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JANUARY N? s

MONTANA

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ecompense

Bv Douglas Malloch

y]/ HEN some one has slipped you a dirk in the dark,

When eyes that are loving are lies;
When some one you trusted has made you a mark.

And somehow the heart in you dies;
There's dirt for you, hurt for you, trouble enough

To shatter the faith of a man;
But don't ever think there is trouble so tough,

That you can't overcome it — you can.

When living is losing its flavor to you

When worry is making you old;
When there is no joy in the thing that you do,

Nor truth in the thing you are told;
There's balm for you, calm for you out in the wild,

There's hope for you up on the hill;
Get up in the timber and play like a child;

You can overcome it — you will.

Get up in the timber; the trail and the trees

Will make you a man in a day.
The smell of the soil and the breath of the breeze,

Will blow all your troubles away.
There's pine for you, wine for you, hope for you there;

The sun and the moon and the star —
// the ivays of the city are not on the square,

Get out in the woods — where they are.

His Excellency,
J. E. Erickson,
Governor of Montana,
Helena:

The State Fish and Game Commission here-
with submits the biennial report of its activities
and achievements for 1929-1930.

MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME
COMMISSION

Thomas N. Marlowe, Chairman

J. L. Kelly W. K. Moore

E. A. Wilson G. T. Boyd

Robert H. Hill, Secretary of the Commission and

State Fish and Game Warden

MOMTANA (£vl WKJUE) ILIF"

THUNDERING
HEJJDS

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IIIHII1IIIIIIHIIHIIIII1UIIIIIHIIIIIIIIUHIIIHIIIMIIHHI1IH

Page Four

MONTANA WILD LIFE

The Official Publication of The State Fish and Game Commission

VOL. Ill

HELENA, MONTANA, JANUARY. 1931

NO. S

Plains for the Fetoire

By THOMAS N. MARLOWE, Missoula, Chairman Montana State Fish and Game Commission

PORTSMEN of Montana,
who have gone afield
annually into the great
outdoor laboratory with
an area of more than
90,000,000 acres called
The Treasure State,
are now spending $2
each for the privilege of taking fish
and game. During 1929 the peak of
resident license sales was reached when
83,338 licenses were placed in the hands
of anglers and hunters. At $2 each,
the investment reached a total of
$166,676. In compliance with the state
law, 25 cents out of every license fee
is placed in the biological fund, from
which bounties are paid on predator/
animals by the Montana Livestock Com-
mission and from which fund payment
is made for employment of predatory
animal hunters in cooperation with the
Livestock Commission and the Biologi-
cal Survey department of the federal
government. This subtraction meant
the placing of $21,S35 in the biological
fund. Ten cents from the sale of each
license is paid the dealer. No fee is
charged when the license is sold by
a warden. Hence out of each $2 license
fee, if all licenses were sold by deal-
ers, the State Fish and Game Depart-
ment has received but $1.65. Out of
the total fund of $166,676 paid for resi-
dent licenses in 1929, the department
received for general administration pur-
poses the sum of $137,507.70. I believe
it is a conservative estimate that the
purchaser of each resident hunting and
fishing license spent on an average
during the year the sum of $50.00 for
shotguns, rifles, ammunition, fishing
tackle, hunting and fishing clothes,
guides, boats, gas and oil and wear and
tear on cars used in hunting and fish-
ing trips. These figures are signifi-
cant. In the final analysis, they mean
that in 1929 the 83,338 resident sports-
men of Montana paid $166,676 into a
fund for the purpose of creating a fish
and game supply and at the same time
they paid out the astonishing total of
$4,176,900 for implements with which
to destroy it.

Each year we are growing more and
more proficient in the taking of fish
and game. Each year finds our instru-
mentalities for taking fish and game
more and more deadly. Each year finds
the sportsmen with more and more time
on their hands for using these instru-
mentalities. Hunting and fishing is so
popular today in Montana that far more
people indulge in it than any other
kind of sport. The funds for putting
back game fish, birds and big game to

take the places of those included in the
bags of lovers of the out-of-doors are
not keeping pace with the funds ex-
pended by the sportsmen in the taking
of wild life. The balance is on the
wrong side of the ledger. The drain
upon our supply of fish and game is so
great today that more artificial propa-
gation must be resorted to if satisfac-
tory hunting and fishing conditions are
to be obtained. Some sportsmen, how-
ever, seem to think that some special
providence is going to look after the
supply of fish and game and that they
are not going to be called upon to do
anything about it. But those who are
acquainted with the effort, yes the
struggle, that is being made to protect
our present supply and to propagate
more, know that this is not the case.
Additional revenue is needed if sports-
men of the state desire the program of
conscientious conservation and propa-
gation undertaken by the State Fish
and Game Commission to proceed with-
out handicap.

Thirty states in the Union today
charge a higher resident hunting and
fishing license than the $2 prevailing
in Montana, yet none offers more in
hunting and fishing. Nineteen other
states charge a higher non-resident
fishing fee than the $3.50 prevailing in
Montana, yet nowhere in the nation is
the trout fishing of Montana equalled.
Because of these facts thousands of
eastern visitors are annually looking
toward Montana as their summer play-
ground and the drain on our wild life
resources continues. Reparation is
mandatory unless we want to sit idly
by and permit our streams to become
as barren as those of the east and our
forests and fields shorn of their wild
life.

Montana's State Fish and Game De-
partment can go only so far as per-
mitted by funds paid by sportsmen.
Not a dollar comes from the state gen-
eral fund. Not a dime is collected by
taxes. Every cent expended for the
protection and propagation of wild life
by the department comes from license
fees, the sale of confiscated guns and
furs, or from fines collected following
law violations. Our battery of 14 fish
hatcheries and five spawn-taking sta-
tions must be maintained. The state
game farm at Warm Springs, the warm
water pond cultural station at Miles
City, the construction of additional
rearing ponds and the building of dams
and dykes to create nesting grounds
for migratory waterfowl, the installa-
tion of fish wheels, and countless other
important measures must be given at-

tention. Sportsmen must realize this
can not be done under the present fee
for sober consideration of facts pre-
sented by figures show that this work
can not be maintained on the basis of
a $2 license. Sportsmen have been pay-
ing $2 each for sowing the crop and
expending more than four million dol-
lars for the reaping. Yet this wild life
crop has a commercial and recreational
value to Montana reaching far into the
millions. It is a state asset that brings
visitors and investors who expend mil-
lions annually. Its value in health and
happiness is untold. Banish the wild
life from forest and stream and what
have we left?

Sportsmen of eastern states are fran-
tic. They have watched their wild life
fade and disappear. They are now set-
ting aside vast sums in a last-minute
effort to bring it back by artificial
means. While a goodly portion of
Montana's fish and game remains be-
cause of conscientious protection, prop-
agation and restocking, we must meet
the emergency and act before civiliza-
tion takes its toll. We should not dig
too deep into our supply of wild life
without making adequate provisions for
replacing it.

With more adequate funds made
available through increasing the resi-
dent license fee, the department will
be enabled to continue its work of
conservation and enlarge upon the pro-
gram that is now cramped and handi-
capped. In "planning for the future"
there are many things the Commission
would like to be doing and which
should be done for the sports-
men, but which we are unable to
do on our present in-
come. We should plant
larger fish. At the
present time finger- *
lings are planted in
the upper waters of
feeder streams when
they are two to
three inches in
length. If funds
are provided so
that sufficient
feed may be
purchased, they
should be re-
tained in nur-
sery and rear-
ing ponds until
they are six to
seven inches in
length before
liberation. Game
fish are canni-
bals. They are

Page Five

M.ONTANA

WHiUD lif:

*£?-

eternally feeding upon one another, and
other natural enemies take their toll.
The little fellows have but little chance.
If protected until they attain a larger
size their opportunities for surviving
are greatly increased and much better
results will be obtained.

A comprehensive survey of the trout
waters of the state, making note of
likely places for liberating young fish,
should be made so that an adequate
check may be kept on conditions and
the results of restocking.

During the years in which our fish
hatcheries have been operated it has
been necessary to call upon members
of clubs of sportsmen to assist in
planting fish. Because of the inexpe-
rienced manner in which cans of fin-
gerlings have in some cases been
dumped into unsuited waters or waters
of improper temperature, heavy loss
has been sustained. Hence funds should
be made available so that trained men
in the employ of the department who
accompany the oxygen-equipped fish
trucks shall be entrusted with the
planting of fingerlings.

The rearing pond construction pro-
gram must be enlarged. Constant calls
are being made by organizations
throughout the state for financial co-
operation in the construction and care
of rearing ponds where little fish may
be fed until they are of proper size
for release. On some streams it is
impossible to find natural sites and
artificial ponds must be built. At the
present time we have a large number
of these ponds scattered throughout the
state. To become effective, each must
be watched and checked, and in many
instances the fish must be fed, so that
proper fish results may be attained.

In many of the isolated lakes and
streams it is impossible to liberate fin-
gerlings, but in these places it is pos-
sible to plant eyed eggs, if handled by
experienced men. The eggs prior to
the eyeing stage become somewhat
tougher and can be transported to lakes
and streams where they will hatch
under natural conditions. By being
able to do this much more fishing
water can be added to that which we
now have.

The problem of saving game fish
from death in irrigating ditches is one
of the most puzzling confronting the
department. Millions of trout go up
our creeks and rivers to spawn and
on their return from spawning grounds
are shifted into irrigating ditches and
canals carrying water to the fields.
More fish are lost in irrigating ditches
each year than are legally taken by
fishermen on trout streams with pole,
line and fly. The installation of fish
screens and wheels at the mouths of
these ditches and canals is mandatory
if we wish to save our game fish sup-
ply. A fairly successful, workable
wheel has now been discovered, but it
will take huge sums of money to install
it in each irrigating ditch of the state
and thereby save this terrible loss of
fish to the angler.

Montana has an area of more than
90,000,000 acres — a vast domain into
which several eastern states might be
placed and lost — yet we have but 27
game wardens to patrol this great area.

Law violations are increasing in direct
ratio to the increased demands for fish-
ing and hunting privileges and we must
have more game wardens to protect
what we have left. If the fish and
game illegally taken in this state were
left for propagation purposes the sup-
ply would be greatly increased.

Eastern states are buying up little
patches of cover here and there to af-
ford shelter and feed for upland game
birds during the winter. They are like-
wise purchasing timbered and wooded
areas and setting them aside as game
preserves. This policy should be en-
couraged in Montana. We have already
acquired a strip of shore line on Red
Rock Lake for future public shooting
because of the fact that private hunt-
ing clubs are acquiring desirable tracts
and shutting out the ordinary fellow
who purchases a hunting license. More
public shooting grounds should be ob-
tained.

With the destruction of forests and
the disappearance of cover, each year
brings its game feeding problems. It
will be but a short time until hay will
have to be purchased for deer and elk
and grain distributed to prevent our
game birds from starving and freezing
during extreme cold weather.

The planting of duck food is another
matter to which immediate attention
should be given. The department has
already expended several thousands of
dollars in planting duck food in many
Montana bodies of water but we have
but started the work because of the
shortage of funds. Migratory waterfowl
will not remain where food is not abun-
dant. In addition to this work the
building of artificial dams and dykes
to impound flood waters in natural
lakes is necessary to preserve the ducks,
geese and other shore game birds.
Dams have been constructed for this
purpose at Red Rock and Fox Lakes
and others are proposed in eastern Mon-
tana if additional funds are made avail-
able.

Biological research work of the de-
partment should be continued. During
the biennium we have completed a sci-
entific study of the waters of Flathead
Lake in cooperation with professors of
the University of Montana. This was
the pioneer effort in the state if not
in the nation and has since been
adopted by other states. These sci-
entists have made their services avail-

Lend a Hand

Be a friend to wild life —

They've a place in the plan
Laid out by the one

Who created mere man.
They've a right to inhabit

To eat and to live;
They've a right to protection

The law tries to give.
We can do nothing finer

As we journey through life
Than conserve natural beauty

And be a friend to wild life.

able to sportsmen for the purpose of
solving problems of fish and game dis-
eases, the proper food and water condi-
tions for varieties of game fish, the
plant life and natural food contained
in streams and lakes of the state and
other questions essential to the pres-
ervation of wild life. Because of the
shortage of funds this work was of
necessity halted.

The first game farm established in
Montana has proven its worth in less
than a year after completion of the
rearing pens. The department has ex-
pended about $25,000 on the plant at
Warm Springs, has six acres completely
under wire and during 1930 made pos-
sible the liberation of 6,146 Chinese and
Mongolian pheasants in 55 counties.
The capacity has been enlarged so that
more than 8,000 of these splendid game
birds will be available for liberation in
1931. We need more game birds for
liberation in Montana. The demand
for them will always exceed the sup-
ply. The game farm at Warm Springs
should be enlarged or others should be
established in other sections of the
state when adequate funds become
available.

Stress should be laid upon the ex-
termination of vermin in fields and
forests where game birds are liberated
or game abounds. It is useless to ex-
pend efforts to rear and liberate fine
birds or protect game animals and
then have them destroyed by predatory
birds and animals. The department
should be able to pay a suitable bounty
on the most destructive of these killers.
Sportsmen, farmers, boys and girls
should enter into a year-around cam-
paign to eradicate enemies of the birds
and game animals, such as roving house
cats, coyotes, mountain lions, crows and
other vermin.

In planning for the future this is a
portion of the program outlined by the
State Fish and Game Commission when
adequate funds are made available.
These are some of the things we would
like to be doing but can not do on ac-
count of lack of funds.

A glimpse at the resident license
fees charged in 11 western states is
interesting when compared with the $2
charged in Montana. It might be well
to note also that the majority of states
have adopted the split license system
with deer tagging required such as is
proposed in Montana. In California the
fee is $2 for game and $2 for fishing;
Coloi'ado, $5 for big game and $2 for
small game and fish; Idaho has the
same rate as Montana; Nevada, $2.50
for game and $1.50 for fishing; New
Mexico, $5 for big game, birds and
fish, $4.50 for big game and birds, $4.50
for birds and fish, $3.00 for birds and
$2.50 for fishing; Oregon, $5 for fish
and gam,e $3 for game and $3 for fish-
ing; Utah, $3 for hunting and fishing,
$2 for game and $2 for fishing; Ari-
zona, $1.10 for hunting and $1.10 for
fishing; Washington, $7.50 state license
for hunting and fishing, $5 for fishing
with a county license fee of $1.50;
Wyoming, $5 for fishing and hunting.
$2 for game birds, $1.50 for fishing,
$2.50 for elk hunting, $2.50 for deer
hunting, $5 for mountain sheep and
other licenses for each variety of game.

Page Six

JV&ONTANA

■W25WB) 3LSF

WS) W/MS) ®$s

By'Robertj^vHill

Secretary Montana State Fish and Game Commission, )
State Fish and Game Warden.

w

R. H. Hill

' HEN an ef-
fort is made
to r e v i e \v
achievements of the
State Fish and
Game Commission
during t h e 1929-
1930 biennium, the
attempt signals a
resume of what
have been perhaps
the two outstanding
years in the history
of the department.
When the Commis-
sion was created by
legislative act 10
years ago, Montana
was just beginning
to come into prom-
inence as a national
playground. Natural advantages were
magnets that attracted eastern visitors
as well as Treasure State residents to
woods and waters. With each succeed-
ing year this incessant warfare, this
constant whipping of streams and lakes,
inroads on big game and birds of the
field has continued, until later years
have necessitated almost super-human
efforts to keep pace with the kill.
Hence, with surplus funds of the State
Fish and Game Department exhausted,
and with current funds at the lowest
point in years because of mandatory
demands for needed expenditures, the
biennium has recorded achievements of
which state sportsmen are justly proud,
but left departmental revenues in dire
need of undivided attention.

The following figures from the books
of the State Treasurer show the balance
in the Fish and Game Fund at the close
of each calendar year since 1915:

1915 $ 20,421.77

1916 17,052.09

1917 46,185.01

1918 81,899.13

1919 94,244.02

1920 113,126.36

1921 36,234.26

1922 54,568.22

1923 29,853.77

1924 52,597.37

1925 94.753.S9

1926 107,003.58

1927 82,457.44

1928 97,084.93

1929 98,504.22

1930 (Nov. 30) 29,067.34

According to statistics provided in
the last inventory of fish hatcheries,

spawn-taking stations and the state
game farm, sportsmen of the state who
provide the funds with which the de-
partment functions, have a total invest-
ment of $176,SS9.64. Land and land im-
provements are valued at $55,493.03;
buildings and fixtures at $77,021.56; ma-
chinery and appliances at $21,940.97;
hand tools and equipment at $15,587. 5S.
This investment is divided among 14
state fish hatcheries, five spawn-taking
stations and the state game farm at
Warm Springs.

To keep pace with progress and to
insure the preservation of fish and
game, this investment must be main-
tained and increased if Montana is to
retain a position of enviable esteem
among residents and visitors.

Maintenance of this wild life means
the maintenance of an investment that
means the expenditure of millions of
dollars annually in the state by tourists
and residents alike. The expended
funds go back into the pockets of Mon-
tana merchants, hardware dealers, own-
ers of hotels, restaurants, theatres,
transportation lines, service stations,
garages, dude ranches, farmers, camp
resorts, clothiers, and every line of
endeavor.

In summarizing the achievements of
the State Fish and Game Department
during the biennium which has just
closed, it is difficult to list them all
because of the multitude of duties.
Among the outstanding results attained,
despite the financial handicap, the fol-
lowing may be mentioned:

First state game farm completed at
Warm Springs with 392 pens covering
six acres under wire, providing a ca-
pacity of 8,000 pheasants for release
in 1931. Total birds released in 55
counties in 1930 reached 6,146.

Lake. Francis hatchery and spawning
station completed near Valier. This is
regarded as the most modern rainbow
trout spawn station in the nation.

Largest trout rearing ponds in the
United States completed on the Big
Hole River at Maiden Rock, in coopera-
tion with Butte Anglers' Club.

Fourteen fish hatcheries operated and
five spawn-taking stations maintained
and enlarged, including the internation-
ally famous spawn-taking station at the
mouth of Flint Creek on Georgetown
Lake.

Total of 3S,321,884 game fish finger-
lings reared in hatcheries and distrib-

uted in Montana streams and lakes in
1929 with 34,632,050 in 1930 to keep
pace with constantly increasing inroads.
Hunting and fishing licenses placed
in the hands of more than 800 dealers
throughout the state for the conven-
ience of sportsmen.

Dams completed at Red Rock Lake
and Fox Lake to retain water for nest-
ing grounds and sanctuaries for migra-
tory waterfowl.

Scientific survey of the waters of
Flathead Lake completed with reference
to game fish in cooperation with the
University of Montana, this being a pio-
neer effort in such research work in
America.

Conducted a scientific survey and
study of Montana elk herds and graz-
ing problems in cooperation with fed-
eral departments.

Contributed 25 cents out of 83,388
resident licenses as well as other li-
censes issued in 1929 and a similar
amount from licenses issued in 1930,
to the biological fund maintained for
paying bounties and waging war on
predatory birds and animals.

Purchased Anderson rearing ponds at
Emigrant and reconstructed the hatch-
ery.

Rearing ponds completed in all parts
of the state in cooperation with organi-
zations of sportsmen.

Sincere efforts were made to enforce
the fish and game laws in the state
which has an area of more than 90,-
000,000 acres, with a staff of 27 deputy
game wardens.

Completed one of the largest warm
water fish pond cultural stations in
the nation at Fort Keogh for the prop-
agation of pike, bass, perch, catfish
and sunfish for eastern Montana
streams.

Provided hunting and fishing for
thousands of tourists and investors
from eastern states who expend mil-
lions in Montana annually as their
summer playground.

Established and marked game pre-
serves and sanctuaries for antelope,
deer, elk, upland birds and other game.
Conducted thorough investigations by
deputy wardens of agricultural areas
damaged and flooded by beaver, issued
582 trapping permits in 1929 and tagged
8,153 beaver hides.

Conducted hearings throughout the
state and meetings with sportsmen when

Page Seven

MONTANA

WHILE) Lin

matters in controversy regarding game
preserves or other matters have arisen.

Published and distributed MONTANA
WILD LIFE, official monthly publica-
tion, for the dissemination of accurate
information to sportsmen regarding ac-
tivities of the department.

Issued permits to 1,777 Montana trap-
pers in 1929 with the 1930 list still be-
ing issued.

Inspected grounds and waters and is-
sued licenses to 223 fur farms which
constitute one of Montana's growing
industries.

Completed the planting of duck food
in pot holes, lakes and streams through-
out the state, resulting in increasing
the migratory waterfowl population.

After reviewing this list of achieve-
ments of the biennium, the thinking
sportsman of Montana gives a thought
to game conditions in years that have
passed and a comparison of conditions
confronting the department. To solve
problems and cope with puzzling situ-
ations, thorough organization has been
effected, with the cooperation of con-
servationists of the state. The game
warden of a few years ago whose pres-
ence in a community was merely tol-
erated, has become a trustworthy friend
and counsellor. Education has played
an important part in this transforma-
tion.

A glimpse into the history of Mon-
tana's fish and game laws is inspiring.

Sixty-five years ago when Montana
was in swaddling territorial clothes,
when bronzed chevaliers squandered all
the gold dust in their pokes in hurdy-
gurdy hangouts, when millions were
being washed out of virgin sands and
no such thing was known as a bag
limit on game, the first territorial leg-
islature of Montana passed a bill which
became a law on February 2, 1S65.
It provided that fishing tackle, con-
sisting of a rod or pole, line and hook,
should be the only way that trout sould
be taken in any of the streams of the
territory. The bill also prohibited the
baiting of the hook with any drug or
poisonous substance and the using of
seines or nets.

In 1869 a closed season was placed
on partridge and quail for a period of
three years. Grouse, prairie chicken,
pheasant and fool hen were protected
from March 1 to August 15 of each
year. The first protection on moun-
tain goats, buffalo, moose, elk, deer,
mountain sheep, antelope and hare was
a closed season between the dates of
February 1 and August 15 of each year.
Under a law passed in 1S76 beaver,
otter, marten and fisher were protected
from April 1 to October 1. Geese and
ducks were protected between the dates
of May 15 and August 10.

A law which became effective in 1877
prohibited the sale of game animals
and birds.

Under an act approved March 14,
1895, it became unlawful for any one
person to shoot or kill any bison, buf-
falo, quail or Chinese pheasant, or any
female moose, female elk, otter or bea-
ver, or to kill more than two bull
moose, three bull elk, eight deer, eight
mountain sheep, eight mountain goats,
eight antelope, or one hundred grouse
or prairie chickens.

In an article appearing in The Mon-
tana Record-Herald of Helena of May
29, 1895, Col. W. B. Huntley suggested
that a test case be made to determine
whether, during inhibited periods, lakes
or streams could be lawfully exploited
by sportsmen. The article, with a con-
cluding remark from a member of a
Helena sporting group, alleges that "a
justice of the supreme court, an ar-
dent, enthusiastic fisherman, will pres-
ently return from a trouting trip, and
the president of the rod and gun club
will proceed to the limit of an inter-
view, with the purpose in view of ob-
taining a semi-judicial opinion from
the highest source on the sufficiency
of the game and fish law."

One of the first articles telling of
convictions I found in reading old pa-
pers, was where a bunch of Indians
from Canada crossed the line into Flat-
head county, June 10, 1895, and killed
three deer. Officers arrested the In-
dians who did the killing and took
them to Kalispell, where thev were
fined $222.15.

In 1901 a law was passed requiring
non-residents, who were not taxpayers
of the state, to procure hunting licenses
to kill large or small game. The fee
for the big game license was $25 and
the fee for the small game license
was $15.

The bill requiring male residents to
have a license for fishing or hunting
in Montana became a law in March,
1905, without the approval of the gov-
ernor, the bill not having been returned
to the house in which it originated
within the time prescribed by the con-
stitution. The fee to be collected for
each license was $1. The law provided,
however, that a license issued to the
head of the family should include all
female members of the family as well

Mostly Legs

This Baby Moose became the pet of
its captors early in its checkered ca-
reer. It was bottle-reared and is now
sleek and fat in the park at Anaconda.

as all male members under 21 years.
An act approved March 7, 1907, per-
mitted residents to fish without a li-
cense. A bill passed and approved
March 9, 1909, required every person
who desired to hunt or fish in Mon-
tana to have a license. In 1913 the
law was amended to the effect that no
female or boys under the age of 14
years were required to have a license.
In 1917 the fee for a resident license
was raised to $1.50, one-third of which
was to be used for the propagation of
game birds and animals. Females
under the age of 18 years and males
under the age of 14 years were not
required to have a license.

In 1921 the resident license fee was
increased to $2, with a provision that
25 cents out of each license fee was to
be set aside as a fund to be used for
the destruction of predatory animals.
This fund is now called the biological
survey fund.

Let's take a glimpse into more of
Montana's early history regarding the
Commission. In some cases it has been
impossible to find names of appointees
after the acts had been passed by the
legislature, yet this thorough search
has brought many to light and revived
golden memories.

On March 14, 1S95, a law was passed
by the Montana legislature creating a
Board of Game and Fish Commission-
ers, said board to be composed of three
members, appointed by the governor.
One member was to serve until Feb-
ruary, 1S96; one until February, 1897,
and one until February, 189S. The
three appointed members were, imme-
diately upon their appointment, to as-
semble at the state capitol and, by lot,
decide among themselves as to their
respective terms of office.

This same law provided that it should
be the duty of the Board of Game and
Fish Commissioners to secure, through
their agents and subordinates, the en-
forcement of all the laws of the state
pertaining to the preservation, propa-
gation and protection of the game and
fish of the state. They were to ap-
point some resident of the state as
State Game Warden, whose duties it
would be to act as secretary and busi-
ness agent of the board. The appointed
Game Warden was to hold office for a
period of two years; and his compensa-
tion was to be fixed by the board, with
the stipulation that in no case should
it exceed the amount remitted to the
state treasury by the collections of
fines, which was one-half the fines col-
lected for violations of the fish and
game laws.

In this same law the appointments
of deputy state game wardens was
made possible. Upon petition made to
county commissioners throughout the
state, from not less than one hundred
resident taxpayers of that county, re-
questing the appointment of a game
and fish warden for the county, the
Commissioners were compelled to ap-
point a deputy warden for the county,
his compensation to not exceed $100
per month and one-half the fines im-
posed and collected through him in all
prosecutions under the game and fish
laws of Montana. I find that, out of

(Please turn to page twenty-four)

Page Eight

JVkOMTAMA CVlWEIUD) ]L2F

J. L. Kelly

Member State

Fish and Game

Commission

ANGLERS of
America, for-
tunate enough
to have cast a fly
for Thymallus Mon-
tanus, or the Mon-
tana grayling, are
keenly interested in
efforts of the State
Fish and Game De-
partment to main-
tain the supply of
this royal member
of the piscatorial
family. The gray-
ling is particularly
adapted to Montana
waters and is found
only in Alaska and
certain Michigan
waters, outside the
brooks and lakes of
the Treasure State.
Efforts are constantly being put forth
by fish culturists of other states but
results have been problematical. Mon-
tana grayling eggs have been shipped
during the last year to the Steinhart
aquarium at San Francisco which re-
ceived 75,000; the California game and
fish commission, which received 116,000,
and to LaCrosse, Wis., where 72,000
were consigned. Exchanges of game
fish eggs or birds were made in each
case.

Grayling eggs are incubated at the
Anaconda and Somers hatcheries which
are equipped with the grayling or
whitefish glass jar batteries. Batteries
have also been installed at the coopera-
tive hatcheries of the Bureau of Fish-
eries at Glacier Park and McAllister
stations and at the Butte Anglers' Club
hatchery at Divide. All are receiving
grayling eggs from the Georgetown
Lake station, the largest of its kind in
America.

Because of the fact that no artificial
feeding has proved successful with
grayling, the fry are planted while in
the "yolk" stage. This gives them the
advantage of being in their new home,
ready to seek natural food as soon as
the yolk sack is absorbed.

Grayling will not thrive in many
creeks and lakes because of the lack
of certain aquatic plants or animal life
essential to their growth. Just what
this food is has not been discovered.
This we do knowT, however, that if a
small planting of grayling fry is made
in waters containing this mysterious
food, the results are astounding. If a
plant is made in other waters under
identical conditions and no results are
achieved, those waters are checked off
the list.

Alvin Seale, superintendent of the
Steinhart Aquariums at San Francisco,
has been experimenting with grayling
for the last seven years but has as yet
found no food, either artificial or natu-
ral, which may be fed with any degree
of success. Mr. Seale each year re-

quests a small shipment of Montana
eggs for further experimentation and
it is hoped that the word will some day
be received that the mystery has been
solved.

Numerous attempts have been made
in Montana hatcheries to feed the gray-
ling. In some cases it has been pos-
sible to raise a few to an advanced fry
stage, yet the experiment can not be
called a success because the majority
did not survive the tests.

Michigan, which at one time was
noted for its grayling, now reports them
practically extinct. Fred Westerman,
superintendent of hatcheries for Michi-
gan, came to Montana in 1926 for the
express purpose of gathering data rela-
tive to the grayling. Montana eggs
were shipped to Michigan in 1926-27 and
planted in waters known to have been
the home of Michigan grayling in past
years. Other plants were made in
waters where conditions corresponded
favorably with those at Georgetown
Lake. Mr. Westerman in a recent let-

ter to the Montana department writes:
"I fear that we must depend on Mon-
tana for grayling fishing, as apparently
no results have followed the planting
of these fish in Michigan streams. Our
own native grayling are still maintain-
ing themselves in the short section of
the single stream in the upper penin-
sula where they have been found for
many years."

While sportsmen of the nation are
looking to Montana for grayling fish-
ing, the State Fish and Game Commis-
sion is putting forth every effort to
restock streams and lakes and preserve
this regal specimen. We are mindful of
the task we have before us in prevent-
ing the extinction of this wonderful
fish and we are doing all that is hu-
manly possible under our financial han-
dicap to preserve the grayling for this
and future generations.

Thymallus Montanus, pride of the
angling fraternity of the Treasure State,
is in a bad way. His tribe is decreas-
ing. Thymallus, the envy of sportsmen
of America because of the fact that he

How Grayling Eggs Are Eyed and Hatched

*

t

*

g— J-

E5;'.'

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Vfe

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m

H A

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i*

B

y.

ft'

if'-M

pj

Ml

THIS photograph of the battery of glass jars at the Anaconda hatchery demon-
strates the manner in which grayling eggs are hatched. Under a good head
of pure water running through each jar, the eggs are virtually churned to
prevent them sticking together and to avoid the formation of fungus. Trout eggs
are hatched in trays under lateral streams of running water, but more care must
be taken with the grayling eggs.

Page Nine

MONTANA Svj WSJL3D> 3LBF:

had for years declined to thrive else-
where than in Montana, Alaska and
parts of Michigan, has, with each suc-
ceeding year, shown a marked decrease
in numbers. But "Thym," otherwise
known as the Montana grayling, has
during the last season demonstrated
his willingness to cooperate with the
department and during the last bien-
nium 15,077,200 grayling eggs were ar-
tificially taken, hatched and distributed
in Montana waters. Millions of these
fingerlings were placed in Georgetown
Lake, near Anaconda. It has been the
first planting of grayling fingerlings
necessitated in this prolific body of
water since 1921, yet millions of game
fish eggs have been taken at the mouth
of Flint Creek, flowing into the lake.

Georgetown Lake for years has been
the supply station from which grayling
eggs have been taken. The eggs have
been placed in hatcheries after the fish
have been trapped and stripped artifi-
cially, while running up Flint Creek to
spawn.

Records of the Fish and Game De-
partment show that in 1921 Georgetown
Lake was so choked with grayling that
it was necessary to strip but a small
fraction of the spawning fish to secure
number of eggs wanted. At that time
the restocking was stopped until nor-
malcy was restored. Constant inroads
being made on game fish in streams of
the state is likewise reflected in the
growth of fishing on Georgetown Lake,
until there are now more than 200 boats
on the lake, hundreds of Butte and
Anaconda anglers are daily taking
heavy toll and marked shortage of
grayling is noted. During the 1929
spawning season experts of the depart-
ment took 10,646,200 eggs and in 1930
this figure dropped to 5,064,000 because
of the decreased supply.

These facts are but further demon-
stration of the manner in which Mon-
tana's lakes and streams are being
whipped and trolled and stress the ne-
cessity for a continuation of the con-
servation program in which the state
department is now engaged.

Figures compiled by the department
show that during the last biennium,
1929-1930, a total of 72,953,934 game
fish have been distributed in Montana
streams, or 135 fish for every man,
woman and child listed among the 537,-
606 in the federal census of 1930. Dur-
ing the last seven years the records
show that 3S0,754,777 game fish have
been produced in the state hatcheries
and distributed in Montana waters. If
all of these fish had survived attacks
of natural enemies and escaped the lure
of anglers, the figure means 708 fish
for each of the persons listed in the
1930 census.

History of the propagation and dis-
tribution of the famed Montana gray-
ling dates back to 1898 — some 33 years
ago — according to records of the de-
partment as compiled by Charles Healea
of Butte, the first superintendent of
fisheries employed in that work in Mon-
tana.

The first grayling eggs taken arti-
ficially in Montana were secured in
Elk Springs Creek on the Jim Blair

How Many Eggs In
a Fish?

