iy } My MY Lrachew of 1.2. ChiephogeMagllanvea. 9d 4 Ladorna Lieldone. 3.6 Carina Moschata 7 Melanitta fusca. PTT PRY rarer ret th ra S ~y : Lhe ti tih\\) 9 & Scharf ded & tho Cae “op oe. Sar Paks ~ ‘me oe M : { : a} | a i sis uu | seeg (3 as | i | : Lrachea of MONOGRAPH THE ANATIDS, | DUCK TRIBE. BY - T. C. EYTON, ESQ. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Angsana Institgg. MAY 25 1914 ) y)) a ws SS Ch LONDON: tional Muse ; LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMAN, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; AND EDDOWES, SHREWSBURY. MDCCCXXXVIII. \, Ce a * (Ab R52. 133 £41m % 9 GAD RG PREFACE. In preparing the following work, the chief aim of the Author has been not the invention of new species, but the establishment of old ones, in which he flatters himself he has succeeded. Very few synonyms of the older authors on Ornithology not having been reconciled, the chief part of those that remain (with the exception of Forskall, of whose descriptions we cannot make any thing) may be placed to the score of varieties. The list of synonyms, he is perfectly aware, might have been increased to a much greater extent, but this would have much extended the work, and not, he conceives, have answered any good purpose. Many new species are also for the first time described: for the unlimited use of the specimens lately brought home by him from South Africa, and now exhibiting at Egyptian Hall, the author takes this opportunity of thanking Dr. Andrew Smith, who will shortly publish plates of the new species of that valuable collection in this and the other classes. His warmest thanks also are due to the gentlemen in charge of the National Collection, and to the Council and Curators of the Zoological Society, for the facilities afforded him in examining their respective collections. To the Earl of Derby, Charles Darwin, Esq. William Yarrell, Esq. and also to the author of that beautiful work the « Birds of Europe,” he is much indebted for access to their notes and specimens. In the course of the work anatomical cha- racters have for the first time been used for families, sub-families, and genera, where the author considered he had sufficient grounds to establish them; but as the number of specimens of foreign anatidee he has been enabled to obtain in a fit state for dissection has necessarily been very limited, he earnestly requests the assistance of those gentlemen who have it in their power towards this important branch, in forwarding to him foreign specimens for dissection, recent or preserved in spirits or brine, which he shall always think well worth carriage from any distance. Since the greater part of this work was printed we have received Mr. Swainson’s volume of Dr. Lardner’s Cyclopedia, entitled « Animals in Menageries.” There is little new in it as regards the class we at present are endeavouring to illustrate, the greater part of the letter-press being copied from Latham. The following changes in nomenclature, however, occur, as regards which we shall leave our readers to judge for themselves, merely stating that we cannot agree with Mr. Swainson in them: viz. the specific name of the only known species of Cereopsis is changed from Nove Hollandia to Australis ; the semipalmated goose (Anas semipalmata, Lath. Choris- topus semipalmata nobis) is placed in Dendrocygna, Sw. being the same genus in which Anas PREFACE. arcuata, Horsf. has heen before placed by Mr. Swainson, and on which species he instituted the genus; the musk duck (Carina moschata, Flem.) is placed in the same genus with the common sheldrake (Tadorna) ; the blue-winged teal (Anas discors, Linn. Cyanopterus discors nobis), the Baikal teal (Anas formosa, Linn. Querquedula formosa nobis), and the Java teal ( Anas Java- nensis, Lath. Querquedula Javanensis nobis), are all placed in Genus Boschas, Sw. together with the common wild duck. The specific name also of Javanensis is altered to Javanica. We haye also, since the printing of our generic characters, seen an article in the “ Penny Cyclopedia” (Fuliguline) relating to a portion of the Anatide, in which we are informed that the generic appellation of Chauliodus has been pre-occupied : as we find on reference this to have been the case, we venture to propose that of Atinorhynchus instead, alluding to the comb-like appearance of the lamelle on each side of the bill. In the Catalogue of European and American Birds, just published by the Prince of Musignano, the generic name Chauliodes is altered to Chaulelasmus, Gray, which had priority to our name for the same genus, having been published first; and Fuligula Americana, Bonap. is altered to Aythya Erythrocephala, Bonap. which genus we do not think a good one; its true name, there- fore, will be Fulegula Evythrocephata. Brehm’s work “ Hanbuck der Naturgeschite aller vogel Deutschlands” would have been scarcely worthy of notice, had it not been that some new genera had been instituted in it, and also the synonyms of Boie, which are valuable, as they forestall many of those given by authors in this country. Looking at the work, however, altogether, it is worse than those of the older authors as regards the creation of false species, five or six species in many instances being made of one. CONTENTS. PREFACE. Introductory Chapter snares tee Characters of Family Anatidze Sub-family Plectropterinz Genus Choristopus Plectropterus Sub-family Anserinze Genus Cereopsis Chloephaga Bernicla sacoe Cheniscus Anser atehe aie Cygnus Sarkidiornis Chenalopex Sub-family Anatinze Genus Tadorna Casarka COCO Dendrocygna Leptotarsis Dafila Pecillonitta Mareca eeeree erence eneene eneeee eeenee Aia notes miataretere Querquedula Cyanopterus Rhynchaspis Malacorhynchus Chauliodes chaulelasmus aero Anas eee Carina SO Sub-family Fuligulinze Genus Micropterus Melanitta Somateria Ac Polysticta Kamptorhynchus Callichen see eee Fuligula Sastne © Arend Nyroca Harelda Clangula ees Sub-family Erismaturinze Genus Thalassornis Biziura Erismatura CONTENTS. Characters of Sub-family Merginze wees seccce . 75 Genus Mergus eecece teeees eeceee secees 76 Synopsis speciorum sree veeees teens a 78 Characters of Choristopus semipalmatus ones oae% vee eeceee 78 Plectropterus Gambensis eeceee eeceee os 79 Cereopsis Nove Hollandize vecees vecese coeees 80 Chloephaga Sandvicensis eteietare sect ole “2 81 Magellanicee Sone cence eveeee 82 Bernicla antarctica 5457 sniotelels iwaeae oe 84 ruficollis SADC vane Sea's 85 leucopsis aires ones eee oe 86 jubata acacac eisieistele Sasa ee aAvacaaie 87 Cheniscus Madagascariensis eeceee seseee a 88 Coromandelianus A AGoC o-ataetete eo 89 Anser indicus eisieiats.e @ oesiare woeces oe 90 erythropus sees cece ADCO 90 segetum coos ratste oe 91 hyperboreas Bidieie vieee wiee eeceee 92 melanopterus coe eee eoee ee 93 ferus nite cee coon coccee 93 Guineensis eeee osee welats oe 94 Hutchinsii 560c cos eecves 95 Canadensis cece siece cece ee 95 Cygnus olor Soc eee nels Neco 96 immutabilis 506 alesis pete Se 96 atratus Spee soos coee wa pelele 97 —— nigricollis sees ofeis| eters éialnntete oe 98 Bewickii pstattaas Seales seisieee nipaipkin 98 Americanus SQocns woccse Sc 99 buccinator aaciates Walere ake seeees 100 ——— anatoides sjaisretacs an eevee oe 101 ferus AnoOuK Aciot Sistas aa\sieieie 101 Sarkidiornis regius aicveraraca eee dies Wace 102 Afiicanus perdateie Aon =)5 103 Chenalopex A®gyptiaca mitosis 6 gatavarea ie ae aaa 103 cana Are oakteied weee ee 104 Tadorna bellonii Waistelae 1) eb eee ‘ ae 107 castanea aalavarate Sai Bias Boon 108 Dendrocygna arcuata sewers eee es 108 tadanoides autumnalis maint’ siee ata shania aie ews 109 viduata ravers miayalatere ey tas HE 110 arborea waaeae ecccce cocces 110 Leptotarsis Eytoni Birectats ceeeee sisis'atele ee 111 Dafila urophasianus mieielerere Bn Stee attersa 112 pyrogaster oe ete wiajaaate a ator ae 113 caudacuta Seis alate eis 8 waive 113 marmorata Saves pees rare wilistatehs a 115 Pecillonitta erythrorhyncha ceeeee ceeeee eeseee 115 Babamensis 3 74 @& > 0.055 ee eee » Ae 116 CONTENTS. Characters of Mareca Americana Chiloensis fistularis castanea acces Aia galericulata sponsa asoanc Querquedula Javanensis falearia erythrorhyncha Carolinensis Socnod eeeneoe eeeeee formosa occcee Manillensis eevee ——-—— glocitans erecca eieteletels cece creccoides states ———— Capensis aires Hottentota aos Cyanopterus circia sees fretensis eee discors Rafilesii Rhynchaspis rhynchotis Sone ——— maculatus eee eee clypeata HOUO tees Capensis Ae nee Malacorhynechus membrinacea coos vee Ktinorhynchus (Chaulelasmus) strepera oes S000 Anas pecilorhyncha AGOd specularis coe — superciliosa cece — obscura eee — boschas vee — flavirostris ceee sparsa aisles : oer Carina moschata paeis Micropterus patachonicus vee cove brachypterus coe coe. Melanitta Americana Sune nigra oeee eeeees eee perspicillata seenes oeee ——— fusca veces vee Somateria spectabilis veee ceeeee St. Cuthberti cove oeee tees Polysticta Stellerii ba. eens Kamptorhynchus Labradorus eeee Callichen caryophylaceum ceeeee ceeees rufinum sone eee eeenee Fuligula valisneria vee ferina Americana marilla eoee ee ee . eeeee . eee ee ee ee ae ee ee « eee oe 116 117 118 119 119 120 121 126 127 124 124 125 122 123 128 128 129 130 131 131 132 133 134 134 135 136 137 138 138 139 140 140 141 142 142 143 144 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 152 153 CONTENTS. Characters of Fuligula affinis adic ates winters Bis eveneis 157 rufitorques eons eee sees a 158 — cristata S0Ge eiteye Scns AERIAL 159 Nyroca Australis fio ae Foe eiuis 20 160 leucopthalmus ceeeas veeees acne 160 brunnea ister fates cease ae 161 Harelda glacialis =o0 008 Foi eenee 162 Clangula histrionica Refaie vate ohaele A 163 albeola aire sales esata 164 Barrovii atecne eerie Shere sie 165 vulgaris roe ana Broce 166 Americana a cieke siete aiarays oe 167 leuconotus afevets eatin ecrArey 168 Biziura lobata atelens BAGO Stee a 168 Erismatura maccoa Mi fave S000 Penis san neaate 169 ferruginea errete neers a 170 leucocephala ave}er aeaiets ae afente 170 rubida aaa neha ae 17] Australis Bart eit op eiiete 172 Dominica Cee ae wa 172 Mergus merganser cee Sues acatenntete 173 serrator eae ararti. a ae 175 Brazilianus ADIGIC sod d evans aisle aye 176 ——— cucullatus S65 0006 cyanea ae 177 —— albellus Bon Poe Amat siotaatinte 178 Appendix, No, 1. Appendix, No, 2. Supplement, LIs de Or PAT cs. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. 1. Trachea of Cleophaga Magellanica, Tadorna bellonii, Carina moschata, Melanitta fusca...... to be placed no Trachea of Aia sponsa, Querquedula formosa, Cyanopterus cixcia, Micropterus brachyptera,( pefore title page. Berniolaantarchied.: wf i ol © ayes TM eta ate 3. Posterior margins of the sterna of Alea torda, Phalacrocorax cristatus, Podiceps cristatus, Clangula vulgaris, Fuligula cristata, Mergus albellus, Rhynchaspis clypeata, Carina mos- chata, Tadorna bellonii, Anser ferus, Cygnus olor acetse wariees! tOMace per): 4. C£sophagus, proventriculus, stomach, and ceca of Anser segetum misleistsefl a we a avis ore —_p.ll. 5. Skeleton of Anser cygnoides pperetstons succes vaeeee vecees ——p. 16. 6. Skeleton and trachea of Cygnus ferus eteeee veeene cveeee ——p. 18. 7. —————————__ Chenalopex gyptiaca nObode socans sogegg === fee ee 8. Qsophagus, proventriculus, stomach, and czeca of Querquedula crecca; czeca of Tadorna bellonii —— p. 24. 9. Skeleton of Tadorna bellonii Ace Ma Ae reas ee Peon —— p.25 10. ———— and trachea of Querquedula crecea soone Hocoee | focoer —_ p. 37. lL, ——————_-————_. Anas boschas 5 aifnaere Grooor ceceee —— p. 45. 12, Qisophagns, proventriculus, stomach, and ceca of Melanitta nigra; ceca of Fuligula ferina, and Clangulavulgaris = 8=—.....- apaisratsi Acodae ceeees ——p. 49. 13. Skeleton and trachea of Nyroca leucopthalmus Sree si seveee —— p. 63. 14. Harelda glacialis a/nelatels bidbina t senee ss ——— DiODs 15. Skeleton of Clangula histrionica; trachea of Clangula vulgaris aBoone EGoNDR eae 1s A, 16, Q£sophagus, proventriculus, stomach, and czeea of Mergus serrator Aston: veceee =——p. 7. 17. Skeleton and trachea of Mergus serrator 18. ‘Trachea and muscles of voice in Cygnus Bewickii 19, Casarka castanea eeeeee eeenee 20. Dafila urophasianus, male see eee eeeeee 21. Mareca Chiloensis, male OIC 22. Mareca eastanea, male 23. Nyroca brunnea, male and female Weenie 24. Oxyura (Erismatura) Maccoa; Oxyura Dominica, fem. CORRIGENDA. for instructis aalve inferiorum eeee contractam ecee calearia erate una eee processibusque ecee armate eoee complanata selste instructo Staten onga sales instructis sents 14 S000 Chauliodes dele vix elongate. for laterater eoee boschas aeee extremus seus rami eeee mollissima weee instructis eoee marilla after parte for Nova after collo dele que, and add read cove add read instructa. inferiorem. contracta. caleari. uno. processibus. armati. complanatum. instructum. longa. instructa. 24. Chaulelasmus. lateralliter. pecilorhyncha. extremas. ramorum. spectabilis. instructa. cristata. anteriore. Nove. que after pedibus. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. Berore entering upon a description of the group we propose to illustrate, it may not be amiss to make a few observations on some of the divisions at present in use among Ornithologists, more particularly Genera and Species, for we regard all other divisions, if indeed Genera are not so, as certainly to a great extent arbitrary, and constituted merely for the convenience of the student in Zoology, that he may at once turn to the required species or group he may wish to find, instead of, as would be the case if he consulted the works of Buffon, having to turn over volumes before he would be able to find the wished-for place. When we use the term arbitrary, as applied to divisions of the animal kingdom, let them be called either classes, families, sub-families, or by any other name, we mean, that in forming them there are generally rejected as many points of connection between contiguous groups, and often stronger ones, than those made use of for their division. Divisions and arrangements of some sort are, however, absolutely necessary for the Zoologist, under each of which should be stated the points of connection it bears to others. Much has been said and written on analogy and affinity, and the connection by one or the other of them between the groups and species of the animal kingdom. We have not, however, been able to distinguish between them in any other manner than that the former is generally applied when the groups or species between which a connexion is supposed to exist are far removed from each other, and the latter when nearly related, we shall use the terms indiscriminately, as convenient. A definition of species again presents to the Zoologist in particular another difficulty. The generally received opinion is that of John Hunter, viz. that hybrids between true species will not be productive ; and this, we are inclined to believe, is partially correct, but not entirely so, as some birds, ina state of domestication, have bred together, and their offspring been productive, although differing most materially in external form. It may be advanced, however, and with truth, that those animals upon which this experiment has been tried have inyariably been brought from countries far apart, and that consequently in a wild state the experiment has never been tried; no fact, that we are aware of, can be brought forward towards an answer to this objection. Should it prove true, that animals inhabiting different countries, and with slightly different forms and colouring, are of the same species, and we confess there is good reason for supposing that this may be the case, it can only be accounted for in this mode, namely, that at the universal distribution of animals after the Deluge. those of the same species, and derived from the same paretits, going to different localities, have in a succession of ages been influenced by various local circumstances, as climate, the plentitude, the want, or nature of food, which causes have changed their form, colouring, and, in many instances, their habits. We have nothing whatever to urge against this theory, and we find much in favour of it, considering the different varieties of the human form and habits, although we cannot for a moment suppose that they are derived from other than the same common parents, and that the distinctions between the different races are caused otherwise than solely by climate, yet do we make B ie 2 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. species of animals inhabiting the same countries, where man has undergone changes equal to any specific character we are able to give between his inferiors. As far, however, as our data at present go, the theory of Hunter, excepting those animals in a state of domestication, appears to be the true one, and we shall here take the liberty of referring our readers to some short papers by us in the Zoological proceedings for 1837, and to Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, No. VII. New Series, and also toa Note appended to a paper by Mr. Blyth, in volume IX. page 511, of the same Magazine. That man is subjected to a change in complexion as well as in the formation of the skull, when acted upon by different climates, appears from the following quotation:—* In Cairo, and throughout the northern provinces, those (Mooslim Egyptians) who have not been much exposed to the sun havea yellowish but very clear complexion and soft skin, the rest are of a considerably darker and coarser complexion. The people of Middle Egypt are of a more tawny colour, and those of the more southern provinces are of a deep bronze or brown complexion, darkest towards Nubia, where the climate is hottest.” Vide «An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, by W. Lane, Vol. I. Library of Entertaining Knowledge.” From a paper read at the meeting of the British Association, held at Liverpool, by Dr. Warren (of Boston, U. 8.), it appears that the crania of Indians found buried in mounds in North America, and on that account called the Mound Indians, differ in form from those of the Indians at present inhabiting the same country, and agree with those of the Peruvians now inhabiting South America. Are the present North American Indians the posterity of these Mound Indians? What evidence is there that they are not ? The geographical distribution of animals is a subject of much interest to the Zoologist as well as to the Geologist, and very closely connected with the distinction of species, more nearly so, indeed, than is generally supposed. Mr. Swainson divides the earth into five Zoological provinces, corresponding with the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia; these are well known divisions of the world, and as such are convenient, but we must consider that those countries occupied by the different races of mankind (except where emigration of late date has taken place) form much more natural Zoological provinces than those mentioned by Mr. Swainson. The division of the human species which appears to be most generally approved and adopted is that of Blumenbach: with the characters of these races we have at present nothing to do, but shall refer those of our readers who wish to investigate the matter further to the “Decades of Crania,” by the author above quoted, to the ‘‘Regne animal,” and Dr. Prichard’s “ Researches into the Physical History of Man.” We shall, however, make use of that division of the Mongolian variety slightly hinted at by Cuvier, separating from it the Samoides or Lapland race, and it is a singular fact that the Zoology of the country, as well as the human inhabitants of it, form the connecting links between the Zoology and human inhabitants of the three great continents, Kurope, Asia, and America. The following divisions or ranges are those which we think the most natural :— The Caucassian range occupies the whole of Europe, excepting only Lapland and Finland, that part of Asia to the west of the Caspian sea, and the rivers Obe and Ganges. The Mongolian range occupies that part of Asia not inhabited by the Caucassian races, except Malacca. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 3 The Esquimaux range contains those most northern parts of the three continents of Europe, Asia, and America, not occupied by the other races. The Ethiopian or Negro range is confined to Africa, together with the island of Madagascar. The American range occupies the whole of that vast continent, except the parts north of a line drawn from the northern side of Hudson’s Bay to Cook’s Inlet, which forms a part of the Esquimaux range. The Malay range contains Malacca, Australia, and the intermediate islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, extending as far northwards as the Phillipine Group, New Zealand, and New Guinea. The numerous islands not mentioned are considered as belonging to the ranges to which they are contiguous, The advantage of this arrangement of the globe is simply that the zoology of the country occupied by each range will, in a great measure, as far as we have been able to ascertain, be found to be peculiar, the central portions of each district being occupied by a race of animals as well as by a variety of man distinct from those of the other ranges, the borders of each district, or those points at which they approach one another, being as it were inhabited by a mixed zoology, many of the species and Genera of either of the contiguous ranges being found in it. There are, however, certain birds of great power of flight found distributed to a very large extent over the surface of the globe, the Kestril and Peregrine Falcon may be enumerated as examples. The object we have in view in this detail is an attempt, however imperfect, to shew that the same districts occupied by the various races of man are also occupied by various races of animals, each differing from the races of man and animals in the other ranges, and that it is exceedingly probable that as the races of man are merely varieties, one of the other those of animals may also be so. And why is it, we may ask, in any way improbable that, at the dispersion of man and animals after the flood, the same causes may not have influenced both? We can observe even in the present state of science and observation some instances in which a parallel between animals and the human race, inhabiting the same countries, can be traced, and it may be expected that as science advances these parallels will increase: any one acquainted with this subject, upon seeing a box of African bird skins, will at once, without examining each species, say from whence they came, by their general appearance, and the darkness of their hues; the negro race from the same countries is also dark. Mr. Swainson, in volume 66 of Lardner’s Cyclopedia, observes, that European Ornithology is characterised by the great number of Genera it contains in proportion to the number of species. There are also, perhaps, more sub-varieties of the Caucassian race than of any other, caused, probably, by the great variety of the climates. The birds and animals of the Esquimaux range are nearly all migratory ; the human inhabitants of the country are also seldom stationary for long together in the same spot, for the same reason, the want of food. Thus, in some instances at least, we see that man and animals are influenced by the same cause, and why, therefore, is it by any means improbable that many of the animals, inhabiting different countries, and allowed to be allied, are of the same species, but have, by local causes, through a succession of ages, become altered ? Although we haye said much, perhaps too much, on this subject, and, we fear, tired our a 4 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. readers, let it be understood that the whole is merely brought forward as a conjecture, to which, whatever data we have been able to collect being given, we leave our readers to decide with regard to the probability or the contrary of it. Should it, however, prove true that many now supposed species, inhabiting different countries, are the same, and merely varieties, it will not lessen in any degree, or make less interesting or important, the labours of the zoologist; for, in an intellectual point of view, can any thing be more interesting than to unravel what appears to be a mystery, and, in an useful one, to point out such animals as will breed together, and thereby open the way to improvement in our varieties of domesticated animals. In the internal arrangements of the group we intend to illustrate we shall deviate from the course followed by other authors, and propose one which, as far as we have been able to carry our investigations, appears to be in harmony with both the external and internal organization of each genus. We must here mention it as a subject of regret, that, although our utmost endeavours have been used, we have been totally, on account of their rarity in this country, unable to obtain either subjects for dissection, or even a sight of the skeletons, of many Genera. Many parts throughout the group appear to be in favour of Mons. Temminck’s opinion, that there are no such divisions as Genera in nature, the transition from one extreme of form to another being so gradual that it is difficult to say where to draw the line of division. Upon a minute examination, however, as far at least as we are at present acquainted with the species, there is always found seme break as it were between the forms constituting contiguous Genera or Subgenera, and some tangible distinction between them, although in many particulars they appear closely to approach. It is probable, however, that many new forms will yet be dis- covered; therefore, in the present state of science, it is impossible to say whether this opinion of Mons. Temminck’s will eventually prove true or not. Should it be correct, a serious difficulty will arise with regard to nomenclature, in designating the objects to be named by a specific appellation alone. If we do not admit Genera we cannot admit families, orders, or classes; the transition will, therefore, we contend, be complete through all, before we can abolish the one or the other. We shall now add a few words on the characters we have employed. Measurements are always subject to a certain degree of variation; we have, therefore, when the opportunity has offered, given a mean of two or three. The number of tail feathers is far too variable a character to be admitted into any ornithological work. We have now before us three specimens of Erismatura rubida, in which, although in this genus the tail is an important member, the numbering of each differs. We have, for the first time, as far as we are aware of, made use of anatomical characters for divisions, taken from the trachea and skeleton principally ; this has not been done without due consideration, and the examination of a great number of specimens. We have no doubt that some will find fault with us on account of the shortness of the descriptions at the head of each specific character, the use of these, at least what we have supposed it to be, is, that in looking over a large number of descriptions we may readily catch some mark whereby the object we wish to name may be distinguished, perhaps, in common with one or two others from its congeners, and thus that the time taken to read over a large number of long descriptions will be saved. The characters of the Genera, and the cuts of bills and feet, are invariably taken from the species we have named as the generic type, unless it is mentioned to the contrary. DE ytow det A Losteror margin of Che Nmenrt of Alea irda 6 2... Fhatacrocoraa cristaius. 7 Lodiceps tats angula vadgavs Luliguda cristata, Z Anser fers. ae eee eres olor ORDER NATATORES. FAM. ANATIDA. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum magnum epidermide molli potius quam cornuo veritabili tectum ; lateribus lamellis vel dentibus parvis armatis. Lingua magna carnosa lateribus setis instructis. Ale mediocres. Pedes fere vel omnino in equilibrio locati, digitis tribus anterioribus membrano junctis. Anat. Cuar. Sternum et pelvis magna et lata. Gigeria magna carnosa Ceca longa. Larynx inferior in maribus fere bulbosa. Trachea aliquando convyoluta, sepius bulbosa. Habitatio aquatica, Ext. Cuar. Bill large, covered with a soft epidermis rather than true horn, the sides armed with lamelle or small teeth. Tongue large fleshy, with the margins toothed. Wings mode- rate. Feet placed in or near the equilibrium. Toes, with the three anterior ones, joined by a membrane. Neck long. Anat. Cuar. Sternum and pelvis large and broad. Gizzard large and fleshy. Ceca long. Trachea sometimes conyoluted, more often bulbous. The inferior Larynx in the male commonly bulbous. Inhabits the water. The intestinal anatomy of the family Anatide is characterised by the very great length of the alimentary canal compared to that of the bird: in some instances it is as many as five times its length, or even more. The cecal appendages are also much elongated, being often equal to more than one-third the length of the body. The stomach is always large and muscular, forming a true gizzard. The cesophagus varies little in its diameter, but is generally slightly enlarged a little above the gizzard, again contracted, and then of nearly uniform diameter to the glottis. The skeleton may be known by the length of the neck, and the great number of vertebree of which it is composed, the large size of the sternum, the great developement of its keel and the form of its posterior extremity, which is always perforated by two foramina or indented by two fissures ; the great length as well as breadth of the pelvis; the laterally flattened and anteriorly arched form of the rami of the os furcatum. The truncate form and great depth of the occipital portion of the cranium in a vertical direction, and by the fibula not being entirely anchylosed to the tibia. Affinities. Considerable resemblance to the Divers is shewn in the Merging and Erisma- turing in outward form, in the structure of the tail and the dense oily nature of the plumage. The ANATIDA. | 6 latter make an evident approach to the cormorants in particular ; nothing, however, is known of their anatomy. The Merging in their anatomy shew an affinity to the guillemots and the genera allied to them, chiefly consisting in the great developement of the keel of the sternum, and in its posterior edge being armed with an ensiform process. The pelvis also is much narrower and more elongated than is the case among the rest of the dnatide. The elongated head to the tibia pos- sessed by all true divers is also slightly apparent in the genus Mergus. We are aware by some authors that the Flamingo has been admitted among the anatide, chiefly on account of its slightly laminated bill and palmated feet, and some portions of its intestinal anatomy resembling this family: we cannot, however, follow this arrangement for the following reasons. ; Characters for the larger divisions of birds are taken from the external organs necessary to procure their food, especially those of progression. The divisions of each of these have been made, on the other hand, chiefly from the different modifications of the bill.