A MONOGRAPH ON THE POLYCHAETA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA PART 2. SEDENTARIA Publication No. 656 A MONOGRAPH ON THE POLYCHAETA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA PART 2. SEDENTARIA BY J. H. DAY, Professor of Zoology, University of Cape To\vn TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1967 lisued October, 1967 © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 19G7 Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoodc Limited at Grosvenor Press Portsmouth CONTENTS PART 2 Page Figures Introduction Notes on using the monograph . . . . . vii (2) Map Systematic Account Classification xi (2) Key to the famihes xii(2) 0.4- 0.6 Spionidae .... 459 18.Z-18.9 Magelonidae .... 494 19.1 CirratuHdae and Heterospionidae 498 20.1-20.4 Trochochaetidae and .*\spitobranchidae 5'9 21.1 Chaetopteridae 522 22.1-22.2 Orbiniidae 533 23.1-23.6 Paraonidae 555 24.1-24.4 OpheUidae 570 25.1-25.2 Cossuridae 581 26.1 .Scahbregmidae . 583 27.1-27.2 Capitellidae 591 28.1-28.3 .'\renicoHdae 606 29.1-29.2 Maldanidae 613 30.1-30.8 Oweniidae and Sternaspidae 648 3I-I Flabelligeridae . 652 32.1-32.4 Sabellariidae 667 33-I-33-3 Pectinariidae 678 34- 1-34-2 Anipharetidae 686 35-I-35-5 Terebellidae 706 36. 1-36. 10 Sabellidae 751 37-I-37-IO Serpuhdae 79' 38.1-38.7 Glossary of Technical Terms 821 References 827 Index of Scientific Names in Part > 1 an D 2 . 842 INTRODUCTION NOTES ON USING THE MONOGRAPH When identifying material from a particular area it is first necessary to know what papers contain original records or descriptions of the fauna. These are not easy to recognise in a long list of references such as that at the end of this mono- graph. For this reason a complete chronological list is given below. 30. Seidler, H. J., 1923 31. Fauvel, P., 1923a 32. Mcintosh, W. C, 1925 33. Monro, C. C. A., 1930 34. Augener, H., 1931 35. Monro, C. C. A., 1933 36. Day, J. H., 1934 37. Monro, C. C. A., 1936 38. Monro, C. C. A., 1937 39. Treadwell, A. L., 1943 40. Day, J. H., 1951 41. Day, J. H., 1953 42. Tebble, N., 1953 43. Tebble, N., 1953a 44. Day, J. H., 1955 45- Day, J. H., 1957 46. Banse, K., 1957 47. Wilson, D. P., 1958 48. Kirkegaard,J. B., 1959 49. Tebble, N., i960 50. Day, J. H., i960 51. Day, J. H., 1961 52. Uschakov, P. V., 1962 53. Day, J. H., 1962 54. Laubier, L., 1962 55. Day, J. H., 1963 56. Day, J. H., 1963a 57. Bellan, G. and Picard, J., 1965 — Day, J. H., unpublished records In biogeographical studies one must know what species are found in the area covered by the monograph, where and at what depth they occur and what synonyms have been used in earlier works. It is hoped that the species lists appended to each I. Peters, W. C, 1854 2. Stimpson, W., 1856 3- Kinberg,J. G., 1858-1910 4- Schmarda, L. K., 1861 5- Baird, W., 1865b 6. Quatrcfages, A. de, 1863 7- Kinberg,J. G., 1867 8. Grube, E., 1867 9- Grube, E., 1869 10. Mcintosh, W. C., 1885 II. Marenzeller, E. von, 1887 12. VVilley, A., 1904 13- Mcintosh, W. C., 1904 14. Gravier, C., 1905c 15- Ehlers, E., 1908a 16. Ehlers, E., 1908 17- Gravier, C., 1909 18. Ashworth, J., 1910 19- Ashworth, J., 191 1 20. Pixell, H., 1913 21. Ehlers, E., 191 3 22. Ramsay, L., 1914 23- Horst, R., 191 7 24. Ehlers, E., 191 7 25- Horst, R., 1918 26. Augener, H., 1918 27- Fauvel, P., 1919 28. Fauvel, P., 1921 29- Treadwell, A. L., 192 1 viii 12I poi.vcHAi.rA or southern afric;a family will sii]iply this informatii)n rapidly and that the "Records" and "Distri- hutidn"' will siqiply the further details that may be required. All the published records of polychaetes from southern Africa, Angola and Madagascar have been extracted from the list of papers given above and other, more recent unpublished records have been added. The complete list of valid species is given familv bv family. Each list is arranged alphabetically for ease of reference with synonyms and incorrect identifications preceded by the word "as". All species names are aimotated by a code showing which workers used that name and the province and depth in wliich the records were made. The code is explained as follow s : Anlhoritv for the record .Sliown by a number whit !i refers to the numbered list of references given above. Provime whtrt' colhctcil .\ = .Xngola O = Cape Province M= Madagascar N = Natal P = Portuguese East .Africa (Mocambicjue) ■\V= Soulh West Africa Depth range a = abyssal (over 1000 metres) d = deep (100-499 metres) e = cstuarine i = intertidal p = planktonic s — shallow (1-99 metres) \d -- very deep (500-999 metres) The use of the code is best shown by an example. Lejiidonotiis semilectus is listed among the Polynoinae on p. 37 (Part i) as follows: Lcpidonolus scmitecttis Stimpson 2C.i (and other code numbers) as Lepidonotus ivahlhergi Kinberg 3C'iNi (and (ithcr code numbers) as Pohnoe trochiscophora Schmarda 4Ci The first record shows that the valid name is Lepidonoliis seiniiectus first used by Stimpson 1856 (code number 2 in the literature list) and his record was made in the Cape Province (code letter C) in the intertidal zone (code i). The same specific name has been used by several other workers as shown by the other code numbers against it. The first synonym is Lepidonotus icahlhergj Kinberg and the code 3CiNi gives the reference to Kinberg's publication in 1858-1910 and the information that these specimens were collected in the intertidal zone in the C^ape Province and Natal. The second synonym is Polynoe trochiscophora Schmarda and the code letters 4Ci show that Schmarda's name was published in 1861 and the specimens came from the intertidal zone of the Cape Province. Other synonyms and records follow and all ol them together show the full range of synonyms which appear in the polychaete literature of southern Africa and that Lepidonotus semitectus is a common intertidal and shallow water species which extends from South West Africa around the Cape of Good Hope to Natal. More detailed information is appended to the description of each species. If there are only three or four locality records, all of them arc given, and if there are many, a summary shows the limits of the geographical and bathymetric range. After careful consideration, it was decided that place names wiiuld not be as helpful as latitude and longitude since the names of many collecting stations would not be found on ordinary maps and, in any case, dredged and plankton records would have to be given in degrees of latitude and longitude. Minutes of latitude and longitude ix(2) •ader )t be [uare :ient. . east ' can • the >Jatal I the re is 1 the Ilape form ition Ided :dly. vhile may been Tiists ^r- 130 14" 15- 16" 17° 18° 19 = 20' 21' 22° 23° 24° 25° 26 o 27° 28° 29° 30° 31° 32° 33° 34° 35" 36° 37" 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17° 18° I 9° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28° 29° 30° 31° 32° 33° 34° 35° 36" 37° INTRODUCTION ix (2) have also been omitted for the sake of brevity and this means that unless the reader refers to the publication from vvhich the record has been extracted, he will not be able to pinpoint the record more accurately than somewhere in the 60 mile square formed by a degree of latitude and longitude. For most purposes this is sufficient. Luckily the whole of southern .\frica is covered by degrees of south latitude and east longitude so that the words "south" and "east" are omitted. Thus the locality can be expressed in four figures and the depth range by a letter. For example the records for Hermonia hystrix described in Part i are shown as Cape (31/15/d) ;? Natal (29/3 1 /s). This means that the species has been recorded in Cape waters in the latitude/longitude square 3rS/i5°E, in the depth range 100-499 metres; there is also a doubtful record from Natal in the latitude/longitude square 29°S/3i °E, in the depth range 1-99 metres. Reference to the map opposite will show that the Cape record is off Lamberts Bay and the doubtful Natal record is close to Durban. Distribution beyond the limits of southern Africa is given in the conventional form and a code letter signifying the depth range has been added when this information is available. It is urged that some indication of depth range should always be added to summaries of distribution since the fauna at different depths may differ markedly. For example tropical species are restricted to intertidal and shallow depths while the very deep and abyssal bottoms may be colonised by cold water species. It may also be noted that the summary of distribution given in this monograph has been deliberately selected from twentieth century reports of well-known taxonomists since earlier works are not always reliable. THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE POLYCHAETA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA CLASSIFICATION The phylum Annelida to which the Polychaeta and several other groups of worms belong, is difficult to classify into classes and orders. Early workers included