PISCATORIAL experts of the Mon-
tana State Fish and Game De-
partment have found the answer
to the question: "How many eggs
are produced annually by a game
fish?" Sportsmen have asked the
question countless times. To settle
the argument scientific tests were
made at the spawn-taking station at
the mouth of Flint Creek on George-
town Lake, the largest of its kind in
the world. From 539 female native
cutthroat trout a total of 984,312 eggs
was taken in the test. This is an
average of 1,830 eggs per trout. A
similar test was made on the famed
Montana grayling. Sixteen females
were stripped and produced a total
of 203,088 eggs, or an average of
12,683 to the grayling. Grayling eggs
average 750 to 850 to the fluid ounce
while the average trout eggs num-
ber 260 to 300 to the fluid ounce.

ranch in 1S98 under the supervision of
Dr. James Henshall of the Bozeman sta-
tion, according to Mr. Healea. Elk
Springs Creek is a tributary of the Red
Rock Lakes. Little success accompa-
nied the operations, according to Mr.
Healea, until 1901, when noe lot of eggs
was collected and shipped to the fed-
eral hatchery at Leadville, Colo. Tests
with the grayling were constantly being
made but because of the peculiar hab-
its of Thymallus Montanus the state
piscatorial experts were constantly
learning something new of his idiosyn-
crasies. Eastern states were constantly
calling for grayling eggs with which
to attempt transplanting. Meanwhile
the artificial egg-take in Montana was
increasing, streams and lakes were be-
ing stocked and the hatcheries were
running full blast producing the fin-
gerlings.

In 1902 shipments of Montana gray-
ling eggs were made to 19 hatcheries
throughout the nation. Only two hatch-
eries reported success. They were at
Paris, Michigan, and Wytheville, Flor-
ida. Water conditions in other states
caused experiments to flunk.

Between 1902 and 1907 operations in
artificial egg taking of the grayling and
propagation in hatcheries were con-
tinued in Montana under the supervi-
sion of department experts with vary-
ing degrees of success and in the spring
of 1908 Superintendent Healea collected
approximately 1,000,000 grayling eggs

at the mouth of Meadow Creek, eyed
them in glass jars used for whitefish
eggs, with water constantly running in
and out of the jars, churning the eggs
and preventing them from settling into
a compact lump. These operations were
conducted under the old Montana Power
flume. The eggs were shipped to the
Anaconda hatchery when eyed. They
were hatched and 500,000 fingerlings
were planted in Georgetown Lake —
the first on record planted in those
waters. The first eggs from this plant-
ing of fish were taken in 1911.

The first native trout planted in
Georgetown Lake were from eggs se-
cured through the federal hatchery at
Bozeman, from Henry's Lake in Idaho,
according to Mr. Healea. That was
back in 1907 — about 24 years ago. Later
plantings were secured from Yellow-
stone Lake and distributed from the
Bozeman station. Mr. Healea asserts
that Georgetown waters have always
been a natural habitat for the native
trout and declares that there were
thousands of them in Flint Creek be-
fore the dam was created which formed
Georgetown Lake.

When Lewis and Clark made their
famous exploration trip to the Pacific
Northwest through Montana they found
the grayling in its native habitat in
this state and mentioned the fact in
their journal. They alluded to it as
a new variety of white trout or silver
trout. In 1872 James W. Milner of the
United States Fish Commission found
the species in a creek tributary to the
MHissouri near Camp Baker, Montana,
and after describing the fish, named it
Thymallus Montanus. While the gray-
ling of Montana is closely related to
the Arctic grayling there is enough dif-
ference to award each a scientific rat-
ing of its own. Scientists assert that
it is probable that the Arctic grayling
was the parent stock from which came
the Montana and Michigan grayling and
from the widely separated habitat of
the three it is assumed that they were
transported to their varied domain dur-
ing the glacial period. This theory is
strengthened by the fact that Elk Lake,
one-half mile from the Montana gray-
ling station, is abundantly inhabited by
both grayling and lake trout — the latter
bearing the scientific moniker of Cres-
tivomer Namaycush — the lake trout of
that variety being found in no other
waters west of Lake Michigan.

Grayling eggs can not be handled in
the same manner as trout eggs, during
the incubating period. When first taken

The Montana Grayling

Page Ten

•M.ONTAMA

WSILID) LIFE

by artificial means when the female
are trapped at the spawning station,
the eggs are of a rich amber color
because of the presence of a large oil
drop which renders them almost semi-
buoyant.

In the natural state the grayling
spawn along edges of a stream, deposit-
ing their eggs in the aquatic plant life
rather than in the sand and gravel as
do trout. The eggs adhere to the plant
life until hatched. The adhesive quali-
ties of the egg makes it imperative to
incubate in jars so as to keep them in
motion and prevent fungus. If they
are placed on ordinary hatchery trays,
touching each other, and exposed to a
lateral current of water, they adhere
in bunches, fungus appears and the
loss is tremendous. When hatched the
grayling has a small yolk sac and the
fry are slender and delicate.

Montana sportsmen regard the gray-
ling, with his lustrous royal dorsal fin,
his ace of clubs markings near the
head, and his elegant edible qualities,
as one of Montana's prize piscatorial
delicacies. He belongs particularly to
the Treasure State. Anglers who are
zealously watching strides made by the
fisheries experts of the state depart-
ment are keenly enthusiastic over ef-
forts being made to insure restocking
and preservation of Thymallus Mon-
tanus.

THE BUSY SPORTSMAN

If you want to get a favor done

By some obliging friend,
And want a promise safe and sure

On which you may depend.
Don't go to him who always has

Much leisure time to plan —
But if you want a favor done

Just ask the busy sportsman.
The man with leisure never has

A moment he can spare;
He's always busy putting off until

His friends are in despair.
But he whose every waking hour

Is crowded full of work
Forgets the art of wasting time —

He can not stop to shirk.
So when you want a favor done,

And want it right away,
Go to the man who constantly

Works twenty hours a day.
He'll find a moment, sure, somewhere,

That has no other use
And fix you while the idle man

Is framing an excuse.

The surest way to keep your husband
home on Saturday night is to shoot
him on Saturday afternoon.

The Boy and His Gun

UCKY indeed is
the boy who has a
father who is a sports-
man and who is a good
enough sportsman to
take his son on his
hunting trips. If the
dad is a real sports-
man he can teach his son the proper
way to handle a gun and the funda-
mental principles of good sportsman-
ship. Some boys are denied the privi-
lege of such companionship and for
these we will enumerate some of the
things a boy with a gun must always
remember.

You must always treat a gun as
though it were loaded and cocked even
though you are positive that it is not.
It is always the gun they didn't think
was loaded that causes hunting trage-
dies. Keeping this thought in mind.
never point your gun at anything you
wouldn't want to kill, even in fun.

If you are hunting alone, it doesn't
make a great deal of difference how
you carry your gun, but never, under
any circumstances, take it by the end
of the barrel and drag it along.

If there are other boys with you the
gun must be carried so that it does not
point in their direction — watch this
point carefully because if you keep it
pointed away from them you will not
be likely to shoot them accidentally.
It is much better to go hunting with
only one other boy than with a crowd.
It is safer and your opportunities of
setting game are much better.

Be careful not to get mud, snow or
any foreign substance in your gun bar-
rel. If you think such a thing may
have happened, break your gun at once
and see that the barrel is clear. If it
shouldn't be, and the gun should be
discharged, the barrel will blow up,
not only ruining the gun, but also it
might cause a serious accident to your-
self or any one standing nearby.

Going through or over fences with
a gun is dangerous unless extreme
care is used. The gun should be
pushed through the fence, muzzle first.
and laid down on the ground before
the hunter attempts to go through
himself — never go through first your-
self and then drag the gun through.

A gun should never be leaned against
a tree, stump, fence or building; some-
thing might brush against it. knocking
it down and discharging the gun. Quite
frequently such a gun has been knocked
down by a dog and people injured by
the resulting accidental discharge.
Much the same thing applies to carry-
ing a gun in a boat; if you must set
it down, place it so the muzzle points
away from you and any one else that
might be with you, and over the edge
of the boat, never where the accidental
discharge might blow a hole through
the sides or bottom of the boat.

When stopping for lunch, or when on
the way home after hunting, be sure
to empty the shells from barrels and
chamber and still handle the gun as
though you believed it to be loaded.

It is dangerous to carry a loaded gun
in an automobile — many fatal accidents
have resulted from failure to obey this
law.

The above rules apply most particu-
larly to shotguns, but should also be
observed in the handling of rifles. With
a rifle, you must also remember that
the range is much further, and that
you might endanger some one that is
not in sight.

For this reason it is illegal to dis-
charge a gun within the limits of any
village, town, or city and no boy should
do any hunting near a town or a dwell-
ing place in the country. If you want
to do some target shooting, go to a
sand-pit or a hillside where it would
be impossible for a chance or glancing
shot to do any damage.

Do not forget that the killing of
song birds and harmless animals at
any time is against the law and that
game birds and animals may only be
taken during the legal open season.
Better confine your hunting to target
shooting than needlessly destroy wild
life.

Another Montana Beauty

LITTLE FISHERMAN

Sitting by the river,

Bare legs browned with tan,
Underneath an old straw hat,

Size for any man,
What cares he, he's fishing,

Happy little man.
"Gee! I've caught a stunner,

Know it by the bite,
Look at all them bubbles,

Putting up some fight.
Pull away, my heartie,

I'll get you alright."
Bare feet firmly planted,

Back against a tree,
Little angler triumphs.

Lands his fish with glee.
All the little lads about,

Congregate to see.
"Tell you he's a whopper!"

Gasped the hero brown,
While the sweat of labor

Trickled from his crown.
"He's a-way-up pounder.

Nearly pulled me down."

— Outdoor America.

Page Eleven

.MONTANA

WI IL3D> LIF

Plaottiinigg §ix=Ie©h Gaime Fish

By G. T. BOYD of Great Falls, Member State Fish and Game Commission

G- T Boyd

EXPERIMENTS
being con-
ducted by Mon-
tana's State Fish
and Game Depart-
ment in the plant-
ing of thousands of
game fish which
have attained a size
of six inches or
more are being
watched with keen
interest by sports-
men in the north-
ern part of the
state. Scientific
study of the situa-
tion which has been
made by fish cul-
turists has been
brought about by
differences of opinion expressed by
anglers as to the relative results at-
tained when larger game fish finger-
lings are used in the stream restock-
ing program, as against results of
planting fingerling fry. Under natural
spawning conditions the eggs are de-
posited in the shallow upper reaches
of creeks and tributary streams where
the female of the species seeks soli-
tude. After the male has passed over
them, the eggs hatch and the baby
trout remain in these upper waters as
minnows, safe from their natural can-
nibalistic enemies. They venture forth
on their own responsibility a little
later to take their chance in quest of
food.

Before the balance of nature was up-
set by inroads of civilization and the
activity of thousands of anglers, Mon-
tana's streams were kept well stocked
with game fish hatched amid natural
conditions and surroundings. But with
unprecedented whipping of streams
came the demand for artificial spawn
taking, the maintenance and operation
of hatcheries and rearing ponds and
the emulation of nature as nearly as
possible in the planting of eyed eggs
and fingerlings.

The greatest of care has been taken
by fish specialists in all cases where
fingerling trout have been planted.
They have paid especial attention to
the temperature of the water, the loca-
tion of the headwaters, the eventual
migration and the restocking of streams
with only such fingerlings as have been
suitable to those waters. Hundreds of
tons of liver have been fed to finger-
lings in fish hatcheries, the feeding
process being necessary several times
daily. The cost of this factor alone
has been enormous.

Hence, by retaining fingerlings in
state rearing ponds at hatcheries until
they attain the length of six inches or
more, naturally necessitates the con-
tinuation of the expensive feeding proc-
ess. Some sportsmen feel, however,
that the six-inch trout have better
chances of thriving and outwitting his

natural enemies than the little fellow,
who must grow up amid constant dan-
ger of extermination where the survival
of the fittest is the prevailing rule.
Experiments have been conducted by
keeping minnow trout in wire-enclosed
cages sunk in running water. They
have been fed regularly and a record
kept of their advancement.

Hence, to enlarge upon these experi-
ments, in a sincere effort to find defi-
nitely the better means of planting
trout, the State Commission has planted
more than 22,000 fish of six-inch size
and greater in the Smith River and
other streams during the last season.

-An' He Was This Big

The mackinaw trout weighing 28
pounds shown above was caught by
Sheriff Clarence Gilbert in Lewis Lake
in Yellowstone Park. The piscatorial
prize was afterward mounted by Jonas
Brothers at Livingston, according to
word received from Deputy Warden P.
W. Nelson.

These baby trout were reared at the
Emigrant hatchery.

Two shipments from the pond cul-
tral station at Miles City were distrib-
uted in this part of the state in the
Missouri River, in lakes, and along
Milk River.

The fishing in the Sun River district
was not as good this year as in former
years, mostly due to the shutting off
of the water at the new dam, and small
rainfall. We hope that during the com-
ing year the conditions will be better.
The district has been well stocked.

More fish are lost by going out into
irrigation ditches than are caught by
fishermen. The Commission has this
in mind and has done all possible to
correct the situation. The United States
government is helping in this matter.
If the Commission had more funds to
apply to solution of the problem bet-
ter results could be expected.

All streams and lakes in this terri-
tory have received careful attention
and have been well stocked. The ter-
ritory is large, with many miles of good
trout water and many lakes. It is a
task to stock them all, but, owing to
the splendid, careful work of men in
charge of the Great Falls hatchery,
this has been done.

The large new spawning station at
Lake Francis was completed and put in
operation this year. Several million
eggs were taken and sent to hatcheries.
We hope that the results will be even
better the coming year; in fact, that
they may rival the Georgetown station.

The question of rearing ponds has
been given careful attention in this dis-
trict and will receive more the coming
year, as the funds of the Commission
will allow. The rearing pond question
is important and should receive every
consideration.

The elk situation in the Highwoods
is in good shape. There seems to be
about 150 in that district, and no trou-
ble from them to the ranches, accord-
ing to the reports. Many elk have been
killed in the Sun River herd this year.
Most of the hunters going there have
killed their elk, a better percentage
this year than for several years. This
was due to heavy snows driving the
elk out of the high feeding grounds.
Up to the present time it is hard to
judge reports as to the number of elk
killed, but I should say 700 is conserva-
tive. The open season on elk should
be changed soon, but that is up to the
state legislature.

There should be a closed season on
deer along the hills in Lewis and Clark
and Chouteau counties, or more war-
dens to patrol hills in this district, as
there threatens to be killing of deer
during winters. This has been going on
for a number of years from Glacier
Park boundary to the Dearborn River,
despite efforts of the Commission to
check depredations.

Page Twelve

Fly FisJhuogl In Mootainia Waters

By E. A. WILSON, Livingston, Member Montana State Fish anil Game Commis sion

F

E. A. Wilson

IISHERMEN
throughout the
nation are
turning their at-
tention annually to
the streams of Mon-
tana. Hundreds of
anglers who take
unusual pride in
their casting abil-
ity, their outfit and
their water wisdom
in outwitting wily
game fish travel
thousands of miles
to take advantage
of the premier sport
offered by dry fly
fishing for rainbow
in Montana's crys-
tal waters. There's
nothing quite so effective in chasing
dull care away, in cleansing a feller's
mind of business worries and nothing
that takes him back to primitive whole-
someness, as the things that go with
fly casting. Eddie Guest has well said
that "a feller can't think mean things
when he's fishin'."

Despite the fact that inroads being
made on Montana's natural heritage by
the constant whipping of streams and
lakes, it is my belief that fishing in
Montana is better than in former years.
This fact has been made possible
through constant vigilance of the State
Fish and Game Commission in restock-
ing depleted streams. Millions of trout
are annually taken from the waters of
the state, but other millions of finger-
lings are planted annually to take the
places of those which have found their
way into fishermen's creels.

The planting of fish presents a scien-
tific problem which is given but little
thought by the ordinary angler. With
its miles of trout waters beginning
with the Yellowstone and its tributaries
just west of Billings and extending
through to the western boundary, north
to the Canadian line, including the
Madison River paradise, Montana's
streams are world famous for their
rainbow, native cutthroat, grayling and
eastern brook trout. Then in the east-
ern portion of the state the streams
are being stocked with warm water
fish such as bass, catfish, crappies,
sunfish, pike and pickerel. Then there
are the famous Big Hole River, its
tributaries, the Beaverhead and its
tributaries, Flathead River and Lake,
the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, the
Big and Little Blackfoot, the countless
small streams in the Helena and Gal-
latin Valleys, and miles of streams of
lesser magnitude where anglers find
their favored pools and sheltered spots.
In many of these smaller brooks sports-
men find greater pleasure than in
larger streams since lighter tackle may
be used and their skill tested to the
utmost. Montana's many lakes supply-
ing a variety of trout fishing have been

amplified by the planting of warm
water fish in reservoirs in eastern Mon-
tana, while thousands of salmon have
been released in landlocked lakes where
trout waters are distant.

Montana has two of the five native
grayling streams of the continent in
the Madison and Smith Rivers. To the
true angler the catching of grayling
with its attendant care and skill af-
fords supreme delight since their strike
is light and extreme care is required
in landing them safely. The grayling
has a small tender mouth and frequents
only those waters where its peculiar
natural food abounds.

The ardent angler knows that fly
fishing has an appeal that distances
the use of bait or a troll line. To the
angler whose love of fly casting has
whetted his desires to such a stage as
to be something of a connoisseur, the
barbless hook and the small dry fly
afford the greatest kick.

Fishing up-stream affords a greater
thrill than casting down-stream. This

A Wonderful Bird

Some wag is responsible for the jin-
gle that lilts along something like this:
"A wonderful bird is the pelican, his
beak will hold more than his belican — "
and such like. Here's a picture that
requires explanation. Boys and girls
who are nature students must not be-
lieve stories of jokesters who insist that
this is the meadow lark, the state bird.
It is none other than a baby pelican
who has lots of room to grow before
he becomes a fish hound.

method of course is not successful on
the larger waters, although I have
used this method with varying degrees
of success on the Yellowstone River.
It is laborious and I would hesitate to
say it is generally successful. Fish
head up-stream, hence on down-stream
fishing the wily trout have an oppor-
tunity to see the flies and give them
the once over several times, whereas
upstream fishing affords them but one
opportunity. On off days when the
trout are not striking well, it might be
a good scheme to try the system even
on larger waters.

The task of planting fingerlings in
the upper reaches of tributary streams
is one of the important problems if we
are to retain our position of prominence
among anglers. At the present time
the State Fish and Game Department
must depend upon the cooperation of
members of sportsmen's organizations
of the state to aid in transporting cans
of fingerlings into these waters. When
adequate funds are made available, the
state department should plant all the
fingerlings produced in the 14 state
hatcheries rather than leave the work
to enthusiastic sportsmen who, never-
theless, are not trained in the work.
Men whose vocation calls for knowl-
edge of proper conditions, proper tem-
perature and proper planting should be
entrusted with this important duty.
Employees of the Forest Service have
been of vast assistance in this work
on streams within the forest boun-
daries.

The problem of placing adequate
screens or wheels at the entrance to
irrigating ditches to save the millions
of fish lost annually is one in which
the department is now engaged. Up to
this time but little success has at-
tended experiments with fish wheels,
but we believe a solution is now im-
minent. The work is expensive, yet
when measured in the value of the
fish lost, it would seem a profitable in-
vestment from the standpoint of con-
scientious conservation.

FOXY MR. PARSON

In Albuquerque, N. M., a pastor found
his Sunday morning attendance was
getting smaller each week. He dis-
covered duck hunting was drawing the
men out in the mornings. Intent on
seeing the men get spiritual guidance,
the pastor holds a service for men at
4:30 a. m.

COON IN CHICKEN HOUSE

Having lost about 40 chickens that
were apparently killed by a predatory
animal, Preston W. Wilson of Thurlow
reports that he discovered the cause
when he went to his coop and saw an
animal sitting on the roost. Using his
flashlight he fired and dropped a 40-
pound raccoon.

Page Thirteen

ffifii&fc.

gp.:

"^rsJL

JV&.ONTANA j\jWSIUlD LIIT

Red Roek Dam Saves Waterfowl

By J. S. JAMES, State Engineer of Montana

I

J. S. James

'N the completion
of the dam at
Red Rock Lakes,
assuring storage of
water sufficient to
protect the nesting
grounds and breed-
ing areas of migra-
tory waterfowl, Mon-
tana's State Fish
and Game Commis-
sion has completed
a noteworthy task
in a meritorious
manner. Sportsmen
of the Treasure
State, who realize
the worth of Red
Rock Lakes in the
famed Centennial
Valley, in the breed-
ing of waterfowl and the fact that thou-
sands of ducks, geese and other migra-
tory birds hatched at these lakes scat-
ter throughout the state in the fall,
are grateful to the Commission for
foresight displayed in this enterprise.

In this work at Red Rock, as well
as at Fox Lake, where a dam for a
similar purpose has been completed,
Montana is again taking the lead in
states of the Union. The drought has
cut down the number of ducks. Dur-
ing the last summer potholes and small
lakes of the state and its sister states
dried up, creeks ran low and the water
in rivers receded. The completion of
these dams, others of which are pro-
posed by the Montana Commission, if
funds are made available, impounds
flood waters to keep pace with evapora-
tion and drainage and insures elimina-
tion of alkaline substances always pres-
ent when the water becomes low. This
work is in line with a general policy
of full conservation and economic use
of our water supplies.

Construction of the dam for regulat-
ing the water level of the Lower Red
Rock Lake had its inception in the
fall of 1929 when William Stussey of
Butte, superintendent of power of the
Montana Power Company, with William
Flynn, engineer for the A. C. M. Com-
pany, were hunting. The summer was
a season of subnormal rainfall, never-
theless, water records of the Montana
Power Company show many years just
as low and even lower. It, therefore,
would recur from time to time; in
fact, 1930 would have been a repetition
almost as severe.

The lake level was so low that it
was extremely difficult to row a boat.
Many sloughs where grass, vegetation
and duck feed had prevailed were dried
up; in fact, an automobile was driven
over places normally flooded with
water. Farmers had run their mowers
over large areas normally flooded and
raked off the hay, greatly encroaching
on what normally belongs to the water-

fowl population. Nesting facilities for
the following season in such areas were
naturally impaired and large areas of
waterfowl food-producing districts had
dried up, and possibly some of it killed
out. The lake water was stagnant,
filthy and highly charged with alkaline
content, so injurious to waterfowl.
There was evidence of duck mortality
which was believed to be the result of
excessive alkaline water. The condi-
tions prevailed on the entire Lower Red
Rock Lake to an extent that the normal
flooded area was reduced to half its
original size. It seemed a crime to see
perhaps the best waterfowl haven in
Montana in such a deplorable state.
From an engineering standpoint it ap-
peared that its recurrence could be
eliminated.

Old Man Moose

This unusual picture of a Montana
bull moose after he had shed his shovel-
like antlers, was taken by W. J. Bell
of the United States Forest Service.
Moose are not allowed to be killed in
Montana.

Mr. Flynn, Mr. Stussey and Colonel
D. G. Stivers of Butte began discussing
the feasibility of a dam, which would
maintain a constant normal lake ele-
vation in dry seasons as well as wet
seasons, and thus correct this disaster.
A committee of engineers consisting of
State Engineer James, Flynn and Stus-
sey made a trip early last spring dur-
ing flood season to make further in-
vestigations. The state engineer at
once approved the scheme and re-
ported favorably to the Fish and Game
Commission.

Plans and specifications were drawn
for its construction and bids were
called for early in August, work to be
completed by October 1. Work was
started early in September and com-
pleted by the specified date.

In the design of this dam, considera-
tion had to be given the maintenance of
a nearly constant water level under
varying conditions and the elimination
of possible destruction due to moving
ice. The topography is such that a
raise of two feet in elevation will flood
large areas of meadow land. This
meant that the dam had to be so con-
structed that during the spring flood
it would not raise the lake above pre-
vious high water marks, but that after
the flood had passed, a normal level
could be maintained. This was accom-
plished by constructing the dam in the
form of a submerged weir into which
flash boards can be placed as may be
required under varying conditions to
maintain a normal level. Upon the ap-
proach of winter the flash boards are
removed, permitting a free flow of ice
over the dam without possible damage
and pass the spring flood following
without raising the elevation.

On October 15 of this year Mr. Stus-
sey again visited the Lower Red Rock
Lake, and although rainfall for the
season of 1930 was subnormal, the dam
had raised the water level approxi-
mately eight or ten inches to a mean
normal elevation, covering the area
normally covered during normal years,
which otherwise would have been dry
as in 1929. The dam is' serving the
purpose for which it was built.

The importance of this construction
can not be overestimated in the assist-
ance to propagation and maintenance
of waterfowl, not only at Red Rock,
but also the entire southern Montana
district. A constant level of water over
a large area during breeding, rearing
and feeding seasons is indispensable.
Vegetation and duck food of all kinds
can not thrive in areas flooded one
season and dried up the next. Simi-
larly, cover for the hunter is more
likely to develop under uniform con-
ditions.

Th' world haint gettin' no worse.
We've only got better facilities. — Abe
Martin.

Page Fourteen

iaviogl the Migratory Waterfowl

By W. K. MOORE of Billings, Member Montana State Fish and Game Commission

W. K. Moore

PROMINENT in
its program for
conservation of
wild life in Mon-
tana, the State Fish
and Game Commis-
sion is putting forth
every effort to cre-
ate refuges and
nesting areas for
migratory water-
fowl, impound
waters that have
for years rushed
away in spring
freshets or evapo-
rated and maintain
lakes where ducks,
geese and other
web - footed game
birds may raise
their young and thrive. For several
years the northern flight has missed
many portions of the state. These ducks
in winging their way from the north
to the warmer southern climes have
been passing us up because of the
shortage of water. On some bodies of
water local ducks have been plentiful
and this supply has been depended upon
to provide hunting for Montana sports-
men.

In full realization of these facts, the
State Fish and Game Commission has
constructed two outstanding dams dur-
ing the last biennium. These dams are
at Red Rock Lake and at Fox Lake and
have been installed to test migratory
waterfowl conservation. The Red Rock
dam is already operating in a manner
exceeding expectations of sportsmen
and has been declared one of the most
effective achievements of the Commis-
sion during the biennium. Ducks bred
on those lakes in the Centennial Valley
scatter to all parts of the state. An-
other similar dam is in prospect near
Forsyth and if available funds are pro-
vided bv sportsmen who maintain the
department, in an increased hunting and
license fee, other projects will be con-
sidered.

The situation at Fox Lake, in Rich-
land county, is one of the most inter-
esting in the state. Years ago before
the Great Northern built its branch line
through Lambert, Fox Lake was a large
shallow pond filled with natural duck
food. It dried up each summer, how-
ever, and much of the natural food was
killed.

When the railway built its line
through the lake a situation was cre-
ated such that the lake dried up dur-
ing the nesting period and little ducks
by the thousands were left to die when
their parent quackers deserted the dry
ground in search of water.

These young ducks, unable to fly,
wandered off through the sagebrush.
In one instance hundreds of them wad-
dled to a nearby farmer's well and

were rescued. They were kept in cap-
tivity until large enough to kill and
were then cooked and canned in fruit
jars by the farmer's wife. Many ven-
tured half a mile into the town of Lam-
bert and were being found in back
yards and in the streets. The destruc-
tion each year has been enormous and
residents of Richland, Dawson and ad-
joining counties have been appalled at
the loss.

Hence, through cooperation with
Great Northern engineers and clubs of
sportsmen in Richland, Dawson and
other counties, the State Fish and Game
Commission set about solving the prob-
lem. The lake is 58 miles north and
east of Glendive and covers about 2,000
acres.

During the high water the natural
food grows in prolific manner. To
make the lake more attractive to water-
fowl, duck food was planted and next
spring will attain good proportions.

The dam has been completed connect-
ing with the Great Northern right-of-
way, in such manner that flood waters
in the spring will be backed up and

Laughing Waters

jL.;.&;

1

<wr&

I %

■ i s

Here's a glimpse at the beautiful
Woodbine Falls of Woodbine Creek near
Dean, Montana. The picture is sub-
mitted by W. K. Fletcher of the Mon-
tana Hotel of Butte.

impounded so that the natural lake will
be maintained and the duck loss elimi-
nated.

This lake will be one of the finest
shooting areas in eastern Montana as
the result of the expenditure for the
dam. The movement is in line with
conservation measures of the Commis-
sion similar to that of placing screens
or wheels in irrigation ditches to save
millions of trout lost annually.

The Fox Lake project is but an ex-
ample of what may be achieved through-
out the state in bringing back fish and
game. Additional revenue must be
made available, however, to continue
this program. These problems can be
solved through conscientious endeavor
but pessimism will contribute nothing
to the preservation and upbuilding of
our game supply.

Persistent doleful predictions of this
class of people tend toward the con-
clusion that everything in the way of
game has gone to the devil. Experience
over years in constructive methods of
game preservation has proved that the
situation is far from hopeless and that
many species can be preserved, in-
creased and perpetuated.

In many instances pessimists are
wrong in their premises. They persist-
ently repeat that in primitive times the
country was swarming with game,
which is not true. Game was plentiful
in many localities but there were other
large areas where game was scarce and
at times the aborigines and early set-
tlers suffered on account of scarcity.
The early records of explorers and
trappers have shown that when these
periods of scarcity occurred starvation
was the result.

Before the settlement of our country
game was usually most plentiful in
those regions which afterward were
cleared of forests or drained of their
waters in the progress of lumbering
and the development of agriculture.
These changes which we call civiliza-
tion, and the unrestrained orgy of com-
mercialism which prevailed throughout
the early periods of our history, ac-
count largely for the decimation of
game. The wild pigeon was extermi-
nated by commercial exploitation. The
near extermination of the buffalo dur-
ing the years it was hunted persistently
for its hides, and the almost extinction
of deer and other large game animals
in timbered sections where lumber
camps were supplied for years with
venison and moose meat by hired hunt-
ers, were examples of this same com-
mercial exploitation of the wild life
resources of the country. Protective
laws stopped the downward curve. Con-
structive measures have turned it up-
wards and many regions once almost
barren of game now have a goodly sup-
ply. What is needed is optimism and
intelligent work. Universal pessimism
will result in their extinction.

Page Fifteen

iVLONTANA

WEI*© lif:

MIoimtaiiM9^ Keek Law Brimigs Resellfe

By FRED B. WILLIAMS OF BOZEMAN, Director Montana Sportsmen's Association

E

F. B. Williams

NFORCEMENT
of the buck
law in Mon-
tana has brought
about the almost
miraculous restock-
ing of great areas
! throughout the state
where deer had dis-
appeared for years
and where hunters
have regarded the
territory as barren.
Sportsmen of Gal-
latin county, who
were given an open
season on deer of
either sex by the
1929 legisla-
ture, have, however,
learned the lesson
of the folly of permitting the killing of
does and will not soon forget the
slaughter that followed granting the
request. If Montana's deer herds are
to continue to thrive in the face of in-
creased hunting and the preying of nat-
ural enemies, continued enforcement of
the buck law is mandatory.

Prior to the days of the buck law
the deer in Gallatin county were get-
ting quite scarce. Following the pas-
sage of the buck law measure by the
legislature we lived under this for six
years and the deer became so plenti-
ful that at our request the legislature
passed a law giving us permission to
kill one deer of either esx.

That law came into effect during the
open season in 1929 and we have a rec-
ord of more than 800 deer being killed.
This record is not complete as it only
covered the southern half of the county
where we were able to make a check.
Without any question there must have
been 1200 deer slaughtered in the 30-
day open season. The percentage on
the number that we know were killed
was 31 per cent bucks, 47 per cent
does and 22 per cent fawns.

After the results of this unusual kill
our boys were immediately ready to go
back to the old buck law and at our
annual meeting in April, 1930, they
voted 100 per cent for a closed season
on does, and for the information of
the Fish and Game Commission, mem-
bers of which were present, our sports-
men decided that if the Commission
was not permitted under the present
law to let us hunt bucks during the
1930 season, to close Gallatin county to
the shooting of all deer until the legis-
lature could meet again, which, after
a ruling by the attorney general, was
put in force for the 1930 season. I
am happy to tell you that there was
not a single deer killed in the county
of Gallatin this year.

The buck law was the best measure
ever passed in this state. It is surpris-
ing to see the amazing increase of deer
since this law was put in force. I

firmly believe that if we continue under
the present buck law that it will only
be a short time until Montana will
have more deer than any other state
in the Pacific Northwest. It is our
intention at the coming session to ask
the legislature to place Gallatin county
back where we were and where we
belong.

Hunters Race Death
To Save Deer

THE loss of a day's hunting, a four-
mile walk, a lonely vigil, then a
32-mile race against time, and
hours of careful nursing — these epi-
sodes in a battle with death, engaged
in by four men, saved the life of an
injured doe deer. Announced as the
outstanding instance of self-sacrifice
reported to officials of the American
Game Protective Association in recent
weeks, this fight in the interest of wild
life conservation occurred in Lake
county, Michigan.

Two Detroit hunters found the doe
lying injured beside a wire fence, which
she had apparently struck while run-
ning. One of the sportsmen stood
guard for several hours to protect the

doe, while the other walked four miles
to Chase and telephoned Cecil Basford,
conservation officer of Baldwin, 16
miles away. Basford drove as near as
possible to the scene, helped carry the
injured animal from the woods, and
hurried with it back over the 16-mile
journey. Treated at the home of Fred
Bradford, the doe began to recover.
When fully recovered she will be re-
turned to the woods.

