eaa at tr) < 44493 * by WS4eag233 aaa 23445 33414 4 Bhi: ait shide3 425 342 a3ae HERE $324949¢ 4 1394 EX LIBRIS William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library sil ale IRAN 4 Ex t SS E Vm - n of Pita ine : - ‘ -¥ . J rey / JT 7 r s ri) 4 t & i ore.‘ @ q i) a Shaat Ee : < ° n » Sar 7 ae - , = co Se ' * 7 ttf : Vo. 1. MONOGRAPHY FAMILY UNIONIDE, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GSOLOGICAL SOCISTY OF PENNSYLVANIA. gom*G FRB . te Se NTHCONIAN IN [Titi Bam ha r4rs it ~ - 2 = aie , or ws A} AiH= i t - is + Ow PHILADELPHIA: . J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. E, G. DORSEY, PRINTER. December 1835. MONOGRAPHY OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS.) OF Livision of Molineirs Sectional Library NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. 1836. E. G. Dorsry, PRINTER, 12 Library Street. TO CHARLES A. POULS ON, Esq. Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, §-c. THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED, AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE OF ESTEEM, BY HIS OBLIGED FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. & yaeitier! bi tae vi 4 ES Nas ie - ‘oun +h a A é © ; vrs ‘* 5 ne ot ‘ 4 * @ 27h - , te KU : tt ie * cong?) i y A ig re: :\ aa ie : tt), : nh ak oie a q ia - 5 | i ‘ oe st aad . y *, ce f - = “ ‘ : : | 4 : 2 - - ‘ “ 4 c) Hid ~ bi ® hig Ki, A D ra ee 7 7 oy 2) * ' i i i i es +) ' f i re ; > i 1 : “ ‘ll o 2 * : ¢ i ra < ‘ i 1 = ‘ ' iH MONOGRAPHY OF THE Poe vw PY CNT ON eben. UNIO. GENERIC CHARACTER. Shell equivalved, inequilateral: cardinal teeth two in each valve, irregular, generally striated, simple or biparted; an elongated lamelliform tooth on the pos- terior hinge margin of the right valve, and two similar teeth on the corresponding margin of the left valve: muscular impressions two principal ones in each valve. OBSERVATIONS. Mr. Say justly remarks, that, “in North America, the shells of this genus excel those of any other country in magnitude, beauty, and diversity of spe- cies.” The rivers of Tennessee have furnished the most beautiful specimens of many species common to the western waters. The Ohio or Mississippi has 2 not hitherto furnished a single species existing in tide waters which flow into the Atlantic; and the only shell of this character is the Alasmodonta mar- ginata, Say. The shells of this genus may be divided into two groups, the “winged” and “not winged,” as Mr. Sow- erby has proposed for the whole family of Untonip. The former are included in the genus Symphynota, of Mr. Lea, which we cannot adopt, because, as Fe- russac justly remarks, “in the same family generic characters should be taken from the same parts;” thus the other genera are formed from the absence or arrangement of the hinge teeth, whilst Symphynota, without any regard to the hinge, is constructed from a testaceous connexion of the valves, which Ferussac observes is “almost an organic character among the Acepnata which have the mantle completely closed near the hinge margin, at least in young shells.” Dr. Kirtland has made some interesting remarks on the sexes of this family, in which he has proved them to be distinct, in the opimion of many concho- logists; and the sex can be ascertained by the form of the shell. Almost every species has two promi- nent varieties of form, one of which is shorter and more ventricose than the other, which is happily ex- plained by the observations of the intelligent author of the essay referred to.* *Vide Silliman’s Journ. vol. xxvi. p. 117. ro a i ot «San - 7 ‘tn neu ai ee melas ily , > _. Le Te va » ATA “y vin , : mi As oy on a4. ila im: Wes Wy) oa it a ior 7 + } Be -. ey a en. sa . et be ae : Lo : : “a ae patent — ee rh. — cae ak i i a _ on ; ye : ies oat op Pe nal ded oe a rv mr , te» , ——- n Wi all aati ” ie va i ie wee * i alg Pi a a ~ bea a a, ae” ; a “ si nal i ay oy ve nai ar ne ae ie i ih wa" ¥ ‘hues : r lo Pani un, ig jon pet vlan ie xed Ny ing i 5 <1 ¥ s 7 : ae oy oe — By oy ilane a ; rts ae ‘ato ai - -. W vat ‘+r aie wy a ae ae Ui Che a cr Pts iil oer in ; ~ Pegta Oh, ni ‘3 ba ties algae 7” use J «4 ., 7 rain! ie. rer * 0 f m i oie © ell hai a ae LA sai 4 fei a. baal mi pe ¥ or ; nig, i“ : ij ain 4 as | ws ats i ia oie ey tae niey ne ee " i a i pi Nghia li a7 it ie. on ral A i a 7% a y dieail oe 7 ~~ - P ial “ 2 y A os " hi ah DD. . P VEE. Hf is ‘ red \ _* : ‘ ee 4 ay = . 7 ; ia ne wie 7m Pit - ‘* Kees % = “ mts — seal el > bias - ww. i he ie : a, _ we. ; mi “s plitis aes n bse - uk nd — wht iad rs wen fea ay ay evant on Tee mT * va . ial pie PN POE ON hire hey ov ae +t, em sein talialiies lide wire Heep ae vl te r, me all ial Se), ; ia wt - tn is * oP ; ny r be peal or + ve ' af ean nl i> ae er Pe ; a —— , a ; i sila ab “ 7 mae i yee q | a on Sits vale: - ad 0 ae ; ot) * hi 7 bs it 7 : mn : io - - - Woe! = in ia = _ om Lat . ne “ yy hist “) sys _ fi ai tel i es ie ¥ Os.) sail: any A a? bik a ‘ a i Bi “ee “ Pe \7 . we , ae ie : a ‘i ”" ‘i 4 7 ; ’ . we wh i om a nen a4 vr 0 i i A J EE OES ay eae ‘boat ou as rs aa 7 4 i fl i =) Mies a - q ¥ ' ww : ey \ i ius a } . 7 - i - : 4 Va a i an : iM a ih t, it ay 4 Ac " 7 a oe heli) , ia ve said i ee a ; ‘\ ' ” a aa whe by B% We at ‘it re le aa rach nine a, as vo . | ; ey PR ay rr ah vty Apel a i e. ‘ord uh es ey = 7 wa 7 pt , " nda asa alasdioald a wir ey ie ia ae i a wer 4 yi ‘ay ‘ : 5 RT Rane wt ‘ ta ye avi 7 we en a _ i Wt we . oe ‘ee wiles » wr i in ye at o ts 1H re if ¥ Mi a 7 . . - ns ” 15 } "1 i “ar ig prea? M * ita, a) MY i Pare a ke ee on a ee iva x air’ on ) ay id A be =) Unt a arity LV ao ee i es i, i. oa an a - ae in Naud any rae ae i ae Unto fasecal us, Raf. Ww UNIO FASCIATUS. Pratt I. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, compressed, yellowish olive, with broad dark green rays, and a few intermediate nar- row rays; umbo slightly compressed, little promi- nent; anterior side short; ligament margin scarcely curved, slightly declining; posterior margin obliquely truncated; umbonial slope abruptly rounded; submar- gin slightly furrowed; basal margin protruding a little near and behind the middle; within white; cardinal teeth thick, direct; margin thin, showing the exterior rays. SYNONYMES. U. rascratus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 28. Poulson’s translation, p. 20. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferussac, Mag. de Zool. U. carinatus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journal, vol. vi. p. 126. Cab. 4. N. §. No. 1020. OBSERVATIONS. This shell has been considered a variety of cario- sus by some conchologists, but it is invariably more ponderous and compressed, with very different mark- ings and cardinal teeth. It is most nearly related to the crassus, Say, but can be distinguished by its more elliptical outline, much broader and darker rays, and by the beaks being less nearly terminal. Fe- russac gives carinatus, Barnes, as a synonyme to crassus, Say. Common in the western waters. The 4 figure is from a specimen from the Scioto, given me by my friend, Dr. William Blanding. UNIO OVATUS. Pratt II. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtriangular, rather thin, compressed ante- riorly, inflated over the umbonial slope, which is pro- foundly angulated and subrectilinear; posterior slope flattened or slightly concave, much wrinkled; umbo inflated, promiment, sloping anteriorly, distant from the anterior margin; surface glabrous, olive-yellow; within bluish; cardinal teeth double in each valve, very oblique, compressed, elevated. SYNONYMES. U. ovatus, Say. Nicholson’s Ency. (3d Amer. ed.) art. Conch. ' pl. ii. fig. 7. Zam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 75. Cab. 2. N. S.No. 1225. OBSERVATIONS. The great depression of the posterior slope distin- guishes this species from the cardiwm, Rar. Old shells are produced posteriorly. It varies consider- ably in form; some specimens are compressed, others very ventricose, with rather broad radii over the whole disk. This variety is so dissimilar to the specimen figured, that I propose to designate it by a distinct name, terming it variety ornatws; it is com- mon in the rivers of South Alabama. The species is common in the western waters. Unto ovatus, Say. ay i — ms = _ es os a - ' : ’ “~— FN, %, 7, iin ‘ae’ Ga 2 a [ae 7 is , i. he ii . oo : ae ? _ : ie - ve : : a ; S _ - po - bill a oe a. a a ee . ya ie re e 1 a , oases ; gree “ t ie wma rf * 7 7 - : a 7 od em 4 se na Sy » fe. : a . « r ¥ vals Pw o¢ I is ye. Th inh ia carer % es ‘ : ; Zz fal J 9 a> a ih : fe ys a ee A ; he were " i - i A y ws 7 > = ~~ a 7 ; Pt —— a a 4 im i pet re : + Pi .) ! 7 Pe ‘ et ena = Ww 7 oe : 7 ' a - a ae : a rr a ‘ Wy ' oF e. ul ~* bay ; iy rr , ; 7 ¥ ae : , i A -_ Pyyyei 7 aw ; ia a ae ; 4 tS a> soe a : 7 - 7. 23a 7 A = . ‘ Sie —-s - - ieee Ae Bos Py ne ; - =i -. i as , a Sh a Pi 2 4 ee a Bis 0 Se ae tee ee 2 ee ow: < > oe eyes a a, We a j Di *e a - ee >. ors “ee Core oe i. “an rk a: 2 — ay ‘jhe : 7 a aes pie ht 2s af *" Gea ae ae ar 7 : ta ok i figs ae Wee ae - eed. lie © Oe ee ; See 3! . 7 ~ A a ee Pe er ee ia », a at ie is YT Ata © er ks ew Tt ed 6 oi 2) wee a 2 jas” genet Sig 7 yi) Tad eee ‘ Z mw » a iad - i _ 7 =, et =. ae - A m & . td ey a - r@ : oa ak a0 ae ; ee ae | a 4 - = ee ee | A _ 7 if ay. eli) A ra) — i: . . as A ~ @ ie. Ve ‘ Pan : Oa pai as ee ce ke ve _ “a Pd o-4 t Z ae. : . a : a 7 . 7 on are fi. ae) Te : i a : = 7 eS if - a Gis : << a if A> dt aaa r ae 7 i - : 7 7 ’ - Y cu - iia ea - a; 8 mi i : ‘ 7 a er a ts a mo ty oh We = oe 4 : - Voie 7 7 i) a > | i Le ee = ; i i ” | eu?” e Aout. ’ f ‘ J “ Nelo e, 4 » tha 7 Ww — it ; yee o “i. 7 1 Z [ ' \ : : ae Y.% ; ; 2 a 7 7 a i i “4a 4 ri. a est) _ i > : i ‘7 ,: i | Di tae s = oo . io 7 a oy ea | roe . ‘eo aan Pate che Tie | , _ 7 ty td ’ a ir . | 7 ii}. ea : 7 ae alee, eee a : Dy hae (yes Od hin, He ie / bu ee " i pia. Pe ei . ‘ a Tike iD ey Ae i at. a ri hast * . i ‘ a i i i 7 ov [ eh ae > " ity ™ fits = i : re I ae I inti {> = en i i es a hs Gn) Phan ’ Py ae 4 an Hd eh at er, eet in 7 i 1) 4 . 7 “4 ” 5 i ris _ : a7 a yeas i ee er ee ‘- a oe i ar OE, 7 y's, co n aor | Sar aut & 1a Ni Pry : ’ aan Hy Gah urs a > La” ae i Y gin) 2 ait k We yt te i tl ~ ‘ae ri! Pa ae CA i rh f - * rt oe Br a aaah : - mn “a ? M i a rv ’ : i , ie (i : hina nial daly il Pi, . j ie a, i et 13 . : i / f a | a i " : oi . ay Ta gy ena ie 7 CAT cee ey — Toe | A * wl HL ge Ee Iogas UI nio elava, Lam. j I i. UNIO CLAVA. Priate III.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell cuneiform, very oblique; posterior side pro- duced, compressed, with an oblique furrow rapidly widening from the umbo; ligament margin arcuate, very oblique; umbo elevated, narrowed, inclining for- wards; beaks curved to a point, terminal; epidermis wrinkled, olive-yellow or brownish, with interrupted rays over the umbo, disappearmg with age; within white, very iridescent posteriorly; cardinal tooth in the left valve nearly parallel with the ligament mar- gin. SYNONYMES. U. crava, Zam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 74. U. scatenius, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 43. pl. Ixxxi. fig. 24, 25. Poulson’s trans. p. 47. U. mopioLrrormis, Say. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 1117. OBSERVATIONS. A beautiful species when perfect, and common in the western rivers. With age the posterior side be- comes greatly produced and compressed, and gene- rally furnished with irregular indentations. Allied to U. oviformis, nob. and decisus, Lua. B UNIO DECISUS. Pruate IlI.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell cuneiform, oblique; anterior margin obtusely rounded; posterior side produced, somewhat com- pressed, with a very oblique indistinct furrow, and irregular indentations, frequently obsolete; extremity angular; beaks nearly terminal, eroded; umbonial slope rectilinear, subangulated; epidermis finely wrin- kled inferiorly, reddish-brown with obsolete brown narrow rays; within white. SYNONYMES. U. pecisus, Zea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. iv. p. 92, pl. xi. fig. 23. U. tTarrianvs, ib. vol. v. p. 39, pl. iv. fig. 11. variety. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1733. OBSERVATIONS. This species much resembles the preceding, but can always be distinguished by its broader and less oblique umbo, uniform absence of green rays, and by its rectilinear umbonial slope, but more especially by the posterior extremity, which is never so nearly on a line with the base as in the former shell, which with age is greatly produced and compressed, whilst the present species, when old, never becomes so; the cardinal teeth, also, are very different. Com- mon in the Alabama river, and has hitherto been found only in the state of Alabama. a” , vr a ie } = yy 1.” ory = aren - : » = a i q j 4 ; 7 rr. ‘ we a > Hi L Unio pret Le SU f Raj. eee UNIO REFLEXUS. Prats [V.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, thick anteriorly; middle of the disks with a single row of distant elevated tubercles, about four in number; umbo not very prominent, subme- dial; umbonial slope subcarinated; posterior side slightly furrowed and emarginate at base; posterior slope flattened, with transverse undulations; poste- rior extremity truncated; within white; cardinal teeth large, direct, much sulcated. Var. A. disks covered with small tubercles. Var. B. epidermis blackish, nacre purple. SYNONYMES. U. rerrexus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 40. Poulson’s trans. p. 40. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferussac, Mag. de Zool. U. cornutus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 122. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1750. OBSERVATIONS. Allied to the U. flexuosus, but approaches nearest to U. gibbosus, Rar., yet may always be distinguish- ed from that species by its suboval outline, and the regularity and prominence of its tubercles. The two varieties I found in the Alabama river. The figure represents a tuberculated specimen. The species preserves its distinctive characters in very 8 remote localities, specimens from south Alabama perfectly resembling others from the waters of Indi- ana. —_———— UNIO FLEXUOSUS. Prate LY .—Fice. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtriangular, bifurcated, swelling and sub- nodulous in the middle; posterior side with a wide oblique furrow; umbonial slope obtusely carinated; umbo flattened, prominent; epidermis with numerous slender rays; within white, cardinal teeth direct, sulcated; lateral teeth short and thick. SYNONYMES. U. riexvosus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. vy. p. 40. U. rouratus, Hildreth. Silliman’s Journ. vol. xiv. p. 248, fig. 16. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 1050. OBSERVATIONS. A specimen of this shell in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet was labelled by Rafinesque, whose description, un- der the name we have adopted, entirely accords with the species before it has attained its profound bifur- cation. This singular species, when young, is smooth, and simply emarginate behind the middle. It approaches nearest to U. gibbosus, Rar. Not uncommon in the western rivers. Lunio refleaus, Raf. z. Unio foliatus, Hildreth. * , ii ty Ny Prat wee uber f on Pye iia we Wd any iS Toe 77 7 Thi ldipsit, Con.A. Cieto Meliercir ts Lid ee Dev SOE UNIO PHILLIPSIL. Pirate V.—Fice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell subovate, with concentric furrows; anterior side smooth; disk with a single row of irregular tubercles in the centre, some of which are elongated and grooved; posterior side narrowed, with a wide furrow and a few small tubercles; umbonial slope straight, carinated and tuberculated; posterior slope concave, indistinctly tuberculated; ligament slope rectilinear, oblique; extremity direct, emarginate; basal margin swelling centrally, emarginate behind; umbo prominent, rather broad, flattened at the sum- mit; beaks retuse; epidermis yellowish-brown, with indistinct filiform rays over the umbo; within white; cardinal teeth rather small, direct, double in each valve. OBSERVATIONS. This handsome species is allied to U. gquadrulus, Rar., but is very distinct, the young shell having broad smooth and retuse beaks, whilst the young of the guadrulus has the beaks narrowed, tuberculated, pointed and curved forwards. ‘The specimen figured is from the Wabash, and is in the cabinet of Mr. John Phillips, who called my attention to it as a distinct species, and I have dedicated to him a small tribute of respect for his talents and scientific zeal. 10 UNIO METANEVRUS. Pirate V.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, thick, ventricose; anterior side tu- berculated, except near the margin, which is smooth; disk with an oblique furrow; umbonial slope very prominent, broad and rounded, with numerous tu- bercles, some of which are very large; posterior slope wide, concave, or angular, with oblique slightly re- curved series of rib-like tubercles; umbo slightly prominent; beaks retuse; ligament margin oblique, rounded at the extremity; posterior margin emargi- nate; epidermis yellowish-brown, with interrupted green rays; within white, much thickened anteriorly. SYNONYMES. U. metranevra, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 39. Ferussac, Mag. de Zool. U. novosus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journal, vol. vi. p. 124, pl. vi. fig. 7. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1754. OBSERVATIONS. A common species in the western and southern rivers, easily recognised, when in perfection, by its swelling umbonial slope: very old specimens much resemble U. stapes, Lua, but are much larger. hs Tinto Phithe PSL, Con. iV US, Rag. : . my ah ; f ve Tr Og eepn: rh a} ne Mik oy ‘i da ull ; o 7 ie We ie i hp my cm o ia fi mn wie ne ~A ie if} a | ow 5) wie aN o | fe ui A af ur 7 Po a ae mi mie "Wp 7 fi it a Mi, ae te a, we y . : . oe Cy ar rr ; ee) te Ae a’ Ss ee We. : ; , Nw) a sr ons Vg ie ge io) n ” on van i ‘ oy _ Pa “a ' 7 iP : ny fh 1 LAID 9 ie, & fr y al ™ ice i ; ru 7 i ‘ae : i i ; vi i Ho we y a Aaeeae Sane, th : AT fe, + , ue 1, EAT in 7 A ry Bi ity ‘ mig - eal . a i 7 é _ Z - i . Cony ae : ara - _ . Se a - ent we - i _ m ir : : : j a TH : e wi ' . mt - - 7 : Ly n _ ae “aa se Sh ee 7 yy ¢ 7) on a v ¥ i : y _ a : : in : : 7 f 7 Ld ai i ian i) in| | See annie ua ‘ a Sic: Wek h a Pee aot a : a aa in Ay ny fy ry, So hu ts 2 i ne ' 1a uae as ij tuts, ; a he a fy mi 7 a _ : if aay ie mo ‘| a ik i ron ok oe ath if eae ac : } 7 Ae i er vie ) 4) im 44 Sey Se eee a A : a eee iss Hes Vv ne Brin a ies i an Pal ay, | ca | ie? at 7 Pay Rie i au a weer i | or sine 7 oat sli 4p ey aT) a: | Tye At ' a ie OO as ahi hy : oh vt Nis - i 4 - : ee Ri \ Zl ma odd if ii ai iy an ae ow ns oe y a Mt) & o ra On i , . ae we : aa f ms a ww ; na _ Je hi, Ap tit m i im, J Unt Mortont, Cor. 2 Unie yrayosis ura’ Mee. Pidics, 11 UNIO MORTONI. Pratre VI.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell suborbicular, not thick, ventricose; disk flat- tened, or slightly furrowed from beaks to base, co- vered with irregular tubercles; anterior margin sub- truncated; posterior margin straight, direct; ligament margin subarcuate, oblique, forming an angle with the posterior margin; umbo with an oblique furrow, prominent; beaks rather retuse, decorticated; umbo- nial slope angular, slightly arcuate; posterior slope flattened; epidermis yellowish brown, with fine crowd- ed wrinkles; within white; anterior margin not thick- ened; cardinal teeth compressed, very prominent, oblique. Cab. 1. N. S. No. 1874. OBSERVATIONS. This pretty species 1s common in Bayou Teche, Louisiana; but I have seen it from no other locality; it approaches nearest to the quadrulus, Rar., but dif- fers greatly in size, convexity, and want of a distinct furrow from beak to base. It is dedicated to my friend Dr. S. G. Morton, whose exertions have fur- nished a splendid collection of American and foreign fresh water shells to the Academy of Natural Sci- ences. UNIO FRAGOSUS. Pirate VI.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suborbicular, ventricose, with an indistinct narrow furrow, and two approximate series of very prominent irregular tubercles, anterior ones largest; umbonial slope angular; posterior slope slightly con- cave, with a few narrow rib-like tubercles, more pro- minent near the margin; posterior margin direct, slightly emarginate; ligament slope straight, slightly oblique; umbo narrow, prominent; beaks much in- curved, pointed, tuberculated; epidermis brown, with two or three broad, widely interrupted green rays. OBSERVATIONS. This fine species approaches guadrulus, Rar., but is much more ventricose, has more prominent tuber- cles, and is very distinct. I am indebted to Dr. Blanding for the splendid specimen represented by the figure; it is from the Scioto river, Ohio. Unio Mortont, Con, &. Unto fraqosus, Conrad. CONTENTS. Puate I. Unio ovatus. alee; fasciatus. clava. * » Il, ; decisus. reflexus. » IV. ,, ; flexuosus. Vv ; phillipsii. ey, pune’ metaneovus. Note.—Several species were noticed in the prospectus, which we have omitted in this number, in order to figure others supposed to be new. Vo. 2. MONOGRAPH Y OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDE, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23. HAMBURG: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. January 1836. (We. vay. Deri Au mA L Lo us Es i a oy ” 7 er (iL cad a) i, te ee it : 7 _ is aa iT 19 Slat ar NOD Coshalias iioae UNIO COSTATUS. Prare VT. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, slightly ventricose anteriorly; disk with profound oblique undulations, numerous and re- curved behind the umbonial slope; umbo narrow, slightly prominent, oblique, nearly terminal; ligament margin elevated, nearly straight; epidermis yellowish brown, sometimes blackish brown, much wrinkled posteriorly; within white, iridescent posteriorly, waved on the margin; cardinal teeth very thick. SYNONYMES. U. costatus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 49. pl. Ixxxil. fig. 13, 14. Poulson’s trans. p. 57. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferus. Mag. de Zool. U. unputatus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 121, pl. 2. OBSERVATIONS. This shell very nearly approaches UW. plicatus, Say, and some varieties can scarcely be distinguished from it. It has, in general, more undulations, a much less prominent umbo, is less ventricose, and has often a yellowish epidermis, which is not the case with the plicatus. Not uncommon in the western waters, and in the Alabama river; very large and fine in the rivers of Tennessee. Cc 18 This species in some of its varieties so nearly re- sembles U. heros, of Say, when the latter is old and eroded on the umbones, that Mr. Say at one time considered them identical; the young shell of the he- ros, however, was found to be so entirely dissimilar to the young of the costatus, that the specific differ- ence was obvious to the most careless observer, and Mr. Say in his synonymy retains his species. 