the Archiannclida, Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Oligochaeta, Hirudinca, Echiura, Sipun- cula and Priapulida. Recent workers including Dales (1963), regard the last three groups as distinct and consider each of the other groups as a separate class of the phylum Annelida. The division of the class Polychaeta into orders has been attempted by Benham (1896) and Dales (1963). They have based their divisions on the structure of the head and the nature of the feeding organs, the regions of the body and the nature oftheparapodia and setae. As shown in Part i the method of feeding and the habitat whether it be planktonic, active crawling on the surface, burrowing in the mud or tubicolous does have an important effect on the structure of the head and body. However there are still many doubts regarding the homologies of the feeding organs and there is still no general agreement as to which families should be included in the various orders which have been erected. For this reason it is better to leave the matter open and agree with Fauvel (1923) and many earlier workers that for practical purposes the arbitrary grouping into Polychaeta Errantia and Polychaeta Sedenlaria should be used. The Polychaeta Errantia includes active carnivores and a few others while the Polychaeta Sedentaria includes the remaining microphagous feeders. There are no mutually exclusive characters which define these two groups and a summation of characters is used in the following key. Key to the Families of Polychaeta Note Some families have such a wide range of characters that they appear twice in the key. In these cases a number in brackets refers to the other couplet in which the family appears. Most of the following characters: Prostomium with sensory appendages. Pharynx armed with jaws or teeth. Parapodia well deseloped and often bear compound setae . (Polych.veta Err.\ntia) Part i Most of the following characters: p. 20 Prostomium seldom with sensory appendages and often fused to the peristome which may bear grooved palps, buccal cirri or a branchial crown. No jaws or teeth. Parapodia often reduced and compound setae very rare (Polych.\eta Sedentaria) Part 2 p.xii (2) xii(a) l■()l.^ (;H.\r. r.\ C)l- SOUllir.KN aikica Pi)i,yciiai:ta Sichentaria I Hocly .'■iKirl aiul stcmt Willi .i lull nf rilaiiuiUoiis anal yills il'ig. (i. -,.!!) SrtRNAsriDAi (p. 648) — Bocl>" rU'Us^atc. Xo anal gills .......... 2 ■2 Head modilied by the development of frilly membranes (fig. 0.6. lb), buccal tentacles ;tig. o.ti.6) or a branchial crown aroimd the mouth (fig. o.b.y). Proslomiuni often reduced and indistinguishable from the buccal segment ..... 3 — Head not greatly modified. Prostomium usually well de\"elopcd and c>b\ious. liutcal segment sometimes with parapodia and may bear a ])air ofadiiesi\e palps {\\g. 0.4.1b) or a few groo\'ed tentacles ^fig. 0.4.6b I . . . . . . . 17 3 Buccal segment \vith tentacles retractile into tlie mouth (fig. o.().3) .\mph.\ri;tii:).\e (22) (p. C86) — Buccal segment with a pair of adhcsi\'c palps (often broken ofi ) or several grooNctl tentacles dorsally ............ 4 — Buccal segment without food-gathering ajspendagcs of any sort . .... 10 4 Hooded hooks (fig. 0.4.1.V) present in the posterior segments at least. Parapodia always %vell dc\eloped ............ 5 — Hooded hooks entirely absent. Parapodia sometimes reduced to mere ridges . . b 5 Head flattened and spade-shaped. Gills absent. Palps papillose (fig. 0.4.2) Magelonid.-^e (p. 494) — Head not llattened. Gills ofien present. Palps grooved (fig. 0,4.1) . SpioNtoAE (p. 459) G Long filamentous gills at least on anterior segments. Parapodia reduced to ridges . 7 — Gills not long and filamentous. Parapodia not in the form of ridges .... 8 7 Body divided into an anterior region of short segments and a posterior region of long segments (fig, 0,4,5) ,.,,... Heterosfionidae (p. 318) — Body not divided into regions; segments do not differ greatly in length (fig. 0.4.6) Cirratulid."\e (p, 498) 8 Both rami of anterior parapodia well de\eloped and prox'itled with long setae (fig, 0,4,4) Trochoch.^etidae (p, 519) — Either the notopodiimi or the neuropodium of anterior segments reduced or absent . 9 9 ,\nterior segments uniramous having no neuropodia. Posterior segments biramous with neurosetae in the form of minute uncini (fig, 0,4,3) ■ ■ Gh.'Vetopterid.^e (p, 322) ■ — .Anterior segments with notopodia reduced to cirriform lobes with an internal aciculum but not setae (fig. 0.4.8) ,,...., Aspitobrancuid.^e (p, 321) KEY TO THE FAMILIES xiii (2) Fig. 0.4. Illustrations of Family Characters, i, Spionidae. 2, Magelonidae. 3, Chaetopteridae. 4, Trochochaetidae. 5, Heterospionidae. 6, Cirratulidae. 7, Orbiniidae. 8, .\spito- branchidae. (a) Entire worm, (b) Head, (ca) .\nterior foot, (cp) Posterior foot. (d) Notoseta. (v) Xeuroseta. x\\ i_-2) POI.VC:llAETA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA 10 Dcntatc-creslfd hooks (fig. o.').7\) present in posterior segments if not earlier . . 15 — No dentate-crested hooks ...........11 11 Capillary setae crenulate (fig. 0.4. 7d) ...... Orbiniid.xf. (p. 533) — C'apillary setae not crenulate . . . . . . . . . . 12 1-2 \ single long filiform gill arising from the dorsum of setiger 2 or 3 (fig. 0.5.3) CoSSfRIDAE (p. 581) — Gills, if present, not single and median ......... 13 13 Capillary setae winged in anterior segments. .\ median antenna may be present (fig. 0.5. i ) P.AR.\o.MD.\E (p. 555) — Capillary setae not winged. .V median antenna is never present .... 14 14 Prostomiimi a tapered cone. Body fusiform, often grooved \entrally (fig. 0.5.2) Ophelhd.xe (p. 570) — Prostomium notched or lobed. Body swollen anteriorly but not grooved ventrally (fig. 0.5.4) ......... Sc.\LIBREGMID.\E (p. 583) 15 Dentate-crested hooks with hoods (fig. 0.5.5). Body resembling an oligochaete C.\PITELLID.\E (p. 591) — Dentate-crested hooks without hoods. Body not resembling an oligochaete ... 16 16 Middle segments greatly elongated but never annulated (fig. 0.5.7). Gills rare Maldanid.\e (p. 613) — Middle segments not greatly elongated but always annulated (fig. 0.5.G). Gills always present ........... .'Xrenicolidae (p. 606) KEY TO THE FAMILIES XV (2) Fig. 0.5. lUmlrations of Family Characters, i, Paraonidae. 2, Opheliidae. 3, Cossuridae. 4, Scalibregmidae. 5, Capitellidae. 6, Arenicolidae. 7, Maldanidac. 8, Sternaspidae. (a) Entire worm, (b) Head, (ca) ,\nterior foot, (cp) Posterior foot, (d) Notoseta. (v) Neuroseta. xvi (-21 POLVc:HAKTA of southern AFRICIA 17 Head usvially witli a frilled food-galherint; membrane. Never any tentat les, palps or liipimiaie radiolcs ^Hg. U.6.1) ....... 0\veniid.\e (p. 649) — Head wiihovit a frilled food-gathering membrane but has either tentacles or palps or hi])innale radiolcs ............ 18 18 Head widi stout setae ............ 19 Head without setae . . . . . . . . . . . .21 19 Capillary setae annulated. Xo marked body regions. Setae on head usually in the form of a cephalic cage (fig. 0.6.2) ...... Flabelligf.ridae (p. 652) — Capillan,' setae not annulated. Body regioiis well marked. Setae on head are paleac which form part of an operculum ......... 20 20 Two to three rows of palcae. C!audal region lung an<.l cylindrical. Tube attached (hg. 0.6.3) .......... Sabellarudae (p. 667) — One row of paleae. Caudal region short and llaitcned. Tube free (fig. 0.G.4) pECTINARnOAE (p. 678) 2 1 Head with soft tentacles for deposit feeding. Gills often present on the hrst few segments. Setal t^^pes not inverted in the posterior region ....... 22 — Head with a crown of bipinnate radioles (fig. 0.6.7) ^^^ suspeixsion feeding. No gills behind the head. Setal t\pes inverted in the posterior region .... 23 22 Tentacles retractile into the mouth. They are cither grooved or papillose (fig. 0.6.5) Ampharetidae {3) (p. 686) — Tentacles not retractile into the mouth. They are grooved, never papillose (fig. 0.6.6) Terebellidae (p. 706) 23 Tube sandy or muddy. .\n operculum is never present among the radioles (fig. 0.6.7) Sabellid.\e (p. 751) — Tube calcareous. A stalked operculum often present among the radioles (fig. 0.6.8) Serpl'lidae (p. 791) KEY TO THE FAMILIES xvii (2) Fig. 0.6. Illmlratiotu of Family Characlen. i,Oweniidae. 2, Flabelligeridae. 3, Sabellariidae. 4, Pectinariidae. 5, Ampharetidae. 6, Terebellidae. 7, Sabellidae. 8, Serpulidae. (a) Entire worm, (b) Head, (ca) Anterior foot, (cp) Posterior foot, (d) Notoseta. (h) Palea from operculum, (t) Tube. (\) Neuroseta. SPIONIDAE 459 Fanuly SPIONTOAE Grube, 1850 Body vermiform and rather flattened consisting of numerous segments. Body regions not marked except by the shape of the parapodia. Prostomium variable in shape and sometimes with lateral projections but without true antennae. A pair of long, grooved peristomial palps. Proboscis unarmed. Parapodia biramous. Branchiae dorsal and often straplike or united to the notopodial lamellae. Neuropodia as lateral ridges or lamellae. Sensory areas extend back from the prostomium over a variable number of anterior segments. Pygidium with anal cirri or a glandular ventral cushion. Xotosetae are winged capillaries anteriorly but hooks or specialised noto- setae may be present posteriorly. Neurosetae are winged capillaries for the first few feet but hooded hooks appear in later segments. Records from southern Africa Aonides oxycephala (Sars) Boccardia ligerica Ferroniere . Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell) as Polydora polybranchia Haswell Boccardia pseudonatrix Day Dispio magna (Day) as Spio magnus Day . Laonice cirrata (Sars) Malacoceros indica (Fauvel) as Scolelepis indica Fauvel Nerinides gilchristi Day . Polydora antennata Claparede Polydora armala Langerhans Polydora caeca (Oersted) Polydora capensis Day Polydora ciliata (Johnston) Polydora flam Claparede Polydora hoplura Claparede Polydora hoplura var. inhaca Day Polydora cf. giardi Mesnil Polydora kempi Southern Polydora maculata Day . Polydora norrnalis Day . Prionospio bocki Soderstrom Prionospio cirri/era Wiren Prionospio cirrobranchiala Day Prionospio ehlersi Fau\'el Prionospio malmgreni Claparede as ? Prionospio capensis Mcintosh as Prionospio malmgreni var. 44Ci, 45Pi, 48CS, 51CS, — Ms ? 44Ce 4oNi, 44Ci 26WS 51CS 44Ci 48Cd, 5iCsd 4oNi, 45 PiNi 5iCsd ' 44Ci, 51CS 32 ? Ci 45Ni 44Ci, 51CS ayMi, 45?! 51CS 44Ci, 51CS 45Pi 44Ci, 51CS 45Pi 53CS 42NiPi —Ms 51CS 5iCsd 48AS, — Xsd, Pd 15CS, 2iCi, 34Cd, 56Csd loCs 15CS 460 I'()1.VC:HA1-. 1 A Ol' StlL'THlRN AIRK:A Piiiirioipio piiiiiiilii VA\\vvs . . . a I AsCs, 31 As, 48\VsdCd, f,iCsd, — Ns Piinnospio sp. . . . . . f,6C'.d Prionoipio saldaiiha Hay . . . 5iCsd as Prionospio s]5. .... 44C'i Priotwspio sexociilali! Augcncv . . . 26\\'s, 44Ca, 45X1, fjiCli Prionospio sleenslrupi Malmgii-n . . 55C''i, 56C'sd, — Nsd as Prionospio mnlmnreni \ar. iliihin Day . 5iC!sd as Prionospio rhicrsi (nun Fainrl) . 48Csd Pygospio elegans C'laparcde . . . S'Ca Rhvnchospio glutaca (Ehlcrs) . . . 5 'tis Scoleh'pis kjehvrei (Gravicr) . . . 53Mi Scolelepis squamata (Muller) as Nerine cirratidus (Delle Chiajr) . 44C'i, 45Pi-'^'ii r)3^Ii as J\'erine cirratuliis var. capensis Mcintosh 3'-C'i .S'/)/() filicornis (Mullor) .... 44C'i Spiophanes homhyx (Cllaparcde) . . 48C;s, 5iCsd Spiopiiants soederslromi WM-imM\ . . 5iCsd, 55Ca, — Xsd ri()ix)(,ic:al xori'S The spionids arc tyjiical deposit feeders. All oftheni have a jjair orions; peristomial tentacles or "pal]5s" which they stretch out o\er the substratum to gather food particles. These particles travel along a ciliated groove to the lips where they are sorted and the smaller edible particles ingested ; however the sorting mechanism does not seem to be \-ery efhcient for the gut contains many sand grains as well as detritus. All spionids live in burrows which they lint' with a fragile mucoid secretion. Scolelepis (olim jXerinc) burrows in inlertidal sandbanks where there is sullicient water movement to keip the detritus moving. Mahiciurros (olim Scolelepis) burrows in the mud-filled crexices between stones ; ,sy(;i; often forms dense colonies on sandbanks and when the current washes aw.iy the loose sand Iietween the tubes, they stand nut like a host of tiny chimne\s. .Many other genera are common in dredgings on sandy mud. The various species of Prionospio must be very abundant for tln'ir larvae are present in enormous mmibers in neritic plankton samples. The lar\-ae oi Poljdora are very common too but the worms of tliis genus burrow in calcareous materials using die stout hooks on the fifth setiger for the purpose. Some species oi' Polrdora live in solt hmestone, others in dead coral and Cjuite a number bore into living mollusc shells. Most of the shells of abalonc [Haliolis midae) on C^ape coasts are riddled with Polvdora and /'. ciliata is niiidrious fur foiming ""mud hlist( rs" in oyster shells. The burrow is roughly pear-shaped and lined with bku k mud which is easily seen through the nacreous lining of the shell. .Su( h nuul hlisteis wc.iken and may e\en lead to the death of the oyster though Pohdnrd does not Iced on oyster flesh. Like all hiIk r s]iionids it is a detritus feeder and its ]ialps may be seen projecting from the little mud chimney which is iiinlinudus with llie nuid (if the blister. Most spionids lay large eggs emlused in tough egg-capsules. 1 hese ma) be SPIONIDAE 461 liberated directly into the sea water so that all development takes place in the plankton, or, they may be protected inside the burrow during the early develop- mental stages. Polydora does not release the larvae until they have reached the three- setiger stage. Pygospio has a more complex life history. The individual ova are small and contain little yolk. Groups of ova are enclosed in brood capsules and strings of brood capsules are then attached to the lining of the mother's tube. Only a few of the ova are fertilised and these grow rapidly and at an early stage develop an enormous embryonic mouth. By this means the other ova are engulfed. The surviving embryos then grow into ten-setiger larvae before they are liberated for a brief planktonic existence. THE MAIN DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS Important studies on the Spionidae have been made by Mesnil (i8g6), Soder- strom (1920) and Fauvel (1927). The head. The prostomium may be pointed, rounded, notched or develop lateral peaks anteriorly and is often produced back as a ridge with or without an occipital tentacle. Eyes are of doubtful value as they may coalexce or be hidden beneath the skin. The peristome supports and may enfold the sides of the prostomium or even be produced upwards as lateral "wings" in some species. The peristome bears a pair of grooved, food-gathering "palps" which are not homologous with the palps of the Errantiate families ; they are often lost when the animal dies. Body regions. These are not marked but there are changes in the setae, in the shape of the parapodia and the development of gills. The first setiger is often small or fused to the peristome and if overlooked will cause confusion. Branchiae. The segmental arrangement and shape of the gills is of the first im- portance, also the degree of fusion between the gill and the postsetal lobe of the notopodium. In Prionospio the gills may develop lateral papillae (pennate gills), but unfortunately the gills fall off easily. Parapodia. The postsetal lamella of the notopodium is often well developed anteriorly but low posteriorly. It may be joined to its fellow by a ridge across its back in some segments. The neuropodium usually forms a low rounded postsetal lamella and is of minor importance. The setae. These include capillaries, hooded hooks and specialised forms whose shape and segmental position is important. The capillaries have a flange or wing in anterior segments but this is reduced or absent posteriorly. The hooded hooks appear first in the neuropodia but may also be present in posterior notopodia. The segmental arrangement and number of teeth above the main fang or rostrum is surprisingly constant. Specialised setae provide very useful characters but it should be noted that those in the posterior notopodia of Polydora only appear near the end of the body and if this is absent the worm is unidentifiable. The pygidium. This is glandular in the larva and may remain in the adult as a ventral cushion or become flattened and saucer-like or be produced into two to four anal cirri. 462 pc)I,vc;haeia ok solihi.rn aikica Key to Genera 1 Fourth or fiflh segment with enlarged ai^d modified liooks (tig. 18.1. a) ... 2 - Fourth and fifth segment with normal setae only ....... 4 2 Fourth segment with enlarged hooks POLYDORELLA* - Fifth segment with enlarged hooks ......... ;j 3 Branchiae start on setigcr 2 (lig. I B.I. k) ..... BOCCARDIA (p. ^62) - Branchiae start after set iger 5 ....... POiFDOR/1 (p. 465) 4 Branchiae absent. (.\ sjjecialized neuroseta in the first foot (fig. 18. 5. d) ) SPIOPHANES (p. 474) - .V single pair of large branchiae on setigcr i . . STREBLOSPIO* - \ few branchiae starting well back or a pair on setigcr i and then a gap l)erorc the rest PYGOSPIO (p. 475) - Branchiae start on setiger 1 or 2 and continue over a few or many consecutive segments 3 5 Branchiae continue almost to the posterior end and may be partly or completely fused to the notopodial lamellae .......... 6 - Branchiae absent ficuii ].iosterior segments. Branchiae never fused to the notopodial lamellae .............II 6 Prostomium with laterally projecting ]:)caks ........ 7 - Prostomium without laterally projecting peaks ....... 8 7 Branchiae from setiger i MALACOCEROS (p. 477) - Branchiae from setiger 2 RHYNCHOSPIO (p. 478) 8 Branchiae from setiger 1. No notopodial hooks. Either a ventral cushirm or anal cirri below the anua ............ 