All deer are protected in that part
of Michigan, and does in every county
of the state.

Such stories as this indicate that
sportsmen are no longer content merely
to observe closed seasons and bag lim-
its. They are aiding wild life activity
instead of passively, and often endur-
ing hardships to help game overcome
handicaps of modern conditions. They
are realizing that game can not be leg-
islated back, since laws alone fail to
combat game's worst perils — an over-
abundance of natural enemies and a
shortage of food and shelter. More ade-
quate funds are required to maintain
the fight against eradication.

HEAT OUT OF EARTH

Heat that causes the hot springs and
geysers in Yellowstone National Park
is assumed to be the internal heat of
the earth, brought to the surface
through deep cracks, mostly in the
form of steam.

M"

■ ,'„?..

■

Killing Does in Gallatin County

Page Sixteen

Montana's Game in V(G(lante

ifril- ^ chief Justice L-LCallawAy

,&£*£ Montana Supreme Court

Lew L. Callaway

shall attempt it.

TH E editor of
MONT ANA
WILD LIFE
was good enough
to ask me for an
article under the
rather ambitious
title of "Montana's
Game in Vigilante
Days and in 1930."
He was advised
that, even if I could
tell a story com-
mensurate with that
title, which is doubt-
ful to say the least,
time for the pur-
pose is not now
available to me. But
the idea is alluring.
Some day, maybe, I
The following sketch
is written hunter style, which implies
the plentiful use of the personal pro-
noun, for what hunter can talk about
game otherwise?

Before the discovery of gold in this
region, Montana was at least the equal
of any other game country in the world.
Lewis and Clark told of the many kinds
and great quantities of game (varying
in certain localities, to be sure), which
were encountered from our eastern bor-
der to the summit of the mountains be-
tween Montana and Idaho. I speak of
Montana as if its present boundaries
then existed.

Before they came, doubtless the Hud-
son's Bay trappers had explored the
country and had trapped over portions
of it. The American companies — Lisa's,
American Fur, Missouri Fur, Rocky
Mountain Fur (Jim Bridger's), and the
free trappers, had trapped in the coun-
try east of the summit of the main
range of the Rockies during several
decades. No better beaver, mink, otter,
fox, or wolf pelts were to be found
anywhere. Beaver were depleted al-
most to the point of extermination, but
we know how rapidly that busy ani-
mal, given even a poor chance, "comes
back."

The great Indian tribes which had
made this region their home for cen-
turies had made little impression upon
what we term "big game." Nor had
the predacious trappers made serious
inroads.

When the gold-seekers came, count-
less buffalo still made their annual
trek from their southern to their north-
ern feeding grounds, from Texas to
Canada, and back again. During most

winters considerable numbers ranged
in the valleys of the Milk, Missouri,
Musselshell and Yellowstone Rivers and
their tributary streams. And yet, in
less than thirty years the great herds
were gone — the buffalo almost extinct!
We all know why.

But buffalo were scarce west of the
main range of the Rockies at the time
of the Lewis and Clark expedition. In
1S46, Father DeSmet, writing from St.
Mary's Mission in the Bitter Root, in
his solicitude for the Indian tribes ex-
pressed his uneasiness over the deple-
tion of their main source of food. The
buffalo had disappeared from what is
now Madison county and probably from
Beaverhead and Gallatin long before
1862. On my father's ranch, on the
Upper Ruby, in the '70s, there were
fifty, perhaps a hundred, buffalo skulls
which had not felt the blood of life for
at least 50 years. Indians in middle
age said their fathers could not remem-
ber when the buffalo were there, but
their grandfathers could.

In the latter '50s and '60s antelope,
deer, elk, mountain-sheep and Rocky

On Your Way, Mister

This Black Bear, evidently afflicted
with a grouch, was snapped by Bill
Rush, in charge of Montana elk study,
while taking most of the road and re-
senting intrusion upon the playground
of himself and his playmate.

Mountain goat were in goodly numbers
in their respective habitats throughout
Montana. Moose were to be found in
some places. Countless grouse and
pheasants were in the mountains and
along the mountain streams. This is
true of the prairie chicken in the val-
leys, and sage-hens abounded in the
rolling hills and upon the wide bench-
lands where the sage-brush grows.

When the prospectors struck "pay-
dirt" in the summer of 1862, at Pioneer,
at Bannack, and on the North Fork of
the Big Hole, each party found game
all about. When the great discovery
at Bannack brought on a stampede, the
people, in hundreds, relied for meat on
the easily procurable game which
ranged nearby. In April and May,
1S63, the Fairweather party found quan-
tities of game all the way from pres-
ent Twin Bridges to the Yellowstone,
where the Indians turned them back.
For instance, Henry Edgar tells of
camping on Mill Creek, above where
Sheridan is now, and says that April
5th Bill Fairweather killed a mountain
sheep. "Good grub," says Edgar. They
were waiting for the party led by
James Stuart, which, incidentally, had
gone on ahead. "Nothing to do," says
Edgar, "plenty of meat and lots of deer
and sheep in sight. Don't want to kill
them." Later on, after crossing the
Madison, Edgar says, "saw plenty of
elk after we crossed. Some deer and
antelope." The next day, "plenty of
ducks and geese." The next day, "lots
of game." As the party turned back,
sadly enough, from the Gallatin on the
return to Bannack, and crossed to the
Madison, game was still plentiful.
Wanting some meat, Cover killed an
elk, Fairweather and Hughes a sheep.
As the party turned from the Madison
westward across the Tobacco Root
Mountains, which separate the Madison
from the Stinking Water (Ruby), elk
were found feeding about the quaking-
asp groves which grow near the lakes
on the top of the range; in the sum-
mer time there were plenty of wallows
around these lakes. Rodgers killed an
elk near the lakes and the party jerked
the meat, remaining on their pleasant
camping ground for a day. The next
day, May 26, 1863, they saw herds of
antelope on the hills which lead down
to the stream they were to call Alder;
on that day they made the world-fa-
mous discovery. Shortly after making
camp one of the party killed an an-
telope but a short distance from the

Page Seventeen

m©NTANA

weiud) lif:

place where the discovery monument
now stands.

Upon that day antelope ranged the
hills which sloped to Alder Creek; elk
were upon the lower ridges of the sur-
rounding mountains; on the high
ridges mountain sheep were plentiful ;
while blacktail (mule) deer were all
about in the timbered mountains near
the head of Alder Gulch; bear were
entirely too numerous for man's com-
fort. Grouse were everywhere along
the creek of Alder and its tributary
streams, and higher up were countless
numbers of that finest of mountain
game birds, the blue grouse. Pheas-
ants were found lower down along the
stream. But a year later where was
all this game? Gone, most of it, fallen
at the roar of the shotgun or the bark
of the rifle.

Conditions were similar in the coun-
try where Helena now stands.

Professor Raymer, in his recent his-
tory of Montana, speaking of the dis-
covery of Last Chance Gulch in 1864,
has this to say: "In entering the
Prickly Pear Valley from the Little
Blackfoot they discovered from the
large amount of game that they were
in a country which had not been pros-
pected to any great extent. As they
proceeded down the beautiful gulch
which now contains the highway over
Priest Pass to Missoula, a stately elk
bounded out and stood at short range
surveying the strange party which had
invaded his domain. They shot the elk
and camped in this canyon, then pros-
pected for some time but found noth-
ing worth while. Following down the
gulch they descended into the valley
of the Prickly Pear, and turning to the
right made their preparations for a
meal on the banks of Last Chance
Creek.

"The valley which spread before them
was a hunter's paradise. Immense
droves of antelope were feeding in it
and along the margin of the stream the
whitetailed deer were plentiful."

The meadows near the willow copses
along the Beaverhead, the Big Hole,
the Ruby, and the stream into which
these three merged, the Jefferson, were
full of prairie chickens. It early be-
came the custom of everybody traveling
over the country to carry a shotgun in
addition to his six-shooter. The road-
agents sawed off the barrels of their
shotguns because they intended to make
use of this weapon for larger game. It
was of course available for the smaller
also.

The traveler need not exert himself
to have prairie chicken at his meals.
This condition continued until well into
the late '70, although of course chickens
were being thinned out to some extent.
The streams, sloughs, "pot-holes" in
the meadow lands along the Madison,
and similar conditions existed along
the three branches of the Gallatin, the
Missouri and tributary streams, pro-
vided ducks and geese in unbelievable
numbers. Naturally the shotgun sports-
men of the '70s became dog fanciers.
As illustrative: In 1874 my father,
"back east" for a visit, purchased two
Llewellyn setters which he shipped by

On the Alert

This splendid picture of a Montana
buck mule deer was taken near Mam-
moth Hot Springs by Kenneth D. Swan,
who is associated with the Forest Serv-
ice at Missoula. It's one of nature's
masterpieces.

express to Virginia City. The pups
cost $25 apiece. They went by rail
from Decatur, Illinois, to Corinne, Utah,
and thence to Virginia City by stage
coach. Other men imported Irish set-
ters, and of course there were the
pointer fans. The well-known argu-
ments respecting the superiority of
these different dogs were in play. In
my boyhood Virginia City was full of
bird dogs. Occasionally, — often, I
should say, — two or three coyotes
would come to the very edge of the
little city, nestling there with the
mountains all about, and, looking down
upon the lights, would break into their
well-known song; then all the dogs in
town would get into musical action.
Presently, some cranky individual would
buy some strychnine and the dog own-
ers would be hunting the wretch who
would poison a valuable dog, but the
poisoner never was caught. Had he
been, Vigilante action might have been
repeated.

In 1S70, after the return of the
Washburn party from its exploration
of what became the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, adventurous men desired
to see that wonderland. In 1871 or
1S72, my father, then Secretary of Mon-
tana, and three other men, with saddle
horses and a pack outfit, went from
Virginia City, up the Madison River,

and into the Lower Geyser Basin. My
father told me that while traveling
through the Madison Basin, which is
now covered by the waters of Hebgen
Lake, his party counted 800 elk feed-
ing. This was in early September.
About 25 years later, a hunting party
of which I was a member, crossed the
same basin. At that time there was no
large game of any kind in the basin,
but high up in the surrounding hills
and mountains they might be found in
limited numbers.

In the Madison Basin the ducks were
living in great numbers. We had so
many grouse which we had bagged com-
ing through the canyon — we had
camped where Beaver Creek enters the
Madison — that we did not care to kill
any ducks. We did, however, creep in
the timber and brush close up to the
sloughs in which there were hundreds
of ducks. It must have been a duck
picnic-day, because there were on one
slough 20 or 30 ducks with their young,
which were about half grown. This
was in August. The mother ducks
talked to each other and chided the
children just as our mothers used to
chide us at picnics. Some of the little
ducks, evidently bad boys, cut up
pranks which displeased their mothers
very much. It was about as interest-
ing a party as I ever attended.

During my boyhood and youth, while
riding the range, we never went into
the Sweetwater Basin, which lies be-
tween the Ruby and Beaverhead Val-
leys, that we didn't see bands of an-
telope. Antelope and horses are great
friends and frequently would be found
grazing together. The antelope have
been gone from the basin for thirty
years, I suppose.

There is a large area of rolling hills,
which are cut by deep ravines, lying
between Sweetwater Creek and the
Ruby River, which is called the Big
Ridge. It runs well up towards the
Snow Crest range of mountains. Many
bands of antelope lived there in the
'70s and '80s. I am told there are still
about a hundred head, widely scattered
over the Big Ridge, but they live a pre-
carious life.

Only once in my life have I been
permitted to see a considerable por-
tion of Montana as it was in its primi-
tive state. In 1886, in consequence of
the increasing number of cattle in the
Ruby Valley, it was determined by the
cattlemen to drive their herds from
the Ruby into the "Centennial" Valley
for summer feeding. The cattle were
driven to the headwaters of the Ruby
and over the ridge into the valley of
the Red Rock, "the Centennial," which
before 1876 was totally uninhabited.
Poiudexter & Orr, the great cattle firm
of Beaverhead county, concluded to
pasture a considerable portion of its
herds in the valley that year, and gave
it the name of "Centennial," which it
has borne ever since. The valley is,
roughly speaking, about 50 miles in
length and from 10 to 15 miles in width.
The Red Rock River runs through the
Centennial from east to west. At the
upper end of the valley are the Red
Rock Lakes. Ten years later, when
the Ruby cattlemen decided to pasture

Page Eighteen

JVLONTANA

WS1LB LIFE

their cattle in that valley, it was still
in its wild state. Some miles below
the camp established by the Ruby peo-
ple were the Poindexter & Orr and the
Shineberger herds, but these were sep-
arated by considerable distances. The
Ruby cattle were ranged about the
lower lake on either side and for some
miles down the river. On the southerly
side of the valley the main range of
the Rockies rises somewhat abruptly:
on the northerly side there are the
rolling hills which divide the Ruby
and the Red Rock, with the high Snow
Crest and Tobacco Root ranges toward
the north. Myself and another youth,
in late August, took a load of provi-
sions to the Centennial to supply the
cow-camp there and to assist in riding
herd and in the fall branding. For at
least 30 miles of the journey the wagon
road was a mere cow trail, and diffi-
cult to traverse with a wagon. My
companion told me of the great num-
bers of ducks, brant, geese and swan
which would be found upon the Lower
Red Rock Lake, and in the river. We
crossed the river at the "Lousy-spring"
ford (I shall not tell jou now how
that ford got its name). We drove up
the sluggish river on the southerly
side, talking of the odd color of its
waters as we observed them at the
ford. Shortly, as we came in sight of
the river where it broadened and
harly appeared to move, I said to him,
"that certainly is curious looking
water," and he said, "that isn't water,
it's ducks." Believe it or not, for a
space that covered half an acre the
water could not be seen for the wild-
fowl. I believe the ducks and geese
along that river and upon the lakes at
that time would run into the hundreds
of thousands. Red Rock Lake is still
a favorite duck hunting ground, but
how it differs from what once it was!

At least 5,000 antelope were then
ranging in the Centennial Valley. 1 am
inclined to the belief that the antelope
had congregated in this valley in such
large numbers as a result of the con-
stantly increasing pressure of the white
man and his herds upon all sides.

At any time of the day you could
see antelope, and as you rode about
the widely scattered bunches of cattle,
antelope were never far distant. For
meat we depended upon the antelope;
it is better than deer or elk, but oc-
casionally some one would kill a deer
or an elk for a change. Deer and elk
were on either side of the valley in
considerable numbers. When I reached
camp the bo\s were talking of one an-
telope which all had been trying to
kill. He had one regular prong but
the other was deformed so that it re-
sembled a bull's horn somewhat. On
my first day there he was the first
antelope to fall to my rifle, a .45
Sharps. He was as large as a fair-
sized deer and the head is the largest
one I have seen. If you think you
have a larger one, bring yours to my
house for comparison.

I got my antelope on the southerly
side of the river; the same day on the
northerly side Charley Metzel killed the
largest blacktail deer any of us ever
heard of. He had "antlers like a sage-
brush." The accompanying photograph,

A 38 -Point Buck

This blacktail buck, described by
Chief Justice Callaway in the accom-
panying article, was killed by Charley
Metzel of Alder, Montana. The head is
still in Mr. Metzel's possession.

kindly loaned by Mr. Metzel, of course
does not show the head adequately. It
has 38 points over an inch long. This
head has been exhibited at the World's
Fair (1893), the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition (1904), at our own State
Fair, and elsewhere, always winning
first prize.

The following winter, — the hard win-
ter of 1886-7, — practically all of these
antelope perished. After that, never
more than a few small bands, widely
separated, ranged in the valley. In-
deed, at the time of the passage of the
law prohibiting the killing of antelope
at any time, the antelope in Montana
had come close to the point of extinc-
tion. Now in portions of the state this
attractive, beautiful game animal is in-
creasing at a gratifying rate; but it
will take vigilance to preserve the spe-
cies.

The destruction of deer in Madison
and Beaverhead counties in the '60s
and '70s was so great that about 1S80
few deer could be found. My father
told me in 1S95 that there were vastly
more deer in that country then than
were there in 1SS0, and I am satisfied
that there are as many deer there now
as there were in 1895. Of course, the
counties with which I was then most
familiar, Meagher, Gallatin, Madison,
and Beaverhead, never did have the
quantity of deer which has always ex-
isted in the Flathead region, and about
Libby.

During the latter '80s and early '90s
there were incredible quantities of
grouse in the Castle Mountains and
upon the headwaters of the North Fork
of the Smith River, the North Fork of
the Musselshell, the South and Lost

Forks of the Judith and Sheep Creek.
In 1S92 I was secretary of the Smith
River Rod and Gun Club and have
heard Max Waterman, J. B. Phelps,
and others, while at the traps, tell of
the quantities of grouse to be found
within ten or fifteen miles of White
Sulphur Springs a few years earlier.
It seems that the good shots about
there, Waterman, Phelps, and other
sportsmen, expected to kill a hundred
a day each, and usually did so. These
men would tell of going out upon the
15th day of August, then the first day
of the season, and betting a dinner
upon the one who would exceed a hun-
dred by the largest margin. They did
not seem to realize that they were
game hogs of the first water. The sup-
ply seemed to be inexhaustible and
none of the grouse were wasted; when
the hunters got home, everybody in
town had grouse.

From 1891 to 1S94, to my personal
knowledge, it was not difficult to kill
25 or 30 grouse in the Castle Moun-
tains on the first day of the season.
One did not have to be a very good
shot to get that many; in proof of
which I got bags of that size myself.
The South Fork of the Smith River was
a famous place for ducks and there
was good shooting along the main
Smith River. In the fall it was so
good that one could begin shooting
while still within the limits of White
Sulphur Springs.

Grouse seemed plentiful all over the
country with which I was familiar
until about the end of the last century.
In the first decade of this century
sportsmen began to take alarm, and
well they might, for the rapidity with
which the grouse disappeared was star-
tling. One was obliged to go afar off
in order to find them in considerable
numbers. The last hunting expedition
upon which my party found grouse in
considerable numbers was in 1904. Upon
the second day of September, 1904, four
of us got our limit of 20 each in less
than an hour at Rattlesnake Springs,
which are between Morgan and Cherry
Creeks in the Madison Valley, one of
the few places along the Madison where
snakes are found. After we had our
limit and stopped on that account, we
got on our saddle horses and amused
ourselves by riding over the nearby
hills and shooting rattlesnakes. The
grouse and rattlers seemetl to be living
together in peace and harmony. Charles
C. Hill of Sheridan, Montana, father of
our State Game Warden, was one of
the party. We determined that we
would not return to Rattlesnake Springs
for four years. "Let's give the grouse
a chance," we said. We had the no-
tion, probably not a good one, that we
were the only hunters who knew Rat-
tlesnake Springs was such a fine place
for grouse.

We never returned; probably it was
just as well, as likely we should have
wasted our time. It was not long until
the sheep began to graze over that
country. Mr own notion is that except
in inaccessible places where the sheep
do not range there will never be any
more good grouse shooting. The sheep
tramp out the nests; and there are
people who are mean enough to say

Page Nineteen

tama 6a weilid lif:

' ^ Jaw %

/*&-=

that occasionally a herder will kill a
grouse regardless of the season.

Prairie chickens, however, can he ex-
pected to thrive under present condi-
tions if the laws are respected.

With a boy of 13 or 14, another
youngster of my age, who is a member
of the 1931 iegislature, and I fre-
quently killed sage-hens within a mile
of the limits of Virginia City. Scores
of sage-hens could be found within two
miles of the city limits. I doubt if one
can be found now within ten miles of
those limits. In the '90s the great
bench lands which lie between Smith
River and the Big Belt Mountains, and
in the neighborhood of Ringling, were
inhabited by thousands of sage-hens.
These came perilously close to extermi-
nation, but the tightening grip of the
law and a vigilant game commission
have prevented this. The birds are
again becoming plentiful on these
bench lands. In fact, some two or
three years ago, on a trip to White
Sulphur Springs in August, four flocks
of sage-hens ran across the road in
front of my car.

I am not qualified to discuss the
duck situation, but anyhow, it would
seem that nothing need be added to
what is being said in hunting maga-
zines respecting that problem.

Once upon a time different species
of bear thrived in our mountains in no
small numbers. Any discussion whether
the bear should be protected or killed
off will be left to others, but it is
clear enough that only a comparatively
few bear now exist in Montana. It is
not likely that they will increase ex-
cept in the parks.

I agree that the depletion of the
game latterly has depended upon fac-
tors in addition to the firearm; but am
convinced that the firearm was chiefly
responsible for the deplorable condi-
tions which began to come to light
thirty years ago. It is believed that
we may reasonably anticipate, under
the present policy of the game com-
mission, that elk and deer can be main-
tained at their present rather satis-
factory number. Mountain sheep thrive
under favorable conditions, as is shown
in Glacier National Park; the same
can be said of antelope. But I do not
think we shaU ever see the time again
when there will be any satisfactory
hunting, or, I might say, any general
hunting at all of mountain sheep. Lit-
tle more can safely be said of the an-
telope. After a while, possibly the bars
can be let down for a short period
each year in certain localities.

The depletion of prairie chicken,
grouse, and pheasant has compelled the
game commission to import the Chinese
and the Hungarian pheasant, a move-
ment which deserves the gratitude and
support of all sportsmen. These are
real game birds, but I must say, re-
gretfully, that they are too fast for
my slowing eyes.

It is a pity that the protection now
given the game was not afforded thirty
years ago. If recent policies had then
been adopted and consistently carried
forward, the sad depletion of game ani-

Montana Tags Game Fish In Tests

ORE of fairy tale days
that records the deci-
sion of the mass meet-
ing of mice to hang a
bell on the cat, is be-
ing outdone by adop-
tion of the system of
tagging game fish by
the State Fish and Game Department.
To an angler who finds it a consider-
able chore to land a rainbow trout
that "musta been this long," the task
of catching the big fellows without do-
ing them bodily injury, attaching the
minute piece of non-corrosive metal to
dorsal fin or gill-cover and then re-
leasing the gamey piscatorial prize to
continue to outwit anglers, is something
of a mystery.

But that's just what is boing done
in the vast program of wild life con-
servation and scientific study in which
the State Fish and Game Department
is engaged.

Under the supervision of trained ex-
perts at the spawn-taking station at
Georgetown Lake and the hatchery and
spawn-taking station just completed at
Lake Francis, near Valier, tagging ex-
periments are being conducted and
careful records kept of each fish tagged.

At Lake Francis the non-corrosive
metal tag is attached to the left gill-
cover. At Georgetown the tag is
pinched to the dorsal fin by means of
the use of a small punch.

Each tag bears the word "Montana"
and the serial number. Fishermen who
catch trout or grayling bearing these
tags have been requested to report the
facts to the Fish and Game Department
at Helena to complete the checkup.
They may keep the tag as a souvenir.
In making returns to the department
the angler should state the date the
fish was caught, where it was caught,
its condition, whether fat or poor, its
length (honest measure), the number
on the tag and whether the tag had
caused irritation or was securely fas-
tened.

mal and game bird would have been
arrested to a very great extent. Mon-
tana would still be hailed as the hunt-
er's paradise. Fortunately, in a few
favored regions, that can still be said.

By all means let us maintain our
game preserves, and create more, tem-
porarily at least, as wisdom shall dic-
tate. In passing: let's keep wagons,
automobiles, and airplanes out of the
headwaters of the South Fork of the
Flathead, and not be stingy in marking
the country containing the headwaters.
I am for withdrawing forever from the
touch of utilitarian goodly portions of
the forest primeval, and many an ex-
panse of rolling hills painted here and
there with pine tree, willow, and quak-
ing-asp. In these sanctuaries, dedicated
to wild life, there will be spots good
for the soul of man — where he can feel
that he is with God alone!

When game fish are spawning and
are caught in the traps while making
their way upstream, certain ones are
carefully tagged and measured and the
entries made in hatchery books. The
tags are attached for the purpose of
keeping careful check on spawning con-
ditions.

If a tagged trout returns to the traps
the following year, the fact is carefully
noted with a statement regarding the
condition in which the female arrives,
the growth made since last the fish
was credited with a return to the traps,
and factors which inform the expert as
contributing toward producing good or
poor eggs.

This information settles the question
as to whether a female trout returns
to the same place to spawn every year,
the zone of migration, the rate of
growth and the problem as to whether
or not a female will spawn on con-
secutive years.

One of the most interesting reports
received during the recent season comes
from Valier. One of the steelheads
tagged at Lake Francis was carefully
measured and weighed by Kenneth F.
MacDonald, superintendent of fisheries.
It measured 19 inches in length. Three
months after it was tagged and re-
turned to its native waters, the steel-
head was caught by Attorney W. L.
Bullock, well known Valier lawyer. He
immediately located the metal tag on
the gill-cover, weighed and measured
the big fish. His measurement, accord-
ing to his statement, showed the steel-
head to be 22 inches in length, or a re-
ported increase in length of three
inches in three months. Facts sur-
rounding the test provide ample Hot
Stove League gossip at Valier for the
remainder of the winter.

KILLS BANDED DUCK

C. T. Filson of Helena, while hunting
not far from Townsend in Broadwater
county, killed a mallard duck which
bore a band on one leg marked A650,-
276. He notified the Biological Survey
headquarters at Washington, D. C, and
has received a reply, which stated that
the duck had been banded at Moiese,
Mont., November 7, 1929, by F. H. Rose,
warden of the National Bison Range.

PARK STREAMS RESTOCKED

Nearly a hundred cans carrying a
quarter million trout fry transported
by a cavalcade of 40 horses have been
taken to a number of rivers along the
southern and western borders of Glacier
National Park from the Montana state
hatchery at Bozeman. The restocking
was exclusive of the government's
plantings in the park proper.

SPORTSMEN PRACTICE "DO'S"

It looks like a sportsman is no longer
the man who merely observes the
"don'ts" in hunting wild life, but the
man who also practices the "do's" in
the conservation of wild life.

Page Twenty

The Northern Yellowstone Elk Herd

By W. 31. RUSH, in Charge of Montana Elk Study

W. M. Rush

AT about the
same time that
the buffalo
were being practi-
cally exterminated
in Montana and
Wyoming, the elk
herds of the plains
and foothills were
also nearly wiped
out. The remnants
of the once mighty
herds of this region
were forced into
the mountains at an
elevation several
thousand feet higher
than was natural
for them, particu-
larly in the winter
time. Elk have
adapted themselves more or less to
this high range until from a plains
animal they have developed into a fair
type of mountain animal and have
learned to paw the snow away from
the grass, eat aspen and other shrubs
and in various ways take care of them-
selves in their new environment.

The small remnants that took refuge
in Yellowstone National Park multiplied
under complete protection until their
numbers were too great for the food
available for them. The severe winter
of 1911, with a snowfall of 24 inches
in November (at Fort Yellowstone),
forced hundreds of elk outside the park
to lower elevations where the animals
naturally drifted in search of food.
Many hundreds of elk were slaughtered
and many more succumbed to starva-
tion. Again in 1919, when the snow-
fall was about 27 inches in November
(at Fort Yellowstone), a heavy migra-
tion of elk took place and half or more
of the herd was either killed or starved.
Other severe winters caused losses on
a smaller scale.

The state and national governments,
recognizing the value of this large elk
herd from recreational, economic and
wild life conservation standpoints, took
action a number of years ago to secure
more adequate winter range. After sev-
eral attempts to secure private funds
for the purchase of lands for winter
elk range, the national government
made the first important move in 1917
when by presidential proclamation all
government land in the winter elk
range was withdrawn from entry under
the public land laws and reserved for
elk range.

Messrs. Cochran, Pratt and other
prominent conservationists in New York
became interested in 1925 and pur-
chased about 1,000 acres of improved
ranch property in the best part of the
winter range, besides pledging a con-
siderable sum of money for future pur-
chases with the proviso that the gov-
ernment bear half the expense of each
purchase. Largely through the efforts

of the Montana Sportsmen's Associa-
tion and local people, congress passed
the act of May, 1926, which authorized,
among other things, the expenditure by
the government of $150,000 for the ex-
tension of the winter elk range. A
great deal of progress has been made
in acquiring ranch properties and it
is now thought that the danger of the
northern elk herd being reduced by
starvation in any great numbers is
passed.

At the annual meeting of representa-
tives of the State Fish and Game De-
partment, Forest Service and Park
Service in Livingston, Montana, in 1927
it was decided by those present that
a thorough detailed study of the elk
situation in the Yellowstone Park and
north into Montana should be made.
It was agreed that all of the interested
agencies should contribute to the ex-
pense of the project, but due to lack of
funds the job was not started at that
time.

In 1928 Mr. Horace M. Albright in-
terested Mr. Thomas Cochran in the
elk situation and Mr. Cochran agreed
to finance the study until such time
as the government and state could. Mr.
Albright engaged the writer of this
article for the work and he was sent
to the University of California to con-
fer with Mr. Joseph Dixon and other
prominent mammalogists before begin-
ning the work. He started on the job
December 15, 1928. Mr. Cochran and
the Park Service bore the expense until
January 1, 1930; the Park Service and
the Forest Service from January 1,
1930, to May 1, 1930. Since May 1 the
State Fish and Game De'partment, the
Forest Service and the Park Service
have borne the expense jointly, with
the Biological Survey furnishing tech-
nical advice and cooperation in inspect-
ing the work.

Joseph Dixon, economic mammalogist
at the University of California, who has
had some twenty-seven years' experi-
ence in making wild life studies, and
the writer worked up an outline for
guidance in making the elk study. Be-
sides the practical things to be studied,
a complete life history of the elk was
included in the outline. Some of the
important things to determine from a
management standpoint are:

The number of elk by sexes and age
classes in the northern Yellowstone
herd.

Rate of increase or decrease.
Amount and types of forage required
for the herd.

Diseases that elk are susceptible to.

Relation of elk to deer, moose, buf-
falo and other grazing animals, both
wild and domestic.

Relation to predatory animals.
Effect of feeding hay on normal hab-
its of elk.

Drift of elk to other areas and ex-
tension to new territory heretofore un-
occupied by elk.

Causes of migration, both seasonal
and permanent.

Value of elk both from a recreational
and a meat viewpoint.

Possibilities of improvement of ex-
isting range through artificial reseed-
ing of heavily grazed areas.

With a small herd of elk on a small
area the task of securing this informa-
tion would be relatively simple but
with a herd of 10,000 or more grazing
over an area in excess of 3,000,000
acres the job is not so easy. The job
of counting elk is a difficult one. Last
winter a part of the northern Yellow-
stone herd was counted four times.
The smallest total was 7,303 and the
largest 8.307, a difference of 13.8 per
cent, which is not excessive consider-
ing the type of country the elk were
occupying, the weather conditions and
the mode of travel the men making
the counts were limited to.

To arrive at the proportion of ages
and sexes hundreds of small bands are
counted at all seasons of the year and
a total made of each age and sex from
these, which gives a fair proportion for
the herd. Ages can be determined into
calves, yearlings and adults. The rate
of increase or decrease can be gotten
from the yearly counts.

A well balanced wild life population
is desirable in a national park or wil-
derness area. That is, there should be
some game animals such as elk, deer,
moose, sheep and bear; some predators
such as wolves, mountain lions and
bears: plenty of fur bearers; small
mammals such as squirrels, mice and
chipmunks; birds, etc. There should
be outside of the parks a surplus of
each species for the hunter and trap-
per. The numbers of each species
should be so controlled that no one
species will increase to such limits that
other species are deprived of food.

For instance, coyotes may be so de-
pleted in numbers on an area that
gophers and mice become abundant
enough to destroy the range for elk,
deer and sheep. On the other hand,
coyotes can become numerous enough
to make serious inroads on the calf
crop of elk and deer. Bears, particu-
larly the grizzlies in the spring, kill
some elk, both adults and young, and
probably kill other species of game
animals. Bears, however, afford real
hunting and, as bear meat is more or
less palatable, can be classed as a game
animal.

Our largest North American cat, the
mountain lion, should not be completely
exterminated. While it is the most de-
structive predator in this country (next
to man), there is plenty of room for
a few of them in our wilderness areas
and the species should not be allowed

Page Twenty-one

MONTANA

WEJb® LIFE

to become extinct just to provide more
game animals for human use.

The proper balance between game
animals and domestic animals must be
maintained over a large area such as
the State of Montana. Game enthusi-
asts and stockmen have much in com-
mon and should give each other the
closest cooperation.

As a rule domestic stock and game
animals should not use the same area
because of the liability of spread of
disease from one to the other, and be-
cause of the liability of overgrazing of
the range.

Disease in wild animals is a phase of
game study work on which little has
been done. To find a sick wild animal
and watch it closely for several days
is next to impossible, to say nothing
of looking into its mouth, taking its
temperature, taking blood for examina-
tion or the many other things necessary
in running down what may be a dis-
ease that is unknown to veterinary sci-
ence. About all we have done is blun-
der along until a disease becomes epi-
zootic and large losses occur in our
game animals before we discover the
nature and cause of the disease.

Our elk study contemplates a thor-
ough investigation into the feeding of
hay to elk. The buffalo herd in Yel-
lowstone Park has been built up to
more than a thousand head and fed
hay every winter. Some serious losses
have occurred from disease in the buf-
falo herd that fortunately can be con-
trolled by vaccination. With the buf-
falo it is desirable that they become
partially domesticated as it is neces-
sary to corral them several times a
year for various purposes. It is dif-
ferent with the elk. They leave the
park in the fall and are killed for
meat by hunters. It is not desirable
to tame them in any degree. In fact
it would be better if the elk were more
adept in evading the hunters' rifles.
The hunter does not now get the bene-
fit of an outing and a real hunt that
should go with the killing of a big
game animal.