* Let us, for instance, take the order grallatores: we have there divisions or families formed for feeding on fish, mollusea, earth worms, and small insects: there is one general character of the skeleton through all. Not so with the bill and organs of digestion, which are modified, the former to procure and the latter to assimilate the different kinds of food necessary for the subsistence of the bird. The same rule we shall find hold throughout all the different orders of birds, namely, that the skeleton and structure of the legs and feet will invariably furnish a sure guide to the Order ; while, on the other hand, the bill and organs of digestion supply characters for further subdivision. What we have said above is by no means meant to imply that no modifications of the skele- ton exist in the different divisions of each order, for such is not by any means the case; some slight one always being to be found where there is a change of habit,—in other words, in the modes in which the various kinds of food are obtained. The application of what we have said to the case in question is self-evident, that the fla- mingoes, having the organs of progression and skeleton peculiar to grallatorial birds, consequently must be placed in the order Grallatores, and that the bill and organs of digestion are fitted, the one for procuring, and the other for assimilating its natural food,—minute animalcule obtained at the edges of waters by wading and not by swimming. The webbed feet also possessed by this bird peculiarly fit it for walking on the soft mud and sand, commonly found on shores; their structure, however, is not that of any modification among the anatide, but essentially that of a crane, which bird has them also slightly webbed. * Where such is not the case the orders and families are evidently unnatural. SYNOPSIS FAMILIARUM ET GENERUM. SUB FAM. I. PLECTROPTERIN&. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum magnum, ad apicem augustatum, et ungue magna instructa. Plume inter oculos rostrumque carent. Jibie parte quarta denudate. Pedes validi, digitis unguibus magnis instructis. Anat. Cuar. Trachea aliquando convoluta maribus sed non in sterno penetrans. Ceca mediocria. Ext. Cuar. Bill large, narrowed at the apex, and armed with a large claw. The space between the eyes and bill devoid of feathers. Thighs denuded for a quarter of their length. Feet strong, armed with sharp claws. Anat. Cuar. Trachea sometimes convoluted in the males, but not penetrating the sternum. Ceca moderate. Affinities. This curious group appears to lead directly to the grallatorial birds, but with the flamingo in particular it coincides to a great degree in the intestinal anatomy, while its skeleton, at least the fragments of it we have inspected, is that of a true goose, that of the flamingo approaching most intimately the Ardeide, which in our opinion (although in some particulars its intestinal anatomy appears to accord with the Anatide) entirely precludes it from being admitted into the order. PLECTROPTERINE. | 8 GENUS I. CHORISTOPUS. Exr. Cuar. Pedes digitis longis, semi-membrinatis, unguibus magnis incurvatis instructis. Tarsi magni. Tibi@ multum denudatee. Rostrum longum acuminatum cera ad oculos tendente. Caput ossea tubercula supra nares et ungue, magna. Anat. Cuar. Trachea longa convoluta. 9 [ PLECTROPTERINE. CHORISTOPUS nobis. ee a — AnseR. Linn. Auct. Type. Choristopus semipalmatus. Affinity. This genus certainly approaches most nearly of any among the Anatide to the order Grallatores. ‘To the genus Plectropterus it is nearly allied in form. ate Boe 1 LAF PLECTROPTERIN. | 10 GENUS I]. PLECTROPTERUS. Ext. Cuar. Pedes membrinati digitis posterioribus longis, magnis, sed non lobatis, unguibus magnis et incurvatis instructis. | Rostrwm latum ungue magna instruct’. Nares ovales, in medio rostri posite. Ale una calcaria armatee. Anat. Cuar. I[gnoti. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes long, large and not lobed, armed with large and curved claws. Bill broad, furnished with a large nail. Nostrils oval, placed in the middle of the bill. Wings armed with one spur. Anat. Cuar. Unknown. Anas. Linn. PLECTROPTERUS. Steph. Type. Plectropterus gambersis. Affinity. We are ignorant that any anatomical character of the genus has been ascertained ; in default of which we have placed it next to the genus it appeared to approach in external character. id = oo a ; * j | . q { i od ‘ * * ar / ts : + 1 Lsephages Proventi ada: & Stomach Of ANSP AGUA Fem. 2. Ceca of Litte * il | ANSERINE. SUB FAM. II. ANSERINA. Exr. Cuar. Rostrum altius-quam latum. Pedes mediocres validi, digitis posterioribus non lobatis. Anat. Cuar. Sternum mediocre, postice fissuris magnis et apertis; carina non antice producta, lata postice et non ad ultimam marginem sterni continuata. Pelvis mediocris. Foramina ischiadica magna et ovata. Os furcatorium validum arcuatum. Processus coracoides validus et brevis. Ale longee. Coste latee, processu longo instructe. Trachea fere complanata, sed aliquando bulbosa, et in sterno penetrans. Larynx inferior aliquando bulbosa. Ext. Cuar. Bill higher than broad. Feet moderate, strong, the posterior toes not lobed. Anat. Cuar. Sternum moderate, furnished with large and open fissures behind: keel not produced anteriorly, broad, not continued to the posterior margin. Pelvis of moderate size, with the ischiadic foramina large and ovate. Os furcatoriuwm strong, arcuated. The coracoid process strong and short. Wings long. Ribs broad, furnished with a long process. T'rachea commonly of equal size. The inferior larynx sometimes bulbous. Hasir. The birds contained in this family feed equally on the land and water ; some species, however, scarcely ever approach it ; the whole live almost entirely on vegetables. They have a very wide geographical range, and are mostly migratory. TypPE. Anser. Affinities. The nearest affinity it appears to present to the following sub-family appears to be through the genus Chenalopex. On the other hand the genus Cereopsis appears to approach the Plectropterine in its anatomy and habit. ANSERIN. | 12 GENUS I. CEREOPSIS. Ext. Cnuar. Pedes similibus genere sequenti. Rostrum breve, obtusum; culmine arcuato. ares cera tecte, magne, et rotundatee. Anat Cuar. Trachea magna, complanata. Larynx inferior anseribus similis. Ext. Cuar. Feet as in the preceding. Bill with a cere covering the nostrils ; the culmen arched. Nostrils large, rounded. Anat. Cuar. The Trachea large, uniform. Inferior Laryna like that of the geese. Cereopsis. Lath. Typr. Cereopsis Nove Hollandie. The only anatomical notes that I know of in existence, with regard to this curious bird, are those of Mr. Yarrell, in the Zoological Proceedings (1830, p. 25), which in giving our specific account of it, we cannot do better than extract. Affinities. Another rather anomalous genus, more closely connected, however, with the geese than the preceding. ~“ ay sly) : [ ANSERINE. GENUS II. CHLOEPHAGA. Ext, Car. Pedes robusti. Digitis posterioribus mediocribus, unguibus incurvatis instructis. MJembrana inter digitos anterius concavatis. Tarsi robusti longi. Rostrwm robustum, culmine vix arcuatum, ungue magna instructa. Nares lineares in medio rostri posite. Lamelle parvee antice obliterate. Anat. Cuar. Trachea bulbo uno latere osseo. Ext. Cuar. Feet robust. Posterior toes moderate, armed with a curved claw, with the Membranes between the toes scolloped out in front. Tarsi large and strong. Bill robust, with the culmen slightly arched, armed with a large nail. Nostrils linear, placed in the middle of the bill. Zamelle small, obliterated anteriorly. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one osseous bulb on the side. Anas. Linn. \ Bernicia. Steph. CHLOEPHAGA xobis. Typr. Chloephaga Magellanica. ail Affinities. The above genus we have formed on Bernicla Magellanica, which bird in outward form appears to make a link between the genera Bernicla and Cereopsis, and internally, as far as regards the trachea, presents an affinity to the Anatine. / ae Ss ‘oi Sed g press o 4 —_—s —— |. ase ee oe ANSERIN. | 14 GENUS III. BERNICLA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes parvi, digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus magnis instructis. Tarsi elongati. Rostrum parvum, capite brevius. Nares lineares, in medio rostri posite. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior ossea aliquando bulbosa. Ext. Cuar. Feet small, with the posterior toes not lobated; the nails large. Tarsi elongate. Bill small, shorter than the head. Nos¢rils linear, placed in the middle of the bill. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. The inferior Larynx osseous but not bulbous. Bernicia. Steph. Anas. Linn. Tyre. Bernicla jubata. The proportions of the skeleton are as follows:—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum, as 1 to 3}. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, as 1 to 2. Length of sternum to that of tibia, as 1 to 13. Height of cranium to its length, as 1 to 21. The keel is not continued to the posterior extremity of the sternum. Affinity. Nearly allied, both in anatomy and habit, to the preceding and following. eT a eS —— $ . + J . 15 [ANSERINE. GENUS IV. CHENISCUS. Ext. Car. Rostrum parvum, ad basin elevatum, valde altius-quam latum, et ungue magna instructé. Mares rotundate, culmen versus posite. Pedes magni. Digiti longi et acutis unguibus armati. Tarsi breves. Cauda rotundata. Anat. Cuar. Ignoti. Exr. Cuar. Bill small, elevated at the base, much higher than broad, and armed with a large nail. Nosfrils rounded, placed towards the culmen. Fee¢ large. Toes long, and armed with sharp claws. Tarsi short. The tail rounded, Anat. Coar. Unknown. Anser. Linn. Lath. Bernicia. Steph. QUERQUEULA. Gray. Cueniscus. Brookes MSS. Typre. Cheniscus Coromandeliana. Affinity. In the structure of the feet this genus bears considerable resemblance to the species of the genus Anser, adapted for swimming, though of extremely diminutive size. The bill, on the contrary, is that of Bernicla. ANSERINE. | 16 GENUS V. ANSER. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus magnis arcuatis. Tarsi robusti et magni. Tbe parte tertia denudate. Rostrum magnum, validum, ungue magna instructum, lateribus plerumque hiantibus. Nares ovales in medio rostri posite. Lingua obtusa non ad apicem appendiculata, sed subtus cornea, in latera una ordine setarum brevium, et supra has setas multis rigidis spinis instructis ad apicem tendentibus. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula complanata, sed versus larynginem inferiorum contractam. Larynx inferior ossea, sed non tuberculosa. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobated, armed with large claws. Tarsi robust and large. Tibie for a third part denuded. Bill large, strong, furnished with a large nail, the sides gaping. Nostrils oval, placed in the middle of the bill. Tongue obtuse, without an appendage, but below corneous, the sides armed with one rank of bristles, above and on the sides is a row of many stiff bristles extending to the tip. ANAT. CHAR. ‘rachea with the tube of equal size, but contracted towards the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx long and not tuberculous. ANSER. Auct. Anas. Linn. Tyre. Anser ferus. The proportions of the skeleton are as follows:—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum,as 1 to 4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length, as 1 to 14. Length of sternum to that of tibie, as 1 to1l2. Height of cranium to its length, as 1 to 3. ' BAO ae : ‘pip Mees ae , j \ ian Bu me “a ANSER CYG WO i DES. Mal} the Nat Sve | ] wy 1 i i, f | } "7 7 ' H * = a) | | ! . af il ? j f! P A « \ 7 ‘ ‘ fi . ) i l iy e “a f | a f F - ‘ f i Ps i e ‘i ‘ j 7 nM ‘ ' } a hi io ‘fp 1 4 ; . efe ) | #: i 17 ANSERINE. | $ ‘4 Affinities. Some of the species of this genus approach near the swans, as Anser Canadiens, while others present an affinity to the Bernicles, as Anser indica, YG pe JZ ae Bi PSE RI MIMS SSNS eed Tanae | : 4 . ANSERINE. | 18 } : ; iy a} is GENUS VI. CYGNUS. | Ext. Cnar. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus parvis, gibbosis, mediis longissimis. Ros- a trum magnum, lateribus parallelibus. Naves subovales, in medio rostri posite. Cervix longa. _ . Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali, aliquando in sterno penetrante. Larynx inferior ossea. Sternum carina anticé incurvata. Ext. Cuar. Feet large, with the posterior toes small, gibbous, the middle ones longest. Bill large, the sides parallel. _Nostrils suboval, placed in the middle of the bill. Neck long. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size, sometimes penetrating the sternum. Inferior Larynx osseous. Sternum with the keel anteriorly curved. Cyenus. Ray. Briss. : Anas. Linn. Lath. ; Type. Cygnus ferus. i § 2 4 i ry £ 19 [ANSERINE. The proportions of the skeleton are as follow :—LDepth of the keel to the length of the sternum, as 1 to 4. Breadth of pelvis to its length, as 1 to 2}. Length of sternum to that of tibia, as 1 to 2. Depth of cranium to its length, as 1 to 3. Affinities. Although we have placed the swans with the geese, we are not by any means certain that it is their proper place. = ANSERIN. | 20 GENUS VII. SARKIDIORNIS. Ext. Cuar. /Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, in tarsis alté locatis. Tarsi medi- ocres. Rostrum in maribus caruncula magna compressa culmine. Ale wna calcaria armatie, et remigibus apices versus incurvyatis. Anat. Cuar. I gnoti. Ext. Cuar. moderate. Nares rotundate magne. Cauda ad apicem truncata. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, placed high on the tarsi. Bill in the males with a large compressed caruncle on the top. with a spur, and with the quills incurved towards the points. Anat. Cuar. Unknown. Carina. Steph. AwnsER. Linn. SARKIDIORNIS nobis. PLECTROPTERUS. Steph. Type. Sarkidiornis melanotus. Tarsi Wings each armed Tail squared at the end. g 21 | ANSERIN2. Various have been the genera in which the bird before us has been placed ( Anser melanotus, Linn.), with none of which does it agree. We haye therefore proposed a new one for it. Affinities. We have placed it, as far as we have been able (no anatomical character being known), in what appears to us to be its proper place, namely between the genera Chenalopex and Anser. It agrees with the former, in having a spur on the wing. me Pte 2. 4 are “7 se eS ae el.” ANSERINE. | 22 DOSS GENUS VIII. CHENALOPEX. Ext. Cuar. Pedes -digitis posterioribus gibbosis, et unguibus robustis. Tarsi longi. Rostrum validum ad basum tuberculatum. Lamelle non ad marginem rostri continuate. Nares subrotundate in medio rostri posite. Ale calcaria una armatee. Cauda ad apicem truncata. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior bulbo lateral. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes gibbous, and the claws strong. Tarsi long. Bill strong, at the base tuberculated. Lamelle not continued to the margin. Nostri/s rather rounded, placed in the middle of the bill. Wings armed with one spur. Til squared at the end. ; Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. Inferior larynx with a lateral bulb. ANSER. Auct. CHENALOPEX. Steph. Antiq. Type. Chenalopex Egyptiaca. => ~ “SS oT assets HNN hs gia fat ile . f Vaddrn andes Elian dal eoiieg TRACHEA. TIACA & CHE NALOPESS AGYP Vhrve fifths the d Vad dite ; { : ? i i i, ie. Ry a aie so a ie oe ee, . ee a | [ANSERIN#. Affinity. This genus, in possessing a bulb on the trachea, presents an affinity to the ducks ; while its form and habit evidently point out its connection with the geese. —_.- QOS. aes SAS > < SS ee yy \ | NA/ G es | (/ AZ AUN UNANANNINS ee 7 XQ ef ANATINE. | 24 SUB FAM. III. ANATIN. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum latitudine altitudini equante. Pedes mediocres, digiti posteriores nunquam lobati, sed aliquando gibbosi. Anat. Cuar. Sternwm longum, angustatum, posticé latissimum, carina anticé producti et lata posticé, ad ultimam marginem sterni continuaté. Pelvis lata, brevis. Os furcatum mediocre lateribus compressis. Processus coracoides longus, sed non anticé productus. Coste processibusque posterioribus compressis. Trachea tubula in omni parte feré equali. Larynx inferior bulbosa feréque omnino ossea in maribus. Ext. Cuar. Bill in breadth and height equal. Feet moderate, posterior toes never lobated, but sometimes gibbous. Anat. Cuar. Sternum long, narrowed, behind broadest, with keel anteriorly produced, broad posteriorly, continued to the margin of the stemum. Pelvis broad, short. Os fwreatum moderate, compressed on the sides. Coracoid process long, and not anteriorly produced. Ribs and the posterior processes compressed. Trachea generally of equal size throughout. Inferior Larynx bulbous. and altogether osseous in the males. TypPE. Anas. Hasitr. Aquatic, frequenting fresh water in preference to the sea, feeding generally along the edges of lakes and rivers, on small molluscous animals, in preference to diving for them; soft aquatic plants and weeds also constitute a considerable portion of their food: they often also feed on land. The species, having great power of flight, have a very wide geographical range. Affinities. To the Fuliguline this sub-family is connected by the musk duck (Carina Moschata), which, besides having a largely developed and slightly lobated hind toe, has the bulb situated at the inferior larynx compressed, and not altogether osseous, as is the case in the rest of the family. The genus Micropterus has, on the other hand, a trachea very nearly resembling that of the true land duck. We prefer taking the genus Azas, as at present restricted, for the type of this sub-family, instead of Rhynchaspis, as proposed by Mr. Swainson, regarding that form and the nearly allied one of Jlalacorhynchus, rather as ultra than typical, and not so well suited to what may be termed the true habit of the sub-family as that we have chosen, nN TADORNABELLONINT. Hadf th o Nat Str 25 [ANATINE. GENUS I. TADORNA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, unguibus robustis armatis. Tarst robusti et longi. Rostrum mediocre yalidum recurvatum. Lamelle vix elongate. Nares ovales, magne, in dimidio basali rostri posite. Cauda rotundata. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula zequali, sed ad larynginem inferiorem paululum expandente et tunc contracta. Larynx inferior duabus osseis bulbis utrinque, et anticé extendentibus. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobated, armed with thick claws. Tarsi thick and long. Bill moderate strong. Lamelle scarcely elongated. Nostrils oval, large, placed in the basal half of the bill. Tail rounded. ; : Anwar. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size, but a little expanded and again con- tracted towards the inferior larynx. The inferior Laryna with two osseous bulbs extending on each side and before. Anas. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Taporna. Leach. Flem. Steph. Type. Tadorna Bellonii. : The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum is as 1 to 4. The breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1to 1%. The length of the sternum to that of the tibia as 1 to 2, The breadth of the cranium to its length as 1 to 23. ANATINE. | 26 Affinities. The common Sheldrake approaches near in external character to the following genus. Nothing being known of the anatomy of that genus, we cannot trace the affinity farther.— To the Anserine it also approaches in its osteology and general habit, particularly to the genus Chenalopex. fs ProSsSes fey) SEE “Op 2 ect: 27 [ANATINE. GENUS II. CASARKA. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum mediocre lateribus parallelibus non recurvatum. ares suboyales, culminem versus posite. Lamelle elongate. Pedes robusti, digiti unguibus magnis armati. Anat. Cuar. I[gnoti. Ext. Cuar. Bill moderate with the sides parallel, not recurved. Nostrils suboval, placed near the culmen. Lamelle elongated. Feet robust, the. toes armed with large claws. Anat. Cuar. Unknown. Anas. Linn. Lath. Taporna. Selby. Casarka. Bonap. Type. Casarka rutila. Affinity. ‘This genus may be distinguished from Tadorna, to which it is closely allied, by the straighter and much shorter bill. | ANATINE. ] 28 LG lll 7 S ee eT GENUS III. DENDROCYGNA. : ; i} . Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus longis, non lobatis unguibus longis armatee. ih Tarsi robusti et longi. Rostrum mediocre validum altius-quam latum. Nares ovales magne . prope culmen in medio rostri posite. Lamelle abbreviate. Cauda flexilis rotundata. Ale ; remigibus primariis magna incisurA in medio parte. Anat. Cuar. Ignoti. : | Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes long, not lobated, and with long claws. Tarsi . robust and long. Bill moderate strong, higher than broad. Nostrils placed near the culmen in it the middle of the bill. Lamelle abbreviated. Til flexible, rounded. Primaries with a deep q . notch in the middle. i Anat. Cuar. “Unknown. Anas. Linn. DENDROCYGNA. Swainson. TYPE, Dendrocygna arcuata. 4 This genus will be easily recognized by the great length of the tarsi, and at the same time rounded form of the tail. Anas arcuaia, Hors. or Anas viduaia, Linn. may he considered as N typical species. Affinities. The genus appears to form a beautiful connecting link between the true fresh- j water ducks and the foregoing genus. SS Ei 29 [ANATINE, GENUS IV. LEPTOTARSIS. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum mediocre ad basin, altius-quam latum, culmine complanata et ungue magno instructo. Nares parvee, culmen versus locate. Tarsi longi et graciles. Digiti unguibus paululum incurvatis acutisque armati. . Anat. Cuar. Ignoti. Ext. Cuar. Bill moderate at the base, higher than broad, the culmen much flattened and with a large nail. Nostrils small, placed near the culmen. Tarsi long and slender. Toes armed with curved and sharp claws. Anat. Cuar. Unknown. Leprotarsis. Gould. The only species of this genus we have seen is in the collection of the Zoological Society, and was received from New South Wales. Affinity. The structure of the bill appears to ally this genus to that of Dendrocygna ; while, on the other hand, that of the tail, which, though not elongated, is acuminate, to the genus Dajila. ANATINE. | 30 GENUS V. DAFILA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus, non lobatis, mediis longissimis. Jzbie paululum denudatz. Rostrum longius capite lateribus parallelibus. Mares magnze ovales, prope culmen ad basin posite. Zamelle ad marginem rostri continuate. Lingua subobtusa ad apicem appendiculata lateribus una ordine setarum brevium, supra has setas in medio octo spinis rigidis instructa. Cauda longa. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali sed larynginem inferiorem versus paululum con- tracta. Larynx inferior bulbo mediocre uno latere tendente. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toe not lobed, the middle one longest. Thzghs a little denuded. Bill longer than the head, the sides parallel. Nostrils large oval, placed near the culmen at the base. Lamelle continued to the edge of the bill. Tongue rather obtuse, at the point with an appendage, the sides furnished with one row of bristles, and above the bristles in the middle with eight stiff spines. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube equal, but towards the inferior larynx a little con- tracted. The inferior Larynx with a middle-sized bulb on one side. Anas. Linn. Darita. Leach. Steph. Type. Dafila acuta. ; | | 31 [ANATINA. The proportions of the skeleton are: the depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to 4. Breadth of pelvis to its length as 1 to 13. Length of sternum to that of the tibia as 1 to 1Z. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 3. . Affinity. The tail in this genus is much elongated, presenting in that particular an affinity to the genus Mareca, which has it slightly so. ANATIN. ] 32 GENUS VI. PHCILONITTA. va | Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus brevibus et parvis, non lobatis. Rostrum mediocre, altitudine latitudine equante. Nares prope basi posite, rotundatee. Cauda mediocris, rotundata. Anat. Cuar. Ignoti. + | Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes short and small, not lobed. Bill moderate, the height equal to the breadth. Nostrils placed near the base, rounded. Tail moderate, rounded. Anat cHAR. Unknown. Anas. Linn. Mareca. Steph. aa PxcrLoniTra nobis Type. Pecilonitta Bahamensis. We have formed this genus for the reception of Anas Bahamensis and its near ally Anas Erythrorhyncha. Affinity. In default of anatomical character, and from general structure, this genus appears to be nearly allied to Dafila. 33 [ANATINE, — —=~- GENUS VII. MARECA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis mediis longissimis. Tibie paululum denudatze. Rostrum brevyius capite, prope basin latissimum. ares parvee, ovales. Lamelle ad marginem rostri continuate. Lingua subobtusa, ad apicem appendiculata latera una ordine setarum brevium et in medio duplice ordine instructis. Anat. Cuar. Trachea in maribus tubula infra glottidem expandente, tune contracti, rursus expandente usque ad larynginem. Larynx inferior bulbo magno osseo Jatere et paululum anterius tendente. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobed, the middle one longest. The Thighs alittle denuded. Bill shorter than the head, near the base broadest. Nostrils small, oval. Lamelle continued to the margin of the bill. Tongue rather obtuse, with an appendage at the tip. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube expanding below the glottis, then contracted, again expanded as far as the inferior larynx. Inferior Larynx with a large osseous bulb extended on the side and a little before. Anas. Linn. Mareca. Steph. Tyre. Mareca fistularis. ee a ne DP 2 Oe a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eve =. 2S ee? ANATIN. | 34 The proportions of the skeleton are:—Height of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to 34. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to I$. Length of femur to that of the tibia as 1 to 13. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 25. Affinity. 'To the next genus this presents an approach in the formation of the tail, whieh in some of the species is pointed and slightly elongated. To the following the form of the bill presents an affinity. ; 35 [ ANATINE. i H| i: XN Lowa 4 EY Ss 7S i 4/ a ( B Ss : = 8 Se ZS SZ—— = “4 aS A a GENUS VIII. AIA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis, mediis longissimis. bie plumate. Rostrum brevius capite, baso ad apicem angustatum. Lamelle abbreviatee. Nares subovales, parvee. Cauda mediocris. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior bulbosa, ossea, similis pre- cedenti. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes not lobated, the middle ones longest. Thighs feathered. zl shorter than the head, narrowed from the base to the point. Lamelle abbreviated. Nostrils suboyal, small. Tail moderate. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube equal. the preceding genus. Anas. Linn. Ata. Boie. QUERQUEDULA. Briss. Steph. DENDRONESSA. Swain. Type. AIA sponsa. Its habit of sitting and making its nest in trees is curious. The inferior larynx bulbous, osseous like - ire S| a ns a ee ANATINE. | 36 Affinity. Certainly more nearly allied to Querquedula and Mareca than any other genus of this sub-family. aie ena rl rs On. eee ee ee we , 4 " oe f » s * vented by CHalimanded QUERQUEDULA CRECCA & TRACHEA Nae Stke w i ee ee ee! 37 [ANATINE. GENUS IX. QUERQUEDULA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus non lobatis. Rostrum lateribus parallelibus. Lamelle paululum elongate. Nares rotundatee mediocres. Cauda brevis. Lingua subobtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, una ordine setarum brevium, ad apicem aliquando pene obliterate, supra he setae, in medio, lateraliter, septem spinis instructa. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubuld infra glottidem expandente, tune contracta, rursus expandente, et contracta. Larynx inferior bulbo parvo osseo latere et anticé extendente. see . Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, and not lobated. Bill with. the sides equal. Lamelle slightly elongated. Nostrils rounded, moderate. Tail short. Tongue rather obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, the sides armed with one rank of short bristles foyerds the apex very short; above these bristles, in the middle, on each side, armed with seven spines. : Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube below the glottis expanding, then contracted, ao expanding, and again contracted above the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx with a small osseous bulb extending on one side and before. Anas. Linn. QuERQUEDULA. Ray, Briss. Type. Querquedula crecca. The proportions of the skeleton are:—Breadth of the keel to the length of the sternum = lto 4t. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 14. Length of femur to that of the tibia as lto 13. Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 3. Seer Affinity. More closely allied to the genera Mareca and Ata than any other in the sub family. ea =A ATINE. | 38 GENUS X. CYANOPTERUS. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, et non lobatis. Rostrum latius ad apicem quam ad basin. Lamelle paululum elongate. Nares rotundate, magne. Cauda vix elongata. Ale ptilis ceruleis. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubuli infra glotidem expandente, tune contracta, rursusque expandente, et contracta supra larynginem inferiorem. Larynx inferior bulbo magno osseo lateribus et antice tendente. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes moderate, and not lobated. Bill broader at the tip than at the base. Lamelle a little elongated. Nostrils rounded, large. Tail a little elongated. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube below the glottis expanding, then contracted, and again expanding, and contracted above the inferior larynx. The inferior Larynx with a large osseous bulb extending below and on both sides. Anas. Linn. QUERQUEDULA. Briss. CYANOPTERUS nobis. Typr. Cyanopterus Rafflesir. The above genus consists of that group commonly called the blue-winged teal; nor do we know one instance of a bird agreeing with the character which has not bright azure blue wings, except the Garganey, which has, however, dull slate-coloured ones. Anas Rafflesii, King, may be considered as a good specimen of the form, which may be always distinguished by the peculiar abrupt termination to the upper mandible, which is bent as it were over the lower one, both in front 39 [ANATINE. and on the sides at the apex. The Garganey comes nearer to the common teal than the rest of the genus in external form, but in the form of the trachea differs from it. We have never observed a skeleton in any collection except that of the Garganey, which we do not consider typical. Affinities. In the form of the bill and trachea this genus approaches that of Chauliodus, but differs from it in the former not having the lamellee so much elongated, and in the trachea being more enlarged above the inferior larynx. From the following genus it is very distinct in both particulars, but agrees with it in general colouring. ANATIN&E. | 40 GENUS XI. RHYNCHASPIS. it Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus parvis, et non lobatis. Tibie parte quarta . denudate. Rostrum longum, ad apicem multum latissimum. Lamelle elongatie. ares oyales, prope culmine et baso locate. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateraliter una ordine setarum brevium, et supra has setas posticé novem spinis instructa; et duplici ordine centrali + spimarum breyium ornata. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte maxima. Larynx inferior bulbo parvo osseo v7 lafere. ea Ext. Cuar. Feet with the hind toe small, and not lobated. Thighs with a fourth part | naked. Bill long, much the broadest at the tip. Nostrils oval, placed near the culmen and base. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, furnished with one row of short bristles on the sides, j and above these bristles behind with nine spines; in the middle, above, with a double rank of stout ¢ spines. i Anat. Cuar. Trachea with tube largest inferiorly. Inferior Larynx with a small bulb extending on one side and behind. . Anas. Linn. Swainson. Ruyncuaspis. Leach MSS. Steph. SPATHULEA. Fem. Type. ERhynchaspis clypeata. [ANATINE, 41 The proportions of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to 4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 13. Length of femur to that of the tibia as 1 to Height of cranium to its length as 1 to 5. 22. Affinities. This and the two following, as well as the preceding genera, are very nearly connected, both in form and habit. tS TS View A ANATINE. } 42 GENUS XII. MALACORHYNCHUS. {ixr. Cuan. Pedes digitis posterioribus parvis, et non lobatis. T%bie paululum denudatee. Rostrum longum, ad apicem multum latissimum, et lateribus membranis flexilibus instructis. Lamelle lounge. Nares oyales, parvee, prope basin locate. Anat. Cuar. I gnoti. ; Exr. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toe small, and not lobated. Thighs httle denuded. | Bill jong, at the apex much the broadest, and furnished on the sides with flexible membranes. a Lamelle long. Nostrils oval, small, placed near the base. i Anat Cuar. Unknown. ue Anas. Linn. ‘a + Ruyncnaspis. Leach. i | MALACORHYNCHUs. Swainson. ) Type. Malacorhynchus membrinacea. \ i Affinities. No skeleton is, that I am aware of, at present in England; but we should sup- i pose that the bony part of the bill does not extend so far laterally at the point as might be supposed, te} or, in other words, is not so broad at the apex. Under this supposition, the bird on which Mr. . 17 Swainson formed the genus (Malacorhynchus membrinacea) forms a beautiful link between the Wy, true shoyellers and the following genus. ——s OO ESL eS ee 43 [ANATINE. GENUS XIII. CHAULIODES. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus mediocribus, et non lobatis. Rostrum non latius ad apicem quam ad basin. JLamelle paululum elongate. Nares ovales, magne, vix elongate. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateribus und ordine setarum brevium, supra has setas laterater centrali parte quinque spinis, et in medio supra duplice ordine setarum brevium instructa. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte maxima, sed supra larynginem inferiorem contracta. Larynx inferior bulbo mediocri osseo latere et multtim anticé tendente. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes of moderate size, and not lobated. Bill not broader at the tip than at the base. Lamelle elongated. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, the sides furnished with a rank of short bristles, above these in the middle of the sides with five spines, and in the middle of the upper surface with a double rank of short spines. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube enlarged near the lower extremity, but above the inferior larynx contracted. Inferior Larynx with a middle-sized osseous bulb extending on one side and also much anteriorly. Anas. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Cuauiopes. Swainson. Type. Chauliodus Strepera. ANATIN&. | 44 The proportions of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as | to 5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1 4-5ths. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 12. Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 23. Affinity. The elongated lamellz ally this genus to the two preceding. It appears, indeed, to be precisely intermediate between them and the following. Jrnted by 6 Lo kienardek lohery tel a Lithog a TIE: AL IK HAS & TRA vas Che - i TR ( Q 2) ww e == A N A Vad Sthe V4 eS ee eee ee eee [ANATINAE. GENUS XIV. ANAS. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus simplicibus, mediis longissimis. Jzbie parte tertid inferiore denudata. Rostrum lateribus parallelibus. Nares ovales, prope culmen ad basin locatee. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata, lateraliter una ordine setarum longarum et flexilum instructa, supra has setas ad latera sex spinis instructa, et in medio supré duplici ordine setarum brevium. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior una bulba ossea latere et antice extendente in maribus. Ext. Cuax. Jeet with the posterior toes simple, the middle one longest. Thighs with a third part naked. ill with the sides parallel. Nostrils oval, placed near the culmen at the base. Tongue blunt, at the point with an appendage, the sides furnished with one rank of long and flexible bristles, above these bristles in the middle of the sides furnished with six spines, and in the middle above with a double rank of short bristles. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. Inferior Larynx with one osseous bulb on the side and extending anteriorly. Anas. Linn. Boscuas. Swainson. Type. Anas Boschas. a ee Ta ee ee eT i : tl lai ot ANATIN. | 46 We have here retained the old Linnean name for this genus, instead of that of Boschas proposed by Mr. Swainson. ‘The proportions of the skeleton are:—The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to 5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1¢. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 13. Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 3. Affinity. In size and the form of the tongue this genus approaches nearest to the last of any among the Anatine. 7 SSS SS 47 [ANATINAE. SED PILD EDO em wn nnn = ——— GENUS XV. CARINA. Ext. Car. Pedes digitis posterioribus gibbosis, mediis longissimis. Tibie plumate. Rostrum equale, et caruncula subglobosa supra nares posita. Nares ovales, magnze, prope culmine basi locate, Caput ad oculos denudatum. Lingua obtusa, ad apicem appendiculata lateraliter una ordine setarum et supra has quatuoribus spinis instructis et in medio supra duplici ordine setarum brevium armata. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior und bulb compressa latere partem osseé partem membrinacea et postice tendente instructo. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes gibbous, the middle longest. Thighs feathered. Bill with the sides equal, and with a subglobose tubercule placed above. Nostrils oval, large, placed at the base of the bill near the. culmen. Head naked to the eyes. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the point, the sides armed with one row of bristles, above these with four spines, and in the middle on the upper side armed with a double row of short bristles. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube equal. The inferior Larynx with one compressed bulb, partly osseous, partly membrinaceous, extending on the side and behind. Anas. Linn. Carina. Flem. Type. Carina moschata. ANATINE. | 48 The proportions of the skeleton are:—Depth of the keel to the length of the sternum as 1 to 52. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1$. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 2. Depth of the cranium to its length as 1 to 23. The keel of the sternum produced in front. Ischiadic foramina large. Affinities. 'To some of the genera in the next sub-family this genus presents an affinity in the form of the hind toe, which, though not strictly lobated, is thickened on its lower side. The trachea presents considerable affinity to both the sub-family we have placed it in, and also to the following. The bulb at the inferior larynx much more osseous on its external aspect than among the Fuliguline, and less so than among the Anatine : it is also laterally much compressed, as in the following sub-family. 3. Cacn of Fuligula era Male. 4. Cacacrk Cangula vidgares LE oe Ys 3 S S N 2. Cocca of 4 7 I ® t a 49 [FULIGULINA. SUB FAM. IV. FULIGULINZE. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum ad basin altius-quam latum. Pedes magni, digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis vix brevioribus intermediis. ectrices Caude plerumque breves et flexiles. Ale mediocres. Anat. Cuar. Sternum carina parte anteriore vix producta; posticé non ad marginem sterni continuata margine duabus fissuris instructa his posticé angustatis, intur magnis et ovalibus; nonnunquam autem fissuree vicé foraminibus multum latioribus posticé quam anticé. Coste longe in abdomine tendentes processibus marginalibus arcuatis vel ad apicem bifidis. Processus coracoides anticé yvix ultra humeros elongatus. Os fwrcatum arcuatum preecipue ad extremus partes rami. Pelvis latitudine mediocris, elongata. Cranium ad occiput altius-quam latum. Larynx inferior partim ossea, partim membrinacea. Ext. Car. Jill higher than broad at the base. Jeet large, posterior toe lobated, the outer slightly shorter than the middle one. Tail feathers generally short and flexible. Wings moderate. Anat. Cuar. Sternum with the keel slightly produced in front, and not continued to the posterior margin; posterior margin furnished with two fissures narrowed posteriorly, each inte- riorly large, and oval; or with two foramina on each side, much broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Ribs extending far backwards, with the processes on the posterior margin arcuated or bifid at the extremity. Coracoid process slightly elongated anteriorly. Os furcatum with the rami arched in front, more so above. Pelvis of moderate width, long. Cranium at the occiput higher than broad. Tyre. Fuligula. Habit. Aquatic and marine, feeding on small molusca, and occasionally small fish ; some of the species possess considerable power of flight. Affinity. The sterna of some genera of this family, Clangula and Harelda, are furnished with an ensiform process as in the Mergansers. In the former the trachea also much resembles that family. ‘To the Anatine, as we have before stated, we believe it to be connected through the genus J/icropterus and Carina. il FULIGULINE. | 50 GENUS IF. MICROPTERUS. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis. Rostrum validum, rugosum. Lamelle magne. Nares in medio rostri posite. Tibie plumate. Ale breves. Anat. Cuar. Trachea tubula equali. Larynx inferior bulbo laterali osseo. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated. Bill strong, wrinkled. Lamelle large. Nostrils placed in the middle of the bill. Thighs feathered. Wings short. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with the tube of equal size. The znferior Larynx with an osseous lateral bulb. Anas. Linn. Microprerus. > =S= ay GENUS V. KAMPTORHYNCHUS. Ext. Car. Pedes magni, digitis externis mediis eequantibus, posterioribus lobatis. Rostrum lateribus ad apicem latum, et flexile. Mares magnze, oyales, prope basum locate. Unguis magna et lata. Anat. Cuar. Trachea maribus duabus bulbis tubula. Exr. Cuar. Feet large, the outer toe equal to the middle one, posterior one lobated. Bill broad towards the point at the sides, flexible. Nostrils large, oval, placed near the base. Nail large and broad. Anat. Cuar. Trachea in the males with two bulbs on the tube. Anas. Linn. Fuuieuta. Ray, Leach. KAMPTORHYNCHUS nobis. Tyrer. Kamptorhynchus Labradora. This genus we haye formed on I’. Labradora Bonap, the variety it exhibits being amply sufficient to distinguish it from any other genus. Nothing that I am aware of is known concerning anatomical characters, besides those mentioned in Wilson, and quoted at length under the head Kamp. Labradora. 58 1 FULIGULIN®. | Affinities. We have never seen the skeleton of this bird, nor are we aware of one in existence in this kingdom. As far, however, as we are acquainted with it, from Wilson’s account, its true place appears to be somewhere near that we have assigned to it. i | it \ wl AW go pW || So y fb IX TOSS Nwh ate WERE 59 J FULIGULINE. GENUS VI. CALLICHEN. Exr. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, intermediis vix longissimis. Tibie plumate. Rostrum capite equalé, prope basum latissimum. Lamelle valide, et ad marginem continuate. ares subovales, magne. Cauda mediocris. Caput cristatum. Anat. Cuar. Trachea duobus bulbis tubula. Larynx inferior bulbo laterali, partim membrinaceo, partim osseo, latere complanato. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the middle ones scarcely the longest. Thighs feathered. Bill equal to the head, broadest at the base. Lamelle strong, and con- tinued to the margin. Nostrils suboval, large, Tail moderate. Head crested. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with two bulbs on the tube. Inferior Larynx with alateral bulb, partly membrinaceous, partly osseous, on the side flattened, Anas. Linn. Fuuicuta. Ray, Leach. GLAUCIUM, QUERQUEDULA. Briss, CaLuicHEeN. Brehm. 4 MERGOIDES nobis. Type. Callichen rufina. FULIGULINE. | 60 We first instituted this genus on /’. rufina, after having observed the trachea of that species. To this, however, will be added the beautiful species Fuligula caryophylacea. With any anatomical character further than that above given we are unacquainted, not having ever seen the skeleton. Affinities. In haying bulbs on the tube of the trachea, and also in general form, this bird presents considerable affinity to the MJergansers. Fuss Qveoese A WRaaoe, 61 [FULIGULINE. GENUS VII. FULIGULA. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, externis inter mediis equantibus. Tibi plumatze. Rostrum prope apicem latissimum, obtusum. Lamelle abbreviate: et non ad marginem continuatee. Nares subovales, parvissime. Cauda brevissima. Lingua obtusa ad apicem appen- diculata, lateribus und ordine setarum flexilum instructis; in medio ad latera supra has setas quatuoribus spinis instructis. Anar. Cuar. Trachea tubula inferiore parte contractéa. Larynx inferior bulbo Iaterali, partim membrinaceo, partim osseo, latere complanato. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the hind toes lobated, the outer ones scarcely equal to the middle. Thighs feathered, Bill broadest at the point, blunt. Lamelle abbreviated, and not continued to the margin. Nostrils suboyal, very small. Tail very short. Tongue obtuse, with an appendage at the tip, and the sides furnished with one row of flexible bristles; in the middle with the sides above the bristles furnished with four spines. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with inferior portion of the tube contracted. The inferior Larynx with one lateral bulb, partly membrinaceous, partly osseous, on the sides compressed. Anas. Linn. Fuuicuta. Ray, Leach. Nyroca. Fleming. GLAuCIUM, QuERQUEDULA. Briss. Type. Fuligula Marilla. FULIGULINE. | 62 We here again assume the name to this genus given to it by Ray, as being the oldest. The proportions of the skeleton are :—Depth of the keel to the whole length of the sternum as 1 to 4. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 1{. Length of femur to that of tibia as 1 to 14. Depth of cranium to its length as 1 to 2%. Sternum with the keel produced anteriorly. Ribs projecting far backwards. Affinities. To the following genus this bears a near affinity in the external form and that of the trachea and skeleton, as well as to the foregoing, ] ' err Set ee ritteaeoe eee RM 4M etter Lo A I YL >S © ‘§ s N S& a aS s Ss N RS x 8 S S ’ \ > Cocca or 2 “a bh ARIA ‘el Sa hoi setae or ~J [ MERGANINZ. SUB FAM. VI. MERGINZE. Ext. Cuar. Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem angustatum acuminatum et dentibus ad latera instructum. Dégiti posteriores lobati. Anat. Cuar. Sternum carina parte anteriore valde angustata et non ad marginem continuata, margine posteriore appendice ensiformi instructo, et duobus foraminibus ad latera. Processus coracoides antice elongatus. Os furcatum arcuatum, rami lateraliter compressi. Trachea uno vel duobus bulbis tubula. Larynx inferior in maribus bulbo osseo instructa. Esophagus dilateri potest. Gigeria interne magna cavitione. _ Exr. Cuar. Bill moderate, narrowed to the point, acuminate, and at the sides armed with teeth. Posterior Toes lobated. ANAT. Cuar. Sternum with the keel anteriorly produced, posteriorly narrowed, and not continued to the margin, furnished with an ensiform process and two lateral foramina. Coracoid process elongated anteriorly. Os furcatum arched, the branches laterally compressed. T'rachea with one or two enlargements on the tube. The inferior Larynx in the males furnished with an osseous bulb. C£sophagus dilatable. The Gizzard internally with a large cavity. Tyree. Mergus. Affinities. Having, under the head Lamellirostres, stated some of the aflinities which exist between the family generally and others, we have merely, under the head sub-families, stated those which hold between each contained in the above family. In both external and internal character the strongest relation exists between the above and that of Fuliguline, the genera Clangula and Harelda in particular, both of which possess the ensiform process on the posterior margin of the sternum, and the latter a bulb on the tube of the trachea, formed by enlarged rings. The genus Callichen posesses two bulbs, but the skeleton does not approach so nearly as that of the two genera before mentioned. To the Erismaturine we suspect the affinity is not so great, certainly not so far as relates to external character, although we have placed them contiguous, there being evidently a double point of affinity to the Divers. Habit. The habit of this sub-family is truly aquatic, its length of body, and legs being placed far backwards, give the birds contained in it great power of diving. Its food consists principally of small fish. MERGANIN. | 76 GENUS I. MERGUS. Ext. Cuar. Pedes digitis posterioribus lobatis, mediis vix longissimis. 7%bze plumatee. Rostrum a baso ad apicem angustatum, lateribus serratis, apice unguiculato. | Nares suboyales, mediocres, versus medium rostri posite. Lingua acuminata, lateribus ordine uno, parte centrali duplici ordine setarum reflexarum instructa. Anat. Crar. Trachea uno vel duobus bulbis tubulé in maribus instructa. Laryna inferior bulbo magno, parte membrinaceo, parte osseo. Coste postice longé tendentes. Ext. Cuar. Feet with the posterior toes lobated, the middle ones scarcely the longest. Thighs feathered. Bill narrowed from the base to the point, the apex with a nail. Nostrils oval, moderate, placed towards the middle of the bill. Tongue pointed, the sides armed with one and the middle with two rows of bristles. Anat. Cuar. Trachea with one or two bulbs on the tube in the males. The inferior Larynx with a large bulb, partly osseous, partly membrinaceous. ibs extending far backwards. Mercus. Ray, Linn. Gmel. Briss. MERGANSER. Briss. Type. Mergus serrator. Sipe. Senn em PG «gad ee ee © tre tO Eo gd ee yen . Prnted by CO Kkionancded MERBRGOUS SERRATOR & TRACHEA. Vive thirds the Nat. duke --=— 77 [ MERGANIN.E. - Mr. Stephens, in vol. XIJ. p. 156, of Shaw’s Zoology, divides this genus, separating from it the Smew ( Mergus albellus ), and placing the other Mergansers under the genus Merganser, Briss. The depth of the keel to the length of the sternum in this genus is as 1 to 5. Breadth of the pelvis to its length as 1 to 24. Length of the cranium to its depth as 1 to 3}. Length of the femur to the length of the tibia as 1 to 13. Mergine. j 3 = é copy ER SS ; 8 8 } iu . , We have spoken before of the affinities of this genus under the head of the sub-family SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM. ) CHORISTOPUS SEMIPALMATUS. | Cho.—Capite colloque nigro, dorso superiore albo. | | SEMIPALMATED GOOSE. Cuo. with the head and neck black, the upper part of the back white. FT. IN. IN go 21, CO ras 3.4 DONSE 5 aha Baa, ahs + TS ie tans fetes + Middle toe.... 45 Cuo.: with the upper part of the back, rump, and below, with the exception of the tibize, white ; the remainder and the tibie glossy black; legs and bill orange; the nail of the latter horn colour. i | ANAS) SEMIPAUNUALE, «5/sc ss eicieisis sh sieinie. yy) alate sje erers Linn. Trans. iv. 103. | Lath, Ind. Orn, App. 69. NEMmIPAUNALEH (GOOBE. cs os: sie sict » einige Gio. ava secrete Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 2, 347. Anas melanoleucd vs. 5iaje/e/el.e/e]ojeiayalals|ofe ayaiaielal ats Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 69. LY GCREG sya sis aisjn 8 Vale Se ett a Lin. Trans. vol. xv. p. 383, pl. xiii, xiv. Inhabits New Holland, and utters a shrill whistling note. Mr. Yarrell, in vol. 15, p. 383, gives the following anatomical pecularities of this bird. The trachea ‘“ was situated on the outside of the left pectoral muscle, under the skin, sufficiently raised under the wing that respiration would not be impeded when the bird rested with its breast on the t ground, the parallel tubes being firmly attached both to the muscle and the skin by cellular tissue. . The clavicle on the right side of the bird is of the usual character, but that on the left is both shorter and wider, having an aperture about the middle, the sides diverging, with a projecting H point on the inner side, to which the tube of the trachea is firmly attached about two inches above the bone of diyarication. The trachea lying on the left side of the bird, the lower portion of the , tube, in its passage to the lungs, crosses the left branch of the furcula at a right angle, but becom- } ing attached to this projection of the clavicle, receives from the point described its centrical direction into the body. The whole length of the windpipe in this bird is four feet eight inches.” Ina Lf young bird dissected by Mr. Yarrell, the trachea was not nearly so much convoluted. 79 PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS. Plec.—Ater; subtus albus. GAMBA GOOSE. Puiec. black; below white. IN. IN. Pengile 2 3. 39s Naked part of the bill.... 5 OWES aa xa hs 5 Piec.: smailer wing coyerts, belly, neck, and thighs white; the remainder deep purplish black ; spur on the wing of the male one inch long; male with a large knob on the culmen, at the base of the bill. Female smaller than the male, and with the knob at the culmen of the bill smaller. Plectropterus Gambensis ..ccvececeees 10 wojepsieye Steph. Shaw Zool. 12, 7. Anas Gambenses ...... aYaratelwvetnyole/ stale sfeis/efeyeferarel Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 195. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 503. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 839. Shaw, Mus. Sev. pl. p. 231. An African species, inhabiting the Gamba. The following are some notes we took on the dissectiou of a female specimen. The length of the intestinal, from gizzard to anus, 6 feet 4 inches; from czeca to anus 4 inches; the length of ceeca 52 inches. Trachea acted upon by two pairs of muscles ; first pair the usual sterno tracheal ones ; second pair diverging from the trachea higher than the first, and inserted in the coracoids. Tube of large calibre, contracted slightly just above the inferior larynx, which resembles in form that of the true geese. The bronchize of equal diameter. sophagus placed on the right side of the neck. and much dilated in the middle. The sternum long and narrow. The above account appears to bear a considerable resemblance to that of the Cereopsis of Mr. Yarrell. N. B. Our cut of the bill and foot illustrating the genus was taken from a female specimen. CEREOPSIS NOVA HOLUANDI A, Cer.—Cinerius tectricibus alarum atribus maculis ornatis. NEW HOLLAND CEREOPSIS. Cer. blue grey, spotted on the wing coverts with black. CUO cree et cc, Middle toe.... 3% TCS, ee GA re ene Outer ........ 3—22 Einditoe aoe Cer.: blueish grey, with the tail, under and upper tail coverts, and a few spots on the scapulars, black ; bill black; cere covering the nostrils greenish yellow; webs scolloped, as in the Sandwich Island goose; nostrils large and round; legs orange; feet black. 'ereopsis Nove Hollandic....... PeLenrentciet .... Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. 67. LARC CUPIAING 30 OOS Ah COOSA SHES Soe ... Feill. 2 edit. Dic. Hist. Nat. 23—338. GETLOPEISICENOTER aise ch sfelelae ® ) vit wela ie eidoleicie ss LEMME extn CHL aE Now found in most of our large museums; has also been brought over alive. Appears to dread the water, and feed chiefly on grass. Inhabits New Holland. In the Zoological Proceedings for January 25, 1831, we find the following: Mr. Yarrell stated, that having examined the body of the bird, he had remarked that its trunk was much shorter than that of the true geese, and more triangular in its shape; the pectoral muscles were large and dark coloured; the trachea was of large and nearly uniform calibre, without convolution, and attached in its descent to the right side of the neck, as in the heron and bittern; in the form of its bone of divarication and bronchize it most resembled the same part in the geese. The muscles of voice were two pairs, one pair attached to the shafts of the os furcatorium, the other to the inner lateral surface of the sternum. ‘The lobes of the liver were of large size, morbidly dark in colour; their substance broke down under the finger on the slightest pressure. ‘The stomach, a true gizzard, was of small size as compared with the bulk of the bird. ‘The first duplicature of intestine was six inches in length, at the returning portion of which the biliary and pancreatic ducts entered ; from thence to the origin of the caeca four feet six inches; the caeca nine inches each; the colon and rectum together five inches: the whole length of the intestines was seven feet five inches. The stomach and intestinal viscera were loaded with fat; the other parts exhibited nothing remarkable. Internally this bird, which was a male, resembled the true geese, but externally, in the character of the bones, particularly in the rounded form of the edge, and great depth of the keel of the sternum, and the lateral situation of the trachea in reference to the cervical vertebrae, it was decidedly similar to the Ardeide. 81 CHLOEPHAGA SANDVICENSIS. Chlo.—Brunnea, vertice, genis, colloque parte posteriore, atris. SANDWICH ISLAND GOOSE. CuLo. brown, with the crown, cheeks, and line down the back of the neck, black. Length...... 23 Middle toe ...... 3t LES SN 33 utters ors ape tyes 2 1) ee ly DCA pent: Ae 22 Hind toe .... 2 CHLO.: crown, cheeks, quills, and a line down the back of the neck black ; remainder of the neck bright brownish grey; quills, tail, and upper tail coverts white; remainder ashy grey, darker on the back, with each feather tipped with brown or grey; ring round the neck brown; wings black, the edges of the feathers lighter; legs, feet, and bill black; webs deeply scolloped. Bernicla Samdeicensis cc sievcccencvcccecccces Vig. Zool. Pro. May 27, 1834. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands. An interesting account of the habits of this bird, while confined in Lord Derby’s menagerie, by that nobleman, will be found in the Zoological Proceedings as above quoted, when he states they laid four eggs of a white colour, and large in proportion to the size of the bird, two of which were hatched, and one reared; since which time also another hatch has been reared by the Zoological Society. eee ~~ _ \ \ / | | | 82 CHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA. Chilo, Mas.