9 - Branchiae from setiger 2. Notopodial hooks may be ])resent in ]>osteri(>r feet. /\ ventral cushion below the anus (fig. iy.7.g) ......... to 9 Branchiae mainly fused to dorsal lamellae anteriorly. Small accessory branchiae between the notopodia of middle segments. A ventral cushion below the anus D/SP/O (p. 481) - Brancliiae mainly free from dc)rsal lamellae anteriorly. No accessory branchiae. .\nal cirri present ........... SPIO (|i. .\'V>) 10 Notopodial hooks present in posterior segments. Neuropotlial lamellae btlobed posteriorly SCOLELEPSIS {|). 482) — No notopodial hooks. Neuropodial lamellae not notched . . NERINIDES ip. 484) 1 1 Less than 12 pairs of branchiae which may be i>ennate or smooth and st.ut on setiger i or 2 PRIONOSPIO (p. 485) — More than 12 pairs of branchiae which are never pennate and never start on setigcr i . 12 12 Prostomium pointed. Notopodial hooks in posterior segments . . i40WD£S (p. 478) — Prostomium rounded. Notopodial hooks absent .... LAONICE (p. 480) BOCCARDIA C;arnzzi, 1895 Prostomium blunt to bilobcd anteriorly and with a tapering keel posteriorly. Eyes usually present. Branchiae start on setiger 2, arc absent from setiger 5 and then continue. Fifth segment enlarged and provided with stout burrowing hooks. Anterior segments with winged capillaries in both rami. Posterior notopodia with capillaries only. Middle and posterior ncuropodia with hooded bidentate hook.s. Pygidium glandular and often saucer-shaped. Typp: SPECIES : Po[ydora jm/jbiiuickia Has-wcW, i>']85. Key to Species 1 .Special setae of fifth setiger are all simple hooks (fig. 18.1.J) .... B. ligerica — .Special .setae of fifth setiger in two rows, only tlie second row being simple liooks . . 2 SPIOXIDAE 463 First row of special setae have swollen ends surmounted with a fibrillar brush (fig. iS.i.d) No notosetae on setiger i ....... . B. polybranchia First row of special setae have swollen ends with a central cone surrounded by a raised rim (fig. 18. 1. m). No notosetae present on setiger i . . . B. pseudonatrix Boccardia cf. ligerica Ferroniere, 1898 (fig. 18...J) ? Boccardia ligerica Ferroniere, 1898 : log, pi. 6 figs, a-i ; Fau\el, 1937 : 57, fig. 19 n-s. Boccardia cf. ligerica; Day, 1955: 415. Length about 25 mm. Prostomium notched anteriorly and with the keel extending back to setiger 2. Four eyes. Notosetae present on setiger i. Branchiae from setiger 2, absent from 5 and continuing to setiger 30. Enlarged setae of setiger 5 (fig. iB.i.j) are plain blunt hooks. Bidentate hooded hooks appear in the neuropodium of setiger 7. No specialised notosetae in posterior segments. Type locality : Estuary of Loire, France. Records: ? Cape (33/18/e). Distribution: France (e). Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell, 1885) (fig. i8.i.a-h) Polydora polybraru:hiaila.swe\], 1885: 275. Polydora (Boccardia) polybranchia : Fauvel, 1927 ; 58, fig. 20 a-i. A large species reaching 25 mm. for 80 segments (fig. i8.i.a). Prostomium (fig. i8.i.b) outlined in black, notched anteriorly and with a keel extending back to setiger 2. Nought to ten eye-spots. No notosetae on setiger i. Branchiae (fig. i8.i.c) united to the dorsal lamellae and present on setigers 2-4, absent from setiger 5 and then continue to the middle of the body. Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 of two types; front row (fig. i8.i.d) with expanded and truncate ends surmounted by a dense brush of fibrils and second row of simple hooks (fig. i8.i.e). Bidentate hooded hooks (fig. i8.i.f) appear in the neuropodium of setiger 7. No specialised notosetae in posterior segments. Pygidium (fig. iB.i.h) small, concave posteriorly. Type locality : S.E. Australia. Records: South West .\frica (22 14 i and 26 15/s), Cape (from 33/181 and 34/2 1 /e, i to 28/32/e). Distribution: English Channel (i, s), Bay of Biscay, Brazil, Subantarctic (Magellan area), Kerguelen (i), Macquarie Is. (i). New Zealand (i, s), Medi- terranean, Japan, .Australia. 464 I'CM.VCHAETA OK SOUIIIERN AFRKIA Fig. iB.i. Bocainiui jiolvbrmuhia. (a) Entire worm (four times natural size), (b) Head. (C and d) .'\nterior and posterior types of enlarged setae of setiger 5. (e) Tenth foot. (fJ Hooded hook, (g) Posterior notoseta. (H) Pygidiiim. Boccardia ef. Ugericn. (j) En- larged hook of setiger 5. Boccardia jneudonalrix. (k) .Anterior end. (l and m) Enlarged setae of setiger 5. (n) Hooded hook, (o) Pygidium. SPIONIDAE - 465 Boccardia pseudonatrix Day, 196 1 (fig. i8.i.k-o) Boccardia pseudonatrix Day, ig6i : 493, fig. 5 e-j. Body about 10 mm. long with 70 segments. Prostomium (fig. iS.i.k) bilobed with a posterior keel reaching setiger 2. Two eye-spots. First setiger with a well developed notopodium and several notosctae. Branchiae on setigers 2, 3, 4, 6 and all subsequent segments to setiger 40. Fifth setiger without notosetae and with two types of large hooks. The three hooks of the first row (fig. iS.i.m) each end in a blunt cone partially surrounded by a raised margin. The four hooks of the second row (fig. 1 8.1.1) are each simple and curved. Bidentate hooded hooks (fig. iS.i.n) appear in the neuropodium of setiger 7. No special posterior notosetae. Pygidium (fig. 1 8.1.0) very small. Type locality : Knysna Estuary, South Africa. Records: Cape (34/23/e). Distribution : No other record. POLYDORA Bosc, 1802 Small tubicolous worms burrowing in shell or limestone. Prostomium blunt or bilobed anteriorly but extending back as a dorsal keel. Eyes present or absent. Anterior parapodia with winged capillaries in both rami. Setiger 5 enlarged and bears stout hooks for burrowing. Posterior notosetae may include speciaUsed setae as well as capillaries. Bidentate and usually hooded hooks present in the neuropodia from setiger 7-10 onwards. Branchiae start behind setiger 5 and are not united to the notopodial lamellae. Pygidium swollen, glandular and often saucer-shaped. Type species : Poljdora cormila Bosc, 1802. Key to Species 1 Posterior neuropodial hooks without hoods and unidcntate (fig. 18. 2. f, g, h). (Posterior notosetae include two to three straight needles) . . . .P. capensis (p. 466) - Posterior neuropodial hooks hooded and bidentate ...... 2 Posterior notosetae include specialized types ........ 3 - Posterior notosetae are all capillaries ......... 6 3 Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 bidentate. Posterior notosetae include one to two stout hook: (fig 18.2.I, m) . ' - Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 hooded. Posterior notosetae include a cone of stout needles (fig. i8.2.i, j) .......... P. armata (p. 466) - Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 unidentate. Posterior notosetae include a bundle of fine needles or three to four spines .......... 5 4 Enlarged fifth hooks with a minor spur twisted around the main terminal tooth (fig. 18. 2.1) P. hoplura hoplura (p. 468) - Enlarged fifth hooks end in a shelf from which two unequal teeth arise side by side (fig. 18.2. n) ......... P. hoplura inhaca (p. 468) 5 Posterior notosetae include a bundle of minute needles (fig. i8.3.d) . . P.flava (p. 468) - Posterior notosetae include three to four straight stout spines (fig. 18. 3. g) . P. caeca (p. 469) 466 POLVCHAETA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA 6 Hooded hooks start in the neuropodium of setiger 7. Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 cithrr unidentate or bidentate. Branchiae may start on setiger 7, 8 or 9 . . . . 7 - Hooded hooks start after setiger 7. Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 always unidentate. Branchiae always start on setiger 7 ........ . 8 7 Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 with a spur (tig. 18. 3. j). Branchiae from setiger 7 to posterior end ........... P. ciliata (p. 469) - Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 with a basal sheath simtilaling a spur (tig. i8.4.bj. Branchiae from setiger 9 to setiger -^j ...... P. cf giardi (p. 471) - Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 without a spur (fig. 18. 3. 1). Branchiae from setiger 8 to the posterior end .......... P. normalis (p. ^-ji) 8 Hooded hooks start on setiger 8. Branchiae do not reach the posterior end. Prostomiiun with one occipital tentacle ........... 9 - Hooded hooLs start on setiger 9. Branchiae reach the posterior end. Prostomium with two occipital tentacles dig. 18.4.C) ...... P. maculata (p. 472) 9 Enlarged fifth hooks like pointed spoons accompanied by n')rmal winged cajjillaries (fig. 18.4. f g) .......... P. antennata(p. 473) - Enlarged fifth hooks are plain and blunt accompanied by setae like curved fangs with a basal swelling (fig. 18.4.J, k} ...... . P. kempt (p. 473) Polydora capensis Day, 1955 (fig. i8.2.a-h) Polydora capensis Day, 1955: 416, fig. i k-s. Body (fig. 18. 2. b) up to 20 mm. long with 100 segments. Picistomium (fig. 18. 2. b) not notchetd anteriorly, posterior keel extending to setiger 3. Buccal segment forms supporting lobes on cither side of prostomium. Notosctae present on setiger i. Enlarged fifth setae (fig. i8.2.e) are plain blunt hooks. Branchiae (fig. i8.2.c) from setiger 7 to 37. Xcuropodial hooks from setiger 7 ; thev number three to five and are both hooded and bidentate anteriorly (fig. i8.2.f). Posteriorly they lose their hoods (fig. 18. 2. g), become unidentate (fig. 18. 2. h) and are reduced to two to three. Posterior notosetae include about three straight spines as well as capillaries. Pygid- ium (fig. i8.2.d) small. Found boring in living gastropod shells. Type loc.\lity: Simonstown, South Africa. Records: Clape (from 32 171 and 34'i8;'i, s to 32/28/i). DiSTRiBUTio.N' : .South African endemic. Polydora arniata Langerhans, 1880 (fig. i8.2.i-j) Pulydom armala Langerhans, 1880 : 93, pi. 4 fig. 5 ; Fauvel. 1927 : 53, fig. 19 a-e. Body small, about 5 mm. long with 24-45 segments. Prostoinium bilobcd anteriorly and produced back as a dorsal ridge reaching setiger 2. No eyes. Two to three notosetae in the first foot. Branchiae from setiger 7 to 14. Enlarged setae of fifth foot (fig. i8.2.i) number two to three, each bluntly hooked with a stout hood. Three to four bidentate and hooded hooks from the neuropodium of setiger 7 SPIOMDAE 467 g h Fig. 18.2. Polydora capemis. (a) Anterior end. (b) Entire worm (six times natural size). (c) Ninth foot, (d) Pydigium. (e) Enlarged fifth hook, (f) Anterior bidentate hooded hook, (g) Posterior bidentate hooded hook, (h) Far posterior hook from neuropodium. Polydora armata (after Fauvel, 1927). (i) Enlarged fifth hook, (j) Cone of spines from a posterior notopodium. Polydora hoplura. (k) Pygidium. (l) Enlarged fifth hook, (m) Posterior notopodial hook. Polydora ho/jliira inhaca. (n) Enlarged fifth hook. 468 POl.VCHAETA OK SOUFHERX Al'RU'.A onwards. Posterior notosetac include eight to t\\el\c spines which form a cone when retracted (fig. 18.2.J) and a funnel when exerted. Type locality: Madeira. Records; One doubtfi^d record from an unknown locality. DisTRiBtTlox: North Atlantic from the English Cihannel (i, s) to Morocco (i) and Madeira Is.: Gulf of Mexico (d) ; Mediterranean; C^cylon ; North Pacific (Japan). Polydora hoplura hoplura CHaparedc, 1870 (fig. i8.2.k-m) Pohdora hojilura C:laparede, 187U : -,8. pi. 22 fig. 2 ; Fauvel. 1927 : 50. tig. 17 a-g. Large worms reaching 50 mm. in length \shich burrow in soft limestone. Pro- stomium fairly deeply notched, often blackened but eyes few or absent. No noto- sctae on first foot. Branchiae from setiger 7 to end of body. Enlarged hooks of fifth foot (fig. 1 8.2.1) each With a lateral tw-istcd spur. About eight bidentatc and hooded hooks from setiger 7 onwards. On the last few segments before the pygidium the notosetae include one to two enlarged, yellow, reciHAed hooks (fig. i8.2.m). Pygidium (fig. i8.2.k) saucer-like and often blackened. Type loc;ai_itv : Naples. Records : Clape (from 33 18 i. s to 34 23 i>. DiSTRiBUTiox : North .Atlantic from Ireland to the English Clhannel (e, i, s) ; Mediterranean. Polydora hoplura inhaca Day, 1057* (fig. i8.2.n) Pohdora holplwti \'ar. inhaca Day, 1957 : 99, fig. 6 k, 1. Generally similar to typical P. h. hoplura but prostomium rounded, eyes absent, gills from setiger 7 to middle of body and enlarged hooks of setiger 5 distincti\e. Each ends in a shelf from which a large and a small tooth arise side by side (fig. iS.2.n). Type locality: Inhaca Is., Dclagoa Bay. RpfiORD : Mocambique (26 32 i). DiSTRiBUTio.x - no other records. Polydora flava CUaparedc, 1870 (fig. i8.3.a-d) Pulyilnra flaia Ckiparede, 1870: 487; Faiivcl, 1927: 52. tig. 17 n-u. Length up to 45 mm. for 150 segments. Prostomium (fig. 18. 3. a) notched anteriorly and produced back as a ridge reaching setiger 2. No e\'es. A few noto- setae on the first foot. Branchiae start on setiger 7-9 and extend back past the *Pri>tiablv ( I ins[)(Tilic wiili P'llydara colotva Mmotc ki'i; fn'oi .Ma,saclnisfUs. L .S.A. SPIOMDAE 469 middle of the body. Enlarged hooks of fifth foot (fig. 18. 3.0) have curved bkint tips flattened on the concave side and are accompanied by fine straight spear-bladed capillaries (c'). Three to four bidentate and hooded hooks from the neuropodium of setiger 7 onwards. Posterior notopodia have packets of very fine needles embedded near the base of the normal capillaries. Type locality : Gulf of Naples. Records: Cape (33/18/s and 34/18/s). Distribution: English Channel (s) ; Mediterranean (i, s) ; Ceylon: Sumatra; Japan and far northern Pacific. Polydora caeca (Oersted, 1843) (fig. i8.3.e-h) Leucodorum caecum Oersted, 1843 : 39. Polydora caeca: Fauvel, 1927 : 52, fig. 18 a-k. Length reaching 40 mm. for 130 segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.3.e) deeply notched anteriorly and produced back as a dorsal ridge reaching setiger 2. Eyes four or absent. A few notosctae on the first foot. Branchiae start on setiger 7-9 and extend past the middle of the body. The special setae of setiger 5 include a row of fine hastate setae and an oblique row of stout hooks excavated on the concave side (fig. 18.3. f). Bidentate and hooded neuropodial hooks from setiger 7. Posterior notopodia (fig. 1 8.3.g) with three to four stout straight spines as well as the capillaries. Pygidium (fig. i8.3.h) saucer-shaped with a dorsal notch. Type locality ; Oresund, Sweden. Records: Natal (29/31 /s) ; Mocambique (26/32/i). Distribution : Arctis (s) ; Nordi Atlantic from Greenland (s) to North Carolina (s) and English Channel (i, s) to Morocco (i) ; Mediterranean ; tropical Indian Ocean. Polydora ciliata (Johnston, 1838) (fig. i8.3.i-j) Leucodore cilialus ]cihnston, 1838: 67. Polydora ciliata: Fauvel, 1927: 49, fig. 16 i-p. Length up to 30 mm. for 100 segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.3.i) shghtly notched anteriorly and produced back as a ridge reaching setiger 2. Four eyes in juveniles but these may be lost later. No notosetac on the first foot. Branchiae from setiger 7 to near the end of the body. Enlarged hooks of fifth segment (fig. 18.3.J) are stout hooks with an accessory tooth. Hooded and bidentate hooks start in the neuro- podium of setiger 7. No specialised notosetae in posterior feet. Pygidium saucer- 470 I'OLVCHAETA OF SOUTHERN' AFRICA C C 1 Fig. 18.3. Polydora flava. (a) Head, and accompanying winged capillary (•e) Head. 20 mm. long by I -o mm. for 130 segments. Palps bailed with blai k but no otlicr colour markings. Prostomium (fig. 18. 4. c) bilobed anteriorly and continued back as a ridge tC) setiger 2. Two small tentacles one behind the other on the prostomial ridge between the bases of the palps. Branchiae from scliger 7 to the end of the body. Xotosetae absent from the first foot. No specialised notosetae in posterior feet. Bidrntale hooded hooks in tlie iieuropodia Imm setiu'i-r f), aulerioily v\'^\\y to ten SPIOMDAE 473 in number, but only four posteriorly. Enlarged hooks of setiger 5 (fig. i8.4.d) have plain, curved and slightly flattened ends. They alternate with a row of normal winged capillaries but there is no separate tuft of setae on segment 5. Type locality : Off East London, South Africa. Records: Cape (32/28/s). Distribution : No other record. Polydora antennata Claparede, 1870 (fig. i8.4.e-g) Polydora antennata Claparede, 1870: 320, pi. 21 fig. 3; Fauvel, 1927: 56, fig. 19 i-m ; Day, 1955: 4'5- Length up to 30 mm. for 100 segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.4.e) deeply notched anteriorly and produced back as a dorsal ridge with one free occipital tentacle. Two to four eyes. No notosetae on the first foot. Branchiae start on setiger 7, are poorly developed and end about setiger 40. The enlarged hooks of setiger 5 (fig. i8.4.g) have ends like spoons and are arranged in a horse-shoe (fig. i8.4.f). Bidentate hooded hooks start in the neuropodium of setiger 8. No specialised setae in posterior notopodia. Pygidium saucer-shaped with dorsal and ventral notches. Type locality : Italy. Records: Cape (33/18/5 and 34/18/i). Distribution : Mediterranean (i) ; Arabian Sea (d) ; Ceylon ; Gulf of Manaar ; Japan. Polydora kempt Southern, 192 1 (fig. i8.4.h-k) Polydora kempi Southern, 1921 : 636, pi. 28 fig. 20 a-j ; Day, 1957 : 99. Length about 12 mm. Prostomium (fig. i8.4.h) faintly notched anteriorly and bears one occipital tentacle posteriorly. Four eyes. No notosetae on the first foot. Branchiae from setiger 7 to 14. Setiger 5 (fig. 18.4.1) with normal notopodial capillaries, a double row of specialised setae and normal neuropodial setae. The specialised setae include an anterior row of recurved fang-hke forms with a swelling at the base of the blade (fig. 18.4.J) and a posterior row of stout, simple, faintly curved hooks (fig. i8.4.k). Bidentate hooded hooks start in the neuropodium of setiger 8. No specialised notosetae in posterior segments. Pygidium small and saucer-like. Type locality : Chilka Lake, India. Records: Mocambique (23/35/e). Distribution: India (e). 