The present method of killing elk in
the Gardiner region is far from satis-
factory. There is absolutely no hunt-
ing or sportsmanship connected with it
and is without a parallel in the civ-
ilized world. The elk leave the park
in bunches, many times are cut off
from retreat back to the park and are
slaughtered by men who perhaps have
not walked a half-mile from their autos.
(On the morning of November 26, the
writer saw a man shoot a bull elk from
the road. The elk stood perfectly still on
the sky-line well within 150 yards, the
seventh shot from the man's rifle hit-
ting the animal in the belly. This was
less than one-half mile from the center
of Gardiner.) Many instances could be
cited to show how the killing of elk
in this region has degenerated from elk
hunting in the mountains, where a sin-
gle elk is tracked down and shot, to
our present pot-shooting, meat-getting
system.

The remedy for this is not as simple
as it may seem. The surplus of elk
must be disposed of some way or their

Don't Molest Fawns

MONTANA'S Fish and Game Com-
mission has for years been striv-
ing diligently to teach sportsmen
to leave apparently "lost" fawns where
they may chance to find them in the
woods. These fawns are not lost and
will be cared for properly by the doe
deer if left alone. The splendid picture
shown above was submitted to MON-
TANA WILD LIFE as another argument
in this campaign. The fawn was found
in the woods, turned over to thought-
less friends to be reared under unnatu-
ral conditions and died within a few
days.

food supply becomes depleted. Killing
by hunters seems to be the most de-
sirable means of utilizing the increase.
Because of the fact that the elk leave
the park along a narrow strip on both
sides of the Yellowstone River they are
usually in bunches of a few head to
one hundred or more. It has been
proposed that another line be drawn
away from the auto roads and that
shooting be restricted to Saturday, Sun-
day, Tuesday and Thursday of each
week. This seems to be a good plan.
Much of the winter range has been
overgrazed by domestic stock in the
past and is at present of low forage
producing power. Through purchase of
ranches and restriction of grazing priv-
ileges more than 90 per cent of the
former number of domestic cattle and
horses have been eliminated from the
elks' winter range. As fast as funds
become available more ranches will be
bought. In addition to providing more
acreage in the winter range, efforts
are being made to improve the existing

acreage through seeding of pasture
grasses, irrigation of small areas of
pasture and reseeding of overgrazed
areas. Some parts of the range can
be made to produce 50 to 100 per cent
more forage than is being grown at
present, with but comparatively little
cost. The possibility of eliminating
foxtail and other harmful grasses from
the range is also being studied.

The problem of influencing the move-
ments of elk on different parts of the
summer and winter range is one which,
if it could be solved, would be of great
importance in relieving overgrazed
areas in the winter and perhaps pro-
vide a means for better distribution of
the elk on the hunting areas.

The question of mineral deficiency
in the forage plants of the high moun-
tainous regions of the country used by
elk has long been discussed. Under
natural conditions, before the plains
and foothills were taken up for do-
mestic stock use, wild grazing animals
could select on their wide range areas
and plants which were best suited to
them. In the mountains they are forced
to eat what they can get. This sum-
mer, through the cooperation of Mr.
Edmund Burke, chemist of the Mon-
tana Experiment Station, forage plants,
soils and water were collected from a
number of different parts of the elk
range and a complete chemical analysis
made of them. While the finished re-
sults of this work are not yet avail-
able, enough has been shown to prove
that the forage plants of this region
are comparatively high in those min-
erals the lack of which causes defi-
ciency diseases in grazing animals.

So far as has been learned the elk
suffer from but few diseases. They
seem to be somewhat less susceptible to
diseases than deer, mountain sheep and
antelope. Lung worms are prevalent
in elk but do not seem to cause a
great amount of trouble. Wood ticks
also heavily infest the elk some years
but so far no serious losses can be
ascribed to this parasite. Calf diph-
theria is perhaps the disease which
causes the greatest amount of trouble.
Foxtail grass, if fed as hay, is a factor
in aiding other diseases by producing
sores in the animals' mouths, thus pro-
viding a fertile field for any disease-
producing bacteria that the animal may
ingest. Hemorrhagic septicemia and
tuberculosis have not been found in
elk. The lumpy jaw organism has
never been definitely isolated but is
suspected of being in the elk to some
degree.

The whole subject of diseases needs
further study. Detailed reports are be-
ing made on the different phases of
the elk study as fast as sound conclu-
sions can be drawn. Some of these re-
ports have been published in MONTANA
WILD LIFE. The reader is respect-
fully referred to the January, June,
July and December, 1930, numbers for
these reports.

Irate Parent: "I'll teach you to make
love to my daughter, sir."

Young Man: "I wish you would, old
boy. I'm not making much headway."

Page Twenty-two

gj MONTANA &/J ~WS IL1D> JLIFB Mjg

■ a i ■ m ■■«■ »■ 5 £ 5 ^^-

i V ivyiYHdL VVji ii^

C RT-TJLIj ell

>3 A riW£ BULL ^> ^^ BULL lil SUJM.ME.P- O

Page Twenty-three

MONTANA gjvj WS1UD) 1,1 F!

i i3WP ~?M

Two Years of Progress

(Continued from page eight)

the 24 counties at that time, only four
appointed a game warden during the
following five years. These counties
were: Silver Bow, Gallatin, Lewis and
Clark and Fergus.

Governor Rickard appointed W. B.
Green of Flathead county, John F.
Cowan of Silver Bow, and John O'Con-
nor of Lewis and Clark, as the first
members of the first Commission. Sev-
eral changes in the personnel of the
Commission were made during the fol-
lowing four-year period. M. J. Elrod,
who is now with the state university,
was appointed in place of one of the
first three appointees, and he served
as chairman. This Commission did not
appoint a Game Warden until better than
three years after the law was enacted,
when R. A. Wagner was appointed to
fill the office. The entire law was
short lived, however, and this first
Commission was abolished by repeal of
the action in 1901.

In 1901 the law of 1S95, providing
for the appointment of a Game and Fish
Commission and the appointment of
county wardens, was repealed, and a
law enacted providing for the appoint-
ment of a State Game and Fish Warden
by the governor, the Game and Fish
Warden to appoint not less than five,
nor more than eight, deputy game and
fish wardens throughout the state. W.
F. Scott was the first State Game and
Fish Warden appointed under this law
of 1901, and the first warden appointed
with a fixed salary. The deputy state
game and fish wardens appointed by
Warden Scott were: U. H. Boucher,
Altyn, Teton county; Taylor B. Green,
Malta, Valley county; A. E. Higgins,
Missoula, Missoula county; Samuel
Scott, Deer Lodge, Powell county; John
H. Hall, Great Falls, Cascade county;
Henry Avare, Butte, Silver Bow county;
Henry Ferguson, Bozeman, Gallatin
county; and Thomas T. Thompson,
Miles City, Custer county. A bill, ap-
proved March 8, 1907, provided for the
appointment of a Montana State Fish
and Game Commission, consisting of
two members and the State Game War-
den, who were to be appointed by the
governor to hold office for a term of
four years, with the exception of one of
the first appointed two members, who
was to hold office for only two years.
The Commissioners appointed " were
George E. Doll, Pleasant Valley, Flat-
head county, and J. C. Cotlier, Great
Falls, Cascade county. Henry Avare
of Butte was appointed Game Warden
December 31, 1908. An act to increase
the Montana Fish Commission to five
members was approved February 11,
1911. The appointed members were:
E. P. Mathewson of Anaconda, M. D.
Baldwin of Kalispell, George E. Doll of
Helena, W. M. Bickford of Missoula,
and Henry Avare, State Game Warden.

In 1921 the present law was passed,
creating our present Fish and Game
Commission, consisting of five mem-
bers, appointed by the governor. The

law provides that the State Game War-
den be appointed by the Fish and Game
Commission. The law also states that
not more than three members can be-
long to the same political party.

Records of the Commission show that
15 years ago— in 1915 — E. P. Mathew-
son of the Washoe smelter of Ana-
conda was chairman of the board, work-
ing with such men as Nelson Story, Jr.,
J. L. DeHart, as secretary; Major M.
D. Baldwin, Judge Bickford and Anna
Dunne, the clerk employed at the mu-
nificent salary of $300 per year. Two
hatcheries were then operated under
the greatest of difficulties.

On December 29, 1916, Joe L. Kelly
of Anaconda was appointed to succeed
Mr. Mathewson as chairman. That
meeting marked the first purchase by
the state department of a shipment of
ringnecked pheasants. Two dozen were
brought from Murray, Utah, at a cost
of $100 and released in Lincoln county
near Eureka on the Tobacco plains.

Here are a few high points of de-
partment history that bring to memory
the names and achievements of many
men who are still in harness:

On March 21, 1919, J. H. Bronson
was employed as superintendent of
hatcheries.

On April 10, 1919, J. L. Kelly was
re-elected chairman with J. L. DeHart
as Secretary and Warden.

On January 5, 1920— eleven years ago
—Thomas N. Marlowe of Missoula at-
tended his first meeting. On April 20,
1921, he was named chairman of the
board and has served since that date.

On February 11, 1926, E. C. Carruth
and W. K. Moore became members of
the Commission, the other members be-
ing Tom Marlowe, Joe Kelly and E. A.
Wilson. Gilbert T. Boyd became a
member April 8, 1927, when Mr. Car-

The Wolf Pack

I m

Jim, He's In Trouble

I've got a letter, parson, from my son

away out West,
An' my old heart is heavy as an anvil

in my breast,
To think the boy whose future I had

once so proudly planned
Should wander from the path o' right

and come to such an end.
I told him when he left us, only a few

short years ago,
He'd miss his father's counsels an' his

mother's prayers, too;
But he said the farm was hateful, and

he guessed he'd have to go.
His letters came so seldom that I some-
how sort o' knowed
That Jim was a-trampin' on a mighty

rock/ road;
But never once imagined he would bow

my head in shame,
An' in the dust'd waller his ol' daddy's

honored name.
He writes from out in Arizona, an' the

story's mighty short,
I just can't tell his mother, it'd crush

her poor ol' heart;
And so I reckoned, parson, you might

break the news to her —
Jim's in the legislatur' but he doesn't

say what fur.

ruth resigned, and these gentlemen now
constitute the board, which is striving
diligently and conscientiously to con-
serve Montana's wild life heritage.

It has been well said that "History
is essentially biography." The history
of the personnel and achievements of
Montana's Fish and Game Department —
YOUR department — the department
which you are aiding in sustaining
through moral and financial coopera-
tion— is in like manner made up of the
biographies of leaders who have given
time, attention and business judgment
that Montana's reputation as a fish and
game paradise may be maintained.

Montana has 56 counties, some of
them larger than an eastern state, yet
Montana has but 27 deputy game war-
dens to cover these 56 counties.

Montana has an area of 90,000,000
acres to be patrolled in fish and game
conservation work.

We have 33 game preserves covering
2.000,000 acres.

More than 240,000 acres are set aside
for the grazing of game on national
forests adjacent to the northern boun-
dary of Yellowstone Park.

We have 14 fish hatcheries and five
spawn-taking stations, the largest
spawn-taking station in the world at
Georgetown Lake, and 12 of these
hatcheries have been established since
1920 — only a decade.

Thousands of eastern tourists plan
to turn the noses of their cars toward
Montana next season. We extend our
hospitable arms toward our eastern
neighbors, but the drain on fish and
game must be met. If conservation
ceases, our fields and streams will be-
come barren.

Page Twenty-four

Is the Loeh Levee Seoteh or Geramao ?

Uv FLOYD L. SMITH, Editor Montana Wild Lite

OCH LEVEN? Is the
trout so familiar to
Montana anglers a
product of Scotland or
Germany? When the
Scotchman who fills
his fountain pen at
the postoffice gets into
a heated argument with the Scotchman
who dug the Grand Canyon while
searching for a nickel lost in a gopher
hole, it goes without saying that things
will tighten up. But when a Scotch-
man who loves his native burrs, this-
tles and heather waxes warm in de-
fending the Montana loch leven trout
as the fish that originally came from
the lochs in his tight little isle, it's
music that rivals the skirl o' the pipes.
Such an argument is now proceeding
where anglers gather in Montana and
the fuss has entangled a couple of
Highland laddies known throughout the
state as fish culturists. W. T. Thomp-
son, superintendent of the federal fish
hatchery at Bozeman, who has often
threatened to drop the "p" from
"Thompson" to save ink, and Kenneth
F. MacDonald, state superintendent of
fisheries, who pens his name "K. F."
instead of "Kenneth F." for the same
thrifty purpose, are in the thick of the
argument.

The moot question of popular debate
is: "Resolved, That a loch leven is a
German brown spotted trout." And
the kilts, apparently, have the better of
the negative argument.

Many letters have been interchanged.
Much discussion has been brought
about and research work continues.
The latest batch of fresh ammunition
fired into the German brown camp from
the loch leven trenches conies from
Superintendent Thompson at Bozeman,
In a letter addressed to the State
Fish and Game Department at Helena
he writes in part:

"We will always hear this loud and
learned discussion regarding the loch
leven and the German brown trout,
just as we do about the steelhead and
the rainbow. The analogy and the dif-
ferences are much the same.

"From a practical fish cultural stand-
point, the steelhead is a sea-run rain-
bow strain existent for a greater or
lesser number of generations. Prob-
ably a rainbow running down to the
ocean would return in the first genera-
tion as a steelhead. The California
commission advised me that they did
not pretend to distinguish between them
though they had laws making 7 inches
legal for the rainbow and about 11 for
the steelhead. When I asked them how
they enforced the law, they said when
they found a fish in a poacher's basket
under 11 inches, it was a steelhead,
but anything over 7 inches in the bas-
ket of a supposedly law abiding angler
was a rainbow. That is the wisdom
of a Solomon for vou.

"Dr. Hugh H. Smith, formerly our
commissioner, once told me that the

German brown, or Von Behr, to give it
the name under which it was intro-
duced into the U. S., was the ordinary
fresh water brown trout of Europe,
while the loch leven was the sea run
variety inhabiting coastal waters for
a time and ascending into loch leven
and tributary waters to spawn.

"The Scotch variety took its name
from the water from which the eggs
were taken which were shipped to the
bureau, or rather to the old U. S. fish
commission, while the eggs from Ger-
many took their name from Herr Von
Behr, who was at the head of the Ger-
man fisheries work at the time of the
shipment.

"For a number of years, prior to my
entrance into the bureau in 1S97, one
or both of these varieties were propa-
gated at most of the stations, which
were located in the eastern section of
the country. For a time an effort was
made to keep them separate, but less
and less attention was paid to preserv-
ing their individual purity. Many were
mixed unintentionally, while eventually
they were dumped together and bred
promiscuously. Fish culturists supplied
either variety from the same trough or
pond eventually. Before my time, say
about 1890, the brown trouts went into
the discard on real or alleged grounds
of caninbalism, or under the belief that
they were inferior to our native varie-
ties. For years the bureau discontinued
their propagation. I greatly question
whether there is any strictly pure stock

of either variety any place in the coun-
try, though undoubtedly strains ap-
peared in different sections of the coun-
try which eventually differentiated from
those in distant places and under dif-
ferent conditions. Some are vehem-
ently claimed to be the pure German
brown and others the loch leven; per-
haps so? Being Scotch, I have pro-
claimed the brown trout of the Madi-
son to be the loch leven. The records
show that 6,700 loch leven ( ?) were
planted in Lewis and Shoshone Lakes
in 1S90, and the same year 9,300 Von
Behr (?) were planted in tributaries of
the Nez Perce Creek, which is a Madi-
son River tributary, while in 1889 there
were 995 loch leven (?) and in 1903 an
additional 9,500 loch leven (?) were
planted in various places in the upper
Firehole and tributary waters, so it
would appear on the face of returns
the loch leven have a slight majority.

"I know that many can point you
the true type of loch leven or the true
type of German brown, but these are
the same type of fellows who can show
you three or four different kinds of
trout taken out of Yellowstone Lake,
whereas there is only one variety, and
none have been introduced from other
sections.

And there you have it. When the
Scotch and the Germans have argued
themselves blue around the gills over
this poor fish, they may eventually
agree that fifty million Frenchmen can't
be wrong.

Montana Mule Deer Grazing at Snow Line

HERE'S a restful, pastoral scene snapped by Kenneth D. Swan of Missoula,
while hunting with his camera in the southeastern part of the state. The
photographer succeeded in concealing himself, and with an ingenious device
attached to the camera, secured (his splendid picture of the buck, a spike buck
and doe of the mule deer family, at peace with the world.

Page Twenty-five

.M.0NTAMA fvl WK1UD> Ufj

#&■

Making Movies of Moetoea9§ Game

By PAUL J. FAIR, Photographer

ONTANA'S State Pish
and Game Department
has authorized a mod-
ern campaign of edu-
cation, intended for
distribution in state
and nation, portraying
wild life of the state
in natural haunts through the use of
the motion picture camera. Several
months ago this work was inaugurated
at the state game farm at Warm
Springs where a series of splendid
"shots" were taken, which have been
worked into a full reel now being
shown in Montana. Another reel has
been completed at the great spawn-tak-
ing station at the mouth of Flint Creek,
at Georgetown Lake, recognized as the
largest institution of its kind in the
world. In my travels through the state,
into the fields and forests and along
the trout streams I have been pro-
foundly impressed with the great va-
riety of wild life in Montana and the
absolute necessity of protecting and
propagating it, to save it from inroads
being made by civilization. Pressing
problems confront the State Pish and
Game Department, for the automobile
is crowding wild life back into the re-
cesses of the mountains, better roads
are opening up areas that have for
years been almost sanctified, and high
powered rifles and modern fishing
tackle are taking their toll.

At the present time additional reels
of motion pictures of fish and game are
in preparation for release. This mass
of material covers a wide range of sub-
jects, including deer, elk, big horn
sheep, moose, bison, waterfowl, upland
game birds and fish. As soon as suffi-
cient film is secured to make well-
rounded stories of the subjects the pic-
tures will be released.

Many scenes of unusual beauty and
interest have been secured. Of particu-
lar interest might be mentioned the
film taken at Red Rock Lake showing
the nesting of a pair of trumpeter
swans, the largest, finest and rarest of
all our waterfowl, and now in danger
of extinction. The breeding of this
great bird is now largely confined to a
few lakes within the borders of Mon-
tana. It is hoped that the motion pic-
ture will go far toward arousing Mon-
tana people to a realization of their
responsibilities in saving the species
from the fate of the passenger pigeon
and the great auk.

Motion pictures offer a unique and
convincing method of portraying a sub-
ject in which a great and growing num-
ber of people have a spontaneous in-
terest. To the hunter or the angler
they offer a vicarious pleasure second
only to the personal participation in
his sport. To those who neither hunt
nor fish the vast wonderland of the
out-of-doors is unfolded, latent appre-
ciation and stimulating interest is

The Movie Man

Paul J. Fair

awakened in the wild creatures of for-
est and stream and in the problems
which their proper management en-
tails.

Wild life photography is beset with
peculiar difficulties. This is particu-
larly true of motion pictures. To a
hunter, success means simply an ap-
proach to within reasonable shooting
distance. If like methods were used
with movies, nine scenes out of ten
would he vanishing glimpses of birds
or animals, that grow tiresome in their
repetition.

Compared to a gun the camera hunt-
er's weapon is at best cumbersome and
slow of operation, especially when the
high powered telephoto lenses are used.

To be of the greatest value the films
should be intimate pictures of the daily
lives of the birds and mammals or fish.
They should tell something of the en-
vironment, of the food habits and the
breeding habits and how contact with
man has affected their lives and the
necessity for laws or regulations that
the species may be conserved and prop-
erly utilized as the object of legitimate
sport.

The successful accomplishment of a
project of this kind means not only a
knowledge of photographic technique
and of the habits of the subjects, but
it also means the editing and putting

together of the film, once it is secured,
in a form that will tell the story and
bring out desired facts.

To a state blessed with the rich wild
life heritage that is Montana's, it is a
wonderful opportunity for a work of the
utmost value from the viewpoint of
both sportsman and scientist. It is be-
coming increasingly evident that the so-
lution of the problem of a continuing
supply of fish and game lies on a basis
of accurate scientific facts, now all too
scanty.

Motion pictures will not only in
themselves help to develop these facts,
but in their visual presentation show
them in the most interesting and con-
vincing manner possible.

ALBINO PHEASANTS

Reports have been received from
southeastern Pennsylvania that almost
pure white ringnecked pheasants are
being observed. At the beginning of
Pennsylvania's deer problem a great
many cases of albinism were reported.
With the pheasants in southeastern
Pennsylvania, particularly, a similar
problem is fast becoming evident. Sexes
are greatly unbalanced and the birds
need thinning out somewhat. Constant
killing of the big healthy cock birds
each year is beginning to tell upon
the quality of the stock and it has
been thought for some time that eventu-
ally both males and females will have
to be killed during the hunting season.

BLACK SALMON

The "black" or "slink" salmon of the
Miramichi, which furnishes the earliest
sport for impatient anglers in New
Brunswick, is the original "poor fish"
of song and story. To begin with, he
is sadly lacking in judgment, or he
would not be found where and when
he is hooked by these earliest anglers.
He should be out at sea with salmon
of normal intelligence and energy; but
instead, having been too slow to get
away from the spawning beds and
down stream again before freeze-up, he
has passed the winter in fresh water —
and here he is, thin and dull and ex-
actly where the early fishermen expect
to find him. Poor fish! — poor in the
water, poor on the hook, poorest on
the hot platter.

LIGHTNING KILLS 85 SPARROWS

A freak trick caused by lightning re-
sulted in the annihilation of 85 Eng-
lish sparrows at Talladega, Alabama.
During an electrical storm a bolt of
lightning struck a large magnolia tree
in the front yard of the home of Otis
Parks, causing no apparent damage to
the tree, but resulting in the death of
the birds. Small boys who gathered up
the dead sparrows and counted them
declared that many had lost their heads
and others' "eyes had popped out."

Page Twenty-six

HAT most types of big
game continue to in-
crease in the national
forests is shown in the
latest game census by
the Forest Service, U.
S. Department of Agri-
culture. In the last
five years the estimated number of an-
telope in the national forests has in-
creased 35 per cent, of black or brown
bears 9 per cent, of deer 32 per cent,
of elk 15 per cent, of mountain goats
18 per cent, and of mountain sheep 2
per cent, with decreases of 37 per cent
in grizzlies, 86 per cent in caribou, and
15 per cent in moose. Unless more pro-
tection is afforded to the grizzly, says
the Forest Service, other states will be
in the class of California, where this
animal is now extinct. The decrease in
caribou is owing largely to the dis-
appearance of the herd on one forest
adjoining Canada, and it is assumed
the herd has shifted its range to Can-
ada. More reliable estimates account
for the apparent lower number of
moose, as early estimates were too
high, the Forest Service believes.

The Forest Service game estimates,
as of January 1, 1930, showed that
Alaska had most of the 3,500 grizzlies
(including Alaska brown bear) remain-
ing in United States national forests.
Montana had approximately 520, and
Wyoming and Idaho more than 100
each. Idaho, Montana and Wyoming
had most of the 5,150 moose. Elk were
numerous in many of the national for-
ests of the northern Rocky Mountains,
82,670 being listed, with more than
2S.700 in Wyoming. National forests
In North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, and several other
states had small herds.

There were more than 50,000 black
and brown bears, the California na-
tional forests leading with 17,400. Ap-
proximately 21,050 mountain goats, 12,-
300 mountain sheep, and 10,200 ante-
lope were found in western national
forests. Beavers numbered approxi-
mately 106,660.

Of big game animals, deer were most
numerous, a total of 802,450 being re-
ported in national forests of 23 states
and Alaska. California led with 254,000,
and Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana,
New Mexico and Oregon had more than
50,000 each.

The Forest Service believes it is im-
portant that the national forest wild
life resources have careful study, plan-
ning and administration. "The national
forests," says the chief forester, "con-
stitute the largest and best big game
grounds in the country. They are
maintained at public expense for the
use and benefit of all the people. Un-
like the private game preserves, they
provide for the everyday American op-
portunities to enjoy sport and recrea-
tion which in European countries are
restricted to the privileged few. They
should be so administered as to com-

bine a democratic system of use with
scientific game propagation and man-
agement. This requires a coordination
of federal and state action, based on a
common purpose and a clear under-
standing of the problems involved.
Wherever, through game production,
the highest and fullest use of the na-
tional forests can be served, game man-
agement plans are needed.

"These plans are based on facts ob-
tained through studies by the Bureau
of Biological Survey and through the
observations of local forest officers.
The essentials are to determine the
kinds of game best adapted to each
individual area, the number of animals
it will support, the number that may-
be removed each year while still main-
taining adequate breeding stock, and

the season when hunting may be per-
mitted without undue disturbance or in-
jury to the herd. Since the protective
phases of game administration are gov-
erned by state laws, It is fundamental
that these laws be based on the best
knowledge and that they be well de-
signed. The problems of game man-
agement are sufficiently important to
employ the combined resources of both
the state and federal agencies con-
cerned, and cooperative relationships
are not only desirable but imperative
if the best results are to be attained."
Other than the 20 federal game pre-
serves, 258 state game refuges are
maintained, principally within national
forest areas. These cover 19,652,5S0
acres of national forest land in more
than 100 forests.

Whistling Swan or Snow Goose?

ONTANA sportsmen who
are putting forth con-
Jk VA \ servation efforts to
yJ\j\\ protect diminishing
hV&xij wild life have been
aroused on several oc-
casions during the 1930
migratory water-
fowl season, when word has arrived
that some careless hunter has killed
a whistling swan or trumpeter swan
in the belief that he was shooting at
a snow goose. Might as well mistake
a barn for a dog house. The killing
of a snow goose during the proper sea-
son is worthy of comment but when the
so-called "snow goose" is conspicuous
for its large size the bird is not a goose
but a swan.

The whistling swan is and has been
protected by federal and state law for
many years, and the hunter who kills
one commits a crime for which he
may be penalized in either state or
federal courts.

The hunter who would shoot a swan
under the impression that he was shoot-
ing a snow goose should be deprived
of the privilege of hunting at all; a
man with such poor eyesight would
be apt to shoot a turkey hen for a
prairie chicken or a lamb for a jack-
rabbit.

There are two unmistakable points of
difference in the two birds, size, and
absence or presence of black in the
wing plumage.

There are two forms of the snow
goose, the lesser and the greater, but
the difference in size is so small that
it would mean nothing to the average
hunter. There are also two swans, the
whistling and the trumpeter, but again
the difference is so small that only a
skilled ornithologist would be able to
distinguish between them. But between
snow goose and either swan the dif-
ference in size is so great that there
can be no excuse for mistaking one

for the other. The average length of
the snow goose is 23 inches, and the
average length of the swan is 52 inches
— in other words, the swan is more
than twice the length of the snow goose.
In a comparison which would be under-
stood by the average hunter, the snow
goose is much smaller than the average
Canadian honker.

The snow goose in the adult stage
is pure white with black primary wing
feathers; in flight this black tip to
the wing is quite conspicuous. The
young may be more or less greyish-
brown on wings, head, back and neck
and sometimes both adult and juveniles
are stained a rusty reddish-brown from
contact with iron-impregnated water.
The bill and feet are reddish in color.

The whistling swan is solid white
overall, no black plumage an where.
The juveniles may be flecked with light
ashy gray and both ages may show
reddish rust stains but the main point
is that there is no black tip to the
wings. The feet and bill are black. In
appearance it is exactly like big white
swans so frequently seen in public
parks.

Both birds breed in the far north,
the snow goose - being more terrestial
in its feeding habits than the swan;
even now western fields are sometimes
snowed under by large flocks of feed-
ing snow geese. The whistling swan
is wary, and usually settles well out
in open water in large sloughs, beyond
the reach of the hunter, and only comes
in to shallow water to feed at night,
when it is comparatively safe.

The swan is one of our most ma-
jestic birds and both Canada and the
United States are doing all in their
power to keep both species from ex-
tinction. It behooves hunters to ren-
der all assistance possible, both from
respect for the law and a desire to
prevent the extermination of any more
species of dwindling birds.

Page Twenty-seven

Mootaoa Fish emd M

G. T. Boyd, Great Falls.. Commissioner
Jos. L. Kelly, Anaconda.. Commissioner

* Game CominniE§§ioe

W. K. Moore, Billings. ...Commissioner
E. A.Wilson, Livingston. .Commissioner

Thomas N. Marlowe, Missoula, Chairman
Robert H. Hill, Helena, State Fish and Game Warden, Secretary

MONTANA WILD LIFE

The Official Publication of the State

Fish and Game Department.

Published Monthly at Helena, Montana.

FLOYD L. SMITH, Editor

Subscription Rate $1 per Year — 15 Cents per Copy
Advertising Rates on Application

Copy for advertisements subject to approval of State
Commission and must be in the hands of the editor at the
State Capitol building, Helena, on the 15th of the month
preceding publication date.

VOL. Ill

JANUARY, 1931

NO. 8

THE BIENNIAL REPORT 1989-1930

MONTANA'S State Fish and Game Department here-
with presents the biennial report of its activities and
achievements for the years 1929-1930. Conservation
activities of the Commission have been so numerous and
widespread that but brief mention has been possible in
this review. Sportsmen of the state have taken a keen in-
terest in problems involving the welfare of fish and game
and have extended their cooperation in wholesome manner.
The/ have provided the funds with which the department
has conducted its conscientious program. These funds, un-
fortunately, are now at the lowest point in many years
and the surplus has been exhausted because of the con-
stantly increasing demands for rearing ponds, additional
hatcheries, game bird distribution, dams for the protection
of nesting places for waterfowl and other almost mandatory
steps. In many cases the requests of sportsmen have been
laid aside of necessity because of the absence of available
funds. The State Fish and Game Department can go no
further with its program than is permitted by funds made
possible by sportsmen. Figures in greater detail than those
contained in the biennial report are available at state head-
quarters at the capitol at Helena. Efforts of the Commis-
sion have been put forth to aid Montana in retaining the
position of prominence as a sportsmen's and tourists' play-
ground. The drain on wild life is constantly increasing
with encroachments of civilization, yet, with continued sup-
port of lovers of the out-ot-doors, Montana's Commission
will continue its courageous effort to maintain the natu-
ral heritage of the Treasure State for sons and daughters
in generations to come.

Be sure your "principles" are not prejudices.

MONTANA SETS ANOTHER WORLD MARK

WITH the completion of the beautiful trout rearing
ponds of the Butte Anglers' Club, at Maiden Rock
on the Big Hole River, Montana has again attained
national prominence by constructing the largest trout rear-
ing ponds in the world. These remarkable ponds, por-
trayed in striking manner on the cover of this edition of
MONTANA WILD LIFE by Photographer Smithers of Butte,
have been made possible through cooperation of the Mon-
tana State Fish and Game Department with leaders of the
Butte Anglers' Club. The scenic Maiden Rock is seen in
the left background of the picture, where the Big Hole
River makes a bend. It is surrounded with Indian legen-
dry. Cooperation of the club and the Commission made

possible the expenditure of $3,500, while a committee of
workers from the Butte club contributed the manual labor.
There are eight of these ponds in a series or cascade
arranged in a side channel of the Big Hole River at Maiden
Rock. A rock-filled cribbing 700 feet long was built across
the upper end of this channel and provided with a head-
gate, which will permit control of the amount of water
going through the ponds. Each of the eight ponds has an
area of about 20,000 square feet and has a stop board ar-
rangement at the outlet to afford control of the depth of
water in the pond. This year there will be a capacity for
raising four million trout. It is estimated that the cost of
feeding alone, when these ponds are fully stocked, will be
more than $2,500 per year. It is planned to stock the ponds
each year in July and August and keep the fry in the ponds
and feed them throughout the rest of the year, and liberate
them in the streams about the first of May of the year fol-
lowing. At this time the fingerlings should be from four
to five inches in length, capable of taking care of them-
selves.

Leisure hours are the big cause of crime today. What to do
with his leisure hours is Mr. American's hardest job.

TO FATHERS AND SONS

THE wish of every boy is to be a man and the regret of
every man is that he is no longer a bo;\ The boy
knows that dad has a lot of strength and wisdom that
he has acquired by fending for himself out in the world;
and son wishes that he had that equipment so he, too, could
play a man's part. The man knows that son has a lot of
fresh enthusiasm and tireless energy which youth alone
may possess; and dad wishes he had that buoyancy so he
could face the future with equal faith. Put son and dad
together and especially in the great outdoors, which is the
natural place for men and boys to be, and they will come
to know each other better, grow fonder of each other, and
learn much of value from each other. — Walter H. Newton,
Secretary to the President.

The man who rocked the boat is now completely overshad-
owed by the man who leaves his camp fire burning.

STATES INCREASE HINTING FEES

FIGURES compiled by the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture disclose a slight decrease in the number of
hunting licenses issued in the United States in 1928-29
as compared with the previous year. This is the first time
since records have been compiled that a decrease has been
shown. There was, however, a small increase in the reve-
nue accruing to states from sale of such licenses, due to
the fact that iicense fees have been increased in some states.
The number of licenses sold and the revenue derived
for all the states since 1925 have been as follows:

Licenses Sold Revenue

1925-26 5,332,375 $7,130,102

1926-27 5,989,795 8,187,223

1927-28 6,462,555 9,338,173

1928-29 6,428,761 9,391,412

I grieve not that ripe knowledge takes away
The charm that Nature to my childhood wore,
For, with that insight, cometh, day by day,
A greater bliss than wonder was before;
The real doth not clip the poet's wings, —
To win the secret of a weed's plain heart
Reveals some clew to spiritual things,
And stumbling guess becomes firm footed art.

