, and C. ovum, Jurine.) 1 Zenker has studied the anatomy of Cypris and Cythere with great care, and has published the result of his researches in considerable detail (‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ 1854). Besides pointing out important distinctions in the limbs, shell-structure, chitine-skeleton, and eyes of these minute animals (and herein adding some valuable information to what has been before observed), he lays great stress on the structure of the alimentary and generative organs, and on the form of the spermatozoa, as characteristic of genera and species; and, although he has on these points accumulated a great mass of observations, both novel and important, yet he rightly intimates that the field is still open to investigators. His sub-genus Cypria and new genus Cyprois, mainly founded on peculiarities of internal structure, are introduced here to render the treatment of the subject more complete; although, for the purposes of the paleontologist, as I have already noticed, the distinction of these, and even of Candona, from Cypris is scarcely advantageous. Indeed, were it not that some of the fossil forms have been recognised in the recent state, and their generic characters in consequence definitely known, it would not be always practicable to decide to what divisions of the Cyprine the several carapaces really belong. 12 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Genus—CyProts, Zenker. 1854. (Cypris, Auct. ? Notodromas, Liljeb. 1853.) Animal like -Cypris, excepting that the eye is almost completely divided, and the mucus-gland of the male genital apparatus is differently constructed. Carapace like that of Cypris. (To this genus Zenker refers C. monacha, Miller, and C. dispar, Fischer.) Genus—NotopRoMas, Liljeborg. 1853. (Cypris, Auct. ? Cyprois, Zenker. 1854.) Animal like Cypris, excepting that the eye is double,—the second pair of maxillz have no branchial appendage,—and the pencil of sete on the lower pair of antenn is very long. Carapace resembling that of Cypris. Liljeborg quotes C. monacha, Miller, only as belonging to this genus. Probably Zenker’s genus Cyprois is the same as this; but some important points of comparison are still required to be worked out before, in this as in other instances, the researches of MM. Liljeborg and Zenker can be estimated at their full value. | No. 1. Cypris sETIGERA, Jones. Plate I, fig. 6 a—6 d. CyYpRIS SETIGERA, Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 25, t. 3, fig. 3 a—e. INCH. Length, 3 Recent ? Post-tertiary: Berkshire and Cambridgeshire. Carapace ovate, somewhat pear-shaped: valves convex; obliquely curved on the dorsal, and nearly straight and somewhat incurved on the ventral border; narrower and tapering anteriorly ; bordered by a narrow rounded, marginal rim; covered with fine spines: Ainge-line occupying rather more than the central third of the dorsal edge : right valve narrower, straighter on the dorsal, and more incurved on the ventral margin, than the left valve. Lucid spots six, arranged on two transverse parallel rows. (System B, see p. 9.) Dorsal aspect acute-oval ; anterior, oval. Plentiful! in the Peat-deposits of the Kennet Valley’ at Newbury, and in the Peat- marl of Cambridgeshire.’ 1 Probably this is also a recent species, although it has as yet apparently escaped notice. The some- what similar carapaces figured and described by earlier authors are not sufficiently elucidated for exact and satisfactory comparison. 2 For an account of these Peat-deposits, see the Appendix to my Lecture on the Geology of Newbury &e., p. 40, 1854. 3 See ‘ Quart. Journal Geol. Soe.,’ vi, p. 451. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 13 In this species the dorsal edge is more angular, owing to the greater definition of the hinge-line, than in Cypris aurantia, Jurine, sp., to which C. setzgera is nearly allied in general form.' Its ventral margin, also, is somewhat more inturned. The very spious surface, so well preserved even in the fossil state, is markedly characteristic, in comparison with the partial distribution of setee in C. aurantia. Its lucid spots are altogether differently arranged from those in the last-mentioned species, in which there are eight, forming a set of four, irregular, parallel, oblique lines (System a). And lastly the valves are smaller and somewhat less gibbose than those of C. aurantia. No. 2. Cypris Browntana, Jones. Plate I, fig. 1 a—1 d. Cypris Brownrana, Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 24, t. 3, fig. 1. INCH. Length, =) Pleistocene : Clacton, Essex. Carapace short and broad, somewhat square: valves convex, depressed anteriorly, smooth, with a few scattered pedicles of setee; edges of the valves rather thickened ; inner marginal plate well developed: Ainge-line occupying the central third of the dorsal border: /ef¢ valve sub-quadrangular, obliquely rounded anteriorly, semicircular behind ; ventral border and central third of dorsal border almost straight: right valve smaller than the left, sub-reniform. Lucid spots six, placed according to System B. Dorsal aspect elongate and obtuse ovate ; anterior, broad ovate. Plentiful in the fresh-water deposit at Clacton, in Essex. For these and other specimens of Entomostraca from Clacton I have to thank John Brown, Esq., F.G.8., of Stanway, near Colchester, who has assiduously worked out the fossil fauna of the Clacton, Copford, and other Pleistocene and Post-tertiary deposits, and after whom the species under notice has been named. Var. TUMIDA, Jones. Plate I, fig. 2 a, 2 4. Cypris TUMIDA, Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 26, t. 3, fig. 2. INCH. Length, 1 Pleistocene: Grays, Essex. 1 Cypris pubescens, Koch, ‘Deutsch. Crust.,’ 1837, Heft xi, t. 6; C. ovato-conchacea, De Geer, sp., ‘Hist. Insect.,’ vii, t. 29. figs. 5—7; C. conchacea, Jurine, sp., ‘ Hist. Monocl.,’ t. 17, fig. 7; and C. conchacea, Koch, ‘ Deutsch. Crust.,’ 1838, Heft xxi, t. 12—14, also more or less resemble the species under notice. 14 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Carapace tumid, rounded: valves strongly convex, especially on the posterior third ; rounded obliquely and subacute anteriorly, semicircular posteriorly; arched on the dorsal, nearly straight on the ventral border: sw7face finely punctate with pedicles of setee. Lucid spots in System B. Dorsal aspect sub-oblong ; anterior, broadly ovate. This variety differs from C. Browniana, from Clacton, in its smaller size, greater rotundity, more acute anterior extremity, and more frequent setation. It is of rare occurrence, and found as yet only in the fresh-water clayey sand of Grays in Essex.’ For these and other specimens from Grays and Copford I am indebted to John Pickering, Esq. No. 3. Cypris Ovum, Jurine, sp. Plate I, fig. 4a, 4 0. Monocutus Ovum, Jurine. 1820. Hist. des Monocles, &c., p. 179, t. 19, figs. 18, 19. Cypris vuL@aris, Zadduch. 1844. Synop. Crust. Pruss. Prodomus, p. 35. — minuta, Baird. 1850. Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 155, t. 18, figs. 7, 8. — — Jones. 1850. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 28. — pantuerina, 8. Fischer. 1851. Ueber das Genus Cypris, &c., p. 163, t. 11, figs. 6—8. — Ovum, Liljeborg. 1853. De Crustaceis, &c., p. 113, t. 10, figs. 13—15. — (Cypria) Ovum, Zenker. 1854. Monographie der Ostracoden, &c., p. 79, t. 3, B. INCH. Length, ~; Recent: England; Europe. Post-tertiary : Cambridgeshire. Carapace small, tumid, egg-shaped: valves highly convex, triangularly oval; dorsal margin arched and almost angular, ventral straight ; ends rounded, posterior extremity broadest: surface finely punctate. In the recent state the valves are beset all round towards the margins with short hairs; and they are of a light-brown colour, with a tinge of green (Baird). Dorsal aspect broadly ovate ; anterior, nearly round. Common in ponds and stream. Abundant in the marl of the Peat-deposits of Cambridgeshire described by Mr. Hamilton in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vi, p- 451. 1 For the geological conditions of the Pleistocene and Post-tertiary deposits in Essex, see (Grays) Loudon’s ‘ Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 1836, ix, p. 261; ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ n. s., 1838, ii, p. 546; (Clacton) ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ n. s., 1838, ii, p. 163, and 1840, iv, p. 197; ‘Proc. Geol. Soc.,’ 1845, iv, p- 523, and * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ i, p. 341; (Copford) Loudon’s ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 1834, vii, p. 436, and 1836, ix, p- 429; ‘Proc. Geol. Soc.,’ 1843, iv, p. 164; ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1852, viii, p. 184. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. tS No. 4. Cypris G1BBA, Ramdohr. Plate I, fig. 3a—f/; and Woodcut, fig. 1, p. 16. Cypris GIBBA, Ramdohr. Magaz. d. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1808, ii, p- 91, t. 3, figs. 13—17. Monocuus Bistrigatus, Jurine. Hist. des Monocles, p. 177, t. 19, figs. 12, 13. Cypris BipLicata, Koch. Deutschlands Crustac., &c., Heft 21, t. 16. — — S. Fischer. Mém. Say. Etrang. Petersburg, vii, p. 150, t. 5, figs. 5—8. — SINUATA, Ib. Mem. Sav. Etrang. Petersburg, vi, p. 193, t. 10, fig. 4. — sisrrieata, Liljeborg. De Crustaceis, &c., p. 121, t. 11, figs. 17, 18. —- G@BBA, Jones. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 26, t. 3, fig. 4. INCH. Length, 35 Recent: England; Europe. Post-tertiary : Cambridgeshire. Pleistocene: Kent; Essex. Carapace oblong, compressed: valves larger anteriorly than posteriorly ; rounded obliquely in front; rounded behind; straight on the dorsal, incurved at the middle of the ventral border; marked across the middle by two unequal parallel furrows, situated side by side, and strongest towards the dorsal border; these two sulci (the foremost of which often becomes obsolete) form an irregular impression which divides the surface into two nearly equal, slightly gibbose portions, each of which in old speci- mens is sometimes surmounted with a tubercle (Plate I, fig.3.@). In young individuals the impression is scarcely perceptible (fig. 8). Surface of the valves impressed with closely set circular punctations (fig. 37), which are either irregular in their disposition, or follow wavy lines, rather concentric as to the two halves (anterior and posterior) of the valves. Irregular pits and knobs are frequent near the middle of the adult valve. The Ainge is well seen on the smaller (right) valve, and consists of a straight, simple, smooth ridge, extending nearly the whole length of the dorsal border, and slightly modified at its posterior portion, where it becomes somewhat broader and sulcated. The cnner marginal plates of the valves are rather feebly developed. The recent individuals have usually a dull yellowish colour, and, like the fossil forms, vary considerably both as to the extent to which the ventral border is incurved, and as to the development of the vertical median sulci and their attendant pits and varices, and other irregularities of the surface. Dorsal aspect elongate-oval or lanceolate ; anterior, ovate. This is a very common species in our fresh-water ponds and rivers; but, as Ramdohr has remarked (/oc. ci¢.), it has the habit of remaining on or in the mud rather 16 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF than swimming in the water and crawling on the weeds. Hence it has escaped observation to some extent, and is not noticed in Dr. Baird’s ‘History of the British Entomostraca.’ In its ea ye! love of the mud and habit of crawling, it so much resembles the Candone that I have been anxious to verify Dr. Ramdohr’s description of the species; and I find that it truly possesses the pencilled tufts charac- teristic of the genus Cypris. See Woodcut, fig. 1- 1. Cypris gibba. (See also the figures by Fischer, Koch, &c.) 2. Cyprideis torosa : 0 ie aa. Upper pair of antenne. Cypris gibba occurs fossil in the Peat-marl of Cam- db. Lower or pediform antenne. cs 4 So eae non bridgeshire before referred to (where, however, only young specimens were met with); in a Pleistocene deposit at Wear Farm, near the Reculvers, described by Mr. Prestwich in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xi, p. 112; and plentifully in the fluviatile deposits of Grays and Clacton, in Essex. From the association of a few marine or estuarine fossils (Balanus and Globulina) with C. gibéa in the Pleistocene sands near the Reculvers, it appears that this species can inhabit brackish water. Genus—Canpvona, Baird. (Cypris, Auctorum.) Animal creeping ; (inhabiting fresh water and found on or in the mud; generally larger than Cypris ;) eye single (coalesced) ; the upper pair of antenne plumed; the lower pair plumeless, merely setiferous and hooked.’ Carapace like that of Cypris. No. 1. Canpona rEpPTANS, Baird. Plate I, figs. 7 a—7 e. CAnpona rEpTaANs,? Baird. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 160, t. 19, fig. 3. — —_ Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 27, t. 3, fig. 7. Cypris REPTANS, Liljeborg. De Crustaceis, &c., p. 123, t. xi, figs. 21—23; t. xii, figs. 7—9. INCH. Length, + Recent: Britain; Europe. Post-tertiary : Berkshire ; Cambridgeshire; Lincolnshire ; Essex. Pleistocene: Essex. 1 According to Liljeborg, in the species which he refers to Candona the second pair of maxille are without branchial appendages. 2 Leach’s Cypris viridis (‘Edinb. Encycl.,’ t. 221, fig. 2), and C. nephroides (‘ Encyel. Brit. Suppl.,’ 20, figs. 1, 2), somewhat resemble Candona reptans (as pointed out to me by Dr. Baird); but it is impossible to come to a satisfactory determination frem Leach’s figures and notes. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 17 Carapace large, oblong, almost cylindrical, smooth, shining, beset with scattered setee (of a greenish colour, with variations of tint in patches, and hairy at the margins, in the recent state); anterior portion compressed, obliquely rounded, and tapering forwards and downwards ; posterior rather less compressed than the anterior extremity, almost squared, but with the angles well rounded; dorsal margin straight along the middle, suddenly rounded posteriorly, and gently curving anteriorly towards the antero- ventral margin; ventral margin slightly incurved. Hingement simple. Lucid spots large, elongate, 6—8, arranged in four irregular, parallel, oblique rows (System A); in the outside pairs the spots coalescing one with another. Dorsal profile lanceolate ; end view broadly and acutely ovate. Fig. 7 a represents a variety, from Clacton, which was much more setiferous (as evidenced by the remaining pedicles of sete), and usually of smaller size, and marked with proportionally larger lucid spots. I have met with this variety in a recent state in beach-sand from Pegwell Bay, with which my friend Mr. Pickering has favoured me, where it was associated with Candona lucens and Cytherideis trigonalis ; but of the exact habitat of these specimens I have no precise information.' Candona reptans is referred by Liljeborg to his section of Cyprides with very short setee on the pediform antennee. I cannot find on our specimens even the six sete mentioned by this author. The one large and three small sete at the third joint of the second pair of antenne poorly represent the filamentous brush of the Cypris. The character of the second pair of maxille, referred to by Liljeborg, is an important peculiarity; possibly the two animals are distinct. I prefer following Baird in the allocation of the species under notice, which is characteristically a Candona in its make and habits. Candona reptans is one of the largest of the bivalve Entomostracans met with in our fresh waters, and is of frequent occurrence. It is plentiful in a fossil state in the peat-deposits of Berkshire, at Newbury, and in the fresh-water marl in the fens of Cambridgeshire, described by Mr. Hamilton ;° it occurred also in the fresh-water deposit met with in the Casewick railway-cutting, in Lincolnshire, and described by Mr. Morris, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ ix, p. 321, and at Edwardstone ;° and it is not rare in the pleistocene sands and clays of Clacton and Grays, in Essex. The speci- mens from Clacton, as already mentioned, are comparatively small; those from Grays are often very large. ‘ 1 They were probably brought down by the river Stour. 