474 POI.VCillAr, TA Ol' SOL'l IIKR N AIRICA SPIOPHANES Gnibc, i860 Prostoniiuni with or without hitcral peaks, tapered posteriorly and bearing an occipital tentacle. Eyes present or absent. No branchiae. Dorsal lamellae markedly tapered. Notosetac arc winged capillaries throughout there being no notopodial hooks. Neurosetae of first foot include numerous winged capillaries plus one to two stout curved setae ; the next few neuropodia have winged capillaries only while those further back bear hooded hooks plus an inferior sabre-like seta. Pygidium with anal cirri. Type species: Spiopliana kroyeri Grube, i860. Key to Species Prostoniiuni with jiuinteti lateral peaks. Hooks bidcntate . . . . . S. bonibyx Prostomiuin broadly oval anteriorly. Hooks tridentate ...... 2 Genital setae smooth .......... .S. soederstromi Genital setae furry . . . . . . . . . . . S. kroyeri* Spiophanes bombyx (Claparcde, 1870) (fig. i8.5.a-c) Spio bombyx Claparede, 1870: 485, pi. 12 fig. 2. Spiophanes bombyx \ Faiivel, 1927: 41, tig. 143-1. Body up to 60 mm. in length with 180 segments. Prostomium (fig. 18. 5. a) broad and straight in front witli large, pointed lateral peaks anteriorly and an occipital tentacle posteriorly. Four eyes. A pair of interrupted dorsal sensory grooves from prostomium back to setiger 4. Fibrous glands in the fifth to fifteenth foot. Noto- podial lamella of first foot slender, succeeding ones (fig. 18. 5. b) broadened basally. Low dorsal ridges join the notopodia from setiger 3 onwards. Neuropodial lamellae of setigcrs one to lour trianguhu', succeeding ones (fig. 18.5.C) low and rounded. Xotosetae of the first toot very long. Enlarged setae in neuropodium ol first foot have recur\ed blades (fig. i8.5.d). From the fifteenth foot onwards the neurosetae include bidcntate hooks (fig. i8.5.e) with a parti. il guard below tlie rostrum plus an inferior sabre-like seta. Anal cirri cylindrical. Type locality : Naples. Records: C^ape (34/18/i, s and 34/j2/d) ; Natal (3o/30;'s). Distribution-: Atlantic from Sweden (d), Scotland (s) and English C^hannel (i) to North Clarolina (i) ; Mediterranean; Gulf of Mexico ; Gape Verde Is. (s) ; Liberia (s) ; Angola (s) ; Falkland Is. ; N. Pacific from Japan and \V. Canada to S. C'alifornia. SPIONIDAE 475 Spiophanes soederstromi Hartman, 1953 (fig. i8.5.f-j) Spiophanes idderslromiHartman, '953: 4I) fig. 14 a-c ; Day, 1961 : 484. A slender species up to 25 mm. long with about 60 segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.5.f) transversely oval anteriorly, supported by the buccal segment laterally and narrowed with an occipital tentacle posteriorly. Two pairs of subdcrmal eyes may be seen. A pair of raised nuchal ridges extend back to sedger 4. Postsetal lobes of first four notopodia pointed, the next 5-8 broader and blunt and succeeding notopodia (fig. iS.j.g) again pointed and slender. Well marked transverse ridges across the dorsum from setiger 16 to 35. Postsetal lamellae of the first four neuro- podia pointed but low and rounded on all subsequent feet. Notosetae are winged capillaries throughout, those of the first foot are long but from setiger 4 they are much shorter. A stout and strongly curved seta (fig. i8.5.h) in the neuropodium of the first foot. Tridentate hooks (fig. 18.5.1) with a partial guard or none at all from setiger 15. Sabre-hke genital setae (fig. 18.5.J) without fibrils become evident from sedger 15 but may also be present in the anterior segments. Juveniles have brownish parapodia from segment g-14. Type locality : Uruguay and South Georgia. Records: Cape (from 32/1 7/d, and 34/1 7/d, v.d, 34/23/s, d to 33/25/s) ; Natal (31/29/s, d) and3o/3o/s). Distribution : Sweden (d) ; Greenland (a) ; Uruguay (s) ; S. Georgeia (d) ; ? Okhotsk Sea ; ? Behring Sea. PYGOSPIO Claparcde, 1863 Prostomium without lateral peaks but pointed posteriorly. Eyespots present. In the female, branchiae start well back and are limited to a few segments but in the male there is an additional single pair on setiger 2. Branchiae united to the dorsal lamellae. Notosetae arc capillaries throughout. Neurosetac are winged capillaries anteriorly and hooded hooks posteriorly. Pygidium with four glandular lobes. Type SPECIES : Prgnspio elegans CAaparede, 1863. Pygospio elegans Claparede, 1863 (fig. i8.5.k-o) Pygospio elfgans Claparede, 1863 : 137, pi. 14 figs. 27-31 ; Fauvel, 1927 : 46, fig. 16 a-h. A small species 10-15 mm. long with about 60 segments. Prostomium (fig. 18. 5. k) faintly bilobed in front and pointed posteriorly. Eyes four to eight, irregular. Notopodial and neuropodial lamellae subequal. Branchiae (fig. 18.5.0) fused to dorsal lamellae. In the female (fig. 18. 5. 1) they are limited to about eight pairs starting on setiger 11. In the male (fig. i8.5.k) there are double this number and in addition diere is a large pair on setiger 2 separate from the notopodial lamellae. 47G I'Ol.VClllAElA Ol- SOL' lllKR.X AIRIUA \ a ^<{^ /^"^ Fig. 18.5. Spiojihatus bumbyx. (a) Head, (b) Foiiilh fool, (c) Posterior fool, (d) Enlarged hook from neuropodiuni or first foot, (e) Hfioded hook from a posterior neuropodium. Sjiiophanes socderstrumi. (fJ Head, (g) Posterior foot, (h) Enlarged hook from neuropodium of fir.st foot, (r) Hooded hook from a posterior neuropodium. (j) Sabrc-seta from same foot. Pygoipio clegaiu (modified from Fauvel, 1927). (k) Head of male, (l) Head of female. (m) Pygidium. (n) .Anterior foot, (o) Branchiferous foot. .Malncoceros indica. (f) Head. (q) .Anterior foot, (ri Posterior foot, (s) Hooded hook, (t) Notopodial capillary, (i:) Sabre-seta. SPIONIDAE 477 Notosetae are winged capillaries throughout. Anterior neurosetae are capillaries but four to five bidcntatc hooded hooks are present from setiger 8. Pygidium (fig. i8.5.m) with four glandular lobes. Type locality : St. Vasst la Hogue. France. Records: Cape (34/1 8/i). Distribution: Arctic; Baltic; Scotland (i) ; English Channel (i, e, s) ; ? Green- land; Mediterranean; N. Pacific; Okhotsk Sea. M^Z,^ COC£/?OS' Qiiatrefagcs, 1843 ( = SCOLELEPIS auclnnim scd non Blainvillc, 1828) Prostomium with lateral peaks and a tapered process posteriorly. Eyes may be present. Branchiae start on setiger i and continue to near the end of the body ; they arc incompletely united to the dorsal lamellae in anterior segments. Ventral lamellae not notched. Notoseatae are capillaries throughout. Neurosetae are capillaries in anterior segments and hooded hooks posteriorly. Pygidium with anal cirri. Type SPECIES : Spio vulgaris ]o\vaiion, iQ-ij Key to Species 1 Hooded hooks bidentate, less than 20 per neuropodium ...... 2 - Hooded hooks tridentate, 20 or more per neuropodium .... M. girardi* 2 Posterior neuropodial lamellae smoothly rounded ..... M.fiiliginosa* - Posterior neuropodial lamellae with a nipple-like projection .... M. indica Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel, 1928) (fig. 18.5.P-U) Scolelepis indica Fauvel, 1928: 4, fig. 2 g-n ; Fauvel, 1930: 35, fig. 7 g-n. Body up to 60 mm. long by i to i -5 mm. broad. Prostomium (fig. 18.5.P) broad and shield-shaped with laterally projecting frontal peaks. Posterior end of cephalic keel free. Numerous eye specks. Long cirriform branchiae from setiger i. They are united to the bases of the lanceolate dorsal lamellae which are long anteriorly (fig. i8.5.q) but are reduced to about one-third the length of the branchiae posteriorly (fig. i8.5.r). Neuropdial lamellae rounded in anterior feet but develop a nipple-like projection posteriorly. Notopodial capillaries (fig. i8.5.t) not dotted. Anterior neurosetae include five to six large capillaries with abruptly pointed tips ; long bidentate hooded hooks (fig. 18.5.S) appear in the neuropodia from the fordeth or seventieth segment. Sabre-like setae (fig. 18.5.U) present in posterior neuropodia. Type loc,\lity : Krusadai Is., Gulf of Manaar. Records: ? Cape (34/22/d) ; Natal (29/31/i and 27/32/i) ; Mocambique (26/32/i and 23/35/e). Distribution : India (e, i), New Caledonia. 478 I'OI.VCHAETA OF SOUTHERN' AFRICA RHYNCHOSPIO Hartman, 1936 Generally similar to Malacoceros but branchiae start on setiger 2. Prostoniium w ith frontal peaks. Notosetac arc capillaries throughout. Neurosctae are capillaries anteriorly and hooded hooks posteriorly. Anal cirri present. Type SPECIKS : Rlirnchoipin arcnuicola Hartman, ii)36a. Rhynchospio glutaea (Ehlers, 1897) (fig. i8.6.a-c) Scfllecolfpii i^lidtiea Ehlers, 1807 : 8;^, fig. 129-135. Rhymhoipio glulaea : Day, 1961 : 491. A small species only 10-18 mm. long. Prostomial peaks ffig. 18. 