— Lowell.

Page Twenty. eight

i MONTANA m^'WIlLW) 3LSF

HARD ON FISH AND GAME

MONTANA can thank her stars that she has not been
so hard hit by the drought as many of her sister
states, says the Anaconda Standard in an interesting
editorial. It continues: Some of them have gone just
about as physically dry as New Jersey went spiritually
wet. And the farmers are by no means the only sufferers.
The drought, supplemented by forest fires, took a fearful
toll of fish and wild life; bringing about a depletion which
will be felt for years.

Birds and beasts, fish and fowl, have suffered alike
from both causes. Countless numbers of animals died in
forest fires, and ashes and burned timbers, falling into
lakes and streams, formed a deadly lye that poisoned fish
life. Lowered water levels of streams and lakes — in some
cases the streams were totally dried up — left the fish dead
on the hard-baked bottoms. A bulletin from the United
States Bureau of Fisheries estimates the destruction of
fish as "incalculable." Those who angle for sport or food
will be ruefully aware of the losses for many seasons to
come.

Lack of water and the excessive heat in the woods
killed numberless animals throughout the country. Be-
cause of these events it is all the more imperative for
all of us to devote our every effort to conserve the deci-
mated ranks and schools of our wild life and fish. Alarm-
ing as the situation is, we can not only conserve what we
have left, but we can restore the losses if the public will
turn to and help their state fish and game commissions.

If thou art worn and hard beset

With sorrows, that thou wouldst forget,

If thou wouldst read a lesson that will keep

Thy heart from fainting and thy soul from sleep,

Go to the woods and hills! No tears

Dim the sweet look that Nature wears.

— Longfellow.

BIRD SANCTUARY AT GOLF COURSE

THE Montana Standard of Butte says editorially: The
Lakeshore Country Club has created a bird sanctuary
at the one-time pleasure resort of Lake Avoca. In
the old days, birds continually attempted to pre-empt the
lake and its surrounding trees and shrubbery, but, in spite
of all its owners could do, hunters were there at sunrise
to shoot ducks, mudhens, snipe or plover or any of the
little feathered folk for whom the place seemed especially
made. The sunrise bombardment terrified and chased away
all song birds which would have liked to have nested and
raised their broods there. The picturesque cranes and the
smaller and rare American ibis and the killdeer visited
there and foraged, but raised their families up the creek at
safer distances. But, though sheriffs' deputies were fre-
quently called and tried to keep the poachers away spas-
modically, the feathered visitors grew fewer each year, and
the aimless, heartless and brainless hunters grew more
plentiful.

Last year Lake Avoca became a country club with a
golf course surrounding it, and in that one season, as if by
instinct, the birds began to take possession of the place.
Golfers come eary and stay late; many are there shortly
after sunrise, and it would be all a hunter's life was worth
to attempt any shooting around the lake. The birds seem
to know that golf players are harmless and friendly. Larks
nest within a few feet of the greens; important robins
scold noisily but fearlessly; canaries by the score flood the
groves with melody, and the bluebirds exhibit not the
slightest fear of man or woman. Where the cat-o-nine-tails
grow majestically, parent ducks feed their young within
sight of the 10th and 12th holes and during the mid-after-
noons a dozen different kind of waterfowl float lazily mir-
rored on the glassy surface.

The word seems to have gone out to all feathered folk
that they are safe on the Lakeshore golf grounds; theii
chances of being injured by a golf ball are relatively light.
Birds pay so little attention to the players that they no
longer give the fear sign or the danger call when humans
come close. Next year the influx of birds will be greater.
Hundreds were already hatched there this year. There are
humming birds this year at Lakeshore, and maybe the
giant cranes and ibis will return. The place promises to
be one of the best bird sanctuaries in the state, shared
fearlessly with human beings.

THE VALUES OF WILD LIFE

THE common symbol of value is the dollar mark. The
dollar value of wild life can readily be seen in food
furnished, in attraction to tourists, and as a stimulant
to certain forms of business or trade. There are other
values that the dollar mark can not express — among such
values are the pleasure and recreation afforded mankind
and the better citizens made by an intimate contact with
nature.

That the American system of free-shooting is about to
become a thing of the past is the almost unanimous opinion
of leading conservationists.

In the United States the game has always been consid-
ered the property of the state, or rather of the people as
contrasted to the European system which considers game
as private property. The adoption of the European system
in this country is incompatible with American traditions
and ideals. The American system has failed to maintain an
adequate supply of game — something must be done if our
game supply is to be saved from extermination.

The solution as given in the national game policy, re-
cently approved by this country's leading conservationists
at the Seventeenth National Game Conference, is the adop-
tion of a system that is somewhat of a compromise be-
tween the European and American systems. Under this
policy the land owner is to be given more authority to
regulate hunting on his property and encouraged to main-
tain a supply of game as a secondary source of revenue.

The time is fast approaching when most privately owned
lands will be posted against hunting by the public. When
that time comes the man who hunts must either own his
own shooting ground or pay for the shooting privileges on
lands of others, unless the state purchases and sets aside
land as public shooting grounds, in such manner as is pro-
posed by the Montana Fish and Game Commission, which
has already acquired land on Red Rock Lakes to be held
as public shooting grounds.

"They've invented antitoxins for diseases near and far,
They can take apart your body like the chassis of a car,
But there's nothing been discovered in the medicated chest
That will cure the fishing fever when it hits the human breast.1

BOY SCOUTS BEFRIEND WILD LIFE

MONTANA boys who are associated with the Boy Scouts
of America are recognized among outstanding friends
of fish and game. Their training in woods lore, in
the ethics of sportsmanship and in doing good turns has
caused them to appreciate nature's heritage. Perhaps the
marvelous growth of Scouting in America in the past five
years may be partially attributed to the fact that 1,540,000,-
000 people — 91 per cent of the population of the entire
world — have officially endorsed and embraced the move-
ment, and also that recent statistics disclose the fact that
75 per cent of crime in the United States is juvenile.

We are rapidly learning the much-needed lesson of pre-
paredness, and that it is far better to prepare and pre-
vent, rather than repair and repent, and that it is more
prudent to build boys than to mend men.

Scouting has been aptly termed a "Constructive Contri-
bution to Human Happiness." This is particularly true be-
cause it is based upon service to their fellows and to
the community, in addition to being self-imposed.

The Scout motto is "Be Prepared," and its slogan, "Do
a Good Turn Daily." No true happiness can come to any
individual that is not based upon unselfish service. Service
has been termed "the rent we pay for the space we oc-
cupy," and it is now almost universally conceded that
Scouting is not only a plan for the upbuilding of boys, but
THE plan.

Scouting teaches obedience and self-reliance, and builds
for four-square American citizenship. Its hold on the boy
lies in the fact that it is self-imposed and also because it
is a positive rather than a negative program. He is told
what to do, instead of what not to do. He is invited to
come and do certain things, instead of being allowed to
follow his natural inclination to go and do other things
less helpful.

Page Twenty-nine

Fi§h aed Game Attract Tourists

By A. J. BKEITEXSTEIX, Secretary Montana Automobile Association

0

A. J. Breitenstein

,NE of the big-
gest tourist-
drawing fea-
tures of Montana is
the facility with
which the State
Fish and Game De-
partment has been
able to supply the
demand for those
two great sports,
fishing and hunting.
Within her borders
the state boasts
an abundance of
streams well
stocked with the
finny tribe that so
delights the adher-
ents of Izaak Wal-
ton. We hear a
great deal concerning the reasons why
tourists come to Montana. These in-
clude the superb scenic possibilities,
recreational advantages, historical fea-
tures, accessibility to two of the great-
est national parks and numerous for-
est reserves. But do we at home, or
does the tourist stop to think that every
one of these things is indissolubly
linked with fish and game and the pos-
sibilities the state offers for full utili-
zation of the two great sports con-
nected with them?

Montana has open seasons on such
big game as elk and deer; on Chinese
pheasants and Hungarian partridges;
migratory waterfowl, such as ducks,
geese, brant, coot and others, with cer-
tain provisions and exceptions. of
course, in various counties.

What we wish to emphasize in this
article is the close affinity between
tourist travel and fish and game at-
tractions offered by the state and the
necessity for providing the State Fish
and Game Department with adequate
funds to continue its vast program of
conservation. Without continued pro-
tection of wild life throughout Mon-
tana and the cooperation of every citi-
zen to uphold game laws, tourist travel
would be seriously affected. The con-
nection between the two is very ap-
parent. It is to Montana's interest
that she does not "kill the goose that
lays the golden egg."

The instinct to hunt and fish has
always been deeply implanted in man's
nature. The fellow who has never
stalked big game, hunted upland game
birds or migratory waterfowl, or never
cast for trout, has missed the sweet-
ness of life. Then, too, his best ap-
preciation of nature has come to him
perhaps on some duck hunting trip
when the day awakens, heralded by
a marvelous sunrise.

There may be some who have a per-
sonal aversion to hunting or fishing.
Whether or not this may be true, wild
life will always give an added vitality
to woodland scenes. What thrill is not
added to a tourist's estimate of a moun-
tain view when a shy deer leaps into

sight or of a crystal stream when
sportive rainbow-flecked trout jump?

From the chief executive of the coun-
try to the humblest of its citizens we
are all fishermen after our own fashion,
whether we go in for it in an expert
manner or merely for the sake of that
sort of relaxation which only a rod,
old clothes, a sparkling stream and
silence can give. Trout bite fast in
Montana streams, whether the tourist
pauses to catch a few for breakfast
or makes an extended fishing trip. The
aftermath, too, is pleasant for it is
usually the fishing story that has first
place among the anecdotes the traveler
has ready for his next-door neighbor
when he returns from a trip through
Montana.

Dude ranches are becoming more
popular each year as new ones are
added to Montana's list of these resorts
while old favorites draw back an influx
of eastern visitors. At these places
fishing and hunting facilities are al-
ways emphasized. Without them it is
probable that the easterner's interest
would sadly wane.

Forest reserves and the national
parks in this state are assured an added
quota of tourists each year because of
wild life that exists and the publicity
of this attraction in such districts has
made the parks and reserves gain much
by way of reputation. The reserves,
with their thousands of acres of wooded

lands, offer an ideal haven for wild life.
This fact is ample incentive for the
myriads of tourists who visit these
regions.

Yellowstone National Park is one of
the greatest wild life refuges in the
country and in its 3,348 square miles
of mountains and valleys roam many
animals. Quiet watchers on trails may
see deer, bear, elk, antelope, mountain
sheep, bison and moose. This park is
an excellent bird reserve. Several hun-
dred specie live there undisturbed.

Glacier National Park is not to he
outdone by Yellowstone, for it, too,
boasts an abundance and variety of
wild life. The tourist may often see
moose in the deep forest, elk on open
ridges, goats or mountain sheep on
high crests and ridges. Bear and the
whitetail deer often appear along trails
and more abundant small mammals are
found around the hotels and camps.
Wild life is one of the greatest attrac-
tions in these parks for the many thou-
sands of tourists that visit these won-
derlands annually.

Fishing is unexcelled in the waters
of both Yellowstone and Glacier. Back
in the depths of Yellowstone's moun-
tain fastnesses trout, whitefish and
grayling prove grand sport for the
tourist-fisherman. Practically all lakes
and streams in Glacier that will sup-
port fish life have been stocked with rain-
bow, eastern brook, cutthroat and others.

Cow Elk Dies on Barbed Wire at Forest Boundary

STRANDS of barbed wire hidden in the undergrowth surrounding the forest
proved fatal to this cow elk in the Sun River area. When the picture was
taken, the calf was found nearby. The dead elk was found on Ford Creek,
one mile below Carl Fender's dude ranch, about 17 miles southwest of Great Falls.
The picture was taken by Mr. Fender.

Page Thirty

Diseases of Game aed Domestic Livestock

By BR. W. J. BUTLER, State Veterinarian of Montana

ONTANA'S game is sus-
ceptible to most of
the diseases of domes-
ticated animals of the
same classification and
species. In fact, dis-
ease shows no distinc-
tion between animals
of the same species, be they wild or
domesticated.

Most wild game are pretty hardy.
They have to be to withstand the vicis-
situdes of nature, long drawn-out win-
ters and a shortage of feed. In most
cases it is a case of the survival of
the fittest. The weaklings die early in
life. Naturally this being the case the
survivors are generally of a strong,
hardy constitution and transmit to their
offspring a strong, vigorous and hardy
constitution.

Death from disease, in wild game, is
generally kept at a minimum by reason
of a strong constitution but more par-
ticularly by reason of lessened contact
with sick animals and therefore a les-
sened contact with infection. Wild ani-
mals generally spread over a large
area of country. When a wild animal
gets sick it crawls off by itself or is
driven out of the band by its more
vigorous mates. In this way the band
is probably saved from destruction.

In microbial diseases, that is, diseases
caused by bacteria, it is the degree or
mass of infection that most often de-
termines sickness and probably death
of an animal. Where an animal simply
gets a very mild or minimum dose of
infection it will in most cases overcome
that infection and may not even show
any disease condition. However, if
that infection is a mass infection in-
variably the animal will show evidence
of disease and may die.

The same conditions hold true for
parasitic diseases, that is, diseases
caused by internal parasites or worms
as well as external parasites. If an
animal grazing over a territory picks
up only one or two worm eggs nothing
serious is liable to happen to that ani-
mal. If the same animal happens to
pick up and ingest several hundred
parasite eggs then the condition may
be different and very serious changes
in the system of that animal may occur.
In wild animal life we find from time
to time dangerous and ofttimes fatal
diseases. If these animals were con-
fined in a small lot together with other
animals of the same species undoubt-
edly most, if not all, of the animals in
the band would become diseased. We
find liver flukes in many wild rumi-
nants (a ruminant is an animal that
chews its cud). These liver flukes that
we find in elk and deer are the same
as the ones we find in cattle and
sheep. Occasionally we find scabies
(caused by an external parasite) in
elk and in mountain sheep, just the
same as we find these parasites on
cattle and on domesticated sheep.

In beaver and other water animals
we find stomach worms of the same
species as those we find in domesticated
sheep and foxes.

We have never personally observed
tuberculosis in elk or deer or any of
our mountainous wild animals but we
have observed tuberculosis in antelope.
In fact, antelope held in captivity are
very susceptible to and succumb quite
rapidly to tuberculosis.

In most microbial diseases animals
that are subjected to slight infection
from time to time develop a natural
resistance or perhaps it would be bet-
ter to say a partial resistance to the
disease. This resistance in many cases
is hereditary and is transmitted down
to the offspring. Wild animals are not
subjected to continuous small doses of
infection to the same extent that do-
mestic animals are. Therefore, they are
probably more susceptible to most mi-
crobial diseases than domesticated ani-
mals. This is fairly well illustrated in
the case of wild animals that are held
in captivity and which come in contact
with infection.

We can control, to a great extent,
many of the infectious diseases of live-
stock when they make their appearance
in any of our domestic herds or bands
by segregation and in some cases by
vaccination. We cannot, however, ap-
ply such control measures in the case
of wild animals. In the case of wild
animals, that is, animals that are not
under any restraint or control what-
ever, we must depend, upon aiding or
keeping such animals away from infec-
tion. This simply means that such ani-
mals should have a wide scope of ter-
ritory in which to live. If we cut
down that territory and herd them into
relatively small areas where they are
constantly coming in contact with each
other and continuously grazing over
their bed grounds, naturally they are in
more or less constant danger of being
subjected to mass infection should any
animal in that area be suffering from
an infectious disease or parasitic in-
festation.

The survival of wild animal life de-
pends upon their having ample area in
which to graze and live and propagate.
It is inhumane to permit too many of
our wild animals to graze over a lim-
ited area. In order that wild animals
shall survive it is necessary that their
number be kept at a reasonable figure.
If they are allowed to propagate in
greater number than their range area
will adequately sustain it simply means
that the entire wild life in that district
will be subjected to privations by rea-
son of inadequate feed supply and the
danger of their being reduced or pos-
sibly exterminated by disease is greatly
increased.

For economic reasons it is essential
that a certain number of domesticated
livestock be grazed during the summer

months in our mountainous areas. The
fencing and farming of our bench and
bottom lands has made this practice
a necessity. Personally, I am of the
opinion that it is good for the moun-
tainous regions for a reasonable num-
ber of domesticated livestock to graze
on these mountain areas. This prac-
tice is one of the greatest protections
we have for the preservation of our
wild animal life by reason of these
domesticated animals browsing off the
underbrush and lessening the danger
of fire. To my way of thinking the
fire hazard is the greatest of all dan-
gers that present themselves to wild
animal life. Whenever we have a dis-
astrous fire we know that the follow-
ing winter will find a great number
of wild animal life in that area dying,
not only from direct starvation but
from disease conditions that developed
by reason of the animals' lowered re-
sistance. Under ordinary conditions
many of these disease conditions would
be a negligible factor were the ani-
mals' resistance up to par.

Domesticated animals were once wild
animals. They are what they are to-
day simply by selectivity. They are
just as likely to pick up diseases from
wild animals as wild animals are likely
to pick up diseases from them. Per-
sonally, I am of the opinion that there
is a negligible danger of domestic ani-
mals contaminating wild animals or
vice versa, just so long as there is no
dangerous outbreak of disease in these
animals and just so long as the ranges
or grazing areas are not overstocked.
In Montana our livestock are particu-
larly free from dangerous diseases and
by reason of their browsing off the
underbrush and thus lessening the fire
hazard we believe that the grazing of
domesticated animals in our mountain-
ous sections is an asset to the State
of Montana and of considerable value
in the protection of wild animal life.

What we have said of animal life
applies to wild bird life. As in animal
life, we believe that the fire hazard
is the greatest of all potential dangers
to wild bird life. Predatory birds of
course take their toll of our song and
food birds but nothing as compared
with a disastrous fire.

We believe in a live and let live pol-
icy. Domesticated livestock should have
their grazing rights respected and at
the same time grazing preserves should
be set aside for our wild game life.
However, it is possible to go too far
in setting aside preserves and it is also
possible to be more or less cruel and
inhumane to our wild animal life by
permitting over-populization of wild ani-
mals in such areas. Starvation is the
cruelest death of all. When a district
becomes over-populated then restricted
weeding out of a limited number of
animals should be permitted and prac-
ticed.

Page Thirty-one

VfiS

MONTANA ffwiLD Lir

M

K. F. MacDonald

' 0 N T A N A is
becoming more
"fish minded"
each year. This is
especially true of
the last ten or
twelve years when,
due to the change
wrought during war
days of 1917-18, peo-
ple were tuned up
to a faster life, the
mode of living was
changed and they
were given a taste
of prosperity that
left an indelible im-
pression. Industry
and business like-
wise experienced
this change and ad-
justed themselves to meet conditions
with the result that there has been de-
veloped a trend of high-pressure pro-
duction and specialization which in turn
has provided more leisure and better
means of enjoying it than in past years
Each season sees more people turning
to the out-of-doors and to fishing. Tht
need for this form of recreation wa:
never more apparent with the present-
day standard of work and home life.
Fishing is one of the great magnets
that attracts pleasure-seeking people.
Love of angling is inherent in almost
every normal person.

As early as 1921 the State Fish and
Game Commission sensed the necessity
of expansion of the fish cultural opera-
tions, and in that year launched a most

ambitious program. During this ten-
year period hatcheries were constructed
at Great Falls, Big Timber, Missoula,
Red Lodge, Libby, Poison, Ovando
Lewistown, Philipsburg and the large
hatchery at Hamilton, built by Marcus
Daly and turned over to the state for a
ten-year period. The Miles City pond
cultural station was constructed and
put in operation as was the rainbow
spawning station at Lake Francis, near
Valier. Repairs have been made at the
Georgetown and Lake Ronan spawning
stations and heavy plants of rainbow
fingerlings made in Cliff Lake with a
view of establishing a spawning station
at that point where, due to warm water
feeder streams, eggs may be collected
during February and March. At the
present time we are right in the midst
of this program and much remains tc
be done before it can be brought tc
completion.

Our spawning stations are now de-
veloped to the point where it is taxing
the hatcheries and equipment properly
to care for the eggs and fish. There
seems to be a natural tendency among
fish culturists to each year try to bet-
ter the production mark of the year
previous. This tendency probably dates
back to the days when a fish culturist's
degree of success was measured by the
number of fish planted. With all due
respect to these pioneers, we are now
more concerned with such factors as
increasing the average size of the fish
planted, with increasing the efficiency
of our planting crews to the end that
fish may be intelligently planted in

waters conducive to their future growth
and development than with increasing
the number of fish planted. With our
present program it is possible to carry
but one or two permanent employees at
each of our year-around hatcheries and
we must resort to temporary help dur-
ing the busy season. Little can be ac-
complished toward any advancement or
improvements so long as this condition
prevails.

Heretofore this has been necessary
because of lack of funds. We are iu
hopes that this situation will be reme-
died in the near future, permitting us
to build up an organization at each
hatchery able to handle the work in
that district along intelligent lines, in-
cluding the important work of doing all
distribution.

Under the present arrangement the-
regular personnel has no time in which
to get out on the streams and see mat-
ters as do the anglers. They must de-
pend wholly upon hearsay. If we could
have a permanent personnel of from
two to four men at each station, de-
pending upon the size of the station and
conditions, I feel satisfied that we could
improve conditions one hundred per
cent. These men could make a survey
of streams and lakes in their district,
gather such data as to the volume and
depth of water in streams, the area
and average depth of water in the lakes,
fluctuation of water levels, character of
bottoms, aquatic vegetation and animal
life present, the abundance of same, fish
living in that water, degree fished, irri-
gating ditches and the natural enemies.

Distribution Report of All Fish Hatcheries for 1929

Native

Cutthroat

Rainbow

Eastern
Brook

Loch

Leven

Chinook
Salmon

Grayling

L. Superior Sunfish
Bass Whitef ish Crapple

Perch

Total

\ naconda

Somers ■

i Ca miltori

2,633.404
1,480,994
1,970,000

9S9 597

726.000
1,781.200

152, i

507,920

4S.O00

49.600
100.623

7.250.000
1,206,200

100
100

10.707.004

22S.000 .

4,797.017

2.122.000

1.497.517

9 6 06 !

9S6.064

Station creek

611.000

528,200
246.000

19,000
98.400

999,000

2.157.200

1,114.400

'.Oil, (Hill

. 1.9S3.000

791,200

991 . V 12

. . 1.045.720

215.000

950.000

Big Timbei

Klnim.ilil

Great Palls
Lewistown

Reel Tjodgre

Miles City Pond

i !oopera1 Ive Hatcheries:
McAllister 0 iovernment)
Dl Ide (Butte Anglers)...

875,984
823,676
495,000
500,950

166,344

:M2,r,7U
L78.000

994.600

36.720
47,432
39,000

40.000

4.096.64S

2.004.880

661,767

2,365,509

1,546,670

215.000

57,000 SO, 750 10.275

148.475

r, 45. 500
.... 800.000

1,150.000
1,000.000

1.695.500

118.000

1,918.000

Total

.16,763,221

6.754.930

734,916

1.656.367

390,775

10.646,200

285,000 999,000 SO, 750 10,275

3S.321.SS4

Page Thirty-two

MONTANA

WHILE) of:

temperature at different times of the
year and any matters pertaining to fish
cultural work.

We are installing an indexed card
system upon which will be entered all
information relative to each body of
water. We have already started upon
this work but it will be on a small
scale for the present because of the
shortage of help. If we had this data,
with an intelligent interpretation of the
facts, it would bring out many changes
for the betterment of the work. It
would bring out cases where some
waters are not adapted to a certain
species of fish, other waters wholly un-
fit for fish life, and would give us an
established program to follow in our
distribution work.

This winter, at the expense of letting
some of the other work go, we are hav-
ing a check made of certain waters
with a view of establishing rearing
ponds in those which prove practical
from a standpoint of feed, temperature
and volume of water during the winter
months. There are some who suggest
that we have men employed for this
work alone. This, in my opinion, would
defeat the purpose in that there is a
satisfaction in any line of endeavor in
seeing the work go through to a suc-
cessful finish. When men take the eggs,
incubate them in the hatcher/ and rear
the fish to the planting size and then
have to turn them over to another crew
to plant it would take the "romance"
out of the work. It leaves an opening
for "buck-passing," whereas if one crew
is given the responsibility of taking
care of a certain district, they will feel
this responsibility and do all possible
to see it go through to a successful
finish. They will know where the
smaller fish may be planted to the best
advantage, will know where it is not at
all practical to plant the smaller fish
and will have a personal interest in
the welfare of every fish planted.

Some of the important matters facing
us at this time are screening the irri-
gating ditches, the rearing pond prob-
lem and the question of obtaining a
steady supply of fish food. This fish
screen presents many perplexing prob-
lems but within the last year there
have been several which from all ap-
pearances have enough merit to war-
rant the expenditure of installing some

Millions of Eggs In
2 -Year Period

DURING the biennium, 1929-1930,
a grand total of 91,592,290 game
fish eggs were collected by Mon-
tana's spawn-taking stations. This
total includes 63,114,900 native cut-
throat trout eggs. 11,382,090 rainbow
trout eggs and 17,095,300 grayling
eggs. In 1929 the station at the
mouth of Flint Creek at Georgetown
Lake made a record of 24,119,200 na-
tives, 520,000 rainbow and 12,031.000
grayling. The station at Lake Ronar,
produced 146.000 natives and 5.215.000
rainbow. In 1930 the Georgetown
Lake station produced 38.849,700 na-
tives, 304,800 rainbow and 5,064,300
grayling. The Lake Francis take of
rainbow eggs in 1930 totaled 3,121,116
rainbow eggs. The Lake Ronan mark
in 1930 reached 2.221,174 rainbow
eggs.

this coming season. The one problem
which must be considered fully is in-
terference caused the farmer. He is
the one we must deal with and it is
only natural that he should look at
this from a dollar and cents viewpoint
against a recreational pastime. Some-
thing must be developed which will
cause the farmer the minimum of trou-
ble and we are in hopes that the com-
ing season will prove a wheel which is
practical.

At the present time the rearing pond
matter is in the experimental stages;
that is, the natural pond along the
streams. Much has been learned of this
during the last few years, with the most
outstanding fact learned that worth-
while natural rearing ponds are at a
premium.

It has been found that some streams
have several sites which may be used
successfully for this purpose while on
other streams there are no sites which
could be developed with any degree of
success. In such cases it becomes nec-
essary, in order to plant the larger
fish, to establish a feeding station
where the fish may be reared on arti-
ficial food. At most of our hatcheries
there are conditions favorable to the
establishment of these ponds.

It is much more efficient and eco-
nomical to develop these sites, where

we have the men, equipment and facili-
ties for handling the fish, than to in-
stall the ponds on some stream and
have to depend upon outside help for
the feeding of these fish. This has been
tried out in several instances and in
the majority of cases, unless the party
was very much interested, the novelty
soon wore off and the fish might bet-
ter then be out in the stream or lake
where it could seek the natural food.

To insure ourselves of a dependable
food supply for these fish it looks as
though we would be forced within the
next year or so to set up an estab-
lishment of our own for the raising of
this food. At the present time we are
using practically all of the available
range horse liver secured from the
companies engaged in slaughtering the
range horses. These horses are get-
ting more scarce each year and it will
be but a matter of a short time until
they will be a thing of the past. With
the range land available in this state
we could, with funds permitting, set
up a place where these horses could be
raised, butchered and shipped to hatch-
eries and rearing ponds. Horse meat
has proved successful as a trout food
among commercial dealers in this state
and is beyond the experimental stage.

During the last year a fish dr. ing
plant was built for the two-fold pur-
pose of ridding our waters of such
predatory fish as suckers, carp and
squaw fish, and utilizing the product
for food in our hatcheries. This plant
was erected at the Clearwater Lakes
out of Missoula, and will be used next
year at Lake Francis. It is so con-
structed that it may be dismantled,
transferred to a new site and reassem-
bled. It has a capacity of about one
ton of fish per day.

To gather reliable data, especially in
relation to our spawning fish, we
adopted the tagging system last spring.
At Georgetown this little non-corrosive
tag was attached to the dorsal fin; at
Lake Francis it was attached to the
left gill cover of the fish. On one side
is stamped "Mont." and on the reverse
side is the serial number. When a fish
is tagged all information is recorded,
such as the date tagged, sex of fish,
length, condition, any unusual mark-

( Please turn to page forty-six I

Distribution Report of All Fish Hatcheries for 1930

Native

Eastern

cutthroat Eyed Eggs Rainbow Brook

Loch
Leven

Chinook Large-mouth

Salmon Grayling Bass Sunfish

i i appie Total
6.932.700

3,402.000

1.12n,2!i4

1,089,552

1,198.500

1,599,800

9S3.295

4.910.680

2,351.530

22.350
2.590.572

1,275,850

SS9.620

12.830

f 42. 300 219.525

1.S27.000
713.000

42.300 34,632,050

Anaconda 2.686.700

Somers 2.279.000

Hamilton 2,960.000

Libby 1.004,658

Ovando 1.089.552

Poison (Station Creek) 580.500

Missoula 1.111.800

Phillpsburg (Rock Creek)

Big Timber 3

Emigrant 1

Emigrant Ponds

Great Palls 1

Lewistown 1

Red Lodge

Valier (Lake Francis)

Miles City

Cooperative Hatcheries:

Divide (Butte Anglers) 1

McAllister (Bureau of F.)

983.295

in;:: mini
755.(3X2
22,350
230.000
030.900

ss:i.i;2ii

625,

713.000

150.000

95.000

270. 4S0

Totals 23.025.057 51."., 180

*112 small-mouth. t4,500 catfish.

176.000
514.000
262.000
115.636

523
488

000
000

145

000

497
244

4S7

95(1

12

202

830
000

117.0011
297. Six

159.7191

,276,

250.000

7o::.::2r>

1SS.S4II

180,000

39.200
48,

3 , 920 . 000

511,000

3. ISO. 903 574. 60S 2,229,325 456.040 4.431.000

120, 100

120,400

56.S25

56.S25

Page Thirty-three

-^ J,

MONTANA jvl WS3L1D LIFE

-. ^3W S

^?"

X 1U1L

Montana'sFish
Hatcheries.

Page Thirty-five

m@MTANA jviWlIIUP L1F1

Bodk Food Plaetiei Brie£§ Beoefite

By CLYDE B. TERRELL, Oshkosh, Wis.

HANKS are due sports-
men of Montana for
the opportunity to pre-
sent this report to the
Montana Fish and
Game Commission, for
we feel that the gen-
eral favorable results
of the plantings of duck food in Mon-
tana as a whole must be a source of
real satisfaction to the Commission,
who have put so much time and effort
into the establishment of much-needed
feeding and breeding grounds for wild
ducks and fish throughout the state.
We have had reports from many places
planted that ducks have been coming
in increased numbers since plantings
were made.

The question of feeding Montana's
wild life is important. Wild ducks, fish
and other wild life can not exist with-
out food, and Montana can not attract
and hold wild ducks on her lakes,
ponds, reservoirs and streams unless
an abundance of natural food and cover
are provided.

This splendid work has been well
begun by the Fish and Game Commis-
sion and should have the hearty en-
dorsement of every nature lover, out-
doorsman, and sportsman of your state.
We believe it has, for in his work
throughout the state Henry J. Hubert,
our specialist in planting duck food,
reports the best of cooperation from
sportsmen, hunting and fishing clubs,
game wardens and others. There seems
to be real interest and enthusiasm

Planting red headed grass in North Pablo
Reservoir.

among sportsmen regarding the plant-
ings of natural feeding grounds for
wild ducks and fish in Montana waters.
The investigation in 1929 by Mr. Hu-
bert was made in midsummer, at the
best lime lor such an investigation — a
lime when the plants were matured
and showing up well. Out of 385

plantings examined, 343 grew, and only
42 failed. Out of the 343 that grew,
171 produced excellent results, 86 pro-
duced good results, 58 produced fair
results, and only 28 produced poor re-
sults. The results of the plantings as
a whole are very good.

There are still other waters in the
state where conditions are favorable
for planting feeding grounds, and we
feel that if the good work begun is
continued in establishing an abundant
suppl of natural food and cover it will
be the means of making Montana one
of the best stopping and feeding grounds
for wild ducks in this country.

During the summer of 1929 we were
engaged by the Montana Fish and Game
Commission to make an investigation of
the waters planted in 1926 and 1927, to
determine just what progress had been
made.

in the irrigation ditches to prevent them
getting back in the lakes. Suckers also
are abundant in some places, and these

Wapato duck potato growing at Hays
Reservoir near Harlem in Blaine County.

In many instances during his inves-
tigation, Mr. Hubert found that cattle
grazing on lands adjoining the waters
planted trampled on the plantings, par-
ticularly the shore plants or those
growing at the water's edge, damaging
and killing many plants. When there
is insufficient forage for livestock they
will feed on such plants as wapato
duck potato, wild rice, bur reed and
other marsh and shallow-water plants,
wherever they can get them. Much
damage is also done by trampling on
the plants when the livestock come to
the water to feed and drink. We sug-
gest that fencing be done to protect
plantings from livestock.