2 Loe. cit. 3 About thirteen miles from Stanway, Essex. Mr. J. Brown kindly communicated some fine specimens obtained from the post-tertiary deposits at this place. ad) 18 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF No. 2. Canpona Forsssul, Jozes. Plate IV, figs. 8, 9, ll a, 114. Canpona Forsesii, Jones. Memoirs Geol. Survey, p. 157, t. 7, fig. 22. INCH. Length, = Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight and Hampshire. Valves oblong, rounded at the extremities, narrowest and most depressed anteriorly, most convex at the posterior third; hinder border margined with a slightly raised rim; dorsal border arched, ventral slightly incurved ; surface smooth; fine punctations are visible in transparent specimens under the microscope with transmitted light. Lucid spots according to System A. This species much resembles the recent Candona reptans and C. Richardson (Jones) of the Woolwich Beds; but certain modifications of shape and proportional size separate all these forms. Candona Forbesii occurs in great numbers, and in different stages of growth, chiefly as single valves, compressed between the lamine of the shales of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Hempstead Series at Hempstead Cliff, Isle of Wight; and in a better state of preservation in the pyritous bands occurring in that series. It is met with also compressed in the Shales of the Osborne Series at Cliff End, Colwell Bay; and is found also at Hordwell (Mr. F. Edwards’s collection). I have dedicated this abundant and characteristic species to Edward Forbes, whose name is so intimately associated with the Hempstead deposits and their fossils. No. 3. Canpona RIcHARDSONI, Jones. Plate IV, figs. 12 a, 124. Canpona RicHarpsont, Jones. Quart. Journal Geol. Soc., x, p. 162, t. 3, fig. 13. INCH. Length, 35 Lower Eocene: Woolwich. Valves oblong, smooth, rounded at the extremities, depressed anteriorly, most convex just posterior to the centre; ventral border straight, dorsal border very slightly curved. This species approaches in shape to the recent Candona reptans ; but it is more oblong, and in size it is much inferior. It also resembles C. Fordbesii of the Isle of Wight. Candona Richardsoni was found by Mr. W. H. Baily, in the thin band with Hydrobia, Planorbis, and Cyrena, in the Woolwich sand-pit. The individuals are THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 19 numerous, compressed between the lamin of the clay. Casts of valves possibly referable to the same species were collected by the late Rev. H. M. de la Condamine. F.G.S., of Blackheath, in the Planorbis-bed at Counter Hill, near Lewisham. No. 4. Canpona caANnpipDA,! Miller. Plate I, figs. 8a—8 f, 5a, 55. Cypris canpipa, Miller. Entom., p. 62, t. 6, figs. 7—9. Monocutus canpipus, Jurine. Hist. des Monocles, p. 176, t. 19, figs. 7, 8. Cypris Lucrens, Baird. Trans. Berwick Nat. Club, i, p. 100, t. 3, fig. 15. — canpipa, Id. Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, p. 134, t. 5, fig. 3. — — Zaddach. Synops. Crust. Pruss. Prodomus, p. 38. Canpona canpipA, Baird. Trans. Berwick Nat. Club, ii, p. 153. Cypris PELLUCcIDA, Koch. Deutschland’s Crust., &c., xi Heft, t. 5. — uvcrpa(?), Zé. Deutschland’s Crust., &c., xxi Heft, t. 18. CanpDona Lucens, Baird. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 160, t. 19, fig. 1. | Adult female. | — — Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 26, t. 3, fig. 8. Cypris PELLUcIDA, S. Fischer. Ueber das Gen. Cypris, &e., p. 148, t. 5, figs. 1—4. [ Female. | Canpona canpipA, Liljeborg. De Crustaceis, &c., p. 127, t. 11, figs. 19, 20; t. 25, figs. 13—15. INCH. Length, 15 Recent: England; Europe. Post-tertiary : Forfarshire; Berkshire; Cambridgeshire ; and Essex. Pleistocene: Essex. Carapace rather large, long kidney-shaped, somewhat cylindrical, smooth, shining (pearly white in the recent state; often milky white when fossil) ; beset with scattered pedicles of setae (and fringed with hairs, when recent); posterior portion larger than the anterior, in the adult female curving boldly backwards and downwards, and termi- nating ina blunt point (injured in the lithograph, fig. 8a); dorsal margin arched, especially behind; ventral margin more or less incurved. Lucid spots six in a group, forming a transverse, curved, front row of four, with two other spots behind the lowest two of the front row (System B), figs. 8 e, 8 f; this arrangement is subject to a varia- tion, by which the lower five spots in the two rows lose their linear regularity (fig. 5 4), and sometimes become so obliquely arranged as to converge into a radiate figure, forming a star or rosette, accompanied by the upper isolated sixth spot, as seen in the fragment of a valve, fig. 5a. ' Zenker (1854), op. cit. p. 76, refers to this species as a Cypris, with the following synonyms : Cypris canpipa, Miiller; C. compressa, Koch; C. prttuctpa, Jb.; C. puBrscens, JA. ; C. peLiuctpa, S. Fischer; C. prara, Ié.; C. compressa, J. 20 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Dorsal profile lanceolate, or elongate-oval, with the ends acute and nearly equal : anterior, broadly ovate. Candona candida is very common in the mud of ponds and rivers; and occurs equally abundantly in the peat-deposits of Berkshire (at Newbury), and Cambridge- shire; in the shell-marl of the Forfarshire lakes, described by Sir C. Lyell, ‘ Geol. Trans.,’ 2d ser., vol. ii, p. 73; in the fresh-water beds at Copford; and in the pleisto- cene beds of Clacton and Grays, in Essex. No. 5. CANDONA (?) SUBEQUALIS, spec. nov. Plate I, fig. 9 a—9c. INCH. Length, +, Recent? Post-tertiary : Essex. Carapace rather large, very convex, reniform ; anterior and posterior extremities nearly equal; dorsal margin arched, the curve being nearly uniform throughout its length; ventral margin incurved. Svwrface thickly studded with fine pimples, or pedicles of setee. Lucid spots 7—8, forming four irregular oblique rows (System 4). This species differs from C. candida in its shape, setation, and lucid spots; but resembles it in general character. It much resembles in outline Cypris lutraria, Koch (‘Deutsch. Crust.,’ xxi Heft, t. 15), and C. elliptica, Baird (‘ Hist. Brit. Entom.,’ p- 158, t. 19, fig. 12); but the means of comparison at command are unsatisfactory. Candona (2) subequalis occurs not uncommonly in the post-tertiary fresh-water deposit at Copford, near Colchester. Sub-genus (?)—CYPRIDEIS, zov. | At page 9 (in a note added while these sheets were in the press,) I have mentioned my reasons for expecting that, on further examination, this form will prove to be a Cythere. As I have not had any opportunity of getting living specimens, I leave the description of this interesting and peculiar form in the place it occupied in my MS., and under the same provisional subgeneric heading. (November, 1856.) | Animal’ having the pediform antenne hooked, not plumous, and the superior antenne apparently simply setiferous. Carapace oblong; marginal edges thickened, 1 Not yet examined in a fresh state. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 21 inner plates obsolete; contact-margin of the left valve grooved or rabbeted for the reception of the slightly flanged edge of the opposite valve, and the dorsal edge pro- vided with hinge-teeth, consisting of a longitudinal series of numerous minute tuber- cles, with corresponding pits; on the right valve the dorsal edge is tubercled or toothed along its anterior and posterior thirds, and pitted in the central portion ; whilst the left valve has fine teeth on the middle part, and pits on the rest of its dorsal edge : surface of the valves punctated. In its hingement, Cyprideis closely resembles the marine form Cytheridea. No. |. CypripEis ToRosA, Jones. Plate II, figs. 1 az—1 7; and Wooncut, fig. 2 p- 16. CanpoNa ToROSA, Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 27, t. 3, fig. 6. INCH. Length, 31 Recent: Gravesend. Pleistocene: Essex and Kent. Carapace oblong, varying in its proportions according to age. Valves convex; bearing for the most part a slightly raised marginal rim on all edges except the dorsal ; rounded before and behind ; straight on the ventral, and more or less arched on the dorsal border; right valve less oblong, smaller, and narrower posteriorly than the left valve. The surface of the valves is marked with closely set angular pittings (fig. 1 7), coarse in the older specimens, and is raised in adult specimens into 5—7 tubercles. Young individuals in general have the surface almost even, or marked by a slight transverse sulcus near the centre and just posterior to the lucid spots, which indicate the position of the first-developed tubercle ; 3—4 tubercles on the posterior moiety of the valve, and 1—3 smaller tubercles anteriorly, become apparent afterwards. Occasionally well-developed tubercles are present in small, and even in young speci- mens; and, on the other hand, individuals reach a large size without being marked with more than one (anterior) tubercle. The Ainge is considerably developed (figs. 1 g, 1 4); the hinge-margin of the right valve bearing anterior and posterior sets of “knurlings,” which are received into corresponding pittings on the hinge-margin of the opposite valve; whilst the central portion of the hinge has a smaller set of similar pits and teeth, but inversely arranged. Lucid spots small, four, arranged in a single transverse, or vertical, row immediately behind the chief, or anterior, tubercle (System c). Dorsal aspect irregular-acute-oval ; anterior, somewhat hexagonal. This well-marked species occurs abundantly in the pleistocene sands of Grays, Essex, and was found in equal profusion in deposits of similar age at Wear Farm, 22 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF near the Reculvers,’ Kent, by Mr. Prestwich, and at Chislet, between Wear Farm and the Grove Ferry Station, by Mr. J. Brown, of Stanway; to both of whom I am indebted for a liberal supply of specimens. At the two last-mentioned localities the carapaces are not so strongly tubercled as they are at Grays. Cyprideis torosa is also a recent species, living in the Gravesend ditches, where Mr. Pickering (who kindly favoured me with my recent specimens of this species) found it in great numbers, attached to the cases of Caddis- worms, “in a ditch which runs on the land-side of the Thames Bank, between Gravesend 'own and Coal House Point, near an old mill: the water flowimg into and not from the Thames, except at high tides.” Sub-family—CvyTHERINE, Dana. (Cytheride, Baird.) In this second sub-family of the Cyprid@ (Dana) we meet with similar difficulties in the allocation of the fossil carapaces to generic forms as among the Cyprine ; for, although the carapaces are readily arranged into natural groups according to their peculiarities of structure, yet these peculiarities do not necessarily indicate generic differences among the animals to which they belonged ; and, in fact, in this branch of paleontology, as in others, we have still to wait for an imtimate knowledge of living animals before we can confidently speak of the exact relations of the fossil remains of earlier creatures, which they more or less closely represent. Cytherella, Bairdia, Cytheriders, Cytheridea, and Cythereis exist in the present seas, as well as Cythere proper ; and favorable opportunities will, it is hoped, occur for their minute examination in a fresh state. The Cytheres of the Baltic have been carefully examined by Liljeborg and Zenker, but the result of their examinations does not much assist the paleontologist in the comparison of the recent and fossil forms. The views of these two authors on the synonymy of some of the best known of the recent species are at variance ;” nor do 1 Where it seems to have inhabited brackish water ; ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ xi, p. 112. 2 According to Liljeborg, the Swedish species which he examined are three, viz. : CYTHERE GIBBERA, Miller. — viripis, 6. Syn. C. lutea, Miiller; C. albomaculata, Baird; and C. alba, Baird (young). — wnitipa, Liljeborg. Zenker arranges his species from the Cattegat and the Baltic thus— CyTHERE LuTEA, Miller. Syn. C. reniformis, Baird. — ipsa, I0. Syn. C. gibbera, Miller. (Male and Female.) FLAVIDA, IO. — viripis, Jb, Syn. C. variabilis, Baird. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 23 they even recognise the same forms for Miiller’s species, except in the case of C. gibsa and C. gitbera. Liljeborg figures as C. viridis of Miller what Zenker figures as Miller’s C. flavida; and Zenker figures as C. viridis a form that approximates to Liljeborg’s C. nitida. Liljeborg’s view of C. viridis appears to me to be correct: Zenker’s C. flavida should be referred to the same species; Miiller’s C. favida being a different form. S. Fischer has lately (‘Munich Transactions,’ 1855) further illustrated one of of Miiller’s species, and two new forms. Genus-—CYTHERE,’ Muller. Animal creeping ; chiefly marine.’ Eye single, the coalescence of which is more or less imperfect : upper antenne setiferous, but not presenting a filamentous plume; lower antennze hooked and furnished with a single, long, jointed filament; feet three pairs. The carapace-valves are usually ornamented on their anterior and posterior borders with a marginal series of fine spines or denticulations, which are coarsest in the sub-genus Cythereis and finest in Lairdia. CyYTHERE proper. Carupace often very convex, especially on the ventral portion; sometimes smooth and setigerous, generally pitted, and occasionally reticulated; varying in outline from an acute-oval to an irregular oblong ; in the first case it often resembles a peach-stone in miniature; in the latter case a central and two posterior tubercles sometimes give a character to the valves ;> and in each case the anterior, and sometimes the posterior, hinge forms an indistinct angle on the dorsal edge; the hinge-line of each valve occupies about the middle third of the dorsal margin, and presents a ridge or bar and a furrow, the bar on one valve corresponding to the furrow on the other; the bar is sometimes blended with the edge of the valve, and is occasionally finely crenulated ; ! For synonyms, see ‘ Monog. Entom. Cret., 1849, p. 8. 2 Cythere inopinata, Baird, and another species referred to by Say, are the exceptional species in this respect. According to Zenker, one species, at least, of marine Cytheres can live for several days in fresh water; and, on the other hand, 8. Fischer describes a Cypris from saltish water at the mouth of the Neva, and another from the sea-water of the harbour at Alexandria. 3 The central tubercle is internally a shallow pit, associated with lucid spots and marking the place of muscular attachment. 24 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF it is more or less developed at its extremities into cardinal processes or teeth, which, with still stronger, but isolated, teeth at the ends of the furrow on the opposite valve form the anterior and posterior hinges of the carapace: the ventral margin of each valve is more or less incurved near the middle, where its edge is frequently produced (as also occasionally in Cypris) into a thin projecting laminar curvilinear plate. The posterior border being always depressed and contracted, and frequently notched at its dorsal angle, forms a low subacute marginal rim or “posterior lobe,” of varying breadth. | Oval forms of CYTHERE proper. | No. 1. CytTHEre punctTATA, Minster. Plate II, figs. 5 a—dh. CyTHERE PuNOTATA, Miinster. Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1830, p. 62. CYTHERINA PUNCTATA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1838, p. 515, t. 6, fig. 2. Cypripina puncTaTA, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., ili, p. 68, t. 9, fig. 24. = PUNCTATELLA, J6. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, p. 65, t. 9, fig. 15. (Young of C. punctata ?) CYTHERE PUNCTATELLA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 75, t. 3, fig. 12. (Young of C. punctata ?) INCH. Length, 5 Recent: Britain; Europe. Pliocene: Suffolk. Upper and Middle Tertiary: Europe. Middle Tertiary : Maryland? Carapace broadly sub-ovate, resembling a peach-stone in miniature, most convex towards the middle of the ventral portion; right valve (fig. 5 46) narrower than the left, and its hinge-line more oblique: szrface of the valves coarsely pitted with sub- hexagonal serial punctations (fig. 5 4), and in the old specimen’ (fig. 5 a), marked on the anterior portion with concentric raised lines, or faint ridges, near the margin; the pittings and the marginal concentric lines (which latter rarely occur) are both subject to variation in their relative size and distinctness, according to the age of the indi- viduals. In young specimens (fig. 5 e), both the shape and the punctation resemble that of C. punctatella, Reuss. This species occurs plentifully in the Crag of Suffolk, together with C. Woodiana, &c. It has been found also in the Austro-Hungarian Tertiaries by Reuss; and at Palermo and Castell’ Arquato by Miinster. I have it from the Bordeaux sand, and a scarcely distinguishable variety from Maryland, United States. C. pwnctatella occurs also in the Austro-Hungarian Tertiaries, and at Castell’ Arquato, Bordeaux, and Perpignan. 1 This specimen is not quite perfect, the posterior lobe having been broken away. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 25 The following localities yield varieties apparently indistinguishable from C. puactata, —Southend (near the mouth of the Thames), Poole Bay (Dorset), Devonshire Coast, Tenby, and Arran; also Australia. Numerous allied forms of this punctated peach-stone-like group of Cytheres, generally of small size, are common in the Oolitic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary deposits, and in the present seas. No. 2. CYTHERE TRIGONULA, spec. nov. PxuaTeE III, figs. 1, a—l, A. INCH. Length, = Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace ovately subtriangular, depressed on the anterior, dorsal, and posterior borders, and strongly convex ventrally, where the valves are, as it were, pinched up into an obtuse ventral ridge, surmounted by a slight longitudinal fold; the surface of each valve gradually rises outwards from the dorsal edge to the ventral border, and is then suddenly bent inwards, so that the ventral surface of the closed carapace is flat, and that of the dorsal culminate; the transverse section of the carapace being triangular: surface finely punctate, with small round pits (fig. 14): hinges strongly developed. Dorsal aspect lanceolate ; end view triangular. Cythere trigonula is plentiful, and accompanies C. punctata, in the Crag of Suffolk. Its triangular shape and larger size well distinguish it from its companion; and the pits of its punctation are relatively smaller. No. 3. CyYTHERE TRIANGULARIS, Reuss. PLATE VH, figs. 5a—5 g. CYTHERE TRIANGULARIS, Reuss. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., vii, p. 279, t. 10, fig. 3. INCH. Length, ., Lower Eocene: London, Cretaceous: Basdorf, Mecklenburg. Carapace gibbose, ovato-triangular ; dorsal margin straight; extremities obliquely rounded and toothed ; hinder end narrowest; ventral portion of each valve strongly convex, surmounted by a narrow, well-defined. spinous, longitudinal, slightly curved ridge or fold, and turned suddenly inwards, so as to form a flat ventral face to the closed carapace: valves thin, smooth, shining, and beset with scattered sete: hinge 4A 26 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF long, delicate, and well-defined, the median bar and furrow elongate and simple, but the anterior and posterior isolated teeth on the right valve are knurled or crenulated, their surfaces presenting 4—5 minute rounded knobs or denticles, which fit crenulate furrows on the other valve. Dorsal aspect irregularly ovate, with the ends produced ; exd-view triangular, with the lateral lines slightly curved. The specimens which I here refer to C. triangularis, Reuss,—agreeing with that species in all essential particulars,—occurred not unfrequently in the London Clay, from the excavations made for the Great Northern Railway in the Copenhagen Fields, north of London, and were obtained by Mr. J. Purdue, to whom I am indebted for the majority of my specimens from the London Clay. Reuss describes his specimens as occurring in the Cretaceous deposits at Basdorf, near Kropelin, in Mecklenburg; several of the microzoa of these beds, as Reuss well remarks, have a tertiary aspect. No. 4. CyTHERE WETHERELLII, Jones. Puate IV, fig. 15; Pl. VI, figs. 16 a—l6d. CyTHERE WETHERELLI, Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x, p. 161, t. 3, fig. 9. INCH, Length, 54 Middle Eocene: Isle of Wight. Carapace irregularly ovate ; contracted posteriorly ; convex and somewhat flattened towards the ventral portion ; suddenly inturned and flattened along the ventral border ; bearing a subtriangular impression at about the middle of the dorsai portion of each valve ; surface of the valves ornamented by a delicate reticulation, the meshes of which are formed by slightly raised anastomosing borders ; reticulation fading away towards the dorsal margin: Ainge delicate, presenting a modification of the hind and front teeth of the right valve, which are finely knurled, and connected by a continued fine knurling of the edge of the valve, whilst the median bar and furrow are obsolete. Dorsal aspect narrow-oblong, with the ends angular and produced ; ezd-view almost quadrangular, somewhat pentagonal. Cythere Wetherellii is not uncommon in the Middle Eocene Sands of Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight, and also in an Oyster-band’ of this series at the same locality. One 1 Some years since a handful of this clay with remains of oysters was given to me as having been brought from Woolwich ; and the species of Zntomostraca which I had obtained from it (viz., C. Wetherellii, C. plicata, and C. angulatopora) were in consequence enumerated in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. x. p. 160, as belonging to the Woolwich series. Since then I have satisfied myself of the incorrectness of the stated locality of this clay. The above-mentioned species must therefore be regarded as belonging to the Middle, and not the Lower, Eocene. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 27 specimen was also received from Mr. F. Edwards among his specimens of Entomostraca from Barton. No. 5. CyTHERE STRIATOPUNCTATA, Roemer, sp. Pxate V, figs. 6, 7a—7<, 10. CYTHERINA sTRIATOPUNCTATA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &., 1838, p. 515, t. 6, fig. 2. CYTHERE sTRIATOPUNCTATA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 62, t. 3, fig. 1. INCH. Length, 3, Middle Kocene: England and Europe. > 20 Carapace ovate, very convex, subcylindrical, somewhat resembling a walnut in miniature; right valve (pl. 5, figs. 6, 10) less uniformly ovate than the left valve (pl. 5, figs. 7a), narrower, and more angular on the dorsal border; anterior and posterior margins of the valves usually denticulate: surface ornamented with deep concentric furrows, curving round the anterior part of the valve, converging posteriorly, and becoming more or less straight and parallel at the centre ; the furrows are crossed at short intervals by slight ridges, connecting the stronger concentric ridges which define the furrows, and forming unequal reticulation, each mesh of which is, for the most part, pierced at its centre by a well-marked pit. M. Bosquet has examined the specimen on which C. pertusa, Roemer, loc. cit. t. 6, f. 2, was founded as a species, and he regards it as the young of C. striatopunctata. Cythere striatopunctata is very abundant in the Barton Clay of the Hampshire Coast (Middle Eocene), and is plentiful in equivalent deposits at High Cliff, on the same coast. It occurs also at Bracklesham, and in a bed of sandy clay with green grains (silicate of iron) at Alum Bay, Isle of Wight (numbered 29 in Mr. Prestwich’s section, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ ii. p. 257, t. 9), containing a small, depressed, undescribed Nummulite,’ and belonging to the Barton series (Middle Eocene). M. Bosquet has found it in the “ Sables moyens,” the “Calcaire grossier,” and the “Sables inférieurs” of France, and in the “Sable a grés calcifére” and the Lower Tongrian beds of Belgium. Roemer described it from the Paris Tertiaries. No. 6. CYTHERE CONSOBRINA, spec. nov. INCH, Length, 35 Middle Eocene: Barton, Hants. Carapace elongate-oval, subcylindrical; obliquely rounded in front; contracted 2 1 See also ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ viii, p. 334, note. 28 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF behind ; posterior lobe narrow, depressed, and rounded; dorsal border slightly arched ; ventral border nearly straight: valves eibbous, smooth, faintly punctate, most convex posteriorly and ventrally. Dorsal aspect elongate-ovate ; end-view orbicular. The species here described [{ which was found after the plates were finished] is very near to Cythere Favrodiana, Bosquet (‘Mém. Commiss. Carte géol. Neerl.,’ p. 80, t. 8, f. 7; and ‘ Mem. Soc. Roy. Liége,’ iv., p. 361, t. 1, f. 5); its outline, however, is more oval; its posterior lobe is not so acute; and its surface is more uniformly convex, and is punctate. It has other allies in C. fusiformis, Bosquet, and C. attenuata, presently to be described. Cythere consobrina occurs rarely in the Barton Clay, Hampshire. [Mr. F. Edward’s Collection. | No. 7. CYTHERE ATTENUATA, spec. nov. PLATE V, fig. 11. INCH. Length, 35 Middle Eocene: Isle of Wight. Carapace elongate-ovate, subcylindrical, rounded and slightly tapering anteriorly , obliquely acuminate posteriorly; dorsal border slightly oblique, and forming an angle with the posterior border; ventral border curved; valves somewhat depressed in front, and produced behind into an angular, suddenly flattened posterior lobe: surface smooth, convex, and marked on the middle of the ventral portion with a slight triangular impression [not well shown in the figure]. Cythere attenuata approaches C. czornata, Bosquet (Entom. Tert, p. 71, t. 3, f. 7), but is narrower, and more tapering and acute. One specimen from the Clay with green sand (No. 29, of Mr. Prestwich’s section!) at Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, represents this species. [B. Oblong forms of CYTHERE, proper. | No. 8. CytTHERE KosTELEnsIs (?), Reuss sp. Puate VI, figs. 14a, 146. Cypripina Kosrntinsis, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, p. 68, t. 9, fig. 22. Cyruere Kostrtensis, Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x, p. 161, t. 3, fig. 10. INCH. Middle Tertiary: Austria, &c. Lower Eocene: Woolwich, Kent. Length > 70 1 See above, p. 27. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 29 Carapace small, oblong, depressed, flattest anteriorly ; obliquely rounded in front, semicircular behind; upper and lower margins slightly incurved ; extremities bearing slightly raised marginal rims: swrface roughened with irregular punctations. Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-ovate ; end-view suboval. Two specimens of this minute species (which agrees with Reuss’s C. Aostelensis, except in the condition of the posterior margin) were found by Mr. Rosser in the Woolwich beds (Lower Eocene). C. Kostelensis occurs in the Leitha-Kalk of Moravia and Austria, in clay-beds near Vienna, in the salt-rock of Galicia, and in Tertiary beds of Upper Silesia. No. 9. CYTHERE CONCINNA, spec. nov. PLATE IV, figs. 7a—7/f. INCH. Length, 35 Pleistocene: Bridlingtou, Yorkshire. Carapace triangular-oblong; rounded in front, obliquely truncate behind; straight on the ventral, and obtusely angular on the dorsal border, the anterior hinge forming a low blunt angle: swrface of valves depressed; marked by three low tubercles (one central and two posterior), minutely punctated, and perforated at points as wide apart as the distance of 3—4 of the superficial pits (fig. 77); the valves have also a slightly elevated anterior margin, and are sometimes beset with obscure scattered tubercles, forming an irregular rugosity of the surface. Dorsal aspect narrow-oblong with rounded ends ; evd-view narrow-ovate. Cythere concinna was found in some numbers—together with Cythere (Cytheridea) Sorbyana—by Mr. H. C. Sorby in the Bridlington Crag, at Bridlington, Yorkshire. No. 10. CytHERE Woopiana, spec. nov. PxiarTe III, figs. 2a—2 yg. INCH. Length, =5 Pliocene: Suffolk. 18 Carapace oblong, rounded obliquely at the extremities, upper and lower borders nearly straight; valves depressed anteriorly, most convex just behind the centre and towards the ventral border; right valve markedly narrower than the left ; its hinge- line outstanding, being notched fore and aft: swrface ornamented with small well- marked sub-hexagonal or circular pits, arranged in longitudinal lines, except on the anterior portion of the valves, where the pitting affects transverse and concentric lines ; 30 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF punctation very fine, and lying in depressed lines or striz in young individuals ; coarser and less distinctly linear, and somewhat transverse, in old specimens. A variety, white and smooth, almost destitute of punctations, or rather with exceedingly minute linear pittings, is common; and some individuals are partially punctated. The hinge is strongly developed. Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-ovate ; end-view suborbicular. This species appears to belong to the same type as C. Jurinei, Minster, and its varieties, figured and described by Bosquet (‘Descript. Entom. Tert.,’ p. 56, t. 2, figs. 9, 10), C. Meyni, Reuss (‘Zeitsch. Deut. geol. Ges.,’ vii, p. 279, t. 10, fig. 5), and Bairdia (?) semipunctata, Bornemann (Jéid., vil, p. 359, t. 21, fig. 1). I have met with a very similar form in Tertiary sand from Bordeaux. Cythere Woodiana occurs very plentifully, in different stages of growth, and with several variations as to intensity of punctation, in the Crag of Suffolk,—and bears the name of Mr. Searles N. Wood, who has for many years, and with great success, col- lected, studied, and elucidated the fossils of the Crag. To Mr. Wood I am indebted for the majority of the specimens from the Crag described in this Monograph. No. 1l. CyTHERE LAQUEATA, spec. nov. Plate III, figs. 3 a—3 h. INCH. Length, +5 Pleistocene: Red Crag, Essex. Pliocene: Crag, Suffolk. Carapace broad-ovate-oblong, rounded somewhat obliquely in front, contracted and rounded behind; extremities denticulate, depressed; dorsal margin slightly arched : ventral margin somewhat sinuous: valves nearly equal; surface coarsely punctate with large subquadrate pits: /7nges very strong. Dorsal profile broadly acute-ovate ; end-view subovate. In a translucent young valve the surface is smooth, but a distinct coarse reticula- tion is seen by the opacity of the parietes of its meshes in the tissue of the valve : these meshes appear to be subsequently represented by the superficial pittings. Cythere laqueata is vather rare in the Crag of Sutton, &c., in Suffolk, where it occurs with C. Woodiana, C. Macropora, &c. It occurs also in the Upper or Red Crag at Walton-on-Naze, Essex. No. 12. CytTHERE Dicryosiema, spec. nov. INCH, Length, 35 Pliocene: Suffolk. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 31 Carapace oblong ; extremities obliquely rounded: valves thick, somewhat depressed, showing more or less distinctly the central and two posterior tubercles; surface finely reticulated, the meshes small, angular, and deep, the parietes of the meshes thick, squared, and strong; on the ventral slopes the longitudinal parietes of the reticulation are the most distinct (as is usual in reticulated carapaces), on the rest of the surface the reticulation is irregular or labyrinthine. Dorsal aspect narrow-obtuse-ovate ; end-view subovate. Cythere Dictyosigma somewhat resembles C. didentata, Bosquet (‘ Entom. Tert.,’ p- 72, t. 3, fig. 9), from Dax. It is not uncommon in the Crag of Suffolk; but the specimens were overlooked when the plates were being prepared. No. 13. CyYTHERE LACUNOSA, spec. nov. Plate III, figs. 5 a, 54. INCH. Length, 3, Recent: Norway. Phocene: Suffolk. Carapace oblong, slightly tapering backwards; rounded obliquely at the extremi- ties; posterior lobe narrow and thickened; dorsal and ventral edges nearly straight ; valves somewhat depressed, with the centre sunken and occupied by a large tubercle ; margins depressed and thickened : swrface of valves marked by 3—4 concentric riblets towards the anterior margin, one of which is continued along the dorsal part of the valve; parallel with and inside this slight dorsal ridge is a row of coarse, quadrangu- lar, shallow pits; an obscure punctation and scattered pimples occupy the middle part of the valves, especially around the great central tubercle. Dorsal aspect irregular-narrow-oblong. This species occurs in the Crag of Suffolk, where it is rather rare. It is plentiful in the deeply dredged shell- and sponge-sand from the Norway coast, with which I have been favoured by Messrs. MacAndrew and Barrett. * No. 14. CyYTHERE SCABROPAPULOSA, spec. nov. Plate V, fig. 16. INCH. Length, Middle Eocene: Bracklesham. 