—Albus, dorso subtusque atro transyersum strigato ; rostro, pedibus, tarsisque nigris. Chlo. Fem.—Ferruginea; subtus albus atro strigato; colloque canescente ; tarsis rubris; pedibus nigris. UPLAND MAGELLANIC GOOSE. Cuio. Mas. white, with the back and under surface transversely barred with black; the bill, feet, and legs black. Cuxo. Fem. ferruginous ; below white barred with black; neck hoary ; legs red; the feet black. Male: Length...... 26 Anner tie <2 Pee ies 12 BSE rd os 11 Middle’. 052 2125 tae WOIStC Sena. Ouieritoe 6 es 21 . Head, neck, under surface, and back white, the two latter barred with black; wing coverts and secondaries white ; tertiaries and bastard wings blue black, tipped with white; bill and legs black, the latter approaching to orange in drie! specimens. Hem: piulengih © si ie 25 Middle toe ...... 2} Bilbsctaies tec 623 Outer nals oe 2 LGVSY. Shee lL Tnnerih. bein: Sheed 12 Lower part of the neck, upper part of the back, and breast light ferruginous, barred with black ; head and neck grey or hoary brown; quills, tail, upper tail coverts, and lower part of the back black, glossed with green inflections ; tertiaries long, grey; secondaries white, behind which is a bar of black ; wing spot (formed by the secondary coyerts) metallic green ; wing coverts, belly, and vent white; flanks white barred with black; bill black; legs orange, with the inside black. Young: the young birds of both sexes have the head and upper part of the neck brownish ash ; below greyish white limeated with dark brown; upper part of the back grey barred with black ; rump and scapulars deep ash; thighs white barred with light brown; vent brownish black; middle of the belly and wing coverts white; bill as in the adults; legs greenish black. BOrniha(PUCOopienG: nce ae Mi emioes eee Less. Traite d’ Orn. 627. PANTRY Ae 0 OI O SONU IAD SOS DUT STANT GOGUC Gmel. Syst. 1. 505. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 835. BON TACUG sin cotiore, Mole ore ne ao oie Galeae eter ea AOI te Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 58. ANUS Mag eH anizea iaca\retata\< siete isles atsterste steiner Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 505. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 836. BOMIG A cides sun een A ROO Sete Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 61. PANGSRE CTO Datarelcialein sie shoes Calan ata .. Gmel. Syst. 1. 504. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 836. BePniela asa.» nQanaocsabanne nooo aayooanaae Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 60. VW hite-winged Antarctic GO0se ..sccevceceevese Brown. Illust. Zool. pl. 40. IA PRITIN EMERE OD RAE OD OGUE DS BECCODD ESC ATCO DS Lath. Syn. 6. 440. IT ALTTTATE EOS? 655 305 Gann o Goduosnpesoods Lath. Syn. 6. 443. IRON NOTE So ASO GDS OO nob OOO ONEe OU SHECUUROE Lath, Syn. 6, 443. Oie des tles Malouines .....¢ cscevevees rooranan Jaz (ON. see 2) Less. Traite Orn. 627. LT? Oie des terres Magellaniques ......0ecenscees Buff. Ois. ix. p. 58, pl. En. 1006. Inhabits the southern extremity of America and the Falkland Isles; found generally in flights, according to Lesson; though we are informed by Charles Darwin, Esq. that it is generally found in pairs. The changes which the plnmage of the female of this speeies undergoes are very extraordinary. With those of the male we are at present ignorant, as to whether it assumes the white state at once or not. The young female, which is the Anas Picta of authors, first in its approach to the adult state, has the black bars on the back and neck, which become ferruginous; those on the flanks become darker, and the intermediate spaces white; the head also becomes ashy grey, and the legs approach to deep orange. Before the time of incubation black bars again appear on the neck, breast, and the upper part of the back, and the ferruginous colouring becomes lighter; the vent and under tail coverts are in very old birds white ; in younger ones ferruginous, the legs become of a brighter orange, and the head and neck become brown. Such are what we believe to be the changes of this bial for material assistance in its investigation we are indebted to Charles Darwin, Esq. and also for the trachea from which our figure is taken. The inferior larynx is furnished with a hollow rounded bulb, very similar to that of the common widgeon, but differing in its form, being flattened superiorly, and of a much stronger structure than is usual among the wading ducks. It may at once be distinguished from all the other tracheze with which we are acquainted, by an indented line on the lower surface of the bulb. (Vide our plate. ) 84 BERNICLA ANTARCTICA. Ber, Mas.—Albus, remigibus primariis apicibus nigris. Ber, Fem.—Nigra, dorso subtusque albo transversim strigato; occipite brunneo: rostro aurantiaco. ANTARCTIC GOOSE. Ber. Mas. white, with the ends of the primary quills black. Ber. Fem. black, with the back and beneath transversely striped with white ; the occiput brown ; the bill orange. Male: Length...... 25 TONS voce fem ee DoW ais eas 3 1 7-12ths Entirely white except the apical half of the primaries, which are ashy black. The back of the head in young birds is tinged with cinereous ; legs orange; bill (in the preserved specimens we have seen) black, with an orange patch over the nostrils : but Azara says it is orange. IN. IN. Hem.: Jiength. 2 :..<.. 20 DUNO LO ess i ao no ig Bil si, ue WARM oe ayeheiain? os) SEN LES Rata 2} OULOF risa Joanie aot alee Neck, breast, and belly black barred with white, the bars minute towards the head; back part of the head umber brown; scapulars and primaries very dark brown, sometimes black ; smaller wing coverts and secondaries white; tertiaries blue green; tail, lower part of the back, under tail coverts, and thighs, white ; bill and legs orange; toes and webs black in dried specimens. RALILES PATTAT CLEOUU eierere ue el eesieractelote islets sesese Grmel. Syst. 1. 505. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 835. Weta ial AOMORI ESC TOTTORI GOCE Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 59. SAN SEM CONALALEB: rai: shaveeasercies pice stein One CINELLI Feil!. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 23. 331. En Method, 3. 351. Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 38. Ganso Blanco....... Re eicieietcttsteters mosGeBen ce otne Azara Parax del Paraguay, 3. 406. Dig CO CLUE aT CNM ete ree Scand Goxreyean Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 50. ANLAr CHONG OO8Es araiste s Sermon sitan ameter eeietee Lath, Gen. Syn. 6. 442. The male of this species appears to have been first discovered by Azara. A good plate of the female will be found in the “ Voyage de la Coquille.” It inhabits South America and the adjoining islands, frequenting the sea coast and the lowlands adjoining, from whence it is called by Mr. Darwin, in his amusing Journal, the Lowland Goose. For the trachea from which our figure is taken we are indebted to the above-named friend. The bulb of the inferior larynx is not flattened above as in the last bird, but altogether bears considerable resemblance to it and the wading ducks, from which latter, in common with all other geese, it may be distinguished by the rings of the trachea being more massive, and also by the form of the tube, which is always contracted towards the inferior larynx, while in the wading ducks it always expands in that part. The flesh is not good food. Skins of both sexes are in the museum of the Zoological Society, brought home by Capt. King. | 85 BERNICLA RUFICOLLIS. Ber.—Vertice colloque posteriore atris; genis rufis. RED-NECKED GOOSE. Ber. with the crown and neck posteriorly black; the cheeks red. Dengihte ete ae ae 21 inches. Ber.: crown, forehead, and back of the neck and throat, black; on the cheek a patch of brown margined by a line of white, which afterwards passes down the neck and breast, beyond which is a bar of white; belly, wings, and tail, black; abdomen, vent, upper and under tail coverts white ; wing coyerts margined with white; bill and legs fuscous. TIE? (Qi PRAP A sonoo pagoda sock segooded saooe LHallbysyaiee (i o-Me LECT IV AGUS esocan daeoo ne cone oD dan dAOGse Gmel. Syst. 1. 511, nas torquata ....... joaoa ooosdacdeads couaod Gmel. Syst. 1. 514. LRG B UM TEEN Sa ob ae bob hoo0 Sapo DeCEEHORK Steph. Sh. Zool. 12, 53. Red-breasted goose ...... + alistehe tals eiaie iateialaleiees) Penn. Arct. Zool. 4. 571, Lath. Syst. 6, 455. A few specimens have at different times been killed in the British isles. It is a native of the arctic region, and is said to retire to Siberia and the Frozen Ocean to breed. ‘l'emminck informs us that it is in abundance near the rivers Ob and Lena during the breeding season. Nothing, how- ever, appears to be known of its nidification or habits. BERNICLA BRENTA. Ber.—Cinerea, capite colloque nigro; hoe lateribus albo maculatis. BRENT BERNICLE. Ber. cinereous, with the head and neck black; the latter on the sides with a white patch. IN. IN. y EL) 29 TAT SIC. Peeters 2 2-5ths § 313) Se 1 2-5ths Middle toe...... 2 Ber.: head, neck, and breast black, on each side of the neck a patch of white; back and wing — — ne eee | — Se OO eo ee > 86 coverts brown, with the edges of the feathers paler; below dirty white, with a yellow tinge; the margin of the feathers pure white ; back and upper tail coverts black ; neck and bill black. Berniclts Brentae ce: ietoarehe «tain ao Stearic Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 46. ALLE a RL AB a BAO ADOAD OM OOOO OGON OO ADORE Linn, Syst. 1, 198. Gmel. Syst. 1, 513, Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 844. BrenE GO08E icisle wi ecve aioe cae Rie refevareyenicietete weeee Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2-N. 478. ORO RECT RORGOGEOOD SOOONS Geodd 6 coobuadube Buff. Ois. 9. pl. 87. Inhabits the same countries with B. Leucopsis ; its nest is made of grass and sea-weed in morasses ; it lays ten or twelve eggs, perfectly white. Like its congeners, it is easily domesticated. The trachea and inferior larynx is that of the typical geese, but slightly expanded below the glottis. BERNICLA LEUCOPSIS. Ber.—Cinerea, capite colloque atro; facie alba. COMMON BERNICLE. Ber. cinereous, with the head and neck black ; the face white. Length... .\...°. 25 DONS coe idee: Oe 23 BAU rosie oe } Middle toe...... 2} Ber.: cheeks, forehead, and throat white ; crown, neck, and breast black ; above blue grey, with the margins of the feathers lighter, within which there is a line of black; tail and quills black ; tail coverts and the under surface white ; the flanks with some dark bars of grey. SAN GEN A sCUCD PSB isis raielntalsi eye ejelsietelesersiclel® eisisie are . Bechs. Nat. Deut. 4. 921. Anas Leucopsis..... Ad AdciGonocagdowhnGbSson Temm. Man, 2. 828. SBE NACIE «1 vino) se oleae se RR Te vereees Lenn. Aret, Zool. 2N. 479. Lath. Gen, Syn, 6, 466. Ure BEFNACHE vhniaieie ol aisile «isieaic othe ante nae oI SL OEE aos osaiad: An arctic species, and, like most of its genus, is only a winter visitant in these islands; is easily domesticated. Little is known of its nidification, it having only once or twice bred in confinement. The trachea is like that of B. Brenia, but of rather smaller diameter. 87 BERNICLA JUBATA. Ber. Mas.—Capite cristato, colloque brunneis; corpore cinereo, atro alboque maculato; abdomine atro. Ber, Fem.—Capite colloque brunneis albo sparsis ; corpore cinereo-brunneo et albo maculato ; abdomine albo, HAWKSBURY BERNICLE. Ber. Male, with the head crested, together with the neck brown; body cinereous, spotted with black and white ; abdomen black. Ber. Fem. with the head and neck brown blotched with white; body cinereous, spotted with brown and white; abdomen white. Rength 8. 0 23 ASU te ratte Aatcts 2 PROUD Boat da 1 1-6th Middle toe...... 2 1-6th Male: with the head and upper part of the neck umber brown; the feathers on the occiput much elongated and darker; upper part of the back, wing coverts, and lower part of the neck, cinerous, in the latter each feather having on its lateral edges a spot of black, and being tipped with white: lower part of the back, tail, abdomen, and belly in the centre, black; quills brown; ter- tiaries long, the largest cinereous, the smaller ones with the outer webs black with metallic green reflections ; wing spot metallic green, bordered anteriorly with a band of white, then with one of black posteriorly with one of white; flanks white, beautifully barred and irrorated with narrow lines of black; bill and legs black. Fem.: rather smaller than the male; head and neck as in the male, but spotted anteriorly with small white specks ; a whitish line passes from the bill below the eye, and another above it ; breast and flanks white, each feather having a transverse bar of brown, narrowest in the centre, and expanding at the edges ; abdomen and vent white; tail coverts cinereous; remainder as in the male, with the exception of the bill, which is horn colour, IB CTTUCUE TUBULE Jelevsic)s (aicieisisicletel «6 Sjovacoudeouc Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 63. CA AET A UDALL) a ates ervee sels, Havers ialelnisie sioke ceils Lath. Ind. Orn. App. 69. EL COBIGBULTS/ TR CEIUU IE 5 tals) ols iats/e) sie (siesta «is)e/ sors .. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2. 358. Inhabits New South Wales, in the neighbourhood of the Hawksbury river; is said occasionally to perch in trees. CHENISCUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. Ber.—Dorso colloque macula viridi; subtus albus. MADAGASCAR BERNICLE. Ber. with the back and neck with a patch of green; below white. Lengtho. 142 Middle toe...... 7-12ths BE eo x Male: occiput, a stripe down the back of the neck; scapulars and rump green, with purplish inflections ; quills and primary coverts sooty black, the latter edged with white; upper part of the breast, tail coverts, and flanks, reddish yellow; lower part of the breast, belly, forehead, chin, cheeks, and front of the neck, white; an ovate patch on each side of the neck, light green, with a black edge irrorated with white; under tail coverts black; bill gamboge yellow; nail, legs, and feet, black. Fem.: as in the male, but without the green marking on the neck, instead of which it is grey ; the forehead is also grey ; in other respects similar. Anas Madagascariensis .......0.. sccescnceces Gmel. Sys. Nat. 1, 522 Lath, Ind, Orn, 2, 875 MADE ASCOT Cli sto aia) ors ore wiativs sie vo /elalelelapornlaterers Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 556. Sarcelle de Madagascar ....ccce cece ee Hib StS Se Buff. Pl. Enl. 770. Inhabits Madagascar. Specimens are in the British Museum, and in that of the Zoological Society. Mr. Leadbeater also possesses two most beautiful specimens. We have also been so fortunate as to obtain a specimen of the female. 89 CHENISCUS COROMANDELIANUS. Ber.—Vertice, alis, dorso, caudaque, zeneis-fuscis ; colloque striis nigricantibus strigato. COTTON BERNICLE. ; Ber. with the crown, wings, back, and tail, brassy brown; neck streaked with black. } Length...... 13} 71 re il Lars tt. 1 _ Ber.: crown black or brassy brown; the remainder of the head and neck white; a bar of metallic green across the breast; wings and body brown or black, glossed with green; beneath white, with the lateral under-tail coverts ferruginous ; legs black; bill lead-coloured. i The female differs from the male in the markings being less distinct, and being slightly smaller. i Both sexes have occasionally the basal half of the quills white. ANAS OO OMANAEUAMG yy) nale sieice els oes oe cele es .« Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 522. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 875. } Bernicla Coromandeliana ..scee vvevescveveene Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 56. Nj (COBB LEM TIGR SOBA dea OC ONNOO DO DUEL IOUCE Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 556. | Sarcelle de Coromandel .......0004 socoanoocad Buff. Pl. Enl. 949-950. IST AMAL ETRE GB GORE DOOOCO TOCA OOOTU wees Gray Ind. Zool. Is found in Coromandel, Australia, and India. Specimens are in the museum of the Zoological Society, and in the British Museum. This bird, which is included in Col. Sykes’s catalogue of birds found in the Deccan, contained in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” is said by that gentleman to be *“monogamous: vegetable matter and gravel were found in the stomach. These birds, when wounded, dive, and on returning to the surface shew only the bill above water, keeping the body below at pleasure.” It is called the “ Cotton Teal” by the Europeans of the Deccan, from the quantity of white in the plumage. 90 ANSER INDICUS. -4ns.—Cinereus ; capite albo; fascia lunata occipitali brunnea. BAR-HEADED GOOSE. Cinereous goose; with the head white; a lunate fascia on the occiput brown. WONG Te act.) 27 GSS esis ve Spots Ros : Boller tore 12 Middle toe...... 23 Light grey goose; with the head and neck white; a brown lunule on the occiput, and an irregular fascia a little below it, from which extends down the back of the neck a broad streak, both of the same colour as the lunule; anterior part of the neck brown grey, having a space of white down each side between it and the brown at the back; centre tail feathers and quills brown ; lateral tail feathers, upper and under tail coverts, and under surface, yellowish white; a brown patch undulated with grey on each side above the thighs; bill and legs orange. UIST UM CNE Gn a Sera regsretel siene? sisthhete eevee oie ee ORT Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 36. ANAEUINOICE a els eastese eek eae on aeeiatels wee. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2..839. PROPER CRACA IC OOSE vin wraie aj oterstch <= otcuervie ahale eters aie Tore Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, 277. Anser Indica..... WayeTeaa tata clariolete leereveremavorsie srereie tie Gould. Cent. Birds. Found in most parts of India during the winter months. ANSER ERY'THROPUS, Ans.—Cinereus ; macula alba basum rostri cingente. LAUGHING GOOSKE. Cinereous goose ; with a white patch surrounding the base of the bill. TORT ccteee 27 DE ake voce aks 2} 5) 1) Meee 2 Middle toe...... 23 Head, neck, chest, breast, and belly, grey brown, the latter marked with irregular patches and 91 bars of black; back brown, with each feather margined with lighter; quills dark hoary brown ; vent, abdomen, and upper tail coverits white; tail grey brown tipped with white; the two outer ~ tail feathers entirely white ; a white patch on each side the base of the bill. Pah (tap IPI AM VAR On Gb AaNO COObD noe odoNGE Flem. Brit. An. 127. ZAPTS 956 COCACUORTO DROSHA DNOOOS 180 ADod ace Linn. Syst. 1. 197. ANSET) CLUYT OTS a \cinivieleis v\06 010/00 ole. crcerccccens Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 25. IT HDT EMD ho 0 od COO ODIO OOOO KAD DOUOOS Edw. Gle. pl. 158. AMS | ON E GUL SADA OO BOBO AO ODRGD00o OmOr Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 575. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 476. Lath, Syn. 6. 463. IE OVE OTETE GoGnbbOCOUeb. GUOC Sieharare emeyevelersiarereheis Buff. Ois. 9. 81. A regular winter resident in the British islands, and is found in the northern portion of the continents of Europe, Asia, and America. Specimens are in our collection, received from the Himalayan range and from within the arctic circle. Dr. Richardson, in the “ Fauna Boreali Americana,” informs us that its breeding places are in the woody districts skirting the Mackenzie, to the north of 67 parallel. ANSER SEGETUM. _4ns.—Cinereus ; rostro nigro, fascia flava ad apicem, BEAN GOOSE. Cinereous goose; the bill black, with a yellow fascia towards the tip. Dengile sa. «0 30 LES eateries 3 Head and neck, back, wings, tail, breast, abdomen, and flank, grey brown, each feather edged with lighter, and sometimes with white; vent, under tail coverts, and rump white; bill black with a band of yellow, in some specimens strongly tinged with pink, surrounding both mandibles near the extremity. ANSE? BEGELUT sirecouccrecsecccecssocesscess Steph. Sh, Zool, 12. 27. Anas segetum eee eee eee eee ee ee Gmel. Syst. I. 512. Lath, Ind, Orn, 2. 843. Bean Gos veces cscscecccces os Sisisie.lvisinislniels, Mae, LODIn 2. OV OE Aret. Zool, 2 N. 472. LI’ Oie sauvage ..... Airsno oF abies sialstefareuatereje nts Buff. Ois. 9. 30. Visits the British isles regularly during winter. Easily domesticated, becoming tame very shortly after their capture; but I am not aware that they have ever bred in this state, or does any thing appear to be known of their nidification. Trachea and inferior larynx typical, the former slightly expanding above the latter part. ANSER HYPERBOREAS, ns.—Albus ; remigibus atris. SNOW GOOSE. White goose ; with the quills black. Length...... 314 fox Ura aein 24 CT ge Wears 22 White, with the quills black; the legs orange; bill black. In the young state this bird has the wing coverts blue, and the remainder of the plumage more or less tinged with cinereous. The bill of this species gapes more at the sides than in any other of the genus. LUNAS DOF OTOL salaieisiolosiciate sivicieleiersntente seeoee Geel. Syst. Nat. 1. 504. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 837. Pail. Spic. vi. p. 26. ANSEF NIVEUS woven s\atotetntlepiefee oucpieteetsantclareta .». Briss. Orn. 6. 288. Oie hyperboreé ou le neige viseveceeceecees eevee Lemm. Man. d’ Orn, 525. Cur, Reg. An. 1. 531. tateieistevstolatelefets SpocanRoGue Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 198. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 513. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 836. Ore des Esquimauzx cocvecscecevee sacveceseses Duff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 80. Anas cerulescens.... Met with in the northern parts of America and Europe. — 93 ANSER MELANOPTERUS. Anser.—Albus; rectricibus majoribus, tertiis, et secondariis, atris. BLACK AND WHITE GOOSE. White goose; with the greater quills, tertiaries, and secondaries, black. Length...... 281 LOI Shie co ashes 0s fa 33 UBRIUG sik ores oe 12 Middle toe...... 3y White, with the greater quills and adjoining secondaries brown black, glossed with brassy ; a few of the tertiary coyerts with a longitudinal stripe of brown on the shaft; head and neck inclining to grey ; bill orange; nail black; legs orange. Anser melanopterus, nobis. —+— Brought home by Capt. King, obtained from the lake of Titicaca, Chili. In the museum of the Zoological Society, We observed also specimens in the British Museum, and in that of Lord Derby, at Knowsley. ANSER FERUS. Ang.—Cinereus; rostro aurantiaco. WILD GOOSE. Cinereous goose ; with the bill orange. Length...... 34 Bi 0k YR 23 Head, neck, back, and wing coyerts, grey brown, the former rather the lightest; all the feathers edged with light grey ; breast and belly dirty white, crossed by a stripe of grey; rump, vent, and under tail coverts white ; bill deep orange, with the nail white; legs, tarsi, and feet red. PELE ATRL RO IIO COSOE I LODODUD OOD DOE DOTA Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 28. ANA8 ferUus vo vevens Syenetaif wisiisl cieletetatatetelsiprernialerers Gmel, Syst. 1. 510. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 841. Grey lag Goose ...., TRIO DEEN ONOTORMO LO CE! LLL ae et ae Ade py -paay UP Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 473. Lath. Syn. 6. 459. Ove cendree ou premire eee Temm. Man, Orn, 2. 818. 94 We have followed Mr. Stephens and Mr. Gould in preserving to this species the name of ferus, and to one of the foregoing A. segetum, as being better known than those of Dr. Fleming used by Mr. Selby. The above bird arrives here in the winter in great numbers, and, according to Tem- minck, the distribution of it is very wide, being over Europe, Nubia, and part of Western Africa, inhabiting lakes and marshes. Breeds in the north, and formerly reared its young in this country, laying about ten eggs of a white colour. = ANSER GUINEENSIS. Ans.—Griseo-cinereus; subtus albus, tuberculo ad basin rostri. SWAN GOOSE. Griseous-cinereous goose ; below white, with a tubercle at the base of the bill. LONGED lets a 8 3 5 39 inches. Above cinereous grey, with the edges of the feathers light grey; from the occiput down the back of the neck runs a dark brown streak to the back; fore part of the neck, breast, and abdomen, dirty white ; bill (which has a large knob at its base) greenish white colour; legs orange. The female is less than the male, and with the colours not so distinct; the knob at the base of the bill is also smaller. PUNBEV MT UIECNSUS. ails ale le cteisie eye crete Sood occeny Raii Syn. 1. 38. Briss. Orn. 6. 280. ANSED CYGNOWMES|. cicivice ce. oils A oocccro.coracnn .. Linn. Syst. 1. 194. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 838. CRineseHGOOSe a aienee civitele alvicielsie teeters cose Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2. 571. ISTLA7 VG OOSE oes sie avew ore lasavereralietcrecicle Ratevenctee fale .. Benick Brit. Birds, 2. 281. DERLO TE CERO TOO DD ONC 0 00 Seo AOOUE coterie . Buff. Ois. 9. 72, pl. 3, pl. Enl. 347. Said to inhabit (in a wild state) some parts of Siberia and Kamschatka, and to have been originally brought to this country from Guinea, but are now to be found in a semi-domesticated state in most parts of Europe. This species crosses freely with the common tame goose, and their offspring are again productive. Trachea of large diameter, and very much in this part, as in its whole anatomy, resembling the true swans. The trachea descends between the rami of the os furcatum, and is joined to the point from whence they diverge by a strong ligament, as in the black swan. 95 ANSER HUTCHINSII. Ans.—Minusquam sequenti, sed similis. HUTCHINS GOOSE. Goose similar to the following, but smaller. Wengen «sors 25 DAYS (5 sass tai « 2s 10 UREA ERAS 3 Middle toe....... 34 Goose with the head, neck, rump, and tail, black; back and wings brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter; a small mark anterior to the eye, and a kidney-shaped patch on the throat, white ; below white, with the flank transversely barred with grey; bill and feet black. Anser Hutchinsii..... pfereeeleyvisychelietateus ahatars laa cere Faun. Bo. Am. 2p. 270. nas bernicla, Var. B...... Sn OHO OUOOO OOCUUDUT Rich app. Parry 2 Voy. 1. 368. A common species in Hudson’s Bay and the arctic parts of America, where it has, until separated by Dr. Richardson, been confounded with the Canada goose, which it much reembles in every respect except in size. ANSER CANADENSIS. Anser.— Cinereus; capite colloque superiore atris; genis guttureque macula alba. CANADA GOOSE. Cinereous goose; with the head and upper part of the neck black; the cheeks and throat with a white patch. Length...... 42 DEES RIS SA OPC 33 Bs shy os hs 2 1-6th Middle toe ...... At Goose with the head, upper half of the neck, quills, tail, and rump, velvet black; back and wings brown, with the edges of each feather lighter; the lower part of the neck anteriorly and under surface white, with a grey tinge at the root of the feathers; a large kidney-shaped patch on the throat and cheeks, with the small ends placed behind the eye, white; upper tail coverts also white ; bill and feet black. ARGBASATGAPNEID yy cd dh a neisivos oisieis v609 Hh vevee Linn. Syst, Nat, 1. 198. Anser Canadensis ,....0 see Rees rank veceseece Bonap, Syn. Bir, dm. 377, Aud. Orn. Biog. 3. 18. This species is easily kept in a semi-domesticated state, and breeds freely. Ina wild state it breeds in the neighbourhood of Hudson's Bay, from whence they migrate southward over the American Continent during winter. Lays about five eggs. 96 CYGNUS OLOR. Cyg.—Albus ; rostro aurantiaco, tubercula culmine ad basin pedibusque atris. MUTE SWAN. Cya. white; bill orange, with a knob on the culmen and feet black. UE cy oc ee ee 5 feet 6 inches. ANAS IOLON eielese s- ne.chavelerslersivils wie ciefeitleniv is Meise CCINCE SY ie ial OD Le ZANGSCYUQMUSIINGMSUCTUS. ./nvuiw vis doJale picts «'~/n)el ei eeteisie Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 194. Ratt Syn. 133 A. EU OTUS ECL LOGES SAGUA ORO GEO 0 SOC ODO ONS OOO T at oe Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 470. Lath. Gen, Syn, 6. 436. TACYONE Hees 'ciee si NOOO SOU C DS De OOOO ODOOS oO. Buff. Ois. 9. 3 Pl. 1. Supposed to have been introduced into this country from Asia, and is said at present to exist in a wild state in Russia and Siberia; now found commonly on large rivers and pieces of water, where it is half domesticated and breeds freely, laying six or seven eggs of a dirty white colour, or with a very slight tinge of greenish; sits about six weeks. The trachea in this species does not enter the sternum, but has the tube of equal thickness for its whole length, being merely slightly contracted above the inferior larynx. = De CYGNUS IMMUTABILIS. Cyg.—Albus ; rostro aurantiaco, tubereulaque culmine ad basin atro; pedibus flavicantibus. POLISH SWAN. White swan; with the bill orange, and a tubercle on the culmen at the base black; the feet yellowish. Similar in size and in every other particular to the preceding, except in the colouring of the feet and legs, which are light drab colour. The young of this species are white from the eggs, and do not exhibit any of the grey or brown colouring found invariably among the others. Cygnus OMMUtADUES oo ccecrcevecee Wale wvslele fen m ate, Laver: For what we have said concerning this species we are altogether indebted to the Earl of Derby ——_— = s- * 97 and William Yarrell, Esq. We never have had an opportunity of minutely examining a specimen for ourselves. Several specimens have been killed this winter (1837-8) both in Scotland and England, from flocks varying in number from seven to thirty. Mr. Yarrell also informs us, that hitherto he was only acquainted with the bird as an article of commerce among the London dealers in live birds, who distinguished it by the name of the Polish Swan. CYGNUS ATRATUS. Cyg.—Niger, cinereo undulato. BLACK SWAN. FT. IN. IN, Longth ...... 