Carp are injurious to beds of some
wild duck foods, especially to the wild
celery. These fish do not feed on the
plants so much, but root them up and
destroy the growth. Carp also keep
the waters muddy and rily, making an
unfavorable condition for growing
plants, as well as for game fish life.
We suggest that measures be taken to
reduce the number of carp in Montana
waters where they are abundant, and
also that measures be taken to keep
the carp under control in all Montana
waters where this fish is found. After
removing carp, screens can be placed

Smartweed growing at Lake Bowdoin.
planted by State Fish and Game Depart-
ment with the Milk River Rod and Gun
Club.

also should be removed and kept under
control.

Some of the plantings were destroyed,
especially the shallow-water plants, by
extreme high water which drowned out
the plants, and washed out some. In
several instances the ducks' meat was
carried away by flood waters. On the
other hand some of the plantings made
in shallow waters were killed out by
low water. In some places the waters
receded, leaving the plantings dry.
Much better conditions for growing
beds of these foods can be had, if a
more uniform water level can be main-
tained so that there will not be such
a fluctuation in the depth of water.

While making his investigations of
Montana waters in 1929 Mr. Hubert
took notes on reports from persons liv-
ing near, or frequently visiting the
places planted, as to whether any in-
crease in the number of wild ducks
visiting the waters had been noted
since the plantings were made. Wild
ducks have been reported more abun-
dant on the waters since plantings were
made at the following places:

Beaverhead County — Red Rock Lakes
at Idlewild Club.

Blaine County — North Irrigation Res-
ervoir; Three Mile Reservoir.

Cascade County — Square Butte Lake.

Deer Lodge County — Georgetown
Lake.

Fallon County— Baker Lake; Mulky
Dam Reservoir.

Fergus County — Hamilton Slough;
Big Spring Creek.

Flathead County — Blaine Lake.

Gallatin County — Upper Madison
Lake.

Hill County — Assinniboine Lake; Lake
Thibedeau; Lohman's Reservoir.

Judith Basin County -- Campbell
Slough; Rossfork Slough.

Lake County — Flathead Lake, East
Bay; Frank's Pond No. 1; Kicking
Horse Chain Pot Hole; Kicking Horse

Page Thirty-six

MONTANA

WHILD LIFE

Pot Hole; Meyer's Pot Hole; Pablo
Reservoir.

Lewis and Clark County — Lake Hel-
ena.

Madison County — Lower Madison
Lake.

Missoula — Pot Hole on L. H. Gleason
Ranch.

Park County — Larson Slough; Middle
and Lower Daily Lakes; Upper Daily
Lake.

Phillips County — Lake Bowdoin.

To Duke, Deceased

A M,M»r*

Wapato duck potato growing at Rattle-
snake Butte Lake, near Billings.

Pondera County — Kester Lake; Lake
Francis.

Powell County — Brown Lake; Jones
Lake; Kleinschmidt Lake; Williams'
Slough No. 1.

Rosebud County — Stellar Lake.

Sheridan County — Medicine Lake and
Lake Creek; Winters Lake.

Sweet Grass County — Lake Adam;
Lake Lovald; Lake Walvord.

Teton County — Nelson Reservoir (also
called Daley Lake); Priest Lake; Stin-
son Slough.

Yellowstone County — Brown's Lake;
Clayton Slough No. 1; Clayton Slough
No. 2; Rattlesnake Butte Lake.

Friend that had the honest eyes

That would gleam at each kind word,
Or grow shadowed with surprise

When an angry tone he heard;
Friend who never tired of play,

Willing, eager, all the while —
Have you found some other way

To go pla: ing, mile on mile?

"Duke," they say you had no soul;

That you perished as a clod.
Endless centuries may roll

Over the small mound of sod,
With its rudely-whittled board,

Telling, "Here lies 'Duke,' a dog,"
That you had no soul that soared

Onward through this early fog.

Yet you never told a lie,

Never learned to use deceit,
Never led a path awry

For some fellow being's feet.
Never caused a single tear,

Save upon the day you died.
And they say your end is here,

Though eternity is wide.

We can count a hundred things —

Brave, bold things — all done by you.
Deeds such as heroic kings

Had not been ashamed to do.
Most of all, though, it is fine

To recall the heart you had
And to know that, dog of mine,

You were, at all times, glad.

Dog — a dog — and that's the end;

End of comradeship and play?
Listen, dog that was my friend,

If you wait upon the way
That leads through the outer dark,

When my time has come to go,
Let me hear your welcome bark,

If you may, you will, I know.

EARLY RECREATION GROUNDS

The earliest form of a public pre-
serve devoted to outdoor recreation in
the territory of the present United
States was a city park,. Boston com-
mon, acquired in 1634. The next ex-
ample of public action of this kind
covered a field related to that at pres-
ent usually held by state agencies — the
reservation to the people for "fishing
and fowling" by an ordinance of the
Massachusetts Bay colony in 1641 of
"great ponds," water surfaces of ten
acres or more. The first state park
of larger size set apart primarily for
recreation was one which is now a fa-
mous national park — Yosemite. Con-
gress ceded the valley and a mile-wide
border around it to California as a state
park in 1S65. It was later returned to
federal control.

TRAPSIIOOTERS' LAMENT

I've laid away the weapon, and I surely

had good cause,
For I've got a stiffened elbow, and my

eyes ain't what they was,
And my knees don't seem so steady as

they did in days of yore,
I've kinder gone to pieces: I ain't

shootin' any more.
I have put away the weapon: and it

kinder made me sigh
To think of all the pleasure that I was

puttin' bye.
You'll never see my name again, when

you're readin' of the score:
I've put away the weapon: I ain't

shootin' any more. •
If you could give me back the years

and all my old-time friends
So that for each thoughtless word and

act that I could make amends,
I'd give you anything I've got — No, I

won't say no more:
There ain't no use in dreamin': I ain't

shootin' any more.

Steady, Pal, There's Chinks and Huns In Sniffin' Distance

This splendid photograph of a pointer in action was taken by Charles L. Sheely of Spokane, photographer for The Spo-
kane Chronicle, while on a trip afield in Montana. The scene in the stubble, with the ground covered with its snow man-
tle and the liver-colored spotted friend of man all business, causes thrills to bounce off the vertebrae of the sportsman.

Page Thirty-seven

Has Moeteea A Stream Polletioe Problem?

By H. B. FOOTE, Sanitary Engineer, Montana State Board of Health

rw\c

H. B. Foote

\0 UNDER-
stand more
clearly the
points which are to
be raised in this
discussion and to
understand what
confronts us, it will
be well to charac-
terize or define
stream pollution.
There are three
main characteristics
of water, the physi-
cal, chemical and
biological. By the
physical character-
istics is meant the
turbidity, the tem-
perature, color and
odor; by the chem-
ical the alkalinity, hardness, organic
content, and such, and by the biologi-
cal all plants and animals found in
the water from microscopic bacteria
and one-celled animals to the higher
forms, or those characteristics deter-
mined by any life which might be in
the water. Now streams are the natu-
ral drainage courses of our land, re-
ceiving the run-off from all catchment
areas. The waters of these streams,
therefore, are changed in their charac-
teristics by the run-off from watersheds.
Even before there appear on the water-
sheds any human habitations or activi-
ties, run-off will affect the characteris-
tics of the main stream. But we will
not in this discussion consider those
natural agencies over which man has
no control. Changes effected by man
or his presence and operation on a
catchment area are included.

We have, therefore, two types of
wastes causing stream pollution, and
originating from the presence of man
in the region affected. The first, or
domestic wastes, include city sewage
and drainage from refuse and garbage,
thrown on the banks. Domestic wastes
also include drainage from ranches,
stock pens and from any recreational
establishments which may be adjacent
to the stream or on the watershed. The
second, or industrial wastes, include
those from mining and smelting activi-
ties, from railroad operations such as
oil wastes or silt from gravel washing.
The lumbering industry has by-products
which are included in industrial wastes
such as sawdust and similar materials.
Then there are many manufacturing
establishments, each having its own
peculiar type of waste. In Montana we
have the beet sugar factories, meat
packing establishments and many
others. Stream pollution, therefore,
would be the change in a stream caused
by the drainage from these features
produced by man's activities.

Of course, if a stream is large and
the amount of polluting material is
small so that neither the physical,
chemical or biological characteristics

of the water are changed, we would
not consider that stream pollution ex-
isted. It is only when the changes are
obvious or can be determined upon
proper analysis that we would say that
stream pollution exists.

Stream pollution as characterized
above does exist in Montana. Silver
Bow Creek almost from its source re-
ceives industrial and domestic wastes
which profoundly change the physical,
chemical and biological characteristics
of its waters. The effects of these pol-
luting materials can be seen far down
the course of the stream although dilut-
ing water may have entered at lower
points.

In the north the Milk River, upon its
return to the state from Canada, re-
ceives pollution from domestic and in-
dustrial wastes, which permanently
changes its characteristics.

In the east the Yellowstone River
and its tributaries all receive waste,
which constitutes pollution.

In fact, all our streams, with the
possible exception of a few small ones
that are near the borders, or near their
own origins, receive somewhere along
their courses some polluting material
before they leave the state. This doubt-
less is obvious to residents acquainted
with conditions, although it seems to be
rather surprising to visitors, since it
seems to be the opinion among many
that waters so near the mountains
should retain their primal purity.

Knowing what constitutes stream pol-
lution, and having knowledge that
stream pollution exists in this state,
the question naturally arises: Does it
constitute a problem, and, if so, can
anything be done about it?

There is a problem of stream pollu-
tion in Montana. The problem arises
from the use to which any stream in
question is put and the use depends,
of course, upon the locality and the
natural resources which are being de-
veloped in that vicinity. In a strictly
agricultural region we do not usually
find the varied manufacturing products
and wastes. The pollution is largely
domestic in character, although there
may be some industrial wastes from
sugar factories, meat packing establish-
ments and perhaps railroading. In the
mountainous areas where ore-bearing
rocks are found we naturally find min-
ing and allied industries, and also lum-
bering activities. If these are exten-
sive, then we have added the domes-
tic waste.

It can be readily seen that from the
very nature of the situation one imme-
diately finds interests diametrically op-
posed one to another. Our liquid
wastes must gravitate to the streams
and the water of these same streams
is a prime necessity in practically all
our civic, industrial and recreational
activities.

While there may be some instances
in which all pollution may be pre-
vented, we have long since receded from
the position of expecting all our
streams to be maintained in their or-
iginal purity. Our industrial and civic
development would be seriously arrested
were such a policy to be enforced.
There must be a certain amount of use
of the streams as wasteways. There
must, therefore, be some concession on
the part of the various interests along
any one waterway or stream.

As illustrations of this point: we
can not expect all mining and smelting
activities to cease that a certain stream
may thereby be made a paradise for
fishermen. We can not expect all city
sewage and drainage to be stopped in
order that ranchers or a city below
may thereby be enabled to use the un-
treated water for drinking and other
domestic purposes. We can not expect
all ranchers to keep their stock from
the streams to benefit a city or indus-
try located below them.

There must be a middle ground where
the demands of one party are reason-
ably met by those of a second party
using the waters below.

As an illustration of this point we
believe that the domestic sewage of
one city should be treated sufficiently
so as not to cause an odor or aesthetic
nuisance to ranchers or travelers along
its course and so as not to produce
an unreasonable burden of purification
upon the city below.

Conditions are not as we would like
to have them in all instances, though
fortunately we have but few acute situ-
ations in the state at this time. Never-
theless, we must not close our eyes to
the trend of conditions in the state.
Now is the time for us to lay out a
plan of procedure to the end that con-
ditions will not get out of hand, and
that acute situations will not multiply.

As an aid I have recently advanced
the argument that our methods of
financing the operation of municipal
sewage disposal systems can be im-
proved upon. At the present time any
expense incurred for this purpose is
met from the city's general fund. Such
money as is available in this fund is
obtained by direct taxation. This gen-
eral fund as a rule is overburdened,
consequently the city council feels
obliged to reduce expenses as much
as possible. One place to reduce is at
the end of the sewer. Hence treating
plants are not built, or if built are
allowed to run unattended, and sooner
or later become useless. Of course,
there are exceptions. There are a few
sewage treatment plants which are kept
in excellent operating condition.

But by fixing a moderate sewer
rental fee based upon water meter
readings or water flat rates the city
council will have an income independ-
ent of direct taxation. The users of

Page Thirty-eight

".M. ON TANA

WEILB LIFE

the sewers will pay for service ren-
dered, the general fund of the city will
be relieved of a part of its burden, and
money will be available for the proper
operation of efficient treating plants.

This scheme is in operation in Ohio
and Michigan. Mr. Sperry, executive
secretary and chief engineer of the
Michigan Stream Pollution Commission,
has endorsed it highly and in Ohio
there are many cities which have levied
sewer rental fees.

This in my opinion would help care
for stream pollution conditions as set
up by municipal sewage and wastes and
I believe that the situation in Montana
as a whole would be improved if such
a plan were instituted here.

I do not want to leave the impres-
sion that nothing is being done to con-
trol the situation in Montana. The
State Board of Health is granted au-
thority under the law so that it may
study and in a measure control stream
conditions which are used for public
water supplies. Under this authority
much study has been carried on and
a policy has been set up which affects
many of our larger communities. While
I can speak for the State Board of
Health only, I am sure that there are
other state bodies which to a limited
extent at least are controlling condi-
tions of waters in the state.

But there is nowhere available, to
my knowledge, sufficient information
on which any one may at this time
base definite and all-inclusive recom-
mendations, for the satisfactory answer
to all questions. More information is
needed and I wish to pass on to you
a plan suggested by J. S. James, state
engineer.

In this plan a fact-finding body of
men would be created and given suf-
ficient authority to collect, tabulate and
summarize information concerning this
important phase of our state business.
From the information gained, say over
a two-year period, conclusions could be
drawn and a report made with recom-
mendations as to the program to be
instituted in order to realize for us all
the best utilization of our water re-
sources.

I would, therefore, recommend that
the legislature authorize the governor
to select representatives from existing
state bodies, such as the Board of
Health, Fish and Game Commission,
state engineer's office, and Livestock
Sanitary Board and from such other
extra governmental bodies as are vitally
interested in water resources and uses
and to form from them an ex-officio
body to study conditions from all stand-
points, collect all necessary data and
report their findings with recommenda-
tions to the legislature in 1933.

The state bodies having facilities for
gathering the information, have indeed
already gathered much, and it only be-
comes necessary to collect this, add
what is missing, and analyze it from
the standpoint of the best utilization of
our vast water resources.

PRETTY LITTLE FOX

Teacher: Rastus, what animal is
most noted for its fur?

Rastus: De skunk; de more fur you
gits away from him de better it is fur
you.

Swiftwater Bill Breaks Loose Again

Swift-water If'ooei the Muie

SWIFTWATER BILL has been a
highly respected citizen of Thomp-
son Falls for a good many years,
having located there, so he sa. s him-
self, when the beautiful mountains
which now surround that delightful
community were holes in the ground.
During the years Swiftwater Bill has
lived there he has told tales of many
unusual experiences and yarns of many
remarkable things he has seen. So
unusual are some of these tales that
we fellows, who belong to a generation
a bit younger than that which produced
Swiftwater, were inclined to believe
that this kindly old fellow was string-
ing us a little.

We were so thoroughly convinced of
this fact that we recently issued a
challenge to the rest of the state to
produce a better specimen than Swift-
water Bill. This challenge was accom-
panied by one of Swiftwater's best
varns and brought fame to him through
the columns of MONTANA WILD LIFE.

When Swiftwater Bill learned of this
his feelings were seared. It was the
first thing that ever happened which
caused him to realize that "the words
of truth he'd spoken" had been taken
with a grain of salt. So deep were his
emotions that he picked up his bat-
tered guitar, strummed a tune, which
sounded like the first part of the Bum's
Song, and related, to music, the fol-
lowing tales:

(We still challenge the rest of the
state to produce a man who can beat
"Our Bill" tellin' 'em by note.)

Here's where the breeze begins:

Oh! I am a storm-cut mountain man.

I've climbed these ridges steep,
With many a cut, a bump, and a bruise,

frcm crossin' the cauyons deep;
But I want to live where the wild

winds blow, out in the good fresh air,
Where 3 ou sleeD like a baby, you work

like a horse, and eat like a grizzly

bear.
I don't expect you to believe all I tell,

just keep this under your lid,
But I put a top on the Mission Range

when Paul Bunion wuz a kid.
I worked for Bunion for six long years

and never stopped for breath,
I wouldn't lie, but I'm the guy, that

worked his Blue Ox to death.

I know of a land where the whitetail
deer grow seventy-five feet high,

You could shoot 'em as dead as hell,
but it'll take 'em a year to die;

They built a road through this gentle
land, too late they learned their
mistake,

They'd built ten miles of a good high-
way on the back of a sleepy snake.

In the spring of the year the snake
caught cold, and found that he'd
have to sneeze,

He humped up his back and let 'er
go, and he wrecked ten Model T's.

I know of a land, of a square hundred

miles, where there isn't a man or

child,
But women, O boy! there's thousands

of them, and every dang one is wild;
I once had a pal, a venturesome lad,

who said he'd like one for a wife,
So many wild women took out after

him, that he barely escaped with his

life.

Fishin' one day, I landed a "Char," he

weighed 'round about fifty pound,
And say! when I opened that big baby

up, you'd never guess what I found;
The sight I revealed with me trusty

knife, it almost made me squirm,
For out of his bloomin' innards jumped,

a seventy-five pound worm.
He looked at the sun and yawned a

bit, then started across the bar,
He said, "Bill, you've ruined my home

till I find me another big Char."

So give me the land where no woman's

foot has ever touched the sod,
Give me a fly, a leader and line, strung

on a bamboo rod;
Give me a shack, by a cr, stal spring,

deep in a shaded dell,
Give me my pal, a dog and a gun, and

the rest of yez go to hell.

WATCH YOUR MATCHES

An infinitesimal slither of a tree,
with its head turned by a speck of
civilized sulphur and the touch of a
civilized hand, will burn and destroy a
great forest containing millions of feet
of lumber and many billions of slithers
the size of a match.

QUAIL'S SPAN OF LIFE

Observations have seldom been made
as to how long has a quail been known
to live. One case is recorded, however,
in which a quail with a leg band bear-
ing the date of 1901 was shot in 1919.
It then weighed 16 ounces on the drug-
gist's scales.

Page Thirty-nine

Game Law Violations Hit the Peak

By JACK W. CARNEY, Helena. Assistant State Fish and Game Warden

Jack W. Carney

MONTANA has
suffered a
plague of
game law viola-
tions during 1930
more severe than
in any year in the
history of the State
Fish and Game De-
partment. During
the 18 years since
1913, when accu-
r a t e information
was first kept of
violations, no such
malicious on-
slaughts have been
made on the dimin-
ishing supply of
fish and game as
during the last year
when a total of 514 arrests were made
in the 56 counties, fines totaling 116,293
being levied and 45 miscreants sen-
tenced to jail. Complete reports for
the year show that nine sentences were
suspended, fines totaling $1,190 were
remitted or suspended and 37 cases
were dismissed.

Here's the record of arrests since
1913:

1913 49

1914 123

1915 237

1916 156

1917 171

1918 219

1919 60

1920 116

1921 278

1922 336

1923 403

1924 328

1925 482

1926 366

1927 345

1928 407

1929 431

1930 514

Deer Lodge county leads the list of
violations by counties with 47, and a
total of }1,032 in fines levied. Flat-
head saw 32 arrests, Beaverhead 28,
Lincoln 26, Madison 23, Gallatin 23, Sil-
ver Bow 19, Stillwater 18, Yellowstone
21, Big Horn 15, Lewis and Clark 16,
Cascade 13, Chouteau 13, Lake 15, Mis-
soula 19, Granite 11, and other coun-
ties with smaller numbers.

The greatest number of law violators
were arrested and convicted for ship-
ping furs outside the state without a
permit required by law. This total
reached 86.

Fishing without a license was expen-
sive for 54 anglers.

Making false affidavit in securing a
hunting and fishing license caused 31
to face the judge, while 23 were ar-
rested for trapping fur-bearing animals
without a permit.

Beaver trappers operating without a
permit brought 21 arrests. Killing deer
out of season brought 42 into court.

Montana's Beaver
Worth Millions

IF beaver hides have averaged $20
each in value during the last 10
years, the 60,158 skins legally
taken and tagged by the State Fish
and Game Department would have a
value of $1,203,160. The tagging fee
is 50 cents and the state law re-
quires that all beaver taken on trap-
ping permits where they are caus-
ing damage to agricultural areas
shall be shipped to the department,
tagged and recorded. Prior to 1921
the state law made no provision for
the tagging. During 1929 a total
of 8,154 hides were tagged, while
in 1930 the figure reached 8.692. The
record since 1921 follows:

1921 479

1922 2,430

1923 2,339

1924 3,184

1925 6,190

1926 9,714

1927 9,227

1928 5,749

1929 8,154

1930 8.692

Total. 60,158

Fishing in closed streams was followed
by 47 arrests. Fishing after closed
hours in Georgetown Lake resulted in
the arrest of 12.

Each succeeding year sees not only
heavier drains being made on our fish
and game, but witnesses the growth of
law violations in forest, field and
stream.

Beaver Permits Hit
526 In Year

COMPLAINTS of farmers and in-
dustrial leaders of Montana that
beaver have been damming
creeks and causing backwater to
flood valuable areas during 1930 have
resulted in the issuance of 526 bea-
ver trapping permits at $10 each
during the years by the State Fish
and Game Department. Applications
for beaver trapping permits must
show damage and must be filed
prior to November 1 of each year.
Before permits are issued an inves-
tigation is made by a deputy game
warden. Records of the department
show that the peak in beaver trap-
ping permits was reached in 1927
when the mark reached 641. During
1919-1920 the fee was waived by law.
The following table shows the num-
ber of permits issued since 1917:

1917 213

1918 100

1919

1920

1921 242

1922 244

1923 259

1924 139

1925 562

1926 607

1927 641

1928 613

1929 582

1930 526

The legal toll is too heavy and the
illegal toll being constantly taken
makes the burden oppressive. If Mon-
tana's natural heritage of wild life is
to be conserved and propagated, in-
creased vigilance must be maintained
in cooperation with agencies of pro-
duction such as the hatcheries and the
game farm.

In many of the counties where few
violations have been reported, funds of
the state department have been insuf-
ficient to employ deputy game war-
dens, while in those where the greatest
number of violations are shown, the
deputies have been keenly alert in the
protection of fish and game.

Montana has an area of more than
90,000,000 acres or 140,997 square miles,
the third largest state in the Union.
The official population in the 1930 cen-
sus totaled 537,606, or about four peo-
ple to the square mile.

Sincere attempts to enforce the fish
and game laws in this vast area have
been made by 27 deputy game wardens.

Few states in the Union have reached
achievements of Pennsylvania. That
state has an area of 45,126 square
miles, as against Montana's 140,997
square miles, a population above 10,-
000,000 and estimated wealth of nearly
thirty billion dollars as against the
two and a quarter billion dollars esti-
mated for Montana by the World
Almanac.

Yet Montana, with her enormous do-
main, is the summer playground of
thousands of eastern visitors, as well
as resident sportsmen and in 1929 the
sale of resident hunting and fishing
licenses in Montana reached the peak
with a total of 83,3S8, with non-resi-
dent licenses showing an equal in-
crease.

Records compiled by the State Fish
and Game Department show that S68
trappers' licenses were issued during
1930 at $10 each.

During 1929 a total of 582 permits to
trap beaver which were causing actual
damage to agricultural areas or indus-
tries were issued by the department,
and in 1930 the total reached 526.
These permits are issued on payment
of a fee of $10 and before being granted
an inspection of the premises is made
by a deputy game warden to guard
against complications. The matter of
preserving the beaver, yet keeping the
fur-bearing animals aloof from damag-
ing industry, is a problem. The value
of hides of the beaver already legally
trapped has passed the million dollar
mark during the last decade.

Montana should have a deer and elk
tagging law in order that law enforce-
ment might be simplified and the de-
partment enabled to maintain a close
check on the kill in various counties.
Nine states now have this tagging sys-
tem and it works out to the benefit of
sportsmen as well as to the depart-
ment. The laws in other states require

Page Forty

MONTANA

WEM) LIFE

that the tag torn from the license shall
be immediately attached to the deer or
elk and not removed until the carcass
is consumed. Hence, any deer or elk
found without the tag is an illegally
killed animal. Once the tag is torn
from the license, the hunter in posses-
sion of another deer or elk is imme-
diatel/ confronted with prosecution.

The state department during the year
has issued licenses to 221 fur farmers
of Montana. This is one of the state's
growing industries and the permits
have been issued only after careful in-
spection of grounds and waters by dep-
uty game wardens.

Careful check is made on all fur
dealers of the state. During 1929 a
total of 134 resident fur dealers' li-
censes were issued by the department
at $1 and during the year 1930, which
has just closed, 117 resident fur deal-
ers' licenses were issued.

In 1929 a total of 31 agents for fur

dealers were licensed to operate in the
state at $10 each, while in 1930 there
were 14 such licenses issued.

In 1929 six non-resident fur dealers
were licensed to operate in the state by
payment of the fee of $25 and in 1930
the same number of licenses was is-
sued.

How About You?

I want to go where the trees are fine,
Cedar and tamarac and fir and pine.
That lift their heads to the azure haze
In the gleam and glow of mountain
days.
Where the sun is bright and the skies
are blue —
I want to go there; say, how about
you?

I want to go where the song of a
stream
Lies on my soul like a golden dream.
Where the gray rocks tower serene,
sublime,
Like monuments on the shore of
Time.

Where the meadows are swathed in the
morning dew —
I want to go there; say, how about
you?

I want to go where the red dirt spills
Its cloak of dream on the ancient
hills.

Where the ferns are lush by the shaded
banks,
And the forest's trees are marshalled
ranks.

Where the softened sunbeams filter
through —
I want to go there; say, how about
you?

FISH AND GAME LAW VIOLATIONS

Alien in possession of firearms without license

Catching over the limit of game fish

Catching more than 5 fish under 7 in. in length

Dumping refuse in stream

Fishing without a license

Fishing through the ice

Fishing in closed streams

Fishing during closed season

Fishing with more than 1 pole, line and hook and

set line

Hunting without a license

Hunting on game preserve

Illegal possession of beaver hides

Killing a moose

Killing elk out of season .....

Killing deer out of season

Killing grouse, prairie chicken, etc., out of season....

Killing Hungarian partridges

Killing doe deer

Killing deer with horns less than 4 in. in length

Killing more than one deer

Killing antelope

Killing wild geese out of season

Killing swan

Killing Chinese pheasants out of season

Killing elk before legal hour in Park Co

Killing grebe „.

Making false statement in application for license...

Opening muskrat houses

Possession of a seine without a license

Seining fish without a license

Salmon eggs, fishing with same

Snagging fish

Selling game fish

Shipping furs from state without a permit

Shooting ducks after sunset

Shooting ducks out of season

Selling elk meat

Selling bear hides

Trapping fur-bearing animals out of season

Trapping fur-bearing animals without a license

Trapping beaver without a permit

Trapping bear

Possession of game animals without a fur farm

license

Killing more than one elk

Shooting ducks from a motor boat

Buying furs without a license

Selling deer meat

Fishing in Georgetown Lake after 9:30 p. m

Killing Chinese pheasant hens

Buying elk meat

Selling furs without a license

1929

13

2

10
3

67
2

19

4
9
4

13
2
4

30
9
2
8
2
2

15
4

1

25

3

4
5
7
4

1

Total 431

1930

54
3

47
15

3

11

18

5

2

13

42

12

2

6

1

5

6

1

3

6

31

86

S6

5

10

6

3

1

1

6

11

11

19

23

9

21

1

2

1

4

1

2

0

3

4

1

2

12

4

1

2

514

1930 FINES AND VIOLATIONS

Total amount of fines imposed $16,293.15

Total number of fines assessed 404

In the 514 violations of the fish and game laws there were
404 fines assessed, 45 jail sentences, 37 cases dismissed and 39
fines suspended, totaling $1,190.25. Nine sentences were sus-
pended during the year, and several cases are pending.

VIOLATIONS BY COUNTIES

Beaverhead
Big Horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Carter

Cascade

Chouteau

Custer

Daniels

Dawson

Deer Lodge ....

Fallon

Fergus

Flathead

Gallatin

Garfield

Glacier

Golden Valley

Granite

Hill

Jefferson ....

Judith Basin

Lake

Lewis and Clark

Liberty

Lincoln

Madison

McCone

Meagher

Mineral

Missoula

Musselshell

Park

Petroleum

Phillips

Pondera

Powder Rivet-
Powell

Prairie

Ravalli

Richland

Rosebud

Roosevelt

Sanders

Sheridan

Silver Bow .

Stillwater

Sweet Grass .

Teton

Toole

Treasure

Valley

Wheatland

Wibaux

Yellowstone

in
2

21

Total 431

1929 FINES

929

1930

10

28

5

15

2

5

4

5

11

8

9

4

7

13

9

13

4

2

li

6

31

47

.

S

17

32

16

23

2

4

6

1

2

3

11

5

5

7

4

21

3

17

15

5

16

1

1

33

26

14

23

1

S

S

4

6

1

S

111

2

is

10

::

1

14

5

9

*>

1

1

11

4

3

•'

16

1

B

1

1

::

9

!'

!'

in

3

26

19

17

is

1

4

3

1

5

6

21
514

Total amount of fines imposed $12 137 93

Total number of fines assessed 351

In the 431 violations of the fish and game laws there were
351 fines suspended, 16 jail sentences, 19 acquitted, and 45 sus-
pended.

Page Forty-one

Rearing Game Birds le Captivity

By J. F. HENDRICKS, Superintendent State Game Farm

M

J. F. Hendricks

•O N TANA'S
first game
farm, estab-
lished by the State
Fish and Game
Commission on a
tract of land se-
cured from the state
adjoining the hos-
pital at War m
Springs, has
achieved such re-
sults during its first
year of operation as
to astound sports-
men and game cul-
turists of the west.
Laid out and con-
structed in modern
manner, and with
ideal climatic con-
ditions existing for nesting, hatching
and rearing, the game farm produced
enough Chinese and Mongolian pheas-
ants within a year after it was estab-
lished to enable the liberation of 6,146
young birds in 55 of the 56 counties
of the state in 1930.

Completion of 112 additional wire
pens, bringing th'e capacity to from
S,000 to 10,000 birds annually, means
that additional thousands of the multi-
colored, foxy game birds will be re-
leased throughout the state in 1931 for
the benefit of sportsmen. It likewise
means that approximately 1,000 domes-
tic biddies now clucking around Mon-
tana barnyards will be required at the
state game farm to hatch out the pheas-
ant eggs and mother the broods until
the Orientals are husky enough to be
released.

Inning the last year, when the Mon-
tana State Fish and Game Commission
accomplished what is regarded by
sportsmen as a modern miracle in
game farming in releasing the 6,146
pheasants, the aid of 781 setting hens
was a dominant factor. This big flock
of mamma biddies is being wintered to
be ready for work in the spring.

Six acres are completely under the
wire at the state game farm. There
are now 392 pens, each of which will
accommodate 25 birds. After the birds
are liberated the pens are used again
each season to care for another brood.
Breeding birds retained during the
winter number 110 Chinese pheasant
hens, 20 roosters, 250 Mongolian hens,
50 Mongolian roosters and 26 Hunga-
rian partridges.

Among other fancy game birds at the
farm are a pair of golden pheasants
and 12 youngsters, a trio of Lady Am-
herst pheasants and three young ones,
a trio of Reeves pheasants, a trio of
silver pheasants, a trio of Melanistic
Mutants, four blue grouse and 40 Cali-
fornia valley quail. Tests are being
made with these birds. Meanwhile they
are being utilized for display purposes.
Incidentally, more than 2,000 Mon-
tana residents keenly interested in
progress being made at the game farm,

visited the scenic spot during the sum-
mer season, according to estimates of
the superintendent. On one Sunday
last June 75 cars were counted at the
farm.

Montana's climatic conditions are
ideal for rearing game birds artificially
in captivity, not a pheasant having
been lost because of climatic conditions.

Pheasants Liberated
In Counties

Beaverhead 244

Big Horn 16S

Blaine - 84

Broadwater 84

Carbon 140

Carter 108

Cascade 144

Chouteau 120

Custer 96

Daniels 72

Dawson 96

Deer Lodge 155

Fallon 72

Fergus 162

Flathead 168

Gallatin 68

Garfield 72

Glacier 36

Golden Valley 96

Granite 48

Hill 144

Jeffeison 124

Judith Basin 92

Lake 120

Lewis and Clark 250

Liberty 72

Lincoln 96

Madison 374

McCone 72

Meagher 96

Mineral

Missoula 96

Musselshell 96

Park 120

Petroleum 82

Phillips 96

Pondera 120

Powder River 48

Powell 150

Prairie 96

Ravalli 216

Richland 96

Roosevelt 87

Rosebud 96

Sanders 48

Sheridan 88

Silver Bow 24

Stillwater 116

Sweet Grass 120

Teton 96

Toole 72

Treasure 96

Valley 10S

Wheatland 72

Wibaux 96

Yellowstone 138

Total 6,146

With additional revenue provided
through the proposed increase in the
resident hunting and fishing license
fee which will be acted upon by the
legislature, it is hoped that funds will
be made available to establish other
similar game farms in Montana.