6. a) directed obliquely forwards. No free occipital tentacle. A variable number of eye-spots. First setiger small. Branchiae (fig. i8.6.b) from setiger 2 to the end of the body; they are strap-like and free from the dorsal lamellae. Neiuopodial hooded hooks (fig. 18.6.C) are tridentate and first appear in setiger 16. They have two small teeth side by side abo\e the main fang. Type locality: Pimta Arenas, South America. Records: Gape (34/18/s) - ? introduced by ship. Distribution: Antarctica (d) ; subantarctic (Magellan area (s) and S. Georgia (s)). AONIDES C;iaparcde, 1864 Prostoniium pointed anteriorly and with a tentacular process posteriorly. Eyes may be present. Branchaie start on setiger 2 and are restricted to anterior segments. They are separate from the notopodial lamellae. Neuropodial lamella not notched. Gapillaries in both notopodia and neuropodia anteriorly and hooded hooks in both posteriorly. Pygidium with anal cirri. Ty'pe species : Aonidts auricularu Cilaparede, 1864 ( = Nerine nxycephala Sars, 1862). Aonides oxycephala (Sars, 1862) (fig. i8.6.d-g) Nerine oxycephala Sars, 1862 : 24. Aonides oxycephala : Fauvel, 1927: 39, fig. 13 a-e. Body rounded in section, up to 100 mm. long with 200 well marked segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.6.d) pointed anteriorly with an occipital tentacle posteriorly. Four eyes. Peristomium not forming lateral lobes on the side of the prostomium. Branchiae (fig. i8.6.e) cirriform and completely separate from the large triangular notopodial lamellae and present from setiger 2 to 25. Notopodial and neuropodial postsetal lobes flattened and triangular throughout but gradually decreasing in size posteriorly (fig. ly.G.f). No genital pouches between the parapodia. Narrow 479 Fig. i8.6. Rhynchospio glutaea. (a) Head, (b) Middle loot, (c) Hooded hook, (c') Sabre- seta. Aonides oxycephala. (d) Head, (e) Branchiferous foot (tenth), (f) Posterior foot. (g) Hooded hook. Laonice cirrata. (h) Head, (il Branchiferous foot, (j) Lateral view of three segments showing genital pockets, (k) Hooded hook. Spio filkomis. (l) Head. (m) Anterior foot, (n) Posterior foot, (o) Hooded hook. Dispio magna, (p) Head. (q) Anterior foot, (r) Posterior foot, (s) Speckled seta, (t) Hooded hook. .[.".o 1'()I,m:hak lA ov soi'iHr.RX ArRic;\ bladcd capillaries in bulli rami of the parapodia anteriorly. Between three and four bidentate hooded hooks (fig. i8.6.g) appear in the notopodia from sctiger 35-42 onwards and four to fi\e in the neuropodia from setigcr 32-35 onwards. Pygdium with four to eight anal cirri. Type locality : Floro, Xorway. Records: Cape (from 33, 17's and 34/23/e to 33/25/s) ; Mocambique (26 32 i) ; Madagascar (s). DisTRliii-TiON : N. Atlantic from Norway, English Channel (e, i) to Morocco (s) ; Mediterranean; ? Persi.m Gulf (s). LAONICE Malmgren, 1867 Prostomium bioadly rounded in I'mnl and having .m erect occipital tentacle posteriorly. Two eyes. Branchiae free from the notopodial lamellae and present from sctiger 2 to the middle of the body. Neuropodial lamellae not notched. Genital pouches between the parapodia in the middle of tlie isody. Xotosetae are capillaries throughout. Xeurosetae arc capillaries anteriorly and hooded hooks posteriorly. Pygidiimi witli anal cirri. Type sPK(_:iES : .A'tiiiic ciiralu Sars, 1851. e cirri (fig. i8.6.h-k) Laonice cirrata (Sars, 1851) Serine citrata Sars, 1O51 : 64. Laonice cirrala : Fauvel, 1927: 3R, fig- 12 a-e. A large species reaching 100 mm. in length for 160 segments. Prostomium (lig. i8.6.h) broadly rounded in fiont with two large eyes. An occipital tentacle posteriorly followed by a long dorsal ciliated ridge extending over 28-40 segments. Mem- braneous ridges across middle segments. Branchiae (fig. i8.6.i) long and cirriform and present from setigcr 2 to 40. Notopodial lamellae large and auricular in the branchial region. Lateral membraneous pockets (fig. 18.6.J) between the parapodia from sctiger 25 in sexually mature specimens. Bidentate hooded hooks (fig. i8.6.k) appear in the neuropodia from sctiger 45. Type LOf:ALiTY : Northern Norway. Records: C^ape (from 31/16/d and 34/18/3 to 36/21/d and 33/28/s). Distribution : Cxismopolitan from the Arctic to the Antarctic between shallow and abyssal depths. SPIO Frabicius, 1785 Prostomium rounded ; lateral peaks never present. Eye spots often present. Branchiae fmni sctiger i to near the end of the body. They are partly fused to the nritcipodial lamellae anteriorly and ahnost separate posteriorly. No accessory SPIO.MDAE 481 branchiae between notopodia of middle segments. Neuropodial lamellae not notched. Notosetae are capillaries throughout. Ncurosctac arc capillaries anteriorly and hooded hooks posteriorly. Pygidium with anal cirri. Type SPECIES : J/ereis Jilicornis MiXWcr, 1766. Key to Species I Neuropodial hooded hooks bidentate and start from setiger lo-i i. Prostomium not brown S. filicomis - Neuropodial hooded hooks tridentate and start from setiger ii. Prostomium brown . S. sp.* Spio sp.* (NAD.29.W) Spio filicomis (Miiller, 1776) (fig. 18.6.I-0) J^'ereis fdicomis yiuWer , 1776: 218. Spio filicomis : Fauvel, 1927: 43, fig. 15 a-g. A small worm reaching 30 mm. for 90 segments, but usually smaller. Prostomium (fig. 1 8.6.1) blunt anteriorly and pointed posteriorly. Branchiae (fig. iB.S.m) attached to the bases of the notopodial lamellae anteriorly but free posteriorly (fig. iB.G.n). Notopodial lamellae auricular. Neuropodial lamellae broadly oval anteriorly but narrower posteriorly. Neuropodial hooded hooks (fig. 18.6.0) bi- dentate, about eight to ten per neuropodium, and start from setiger lo-ii. Two inferior sabre setae in posterior neuropodia. Type locality : Denmark. Records: Cape (33/18/i and 34/18/s). Distribution : Arctic ; North Atlantic from Greenland (s, d) and the North Sea (i, s) to the Bay of Biscay ; Pacific from the Behring Sea and Japan to California (i). DISPIO Hartman, 1951 Prostomium fusiform, pointed anteriorly and without frontal horns but with an occipital ridge extending posteriorly. Peristome enfolding the sides of the pro- stomium. Branchiae from setiger i to near the posterior end ; they are partly or completely fused to the notopodial lamellae anteriorly but are mainly free posteriorly. Accessory branchiae on the posterior part of the notopodia of middle and posterior parapodia. No hooded hooks in the notopodia but present in the neuropodia. Pygidium as a ventral cushion below the anus. Type species : Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951a. *Only one broken specimen. Prostomium blunt and brown. Peristome brown. Hooded hooks tridentate with the third tooth much smaller than the second. Hooks from setiger 1 1 onwards, about eight per neuro- podium and accompanied by two to three inferior sabre setae with speckled blades. 482 l'OI,\C:H.\FTA OF SOUrilF.RX AFRICA Key to Species 1 Accessory braiKliiac as minute digitiforni branches. Anterior branchiae serrated /). uncinata* - Accessory branchiae lamellar, not branched. Anterior branchiae not serrated . D. magna Dispio magna (Day, 1955) (fiR. i8.6.p-t) Spiu mcgriJis Day. 1933 : 413, hg. 2 a-g. A large species reaching 100 mm. by 3 mm. for 200 segments. Prostomium (fig. i8.6.p) smoothly conical with a ridge extending back to sctiger 2. No eyes. Peri- stome closely applied to the sides of the prostomium. Branchiae from setiger i to the posterior end. They are completely fused to the notopodial lamellae anteriorly (fig. i8.6.q) but from the middle of the body the distal part of the notopodium separates as a triangular lobe (fig. i8.6.r). Accessory branchiae as minute lamellae (not digitiform lobes) behind the neuropodia from about sctiger 35 onwards. Neuropodia with a small oval preselal lobe and a dorsoventrally longer postsetal lobe. This develops a free superior projection in later segments which project upwards towards the notopodium. Some notopodial and neuropodial capillaries with speckled axes (fig. 18.6.S). About nine hooded hooks in the neuropodia from setiger 30-44 onwards according to size. In juveniles they have faintly bilobed ends (fig. 18. 6. t) but in adults they are bluntly unidentate. One to two sabre setae at the inferior edge of the neuropodia from setiger 14 onwards. Type locality : Simonstown, South Africa. Records: Clape (34/18/i). Distribution' : No other records. SCOLELEPIS Blainville, 1828 ( = NERINE ]oh.ni\.on, 1838 et auctoriim*) Prostomium often pointed anteriorly and with an occipital tentacle or keel posteriorly. Eyes present or absent. Branchiae partly or completely fused to the notopodial lamellae ; they start on setiger 2 and continue to near the posterior end. Neuropodial lamellae simple anteriorly but more or less notched posteriorly. Winged capillary setae in both rami of the parapodia anteriorly but hooded hooks appear in both rami posteriorly. Pygidium as a ventral glandular cushion. Type SPECIES : Liimhricus squamaiiis Muller, 1806. Kly to Species I Hooded hooks unidentate ......... S. lefebiodi.il lamellae of abdomen o\-al and rc^tiistricted at the base Af. capensis MAGELONIDAE 495 Magelona papillicornis Miiller, 1 858 (fig. ig.i.a-d) Magelona papillicomis MiiUer, 1858: 216; Fauvel, 1927: 64, fig. 22 a-h. Length up to 170 mm. with 150 segments and uniformly white in colour. Pro- stomium (fig. ig.i.a) bluntly spear-shaped with a median thickening. Anterior end smoothly rounded. In the anterior region the notopodia (fig. ig.i.b) have low, rounded presetal hps and much larger tongue-shaped lamellae. In addition sctigers 1-8 have a small, erect digitiform lobe above the notosetae. The anterior neuropodia have smaller lamellae than the notopodia. The presetal lamella of the neuropodium is produced inferiorly below the neurosetae. The postsetal lip is small except on setigers 7 and 8. Setiger 9 is short with subcqual presetal and post- setal lobes in both rami. Abdominal segments from setiger 10 onwards (fig. ig.i.c) have equal, tongue-shaped postsetal lamellae in both rami curving towards one another. Lateral pockets are present on several segments after setiger 25. Setigers 1-8 have narrow-winged capillaries in both rami. Setiger 9 has a few capillaries and numerous setae each with a subterminal expansion preceding the fine capillaries and numerous setae each with a subterminal expansion preceding the fine tip (fig. 19. 1. d). Abdominal setae are rows of hooks each with two teeth side by side above the main fang. Type locality : St. Catherine Is., Brazil. Records: South West Africa (26/15/s and 28/18/s) ; Cape from 33/18/s and 34/23/e, s to 33/27/s. Distribution : Atlantic from Scotland (i, s, d) and English Channel (e, i) to North Carolina (s) and Brazil and tropical \V. Africa (s) ; Mediterranean ; Madagascar (i). Magelona cincta Ehlcrs, 1908 (fig. ig.i.e-k) Magelona cincla Ehlers, 1908 : i 1 1, pi. 15 figs. 9-12 ; Wilson, 1958 : G20, figs. 2-3. Body (fig. ig.i.e) up to 30 mm. long with a reddish or purple band from setiger 5 to 8. Prostomium (fig. ig.i.f) a truncate triangle with a pair of muscular strands diverging anteriorly to end in antero-lateral projections. The whole prostomium about as broad as long. The anterior region has shghtly larger lamellae on the neuropodia. The notopodial postsetal lamellae (fig. ig.i.g) are ligulate and there is no erect superior lobe or "dorsal cirrus". The neuropodial lamellae arc more infrasetal than postsetal and that on setiger 8 is distinctly larger than the notopodial lamella. Presetal lamellae absent. Setiger g short. Abdominal parapodia from setiger 10 onwards (fig. ig.i.h) have subequal, tongue-shaped postsetal lamellae on both rami which cur\'e towards one another and end in pointed tips. Lateral pocket-like folds are present in front of some posterior parapodia in adults. Setigers 1-8 have simple capillary setae in both rami (fig. ig.i.i). Setae of setiger 4'j6 POLVCHAErA OF SOUTIIERX AFRICA Iif.. I'j.i. M) XoUi- seta from ninth foot. Alagfhma cincla. (e) Entire worm (three times natural size), (f) Head. (g) Thoracic foot, in) Abdominal f(>ot. (i) Thoracic notoseta. (j) Hooded hook. (k) Notoseta from ninth foot. Magclona cajicmis. (l) Tlioracic foot, (m) Part of palp. fx) Anterior end and part of abdomen, (o) Ninth foot, (p) Abdominal foot. (Q) Hooded hook, (r) Notoseta from ninth fciot. MAGELOMDAE 497 9 (fig. ig.i.k) similar to those of setigcr 8. Abdominal setae are rows of hooks with two teeth side by side above the main fang (fig. ig.i.j). Type locality : Algoa Bay, South Africa. Records: Cape (from 34/18/3 to 33/25/s) ; Natal (30/30/s and 29/31/i) ; Mocambique (26/32/i and 23/35/e). Distribution : Morocco (s) and tropical western Africa (s, d). Magelona capensis Day, 1961 (fig. 19.1.1-r) Alagelona capensis Day, 1961 : 495, fig. 6 a-h. Body about 35 mm. long for 40 segments, uniformly pale in colour without a red band on setigers 5-8. Prostomium (fig. ig.i.n) 1-3 times as long as broad with antero-lateral corners. Notopodia of setigers 1-8 (fig. 19.1.I) with a small superior lobe united to a much larger inferior lobe. Neuropodia with a tapered inferior lobe. Setiger g without a superior lobe to the notopodiimi but with a small pro- jection below the neuropodium (fig. 1 9.1.0). Abdominal parapodia (fig. ig.i.p) with subequal notopodial and neuropodial postsetal lamellae which are oval in outline with constricted bases. Setiger g with broad-winged capillaries (fig. ig.i.r) similar to those of setigers 1-8. Abdominal hooded hooks with two teeth side by side above the main fang. Type locality : Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Records: South West Africa (26/15/s) ; Cape (from 32/18/s to 34/23/s) ; Natal (29/3 1 /s, d). Distribution : Endemic. 498 POI.VCHAICTA OF SOUTHERN AKRIOA Family CIRRATULIDAE Carus, 1863 Body cylindrical with numerous similar segments and tapered at biith ends. Prostomium small and usually without projections. Proboscis unarmed and not evaginable. Pcristomial segment triannulate and achactous. A pair of grooved palps or several grooved tentacular filaments are inserted at the posterior end of the pcristomium which may extend back above the anterior sctigcrs. Long cylindrical branchial filaments arise above the notopodia of the first and a variable number of succeeding setigers. Para podia biramous but the parapodial lobes are not developed so that the two bundles of setae arise directly from the sides of the body. Sctal types include simple capillaries, acicular hooks or in a lew cases compound hooks. No anal cirri. Records from southern Africa Caiilleiiiili! ackula Day .... Caidleriella bioculata (Kefcrstcin) as Helerocirrus fiavo-viridis St. Joseph Caulleriella capensii (Monro) as Heteiocbnis capiit-eiocis var. capensis Monro as Hticrnciirin capensis Monro ? as Dodecaceiia afra Augener Chaetoznne setosa Malmgren (.'irrdtiiliis africanus Gra\'icr tArratulus chrvsodermn Olaparede Cirratulus cirratus (Miiller) Cirratulus concinnus Ehlers Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein . Cirratulus gi/ihristi Day .... Cirratulus sp. ..... Cirriformia capensis (Schmarda) as Cirratulus capensis Schmarda asCirratulus australis Stimpson (non Blanchard) as Cirratulus cirratus (non Miiller' as Audouinia filiaera \'ar. capensis as Audouinia australis (Stimpson) Cirrijormia afer (Ehlers) . as Cirratulus afer Ehlers Cirriformia filigera (Delia C'.hiaje) as Audouinia fdii^cra Dclle Clhiajc Cirriformia jninclata (Gruhe) as Audouinia punctata (Grube) ns Aud(niinia Jiligera var. capensis (p Cirriformia saxatilis (Grax'ier) . as Audouinia saxalilii Gravier f,7Cs, — Ns 26.Ai 51CS 33CS 44Ca, 48GS 26\Vi 51CS 44Ci 44Ci, ?45Pi 15GS 48Ad, 51CS 5 1 Csd 51GS S'Cs 4Ci, loGi, I iGi, liGi, i6\Vi, 26\Vis 2Ci i3Ci 33CS, 35Gi, 36Ci 44Ci 1 f, As 45NiPi 4oNi, 45Pi 36X1 45Pi CIRRATULIDAE AND HETEROSPIOMDAE 499 Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu) as Audouinia tentaculata (Montagu) as Cirratulus tentaculus Montagu as Cirratulus atrocollaris Grube asCirratulus tentaculus var. meridionalis (Marenz. as Audouinia filigera var. meridionalis (Marenz.) Dodecaceris capensis Day . Dodecaceria laddi Hartman Dodecaceria pulchra Day .... as Dodecaceria futulicola (non Ehlcrs) Tharyx annulosus Hartman Tharyx dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard) as Cirratulus dorsobranchialis Kirkegaard . Tharyx filibranchia Day .... Tharyx marioni (St. Joseph) as Tharyx multijilis Moore . 5>C5 4oNi, 44Ci, 45Pi.\i, 48\VsCs iiWi, i3Ci, 32Ci laCi 26\Vis 35Ci, 36.\iCi 5iCs 4iCs, 45\i 44Ci 38Ci — Xs 5iCsd, — Nsd 48,'\sCs 5iCs 5 1 Cs, 56\Vs 48CS BIOLOGICAL .NOTES Cirratulids are deposit feeders and gather food particles from the sea bottom by means of a single pair of grooved palps or numerous grooved tentacular filaments which appear to arise from the first few setigerous segments. The homologies of these structures will be described later. Cirratulids are sluggish worms and commonly bury their bodies just below the surface of the sea bottom so that only the long gills and tentacular filaments are visible. These are usually bright red or orange. Cirriformia capensis is common among closely packed mussels on rocky shores, in the hold-fasts of kelp and among massed colonies oi Pyura. This species seems to be limited to well oxygenated habitats. Cirri- formia tentaculata on the other hand is found under stones lying on black mud and presumably tolerates low oxygen tensions. Cirratulus chrysoderma seems to have similar habits and is often gregarious. Dodecaceria is an interesting genus which burrows in thick encrustations of litho- thamnion, Dodecaceria pulchra being very common on Cape shores at the Patella cochlear level. If the hthothamnion in a shallow rock pool is examined carefully, many minute holes will be seen through which Dodecaceria extrudes its palps and gills. If undisturbed, tiiese spread out around the head like the petals of a tiny black flower. How the worm burrows in the dense matrix of the coralline is unknown but the worm appears to do little damage to the plant which grows up around the hole so that the whole surface is covered with volcano-like knobs. While Dodecaceria produces eggs and sperm Uke other polychaetes it is also capable of asexual reproduction by fragmentation. It is said that even a single isolated segment may regenerate into a small worm. 500 PO[.vc;iiAr.iA or southern ai'rica THE MAIN" DIAG.XOSrtC CiHARACI'ERS riic body consists of numerous rounded segments witJiout parapoilial projeeti