29 Carapace sub-oblong; tapermg backwards, and ending in a flattened, angular, denticulate, posterior lobe; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, bordered by a thick- ened and raised margin : surface of valves thickly beset with low and rounded tubercles; anterior hinge marked by a strong tubercle. 32 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Dorsal aspect elongate-subovate. This species closely resembles C. scabra, Miinster, figured and described by Bosquet, ‘ Descrip. Entom. Tert.,’ p. 103, t. 5, fiz. 7; but, instead of smooth tubercles, the latter has ragged lamellar tubercles. Such exogenous growths as tubercles and spines are subject to great variations of development, and must be used with caution for specific characters ; still I prefer to regard the form under notice as distinct from C. scabra. Cythere scabropapulosa occurs at Bracklesham, and is rare. C. scaSra, according to Bosquet, belongs to the Subapennine deposits of the South of France, and the Miocene beds of Dax; Roemer derived it from the North-west of Germany (Osnabruck), and from Bordeaux. No. 15. CYTHERE COSTELLATA, Roemer, sp. Plate V, fig. 11. CYTHERINA COSTELLATA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1838, p. 517, t CYTHERE CosTELLAaTA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 58, t. 2, fig. 11. INCH. Length, 54 Middle Eocene: England and France. Carapace ovato-oblong; rounded before, narrow behind; dorsal border straight, ventral slightly convex: valves most convex posterior to the centre, depressed ante- riorly ; front and hind margins more or less denticulate; surface covered by several narrow, rounded, longitudinal, slightly sinuous ribs, placed side by side (10 or 11 in my specimens, 7 or 8 in M. Bosquet’s, and “about six” in M. Roemer’s). Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-ovate ; end-view ovate. A slight difference in the number of the superficial riblets exists amongst the specimens figured and described,—as above noticed; and there also appears to be a somewhat greater convexity in Roemer’s 6-ribbed form than in Bosquet’s 7- or 8- ribbed specimens, and in the latter than in my 10-ribbed specimens. Bosquet enumerates several localitieS for C. costel/ata in the “ Sables moyens,” the “ Calcaire grossier,’ and in the “Sables inférieurs” of France. Roemer’s specimens also came from the Paris Tertiaries. In England I have only met with this species in the sandy blue clay at Bracklesham, where a single specimen (perfect carapace) was obtained. No. 16. CyruErr piicata, Miaster. Plate IV, fig. 16; Pl. V, figs. 8 a—8 d; Pl. V,, fgel7 THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 33 CYTHERE pLicaTa, Miinster. Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1830, p. 63; and Neues Jahrb., &c. 1835, p. 446. CYTHERINA PLICATA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1838, p. 518, t. 6, fig. 26. CypRIDINA PLicaTa, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, p. 43, t. 10, fig. 21. — LaticostaTa, Id. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, p. 87, t. 11, fig. 13. [C. plicata, var. ] CyTHERE PLIcaTA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 60, t. 2, fig. 13. — (CyrEreis) pLicaTa, Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x, p. 162, t. 2, fig. 13. INCH. Length, 4; Middle Eocene: Isle of Wight, and Hampshire. Upper and Middle Eocene: Europe. Carapace ovato-oblong ; anteriorly oblique, with the antero-ventral angle rounded ; posteriorly narrower and obliquely rounded; dorsal margin straight ; ventral margin convex or somewhat sinuate : va/ves most convex at the posterior third; bearing three raised longitudinal ridges,—one on either side of, and parallel with, the median line of the valve (the ventral one the most convex and gently curving downwards, the other weaker and sinuous), and another (the third) ridge occupying the dorsal part of the valve, shorter than the others and curved, its most convex central portion more or less projecting over the dorsal edge; the vehtral portion of the valve suddenly slopes inwards and downwards from the summit of the ventral ridge, so as to form a blunt keel to the closed carapace; front and hind margins more or less denticulate: surface of the valves usually ornamented with faint longitudinal wrinkles and obscure pittings and reticulations on and between the ridges. Dorsal profile elongate-subovate, with angular ends; end-view broad-irregular-ovate, modified by the lateral ridges. This species, like C. ¢riplicata of the Chalk, is one of the passage-forms between Cythere proper and Cythereis. Var. Jaticosta (Reuss, Zoc. cit.), from the Barton Clay of Hampshire, is decidedly identical with the form (from the same deposit) figured at pl. 5, fig. 8; and is merely a more ovate, shorter, plumper, and more strongly ribbed variety of C. plicata. This species has been found in the Miocene deposits of Dax, and in the Eocene of France, Belgium, North-western Germany, Bohemia, Austria, and Moravia. It occurs abundantly in the white Tertiary sands and in an Oyster-band at Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight ; also in the clays at Barton, Highcliff, and Bracklesham, in Hampshire. The specimens from Colwell are opaque, white, and fragile; those from the Hamp- shire clays are brown, tough, and somewhat translucent. No. 17. CYTHERE SCROBICULOPLICATA, spec. nov. Plate VI, figs. 4, 6 a—6 d. INCH. Length, 5 d Lower Eocene: London. 5 34 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Carapace ovato-oblong ; extremities obliquely rounded; posterior end narrowest and most oblique; ventral margin curved from its centre towards the posterior extremity; dorsal margin straight: swzface of the valves raised into three obscure longitudinal ridges, holding the same relative position as the ridges on C. plicata ; valves covered with a coarse reticulation of sub-quadrangular pits, arranged some- what concentrically. Dorsal aspect acute-ovate ; end-view sub-ovate. This species differs from C. scrodiculata, Mister, in the ridged character of the valves, in being more oblong, in having the longitudinal parietes of the pits on the central part of the valves more developed than the transverse, and in the absence of the faint semicircular riblets which traverse the anterior portion of C. scrobiculata. The latter occurs in the Eocene deposits of France and Belgium, and in Tertiary deposits of the North-west of Germany ; also at Dax in France, and near Parma in Italy. Cythere scrobiculoplicata is not rare in the London Clay of Copenhagen Fields, London; and Mr. Wetherell has favoured me with a fine specimen from the London Clay of Finchley, near London. Var. RECTA, zov. Plate VI, fig. 9. INCH. Length, 35 Middle Eocene: East Woodhay, Hampshire. Carapace smaller than that of C. scrobiculoplicata, triangularly ovate, obliquely rounded in front, and tapering symmetrically towards the rounded posterior extremity ; the anterior portion of the valves not reticulated, but obscurely punctate, and bordered by a narrow, raised, marginal rim; the rest of the surface is ridged and reticulated on the plan of C. serobiculoplicata. A single valve occurred in some blue clay, from East Woodhay, Hampshire, proba- bly belonging to the Bagshot and Bracklesham series. No. 18. CytTHEere AnGuLATOPORA, Reuss, sp. Plate IV, figs. 17, 18 a, 18 6; and Pl. Vi, te. 18. Cypripina ANauLtatTopora, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., ili, p. 86, t. 10, fig. 32. Cytupre AnGULAToPoRA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 68, t. 3, fig. 5. — (Cyruernis) AN@uLATOPORA, Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., p. 162, t. 3, fig. 12. INCH. Length, js; to 75 Middle Eocene: England; France; Belgium. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 35 Carapace oblong; obliquely rounded in front, rounded behind; dorsal and ventral edges nearly straight: swzface of valves ornamented with a bold reticulation of large square meshes, the longitudinal parietes being strongly developed ; a somewhat con- centric arrangement of the meshes occurs at the central tubercle or place of the lucid spots. [The markings of the surface are not drawn sufficiently distinct in fig. 17.] Dorsal aspect elongate-ovate, with the ends produced and truncate; end-view broadly sub-ovate. When some of the longitudinal parietes of the reticulation are more strongly developed than the others, this form approaches C. plicatula and C. Gracilicosta, Reuss. Cythere Angulatopora is not uncommon in the Tertiary sands and Oyster-band of Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight. M. Bosquet has obtained this species from the “Calcaire grossier’’ and “ Sables moyens” of France; and Dr. Reuss’s specimens came from the “ Caleaire grossier” of Epernay. I have found it also in a Middle Eocene deposit from Ghent, Belgium. No. 19. CyTHERE Macropora, Bosquet. Plate Ul, figs. 9a—9 e. Cytuere Macropora, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 97, t. 5, fig. 2. INCH. Length, +> Pliocene: Suffolk. Middle Hocene: France. Carapace oblong; slightly tapering and rounded behind; obliquely rounded in front ; somewhat incurved on the upper and lower borders: valves thick, denticulate at the extremities, most convex postericrly, anterior portion raised by the great central tubercle; ventral and dorsal portions sloping suddenly inwards, leaving an oblong superficial plateau, the posterior angles of which are defined by the two posterior tubercles: swzface covered by a coarse reticulation of large quadrangular pits, sepa- rated by strong squared parietes ; the pits on the dorsal portion of the plateau forming two curved longitudinal series, those on the ventral portion arranged in three or four obliquely transverse rows ; the ventral and dorsal slopes also coarsely reticulated. Dorsal aspect irregular oblong, with produced ends ; ead-view sub-quadrangular. The very young form (fig. 9 e) exhibits the three tubercles (central and two posterior) very distinctly. Cythere Macropora is rather rare in the Crag of Sutton and elsewhere in Suffolk. According to M. Bosquet, this species occurs very sparingly in the “ Grés de Fontaine- bleau ” and the “Sables moyens” of France. 36 ; THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF No. 20. CyTHERE TRACHYPORA, spec. nov. Plate III, figs. 9 f—9 7. INCH. Length, ,; Recent: Norway. Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace sub-quadrangular ; somewhat tapering posteriorly ; rounded obliquely in front; contracted behind: valves showing the three tubercles, the two posterior of which are prolonged forwards as faint ridges: surface roughly reticulato-punctate. Dorsal aspect compressed-subovate, with produced ends. Cythere Trachyopora differs from C. Macropora (with which at first I associated it as a dwarfed variety) in being smaller, with a more depressed and uneven surface, on which the posterior tubercles are more apparent; also in being less angular, and in having its ornamentation less distinctly sculptured. It appears to stand between C. Macropora and C. Hebertiana, Bosquet. This species is frequent in the Crag of Suffolk. It occurs also recent on the coast of Norway, where it was dredged by MM. MacAndrew and Barrett. I believe that I also have had it from the Red Crag of Walton, Essex. No. 21. CYTHERE RETIFASTIGATA, spec. nov. Plate III, fig. 7. INCH. Length, 3; Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace-valve oblong, tapering backwards, rounded at the ends; raised by three obscure, longitudinal, parallel ridges into an oblong raised plateau, with sudden slopes towards the margins: swface marked with a strong punctation; the pits circular and regular in their arrangement, coarsest anteriorly. A few specimens only of the valves of this species have as yet occurred in my examination of the Suffolk Crag. No. 22. CYTHERE SPHERULOLINEATA, spec. nov. Plate III, fig. 6. INCH. Length, 3 Pliocene: Suffolk. 224 Carapace-valve oblong ; obliquely rounded in front, almost truncate behind; most THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 37 convex posteriorly and ventrally ; sloping suddenly towards the borders, slope steepest on the ventral border : surface ornamented with a large central tubercle and two thin- longitudinal, parallel, beaded ridges; one of which is placed at the edge of the dorsal, the other at that of the ventral slope; and both are connected by a similar, short, transverse ridge along the edge of the posterior slope; the area between and outside the ridges is faintly punctate. Dorsal aspect elongate-acute-ovate, nearly cuneiform ; exd-view sub-ovate. I have met with only three specimens in the Crag of Suffolk. Sub-genus—CYTHEREIs,' Jones. Animal probably a Cythere. Carapace oblong; variously ornamented with reticu- lations, tubercles, spines, and ridges: the bar and furrow of the hinge are nearly or quite obsolete; but the anterior and posterior hinges are well defined, and isolated, marking definite angles in the outline of the carapace-valves: the central and posterior tubercles on the surface of each valve are strongly marked, passing into more or less developed longitudinal ridges, the ventral one of which is always raised, and often greatly produced, giving a flat ventral surface and a somewhat triangular end-view to the closed carapace. No. 1]. CYTHEREIS SENILIS, spec. nov. Plate III, figs. 8 a, 8 4. INCH. Length, 55 Pliocene : Suffolk. Carapace-valve oblong, rounded in front, truncate and denticulate behind ; margins thickened; surface bearing three disconnected, squared ridges; the one towards the ventral border running the length of the raised plateau of the surface and curving round its anterior portion ; the central ridge shorter and nearly straight; the dorsal one shortest and oblique ; exposed edge of the ridges beaded, or rather marked with lozenge-shaped spots, which possibly indicate that the ridges were once higher and perforate, as in Cythereis fistulosa, C. runcinata, and C. prava, Baird,—the lozenge- markings being perhaps the bases of the minute interstitial pillars of the raised perfo- rate edges of the ridges. 1 For synonyms and greater detail of description, see ‘Monog. Entom. Cret.,’ 1849, p. 14. Since 1849, Cythereis has been in some cases erected into a genus, in others merged into Cythere proper, and rarely accepted as a sub-genus. See Note above, p. 7. 38 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Cythere (Cythereis) senilis is very nearly allied to C. fistwlosa and C. runcinata, Baird: it is represented by one specimen only from the Crag of Suffolk. No. 2. CyYTHEREIS BOWERBANKIANA, spec. nov. Plate VI, figs. 7, 8. INCH. Length, +5 Eocene: London. Carapace-valves oblong, obliquely rounded in front, contracted behind, most convex posteriorly and ventrally ; margins of the extremities depressed, more or less coarsely denticulate ; ventral portion strongly ridged and coarsely spined: surface of valves coarsely and irregularly reticulate ; bearmg coarse irregular spines along the dorsal portion, and scattered short spines or tubercles about the central portion ; both spines and reticulations variable in their development. Dorsal profile sagittate with jagged outline; exd-view triangular. A few specimens of single valves of this species occurred in the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields at the Great Northern Railway cutting; and Mr. W. K. Parker has lately favoured me with two fine perfect carapaces from the London Clay of Wimbledon Common. ' I associate with this characteristic and remarkably fine species the name of one of the most successful and distinguished of the geologists who have studied the natural history of the London Clay, and of the British fossiliferous deposits generally. No. 3. CYTHEREIS HORRESCENS, Bosquet. Plate V, figs. 9, 17 a, 17 4. CYTHERE HORRESCENS, Bosquet. Mem. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 116, t. 6, fig. 5. 2? — watipentata, Bornemann. Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges., vii, p. 366, t. 21, fig. 6. INCH. Length, 5) Recent: Norway. Kocene: England; France. Carapace-valves oblong, rounded at the ends, which are more or less coarsely denti- culate; ventral ridge coarsely spined: swrface beset with scattered blunt spines” and ' «Proceed. Zool. Soc. London,’ 1850, p. 256: Annulosa, t. 18, figs. 1—3, 7—9. Possibly these are varieties of one species. * In fig. 9 the dorsal portion of the valve ought to bear blunt spines, not tubercles. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 39 tubercles, varying (like the spines of the ventral ridge and the extremities) in their development in different individuals. Dorsal profile sagittate and jagged ; end-view triangular. Cythere (Cythereis) horrescens occurs both at Barton and Bracklesham, in the Tertiary clays. According to M. Bosquet, this species and its varieties are found in the “Sables moyens,” the “Calcaire grossier,” and the “Sables glauconiféres” of France. I have found two specimens of this fine species in the sand dredged by Messrs. MacAndrew and Barrett on the Norway Coast. No. 4. CyTHErets Ceratoprera, Bosquet. Plate IV, fig. 1. CyrtHERE Crratoprera, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 114, t. 5, fig. 2. INCH. Length, ='5 Pliocene: Suffolk. Upper and Middle Eocene: Belgium and France. Carapace sub-oblong, tapering posteriorly ; smooth; strongly and coarsely sped on the anterior, dorsal, and posterior margins, and along the ventral ridge, which is very much produced. Dorsal aspect sagittate, with the edges jagged ; end-view triangular. From the Crag of Sutton, Suffolk, where it appears to be rare. Bosquet obtained it in Belgium from the Basele Clay near Rupelmonde, and from the Nucula-bed at Berg, near Klein-Spawen ; and in France from Tertiary sands near Etampes. No. 5. CYTHEREIS CORNUTA, Roemer, sp. Plate IV, fig. 19; Pl. V, figs. 15, 154. CYTHERINA CORNUTA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &c., p. 518, t. 6, fig. 31. _ — Reuss. Verstein. Bohm. Kreid., p. 105, t. 24, fig. 20. CyTHERE cornuta, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 117, t. 6, fig. 4. — — Reuss. Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges., vii, p. 282, t. 10, fig. 10. — (CyTHEREIS) aLata (?), Bosq., Jones, Monog. Entom. Cret., p. 21, t. 5, fig. 14. INCH. Length, 5. Middle Eocene: England and Europe. Cretaceous: England and Europe. Carapace sub-oblong ; oblique and somewhat rounded in front; posterior lobe sub-angular ; extremities denticulate ; surface smooth, occasionally marked with one or 40 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF more obscure tubercles near the centre, and with one, and sometimes two slight semi- lunar ridges near the dorsal margin; ventral ridge strongly produced, narrow, and smooth. Dorsal aspect sagittate ; end-view triangular. Cythere (Cythereis) cornuta has many near allies. M. Bosquet has separated (under the name of C. calcarata) the form figured by Reuss (‘ Haid. Abh.,’ iu, t. 10, fig. 18) as C. cornuta [and subsequently referred by him—fig. 184 to C. ceratoptera, Bosquet, and fig. 18 a to C. coronata, Roemer], because it is spiny on the dorsal and ventral borders, though Roemer’s figure of C. cornufa appears to indicate a tendency to spinosity on the ventral ridges. C. ceratoptera is of the same typical form, but presenting spines or serrations at every margin. Nor is there much to distinguish C. serrulata, Bosquet, from C. cornuta; and the cretaceous form from the English Chalk which I referred to Bosquet’s C. alata has, I believe, no distinction from the C. corauta of Colwell and Bracklesham (pl. 4, fig. 19, and pl. 5, fig. 15), except in its somewhat greater squareness and convexity, and the possession of a few more spines. The specimens of C. cornuta here figured and described are from the Tertiary sands of Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight, and from the Tertiary blue clay of Bracklesham Bay, Hampshire. No. 6. CYTHEREIS, sp. indeterm. Plate VI, fig. 17. Lower Eocene: Thanet Sands, Kent. This fragment from the antero-dorsal angle of the left valve of a Cythereis, indicating a ridged valve, possibly resembling C. guadrilatera of the Chalk, occurred in some of “the Thanet Sand from Peewell Bay, near Ramsgate. As, from the nature of the deposit, calcareous organisms of any kind are rare,’ and as this is the only indication of an Entomostracon met with, though I have examined several specimens of the Thanet Sands from Mr. Prestwich’s cabinet, I have figured the fragment in this place, as at least an interesting, if not an instructive specimen. Sub-genus—CyTHERIDEA, Bosquet,” genus. Cytherine et Cytheres, Auctorum. Animal a Cythere. Carapace somewhat triangular, or triangularly ovate, the widest part (vertically) being at the anterior third, beneath the anterior hinge ; surface usually pitted, occasionally reticulated: /cnge-margin of one valve (right) marked by a series 1 *Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. vill, p. 245. 2 *Descript. Entom. foss. Terr. Tert.,’ p. 37. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 4] of small tubercles, forming a knurling or fine crenulation on this edge, somewhat like the hinge-teeth of Wucula, the other valve having corresponding pits on its dorsal margin: these rows of small hinge-teeth are either continuous along the hinge-margin (as in Dana’s figure of Cythere Americana), or are discontinued (te a greater or less extent) in the central part and form isolated groups at the anterior and posterior angles of the dorsal margin; whilst the intermediate portion of the margin has still smaller tubercles on the /ef¢, and corresponding pittings on the right valve’ (this is also the case in Cyprideis | Cythere?] torosa) : ventral margins somewhat incurved. No. 1. CytTHEermpEA MULLERI, Minster, sp. Plate V, figs. 4a—4e, and 5; Pl. VI, figs. 10a, 104, and 11—13. CytHERE Muuieri, Minster. Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1830, p. 62; and Neues Jahrb., &e., 1835, p. 446. : CytHEerINA Muuurri, Roemer. Ibid., 1838, p. 516, t. 6, fig. 6. — — Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., ili, p. 55, t. 8, fig. 21. — INTERMEDIA, Reuss. Ibid., p. 86, t. 11, fig. 12. [C. Muller, var. | CytHERIDEA Mutinrt, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 39, t. 2, fig. 4. — — Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x, p. 160, t. 3, fig. 7; and Mem. Geol. Survey, 1856, p. 158, t. 7, fig. 28. INCH. Length, = Recent: Holland; Australia. Tertiary: England; Europe; Australia? Carapace ovately triangular, rounded. anteriorly, obliquely pointed behind; dorsal margin arched ; ventral margin straight or slightly incurved ; anterior margin spinous : surface coarsely punctate; the pits generally associated with semicircular furrows on the fore part of the valves, and with longitudinal furrows on the ventral part; on the posterior half of the valve the pittings follow transverse sunken lines, parallel with the transverse sulcus which is more or less apparent on the centre of each valve, at the place of the lucid spots. Anterior to this median furrow frequently occurs a tubercle (pl. 6, fig. 11), or at least a marked elevation of the surface (pl. 6, fig. 10a). In some specimens from the Barton Clay, however, the furrow and tubercle are absent (pl. 5, fig. 4¢). Lucid spots small, four, arranged in a transverse row (System C, see page 6). Dorsal profile narrow oblong, very slightly incurved at the sides, and obtusely angular at the ends; end-view ovate. ' This form of hingement is also apparent in Zenker’s figure of the hinge-line of the species which he has described as Cythere viridis, ‘ Archiv f. Natur.,’ loc. cit, t. 4, fig. 10. 6 42 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Generally the English specimens slightly differ from M. Bosquet’s figures in almost wholly wanting the longitudinal parallel furrows on the ventral surface, which are continued transversely and concentrically across the anterior half of the valve ; faint traces only of the concentric furrows being occasionally seen, though irregular transverse furrows, full of pittings, are conspicuous in old specimens. One such transverse furrow, immediately posterior to the lucid spots, near the centre of the valve, is nearly always present, even in young specimens. I have not met with individuals retaining the setze of the surface. Cythere (Cytheridea) Muller occurs throughout the Tertiary formations of Europe ; being found in Austria, Bohemia, Hesse, Westphalia, France, Belgium, and _ the Netherlands, in the MHocene; in Touraine (JMJvocene); and in the Netherlands (Pliocene). In England it occurs abundantly in many of the shales of the Hempstead series, at Hempstead Cliff, Isle of Wight; and one specimen was met with in a green shale of the Osborne series, at Cliff End, Isle of Wight ; it is not rare (as the var. intermedia) in the Barton Clay of Hampshire ; and the clay with oysters from Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight, yielded three or four specimens ; these deposits are of the Upper Eocene group: and in the Woolwich and Reading series (Lower Eocene) it has been found at Clay Hill,’ near Newbury, Berks, and is abundant at Woolwich, Kent. This species also occurs in a tertiary blue clay, given to me as having been brought from Australia; and I have a small recent specimen from the Australian seas. M. Bosquet also records this species as living in the Zuyderzee, Holland. M. Reuss has figured under the name of Cytherina intermedia a form which he derived from the Barton Clay of Hampshire: this is evidently identical with the unfurrowed variety (pl. 5, fig. 4) from the same deposit. M. Reuss regards it as intermediate between C. Mulleri, Minster, and C. seminulum, Reuss (loc. cit., p. 59, t. 9, figs. 5—8), which latter in all its varieties appears to me to belong to Von Miinster’s species. Var. TOROSA, Jones. Plate VI, fig. 12. Cyrupre (CYTHERIDEA) MULLERI, var. TOROSA, Jones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x, p. 161, t. 3, fig. 8; and Memoirs Geol. Survey, 1856, p. 158, t. 7, fig. 27. INCH. Length, =}, Upper Eocene: Hempstead Cliff. Lower EKocene: Woolwich. This variety differs from the typical C. M/wlert in being generally smaller (although sometimes as long, though not so nigh as the type), and in having the surface of the ' In the sandy clay-beds with Ostr@a Bellovacina. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. A3 valves raised up into irregular lumps or bosses. Of these knobs, which are often but ill defined, sometimes seven can be counted on one valve. The spots most usually occupied, when the bosses are but few, are the posterior part of the valve and especially the central part immediately in advance of the sulcus and the place of the lucid spots. In its general form C. ¢orosa resembles that variety of C. Mulleri in which the posterior extremity is contracted and acuminate (var. acuminata, Bosquet). This torose variety was found plentifully by Mr. Rosser in the same beds of the Woolwich series as yielded the typical C. Mullert. It occurs also abundantly in some of the shales of the Hempstead series, in Hempstead Cliff, Isle of Wight. No. 2. CYTHERIDEA DEBILIs, spec. nov. Plate V, fig. 5; Pl. VI, fig. 13. INCH. Length, 35 Recent: Norway. Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight. This is a small form, nearly resembling C. A/u//lert in outline, but much smaller, and more obtuse ; not so acute posteriorly as C. Mulleri, var. torosa ; often destitute of the median impression, and bearing a weakly marked punctation. It is sometimes, however, larger than usual, and more strongly punctate. Cythere (Cytheridea) debilis occurs with the typical C. Mu/lert in numbers in an Oyster-band, a Nucula-bed,t and other deposits, of the Upper Eocene series at Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight. A similar form occurs recent on the coast of Norway. No. 3. CYTHERIDEA PINGUIS, spec. nov. Plate II, figs. 4a—4 h. INCH. Length, 3, Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace thick, ovate-triangular ; sub-cylindrical when young; lowest behind; highest at the anterior third, where it is also somewhat compressed ; dorsal border more or less arched; ventral border straight, with its edge somewhat inturned : surface of valves in the young state finely punctate and beset with scattered papille (fig. 4 7), in older individuals coarsely punctate (fig. 4 4): hinge well developed. Dorsal aspect sub-oblong ; end-view sub-orbicular. Cythere (Cytheridea) pingwis is nearly related to C. Mullert on one side and 1 The specimens from this bed were kindly communicated to me by my friend Mr. Harris, of Charing. 4A THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF C. papillosa, Bosquet, on the other ; and there are several allied forms figured by Reuss (Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, pl. 8), but they do not appear to be specifically identical. The species also figured and described by M. Bosquet as Bazrdia punctatella (Descript. Entom. Tert. p. 75, tab. 1, fig. 10) is not unlike C. pinguis, although smaller; and, hike several other species figured on the same plate, is decidedly not a Bairdia. No. 4. CyYTHERIDEA SORBYANA, spec. nov. Plate IV, figs. 6 a—6e. INCH. Length, ~ Pleistocene: Bridlington. Carapace irregularly triangular and approaching a pentagonal form,—of which the ventral border makes a long straight side, the dorsal two shorter straight sides, oblique to each other and to the remaining sides, whilst lastly the anterior and posterior extremities complete the pentagon,—the former with an obliquely rounded, and the latter with an oblique straight border ; the junction of the ventral and posterior borders forms an angle very slightly rounded ; the anterior border is strongly spined : surface of the valves marked towards the margins with concentric ridges, following the outline of the valve, and connected by short oblique ridges or wrinkles, which are continued over the middle of the valve, where the long ridges become nearly obsolete, forming with the others a strong angular reticulation, sometimes closing up and becoming granular in the centre of the surface; the long ridges are marked at short regular intervals with trumpet-shaped perforations’ (fig. 6¢). Lucid spots four in one row (System c). Dorsal aspect \anceolate ; anterior, acute-oval. Found by Mr. H. C. Sorby, F.@.s. (to whom, as an ardent and distinguished geologist, I have much pleasure in dedicating this peculiar species), in the Pleistocene deposit nome as the Bridlington Crag, at Bridlington, Yorkshire. No. 5. CYTHERIDEA PERFORATA, Roemer, sp. Plate IV, figs. 14 a—l4e. CYTHERINA PERFORATA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1838, p. 516, t. 6, fig. 11. CytHere Hrtspana,? Jones (non Roemer). Monog. Entom. Cret., p. 10, t. 1, fig. 1. 1 Seen under the microscope by reflected light, these perforations, being visible in the translucent substance of the valve, appear on that side of the convex valve which is away from the direct rays of light like out-standing blunt spines. This phenomenon occurs also in the eer and perforated valves of other pees when their substance is translucent. ? M. Bosquet, having had the opportunity of examining both Roemer’s C. Hilseana and my specimens which I referred to that species, has determined that they belong to distinct species. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. Ad CYTHERIDEA Jonustana, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 38; and Mém. Comm. Carte Géol. Neerl., ii, p. 64, t. 8, fig. 5. os — Reuss. Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wien., vii, p. 141. BarRDIA PERFORATA, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad, Belg., xxiv, p. 24, t. 1, fig. 8. INCH. Length, 35 Tertiary: England; Europe. Cretaceous: England; Europe. Carapace sub-triangular or triangular-ovate; most convex at or just behind the centre of the ventral portion; ventral border straight, or faintly convex ; dorsal border strongly arched and somewhat angular at the anterior hinge; anterior end broad and obliquely rounded ; posterior tapering and obtuse ; right valve much narrower than the left, its hinge-line oblique and terminating at the anterior hinge with a distinct angle; surface of the valves finely punctate and perforate, the perforations, obliquely seen in the translucent substance of the carapace, often appearing as projecting spines or hairs (see Note, p. 44). Dorsal aspect more or less lanceolate ; end-view nearly ovate. The series of Tertiary and Cretaceous Entomostraca, from France and Belgium, with which M. Bosquet has kindly favoured me, comprises a specimen of C. perforata, Roemer ; and hence I am enabled to point out that there are no essential differences between the forms enumerated above in the list of the Synonyms of this species. The greater relative size and ovateness of the left valve,—the apparent presence of sete, arising from optical appearances under the microscope, in some specimens,—slight variations in the convexity of the surface and the coarseness of the punctations, and the occasional presence of marginal spines—constitute the differences among specimens from different localities. Cytheridea incrassata, Bosquet (‘Entom. Tert.,’ p. 44, t. 3, f. 11), is evidently a closely allied form ; and so also are Bairdia sub-trigona, Bornemann (‘ Zeitsch. Deut. geol. Ges.,’ vii, p. 357, t. 20, f. 4), and Cytheridea punctatella, Bornemann (ibid., p. 360, (Pte Pa Cythere (Cytheridea) perforata occurs in the Upper Eocene Clays at Barton, on the Hampshire coast, and in the sands of the same age at Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight ; (and two varieties in the London Clay, near London). M. Bosquet found it (B. perforata) in the “ Sables moyens,” Tancrou (Seine-et-Marne), and the “ Calcaire grossier,’ Damery (Marne) and Montmirail (Aisne). Roemer derived his specimens from the Paris Tertiaries. I have it also from the “ Calcaire grossier supérieur.” As a Cretaceous form, it occurs in the Maestricht Chalk at Kunraede (Bosguet), in the Chalk of Balsberg, in Sweden, and of Kent (rare), in the Chalk-marl of Charing and Dover, in the Gault of Kent, and the Greensand (so-called) of Blackdown. 46 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Var. INSIGNIs, zov. Plate VI, figs. 3a—3 ¢. INCH. Length, 34 Lower Eocene: London. Right carapace-valve sub-triangular, depressed towards each end; anterior border with a slightly raised marginal rim: surface thickly punctate, pittings coarser towards the middle, where they follow short sunken transverse lines. Dorsal aspect of carapace sub-fusiform. From the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields. near London; obtained with others by Mr. J. Purdue during the cutting of the Great Northern Railway. Var. GLABRA, zov. Plate V, figs. 24a, 24 6. INCH. Length, Lower Eocene; London. Right carapace-valve sub-triangular, depressed anteriorly ; similar in outline to the right valve of C. perforata, but rather more angular before and behind; the two extremities bordered by a slightly raised, smooth, marginal rim: swrface smooth, not punctate. Dorsal aspect of carapace acute-lanceolate. From the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields, London. Sub-genus—CYTHERIDEIS, nov. Cythere, Auctorum. Animal a Cythere? Carapace more or less triangular; surface smooth, pitted, or tuberculate: Ainge-margin simple, except that, the central portion of the dorsal margin of the left valve being somewhat incurved under that of the right valve (when they are closed), the anterior and posterior angles of the dorsal margin of the left valve remain somewhat projecting, and present internal shallow furrows for the reception of the corresponding angles of the opposite valve : ventral margin partially incurved. This is a more distinct form of the hingement that generally obtains in Cypris. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. AT No. 1. CYTHERIDEIS TRIGONALIS, Jones. Plate II, figs. 2 a—2 h. CYTHERE TRIGONALIS, Jones. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vi, p. 28, t. 3, fig. 5. INCH. Length, > Recent: Pegwell Bay, Kent. Pleistocene: Essex. Carapace obtusely triangular, convex, finely punctated with angular pittings (fig, 2); extremities obliquely rounded ; anterior portion much broader and somewhat more depressed than the posterior; ventral border nearly straight, dorsal angular ; hinge-margin oblique and faintly developed, anterior hinge accompanied by slight marginal teeth. Lucid spots (fig. 2g) of the System B, page 5. Dorsal aspect acute-oval. The outline-form of this species is not uncommon in the genera Cypris and Cythere, and especially in the sub-genus Cytheridea. A unique specimen of this interesting form was obtained from the Pleistocene or Post-phocene formation at Clacton, and is identical with a recent form from the sand of Pegwell Bay' (for which I am indebted to Mr. Pickering), except that the latter has denticles, or short blunt spines, on the anterior and posterior margins, as is usual with the genus Cythere. A smooth form, Var. La&vis, which occurs plentifully in the pleistocene sand at Grays, differs from the Clacton specimen merely in the want of pittings. No. 2. CYTHERIDEIS TUBERCULATA, spec. nov. Plate II, figs. 3a—3/f. INCH. Length, 35 Pleistocene: Red Crag, Essex. Pliocene: Crag, Suffolk. Carapace convex, sub-triangular, depressed anteriorly; extremities rounded ; posterior end contracted; ventral border slightly incurved; dorsal border strongly angular; hinge-line occupying the posterior two thirds of the dorsal edge : surface of valves ornamented with tubercles arranged loosely in about eight longitudinal rows, with about twelve in the longest row. Dorsal aspect acute-oval ; end-view sub-ovate. Cythere (Cytherideis) tuberculata occurs in the Crag of Suffolk, and in the Red Crag at Walton, Essex ; but appears to be rare. ' Probably this, like the specimens of Candona reptans and C. Candida, mentioned at p. 17, was not of marine origin, but derived from the Stour River, which empties itself into the Bay. AS THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF No. 3. CyTHERIDEIS UNISULCATA, Jones. Plate IV, fig. 10. CYTHERIDEIS UNISULCATA, Jones. Memoirs Geol. Survey, 1856, p. 157, t. 7, fig. 23. INCH. 1 Length, = Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight. Valve triangular, broadest anteriorly, convex, impressed across the middle by a transverse furrow. The only specimen that [ have met with is very small and not well preserved: its characters, however, are sufficiently distinct for notice. It occurs with Candona Forbesii in the green shales of the Osborne series, at Cliff End, Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight. No. 4. CYTHERIDEIS UNICORNIS, Jones. CYTHERIDEIS UNICORNIS, Jones. Memoirs Geol. Survey, 1856, p. 158 t. 7, fig. 24—26. INCH. Length, 34 Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight. Valves thick, sub-triangular in the young state, almost oblong when adult, broadest and most depressed anteriorly. Young individuals are impressed on the middle of the dorsal portion of each valve with two more or less distinct transverse furrows, the posterior of which is the largest and most constant. The anterior furrow is shorter and more oblique than the other, and often runs into it, forming a Y-like impression. The furrows are associated with several irregular tubercles, of slight elevation, one of which, placed behind the chief furrow, is persistent, and increases in size, whilst the others disappear as the animal grows older and the carapace enlarges. The furrows also gradually disappear with the advanced growth of the animal, until a single, slightly recurved spine, or pointed tubercle, remains on the postero-dorsal third of each valve. The surface of the valves is faintly and irregularly punctate. Dorsal aspect narrow-acute-oval, modified by the lateral spines. This interesting species has much of the general character of the oblong and tuber- cled Cyprideis (page 21); but it wants the knurled hinge-teeth of the latter sub-genus. Cythere (Cytherideis) unicornis is very plentiful in a crushed state between the laminee of a dark-grey marl of the Hempstead series, at Hempstead Cliff, Isle of Wight. The specimens were submitted to me, and have been described for the Geological Survey, whilst this Monograph was in progress, and since the plates were finished. THE TERTIARY FORMATION, 49 No. 5. CYTHERIDEIs (?), syec. Plate VI, fig. 15. INCH. Length, <4 Lower Eocene: Kent. Casts of oblongo-triangular convex valves of a species probably referable to this sub-genus were found by the late Rev. H. M. De la Condamine in a black clay, belong- ing to the Woolwich Series, at New Cross. They somewhat resemble the more obtuse forms of Cytherideis trigonalis ; but I hesitate to determine their specific relations. No. 6. CYTHERIDEIs TAMARINDUS, spec. nov. Plate III, figs. 4.4, 4b. INCH. Length, 3, Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace obliquely sub-oblong, or sub-rhomboidal, somewhat resembling a tama- rind-stone in shape; extremities obliquely rounded ; anterior extremity sloping towards the dorsal, and posterior border sloping towards the ventral margin; dorsal border straight, ventral somewhat sinuous: valves depressed, most convex backwards, .thick- ened at the extremities, and bordered posteriorly by a narrow flattened rim; surface ornamented with a few faint concentric ridges towards the anterior and ventral margins, and marked all over with a faint reticulate punctation [not shown in the drawing, fig. 4]. Dorsal aspect elongate-compressed-ovate ; end-view narrow-subovate. Cythere (Cytherideis) Tamarindus is rare in the Crag of Suffolk. No. 7. CYTHERIDEIS COLWELLENSIs, spec. nov. Plate IV, figs. 134,—13c, 20 a—20 e. INCH. Length, 5/5 Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight. Carapace oblong, most convex posteriorly; extremities rounded, the anterior end more or less obliquely ; dorsal border gently arched; ventral nearly straight: surface smooth or faintly punctate. Dorsal aspect narrow-acute-ovate ; end-view blunt-oval. Cythere (Cytherideis) Colwellensis occurs at Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight, in the Nucula-bed (Wucula deltoidea) and other deposits; but is not abundant. 50 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF No. 8. CYTHERIDEIS BARTONENSIS, spec. nov. Plate V, figs. 2 a, 26, 3.4, 3 6. INCH. Length, 4. Upper Eocene: Barton, Hants. fo} 34 i Pp Carapace oblong ; rounded in front; rounded obliquely behind; dorsal and ventral borders straight, the surface of the valve suddenly sloping inwards at the latter border ; most convex rather behind the centre; surface smooth. Dorsal aspect elongate-sub-oval ; end-view sub-ovate. This species appears to be related to Bairdia |?| levissima, Bornemann (‘ Zeitsch. Deut. geol. Ges.,’ vii, p. 358, t. 20, fig. 6), and Cytheridea |?| papillosa, Bosquet (‘Entom. Tert.,’ p. 42, t. 2. fig. 5). I have found Cythere (Cytherideis) Bartonensis only in the Barton Clay, where it is apparently rare. No. 9. CyYTHERIDEIS FLAVIDA, Miller, sp. Plate IV, figs. 4a—4c¢. CYTHERE FLAVIDA, Miller. Entomostraca, p. 66, t. 7, figs. 5, 6. = — Latreille. Hist. Nat. Crust., iv, p. 253. — — Desmarest. Consid. Crust., p. 388. — — Bosc. Man. d’Hist. Nat. Crust., ii, p. 284. == — Baird. Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, p. 184; Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, ii, p. 153; Brit. Entom., p. 168, t. 21, fig. 12. Monocunus FLAVIDUS, Gmelin. Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 3001, No. 33. — — Fabricius. Ent. Syst., ii, p. 494. = —_— Manuel. Enc. Méth., vu, p. 725, t. 266, figs. 10, 11. — _— Rees. Cycloped., art. Monoculus. INCH. Length, 3; Recent: Britain; Europe. Pliocene: Suffolk. Upper Eocene: Isle of Wight. Carapace elongate, cylindrical, tapering in front, arched on the back, straight or gently incurved on the ventral border, rounded at the extremities, most convex and obtuse posteriorly ; surface smooth or slightly papillate. [The specimen figured illustrates the narrower and more curved variety of this form. | Dorsal aspect elongate-narrow-ovate ; ezd-view sub-orbicular. This species is near to Cythere arcuata, Minster, and some of its varieties (see Bosquet, ‘ Crust. foss. Limbourg,’ p. 59); but its extreme convexity and the obtuse- ness of the hinder end sufficiently distinguish it. Among its many other allies, it also approaches Bairdia {?| mytiloides, Bosquet, in outline ; but wants its ornamentation. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 5] Cythere (Cytherideis) flavida’ abounds in the recent state along the coasts of Britain,” and in the Baltic. It is abundant in the Crag of Suffolk; and occurs also, but much less frequently, in the Upper Eocene Lands of Colwell Bay, Isle of Wight. No. 10. CyrHEripEis Ren, spec. nov. Plate IV, figs. 5a, 5 4. INCH. Length, 54 Pliocene: Suffolk. Carapace quadrangularly reniform; extremities obliquely rounded, curving up to meet the short straight hinge-line occupying the central third of the dorsal border ; anterior extremity smaller and more oblique than the posterior; ventral border sinuous, strongly incurved at the middle: surface rather depressed, smooth, with the exception of some obscure papille and pittings, partially distributed. Lucid spots eight, long- oval, arranged in two oblique transverse rows in the middle of the valve and rather ventrally. Dorsal aspect narrow-oblong, slightly tapering, and with rounded ends; exd-view sub-oval. Cythere (Cytherideis) Ren is perhaps related to C. pilosel/a, Reuss. This species is from the Crag of Suffolk, and is rare. Sub-genus—Batirpia,’ M*‘Coy, gen. Animal a Cythere. Carapace varying from a broadly triangular to a narrow elon- gate sub-triangular form, with extremities more or less acute; surface smooth and setiferous or finely punctate; no central tubercle; lucid spots well marked: margins thin and trenchant; when closed, the edges of the right valve lie within those of the left: interior of the marginal borders (except on the dorsal edge) cased with a narrow lamelliform plate (as in Cypris): except that a slight fold or notch is frequently appa- rent at the angles of the hinge-line, the dorsal edge of the right valve is quite simple, and, in the closed carapace, underlies the dorsal edge of the left valve, which is larger and overlapping: ventral margin incurved. Among the species which I assigned to Bairdia, in 1849, some appear to me to be sufficiently distinct, especially in their hingement, to be divided off and arranged 1 Zenker has well remarked that colour is a bad characteristic for specific determinations of these Entomostraca ; the colour often varying with different food and other circumstances. With regard to the species referred by Zenker to C. flavida, Miiller, I have already remarked (see p. 23). 2 I have procured it from Southend, Margate, Poole Bay, Tenby, and Scarborough ; and Dr. Baird quotes it from Torquay and Berwickshire. 3 See ‘Monog. Entom. Cret.,’ 1849, p. 22. 52 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF in a new sub-genus, Cytherideis (see p. 46); for instance, C. angusta, ‘Monog. Cret. Entom.’ pl. 6, fig. 18. Amongst the “ Bairdiee” of Bosquet, Reuss, and Bornemann, there are, I believe, included several species both of Cytheridea and Cytherideis. No. 1. BAtRDIA SUBDELTOIDEA, Minster, sp. Plate IV, figs. 2a, 26,3; Pl. VI, figs. la, 1 4, 2. : CYTHERE SUBDELTOIDEA, Minster. Jahrb. f. Min., &c., 1830, p. 64; Neues Jahrb. f. : Min., &., 1835, p. 446. CYTHERINA SUBDELTOIDEA, F. A. Roemer. Ibid., 1838, p. 517, t. 6, fig. 16. _— = Hauer. Ibid., 1839, p. 429. aes = F. A. Roemer. Verstein. Nordd. Kreid., p. 105, t. 16, fig. 22. — — Geinitz. Charact. Sachs.-Bohm. Kreid., 3 Abth., p. 64. a — Ib. Grund. Verstein., p. 244, t. 8, fig. 21. = — Reuss. Verstein. Bohm. Kreid., 1 Abth., p. 16, t. 4, fig. 38; and 2 Abth., p. 104. ae = Ib. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iii, p. 49, t. 8, fig. 1. as —_ Ib. = Ibid., iv, p.47. — = Id. Apud Geinitz, Quadersandst. oder Kreid. Deutsch., p. 98, No. 10. — — Eichwald. Wethea Rossica, t. 11, fig. 23. — — Naumann. Lehrb. Geogn., 2. Halfte, t. 60, fig. 24. _ TRIGONA, Bosquet. Meém. Soc. Roy. Liege, iv, p. 358, t. 1, fig. 3. BarrpIA suBDELTorDEA, Ld. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 29, t. 1, fig. 13. Cyrupre (BarrpIA) sUBDELTOIDEA, Jones. Monog. Entom. Cret., p. 23, t. 5, fig. 15. =e = — Reuss. Denkschrift. d. Akad. Wiss. Wien., vii, pp. 41, 139. INCH. Length, =4 ds 45 Recent: Britain; West Indies; Mauritius; Manilla; Australia. Tertiary: Britain; Europe; Virginia. Cretaceous: Britain; Europe. Carapace triangular, gibbous, acute at the extremities, smooth or setiferous and sometimes finely punctate; right valve smaller and more angular than the left. [For a fuller description of the valves, see ‘ Monog. Entom. Cret. Form.,’ p. 23. ] Cythere (Bairdia) subdeltoidea is a common form in the Tertiary deposits throughout Europe ; it is plentiful in the Tropical Seas,’ and occurs also on the British coasts.” ' The B. subdeltoidea of Australia is punctate, and has the rosette-like lucid spots of the Chalk form of this species; that of Turk’s Island, Bahamas, more resembles the Crag form both in its globosity and in the less compactness of the spots. 2 The B. subdeltoidea of Arran, here referred to, is evidently a variety, being narrow and presenting a difference in the arrangement of its lucid spots. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 53 It is abundant in the Chalk of England and Europe, and occurs also in the Upper Greensand, but not in the Gault. I have it also from the Miocene of Virginia, U.S. It has near allies in the Magnesian and Carboniferous Limestones of Britain, and in the Carboniferous Shales and “ Bituminous Limestone” of Southern Australia. With this extensive distribution of the species in question, there is, of course, much variation in comparatively unessential characters, especially in the superficial papille (bases of setze) and punctation, and the setation of the surface and extremities; the relative size of the carapace and its angularity also vary considerably ; and I believe that the lucid spots will be found on careful examination of transparent valves to present some differences of form (a character probably of more importance than any afforded by spines or pittings). _ In the specimens from the Crag of Sutton and elsewhere in Suffolk, the carapace is larger, has a somewhat more rounded outline (fig. 2 a), and is more globose than the Chalk form ; and the lucid spots, though arranged in a similar rosette-like pattern (fig. 24), are further apart, and, not being compressed one against the other, have more oval outlines. The surface of the valves, from the presence of papillz, appears to have been setous. The very small individual (fig. 3) occurred in the Red Crag of Walton, Essex ; and one specimen of a narrow variety was met with in the Suffolk Crag. The London Clay of Copenhagen Fields, near London, has yielded some handsome specimens (pl. 6. figs. 1, 2), covered with a close punctation, and finely denticulated at the extremities,—conditions not unfrequently met with in recent specimens. No. 2. BaiRDIA CONTRACTA, spec. nov. Plate V, figs. 1 a—le. INCH. Length, 35 Middle Eocene: Barton, Hampshire. Carapace elongate-triangular, sub-cylindrical; most convex at the middle of the ventral portion; rounded in front; obliquely acute behind; sinuate on the ventral, and arched, with an obscure three-sided outline, on the dorsal border; hinge-line occupying the middle third of the dorsal edge: surface smooth. Dorsal aspect narrow-acute-oval ; end-view sub-ovate. This species approaches Bairdia cylindracea, Bornemann (‘ Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges.,’ vii, p. 359, t. 20, fig. 5), from the Septarian Clay of Hermsdorf, near Berlin. Cythere (Bairdia) contracta was found by Mr. F. Edwards in the Barton Clay, Hampshire: it is rare. 54 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF Sub-genus—CYTHERELLA,' Jones. Animal unknown. Carapace oblong, compressed; smooth or pitted; no terminal denticulations: contact-margins of the right (larger) valve grooved or rabbeted on its inner edge for the reception of a flange presented by the contact-margin of the left (smaller) valve; both groove and flange stronger at the posterior, than at the anterior portion of the valves. The /ucid spots (see p. 56) resemble those in Cypridina rather than those of Cythere and its sub-genera. No. ]. CyrHERELLA COMPRESSA, Minster, sp. Plate V, figs. 21, 23. Cyruure compressa, Minster. Jahrb. f. Min., &ec., 1830, p. 64; Neues Jahrb., &c., 1835, p. 445. CytHERINA ComPRESSA, Roemer. Neues Jahrb., &c., 1838, p. 517, t. 6, fig. 14. a= ActcuLaTa, Id. Ibid., t. 6, fig. 21. [According to M. Bosquet. | — compressa, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., iui, p. 54, t. 8, fig. 15. == — Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 11, t. 1, fig. 1. ? CYTHERBLLA FABACKA, Bornemann. Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges., vil, p. 355, t. 20, fig. 2. INCH. Length, =), to 5 Recent: Australia (?); Norway. Tertiary: England; Europe. Carapace ovate-oblong or oblong; rounded at the ends; more or less arched on the dorsal, nearly straight on the ventral border: valves smooth, sometimes faintly punctate, depressed, most convex posteriorly and rather ventrally, broadest anteriorly, with the anterior border sometimes raised into a slight marginal rim (fig. 23). Dorsal profile narrow-acute-ovate or subcuneiform ; end-view sub-ovate. The blue clay of Bracklesham and the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields, London, both yield this species ; which has also been found at Castell’ Arqauto and at Osnabriick, and in the Belgian and the Austro-Hungarian Tertiaries. Cytherella compressa seems to replace in the Tertiary deposits the C. ovata of the Chalk,—to which it is nearly allied. It occurs also as a finely punctate form on the Coast of Norway (from Messrs. M‘Andrew and Barrett’s dredgings); and I have a nearly related form from Australia. 1 For synonyms see ‘ Monog. Entom. Cret.,’ 1849, p. 28; where further details are also given of the form and character of the valves. Since the publication of the Monograph alluded to, Cytherella, like the other sub-genera there established has been referred to as a genus,—and perhaps on better grounds than in the other instances. THE TERTIARY FORMATION. 55 Varies Plate /Viifig. 18: ? CyrHERELLA Bryricut, Bornemann. [? Cytherina Beyrichi, Reuss.| Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. y y 8 Ges., vii, p. 354, t. 20, fig. 1. INCH. Length, Lower Eocene: London. f=) 30 Carapace sub-quadrangular ; extremities rounded and more or less denticulate : valves depressed anteriorly, convex behind; marked with a strong uniform punctation. Dorsal profile narrow-acute-ovate ; end-view sub-oval. From the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields, near London. Varsy2; oPlate Vy fig. 19: ? CYTHERELLA INTERMEDIA, Bornemann. Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Ges., vii, p. 355, t. 20, fig. 3. INCH. Length, 35 Lower Eocene: London. In this variety the valves are narrower and less square than in Var. | (fig. 18), and the punctation is obscure and partial; the convexity of the valves is more uniform, the anterior portion not being so much depressed as either in Var. 1, or in the typical form. From the London Clay of Copenhagen Fields. No. 2. CYTHERELLA LONDINENSIS, spec. nov. Plate V, figs. 20, 22. INCH. Length, 3; Lower Eocene: London. Carapace nearly oblong, rounded at the ends, dorsal border slightly curved, sloping more rapidly towards the posterior than towards the anterior margin; ventral margin slightly incurved at the middle; left valve much narrower than the right; valves smooth, depressed, marked by an irregular triangular impression, sub-central and towards the dorsal edge [not well shown in the figures], and bearing slightly raised narrow marginal rims, variable in development; convexity nearly uniform, slightly stronger on the anterior than on the posterior moiety of the valves. Dorsal profile narrow sub-oblong, slightly produced at the ends; end-view sub- oval. Cytherella Londinensis is from the London Clay of the Copenhagen Fields, near 56 THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF London, and is well distinguished from C. compressa by its marginal rims, central impression, and very different dorsal profile, arising from the more uniform convexity of the valves. No. 3. CyTHERELLA MunstTERt1, Roemer, sp. Plate V, figs. 12 a, 12 4, 13. CytHertna Munstert, Roemer. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &., 1838, p. 516, t. 6, fig. 13. —_ PARALLELA, Reuss. Verstein. Bohm. Kreid., 1 Abth., p. 16, t. 5, fig. 33; and Haidinger’s AbhandL., iv, p. 48, t. 6, fig. 1. CyTHERE TRUNCATA, Bosquet. Mém. Soc. Roy. Liége, iv, p. 357, t. 1, fig. 2. _— (CYTHERELLA) TRUNCATA, Jones. Monog. Entom. Cret., p. 30, t. 7, fig. 39. CytHereLta Munster, Bosquet. Mém. Couron. Acad. Belg., xxiv, p. 13, t. 1, fig. 2. — —_ Ib. Mem. Commiss. Carte geol. Neerl., ii, p. 58, t. 8, fig. 2. INCH. Length, => Recent: Australia; Norway. Tertiary: England; Europe; North America. Cretaceous: England; Europe. Carapace oblong ; extremities rounded; dorsal margin somewhat curved : valves depressed anteriorly, convex posteriorly, smooth, punctate with pits in linear arrange- ment, punctation sometimes strong (fig. 12), sometimes obsolete (fig. 13). [See ‘Monog. Entom. Cret.,’ p. 30, for fuller details. | The Jucid spots are numerous, small, and closely packed together; they occupy a sub-triangular space near the centre of the valve and rather ventrally, and are arranged in two parallel, slightly curved rows, the largest spots at the ventral end and the smaller ones gradually tapering upwards, so that the spots form a short broad feather-like patch. Dorsal aspect elongate wedge-shaped ; end-view sub-oval. Cytherella Munsteri is very closely related to C. compressa and C. ovata. Specimens of C. Munsteri occur at Colwell, Barton, Bracklesham, and in the London Clay of Copenhagen Fields and of Wimbledon Common, near London. This species is also found in the Tertiary and the Cretaceous beds of Belgium and the Netherlands ; the Cretaceous beds of Bohemia, Gallicia, and Sweden ; and in the White Chalk, Chalk-marl, and Gault of England. I have also found it in a Tertiary sand from Alabama. Coarsely punctate valves of C. Munstert occur in the dredged sand from the Norway Coast, with which Messrs. M‘Andrew and Barrett have favoured me; and I have a delicate smooth variety from Australia (where also a Cytherella of the C. Wlliamsoniana type occurs recent). APPENDIX. Tasie 1.—Showing the Distribution of Creris, Canpona, and Cypripets in the Tertiary and Post-tertiary deposits of England. SPECIES. CyPRis (genus). 1. setigera, Jones . Browniana, Jones , —— var. tumida, Jones . Ovum, Jurine . . gibba, Ramdohr bo & oo CaNDONA (genus). . reptans, Baird . . Forbesii, Jones . . Richardsoni, Jones . candida, Miller . Subzequalis, Jones ohobvor CypRIDEIs (swb-genus?). 1. torosa, Jones 10 *OTANTOO A. ih ay ey Seal el al ey at oy im | BE | ey Sealine alee | ee €|°e B = d SIElE(3/E/E/ 513) / 2121 S21 4 =a | ae & |) al a 5 ia is | S)0 . heer } — jacks “=r, n : 7 Pp Q oO = Goon Cota ateent | acto atte Bop |) |e 3 a fis } B a SEs © ‘ Q S | = ? 5 |e * * a} fees les * * * * * * = * * oe ye Ba |p 3 * sh ke x Jel! 2 lx ef | * 2 opie ° o. se * -|* * |x _——— $< $$$ Se eee a ee a . . iS Post-tertiary. Pleistocene. Eocene. i} 2 3 58 APPENDIX. Taste I].—Showing the relative abundance of the species of Crtaure and its sub-genera at the several localities in England, and their Distribution in the Tertiary Series of England and Europe. [Norr.—The numbers in the columns are proportional to the numbers of individuals collected. The asterisks indicate merely the occurrence of the species, the relative abundance not being specially indicated. ] ABBREVIATIONS.—Pleist., Pleistocene; Plioc., Pliocene; Mioc., Miocene; U. E., Upper Eocene; M. E., Middle Eocene; L. E., Lower Eocene. SPECIES. CyrHere (Oval forms)— 1. punctata, Munst. 2. trigonula, Jones 3. triangularis, Reuss. 4. Wetherellii, Jones . 5. striato-punctata, Roem. 6. consobrina, Jones . 7. attenuata, Jones (Oblong forms.) 8. Kostelensis? Reuss. 9. concinna, Jones 10. Woodiana, Jones 11. laqueata, Jones 12. Dictyosigma, Jones 13. lacunosa, Jones 14. scabropapulosa, Jones 15. costellata, Roem. 16. plicata, Miinst: 17. scrobiculoplicata, Jones var. recta, Jones 18. Angulatopora, Reuss. 19. Macropora, Bosg. . 20. Trachypora, Jones 21. spheerulolineata, Jones 22. retifastigata, Jones CYTHEREIS— 1. senilis, Jones : 2. Bowerbankiana, Jones oo horrescens, Bosgq. . 4. Ceratoptera, Bosq. . cornuta, Roem. . spec. indeterm. au lag} Ls rg = a5 i) Zn Z Bn Bi SV Ble (Si a\ 2 oe lalea| B beset] tanh] [eae pares Fh) Pein mca es Pe Zilygi5S [5 | 7 n IS jo | “tals Q 5 2 Qs oR = = ° | Eocene. UPPER. MivD_e. Lower. SS = ~ Q fan ~ | H/0(9) 2 |E/S|E/E/5| Fel3 B\Rla) 2 |S/6)/3/4]2)]89/8 Siel2\s Zl 7|ajeo|sa\e ean etd eons) aa sulie Oa ice 8(/F|ao| 2S |Rlslelela na|e = Se (Vili: [als] e S fea | ine 5 S{2/28 /o g ; ai |se\¢ as 5 a | ‘jrol 1]. a 300/50} 1} 1 aie z Lis hes lone a l}. wh Ae zd 50} 12) 1) 5 ois 9 Bi 5 ae Béci|} 5 as Dla 2 F 3 allpellecs ae Bal bea ] i | i TERTIARY. (a ENGLAND.| EvuRopE. : Plioc. Flioe. 1 & Mice. Phoe. Tia BY M. E. M.E., M. E M. E. M. E. L. E. Mioe. Pleist. Phioe. Plioc. Phoe. Plioe. M. E. M. E. M. Mioe M. E. | USES &M.E L. E. M. &E. M.E. Plioc. ME Phoce. M.E Plioe. Plioe. Plioe. L. E. M. E. U.E.? : &M.E Plioc. U.E.& M. E. M.E L. E. M. E Creta- CEOUS. ENGLAND and EUROPE. APPENDIX. 59 Tasue IL (continued). = ye) = Eocene. OnREt ot S & rol FA Lol 5 2 2 sata it Uerer. MrIppLe. Lower. “a |r" 2al We —_ + elolel4|2 =/elo|z j=lelelp|s| 24/2 SI2/S// Ris /Rls] Ss BPI 4B /88]e Balls Sieloale|s (P(e Spa) eels Sfelale |= (2lsl=| = lele/e/ Sis /é 2/* SPECIES. Oe | eval les aQlE/F}e|/SlSlIZIZIS lol af/2 TERTIARY. Crera- ale| (2 IB! (2) B12" ele] elk cEOUS. 2 C1 1H in lie Sal ellie seenied ey nN oO is Ce sy So # ENGLAND. | Europe. Beer i an Europe, CyTHERIDEA— Plioe., 1. Mulleri, Miinst. ‘est el fcg [tT Ye tea cae ee une : cs es U.E.,& M. E. var. torosa, Jones .'..|..|..)--| .-L|.-|-- " 2. debilis, Jones 5 = [celle pera ceil eze {Bie 3. pinguis, Jones 27 4. Sorbyana, Jones . dio leet rs low 3 5. perforata, Roem. ale 36 NA M. E var. insignis, Jones ..|..|..].. 3 var. glabra, Jones l CYTHERIDEIS— 1. trigonalis, Jones . elise) sed bees] eee 2. tuberculata, Jones el Peis esd cee [el | ees] Lee sleet Te 3. unisulcata, Jones . lfc) [eva a2 lene ee [Pes beta Pe 4. unicornis, Jones. Alec |b exe [Paes] | mse (eee (As) fae : 5. spec. indeterm. ; - 6. Tamarindus, Jones | feel bevel ell (ete S(O Fe a 7. Colwellensis, Jones APeels 8. Bartouensis, Jones Al 9. flavida, Miller F ll 23] talte ol howl | CSG be alle al Bl 10. Ren, Jones 1]. BatrDIA— } Plioc., ; Mioe 1. subdeltoidea, Miinst. fades fe] 1) 22 1 2 2 ; U.E.,& * M. E 2. contracta, Jones Sie CytHERELLA— : Plioc., 1. compressa, Minst. lee] [eval heal loin 2 4 : Mioe., & U.E. var. 1 ] is | var. 2 ] WY 2. Londinensis, Jones 1 |: 3. Munsteri, Roem. . eloaeilletsiaeciral peer een[aratieli|| Sle a2//s 3 | M. E a} 48 60 APPENDIX. Tasie H1.—Showing the Distribution of species of the Tertiary and Post-tertiary Entomostraca of England. LOCALITIES. Newbury Cambridgeshire Lincolnshire Loch Bakie . Edwardstone Copford Grays Clacton PLEISTOCENE. | Chislet POST-TERTIARY. Wear Farm . Bridlington . Walton : Sutton, &e. . Hempstead Cliff Hordwell Chif Cliff End Colwell Bay f Barton Cliff High Cliff Bracklesham Bay Alum Bay . East Woodhay : : London (Copenhagen Fields) Woolwich . : : Clay Hill, Shaw Pegwell Bay PLIOCENE. Upper. Eocene. Middle. Lower. "SIUdAQ *VNOGNY) “sIadludapn ssodoid GUMHLAD *‘SITUMHLAQ, “VAdIUTHLAD *S1IUGIUAHLAD *VIGUIVE “VTITAUAHLAD | bo bo NNN Re ew bd a a HPperpAD Ao: to: poe: I no: *SaT}T[VOOT [VIaAas 947 mojy payesrauinuas satadg jo raquinyy ee RSF BNE NANK CW WOWNNY TOON Re eo "SIUdAQ *VNOGNVQ “SIadiudag -radoid GUTHLAD “SIMUDHLAD “VAdIUAHLAD “SITCIUAHLAD “VIGUIVET “VTITUNAHLAD “IVLOJ, Post-tertiary [ Pleistocene Number of Species Pliocene in the tl Upper Eocene Middle Eocene Lower Eocene Number of Species described in this Monograph bp . = . to WO mee =| BORO’ [bore Nw. — —) | Morne: | ako ese Oil ace ° APPENDIX. 61 Taste 1V.—Showing the Distribution of the European Tertiary Entomostraca that have been recognised as occurring in England. SPECIES. “oUa[e Cythere punctata, Munst. — striato-punctata, Roem. — Kostelensis, Reuss. — costellata, Roem. — plicata, Minst. — Angulatopora, Reuss. — Macropora, Bosq. Cythereis horrescens, Bosq. — Ceratoptera, Bosg. — cornuta, Roem. Cytheridea Mulleri, Muns¢. = perforata, Roem. Bairdia subdeltoidea, Miinst. Cytherella compressa, Miinst. —_— — var. 1 var. 2 — Munsteri, Roem.. lok Upper Tertiary. ‘oyenb.ry 1121889) ‘uvusidieg *xeq “Stag daaajuy “xnvap.0g Middle Tertiary. a a Oe “OUIB.INOT, *soLIvty “lay, uRLIeSunyy-o0.1ysny *saldvyday, vouokvyy x cs DMN *(auao0q reddy) ‘eisapig taddy ulpfaag Jo Avpg urieydag | | AURULLa * x ~~! ~ ‘muispag ‘auao0q eddy ‘gouriy ‘auaooy aoddgq a0uvA ‘OU200T] 81pplL exe eX RH HH Nore.—The Nucula-bed (N. deltoidea) at Colwell Bay (mentioned at page 49 and elsewhere) contains Cythere Colwellensis, C. debilis, C. angulatopora, C. cornuta, and C, plicata ; the last-mentioned species presenting the most numerous individuals. Norr.—I have not been able to recognise among the London Clay specimens the species figured as Cytherina barbata, The specimen itself has been lost. by Mr. Sowerby, in the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ 2d series, vol. v, pl. 9, fig. 1. possibly referable to Cytheridea perforata. It is Tasrr V.—Showing the Succession of the English Upper Tertiaries (beneath the “Glacial beds”), and of their Correlation with those of the Neighbouring Countries. YorKSHIRE. Norrouk. SUFFOLK. BrLaium. FRANCE. NETHERLANDS. Bridlington |Mammaliferous or Norwich Post-PLIOCENE Crag. Crag.! See ses ae ee Upper or Red Crag.? Scaldesian Beds 2 ; PLIOCENE. and pak ce eee mig } Antwerp Crag. Lower or Suffolk Crag.® Diest Sands. Bene MIocEne. Bolderberg Sands. |Faluns of the Loire. Taste VI.—Showing the Succession of the English Eocene Tertiaries, and of their Correlation with those of France and Belgium (after Prestwich and Lyell). Istp or Wieut anv Hanvs. Lonpon District. Brier, FRANCE. sf ( Hempstead Series. Beauce Limestone. LA a J Bembridge Series. Limburg Beds (Rupelien’, } Fontainebleau Sands. = = | Osborne Neries. ae Pe and Tongrian). Marls with Ostrea cyathula. = > \ Headon Series. Marls and Gypsum. ( Barton Clays (Highcliff, “gy, Dov ea Barton, and I. of W.) } Laecken Beds. ae is : ee Sands: at : Fresh-water Marls of the Calcaire grossier. OM 79105-2383 alba 22 note albomaculata 22 note Americana 2, 41 ANGULATOPORA . 34 arcuata 50 ATTENUATA 28 barbata 61 note bidentata Aah calcarata 40 CONCINNA 29 CONSOBRINA 27 COSTELLATA Bray Dictyostema i Favrodiana 28 fistulosa 38 flavida 22 note, 23 fusiformis 28 gibba 22 note, 23 gibbera 22 note, 23 Gracilicosta 35 Hebertiana Gh) Hilseana a 44 inopinata 23 note Jurinel 30 KOSTELENSIS 28 LACUNOSA 31 LAQUEATA A ah!) latidentata A ets} lutea 22 note Macropora 4 6b) Meyni 30 inornata a. Pe} nitida 22 note, 23 papillosa a pertusa 27 pilosella 5 By PLIcATA, and var. LATIcosTa 5 3 plicatula : F oO) PUNCTATA ; 1 24 CYTHERE punctatella : reniformis RETIFASTIGATA runcinata scabra SCABROPAPULOSA SCROBICULOPLICATA, and var. RECTA 33 seminulum 4 serrulata SPHHRULOLINEATA STRIATOPUNCTATA TRACHYPORA TRIANGULARIS TRIGONULA variabilis viridis : WETHERELLI .. WoopIANa CyYTHEREIS . : alata - BowkRBANKIANA CBERATOPTERA CORNUTA f HORRESCENS SENILIS : spec. indet. . CYTHERELLA . 22 note Doe NOLEN ao 26 we2d 7595 SV ORZ2S TL Arete) Bey! - 40 4, 6, 9, 10, 22, 54 aciculata. : Buys Beyrichi 5 3 = A COMPRESSA, and varieties oe fabacea a By! intermedia . oo LonpD1NENSIS eo MUNSTERI ; DO ovata 34, 56 parallela . : 56 truncata. nO) Williamsoniana OO Cytheride : : 6, 22 CYTHERIDEA . : DEBILIS , incrassata. Jonesiana . 2, 9, 10, 22, 40 - 43 - 45 45 MULLERI, and vars. INTERMEDIA and TOROSA ? papillosa oO 68 CYTHERIDEA PERFORATA, and and GLABRA PINGUIS ‘ punctatella . SoRBYANA . CYTHERIDEIS . s augusta BarTONENSIS CoLWELLENSIS FLAVIDA: . REN spec. indet. TAMARINDUS TRIGONALIS, and var. TUBERCULATA UNICORNIS UNISULCATA- CYTHERINE . . Dana’s classification . INDEX. PAGE vars. INSIGNIS 9, 10, 22, 46 LEVIS At Daphnioidea . . ENTOMOSTRACA Estheria Gnathostomata HaLocyPrip® Halocypris Liljeborg’s division of Cyprinze Leperditia Lophyropoda Lucid spots Monoculus NotoproMas : Nucula-bed at Colwell Bay OsTRACODA Paradoxostoma Philomedes Phyllopoda Peecilopeda Zenker’s division of Cyprine sR) Ue 61 note 4 U0) Bete) 7 note S| 8 Baird PLATE TI. Fig. 1. Cypris Browniana, p. 13. a. Left valve, outside 6. Right valve, inside : ec. Perfect carapace, dorsal aspect d. Perfect carapace, anterior aspect . e. Part of the surface of right valve, with the fucid spots 2. Cypris Browniana, var. tumida, p. 13. a. Perfect, left valve upwards 5. Perfect, dorsal aspect . 3. Cypris gibba, p. 15. Ce SN Hs } Old individual. 6. Right valve, inside c. Perfect, dorsal aspect . d. Perfect, anterior aspect e. Right valve, outside. Young individual JS. Part of the surface of a valve 4. Cypris Ovum, p. 14. a. Right valve, outside 6. Perfect, ventral aspect . - : 5a. Candona candida (variety with rosette-like lucid spots), p. 20. Right valve, inside (broken) 56. Candona candida (variety with lucid spots in a radiating form), p. 20. Part of inside of left valve, showing the lucid spots 6. Cypris setigera, p. 12. a. Left valve, outside 6. Left valve, inside ec. Perfect, dorsal aspect d. Perfect, posterior aspect 7. Candona reptans, p. 16. a. Left valve, outside 6. Right valve, inside c. Perfect, dorsal aspect d. Perfect, anterior aspect E e. Part of inside of right valve, showing the lucid spots Pee Poa Was _ Se ee XX x ow ase ' Clacton. SY Or oS WW bw DH i=) 25 9 Grays. i Grays. | Clacton. Cambridgeshire. 0 Grays. \ Cambridgeshire. 25 Copford. x 150 Copford. Panes BPs 0S nw on Ke ie ae OS or Newbury. wo pw rp or oO 12 Clacton. 12 Grays. EN ne ep 12 f vecent: Annerley. 30 Grays. PLATE I (continued). Fig. 8. Candona candida, p. 19. a. Left valve, outside . 5 : : Le Xer2onN [Imperfect at the posterior angle. | %. Perfect, ventral aspect . ; : : 5 eae) Oa) ec. Perfect, anterior aspect ‘ é : te ei) d. Inside of the closed ventral edges of the carapace, showing the inner ee piores marginal plates 5 : ’ : ex 2) e. Part of the inside of the right valve, ) eee ananidenete x 150 f. Part of the surface of the left valve, fe se te cee Abmaeae Tt x 150 9. Candona subaqualis, p. 20. a. Perfect, right valve upwards : . é sete 20) | 4. Perfect, dorsal aspect 25 ) Copford. c. Perfect, posterior aspect 5 : : Bune 745 | Teruuary Entomostraca Geo West Lith er 5 ac Pll Ford & West Imp =, nt bee a Oiieat qn tte 7 ae _ -_ 7 ' oe ibe * 7 ’ . > 3 = i" , ' ’ oy ma) 7 re : 5 >a] 7 % _ 7 ns Ae i Axa Pawel Py Reais Relea pains Sea ais Mat eS, TNteeine Seley de aarti estes ct No ea ne 4 ee Hin tee Wray, eee is othe eA ao vs Aun Sina sins Asst Fig. PLATE II. 1. Cyprideis torosa, p. 21. a. b. @ d. Left valve, outside. Right valve, outside. Ola Perfect, dorsal aspect. Perfect, posterior | e. Left valve, outside Sf: I: h. Right valve, outside Right valve, hinge-line Left valve, hinge-line 2. Part of surface 2. Cytherideis trigonalis, p. 47. a. Perfect, left valve upwards 6. Left valve, dorsal view e. Right valve, inside d. é. if Left valve, anterior hinge Left valve, posterior hinge Left valve, inside A : g- Part of inside of right valve, showing lucid spots h. Part of surface of valve 3. Cytherideis tuberculata, p. 47. a. Left valve, inside (broken) 6. Left valve, hinge-line @ d. é. I Left valve, dorsal view Perfect, dorsal view Left valve, outside Left valve, inside 4. Cytheridea pinguis, p. 43. ~S2 Ne Bere Perfect, right valve upwards Perfect, posterior aspect . Perfect, dorsal aspect (young or male) . Perfect, dorsal aspect (old or female) . Right valve, inside . Left valve, inside : 5 . Portion of surface of 4 c, with papille and fine pits - Portion of surface of 4 6, with pits 5. Cythere punctata, p. 24. => SN 2 &ae ee . Left valve, outside (broken at posterior end, old) . Right valve, outside . Perfect, dorsal aspect . Perfect, anterior aspect Left valve, inside (young) . Left valve, inside . Right valve, inside . Part of surface of valve GPa eae BS SIS Soy, ra KOR OG eX www bw bd vw or Xe ee aS Px Pe Pah Ee Pee OX _ ee or So oO oO DN HW WD bp Gouaarnra S orn ot OF 1 aonwmbWN WY bw bw bo or Or Or & Or i=) ORR RS iS Cin ay oT rp bw b bo or or o Grays. Clacton. Grays. Crag. Crag. ele ntomostraca Aly Tertiary Ford & West Imp. Geo. West lith. PLATE III. Fig. 1. Cythere trigonula, p. 25. or S a. Perfect, right valve upwards x 25 6. Perfect, dorsal view SEZD c. Perfect, anterior view X25 d. Right valve, dorsal view 25 e. Right valve, inside x 25 J. Left valve, inside XH25 g- Left valve, dorsal view ee O) h. Portion of surface of valve x 150 2. Cythere Woodiana (old individuals), p. 29. a. Left valve, outside x 25 6. Right valve, outside ai2i c. Perfect, dorsal view x 25 d. Perfect, anterior view x25 "e. Left valve, hinge-line <0) Jf. Right valve x 25 g- Portion of surface of valve x 150 3. Cythere laqueata, p. 30 a. Right valve, outside x 25 6. Perfect, dorsal view 5c OA c. Perfect, anterior view a2) d. Left valve, dorsal view E25 e. Left valve, hinge-line x20) f. Right valve, hinge-line x= 25 g. Right valve, dorsal view x 25 h. Portion of surface of valve : x15 4. Cytherideis Tamarindus, p. 49. a. Perfect, left valve upwards 6 3 aye, ot) [The faint reticulate punctation is not shown in the figure. ] 6. Perfect, dorsal aspect i ( ; Scie pees Aa 5. Cythere lacunosa, p. 31. a. Right valve, outside 3 j emo) 6. Perfect, ventral aspect i : ; se SS) 6. Cythere spherulolineata, p. 36. Right valve, outside ; : : sin OA) 7. Cythere retifastigata, p. 36. Left valve, outside (old individual) ‘ ; 5 ee PLATE III (continued). Fig. 8. Cythereis senilis, p. 37. a. Right valve, outside ; 5 5 ae OB 4. Right valve, ventral aspect . : : ee) } pane 9 a—e. Cythere Macropora, p. 35. a. Right valve, outside 6 b. Perfect, ventral aspect x 25 c. Perfect, dorsal aspect x 25 ) Crag. d. Perfect, anterior aspect x 25 e. Left valve, outside (young) x 25 y f—i. Cythere Trachypora, p. 36. jf. Left valve, dorsal aspect ee) 24 g. Left valve, inside Son 2h) h. Right valve, inside eno) | Crag 2, Left valve, dorsal aspect X 25° straca, Fl.IIl Tertiary Entomo et eee ee Pe toc 3b GU Ford & West Imp. Geo West lith ch Ao # < a = aa PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Cythereis Ceratoptera, p. 39. Left valve, outside 4 : : Ma Xe es Ore, 2, 3. Bairdia subdeltordea, p. 52. 2a. Left valve, outside ‘ : ; vie eol 26. Portion of surface, showing the lucid spots and fine papillae x 7 3. Right valve, inside (small individual). : 5 ei 4. Cytherideis flavida, p. 50. a. Right valve, outside (narrow var.) : . Won 20 b. Perfect, dorsal aspect 25 Crag c. Perfect, end view ; ; : x50 | 5. Cytherideis Ren, p. 51. a. Left valve, outside : : : Bic oees V8} ae 6. Left valve, dorsal view ‘ : ; ne = 6. Cytheridea Sorbyana, p. 44. a. Right valve, outside Sa. Oi 6. Right valve, ventral view x 25 | c. Right valve, anterior view. f : nx 2a Bridlington. d. Left valve, hinge-line f 5 HOD e. Part of surface, showing reticulations and perforations x 150 7. Cythere concinna, p. 29. a. Right valve, outside 25 6. Right valve, ventral view x 25 | c. Right valve, anterior view . : : 5. eee ae d. Right valve, hinge-line x 25 | Bridlington. e. Left valve, hinge-line F : 0) J. Part of surface, showing pittings and perforations <5 Ow 8, 9, 11. Candona Forbesii, p. 18. 8. Right valve, outside (somewhat distorted) x 12 9. Left valve, outside x 12 \ Cliff End. lla. Right valve, outside ey 182. Right valve, ventral view Samo | Hordwell. 10. Cytherideis unisuleata, p. 48. Cast of right valve ; " ; te Oe Clitiebind: 12. Candona Richardsoni, p. 18. : 25 a. Left valve, outside ; : F ESC Zoe liwoolwiche &. Left valve, ventral view ; ‘ : XRD PLATE IV (continued). Fig, 13, 19. 20. Cytherideis Colwellensis, p. 49 13 a. Right valve, outside 13 6. Perfect, dorsal aspect 13 ¢. Perfect, posterior aspect 20 a. Left valve, outside 206. Left valve, dorsal aspect 20c¢. Left valve, hinge-line . Cytheridea perforata, p. 44. a. Left valve, outside 6. Left valve, dorsal view c. Right vaive, hinge-line d. Left valve, outside Young e. Perfect, dorsal aspect i - . Cythere Wetherellii, p. 26. Right valve, outside . Cythere plicata, p. 32. Left valve, outside 18. Cythere angulaiopora, p. 34. 17. Left valve, outside ; 4 [The ornamentation is not drawn strong enough. ] 18 a. Perfect, dorsal aspect 18 d. Perfect, anterior aspect j Hv antes Cythereis cornuta, p. 39. Left valve, outside On Ae Pas. Dade CAS Pe Saar GenrGo wWonwnbds bv Ww Ww Or Or Or Or Gr Or oP ee ey Tey its) Se OT OT On or bo or | | | Colwell Bay. Colwell Bay. Colwell Bay. Colwell Bay. Colwell Bay. Colwell Bay. tiacare) (Vi mos : Is Oe = LD ~ TESS Sa eS: est imp. ord. & Fe PLATE V. Fig. 1. Bairdia contracta, p. 53. a. Right valve, inside b. Perfect, dorsal aspect c. Perfect, right valve upwards iss) , 3. Cytherideis Bartonensis, p. 50. 2a. Right valve, outside 26. Right valve, dorsal aspect 3a. Right valve, outside 3 6. Perfect, dorsal aspect 4,5. Cytheridea Mulleri, var. intermedia, p. 42. a. Perfect, right valve upwards b. Perfect, dorsal aspect c. Perfect, posterior aspect : 5. Right valve, outside: young (crushed) a S \Q . _ So . Cythere striatopunctata, p. 27. Right valve, outside: young . Perfect, left valve upwards . Perfect, dorsal view . Perfect, anterior view Sey Se Nee rye es) =i Right valve, outside 8. Cythere plicata, var. Laticosta, p. 33. a. Left valve, outside 6. Right valve, inside ec. Perfect, dorsal aspect d. Perfect, anterior aspect 9, 17. Cythereis horrescens, p. 38. 9. Left valve, outside San Near NEES Saxe aK Se $4 ee PAS Pag Pa abrk x wo p bv or Nm or bo or bp pw bo or oro b bp b bv oo or & rp Ww bw Ww wp or “Y Niae COT CY, ¢ ww bv Or co O17 bo o 25 (The ornament on the surface should have been figured as blunt spines, not tubercles. | 17 a. Left valve, outside: broken 17 6. Left valve, dorsal aspect 11. Cythere attenuata, p. 28. Left valve, outside: broken at the antero-dorsal hinge x x x 25 [The subcentral impression towards the dorsal border is not shown in this figure. | 12, 13. Cytherella Munsteri, p. 56. 12a. Left valve, outside 126. Left valve, dorsal aspect ‘ A [The posterior extremity is too acute in this figure. | 13. Left valve, outside ’ : fe Cliff. Barton Cliff. | \ Barton Cliff. Barton Cliff. Alum Bay (Bed No. 29), Barton Cliff. Barton Cliff. 5 5 } Bracklesham Bay. Alum Bay (Bed No. 29). Bracklesham Bay. PLATE V (continued). 14. Cythere costellata, p. 32. Left valve, outside . : . : . x 25 Bracklesham Bay. 15. Cythereis cornuta, p. 39. ig” i : A ee a. qeehe valve, outside : : iz } Bee Haeveee b. Right valve, dorsal aspect . ; : + X 40 16. Cythere scabropapulosa, p. 31. Right valve, outside . ‘ : 6 . x 25 Bracklesham Bay. 18, 19, 21, 23. Cytherella compressa, p. 54. 18. Left valve, outside. (Var. 1, p. 55.) x 25 19. Left valve, outside. (Var. 2, p. 55.) Xa29 \eseertiaeen Fields, 21. Right valve, outside. (Large individual.) 25 f London. 23. Right valve, outside x 25 20, 22. Cytherella Londinensis, p. 53. 20. Left valve, outside : - ‘ . x °25) Copenhagen Fields, 22. Right valve, outside : ; , be os ea) London. [The central depression is not sufficiently well marked in either of these figures. | : 24, Cytheridea perforata, var. glabra, p. 46. a. Right valve, outside Copenhagen Fields, London. C— é. Right valve, dorsal view fame / lye NTO st Le :T) Fo gs tae Geo.West Lith. cg 7 ney if - t—_ >? Wiese = PLATE VI. Fig. 1, 2, Bairdia subdeltoidea, p. 52. la. Perfect, right valve upwards : : nO 2D) 1 6. Perfect, dorsal aspect 5 : 5 . xX 25 | Copenhagen Fields, 2. Perfect, right valve upwards. (Showing denticulations at the London. anterior and posterior margins.) . : 51k 3. Cytheridea perforata, var. insignis, p. 46. a. Right valve, outside: imperfect 5 ; o : Be : y Copenhagen Fields, 6. Right valve, posterior aspect 2 London. c. Right valve, dorsal aspect. : : aS x wo wb bw or oO oO 4, 6. Cythere scrobiculoplicata, p. 33. 4. Left valve, outside 6 a. Left valve, outside Or or Copenhagen Fields, | London. 66. Left valve, hinge-line 6c. Right valve, hinge-line 6d. Perfect, dorsal aspect PA CaS eng PM EnG wo po vw WL bo or Or or 5. Cythere triangularis, p. 25. a. Left valve, outside x 25 6. Left valve, dorsal view X25 ce. Left valve, bh gedine x 25 | Copenhagen Fields, d. Perfect, anterior aspect x 25 ) : ¢ P ( London. e. Right valve, hinge-line x 25 | J. Right valve, dorsal aspect x 250) g. 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