I came to Warm Springs July 17,
1929, to construct the first game farm
for the State Fish and Game Depart-
ment of Montana. The site chosen by
the Commission was fifteen or more
acres belonging to the State Hospital.
The Commission was given use of the
area as long as desired.

The first thing I did was to con-
struct five pens to hold breeding stock
I was instructed to buy for the next
year's use. These birds were pur-
chased from private farms in Wash-
ington and California. They arrived by
the middle of September. Not know-
ing climatic conditions of the state, I
did not know just how the birds would
thrive, but lost only one bird during
the winter, proving to me that pheas-
ants will thrive here as well as in
neighboring states.

On October 12, 1929, the Commission
met in Anaconda to make final plans
for the farm, and soon afterward the
contract was let to construct the house
and feed room with garage combined.
A modern five-room house was com-
pleted in December. The other build-
ing was finished later.

We started constructing the pens
about the middle of November. They
were completed in February. There
were 280 pens 24 by 24 feet built. They
are 7 feet high. After this was done
we had to make our equipment, which
consists of 225 brood coops, 100 sections
of setting hen nests, feed boards for
all pens, and 30 shipping crates. All
this had to be completed before the
breeding season began.

During the winter we trapped 24
Hungarian partridges which were put
in the mating pen. Nine pairs mated,
and the others were liberated.

About March 15 we began mating
the pheasants. In doing so we took
one cock and six hens and placed them
in a pen. After they became accus-
tomed to new quarters, we began to
feed them laying feed, which consists
of Spratt's game meal, three times a
week and on alternate days ground
liver mixed with cornmeal and bran.
Grain is kept before them all the time,
also grit mixed with charcoal.

Much to my surprise on March 29
we found the first egg. From that
time on they kept laying till they were
liberated. During the season we col-
lected about 12,000 eggs from 262 hens.
Domestic hens are dusted and put in
temporary nests to ascertain if they
will set well before placed on the eggs.
If so they are set on 20 eggs. These
eggs hatch in 23 days. After hatching
a hen is placed in a brood coop with
25 chicks where they are left till time
for liberation.

Page Forty-two

felt.

MONTANA CS'WSlLrlD) LIF

<^Mon{anas

Gametfarm

PEN Of MONGOLIAN AND OHINA COCKS «l

Page Forty-three

BLE scientists doing in-
tensive research work
accomplished much for
humanity when they
discovered the youth-
restoring vitamin cred-
ited with heing con-
tained in liver, neces-
sary to maintain the health of ailing
patients — but they innocently raised
hob with the fish hatching industry.
The problem is becoming more puzzling
annually to the Montana State Pish
and Game Department, with increased
human demand for liver, and the solu-
tion has not yet appeared. Liver con-
stitutes the principal food for finger-
ling game fish in Montana's battery of
14 fish hatcheries. No substitute of sat-
isfactory food content has as yet been
discovered, despite continued research
work being conducted by department
scientists. Baby trout must have their
ground liver, mixed with a small
amount of cereal, several times daily —
and when anglers consider the fact
that during the last biennium 72,953,934
game fish fingerlings were distributed
in Montana streams from department
hatcheries, the total tonnage of food
consumed by these trout before growing
to proper size for liberation may be
imagined.

Statistics compiled by the state de-
partment show that 38 tons of liver or
76,000 pounds of the vitamin-bearing
delicacy was fed to Montana baby trout
last year. This liver was largely pro-
vided by cayuses or range horses which
are canned by the Montana Horse
Products Company at Butte for ship-
ment to European countries and for
sale as dog meat.

Cal Johnson Is
Outdoor Editor

CAL JOHNiON, one of the nation's
foremost writers of outdoor stories,
has been appointed editor of Out-
door America, official magazine of the
Izaak Walton League of America. Mr.
Johnson was former editor of Sporting
Goods Journal, New York City, and has
for years been a regular contributor to
outdoor publications in this country
and abroad. He also is well known as
a newspaper columnist on the outdoors
and is the author of several books on
outdoor subjects. Born and raised in
the north woods of Wisconsin, Mr.
Johnson obtained an early education in
nature study. His wide knowledge of
conservation and outdoor conditions
was received from personal contact, he
having fished, hunted, camped and
toured in almost every noted section
of the United States and Canada.

Statistics compiled by the Montana
Livestock Commission at the close of
1929 show that the number of horses of
all kinds exported from Montana shows
a marked increase. The livestock cen-
sus for 1928 for all classes of horses .
shows the total number in Montana to
have been 417,676 while the census for
1929 shows 400,454 head or a decrease
of 17,222. During 1928 there were
25,000 horses exported and 31,815
shipped to Butte for slaughter, a total
of 57,624 head. In 1929 there were
54,136 horses exported and 22,640
shipped to Butte for slaughter, a total
of 76,776 head. The abandoned horse
law which provides for sanctioned
roundups in any desired area is ridding
the range of these cayuses and with
them goes the available liver supply
used to feed baby trout during their
infancy in hatcheries and rearing ponds.

The range horse is following the trail
of the buffalo and the passenger pigeon.
Civilization is driving him into oblivion.
Each succeeding year sees the number
of wild cayuses on Montana ranges
diminishing, and with the disappear-
ance of the range horse goes the avail-
able liver supply for Montana's game
fish. Ailing patients under care of
modern physicians require all the avail-
able calves' liver in local butcher shops.
They are eating it as fast as it is pro-
duced and paying a handsome price,
whereas it was but a few years ago
that the butcher "threw in a chunk
of liver" with every order, to keep the
family Towser in dog meat.

Montana's State Fish and Game Com-
mission has conducted a series of sci-
entific tests extending over a period of
years to find a substitute for liver as
fish food. Perhaps one of the most
successful discoveries is that of using
dried carp, sucker and squawfish.
These non-game fish, which inhabit
many lakes, and which devour the food
intended for game fish under natural
conditions, have been seined, skinned,
and placed on racks, steamed, dried by
hot air blowers, and then ground in
especially constructed mills. The prod-
uct, when mixed with cereals, has de-
veloped a fish food that has possibili-
ties. The seining of these fish from
Montana lakes may eventually serve
the double purpose of providing food
for game fish and eliminating the pis-
catorial hogs.

Investigations have covered the use
of ground and dried horse meat, lungs
and lights of cattle, sheep and hogs,
dried products of animal origin such
as meat and fish meals, dried milk,
vegetable products, including wheat
middlings, low grades of flour, shorts,
soy bean meal and Mexican pinto beans.
These products have been used for
years in many cases, by fish culturists,
yet no general agreement has been
reached regarding their relative value
as trout food.

The question still remains: When the
range horse disappears, what of the
trout food? It is but one of many
problems with which the State Fish
and Game Department is confronted in
its campaign of conscientious conser-
vation of wild life resources.

Research work of this character is
but one of the many activities of the
department to which sportsmen are
looking for preservation of the natu-
ral heritage in woods and waters. With
funds of the department at the lowest
mark in years, additional revenue must
be provided to permit the work to pro-
ceed without being handicapped. Sports-
men favor an adjustment of the resi-
dent hunting and fishing license fee
to attain results. Montana now charges
only $2 for a resident license in face
of the fact that 30 states have a higher
fee and offer less in hunting and fish-
ing.

Research work for a suitable finger-
ling trout food is also being conducted
by the United States Bureau of Fish-
eries. Scientists have gone to extremes
in their search. Their experiments
have covered the use of the hearts of
animals, liver taken from beef, hogs,
sheep, cooked meats, fresh fish, dried
animal products, clam heads or the by-
product of the clam canneries, fish
meals, shrimp meal, milk products,
wheat middlings, soy bean meal, food
canned for the use of fox fur farmers,
cod liver oil mixed with yeast, and
other products rich in vitamins. But
the disappearance of the range horse
and human demands for these myste-
rious health-restoring vitamins threaten
to make it tough on the fish.

Feed for Buffalo
Is Ample

BISON feeding on the national range
northwest of Missoula will not have
to be fed this winter as there is
enough natural range grass to care for
them, according to Warden Frank Rose
of the national reserve. The bison have
been ranging on the north side of the
reserve all summer and there is enough
feed in the southern part to carry them
until the green grass crops up in the
spring. The herd is in splendid shape,
the older animals fattening and the
calves growing fast.

An artesian well was struck at 130
feet at the bison range headquarters,
eliminating water worries. It will not
be necessary to do any pumping as a
result of striking this well. The range
is well watered and small springs scat-
tered about the reserve are providing
water for the animals.

Page Forty-four

gj MONTANA ffcjl WE 3LrB> ILIT

Moetom §port§nmee9§ Assoeiatioe

By B. F. GERRY of Missoula, Secretary

Glen A. Smith
Chairman

TO those who
have been ac-
quainted with
the fish and game
conditions in Mon-
tana during the last
three decades, pro-
gressive measures
fostered by organ-
ized sportsmen of
Montana and which
are now in large
measure written
upon the statute
books, there is a
feeling of pride and
satisfaction in look-
ing back to dark
days prior to the
organized efforts of
sportsmen of Mon-
tana. Not so many years ago slightly
over a decade, the State Fish and Game
Commission was the political bulwark
of the party which happened to be in
power. This organization was main-
tained solely by appropriations made
available by the state legislature. The
amount of the appropriation was gen-
erally meager and often influenced by
harmony within the party and its power.
There were advocates of abolishing
the Fish and Game Department and
turning over the duties of the depart-
ment to the sheriffs in the counties.
The game laws at that time provided
almost entirely for game protection,
with nothing for the conservation or
the building up of our game resources.
Such a proposition came nearly being
written upon the statutes of Montana
during the legislative session of 1917
and it was probably this piece of legis-
lation that aroused sportsmen of Mon-
tana who began to realize that if their
sport was to continue they must take
a more active interest in shaping the
policies pursued and see to it that the
department handling these matters was
free from political influence of any
faction.

It is probable that this proposed leg-
islation was the outstanding element
that brought about the general organi-
zation of sportsmen in Montana. Two
years later the Montana Sportsmen's
Association was organized in Helena,
through the splendid efforts of Dr. W.
M. Copenhaver, one of the outstanding
sportsmen in Montana.

The earnestness with which the Mon-
tana Sportsmen's Association undertook
the job of moulding public sentiment
and bringing about a more complete
understanding of the immense value of
the great out-of-doors in Montana, with
its wild life, forests, flowers and fields,
is demonstrated by a review of the work
accomplished.

It was first recognized that the state
must have an organization free from
political influence. Sportsmen there-
fore went about setting up the Mon-
tana State Fish and Game Commission,

which would be free from politics and
composed of men imbued with the idea
of building up and maintaining Mon-
tana as the sportsmen's paradise. How
well this was accomplished can best be
understood by carefully reading Section
3653 of the Revised Fish and Game
Statutes of Montana.

With such broad powers in the hands
of well-informed, enthusiastic sports-
men, it is no wonder that during the
last decade great progress has been
made. The Fish and Game Commission
is also looking forward to progressive
measures that will be to the everlast-
ing benefit to sportsmen and citizenry
of Montana.

The State Fish and Game Commission
is to be highly commended for work
accomplished and the splendid program
ahead. Sportsmen have the right to
feel that their organized efforts were
largely responsible in making it pos-
sible for this splendid work to be ac-
complished, through efforts to see that
proper authority was given to the Fish
and Game Department, and it is their
solemn duty to see that that authority
is broadened where necessary.

Organized sportsmen have not been
contented to set up this system and
drop the matter. They have been ac-
tive in studying Montana conditions
and in counselling with the Fish and
Game Commission in matters of far-
reaching importance to sportsmen of
Montana.

Few sportsmen believe that a full
grown bear will take chances with a
comparatively small limb of a tree, but
here's evidence that the big black boys
will amble out on a limb and still get
back. The picture was taken by W. M.
Rush.

The importance of game conservation
and the proper code of ethics have
been taken into nearly every home
and hamlet in Montana. Most of the
schools have been visited by the repre-
sentatives of the Montana Sportsmen's
Association. Future men of the out-
of-doors have learned of problems
ahead in this great field of wild life
conservation. This work has been go-
ing on for the last decade and today
finds many of the high school boys of
ten years ago grown to leading, influ-
ential men of their community. Fruits
of the early work of the Montana
Sportsmen's Association are ripening
into accomplishments destined to affect
most profoundly the future of wild life.

Those who have been most closely
associated with the work of the organ-
ized sportsmen of Montana realize that
the code of ethics of sportsmen, both
individually and collectively, has been
raised to a much higher level. It would
not be too much to say that if no other
good comes from efforts of this asso-
ciation, if the men who go afield have
caught the spirit of fair play these ef-
forts have not been in vain.

One of the outstanding achievements
of the Montana Sportsmen's Associa-
tion has been the northern elk herd
program which has been put upon a
splendid foundation.

Prior to efforts of this association
the future of the northern elk herd
seemed beyond hope. One of the largest
herds of American elk in existence was
threatened with destruction if some ef-
fort was not made to provide adequate
winter range. It was through efforts
of the association that a federal ap-
propriation was secured amounting to
$150,000 to acquire winter range north
of Yellowstone Park. At the present
time satisfactory progress is under way
to bring into public ownership suffi-
cient winter range to assure perpetua-
tion of this herd of elk.

As years roll by this accomplishment
will be more thoroughly recognized.
There will also be greater apprecia-
tion of sportsmen who had the fore-
sight and determination to provide this
sanctuary and to make certain that fu-
ture generations will have the oppor-
tunity of enjoying hunting this splen-
did American game animal.

The Montana Sportsmen's Association
has enlarged its program for the fu-
ture. Fully realizing that conserva-
tion becomes more difficult each year
and its problems more numerous, it is
felt that with the combined cooperation
of sportsmen's clubs throughout the
state that this association can carry
to completion all of its undertakings
in the interest of perpetuating Mon-
tana's great out-of-doors, which is of
such great value to the sportsmen and
the citizenry of the state. Montana
will soon be recognized as the "Treas-
ure and Pleasure State."

Page Forty-five

lie

MONTANA

WEIL© 3LJFB

«?*-=

Montana's Fish Factories

(Continued from page thirty-three)

ings, whether ripe or not when enter-
ing the traps and, if a female, the con-
dition of the eggs. This will give us
information as to whether a trout or
grayling returns to the same waters
each year, growth and condition favor-
able to best egg production. This sys-
tem could later be used as it is in
Michigan, on some of the fish planted.
It would here give such information
as to the migration, and be some means
of checking the percentage of fish
which reach the adult size after plant-
ing.

It would be greatly appreciated if
any one taking one of these tagged fish
from the water will report the matter
to the Fish and Game Department at
Helena, stating the number on the tag,
where the fish was caught, date caught,
length (honest measure) and any un-
usual feature relating to it. The tag
may be kept as a souvenir.

While hatcheries are helpful they will
not alone solve the fishery problems.
The fish gets but a very few "breaks"
in his short life — they are subject to
attack from every imaginable sort of
enemy. Serious thought must be given
to forest conservation, conservation of
the vegetation upon the so-called graz-
ing lands which have an important
bearing upon the water supply during
the summer months, control of all pred-
atory birds, fish and animals which
prey upon the game fish, protection of
the spawning fish, stream pollution, ir-
rigating ditches and last but not least,
the angler who is still of the opinion
that in order to establish his proper
rating as an adept angler it is neces-
sary for him to bring home the limit
each time he sallies forth regardless of
whether he has use for the catch or
not. We should also do all possible
to establish cordial relationship be-
tween the farmer and the fisherman.

This department gratefully acknowl-
edges the whole-hearted cooperation
and assistance that has been extended
by forestry officials, especially in the
planting of fish.

The department further extends its
gratitude to the Montana Power Com-
pany, the Anaconda Copper Mining
Company and the B. A. P. railway for
many acts of whole-hearted cooperation.
The department also extends its thanks
to all parties who have given ease-
ments to a section of their land upon
which has been built rearing ponds.

HATCHERY REPORT

Anaconda Station

This is the pioneer of our state hatch-
eries and occupies an important posi-
tion in the propagation of trout and
grayling besides being the administra-
tive center for the spawning opera-
tions at Georgetown Lake. During the
last two years a new 12-inch pipe line
2500 feet long was replaced. Twelve
concrete rearing ponds were added to
the six wooden ones which take care

of the rearing of all the trout to the
two- or three-inch size before planting.
Last spring 12 wooden troughs were
added to the complement of 60 con-
crete troughs which aid materially in
the handling of the large amount of
eggs which are each year eyed at this
station for some of the other hatch-
eries. Plans are now under way for
the remodeling of the large pond in
front of the hatchery building for use
as a rearing pond in carrying fish over
the winter months and to the yearling
size. A new fence is needed around
the front of the property and more
could be done in improving the grounds.
Big: Timber

The size of this hatchery has again
been doubled until it now has a com-
plement of 72 troughs. There are four
concrete ponds at this station and plans
are under way at this point to install
larger rearing ponds which will enable
us to carry over the winter months
fish for planting in the heavily fished
Stillwater and Boulder Rivers. There
is an abundance of wonderful water at
this station. A garage and store room
are badly needed at this point. There
should be improvements made to the
grounds, lawn, etc.

Hamilton

This is the largest hatchery in the
state, having SO concrete troughs. It
is well equipped to serve the Bitter
Root and upper Big Hole territory. We
have also an opportunity at this point
to establish larger rearing ponds and
believe it would prove valuable. The
grounds also need improving and there
should be a combination garage and
store room erected here.
Somers

During the last two years additional
pipe line has been installed at this
point to augment the water supply. A
new two-car garage has been erected
here. The most important requirement
at this station is rearing pond sites
which will enable us to carry fish for
a longer period before planting.
Missoula

Due to the shortage of water and the
low temperature during the winter
months, it is not possible to operate
this plant except during the summer
months. We are at this time looking
over all possible sites with a view of
establishing rearing ponds where the
fish may be held over the winter. In
order to determine whether or not the
water is suitable at one point a tem-
porary pond has been installed on one
of the sites and fish are being held
over to determine the value of the site.
This hatchery serves a territory in
which natural rearing ponds along the
streams are at a premium, and it is
necessary to establish the artificial
pond to properly care for the district.
Poison

This is one of the newer hatcheries
and is now well equipped to handle the
conditions in that district. It is a sum-
mer hatchery only, due to the low
water temperature during the winter
months.

Philipsbiirg"

This hatchery is located about 12
miles out of Philipsburg in Trail Gulch,
and serves the famous Rock Creek ter-
ritory. This is the one and only hatch-
ery in which the fish are given no
artificial food, being planted as soon
as the yolk sac absorbs, in the many
wonderful natural rearing ponds along
the different forks of the stream. We
are getting some wonderful results
from these plantings. The hatchery
building at this point is badly in need
of repair.

Libbj

The old site has been abandoned and
work is well under way on the new
location which is on the Kalispell-Libby
road, about five miles out of town.
There is an abundance of ideal hatch-
ery water at this point and a perfect
setting for an installation of rearing
ponds to care for the innumerable
creeks and streams in this territory.
Ovando

This is another summer hatchery,
due, also, to the low water tempera-
ture during the winter months. A cot-
tage, combination garage and store-
room and an ice house should be
erected at the station. Larger rearing
ponds should be installed. This station
serves a large territory and one abso-
lutely void of natural rearing pond sites.
Great Falls

This station is located at Giant
Springs, about five miles out of town.
The water supply is furnished through
a pumping plant from the Missouri
River. A gasoline engine, to serve as
an auxiliary power plant to the electric
motors, has been recently installed.
Plans are under way for the installa-
tion of rearing ponds of a larger size,
either in or adjacent to the river. The
buildings at this station are all in need
of repair. All buildings should be re-
shingled. A cottage should be built for
the assistant. At present this man and
his family are living in the hatchery
buildings, which on account of the
dampness, is not at all suitable. A tele-
phone should be installed. The grounds
at this point should be improved by
putting in a lawn, hedges, etc.
Emigrant

The old site at this point has but
recently been abandoned and the build-
ings moved across the river to the old
Anderson pond site. Here there is am-
ple water and of a temperature which
will assure rapid growth to the fish
held over the winter months. It will
take considerable money and labor to
put this station in shape, but we feel
satisfied that conditions will warrant
this expenditure.

Lewistown

Here is one of the best hatchery sites
in the state, there being an abundance
of ideal hatchery water available. Plans
are now under way whereby this sta-
tion will be operated the year around
in order to care for the natives and
rainbow which will be held over the
winter months and also to rear the
brook trout, due to there being several
creeks in that territory peculiarly
adapted for this specie.
Red Lodg:e

This is also one of the summer
hatcheries and serves the Rock Creek
country and lakes of that district.

Page Forty. six

USINESS may be in the
doldrums, eagles on the
dollars may have
folded their wings and
gone into temporary
hibernation and indus-
try may be suffering
from imagined weak-
ening of the buying power, but no such
condition of affairs is reflected in the
constantly increasing demands for fish
and game in Montana. The last bien-
nium has seen more licensed hunters
and anglers abroad in the land than
at any such previous time in the his-
tory of the Montana department. Dur-

ing 1929 the sale of resident licenses
at $2 each reached the high peak when
S3.3SS permits were issued. Thirty
other states charge a higher resident
license fee. The total just compiled for
1930 shows that the number has but
slightly declined to S2.331 despite the
fact that other lines of commercial en-
deavor report a slump. Business may
be slack but the business of taking fish
and game continues strong.

Figures for 1930 show that S2.331
resident fishing and hunting licenses
were issued at $2. The non-resident
fishing licenses reached a total of 4,732
as against 4,793 in 1929 — a decrease of

only 61 despite the assertion that the
tourist travel dwindled during the last
year. Non-resident general licenses
were issued to 113; non-resident lim-
ited licenses to 118; alien general li-
censes to two and alien fishing licenses
to 279.

Silver Bow county leads the 1930 resi-
dent licenses list with a total of S.825;
Cascade is second with 6,913; Flathead
is third with 5,957; Missoula shows up
with 5,339; Lewis and Clark has 4,763;
Yellowstone has 4,690; Deer Lodge,
2,952; Park, 2,199; Beaverhead, 2,009;
Powell, 1,376; Stillwater, 1,160; Teton,
1,157; Fergus, 2,395; Gallatin, 3.2S0.

LICENSE SALES BY (OISTIES FOR 1929

LICENSE SALES BY COOTIES FOR 1930

a

Beaverhead 2,343

Big: Horn 696

Blaine 702

Broadwater 706

Carbon 2.0S4

Carter 21

Cascade 6,714

Chouteau 920

Custer 575

Daniels 221

Dawson 624

Deer Lodge 3.14S

Fallon 11

Fergus 2.40S

Flathead 5.750

Gallatin 4.375

Garfield 17

Glacier 596

Golden Valley 104

Granite 777

Hill 1,756

Jefferson 676

Judith Basin 1.101

Lake 2. OSS

Lewis and Clark 4.471

Liberty 126

Lincoln 2.12S

McCone 4

Madison 1,573

Meagher 678

Mineral 665

Missoula 5,224

Musselshell 714

Park 2.225

Petroleum 85

Phillips 5S6

Pondera 1.020

Powder River 10

Powell 1.033

Prairie 67

Ravalli 1.950

Richland 359

Roosevelt 603

Rosebud 282

Sanders 1.603

Sheridan S86

Silver Bow 9. SIS

Stillwater 1.031

Sweet Grass 747

Teton 886

Toole S7S

Treasure 59

Valley 470

Wheatland 787

Wibaux 75

Yellowstone 3,992

Idaho

Utah

Washington

v:.::sv

, = Sf . = 2
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72

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30

25
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12

26

32
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107

Beaverhead 2,009

Big Horn 770

Blaine 5S6

Broadwater 579

Carbon 1.9S6

Carter IS

Cascade 6.913

Chouteau 842

Custer 610

Daniels 167

Dawson 553

Deer Lodge 2,952

Fallon 52

Fergus 2,395

Flathead 5.957

Gallatin 3.2S0

Garfield 10

Glacier 669

Golden Valley 123

Granite 757

Hill 1,643

Jefferson 790

Judith Basin 628

Lake 2.410

Lewis and Clark 4,763

Liberty 103

Lincoln 1.96S

Madison 1,851

McCone 14

Meagher 696

Mineral 715

Missoula 5.339

Musselshell 602

Park 2.199

Petroleum 73

Phillips 365

Pondera 978

Powder River S

Powell 1.376

Prairie 52

Ravalli 2,250

Richland 215

Roosevelt 519

Rosebud 317

Sanders 1.521

Sheridan 755

Silver Bow S.S25

Stillwater 1.160

Sweet Grass 617

Teton 1,157

Toole 996

Treasure 77

Valley 612

Wheatland 743

Wibaux 56

Yellowstone 4,690

Idaho 20

Utah

Washington

S2.331

12S

1

4

15

5

11

76

1

101

4

3

31

236

15

4

494

S

20

64

2

2

20

11

2

16

3

370

6

130

17

16

219

13

1

376

1

6

18

118

200

14

18

4

1

79

13

2

43

78

171

S

14

91

1

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6

2

52

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1,107

13

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209

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4.732

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2 279

Page Forty-seven

RECEIPTS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1929

HUNTING AND FISHING LICENSES

Resident (S3.3SS at $2) $166,776.00

Non-Resident Fishing (4.793 at $3.50) 16,775.50

Non-Resident General (107 at $30) 3.210.00

Non-Resident Limited (102 at $10) 1.020.00

Alien Fishing (200 at $10) 2,900.00

Alien General (3 at $50) 150.00

$190.3S1.50
LESS

Fee Allowed Dealers $ 8,698.60

Biological Fund 1S6— SS.683 Licenses at 25c 22.170.75

$30,S69.35

Net Receipts $159,962.15

OTHER LICENSES

Trappers (813 at $10) $ S. 130. 00

Seining (19 at $5) „^.°°

Fur Farm (168 at $5) 8^-?°

Taxidermist (12 at $15) 180.00

Resident Fur Buyer (152 at $1) 152'?°

Non-Resident Fur Buyer (4 at $25) 100.00

Guide (74 at $10) 740.00

Resident Fur Dealer (40 at $1) 40.00

Fur Dealers' Agent (21 at $10) 210.00

$10,487.00

Beaver Permits (534 at $10) $ 5,340.00

Beaver Tags (S.155 at 50c) 4.077.50

Shipping Permits (2.673 at 50c) : 1.336.o0

Alien Gun (1 at $25) 25.00

$10,779.00

Fines $11,790.83

Fur Sales: Predatory Animals 5,254.25

Confiscations 7 . 641 . 73

Fish Royalties 506.79

$25,193.60

Montana Wild Lite $ 734.50

Fish Eggs 1 ■ ooS . 45

Forfeiture on Bond 426.60

Interest on Old Account 71.82

Various Refunds 57. 44

Sale of Hay 34.50

Live Beaver 27. 00

Live Badger 25. 00

Chinese Pheasants 7. 00

Capital Assets 2. M

Dividend on Bad Check 2.31

$ 3,057.12

SUMMARY

Hunting and Fishing Licenses. $159,962.15

Other Licenses 10, 487. 00

Permits, etc 10,779.00

Fines, Fur Sales, Confiscations, etc 25,193.60

Sundry Incidentals 3.057.12

Total Net Income in 1929 $209,478.87

SUMMARY OF DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1929

General Administration .... $ 31.166.73

Game Warden $ 5,098.70

Assistant Game Warden 3.30S.61

Commissioners 2,894.70

$ 11.302.01

Eastern Division ... $ 5,221.60

Distribution of Fish 3,142.80

Hatcheries 38,730.02

$ 47,094.42

Western Division $5,981.04

Distribution of Fish 3.404.23

Hatcheries 3S.990.86

$ 46.376.13

Deputy Game Wardens 55.038.07

Special Deputy Game Wardens 10.394.04

State Game Farm 16.084.29

Montana Wild Life 6.090.18

$226. 445. S7

RECEIPTS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1930

HUNTING AND FISHING LICENSES

Resident (82,331 at $2) $164,662.00

Non-Resident Fishing (4,732 at $3.50) 16.562.00

Non-Resident General (113 at $30) 3,390.00

Non-Resident Limited (118 at $10) 1, ISO. 00

Alien General (2 at $50) 100.00

Alien Fishing (279 at $10) 2.790.00

$188,684.00

LESS

Dealers' Fees $ 8.594.10

Biological Fund 186— S7, 575 Licenses at 25c 21,893.75

Net Receipts $158,196.15

OTHER LICENSES

Trappers (1.000 at $10) $ 10,000.00

Seining (15 at $5) 75.00

Fur Farm (165 at $5) 825.00

Taxidermist (16 at $15) 240.00

Resident Fur Buyer (139 at $1) 139.00

Non-Resident Fur Buyer (8 at $25) 200.00

Fur Buyers' Agent (16 at $10) 160.00

Guide (73 at $10) 730.00

Alien Gun (1 at $25) 25.00

$12,394.00

Beaver Permits (594 at $10) $ 5.940.00

Beaver Tags (8.735 at 50c) 4.367.50

Shipping Permits (2.486 at 50c) 1,243.00

$11,550.50

Fines $ 11,474.12

Fur Sales: Predatory Animals 6.530.75

Confiscations 3.290.58

$21,295.45

Montana Wild Life * 636.70

Fish Eggs 3.705.05

Various Refunds 454.63

Sale of Live Animals 239.00

Capital Assets 480.00

Discount Allowed 1 • 06

Beaver Castors - 30. 00

Game Farm: Sale of Domestic Fowls 501.36

$ 6. 047. SO

SUMMARY

Hunting and Fishing Licenses. Net $15S.196.15

Other Licenses 12,394.00

Permits 11,550.50

Fines. Fur Sales and Confiscations 21.295.45

Miscellaneous Income 6.047. SO

Total Net Income for 1930 $209,483.90

SUMMARY OF DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1930

General Administration $ 37,020.49

State Game Warden 5.751.42

Assistant Game Warden 3,490.57

Commissioners 2.331. 87

Superintendent of Fisheries 1.107.20

Hatcheries: Eastern Division 57.732.33

Hatcheries: Western Division 55,115.02

Deputy Game Wardens 55,624.49

Special Deputy Game Wardens 13,314.01

Game Farm 21 . S74. 42

Montana Wild Life 4,290. OS

$257,651.90

Page Forty-eight

MONTANA

g| WEILS) LIFE g|KPl

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOK 1929

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR 1930

Receipts

January $ 16,134.66

February 12. 976. 91

March 4.315.45

April 5,835.20

May 6 , 775 . 23

June 35,878.77

July 31 . 329 . 20

August 25,510. 45

September 15 , 301 . 00

October 20,813.30

November 19.944.08

December 14, 664. 62

Disbursements

$ 11.517.67
10.739.07
13.204.42
18.219.11
16.968.50
26.065.77
10.711.79
19.611.76
19.197.89
22.565.55
21.374.01
36.270.33

Receipts

January $ 9.727.75

February 9.678.8S

March 9 , 203 . 35

April 4. 474. 15

May 10,572.06

June 51,298.90

July 28,326.49

August 18, 897. 46

September 13.996.77

October 16 , 744 . 23

November 16.659.78

December 19.904.08

Disbursements

$ 17,496.47
15,088.29
13,760.14
16.642.77
26.002.42
33.756.91
20.153.60
18.497.65
21.950.47
31. 70S. 47
21.532. S7
21.061.64

$209. 478. S7

$226,455.87

$209,483.90

$257,651.70

DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE 1929-1930 BIENNIUM

GAME WARDEN

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION
Operations

1929

Salaries: Office Staff $5,140.25

Postage 746. 89

Books and Stationery 908. 2S

Sundry Office Supplies 572.31

Telegraph and Telephone 506.24

Express, Freight and Drayage 404.02

Printing and Binding - 1,420.40

Bond Premiums 15.00

Legal Publications 573.34

Prizes 630. 00

Auto Insurance 104.04

Fire Insurance 40.00

State and County Fairs 1.252.78

Biological Research 3,780.86

Salary: Seining 1.000.00

Legal Expenses 162.62

Incidental Expenses 282.16

Deer Feed 578.95

Bird Feed 689.90

Duck Feed 855.07

Patrol Salary 273.00

Elk Roundup 1,446.50

Seining Expense 379.73

Scientific Instruction 246.69

Ammunition 65 . 80

Association Dues 50.00

Refund on Fines 27.50

Rent of Land 1.00

D. R. Crawford 661.61

Publicity

Salary: Educational Secretary

Travel

Fish Wheels, Ladders and Screens

Rearing Ponds

Salary: Scientific Elk Study - -

Beaver Tags

Beaver Tagging

$22,814.94

MOTION PICTURES

Salary

Subsistence

Travel

Films and Development

Incidentals

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

Hand Tools $ 64.50

Furniture and Fixtures 623.00

Autos and Trucks 4,339.50

Museum Collection I .90

Boats 320.55

Metal Signs 1.433.89

Land and Improvements

Machinery and Appliances

Maiden Rock Rearing Pond

Red Rock Dam

Fox Lake Dam

Fish Dryer -

Quail, for Liberation

$6,782.34

REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS

Buildings and Attached Fixtures $ 288.44

Boats 35.01

Seining 194. 79

Rearing Ponds 1,051.21

Machinery and Appliances

Furniture and Fixtures

Ditches

1930

$5,159.43

423.55

654.36

1,159.61

481.70

392.49

710.50

5.00

426.58

600.00

40.00

1,276.67
860.17
150.54
96.00
502.50
756.42
533.56

236

00

78

75

1

333

21

50

00

2

00

51

00

339.00
2.250.04

10.80
690.74

11.50
932.00
294.00

74.75

$20,582.87

$4,016.67

476.70

150.77

950.35

9.38

$5,603.S7

63. IS

582.00

464.65

1.691.97

3.235.88

3.859.73

400.14

212.22

$10,509.77

$1,569.45

$ S3. 59

14.25

224.34

$ 323 9S

Salary (5 mos. as State Game Warden) .
Salary (7 mos. as Supt. of Fisheries)....
Salary (9 mos. as Supt. of Fisheries)
Salary (3 mos. as State Game Warden)..