'This circumstance should induce those naturalists who live in favourable situations to study the young of every species, for as Mr. Lea has justly observed, they are the most certain guides to specific distinc- tions; when the umbones and beaks are perfect, most species will exhibit very nearly the prominent cha- racters of the very young shells, and hence the ne- cessity of procuring cabinet specimens of the most perfect description, if we would effectually trace the species and make ourselves acquainted with their affinities. og Ori 7 be = a eu ne ee pte . ' a a Co ee nen wy bs an ar Li ve Ve n'y es may i - me j i ye ‘i “i - -_ nea a Fail vn ae war are 7 rr i i 0%. | ay Salta ie cr i re “e iy a r +e fs Mie ra ee ‘ee ei oe 7 oe bay ts | bg & - ri Ce a = id o eee a fae Lt ‘ ‘Te i fan’ a phe, ms od cer oY ; ae + he : aes hy mt te whic > - ‘a . \ vu a ee aL rh r ory ir . in Ce vy ah h: A -s ; W i oie cn > a iy eu ae ae! ioe my ia ‘ bias - iia j mS c i - i me me ; ee a ai dgcat pe is has = ey a (dane) Lam. PClCUS tts, 19 UNIO RETUSUS. Prare VIII. DESCRIPTION. Shell transversely ovate, ventricose, with concen- tric furrows; umbo very prominent, curved forwards; beaks retuse, medial; ligament long and prominent; umbonial slope rounded, undefined; anterior and basal margins regularly rounded; posterior side with a slight furrow, and emarginate at the extremity; liga- ment slope arcuate, very oblique; within dark purple, margined with white. SYNONYMES. U. retusa, Lam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 72. Ferus. Mag. de Zool. U. rorsa, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 45. pl. Ixxxul. fig. 1, 2, 3. Poulson’s trans. p. 40. OBSERVATIONS. This fine species is remarkable for the elegance of its form, and the prominent curved beaks which somewhat resemble those of an fsocardia. 'The colour of the nacre is remarkably constant. One variety is deeply sulcated and emarginate posteriorly; another is entire. Young shells much resemble U. subrotun- dus, Rar. Common in the western waters. I did not observe it in Alabama. UNIO PARVUS. Pruatre [X.—Fic. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong or elliptical, with prominent concen- tric lines, and shghtly contracted from beak to base; inflated posteriorly and the basal margin dilated and rather abruptly ascending to the extremity, which is narrow, obtuse, and much above the line of the base; umbo when not decorticated, profoundly sulcated; umbonial slope undefined; posterior slope with a sub- marginal, slightly prominent ne; lgament margin not oblique; posterior margin obliquely truncated above; within white; cardinal teeth very erect. SYNONYMES. U. parvus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journal, vol. vi. p. 174. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1872. OBSERVATIONS. A small species, without any prominent character, yet very distinct. It approaches nearest to U. heno- sus, nob. but that species is always more or less radiated and generally pink or purple in the interior; the parvus is white within and rarely rayed. Inhabits western rivers generally from Bayou Teche in Louisi- ana to Fox river in the North Western Territory. An elegant specimen from the Scioto river is dark olive-green and distinctly rayed; and the acutely an- gulated ridges on the beaks are very perfect. amen (ey ieee + aaynt mae 1 1. U nto parous, Barnes 2.0n.0 glans, Led j Ve Cae j "ee 7 &. 7 , hirer co os iis ‘eo ; a ie a ev ‘ iu wih ana ae Alay sat oe i z ies kollle _ a ot ar a saat Ac ae Be . | bgt a aia 7) - eu! ro ' 7 t Li Wh, _ ro ctad Ss | - mL y Po Cie } a 7 ae SueryaL 1.U nto parous, Barnes. 2.000 glans, Lea. UNIO GLANS. Pirate [X.—Fie..2. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate-elliptical, thickened anteriorly; surface with numerous concentric lines; anterior side short; posterior side subcuneiform; umbo slightly prominent; beaks undulated; umbonial slope undefined; epidermis generally dark brown, sometimes rayed; within dark purple, except on the anterior margin; cardinal teeth prominent, direct. SYNONYMES. U. cians, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. iv. b) Lege selma: pl. viii. fig. 12. Cab: HN. S. Noo 1168. OBSERVATIONS. This does not appear to be an abundant species, yet it 1s occasionally found in the waters of Ohio, Tennessee and Alabama. In the latter state I met with it only in the tributaries of the Tennessee river. The purple nacre and white anterior margin will al- ways distinguish this species from any other, which resembles it in form. Another peculiarity is the posterior tooth of the left valve pointing to the pos- terior extremity, which causes the teeth to diverge greatly. It most resembles U. enosus, nob. and U. parvus, Barnes. The figure represents the largest and best specimen I have seen, and the only one that is distinctly rayed; it is from the Harpeth river, Tennessee. CS) we UNIO SILIQUOIDEUS. Priate X.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate-oblong or elliptical, ventricose, mode- rately thick; surface glabrous, olive-yellow, with nu- merous green rays varying much in size; anterior side not very short, margin regularly rounded; liga- ment margin straight, not declining; posterior ex- tremity angulated; umbonial slope undefined; beaks with flexuous undulations; within bluish-white; cardi- nal teeth oblique, lateral teeth slightly decurved pos- teriorly. SYNONYMES. U. sttiquowwevs, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 269. U. inriatus, /b. p. 267. Cab. A. N.S. No: 1055. OBSERVATIONS. The species which most resembles this appears to be the radiatus, which for comparison we figure upon the same plate. Young specimens differ constantly from the radiatus in having a straw-coloured highly polished epidermis, and much undulated beaks; are more inflated, have the anterior side longer and the margin more regularly rounded. ‘The sexual varie- ties are far more strongly marked, some specimens having almost the form of U. cariosus, whilst the ra- diatus offers comparatively shght differences of out- line. Old shells become thick and much inflated, and 10 4 Lemare arne or caqnol(aeus {Unio sel : ab’. ; z - i r . | a 7 f if q Hl - Y ae, ¥ té : ’ com c. i LI its ; VP se — 1 - the hu 7 , ‘ ; - i y es on | ‘ ie { 7 7 - i i y ‘a ee tial ; } a hs é f yt , uy ¥ : : a. ; ae See “ae : ay cre a ; am Py agen ; } bs Day) a’ ae oes Og aw : : as ; f or as Patt Dwar ie * Y a v 7 7 yy , t is - « fv ‘i v4 1% 7 ° 7 i i) — ee Cv) ar 7 iF a 5k % id ‘no a ene oa a Mire T 2 it "a . i Tes - 1 , mM 1» s x i a fy y § ie e ee) i ; my iM _— 7 7 : WP Loan lege Mai a i as 2 ida i, © ihe 4 ie 4s ad 4 ye - per a wih) ve * Xiah J ; - ee my a, fe > a A 4 a? é 7 soap ' ‘ a ‘one : eer ? iw ue ‘i oe 23 resemble in form the U. teres, Rar. common in the western rivers. I did not observe it in Alabama. Mr. Say, in his synonymy of the western species, has given the stliquoideus asa synonyme of U. cariosus, considering it a mere variety of that species, and more strangely merges the radiatus in the same. We have seen abundance of both the latter and cariosus, in the Schuylkill and Delaware, but never any varie- ties of either which could for one moment have led us to confound the two species. Mr. Lea informs us that a specimen of the szdiquoideus in the Garden of Plants at Paris, is labelled Zuteola of Lamarck; this name we should have adopted if Ferussac had not referred Lamarck’s specimen of uteola to cariosus, of Say, which we presume to be correct, as that distin- guished naturalist is well acquainted with those species which are common in the United States. In Bayou Teche there occurs a beautiful species allied to this if it be nota variety; it is distinguished by a darker epidermis, with distant and dark green rays of nearly uniform size. We have not seen many specimens, but a figure of it will be given when its characters shall be determined and its affinity with the seliquoideus clearly ascertained. UNIO RADIATUS. PLATE X.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, slightly compressed on the anterior side; surface with fine wrinkled lines and distinct furrows; olive, with numerous green rays, varying in size; anterior side short and narrowed; margin abruptly rounded; posterior side dilated; liga- ment margin elevated, slightly curved; anterior basal margin slightly contracted; umbonial slope undefined; posterior extremity subtruncated; within yellowish or salmon coloured, and thickened anteriorly; bluish and highly iridescent posteriorly. SYNONYMES. U. rapiata, Lam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 73. Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 265. Mya rapiaTa, Spengl. Gmel. U. vireiniana, Lam. An. sans. vert. vol. vi. p. 79. U. optoneata, Wood. Suppl. Index. Test. Cab. 1. N. 8S. No. 1116. OBSERVATIONS. A common species in the tide waters of the middle states, and very abundant in those of Virginia, but it has not been found in any of the tributaries of the Mississippi, except the Ouisconsin river, where, according to Mr. Barnes, it was obtained by Mr. Schooleraft. This naturalist remarks that it inhabits Saratoga lake. 10 TOK Lama radiatus , 2 Unio redi [ guold cus, Barnes Unto silt AEA bead, 1A tee," 4 CONTENTS. Pruate VI. ta Ls yyeV UL: i ee » xX Fig. 1, Unio Morton. ° 2, Unio fragosus. Unio costatus. Unio retusus. Fig Fig. d ? . 1, Unio parvus. 2, Unio glans. 1, Unio siliquoideus. 2, Unio radiatus. MONOGRAPHY OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE. PARIS: ARTHUS BERFRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No, 2: HAMBURG: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. February 1836. ig 3 wih, be et iin Ne ib “A oy i ( Voy % at me ee nh ree ARCO ee ey us Ta At GP van! i. oe Wisi "/) y at cia) ay ae i} M one iyi ma ‘iti een if Hi aye an iy ial i a vi He Dek ya en! ) ie | VA { } ie, at ane ve ; i, “i : cu h i fy i" nl -_ ih Vt ah ae tA A Cae MI , ” ty - ‘ ain nl ae i : , r ih a ni hy i a rn an tf i ye Lie 4 Mit pk ‘ae ‘ | a bre’ ee ae at am ; 7 k i Mae ae nit ie | eh a ifr Se eal an An ae aa: een, : o va Hi) wie a i whe oy y Ka . i - : ¥ ne m a Mi a oe : " a. i "ict a Aer aay oe ie. mM ) e an in Mane "ve aa, a, ” . a) . re ce fi a 0 e i tit ; ss iN i h Tao " if Q ‘ , fy i Pye int oy) ie mh l t 7 “ * Aa pa at wu Aor A a t A : =e == : hy 0 a ta f° ia ni : ae ; ad ol AAT Wheat ae her ae Pee ; | a ee yy aH , ) an 7 7 es - noe : — y 7] m » a a Dy ft : i> ee ae a ei be ed. ae , ee Pee i: an ; ne 7 we y ‘ . . i. ° Apia " ' a y Fo) 7 3 0 a, May ‘ig? es wis _» ia wi eG a ie 1 WF a Aa wh 7 i ' -_ ° : — < m4) Py » —_ y : = a ' te idee heer me! .. ie me 4 “i i, oo eg J he Be e's qr. , > Ds ¢ y " q . m2 i Aa —_ * hie - if , . i " » — . oe ’ fi ua ail c « : > r i sa t Vf ae bd ore “@ + < ha, p ‘wae fA ah ul an i oe. a ; c ml nu i; a i ct Mais j ff % a Lay “ a. “a SD, 1 ys Ss ae i ee i pi ' . uf Na are sft ee, a” ayy vs _ ao " . ee " ‘ _ Py, mn) i. > ve e : ey ee ae Sees , if : - i a ; 7”. tm +: is z : 7 ; v4 i, “s if i q e,, y " - Ale ' in\ a 7 Sin | HY i, ae ay L en iy - : wa a , - ty 7 7 i i. An: y “ f (5 es pe a a. me 6 Som 4 a 5: *) “a a ¥ * - ¥ t,t: fe a! mi a ae a o pe ey > oe a Pie! ine a, ee a 7 o; es 7 ’ f we a + at i, rei oa YW Sh ae “—~ is - a 7 } 5 ; . v ; ; ws ae + oh ol \. ne ae bo Mi y te y g ; vs > iti 7 ' - ‘as oe ie ee Pe ; . ae Ds ah UF pe oi ir ‘ 7 am” ve aig rh: on e . fy ‘ - => - = -— a ae a ne hy, ye ek */ ws i *| ms es i a , si “id ea mn D eeu I Ha 7 2 oe ee it 7 a ah 7 oe ne wv 7: ee i, wh a va . * wi. aie Hala, ‘i 7 on nt = fe a 1 a fie t a Un i ‘oy Mad 7 ; i y Ma : 1 yas cr " i a _ oO 0 : iy: r e ~ hs a @ has ’ ‘ ; swe ny \ , y Ae 7 " : - A yy Mh 4 ch eh i, ‘ 4 ' : ve op ‘ , AY i ;< = 7 7 q - Fy ae os , ou in ia re ae ee ( i. ‘ ie ‘ A tA ; ey i ms i Nik m - fi! T as ie ‘ - ¥ ci ay as ‘a es 7 r , ' i aaa a. ay vy i Fh 7 ’ | Be i rut 4 i RR a my: mu mh ti ve 4 “, hy il ets a "e ial _ ii} a r Ae on abe} La : Py, a . De iii con, are “Sain 7 i er Me A ts : : er " ne to ie Oh 7 id oe ia - at: in ~~ a 7 ie : v rh : nl ; ~~ vee: Ni we ms he 7 a ; : We ae ; “dl MW a i By 7. Le a cor ae wD raphy ”) ve me ara 2) Le or i cal : a a ( 7 7 i : sae u a vie i : f W Rag enn a oi i. a ta ; i at 7 ng I On mirin : Bi) - AL died my bel Vv : 4 Pe I o ie Hit _ a i rn Mh Dis rl if ce ge eA he 7 "ah Tne rb wt _ a ae - | ra ' ae U Aas i 7 “ if peauen iM 7 Mle i yay ' ‘ : 7 | a ; 7 a : : hi Ue yh eo Le ae, : , ies i log YAP Dah a Af vi) oh cy ae Mas ads I i! . Tepikien ee : ik , a Mi, a nae “hi : ; ty es 1 MF ay” 4 ei i - a ik Dh a) i i iv > Aen 1 om "f —_ : r - re pk w oye ht Pay) 1] : 7 ie i , bay uh f i di \ t t's % Op Fee yk) eh hail Wy Pa Ms a a A o£ i 7 7 sa ; 1 re) io hh ny OTM RR ads ae a } Pale * Z "ie a ee 1) aaer= . met rae ' 7 1 hi hte ahd re : “i ne hie 1) er Tila ‘ yt ve rt era | a). 2D). a aa ; Bill nih) ~ a. a A, a ie a0 io hia ee 1 ae : i. > 7 i in — ~s 5 7 * — 7 Al ‘ -_ uN) ne ‘ Z a a : Ps Wie ; i feat a i - a re! a a ay iT, ee a ee a a ee oy ah ace ; a _ ir iv , ny , uit : a Ay 7 me : i ; i mi) pene ine bes er ¢ k shia a. res! “Mi t ty 7 . an ua : an bh, a ” a] ro 7 i - or La i ae 7 fi D of > . 7 - -_ - - a tie : a) . ; 4 : 4 - nt nd 4 a a - Thy aay ae n A : A ee i — : pe “yi hh - 7 na i a: ; i a a ye 7 ; * > ; Si ene :, @a ss ee an oO " ny ; ‘s f : : i er : a - 7 r 7 ir) ‘ i; aan a _ i 1" | , : ry : ; ~— my eis aS r Ms ii A : _— i wt) 7 7 i) a ; ita 7 a are 7 : al! it al Mat ire Unc q 7 1 u : 7 7 at if a ary, ; my 7 : i a} Uy i} i - a oe ; iD %) ae 7 my) ee ay - we : ee 8 Ae : » oe te ' it vs it {! nay oe i ii ii! Ay Thiidvedi, AU. catilleis, COT WA / Ss SEF COKMCEE 29 the young shell, but subsequently, in examining a number of specimens of U. congar@us from the same locality, an adult specimen was discovered, which has served for the figure and description. It is in Mr. Phillips’s cabinet. The outline of the young shell is represented for comparison with that of U. congareus. Mr. Poulson’s cabinet. It is dedicated to Mr. William Mason, whose dis- coveries have much advanced our knowledge of American conchology. UNIO COCCINEUS. Puare XIII.—Fic. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblique, subtriangular, compressed, slightly waved; epidermis blackish-brown, with crowded wrinkles; anterior side very short; posterior side sub- cuneiform, much compressed, extremity truncated; umbo slightly flattened; basal margin not much ar- cuated posteriorly; posterior margin slightly sinuous, oblique, rounded above; umbonial slope abruptly rounded; summits prominent, eroded; within salmon colour, rarely white; cardinal teeth double in each valve, direct. SYNONYME. U. coccineus, Hildreth. Cab. A. N. S. No. 2104. 30 OBSERVATIONS. This shell, in having a slightly undulated disk, ap- proaches the mytiloides, Raf., but is very distinct. It is well known in the collections by the name we have adopted, but we are informed that Dr. Hildreth has not published his description of it. I have figured a fine specimen from Mr. Hyde’s cabinet. This na- turalist observes that the species inhabits Mahoning river, near Pittsburg, and that of the very many specimens he has received, none has perfect beaks. UNIO CATILLUS. Pruare XIII.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell oval orbicular, shehtly oblique, moderately thick, convex, dark chestnut-brown, with crowded wrinkles; anterior margin obtusely rounded or sub- truncated; posterior margin rectilinear, nearly direct, extremity rounded; umbonial slope rounded; umbones inflated, narrow, prominent; ligament margin rectili- near, oblique, angular posteriorly; summits slightly flattened; beaks much incurved, pointed, shghtly tu- berculated; lunule short ovate; within rosaceous; cardinal teeth thick, direct, profoundly sulcated; la- teral tooth of the left valve very thick, that of the right valve compressed, and rising from a very broad plate or base projecting on either side; cardinal plate profoundly dilated. Cab. fl. N. S. No. 2108. Tnto eoeecneus, Hildreth. U catdlus, C. ye et Is fi . “~ vel ( a a 14 - ‘ y. y + n i aT i 1 A Oy ut te 6 a i ‘ = 4 Ve A re i i | ae y ' b a 7 7 , oe — i ‘aos i i De ie : 1 . fi t j p ik an a io i wv 1 } Words t ws re rn ) ie = sagan sie hon ee ee ree >a a SSA ecg NRE Fe al 3] OBSERVATIONS. This species has been sent from the west, under the name of coccincus, but is so very distinct that I should not otherwise have compared it with that species. It approaches nearest to the politus of Say, and obliquus, Lam., but the peculiarity of the teeth and greatly dilated cardinal plate, as well as many other characters, forbid a union with either. Mr. Hyde informs me that a great number of specimens in his possession, from the Scioto river, shew the in- terior to be generally of a rose colour or purple, oc- casionally nearly white, and rarely salmon. Of the latter Mr. Hyde possesses a specimen more beauti- fully coloured than any Unio I have seen—it will be figured in a future number. The figure is from a specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Phillips. UNIO PRODUCTUS. Pratt XIV.—Fice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow-elliptical, produced, moderately thick, shghtly ventricose, somewhat contracted near the middle; anterior side short, dilated, margin obtusely rounded; basal margin sinuous; posterior side ros- trated; extremity rounded, much above the line of the base; ligament margin parallel with the line of the base; umbonial slope obtusely carmated; umbo decor- ticated, not elevated above the dorsal line; within d<« 32 purplish; cardinal teeth thick, direct; lateral teeth thick. OBSERVATIONS. On a passing glance this shell would certainly be mistaken for U. nasutus, but the thickness of the shell, the dilated anterior side, and thick, direct, lateral teeth, will sufficiently distinguish it. The disk pos- teriorly has several small plice or undulations simi- lar to those of U. grayanus, Lea, but as only one specimen can be examined this character may prove inconstant. In the cabinet of Mr. Phillips. I found it on the shore of Savannah river, at Augusta, and supposed it to be a variety of nasutus, but comparing it with that species from South Carolina and Florida, it was found to differ materially, and to form a link between it and the rectus. UNIO LANCEOLATUS. Pirate XIV.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow-elliptical, thin, ventricose, yellowish, smooth and polished; disks shghtly flattened; ante- rior side somewhat compressed, not very short, mar- gin regularly rounded; umbonial slope regularly rounded, inflated; posterior side produced, extremity Lun to productus, CRE tlanecolalus, Let. Tan suet von ale ay he : na Pe vi un 1 } i F 7 j ‘ ai os if & ay: i ‘we i Pig) ou ¥ ci . i | } uy 7 f ‘ ii " ; D ‘ ‘ie i : i i i n ad 4 i Y j a ap | oe ok i n + : 1 Pry ied . Dt : j j : ree H oa uy 1 i at ; i ) a! iy iv ; i Ri%s j : ike j 4 ; Th ‘ 7 ye in : f f cd it ‘ if v fi 1 ui i) i Ur ag 1 i i A “= ; i : } : . ‘ = u i i i =i Yew i Si 7 a a i 0 fi 1 a i j 7 1 iy ' iy ? ‘ i ” : Ce aul, pe ne aera, eis le aie Fi y : any Pal ee , es v 4 ¥ ) } - : Hi a ; a] 0 CONTENTS. ig. 1, Unio pectorosus. . 2, Unio fasciolus. - 1, Unio congareus. Piate XI. {¥ » XII. ie 2, Unio Masoni. te a i: 1, Unio coccineus. prs GN ae 2, Unio catillus. ig. 1, Unio productus. J OL Mis », 2, Unio lanceolatus. » XV. Unio rectus. Vo. 4. MONOGRAPHY OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDEA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.—HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. March 1836. Sik Aine ky i rt Ai a a 7 on ' on uf iy Be i " re hd a Mi - uth iy fin} ied aa TH) yy ‘4 ieee aie i i : y el, ro Ma ab i m 4 i 7 if on a e a, q Pa 1 ri hi ae § ” ie r : i ‘ an | ed Neos ti AN i i ny a on a ‘ ih - ty ue " coe ; am i ; J } My \ Ta r ry, ites i . f | ie om) vy dh " vA Ih n sy ft, oh a i ‘a ne y. i " 7 : 7 vik an ea vi bie . ine hi a i. a he 4 ie a ih rill SH NY RR , a yd ei my a Ht LY i vh Nh rin Ny om ify sn i) ci} r ty H bi a i i a ve _ i a ty my pat Sits a es n mY m) ii yar pay my pith fs pe yn tn al hae) mote : a Ne A a of nun Dae hs i i leg aR ae | '' a LOMA Paik i oy nih a al te mo a whi a ‘ “a ii bi na Ati , CM avy iy : ah PN dae ei ft ; ' ti rh i ie ‘ a Null ir ua bhi i ‘he a Va a ii ae (An ‘hl ; a ‘" A, bi ie ¥ si " i) 6 vk HY meee i, ap wy hed i noe ten d a ‘i 7 oy ae i wae ‘ai Lads PS aha i a Sua ; ph S ay “i Ai bid haa! iis ily oa ang 1 a ek ae! fj os a” Rah Nt we ‘ fe me a AA ne Ay) My vie i - : mo 7 i ailte e ay ik Ve Au bh ; i a my i \ i i fant a A et mi ni a a ow ie i i i ve } ie a s ihe * an inc ie % iy ‘i a Pi mais! Bi ti m1) ss A My i, 1h ut bil fy Nr ! : i} Ay i i a ae ~ v a Wi 222 == a fi A te at i aah ve ; " iu 1 i yi : ue bi, in i i rer . Hs) A an ‘ ree i i 4h, ia Mil ole ay 7 H or a er oh i qe ny a ih - i i big i ame a vii uw " oh vm ie oh ay bie? if oy ae oe rag a it a ant ny Ws iy Mh } Hi i, 7 Ai , i i 7 i } , aut 2 ¥ Pie ms i ¥ an rh, = is i Mug on i ‘ i, my ; ie ul i ; me ee ‘ia Pet! ama Se aM a ae ae i. ny ch he Malia ee ei) hel ay ey Phy eG i oie a A eal an fs ee ‘, ae i i, in e We on ey, a "ae ah 7 hs, va ye iii i a : a . Wy > By f a - q Tiedlis au ‘i en i it nM a Le Ne sn Mind Me th fi ai Tf, tr a oe ro } ne i { | Pain es ut 1) Be v4) 4 oY x Vy aay ( i ve fw if r ; ny “ a ay ij) ie ae vad Jie fil ne, iG . ay i i ae q one Til nd i a Wy hi ie ' Ai a aa aih| 5 7 i a a i i ny ov) y Vy Ri oD i‘ i sn) i vie Dy as Y hh i i) A a i a Mi) in) ih i i , ON Rs ” ie - } i i. on aly 1 Piss) i i i Ae ii ke ae nt va Ny W/ me NaF A i ra pi ae v aD | a Fh, mi i ma ye a an oe - By A i i, m ne i . “a h iF iy - ie &) on : i , : 7 i 5 th : +a, i sae iii i a Pi: i Th ; biel i i ms oe “ pt iy es r Doe eee hme Pim ye : a ae, ud ibe Wiis «4a nt Wy a y a g iy Ch, 1 oie ite a, ak. Dak vii nan oe ; nea Ne 7 —_ am 7 ’ hy M jas Piet a rn, mn WA a sil i a iy iin 7 we it 7 Lor Pt " if , . ie ti ” pall si ie ie gas oN ‘hee a - mn 0) Wi Mitel i ha - “Aa ay " ap ite : i a ony 2 ait We it 7 rf i _ ; ek aie " ar? : 7 m By i ¥ wer Buy 8 Hin y a a i ‘tet hy, Yaa ‘at Pa salt ys: ” 7 ne aw al na) ae ! rae wa ; Rha) i ae i i oi fn ie A 7) i : ’ oe) i" i a ee yo 7G nS Hh fir an Ab Hin i oe an " neil i; i nen ; Dwi i ae 7 i ea ie ae i i, Me q ne ‘Te aA oS i om a 7 el 7 ve fh iD i : 4 A ae ul " ty Y si : ae i hue : ib , , iy a ig a his " My 1 i ~! MW 7 iw ar on ie Wh me ne 7 - ‘ : a 7 i BP mi nh, it a ‘4 al, i te 1 ws on i oe pans Fil uaa : ie yiid i Y La f ‘| ae Hate sl ik i - Og ian i & U 7 ware a Vow veetus, Lamurch 39 angulated; beaks not prominent; ligament margin short, elevated; within pale salmon colour; lateral teeth slightly recurved. SYNONYME. U. vanceoxatus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. ii. pl. 3.. fig. 2. ; Cab. A. N. S. No. 1105. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits Tar river, N. C., Mr. Lea. Mr. Hyde has received specimens from the Rappahannoc at Fredericksburg, Va. It approaches nearest in out- line to U. productus and nasutus, but cannot be easily confounded with either. UNIO RECTUS. PuaTE XV. DESCRIPTION. Shell profoundly elongated, thick; anterior side short; posterior side rostrated, cuneiform; extremity angular, compressed; umbo inflated, but not promi- nent, obtusely rounded; disks shghtly contracted in the middle; ligament margin nearly rectilinear; epi- dermis dark green or olive-brown, smooth, frequently with broad green rays; within pink in the middle; cardinal teeth small, direct, double in each valve. SYNONYMES. U. recrus, Zam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 74. E 34 U. tatissmma, Raf. An.gen. des Sc. Phys, vol. 5. p. 31. Poul- son’s trans. p. 25. U. pratoneus, Barnes. Silliman’s Jour. vol. vi. p. 261. Cab. A. N. 8S. No. 1112. OBSERVATIONS. This shell resembles in outline U. nasutus, Say, U. lanceolatus, Lea, and U. teres, Raf. With the latter it has most affinity. It is a common western species, found as far north as the Ouisconsin, and inhabits the Alabama river near Claiborne. The figure was taken from a fine male specimen in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet. UNIO CRASSUS. Pratt XVI. DESCRIPTION. Male. Shell ovate, thick, yellowish, with brown rays, obsolete inferiorly; umbo broad, flattened; beaks obtuse, nearly terminal; umbonial slope angulated; posterior side cuneiform; posterior dorsal margin arcuate; basal margin dilated behind the middle; pos- terior extremity angular; within salmon colour or white, with a horn-coloured margin; cardinal teeth direct, thick, very prominent, subtrifid. Female. Shell oval quadrate, ventricose, posterior side dilated; posterior margin widely truncated, di- rect; umbo oblique and terminal. 16 Unio crassu s, Say. a / Unto yircdes Raf. 2 .Unto ochraceus, Jay. By) SYNONYMES. U. crassus, Say. Nich. Enc. (Amer. ed.) art. Conch. pl. i. fig. 8. old male. U. crassiDENs, var. c. Lam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 71. U. LicAMENTINA, ib. p. 72. U. evurricus, Barnes. Silliman’s Jour. vol. vi. p. 259. male. U. susorsicutatus, Hildreth. Silliman’s Jour. vol. xiv. female. U. asruptus, Say. Amer. Conch. pl. 17, female, var. A. male. U. cycrops, Raf. Contin. of Monog. p. 2, female. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 358. OBSERVATIONS. Closely related to U. fasciatus, Raf., but can be dis- tinguished from that species by fewer and narrower rays, generally distinct only over the umbones; by a lighter coloured more polished epidermis; more pro- minent teeth, and the prevalence of a salmon co- loured interior. Common in the rivers of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, but appears to be rare in the more southern states. I could not find it in the rivers of Alabama. The specimen figured was pre- sented by Dr. Blanding. UNIO VIRIDIS. Piare XVII.—Fic. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical or subovate, ventricose, thin; disks slightly flattened anteriorly, much inflated over the umbonial slope; lmes of growth prominent; ligament margin elevated; posterior slope dilated; posterior 36 extremity truncated, direct; epidermis with green rays, obsolete anteriorly, distinct and very unequal posteriorly; umbo slightly prominent; beaks with an- gular furrows, pointed; within white, iridescent; car- dinal teeth compressed, oblique, that of the left valve double or trifid; lateral teeth of the left valve imper- fectly divided. SYNONYME. U. viriois, Ref. An. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 27. Poulson’s trans. p. 19. Cab. A. N. S. No. 2105. OBSERVATIONS. The first specimen of this species which came under my observation, was found in the Schuylkill river, near Philadelphia, by Mr. Hyde, who kindly offered me the use of it, as I supposed it to be unde- scribed. Comparing it, however, with a single valve from the Kentucky river, in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet, it proved to be of the same species with that speci- men which was labelled viridis by Rafinesque. Mr. Hyde has received specimens from a small stream near Lancaster, and from the Juniata river. One from the latter locality has been selected for the figure and description. It is allied to U. heterodon, but can- not be confounded with that species. i Unto wiredrs Raf. 2..Ua00 nchnace us, say. 37 UNIO OCHRACEUS. Pirate X VIT.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, inflated, thin; epidermis smooth and polished, rugose posteriorly, yellowish, with nar- row green unequal rays; anterior side narrowed, and the superior margin elevated and connate; ligament margin not oblique; umbo inflated; posterior extre- mity angular; umbonial slope angular; basal margin profoundly arcuate; within white, rarely pale rose or salmon; cardinal teeth very oblique, much compressed, bifid in the right valve; single or imperfectly divided in the left; lateral teeth arcuate. Var. A. Reddish brown; rays obsolete or want- ing; within rosaceous. SYNONYMES. U. ocuraceus, Say. Nich. Enc. (Amer. ed.) art. Conch. pl. ii. fig. 8. SympHynota ocuracea, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. iii. p. 69. Var. A. Mytivus riuviatiuis, Gmel. Lister, tab. 157. fig. 12. Cab. A. N. 8. No. 1063. OBSERVATIONS. Very common in the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, and inhabits most tide waters north of Savan- nah river. Variety A. is very abundant in James river, Virginia, where I found vast numbers of shells brought ashore by seines used in the shad fishery in 38 the month of March. So accurately does the above mentioned variety agree with Lister’s figure and de- scription, that I cannot doubt the identity. The species is, perhaps, most closely allied to U. cariosus, its common associate in the Delaware and Schuylkill. The specimen figured has a double cardinal tooth in each valve. UNIO NASUTUS. Pruatre XVITI.—Fic. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elongated, compressed, thin; disks slightly flattened; anterior side short; posterior side rostrated, tapering, angular at the extremity; umbo not promi- nent; beaks small, eroded; umbonial slope profoundly oblique, angulated; ligament margin rectilinear, ele- vated; posterior superior margin profoundly oblique and slightly concave; within bluish, iridescent, rarely purple or salmon; cardinal teeth compressed and oblique, double in each valve. SYNONYMES. U. nasutus, Say. Nich. Enc. (Amer. ed.) art. Conch. pl. iv. fig. 1. U. rostrata, Valenc. Lister, tab. 151. fig. 6. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1123. OBSERVATIONS. A common species in the tide waters from Florida co) im) j. Unia Nasutus, Say. 27. betert(nus, Con. J3 TM. beler spies, Vnin-Naosutias. J ay. ee 39 to the eastern states. I found it in great abundance in the Potomac river, near Washington, where the specimens are exceedingly elongated. ‘The smaller specimen figured is a female variety from James river, Virginia, where they are generally ornamented with rays; the other figure represents a rare purple variety from Chester river, Maryland: it is in the cabinet of Mr. Phillips. In old shells the teeth are often thick and direct. UNIO ICTERINUS. Pirate XVIII.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, moderately thick; anterior margin regularly rounded; posterior margin descending ob- liquely, and subtruncated at the extremity; umbo not prominent; summit decorticated; umbonial slope very oblique, angulated; epidermis smooth and polished, olive yellow; within salmon coloured; cardinal tooth in the left valve trifid, in the right, single. SYNONYME. U. 1crertnus, ob. New fresh water shells, p. 41. pl. vi. fig. 5. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 2106. OBSERVATIONS. I found the species in the Savannah river, at Au- gusta. It resembles U. danceolatus in epidermis and colour. Its proper place, we think, is between nasuw- tus and declivis, Say. 40 UNIO CARIOSUS. Pruate XIX. DESCRIPTION. Shell subovate, ventricose, thick anteriorly; epider- mis yellowish or straw coloured, very smooth and polished, with a few narrow dark green rays poste- riorly, more numerous on the posterior slope; umbo prominent, decorticated; umbonial slope angulated; hgament margin elevated; ligament prominent; basal margin swelling posteriorly; within white; cardinal teeth double in each valve, prominent, oblique. SYNONYMES. U. cariosus, Say. Nich. Enc. (Amer. ed.) art. Conch. pl. iii. fig. 2. female. U. ruteota, Lam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 79. U. ovatus, Valence. Cab. 4..N. S. No. 1022. OBSERVATIONS. This is one of the most abundant species in the tide waters of the middle states, but I found it com- paratively rare in the Potomac and James rivers. In varieties of form it much resembles U. crassus, and both male and female are represented, in order to convey a clear idea of sexual differences, which are so striking in a large proportion of the species. It is very often destitute of rays, and I have seen only one specimen in which the rays extended over the disk to the anterior margin. a Tk ei Lalit CONTENTS. PuaTE XV. Unio rectus. » OVI. Unio crassus. Fig. 1, Unio viridis. 2 XVIL 2, Unio ochraceus. Fig. 1, Unio nasutus. 72 XVIIL § 3 2, Unio icterinus. », &1X. Unio cariosus. Vo. oD. MONOGRAPHY FAMILY UNIONIDA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.—HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. June 1836. : | 0 1) CSG UC. i / Rat loideé.s, "} Cnt mys 41 UNIO MYTILOIDES. Prarn XX. DESCRIPTION. Shell elevated, subtriangular; epidermis reddish- brown, with crowded wrinkles; posterior side with a broad furrow; anterior side gibbous; umbo tapering, curved, narrowed at the summit, which is much ele- vated; lunule obtusely cordate; within white, purple, and iridescent towards the posterior extremity; car- dinal teeth large, very thick, prominent, sulcated; posterior muscular impressions impressed, the smaller one profoundly. SYNONYMES. U. myrtitowes, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 47. pl. 82. fig. 8. Poulson’s trans. p. 53. U. rupra, Raf. U. pyramipatus, Led. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p- 109, pl. xvi. figs 39. U. caripiacea, Say of Guérin. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 2017. OBSERVATIONS. This common species, since its first discovery in the western waters, has always been known by the name we have adopted. It is nearly allied to U. cor, Nob., and U. undatus, Barnes, but is very distinct, although its varieties are intricate and perplexing. Young specimens are very short and greatly elevated, and frequently rayed; old shells are compressed, cu- F 42 neiform, and produced posteriorly; the rays confined to the umbo and obsolete. Inhabits the Alabama and Black Warrior rivers. UNIO DILATATUS. Pirate XXI. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovato-elliptical, thick and ponderous, slightly sinuous; posterior side produced, compressed, cunei- form; umbo broad, flattened, summit obtusely round- ed; anterior lunule large, elliptical; umbonial slope angulated, not very distant from the margin; basal margin slightly contracted near the middle; within obliquely sulcated from the umbo towards the poste- rior basal margin; colour purple, with a bluish mar- gin; cardinal teeth thick, direct; lateral teeth very thick, and terminating rather abruptly. SYNONYMES. U. pinatatus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 31. Poul- son’s trans. p. 25. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferr. Mag. de Zool. U. nasutus, Lam. An. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 75. U. aipposus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 262. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 1072. OBSERVATIONS. In outline this species approaches U. fasciolaris, but “differs in the much less dilated cardinal plate, in having the anterior [posterior] smaller muscular im- Unio dilalalus, Raftnes que. iy yale whl audit moh La tt iy Aa ay. 9 msi yey y na Beem in) ihe \ ia HEY a tay ia WA i nay yy aie i td ne i fog a i Unio tuberculatus, Raf. 43 pression situated immediately beneath the tip of the lamelliform teeth, in having the anterior [posterior] lunule much more depressed, with slightly elevated lines crossing the wrinkles.”* It also differs in hav- ing a purple interior, varying from an intense shade of that colour, approaching an indigo blue, to a pale reddish-purple. The great thickness of the superior portion of the shell causes the cavity of the umbo to be very shallow. Common in the tributaries of the Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Missouri. In Alabama, I found it only in the Tennessee and its tributaries. It is a common species in the mountainous region of North Carolina and Virginia, where, from a poverty of cal- careous matter, it is always comparatively small. U. cuprea and U. atroviolacea, Rar., appear from the descriptions to be mere varieties of U. dilatatus. UNIO TUBERCULATUS. Pirate XXII. DESCRIPTION. Shell subquadrangular, convex, thick; disk covered with irregular tubercles, except towards the anterior margin; tubercles largest near the centre of the disk; anterior margin obtusely rounded; posterior margin direct, emarginate; anterior lunule elliptical, profound; umbo narrow, very prominent; beaks pointed, ap- proximate, but generally eroded or worn in maturity; * Say. Amer. Conch. pl. 22. Ad umbonial slope angulated; basal margin arcuate; epi- dermis green olive, with green capillary rays over the umbo; within chocolate colour; cardinal teeth very large, direct, prominent, trifid in the right valve; cavity of the beak very profound. SYNONYMES. U. rusercuatus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 42. Say. Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferrr. Mag. de Zool. U. verrucosus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 125, pl. 5, fig. 6. U. rusercutosa, Valenc. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1450. OBSERVATIONS. Some varieties of this species closely resemble U. bullatus exteriorly, but independent of other charac- ters, the chocolate coloured interior, which, though sometimes pale, never wholly disappears, will at once distinguish the present species from all its congeners. It is a very variable shell; some specimens from the Harpeth river, Tennessee, bemg much dilated and compressed, and the ligament margin so much ele- vated as to give the posterior side an alated appear- ance. Other specimens are far more elevated in proportion to their length, and the posterior sulcus and emargination profound. ‘These great differences may be sexual characters, but require an anatomical investigation of the animal to settle that point. Common in the western rivers, and inhabits Lake Erie and the Ouisconsin, according to Mr. Barnes. It is not found in Alabama south of the ‘Tennessee river and its tributaries. ay AY ks ev wy if Mi a oe y N Me 7 ih ad : » am mt Pet aye , i, rat: ‘ nk: ot a i A a oe a i bay, I : a y a in ne a 5 ii Mellel co bia al wy ey , 7 if i ay re rad Mae's : ra i ve ei ‘ v 1 M Pit, 9 9) Awd tUnio declivis, Say 2-U nlandin qa nus, Lea. é t 45 UNIO DECLIVIS. Pruate XXIII.—F ice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell trapezoidal, moderately thick; anterior mar- gin obtusely rounded; beaks slightly elevated, with oblique undulations; hinge margin rather elevated and compressed, angulated at tip; posterior margin rectilinear, descending obliquely to a prominent ros- trum of the posterior basal margin at the extremity of the umbonial slope; umbonial slope abruptly rounded, and bounded on its posterior side by two slightly im- pressed lines; basal margin arcuate; surface deeply wrinkled; within tinged with purplish; cardinal teeth oblique; lateral teeth distant from the cardinal teeth. SYNONYMES. U. pecrivis, Say. Trans. Journ. vol. iv. p. 527, Amer. Conch. pl..35. U. ceometricus, Zea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. v. p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 10. Cab. A. N.S. No. 1875. OBSERVATIONS, This species resembles a variety of the complanatus in its general form, and its teeth and posterior angle are somewhat similar to those of nasutus. It is very distinct from either. The figure is from a fine speci- men which I found in a small creek in Greene county, Alabama, where the species is abundant, but usually more compressed than the one I have selected for representation. I was unable to find a specimen in 46 any of the large rivers. It is common in Bayou Teche, Louisiana, and has been found in the Ohio canal near Louisville, whence Mr. Hyde has received it. UNIO BLANDINGIANUS. Pruate XXIII.—F ie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtrapezoidal, rather thin, ventricose; ante- rior margin very obtusely rounded; ligament margin much elevated, shghtly arcuate, angulated at tip, pos- terior margin long, oblique and rectilinear; extremity subtruncated or obtusely rounded; beaks slightly ele- vated, eroded; umbonial slope rounded, very distant from the margin; epidermis finely wrinkled; within purplish, with green stains; cardinal teeth small, single in the right valve and compressed; widely bifid, and rather obtuse in the left; lateral teeth distant from the cardinal teeth, and arcuate; anterior muscular impressions marginal. SYNONYME. U. sianpineranus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. v. p. 101, pl. xv. fig. 44. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 1859. OBSERVATIONS. A species allied to complanatus and declivis, but differmg from both in the elevated ligament margin and inflated disks. The anterior lunule resembles ZS — = i tinin declivis, Say.2.UBlandingianes, Lea SbANE er art te Bae { ‘ i Pe bh ee foe, ae vay ne ty Peal vo Dy Lien ate borin a, aed tf yur ‘ONT at ore CT) 47 that of the preceding species. It was obtained in East Florida, from an Indian, by Dr. Blanding, and to this worthy naturalist the species has been pro- perly dedicated. UNIO PERSONATUS. Priate XXIV. DESCRIPTION. Shell sublenticular; length rather more than the height; anterior margin forming with the basal mar- gin a regular curve to the termination of the umbo- nial slope; posterior side narrowed; posterior margin subtruncated; umbo rounded, very prominent, subme- dial; umbonial slope swelling near the base, gaping and denticulate on the margin; epidermis with nu- merous capillary rays, profound and undulated on the posterior side; within pink; cardinal teeth direct, thick, prominent; lateral teeth slightly recurved; cavity of the beak not profound. SYNONYMES. U. personatus, Say. New Harmony Disseminator, p. 309, 1829. U. capitiaris, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. v. p. 29, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1832. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1382. OBSERVATIONS. It would seem from the observations of Dr. Kirt- land, that all those Uniones which have the peculiar denticulated and dilated base, are female shells; and 48 if so, we are unacquainted with the male personatus. The exterior somewhat resembles U. levigatus, and the cardinal teeth are very like those of U. nexus; Say’s description applies only to the immature shell. For the use of the splendid specimen here represented and described, we are indebted to G. W. Feather- stonhaugh, Esq., who procured it from Cumberland river, Tennessee. Mr. Say’s specimens were from the Wabash. UNIO CORDATUS. PLATE XXY. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtriangular, not oblique, length and height nearly equal; beaks distant from the anterior margin, prominent, incurved and pointed; anterior lunule very broad and obtusely obovate, beneath which is a flat- tened cordate space with the opposite margin recti- linear; inferior portion of the anterior margin regu- larly rounded to the middle of the basal margin, which is emarginate and ascending posteriorly; sinus of the posterior side not oblique, slightly arcuate; posterior margin rounded above, angulated at its junction with the basal margin; epidermis fuscous, with green interrupted rays over the umbo; within white. SYNONYME. U. corpatus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. y. p. 46. Poul- son’s trans. p. 52. Cab. A. N. §. No. 2018. tno cordatus, Rafine wy Ue. j fai hae ‘ ; het a i DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ANODONTA. ANODONTA VIRGATA. Description. Shell subovate, thin and fragile, inflated; umbo prominent, distant from the anterior extremity; beaks pointed, incurved, undulated; um- bonial slope angulated; posterior margin arcuate, extremity angulat- ed; basal margin dilated posteriorly; within bluish and iridescent; cavity very capacious. Observations. This pretty Anodonta is related to A. undulata, Say, but can be known by the posterior dilatation of the basal margin, which inclines the outline to an ovate form, and by the rays, which are very numerous and unequal, of a beautiful dark green, or the epidermis is green with narrow pale rays, and much resembles Anodonta radiata, nob.; it is ‘comparatively shorter than that species. This species was afforded me for description by Dr. Jacob Green, Professor of Chemistry in Jefferson College. Mr. William Mason has specimens from Buck Creek, Clarke county, Ohio. CONTENTS. Pirate X XI. Unio dilatatus. » XXII. Unio tuberculatus. Fig. 1, Unio declivis. 2 XXII } », 2, Unio Blandingianus. », XXIV. Unio personatus. » &XV. Unio cordatus. Vo. 6. MONOGRAPH Y OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.—HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. July 1836. Bi Pies, PBs a Wy, i) ae oo! Seiare Unio n uger. R af 49 OBSERVATIONS. I formerly supposed this shell a variety of mytt- loides, but the differences are so constant in a great number of specimens, that it may be useful to intro- duce it to conchologists by the name which Rafinesque has bestowed upon it. It differs from myfilotdes in not being oblique, in being about as long as it is high, in having the beaks distant from the anterior margin, and never in any stage of growth having the poste- rior side prolonged obliquely downwards. Inhabits the Ohio and its tributaries. ‘The speci- men figured belongs to the cabmet of Mr. Feather- stonhaugh, and is from Cumberland river, ‘Tennessee. It connects U. mytiloides with U. undatus. UNIO NIGER. Pirate XXVI. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical; with age, subovate, or subtriangu- lar; thick and ponderous; disks somewhat flattened; posterior lunule with short, oblique, vermicular raised lines; posterior side compressed, cuneiform; umbo broad, flattened, summit obtusely rounded; umbonial slope angulated; epidermis reddish-brown, frequently rayed; within purple or salmon colour; cardinal teeth direct, prominent; lateral teeth thick, distant from the cardinal teeth; posterior muscular impression slightly impressed; cavity of the beak shallow. G 50 SYNONYMES. U. nicrr, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 25. Poul- son’s trans. p. 15. Say. Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferr. Mag. de Zool. U. crassipEens, var. b. Lam. U. cuneatus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 263. Cab. A. N. S. No. 2400, 2401, 2402. OBSERVATIONS. In the observations on U. congareus, I compared that species with the niger, but however the young of both may resemble each other exteriorly, the car- dinal teeth of the latter are always more robust and less oblique, and the interior very often dark purple, which is never the case with the congareus. It dif- fers most obviously from U. dilatatus, in being com- paratively much shorter, and in the raised lines on the posterior lunule. Common in the western streams, and very abun- dant in the Black Warrior and Alabama rivers. In Detroit river, Michigan, it has been obtained by Dr. Sager. UNIO GIBBOSUS. Pruate XXVII.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell subovate, oblique, with a submedial nodulous ridge projecting at base; concentric sulci very dis- tinct; posterior side with a wide furrow; umbonial slope angulated; umbo prominent; posterior end and j SA on ‘hi . es 2 J, Uneo Yoooosu s, F of: 2. pariety O t « fe , oy od A 7 ie ! 7 y wy a : ‘4 ' } " } : t ; in 7 Sly ) ee are ee ine 0 7 ; oS RR tain MAAR LS £ , Pid . * f = : ' i rr ’ y x | ; i ey ont * ra - i A 3 f . ah ¥ re if ? ad if rr ~ p i. 1 a = th a GO Py z ; ?, es On Te oa ee a tate f Ta . ' ” 7 a Om: =) , « : ‘ oy 7 * Linwa gubbosu s R LF 2 pariety o ied ol posterior basal margin emarginate; epidermis smooth, shining, yellowish with numerous green rays; within white, rarely rose coloured. SYNONYMES. U. eisrnosus, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p.49. Poul- son’s trans. p. 56. U. rorutosus, Raf. Ib. p. 48. Poulson’s trans. p. 56. U. perptexus, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new series, vol. iv. p. 122, pl. 17, fig. 42. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1051. OBSERVATIONS. Besides its affinity with the preceding species, this shell has a general resemblance to three others, with none of which, however, can it be confounded by those who are familiar with the subject; these are U. flecuosus, U. Phillipsii, and U. reflexus. Common in the Wabash and Scioto, and I have found it in the Tennessee river, at Florence, Alabama, but not farther south. The female may be readily distinguished by the dilated margin, which is more profound in this species than in any other. UNIO GIBBOSUS. VARIET-Y*sPEROSB LEQ UU S. Pruate XXVII.—Frie. 2. OBSERVATIONS. ‘This is perhaps a mere variety of U. gibbosus, Raf., but it is much more oblique, the beaks nearer the a2 anterior extremity, the posterior basal emargination much less profound, and the central tubercles are obsolete; in outline it closely resembles U. obliquatus, but that species is always of a purple colour within, though the tint is sometimes pale. Inhabits the Wabash river, Indiana, and Detroit river, Michigan. UNIO TERES. Pirate XXVIII. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow—elliptical, subcylindrical, moderately thick; umbo slightly prominent; summit obtusely rounded; umbonial slope abruptly rounded, submar- ginal; posterior side produced, cuneiform; epidermis yellowish and polished, rarely rayed; within white or pale salmon colour; cardinal teeth double in each valve, subcompressed, very erect; lateral teeth distant from the cardinal teeth. SYNONYMES. U. teres, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol.v. p. 55. Poulson’s trans. p. 68. U. anopontoies, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 91, pl. vil. fig. 11. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 1883. OBSERVATIONS. A well characterized species, approaching the rec- tus in outline, but is comparatively shorter and emi- 8 a q , wee ee eer se: ae os b = ae. moe. 7) ee ” fi 7 oe - : ‘ m= on zoe . or me ’ i ra : ii ; a on Re eager a= 5 - uF _: | a 7 a | a Je : hy 7 ave i] “7 = ¥ Y, - A ; a ial ; ! ; ; 7 ) et rare are 7 : “Wi Cr an. fa ra wa m ae pe! 7 _ a a ny - re el - Pa mre : in i se Sow 4 él ree % ’ - ~ : ) Pv hpoog ator - S ehdh | i - 7 " : 1 i : ( ee Fae ye ony ¥ are Mt PAR = Le . a ar , aq ; a ’ hu 7 - : ; a . an : , ere — i ta? ss 4 a : e 7 t) Ao 7 i i as Tae ¥ Nee at 4 a, a , aes * : ; s EST Ts ia ea 4 SEER Enns) a : 7h oe as 2» ov.) are Fs Ph — 7 7 7 a y ee a Mee _ - ~ a > al . ’ 10 ¢ : vi = is i: § an DES ae rel = ra = er a edais iL 7 a arn ‘> ¥ — ll : 7 oy we ae | ae 7 a hee — 4.00 i) y %, pay a mh : 4 ; ij nm my wi 4 ‘ 7 an aD af “ i a wa 6 a. 7 a ry ava ee 7 7 -_ ¢ : . yh Soa oy ie Ae ween e's ae @ TL a ye Aa. a a 7 — - Y 7 7 - ns Lan 7 a 7 - a 7 an in ae ai i th i, ‘aie? hd Gin»; ; a - ‘2 ie % 7 ' ; 4 a = " ‘a i 2 - io @ : re a "as ye 1 be 2 we 4 7 7m A i - , a » a aS 1 e's 18 Po oo cl i i yk (e = i i 1 al vat ; : i“ ; ee. 7 fad di : ie a 4 Dp i : my a a” a ey al i. 7 sie i 7 a ~ Apres —~ ‘a _ : 7) - : AL / z 7M” aS ae = abled te os a € ‘tng eee me § - ; : 7 ny a 5 te a ee Wa 7 “ - os | pi a ase 7 = p & a a oa Bt = An i. OL aw ae. a - fa n'y n - ae. Nis Abin i (s ‘i ath ng. a oo aa 7 “a a ee ig : ~S@ 0' (ta a) ae 4 5 1 imate A ; 7 a a i. fi ve tae " ail pvltes 2 a Dh a ot ty at, : a ta se ia ye ie a a ah roih, ee Pn i i hohe iy ty y nia n ee “a be E 7 +) _ * : - os J - i ; , = —,- ~ gee vale yy die ed sil io i rain cnead > 7 : , 7 ; : 7 as? fh, i een. Oi rm 2 oS « \ Se A Y'¥ eave 7 Gi od eet oh 9 se ne oo iv a a : : c 7 > \e : a _ : Tan ~~ i OF ( ee ae aa ay) WE, nd, Sar i bP. : a 7 7 7 7 fi art ’ bate A! Waa ; of hss app ins * a 7 ; 7 : _ i ‘en a _) : 14 7 a yop ‘oe ore. a Po ta . Pe Re Pa on eee a i : a 7 - r ae —— af i 1p” - ; a “te 7 | : af A | —— fase G ee y “| aig) a roy) if ‘e:> i. 7 ne ‘ e = Save a 4 _ nae eae > Peete eo mn 7 - : a i an J pha” heat AL hg a ne hate oie = 7 7 . Vis i io ae eee mrs i Pal ae. 4 i ae an. ) - en a — 7 : , why ~~ : Day i Ot 7 ren Ta { uy on = a ‘ i oo 1 i ie 1 ae 7 : y : ay Vea , va) ta - - » : 7 1 a aul ath ee 7s ) 0) ay 7 7 as 4 Moa Tr Pa oi 2 ae ar can 1 y oh ———— ———————— a E SS I Uno ee C: 2.U. Lapillus, Say: a3) nently distinguished by the peculiarity of its pale epidermis. ‘The sexes are well marked by difference of outline. Not uncommon in the Western rivers, and in Bayou Teche, Louisiana, where it is ornamented with pale green rays. In the Alabama river it is partial to a muddy bed, and rare on the bars. I have figured a specimen in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet, brought from the west and labelled by Rafinesque. UNIO SAGERI. Pirate XXIX.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow—elliptical, moderately thick on the anterior and thin on the posterior side; disks slightly contracted from beak to base, causing the basal mar- gin to be slightly smuous; anterior side short, margin regularly rounded; posterior side produced, somewhat pointed, extremely obtuse; ligament margin elevated; umbo not prominent, flattened; umbonial slope round- ed; within bluish-white and iridescent; cardinal tooth in the right valve thick, direct, divided at the summit by a deep groove; in the left valve widely bifid, with a submedial lamelliform elevation; lateral teeth com- pressed. OBSERVATIONS. This interesting species was found in Detroit river, Michigan, by Dr. Abraham Sager, of Detroit, to whom D4 I have a pleasure in dedicating it. The outline of a young specimen is very similar to a variety of U. dilatatus, but the thinness of the shell, colour of in- terior, and particularly the form of the teeth, will readily distinguish it. ‘The old shell might perhaps be mistaken for a variety of the U. rectus, but the young has very little resemblance to that of the latter. U. dilatatus is found in company with this species, retaining all the peculiarity of habit which it pos- sesses in the Ohio and other tributaries of the Missis- sippi, which confirms our opinion that the shell we described above is new and distinct. UNIO LAPILLUS. Pratre XXIX.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, thick, yellowish, with very numerous dark green undulated rays; anterior margin not very short, rounded; beaks but little elevated, simple; liga- ment margin declining gradually in an arcuate line; posterior extremity rounded; umbonial slope unde- fined; basal margin straight or slightly contracted in the middle; within pearly white; cardinal teeth direct, thick; lateral teeth thick, oblique; cicatrices very deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks almost obliterated. SYNONYMES. U. LAPILLUS, Say. Trans. Journ. of Med. vol. iv. p. 528, Amer. Conch. pl. 41. 2. lapillus, Say ( ) Sager J Unto ‘dl aay a Lic hls ++ ¥ \ f > ‘ ' " ‘ S m *. a ,= — = i ’ c F _ > 4 - t < 43 a” 30 PPPS BITC Unio fragel is, fal a) U. rapauis, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vol.iv. p. 96, pl. x. fig. 16. Cab. A. N. S. No. 2404. OBSERVATIONS. Mr. Say observes that “the robust teeth and the thickness of the whole shell have induced many, and myself amongst the number, to consider this shell as the young of gibbosus, Barnes, [dilatatus, Raf.] but a very slight examination serves to show that it 1s very distinct. 'The young of that species is always much more elongated transversely, not so thick, with the beaks much undulated,” &c. It is usually smaller than the specimen represented, and, except the acuwtissimus, is the least of North American Uniones yet described. Dr. Sager found it in Detroit river, Michigan, and it is not uncommon in the Ohio and its tributaries. The figure repre- sents a fine specimen, of more than ordinary size, which we owe to the politeness of Professor J. Green. UNIO FRAGILIS. PLatTE XXX. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate, thin, fragile, somewhat. inflated over the umbonial slope; disks flattened towards the base; hinge margin elevated into a large wing, connate; within bluish and highly iridescent; cardinal teeth very oblique, compressed, disposed to be single in each valve; lateral teeth arcuate. 56 SYNONYMES. U. rracius, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys. vol. v. p. 29. Poul- son’s trans. p. 22. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. U. eraciuis, Barnes. Silliman’s Journ. vol. vi. p. 174. U. rraciuis, Swains. Sympuynota craciuis, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new se- ries, vol. ili. p- 66. Cab. 44. N. S. No. 1657. ‘OBSERVATIONS. Allied to U. alatus, but is longer in proportion, thinner, and lighter coloured in the interior and epi- dermis. In some localities the wing is small, but in others generally elevated. Found by Mr. Schoolcraft in Fox river; it inhabits — the Detroit river, Michigan, lakes, and the western rivers generally, and I found it common in the Ala- bama at Claiborne. UNIO ALATUS. Pirate XXXI. DESCRIPTION. Shell triangular, ovate, moderately thick; disks flattened anteriorly, and inflated over the umbonial slope; anterior side narrow, margin obliquely recti- linear above; posterior side profoundly dilated, and rising into an elevated connate wing; umbo oblique, inclined, not prominent; posterior lunule with two subangulated lines; umbonial slope regularly rounded; wing emarginate inferiorly; posterior end biangulated; ay) Cinlo alut ws, S17 aN i As cot ie f er wry ¢ {> aa ‘] a Wee a ts. he Ne I } i) ; U Va, a eed ots iy ' ‘ ath Ory ad Diinodie ae Ae ee Ue, in A i} iy ; ag 4 Bas oe if ana vio 1 in fs / why Deny ae neal ae ve 4 Wie ‘ Ao ] , i te ue . | ‘ain a ‘, vai * fs ; nl 7 mish. st i f Oe Sel A } i ( f i oe) ay Bo pA | fehl ty (ie i ed ae Vy cere | ay A TO i j iL j i >) gi : ae : , ¢ 1 iy fa : 1 é il i i j } j i / = jemi vy uy HWE Ly | ee) sty tik - p ¥ 7 i i a eth te mm wor } At iy i" : ® vit Uy Sd ¥ , ie a ae ‘ : CONTENTS. Pirate X XVI. Unio niger. » XXVIII. Unio gibbosus. » XAVIII. Unio teres. Fic. 1, Unio Sageri. 9 XXIX.} », 2, Unio lapillus. » X&XX. Unio fragilis. Erratum.—Page 53, tenth line from bottom, for ‘“‘extremely obtuse,” read extremity obtuse. NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, &c. For sale by J. Dogson, a few copies of this work, which contains coloured illustrations of bivalve and univalve shells, and embraces a monography of the genus Anculotus. Most of the species described in this book were obtained by the author in Alabama Vo. 7. MONOGRAPH Y OF THE sd . PASTY. UN EO Ni Dea OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— NEW YORK: HALL & VOORHIES, 118 NASSAU STREET.-LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No, 235 — HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E, G. DORSEY, PRINTER. December 1836. mie nn Se ty, ¢ 7 a /. Aan . a _ _" : ms oy : 7 re at ’ es = : ean”, fa ae ie ia " r mn oy ‘a U Dia : Spe Las a or ae : iat A a | ia vt An). Fi (aan ial P Pai i a 7 vant Ria 7 \ ‘' a Bie on i a2 Vito inflatus a7 epidermis dark green-olive, wrinkled; wrinkles lamel- liform posteriorly; within reddish-purple, iridescent; cardinal teeth direct, double in each valve; lateral teeth arcuate. SYNONYMES. U. atatus, Say. Nich. Enc., Am. ed., art. Conch. U. (meTapTera) MEGAPTERA, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p- 299. Sympuynota atata, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (new series,) vol. ill. p. 448. Cab. A. N. S. No. 20409. OBSERVATIONS. This well known species approaches a variety of U. purpuratus, Lam., but is less inflated and has a more elevated wing. From the fragilis it can be distinguished by its larger size, dark epidermis, purple nacre, thicker cardinal teeth, We. Inhabits Fox and Ouisconsin rivers, North-West Territory, Mr. Barnes; Detroit river, Michigan, Dr. Sager; western streams generally, and the great lakes. It is extremely rare in South Alabama. UNIO INFLATUS. Prate XXXII. DESCRIPTION. Shell triangular, ovate, thin; contracted obliquely from beak to base; inflated over the umbonial slope; valves elevated into a small wing anteriorly and into H . 38 a broad high wing posteriorly, and connate in both; posterior margin of the wing arcuate, and slightly emarginate or angulated at base; beaks slightly pro- minent; cardinal teeth single in both valves, and lamelliform; lateral teeth arcuate, prominent towards the extremity; nacre purple. SYNONYMES. Sympuynora 1InFLATA, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 99, pl. xiv. fig. 28. U. Avasamensis, ob. New Fresh Water Shells, p. 67. Cab. A. N. 8S. No. 20405. OBSERVATIONS. Differs from U. (Symphynota) devissimus in the inflated umbonial slope and more elevated wing. It was discovered near Claiborne, Alabama, by Judge Tait, and sent to Mr. Lea. I have since found it very abundantly a few miles south of Claiborne, but it is rare in the upper part of the Alabama and in the Black Warrior rivers, and has not hitherto been found elsewhere. UNIO LEPTODON. Pirate XXXIII. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow-elliptical, very thin and fragile, com- pressed anteriorly, and slightly inflated over the um- bonial slope; beaks very small, approximate; posterior el ws Unto leplodon., Rea ‘ SSeZb Tie Ae nl Bir J wf] Hp i iva | ae es iy ii om aia yt Lan — in “A ‘ Tak aa i ie i vn a, se : ie Ay oi wn yok 1h , a, a ee vad, 5 _— - Ly avi Bee 99 side produced, pointed; hinge margin elevated; pos- terior margin very oblique, extremity acutely angular, and much above the line of the base; basal margin regularly arcuate; epidermis olive-yellow, with very oblique narrow rays; within bluish, tinged with violet above, highly iridescent; cardinal teeth obtuse, smooth, nearly obsolete; lateral teeth single in each valve. SYNONYMES. U. tepropon, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 295. Poulson’s trans., p. 21. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 6. Ferr. Mag. de Zool. U. eranus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journal, vol. vi. p. 272. ANODONTA PURPURASCENS, Swainson. SymPpHynora TENvIssIMA, Led. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (new series,) vol. ill. p. 453, pl. xi. fig. 21. Cab. A. N. S. No. 20406. OBSERVATIONS. This shell has an exterior much resembling that of an Anodonta, but the teeth are generally sufficiently developed to constitute it a true Unio. It is allied to U. fragilis, but differs widely in the teeth, in being pointed posteriorly, and in not being alated. It is connate when perfect. Inhabits the Ouisconsin, Mr. Barnes. I found a single specimen in Alabama. The specimen figured is from the Scioto river, and was presented by Dr. William Blanding. 60 UNIO ELLIPSIFORMIS. Prats XXXIV.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, slightly ventricose, produced pos- teriorly, moderately thick; disks slightly contracted anteriorly; umbonial slope rounded; beaks slightly prominent, approximate, simple; basal margin dilated posteriorly to the middle; within bluish; cardinal teeth thick, direct. OBSERVATIONS. This species I have seen only in the cabinet of Mr. John Phillips, who received it from Michigan. It is very similar in outline to U. henosus, but the short, thick, direct teeth, simple beaks, and bluish nacre, form a very distinctive character. UNIO LIENOSUS. Pirate XXXIV.--Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, inflated, slightly furrowed or con- tracted from beak to base; substance of the shell thickened towards the base; posterior dorsal and posterior basal margin rounded, extremity subangu- lated; beaks pointed, approximate, slightly prominent, oy 1 Unto ellip-sifarmes, C2. U lienosus, &, a) a Ne mn wi, ha dar ny nh i } ad j [ath Py " Na ( mi ey ay | : ina hae f i ee vO) M9 ia i a i ei lapk in i MMe im) ‘ ‘ 7 - iF 1 : ie i a rs ya y a eka i lc oh aa ‘ey ‘cai Ayaan , ‘iy j rad . ; 7 r ; i aes me lo i My y ue 1 A 2 \ r ae fT 1 ‘i. : =, ing im i ri be z a en a a 9h i H , x ys - » " aM Weare bY ie ie 61 with interrupted undulations; concentric lines promi- nent; epidermis dark olive, obscurely rayed, wrinkled on the margins; cardinal teeth double in both valves, shghtly compressed, oblique, striated; nacre varying from bluish white to deep salmon or purple; cavity most capacious under the umbonial slope. SYNONYMES. U. urenosus, ob. Silliman’s Journal, vol. xxv. p. 539, pl. 1, fig. 4. U. Nasuviniianus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (new series,) vol. v. p- 100, pl. xiv. fig. 43. Cub. A. N. S. No. 20407. OBSERVATIONS. This shell is remarkable for inhabiting exclusively the small streams, and is common in Greene county, Alabama. It is a variable species, sometimes not easily recognised, and the sexual distinctions are as obvious as in WU, siliquoideus. ‘The colour of the in- terior is remarkably inconstant, but a purple ap- proaching to salmon is the most prevailing tint, and the margin is bluish-white. The affinities are U. parvus, Barnes, and U. glans, Lea, but it is much larger than either, has very different beaks, and does not inhabit the same waters with those species. 62 UNIO STAPES. Pratt XXX V.—Fice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtriangular, compressed, thick; anterior side with numerous approximate, angulated, slightly ele- vated tubercles; disks with a distinct furrow from beaks to base; umbonial slope swelling; posterior slope greatly contracted, tuberculated, angulated sub- medially, and forming a right angle with the umbonial slope; posterior margin direct, forming a regular curve with the ligament margin; emarginate inferiorly; base slightly emarginate; within white; cardinal teeth thick, direct; lateral teeth short, very oblique. SYNONYME. U. stapes, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (new series,) vol. iv. p: 77, pl. vii. fig. 8. Cab. A. N. S. No. 20408. OBSERVATIONS. A rare species, remarkable for the small area be- hind the umbonial slope, which gives it somewhat the form of U. truncatus, Raf. It approaches nearest to the metanevra, but is very distinct. The shell is not in the least oblique, and the beaks are central, flat- tened and prominent. I found it only m the Alabama river, near Claiborne, where it was first obtained by Judge Tait and forwarded to Mr. Lea. if Unto STLPES, Lea. 2X. wintermedius, Conrad ry ih yi Va , Mc A Bi wie in A sity Nha a ety, Bah ANT Soe ee of mona aan “ey, (esaeaasen bai - aaa i Unio stapes, Lew. 2. wintermedius, Conrad. 63 UNIO INTERMEDIUS. Piate XXXV.—F ie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, compressed; disks flattened or slight- ly furrowed from beaks to base, covered, except on the posterior side, with small slightly elevated tuber- cles, which are rib-shaped on the posterior slope; umbonial slope not prominent, and rounded or sub- angulated; posterior slope obtusely angulated; beaks oblique, not prominent; ligament margin long, arcu- ate; posterior margin direct, emarginate; within white; cardinal teeth direct. OBSERVATIONS. Three specimens of this species were obtained by Dr. 8. Blanding, of Columbia, 8. C., from Nolachucky river, Tennessee, and were kindly submitted to my inspection. ‘They differ from the preceding in being somewhat oblique, in having less prominent beaks, a wider posterior slope, but particularly in being desti- tute of tubercles anteriorly. From the metanevra it is easily distinguished by the want of a swelled um- bonial slope. It is so evident a link between these two species, that I have given it the name of znfer- medius, suggested by my friend Mr. John Phillips. In a young specimen which I have figured, the epi- dermis is covered with small crowded angular green spots, but in the old shell they disappear. ‘The latter becomes distinctly angulated or furrowed on the pos- 64 terior slope, and profoundly emarginate posteriorly, as represented in the outline, fig. 3. UNIO OCCIDENTALIS. Pirate XXXVI.