4 2 Outer toe. ci. 4} LT RCO Ane 4} TURE TOE ssn. <2. OF Centre toe .... 5 JENA OP oo ae 600+ g Black, with the edges of the feathers cinereous; quills, secondaries, and greater coverts white tipped with black; bill carmine red, marked transversely near the tip with a white band; nail white ; legs and feet dark yellowish ash, with the webs darkest. Anas atratd vr.ss syotevelararey sits ahuleisiavie's s\elvle)/alninterels Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 834. ATLAS PURE OTAUG a) wie. wiain'eoren) s'sin\0)visivin (simian els) a\ers/>/ oie Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 108. Cygnus atratus vs... FOUGONIOCOCORUOOmUOD ...» Steph, Sh. Zool. 12. 18. ITD INTO son a00, AOD h On ierereneis fers foxetors si Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. 343. TOT EOP o1de0 oer CO ODON00 COODODOO CONS LOUIS TUG kite (ae eey 2), ; Trachea ..... She 8 Poco SIERO IERCe A ORCRTOO ssevseee Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 12. Entirely an Australian species. The tube of the trachea does not enter the sternum, but is attached to the os furcatum by a ligament; in other respects the anatomy resembles that of the true swans. i) 7 ¢ ==. a ee. 98 | CYGNUS NIGRICOLLIS. | Cyg.—Albus ; capite colloque atris. | BLACK-NECKED SWAN. | 5 5 mt White swan; with the head and neck black. | Dy IN IN. Wengthy oss an 4 2 Billerie nr 33 White swan; with the head and neck black; bill black, with two knobs at the base; legs } orange. ELIAS TET LCOLUES Maiele arate cfofelctoleye(s eieioneisisratstosrcyereiets Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 502. i Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 834. if Anas Melanoceplalus occ ccyrcecae vecves veneer Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 502. CUO MUS TO TICOU Stax acale ayelalata ae Puistelteneeterareielstaiets Steph. Sh. Zool. 12.17. i) PU SIEY AUT ORI EI YUE AANOD A SOC ALS OOO 0:0 UO tio Moll. French edit, 213. i+ Inhabits the Falkland Isles and the Straits of Magellan. t | i@ if iF ‘ Cyg.—Albus ; rostro atro, baso usque ad nares aurantiaco, BEWICK’S SWAN. White swan; with the bill black, the base orange to the nostrils. | CYGNUS BEWICKIL ! t Length -.... 3 105 TSU Speers 43 SBOU eet 3f Middle toe .... 5 1 e White; with the bill black, the basal half yellow, the yellow marking truncated at the ex- ) tremity ; legs and toes black. Cygnus Bewickii, and trachea 01... seeeee wees Varr. Linn. Trans, vol. 10. | Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, p. 86. Discovered by Mr. Yarrell and Mr. R. Wingate to be an inhabitant of the British isles. i The trachea of this species during youth penetrates the keel of the sternum in a similar manner to that of C. ferus, but may always be distinguished by the greater length of the bronchie. As the bird approaches maturity the tube at the internal extremity of the portion penetrating the sternum takes a horizontal twist, increasing in size and the depth to which it penetrates with age. The tube of the trachea is acted upon by two pairs of muscles, the first pair sterno-tracheal, the other having their attachment on the membrane stretched between the rami of the os furcatum and the sternum. (Vide fig.) pag re "TIM OLMa A at S all AS-DON d Te) XX y OYD SPADYO OY LQ wl Oro A TO SPIISAM re. Serer ere 99 CYGNUS AMERICANUS. Cyg.—Cygno Bewickii similis, sed majore. AMERICAN SWAN. Swan like Cygnus Bewickii, but larger. FT. IN IN Length... . AT UT Ste cee taieah 02% Ext. Ale.... T 0 Outer toe... 54 REC te oat « 4 Middle toe.... 6 The only specimen of this bird we have seen was shewn to us by Mr. Audubon; it appeared to have the bill more expanded towards the tip than is the case in Cygnus Bewichii, and altogether to. be of larger size. The Prince of Musignano assures us that he is quite satisfied as to its distinct- ness from C. Bewickii. OY GTS PANIOT ICUS Ae Meera eieferare hele ole elas are Sharpless in Silliman’s Journal. LETRA tant aa aistelahelniers efelay viaiees ave ele: tere ey Ditto ditto. COE IER ACTA HARE DBO GORHD DIDBOORDORCH OCC Faun. Bo, Am. 2. 465. Inhabits North America. The following is an extract from Dr. Sharpless’s paper above quoted. We must not, how- ever, forget to mention that the tracheal anatomy of this species is so very similar to that of C. Bewickii, that Dr. Sharpless has copied the illustrations of Mr. Yarrell’s paper on that species, published in the Linnzan Transactions, to illustrate his on C. Americanus. Speciric Cuar. Beak black and semi-cylindrical; sides of the base with a small orange or yellow spot; body white; tail feathers twenty ; feet black. Hooper. Benick. American. AGLI Pe Oy ee ee 24bs. .. 132Ibs. .. 21 lbs. Point of bill to the end of tail SO le wimirccoita 5ft. PP Stte Gite et at GU, edge of forehead “ 48m. .. ddin. .. 4hin. CNG ames eas, en ke ee Shin...) 43in t= bint MCG) vslc stb) ences ine CS Gain: SE bin. “8 Width of the beak at the widest part near the point iin, MULTE WIS, OMEANOC 88 Godt ke ite Tf, 10in, ... G6ft. lin. .. Tit. Aim. Carpus to the end of primaries .... ee eee 2ft. ldin... lft. Shin... ft. Lim. Beteth of middletoe nu cse fae ees 6hin. .. Sin. ean Meee ee SAT ELS oy ys ee ass 12ft. .- lOft. Zin, .. LOff. Tin. PROUOUMOR | 8 wadds 6) sews Bhin. .. 6§in. rey aie Depth of insertion of trachea ....-. 0 se eee 3in. .. 5#in. ~<) Odin. Length of bronchialtubes «...... = = sesess Shin, =. gin. Pres seit ail feathers In Mambher et tee 20 “Le fo ae 100 It is not improbable, as Mr. Yarrell suggests, that this species and C. Buccinator will be found to be confined to America; C. Bewickii and C. ferus representing them in Europe. Dr. Richardson, in the ** Fauna Boreali Americana,” says that “ this swan breeds on the sea coast within the arctic circle, and is seen in the fur countries on its passage only. It makes its appearance among the latest of the migratory birds in the spring, while the Trumpeter swans are, with the exception of the eagles, the earliest. Capt. Lyon describes its nest as built of moss peat, nearly six feet long, four feet and three quarters wide, and two feet high exteriorly; the cavity a foot and half in diameter, the eggs brownish white slightly coloured with darker tints.” CYGNUS BUCCINATOR. Cyg.—Albus ; rostro atro. TRUMPETER SWAN. White swan; with the bill black. DOG. ounce, Ae GYR S cate Tee sin ge 34 TET Sr eae 2} Middle toe...... 43 CYGNUS BUCCINALOT co vee wscivn dn cvs civldnieaceee) LAU. -DOSAIn. 2a toe, Trachea and sternum ciccceccceveceserecceses Linn, Trans. vol. xvii. p. 1, 7. 1. Dr. Richardson informs us, in the “ Fauna Boreali Americana,” that ‘this is the most common of the genus in the interior of the fur countries. It breeds as far south as lat. 61, but principally within the arctic circle, and in its migrations generally precedes the geese a few days. A fold of its trachea enters a protuberance on the dorsal or interior aspect of the sternum at its upper part, which is wanting in C. ferus and C. Bewickii.” It is to the Trumpeter that the bulk of the swan skins imported from Hudson’s Bay belong. a 10} CYGNUS ANATOIDES. Cyg.—Albus ; remigibus primariis, ad apicem nigris; rostro pedibusque rubris, illo lato, subdepresso, tuberculo nullo. (King. ) DUCK-LIKE SWAN. White swan ; with the primaries black at the apices; bill and feet red, the former broad, sub- depressed, without a tubercle. IN. IN Lengths 0. és 42 fs det oe 3s Ea ce Qu Middle toe...... 43 Cygnus anatoides. King .scsccuececccceeensae, Zool. Proc. Dec. 14, 1830. ‘Habitat in sinubus interioribus apud extremitatis meridionalem America. ( King.) I am informed by C. Darwin, Esq. that he observed this swan in company with C. nigricollis in the Straits of Magellan. The bill in this species is broader in proportion to its length than is usual amongst the swans. CYGNUS FERUS. Cyg-—Albus: rostro atro, baso ultra nares aurantiaco. HOOPER. White swan; with the bill black, the base orange to beyond the nostrils. Bi nae. 43 Middle toe ...... 64 White ; with an occasional tinge of buff colour; bill black, cere yellow, and is carried to a point before the nostrils on the edge of the upper mandible ; legs and feet black. OUGRUE FerUs. cecccccavsvassvaserecussasaess 208 Syn. 1304. Anas Cygnus ferusievrciesircere seovrseinsecaes Linn, Syst. 1,194. Gmel. Syst. 3. 501. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 833. Whistling Sroan vicccevavece cavccees ccsssess Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2. 833. TrAChEG seecuscvcasvcccvecsvesvccaceccsesces Linn, Trans, vol. 4, tab. 12, fig. 1, 2. a anreneaely 102 A winter visitant in the British isles, particularly during hard weather; its true habitation, however, is within the arctic circle. In Iceland it also occasionally breeds. Lives well and is prolific on large pieces of water in a semi-domesticated state, sitting six weeks, and laying from four to six eggs of a greenish colour. The trachea in this species perforates the keel of the sternum deeply in a vertical direction. SARKIDIORNIS REGIUS, Sar.—Supra niger-zneus, subtus albus; mas. caruncula magna culmine rostri. BLACK-BACKED GOOSE. Goose with the upper part brassy-black ; below white; the male with a large caruncle at the base of the bill. Male: ength...... 30 TASER done athe pees 23 BE s Sete se 23 Middle toe 0... at Bill black, with a large caruncle on the culmen; head and neck white, spotted with metallic green; under parts white, and wings purplish black, glossed in some lights with brassy, a band of black extending from the back to the posterior part of the thighs; wings with a knob; lower part of the back white ; tail coverts black. Wem. s0 Vii oe ehe es os 27 inches Bl, os. 5 .... 2 inches Bill without the caruncle, colouring similar, but with the white more or less tinged with brown, and without the band of black behind the thighs ; bill and legs in both black. Anas DOGUM sss siataielerois(alejelsisieye sie efeie BUDODUC veeee Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 508. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 847. Moll. Hist. du Chili. p. 212. CATING vocces ceceveuvenstucceiccsoes sevesere Sleph. in the Zool. val. 12. 82. Anas melanotus ....6. ++ ejaie spcaiaiete crete cs vevces Grmel. Syst. Nat. 1.508. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 839. L’ Oie bronzee @ Coromandel iss.sccveres ...... Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. pl. 937. Black-backed Goose .s.ceccececececcvecseseess Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 449. Le cravant royal ....ees einclasec ecceebiveecevee P Ctl. IMELROs OFM: DOLMEaLAG DG Ove OP ONZeeViretese «0 a,e\6\ele/aja\s)sie/o{e wisiele'e/el dr ane wee Of ase los Found in Cayenne and most parts of India; is also included in the list of birds of the Deccan, by Col. Sykes, who also says that seeds of water grasses, and the remarkable quadrangular hard seeds met with in the stomach of Pterocles ewustus, were also found in the stomach of this bird. Col. Sykes found the digastric muscle of the remarkable thickness of 1 1-5th inch. 103 f SARKIDIORNIS AFRICANUS. Sar.—Minusquam precedenti, sed in colore similis. AFRICAN BLACK-BACKED GOOSE. Less than the preceding, but in colour similar. Male: Length...... 23 I RTA BA tatty ee 2 Rees. 2 2 Middle toe...... 23 Wem: Length. ...:. 21 MANS ce, otaterciayers 1Z PRU Rp raeiee 12 Middle toe...... 24 Both sexes resemble perfectly in colouring the preceding species, except in admeasurement, in which they differ considerably. We have never seen a specimen with the caruncle, our specimen haying evidently had it cut off, probably from the difficulty of preserving it. Sarkidiornis Africanus nobis. The four specimens in our collection were received from the Gamba river. Specimens have also been brought home by Dr, Smith from Southern Africa, who will in his forthcoming work publish a figure of this species. CHENALOPEX AKGYPTIACA. Chen.—Dorso castaneo; subtus leviter flavo-ferrugineo, sparsus lineatusque brunneo. EGYPTIAN CHENALOPEX. With the back castaneous ; below slightly tinged with ferruginous yellow, sprinkled and line- ated with brown. Length...... 271 DNGY oo ass ens acae * 2 0 2 a ee 2} Middle toe....... 3 Male: head and neck hoary, with the occiput and a stripe down the back of the neck approaching to ferruginous ; a patch round the eyes and ring round the lower part of the neck deep castancous ; upper part of the back, scapulars, tertiaries, and a triangular patch on the breast, also castaneous, some of the feathers in the former being irrorated with black; the inner webs also of some of the tertiaries hoary grey. ‘The whole of the remainder of the breast and under surface is light yellow ferruginous irrorated with brown, except the abdomen, which is pure white; vent ferruginous ; lower part of the back, tail, quills, and spurious wing, black; secondaries bright metallic green, forming the wing spot; wing coverts white, the greater ones with a bar of black near the tips; bill and legs orange. ; ee ——— 104 Female: with the chesnut patches round the eyes and on the breast smaller, ANAS LUG YPUACE » wnjs sia wnsie\sjumre biete tsinieiaielaiacalase Linn, Syst. 1.197. Gmel. Syst. 1. 512. Briss. Orn. 6. 284. pl. 27. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 840. Chenalopex AE gyptiacd vvvive ves Reco Rislree Unenies Steph. Sh. Zool. 12, 43. DONO SCH s 27. VARS OG Dp Cae mised furs nisiue!) Sta/erainte Buff. Pl. En. 379, 982, 983. EGU IUATINEEGOSE la, nein ais sjeeseloisVeleielaiieieielorsie nin Lath. Syn, 6, 455. Inhabits most parts of Africa, especially Egypt and the Cape of Good Hope. We have figured the trachea and skeleton of this bird in illustration of the genus. CHENALOPEX CANA. Che.—Mas. castaneus capite albo; occipite colloque canis. Che.—Fem. Mari similis sed capite omnino cano. GREY-HEADED SPURWING. Length. !.-: 25 POSER 1 erste ate 4 UL ae Ree 12 Middle toe ...... 2t - Male: castaneous chenalopex, with the whole of the head excepting the crown white; neck and crown grey; wing coyerts white; secondaries with the outer webs green; quills, tail, and vent hoary brown, the latter with a black band; bill and legs black; the bend of the wing armed with a spur. Female: similar to the male, but with the whole of the head hoary. Fil CUPOLA GIG ANGORA AOAC OO DO GOOFS) BA nOpaAOC Gmel. Syst. 1. 510. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 840. JETP CULO en WOR TOOLS MAGA OO TS Deere Steph. Sh. Zool, 12. 61. CORI DHT ON Cui Rane OI GWH TOS OIOeUO FINO Foor Lath. Syn. 6. 458. L’ Oie sauvage a téte grise de Coromandel ....... Sonn Voy, 2. 220. The above descriptions were taken from two specimens brought home by Dr. Smith, and exhibited in the South African museum, having been obtained in the neighbourhood of the Cape. It has, however, been introduced alive into this country, and kept in confinement both by Lord Derby at Knowsley and in the gardens of the Zoological Society. Specimens are in the museum of that society. i ‘7 4 f D. x 105 TADORNA BELLONITI. Tad.—Albus; capite colloque atris; rostro cruribusque rubris. COMMON SHELDRAKE, White sheldrake; with the head and neck black ; the bill and legs red, Length. ....: 231 fe ecen A Aoticw eae 0 Se ee 2 Middle toe...... 2% Head and upper part of the neck black, glossed with green; fore part of the wings, back, tail, abdomen, and tail coverts, white; tail feathers tipped with black; a line down the middle of the abdomen black; upper part of the back and band across the breast deep ferruginous; quills black ; wing spot green ; bill and legs reddish orange, the latter in some specimens inclining to flesh colour. HDT UES GOGOOOHOOONE Sie creiaraiete seeee Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 195-4. Raii Syn. 140 4. 1. TAROT NG CUUPANEEF sain ais c\aleeieieis) a sisiaie vies) ose sie COLeMi. Ditt. An. U. 122, Ee Tagore. cesss wiles sistelasis os velslelelele delate «1 CCle Orsay 200. Canard Tadorne cvessesscscesses ssessecscess Lemm. Man. Tadorna vulpanser .visecess see clerine vcceeseee Selb: Illust. Brit, Orn. 11, 289. * Gould, Birds of Europe. Tadorna Belloni sescessecccvesssscccenesssss Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 72. UF OERET. women csaievataren ote. aiaieesee secscvevere» Linn. Trans. vol, iv. tab. 15, fig. 9, 10. Found oyer nearly the whole of Europe and some parts of Asia and America; lays twelve eggs of a whitish colour, generally in rabbit holes; frequents the sea. Trachea of male slightly enlarged about an inch and half above the inferior larynx, and again contracted immediately above it, as among the Anserine. The inferior larynx is furnished with two large compressed bulbs, the one on the right side being nearly double the size of that on the left; but neither are of such strength as in those species of the last family which possess that adjunct. I 106 TADORNA RADJAH. Tad.—Capite, collo, ventre, ptilisque albis; collo inferiore lato castaneo cingulo ornato, sparso atro. RADJAH SHELDRAKE. Head, neck, belly, and anterior part of the wing white; the lower part of the neck surrounded by a band of deep castaneous irrorated with black. Length. ..... 221 Bill Head, neck, belly, and anterior part of the wing white; lower part of the neck surrounded by a collar of deep castaneous, thickly and beautifully irrorated with black; wing spot bright green, anterior to which there is a white stripe, then a very narrow one of black, posteriorly a narrow black stripe followed by one of white; scapulars dark sienna brown irrorated with black ; tertiaries with the outer webs sienna brown; inner webs, quills, tail, back, and under tail coyerts, black ; vent black irrorated with white; bill and legs orange. Anas Radjah........005 sistetetelars veccereceeee Duperrey, Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 49. Specimens are in most museums, received from Australia, but from what part we cannot say. Although we have examined many specimens, no sexual difference has been observed. CASARKA RUTILA. Cas.—Ferruginea ; cauda remigesque primariis atris; speculo viridi. FERRUGINOUS SHELDRAKE., Ferruginous sheldrake ; with the tail and quills black ; the wing spot green. Pengtloc ce. 243 Ball raiser iu LOPS. ces 2 Ruddy ferruginous, with the head and anterior part of the wing lighter, sometimes nearly white ; tail and lower part of the back black glossed with green; quills black; secondaries bright glossy green, with the inner webs hoary; bill and legs black; sometimes a black ring round the neck is visible. Casarka rutila sci eees AGN aOoe BONES seseee. Bonap. Cat. 4m. and Europ. Birds. ITUESY OGSAE [CE Mata ciaieso) a njalsafelcle'e s'sisteeisle seveceee Linn, Syst. 3 App. 224. Anas rutila ..... Gobocea cat So peo8oncgorsds ofas Pall. Nov. Com. Petrop. 14. 579. LACE TULUG .oocvccccees SoooasaaoodonoOCE . Steph. Sh. Zool, 12.71. Selb. Illust. Brit. Orn. 2. 293. Canard Casarka ....00 vse Sadoanoeo dennonoone PMs ICO NORE. Ye tSRP) Ruddy Sheldrake....... sosscgaoss Sccaononods Gould, Birds of Europe. HEP ANOUSUDUCTO wars sce tateeteten cine hee see chars Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 313. Ruddy Goose..... San HOABD OAS Petites sesaticcee Lath. Syn. 6. 456. Met with occasionally in most parts of the European continent, India, and Africa; lays eight white eggs; frequents chiefly fresh water. Col. Sykes found these birds for the most part of the year in pairs in the Deccan; but on the Nerbudda river, in Guzerat, he has seen them congregated in hundreds in April. Col. Sykes found the stomachs of many of them filled with grass seeds and vegetable matter only. CASARKA 'TADONOIDES. Cas.—Capite, cauda, vertreque atris, hoc castaneo sparso ; cingulo albo collo. NEW HOLLAND SHELDRAKE. Sheldrake, with the head, tail, back, and belly black, the latter irrorated with castaneous ; a white ring round the neck. Length. ..... 27 D Ee iz Tarte. 2 Head, back, belly, and tail black; the back and belly irrorated with ferruginous; the lower part of the back and tail slightly tinged with green; upper part of the back, breast, and outer webs of the tertiaries ferruginous ; a white collar round the neck; fore part of the wing white; wing spot light green; quills black; legs and bill black. In the female a white band surrounds the base of the bill, from which another passes through the eye. ; Anas Tadonoides civeccssrevessssccsecsesseses dard, § Selb. Illus. Orn. pl. 411, Inhabits New Holland. 108 CASARKA CASTANEA. Cas.—Castanea; capite colloque albo. CASTANEOUS SHELDRAKE. Castaneous sheldrake; with the head and neck white. Length... .; 29 TORU nese a aiate 23 BC. sa saree 2 Middle toe...... 23 Sheldrake, with the body below castaneous; the head, neck, and greater wing coverts white ; the back, rump, and tail brown, the former speckled with white ; tertiaries with the external webs castaneous ; the internal ones and some of the secondary coverts blueish grey; bill black; legs crimson. i ae Casarka castanea nobis. Purchased from Mr. Leadbeater, who received it from New Holland. DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA. Dend.—Fusca ; marginibus pennarum vinaceis, subtus castanea; vertice brunneo. ARCUATED WHISTLING DUCK. Fuscous duck ; with the margins of the feathers vinaceous, below castaneous ; the head brown. IN. Ben giliicrassiates 19 d dist, Daehs acer 12 Ball. ts.-t258 - 8 Middle toe ...... 23 Duck, with the head and neck whitish, slightly tinged with yellow vinaceous ; crown brown ; back hoary fuscous, the edges of each feather vinaceous, forming arcuated lines; wing and upper tail coverts deep chesnut ; below ferruginous ; under tail coverts white; quills and tail black ; bill and feet also black. Female smaller, and the colours less distinct. ARGS OT CUULG alee Wve cite «=a eie[n a/alicieTaletafel ietsiatclele eet OTS 00 rene) OE: ANAS TAVANICA veveveccccacecees vececececeess dors. Arrang. of the Birds of Java: Linn. Trans. vol, xiii. p. 199. Marecd AWSurce sicvircccecesecessvsessscees Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 168. J2YTML) DIUDQEDD VULIPRT 2 E j sigs © ae Ate eae ST Se Pe em a 109 Found by Dr. Horsfield in Java, and by Col. Sykes in the Deccan. It appears to be gene- rally dispersed over India. Col. Sykes, in his Synopsis, says it is ‘‘ gregarious, and abundant in the Deccan. Sexes alike in plumage,” “ These birds are characterised by a very peculiar whistle when disturbed, by a proportionate length of the intestine (one-third shorter than any other species of the Anatide ), and by the inferior larynx being dilated into two oblong chambers, placed rather in front of, than lateral to, the trachea.” DENDROCYGNA AU’TUMNALIS. Dend.—Fusca; vertre atro; rostro pedibusque rubris. AUTUMNAL WHISTLING DUCK. Fuscous ; with the belly black; bill and legs red. Back, crown, head, collar on the neck, and tertiary coverts, vinaceous ; streak down the back of the neck black fuscous ; throat, cheeks. and upper part of the breast grey, inclining to vinaceous on the former; secondaries, top of the primaries, tail, belly, aad lower part of the back black; under tail coverts barred with black and dirty white; base of the primaries and some of the primary coverts white. ALAS AUP so cla n'y a naiescove en kes ees vase Linn. Syst. 1. 205. Gmel. Syst. 1. 537. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 852. Red-billed Whistling Ducks ssvccccsecvsceveees Edw, Glea, pl. 194. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 498. Siffieur a bec rouge et NATiNCS JAUNE viseseseees . Buff. Ois. 9, 183. Inhabits the West Indian Isles; is common also in South America. We have received it from Peru, where it is not uncommonly kept tame as in this country. 110 DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA. Dend. Mas.—Capite anteriore guttureque albis; subtus atro. Dend, Fem.—Mari similis, sed obscurior. WIDOW WHISTLING DUCK. Male duck, with the fore part of the head and throat white ; below black. Fem. duck, similar, but with the marking not so bright. IN. IN. IN. Length...... 20 Bun 1Z TREN oes 12 Fore part of the head and throat whitish ; crown white, with the tip of the feathers stiff like hair, and olive brown; occiput and hind neck black; upper part of the neck and breast dark chesnut ; back fuscous olive, the edge of each feather lighter; smaller wing coverts chesnut; quills and secondaries black ; remainder of the wing fuscous, with a tinge of green; tail, middle of the abdomen, and thighs black ; flanks yellowish white barred with black ; legs and bill black. Female similar, but with the colours not so bright. LILES OULULEC ralelaliisjeloisiolalelslelareveinisyeleveneuitelt siete) tee Linn. Syst. 1. 205. Gmel. Syst. 1. 536. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 858. SULTS 12 MOCO! vole tet vetererch tel stetete aitafereisiepatesisteys Penn. Genera of Birds, pl. 13. Canard a face blane de Maragnonsesvrsceceeees Buff. Otis. 9. 255. Inhabits both South America and Senegal. Is represented by travellers as having, like the rest of its genus, a peculiar whistling note. DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA. Dend.—Brunnea albo maculato; vertice nigro. BLACK-BILLED WHISTLING DUCK. Brown duck, mottled with white; the crown black. DCRGtE. cscrate 193 Middle toe ....... 3 1 AP eerie 21 OO 108. ig vin ok 2 3-5ths VES gis ciescsore 3 Hind t0€..60.056. il Inner toe..... 2 1-5th Crown black; fore part of the head, back, breast, and wings, dark brown; lighter on the BB! edges of the feathers; breast and neck dirty white, at the lower part slightly spotted with black and brown ; a streak down the back of the neck dark brown; under surface white, each feather barred with black and brown; thighs the same; tail and lower part of the back black; bill lead- coloured ; legs and feet black. CTS PANT DODO COOOOARCOAC AG adbasaandce Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 207. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 540. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 852. Anas fistularis Jamaicensis reeves. Siete tehe\ale\alsralc Raii Syn. 192. Black-billed Whistling Duck .cccvccvvevvcceees Edw. Glea. pl. 193. Canard Siffieur de St. Dominique ..vecees coceee Buff. Ois. 804. Inhabits the West Indies and the adjacent portions of America. LEPTOTARSIS EYTONI. Zep.—Brunneus; lateribus axillaribusque ferrugineis. BROWN SLENDERLEGS. Brown duck, with the flanks and axillaries ferruginous. TE ORGEh. «wine's 21 SWE OR SE Ae 2 1-5th BALD the sinpoias 13 Middle toe ...... 23 Duck, with the wings, back, and scapulars vandyke brown, inclining to slaty blue on the upper part of the back; flanks posteriorly bright ferruginous buff, ornamented with very long axillary feathers, each of which are edged with black, and entirely covered when the wing is closed ; tail coyerts also buff; the flanks anteriorly and under wing coverts bright ferruginous, the former beautifully barred with black; crown and streak down the back of the neck sienna brown, the feathers on the former rather stiff; below luteous, inclining to dirty lemon colour; the chin and throat lighter; two-thirds of the bill towards the base black; the remainder, with the legs, ap- proaching to orange yellow. VOT A LE e 8] OB ARODOL GDC DORE peleiaisiela ave Gould, MSS. This beautiful and unique bird, which Mr. Gould has done us the honour to call by our name, is in the possession of the Zoological Society, and was received from Australia. 112 DAFILA UROPHASIANUS. Daf. Mas.—Cauda pallidé rufis; dorso, capite, colloque brunneis, marginibus pennarum saturatioribus. Daf. Fem.—Mare similis, sed subtus fuscus. PINTAIL. Pintail, with the tail pale rufous; the back, head, and neck brown; with the edges of the feathers lighter. Fem. like the male, but below fuscous. Lengths’. co 24} UESHUL ace oie 2 ATS eter ane 13 Male: with the head, neck, and body grey brown; the edges of the feathers light fuscous ; cheeks, throat, and upper part of the fore neck, white; wing coverts fuscous; speculum bright green, anterior to which there is a stripe of pale red-fuscous; posteriorly a narrow one of black, then a broad one of pale reddish fuscous; tail and upper tail coverts pale reddish; bill and legs fuscous, the former with an orange patch on each side, Female: similar to the male, but much smaller; and below brownish fuscous. Anas urophasianus, King cevvcvevccceesuvees . Zool. Jour. 4. 351. Although some difference exists in length between our specimens of this bird and that described by Capt. King as above, and also a trifling one in colouring, we have been induced to place them as one, both having been received from the west coast of South America, placing ours the smallest as the female. Mr. Vigors, however, makes no mention of the orange marking on each side of the bill, which we suspect to be only apparent in old birds during the season of love. The buff colour on the wing also changes to white during certain times of the year in all the Pintails. ee ot ee > + DAFILA PYROGASTER. Daf.—Subtus alba, singulis pennis marginatis apices versus lunulis brunneis. BROWN-BELLIED PINTAIL. Pintail ; below white, with each feather edged near its tip with a lunule of bright brown. IDE Tr eke 24 Inner toe ..... we Je FP ec ] 4-5ths Middle toe .... 23 DORSier sone s ae Quien toe ...... 2 Under parts, breast, and upper part of the back dirty white, each feather haying near its tip a lunule of brown, brighter on the breast and shaded off at the edges; tail black; wing coverts brown; wing spot brassy purplish, edged posteriorly with brassy green, and then with a broad band of white, formed by the secondaries ; neck dirty white, slightly spotted with brown and black ; head slightly crested ; crown and crest brown; bill lead coloured; legs black. PER YTOG (251 CfNel eraletetatststaleletelainisl stelelelavelaieleralelel= Meyen Nova acta. In the museum of the Zoological Society, and in Lord Derby’s collection. Inhabits Chili. DAFILA CAUDACUTA. Daf. Mas.—Capite colloque anteriore brunneis; posterioriter atro, albo marginato. Daf. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus; speculo flavo-rufo. PINTAIL. Male pintail, with the head and upper part of the neck brown; the posterior part black bordered with white. Fem. brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter ; wing spot buff. Length...... 