Subsistence

Auto Expense

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage
Auto License

Other Travel ~~~~

Telegraph

Bond Premium

Auto Insurance

Incidentals

$1,250.00
2.100.00

560.60

442.53

235. 8S

89.5(1

23.50

330.94

.75

65.00

$5,098.70

ASSISTANT GAME WARDEN

Salary

Subsistence

Auto Expense ..
Repairs
Storage
License
Insurance

Trawl
Premium

Auto

Auto

Auto

Auto

Other

Bond

$2,575.00

150.55

243.40

88.00

82.00

16.00

100.50

4S.16

5.00

$3.30S.61

COMMISSIONERS

Stenographer $1,020.00

Per Diem 915.00

Subsistence 391 85

Travel ; 254^24

Bond Premiums 25.00

Auto Expense ..... 71.16

Telegrams and Telephone 168 95

Postage 46.00

Auto Storage

Incidentals 2.50

$2,894.70

$2,700.00
750.00
580.70
443.20
529.92
134.90
15.00
422.31

60.00

100.64
14.75

$5,751.42

$2,700.00

146.71

216.07

235.74

46.25

10.00

32.90

97.90

5.00

$3,490.57

,020.00

555.00

219.80

338.76

25.00

61.85

101.53

5.0(1

2.00

2.93

$2.331.S7

SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES (3 Months)

Salary

Auto Expense

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

Subsistence

Travel

Telegraph and Telephone

Office Supplies

Bond Premium

Grand Total

$11,302.01

MONTANA WILD LIFE

1929

Salary $1,200.00

Binding Books, etr 32.00

Postage 791.38

Illustration Cuts 851.47

Printing and Binding 3.843.50

Addressing and Mailing 243.00

Incidentals 28.83

Subsistence

Travel

Office Supplies

$6. 990. IS

$ 900.00
41.75
15.05
9.50
68.75
44.10
.70
12.35
15.00

$1,107.20

$12,681.06

1930

$1,200.00

14.25

200.00

801.65

.852.50

150.00

2.00

18.15

3.53

48.00

$1,290.08

1,

Page Forty-nine

$■:

MONTANA

wild hf:

**P*~

sr.MMAHY OF HATCHERIES IX EASTERN DIVISIOX

BIG TIMBER

1929

Distribution of Fish $1,305.12

Operations 5.516.92

Capital Expenditures 2.207.97

Repairs and Replacements 1,179.69

$10,209.70

EMIGRANT

Distribution of Fish $ 319.17

Operations 1.380.65

Capital Expenditures 969.40

Repairs and Improvements 349.55

$6,018.

GREAT FALLS

Distribution of Fish $ 742.39

Operations 5.236.37

Capital Expenditures 605.22

Repairs and Replacements 504.56

$7. OSS. 54

LAKE FRANCIS

Operations $3,810.2(1

Capital Expenditures - 9,281.32

Repairs and Replacements - 119.10

$13.210.6S

LEWISTOWN

Fish Distribution $ 135.27

Operations 1.508.03

Capital Expenditures 5S6.S4

Repairs and Replacements 147.31

$2,377.45

RED LODGE

Pish Distribution

Operations

Capital Expenditures

Repairs and Replacements

41.29

640.17

175.00

8.96

$ S65.42

1930
$3,885.74
5.700.46
3,138.85

465.87

$13,190.92

$ 70S. 61

6.960.20

12.136.3S

635. 7S

$20,440.97

$ 525.15

4.581.93

1.406.21

131.61

$6,644.90

$5,490.04

2 262 27

'350. '99

$S.103.30

$ 141.65

1.S66.61

921.05

48.63

$2,977.94

$ 1 . 10

1,002.63

7.0S

25.50

$1,042.99

MILES CITY

1929

Fish Distribution $ 599.56

Capita] Expenditures ., 1,502.70

Repairs and Replacements -

$2,102.26

Field Superintendent. Eastern Division

Grand Total $41,872.

OPERATIONS

Extra Labor ....

Subsistence

Auto Expense ..
Auto Repairs ...
Auto Insurance

Oxygen

Surveyor

1.50
10.00

27.76
50.00
95.90

10.10
75.00

Salary

Subsistence

Auto Expense

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

Auto Insurance

Other Travel

Telegraph and Telephone
Incidentals

$ 270.26
FIELD SUPERINTENDENT

$2,400.00

.... 452.35

117.57

161.77
30.00
1S0.9S
174.21-,
50.35
5.10

$3,572.38

TRUCK DRIVER

Salary $1,125.00

Subsistence 121.35

Auto Expense 39.51

Auto Repairs SO. 70

Auto Storage 6.25

Other Travel 1.75

Ice and Water 4.40

$1,378.96

Grand Total $5,221.60

•Shown in Hatchery Operations for 1930.

$1

1930

905

158

34

88
23

in

$2

09 S

21

$54
3

499
232

23
CO

$57,731.83

$2,350.00

334.65

62.19

213.59

34.50

41.57

156. 58

31.92

7.60

$3,232.60

OPERATIONS OF DEPUTY GAME WARDENS

1929 1930

Salaries $37,504.60 $37,620.00

Subsistence 4.2S0.23 4.374.65

Auto Expense 6.038.72 6.183.30

Auto Repairs 4,319.12 4,011.89

Auto Storage 639.30 742.90

Auto Licenses 190.25 247.00

Other Travel 749.66 375.27

Bond Premiums 100.85 101 2.".

Telegraph and Telephone 7SS.95 710. S7

Ammunition 172.35 17.09

Horses 137.00 188.40

Boats ... 3.47 34.45

Incidentals 85.66 125.42

Postage and Stationery 26.91 9.04

Legal 1.00

Auto Depreciation Allowance S55.00

Seining 10.46

Extra Labor 17.50

$55,038.07 $55,624.49

OPERATIONS OF SPECIAL DEPUTIES

1929 1930

Salaries $7, 104. IS $S,679.02

Subsistence 613.04 S61.90

Auto Expense 1.365.57 1,819.92

Auto Repairs 841.31 1.190.02

Auto Storage 92.50 104.00

Auto License 15.00 56.00

Other Travel 114.56 91.12

Bond Premiums 20.00 15.00

Telegraph and Telephone 133.75 149. 2S

Ammunition 29.36 22.27

Horses 46.70 76.35

Incidentals 2.07 19.7::

Postage and Stationery 16.00

Boa< Hire 1.411

Auto Depreciation Allowance 225.00

$10,394.04 $13,314.01

STATE GAME FARM

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
1929

Buildings and Fixtures $10,030.94

Hand Tools and Equipment 9. IS

Furniture and Fixtures 39.75

Fencing 2,473.77

Foundation Stock 1.054.65

Land and Improvements

Auto Truck

Brood Hens

Incidentals

$13, 60S. 29
OPERATIONS

Salary and Wages $2,124.50

Heat, Light and Power 39.92

Incidentals 122.34

Subsistence 29. 10

Auto Storage : 2.00

Bird Food 142.99

Legal 5.00

Telegraph and Telephone

Office Supplies

Express

Other Travel

Hardware Supplies

Fire Insurance

Liberating Birds

Auto Repairs

Auto Expense :

$2,465.S5
REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS

Hand Tools and Petty Equipment $ 10.15

Buildings and Attached Fixtures

$ 10.15

Grand Total $16,084.29

1930

6.414.90

351.53

67.00

72.75

.-,52.1111

87.68

1.300.00

625.50

5.22

$9,476

58

$7,685

00

1S2

93

83

75

142

55

21

00

2.600.52

111

S3

25

32

115

14

28

68

38

35

104

55

379

87

18

80

458

68

$12,000.27

$ 20.55
377. 57

$ 397.57

$21,874.42

Page Fifty

OPERATIONS OF HATCHERIES— EASTERN DIVISION

MILES CITY

BIG TIMBER

1929

Salaries and Wages $2,952.4S

Auto Expense L93.41

Other Travel .. 117.95

Heat. Light and Power 317.05

Water and Ice 39.60

Pish Eggs 112.26

Pish Food 1.366.S4

Truck Insurance 69.06

Groceries, Meat, etc 18.50

Hardware and Sundries 67.61

Incidentals 45.49

Express. Freight and Drayage 99.62

Telegraph and Telephone 117. 115

Office Supplies

Auto Storage

Salt

Auto Repairs

Fire Insurance

$5,516.92

EMIGRANT
Salaries and Wages t9. 979 K1

Auto Expense

231 25

Other Travel

3 34

Heat. Light and Power

Water and Ice

Fish Eggs

9.04

19.00

14.17

Fish Food

873 S4

Hardware and Sundries
Incidentals

24.65

10 S5

Fire Insurance

Auto Repairs

Office Supplies

Horse Hire

Express and Drayage ...

Ammunition

Boat Rent

Truck Insurance

$4,380.65

GREAT FALLS

Salaries and Wages

Auto Expense

other Travel

Heat. Light and Power

Ice and Water

Fish Eggs

$3,600.00

136.32
30.36

167.80

20.20

61.62

Fish Food 1.0S2.59

Groceries, Meat, etc.

Hardware. Supplies

Incidentals

Express, Freight and Drayage..

Telephone

Fire Insurance

Auto Storage

Auto Repairs

40.15
10.00
47.61
32.34
7.38

?."". 236.37

LAKE FRANCIS

Salaries and Wages $3,379.86

130. 5S

33. 4S

6.50

1.44

38.10

.60

2.50

217.20

Auto Expense

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

Other Travel

Hardware and Supplies

Incidentals

Telephone

Subsistence

Fire Insurance

Express. Freight and Drayage..

Incidentals

Heat, Light and Power

Groceries, Meat, etc

Ice and Water

Oil for Machinery

LEWISTOWN

Salaries and Wages

Auto Expense

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

Heat, Light and Power ..

Water and Ice

Fish Food

Groceries. Meat. etc.

Hardware and Supplies .

Incidentals

Express, Freight and Drayage '.'.

Telephone

Fire Insurance

Other Travel

$3

810

26

$

917

25

74

77

2

35

7,n

14

35

35

05

37"

55

21

S5

11

1!'

S

30

11

44
43

40

00

$1,508.03

$4

1930

S76.01

456.75

50.34

177.32

16. SS

2.25

1,015.93

26.00

80.24

11.03

177.95

108.74

1.25

6.00

8.65

334.62

220.50

7,57(l.4i;

$5. 450. S3

42

00

1

2*7

65

59

1"

4

75

13

58

16.40
9.20
1.50

42.09
5.00
2.00

26.10

$6,960.20

$3,219.38

327.74

91.04

S2.50

31.45

534 2 1

5.05

55.15

9.65

20.56

2.76

177.60

.50

24.31

J4.5S1.93

$4,25S,62
180.13
47.60
25.50
65.45
228.73
22.15

33. 50
186.14

75.00

64. 51
2.63

35.00

199.93

50.00

14.55

$5,490.04

$1,022.01
9S.16
71.00

8.25

5.95
593.82

5.81

1

71
98

52

50

5

67

$1

S66

61

Electric Power

RED LODGE

Salaries and Wages
Heat, Light and Power

Fish Eggs

Hardware and Supplies

Auto Expense

Ice and Water

Fish Food

Insurance
Salt

Giand Total

1929

445.00

3.60

151.97

39.60

1930
300.00

300.00

$ 550. (Hi
7.7H

$ 640.17
..$21,092.40

18

24

15

42

3

00

338

S3

67

:,ll

1

95

$1

002

63

71.87

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH— EASTERN DIVISION

BIG TIMBER

Wages

Tank Truck Repairs

Truck Expense

Truck Storage

Express on Empties

Express

Subsistence

Ice and Water

Oxygen

Fish Food

Telegraph and Telephone
Other Travel

352.67

63.40

2S1.43

5.50

31.50

429.11

SO. 05

44.83

16.63

$1,305.12

EMIGRANT

Wages

Truck Expense

Truck Repairs

Express

Subsistence

Ice and Water

Oxygen

Other Travel

3.00
72.30
97.75
72.04
67.60

6.4S

319.17

GREAT FALLS

Wages $ 6.50

Truck Repairs 179.76

Truck Expense 356.97

Storage .50

Express on Empties 2.73

Express 24.56

Subsistence 96.10

Ice and Water 64.05

Oxygen 2. 50

Telephone S.72

Travel

$ 742.39

LEWISTOWN

Truck Expense $ 109.25

Express 26. 02

Truck Repairs

Ice and Water

$ 135.27

Wages

RED

LODGE

$

Express on Empties ...

11.24

Subsistence

16 55

Ice and Water

Incidentals

6.00
4 00

$ 41.29

MILES CITY

Wages j 20.45

Storage .50

Express si. 00

Subsistence 23 . 75

Other Travel 47.;! si;

Telegraph and Telephone

Hardware Supplies

Fish Food

$ 599.56
Grand Total $3. 142. SO

223.00

31S.22

362.73

13.75

53.39

516. 7S

2772.37,

73. 4S

54.25

17.99

.60

129.50

$2,016.04

$ 477

27

28

15

70

79

64

90

60

llll

1

50

$ 70S. 61

$ 2.00

56.15

230.10

32.23

40.97
60.00
44.15
31.30
6.27
21.98

$ 525 15

$

50.61

29.10

IS. 17

43.77

141.65

7.7S

7.78

$ 38.25

so. 00

35.40

1

415.21

13.41

8.29

15.32

$1

605. 8S

$5

005 . 1 1

Page Fifty-one

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES— HATCHERIES OF EASTERN
DIVISION

LAKE FRANCIS

BIG TIMBER

1929

.. $ 30.35

82.36

14.00

4.90

300.00

Ponds 1.776.36

$2,207.97

Land and Improvements

Buildings and Attached Fixtures..

Machinery and Appliances

Hand Tools

Autos and Trucks

EMIGRANT

Land and Improvements

Autos and Trucks

Pish Tank Truck

Buildings and Attached Fixtures..

Auto Truck

Hand Tools

Machinery and Appliances ..

$ 19.40
150.00
800.00

90
100.00
55.00

$ 969.40

GREAT FALLS

Buildings and Attached Fixtures $ 449'on

Hand Tools

Autos and Trucks

Ponds

Auto Truck

Ponds

Land and Improvements

$ 605.22

LAKE FRANCIS

Buildings and Fixtures *7'?I5-2J

Flumes 1 . 403 . 2d

Land and Improvements

Furniture and Fixtures

Hand Tools

$9,281.32

LEWISTOWN

Land and Improvements $

Buildings and Fixtures

Furniture- and Fixtures

Hand Tools

Autos and Trucks

Ponds

1930
$3,138.65

$3,13S.65
$9,588.75

1,769.05

742.20
69.96
26.42

$12,136.38

$ 73.14

525.45
681.50
126.12

41.00

6".'8"4

150.00
377.00

$ 586.84
RED LODGE

Autos and Trucks $ 175.00

Buildings and Attached Fixtures

$ 175.00
MILES CITY

Land and Improvements $ ^00.00

Buildings and Fixtures 1.00Z. (U

Ditch ;

$1,502.70

$1

406

21

$1

872

71

4

50

252

90

71

65

60

91

$2,262

67

$

S92

80

3

25

25

00

$ 921.05

7.0S

$

7

08

*

59

83

16

711

82

15

$

158

23

$20,030

27

Grand Total $15,328.45

REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS— HATCHERIES IN
EASTERN DIVISION

BIG TIMBER

Machinery and Appliances

Hand Tools and Equipment

Furniture and Fixtures

Autos and Trucks

Ponds

Buildings and Attached Fixtures..

Tank Truck

Sundry Supplies

24.70

23.05

9.45

506.99
85.11

530.39

$1,179.69

$ 10.05

292. 99
94.95
67.88

$ 465. S7

15.00
4.25
2.65

33.11

EMIGRANT

Machinery and Appliances

Hand Tools and Equipment

Furniture and Fixtures

Autos and Trucks

Buildings and Attached Fixtures 294.54

Hardware and Supplies

$ 349.55

GREAT FALLS

Machinery and Appliances $

Hand Tools and Equipment

Autos and Trucks

Buildings and Attached Fixtures

Ponds

Tank Truck

Il.ndware and Supplies

IIS. 14

10.00

6.50

$

16

00

67

90

214

sx

180

78

25

00

$

504

56

454
47

117
07

$

635

78

$

in

00

90

71

25
5

20
70

Hand Tools and Equipment

Buildings and Attached Fixtures..
Hardware and Supplies

1929
... $ 65.06
54.04

$ 119.10
LEWISTOWN

Machinery and Appliances $ 10.00

Autos and Trucks 86.11

Buildings and Attached Fixtures 18.00

Incidentals 33. 20

Hand Tools and Petty Equipment

Hardware and Supplies

$ 147.31

$

263.71

87.28

i

350.99

$

27.23

8.55
12.85

MILES CITY

Tank Truck

RED LODGE

Machinery and Appliances $ S.96

Buildings and Attached Fixtures

Hand Tools and Petty Equipment

.96

Grand Total $2,309.17

$ 48.63

$ 34.10
$ 34.10

20.50
5.00

$ 25.50
$1.692.4S

SUMMARY OF HATCHERIES IN WESTERN DIVISION

ANACONDA

Fish Distribution $ 705.79

Operations 7.443.18

Capital Expenditures 2.51S.70

Repairs and Replacements 1,172.37

$11,840.04

HAMILTON

Fish Distribution $ 57. S7

Operations 3,885.10

Capital Expenditures 27.75

Repairs and Replacements 121.87

$4,092.59

FLINT CREEK

Fish Distribution $1,402.31

Operations

Repairs and Replacements

$1,402.31

LIBBY

Fish Distribution $ 92.91

Operations 1,720.55

Capital Expenditures 232.37

Repairs and Replacements 37S.44

$2,424.27

MISSOULA

Fish Distribution $ 396.56

Operations 5,608.63

Capital Expenditures 1,686.63

Repairs and Replacements 261.86

$7.953.6S

OVANDO

Operations $1,383.64

Capital Expenditures 32.50

Repairs and Replacements 135.26

$1,551.40

POLSON

Fish Distribution

Operations

Capital Expenditures

Repairs and Replacements

$ 29.00

3.550.93

257. 7S

333.00

$4,170.71

$ 131.61

ROCK CREEK

Operations $ 204.68

Repairs and Replacements 111.06

$ 315.74

RONAN

Operations *1,424'on

Capital Expenditures 49.82

Repairs and Replacements 240.26

$1,714.42

$1,115.37
8,831.60
1,674.50
5,622.01

$17.243.4S

$ 206.00

5.500.51

1,004.90

29.83

$6,741.24

$1,567.64
44. 3S

$1,612.02

$

66

89

2

303

28

1

255

15

458

50

$4,083

82

$

581

16

6

3SS

99

317

91

m

38

$7,399.44

$1,641.42
23.78

$1

665.20

$

2

172.81

903.77

5S6.05

35.70

$3

096.93

$

25:!. 11:1

$

253.(19

$

437.12
20.55

$

457.67

Page Fifty-two

SOMERS

1929

Fish Distribution $ 719.79

Operations 4,228.43

Capital Expenditures 968.59

Repairs and Replacements 5S3.42

$6,500.23

Grand Total $41 , 965 . 39

FIELD SUPERINTENDENT

Salary $2,100.00

Subsistence 254. 3S

Auto Expense 57.32

Auto Repairs 259.53

Auto Storage 61.00

Auto Insurance 155.56

Other Travel 36.39

Telephone . 70

Incidentals

$

193. SI

5

466.59

1

9S6.53

592.39

$8

239.32

$55

115.02

$2

362.50

167.50

101.49

387.53

80.50

41.99

30.89

2.65

13.45

$2,924.SS

ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT

Salary $ 850.00

Subsistence 55 . 55

Auto Expense 1.25

Auto Repairs 2.75

Auto Storage 1.00

Other Travel 67.60

Telephone 7.26

Incidentals 1. 00

$3,1SS.50

$ 9S6.41

FISH CULTURIST

Salary $ 475.00

Subsistence 266. 95

Auto Expense 31.61

Auto Repairs 112. S5

Auto Insurance 26.10

Telephone .66

Incidentals 5.00

$ 91S.17

TRUCK DRIVERS

Salaries $ 909.50

Subsistence 179 rS5

Auto Expense 51. 8S

Auto Repairs 4.25

Auto Storage 2.00

Other Travel 2.10

Incidentals 2. 00

Ice and Water .60

$1,151.58

Grand Total $5,981.04

$3,188.50

OPERATIONS OF HATCHERIES— WESTERN DIVISION

ANACONDA

Salaries and Wages $4,772.01 $5,902.54

Auto Expense 927.78 937.49

Auto Storage 28.45 5.00

Other Travel 95.50 45.22

Heat. Light and Power 426.68 255.64

Ice and Water 1.75 151.00

Pish Food 60S. 76 684.51

Hardware and Supplies 161.93 129.01

Incidentals 69.75 18.13

Express. Freight. Drayage 244.77 41.17

Telegraph and Telephone 93.05 239.13

Fire Insurance 8.10 312. fio

Subsistence 107.55

Office Supplies 17.10 14.65

Auto Insurance SO. 00

Auto Repairs 32.11

$7,563.18 $S,S56.60

GEORGETOWN LAKE

Salary and Wages $1,062.63

Hardware Supplies 47.15

Subsistence 281.35

Telegraph and Telephone 17.80

Heat, Light and Power 11.05

Ice 1. 00

Rent 1 . 00

Fire Insurance 122.50

Travel 8. 66

Incidentals 14.50

$1,567.64

ROCK CREEK

Wages $ 173. 4S $ 152.50

Incidentals 1.20

Fire Insurance 30.00

Travel 46. 73

Auto Expense 23.31

Groceries, Meat, etc 30.55

$ 204. 6S $ 253.09

HAMILTON

1929

Salaries and Wages $2,991.66

Auto Expense 206.61

Heat, Light and Power 136.30

Ice and Water 1.20

Fish Eggs 7.10

Fish Food 480.52

Hardware and Supplies 13.54

Express. Freight and Drayage 4.00

Telephone 55 . 67

Subsistence 22. 75

Office Supplies 5.75

Auto Repairs

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

$3,925.10

LIBBY

Salary and Wages $1,244.00

Auto Expense 175.71

Other Travel 31. OS

Ice and Water 7.10

Fish Food 233.35

Groceries. Meat, etc 7.10

Hardware and Supplies 74.06

Express, Freight, Drayage 2.54

Telephone 5. 60

Auto Insurance

Insurance

$1,780.55

MISSOULA

Salary and Wages $3,372.66

Auto Expense 389.11

Auto Repairs 39.45

Auto Storage 1.00

Other Travel 91.14

Heat, Light and Power 478.21

Ice and Water 51.87

Fish Eggs 17.21

Fish Food 525.24

Groceries, Meat, etc 46.61

Hardware and Supplies 44.98

Incidentals 3. 07

Telephone and Telegraph 140.91

Fire Insurance 50.00

Subsistence 24. 25

Office Supplies 2.45

House Rent 336.00

Duck Food 66.00

Seining 18. 47

$5,69S.63

OVANDO

Salary and Wages $ 920.00

Auto Expense 141.59

Heat, Light and Power 6.00

Fish Food 222.19

Groceries, Meat, etc 5.30

Hardware and Supplies 19.05

Express, Freight, Drayage 7.01

Fire Insurance 45.00

House Rent 37.50

Salt

Auto Repairs

POLSON

Salary and Wages $2,860.25

Auto Expense

Other Travel

Fish Food

Groceries, Meat, etc

Hardware and Supplies

Incidentals

Freight, Express, Drayage

Telephone

House Rent 60.00

Seining 10. 00

Bird Food 30.00

Heat. Light and Power

Insurance

Auto Repairs

$3,600.63

RONAN

Salary and Wages $1,414.34

Ice and Water 10.00

Auto Expense

Groceries, Meat, etc

Hardware Supplies

Insurance

1930
$3,567.33
364.51
115.02

1,352

67

50

38

49

55

7

00

13

55

50

13

20

$5,533

71

$2,24S.00

1S2

95

18

50

145

21

2

15

4

15

6

13

1

93

24

00

45

00

$2,67S.02

$3,91S.52

590.64

431.12

5.15

95.50

274.17

32.11

""441775

10.85

69.18

4.25

106. S5

72.90

336.00

3.3SS. 99

$1

175.00

148.82

12.00

238.00

4.00

40.00
13.50
10.10

$1,403.64

$2,S60.25

337.40

11.50

$1
$2

641.42

3SS.65
299. 9S

157.97
5.50

91.38
9.58

20.26
6.79

146.07
1.60

14. S6
1.25

27.38
2.58

6

70

1

62

49

50

13

05

$1,424.34

$2,953.24

$ 350.00
10.00
33.21
3.24
10.67
30.00

$ 437.12

Page Fifty-three

It^rs momtanaII wsjlp hfe

SOMERS

1929

Salary and Wages $2,403.66

Auto Expense 720. SB

Other Travel

41.18

Heat, Light and Power

Fish Eggs _

Pish Pood

329. 3S

16.97

510 13

Groceries, Meat, etc

1.75

Hardware and Supplies

Incidentals

50.80

36.39

Express, Freight. Dravage

75.28

Telegraph and Telephone

81.02

Office Supplies

Ice and Water

11.01

Fire Insurance

Auto Repairs

Auto Storage

$4,278.43

Grand Total $29 , 879 . IS

1930

$3,543.09

591.42

15.52

311.47

""570.06

42.10
19.64

31.37

70.94
2.50

16.00
224.25

77.23
1.00

$5,516.59

$35,S26.42

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH— WESTERN DIVISION

Wages

Tank and Truck Repairs

Truck Expense

Truck Storage

Express on Empties

Subsistence

Oxygen

Other Travel

Incidentals

Telegraph and Telephone
Express

ANACONDA

8.50

265.49

149.24

1.50

25.83

210.78

2.50

17.79

24.16

$ 705.79

FLINT CREEK

Wages

Truck Repairs

Subsistence

Telephone

Incidentals

Light and Power
Rent .

*1,

165.00

7.40

166.08

18.58

35.05

8.20

2.00

„T , ,, ., ■ r, $1,402.31

•(Included m Georgetown Lake Summary).

Truck Repairs

Express

Auto Expense

Subsistence

Ice and Water

Auto Storage

Telegraph and Telephone

HAMILTON

LIBBY

Truck Repairs

Express

Ice and Water
Other Travel ...

57.77
.10

57 87

47.77
45.14

Wages

Truck Expense

Express

Subsistence

Fish Food

Oxygen

Ice and Water
Other Travel ....

MISSOULA

Truck Repairs
Truck Expense

Subsistence

Express

POLSON

$ 92.91

16.75

182.81

3.39

1S5.90
7.71

$ 396.56

6.20

8.65

14.15

% 29.00

Wages

Truck Repairs
Truck Expense
Truck Storage

Express

Subsistence

Telephone

Incidentals

Oxygen

SOMERS

Freight on Fish Tank

$ 667.13
82.66

$ 139.50
248.85
229. IS

32."76

158.65
15.29
72.75
32.75
19.64

166.00

$1,115.37

$ 11.90
75.32
20.29
73.45
10.34
1.00
13.70

$ 206.00

$ 40.72

7.15

19.02

$ 66. S9

21.25

13.58

63.77

129.50

190.99

20.00

22. 7S

119.29

I

5S1.16

$

171.03

.45

1.33

t

172.81

39.66

2.10

$ 26.16

12.49

25.69

1.00

1.25

24.46

80.46

54.25

52.00

1.17

2.00

8.25

Grand Total $3,404.23

$ 193.81

$2,336.04

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES— HATCHERIES IN WESTERN
DIVISION

ANACONDA

1929

Land and Improvements $ 60.03

Buildings and Fixtures 1.2S1.44

Tools and Equipment 7. So

Furniture and Fixtures 15. SS

Ponds 250. 00

Fish Tanks 903.50

Auto Truck

Tank Truck

Seines

$2.51S.70
HAMILTON

Land and Improvements

Tools and Equipment

Furniture and Fixtures .
Auto Trucks

10.00

7.75

10.00

$ 27.75

LIBBY

Land and Improvements

Buildings and Fixtures $ 135.14

Furniture and Fixtures 26.50

Ponds 70. 73

$ 232.37

MISSOULA

Land and Improvements

Buildings and Fixtures $ 224.65

Machinery and Appliances 64S.53

Furniture and Fixtures 29.10

Autos and Trucks 784.35

$1,686.63

OVANDO

Furniture and Fixtures $ 32.50

POLSON

Land and Improvements $ 42.00

Buildings and Fixtures 172.97

Machinery and Appliances 11.91

Hand Tools and Equipment .40

Furniture and Fixtures 22.50

Autos and Trucks 8.00

Auto Truck

Land and Improvements ....

Buildings and Fixtures

Hand Tools and Equipment

Land and Improvements
Buildings and Fixtures ...

Autos and Trucks

Boats

Grand Total

1930

$

173
3

00

1

.210

250

36

34
90
38

$1

674

50

$1

004

90

$1
$1

004

127
128

90

15
00

$1,255.15
$ 50.00

267.

91

$

317.

91

576. 65

RONAN

$
. $

257. 7S

2S.00

2.00

19.82

$
$

586.55

20.55

SOMERS

$

49. S2

$

$
1

20.55
9.00

. $

220.44
578.55
169.60

479.03

49S.50

$

96S.59

$1

9S6.53

S5

774.14

$6.S46.09

REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS— HATCHERIES IN
WESTERN DIVISION

1929

Anaconda .$1,172.37

Georgetown Lake

Hamilton 121.87

Libby 378.44

Missoula 261. S6

Ovando 135.26

Poison 333.00

Rock Creek 111.06

Ronan 240.26

Somers 5S3.42

Grand Total $3,337.54

1930

i, 622.01
44. 3S
29.83
458.50
111.3S
23. 7S
35.70

592.39
$6,917.97

Page Fifty-four

Montana State Fish and Game Department

COMMISSIONERS

Thomas X. Marlowe, Chairman. Missoula
E. A. Wilson, Livingston J. L. Kelly, Anaconda

G. T. Boyd, Great Falls W. K. Moore, Billings

Robert H. Hill, Secretary of the Commission and
State Fish and Game "Warden, Helena

GAME WARDEN'S OFFICE STAFF

J. W. Carney, Assistant

Game Warden
James W. Cory, Cashier

Floyd L. Smith. Editor

Winnefred Brackett, Secretary
Gertrude Simon, Stenographer

, Montana Wild Life

HATCHERY SUPERINTENDENT
Kenneth F. MacDonald, Superintendent of Fisheries

STATE GAME FARM
J. F. Hendricks. Superintendent, Warm Springs

DEPUTY GAME WARDENS

Thomas O. Peasley, Helena
L. C. Clark, Havre
Harry Cosner, Malta
Wm. J. Dorrington, Libby
W. A. Hill, Missoula
Allen T. Holmes, Billings
Wm. Ray Kohls, Ennis
E. M. Krost, Plentywood
J. P. McCaffery, Anaconda
H. C. Sailor, Absarokee

Thomas Danahar.

.T. J. Meany, Plains
Harry Morgan, Ovando
P. W. Nelson, Livingston
A. A. O'Claire, Kalispell
Fred E. Pilling, Butte
Chas. R. Price, Dillon
A. D. Roushar, Great Falls
Frank M. Snider, Choteau
J. A. Weaver, Lewistown
Frank R. Marshall, Bozeman
West Yellowstone

SPECIAL DEPUTY GAME WARDENS

J. H. Chartrand, Miles City
John E. Plank, Roundup
William C. Gird, Browning

Frank Beller, Gardiner
Genrge Miixluw, Glendive
J. F. Goldsby, Poison

FISH HATCHERIES AND SPAWNING STATIONS
Di*. I. H. Treece, Anaconda., Field Man

Anaconda - - - - - Leo Gilroy, Fore nan

Big Timber - - - J. W. Schofield, Foreman

Emigrant - - - - - P. G. Bottler, Foreman

Great Falls - - - - - A. G. Stubblefield, Foreman

Hamilton - - - - - J. P. Sheehan, Foreman

Lewistown - - - - - L. R. Donaldson, Foreman

Libby ------ Elmer Phillips, Foreman

Missoula - - - - - O. E. Johnston, Foreman

Ovando - - - - - - T. E. Day, Foreman

Philipsburg (Rock Creek) - - Graham Cadwell, Foreman

Poison (Station Creek) - - Eli Melton, Foreman

Red Lodge - - - - - A. E. Tanger, Foreman

Somers - - - - - - M. L. Matzick, Foreman

SPAWNING STATIONS

Flint Creek, Georgetown Lake
Stewart Mill, Georgetown Lake
Lake Ronan, near Dayton
Lake Francis, near Valier
Pond Cultural Station, Miles City, J. H. Chartrand

Sec. 435%, P. L. & R.
U. S. POSTAGE

PAID

Helena, Montana
Permit No. 27

Morttanas1