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, convex, anterior margin very regu- larly rounded; anterior dorsal margin elevated; basal margin straight and parallel with the ligament mar- gin; posterior margin oblique, extremity rounded; umbonial slope undefined; beaks slightly prominent, with undulated grooves; summit rounded; epidermis yellowish, with narrow green rays, which are obso- lete or wanting on the anterior side; within bluish; cardinal teeth direct, prominent, acute; lateral teeth lamelliform. OBSERVATIONS. This shell has an outline similar to that of U. com- planatus. It differs from that species in its yellow epidermis, the peculiarity of its rays, more elevated anterior margin, lamelliform lateral teeth, &c. Inhabits Currant river, Arkansas, whence it was brought by Mr. Featherstonhaugh, to whose kindness I owe the use of this and several rare and beautiful species. lend at ae ELE ER eae LILI we. é ; os | { ' g PAS wt come 7 a atales, C. 2. Teollin its, C07. i) hay wor at il : D ea ead! Wy i Ly i Uy i v 4 4) he Mf i - ae Phe 4 Fat te at ths on: 3 } a ny Mis aie) i CONTENTS. Pirate XXXII. Unio inflatus. » XXXII. Unio leptodon. XXXIV. Fig. 1, Unio ellipsiformis. ts a3 Fig. 2, Unio lienosus. XXXV. Fig. 1, Unio stapes. 3 a Fig. 2, Unio intermedius. » XXXVI. Fig. 1, Unio occidentalis. No. VIII. will be published in January. NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, &c. For sale by J. Dosson, a few copies of this work, which contains coloured illustrations of bivalve and univalve shells, and embraces a monography of the genus Anculotus. Most of the species described in this book were obtained by the author in Alabama. NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. Just Published, and for sale by J. Dobson, 108 Chesnut Street, NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY; OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE REPTILES INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. BY JOHN EDWARDS HOLBROOK, M. D. Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Member of the Royal Medicai Society of Edinburgh, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the New York and Baltimore Lyceums of Natural History. Vol. I. royal 4to, with splendid Coloured Plates. This beautiful work will consist of four volumes, royal quarto, illus- trated by numerous finely coloured plates—price $10 per volume. Vo. &. MONOGRAPHY OF THE EANMEEEY. UNTLONT D as; OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— NEW YORK: HALL & VOORHIES, 118 NASSAU STREET.—LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.— HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. February 1837. J t. a Vis { / { = CAL ~ a } LUn10 occidentalis. C 65 UNIO COLLINUS. Pirate XXXVI.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, rather thin, with coarse concentric lines; umbonial slope rounded; posterior side slightly produced, and rapidly narrowed to the extremity, which is rounded; basal margin straight near the middle; beaks small, slightly prominent, approximate, undulated; umbones with two or three small tubercles posterior to the middle; epidermis yellowish-brown, obscurely rayed; within white or pale rose colour; cardinal teeth oblique, robust. Cab. 4. N. S. No. 20408. OBSERVATIONS. This species may readily be known by the small tubercles on the umbones. The female, when young, closely resembles U. heterodon in outline, but the usual formation of the lateral teeth and the tubercles emi- nently distinguish it. Inhabits North river, a branch of James river, Virginia, where it was found by Mr. Constant Newkirk, of Washington College, from whom I received three specimens. 66 UNIO SOWERBIANUS. Pirate XXXVII.——Fice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate, convex, with concentric furrows; disks slightly gibbose in the middle; posterior side with a furrow from beak to base; a slight groove on the pos- terior submargin; raised radiating lines extend from the angle of the larger furrow to the posterior extre- mity, which is direct and slightly retuse; basal margin retuse posteriorly; epidermis glabrous, with faint fili- form brown rays; within purple or rose colour; car- dinal teeth very large and prominent, double in each valve. SYNONYME. U. sowrersranus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. v. p. 68, pl. x. fig. 28. OBSERVATIONS. The fine specimen of this beautiful and very distinct species which I have figured, was kindly loaned for the purpose by Mr. Featherstonhaugh, who procured it from Cumberland river, Tennessee. I found one in the summer of 1833 on the bank of Elk river, Alabama, and judging from Mr. Lea’s figure of the pileus, I supposed it to be that species.* ‘The speci- men is in the cabinet of Mr. Poulson. The Sowerbianus is remarkable for its highly po- lished epidermis and raised lines on the posterior side. * New Fresh Water Shells, p. 69, note. , A ‘ oe See - oe . * re F - y ‘ : a . nae f a fer Lj ie: t i , - vf ’ gam, | Birws 7 2 ae a ‘ : bs F . : = 4 7 c = Aly 7 “s Wy f * < . 4 fs ae - by ri “ j oe oy 4 EES ee * : ‘ 4) + Se : > > = f A , } F; : 4 i . x . Bis a) ‘a i : s 7 - a = . ie 4 . 1 A os , I uy a4 ‘ rf Aas th ad =| 7 == 4 : = ihe ‘ : sf ; : s a A 1 . i . rt P - ‘ : ee ; f -- ta ee avian 7 / b Pa = he 7 ‘ F ae 3 mm 7 - ~ = i . or nm: - ~ > 5 4 : ss Os y: ae x Fs 5 7 ‘ : o canes } : | bs - i= 7 ‘ , - i u x= * i ’ : ; = ies 2 ie rey ue 7 r= ee + Wy B A : P no ‘ * y r SS ee F : = 7 ‘ ‘Mi ee “a : \ 7 © z, : - = ‘ rn iat es Sion 4 5 ? p : Le, 1.9 - H A q © ers 7 * 1 * Te * > + - u 7 = ? - <= - 3 r - a ae] ; ad 5 ss a ne ‘ ae, Ee a : : : A ae a : ' ,* =. j ; a it ‘i tp iF 4 nA ba 1A D 5 yy ‘ ? : E os J » Ly FN ek oe ay ee TY ; 7 7 7 A { - ee YY = - « 7 i > - , as a : - > 9 5 : 9 ae ’ - cad 7 = a ? "i -* > - ? = = 5 =P . a bo 7 2 J : ~ het =~i' ( = “th oS ve : r : = tO y : rs = s ae é o 5 <= is . nea i A 7 - ? . = Fa 7 7 : Se Ta We ‘ ’ - 7 ¥ 7 7 = ~ + - . & = : a f > = ' et f ss 2 . = bes ‘ : 4 ; “ : ' ‘ 2 P ris ‘ os - 2 a, 8 2 - ‘ ; 2 me eae = é * = a ? a . = i ~ a = Poe + = <= . i = - ; ~ rs Pe) 7 a ‘ 7 iy © . — 5 > < 7,0 i Me Ee $A>5 7 ar oe & Pee cae ie : F 7 ¢ ‘ oa 2 ‘ , ; " j ai . = . ‘ > : ‘ r - : j 4 ee J : | i ay ‘ aL ++ : 2 fs ; ’ : +, ; 4 £ 2 _# = : fe * SEE e'y y 4 v, : 7 “ ‘ r " yi ‘4 Jom a eae i + Sie % : a) 7 a5 R 5 el ae a) Sats c , i. Sh SS eae 2 Cases De 4 x ; A ; a : - 5 ae po mee SE) (ae8 ‘ - 7 7 f — 7 Spo T r : 5 Py ER ; " ‘ ‘ ' 1 7 Pier =i = i y i . ae: : ] P Wiis, - SD Pe edd Cag : an rag : 7) 4s Panmpetens | oe Wee j ‘i Shr yrs ae OTT Ais i ’ 7 - fh te : rah i 7 ‘ a: ts 0 age _ . a5 a Y ‘ SAVanY 5 : + es - ’ - . x of ie. = f 5 aes ‘ y eS Pa Ca ‘ - : es * > ‘ x we 3 A F : ign : Fan “+ e ‘ - ri ns * pe a, e 7 , A . ei iy 7 x : ™ ae ina 7 #8 af : a ae ae hea: : ‘ rs ee : Mate % J es a v a 4 PAT Mee a ; : i ne . - : spe ath a ‘ isy ‘ a Ve : = ’ oe ae 2 : Sie 2 5 \ reo A si Poesy oss on i 2 - ew i eh mye x ean as c 7) ea eae J as x * : aan job eer GF = ne Ti 172 Sy 3 | Ey : " ta we ? eal a sie : Ue 7 ae) aa: aca , hs os : R 7 = 4 " ~ on 7 7. + A, - =F : i e pe a , Pees x ere = Alot 3 Ps 7 Pils _ = * ¥ r aw ‘ fer Gon $ 4 neo) “ i news oo “s oe 4 a 7 a 1 : re. Sony - ‘ > i by 2 ay us - Cre = 7 % 2, & © > ; ae B ‘ : . ; : ae Se oe er, - ' 5 Ce ; oe Hay = ria = : c poape is - : 5 ‘ : en 7 ae i é - ‘ ¥ gee creeeay a i be t - 2 he ‘ -+ ems rr Al a : ( Y 4 > « 2 : ol az 2 a rs ir . 2 - = ue! A > ae) * - : : ( fa \ ‘ ae if : 2.4 \ < is = c - H } > aa Rh ie Ho , : sh 7 a F : a ka Z 4 Pig i i al ; = , 3 ae 5 7 =a + . En so S a é + 7 ~~ 4 z j 5, > : a ; = oa 1 7 KA st i i ‘ 2 > . s : 7) ee at SA Sa ( a a) A ‘he , a 3 - rs F 5 A 7 = ty ‘ c an eg . ¢ ieee: : noA4 7 ae J co ren ~ vies ah 4 be 7 “4 3 1 J > : y 2 — s , 1 . br od : Bris =f ha > t 4 * . ‘ 2 i! ; x ‘a ‘a fo « it . . is) * Wages Alas x oo ‘ e r j z be i = > x : Bie be - Sys a © - v 7 7 o ‘ * a - Pa a a + = eee ; i z| ; i “ : - So -/ le . a ~ fics 5 i i Ps t a f= iad ear a4 te y A . So’ ah ANS £ = a ‘ = s se , me : ut eww bs a = c. - . ed ote: A ta, 7aY au i - ba e 2 o. nm -_ p ™~ »> ‘ —_ a - ‘ (op) ~} UNIO POLITUS. Prats XXXVII.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suborbicular, convex, with slight concentric furrows; anterior margin obtusely rounded; posterior margin nearly direct; ligament margin rectilinear, slightly declining; umbonial slope rounded; disks flat- tened or very indistinctly furrowed posteriorly; basal margin rounded, or slightly gibbous in the middle; epidermis glossy, with fine concentric wrinkles; umbo prominent, smooth and polished, with dark green interrupted rays; within white; cardinal teeth thick, very direct. SYNONYMES. U. porrrus, Say. Amer. Conch., No. 6. U. susrotunpus, Zea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 117, pl. xviii. fig. 45. Cab. A. N. 8. No. 20409. OBSERVATIONS. Related to U. Kirtlandicus, Lea, from which it dif- fers in being proportionally more elevated and much less compressed. It is also a smaller species. The name of subrotundus has necessarily been abandoned, as it is preoccupied for a different species. 68 UNIO NEXUS. Puate XXXVIII.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell triangular, sub-rhomboidal, much inflated, thick; umbo prominent; posterior slope much de- pressed, with a broad, shallow groove, which extends from the beak to the posterior margin; posterior margin forming nearly a right angle with the base, obtusely emarginate in the middle by the termination of the groove; umbonial slope carimated, in conse- quence of the depression of the posterior side; lunule very short; epidermis yellowish-brown, obsoletely ra- diated; within white; cardinal teeth direct; lateral teeth short, with but little obliquity. SYNONYMES. U. nexus, Say. Trans. Journ., vol. iv. p. 527, 1831. Amer. Conch., pl. li. U. arczwrormis, Zea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 116, pl. xvii. fig. 44. Cab. A. N. S. No. 20410. OBSERVATIONS. Mr. Say remarks that this species is “related to triqueter, Raf., but differs in the greater prominence of the superior portion of the anterior [posterior] margin.” There is also a great difference in the teeth and in the markings of the epidermis, which in the nexus are filiform rays, but in the triqueter gene- rally sagittate spots. Not uncommon in the Cumber- 1 Unio nenus, Say. 2. U Greenii. Conrad » 69 land river, and it seems chiefly confined to the waters of Tennessee—I saw none in Alabama. The figure is from a specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Feather- stonhaugh. UNIO GREENII. Prats XXXVIII.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell sub-triangular; disks slightly flattened; ante- rior side not very short, margin rounded, not very obtuse; umbo flattened, not elevated; beaks eroded; umbonial slope straight, subangulated; ligament short, ligament margin forming with the posterior margin a nearly regular arcuate line; extremity obtusely round- ed or subtruncated; basal margin slightly arcuate; epidermis wrinkled on the margins, with narrow green rays on the posterior slope and interrupted rays on the umbo; within white; cardinal teeth slightly oblique; lateral teeth oblique and very slightly curved. SYNONYME. U. creennt, Nob. New Fresh Water Shells, p. 32, pl. iv. fig. 1. Cub. A. N. S. No. 20413. OBSERVATIONS. Dedicated to my friend Jacob Green, M. D., Pro- fessor of Chemistry in Jefferson College, a gentleman well known as a contributor to Conchology. Inhabits the head waters of Black Warrior river, Alabama; not uncommon. 70 UNIO SHEPARDIANUS. Pirate XXXIX. DESCRIPTION. Shell profoundly elongated, sinuous, compressed, tapering to the posterior extremity, which is trun- cated; valves rather thin, with concentric lines, pro- found over the umbonial slope, which is slightly ele- vated; a carinated line passes between the umbonial slope and posterior dorsal margin; beaks very small, hardly raised above the dorsal line; within purple; lateral teeth long and rectilinear, somewhat dilated or thickened near the anterior termination. SYNONYME. U. sueparpianus, Zea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. v. p- 95, pl. xu. fig. 38. Cab. 4. N.S. No. 20411. OBSERVATIONS. This is perhaps the most elongated, proportionally, of any known Unio, except the Grayanus, and differs chiefly in this respect from U. angustatus, which is the species most nearly related to it. Inhabits Alatamaha river, near Hopeton and Da- rien, Georgia. Oh U7L0 wh ep ardianus, Led, 1 Unio co TL press es. Hes. Ueapsaform (5s, Led, 3. female, eo)! UNIO COMPRESSUS. Piate XL.—Fia. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong or elliptical; disks flattened; anterior margin regularly rounded; umbonial slope slightly elevated, rounded; beaks undulated, not prominent, distant from the anterior extremity; ligament margin elevated, connate; posterior margin oblique, recti- linear, extremity truncated and slightly projecting beyond the line of the base; epidermis ochraceous, with numerous unequal green rays, some of which are very broad; within white, tinged with pale salmon under the beaks; cardinal tooth scarcely double in the right valve, very ‘oblique, elongated, rather thick; in the left valve widely trifid, compressed, posterior lobe rather behind the apex. SYNONYMES. U. compressus, Deshayes. Sympnynota compressa, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (new series,) vol. ill. p. 450, pl. xii. fig. 22. Cab. A. N.S. No. 1098. OBSERVATIONS. This species can at once be distinguished from all others by the peculiarity of its hinge. It inhabits the Ohio, Scioto, and Wabash rivers; also Oak Orch- ard creek, in the State of New York, and Norman’s Kall, near Albany. The figure is from a specimen which I found in a mill pond at the village of Adams, hed Jefferson county, New York, where the species is extremely abundant. UNIO CAPSAFORMIS. Prats XL.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell sub-oval, slightly ventricose, moderately thick; posterior side flattened or very slightly grooved; umbonial slope obtusely angulated; basal margin rounded medially, straight or slightly emarginate posteriorly; posterior extremity direct, truncated, narrowed, slightly produced; summits obtusely round- ed, not prominent; epidermis yellowish, with nume- rous harrow unequal green rays; within white; cardi- nal teeth very erect and prominent. SYNONYME. U. cars#rormis, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 143, pl. ii. fig. 4. Cab. A. N. S. No. 20414. OBSERVATIONS, Inhabits Cumberland river near Nashville, Tennes- see. Ihave found it in the Tennessee river at Flo- rence, Alabama. It bears a slight resemblance to the young of U. flecuosus, and is a very distinct spe- cies. ‘The female is represented in figure 3. Be- tween the sexes the difference in outline is greater than in any species with which we are acquainted, except U. gibbosus, Raf. 40 ~ inate f form bis, Lied, YE ¢ J Uniaca WM PTOss Us. Pee (Ue cap Mee ie a ale i ti ; Pie Hy ia pee et va , an He i any i nN Au ui iy be ate ie) ie i ie ayia) at wee pee) 4 ee vin a ei Pa Canon i aki in) i as oy fi \ wv! yet it An pO hi He Nei eo Wa y N iy) i; Fie a Ha ae kien A oN y Pees: ee ; CONTENTS. Pirate XXXVI. Fig. 2, Unio collinus. » AXXVIT. Fig. 1, Unio sowerbianus. a3 Fig. 2, Unio politus. 43 XX XVIIL Fig. 1, Unio nexus. n Fig. 2, Unio greenii. ah XX XIX. Unio shepardianus. Abe eG Bis Fig. 1, Unio compressus. Sia Bie Fig. 2, Unio capseformis. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ANADONTA. ANADONTA CARINIFERA. Shell narrow, elliptical, compressed, thin and fragile; anterior side narrow, rounded at the extremity; posterior side produced, subcunei- form, truncated at the extremity; hinge margin long, straight, elevated or slightly ascending, from anterior to the posterior extremity; beaks not elevated above the dorsal line; basal margin straight in the middle; colour of epidermis olive-green inferiorly, darker above; hinge margin without a callous. Length, 2} inches; height, 1} inch. Inhabits rivers in Kentucky. This species is in the fine collection of my friend Mr. John Phillips, who informs me that it is from the Ohio or one of its tributaries below Louisville. It has much the outline of Unio carinifera of Lam. (the common variety of U. complanatus,) but is proportionally more elon- gated, and the posterior extremity resembles that of Unio declivis, except that it is truncated at the tip. Unio gibbosus, var. perobliquus, pl. xxvii. fig. 2, 1 have ascertained to be a species; it will therefore take the name of Unio perobliquus. NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, &c. For sale by J. Dosson, a few copies of this work, which contains coloured illustrations of bivalve and univalve shells, and embraces a monography of the genus Anculotus. Most of the species described in this book were obtained by the author in Alabama. NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. Just Published, and for sale by J. Dobson, 108 Chesnut Street, NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY; OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE REPTILES INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. BY JOHN EDWARDS HOLBROOK, M. D. Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Member of the Royal Medicai Society of Edinburgh, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the New York and Baltimore Lyceums of Natural History. Vol. I. royal 4to, with splendid Coloured Plates. This beautiful work will consist of fowr volumes, royal quarto, illus- trated by numerous finely coloured plates—price $10 per volume. MONOGRAPH Y OF THE FAMILY UNIONIDA, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF ; THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— NEW YORK: HALL & VOORHIES, 118 NASSAU STREET._LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.— HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. March 1837. Af os ae 2 ‘ we Lun. subplanus, CNG: flavus, di of. 73 The two fine specimens figured belong to the splendid collection of Mr. Poulson. ‘They were sent from Nashville, ‘Tennessee. UNIO SUBPLANUS. Prate XLI.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell sub-oval; disks flattened; anterior margin regularly rounded, obliquely descending; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope dilated; beaks not pro- minent, distant from the anterior extremity; ligament margin elevated, slightly oblique; posterior extremity: truncated; epidermis yellowish-brown, with numerous fine concentric wrinkled lines; within pale rose colour; cardinal teeth oblique; lateral teeth rectilinear. Cab. 4. .N. S. No. 20412. OBSERVATIONS. I have recently received several specimens of this shell from Lexington, Rockbridge county, Virginia, where they were found by Mr. Newkirk in a branch of the James river. Approaches U. Masoni, but is more compressed and elongated, and cannot be con- founded with it. 7A UNIO FLAVUS. Pirate XLI.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell sub-triangular, moderately thick; disks flat- tened on the posterior side; anterior margin obtusely rounded; ligament margin oblique, rectilinear; poste- rior margin wide, straight, nearly direct; extremity obtuse; basal margin straight from the posterior ex- tremity to beyond the middle; umbonial slope cari- nated; umbo rather prominent; beaks flattened, with a few obtuse oblique undulations; within salmon colour; cardinal and lateral teeth large and very pro- minent. SYNONYMES. U. rrava, Rf. Ann. gen. des Sc., vol. v. p. 39. Poulson’s trans., p. 38. U. rusicinosus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. il. p. 41, pl. viii. fig. 10. Cab. A. N. 8. No. 1126. OBSERVATIONS. This shell is so distinctly described and even figured by Rafinesque, that no honest imquirer can refuse him credit for the species. He remarks that he found “it only in the small rivers falling into the Kentucky, Salt or Green rivers.” This peculiarity of habitat is remarkable, and I was unable to find a specimen in either the Alabama, Tombeckbe, or Black Warrior rivers, although several were found in a small mill stream in Greene county, Alabama. Rafinesque re- fUnco 41 subplanus, (pe ae u.flavas, Ro, yn eee fi hi Vet Ab i ale Lin i ye aa ie, TI ou 4g) taugh ie ay i i fie "eh g A Lich SRLS AE ines hy birt) a i ie i 7 th yer 5 ae 7 oe hia nt re Nh Wits, ia \ a ae if 4X Unio Cc pan, rec, 795 marks that the “young shells are almost yellow, and the animal of a deep or orange-yellow colour,” which accords with my own observation. Ido not, how- ever, consider the colour of the animal any safe guide in specific distinction, as I have found the same spe- cies, particularly U. decisus, to contain in some spe- cimens an orange coloured, and in others a perfectly white animal. UNIO CAPAX. Prate XLII. DESCRIPTION. Shell very globose; valves rather thin, translucent, connate; umbones tumid, summit obtusely rounded, prominent, distant from the anterior margin; epider- mis straw colour, polished, with two faint green rays on the posterior slope; within white and iridescent; cardinal teeth lamellar, prominent, double in the right valve, crenate and single in the left; lateral teeth arcuate. SYNONYMES. U. capax, Green. Cab. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 290. 1832. Sympuynota cionosa, Zea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 153, pl. iv. fig. 12. 1834. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1227. OBSERVATIONS. The most ventricose of all the Unios known, and, when young, one of the most delisate and beautiful. 76 It most nearly resembles U. cardium, Raf., but the tumid umbones will always prove a destructive cha- racter. Dr. Green was the first to recognise this as an undescribed species, and his name, having priority, must necessarily be adopted. He observes, “I now describe a fine large shell, which seems to have escaped the notice of our conchologists. The first specimens of this shell which I observed were from the Falls of St. Anthony. I afterwards received it from the Bayou Teche, but I never discovered or ascertained that it exists in the Ohio.” Mr. Lea, on the authority of Col. Long, informs us that it inhabits the Ohio, 150 miles below Louisville, Ky. UNIO RUDIS. Piate XLIII.—Fice. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate-acute, thick anteriorly; diameter great- est at the umbones; beaks eroded; posterior side cuneiform; ligament and posterior margins arcuate, extremity subangulated; epidermis brown, wrinkled inferiorly; within white; cardinal teeth small, direct; lateral teeth shghtly arcuate. SYNONYME. U. ravenetianus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 144, pl. ii. fig. 5. Cab: A. NGS. No. 20415. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits French Broad river, North Carolina, Dr. L b 2 7s is we” . * Po oie a ee 7 oS i m Eel « nk vs a x) re ‘c 4 7 ' a " Ag oat id Tes tre in Grete tier ae ie hw ae oy. 4 in oe emf : io be a) on a ; | TG ’ ; ny a " ’ 7 ot a Ll aaa ai i > Priam ’ a > iia ae >is i. a: 7 pa - : f os ri ce iad: eu 45 ad caer ly eb YS) y cggatl> ual ala) ie cy sf ¥ “geht =e Ave! Mays - Ie oie 7) -. tt sa hi! iF * whey wah i a gi ba hs ee iw rier Hogi tie ils vi neal - signe es © iva “ pear ‘ AS? ones om fi 7 iY 7 sar rn Bi os ,. iL ares hh ay wih. ® apt er iy ake alee : inary a SVE meee Hi) : i ital ui wl compels ime vi ka > r hit th ua ' tS ar Cr ay ' walls own oF Py tas taal bering: ome ‘od geal a - Dee ue ta a 7 ny wa —s ‘a : ee Lewarperge wen or frsent fo Ss i ev pa ries e sail me fa . ‘i é i a cme i in a ane Se oe b» ‘/s j Bia! a be i P. “e wk + “by : 7 fue ve, ail rr as w hae, i ke eli 9’ ree fh + a my 7 “i ¥ Pod A 7 9 A hs 4 7 7 Ra 1 bes d ve \ 7 ‘ ¥ ~¢ Pus . pe ees a EAS Tevet. mes - és 7 = sar ae r — P re aries oe 7 wD as eit! y phieete by " a Soa Fs aid Colt ran ual > seas Witty i 5 Ma uh Pics Q ie A vi -_ ia a ra ay lle M a p aENs ‘bp. Oawee cs a * ® ww? pans tery on sy fe. ; 7 7 * ts 4 7 7 rd 7 Veneta! tach, J p pean if y et: a ‘ adi Get a nevi im 4 é ni tingy pe ay aon he. "I 7 jh mwa, 11 A Re age Pe it reo dae vital ° i al if ; aX. - J ‘7 - a a 7 oY y 4 os a Moneta gece, OOHEGE ays iM 4 , = ; wis ha ‘a ‘rg NU ala yo ey Neelam oe Q j Midin 4 i oa i : eae i Bo Ta im ij : — an ze oni # ee ial Ga a : ti ei oe uns ies 7" wit ie ‘ve tured — line 7 é au buns tty r ibe La! ac J a1) Nisan 4 4 : . he / bi a baat “i : a = wirtes ae * 2 cient 7 rae ada ho mr) bait | ! ipa wo pi. f) ah ithe als x thet (er aagantal . Peer: | si ils P, tapi 7 , ei | ge A. 4 ai Unio apiculatus, Say 2.U prasinuws, Con. / Te) arcuate, carinated; posterior margin dilated, direct, produced, and rounded or subtruncated at base; disks covered with small subequal tubercles, arranged more or less in symmetrical lines; within white. SYNONYMES. U. apicutatus, Say. Disseminator, 1829. American Conch. pl. 52. U. asper, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iii. p. 95, pl. ix. fig. 15, 1832. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1877. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Alabama river, near Claiborne, where I found specimens, but they were not numerous nor comparable in beauty to those which inhabit Bayou Teche in Louisiana. Mr. Say thinks this may prove to be a variety of U. quadrulus, but although it is nearly related to that species we believe it to be very distinct. Old shells become proportionally more elongated and produced at the posterior extremity of the basal margin, and the tubercles nearly disappear on the inferior half of the disks. The figure is from a specimen from Bayou Teche. UNIO PRASINUS. Prats XLIV.—-Fice. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suborbicular, compressed, with distant con- centric impressed lines; anterior margin obtusely 80 rounded; posterior margin wide, direct; basal margin straight, parallel with the ligament margin; summits rather prominent; disks smooth, with a few very small tubercles on the posterior side; epidermis olive- yellow, very broadly rayed with green; within white. SYNONYMES. U. prasinus, Vob. New Fresh Water Shells, p. 44. May, 1834. U. scnootcrarrensis, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 149, pl. ii. fig. 9. Sept. 1834. Cab. A. N. S. No. 1128. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Scioto river, Indiana. The specimen of this shell in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences was brought by Mr. Schoolcraft from Fox river, of Green Bay—others are in the collection of Mr. Hyde. The species differs from U. bullatus, Raf., in being of a suborbicular out- line, more compressed, with much less prominent beaks and fewer tubercles. ‘Some specimens have a few rather large tubercles near the base. UNIO NODULATUS. Pirate XLV.—-Fic. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell suborbicular, slightly ventricose, moderately thick; posterior margin direct, retuse in the middle; ligament margin straight, elevated, scarcely declining; disks with two series of distant prominent tubercles; —— st So 4Unio nodulatus, Raf 2. U bullatis Kaf. 37 Sen. by a Pisa ety fA by CONTENTS. Puate XLI._ Fig. 1, Unio subplanus. A Fig. 2, Unio flavus. » AXLIL Unio capax. » ALI. Fig. 1, Unio rudis. my Fig. 2, Unio obliquus. » XALIV. Fig. 1, Unio apiculatus. Pa 3 Fig. 2, Unio prasinus. » XLV. Fig. 1, Unio nodulatus. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ANADONTA. ANADONTA CARINIFERA. Shell narrow, elliptical, compressed, thin and fragile; anterior side narrow, rounded at the extremity; posterior side produced, subcunei- form, truncated at the extremity; hinge margin long, straight, elevated or slightly ascending, from anterior to the posterior extremity; beaks not elevated above the dorsal line; basal margin straight in the middle; colour of epidermis olive-green inferiorly, darker above; hinge margin without a callous. Length, 2} inches; height, 13 inch. Inhabits rivers in Kentucky. This species is in the fine collection of my friend Mr. John Phillips, who informs me that it is from the Ohio or one of its tributaries below Louisville. It has much the outline of Unio carinifera of Lam. (the common variety of U. complanatus,) but is proportionally more elon- gated, and the posterior extremity resembles that of Unio declivis, except that it is truncated at the tip. Unio gibbosus, var. perobliquus, pl. xxvii. fig. 2, I have ascertained to be a species; it.will therefore take the name of Unio perobliquus. NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, &c. For sale by J. Dorson, a few copies of this work, which contains coloured illustrations of bivalve and univalve shells, and embraces a monography of the genus Anculotus. Most of the species described — in this book were obtained by the author in Alabama. NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. Just Published, and for sale by J. Dobson, 108 Chesnut Street, NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY; OR A DESCRIPTION OF: THE REPTILES INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. BY JOHN EDWARDS HOLBROOK, M. D. Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Member of the Royal Medicai Society of Edinburgh, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the New York and Baltimore Lyceums of Natural History. Vol. I. royal 4to. with splendid Coloured Plates. This beautiful work will consist of four volumes, royal quarto, illus- trated by numerous finely coloured plates—price $10 per volume, Vo. 10. MONOGRAPHY OF THE FAMILY UNIONID£A, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA, ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD, CURATOR OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— NEW YORK: HALL & VOORHIES, 118 NASSAU STREET.--LONDON. O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.— HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. May 1838. 81 posterior slope dilated, with nodules towards the margin; beaks slightly elevated, granulate at tip; epidermis olive-brown and rather smooth; within white; cardinal teeth large and prominent; lateral teeth subrectilinear. SYNONYMES. U. nopunata, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 41, pl. Ixxxi. figs. 17, 18. Poulson’s translation, p. 42. Say. Amer. Conch., No. 6. Ferrus. Mag. de Zool. U. pustutatus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 79, pl. vii. fig. 9. Cab. A. N. S., No. 1755. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Ohio river and its tributaries. It 1s related to U. bullatus and U. Morton. From the for- mer it differs in the regularity of its tubercles, in the dilatation of the posterior slope, and in the absence of the broad green ray on the umbo. From the latter it may be distinguished by the same characters, and, in addition, by the want of a broad depression or furrow, which characterizes U. Mortoni. Rafinesque’s outlines of this shell, though rude, are characteristic enough; and his description, though short, perfectly clear and applicable to this species only. UNIO BULLATUS. Pirate XLV.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elevated, equilateral, inflated, irregularly tu- berculated on the middle and posterior slope; medial tubercles generally large; substance of the shell thick; beaks elevated and granulated at tip; ligament slope descending, short; posterior margin direct, nearly straight; epidermis bright brown, a single broad in- terrupted green ray passes from the apex to the middle of the disk; within white; lateral teeth very short, straight, thick and oblique. SYNONYMES. U. suttata, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 41. Poul- son’s trans., p. 43. U. verrucosus atsus, Hild. Silliman’s Journ., vol. xiv. p. 289. U. pustutosus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 76, pl. vil. fig. 7. Cabs. ING Sie VOC AVTS: OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Ohio and its tributaries, Alabama and Black Warrior rivers. This common species is easily recognised, and will be found to differ con- stantly from U. prasinus by its more elevated and ventricose form and more numerous tubercles. It wants the furrow of the Mortoni, and is besides dis- tinguished by its green ray and larger tubercles. The white colour of the nacre is remarkably constant, Lunio nodulatus, haf 2.U. hullatius, Raf, a en AOR : if ae te {ny i i me rh Pos i ' me nt i Wi i ae nN if / a yp , A uF Huh M { # i LUnia sboge rious, Hof. 2 umtlo dromas, Lea. 83 as I have never found it to vary ina great number of specimens, which is seldom the case in most other species. A variety is remarkably abundant in the Black Warrior river, at Erie, Alabama. Mr. Say has referred this species to U. nodulosus, Wood, but the figure of that shell in Wood’s Con- chology appears to me to represent a very different species. UNIO STEGARIUS. Prats XLVI.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elevated, ovate; valves thick, with concentric furrows and ridges; disk with a narrow, not deeply impressed furrow from beak to base; umbo and beaks inclining forward; lunule large, ovate-acute, very dis- tinct; beaks pointed and incurved; umbonial slope carinated over the umbo; epidermis yellowish-brown, with crowded, fine, green dotted rays, and broad rays, composed of large dots; posterior margin direct; within white; cardinal plate greatly dilated; cardinal teeth direct, deeply sulcated; muscular impressions small. SYNONYMES. U. sreearia, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 46. Poulson’s translation, p. 51. Say, Amer. Conch., No. 6. Ferr., Mag. de Zool. U. rrroratus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. ili. p. 269, pl. v. fig. 5. Cab. A. N. S., No. 1122. 84 OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Ohio, Scioto, Wabash, and more rarely the rivers of Tennessee. I have not observed ‘it so far south as the Tennessee river, in Alabama. It is a very beautiful species, remarkable for its very numerous dotted rays and its regular and graceful outline, which approaches that of U. retusus. UNIO DROMAS. Pirate XLVI.—F ie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell obliquely ovate; disks flattened above, and with a very prominent concentric angular ridge in the middle; a slight furrow from beak to base on the posterior side; beaks prominent, summit rather wide, flattened; lunule angular; epidermis yellowish-brown, with very numerous green interrupted capillary rays, and a few broad rays; within white; cavity shallow. SYNONYME. U. promas, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. v. p- 182, pl. x. fig. 29. : Cab. A. N. S., No. 20416. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits Harpeth and Cumberland rivers, ‘Tennes- see; Elk river, near the muscle shoals, Alabama. I have not found it further south. My father, many years since, received this elegant 1Unia steqarins, Taf. 4.Unto dromas, Led. Yi t jUnio sublentus, Say. 2 Ugeutissimus Lea 3.U.conradius, Lea. 85 species from Harpeth river, Tennessee. It cannot be confounded with U. stegarius, in consequence of its remarkable gibbose disk. The rays are more strongly marked than those of the latter species; the disk is never tuberculated, whilst the stegarius is sometimes covered with tubercles, as Mr. Lea has stated in his remarks upon the dromas. A single valve in my cabinet measures about four inches from beak to base. UNIO SUBTENTUS. Pruate XLVII.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong-suboval, very widely and slightly con- tracted at base; summits hardly elevated, decorti- cated, obtusely rounded; posterior basal angle a little prominent, rounded; posterior dorsal slope with nu- merous subramose, slightly arcuate, oblique, parallel coste; epidermis with broad interrupted green rays, sometimes obsolete; within reddish-fulvous; cavity of the umbo not deep; cardinal teeth somewhat direct, not transverse; lateral teeth slightly arcuate. SYNONYME. U. suntentus, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. v. p. 130. Amer. Conch., pl. xv. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20417. OBSERVATIONS. Mr. Say observes, “in general outline, this shell 86 has some resemblance to U. purpureus, Nob.; but it is distinguished by many characters, and more ob- viously by the character of the anterior costated margin. It is a native of South Carolina,* and was sent to me by Professor Vanuxem, who obtained it from the North Fork of the Holston river.” Dr. William Blanding presented me with specimens from Nollichucky river, Tennessee, the largest of which is nearly destitute of the posterior ribs. I found a few dead shells on the bank of Elk river, near the muscle shoals, Alabama. UNIO ACUTISSIMUS. Pirate XLVII.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell narrow-elliptical; posterior side produced, gradually narrowed to a point; valves thin; posterior side with parallel furrows extending from the umbo- nial slope to base; posterior slope with slightly arcuate ribs and furrows; umbonial slope carinated; beaks not elevated above the dorsal line; epidermis yellow- ish, with green dotted rays; within yellowish, highly polished, exhibiting the ribs of the exterior. SYNONYME. U. acutissimus, Zea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 89, pl. x. fig. 18. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20418. *Mr. Vanuxem informs me that he found it in Virginia. beswesat { ee RSID sige GSE pecan 9 [y) 1Unio sublentus, Say &. Coeutissimus Lec. 3. Ucon radius, Lea. * 1 besa lively iy Sh ete eV oe pees 3 a 87 OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Alabama and Black Warrior rivers: rare. This is one of the smallest species of Unio, and resembles the young of the conradius, but is much more elongated. Mr. Lea observes that the lateral teeth are single in each valve; but the specimens be- fore me have the usual form of a divided tooth in the left valve. ‘The epidermis is marked with pale green zig-zag lines, and the furrows on the disk are some- times obsolete or wanting. I found two fine indi- viduals at the village of Erie, Greene county, Ala- bama, on a bar in the Black Warrior river. UNIO CONRADIUS. Pirate XLVII.—Fie. 5. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, basal margin straight or slightly emarginate; ligament margin slightly declining; valves rather thin, with undulations on the posterior side, sometimes obsolete; posterior slope with arcuate ribs; beaks very slightly prominent and undulated, decorticated; epidermis finely wrinkled, yellowish- brown, with numerous green rays; within inclining to salmon colour; very iridescent and furrowed pos- teriorly. SYNONYME. U. conrapius, Zea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. v. p- 63, pl. ix. fig. 23. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20419. 88 OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits Flint river, Alabama, near its junction with the Tennessee river, and is common in the vicinity of Nashville, Tennessee. This small species is related to U. subtentus, but is very obviously dis- tinct. It is proportionally shorter than the acutissimus, and has more obvious beaks, but young individuals much resemble the latter species, as may be observed in fig. 4. In some specimens the posterior undula- tions are large and profound, in others more nume- rous and not so distinct. UNIO INTERRUPTUS. Pirate XLVIII. DESCRIPTION. Shell subtriangular, disks flattened; umbones broad, flattened, summits obtusely rounded; posterior slope much depressed; umbonial slope abruptly rounded, nearly terminal; epidermis brownish-yellow, wrinkled, except on the umbo; rays numerous, narrow, inter- rupted, of a dark olive colour; on the umbonial and posterior slopes consisting of series of small quad- rangular spots; within white; cardinal and lateral teeth very robust; anterior and posterior muscular impressions deeply impressed. SYNONYMES. U. interrupta, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 36. Say. Amer. Conch., No. 6. Ferr. Mag. de Zool. U. srevipens, Zea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 75, pl. vi. fig. 6. Cab. v1. N. S., No. 1114. U inte rruptu 3, Rafinesque. | , . = } ' ; i = . ? _ 49 an Pat > te, > . s ~ ao A = ~ ~ “af & a “as ~ é * ae f * \, JS \ rs fF \ m™. f \ oo en ie | ; v ao = \ i | ~~ = 4 a ee mre Qu ip U plexus. 2 Uhclterodon, Lea. 3.U constrictus, Conrad. 89 OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits Cumberland river near Nashville, 'Ten- nessee, and Elk river, near the muscle shoals, Ala- bama. In outline it somewhat resembles Unio hneolatus, but more nearly approaches the penitus. The rays, very wide umbo, and the proportionally shorter out- line distinguish it from the latter species. ‘The lower figure represents the female. UNIO PLEXUS. Pirate XLIX.—Fies. 1, 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell suboval, ventricose; posterior margin trun- cated or obtusely rounded; posterior slope with nar- row ribs; umbo flattened, with longitudinal undula- tions; umbonial slope subangulated; beaks eroded, not prominent; epidermis nearly black, wrinkled; within purple; cardinal teeth direct; anterior muscular impression very rough. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20421. OBSERVATIONS. This species was sent from Vera Cruz by the American consul, Dr. Marmaduke Burrough. I am unacquainted with its habitat. The larger speci- men, of which an outline is given on the plate, much resembles U. niger, but the undulations on the um- bones, the proportional length in the smaller speci- M 90 men, and other characters, render it sufficiently distinct. It has, perhaps, more general resemblance to Unio trapezoides than to any other species. UNIO HETERODON. Pirate XLIX.—Fie. 3. DESCRIPTION. Shell rhomboidal-ovate, ventricose, valves thin; ligament margin short, elevated, parallel with the basal margin; umbonial slope rounded; beaks decor- ticated; basal margin straight in the middle; posterior extremity rounded or very obtusely angulated, a little above the line of the base; within bluish; cardinal tooth in the left valve trilobed; in the right valve, single, elongated, oblique, compressed; lateral teeth shghtly curved, double in the right valve. SYNONYME. U. neteropon, Zea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. ili. p. 428, pl. viii. fig. 11. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20425. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the Schuylkill and other rivers in Penn- sylvania. This interesting little species was first found by Messrs. Mason and Hyde, and my father suggested the name of heterodon, which Mr. Lea has adopted. It is related to U. viridis and compressus, but the double cardinal teeth being in the right valve will distinguish it from every other species. 49 1U plexus, ey, Uhelerodon, SHG he UWE eon striclus , Contd’. ' f eh, or ey oe aa? ae i : ae y Vey (te | j f ee ODay WTA PY; a ae i in ae CUA amc Nh eon Tee, y SP es MAN Nt J j P| h Wi cay apne F ; : Aa Nh ; yh is Ue 4 a DSH AMINO Ra iaane vi ' eye wei “f Nh ny i { i is Tom my Ti 4 it ay i aut ie la ; hut! W NG , i : + Pa cate AEE MR Ss ae hail ; x Pa UU eh MW ah b/ dae (lay penn a i i ; Hon he ee ‘ ‘ wah n't ah at “va hy | MCAT OR Pie ; " i Hy nay meats Bari i ea a vane allay Fis bae BW A ei y MA ie \ WA “i i yi | 1 we My \ iin, IO p : i : + “ ( H ieee Mia Wy) ; ; an m iy may Pip h | ’ ee), Cee ote oe mn ” i A 4 au An 4 t i 1 ih j tn . ri Ai Lil ' mn 7 pe | 1 j : , Liane i ile hie | i a mi " 1, | ’ _f i ea iy ; * toy Fl 2 ea Me : ma Nite i ety, - = od a Ty pee i u ; e ", oi, =e ||| Lh i eral a . bhi ip! : Nis rite : Vial ec’ ay bil, : i oe at it vy ; Ki Bi yy We : i \ r Dione a) iat a "| ( | a Loe e | ae F OT orl WAT tea abi AS ey pes He a f ) Bo ig ur f 4 . \ i a th t Fal bona e 49 ) UG Hh A sn Arlerodon Led. 3. constrichus, Conrad. Es 91 UNIO LIENOSUS. VARIETY CONSTRICTUS. Pirate XLIX.—Fie. 4. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, ventricose; beaks rather prominent, undulated, distant from the anterior margin; posterior side furrowed, contracted at base; posterior angle much above the line of the base; epidermis obscurely rayed; within white; cardinal teeth robust. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20423. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits North river, Rockbridge county, Virginia. Several specimens of this variety exhibit the peculiar groove on the posterior side, which has suggested the name. In other respects it agrees with U. lineosus of the south-western streams, except that the cardi- nal teeth are more robust. UNIO STRAMINEUS. Pratre L.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate, ventricose; disk with coarse prominent lines of growth; umbo with numerous undulated plice; umbonial slope undefined; ligament margin elevated; 92 anterior side slightly contracted or furrowed from beak to base; basal margin slightly emarginate; epi- dermis straw-coloured, polished; within white; car- dinal teeth double in each valve; lateral teeth slightly arcuate. SYNONYME. U. srramineus, ob. New Fresh Water Shells, pl. vii. fig. 3. Cab. A. N. &., No. 20420. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits brooks or mill streams in Greene county, Alabama. This species may be compared to some varieties of si/iquoideus, but is sufficiently distinct, being desti- tute of rays on the disk, and having remarkably prominent lines of growth. The szliquoideus has not been found in Alabama. UNIO PATULUS. Puatre L.—Fic. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate; convex anteriorly, and compressed and cuneiform posteriorly; substance of the shell thick on the anterior and thin on the posterior side; beaks not terminal, prominent, undulated, almost contigu- ous; umbonial slope undefined or obtusely rounded; epidermis brownish-yellow, with broad interrupted green rays composed of fasciculi of hair like lines; within white; cardinal teeth, in the left valve pro- LU. straminews, Cx 2.U patu lus, bea. ai alts ayia) Ca it a hve etl _ ni Welt he a ie a . ry ss on on et Mi a) i as i) ini a. i 7 i a. a ae > m a hanya ty i a m ae uw ; a Te Hy i Hl i, " A} i‘ Barca, i Hs) ce dee i 7 1 rn Haat ii ‘i hit ea me F 0 any AV f ay em 7 hae 5 nt ie i) iy f mye Wa a wy 1h. a Ae ARAMA a et se are a i . rae TR us ot i fe OL ne an K ee og & : ; : Na Tl . oan 7 ‘io " Wi i) ef x , ey i ie ui MG Bis ' sin we a ve a ae ip . oy \. ie if f ne ( jeg lt ua uy) i ; i : a: : : a; d Pyar At aL aii Mt oH NM n i ny fe eh ny i my - bi re. ae Aged 7 hi ‘otll a KAN hay , we wi gi ial a ‘hia 7 “i "” a ie ar im i Aaa ei Ae? ff r ik v 7 4 7 wi I Le a ay is: i a Sy Mh rh 7 ae ie if e ai ae ye ; oe i at if i sh if mee i : wi im. —_ oi - : iy Pala filswe ns pie nie: Al a ny ma wie rm i ni ie Mi , * i Laan Pal i > re ay 1 Ni Aa AH f h : a i: me 7 BA , . ny by - ur c 7 coe at oy) Ly aa ‘a ay Ay . Dy om - ? - 4) 1 a) iw ey ( Hy, hai ' a i uaipal i iy i ay oe | fh iD Thy Neem a iin Alt uc ee iu oe aan : om ee ® ne - =a A “pe . i ah ie ai a. oe My, ts ae Nites bin} 7 Ss et toa i ih ADA, : Pn FAA ae i 4 a deal oe 7 i. A Be gi a er Tul oo ce a a ‘aan a pn AY war ter bby i q a cinvagil ih ou a ee MRNA Ie ges in' MMRE Fea Sn ke P ’ ey Lilt i all ye it Mg - " it “ ey on vi. : ey _ tt ny ev a v ; a , jute ro. ey na cs), or hs ; : m Ml) oy) a, ; ay ae " Mi ia ¥ a i) i Mf m i wu a an > Hy ’ “ie i ; Un Wing i uni _ to it jam cain Aa i y bi | re ee oe a : re Tea ta Ae, aii a BN} +S 0S a Per a ay, | es a i) ney "a ae ne hy 1 - in, Z 4 * - ce an i } "ie nice Z ¥ ieee Ro : iV | Se, os a hae my ah ll i. ae Paw . 7 an oy oe iid 6 a 3 Bi a + is \ 7 icone hae * a : aa if 1} > tae Pa if art! q in a tie Pit a Hay “inl em a ag i ie ee ey a ‘aa Aw i, ea A) 7 ey ala hail ‘in a > _ cal aes a >) 4 ry aN os ie 7 vo i Sy id : ah 4 hs: Neg err at iat mae a sbi aie ) ant nt i ¥ i ae , th Ewa - Fm, 7 rivet gy we es * a ia i) 4 ¥ in Wie - : a : - Oy A se mr Ay” am a en 4 he Pin han non ey _ i i Pad iT é Lay iy i ne Bs. ¥ Mi Mae Ver " so ie Pi fn Zt = “J 8 _ we “i - iw ), ae yall wn La dias yt . \ ae a me wm ™ it pert a - orm ATR ae on uve Ps mene 7 i Th eats i, , Aileg a= , iP p } iy i om oni wa i. \ ae ht nites weal re wee My ie nee die + 9 ive i" | Lit i J i = ’ an i ry te hei iemeae D4 A ale ; 7 oe - a in whe nd gi hyd a big ae : igh tba tapi 2 pitigas ‘i ae . i. ih a Sv0r eh oy ot inn v* ai “h aay Weel i ma Tokers es oy a - sai ihe. Te, as bight oe er in ee \ Cian g: ees ¥ Mlle. Je We Be hy wat ji ups A: — Lad pale ” i yy! 01 9 lait = a er See: a ey oe ae ee ee Wn eh oeeres, hpi gre oe Rhee ei oe oe a eee en Ailes pu ie een - iy eo nana aan qi i we > ’ A ' te hdl on m9 a “ w 7" i hy ‘oe ie prt he ¥) dua i ill . ee, af 7° : a i ae ee ells ra Yo eed eae) ee ul mee HP “Lee — ie 7 ‘ ve ane ‘ : Ne 7 : nity : co ae hd kPa 7 PAu ne rey SH) - no Mirae Pl AY a D, i. a) aatt He Via Ath my Aue : y a ‘i ST ae Fo ee ei are oe 7 bul , * wad bs Ne ee vy vel ‘i i mot ; a : oe Tea alll he deg iy. advil weiner Ned he i ~ eae cna foes vba i, Ri eas whey api) ad din i. i po a i reali cie "re ne rie he hi ™ fn nie Bas yeaa. ty a, 7 7- 7 cap yi neon ; f seiter Lente healer i ial tae y mors ; a Y ut oe et ae Py i ti a ; rm : pe — , ae ca = ar a es an of pe? dink wn eee 7 mi i - tah Hi cn near ee ee. tees yi 4 auth ye i ' i a " nts ' of Pd mi ies cia eres r am , i oy ; : sae ‘ ee Ree. he 9 ats _ fia 0 wel pet: i bis ch Toren ead nee : ier M a a ey a ore ae ae > a ae a ahs . o ee eS nye : ay ie, i o 4 a ' iF : or : i ele eeu a n my a et y oe “re ae Si ol ae ial : i a i i, ! ie | elute : he au } ee AN oe uy ee "i a orm mt 4 . . f gl iy h bi Bn aa ee ee le nO ‘ ri a rae ‘a , ie ae ae Ay a hi hk da ae . Bi - v2 a ss pile ee cr Be) ; ah ne cana iy mo , My i Ml ta, Res 7 oa ae mi i : ms oe | ate 7 Pig 7 an , ray 7 Bis co hi Vee iv a re Di it bi Dat } i My r _ avi mt pa a a iyi Meet SAITAMA diye oy dl ‘en i om ; eis aes a ny lh ve i a wn f " mili hen si, te. ae ae Birgu Way ii. Lf ae hod. PO, ene ‘gail me Unio Hembeli, Conrad. 93 foundly diverging; in the right valve single, robust, sulcated; lateral teeth rectilinear. SYNONYME. U. patuxus, Zea. ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iii. p- 441, pl. xii. fig. 20. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20424. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the rivers of Tennessee and Kentucky, and appears to be comparatively rare. It may be distinguished from U. clava by its less oblique and more compressed form; and the beaks are less pro- minent and not terminal. The beaks are acutely pointed at the apex, and nearly touch each other; and they are somewhat flattened on the summit and have tubercular undulations. It is probable that U. oviformis is but a variety of this species. UNIO HEMBELI. Prate LI.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, convex, posterior extremity angular, much above the line of the base; posterior slope with obtuse undulations; beaks eroded, scarcely elevated above the dorsal line; umbonial slope undefined; epi- dermis dark brown, becoming black with age, much wrinkled; within white; cardinal teeth robust, double in each valve, direct, profoundly striated. Cab. A. N. §., No. 20422. 94. OBSERVATIONS. Many specimens of this shell was sent from New Orleans in company with the declivis, Mortoni, pur- puratus, &c., but the locality was not given. It has some affinity with the subtentus, but is thinner in sub- stance, and differs widely in the posterior angle. It is never rayed, whilst that species has well marked interrupted rays. Some specimens which are desti- tute of the undulations on the posterior slope might be confounded with U. complanatus. It is named in compliment to my friend William Hembel, Esq., Vice-President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. END OF VOL. I. UNIO FASCIATUS, OVATUS, - CLAVA, - DECISUS, - REFLEXUS, FLEXUOSUS, - PHILLIPSII, METANEVRUS, MORTONI, FRAGOSUS, - COSTATUS, RETUSUS, - PARVUS, - GLANS, - SILIQUOIDEUS, RADIATUS, - PECTOROSUS, FASCIOLUS, - CONGARAUS, MASONI, - COCCINEUS, CATILLUS, . PRODUCTUS, LANCEOLATUS, RECTUS, - CRASSUS, - VIRIDIS, - OCHRACEUS, - NASUTUS, ICTERINUS, - CARIOSUS, MYTILOIDES, - DILATATUS, TUBERCULATUS, DECLIVIS, BLANDINGIANUS, PERSONATUS, CORDATUS, - wewmranmnuranr FP WwWNH = COT 2 OE OP OO ee ee OP WHO DK COMO DWOITIAAOP EP wOwWWH DK KH COS woe Ve DOK VKH VN KH YDS woe OH WO KH DW = woe Oo = UNIo NIGER, - GIBBOSUS, - PEROBLIQUUS, TERES, - SAGERI, - LAPILLUS, - FRAGILIS, ALATUS, - INFLATUS, LEPTODON, - ELLIPSIFORMIS, LIENOSUS, - STAPES, - INTERMEDIUS, OCCIDENTALIS, COLLINUS, - SOWERBY ANUS, POLITUS, - NEXUS, - GREENII, - SHEPARDIANUS, COMPRESSUS, - CAPSFORMIS, SUBPLANUS, - FLAVUS, - CAPAX, - RUDIS, - OBLIQUUS, - APICULATUS, PRASINUS, - NODULATUS, BULLATUS, - STEGARIUS, DROMAS, - SUBTENTUS, ACUTISSIMUS, CONRADIUS, INTERRUPTUS, PLEXUS, - HETERODON, - LIENOSUS, STRAMINEUS, - PATULUS, HEMBELI, - PAGE. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 60 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 PL 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 4] 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 50 51 FIG. WO = DO — DO = © = WO = wo = oO — woe OK WO — HS Kw Ll oC | 1 SVG JE ‘\ > ie Ve A nf a R’ ys it ’ a yr aeeebanalty' Hh, \ Hany Y re PAGE. PL. FIG _ Uyio CERINUS, - Eh a : E 95 52 i LATIRADIATUS, : : ¢ 3 2 i SUBINFLATUS, - - - - : ANGUSTATUS, - 2 2 2 2 : EXCULTUS,- - - : 2 Po euuus : EA. hey ae F = + weninvs, - > E o a SaYanus, - - : a er: ERRATA, Bde "Page 2, tenth line from the bottom, for “near the ‘cardinal tne read see _~ towards the cardinal line, -_ ea Sag ‘ , ninth line from top, for ‘* cyclops,” er cyelips: a or an ond line from top, for ‘ “destructive,” read — ee uder Unio exenlius, read pl. LY., for “LIV.” 10 under U. pullus, read pl, LV., for “env. » ander U. melinus, Te pl. LVI., for “LV.” q U. — read ph. LVI., for “LV.” CON T ENP Ss i in| Puare XLV. Fig. 2; Unio bullatus. a3 XLVI. Fig. 1, Unio stegarius. ie Fig. 2, Unio dromas. » ALVIL Fig. 1, Unio subtentus. H) ft Fig. 2, Unio acutissimus. » Fig. 3, Unio conradius. » X&LVIII. Unio interruptus. pa XLIX. Figs. 1, 2. Unio plexus. ip Fig. 3, Unio heterodon. ze is Fig. 4, Unio lienosus. Pe Lz Fig. 1, Unio stramineus. 5 Fig. 2, Unio patulus. - LI. Fig. 1, Unio hembeli. ee eS en ee ae NEW FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, &ec. For sale by J. Dosson, a few copies of this work, which contains coloured illustrations of bivalve and univalve shells, and embraces a monography of the genus Anculotus. Most of the species described in this book were obtained by the author in Alabama. NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY. Just Published, and for sale by J. Dobson, 108 Chesnut Street, NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY; —) -OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE ; REPTILES INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. BY JOHN EDWARDS HOLBROOK, M. D. Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Member of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the New York and Baltimore Lyceums of Natural History. Vol. I. royal 4to, with splendid Coloured Plates. This beautiful work will consist of fowr volumes, royal quarto, illus- © trated by numerous finely coloured plates—price $10 per volume. | Sk a ee Vo. 11. MONOGRAPHY FAMILY UNIONID&, OR NAIADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) OF NORTH AMERICA. . {ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. s . + BY T. A. CONRAD. MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA; PALAZONTOLOGIST OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ETC, PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PITTSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co.— LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.—HAMBURGH: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E, G. DORSEY, PRINTER. November, 1838. Men, ee T . . Unio cerinws, Conrad. UNIO CERINUS. Pirate LILI. DESCRIPTION. Shell triangular, subrhomboidal, compressed; disks flattened, shghtly undulate; ligament margin slightly declining; posterior margin obliquely truncated, ex- tremity obtusely angulated; umbonial slope angulated; beaks decorticated, not prominent; anterior margin truncated above; basal margin widely and slightly emarginate; epidermis brownish-yellow; within white with wax-yellow stains; cardinal teeth direct, robust, single in one valve and double in the other; lateral teeth rectilimear. OBSERVATIONS. A few specimens of this species were sent me from New Orleans by Mr. Josiah Hale. It probably in- habits the waters of Louisiana, not far from New Orleans. The two most characteristic species of Louisiana were contained in the box of specimens, U. Mortom and U. Hydianus, Lea, and also U. Hembeli. It has a general resemblance to U. flavus and sub- planus; from the former of which it may be distin- guished by its much less prominent beaks, more compressed disks and proportionally longer outline: it differs from the latter in having a broader umbo, emarginate base, longer ligament margin, less oblique posterior margin, truncated anterior margin, and more robust cardinal teeth. Old shells have some- N 96 what the outline of U. niger, as represented in the lower figure. UNIO LATIRADIATUS. Prats LIII. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, rather thin; posterior side produced, extremity obtuse, and subangulated; umbonial slope rounded, undefined; beaks slightly prominent, with rather coarse angulated plice; basal margin arcuate; posterior margin rectilinear and very oblique; epider- mis yellow, polished, with very broad and intermediate slender green interrupted rays; within white, highly iridescent; cardinal teeth direct, pyramidal; posterior side shewing the exterior rays through the substance of the shell. SYNONYME. U. interruptus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. vi., pl. vi., p. 15, fig. 15. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits streams in the vicinity of Nashville, Ten- nessee. I have received a fine series through the kindness of Richard O. Currey and Samuel M. Edgar of Nashville. The species is remarkable for the broad interrupted rays, and resembles in this charac- ter and in general aspect U. tenzatus; it is, however, a thinner and less ventricose, as well as more elon- Qn Unio latiradiatus, Con. BO Pte a An LY Hy i aan led rene aa A ate TOR De pes UP if aa ay) "a Ay f al * yi u ae) ie ae ne PA ae wh AY sa allah Meegbt me | ai avis Ch aes MIRC i ihn i Bry ay ne) AU As AL il ta a ee |) tt joo, i, « mi is ial ei . Ae aon os hit r Tenb, - EVE MACKAE Iara dese: 7 LUnio sub inflict us,C. 2.0 an gust ttus, Lea. oF gated shell, and will hardly be confounded with it. The name interruptus cannot be retained for this shell, since, if Rafinesque’s species be rejected, it must be applied to the trapezoides of Lea, in right of priority, as the latter was described by Say under the name of interruptus. The largest specimen measures 3+ inches in length. UNIO SUBINFLATUS. Pirate LIV.—Fi1e. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell ovate-oblong, posterior side slightly ventri- cose; ligament margin elevated, slightly ascending; umbones very wide; beaks distant from the anterior margin, not in the least prominent, decorticated; anterior margin rounded, not very obtuse; umbonial slope scarcely angulated; posterior extremity obtuse, direct; epidermis reddish-brown and _olivaceous, smooth, with unequal green rays; within pale purple; cardinal teeth robust, not very promment, sulcated; lateral teeth arcuate, rather thick. | SYNONYME. U. coMPLANATUs, variety susInFLATUS, Nob. New Fresh Water Shells, Appendix, p. 5, pl. ix., fig. 2. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20426. OBSERVATIONS. I found this species several years since in the Savannah river, at Augusta, Georgia, and considered 98 it a variety of U. complanatus, but a re-examination of the specimens has led me to regard it as a distinct species. It is proportionally longer, and may always be recognised by its elevated ligament margin, and the remarkable inflation of the upper part of the umbonial slope. ‘The sinus of the cartilage is much shorter than in the variety of the allied species which it most nearly resembles, (U. cariniferus, Lam.) the posterior margin more oblique, and the umbo is much wider; it has also more robust and much less promi- nent cardinal teeth; a much smoother and less wrinkled epidermis, and the imterior is never dark purple. UNIO ANGUSTATUS. Pirate LIV.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, elongated, ventricose; disks slightly contracted obliquely from beak to base; ligament and basal margins parallel; anterior dorsal margin ele- vated, obtusely rounded at tip; posterior margin rectilinear, profoundly oblique; extremity obliquely truncated, the inferior angle or tip acute; considera- bly above the line of the base; umbonial slope angu- lated, rectilmear; beaks decorticated, slightly promi- nent, acute, approximate; basal margin slightly contracted in the middle, epidermis brown olivaceous, obscurely rayed; within pale chocolate colour and To. ( \ ‘ \. NEE ee \ 4 Unio subinflatus, C. 2.0 angustatus, Lea. Pa thas i A ein pas 7 Ty she (ae Lary 2. A eye ‘ Be ee rly A = ant) Can 99 highly polished; cardinal teeth very prominent, ob- lique; lateral teeth long and rectilinear. SYNONYME. U. aneustatus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 114, pl. xvii. fig. 43. OBSERVATIONS. Inhabits the tide waters of South Carolina. It has, perhaps, more general resemblance to U. nasutus and Fisherianus than to any other species, but is too ob- viously distinct to need a careful comparison with either. I doubt whether it occurs in any stream north of the Carolinas. UNIO EXCULTUS. Pirate LIV.—F te. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell subrhomboidal, thin, ventricose; ligament margin straight, rounded at tip, scarcely oblique; beaks rather distant, slightly prominent, decorticated, with traces of oblique plice, and distant from the anterior extremity; anterior margin regularly rounded; posterior margin rectilinear, very oblique; extremity truncated or obtusely rounded, scarcely angulated; epidermis olive-brown, with dark concentric bands, polished; within bluish, with wax-yellow stains, and highly iridescent; cardinal teeth compressed, elon- 100 gated, very oblique; the posterior lobe of the tooth in the left valve rudimentary and remote; muscular im- pressions large, the anterior ones slightly impressed; accessory cacatrix remarkably large. Cab. A. N. S., No. 20427. OBSERVATIONS. The exterior aspect of this shell is remarkably lke that of an Anodonta, and the resemblance is main- tained in the highly polished and iridescent interior; but the teeth are remarkably well defined for so thin a shell; middle aged shells have very nearly the out- line of U. Sayanus, but cannot be confounded with that species, on account of their large size, polished and iridescent interior and very different cardinal teeth. It differs from U. tetralasmus, Say, in being portionally shorter and wanting the important cha- racter of a double lateral tooth in each valve. Like that species, the sayanus and camptodon, it has very oblique plicze on the beaks. Several specimens of different ages were sent me from New Orleans by Mr. Josiah Hale. UNIO PULLUS. Pirate LIV.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell elliptical, inflated, particularly about the umbo and umbonial slope; disks slightly contracted towards the middle; ligament margin elevated, not in a ft i 1Untio excultus.con. 20. pullus, Conrad. aes Sy, Bs he f Grog. est Vd We ‘ f we 4 ‘ i ‘Jj ir ah LAS “ht Wo a ae) you We i a AY ae is [Unio melinus, Con. 2.U. Sapanus, Ward. 101 the least declining; posterior margin very oblique, rectilinear; extremity obtusely rounded, considerably above the line of the base; beaks decorticated, slightly prominent; umbonial slope rounded; epider- mis very dark olivaceous, wrinkled; within chocolate purple; cardinal teeth oblique, single in one valve and double in the other; cavity of the umbo and posterior side very capacious. OBSERVATIONS. A small species found by Dr. William Blanding in the Wateree river, South Carolina. It resembles the U. parvus, but differs in having a much less wrinkled epidermis, and inflated umbonial slope, more obtuse posterior extremity, but more obviously in the dark purple colour of the interior. Since the figure was drawn, I have seen a larger specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Vanuxem, from the Warm Springs of North Carolina. It is less inflated and more regularly elliptical than the Wateree shell. UNIO MELINUS. Prats LV.—F ie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oval, slightly ventricose, moderately thick, slightly contracted from beak to base; beaks promi- nent, with fine crowded undulations; ligament margin elevated, not oblique; posterior margim oblique, ex- tremity obtusely rounded; umbonial slope rounded; 102 epidermis yellow, polished, with numerous obsolete rays; within white; cardinal teeth double in each valve, oblique, prominent; lateral teeth lamellar, very prominent. OBSERVATIONS. I found a few specimens of this species about two years since in Salina lake, New York, and delayed the publication of it in the expectation of obtaining other specimens. ‘The young and adult shells, how- ever, are before me, and present a marked difference to either cariosus or siliquoideus, the two kindred species which abound in the neighbourmg waters. It is proportionally shorter and less inflated than the latter, and differs more obviously in being destitute of distinct rays. It is proportionally longer, less inflated, and has a longer ligament margin than the cartosus; the cardinal teeth are very different. UNIO SAYANUS. Pirate LV.—F ie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell subrhomboidal, rather thin, slightly ventri- cose; beaks prominent, obliquely plicated; anterior margin obtusely rounded; hgament margin scarcely declining, straight, angulated at tip; umbonial slope rounded; posterior margin subrectilinear, oblique, ex- tremity rather acutely angulated, the angle being considerably above the line of the base; basal margin Renal vipat aly cde basen ace iy werritresre [Unio melimus, (in Rieti: SCY NIL, Ward. Pasi \ta fi a fiat seer i Hh Ne oreles ss MH y 4 i, 2 oe Cie we a ne } iy Da Gio Me heats ; i no ‘ ay nye Bhs an ia fa bi ae re bone | Ne 4 Hehe, ws wt The 12th No. is in press and will contain the following new species:— ’ Unio cuneus. ; Shell obliquely cuneiform, very thick; diameter through the umbones remarkably large; within pink. Resembles U. obliguus. Inhabits — Little Red river, Arkansas. Unio metastriatus. A small species resembling U. interruptus, Raf., from the Black Warrior river, Alabama; it has slightly raised radiating: lines on the posterior slope; whence its name. Unio lenis. Obovate, regularly convex; epidermis brown olive, rayed. Inhabits rivers in North Illinois. Distinguished from cariosus by its. dark epi- dermis, rays over the whole disk, &c. Unio planilateris. Oblong subovate, disks flattened; posterior slope with raised lines; Inhabits Black Water, Yadkin and Neuse rivers. Allied to U. con- vareus. Unio iridescens. Elliptical, compressed, thin; epidermis yellow, with rays on the posterior side. Inhabits rivers in North Illinois. Resembles U. fascio- laris in outline. Unio Saxeus. Obovate, ventricose, thin, epidermis dark, vyellowish-irbare rather obscurely rayed. Inhabits.Alabama river at Claiborne. Length 2 ‘inches. Correginda. ; 2 Page 94, first line from top, for ‘“‘was sent” read were sent. ‘* 91, for U. lienosus var. constrictus, read U. constrictus. «38, pl. 18, fiz. 1, is U. fisherianus, Lea. “45, for U. declivis, read U. sayanus, Ward. Nore.—In the Trans. Philos. Soc., Pletodon macmurtrii, nob. referred by Mr Lea to the Jridina ovata, Swain, because Mr. Grae hale them identical. This must be a wilful error on the part of Mr. ea. o ‘Ov 12. MONOGRAPHY OF THE FAMILY UNLONIDE, OR NAIJADES OF LAMARCK, (FRESH WATER BIVALVE SHELLS,) NORTH AMERICA. ? ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN ON STONE FROM NATURE. BY T. A. CONRAD. MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA; PALHONTOLOGIST OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ETC. * PHILADELPHIA: J. DOBSON, 108 CHESNUT STREET. BOSTON: PERKINS & MARVIN.—PIT7TSBURGH: JOHN I. KAY & Co,— LONDON: O. RICH, No. 12, RED LION SQUARE.—PARIS: ARTHUS BERTRAND, FILS, RUE HAUTEFEUILLE No. 23.