24 Blips ction: g oa, CREE es 12 Male: crown, throat, cheeks, and upper part of the neck, brown, with purple inflections ; back part of the neck black, bordered on each side with white; fore neck and below white ; spe- culum green, bordered above with buff, below with white; scapulars black, with light buff Q 114 edges; back and flanks white, undulated with lines of black; middle tail feathers clongated grey black ; bill lead coloured ; feet and tarsi reddish; eyes brown. Fem.: smaller than the male; brown, with the edge of the feathers light ; lower parts lighter ; scapulars buff, margined above with lighter, below with white; middle tail feathers slightly elon- gated. During the summer months the male assumes nearly the plumage of the female, being ferruginous below. Anas caudacutdsircirces evaleceyereistelsVeln tatainieveieveietais Rati Syn. 147. A 5. UDG LUDA OLE OT DRS SAMOS ORO FD on 3 1 Oe ONO Ie Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 127. SALES QIU GGA SOO ROD. DAE Fier DODO OUI ADH a Linn, Syst. 1, 202. Gmel. Syst. 1, 528. IWVils. 4m. Orn. 8. 75. QUT OUCHUNG CCUTE vo ache stlelaleleterei’ OFS Ary es, i aa Bit, = Benes noe ie OIL a vy ey a i ee ET ———_——— — a _ 7 —— 117 the eye a green patch extending to the occiput; remainder of the head and neck cream-colour, blotched and dotted with black ; breast vinaceous, the edges of the feathers lightest; back grey, be narrowly barred with black and cream-colour; wing coyerts and abdomen white; under tail coverts black; quills and tail grey; tertiaries grey, with the outer webs black edged with cream-colour ; bill lead colour tipped with black ; legs reddish; two centre tail feathers elongated. Fem.: with the upper surface brown; each feather edged with lighter; without the green on the head, and rather smaller than the male. Male: has a cream-coloured patch extending from the culmen of the bill to the crown; behind a a a are ANAS AMETICONG soe vesecssees are vecemarnste Camel. syst. 1. o20% Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 861. American Widgeon vecvseccecccrceccsessseeee Lenn. Arct. Zool. 2. 502. Wils. Am. Orn. p. 86, pl. 69, f. 4. Mareca AMEricand ...ceecsecvevcecevessevese Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 135. Inhabits America, the West Indies, and Cayenne, frequenting inland lakes and rivers, as well as the sea coast; breeds in the northern part of America in swamps, laying six or eight eggs. This bird is curious, as presenting a connecting link between the widgeon and pintail. The bill is that of the former, and the two elongated tail feathers shew an affinity to the latter. ree sory MARECA CHILOENSIS. Mar.—Fronte genis pteromatibus subtusque albis, striga post occulari purpurescente-anea. a CHILOE WIDGEON. Widgeon, with the forehead, cheeks, wing coverts, and under surface white; a post occular streak eneous-purple. eve" we eet > IN. IN. Length ...... 19 Middle toe ....... pas : ML erodes 1 18 nner toe. Oo oe oe 1S ; Diath lets 3 2) GRE Outer t0e. 02.55. li ; Widgeon; with the forehead, cheeks, abdomen, breast, upper and under wing coverts, and upper tail coyerts, white; a streak from the eye to the occiput brassy purple; neck, remainder of the head, lower part of the back, and numerous transverse bars across the breast, dark brown; tertiaries and scapulars also dark brown, with the edges of the feathers white; quills light brown ; speculum velvet black; flanks white clouded with ferruginous; tail brown; legs, feet, and bill ‘rown. Anas Omens, KANG viisveecsccesssssenesses ZOO Lvoc, 1831. 15. ; | , Inhabits the Island of Chiloe. We have also received specimens from Cayenne. MARECA FISTULARIS. Mar. Mas.—Vertice flavo; capite cristaque castaneis. Mar. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus. WIDGEON. Male, crown cream-coloured ; head crested chesnut. Fem. brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter. iit. 2. 2 20 Bult... 1} Tarsi a Widgeon, with the crown cream-coloured; cheeks, throat, and neck chesnut, occasionally spotted with black; breast vinaceous; back white, each feather minutely barred and waved with dark grey; flanks the same; belly white; under tail coverts black; speculum metallic green, bounded by black; wing coverts white; remainder of the quills and coverts grey; bill lead coloured ; legs and feet black. Fem.: with the back fuscous grey, the edges of the feathers lighter; head and neck fuscous spotted with black ; below white; remainder as in the male. Mareca fistularis cevavececccesers cecvecesseee Steph. Sh. Zool. 12, 131. ANAS PESTRLIAT TS: 4. srartieetersimierseisiete (ete sieiele sinters wees corse. Orn. 6. d91, pods feies ANG Penelope. «scieie weenie Notenvelslelsjelslsialelatelercle meazz7077NSUSL- MlionaOee Gmel. Syst. 1. 527. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 860. savas a¥alajnle ahs) a, ale! svvievesay ela sieluiel oleral@ meee igzene Malavasi eo e Lath. Gen. Syn. 6, 518, WVidgeon vives. ANOED SULEUT ara alee vlajelelelnreeieinisielsivis eiieloisicials ea Oss 2 LOO oO, ail seielsvafatathie eierciofelsMosein sleleerreierele, 2220072. LNQMS LOOM NY weOs let eis nO: LACKED paicie's wanes Common in the British islands during winter, frequenting both the sea and fresh water. It is a very widely distributed species, being found throughout Africa, America, and Asia. The trachea in the male of this species, like that of several of the genera nearly allied to it, is largest immediately below the glottis, and again slightly enlarged at about one-third of its length interiorly ; the inferior larynx, except in size (being smaller) greatly resembles that of Anas Boschas. DPOUPZSIDI WPMD] F ee eS ST oe ee Ph a = = is oe ms = . 119 MARECA CASTANEA. as Mar, Mas.—Castaneus atro maculato; speculoque viridi. Mar, Fem.—Brunnea cinerea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus. CASTANEOUS WIDGEON. Mas. castaneous spotted with black; the wing spot green. Fem. cinereous brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter. IN. IN. IN. Length «os 6. 1743 BUD ws 5 te Waeothe | Parse cs 0.5 1 _ Male: under parts, neck, and upper part of the back castaneous, spotted with black; lower part of the back black, each feather edged with castaneous; wing coverts brown, slightly tinged with greenish; quills brown; secondary coverts tipped with white; tail and under coverts black glossed with green and purplish; wing spot bright green; head black glossed with green; bill, legs, and feet black. aad Fem.: rather smaller than the male; light brownish grey, spotted with darker; wing spot green, edged anteriorly with white, and posteriorly with black; bill and legs as in the male. Mareca castanea nobis. Inhabits New Holland. The first specimens we observed were in the collection of the Natural History and Antiquarian Society of Shrewsbury, presented (together with many other birds from the same country) by Major Wakeman. i AIA GALERICULATA. 4 i Ai. Mas.—Vertice occipiteque viridibus ; fascia lata supra-occulari alba ; tectricibus tertiis ad apices expandentibus. L; Ai, Yem.—Faciis duabus alis. MANDARIN DUCK. Male, with the crown and occipital crest green ; a broad white band over the eye; tertiaries expanded at the tip, and prominent. Fem. with two white bars on the wing 120 IN. IN Length. <0 ~ =. (Bh Tuner tee Gas AS Bille... mmpaerne lt Middle toe...... 1% Larsy) are 1} Outer 100. 42".n es GA Male: head with a long occipital crest and crown purplish green; above the eye a broad band of white ; throat, cheeks, and remainder of the neck bright reddish ferruginous, the shaft of each feather lighter; breast bright purple; back, tail, and wings hair brown; scapulars with the outer webs black ; the inner ones white; one tertiary prolonged and expanded on each side, prominent over the back; on the lower part of the breast a broad band of black not meeting in front, on which there are one or two narrow ones of white; flanks ferruginous, beautifully undulated with narrow bands of black; belly, vent, and under tail coverts white ; bill and legs orange. Fem.: similar to the summer duck 4. sponsa, but may be distinguished from it (according to Latham) by having two bars of white on the wing, and by the white spots on the breast being round instead of triangular, ANAS GUT UCULANE, suit tis, seistise ae ses + cea sie on LTD SU Sie mle eae Gmel, Syst. 1. 539. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 871. Querqueduld Stmensis ..iccvcscesccsveceeseees Briss. Orn. 6. 450. Chimese shear. aaletdia sieves) saieheeteieieyeo ele sie cious CCH mt mle Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 548. ANCE EAB LAICHINE veo se' ease aes viele elev eislele scot DU NOW 9, 270t Inhabits China and Japan, where it is kept (as in this country), for the sake of its beauty, in a state of domestication. Nothing is known of its habits in a wild state. ATA SPONSA. li. Mas.—Capite colloque viridibus; gutture albo. i, Fem,—Brunnea, rostro cinguloque occulari etiam ad basin rostri, et fascia alis albis. SUMMER DUCK. Mas. head and upper part of the neck metallic green ; throat white; crest long. Fem. dark brown, with the belly, space round the eye, and bill white ; one white band across the wing. Length oo. 20 DORE ae 5 5 ki stwekcs 12 BBL 3 token ae 13 Middle toe ...... 2 121 Crown and neck and occipital crest glossy green; line extending from the bill over the eye, another from the lower part of the eye to the occiput, together with the throat, white: neck and upper part of the breast purplish, and sprinkled with spots of white; scapulars, wing coverts, and tail black, beautifully glossed in some lights with green and purple inflections; on the lower part of the breast is a white bar, posteriorly to which is a black one; flanks yellowish ferruginous, barred and undulated with dusky ; under tail coverts and quills sooty black; below white; bill and legs orange. Fem.: dusky slate brown, with a space round the eye, a band round the bill, the throat, and belly white; breast dusky, marked with triangular spots of white; quills and tail as in the male; legs and bill dusky. EMO DDE 0s SOO SIC A.C COCIOOIIOO HC .. Boie Isis. 1826. Dendroness@ SPON8A. +. er eceeees seseesneses Laun. Bo, dm. 2. 446. LAMA SPOTESH Wels siniale\a)=15 2 CCNOO. ACM COOOCNE Linn. Syst. 1. 207. Gmel. Syst. 1. 539. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 871. Anas Zistirad..... eee ee ce eteeeersst eens .».. Briss, Orn, 6. 351. pl. 32, fig. 2. IS LUTE PS VOICI ele oistafotaiar eyes cr elsiielineerra yen COREESU Caroll ml Oe Edw. Glea. p. 101. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 546. Beau canard, Huppe.......+ sonasgonoogsacd LZR Was. Gh Dak LTA gsc ooo TOU CAA SOME NISC erateler eveeeta sol Mont. Orn. die, Sup. fig. 5, et nobis. Inhabits America, from Hudson's Bay to Mexico and the Antilles, throughout the whole of which space it breeds, seldom frequenting the sea. It generally makes its nest in decayed trees hanging over the water, laying twelve or thirteen eggs. This species is often kept in confinement in this country, and breeds freely, as well as its congener. The inferior larynx is that of the true wading duck, and much resembles in miniature that of the widgeon ; it is, however, more expanded anteriorly, the two ends of the bulb being of equal size. QUERQUEDULA JAVANENSIS. Quer,—Capite viridi, macula ad basum rostri; gutture et fascia occipitali albis. JAVA TEAL. Head green, with a spot at the base of the bill; throat and patch extending to the occiput white. Length... 18 ST AMRN a 5, ny aie 12 Exp. al... 27 Middle toe..... 2 AMY: Se . NeRg Head bright glossy green; spot behind the culmen of the bill, throat, and streak towards the back of the neck from the latter white; collar white; breast with each feather beautifully marked with lunules of black; vent coverts white undulated with black; wing spot purplish green, above which is a conspicuous spot of velvet black; tertiaries very long, with the shaft and a narrow edging exteriorly white, and the edge of the posterior or inner web grey; quill and tail feathers grey ; upper and under tail coverts black; vent buff, anteriorly to which there is a band of black ; feet and bill black. LAN GS TACUNONGIS a wie iv Ein. ehafele oleate tates elo Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 160. Sarcelle de U Ile de Java......... BGO Oot .... Buff. Ois. tom. xvii. p. 395. Inhabits Java. I have never seen but one specimen of this beautiful species; it is in Lord Derby's collection at Knowsley, and has been exhibited at one of the Zoological Society's evening meetings. QUERQUEDULA GLOCITANS. Quer. Mas.—Capite viridi, macula rotundata castaned ante oculari et post oculari ornato. Quer. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus. BIMACULATED TEAL. Male Teal, with the head green, ornamented with a rounded chesnut patch before and behind the eyes. Fem. brown teal, with the margin of the feathers lighter. 1N. IN. IN. Wengen, inn. - 15 31) | pee ae lz Tarsi......1 9-20ths Male: head and neck green, with a dark chesnut patch before and behind the eyes ; the throat approaching to black; back and fianks white, undulated with black lines; breast and abdomen ferruginous, with a few black spots; wing coverts fuscous; speculum velvet black, bordered anteriorly with violaceous, posteriorly with white; quills brown, margined with lighter; bill, feet, and legs lead-coloured; the webs black. Fem.: slightly smaller than the male; head and neck light ferruginous, with the crown and base of each feather darker ; abdomen white; back and flanks fuscous ferruginous, with the base of each feather brown. ZA NAS AOLOCILONS catenin enon ee ierpieieve ie Pall, Acta Stock. 1.779, 40, tab, 33, fig. 1. Gmel, Syst. 1. 526, Lath, Ind. Orn. 862. Querquedula Glocitans.......ecceeercces -... Vig. Lin. Trans. vol. xiv. 559. Gould, Birds of Europe. Bimnaculated Haale, nee a eee javeesee Lene Brit. Zool, 2. G02: Oanard Glousseur. ioc scccsces ceca caevecee Veil, En. Method. Orn, 1. 126, Said to inhabit Siberia and the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal. One or two specimens only haye been met with in England. i 123 QUERQUEDULA CRECCA. Quer, Mas.—Capite colloque castaneis, fascia occipitali viridi. Quer, Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus ; subtus alba. COMMON TEAL. ‘Teal, with the head and neck chesnut, with a green occipital fascia. Fem. brown teal, with the margin of the feathers lighter; below white. TCU om) 3s 144 IO DASE etree SRC 1 1-6th 511) Decree ear 1 5-12ths Middle toe...... 12 Male: head, cheeks, and neck chesnut; from the eye to the occiput passes a band of metallic green, bordered by a stripe of yellowish ; below white ; the breast dotted with black; the scapulars, back, and flanks white undulated with black; wing coverts brown; quills hoary fuscous; speculum metallic green, bounded above and below by velvet black; lateral tail coverts with a band of black. Fem.: brown, with the edge of the feathers lighter; below yellowish white ; speculum green, without the black edging; crown brown. Querquedula crecca..... Sie ol ereancisteverarsicveharnistere ss Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 146. CHEER Ry on pas woDOD0Ke SoonSeNNCOoODODUC Linn, Syst. 1, 264. Gmel. Syst. 1. 532. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 872. (SUDO PLNAH 5 Cabanon OU OBO DUES OD DODO DOUD Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 577. CULDACHETE DNZillos cooon dean anaooURnO0Ns Vils. Am. Orn. 8. 106, pl. 70. fig. 40. WELLE SUL CELIE setereiiate) otale\a Webco bogtionin boone Buff. Ois. 9. 265. Canard: Sarcelle! AU EADeT sole x inisleie's «ete sie\o) cesceeeccsees veeudecs Lath. Gen. Syn. 6, 545. Wils. dm. Orn. 8. p. 141, pl. 1—11. Penn. Arct. Zool. N. 496. Inhabits America; occurs chiefly on the coasts of Florida, New England, and New Jersey, where it breeds in sequestered places on the marshes, laying eight or ten eggs similar to those of A. Boschas. ANAS BOSCHAS. An. Mas.—Capite colloque superiore viridibus; singulo collari albo. An. Fem.—Brunnea, marginibus pennarum suturatioribus; speculo viridi. WILD DUCK. Male duck, with the head and upper part of the neck green; collar white. Fem. brown duck, with the margins lighter; speculum green. IN. IN IN. Length’. 001. 24 Ba. ae 21 DP ANEUGS a's 2 Male: head and upper part of the neck metallic green, below which is a white collar; breast vinaceous; back brown; scapulars and flanks white, undulated with black; speculum metallic 141 green, margined anteriorly and posteriorly with white; quills, rump, and tail coyerts brown, in some lights greenish, middle tail feathers curling upwards ; tail grey-white; bill yellow; legs orange. Fem.: brown, with the edge of the feathers lighter; speculum similar to that of the male. Var. A. -dnas adunca (Linn. ) — Hook-billed Duck. This variety has the bill turned downwards. Var. B. Penguin Duck. The peculiar upright position of this variety when at rest and standing distinguishes it. Anas Boschas ..... Dertels art taeda esas ona Ae cha Linn. Syst. 1, 205. Gmel. Syst. 1, 538. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 850. Wild Duck ..... ric orayarelei nie tpfarekoncieelslalevajererekeyarayelaue Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 494. I ERE RE NALD DEG ORDO GOO Se SOGOUROO OOne Buff. Ois. 9. 115. SHA LATER ROC OTC CU ALE AO CEOS IO IIOS TOS Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 12. fig. 10. Inhabits universally the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and does not appear to be subject to any considerable migration; breeds commonly in all marshy districts, laying from ten to fifteen eggs of a greenish colour. The trachea is of nearly equal diameter throughout; the inferior larynx is furnished on the left side with an osseous bulb ; anteriorly slightly acuminate. ANAS FLAVIROSTRIS. 4n.—Cinereo-brunneo, rostro flayo, naribus macula atra cingentibus. YELLOW-BILLED DUCK. Cinereous-brown duck, with a yellow bill, and the nostrils surrounded by a black patch. IN. IN, 1 ra 223 WT EIT ne 6 Cee 2 PL ne ae 2t Middletoe. ...+... 2t . Slaty-brown duck, above with the edges of the feathers narrowly margined with lighter, below broadly ; wing spot brassy green, surrounded anteriorly and posteriorly with a narrow streak of black, superiorly with one of the same colour, formed by the outer webs of the tertiaries, beyond the black streak posteriorly and anteriorly a narrow one of white; tail feathers pointed, slightly edged with light brown; bill yellow, with a black patch covering the nostrils; nail black; legs and feet | brownish lead colour. A BMH OBUIGBy Ax ora d¥ wits old b1Ga Valid « etald chiar ews Smith, Cat. S. Afric, Mus, This new species is an inhabitant of the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope. Specimens are in the South African Museum, and in the collection of the Zoological Society. 142 ANAS SPARSA. An,—Brunnea, scapularibus remigibusque interioribus tribus vel duobus transyersis et fasciis ferrugineis ornatis. SPECKLED DUCK. Brown duck, with the scapulars and tertiaries banded with three or four transverse fascize. Lengel airs. 233 DNS Seco ive ane ee 2 IB: eerie 12 Middle toe... 2} Deep sepia brown duck, with the fore part of the neck and throat lighter, but thickly and minutely spotted with deep brown; scapulars and upper tertiaries each with one, two, or three bands of buff. on the former interrupted by the shaft and a small space on each side, which are of the same colour as the greater portion of the plumage, and on the latter merely extending over the outer webs ; wing spot bright metallic green, bounded posteriorly and anteriorly first with a band of black, then with one of white ; tail and tail coverts marked as the scapulars, but more obscurely ; bill lead coloured ; legs and feet orange, with the webs dusky. ANGE SPOTEE arose siete eee & sdaie tie er Saree Smith, Cat. S. Afric. Mus. Inhabits Southern Africa, and was brought to England by Dr. A. Smith, to whom we are indebted for permission to take the above description. CARINA MOSCHATA. Car.—Niger, ptilis albis. MUSK DUCK. Black, with the coverts white. Length...... 323 Bal ses 23 Tarsi ss. ow. QL Glossy black, with the wing coyerts white; the bill in the male carunculated, less so in the female; legs black; caruncle red. In a domesticated state a greater or less quantity of white feathers make their appearance. 143 PATE NATROSC LOA) Ulivate! ceatel satel rat cyataynreievel seit . Linn. Syst. 1. 199. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 515. Anas Sylvestris Braziliensis ...... cnet canna. « aii Syn. 148, 150. CarinG SYWeStrisS ve acs ce ce ve vee ces AOAC On Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 78. CURLED RT OR OCIR COTES EID NCOOCE secseeaceees Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 14, fig. \—2, and tab. 16, fig. 56; vol. 15, tab. 15, fig. a. Supposed to have been originally natives of South America, but haye now been domesticated in many parts of the world. In the tame varieties many of the feathers are white. The tube of the trachea is of nearly equal size throughout ; the inferior larynx is furnished on the left side with a compressed osseous bulb. MICROPTERUS PATACHONICUS. Mic.—Cinereus ; subtus et macula post oculari albis PATAGONIAN MICROPTERUS. Cinereous micropterus ; below and with a patch behind the eye white. Lengths « «0 +. 24 MEK TOE fala = «aie o> 23 Y 5)? See ae 2 Onif eh 208 sake perme 0: tL WS aX, ar ae 23 EIU TOE 5 «s,s meataye).« 1 Dark grey, with the edges of the feathers on the flanks, head, back, wing coverts, and breast light chocolate ; lower part of the breast, belly, abdomen, under tail coverts, and secondaries white ; secondary coyerts longer than the primary quills; tail long, with the feathers rather stiff; bill dusky green; legs and toes orange; thighs and a small triangular mark behind the eye white. Micropterus Patachonicus, King ..cvesevesesees+ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 15. In the museum of the Zoological Society, brought by Capt. James from Pricket’s Harbour, MICROPTERUS BRACHYPTERUS. Mic.—Cinereus, subtus albus ; macula ferruginea gutture. SHORT-WINGED MICROPTERUS. Grey micropterus, with the belly white ; a ferruginous patch on the throat. IN. IN. IN. YB eee 27 BU tea 3% 2 Ye Thy 2} Grey, with the head and neck lighter ; a ferruginous tinge on the throat; belly and wing spot white ; legs and bill orange ; nail black. Anas brachypterds.ccccoserseccccsesssceesess Lath. Syn. 6, 439. Voyage autour du monde Frey, p. 39. Oiseaux grises, ow 018. dé plein ....00 wssene veces Pernet Voy. I. ch. xix. p. 21. The specimen from which the above description was taken is in the museum of the Zoological Society, and was obtained from the Straits of Magellan; they also inhabit the Falkland and Staaten Islands. We have considerable doubts as to the propriety of making this and the preceding distinct species. Both are destitute of the powers of flight, merely using their wings to flapper over the surface of the sea. They are also bad divers, obtaining their living almost entirely by breaking shell-fish along the water-mark: hence the head is so strong, that Mr. Darwin informs us he had great difficulty in breaking one with his zoological hammer. The tube of the trachea much resembles that of a true pochard; the inferior larynx approaches, however, nearer to that of those geese which have bulbs on that part than to any other form with which we are acquainted; consequently also to the wading ducks, from which it may be distin- guished by being much stronger. MELANITTA AMERICANA. Mel. Mas.—Sequenti similis, sed tubercula ad basim rostri aurantiaca. AMERICAN SCOTER. Male, duck similar to the following, but with the tubercle at the base of the bill entirely orange. IN, IN Length... .'. 3 19 WRU $00 f 3 coon a cee 3 Biase 1? OULET AOE eins tio le ss 23 Tas ee ae Taner toe 0504. 2 oe eee 145 Male distinguished from the following, which it in every other respect xesembles, by the protuberance at the base of the bill and a small space anteriorly and laterally being entirely orange, and by the sides of the nail at the apex of the upper mandible being suddenly narrowed. Fem. : a similar distinction holds between the females of this and the following as regards the nail, OOTE ULNA PERIRTTRL © GOON 0 HOCUS CAEN HOUNE OAC Faun. Bo. Am. 2. 450, Nutt. Orn. 2. 422. Brought home by Dr. Richardson from the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay ; specimens are in our collection, MELANITTA NIGRA. Vel. Mas.—Ater ; tubercula bifida atra ad basin rostri. Me/. Fem.—Brunnea; subtus cinerea, macula albicante gutture, BLACK SCOTER. Male, scoter, with a bifid black tubercle at the base of the bill. Fem. brown; beneath cinereous, with a white patch on the throat. Length... 2. » 21 IGT 6 o5ho008 oe 1) GARE DSO Dn i Middle toe...... 23 Male entirely black, glossy on the head and neck ; no speculum; a bifid protuberance at the base of the bill, orange in the centre, black on the sides; a small patch anterior to the tubercle, also orange ; remainder black ; legs dark lead coloured. Fem. : sooty black or brown; a large light coloured grey patch on the throat, extending back- wards to the hind neck, and below about half way down the fore neck ; bill (devoid or nearly so of a tubercle) entirely black ; legs as in the male. Young similar to the female. MICVANETLG TUGTG «5.6 oss» 9h) x0 s\n 0 ci oi Taiteaiere ye .». Brehm. Hand. der Nat, aller, Vo. Deut. 903. PN TET UN UG ROOD DOOe cee eeseveseees Pialeleip eiantyracn Linn. Syst. 1. 196. Gmel. Syst. 1. 588. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2, 848, ATLAS TUGUGE TIBUILOT a oluip'n 6,0\0\s.0\ 'n/dsle vies /0,n\6\5,e¥s ¥ 8 Raii Syn, 141 A. QCA TOOT in, sayo.0.0.0 516.000 sence Cesieee: penne Flem. Brit, An. 119. Scoter or Black Diver .......+.008 AOD ACI TIOE Penn, Arct, Zool. 2. 484. Le Macreuse...++ GINTES a AU ns 9.0 wiain'e wcn\0 419. bin waieieve Buff, Ois. 9, 234, pl. 16. A native of the northern regions, but migrating southwards during winter down the European U 146 continent; breeds, like its congeners, on the coast in northern latitudes, making its nest near the water mark of grass, sea weed, and other rubbish, and near the time of hatching lines its nest with down from the body ; lays from six to ten white eggs. The trachea is very dissimilar from that of the two following species, having no bulb below the glottis, and the tube only enlarged to about twice its usual diameter in place of the inferior bulb; the inferior larynx is similar to that of its congeners. The trachea of the female is similar to that of the male, but not quite so much enlarged; both sexes have the bronchie large, and the tube acted upon by two pair of muscles, situated as in the velvet scoter. MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA. Mel. Mas.—Rostro aurantiaco, macula quadrangulari utrinque baso atro; speculo nullo. Mel. Fem.—Brunnea, macula cinerea utrinque ad basin rostri. SURF DUCK. Male scoter, with the bill orange, a quadrangular patch on each side of the bill at the base; no speculum. Fem.: brown duck, with a cinereous patch on each side at the base of the bill. engi. a." 19 Wainer BOE eas 2 MapIL;. sees 15 Middle toe...... 22 Tarsi .. 1Z Outeritie sd 658 23 Male: bill orange, with a four-cornered diamond-shaped patch of black on each side at the base of the upper mandible; bill (raised at the base) short and thick; plumage in general dead black, slightly glossed on the sides of the neck, with a patch of white on the occiput, and another elongated one down the back of the neck ; legs and toes orange, the webs dusky. Fem.: dusky brown, lighter on the neck and belly; the raised portion of the bill not so pro- minent as in the male; an obscure patch behind the base of the bill on each side, and another elongated one between it and the occiput. ATLL SPIT NP UCTIUALO A Weretetass) 0/0 reicien xieini= ala sia ea Kae Linn. Syst. 1, 261. Gmel, Syst. 1, 524. OED PEHSPICILIATAly oia2 4:05 5.tie) cas stciataie die eiatete Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 219. Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 81. . ES LEIP OP SUF RIDUCTO sia. si a)stase ocala societal «eee Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 49. pl. 67. Wax Fol ial Dood Sot CACORE IOBOOC COR. OOOCD OS = Edw. Glea. p. 155. Macreuse a large bee Marchand .... cc cceceerees Buff. Ois. 9. 244. Canard Marchand. cicocsavics ovcveds sisistatate cusses Lemm, Man. 2. 853. 147 Common in America = the coast, from the river St. Lawrence to Florida, and has also been occasionally met with in the Orkney and Shetland Isles; it almost exclusively inhabits the sea. The female of this species may be distinguished from that of O. nigra, which it somewhat resembles, by the superior length of the bill, and by the grey marking on the cheeks behind the eye, that colour in the above-mentioned bird being confined entirely to the throat. The following is Wilson's description of the trachea and anatomy of the bird: ‘ On dissection the gullet was found to be gradually enlarged to the gizzard, which was altogether filled with broken shell-fish. There is a similar hard expansion at the commencement of the wind pipe, and another much larger about three quarters of an inch above, where it separates into fhe two lobes of the lungs; this last was larger than a Spanish hazel nut, flat on one side and convex on the other; the protuberance on each side of the bill communicated with the nostrils, and was hollow.” This description agrees with that of the rest of the genus in general character. MELANITTA FUSCA. Mel,—Ater, speculo et macula lunata suboculari albis. VELVET DUCK. Black duck, with the speculum and a lunate mark under the eye white. engi. 22:2 20 IGT SU Carats atta o a" 1 Bill z Middle toe ...... 1 Male: entirely deep velvet black, with a lunate spot and a mark under the eye white; bill and legs orange, the former with a tubercle at the base; a space before it and the margins black ; webs black. Fem.: has the plumage above sooty black, below dirty grey ; the tubercle at the base of the bill smaller than in the male. Young similar to the female. Boie in Brehm. Hand. der Nat. aller, Fo. Melanitta fUscdsscvccvccccrcsscereevccesceces Deut. 905. ANAS FUBCAo 5 cuncncee seve rncces sosees vee ... Linn, Syst. 1, 196. Gmel. Syst. 1. 507. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 848. Oidemia JuSCA .. 1.66 PA Ge Wart gaat Unie ele, vie Flem. Brit. An. 119. Steph. Sh. Zool, 12, 216. TEATORPOTIVBHS OG iasvah rma eo cid ius aie hh, bltesels we le Vin x8 Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 272, pl. 196. Grand ou double MACTOUSE vccccv eee veeenenees Buff. Ois, 9. 242. Trachea ..... MOE eV ieat a aia's's TAP TS Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 15, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; and vol. 16, tab. 21, fiz. 2, 3. 148 Inhabits the arctic regions, migrating southwards in the winter, like several of the other known species of the genus, on both the American and European continents ; breeds in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay, on the borders of fresh water lakes, laying eight or ten white eggs. On the commencement of incubation the males, like those of the eider, form themselves in large flocks and desert the females. The trachea of this species is very curious: it has two bulbs on the tube, the lower one com- posed of tracheal rings firmly ossified together; the upper one, situated immediately below the glottis, instead of being composed like the lower one of tracheal rings, is separate from the trachea, which passes through it, communicating with it by an orifice on each side. The inferior larynx, unlike the diving ducks in general, is not bulbous; the trachea is acted upon by two pairs of muscles, the first the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the other (furculo-tracheal) have their attach- ment a little before the middle bulb. For a figure of this see Vol. 15, Part 21, of the “ Linnaan Transactions,” illustrative of a passage by Mr. Yarrell on the organs of voice in birds, and our own plate. SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS. Som. Meas.—Capite supra et occipite cinereis; genis viridibus ; rostrum tubercula magna basali. Som. Fem.—Sequenti similis, sed tubercula minore basali. KING DUCK. Male eider, with the head above and occiput cinereous; the cheeks green; the bill with a large tubercle at the base. Fem. eider, like the following species, but with a smaller tubercle at the base of the bill. IN. Length. 3. 244 UNHEN 10s oe eee 12 Bill........ 1 1-6th Middle toe ...... 25 fa oS cy Be Eg 1 5-6ths Outer toe ssn. ss 22 Male: with the crown and occiput light cinereous grey; cheeks light green; round the base of the bill a band, and on the chin a V shaped mark black; remainder of the neck, breast, and upper part of the back white, slightly tinged with purplish; lower part of the back, tail quills, tertiaries, scapulars, and under parts black; tail and greater wing coverts white; bill and legs red, the former with a large knob at the base, the top of which is covered with feathers. Fem.: in colour resembling the female of the common eider; but can be distinguished by the knob at the base of the bill being larger. —————— 149 Somateria spectabilis.ccccvveceevccccsecseerens Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 229. ANAS SPECtADUES so orcs veces ites eiaieisteicietstsyeliaiets Linn. Syst. 1. 195. Gmel. Syst. 1. 907. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 845. (Ci FEIT BOI Cason. a anE OD ROGOOd ona COED Edw. Glea. pl. 154. Anas freti Hudsonis.......... nacddoor pesioc em mores. Orn S65. MORO IIUC Hi rettasetateltctws A ONDO OORT OUD ROMEO ODO CPCs edna Ad a PA EME The Canard @ teté Jrisé wo... cscers waaealstn einen seiyf~ (O2es 9. Bos. LTAERED J8s evens eames e weds en. SoDooe wees Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 15, e—d. Inhabits the same countries as the preceding; builds its nest on rocks and islands on the sea coast, formed of sea weed, laying five or six eggs scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding. By the Greenlanders this bird is considered a delicacy, particularly the knob at the base of the bill. The trachea is not dissimilar in form from that of the common eider, but the enlargement at the inferior larynx is smaller. We much regret we have been unable to obtain one for dissection. SOMATERIA ST. CUTHBERTI. Som. Mas.—Capite supra occipiteque viridibus. Som. Fem.—Brunnea, transversim lineata atro. COMMON EIDER DUCK, Male eider, with the head above and occiput green. Fem. brown eider, transversely lineated with black. IN. IN Length...... 24 WC lt Rs 24 BESBEL cove: stax <5 2 1-6th OWE TNE ew ene «we 27 I eae 2 Middle tae"... 2... 27 Male: crown and occiput green; back, wing coverts, and remainder of the head and neck white, with a yellowish tinge; quills and tail grey below, with the secondaries and rump black ; bill and legs black. Fem.: light brown on the breast; a lunule of black on each feather near the tip dark brown, with the edges of the feathers lighter ;- belly obscure ; lesser coverts, the back, tail, secondaries, and greater wing coverts grey brown; primaries dark brown, with the edges light grey brown; bill and legs black. Somateria mollissima oicsis vecves cversevesess Steph, Sh. Zool. 12. 224. Anas mollissima oo... Pcie ie ID ie ... Linn, Syst. 1. 178. Gmel,. Syst. 1, 514, ANGE St, CUMDAF Givi vvivevinees Sie TNR OTs .» Raii Syn. 14. 1. Exder—St. Cuthbert’s Eider vice vccecacceveves Lenn. Aret. Zool, 2 N. 480. — Oie @ duret Ou FAME vc. ccc ec eu e es ences eeees Buff. 9. 103, t. 6. DDO ee meee s 60 sie sina = aie vinse ea mir ee Niele Feill. En. Method. Orn. 30. 119. DEBT A 2277 Bet. 55 8) \CRRROCRIOR TAOS ILIAD OT ON COLE EC Linn. Trans. vol. 12, tab. 30, fig. 1. Like its congener, an arctic species, seldom seen south of the 55th degree N. L. but in the parts within that on all three continents and the adjacent islands, where it breeds, building its nest of sea weeds, and laying four eggs of a greenish colour. The trachea of the‘male has the tube of nearly equal diameter throughout ; the inferior larynx swells outwards in front, and has on the left side a small bulb; the left bronchia is the largest, and is dilated in the centre. POLYSTICTA STELLERI. Poly. Mas.—Albus, fronte occipiteque viridibus; collum cingulo atro. Poly. Fem.—Ferruginea, atro et obscuro maculato, duabus maculis albis tectricibus. WESTERN DUCK. Male, white duck, with the forehead and occiput green, neck with a black collar. Fem.: ferruginous duck, marked with black and dusky; with two white spots on the wing coverts. LengtW Sco oes O: 17 inches. Male: chin, throat, fore part of the neck, and collar black; a black stripe extends from the collar down the neck to the back, which is also black; head sides and the upper part of the neck to the collar white; forehead and nape greenish; a black irregular patch behind the eyes, with a narrow band proceeding from it, and surrounding the orbits; breast and sides light ferruginous; vent and tail black, with the edges of the feathers lighter; a humeral spot black; quills dark brown ; tertiaries (very long) black edged with light brown. Fem.: ferruginous, marbled with dark and black, with two white spots upon the wing coverts, the feathers of which are straight and blackish. ( Nuttall.) LILES NEES INET no Pata ota se dee aves pia ceagtiele Micie eee Gmel. Syst. 1, 539. PATUBS SIE LLET Lo Sora tia cee SER CE PRE Gmel. Syst. 1, 518. Pall. Spic. Zool. v. p. 35, tab. 5. POSED SIOUTE Mavs catiet aes os aS Bee Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 79. MAC OMUS STEN Ore. cen Sia ae acierc Me Sea EEE Nuttall, Orn. 2. 451. ULV TEU | SCL LCD. ora er ctasett./ outa forehe ra cao OG OEE Bonap. Syn. 344. First discovered by Steller in Kamschatka, and do not appear to stray far from their native place. A pair were shot in Oster Gothland, in Sweden, and are figured by Sparman. Another was killed in the British isles. Nothing is known of the anatomy of this beautiful species. KAMPTORHYNCHUS LABRADORUS. Kamp. Mas.—Dorso, primariis, collo, fascia occipitali, subtusque, atris. Kamp. Fem.—Capite, mento, colloque cinereo; dorso alisque obscuris. PIED DUCK. Male duck, with the back, primaries, neck, occipital fascia, and below, black. Fem. duck, with the head, chin, and neck cinereous ; the back and wing dark, IN. Dength. 8... 215 Oier eae... 22 fF eee eae 2 Middle toe... 6+: 2} LORSU. ees, Met ly TMOPLOE Vein pesaioun's 2 Male: head, neck, breast, scapulars, wing coverts, and secondaries white; crown, a collar round the neck, belly, back, quills, and a streak on the occiput. black. Fem.: about one inch shorter than the male; head, chin, and neck ashy grey ; back and wings brownish slate colour; below ashy ; legs in both sexes deep brown, with the legs black ; bill black, with the base and edges of the mandibles orange. Fuligula Labradora ..... FOOL FOOD OCA OOOO e TOO. Bonap. Syn. 337. LOSE OT AMNOND tain.. e a sipiasics 46.6 delaeiers on /s she wee» Wils. Am. Orn, pl. 69, fig. 6. Rhynchaspis Labradord ..ccescccaes Sinieleleiete;slete Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 121. EUNICE Helle apaiepsiainicte Arinoneoosaad eiaimaieteataverers Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 282. Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p. 497. Found most plentifully on the western side of the American continent, but occasionally also on the eastern. Nothing is known of its nidification. Wilson gives the following description of the trachea: ‘ The windpipe of the male measures ten inches in length, and has four enlargements, viz. one immediately below the mouth at the interval of an inch; it then bends largely down to the breast bone, to which it adheres by two strong muscles, and has at that place a third expansion; it then becomes flattened, and before it separates into the lungs has a fourth enlargement much greater than the former, which is bony and round, puffing out from the left side. The bill of this species differs much in form from any in the family, being broad and thin at the tip, ‘and having the lamellae more elongated. 152 CALLICHEN CARYOPHYLLACEUM. Cal.—Fuscum, capite colloque caryophyllaceis. PINK-HEADED POCHARD. Fuscous pochard, with the head and neck pink. IN. OF or SOO 21 Bill Nim 2 I 1) 5 to em ene 23 Head and neck bright pink, the latter with a black streak down the back; lower part of the neck, flanks, back, and abdomen umber brown; speculum ferruginous; bill orange; legs lead coloured. ANAM COTYODIM/MACEH seein ee vicere sleveleists es'ein sures Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 866. DEI Pa ba hel DUTY RN eG HIG ORG OOO COR Ortho GD O0 C Lath, Syn. Sup. 1. 276, Puligula caryophyllacea :. 50.005 ses. cess vovces Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 207. Inhabits several parts of India. Few specimens have been brought to this country: we only know of two at present existing; one is in our collection, the other in the British Museum; both were purchased at the sale of the late Col. Cobbe’s collection. CALLICHEN RUFINUM. Cal, Mas.—Capite cristato, colloque anteriore castaneis; subtus obscurus, lateribus albis. Cal, Yem.—Brunnea-cinerea, occipite obscuro. RED-CRESTED POCHARD. Male duck, with the head crested, and, together with the anterior part of the neck, chesnut; below obscure, with the flanks white. Fem. cinereous brown duck, with the occiput dark. IN. Lengel. si: 21 Our GE irs < oe 21 Belles Saree 2} Middle toe... 324 Ss 23 LOS aes em POET EOE oes Wa cove eee saves evaeeass HOLENN. Brit Zope seta: Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 493. 157 LOTTE IDEAS oang00 0600 Good EcodoS ooNoC . Son. Brit. Mis. t. 62. JEEIMTENUAE sonaoDnoeadea QO0RAAC =Ad0O Spnogonc Buff. Ois. 9. 221. Feil. En. Method. Orn. 1, 152. LEG CORAKO: Ge GEC CET ELE’. Qertixiein:« ste o arate ste 9) steeeiels Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1, 144. 12) 07 ER CAS COMI CHER On CO COST oo LT aeor Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 14, fig. 5—6. Met with in the same localities as Fuligula ferina, breeding near the arctic circle, and laying from five to eight greenish eggs. FULIGULA AFFINIS. F'u.—Precedenti similis, sed rostro breviore et ungue angustiore armato. AMERICAN SCAUP. Duck like the preceding, but with the bill shorter and armed with a narrower nail. 1 RAT IS 19 Breadth of nail.. —1-5th g 31) ore carer 1 3-5ths ICTS ong oem | te HERE The aboye bird may be distinguished from the preceding in both sexes by the following com- parative marks: total length less; bill shorter and not so broad; nail much narrower, and not so much rounded at its sides; tarsi shorter. Scaup Duck of American authors. Fuligula affinis nobis. Inhabits North America. This is another bird of which we have entertained considerable doubts as to the propriety of making into a species: the above distinctions, however, appear through all the specimens we have examined to be constant. It is a curious fact that most of the water ducks* ( Fuliguline) of North America and Europe should be all distinct, while those land ducks (Anatine) and the mergansers (Merging ) should in a great measure be identical. We can only attribute it to their being en- dowed with a greater power of wing, and to the former (Fuleguline) following the sea coast in their migrations, and probably performing it by shorter flights, consequently being less liable, if I may be allowed the expression, to lose their road. It is, however, yet a question whether, if the theory we have advanced in the introductory chapter of this work prove true, they will not eventually take the rank of varieties. * We have never examined the eiders of North America. ————-_ FULIGULA RUFITORQUES. Fu. Mas.—Ater:; subtus albus, lateribus cinereo undulatis; capistro castaneo. Fu. Fem.—Brunnea, fronte subtusque albis. RING-NECKED POCHARD. Male, black duck; below white, the sides undulated with cinereous; collar chesnut. Fem. brown duck, with the forehead and below white. Length...... 204 Wner Wes a... sie /BpUP Gen o- 1z Outerige Sera. . c 2 2-5ths GTS f° eee 1z Middle toe ........ 2. 3-10ths Male: head purplish black ; back, neck, and breast purplish brown, glossed with green inflec- tions ; belly white; flanks mottled with black; tail grey brown; primary coverts light grey ; bill and legs deep lead colour, the former crossed with a band of greenish behind the nail; the base also surrounded with a narrow band of the same colour; head slightly crested. Fem.: upper plumage dark brown, edged on the top of the head, scapulars, and breast with chesnut; flanks chesnut; bill, throat, and belly greyish white, speckled with brown; vent dark brown. Young similar to the female. Fuligula rufitorques .cccccecceees peedaceuckins ONGp: SYR Mprogs. ys Sale This species was found by Dr. Richardson in the fur countries during winter; they frequent the rivers and estuaries of North America. The above bird appears to hold an intermediate station between F’. cristata and F. marilla— the crest is smaller than in the former, and larger than in the latter. The female may be distin- guished from the female of the latter by the greater extent of the triangular space at the upper part of the base of the bill, and from that of Cristata by its larger dimensions. 159 FULIGULA CRISTATA. Fu. Mas.—Supra ater, capite cristato; subtus albus. Fu. Fem.—Mare similis, sed minore crista. TUFTED POCHARD. Male pochard; above black, with the head crested ; below white. Female similar to the male, but with the crest smaller. Length. ..... 13 Varsigaweres + =: 13 C571 | HERS Crear 23 Middle toe ...... 24 Fem.: similar to the male, but not so glossy, and with the crest smaller. Fuligula cristatd seccevscvceee ide drole sielefara store SADIE RELI TIBR ASO OL OOOUOD pietatefotelpietetstelerarciniereiele ANAS FUTIG“UIA veveveevcere veseee vesesesseses Raii Syn. 142 A. Linn. Syst. 1. 207. Male: head and crest (which is long) black glossed with violet; back and upper part of the plumage glossy brown-black ; the scapulars undulated with narrow bars of whitish ; below, together with the speculum, white ; bill lead-coloured, with the nail black ; feet and legs black. Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 190. A winter visitant in the British isles; is found also in Asia, migrating northwards to breed. Gmel. Syst. 1. 542. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 869. Brehm. Hand. der. Nat. aller, Vo. Deut. 916. Gmel, Syst. 1. 520. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 859. UP RAUNT Os HOA DOGROO0S Dnenalloseceesen ween. arct. LOO. 2.'00o. Lapmark Duck ..cccees cevececvee seve vevree Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 576. Morilion ..... Whe ar Sc doat oges Patenefaiciacive nip Ow 9.2276 Lie CUNT OPW ele eiciehiteinie eitieiieisiiecieuciseieisis. Deis Oise 9) 202. Le canard acreté svecvcccvvevs vescesecevcesess Feil. En. Method. Orn. 1. 143. Ay thy Cristal vivves cevvee vevccces seceenes ANAS SCANGIACA . veverveccevcerseresvesercness In America this bird is not found, its place being supplied by the preceding species. Nothing is known of its nidification. The trachea of the male in this species is furnished with two pair of muscles of voice, the first the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the second pair are furculo-tracheal, diverging from the tube at the point where it penetrates the cavity of the chest, and inserted between the rami of the os furcatum at the point from whence they branch to unite with the coracoids. 4 160 ~~ NYROCA AUSTRALIS. Vy.—Proximo similis, sed majore. AUSTRALIAN POCHARD. Duck lke the next, but larger. IN. IN. Length S06 21 Outer £08 ec. .at 6 as aon 2} Bill 2. shh z Middle toe ...... .: 22 Tr Sta eke Ad UNM OP 100 Seas oh wot 2 So extremely hke Nyroca Leucopthalmus, that as far as colouring goes one description will serve. The greater size, much larger and robust bill, and the bill being deep lead coloured, with a fascia of lighter across just behind the nail, as well as being destitute of the white spot on the chin, serve to distinguish it. NV GTOCURAURUI ALES araiatech es Sitearehets lative levee tate ielsts Gould, ADSS. Our specimen was obtained from Mr. Gould, who received it from Australia. NYROCA LEUCOPTHALMUS. Ny. Mas.—Ferrugineus ; iridibus, speculo, mentoque macula, albis. Ny. Fem.—Mare similis, sed obscurior. WHITE-EYED DUCK. Male, ferruginous duck ; with the eyes, speculum, and patch on the chin, white. Fem. like the male, but darker. Deng \c a. 174 Parsi chieecul ake 14 Enp.ale.... 20 Middletoe........ 24 SLUR ian 1S Inner toe... 2.5.24 12 Male: bright reddish chesnut, with a collar round the neck brown; speculum, a spot on the chin, and under parts pure white; the back and wings in some specimens inclining to brownish ; bill and legs lead coloured ; irides white. Fem.: similar, but with the colours more obscure. aS i a LAAIAA TTY / Nyroca Leucopthalmus ..ccceccesee veccevsees Mem, Brit. An. 121. HOTS | IMRT AC RRO OO CORON HOON OOOTOOO ED OG wees Gnel. Syst 1. 522: Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 875. Anas NYP0CW 12.0000. oon. ¢ oo CUReaS Gmel. Syst. 1. 542. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 869. MANES fETFUGINED 6 Kee a sie hoc 0 os AOE ele dos Gimel. Syst. 1. 528. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 866. LUT Let NTT OCU seve vn Voie) eis: +0) oVsI BO OOOOCID 6. 0c ger Boie in Brehm. Hand. der. Nat. aller, Vo. Deut. 918. CAP TICGIM EGU x sica sis's acces wisi SO HoOwD OOK .. Lath. Syn. 6. 555. Ferruginous Duck ..... myieieler sts) ofeinieieerore ate erm Brit. Zool, 2.00. Rare as the occurrence of this bird is in the British isles, it is not uncommon in some parts of France, Holland, and Germany, and is found also in India and North America. Mons. Temminck informs us in his Manual that it constructs its nest by the sides of rivers and morasses, laying eight or ten white eggs slightly tinged with greenish. The form of the tube and inferior larynx in this species will be best understood by consulting the plate. It is acted upon by two pairs of muscles, the first the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the others furculo-tracheal. It differs from that of the foregoing genus in having the tube much more enlarged. NYROCA BRUNNEA. a Ny. Mas.—Obscurus, capite cristato ; genis colloque inferiore castaneis ; dorso brunneo. Ny. Fem.—Mare similis, sed mento basoque rostri fascia cineta, genisque linea albis. BROWN POCHARD. Male, obscure duck, with the head slightly crested; the cheeks and lower parts of the neck chesnut ; the back brown. Fem. duck similar to the male, but with the chin and the base of the bill surrounded with a fascia ; and the cheeks with a line white. IN. IN. Length sac. i- 20 OWfeh Teese ies 24 . Barns a 12 Middle toe ........ 23 TaRSiey fact 12 UP NEILOC We tie ee 12 Male: sooty black, with the head slightly crested and glossy; flanks and back inclining to olive brown, and speckled with light brown and white; wing spot white ; cheeks deep chesnut, which colour extends for some distance down the neck; chin black; bill blueish lead colour ; | legs the same. 162 Fem.: as in the male, but with a circle round the base of the bill; a line from the eye to the lower part of the throat, and the tips of all the feathers below white. Nyroca brunnea nobis. Specimens of this species are in our own collection, and were received from Southern Africa. Specimens are also in the South African Museum, brought home by Dr. Andrew Smith. HARELDA GLACIALIS. Ha, Mas.—Capite colloque albis ; macula auriculari brunnea ornatus. Ha. Fem.—Brunnea; gutture macula alba ornata. LONG-TAILED DUCK. Male duck, with the head and neck white; with a brown auricular patch. Fem. brown duck; the throat with a white patch. IN. IN. Length 2... 22 Taner toe... 5. Sle 511 Seger i eae lL Middle toe...... 2% Larsen ae ee Outer toe ... « 2+ Male: head and neck white, with an auricular spot brown; scapulars and tertiaries, abdomen, and outer tail feathers white; breast, back, wing and middle tail feathers brown; during summer the plumage becomes more obscure, and similar to that of the female; middle tail feathers and tertiaries much elongated ; bill black, with a band of red; legs and toes yellow, with the membranes dusky. Fem.: without the long tail and tertiary feathers; dark brown, darkest on the back, the edge of the feathers lightest ; throat with a large patch, and the under parts, light grey. The young similar to the female. Harelda glaciauis ..iccevivecencessecsvesccses Steph, Sh. Zool. 12. 175. ARGS GLACIAUS .iisis0 0 ye vase esnys iehaien + elev stsleie, Lut. NSYSts a 20a. Gmel. Syst. 1, 529. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 864. ANAS NAY CMAUS clein vials sainiels ass ecw alela sivas shaalein wel stele 257 Staal eae Gmel. Syst. 529. 29. Anas caudata harelda wiveee veccve veseee cease Leati Syn, 145. 14. Querquedula ferroensis ccccecveveeess sevesees Briss. Orn. 6. 466. Anas longicauda islandicd vivcevscccvcescceees Briss. Orn. 7, 299. LOngG=tGled Duck vovivcsa vs uve veered viereewieiiens ris. Ot U0 me sod: 163 Canard G longequeue .ccvescccees cosene cucess BU. Ois. 9, 202. UOTE WPTTUATE S50GG000COFDOOCOUOGDAC spa008 Buff. Pl. Eni. 1008. Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 129. EARLE CEG RAR ROC oo0 On seo ORaDOOo scccoaC .... Buff. Ois. 9. 278. LE AOU AMEND 6 dagao adanone man odds / ANCOGC ... Feill. En, Method. Orn. 1. 134. TT-GCHEG ante ote Sqoodoogg0C soposoas00ds0n sona00 WTS Olea 10h, ISIS fap We. Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 30, fig. Bands An inhabitant of the arctic regions, not migrating farther south than the northern part of Scotland. Breeds on the sea coast, making its nest of grass and sea weed; lays generally about eight eggs of a blueish colour. We have given an account of the trachea under the genus Harelda. CLANGULA HISTRIONICA. Clang. Mas.—Capite atro; macula utrinque ante oculari auricularique albis. Clang. Fem.—Brunnea; capite maculis albis obscuris ornatis mare similibus. HARLEQUIN DUCK. Male duck, with the head black ; a spot on each side before the eyes and on the ears white. Fem. brown duck, with marks on the head similar to the male, but obscure. IN. IN. Length...... 165 Outer t0e~ ss. 5-.+.- 25 Bills taotatis: i! ISTEP On 5 008 Gan 12 TOR: sh cee. 14 Middletoe........ 28 Male: crown black; between the base of the bill and the eye is a triangular patch of white, with the small end towards the bill, from the upper corner of which a streak varying in intensity proceeds over the eye to the occiput ; back of the neck black, with an elongated white streak on each side; throat and upper part of the neck shining violet black; an auricular patch white ; collar and a streak extending nearly from the point of one wing round the front of the breast to that of the other, wing coyerts, and tertiaries white; breast. belly, and vent brown; tail and wings dark umber brown; wing spot purple; bill and legs lead coloured, tipped with red ; irides hazel. Fem.: brown, with the margins of the feathers paler; a spot between the base of the bill and the eye, and an auricular one, whitish ; belly and vent white blotched with brown; rather smaller than the male. , Clangula Histrionicd ...116 10. lav eirish ele dositivie: SLEDI0..9/0. 7000 1. LEO; i Eyton, Hist, R. Brit. Birds, 84. | SAS MALE PLO NU G' yg b'n o 44.4 0' ba eis urlsiha ninarwsy LataIe SY Ets Ll. 204, | Gmel. Syst. 1. 534, 164 AAS TUTE o tee fein tie ie.0ie 8) sy0heisiursioivvelstelelesiy eve eet efake alr eO ap Gmel. Syst. 1. 534. LANUBLORGUACII IIs ototels vie caveats 2 aie 1s BU cw ie Middle toe ...... 2 7-10ths Male: head and upper part of the neck green with purple inflections ; remainder of the neck, belly, breast, greater wing coverts, and a spot below the eye, white; back, rump, lesser wing and tail coverts black ; quills and tail black; legs, toes, and bill lead coloured ; irides golden yellow. Fem. : with the head and upper part of the neck brown; back, wings, and tail dusky slate colour; wing spot white; bill lead coloured, with a yellowish band round the nail. ANGE GING YL «fs Rs en es age Linn. Syst. 1. 201. Gmel. Syst. 1. 523. Raii Syn. 142 A. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 867. ANAS GlAUCION Vivesvcses SOE OT OR OOOO OOD Linn. Syst. 1. 401. Gmel, Syst. 1, 525. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 868. Sucooboassabagas vee. Buff Oi8. 9.222. VENGOTLOE eateate ser ete ! Gis eieeTe eines stewtete covee Llem. Brit. An. 120. Clangula culgarisrrerices 167 Clangula chrysopthalmus ..ccue vecevvee cnveee Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 182. OM ZORUC TIER. SACOG ODOC OOOO SHO OSSRDOOCODGS Temm. Man. 2. 870. (GIGAE CIE so55Gngcs6 - sSs0obe we Goode 5 veeee Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 276. IMATE does cooro bo DoT bs an awoneoanooneneoted Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 15, fig. 1\—5. Breeds in the arctic regions, but regularly migrates southwards during winter; is found commonly in Europe, frequenting both fresh and sea water, but more commonly the latter; during the breed- ing season, however, they are stated by travellers to frequent exclusively fresh water, making their nest on the shores of lakes and rivers in the fur countries, and laying from seven to ten white eggs. The trachea has a large contractile bulb on the tube; the inferior larynx is not very dissimilar from that of the MWergansers ; the tube is acted upon by two pairs of muscles of voice, the first of which are the usual sterno-tracheal ones, the second pair (which are furculo-tracheal) diverge from the tube at a little distance below the contractile bulb, and have their insertion on the rami of the os furcatum near the middle of each. CLANGULA AMERICANA. Clang. Mas.—Clangula vulgari similis, sed majore. AMERICAN GOLDEN EYE. Male clangula, similar to the common golden eye, but larger. Zz Lengilie .. . =. 21 TE 6 Ske OOO DAI doy eee 1} Middle toe ...,.. Bld tle bo Very like the common golden eye of Europe, but larger, with the spot at the base of the bill more ovate, and the bill longer, broader, and stouter. CHANT UAE AUITOPICONG aojcsiis ssiccinacssves aeaens Bonap. MSS. Common Golden Eye ..veveseues e cveesmeneeue Nutt. Orn. 2. 441. It is even now doubtful whether or not many of the birds of North America are distinct from our own. ‘There is, however, between many of them found enough of distinction for the practised eye of an ornithologist to say with certainty, this bird is North American—this European. 168 THALASSORNIS LEUCONOTUS. Thal.—Corpore colloque ferrugineis ; illo atro transyersim fasciato, dorsoque imo albo. FASCIATED DUCK. Duck, with the body and neck ferruginous ; the former transversely fasciated with black, and the lower part of the back white. Lengths che’. 18 Outer tie. . teltaccke 22 Ball ae gece 6 Middle toe........ 22 Lory ee AS AORET TOE - = se ie ovexctolt 2 Head, upper part of the back, and flanks black; the tip and a bar across each feather dull brown; wing coverts black barred with ferruginous; neck light yellowish brown; belly rather darker; back and rump dirty white; tail coverts and tail black, the former tipped with lght brown ; feet and bill black ; tail short ; very old birds have a whitish spot on each side behind the base of the bill, and another smaller one on the chin. ClamG Ula lEUCLOROTUS © ciceis viciele cla vcle's alo esi sees. Smith. Cat. S. Afric. Mus. In the museum of the Zoological Society, said to have been received from the Cape of Good Hope. The bill in this species approaches in form to that of Biziwra. Since we described the above, under another name, we have seen the specimens brought home by Dr. Smith from the Cape, and now exhibiting. As our specific appellation was not published, we have therefore adopted his. BIZIURA LOBATA. Biz. Mas.—Ater, albo transversim et minuté fasciatus; alis brunneis; compressa. mandibula inferiore caruncula Biz. Fem.—Mare similis, sed caruncula caret. LOBATED DUCK. Male, black duck, minutely and transversely lineated with white; wings brown; inferior mandibles with a compressed caruncle. Fem. duck similar to the male, but without the caruncle. IN Length... ini. 33 Tnner tie fs ek st 3 525.3 | Sa pare 12 Outer tess. «.- sa56 33 DEST caer 2 Middle toe ...s530> 32 1 Cyne Unifuscoata 7) é Dominica fm Lrinked ty (AAPM, 169 Male: crown and upper part of the back of the neck black, occasionally speckled with whitish ; back, lower part of the neck, flanks, rump, and under tail coverts deep glossy black, each feather transversely streaked with one or two narrow lines of white or light brown; wings and tail sooty black; remainder grey or silvery white ; bill and legs lead coloured, the former with a large com- pressed caruncle on the lower mandible. Fem.: smaller than the male, but in colouring similar; without the caruncle. Biziura Nove: Hollandi@ wecccccves ceveeceees Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 222. Hydrobates lobatus coe cevecces cececeenesvees Temm. Pl. En. N, 68. Anas lobatd vesvencessveees SoGdbOA COCO ODaC GU Shaw. Nat. Mis. 8, pl. 255. Lobated Duck ....02..c00- weccseee vees snpoos Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, 2. p. 349. Le canard caroncule 1.1.04 wees SCAIOQUE COOSOC Feill. En. Method. Orn. 356. All that is known of the habits of this curious bird is contained in a short notice by Lieut. Breton, R.N. inserted in the Zoological Proceedings for 1834, p. 19, from which we extract the following: « He (Lieut. Breton) stated that these birds are so extremely rare that he saw only three of them ‘during his various excursions, which extended over twelve hundred miles of country. He has never heard of any instance in which more than two were seen together. They are only met with on the rivers and in pools left in the otherwise dry beds of streams. It is extremely difficult to shoot on account of the readiness with which they dive. The instant the trigger is drawn the bird is under water.” ERISMATURA MACCOA. Eris.—Brunnea, gutture lineaque infra oculos albis, MACCOA DUCK. Brown duck, with the throat and a streak below the eye dirty white. Lengths sss: 14 WARN eet 5 2 2 13 Pes) Aarne iy Outer toe.......- 24 Back black barred with ferruginous; flanks brown barred with the same; tail brown; head dark brown, undulated with ferruginous ; chin and streak from the bill below the eye to the occiput whitish grey; below silvery grey undulated with brown ; bill lead coloured; legs with a tinge of greenish ; speculum none. Oxyura Maccod ..seeveees cececcssns ove sees Smith, Cat. S. Afric. Mus. A specimen is in our collection, brought home from the Indian Isles. Except from the difference in locality, we should have supposed this bird to have been the young of Oxyura rubida. Since writing the above we have seen a specimen brought home by Dr. Smith, and have adopted his name. - 170 ERISMATURA FERR UGINEA. Eris.—F¥erruginea, capite atro. FERRUGINOUS DUCK. Male, ferrnginous duck, with the head black. Z Hind Wim —_— — ay Tarsi Bill Gentretoes.ssese. 2: Male: deep ferruginous, with the head and upper part of the neck black; quills and tail brown; vent and belly silvery ash, tinged with ferruginous. Closely allied to Erismatura Australis. The only specimen we have seen is in the British Museum, obtained from Chili. ERISMATURA LEUCOCEPHALA. Evis, Mas.—Vertice atro; subtus castaneus; reliquo albo. Eris. Fem,.—Mare similis, sed coloribus obscuris. WHITE-HEADED DUCK. Male duck, with the crown black ; remainder of the head white; below chesnut. Fem. similar, but with the markings obscure. iN. IN. Length oe 17 Outer ite in crater 22 PUL. & Je ser 13 Centre tae. nee 27 Tarsi 12 Vnner Were ne - 21 Male: crown black; remainder of the head pure white; body silvery brown, tinged with ferruginous on the breast, flanks, and back, on the latter irrorated with black; tail and wiugs brown ; no wing spot; legs and bill lead coloured; the latter more taper at the base than is usual in the genus. Fem.: similar to the male, but with the colours not so distinct. Anas leucocephala seuss seers Aegean arene mUrmele SYSt. lacoloy Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 858. Roverditiscastae vececcceeeeess Gould, Birds of Europe. sobwdecokaveac sicltisiniele viv ears sisteler mG@MEl. SY/SGsmlatew: Undina leucocephala .dnas mersa . gl W hite-headed Duck. ...vvceevccessvecceeeesss Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 478. Oral Duck .....+. Joo Paces oqNoHe Sinan. - .. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 478. La Macreuse de Russie ........ SOITOORO GEC > Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 140. Le canard Ural ...... aetafay custic ais ofavere ital cielarecars Feil. En. Method. Orn. 1. 127. Inhabits the eastern portions of Europe ; occasionally found during migration in Austria and Hungary. ERISMATURA RUBIDA. Eris, Mas.—Brunnea, capite supra, fronte, et occipite atris ; genis mentoque albis. ris. Fem.—Mare similis, sed coloribus obscuris. RUDDY DUCK. Male, brown duck, with the upper part of the head, the forehead, and occiput black; checks and chin white. Fem. like the male, but with the colours less distinct. Length. 2: “15 Oinkern ean) as. 23 ee arate 13 Middle toe...... 2} PAGSO a2 ocak es TRNOR INE 56. ss 2 Male: crown, head, and back of the neck black; back and tail brown dotted with whitish ; wings brown; throat and cheeks white: flanks, breast, and lower surface also white tinged more or less with ferruginous ; bill lead coloured ; legs and feet brown ; irides hazel. Fem.: similar to the male, but with the back part of the head and neck inclining to brown ; the throat and cheeks light slate colour. Young similar to the female. Erismatura rubida vivccvcvens Satie Ee ptetne, a eeterere Bonap. Cat. Am. and Europ. Birds. ANS TUDIAG oo ov oss access Berea a ee sielalenien ot Wale, 002. OrnaeGg 128; p01. 71, fig. 56: Buligula (OtYUPA) TUAE 00 cov vecccs sonves Bonap. Syn. p. 390. N. 336. Fuligula rubidaceeccvccevsccses SOE OURO CI COC Faun, Bo. Am. 2. 455. Gymnurd 7Ubida viccsvevvvcees oy wecccenucees Nutt. Man. Orn. 2, 426. Inhabits North America, retiring northwards to breed; frequents fresh water in preference to the sea, according to Nuttall. When swimming they have a habit of carrying the tail so erect that it appears of the same height with the head and neck. 172 ERISMATURA AUSTRALIS. Eris. Mas.—Capite colloque atris; corpore castaneo. Eris. Fem.—Ferruginea, fasciata et punctata atro et brunneo. AUSTRALIAN DUCK. Male duck, with the head and neck black; the body chesnut. Fem. ferruginous duck, fasciated and punctated with black and brown. DENG ire a ai'cs 15 BU ee 12 TAaTrst cess 11 Male: with the head, throat, and neck black ; below with the back dark chesnut ; tail, wings, and rump black, the latter irrorated with ferruginous; under tail coverts silvery grey; bill, feet, and legs lead coloured. Fem.: brown ferruginous, fasciated transversely with black and dark brown; throat light brown ; under surface silvery grey, slightly tinged with brown; tail and wings brown. Oxyura Australis, Gould OOH OHBSAO SOO COCSe - Zool. Proc. 1836, p. 85. Inhabits Australia. First sent to England by Lieut. Breton from Swan River. The specimens are in the collection of the Zoological Society. ERISMATURA DOMINICA. Eris. Mas.—Ferrugineus, capite anteriore atro; speculo albo. Eris. Fem.—Brunnea, lineis albis infra et per oculos, occipite tendentibus ; speculo mare simili. DOMINICAN DUCK. Male, ferruginous duck, with the head anteriorly black ; the wing spot white. Fem. brown duck, with a white streak through the eye and another below it, extending to the occiput ; wing spot as in the male. 4 Outer toes. 2%... 5% 12 ET. eaten ver 1} Middle toe......- 2 Tarsi 1 Inner t0ee%. = =... 1g Male: fore part of the head sooty black; the hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, flanks, and rump ferruginous; wing coyerts brown; quills ashy black, with the wing spot white; tail black ; throat, streak through the eye, and another below it, light ferruginous; bill and legs lead coloured. Fem: with the back deep brown; flanks light brown, barred with darker; head deep brown, slightly undulated with ferruginous; under parts silvery grey, undulated with brown; a dusky white streak passes through the eye, and another below it; wing spot white; bill lead coloured ; legs brown. ANAS DOMAINE. eros 6.0.0 600s Fado oUaGO Sooo -.. Linn. Syst. 1. 200. Gmel. Syst. 1. 521. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 874. ITER AUST CAT Ap SD DAO Oa a0 -UDTOUOOUCOOODS Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 203. Querquedula Dominicensis.....cercceecccseees Briss, Orn. 6. 472. LAPIS TROT! goovadao0e Gocdoe OsaNOoneeD o6a¢ Gmel. Syst. 1, 522. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 874. CAMHS ADIT TU sts HOBC DOORS CONOAD CODON DIOGOOOL P. Max. Bat. Nat. Braz. 4. 938. Sarcelle de la Guadaloupe ....sseeccceeveceees Buff. Pl. Enl. 938. Sarcelle a queue epineuse de Cayenne ..sees sees Buff. Pl. Eni. 968. MYM lad DTA sono aoGOOd COLO OUOM OGROaT Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 554. A female specimen is in the British Museum. Both male and female are in our own collection, obtained from Jamaica. It also, according to Prince Maximilian, inhabits Brazil. MERGUS MERGANSER. Mer. Mas.—Capite colloque superiore viridibus ; scapularibus primoribusque atris ; corpore subtus albo. Mer, Fem.—Capite rufo ; corpore subtus cinerascenti-albo. COMMON MERGANSER. Male mer. with the head and upper part of the neck green; the scapulars and primaries black ; below white. Female, with the head rufous; below ashy white. Length...... 29 LIT ec a aR 12 Bi rete se 2 Middle toe...... 23 Male: head and neck deep glossy green, the former crested; upper part of the back and scapulars black; lower part of the back, tail, and secondary coverts, hoary grey; quills and secondaries brown; tertiaries white, beautifully edged with black; bill red, with the margins and culmen black ; legs, feet, and webs, orange ; irides hazel. Fem.: head and upper part of the neck rufous brown, the former crested on the occiput ; throat white ; lower part of the neck, breast, flanks, and thighs, whitish ash; belly and abdomen yellowish white ; above dark ash ; feet, bill, and legs as in the male, but not so bright. Young similar to the female. 174 Mergus: Merganser .r.cccsevcccsessss cocvee Linn, Syst. 1. 208. Rati Syn. 1. 34. A. 1. Gmel. Syst. 1. 544. Briss. Orn. 6, 231. t. 32. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 828. Wils. Am. Orn, pl. 68. Mer Ganser FRA waie,cviais sieves Was on 6s ana wees Steph. Shaw Zool, 12, 161. MET GUS COBLOT eas scscsess coca OS ecrcic) mac tee SLO Seite Nov) eceens pee -oarelele aisles eieate eneralen CHIMES Gh wis ce) ede $$ rcecvescccccscesvevessesees Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 829. Mergus ruficapillus..... ste sushaselieiefesaainrels ceeee Gmel. Syst. 1. 545. Mergus serratus longirostris ..s.e0 woes vee Raii Syn. 1. 34. 4. 2. GO0seander vieses recone veeses vovnss seseee Fenn, Arct. Zophi 2 N. 465. SOO COCEOTOOUDEC COCO OOODOIOOUCS Lath. Syn. 6. 418. Dundiver veveee cvaer Uclsisieitiel efelsieie ene sreleistelsiaie Erie eet Cee ZOD eels TC EL OMLe yatsrainieteie #/s) s/s 1q e\ere)sisisie wiesin's © sic) eleele sje eC a ORI CHLOE Le wale ln iovaieiersyate)clelerels sielslelstata(ets) tiers nO ne oUe We Bicure Vanes seis sisisiats sis ier aiaisja!elelsis's<1ere .. Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1. 103. MGEPLOLIO alaieleie 0.0/0} o1e\ 91510 ehesnaleleie » wieeisia ndiajes se oP CHU LITes ELIE AON Pemba Ue LT REMC ihe ataletereats ais pier eperates sincere ee cae sseee Linn. Trans. vol. 15, tab. 15, fig. h. Inhabits the neighbourhood of the arctic circle, breeding in Iceland, Siberia, Kamschatka, and the fur countries, making its nest of grass near the water, and laying from ten to fourteen eggs of a yellowish colour. During winter, in hard weather, these birds migrate southwards, and are found over considerable portions of the continents of Europe, Asia, and America. We haye also received them from Peru. The trachea in the male has two enlargements on the tube, each of which are compressed, and composed of alternating semi-lunar plates. The inferior larynx is very large and strong, projects most on the left side, but slightly before, behind, and on the right side. The bronchie are far apart, the left the largest; it does not differ in form from that of MW. serrator, which we have figured. 175 MERGUS SERRATOR. Mer, Mas.—Capite cristato, hoe colloque superiore viridibus ; collo inferiore capistro albo. Mer. Fem.—Capite cristato, hoc colloque superiore rufis, collo inferiore cinereo; ventre albo; speculoque fascia atra diviso. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. Male mer. with the head crested, and the upper part of the neck green; the inferior part with a white collar. Fem. mer. with the head crested, together with the upper part of the neck rufous; the inferior part cinereous ; below white; speculum divided by a black bar. Length...... 20 WiNGn 100 eens, oe IQUE ctocate « 23 Middle toe...... 23 Tarsi 2} Outer t0e on 2. + 24 Male: head and upper part of the neck glossy greenish black, the former crested; middle of the neck with a white collar; lower part of the neck and breast ferruginous, spotted with black; upper part of the back, scapulars, and sides of the breast black; wing coverts white, with a black bar across the larger ones; tail grey; flanks and lower part of the back white, undulated with narrow black lines; below white; irides reddish; bill orange, with the culmen black. Fem.: head and crest brown; remainder of the neck greyish brown ; secondaries, abdomen, and lower part of the breast white. Young similar to the female. Mergus serrator ..... Shaesie gs . Linn, Syst. 1. 208. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 829. Mergus serrator leucomelas ..... 4 46000 e eveee» Gmel. Syst. 1. 546. MCT GUS BCVTQLUS acini v.e cannes > 00 Son pooandenon CuCAh ia Maes anf (HG eh ae AUCOL COOOL Rircaeinte sith late . Gmel. Syst. 1, 546 B. CPIBLALUS «ain ialejermiw el sfafevais TODO BOOT Briss. Orn. 6. 237. 2. ¢. 23. vsvevees Lenn, Aret. Zool. 2. 466. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 423. ae TAG le 7 PARTE save ciate s a Me'vie, ox 219 Tviovavevvulefevase's Buff. Ois, 8, 273. HLArlé G MANLEAU NOW cececceoreescorsrrvas .. Buff. Ois. 8. 277. Elarles EURpe sane scree Diratpintar ths Siete a mivisialwials Temm. Man. Orn. 2. p. 884. THOETER. pa nieiceeaccee te sreruisiare Sb Wine eons tes .» Linn. Trans. vol. 4, tab. 16, fig. 1—2. Inhabits nearly the same countries as the preceding ; but does not extend so far southwards ; breeds in the neighbourhood of the arctic circle and in the highlands of Scotland, on the borders of fresh water lakes, making its nest of dried herbage lined with down stripped from its own body ; lays from eight to twelve eggs of a brownish yellow colour. 176 The trachea in the male of this species differs from that of the last, in having only one enlarge- ment on the tube (in other respects similar), and in the left bronchia being much larger than the right. The comparatively smaller size of this bird at once distinuguishes it from the preceding. MERGUS BRAZILIANUS. Mer.—Niger, capite colloque viridi-zneis. BRAZILIAN MERGANSER. Black merganser, with the head and neck brassy green. Length of bill...... 2 TRUS aes sient 12 Middle toe...... 24 Merganser, with the head and neck glossy green; the occiput with a long pendent crest the same; the whole of the back, tail, and wings sooty black; wing spot white, divided by a black streak ; under surface and the lower part of the neck brown, the latter, with the flanks, minutely spotted and barred with white; the abdomen broadly so; bill black; legs and feet orange, with the webs dusky. Mer gus BIaetiGnus avs v sieves ose et as.esis\elele Feill. Gal. des Oiseaux, 2. 209. Le Harle a hit b7ins voces veces acveveves Dict. d’ Hist. Nat, 2d edit. 14. 222. In the collection of the Zoological Society ; evidently a young bird. MERGUS CUCULLATUS. Mer. Mas.—Capite atro cristato; crista alba, et macula triangulari notata. Mer, Fem.—Brunnea, capite cristato; gutture albo. HOODED MERGANSER. Male mer. with the head crested black; crest with a large triangular patch of white. Fem. brown merganser, with the head crested ; the throat white. PONG ss = 2 19 Dimer aera: os ae 13 ES ee asin 2 Middle toes. 3 23: 2 TONS coe VS Male: head and neck glossy black, with purple and green inflections, the former largely crested with long silky feathers; crest marked with a fan-shaped patch of white, the small end placed towards the eye, a little behind it, and extending backwards nearly to the edge of the hood ; breast and under surface white, the former with two bands of velvet black, tapering to a point in front of the wings ; quills and tertiaries deep brown, the latter with white shafts and dark edges ; tail dark brown; back black; flanks dark chesnut, with narrow transverse undulated bars of black or brown ; irides yellow; bill red. Fem.: with the crest smaller than in the male, and the feathers not so numerous ; neck, back, head, crest, and wings umber brown, varying in intensity; throat white; lower part of the neck light umber brown; belly white; feet and legs in both sexes red. Young similar to the female in colouring, but the males may be distinguished by the crest being larger. DICE URISUCIIUTEER SS a tarnie sie aleiviatalal a ere ake Gee cists Linn, Syst. 1. 207. Gmel, Syst. 1, 544. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 830. Eyton, Hist. R. Brit. Birds, 75. Aud. Am. Orn, 3. 246. MIU UA RUA Ms wi eiaitnbian G6 a FaNboxe 6 sae ea Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 802. TLOULEM IEF G ANGERS Neiinns «is voik'sls Vic's 0's.6 816 816 me Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 467. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 426. pl. ci. Riound-crested DUGh! Pigete sc eccss sacees n° .»» Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 94. BT. OTO MAN GOTSEN Gi.ial-cath s.2,c/sicieoss\ va'assiei\ se ec» Penn. Arct. Zool. 2d Sup. 74. LE ELD E1G OUP OMEN GaiGu ee cea does ceBowe Buff. Ois. 8. 280. : PFeill. En. Method. Orn. \. 103. Le Harle a queue fourchue ...., ere ane Peill. En. Method. Orn. 1.105. Rare in Europe; one or two specimens have, however, been killed in the British isles. North America is its true habitat, over the whole of which it appears during winter to be found ; as spring approaches, the greater portion of them retire to the north, though some remain and breed in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and the intermediate district. It builds in holes of trees and rocks where it can find them; but in districts devoid of such localities builds on the ground on the borders of lakes, laying from six to ten white eggs. Z a 178 MERGUS ALBELLUS. Mer. Mas.—Supra albus, genis et occipite atris ; capite cristato. Mer, Fem.—Subtus alba, genis et occipite rufis; capite vix eristato. WHITE SMEW. Male mer. above white, with the cheeks and occiput black ; head crested. Fem. mer. below white, with the cheeks and occiput red; the head slightly crested. Length: cniaee AT Outertad is es 2 WSL AES Serco ot eae Middle toe........ 21 Tarst.<.citemee AX Tuner toot. eins) Cie Male: above and below white, with a large patch on each side of the head, and another one down the back of the neck, black; crest white; on the upper part of the breast on each side a bar of black, not meeting in front; coverts, primaries, and secondaries black ; scapulars white, edged on their outer webs with black; tail, rump, and upper tail coverts grey ; bill and legs lead coloured. Fem.: throat, neck, belly, and abdomen white; the breast, back, tail, and upper tail coverts ash coloured ; wings grey, with the outer webs of the scapulars white. Young similar to the female. Mer gus CqBEllUa sin catais's\s ia's ss selects eieivie vieleltisls ele LL TILT YBE= le 209. Gmel, Syst. 1. 547. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 831. Steph. Sh. Zool. 12. 157. Wils. Am, Orn, 8. 136. pl. 71, fig. 7. WICH GUS TULULUB in als\aiaja «viaje ajax sisfass etaver is «eee Linn. Syst. 1. 209. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 832. MEP GUSTASUBICUS sc ooo aion esas vecesesecs antes sOMmel syst. le 048. SLEUAIUS...0.2 2000s afellalelelelglalsisialetere yn COT USB ACUTE MO coe empiia Oe Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 559. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6, 428. Bluul Merganser ooccccacsusesvrecs vvvese sass Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. Sup. 74. Le petit harle owila piette oo .sve veesecsssccses Buff: Oi8n8. 27s WG CURCUICTs Sateeisen kale mya evajele) 4 sin/ele'e) (a sieis«/eleleta eth CHG. att RIEL LOO.OT72. Alar VEER /UAT LENCL OI Chorete e,ctatpistate ei oticie lei sia syeleveretare scones uy. Cis, 81278. Feill. En. Method. Orn. 1, 105. TT AChEMasutere er evnts dave cuccvesstaweseagvivc.s Lai: Crs COLA. niu. LO, jig mee ISIEIOTANG ere Meee wee g dae ACCS Cavers pee he Found in Europe, America, and Asia, but does not migrate far southwards; breeds in Siberia, Kamschatka, Greenland, and Iceland, generally on the banks of fresh water rivers or lakes, laying from ten to twelve yellowish eggs. The female and young of this species may be distinguished from those of the hooded merganser by the shortness and stoutness of the bill, and by the serratures not being pointed backwards, and more resembling the lamelle of the true ducks. ‘The tube of the trachea has one enlargement towards the middle, and continues of large diameter to the inferior larynx, which differs in form from that of the other mergansers, the greatest diameter being trans- verse instead of vertical ; in other respects it is similar. ASPEE Naa xX. Mucu additional evidence in favour of the theory we have advanced having been brought forward in the second volume of Dr. Prichard’s Researches into the Physical History of Man, we have formed the following Table, in order to shew the geographical distribution of the Anatide, and consequently those species which will, perhaps, some time or other, be accounted varieties. . . nate . a Xr ; . * x . rn Fe M. signifies migrant ; S. M. and W. M. summer and winter migrants; S. stationary; O. V. occasional visitant. NAME. Caucasian Mongolian Esquimaux Ethiopian American Malay Range. Range. Range. Range, Range. Range, Choristopus semipalmatus Soueos vs . . + S. Plectropterus Gambensis == see - oh an 8. 23 vals Cereopsis Novee Hollandiz yer an ae Be ne ao S. Cleophaga Magellanica =—_.... es o S. bees GanvIGenSIs) 9) acters ‘ on dc Ss. nC Bernicla Antarctica tae me ee ae a Pi 8,2 8.2 jubata agi . 60 ie oe a S. brenta Sater W. M. Ae Ss. M. is aa ncn leucopsis Sr astels W. M. Ke S. M. a 5 nae ruficollis Bree: OV; S. at ae ne nes Cheniscus Madagaseariensis =—. .. ss x oe ate 58 S. An Coromandeliana ae ee =i S.? ‘ He S.? aseWtendd oy Le 1 a kak ; W. M. W. Mz. S. M. W.M ~ erythropus he W. M. S. M. S: Mi : “i ; ——melanopierus = = ~—aaaeee *« ° : 5. — hyperboreas wena ae W. M. Ww. M Ss. M ————— Indica ae ea S ae pane —_ Canadensis Peet Ne S. M W.M 4 Sa CHIISYY = war we A 5 ae S. M W. M AG mms Cyemoides ke “ as S.? PRICK Cygnus olor Betis je S. 44 or ne pe —atratis = —— seeere BIC 55 af Bn ae 5. —— nigricollis costes ly a Be a 5. Parrott —— Bewickii Stents W. M. Ss. M. W.M ore ——— Americanus strat ate , Ss. M. Pie W. M. mane —_ buccinator feist Be S. M. ae W. M. : —— immutabilis eee W. M. Ss. M. ne arate anatoides See we Ne S. . ferus Dee hs W.M 5 S. M. W.M Sarkidiornis regia eirlatate! 6 ar Ss. ae : Ari SS AMICANUS ®t wiki on ze we Ss. - es Chenalopex ASgyptiaca == nee Ae OU ANIE as ite 8. it eee cana aarti. ne af as 8. eee Tadorna bellonii daitewe Ss. 8 ae AW, ae ee radjah ceeeee she 5 ie an ae S. Casarka rutila ee 0. V. S. ae Pi 2 are tadonoides seer 8 se se a A mG S. CHNIRCH et | RSTO e os oe ee on . S. Dendrocygna viduata eves ‘ oe en ae 8.2 Carat autumnalis alae 6 ir S. AD : +e O. —————— arcuata acne. © or S. ifs oe ty Ss. arborea pe Ae hy’ s ’ ; ‘ eee APPENDIX. Siac ie Soe | a gee be eee it sede Pa ae : Wat |. avaiis:.| eo, 8.2 8.7 ian le ed & eek oe oe oe e S tree urophasianus ee sisvase pe 26 .- . : 5. sees Pan dorata eis. OEM S. oo oe . * ‘ sees Pecilonitta Bahamensis boo . a o y ». cees erythrorhyncha Soe RTS st o 406 a: soe seer Mareea fistularis : Bis see W.M i S. M. S.? W * M 4 StGNe Americana Bess . . oe oo s. see castanea Mehta: xe Ae fe SiC naa Chiloensis =| Si a ae ss P os ae Aia sponsa Sheisiavere as 5 ote S. galericulata Ber fle 's are Ss. oe ae nies diate Querquedula creccoides Riese on .. on 5 ». teee Hottentota ante aire .. o. ‘+ . S } seer erythrorhyncha eieraaiets _ ue AS : | wiatete falearia Riley aus's ve s. Ai a ie | wiaaye glocitans siaieterss O.Y. S. 50 : Rein | we — Javanensis Bestel is a . Z ae | ae Manillensis Mvencas oye) e ni , HORT e halen formosa annua ate S. oi ic sees eee a eaten TRIE Ss: 8. ; a S. M. stare Carolinensis SEI oo oe ae 4c S. sacle Capensis Mystae. oe ar AB a: sf esves nO Cyanopterus circia eReles S. M. 8. 40 S.? te ries fretensis 5 avnaree ae ap 5 ee cesicer — +—_—— discors Neve 3's aie ws is =: Ee eal Rafflesii Raveciers oe sat ih ste ‘ s.cete Rhynchaspis clypeata aitaicons W. M. Wi. a: Ae O.V. s. es rhynchotis Fa0.200 : oe : 56 > Ss —_—— maculata evetersrs nts 6 a5 . S. i Capensis Rae na as ae BS Ss A Bi Malacorhynchus membrinacea dane a ‘ne +e nes Se Chaulelasmus strepera eretavele W. M. S..? *s S. ? s 0.V Anas boschas sialetel sie S. S Ss. M. O.N S Ssaisis obscura Patahtess Ss tis re oe Ch Tes superciliosa RF oistereie fc oe 5c os toa j specularis Deiat ae . i a ’ sae —— pecilorhyncha qweane aie S. oa A ais (ats 0.V. sparsa HOHE xO a9 a0 S. ais sagas flavirostris $aGG28 Ap oe ve Ss Pe neateha Carina moschata SEND © a ae ave we ois\aie Micropterus patachonicus misieisieie 23 oe Be a tee brachyptera peteieiehe Ao oe aie . Melanitta fusca Picket orete W. M. in Ss. M. oe —— Americana praletolate 0.YV. i S. M. an nigra Bice we W. M. Bo S. M. 0 an nth tA perspicillata cence ORV A S. M. se S. sees Somateria mollissima sewieles Ss. are S.? a a” tae spectabilis cseeee S. Bc S.? oe S.7 sees Polysticta Stelleri Gobo 0.V. s. cic a arto tees Kamptorhynchus Labradorus qOgc.cr AD a0 oe . 8. tees Callichen rufina merehaieie 8. S. ate . sees tees ——— caryophylacca oogda0 of 8. 5A +e eee S. Fuligula ferina nGo000 Woe: 8 S. M. a wines eee falisneria ay te an S. M. 2 ate S. BR erythrocephala qagooc po ie S. M.?2 S. sees marilla SOCIOL W. M. ae S. M. as actigic tees cristata oceees W. M. Ad Ss. M. oe tees eee rufitorques orcas Aa ok S. M. 2 aD affinis sistekete rs aye 50 S, M.?2 : Nyroca brunnea aiaersiate ott oi ae S. eae sees leucopthalmus SHOC00 8. S. An S ! APPENDIX. Mongolian Nyroca Australis Harelda glacialis Clangula vulgaris albeola ——— histrionica Thalassornis leuconotus Biziura lobata : Erismatura Maccoa ——— Dominica Australis rubida — leucocephala ————— ferruginea Mergus albellus — cucullatus ——— serrator -—— Brazilianus ——— merganser Esquimaux 7 eee: Ethiopian American APPENDIX, No. 2. In the following appendix we have given the admeasurements of the intestinal canal and number of vertebre in all the species throughout the family Anatide, where we have been able to obtain them: the former, as a specific character, is subject to very great variation, an increase in age invariably producing a more lengthened measurement. ‘The numbering of vertebra in birds generally is very difficult: the mode in which we have proceeded, though differing from other authors, has at all events the advantage of simplification. We consider all those yertebre anterior to the ribs, and not having any attachment to them, cervical; the dorsal are those anterior to the pelvinal bones, haying ribs attached to them; the sacral are those anchylosed together, and imme- diately succeeding the dorsal,—to some of these ribs are attached, either true or false; the numbering of those, where this is the case, we have shewn by the smaller and last number in the column headed No. of sacral vertebrze ; so that, in order to ascertain the true number, the smaller one must be added to the greater. The caudal vertebrae are those posterior to and not anchylosed to the sacral—tIn the numbering of the false ribs we have shewn their position by two figures, the first referring to those anterior to the true ones, the latter to those placed posteriorly to them. N, B, The admeasurements are given in inches. NAME. $22) 028) 3 b2e lo (og dee 122 Bae | SE? 2 oo 2 2 = 3 m = Hes] as 2 Sen 2 = 2 3% 2 a eats “ [=] Zz ra} A A He AS Z Plectropterus Gambensis, F. aiietoie 6 76 d OF Bernicla Brenta 0 Foon 18 6 13 3 Zi 47 7 ae | Anser segetum, F’. Rietes as 85 7 13 18 6 14 3 6 47 ‘A ihe cygnoides SAE 18 7 i593) 6 49 7 10 Cygnus Bewickii, M. > 143 | 10 144 | aiatus; se | ee. 114 7 11 23) | 6 Gra 8 57 8 21 olor DOO ferus, F. RAS 127 9} | 11 23 6 | 154 7 55 8 21 Tadorna bellonii, M. appar 123 44 84 16 6 13 3 7 45 6 21 Dafila caudacuta, M. Bieie\siei6 74 4f 8+ | 16 6 l4 3 6 6 Dal Mareca fistularis, M. as 59| st| o | 14! 6 |i2s| 7.) 2 4 iene Aia sponsa »sadne 40 3 3} ! Querquedula erythrorhyncha, M. ...... 314 23 23 | ——_ eas 3 : 30 25 23 crecca, M. ~cOONe 48 23 5 14 7 | 133 6 43 6 ae! F. sa: 50} 3h| 52 Cyanopterus circia odocoe Rhynchaspis clypeata, M. is‘ia a a ‘ 89 1 oz} 14 6 143 6 43 6 2 i Beh sisis 83 33 33 Chaulelasmus strepera Biateeriic 14 7 Weis 7 44 7 21 Anas boschas, M. nictsiv 84 4 9 14 6 l4 3 7 44 7 2 F. Neeiels 8 79 33 64 Carina moschata, M. Rraveisvele 78 7p 64 13 6 pA} 8 42 6 2] Melanitta nigra, F. A ioveus ore 62 5 l 12 8 16 3 7 46 7 21 Fuligula Gesneri, M. ea eacete 49 3} 6 15 7 Hero 8 46 ff 2.1 marilla, M. AsSD EO 69 5 6 13 (fee lei (ye 3 7 46 7 24 cristata, M. ateleteceie Tih 4 42 15 vi 14 3 7 46 7 | oe elotote 80 43 4$ Nyrocaleucopthalmus,M. —...... 43 2 4 16 @ Walows 6 47 cf 2-1 F. a inialstele 373| 24 3t Harelda glacialis J050 14 Z4\ 13 7 45 Clangula vulgaris, M. ane 54 4 22 14 ff ily; 6 45 7 21 ———— F. aipiele sis 49 4 3 histrionica Fo GOK 14 7 17 3 7 46 Mergus serrator, F. seeeee 55 43 1 14 (hens! a 46 merganser, M, a fereietat 79 45 13 14 7 13 3 7 44 7 201 a8 663, 6 lt albellus, F. 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