—HAMBURGH.: PERTHES & BESSER, No. 22, AM JUNGFERNSTIEG. E. G. DORSEY, PRINTER. June, 1840. e ¥ 1 Uato planilate rus. 2.U.melastriatus, Conrad. ry iw hae * x Crete ry ‘ \ sa ‘ . J quit y “iy , Pa ry Pa ‘ 7 a5 «ay ie im x iy ay a Wd 1 wae 103 very slightly contracted anterior to the middle; car- dinal teeth compressed and oblique; within bluish- white. SYNONY MES. U. savi, Ward, Silliman’s Journal, vol. xxxv., pl. 3. fig. 1. U. prciivis, nob., p. 45, pl. xxiii. fig. 1 of this work. OBSERVATIONS. This shell I found several years since in a small stream in Greene county, Alabama, and supposed it to be a perfect specimen of the declivis of Say, but it differs from that species in having a narrower umbo, plicated obliquely on the summit, a lighter coloured and smoother epidermis, and especially in wanting the “rostrum or prominent angle” of Say’s description of U. declivis. It inhabits the canal near Savannah, where it was found by Mrs. Say; also the canal at Louisville, Kentucky. The name was in- advertently given as Sayanus instead of Sayi. — UNIO PLANILATERIS. Prate LVII.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong-subovate, rather thin; disks flattened, compressed anteriorly; ligament margin elevated, parallel with the base, rounded at tip; umbonial slope inflated and angulated; posterior slope flattened, and having on its upper part short, slightly prominent fe) 104 oblique lines; beaks not prominent, eroded; basal margin nearly straight; posterior extremity truncat- ed, direct; epidermis olivaceous, with crowded pro- minent wrinkles, and with rather indistinct green rays; within bluish or purplish; cardinal teeth com- pressed, oblique. OBSERVATIONS. Some specimens of this shell might be readily mis- taken, without close examination, for U. complanatus, but the species is more nearly allied to U. congareus. It differs i having a more elevated ligament margin, an inflated umbonial slope, and is proportionably longer. It is a very abundant species in the Black Water river, Virginia, and occurs also in the Neuse river, North Carolina, where it always has a very rough wrinkled epidermis, of a dark colour. The figure is from a specimen found by Dr. Blanding in the Yadkin river, North Carolina, where it 1s more narrowed posteriorly, smoother, thicker, and has a lighter coloured epidermis than those from the Black Water and Neuse rivers. One specimen is quite thick and salmon coloured within. UNIO METASTRIATUS. Prare LVII.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION: Shell subtriangular, moderately thick; umbo and disk flattened, but forming a strongly arcuate line 4 1 U0 pla nilate ris. 2. Umeltestriatus, Conrad [ lents,. Gon. 105 from beak to base; beaks rather distant from the anterior extremity, eroded; umbo very broad; umbo- nial slope abruptly rounded, nearly terminal; posterior slope with slightly prominent radiating lines; poste- rior margin nearly direct; margin of the tip obtuse; epidermis wrinkled, yellowish brown, with capillary rays over the umbo; within white; cardinal teeth direct, robust; lateral teeth short, rather thick, very distant from the cardinal teeth. OBSERVATIONS. This small species has considerable resemblance to U. interruptus, but the disks are less flattened, the posterior slope much less depressed and wider, the base more arcuated, and it is destitute of distinct dotted rays. I found a few specimens in the Black Warrior river, near Blount’s Springs, Alabama. UNIO CUNEUS. Pirate LVIII.—Frie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell obliquely cuneiform, very thick; diameter through the umbones profound; disks flattened be- hind the middle, and descending wedge-shaped to the posterior extremity, which is obtuse; beaks much eroded, terminal; umbo broad and very prominent; umbonial slope rounded; epidermis dark reddish- brown, rough and much wrinkled; within pink; car- 106 dinal and lateral teeth very thick; posterior cicatrix impressed. OBSERVATIONS. I have seen but one specimen of this Unio, which was found by Mr. Featherstonhaugh in Little Red river, Arkansas, during his investigations of the geology of that region. It has something of the interior colour and general outline of U. catillus, but the diameter through the umbones is far greater. The beaks, if they ever occur perfect, must be ex- ceedingly prominent. UNIO LENIS. Pruatre LVIII.—Frie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell obovate, rather thin, regularly convex; an- terior side narrowed; extremity obtusely rounded; posterior side dilated; ligament margin elevated, forming with the posterior margin an arcuate line; extremity obtusely rounded; base arcuate, profoundly so towards the posterior extremity; umbonial slope rounded; beaks slightly prominent, with rather small plicee, not interrupted by well defined angles; epider- mis brown-olive, wrinkled, with rather distant slender green rays; within white; cardinal teeth crested, oblique, single in one valve, and double in the other; lateral teeth distant from the cardinal teeth. SS art Shenae Ge ee lems, Mia aay, ' 1 } Vii\ alana, tides gt . ute: ae Ry red TAL aay Pack hi if ny ON alee We f oa uf CRT is io ihe i sree at é jor erie en lt ; ia j i pest i ‘ oy MAPA ELE Orr “isto Sali ee Saapaniene ALY Say Del. bowl ee Th CI 107 OBSERVATIONS. This: shell may readily be distinguished from U. carlosus by its darker, less polished, more wrinkled epidermis, more regular convexity of the disks, and by the rays extending over the whole surface, which is very rarely the case with the former; the plicated beaks constitute another point of difference. Two specimens were sent me from Illinois by Dr. Fussel, who found them in the upper part of White river. UNIO HEROS. Prater LIX. DESCRIPTION. Shell oval, somewhat oblong, with large distinct undulations, three or four in number, directed to- wards the posterior margin, and not proceeding di- rectly from the umbo; surface with a few abbreviated transverse lines, placed without any regularity; umbo placed far forward, not prominent, hardly elevated above the general curvature, more or less literate with short irregular lines or slight elevations; hinge margin compressed, nearly rectilinear, prominently angulated or subalated at tip; in the more perfect specimens with numerous connected regular lines, curved to the edge and undulating it; posterior mar- gin rectilinear from the extremity of the hinge margin to the rounded inferior half, and undulated by the tip of the grooves of the disk; anterior margin very short, regularly rounded; base very obtusely rounded, 108) in many specimens a little contracted near the pos- terior termination; within bluish-white, pelaceous. SYNONYMES. U. ueros, Say, Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, vol. ii., p. 291, Sept. 1829. American Conch, No. vii. pl. xvi. U. unputatus, Say, (not Barnes,) American Conch, pl. 16. U. mutripticatus, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (new series) vol. iv. p. 70, pl. iv., 1831. Cab. 4. N. S., No. OBSERVATIONS. Say remarks of this species, that “it resembles the plicatus, nob., but on comparison it will be observed to differ essentially from that common species.” It is, however, more nearly related to the costatus of Rafinesque, with which Say at one time confounded it, although he had previously published it under the name of heros. In his synonomy of the western species of Unio and Alasmodonta, he very properly reclaims the species. It may readily be distinguished from the costatus by the small letter-shaped undula- tions on the umbo, darker epidermis, and by other less obvious characters. ‘Say informs us that it in- habits the Wabash river and tributaries. I am in- debted to Mrs. Say for the use of the beautiful and very accurate plate, originally published in the American Conchology. Deshayes considers this species identical with the undulatus of Barnes, and refers it to U. peruviana, Lam.* * Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 533. a ey ; . ie! oe 1 7 - , » fi Lh ‘ : a na eee i a ie ‘ Pees ie ee ma b ‘ 7 a Bt | 7 f: 7 bil ., bs " fv on Ba" Pi ake ye ae en na ea ; hy H y a, i a 7 ai ; ae v ih hie Raia We ann BY, * Dieta, ay i My * — ; ‘| ot ae ae ole ” ma) ae ie heme ‘i _ a ii ; as ; wy : yt paaeyeeee iy ap a mh yhpiin eas Sat Matt 6) SY ot iM ye ah! : oe ad Bh! anes tan aE whe het) oe A nad a ae Pee oe ca. @ i A. LL) a ae By td Ove ee my Tay obey Sak | ay i in Ale ot a hee i iy me Wr a oe Bei: i ' i 3 i? We ve $5 ae ED Pda eae nye, q 7 rane ne Ay mee ; - hight 7 ’ oe Oh, cine 1! ‘Ga ce 0H oN : ie kos : ; a Fie ihig By vit » AE Vin er. #1 2 - il , iii 4 " rie ne a ‘a ie eae a ; Ms ae ml Rg it a PT, cn TRY ath mis Uae be ' i a, VR a gen at (Ts : ey 7 ¥ ali He fy : a ee or ec et di, 7 o i ts "ih hy a i" Pa 7 a ee it a i RTs Bae TAK tlle, F4 R eo : a oe ‘(js - ” vido : 7 - ae ‘ail ae faded ay wid Wabi ca a ny ‘Ct - ’ ini ; Nagi i 4 si “ mn 6 an i vie m pe Re: ee ee ae a ( wi " mn my " ated We ine ; Le © aa Beh Mey?" a ee ia ri al A - | os a ee ae a a N ; a i 4 r 4 Payal aia a is i o a, Uline dat: a) We Bh, in x ’ eee i mn) oe fe ' Bx 7 i ae rt ne a 7" h Lit}: Pe) : ‘. wn ie ia Lage 7 ae p) bia ia y + my ¥ 7 ; a : . 7 a” he sia nae Maen a ea ie Shea | _ ) ae” ..¥ : a a : ’ ‘1 ¢ Ge ge Ny Aa on MA dO Sc? Lo a i : aa i a one a ib Ny en (ipa ow ae - Le ok Dinas (an Ne Se re aa) i: a rc Y aly ‘ f ar ere A) Par: woe : : iat pda Mh \0 > ics ee if ugh ae Cy ae ee Ce : 1 | re ee ; ort a ve Ae Mi - bition ta _ i hee : y ay 7 a ee, oy Ne ne a 7 Able 4 -_ 7 or a a t ap 4s 7 ‘- a ie q wie hah : a vu Pe ae ie i d wir Wi ame J str Ny Hall it ‘A a fey me ee Ah dew a” ' | Aes p, 5 7 a WI. | on AS Tn ve ihe veer i) , wa Pils be tf " Ww iad i, : , Wa a ¥ an wen uf er : "cr ™ it in. i. i ie ei ‘ ay a it , et ee 7 : ri) : 4 7 ‘ 7 ei ; 7" : ) ’ Papi ib er ny ! y i. | el i an 7, hie uy ge Ae SON Rie Les rd 7 ras 4 ivr ma)! “ ry ie on ice = x a 2 ov 10. Saxeus, Con. 2.U. trabalis, Conrad. 3. U.: collinuws, C. UNIO SAXEUS. Pirate LX.—Fie. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell obovate, ventricose, rather thin; beaks de- corticated, slightly prominent, summits obtuse; um- bonial slope subangulated or obtusely rounded; ligament margin elevated, not oblique; posterior margin obliquely rectilinear or slightly concave; extremity truncated, direct; basal margin regularly arcuated; epidermis yellowish-brown, rather ob- securely rayed; within bluish; cardinal teeth direct, compressed; lateral teeth straight. OBSERVATIONS, I found a few individuals of this species in the summer of 1833 on the shore of the Alabama river at Claiborne, where there is an indurated calcareous platform. ‘They were all dead shells; and like its associate, U. arctatus, this species I never saw on the muddy shores or gravelly bars. UNIO COLLINUS. Pirate LX.—Fie. 3. OBSERVATIONS. Since the publication of this species in a former number of this work, I have received a few specimens 110 from the same locality with the first described, which present the very remarkable character of spines, one on each valve, proceeding in an erect position from near the middle of the disk. In one old specimen there is no trace of these spines, but in the only two middle aged specimens I received the spines are as well developed as represented in the figure. A spi- nous Unio, no doubt the same species, is said to occur abundantly near Columbia in South Carolina. This is a smaller species, less pointed posteriorly, and otherwise distinct from the U. spinosus of Lea. ——— UNIO TRABALIS. Puate LX.—Fie. 2. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, thick anteriorly; anterior side short, margin obtusely rounded; poste- rior side cuneiform, produced, obtusely rounded at the extremity, which is narrow; hinge margin decli- ning; posterior margin slightly contracted just above the extremity of the valve; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope flattened or concave, in old shells furrowed; beaks eroded and rather prominent; basal margin arched; epidermis smooth and polished, dark olive-brown tinted with green, and with dark green unequal rays, not very distinct; within dull white or slightly salmon-coloured anteriorly; bluish and very iridescent posteriorly; cardinal tooth in the right valve very thick and direct, in the left valve the car- OU LU. Saxeus, Con 2.U. trabults, Canad. collinuws, ©. ad) AN Mees i, ig FOSSILS OF THE MEDIAL TERTIARY of the UNITED STATES, by T. A. Conrav. No. 2, containing 12 Plates, recently published and for sale vy J. DOBSON, No. 106 Chestnut street. SS A MONOGRAPH of the FLUVIATILE BIVALVE SHELLS of the RIVER OHIO, containing Sixty-eight Species. Translated from the French of C. S. Rariesaug, by C. A. Pouuson. For sale by J: DOBSON, No. 106 Chestnut street. Generic Labels for Cabinets of Shells. The subseriber respectfully informs Conchologists and Curators of the different Lyceums of Natural History, that he has published, in sheets, complete sets of the names of all the genera of Shells, in such a way that they can be easily cut up into neat labels, of uniform length and breadth. To facilitate the finding of any desired genus, the genera, about 305 in number, have been printed alphabetically.. Each set of genera is accompanied by a set of labels of the six classes of the Mol- lusea, printed on a different coloured paper, and in a larger type.— Price One Dollar per set. E. G. DORSEY, 12 Library street. 111 UNIO TETRALASMUS. Pratre LXI. DESCRIPTION. Shell oblong, elliptic, rather thin, moderately con- vex; beaks but little elevated, decorticated; hinge margin parallel! to the basal margin, subrectilinear; anterior margin regularly rounded; posterior slope with two compressed lines; posterior margin declin- ing in an oblique rectilinear line from the extremity of the hinge margin to the subrostrated tp; basal margin subrectlinear; umbomal slope not prominent; within wiute, iridescent posteriorly and on the mar- vin; numerous minute slightly impressed radiating lines; cardinal teeth transversely long, slender, very oblique; lateral teeth distant from the cardinal teeth, two in each valve, equally prominent in the two valves. SYNONYME U. rerratasuvs, Say. Amer. Conch., pl. xxi. DESCRIPTION I have not seen this species, and have, therefore, copied Say’s deseription in part, and am indebted to the great liberality of Mrs. Say for the use of the plate orginally published in the American Con- ALY Say Delo , jas yoni parelicd ta ihe basal margin, sabrecthness anierie mantga seguterty rounded: postes ins whan with te Wedweate! haee; posterior marge geciias ae qhidyal pectilinves me Irom, Ue exireiy . the. 3 ; idibeeht pretermgty mld we ies: seepens aia dha tie era tiftaaee | Ree Oarelonel ieeth (£87? . wer, Sere” Pp sm infernl lootls qustant frvem the eantumd teeth, | ow Ce Two ercaceciie, Mey Auer Cath pt. wales Ae ‘ i 7™~" Tie “he ah Bio har? unt acer) than optics, asl kate, ' , vs Geehigawe i part, rexel am. rth vx of he - ay, wa iy ~ 7 T # ) : ’ 1 . 7 , . vi . + / = ‘ De we ' ‘ ’ 7 , Auf ot ¥ T - , : 7 ' > ; : . a's vy 7 7 ; ce 1 = Tie * - - ) 7 - - as -_ - A 7 7 : , 7 ¥ 1 Dek; : 5 ' I q = ; sg 7 7 oe v 7 A 7 7 she pht es ergirg - sa peer wpe Wie 5 thendl ean - , : - = . S'e6e)i-o i 0 4 ; <5 ; : 7~ A . « j Wulbnil is 7 ilel shes hl ) a yiees roe 3 ‘ae itm eDiie t of oucty a Ws . ; fa it thay bee es oe : a ball os pas | upader = | ¢4 baled oes.) JT Sees ee 114 pression on the posterior side; middle of the valves with an oblique slightly elevated tuberculated ridge, the tubercles becoming more numerous and promi- nent with age; dorsal margin very oblique, straight; posterior side somewhat produced, the end margin obliquely truncated, extremity truncated obliquely inwards; beaks prominent; epidermis brownish-yel- . low, polished, not rayed; surface with remarkably deep distant lines of growth or furrows; basal mar- gin projecting in the middle and emarginate poste- riorly; within white; cardinal teeth double in one valve, single in the opposite valve, deeply striated and rough; lateral teeth rectilinear and very oblique; anterior muscular impression profound; posterior very slightly unpressed. SYNONYMES U. cypnia, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 39. Poul- son's trans., p. 39. U. gsorvs, Green. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum, vol. i. p. 46, pl. 3. OBSERVATIONS This species is nearly allied to [. cacatricosus, Say, but is very easily distinguished in young and middle aged specimens by the lighter coloured and more polished epidermis. The specimen figured belongs to the cabinet of C. A. Poulson, Esq., in which is also the original specimen described by Rafinesque. Inhabits the Ohio and its tributaries. Dr. Green observes that he obtained eight or ten of these shells from the rivers in the neighbourhood of Pittsburgh. ~ : 7 fe. = 7 air “te = Si sv at ‘nn of fee s Prd aay, eh] : edie, UNIO CICATRICOSUS. Pirate LXIV. DESCRIPTION. Shell subovate; anterior margin very short, hardly extending beyond the beaks, regularly rounded; pos- terior margin rounded, or very obtusely angulated; umbo clevated; fosset behind the beaks moderate, wider than long, not angulated before; disk deeply wrinkled or undulated, with a series of transverse elevations, sometimes separated by small longitudinal lines, so as to resemble, as it were, drops of a liquid, extending from the umbo to the base; within white; cardinal teeth direct. SYNONYMES. U. crcatricosus, Say. New Harmony Disseminator, 1829. U. varicosus, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. iv. p. 100, pl. 11, fig. xx. OBSERVATIONS. “A common species, distinguishable by the single series of transverse elevations on the middle. The allied species are U. cardisce and U. incurvus,*- nob. Amongst the numerous species sent to me by Mr. Barnes, previously to the publication of his paper, * I think these two species have long since been published under the names of cordata and inforta, I therefore suppress the descriptions.” Say. Tine cieatrmcusus ot ipbicreia, ia ep 160, pl, 1 Agate Ss ; -, ~~ ~ (‘henry spe Ine a ‘h 116 was a small valve of this species, but it was then referred as a variety to the convenient but obsolete receptacle of this genus, U. crassus.” Say. It most nearly resembles the preceding, U. cyphius, but may be distinguished by its more triangular ele- vated outline, and more elevated umbo and ligament margin. ‘The posterior furrow is much narrower: the tuberculated ridge is nearest the posterior ex- tremity, which is the reverse in U/. cyphius, and the epidermis is darker and Jess polished. Inhabits the Ohio and its tributaries. The figure is from a fine specimen in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet. UNIO PLICATUS. Pirate LXV. DESCRIPTION. Shell subrhomboidal, very ventricose; posterior side with large oblique irregular folds, profound about the umbonial slope, and but slightly impressed on the posterior slope; ligament margin parallel with the base; posterior margin long, slightly oblique, rounded above, and slightly emarginate towards the extremity, which is obliquely truncated inwards; umbo very prominent, tumid, plicated, nearly terminal; epider- mis blackish or brownish, coarsely striated; within white; cardinal teeth deeply sulcated. ——<—___ a ae —— — < nes ae - SS es —™ —_ y a , ' j > U'. Pheatus = iret - paltrh« J shesdo al. ~ ver) if roan, MiLerie ¥ . ial With largo obtige me pgotnn tol ae - ofcaud about — ; : jo embonsel shop, and tat sigstly wif restund on the : he ioe slopes. hago nent ‘marge. parallel wih ie, acetone searyia long, Nhy/stty obhque. unten A in “fpary mese-t* ’ atromity, Bunqusty truacated imwerde; ambo very. Tex. 7 —- ong ga 117 SYNONYMES. U. puicarus, Say. Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, third American edition, article Conchology. U. raripricatus, Lam. An. sans. Vert., vol. i. p. 71. OBSERVATIONS This shell is most nearly related to U. heros, Say, and U. costatus, Raf. It ditfers from both in having fewer folds and a much more prominent umbo. Tiere is no trace of the fine plicw on the umbo, which so distinctly characterize U. heros, Inhabits the Ohio and its tributaries. I have a remarkably large and perfect specimen, presented by Richard C. Taylor, Esq., who found it with many others in St. Peter’s river, Wisconsin. UNTO CARDIUM. Pirate LXVI. DESCRIPTION. Shell with the posterior side very broad, subtrun- cate; anterior side rapidly narrowed, subangulated; disks very convex; umbones large, rounded, elevated; beaks recurved over the ligament; ligament large and prominent, passing under the beaks; posterior lunule depressed at the margin, fuscous, broad-heart-shaped, longitudinally waved; hinge margin depressed between the beaks; epidermis yellowish-olive, becoming chest- 118 nut-brown on the umbones, rayed with green, more conspicuous in young specimens; in old ones the dark chestnut-brown covers the whole and conceals the rays; surface smooth and shining; within white, iridescent; cardinal teeth broad, prominent, and ob- liquely flattened; lateral teeth broad, elevated, and terminating abruptly posteriorly; muscular impres- sions large; cavity of the beaks unusually large. SYNONY MES. U. carvium, Raf. Ann. gen. des Sc. Phys., vol. v. p. 32, pl. Ixxx. fige. 16, 17, 15, 19. U. ventrricosus, Barnes. Silliman’s Journal, vol. vi. p. 267, pl. 13, fig. 14, a, 6, ¢. U. ovatus, Var. 6. Lam. An. sans Vert., vol. v. p. 75. U. occrpens, Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., new series, vol. ill. p. 49, pl. x. OBSERVATIONS. Ihave in part copied Barnes’ description. This naturalist, Mr. Say observes, “first distinguished the species from (. ovatus, nob., to which it is very closely allied, and appears to be absolutely connect- ed by a gradual transition of intermediate varieties. The most striking difference appears to be the more depressed anterior [posterior] slope of the ovatus. Some old specimens and varices are transversely more clongated, as is represented in Barnes’ figure ce. The colour also is more or less yellow, radiated with green, or tinged with reddish-brown, particularly on the umbo, and sometimes extending over the whole surface, almost obliterating the rays. On the inner anterior [posterior] side, some specimens are beaut- olf Mi wang fhe bayit wamatany sels Massy | @erereigl - few wl mawety Gp (Mendan's Qoree~ @. rate at penny Are Me bee herve dn ces dV wwi-tunienls di) mT ee to aa es aD amoeba? boiihie ay es ies lpaitrion (ipeerrit ne dese Ff. baw! teow lata) onion age! ) SQ ene cree inde bs aereniNs | | a ae | mae’ Pee ee eo iernm >) bbe dite erence ubleee ny. hie> Mea. Trace 29¥ if es mul » Us eat eae ie ee ee Guasgaie the (Mier ose eee et de > Py A hI wLY te ree: ppAentay ms ae ob ieta te Laan 2" cae ar aa Alaleeoim ss A dent Oda \ cozaar 52) - Awe fh wi - - _ / : q wT Ntes trad —. yo TT, paths ‘ant seit gh ihene ae 7 aT aA veil he ier’ « 4 cans mleenye i . me ok nly. cht many |" hie irae Weide’ , , if Hmtrunt ic gue een bull any mie a ay ssl ee Ais iy ana ais 3 | | aes a pen , itn part a ous 0) f © WA) 108s - tus. 2a. t L Tudereula Y i 76 on Mt z ag iN Cie 5 ts es A, Hiss hol | y Hi 7 Nee i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES