Ba erecsaesesnasesactetarates sosseastetsestasacetene eters oo << . Se : : ist Boek 0-9-0 8-0 2 ereateesestars tats merrier scisbetsbeere foeeee ee ae Saas WEED, i e Deerklt eh c. are THE MONTHLY MAGAZIN \9@ oR, BRITISH REGISTER: INCLUDING MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS FROM CORRESPONDENTS ON ALL SUBJECTS OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. BIOGRAPHY AND REMAINS OF EMINENT PERSONS. COLLECTIONS FROM FOREIGN LITERA- TURE. ORIGINAL LETTERS, &C. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. ORIGINAL FACTS AND ANECDOTES. POETRY. ACCOUNT OF NEW PATENTS. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. REVIEW OF THE NEW MUSIC. LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTEL- LIGENCE, LIST OF NEW BOOKS, WITH A CRITICAL PROEMIUM. REGISTER OF THE PROGRESS OF BRITISH LEGISLATION. REPORT OF DISEASES IN LONDON. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY, &c. REPORT OF THE STATE OF COMMERCE. LIST OF BANKRUPTCIES AND DIVIDENDS. REPORT OF THE WEATHER. REPORT OF AGRICULTURE, &c. RETROSPECT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. MARRIAGES, DEATHS, &c, BIOGRAPHIANA. DOMESTIC OCCURRENCES, CLASSED AND ARRANGED IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER OF THE COUNTIES. VOL. LV. PART I. ror 1823. — London : PRINTED FOR SIR RICHARD PHILLIPS AND CO., BRIDE COURT, BRIDGE STREET ; By whom Communications (Post-paid) are thankfully received. a Price Fiftcen Shillings, half-bound. Printed by J, and&, ADLARD, 23, Bartholomew Close. pe See hastos Way 410 ‘ward ' SMUTEE YN i Ki'< MALANT AG AAVALUe Miees 4,.)= worn seas Pi my PTZAIANT: wm ‘POTIHE Bp tah» Cav THA TD O THOM a BS hon: WO AT ATA MAT TROWAY ear kaa Mato WAZ OT TELM ; API INT 10 Petu Er, eT ANT OTH YA” qo THOT Raney tO Vou 2CH aL a A Canvases ator uth hme 4 ACUTE Sean aan {> MiebAAMAnIIO DATE ee oe gar’ ih (heen w : atid 4 Ulacito MS a! bp Sitailye ees anh | e VAI 30 oni, 7 i om igh le | | f 4 ya dy mee a8 ny 5 ag < THe tee ‘ pe Prey Waifs ' ‘ AS 868E son {SEER 4 : ni ls ee boyypsini eee Fe eae eee a Das. Sek ae ; & a Ae Ra; ‘ FA ere i hae oy " . ; novos o" aay = i ioe ; ‘porn eh LOU ge 10 a: reine . “ye aaiane. ‘gs outAd Fa1OD, wi ua hey ae aa is bobs sailgiints 9 ok when: fea") ugitvolmi Wiere ‘worl ees er te oe j sa é el : ars . fe Pay > toe wean * th AVR : ea a te MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 378. ] FEBRUARY 1, 1823. [1 of Vol. 55. THOMSON’s HOUSE AT RICHMOND. (The Description communicated by the Rev. Dr. Evans.) On entering the house, you are shewn two small rooms on the ground-floor, connected by an archway, and thrown into a kind ofhall. On the left is the room where Thomson breathed his last, being his bed-chamber, and on the right is his sitting-room, where he passed his time ; with brass hooks fixed around, on which he hung his hat and cane; also the table upon which he wrote; and, lastly, the very fire-place, before which he no doubt sat, in musings deep, when— ~ ‘Winter reign’d tremendous o’er the conquer'd year.” It is a neat round mahogany table, letting itself down on its stand, with the delineation of a white scroll in the centre, ou which, after the semblance of hand-writing, this inscription is emblazoned :—“‘ On this table James Thomson constantly wrote; it was therefore purchased of his servant, who also gave these brass hooks, on which his hat and cane were hung in this his sitting-room!—F.B.” These initials signify Frances Boscawen, or the Hon. Mrs. Boscawen, widow of Admiral Boscawen, who here ended her days. She is said to have been the immediate successor of the poet, and with whose singular merit she was impressed. ‘These rooms were the only apartments in Thomson’s time: since that period, two wings, as well as two stories, have been added; so that it is now the handsomest edifice in Kew-foot Lane. It is much to the praise of the noble owner, that this portion of the original cottage should have been preserved amidst a profusion of modern improvements. Over the fire-place the carved ornaments are modelled after the fashion of former times; whilst at the opposite end of the room, between the windows, is seen a bust of the bard, imparting to the relics an air of classic taste. The proprietor of the mansion, indeed, (the Earl of Shaftesbury,) being a descendant of the elegant author of “ the Characteristics,” a reverence for genius may be pronounced hereditary in this noble family. Stepping into the garden, you are conducted by a neat gravel-walk, through a serpen- sh la of shady trees, to AN. ALcove, painted green, on whose front are these words— Here Thomson sung the “ Seasons,” and their change ! In the alcove stands a rustic table, and, suspended over a back seat, is a board with this inscription :—‘‘ James Thomsou died at this place, August 27, 1748.’ On the reverse, when taken down, I read the following sylvan memorial:—“ Within this | Monruty Mage, No. 378, B pleasing 2 Thomson's House at Richmond. [Feb. 1, pleasing retirement, and allured by the music of the nightingale,—which warbled in soft unison to the melody of his sou!,—in unaffected cheerfulness, and genial, thongh simple, elegance, lived James Thomson. Sensibly alive to all the beauties of Nature, he painted their images as they rose in review, and poured the whole profusion of them into his inimitable ‘Seasons.’ Warmed with intense devotion to the Sovereign of the Universe, —its flame glowing throughout all his compositions,—animated with unbounded bene- volence, with the teuderest social sensibility, he never gave one moment's pain to any of his fellow creatures, save by his death ; which happened at this place on the ¢7th of August, 1748.” Rt . ee I AUS From this haunt of the Muses the gardener took us to a large summer-house, in the corner of which was another table belonging to Thomson, on which he finished the “Seasons.” It had a capacious drawer, but the whole was old and decayed, evidently affected by the humidity of the atmosphere. It was small and oblong, like a chamber dressing-table. The grounds, though not large, are kept in admirable order, enriched and adorned with trees from the most distant part of the world. Among other choice exotics, the acacia and sassafras trees, with the silver cedar and the lofty cedars of Lebanon, commanded our admiration. It isa paradisaical spot. Well may the poet have here listened by the hour, even till midnight, to the sone of the nightingale in Richmond Gardens. Delicious were our recollections of the bard. Being a fine sum- mer’s morning, when every object is beauty to the eye, and every sound music to the ear,—his conclusion of the ‘‘ Hymn to the Seasons” rushed upon my mind :— ———— { cannot go Where Universal Love smiles not around, Sustaining all yon orbs, and all their suns, From seeming evil still educing good, And better thence again, and better still, Tn infinite progression. But I lose } Myself in Him,—in light ineffable Come then,—expressive silence muse his praise! ” At this distance of time (seventy-four years ago,) it is impossible to ascertain the particulars of Thomson's last illness and dissolution, All now kuown is, that the poet, walking homewards from the metropolis, took boat at Hammersmith, by which he caught cold, when a fever produced a fatal termination. He lies buried in Richmond Church, about half a mile from the house where he expired; and tle Earl of Buchan has fixed up a brass plate near the hallowed spot of interment, with a glowing eulo- gium to his memory, For the Monthly Magazine. ANECDOTES of DIPLOMACY ; communi- eated by a ci-devant AMBASSADOR, now resident at BRUSSELS. MARIA LOUISA. HEN Napoleon, in the year 1809, entered Vienna as a conqueror, he chose the beautiful cas- tle of Schonbrunn, near Vienna, for his residence on the occasion. One morning, after breakfast, to gratify his curiosity, he proceeded to take a general survey of the apartments, which had been deserted, some weeks before, 1823.] before, in haste, by the imperial fa- mily. The tale is simple, and turns on one incident. Napoleon, the hero of it, attended only by Meyer, one of the castle inspectors, entering one of the apartments, observed the portraits of the Emperor’s children, —Maria Loui- sa, Leopoldina, and Clementina. Na- ' poleon’s attention was most power- fully attracted to the first, and he demanded of the inspector, if Maria Louisa was as handsome and agree- able as there represented, telling him to state his opinion fairly'and clearly. The answer he received was satisfac- tory: ‘Sir, (replied the old man,) she is, indeed, as beautiful as her portrait ; and, what is still more excellent and engaging, she possesses the amiable qualities of the heartin avery eminent degree: she is virtue herself, and her goodness makes her beloved by every one that approaches her.” ‘ Well, then, (said the Emperor,) let the por- trait be put in my cabinet, and placed before my writing-table.’ This order was insStanily obeyed; and, when he left Vienna, he carried the portrait with him, and the Princess found it in his rooms on her arrival at Paris, at the time of her marriage. When the Emperor Francis had de- termined upon the union between Maria Louisa and Napoleon, he was not ignorant of the animosity borne by his daughter, wife, and mother-in-law, (Maria Beatrix d’Hste,) against his intended son-in-law. He had not the courage to make the first overture to his daughter; but charged the Coun- tess Chanclos, eoverness to the Prin- cess, to use every persuasion to prepare her for a close and near alliance with the French emperor. The countess, thinking she had found one evening a proper occasion for introducing this subject, informed the princess, that the emperor her father had affianced her to the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. No words could do justice to the princess’s emotions upon hearing this declaration: she fell down upon the sofa, screaming, faint- ing, and erying, “‘ No,no, never will I be married to such a monster ;” and she forbade the countess, once for all, ever to repeat his name in her presence. The countess having reported to the emperor the ill success of her overture, his wishes and feelings inclined him to undertake the matter himself. On Anecdotes of modern Diplomacy— Maria Louisa. 3 the day and hour appointed, accompa- nied by his daughters Leopoldina and Clementina, he repaired to the apart- ments of the princess ; and, with that paternal affection which characterises this sovereign, with candour and sin- cerity stated the necessity of such an alliance, as being the only means left to save the imperial family, and the whole country from subjection; that, should she persist in her refusal, they would be obliged to abandon the em- pire a sccond time to the conqueror. This conversation took place in a room, the windows of which opened upon the ruined walls and demolished fortifications of Vienna. Maria Louisa, taking her father by the hand, led him to the view of what that devoted city had already experienced,—a scene of wide-extended desolation. ‘‘Canyou (said she,) give the hand of your be- loved child to such a destroyer?” ‘True, (said Francis,) but the evils which you deplore,—all the misfor- tunes of the country,—arise from the laws of war ; the destructive machina- tions of which will begin with more fury than ever, involving the state, and allof us, perhaps, in one common ruin.” ~ The emperor, observing the repug- nance of his daughter, yet feeling the necessity of this sacrifice, besought the princess with tears, and with so much importunity, that she could no longer resist. ‘‘Be composed, my beloved father, (said she ;) and weep not so bitterly, my good sisters; you shall be obeyed: from this moment I will do every thing that you require of me.” It is asserted by the Countess Chan- clos, who was present, that when the Princess Leopoldina (then between thirteen and fourteen years of age,) had seen the aversion of her eldest sister to this union, she said she would be married to the Emperor Napoleon, to deliver them all out of their painful situation. The Emperor Francis, ten- derly smiling, replied, “‘ You are a child; you don’t understand what you say.” The Princess Maria Louisa was then married by proxy to her uncle, the Archduke Charles; after which she was accompanied by the whole imperial family to Branau, the frontier town. There she was confided to the care of the Queen of Naples, Napo- leon’s sister, and Murat’s wife. Pro- ceeding on her way through shiver the 4 Anecdotes of modern Diplomacy — Raft at Tilsit. the Emperor Napoleon met her near Compiegne, and, in the open road, entered her travelling coach. In the month of June, 1810, Count Joseph Metternich, brother to the Austrian prime-minister, and one of the chamberlains that accompanied the princess to Paris, returned to Vienna, and, with other dispatches for the imperial family, was charged by the Empress Maria Louisa with an autograph letter, in German, for the old Count Edling, her quondam go- vernor. The following is a translation of, and extract from, the same :— My dear Count Edling, I have received from you so many testi- monies of your kind care and affection, that I feel an ardent desire to inform you, by Count Joseph Metternich, of the particu- lars of my present situation. When I left you, and all my fricnds in Vienna, 1 saw the good people plunged in deep sorrow, from the persuasion that I was going as a sacrifice to my new destination. 1 now feel it an agreeable duty to assure you, that, during three months’ residence at this court, I have been, and am, the happiest woman in the world. From the first mo- ment I saw, and met the Emperor Napo- leon, my beloved husband, he has shewn me on every occasion’ such respecttul attentions, with every token of preventing kindness and sincere friendship, that I should be unjust and ungrateful not to acknowledge his noble bebaviour. Believe not, my dear Count, that this is written by any order from my husband ; these sentiments are dictated from my heart: nor has any one so much as read the letter. The emperor, who is at this moment by me, but will not know the contents, has desired me to send you, in his name, the insignia of the order of the Legion of Honour. This he had promised you, as a mark of his high esteem for you. Respecting your wish to visit me at Pa- ris, my husband and I will be very glad to see and receive you, in the month of Sep- tember, at the Tuilleries; we shall then have returned from a little tour. You will then be a witness of my satisfaction, which I cannot describe to you in this letter. . Adieu, my dear and good Count Edling, remember me to all my beloved family and friends; tell them that I am happy, and that I thank God for this felicity. God bless and preserve you, my dear Count ; and be- lieve me that I remain, for ever, your affectionate Maria Louisa. Paris ; June 16, 1810. This letter was communicated, with the consent of the Emperor Francis, to some friends of Count Edling ; [Feb. }, and the writer of this had a true copy taken from the original. The copy was sent, in an official despatch, to the EmperorAlexander at St. Petersburgh, in the first days of July, 1810. INTERVIEW OF THE SOVEREIGNS ON THE RAFT AT TILSIT. After the battle of Friedland in 1807, when war had done its utmost to annoy the respective antagonists, and the merits, of the question of peace were to be decided, an interview was agreed upon between the Emperors Alexander and Napoleon, and the King of Prussia. The conference was to,be held on a raft, in the middle of the river at Tilsit. To avoid the for- malities which etiquette has accumu- lated, on points that bear a relation to ceremony, it had been decided that, at a signal given, the sovereigns should start in their boats from their respec- tive positions on the banks, and arrive in the same instant at the raft, that one might have no occasion of waiting for another. It so happened, whether from chance or design does not appear, that the Emperor Napoleon and his suite ar- rived the first; it was some minutes beforethe two other sovereigns arrived. In discussing this courtly subject, it is but a fair statement to observe, that Napoleon accosted them in courtly language, that is, witha polite address and a profusion of compliments. The Emperor Alexander, seeing Napoleon a little vexed at the delay, was anxi- ous to bring it forward, with an apolo- gising notice for the want of punctua- lity, adding, with his usual gentleness of manner, that nothing could have been more gratifying to his feelings, —more interesting to his curiosity, than such an opportunity of testifying his esteem for the French emperor’s person and eminent character. Alexander proceeded to present his friend, the King of Prussia, to Napo- leon; it was allowed, however, by those present,—as it might, indeed, almost have been expected from the exigencies of the times, that the Prus- sian monarch did not dwellso long on general compliments, and received Napoleon’s rather coldly. . The latter was dissatisfied with this manner, and observed to the marshals of his suite, with great tartness of language, ‘‘Voyez vous, comment il me traite ?” During the residence of the parties at Tilsit, Napoleon often intimated a wish, 1823.] wish, and not without strong expres- sions of curiosity, to see the Queen of Prussia. Her aversion to see Napo- leon had been noticed as a fact of public notoriety, and her journey was constantly deferred, under the pretext of indisposition. But Napoleon was not to be diverted from the inclination which he had avowed; and, perseve- ring in his endeavours, he exclaimed one day, in great good humour, to the Emperor Alexander: ‘‘I see I must send Dayoust, with his corps d’armée, to Memel, to get a sight of this beau- tiful queen!” The necessary conse- quence was, that the Emperor and King of Prussia secretly dispatched their chamberlains to Memel, with letters, entreating her majesty to re- pair speedily to Tilsit, as feeling it to be their common interest to court Na- poleon’s good graces by every possible exertion. The queen consented, and arrived at Tilsit at the day and hour agreed upon. The sovereigns went to meet her. : Napoleon entertained high senti- ments of her personal merits, and the attentions which he directed to her were not such as to reflect dishonour on his conduct. Turning to Marshal Duroc, he ejaculated, ‘“‘ Vous m’avez bien dit, Duroc; elle est vraiment belle !” Napoleon gave, one day, a dinner to the queen, which might modestly lay claim to rank and precedency be- fore any other ever given in that poor little town. This may rationally be presumed from the time and sums expended in the provision. Every delicacy of the French kitchen, the most exquisite fruits of France and Italy, were served up in profusion; and with the dessert, on a plate which Napoleon’s chamberlain presented to the queen, was aletter for her majesty the Queen of Prussia. ‘‘ What! - Anecdotes of modern Diplomucy— Duc D’ Enghein. 5 by the queen; who, after a few intro- ductory compliments, politely pro- ceeded to tender her sincere thanks to the French emperor. Prussian Silesia was instantly eva- cuated by the French commandant, and taken possession of by the Prus- sian general, the Prince D’Anhalt Pless. EFFECTS PRODUCED ON THE FEELINGS OF CERTAIN ELEVATED CHARACTERS AT ST. PETERSBURGH, WHEN THE NEWS ARRIVED OF THE DEATH OF THE DUC D’ENGHIEN. It was in the month of March, and year 1804, that a gentleman brought a brief notice of that event to the em- press dowager or mother. He had been dispatched by her brother-in-law, the Duke of Oldenburgh, Bishop of Eutin, with some general but correct information relative to the above state- ment. It was sucha circumstance as could not fail to attract the notice of politicians in general, whether bene- volent and disinterested, or savage, audacious, and abandoned. Many were the evils which the times had then to complain of: the tranquillity of peace every-where dis- turbed, war obtaining its malignant triumphs, and the demons of mischief deluging every country with misery. Royal families were not in too great security; and, among others of the French dynasty, the Duc d’Enghien had been familiar with humiliations and danger. His, too, was a portion of that misery, 1o which the lot of hu- manity seems, alas! predestined. The news of that fatal tragedy was like pouring vinegar into wounds already probed. ‘The mind of the empress was disturbed and irritated at so singular and extraordinary an event beyond measure. With consi- claimed the queen, in surprise,) a let2..derable alarm and consternation, she ter for me!” ‘Yes, (replied Napo- leon,) but it is an open letter.’ The queen unfolded it, and found another inclosed within it, in like manner un- sealed, with an order to King Jerome Bonaparte, who commanded the French army in Silesia, to evacuate a certain part of that province, as therein specified; the same to be at the disposition of her majesty, the Queen of Prussia, agreeably to a secret article in the Treaty of Tilsit. This liberal and beneficial donation was highly approved of and extolled municated it to her son, the Em- peror Alexander, who, from the pecu- liar circumstances of the case, would not give it credit. A transaction so odious and disgraceful could never, he said, find its perpetrator in Bona- parte; and his uncle, the Duke of Oldenburgh, must have been misin- formed. But here, as it happens on other occasions, the surprise of novelty was rekindled by the introduction of Prince Czartorinsky, minister of foreign af- fairs, who had arrived at the so an 6 Feelings at St. Petersburgh on the Death of the Duc D’ Enghien. (Feb. 1, and demanded an audience. This was instantly granted; and the minister proceeded to lay before their majesties all the circumstances of a proceeding, which, with every political philan- thropist, has something in it monstrous or disgusting. The emperor, eagerly seizing the letters, was so struck with an action so completely Catalinarian, that he tore them to pieces, execrating Bonaparte as an implacable foe, glut- ted with injustice and cruelty, and calling for vengeance and ignominy to be heaped tenfold on his head. Driven, as it were, to madness, the empress- mother and prince had much ado to calm his perturbed spirit, to confine his hatred, reflections, and antipathy, within the bounds-of moderation. While the emperor was expressing his hatred, so cordially, that he might seem to be repelling some personal in- jury, the Grand Duke Constantine arrived. Vhe emperor put into his hand the dispatches, which so clearly detailed the particulars, that it was needless to add any thing on the topic. The grand duke, after perusing the letters, and collecting the substance of them, said, with great carelessness, that he could easily admit the fact, so positively stated, from its probabilities. In this case, he observed a conformity between the person and the transac- tion, for he had always had good rea- son to believe, (founded on common authority, and the received histories of his life,) that Napoleon’s real character was that of one destitute of integrity, benevolence, and a sense of religion; that of an armed savage in a State of intoxication and madness. After this, every arrangement was taken in the Russian capital and pro- vinces, to commence a sort of indirect hostilities against the criminal and sanguinary character of the French emperor. To testify his abhorrence of the crime, and that it might serve the longer as a sort of beacon to the whole nation, and leave an impression for the recollection to dwell upon, a grand court-mourning, with funeral obse- quies, and dirges in all the churches, was ordered. A very spirited Ode, also, was printed on vellum, in folio, wherein the life and death of the un- fortunate prince, the innocent victim of Napoleon’s cruelty, were brought together, as a leading subject for the whole empire, seriously, to contem- plate and cherish. In that Ode, the 2 outrages of Bonaparte were severely censured ; he was drawn, flushed with crimes, and in the wantonness of power, spreading desolation and anarchy over every land: ‘in brief, as “a vile assassin, a tyrant, a monster.” The Russian public pronounced its verdict in favour of the general ten- dency of the Ode. Copies of it, which, at St. Petersburgh, only cost five co- paques, in lieu of a rouble, were soon so multiplied, that ten thousand were sold ina few hours. The Russians, as a nation, were sufficiently enlightened to shudder at the excesses and abhor the crimes of Bonaparte, notwithstand- ing the triumphs with which he had dazzled the world. 'The Marquis d’Hedouville, then am- bassador from the French government at the court of St. Petersburgh, had gained the cordial approbation and favour of the imperial family, and was generally respected by all with whom he had concerns, as well in the social intercourse of life, as in its public bu- siness. This minister complained, in an official note, to Prince Czartorinsky, of the above Odes, as extremely inju- _rious in many respects; and, from their general cast and spirit, likely to do harm among the poorer and more ignorant of the community. The an- swer which he received was in strict couformity to truth, though not such as he had been accustomed to; that his excellency might readily form a judg- ment as to the sentiments that per- vaded the court and governnient, when, in an empire like that of Russia, wherein a vigilant police was in per- manent activity, the sale of such publi- cations was permitted, in the very capital. To this notification the prince superadded, as an occasional observation of his own, that his ma- jesty, the emperor, and all the impe- rial family, had expressed the deepest concern at this outrage of his master, and that it might lead to a rupture between the two governments. Hereupon the French ambassador demanded a private audience of the emperor; but, as the court mourning had not terminated, and the ambassa- dor would not submit to the etiquette, there was a necessity for his taking leave, which he did, in a missive to the emperor and imperial family. His general conduct, grounded on princi- ples of dignity and moderation, had conciliated universal esteem. ra ° 1823.] Naval Architecture.—Proposed Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 7 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, SIR, N the Monthly Magazine for July and August last, and in the Hamp- shire Telegraph some time since, I fiud that my claim to the invention of the new system of naval architecture is stated and denied. Having commenced a correspond- ence with the naval department on the subject at issue, I cannot at present enter on the discussion ; and therefore request that such of your readers as are interested in the preservation of ships and seamen from unnecessary danger and destruction, and our naval power from the consequences that result from the defective state of naval architecture, will suspend their opi- nion till this correspondence is ter- Ininated. In the mean time, 7 trust that the writer, who it appears has access to our naval records, and who has stated asa “fact,” that I made no such pro- posal as diagonai riders as part of my combined plan, has by this time disco- vered his mistake. If he has seen my correspondence with the Navy Board, from the 8th of July to the 30th of October last, wherein my claim is distinctly stated to the combination of solid bottoms and sides without lining or foot-waling, with diagonal riders instead of the lining; and the advantages of the new system compared with the evils that result from the old; and, also, the opinion of counsel on the geometrical diflerence between Admiral Schank’s plan of constructing ships and mine; he will have better information on the subject. Lhave no objection to the publishing of the correspondence that has passed on this subject between the Naval De- partment and the Society of Arts, &c. and myself, if it is necessary towards the discussion now commenced. Tshould be glad if any of your read- ers could account for the solid bottoms and sides to ships not being adopted when proposed by Admiral Schank’s and others formerly. As every seaman is deeply inter- ested in naval improvements that tend to the preservation of our naval power, I submit to the consideration of such of them as are nayal architects, and to ship-builders and political economists, the following naval propositions :— 1. ‘he general defective state of naval architecture paralizes the exertions of our seamen, destroys numbers of them annu- ally ; and has, both last war and the former one, exposed the country to great unne- cessary expense and danger. 2. All the unnecessary expenses about shipping, and the numerous heavy losses by shipwreck and foundering at sea, fallas a heavy tax on the community, and operate greatly to the prejudice of the commercial and shipping interest Matcoim Cowan. Kirkwall, Orkney; Nov. 12, 1822. e a Lo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, T gives me great pleasure to find, that the lovers of etymology are likely to be favoured with an English Anglo-Saxon dictionary, which, [flatter myself, will be accompanied with an English index ; for, if it is not, I shall be as much mortified as when consult- ing Lye’s Saxon Dictionary I found no Latin index. Would it not be hetter io consolidate the English and the Anglo-Saxon words into one alphabct, for Anglo-Saxon appears to me to be no other than very old English. And would not the number of students be increased by printing the Anglo-Saxon in Roman letters, and etymology be advanced if our compilers of English dictionaries would print their Greek and Hebrew in Roman letters, or, at least, let their Greek and Hebrew he followed by words, in Roman letters, expressing the sounds, particularly of the Hebrew, as read with and without points? The French, ambitious to equal the Italians, write on philology in their mother-tongue, satisfied with the ap- plause of their fellow-citizens. They do not seem to have admitted etymo- logy into their general dictionaries, but Menage’s Origin of the French Lan- guage is a model and a masterpiece, and merits.to be studied by every Englishman as well as Frenchman, whe wishes thoroughly to know his own tongue. In Greek and Latin we have two sorts of dictionarics. The best are erranged according to themes, with the derivations arranged under them, as in Stephens and Scapula in Greek, and Faber in Latin; but, all of Wrench and Eaglish that have fallen in my way, are mere alphabetical lists. A complete English dictionary should consist of the Saxon, and other themes, wita all the Saxon and Haglish derivates ar- ranged under them, each word being also inserted in its alphabetical place, with a reference to the theme. Such 8 Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. —Mr. Cumberland’s New Theory. [Feb. 1, Such a work might be most advan- tageously composed in a university on the confines of Upper and Lower Saxony, where the two dialects of Germany are spoken. In such a situ- ation, I wrote as follows to my friends in England :-— \ Brunswick, Thursday-evening, J February 27, 1783. “The language of Lower Saxony, dis- tinguished by the name of Plat Deutche, meaning Low German, and which is spoken by the common people, is nearly the same language with English. I was mistaken when at Dresden I supposed myself among the descendants of the Anglos. It is at Helmstadt that Low German begins to be spoken; and, J am now Satisfied, from the language of the peo- ple, as well as the authority of Tacitus and his commentators, which I have been just reading at Professor Eschendach’s, that I am in the country whence the Angli mi- grated. Helmstadt, as well as Brunswick, has very much the appearance of an Eng- lish country-town : most of the houses are half-timbered, and the beams painted black, or grey, and the plaister white ; though those more lately built are of brick, covered with plaister, coloured, as in the Prussian towns, according to the fancy of the owners. There is a paved way of flag-stones, of sufficient width for two to walk abreast, throughout the whole town, which you will remark as a phenomenon on the continent, from the accounts I have given you of the towns through which I have passed. Some of these circumstances struck me as the effect of their connexion with England, in consequence of the alli- ance with their princes with those of Hanover on the British throne; but we must look for these analogies rather in the identity of the race. Those who speak High German, admit that Low German is softer, and move pleasing to the ear, and more concise. These excellencies we may imagine the English to possess in a supe- rior degree, having been cultivated for two centuries by good writers, who have sup- plied its deficiencies bya selection of words from the languages of ancient and modern Europe. Low German agrees with High German in expressing declinations and cases by termination, as in Greek and Latin, and not by particles, as in English, French, Italian, and the languages of Scan- dinavia. Terminations, Prof. Abert tells me, are found in the most ancient records ; and, it is matter of surprise, how they came there. Low German is regarded as the most ancient, and it was into this language that the Bible was first translated in Germany, about the time of the reforma- tion.” Herbert Croft resided some time in Lower Saxony, witha view to perfecthis friend Johnson’s dictionary, and wrote a pamphlet on the result of his inqui- ries. If his heirs would communicate his papers on this subject to any one capable of executing the arduous task of giving to the world an Anglo-Saxon English etymological dictionary, they would deserve the gratitude of all lovers of literature. JONATHAN STOKES. Chesterfield, June 23, 1822. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. —__—_—__———- passing courteous, Bat slow in speech, yet sweet as spring-time flowers, Taming the Shrew. SIR, T is a great misfortune, no doubt, to have differed in opinion with Mr. John Farey ; with one also, who, with his own eyes, might or has seen the stony masses, the acrolites, fall from satellitic bodies, which still jogged on their courses, unconscious of the treasure they were showering at his geological feet. There is some consolation, however, not to be the solitary object of his ire, and to find that [ share his indignation with the truly excellent professor Buckland; to whom, indeed, I should be seriously sorry to give offence, and from whom I would rather expect mercy than judgment. But then again, that Mr. J. Farey should have ‘‘ nursed his wrath to keep it warm,” ever since your 52d volume appeared, is a thing rather hard on a quiet man, who thought it no sin to believe in those ancient tra- ditions which the evidence of his sight had long corroborated, and to which even French philosophy has been compelled, by the force of truth, to subscribe. Since, however, nothing will satisfy this pertinacious gentleman but the admission of the theory he approves, or the instantly informing him— “When? how? and in what state? or for what purpose the matter of the universe was created, other than at the times he has indicated,’ I must beg leave to decline the challenge, and to leave him in full possession of his self-satisfactory contempt of Mosaical, or bible geologies, as he is pleased ta call them; being contented, for my own part, to remain in ignorance as to the original purpose for which the matter of the universe was created, and so I take my leave. G. CUMBERLAND. Bristol ; Dec. 9, 1822. For 1823.] For the Monthly Magazine. ELUCIDATIONS Of PORTIONS of ENGLISH HISTORY, tmproperly REPRESENTED in our GENERAL HISTORIES. History of the Invasion of England by the Normans in the Eleventh Century, and the Consequences of that Invasion down to the Thirteenth. (Continued from Vol. 54, page 488.) T the sight of their drawn swords, and the spreading fire, those who were assembled, Normans as well as Saxons,* hastily retired. ‘The cere- mony was interrupted, and no one was left for its consummation except the Duke, the Archbishop, and a few priests,t who received from him they ealled king the oath that he would use the English people as well as any mo- narch whom they had formerly elected.{ From that day the city of London was doomed to learn the value of such an oath from the lips of a foreign con- queror. The citizens were obliged to deliver over their children, and to pay one of those enormous tributes, which none but a successful invader ean impose.|| Even the sons of Wil- liam hesitated to believe that the be- nediction of Elred had proved that iheir father was the chosen King of the English; and in their proclama- tions they sometimes falsely styled him King by hereditary succession, and sometimes unreservedly King by the right of the sword. Whatever their formularies were, his acts placed him in his proper position, and the attitude he assumed among the Anglo- Saxons sufficiently demonstrated what passed in his mind. Henever trusted himself among the people of London; and, spite of his garrison and the guards who surrounded him, he deem- ed his camp at Barking more suited to his situation. He retired thither: till an embatiled fortress was erected in London for his abode. _ Ail these events are recorded by the Anglo-Saxon historians in a tone of dejection and distress, of which it would be difficult to find another example. ‘ England! what shall [ * Guill, Pict. 206 ; Ord. Vit. 503. + Ord. Vit. 593. t Chr, Sax. W’r, Ed. Lye. Ib, t Hereditans jure—In ore gladii (Hickes Thies.) ¥ Guill, Pict. 208. MontaAty Mac. No.378. Elucidations of Portions of English History. 9 say of thee, (exclaims the historian of the church of Ely,) what shall I say of thee to our children? That thou hast lost thy own king, and hast bent thee before the stranger,—bathed in -the blood of thy defenders: that thy chiefs and thy counsellors are conquered,— they are despoiled,—they are destroy- ed.”* “These melancholy reverses, (says another old writer,) are so sad a subject, that the historian of sensibi- lity can hardly refer to them without tears.”t And so the ancient poet :— “Slavery came to us over the sea, and freedom took leave of us for ever. With freedom, joy and bliss fled.” Long after the fatal combat, which opened the gates of England to her invaders, patriotic superstition ima- gined that gory traces were to be seen on the spots which had drank the blood of her valiant sons, These traces, we are told, were visible on the heights to the north of Hastings, when- ever a sprinkling of rain damped the soil.|| The conqueror appropriated this situation to record his victory : he built a monastery there, which he de- dicated to St. Martin, the patron saint of the soldiers of Gaul, and called it, in the French language, the Abbey de la Bataille§ The high altar was raised on the very spot where the standard of the Anglo-Saxons had been humi- liated ;{ and the building was so con- structed, as to include all the emi- nence which the bravest of the Eng- lish had covered with their bodies.** A band of monks was summoned hi- ther from the other side of the chan- nel ; to them the property of those who had perished+}+ was transferred ; and here they were wont to mingle curses on the memory of those whose arms had resisted them, with prayers for their eternal salvation. It is record- ed that, when the foundations were laid, the architects declared there would be a scarcity of water. The information was conveyed to William : “Go on,—go on, (said the Norman Hist. Eliens. 516. Ord. Vit. 504. Robert of Gtoster’s Chronicle, p. 71, Gott + & as IOI. || Guil. Henbridgens. p. 8. § L’Abbaye de Bataille, Ecclesia de la Batailge, Dooms:lay Book passim. { Monast, Arrg, 1, 312. ** Guil. Henb 6. tt Monas, Angl. 1, 312, 513. Cc bastard,) 10 hastard,) if God gives me life enough, there shaJl be more wine to drink with the monks of La Bataille than there is clear water in all the conyents of Christendom.”* *% * * * * 2 In the spring, which, according to the old style of the calendar, com- menced the year 1067, the Norman troops had already adyanced to tke north-east, as far as the great promon- tory which formed the county of Nor- foik. 'Tothe south-west, as far as the hilly country which bounds Dorset- shire. The town of Oxford, situated midway between these two extreme points,—if a right line were drawn from one to the other,—was not yet in their power; though perhaps this ideal frontier had been passed both to the north and south of Oxford, It is difficult to decide what were the limits to the progress of the invader, as no contemporary writers had given the details of the obstacles, or the charac- ter of the resistance. It would seem probable that, at the beginning of this second year of English servitude, the boundaries of the invaded territory were, on one. side the river Ouse and the. extensive marshes of Cambridge- shire, and on the other the chain of hills which stretch from the neigh- bourhood of Bridport into the sea, From hence to the eastern ocean the towns and the country were subdued, and the law of. conquest reigned. What was this hard and cruel law? We may Jearn it from an unsuspected witness,—from one of the sons of the conqueror, — from the Norman Ri- chard, Bishop of Ely. If this man,— a cold and heartless narrator of the misery of a people, whose misery was nothing to him,—if this man is to be believed, in proportion as the Norman king and his captains made new con- quests in their progressive invasion, they informed themselves carefully as to the names of those who had armed themselves for their country’s liberty.+ Whether they had perished in the struggle, or were yet alive, their do- mains, their wealth, their revenues, were confiscated. These who sur- vived the freedom of England, and the sons of those who had dicd for it, were driven for ever from their pater- nal inheritance. Norman) that, when their lives were * Monas. Angl. 512. t Dial. de Scar, Ex app. Matt. Paris. Elucidations of Portions of English History. They knew (says the - [Feb. I; spared, favour enough was shown.” The property too of the English, who, from absence or involuntary delay, had taken no part in the combat, was seized and alienated for ever,t—unless by long services and unqualified ser- vility towards their masters,} by weary years of obedience and humiliation, they obtained pardon for themselves, and the restoration of a small portion of their property to their children.|| _ The immense proceeds of this unl- versal spoliation enabled William to fulfil his engagements towards the warriors of all nations, who followed his conquering footsteps. He gave to his chiefs cities, whole provinces, castles, and vast domains :§ his vassals he rewarded with grants of land. There was no individual unrecom- pensed: butit must be observed, these gifts were neither free nor gratuitous : William had obliged himself to deliver, (according to the expression .of the Norman Chronicle,f) and distribute, the land of the conquered in various portions. This was the rigorous con- dition upon which all ranks of his army had enrolled themselves under his banner, gr, to use the language of the time, had taken the oath of ho- mage. Someamong them required pay- ment in money, which William counted over to them.** Others demanded to possess Saxon women; and Witliam (says the Chronicle,) gave them in marriage noble ladies, the inheritors of great estates, whose husbands had fallen in the field.t+ hese odious unions were not the sole indignity which the Saxon women were com- pelled to suffer. They were the sport of the conquerors, and the noblest and the loveliest among them were the victims of the brutal lubricity of the vilest of the Norman troops.{{ Their doom was that of their sex in every country, When their defenders have bent themselves beneath a foreign yoke.|| || * Dial. de Scar. Ed app. Matt, Paris. t Ib. $ Tb. i] Ib. § Dona chastils, dona citen Dona maneirs, dona couser.—Flale. gq Rec. des Hist. Frane et Gaul. xiii. 931. ? ** Chr. de Normandie, xiii. tt Ib. 159. tt Ord. Vit. 523. ? || 1b. Insult, 1823.] Insult, slavery, and misery, spread themselves over the land of the Anglo- Saxons, in proportion as the standard of the three lions advanced, and was unfurled. ‘The forms of distress were various,—the towns suffered less than the country,—and the towns and the country shared a different fate under differcnt circumstances. Calamity was every wherc,—controlled, modified, or multiplied, by that crowd of accidents to which human nature is subjected, and which it specially belongs to his- tory torecord. At Pevensey, in the county of Sussex, to begin with the first corner of England trodden by the stranger, the Norman soldiers divided among themselves the dwellings of the conquered. Guillaume de Garenne, one of the chiefs, took twelve houses* for himself, and thus commenced that long list of possessions which he ob- tained in every part of England. One man-of-arms of Wiiliam’s seized upon the property of seven Englishmen.t In the town of Lewes, the Saxon in- habitants were counted and disiri- buted per head. The Norman king took sixty of them for his own share, each paying nine shillings of annual rent.f One Asselin had three towns- men paying only a rental of four shil- lings; Guillaume de Caen (in the words of the Chronicle,) had two townsmen of two shillings.|| Girauld, Buzelin, Gilbert, Hugue, and Roger, had all their share of the inhabitants of the fortified town of Arundel.§ One downsman of twelve pence,—we use again the words of the roll,—was re- served for the monks of St. Martin de la Batailleq’ An Englishman had _ransomed his lands by the payment of nine ounces of gold; but was compel- Jed, in order to protect himself from a sccond violent dispossession, to make himself tributary to a Norman, named Vigot.** ‘There is no end to circum- stances of this character scattered over these pages of history. In London itself,—the head-quar- ters of the chief of the conquest, the city which contemporary authors call the great, the rich, the emporium of ecommerce,—three citadels were built * Doomsday Book, i. 26. t Do, t Do. || Do. ij burgenses de jj solides, § Do, {| Do. i, 23. ** Do. Oppressions following the Conquest. 11 at the same time, in order to. repress (says a Norman hisforian,) the busy spirit of a population too numerous and too proud.* In one of these forts the bastard took up his abode, It was constructed at one of the angles of the town-wall towards the east, and on the banks of the river, It was called the Palatine Tower, a name taken from an old Roman title which Wil- liam had borne in Normandy, com- bined with that of Duke or Count. The two other fortresses, erected to- wards the west, were confided to the care of the Normans, Baynard and Gilbert Monfichet ; and each of them took the name of its governor. ‘The banner of the three lions passant float- ed over the fortress of William; over the others were raised the banners of their respective governors; but these captains had both sworn. that they would remove their standard, and erect that of William, their chief, their duke, their lord, at his first command, whether pronounced with or without anger, supported by major or minor force, with crime or without crime, according to the formularies of the age.{ Before making their first en- trance with the blast of the trumpct into their castles, before garrisoning them with their own dependants, they had placed their hands between the hands of the Norman king, and had acknowledged themselves his depen- dants in service and in faith. ‘They had engaged themselyes to acknow- ledge, without opposition, as to a just and legal act, the sentence of degra- dation suspended over them, if ever they took a part against their lord, if they ever voluntarily separated their cause from his cause, their power from his power, their flag from his flag. Their oaths to the conquering chietf- tain, others repeated to them, and to these again the same pledge of faith and homage was given. Thus the forces of the invaders, though spread and scattered over the territories of the invaded, were united by a great chain of duties; and the same laws were observed as when embarked on the vessels that conveyed them, or united behind the redoubts of Has- tings. The subaltern owed faith and service to his military superior; he who had * Guill. Pict. p. 208. + Baynard Castle, Castle-lane, Strand. + Du Cange, 500-510, reccived 12 Elusidations of Portions of English History. received wages from another, whether of money or lands, owed him faith and obedience; and thus it was, that those who were most bountifully rewarded from the general pillage, were com- pelled to distribute among those who were less privileged. Captains gave to their armed bands, barons to their chevaliers, the men-of-arms to their squires, or to those who, whether on horseback or on foot, assisted them at the time of battle. -The squires and the serjeants-at-arms gave to their own servants; the rich provided for the poor, but the poor soon became rich by the spoils of the conquest; and thus, among the various classes of the combatants, rank and military dis- tinction (which the early »chronicles record,) were liable to sudden fluctua- tions ; not that they were confounded, but because the changes of war drove forward men of the lowest ranks to occupy the highest situations. Men who had passed the sea in their quilt- ed great coat,*—a foot-soldier, with his blackened wooden bow, now ap- peared on a proud battle-horse, deco- rated with the military insignia, to the astonishment of the later recruits, who followed him across the ocean. Many a poor knight had unfurled his own banner,—to use the language of those days,—and conducted a numerous host, who had made his name their rallying cry. The hinds of Nor- mandy and the weavers of Flanders,t with a little valour and good fortune, became the great men, the illustrious barons, of England. Their valets were far richer than their own proge- nitors ;{ and their names, which had been vile and ignoble on one side of the channel, became glorious on the other. ““Would you know, (says an old French document,) would you know the names of .the great people who came over-sea with William the Bas- tard, the man of streneth! These are their sirnames, as we find them re- corded, without the addition of their names of baptism, for these last are often wanting, and often changed,— Mandeville and Dandeville ; Omfreville and Domfreville ; Boutteville and Estoutaville; Mohem and Bohem; Bis- set and Basset; Malin and Malvoi_ * Gambeson Wambasia. + Jo. Brompton, 1228, ¢ Ord, Vit. 522. [Feb. 1, sin.”™ The crowd of names that fol- low presents a similar arrangement of barbarous versification, to assist the ‘memory by rhyne: and _ alliteration. Many lists of the same character, and linked together with the same art, have been preserved to our own time ; they were formerly inscribed on large vellum pages, deposited in the archives of churches, and adorned with the ti- tle of Livre, or Livret du Conquerant.+ In one of these the arrangement is in groupes of three :— Bastard, Brassard, Baynard; Bigot, Bagot, Talbot ; Tho- ret, Orivet, Bouet ; Lucy, Lacy, Percy. Another catalogue of the conquerors, preserved for a long time amidst the treasures of the Convent de Ja Bataille, offers a singular association of strange and vulgar names,—as, Bonvilain aud Boutevilain; Trousselot and Trousse- bout; L’Engaine and Longue-Epée ; Giil-de-beuf ane Front-de-beuf.{ Other authentic documents describe, among the Norman knights in England, a William the Carter, a Hugh the ‘Tay- Jor, a William the Drummer;|| and, amidst this strange nobility, — the dregs of the land of Gaul,—the names of the towns and provinces occur from whence they issued :—St. Quentin, St. Maur, St. Denis, St. Malo, Villiers, Evreux, Verdun, Nismes, Chalons, Cahors, Chaunes, Etampes, Roche- ford, La Rochelle, Montcenis, Artois, Champagne, Gascoigne. Such were they who carried into England the no- vel distinctions of noblemen and gen- tlemen (hommes nobles etgentils hommes), and fixed them there, by force of arms, for themselves and their de- scendants. The servants of the Norman mau- * Jos. Brompton, 963. t Monast. Angl. ¢ Nothing has a baser sound than these names in [’rench.—Bastard and Brewer; Good-slave and First-slaye; Trussle-pot and Trussle-end ; Stick-through and Long- sword ; Bull’s-eye and Bull’s-head, &c, &c. perhaps give an idea of their vulgarity. || Monast. Angl. 11. § Hence Quintin and Moore, Dennis, Marlow, Villiers, Deyreux, Vernon, Cha- loner, Chaworth, Stamp, Rokeby, Moun- sley, &c. Other names have wandered more from their derivation: — ~ Sacheverell: Saut de Chevreuil,—a Sallii capellz. Lovel: Louvet,—Lupellus. Zouch (de la Zouch); Souche, — de Stipite. ; of- 1823.] of-arms, his lance-bearer, his squire, became gentlemen. ‘They were noble and illustrious by the side of the ‘hu- miliated Saxon,—himself rich, himself noble, betore,—if we may apply to him fhe language of his insolent con- querors,—the Saxon now trembling beneath the sword of a foreigner, driven from the dwelling of his fore- fathers, without a spot on which to rest hishead, ‘This factitious distinc- tion, this nobility, the natural and uni- versal consequence of victory, spread tlirough the ranks of the triumphant army, in proportion to the consequence of its different individuals. After the nobility of the king, ranked that of the governor of a county or province, call- ed a comte in the Norman tongue. Next to this followed that of his de- puty, vice-comte or vicomte. ‘Then came the different gradations: baron, knight (chevalier ), squire (ecuyer), men de grand or de petit service,—all alike no- éles, though differentiy distinguished, —nobles by the common right of vic- tory, and of foreign birth. —— For the Monthly Magazine. SOME ACCOUNT of the SALT MINES of SALZBURG, the WORKS af TRAUNSTEIN, Se. in HUNGARY, as noticed by «a late TRAVELLER, M. BEUDANT, Sub-di- rector of the French King’s Cabinet of Mineralogy. FTER crossing the plains of Ba- varia, 1 proceeded towards Salz- burg, intending to take a view of the salt-mines, which constitute the riches _ of that district. In passing from Ro- senheim to Trannstein, we coast along the Lake of Chiem, whith is not less than ten leagues in circumference. As surveyed, with the hills that surroand it, it bas a fine cflect. At Traunstein, the town on the top of a hill pretty lofty, and the immense buildings of salt-works at the foot of it, communicating with the town by covered escaliers cr stair-cases, erect- ed on the slope of the hill, exhibit a coup dil not a little striking ; and which, from the heights that border the Lake of Chiem, appear truly pic- turesque. The buildings for the works, and the large toll-house on the Traun, by which wood is conveyed into the timber-yards, must necessa- rily arrest the attention of every tra- veller who would investigate the na- dure of great commercial establish- ' ments. There is an admirable order New Account of the Salt- Mines of Salzburg. 13 in the management: the salt water is brought from Reichenhall and from Berchtesgaden, ten leagues distant, over two chains of very high moun- tains, by machinery and pumps, at regular distances. The water is finally brought into an immense reservoir, in the centre of the buildings for evapo- ration by fire. Round the reservoir are eight large coppers, and immense warehouses over them. The furnaces are well constructed, and the combus- tible materials are husbanded with Strict economy. Along the road across the moun- tains, between Itzel and Reichenhall, we meet with a number of aqueducts, that convey the salt water to Traun- stein, as also conveyances of fresh water, passing in an opposite direction. The machines and pumps, which oc- cur frequently, are worked with sin- gular precision. A machine does not occupy a space of more than four feet square; but the movements ave exe- cuted with such punctuality and fa- cility, that you scarcely hear the noise of ihe piston and suckers in the pump within it. At the distance of a few feet, a person outside can form no idea of the enormous elflort that is exerted. The engineer that construct- ed these works is M. Reichenbach, of Munich, the author of various inge- nious inventions. The object of my excursion to Berchtesgaden was to visit the salt- mines. The director could not accom- pany me hiinself, but sent me his secretary as a guide. The entrance to the galleries is at a little distance from the town. I was rather surprised to see the miners bring me a white cassock, like a combing cloth; having been accustomed, in my former visits to mines, to throw a black cloth over mic: a large bougie was put into my hand, in lieu of a miner’s lanthern. Those who accompanied me had the same costume. Thus accoutred, each with a bougie in his hand, and his tunic on bis back, we marched, in the manner of a procession, into the mines, They led me to all the windings, re- marking on every interesting particu- lar, and attending with infinite com- plaisance to all my goings and com- ings, so that Thad every opportunity of studying the nature and variations of this salt magazine that I could desire. My first views encountered an argil- lous matter, replete with fissures in- terlardeg 14 terlarded with veins or nests of salt. There are fragments also, or irregular pieces of argile, the surface of which is commonly very smooth, brilliant, and appearing as if anointed with oil. The veins or nests of salt observable in the mass, and which are found twisting in every direction, are often partially filled with little irregular balls of the same argile. Passing this earthy receptacle, we come next to a vast body of salt, very potent, and nearly in a pure state, with hardly any traces of argile per- ceptible. We then pursue the track of this immense depét of solid salt, down to the very lowest part of the labours,—the salt appearing purer as we descend. ‘The massive parts are reduced to powder, and detached por- tions are conveyed to the reservoirs, where, by solution, the salt is disen- tangled from its earthy particles. The water of these is afterwards transmit- ted to Reichenhall and Traunstein, for the purposes of evaporation. In the lowest part of the works, under the mass of pure salt, we again find a new depot of argile, the body of which is in general more compact and less bioken than that of the higher part. If the interior of the saline caverns of Berchtesgaden may be thought interesting to one that would study the structure and nature of those depots of ancient seas, it presents also beau- ties to the general traveller, that is in quest of miscellancous entertainment. In fact, I enjoyed here, in the midst of these mine-works, one of the finest spectacles that can possibly be con- ecived. After passing through a long gallery, 1 came to one of those vast cavities, from which large quantities of salt had already been extracted ; it was a sort of subterraneous gulph, but at present illuminated by tic _ miners, not only through its whole outline, but even in the sinuosities of its deepest recesses. A glimmering light was every-where visible, but not elear enough to distinguish objects ; this threw an air of mystery over the whole, so as to form a scene truly ma- gical. The effect was still more im- posing, from being biended with ter- ror, when I caught a glimpse of the steep walls of the surrounding -pre- cipices, With the laddexs and machines for drawing up the salt. The view was tremendous and enchanting, and produced a sensation of which no New Account of the Salt. Mines of Salzburg. [Feb. ly description can convey an adequate idea. Quitting Berchtesgaden, I proceed- ed next for Hallein, which lies in the bottom of a valley; the descent to it is very rapid, by a cut out of the abrupt declivities of the mountain, and to a stranger has a very picturesque effect. The district no longer forms a part of Bavaria, having been laicly ceded to Austria. The entrance of the galleries is at Durnberg, and there the master miner bad, by appointment, agreed to accompany me. The entrance is by an horizontal gallery, lined with solid walls in all the first advances; afterwards we coine to a timber wainscoting, and then appear masses of saliferous argile, solid enough not to require props or supports. In the midst of these argil- lous walls we see pretty large nests of pure salt, grey or reddish. 1 had not at Hallein the view of an illumination so rich as at Berchtes- gaden; but, by the light of their little lamps, the eye could discover a num- ber of large lakes formed in the inte- rior of the mine, on which are conveyed the salifercus substances dug up by the workmen. These lakes are thirty- two in number ; several were of pretty large dimensions. 1 launched into the middle of one of them, on the same ~ vadeau as had served the Emperor Francis. At the time of that monarch’s visit, the whole area was lighted up with great magnificence ; and, to judge from the space which the lamps occu- pied, the spectacle must have been very imposing. One particularity attached to the works of Hallein is the inclined planes on which we glide, to pass from the higher to the lower galleries. Of these the number is considerable, and much of the time is spent in the exercise. It may seem strange that we thus glide, pretty rapidly, in an obscure path, over accliyities of from eighty to a hundred feet in length, holding a bougie in one hand, aad the rope which serves for a guide in the other. The old miner that conducted me was in a transport of joy to see me move along as dexterously as himself. These miners in general expect to receive money from visitors ; but if they find a stranger take an interest in their la- bour, converse with them on their business, and shun no difficulties, be- tray no fears in following them into their 1823.] their pits by ladders, &c. they redou- ble their efforts to oblige and inform. After sliding thus a long time, from top to buttom, we arrive at a large gallery, whence there is a way to get out. There we find miners with little wieel-barrows, that bring us up to day-light in a quarter of an hour, ‘though to pass on foot would take up thirty-five minutes. This long gallery, partly dug or hol- lowed in the saliferous mass, and partly in the caleareons, exhibited a phenomenon not usual in such re- cesses. We should naturally look for moisture, as an attendant on the Saline substances, and, if dryness could be supposed any where, should expect to find it in marbles, or com- pact ealcareous masses; but here the eifects are directly the reverse. In the interior of the labours it is quite dry, where the congeries of salt is; but the calcareous masses are found to be every-where dropping. There are two causes to account for this: one is, that the argillous mass, which in some measure encloses the salt, is not easy to be penetrated by water, which slides over it, till it finds ano- ther vent; another, that what little of moisture penetrates into these masses is firmly retained by the argile, as well as by the salt, and cannot leak or filter out. Buta calcareous mass, even the most compact, will easily let water filter through it, and, be- sides, itis sure to contain a greatnum- ber of fissures. 4 — For the Monthly Magazine. ITALY ; from a TRAVELLER’S JOURNAL. % SHALL be nothing until I have visited Italy,” said my friend to me in the year 1818; and, contempla- ting him with the eye of an old tourist, “JT fear much, (i replied,) you will ke nothing, also, when you return.” Not that this remark arose from an ill-tem- pered sarcastic criticism upon the want of abilities in my friend, hut that I beheld before me a confused aad undi- gested heap of plans, intermixed and interwoven with contradictory pur- suits, which alike belied the achieve- ment of the object for which they were intended, and frustrated infallibly that general advantage which travel should be destined to afford. I had long resided beyond the Alps, had often amused my wandering thoughts with the imagery of the blissful hours passed upen the various Journal of recent Travels in Italy. 15 banks of Italia’s silent streams ; an in- timate knowledge of her language, of her beautiful provinces so distracted, —however splendid as a whole,—of the endless diversity of character in her inhabitants, of her systems of so- cial life, of her manners and customs, the acquaintance I numbered amongst every class of Italians,—were induce- ments too powerful to be resisted ; and I shook my friend warmly by the hand when I assured him I would be his companion. Gur journey was performed in the autumn of 1818; and we entered Italy by Geneva, over the superb road of the Siinplon. ‘he view that bursts upon the astonished cye, at the first sight of that celebrated city (Geneva), when descending the Jura mountains, I feel almost unable to describe. Be- fore us was an immense and well-cul- tivated plain, at the end of which is situated the town itself. The superb lake opens in all its beauty,—the Alps in front, with their proud leader Mont Bianc, one-half lost in the ciouds, whilst the upper region is cternally covered with snow. In the rear are the Jura mountains, which we were descending, covered with woods, and forming an agreeable contrast to the rugged Alpine scenery on the oppo- site side. In the plain are several towns and villages; and at Gex our passports were again visited. The road continues good till we ‘impercep- tibly arrive at the gates of Geneva. The portion of France we had tra- velled from Paris to Geneva is de- serving Of but little remark. The only towns which merit the name, in a tract of 130 leagues, were Troyes and Besancon; but even these convey to an English mind batvery faint ideas either of comfort or opulence. The road was an execrable pavé, or, where not pavé, almost impassable, froin the large and numerous ruts; the misery of the accommodations, and the sorry condition of the peeple, add nothing to cheer the traveller, were it not for the constant cheerfuliess and politeness which, in some measure, compensate in the people for the comforts of life. The country, indeed, was almest uni- versally of a beautifully picturesque, sometimes romentic, and the soil good, whilst the villages were of a wretched and forbidding aspect. Sometimes an old neglected broken-down chateau stands in the midst of the hovets, de- noting, ly its filth, want of deors and it windows, 16 windows, ecither-the ruin or constant absence of its master. In short, the soil appeared universally left to he cultivated by the peasantry, while the proprietor betakes himself to the nearest town, where he can drown the ennui, Which the general poverty and sameness of the country produces, in the café or the billiard. The most de- lightful views I recollect in Champagne and its adjoining province, were around Chaumont en Bassigny, Ve- soul, and Besancon. But how shall I do justice to Ge- neva and its incomparable lake, of which too much cannot be said, how- ever frequently it has been described. We continued through the Vallais, bordering this beautiful shect of wa- ter, the sterile mountains. of Savoy on the right, contrasting with the fer- tile delicious hills of the Pays de Vaud. The country, after quitting Thonon, became delightfully pictu- resque and highly cultivated ; . the roads bordered with walnut-trees : but neither pen or pencil can delineate the grandeur, sublimity, and beauty, of the scenery in the country we began to pass through on quitting Martigny ; Inadequate to the task, from the over- whelming impression which the scene produces, I confess to have remained stupified by the contemplation. Val- lies glowing with every specics of luxuriant cultivation, and burthened with fruit, amidst the huge, rugeed, and inaccessible, Alps, their tops here reaching, as it were, to the heavens, and there’ lost in clouds, while their sides are alternately barren, or cover- ed with vineyards, verdure, and plan- tations. The Pissevache may be termed a beautiful cascade, inferior indeed in sublimity to the renowned Caseata delle Marmora, near Terni, but picturesque, as situated in a country far more majestic. Taking leave of this wonderful val- ley, after contemplating with ecstatic delight the situation of Brigge, we began to ascend the mountain,—the road over which is the immortal work of that great genius (however much I may differ from his whole course of political conduct,) to whom continental Europe is indebted for her greatest improvements. The Simplon, indeed, is one of the noblest achievements ever completed by the hand of man. As we ascended, the wildness and grandeur of the scenery surpassed all my fondest expectations could have Journal of Travels in Italy. [{Feb. I, raised: mountain over mountain, rock over reck, precipice over precipice, all combined with the smiling imterme- diate vallies, and the pristine simpli- city of the peasantry, left nothing which could add to my wonder. After mounting about eight hours, we ar- rived at the summit, and continued driving in the clonds for more than two hours, amidst lightning, rain, hail, and snow,—strange contrasts of na- ture. We then gradually descended to the village of Simplon, composed, as usual, of very abject hovels. The grandeur of the descent is al- most beyond my ability to describe. The bridges thrown over vast chasms; the mountains tumbling as it were ~ upon mountains, which, from their huge scattered fragments, threaten to overwhelm the traveller ; the galleries cut through almost impenetrable rock, and even through solid masses of “ thick-ribbed ice,”—the Glaciers; ri- vers of the impetuous torrents, which rush down the mountains,—here form- ing immense cascades, and there more gentle streams, as they occasionally meet with vallics in their vast descent; the hills decorated frequently with woods and verdure, and the vales with frnit and cultivation ; the romantic cot- tages built of the fir-tree, and the rude misery of these Alpine peasantry; the tops of the mountains eternally lost in clouds, or coyered with snow: who can imagine one-half of the grand,— the sublime,—the picturesque,—and the beautiful,—which alternately and incessantly present themselves to the astonished eye. s We now reached Domo D'Ossola, and were launched into Italy: my companion did not fail to express his admiration at the-~ first appearance around us,—the elegant architecture of the buildings which covered the slopes of the mountains, and the exu- berance which saluted us. (To be continued. ) —fa For the Monthly Magazine. LYCEUM OF ANCIENT LITERATURE. NO. XXXVII. MARTIAL (concluded ). FAAMISS briefly noticed the chief particulars of importance in the life of Martial, it remains to make some remarks on bis productions, and his general character asa writer, We have already seen that he enjoyed the patronage and friendship of many of ithe principal men of his own time, and 1823.] and some of the most judicious critics of a later date -have confirmed tlie praises bestowed upon him by his co- temporaries. By the latter his works were heldin high estimation, as plainly appears from their numerous testimo- nies to his merits. Perhaps we may reasonably be permitted to suspect, that he was indebted for much of this admiration to his having introduced a species of composition till then lit- tle known to his countrymen. A few Specimens of it may, it is true, be oc- casionally found in the Greek Antho- logy; but Martial is almost the only writer among the ancients who has left us numerous or happy examples of the kind of epigram to which the moderns appear to have exclusively apprepriated that name; where a pointed or witty conclusion is drawn from a peculiar collision ef resem- blances or differences in the subjects chosen. In devoting himself to the composition of poems of this nature, the poet of Bilbilis selected a ground almost untrodden by any of his prede- cessors, and which, if we take into aceount the number and variety of bis productions, no succeeding writer has occupied to so much advantage. Mar- tial appears to have been born an epigrammatist. He found in every action which ke performed himself, or remarked in another, the theme of an epigram; anda kind of composition so readily adapting itsclf to every subject, equally calculated for the purposcs of wit or humour, satire or compliment, and recommended to most of his readers by the attractive charm of novelty, could hardly fail to be picasing and popular. It is not, at the same time, te be concealed, that his productions were of «a nature to create him numerous enemies. Many of his epigrams were entirely personal in their subjects ; and the severity and pointedness which usually characterised his satire were not likely to be speedily forgot, or easily forgiven, by those who were the objects of it. There can be little doubt, that to this circumstance may be attri- buted much of the vexations that he experienced, and the malevolence with which he was assailed, particu- Jarly in the decline of his life. But the enmity which had power to harass and embitter the latter part of his exis- tence, was unable to influence the poct’s posthumous reputation. Mar- MontTuLy Maa. No. 878. Lyceum of Ancient Literature. 17 tial had evidently been cautious in the selection of snbjects for his satire; of the majority of these persons whom he has attacked in his epigrams, the very. names would have been unknown to posterity, had he not given them an unenviable niche in the temple of fame. And scarcely an instance occurs of his having risqued offending any con- temporary whose testimony could be likely to detract from the high charac- ter which the poet enjoyed among the literati of antiquity. Judging of his merits as an author, at a distance of time which precludes the possibility of being influenced by those prejudices and personal feclings which might bias the decision of his contemporaries, it would appear that the praises bestowed on his writings by the critics of his own time have, to say the least, had quite their due weight in swaying the opinions of readers at a later period. Martial seems to have been generally over- rated; and that eclebrity has been attributed to his superiority as a poet, which itis far more probable he owed to the circumstances we have before alluded to. His Latin can by no means be considered as remarkable for its purity, though, on this head, allowance must certainly be made for the period at which he wrote. Though he has given sufficient proof that he was capable of elegance, he was far from being habitually studious of it; and hence many of his compositions betray a carelessness and want of finish altogether unworthy of his abi- lities. In others he has eyidently written, not con amore, but mercly for the purpose of paying a compliment to some friend or patron ; and in these effusions the reader looks in vain for that spirit and vivacity, which on many occasions appear to be charac- teristics of the author. It must like- wise be remarked, that even some of his wittiest epigrams are chargeable with one fault, scarcely to be pardoned in that species of composition; name- ly, enabling the reader to anticipate the point of them almost from the very beginning. One praise, liowever, must be conceded to Martial, to which very few of the “‘ genus irrttabile vatum” can lay claim,—that of having apparently been capable of forming a just esti- mate of his own merits. The candid. confession contained in one of his pieces— D Sunt 18 Sunt bona, sunt quedam medio cria, sunt mala plura,— may be considered as exhibiting, in few words, an impartial statement of the general character of his writings. If it should be asked how, with so many faults in his productions, he has served as a model to most succeeding writers of the same class, while no small number of his epigrams have been translated, imitated, and adapted ‘im almost every possible form in the modern languages, .an answer appears readily to suggest itself on an attentive examination of the best of Martial’s compositions, particularly of those epigrams which have been more fre- quently imitated. It will be found that the humour conspicuous in them rarely rests upon allusions that are necessarily local and temporary, but js deduced from a keen and accurate observation of qualities, mental or personal, common to mankind in all ‘ages; and hence they are peculiarly susceptible of adaptation to existing circumstances. Nor has it been in- tended, in adverting to what appear to be faults in the works of this cele- brated writer, to detract in any degree from his just reputation, — neque detrahcre ausim Heerentem capiti multa cum laude co- ronam ; but to rectify the error committed by those who, endeavouring to conceal from themselves and others his un- doubted defects, have placed him on higher ground than he seems fairly entitled to occupy. But, whatever be the blots in his escutcheon, his talents were of a very superior kind; and the most ample praise is undoubtedly due to his genius, wit, and originality. Of one gifted with such extraordi- mary powers as a writer, it is truly painful to speak in degrading terms as a man; but, in the present instance, justice and impartiality demand that this should be done. With the excep- tion of his abilities, there was nothing to admire, nothing estimable or ho- nourable, in the character of Martial. We have already adverted to his cau- tious selection, for the subjects of his satire, of persons from the effects of whose resentment he imagined that he had little to fear; a conduct by no means indicative of exalted courage or virtue. His time-serving spirit is clearly seen in his prompt panegyrics on the reigning prince, whether yirtu- Lyceum of Ancient Literature. [Feb. 1, ous or vicious, and is more particu- larly exemplified in his behaviour in regard to Domitian. He stooped to accept from the hands of this execra- ble tyrant, public offices and munifi- cent donations, and employed his pen in eulogising him asa model of talent, virtue, and heroism; but when the death of that infamous sovereign freed Rome and the world from his unpa- ralleled cruelties, Martial was among the foremost to attack his memory; and he. satirized his vices with a bit- terness and acrimony, which, however merited by the object of them, were testimonies of the most revolting in- consistency and ingratitude from one who had been indebted for so many benefactions to the deceased mo- narch. But even his political mean- ness and tergiversation appear venial in comparison with the open war which, in so many parts of his writings, he has waged with all moral virtue and decency. Perhaps this might with more propriety have been noticed in speaking of him as a writer; but it is at least equally disgraceful to him as a man, and does not therefore secm out of place in describing his personal character. Besides, it ena- bles us to touch upon the subject with less reference to particular pas- sages, which is really some conside- ration; for the mind recoils with dis- gust from the recollection of pages, that depict in all their loathsome co- lours those nameless vices and impu- rities, which can be found indigenous only in the polluted soil of a despatic court. Nor is there any redecming circumstance, any extenuation, that can be suggested in the case of Mar- tial. The prince of amatory poets pleads the correctness of his life asa set-off to the warmth of some of his descriptiéns :—‘“‘ Lasciva est nobis pa- gina, vita proba est ;” and Catullus, in his feeble and indecent defence of his - objectionable pieccs, while he denies the necessity of his verse being pure and chaste, admits that the conduct of the writer himself should be irrepre- hensible in this respect :— Nam castum esse decet pium poetam Ipsum ; vérsiculos nihil necesse est. But Martial stands forward, the avowed practical champion of licenti- ousness and obscurity ; there are many of his effusions which every reader must perceive could be the produc- tions of none but a person acquainted by experience with the subjects of which 1823.] which he treats. He has, moreover, gone to far greater lengths than apy other ancient writer who has come down to us; and it is to be hoped, for the honour of human nature, that, as We are in possession of nothing so abominable as his infamous verses to his wife, there never has existed, and never will exist, any parallel to them. Nor are his indecencies of rare occur- rence, as in Horace; shrouded be- neath a veil of studied ambiguity, as is frequently the case with those of Ovid ; or distinguished by that seductive sweetness of language which Catullus but too skilfully employed: Martial’s literary outrages on morality are in- terspersed through the greater part of his pages without any attempt at disguise, and generally conveyed in language as coarse and inelegant as the subjects themselves are revolting. But enough of this part of his charac- Mr. Pitt's Remarks on the Weather at Carlisle. 19 ter, which could not with propriety have been omitted, nor adverted to but in terms of strong indignation. His Epigrams must be considered as valuable to the student, on account of the numerous illustrations that many parts of them afford of Roman cus- toms and manners, as they existed at the period at which he wrote; but it has been very properly remarked, that the book should be read with extreme caution which can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate the votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. Of its author, whatever opinion may be entertained of his talent as a poet, his character as a man must be unhesi- tatingly pronounced equally odious and despicable. Among the numerous editions of Martial, we may mention as the best those of Smids. Amst. 1701; and that of Raderus, ip folio, Mogunt. 1627. —=_— For the Monthly Magazine. January -eseseseee February+«++------ March.-.--- Sieisetel April sseessccoee May-+eeeeeeeeeeee June seco arsceres September October --e--cseee November - 4 December «--+--+++ or or Ann.M ean 49, General Remarks onthe Weather, Sc. ob- served at Carlisle during the year 1822. ANUARY.—tThe first nine days were very variable, with showers of snow, sleet, and rain; and intervals of frost in the nights: when all. the surrounding mountains were covered with snow. The remaindes was re- markably mild, and generally fair and pleasant. February—was mild, wet, and often extremely stormy. On the Ist, a most violent and destructive hurricane, from the south west, commenced in the night, and continued without inter- mission, with torrents of rain, during METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT for the last TWELVE MONTHS at CARLISLE. High. 50°35 30°65 30°53 30°46 50°45 50°37 30°20 30°25 30°41 50 06 50°13 30°65 Anaual Mean FE) - Low. 29°43 28°70 29°10 29°14 29-70 29°79 29°43 29°35 29°43 29:07 28°65 26°47 | 30° 35°38]178 4234 |131 Total.!Tot.] Tot.| Tot. the whole of the following day. On the morning of the 3d the River Eden was swelled several feet higher than ever remembered by the oldest person in this city or neighbourhood. The destruction of property adjoining the river, during its whole course, is incal- culable. ‘Ihe wind was so extremely violent, that few houses in this city or neighbourhood escaped injury, more or less. Some intervals of fair and pleasant weather occurred during the latter half of the month, March—which in this climate is generally marked’ by dry parching easterly winds, was this year perfectly the 20 the reverse. The wind, excepting the two last days of the month, was uni- formly west and south-west. The weather was mild, moist, and often very stormy, with heavy rains, when the rivers frequently overflowed their banks. Snow was at times observed on the mountains, but soon disappear- ed. The thermometer, during this and the preceding month, was never as low as the freezing point. April.—ihe first five days were fair, mild, and pleasant. In the evening of the 6th we had some lightning, and very loud peals of thunder, accompa- nied with heavy falls of hail and rain. The weather afterwards was variable, but generally moist and gloomy, with showers of rain, hail, snow, and sleet. On the 22d we were again visited with vivid lightning, loud peals of thunder, and heavy rain; and also on the 26th with distant thunder, and extremely heavy showers of large hail, or rather masses of ice. The remaining four days were oppressively warm: on the 30th the thermometer was as high as 70°, May.—The weather continued ra- ther cold and showery till the 13th ; it - afterwards was exceedingly warm, dry, and brilliant, during the remain- der of the month. June — was marked by severe drought, and bright and extremely hot sun-shine. ‘The small quantity of rain, 1:05 inch, fell chiefly in the nights of the 26th and 28th. July.—The weather was remarkably wet: the depth of rain, 5-33 inches, is more than double our monihly ave- rage. On the 18th, and the four fol- lowing days, we had much thunder and lightning: the thunder was at times dreadfully loud, and the light- ning extremely dense and vivid. The first week, and the last three days, of the month were unseasonably cold, August.—The former part of this month was fair and pleasant. On the 14th we had avery heavy fall of rain ; it afterwards was fair, and oppressive- ly warm, till the 26th, when thunder and lightning occurred almost every day, with torrents of rain, till the end of the month. The depth of rain, 5°30 inches, is nearly equal to that of the former month. September.—The weather during‘ the first eleven days was rather showery ; and, excepting a light fall of rain on the 26th, the whole of the remainder was fair, and excecdingly mild and 1 Mr. Piti’s Remarks on the Weather at Carliste« [Feb. 1, pleasant, which finished in this district a most abundant harvest. October—was, on the whole, very wet, but remarkably mild for the sea- son. About the middle of the month we had four or five days of dry parch- ing easterly winds, with hoar frost in the nights. The whole of the remain- der was unseasonably mild. ‘The last six days were fair, and execedingly serene and pleasant. November-—was most unseasonably mild, and extremely wet and stormy. The wind, which was always westerly, often blew violent hurricanes, accom- panied with torrents of rain. In the latter part of the month we had much lightning, and on the morning of the 28th loud peals of thunder, when the lightning was extremely vivid, and ac- companied with heavy showers of large hail, at which time snow was observed on the western mountains. December.—The weather during the first cight days was extremely wet, and at times very stormy, when the surrounding mountains were partially covered with snow. On the 9th a frost commenced, which continued till the 17th. Gn the 12th the thermo- meter was as low as 22°. From this lime till the 24th it was very moist and foggy. ‘The remainder was a dry settled frost, and remarkably calm and pleasant. The total quantity of rain this year, 35°38 inches, exceeds the general average 53 inches. Carlisle ; Jan. 8, 1823. Wy. Pitt. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE figure now exhibiting as a mermaid, having raised in many a belief in the existence of such an animal, I beg leave to offer you what I consider as a proof of its artificial structure, and that it is composed of a baboon and a fish. In taking away the lower part of the body of the mon- key, the spine has been: preserved en- tire, and has been inserted under the skin down the back of the fish, so as to show a coniinued chain of vertebral projections, which gives it the appear- ance of being the back of one animal. That the vertebre should appear in the upper part of the back might be expected ; but, when it assumes the character of a fish, the spine, like that of other fishes, must be in the centre; and if, from the singularity of its struc- ture 1823.] ture, it really did continue along the back, it wou}d consequently alter the configuration of the fin at the end of the tail; which, being formed on an _elongation of that bone, must necessa- rily have a corresponding arrange- ment: whereas the tail-fin of the exhi- hited monster is evidently formed like that of all other fishes on a central spine. I. G. P. ———— For the Monthly Magazine. LAPE ITALIANA. NO, XXX, Dov’ ape susurrando Nei mattatini albori Vola suggendo i rugiadosi umori. Guarini. Where the bee, at early dawn, Murmuring sips the dews of morn, SALVATOR ROSA. T has been observed by a great. modern genius, whose works are well known, that the subject of our memoir was the Shakespeare of paint- ing; and, if we consider how few men could boast the same versatility of powers in so high adegrce as Salvator Rosa, we shall feel inclined to admit the justness of the remark. The poct, the painter, and the scholar, were sel- dom seen so happily united, while the lighter qualities of the mimic and the wit, every-where recommend- ed him as one of a few choice spirits, and most amusing companions. That which in common minds is often a cause of failure, was in Salvator the source of the highest fame and success, —opposite and almost incompatible powers, and the utmost variety in his pursuits. These were confined to no single brauch,—in the study of history and portrait, painting of landscape and figures,—combining grandeur of con- ception with freedom of touch, and bold and glowing, rather than correct colouring; he excelled, though it would be too much to say equally well in all. His genius, perhaps, soared higher, and his productions are more surprising and original, in landscape than in any other separate branch. Thus, though standing high as a sati- rist, a polite scholar, and historian, it is by nomeans improbable that he will owe his lasting reputation to the free- dom and beauty of his landscapes. He was born at Naples in 1615, and bred to a learned profession. His father, who had some little property, bestowed much pains on his early edn- cation, and instructed him in the ele- DL) Ape Italiana, No. XX XI. 21 mentary principles of the sciences. Soon discovering his son’s genius, and avowed predilection for the art by which he became afterwards so dis- tinguished, he rather attempted to check its indulgence; til, finding that the young Salvator exercised it in se- eret, and knowing that several of his relations among his ancestors had fol- lowed it with some success, he deter- mined no longer to control him. To this he was the rather led, as he per- ceived his son, jealous of his initer- ference in his favourite study, never allowed it materially to interrupt his progress in scientific and classical learning. A more favourable circumstance for the cultivation of our young artist’s taste, was his sister’s marriage with Ciecio Vracanzano, a painter, and native of the same city, whom he found kind enough to give him advice without discouraging him, and instruc- tion without exacting a reward. He pointed out to him in the neighbour- hood of Naples scenes which amply provided him with subjects fitted for his pencil; and was soon gratified to perceive, in the rapidity, truth, and power developed in his sketches, and in the facility and correctness with which he completed them, that he had not been mistaken in his young kins- man’s genius. From drawing, with equal success he proceeded to colours; and his first smal! pictures in oil exhi- bit the same original character of fire and beauty, of ease combined with spirit, that we perceive in his larger pieces. ‘These he gradually extended as he felt his ripening powers; and, in a short time, found no dificalty in disposing of them,—though at very insignificant prices,—to the various collectors, dealers, and pieture-shops, with which Naples abounded. On the exhibition of his picture of Hagar and Ishmacl, the famous Lan- franco, engaged at that time in Naples in painting the cupola of the church of Christ,—being struck with it as he was passing, enquired the price; and, expressing his surprise at ils very mo- derate terms, immediately purchased it. He was so much pleased, that he shortly after returned, to bay all the remainder he could meet with by the same artist, confirming the good opi- nion of several of the first citizens respecting his surprising talents. This was soon followed by fresh demands upon bis pencil; and had the happy ellect, 22 effect, united to a proper appreciation of bis own deserts, of adding conside- rably to their price. Having realized a small stock of money, he soon after, about the twen- tieth year of his age, left Naples on an excursion to Rome, where he had such a terrible attack of sickness, as obliged him, on recovering, to return to his native place. A space of two years intervened before he ventured, with his slender resources, to repeat his visit, when he was first introduced to many of the principal artists and ce- lebrated men in Rome. There is a story related by Dome- nici of the occasion of his leaving ‘Naples, which, however, we think en- titled to very little credit. During its possession by the Spaniards, Naples was frequently disturbed by popular riots and insurrections. Salvator was accused of having made himself too busy in uniting in the schemes. of the insurgents, and joining with bodies of natives, formed under various deno- minations anddevices. It would seem that Salvator showed his usual taste for the wild and terrible, in fixing up- on that of the Campioni di Morte, or Death-Champion, who scoured the streets, committing many assassina- tions and bloody murders, in which the Spaniards were particularly in- eluded, without mercy or remorse. Becoming in this way obnoxious, as we may suppose, to magistrates, it is said that he hastily retreated from his native place, to avoid the very unplea- sant consequences of detection. As coutemporary writers say no- thing in confirmation of so serious a charge, we feel bound to dismiss it with many other anecdotes of distin- guished persons, entitled much to the same degree of credit. On his return from Rome, we find our young artist gradually rising un- der the patronage of the Bishop of Viterbo, afterwards promoted to the dignity of Cardinal, whom he accom- panied to his see, and was employed in painting a rich altar-piece for the church, exhibiting the doubting apos- tle, St. Thomas, in the act of touching the wound in the side of Christ. Here also, it appears, he first indulged his taste for poetry, becoming acquainted with young Abbate, then a poet of some distinction ; from whose conver- sation he was Jed to attempt some trifling effusions, which encouraged him to proceed. It was long, how- _L’Ape Italiana, No. XX XI. [Feb. f, ever, before he produced any regular work, and considered himself antho- rised as a poet to appear before the public eye. After completing the ornaments of the church, he resolved to send some specimens of his works to Rome, in order to try whether he might yct venture his repatation in a place distinguished for the number and excellence of the great masters of the art, before he himself appeared to challenge competition in sueh an arduous career. For this he now de- voted himself unremittingly to his profession, and was soon delighted to hear that one of his pictures, of 'Titius torn by the vulture, exhibiting among the finest productions of the Ronian artists, had attracted universal atten- tion, and enquiries were making on all sides for the new master. Quitting Naples in a moment, he approached Rome with feelings doubt- less as exulting as any of the Roman conquerors, after;a long and danger- ous campaign. His success speedily enabled him to take a handsome resi- dence; where, in the true spirit of thoughtless genius, he began to enter- tain his friends,—returning the hospi- table conviviality he had met with on his preceding visit ; seasoning conyer- sation with genius, and mirth and the festive board with the sallies of untu- fored wit. Like Burns,—of a very similar genius,—he would have the taper of life burn fresh and fast; pouring more oil upon oil, and stirring it up as if to see how short a time he could make it last; though he did not succeed,—we should perhaps say ex- ceed,—so much as_ Burns: living to hear sixty years of age. While his reputation was thus rising to its tide, the Grand Carnival took place at Rome. His genius, flushed with victory and joy, seized the golden moments to pour his stores of wit and humour into the common fund. He poured out several nearly extempore comedies, in which he disposed the characters for himself and friends, re- commending their performance by reserving full license of personal sa- tire and invective; heightening it to a popular flavour, to the great scandal of many of the more important per- sonages of the city. They retorted with scurrility and abuse; in which, however, Salvator had the wisdom to decline further controversy. From Rome, on an invitation from Mattia de Medici, he proceeded to llorence, 1823.] Florence, where he was received with every mark of kindness and distinc- tion from his new patron, and the first artists of the place. Here he devoted himself with more earnestness to his profession than at Rome, and produced some of those fine pictures, upon which his fame as a great painter chiefly rests. Of some of these he has left us etchings of his own, parti- cularly an excellent one of his Dio- genes and Democritus, which, witha few of his last landscapes, every where obtained for him distinguished regard. His merits as a poet seem here, also, to have been first acknowledged, while his conversational vivacity, and ta- Jents at once combining mimicry, re- partee, and real wit, brought around him the best company, as well of fo- reigners as of the nobility of Florence. His residence, as at Rome, was sought by the most distinguished cha- yacters in literature and the arts, as well as being open to the younger and more needy. His leisure hours were chicfly passed in such society as the humourous Berni, the inimitable modernizer and sly parodist of Orlando Innamorato, the great Carlo Dati, Cardinal Bandinelli, aud Pietro Sal- vetti, distinguished for his ready poe- tical vein, and universal knowledge of literature. Such a rich knot of choice spirits had gathered round him, that he pro- posed in his own defence, and in the manner of the age, to elect them into an academy, with a clause attached to the academical Jaws, binding them, at certain periods, to entertain the no- bility and fellow-citizens with theatri- cal amusements, both tragedy and comedy, as they pleased ; in any thing hut the last of which he was ready to assist them. This really took place; and Salvator opened the subscription for a convivial fund, with which they gave many entertainments, and par- ties of wit and pleasure, though always with a due seasoning of literary taste, and the cultivation of talent. The emoluments of his art were more than equal to such demands, and set him completely above the fears of former needy days, of weeks, of months, and even of some years. He might well consider Florence as “the seat of art;” as, far from being impoverished by his visit, he found himself, on taking leave, in possession of 3000 crowns. Having remained at Florence about Salvator Rosa. 23 nine years, Salvator left that place; and, on the invitation of his triends Uge and Guilio Matlei, went to Vol- terra, where he had before paid them a visit, and been highly gratified with his entertainment. Salvator now ac- companied his liberal hosts to their different country-residences, where he employed his time in painting, in com- posing his poetical works, in the so- ciety of several persons of wit and learning who frequented the house of the Matfei; and in hawking, and other rural diversions. The time of dinner passed with the greatest degree of hi- larity and merriment; for, though Salvator had great fire and vivacity in his repartees, and dealt round his wit with extreme freedom, he was not often deficient either in good temper or politeness. In this delightful situation he spent three years, during which time he composed the greatest part of his sa- tires, and painted several pictures, both in public buildings and for indi- viduals. On lcaving Volterra, Sal- vator returned once more to Rome, not without being greatly regretted by the friends he left, many of whom sought to continue that intercourse with him by letters which they could not longer enjoy in his conversation. The multitude of pictures which Salvator painted after his return to Rome, bafiles the diligence of his con- temporary historias to enumerate. A considerable number were painted for Carlo Rossi, who furnished an entire gallery with his works. To the same person, under the name of Carolus Rubens, Salvator bas dedicated his etchings of Banditti. In the year 1672, the health of this singular artist began to decline; and, notwithstanding the efforts of medi- cine, and the care of his friends, his disorder continued to increase, till it settled in a dropsy, which carried him off on the 15th of March, 1673. His wit and vivacity did not altogether forsake him during his illness. At Florence he had contracted an intimacy with a lady of the name of Lucretia, who accompanied him to, and resided with him at, Rome; and by whom he had two children. A short time before his death he was in- duced, on the representation of his friends, and from an apprehension of futurity, to marry her, though other- wise reluctant; having, as it is said, some reason to doubt her fidelity. On : ; oné 24 one of his friends pressing him much on this subject, and assuring him that, if he hoped to arrive in Parailise, this measure was absolutely necessary, he answered, ‘If cuckoldom be a ne- eessary qualification for Paradise, I must submit.” His son Augusto placed a tablet to his memory, “with his bust, in the church ef the Certera, with the following epitaph, “Un po forse troppo ampolloso,” as Passeri justly observes :— dD. oO. M. Salvatorem Rosem Neapolifanum Pictorum sui temporis Nulli secundum Poetarum onmium temporum Principibas parem Angustus filius hic mzrens Composnit Sexagenario minor obiit Anno Sal. ipcLXXIIL. Fdibus Martii, —=ae 4 For the Monthly Magazine. NOTICE relative lo the BURIAT TARTARS ; extracted from recent Reporis of Fo- reign Missionaries, latcly inserted in the “ Revue Eneyclopedique.” ELINGINSK is a military esta- blishment iu Siberia, south-cast of Irkutsk, and the Lake Baikal, at the distance of 160 miles from Irkutsk. its population, not including that of several villages, is about 3000. It is situated in the midst of 10 or 12,060 Buriat Tartars, among the most civi- lized tribes, and in the cenire of all the Buriats, on the eastside of Baikal; having on the north the numerous tribe of Chorinsk Brriats, rated at 30,000, and on the south the Mongols of Chinese Tartary. The Buriat Tartars have no parti- cular form of government, but every tribe has its chief, called the Taischi, whose power is very limited, his influ- ence depending on the personal esteem of ‘his subjects. ‘The Dzaisangs form a sort of noblesse ; and, being the most opulent heads of families, exercise a certain authority over the people in general. The different tribes have their temples, called Koormirnas ; those of the Chorinsk Buriats, who are distinguished by their riches, are con- structed of stone; the others are of wood. ' These Tartars, in general, are ex- tremely ignorant, even in the dogmas of their “superstition. They do not perceive the necessity of such know- ledge; their duty consisting, as they Notice relative to the Buriat Tartars. [Feb. 1, believe, in reciting prayers in an un- known tongue, and practising certain religious forms. Such a religion is not unsuitable to their indolence of mind and depraved nature. The sha- dow of man, as they say, is his God, who accompanies him every where, and is ever present ; but is only visible when the sun shines. Their place of worship comprises about a dozen buildings of wood, of different dimensions, and standing close together. The manner of pray- ing has a connexion with the ideas of the people respecting matter and mo- tion. ‘Lhe Buriats use a prayer, writ- ten on along slip of paper, suspended where it may easily be set in motien, by the wind or passengers; otherwise, they rollit about the rundlet of a litile windmill, such as are posted up in gar- dens, to frighten the birds. One par- ticular spot contains about a hundred of thesc mills; so many prayers are suspended to the roofs of the chapels, that there is no stirring a step without agitating one or other of them. The same mechanical system is in use for private prayers. Ounce of the missionaries, on a visit to the head chief of the Buriats of Selinginsk, found on the outside of the tenement a mast, to which a large linen cloth was fastened, with a prayer written on it. This bemeg constantly kept in motion by the wind, spares the lama the trouble of offering up ihe prayers which his duty prescribes. In some places the lamas cut out prayers in blocks of wood, commonly fifteen inches long by four broad. ‘The letters are neatly cut on each side of the block. the price is one-third of the. cattle that had been in possession of the deceased. The interment of a ‘Taschi, that died some time ago, cost about 200,000. roupies, or 10,0004. sterling, — a noble legacy for the Jamas! _. The riches of the Buriat Tartars consist of flocks and herds, which they are obliged to separate, for the convenience of procuring pasture ; rarely more than ten or twelve tents are found together, and most common- ly not more than three or four. The Buriats lead a nomad life; in respect of character, they are tractable and hospitable. we For the Monthly Magazine. AN IRISHMAN’S NOTES IN PARIS. NO. Ill, ORTONID’s, on the Boulevard des Italiens, is the smallest re- freshing house in Paris; neither is the style in which the rooms are decorated for public reception, so rich and showy as many others; and yet Tortoni’s is the vogue,—nay more, the only place in which a person of fashion can drink coffee, or take anice, without particu. MontHLY Mac. No. 378, An Irishman’s Notes on Paris, No. II. 25 lar detraction fromhis fame. Thither, from nine till noon;—to break their fast with a fork,—throng in constant succession all those public men, who, without occupation in matters of state, pretend to tell their gallant friend on the next chair more secrets than the happy man in oflice knows: thither, from eight till eleven at night, pour, from chariot, coach, and cabriolet, all those genial forms that, for beauty or for wealth, possess distinction, or fancy they enjoy it. Thither saunter all the English in Paris, to make the French vainer than they are; and thi- ther, Mr. Editor, as one of the fools that are led by the nose by their bet- ters, went I. The Jower rooms were crowded: not a seat was to be had; and I was about to ascend to the others, when a voice by my side exclaimed, ‘ Voila Mon- sieur Bifstech et sa grande famille!” and I turned to observe. There they were contentedly. A round dozen filling the largest table in the house: the father, with a plump face, savory and sober as the steak he was named after; his wife, so fat and chuckling ; six girls, with short waists, scimping bonnets, and looks so ruddy and mo- dest; and four young men, most stu- pid. ‘‘Oh, my good God! I shall sink under the weight,’ cried the waiter behind, as he advaneed with a large tray of ices, and such a pile of crisped cakes. Could cakes create the sense, we had all enjoyed a good notion of sublimity, The glasses-con- tained every variety of colour and qua- lity inscribed upon the bill, The mo- ther took two,—a red and a white one; three of the youths followed the hint ; and it was worth payment to see the shrewd face and tone with which the waiter observed, as he set them be- fore her, ‘‘ Voila, madame, votre blanc et votre rouge.” : This was all yery well,—in the ge- nuine spirit of bullismand abundance: the air of the party, and the smiles of the company, proved the thing deci- dedly. However, the load had scarce- ly disappeared,—and no extraordinary time was lost in the change,—when the good man, whom I set down as the father of the family, muttered out, ’T was very good, to be sure; but he’d like something after, to warm it. “Eh, Betsy, my dear, (he says to the youngest girl,) suppose we _ haye some collec, and some nice cakes?” i Eyery 26 Every one looked willing. The waiter ‘was summoned,—the coffee ordered ; and this Mercury of messengers (by- the-bye, I have not met an apter fellow than Tortoni’s chief,) was about to vanish towards quick service, when Mr. Bull cries, “ An’ Jet’s have enough, -d’ye mind; and some brandy: I'll have some brandy,”—as I supposed to cool the coffee. ‘Fie! dear, (ex- claimed his easy rib,) no brandy here, pray ;’ and the girls added ‘ Oh!’ with altéred looks, and the young men eyed the polished floor. “ Yes, but L will though, (lustily continued the son of Britain:) I tell you, dear, ’tis the fashion here. Why, look ye there at that soldier with the black mustaches ; don’t you sce, that’s bran- dy he’s got.” ‘But he calls that a petty vere, love.’ — Well, then, let me have a petty vere!” Again the waiter bowed to the ground, and, with an-in- Stinct the perfection of wonder, pro- mised “ Monsieur le petit vere aussi.” I presented my compliments for a ‘good laugh, and left Monsieur Bif- steck et sa grande famille over coffee _ after ice. Up stairs every chair was also press- ed: I asked for a cream of morasquin, and leaned against the wall, until po- liteness or rotation should present more convenience. ‘ Well,” said a musical voice at the table near me, “‘well,—the black cat was upon the little boy’s back last night.” ‘ Boy,— cat,’ repeated a man by her side, whom I recognized for my Irish friend O’Tallan, ‘ Boy,—cat: I don’t under- stand.’—“T like that—(continued the Jady ;) I like to see a little gentleman “presume to take pique at alady.” ‘I assure you, Louisa, I neither know who offended, or who presumed.’ This ‘was most seriously declared, and she looked full upon him, with such an air, and a manner so exquisite! her head hung a little aside, her eyes swelling ‘brightly, and a half-smiling lip of such winning art! What would not I have dared for such a'regard! Gentle wo- man, there have been moments: when, unknown and in sorrow, I have gazed upon thy charms in contemplative extasy, and my spirit has imbibed -consolation,—deemed thy fair face a ‘volume of sweet wonders, and envied every form on which your eye wan- dered. I felt so then most fixedly; and proudly beat my heart as I looked around the room, and‘marked the su- periority of English beauty, The lady 1 An Trishman's Notes on Paris, No, II. [Feb. 1, caught my intense regard, and, doubt- less, understood its expression,—for she instantly dropped ber head, with a blush. This drew O’Tallan’s obser- vation, and he came up to me: either countenance explained that we thonght together. ‘ Well, what do you think? (he asked, as he shook my hand,) that’s Louisa.” ‘You're a lucky fellow, Ned,’ and I returned the pressure.— «But come, (said he,) you'll sit down, and judge for yourself. 'Fhat’s my gran,—poor gran, very good, and very helpless. Come: Mrs. —, Mr. —; Mr. —, Mrs. —; Miss —, Mr. —;” and so on, through the repetitions of a formal introduction to the party. As is usual upon such occasions, conversation ceased for the moment: O’Tallan, however, soon relieved the party, and remarked, that in this gay city nothing surprised him more than its endless variety. ‘* Morn, noon, and night, (said he,) since I got here, have I walked about in curiosity, and still I roam, and still am pleased with novel- ty. Now and again, indeed, I meet the same face ; but upon each occasion there is sure to be anew grimace upon it, to exhilarate the misfortunes of the wearer.” ‘At home, (I observed,) habitually we do not look at half that comes before us; here we set our eyes at a double stare on. every thing we meet. The contrarieties of life, though not greater, are at least more hu- mourously displayed on this side of the water.’ O’Iallan here whispered, I was learned, and an author; and the ladies very kindly adjusted themselves in a position that seemed to promise attention, in case I proceeded to mo- ralize: but I held my tongue, and he -went on.—‘‘1 had lounged upon Cob- lentz,sauntered along the shady Tuil- leries, admired elegance on the one, and beauty on the other,—I mean English beauty,—French I have seen none; and I daily go to see how our’s does abroad. But, of the promenade on the Boulevard du Temple, and the Jardin Turque, [had no concep- tion. I went there last night. You must all go there, by all means, and you'll not find, in its difference from the present scene, your narrowest source of pleasure. An easy crowd revolved in sober enjoyment ; the gait of each domestic party informed me they came for relaxation, and the countenance bespoke that it was found. Oh! blessed occupation, said I to myself; almost sacred business ; would 1823.} would that you and I were better ac- quainted: from every passenger hero you have prevented evil to day, and to the present hour you impart its pe- culiar satisfaction. I heard a father, as he lifted a little boy on his knee, and gave him a cake, whisper in his ear, ‘You'd not have been so gay, Alfred, if you’d not been so good and studious.’ ” ‘ Edward, (interrupted the fair Louisa,) if you talk so sillily, we'll not listen to you.” ‘ Pshaw, (he proceeded,) I’d have been sentimental in a moment, but for that interruption. Man's but an infant of another age. Seriously, however, we may as well philosophize on the variations of coflee- houses as the fate of empires; the de- cline of the Jardin Turque as the fall of Napoleon; the elevation of Tortoni as the restoration of the Bourbons—is notable and impressive. I was. as- sured by one of those polite commu- nicants one is certain to meet with here in every place of resort, that du- ring the fortune of imperialism the unchristian turrets of the garden were wont to cover crowned heads. The wonder of the age has privately visited them, and allowed the noisy crowd to elbow his victorious ribs, while he in- dulged his vanity, and heard his peo- ple laud him. Most respectfully I took leave to doubt the fact: but the man swore by his honour, and his country’s fame, his own eyes had seen him, his own hands once served him with an ice. “Twas very hard, but I still disbelieved ; however he establish- ed the contrast.”” Tortoni for the mo- ment sunk diminished. Fashion must, 1 bethought, blush now to show her languid features in those walks. No young maiden, vain of colour, there encourages a distant admirer by pert- nes3 to an old lover. An errant song- ster, or solitary minstrel, occasionally relieves the monotony of step after step; and now and again a buffoon dances before the crowd, to excite the ready laugh. On the seat next me was a renter, old as the national debt, scanning numbers over a frugal bottle of beer. On the other side’ was a portly dame, who, proud of the golden days of Louis quinze, still whispered scandal of Madame de Pompadour, and drew spirit for the tale from a glass of liqueur. As for dress, it would be asin to describe a concourse in France, and omit dress; here it was an emblem of the character,—sim- ple; a merino is a point of luxury, . An Trishman’s Notes on Paris, No. II. 27 and as for a cachemire, the boy de- clared that one had appeared at the gate during the last summer; but such was the rush to wonder, and so great a commotion ensued; that the police marched in double quick pace from the station opposite, in full cer- tainty of a traitor. As he would de- scribe the effect, a noise within the garden caught his ear; a moment ho hearkened ; ‘’Tis another cachemire,” he cried, and hurried away. I follow- ed, with a hope. of novelty; but how different the reality: my judgment soon proved in error. A poor blind man had unwittingly entered the gar- dén; he moved warily onwards, led by a miserable dog, and the people pressed to see how he would make his. progress through the intricacy of the bowers.. Each one looked piquantly in the other’s face, and the wanderex meekly prayed, ‘Pity the poor and blind !’—all was silence; ‘as you hope for happiness yourselves,’ he conti- nued; and, beating the bushy sides, became conscious of his dubious way. His innocent little guide was then re- proachfully checked, and a smile ran round. ‘Ihave fought for my coun- try,’ he added, still hopeful of relief; ‘in her service lost my sight ;’ at last the laugh was loud, as he brushed by an obtrusive branch; and the poor dog whined under his kicks. I -would have darted forward, led the luckless creature to the street, scolded its spite- ful master, and abused the false crowd ; but a second’s thought, and a few francs, made the waiter my deputy. My charm vanished: I took two ices to cool my temper, and went to bed in a pet notwithstanding. Paut SENACHY. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, oh ec following Tables present the monthly means, as deduced from an accurate meteorological journal kept at Epping, latitude 51° 41’ 42” N. longitude 27” E. of Greenwich, during the year 1822. The observations from which these tables have been con- structed were made with good instru- ments, and as near the times specified as possible; the barometer, with the attached thermometer, hangs on the landing-place of a first flight of stairs, with the surface of the mercury in the basin twelve feet from the ground, and where neither is affected by any artifi- cial heat ; the external thermometer is a 28 Mr. Squire’s Meteorological at a great distance from any building, freely exposed to the air, has a north- ern aspect, and is not affected by the direct rays of the sun; its height from. the ground is about four feet. The rain gauge is in a perfectly exposed situation, and is about seven feet from the surface of the ground ; this instru- ment was sent me by that indefatiga- ble meteorologist, Luke Howard, esq. and is well adapted to the purpose: at the same time, great care was taken to measure the water as often as any fell, so as to prevent the least diminu- tion from the effects of evaporation,— a precaution very necessary to be at- tended to, especially during wind, in the spring and summer months. ‘The evaporating guage is about three feet from the ground, has a small roof to prevent the rain from falling into it, Meteorological Table AT 8 A.M. Mean of|Mean of Mean |Attached]&xternal of Baro-/Chermo-|Thermo- meter. | meter. | meter, |N. Journal kept at Epping. [Veb.1, but is so placed as to admit of a free circulation of air over the surface of the water intended to show the quan- tity of evaporation. I find, from ex- periments made at the same time with evaporators of the like lineal dimen- sions, that the process of evaporation is so liable to be affected by locality of situation, that no general result can be obtained as to the quantity, even for a very limited extent; but this I know, that the proximity of plants, shrubs, or trees, very much impedes the gradual solution of water in air, and which points out the impropriety of allowing high trees to grow near a dwelling-house, as they always must render the same damp and unhealthy, and to that degree of which few people are aware. T. SQUIRE, Epping ; Jan. 7, 1823. s for the Year 1822. AT 2 P.M. WIND, Mean of}Mean o WIND. Mean |Attached|External ‘of Baro-|Thermo-|'Thermo- ’.) meter. | meter. | meter. E.|S. N,] E. January «+++. February ---- March April ecvcccee May eceeeeess cl @esecose July eeeeeene August ++++-> September... -- October---+++ November:--- Decemberee-- Yearly Means Mean 29°726) 40°065 29°738] 44°214 29°684| 47°097 29°588) 47°700 29°653| 58000 29°77 0) 65°300 29°484) 62°710 29°584) 62°290 29°640| 57°567 29°379) 53°677 29°4.20| 48°867 29°76] 37-097 29°614) 52-049 Mean o Attached Mean o External 36°323|37 40°178)15 43°193/11 45°700)/41/2 55°968|54 64°133)358}< 62°903)}24 60°645/22 54°800)44) 2 49°806|10 44°400)10 51°355/58/4 49°117|29 of Baro-|Thermo-|Thermo- Ineter, a Ee for 8 & 2.\for 8 & 2.|for8 & 2.1N |'E.| S.|w. meter, meter, 29°721) 40°677 29°7 26) 45145 29°659| 48°871 29°585| 49°233 29°640| 60°258 29°7.62) 67°733 29°480| 64°365 29°58 1) 63936 34 29°651| 59°367 29°341| 54°806 29°369] 49°655 29°692| 37°484 29°599! 53°459 WIND. Evapo- Depth of ration, 41°645]39] 5|18]62 47°107| 3] 4/58l4 53000] 9} O}41|74! 55°100|59)26|31|24 67+419]51/44)1 111 76'633]30|42]19|29 71°968|15|12/59|38 70°581|15/19|26|66 63867 |28|42)20)30 57°419|13,22153/36 50-133)16| 2151)51 36°548/42 45 28] 9 sora 3540, ax 5 ax. Max. |Range of} Range of r ror Attached] External Thermo-|T hermo- Rain. Bar. | meter. meter. 40°571| 38°984'38) 5/14/67] +418] +973]1°27] 12° g0° February -+| 29°732) 44°679] 45-643] 8] 657/41] 1°358] 1:992/ 1:30 22 March- - - - ++} 29°671] 47°984| 48-096|10| 2/41/71] 1°517 | 3-009 37 April +++ee+) 29°586] 48°467] 50°400/40/23/36|21| 2°688 | 2°5992 52 May -+++++} 29°647| 59°129] 61°693]53/44113/14] 1°210| 3-255 33 June ++++++! 29'766| 66°516| 70°383|34/39|18198} *961 | 4-393 33 July ++++-+| 29°482! 63°537| 67-436!20| 9/53/49] 3-011 | 9-832 24 August +++-| 29°583] 65°113] 65°613]17|14)28165| 1°388] 2-469 32 September -+| 29635] 58°467] 59°333|36|34|18/32| :764| 9°384 23 October ++ +*| 29 360) 54°242] 53°613]12]27|/59126| 3824] 1°066 31 November - -} 29°395| 49°250] 47267|13] 6/60/41| 3°847} +958 28 December ++} 29-699} 37*290] 33-951/40|43|27|14| 1°646} +602 26 Yearly Means 26°425 28:4 3823.]} P.S.—I have no wish to occupy your pages to the exclusion of your more scien- tific communications; but must beg te observe, that I believe, if correct observa- tions of the barometer, the attached and external thermometer, were made in dif- ferent parts of the country for one year, or even for a much less period, and amean of ‘their observations taken as above, and compared, we might by that useful instru- ment, the barometer, be enabled to ascer- tain the exact elevation of most parts of the country. It must be evident to every one, that the mean altitudes of the baro- meter, obtained froma great many observa- tions, would so far reduce the errors arising from unequal atmospheric pressure, as not in the least to affect the results founded on such observations; for, though an equili- brium of pressure may never take place over the whole extent of this island, at any given increment of time; yet, nevertheles-, any change in one place is generally fol- lowed or preceded by a similar change in others; and therefore the means, in such case, cannot be much atfected by this cir- cumstance. But there is another source from which errors may arise; and, if not attended to, will in a great degree render such comparative observations useless: I mean the constant variation of the altitude of the mercury in the basin ; this equation can always be found when barometers, ex- pressly constructed for the purpose of measuring altitudes, are used; but in our common portable chamber barometers there is no contrivance for that purpose. To render the common barometers useful for measuring altitudes, the exact point of zero, with the ratio of the area of an hori- zontal section of the mercury above the orifice of the tube in the basin, to that of the column itself, should be engraved on tle plate of the instrument, whence, by this simple plan, the most common ob- server will be able to find this equation ; aud which, being applied to the altitude shown by the vernier, will always give the exact height or length of the mercurial column above the surface of the quicksil- ver in the basin; observing to add the quantity thus found when the barometer is above zero, and subtract the same when it stands below the said point. ‘The sim- ple method here pointed out would, if adopted, completely establish the univer- sality of this interesting and useful instru- ment, T.S. —a—— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, S the excellent writer of your Medical Reports has this month recommended wash-leather waistcoats as a preventive and cure of rheu- matism, may I be allowed (in confir- mation of the Doctor’s recommenda. Remedy for Rheumatism. 29 tion,) to state, that I have been in the habit of wearing one for some conside- rable time ; and that, in my case, it has been attended with the most bene- ficial effect. It is my usual practice to take to it about the middle of No- vember, and to cast it eff some time in the spring; the particular time depends upon the season. My mode of wear- ing it is between my flannel waist- coat and shirt; and I can assure your readers, that, since my adoption of it, I have been entirely free from rheu- matic pains, to which I was previously subject. fay I be permitted, sir, to embrace the present opportunity of expressing the satisfaction which I always derive from the perusal of Dr. Uwins’ excel- lent Reports: but I would beg to sug- gest to the Doctor, with the greatest deference, the propricty of abstaining from technical words. The Reports are written for general readers, and I am persuaded they generally interest ; but [ must confess that, for one, I fre- quently feel disappointment at not be- ing able fully to comprehend the writer's meaning. [ trust he will pardon my animadversions, as [ can assure him, that no individual can have a higher opinion of his medical talent and cor- rectness of judgment in his profession than myself; and, were I at any time to require medical aid, I should feel it an advantage to be able to consult Dr. Uwins. B. Z. London ; Dec. 1822. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, aes question relative to the loca- tion of the poor has ever been attended with considerable difficulty. To locate is to shackle them with the galling fetters of dependence; but how to relieve them effectually, without appropriating some particular spot to their reception, or place for their. em- ployment, is impossible, in the present state of society, to suggest. The nature of man is susceptible of improvement and expansion in moral feeling only as connected with, the independence of the mind: to be free is to be happy, and freedom only can result from-independence. Liberty of action is the natural consequence of moral independence. Moral inde- pendence results from industry; and industry from employment. To dimi- nish the means of labour, is to deprive the poor of their natural rights. ‘To exclude 30 exclude them from the privilege of -their birth-right, to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow, is to fetter them with chains more ignominious than those of the most galling slavery. Give the poor employment, they will be industrious; make them industri- vous, and they will progressively be- come wise, virtuous, and_ happy. These are axioms infallible as the ‘principles of human nature on which they are founded ; therefore, in every plan for ameliorating the condition of the poor, the first object is to afford them employment ; the second, to per- mit them to enjoy with immunity the privileges and advantages resulting -from free and independent labour, These are the primary principles on -which the basis of legislation for the poor should be founded. Compulsory ‘labour can never be attended with the advantages to the individual, and be- neficial results to society, of free and independent labour. ‘To give energy to action, moral incitement must be produced ; and the production of suit- able and eflicient motives to moral action, in the lower orders of society, must result from the wisdom, know- ledge, and practical observations, of legislators, who, influenced by those patriotic and ennobling feelings that characterize the philanthropist and the Christiam philosopher, endeavour to eradicate the germ of vice, by pro- ducing those incitements to moral action, in bosoms chilled by the depri- vations of penury, that shall at once inspire a love of active -exertion, and a desire of moral independence. These ennobling feelings might be excited throughout the country, by the adop- tion of a plan similar to the one sug- gested by the author of ‘Sketch of a Plan for Suppressing Mendicity, and Abolishing the present System of Pa- rochial Taxation ;” the perusal of which has excited these reflections in the mind of A.Y. L. a For the Monthly Magazine. THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. NO. XXVII. The Quarterly Review, No. 54. Octo- ber 1822. ITH inconsiderable exceptions, the Number of this publication now under our notice exhibits little of that envenomed party-spirit, which is too often its predominating and worst characteristic. The greater part of On the Location of the Poor. [Feb. 1, its contents is devoted to subjects of general literary interest, and may be ‘perused by persons of hostile opinions with equal pleasure and advantage, and with a common sentiment of re- spect for the talents evinced in many of its articles. The first of these is a disquisition upon the early period of the Roman history, which is conceived in a. spirit of stubborn scepticism, very allowable in matters of heathen record. Yet it ‘is no’ slight shock to us,—who have placed our faith in Romulus and Re- mus, who have held Numa in yenera- tion, who have numbered the Horatii amongst the bravest of the brave, and taken for granted the chaste self de- yotion of Lucretia,—to be told by this wary critic, that these are nothing more than the creations of classical romance-writers, and that the facts, from which our philosophers and poli- tical: economists have drawn their practical inferences, have never exist- ed but in our misguided . fancies. Much sagacity and learning are dis- played by the reviewer in potting out the contradictory and improbable Statements of the Roman histories; and in the accounts of these early times, which are derived from legends and tradition, a wide field must neces- sarily lie open for objections of this nature. It is well too, we freely ad- mit, to receive with extreme caution the facts thus loosely handed down tous; but when we recollect, that the period from the foundation of the city to the age of Cesar did not exceed seven centuries, during a great. part of which the state had enjoyed a high degree of civilization, we think it not atall unreasonable to assume, that the leading incidents of the remoter Ro- man history are substantially founded upon facts, to which imagination may perhaps have added as much as the hand of time has taken away. To treat the whole as mere fable, unde- Serving of serious study or reflection, is, We are sure, carrying the scruple too far; and is rather demonstrative of the partiality of a critic, who would prove a favourite paradox from his books, than of the coolness of a philo- sopher, who would weigh probabilities as well as authorities. Yet there is much ingenious argument in this pa- per, and abundant materials are sup- plied for consideration. ¥ The opinion pronounced on the work of Mr, Bankes, the Civil and Constitutional 1823.] Constitutional. History of Rome, from its Foundation to the Age of Augustus, which stands at the head of this arti- ele, is couched in well-bred terms of contempt and disapprobation; and we fear that gentleman would not have much to expect, if he were to avail himself of a Roman law, and, appeal- ing against this severe judgment, to plead his cause before the people. It is always with peculiar pleasure that we revert to the noble science of architecture, the subject of the next paper in this work, which considers the application and intent of the vari- ous styles of architecture. We some time ago presented our readers with a notice of the work which forms the pretext for this essay, in which we did justice to the talents and discrimina- tion .of its author. It is entitled, Plans, Elevations, and Sections, of Henry the Seventh’s Chapel, by Lewis, Cotting- ham.) We are pleased to find thata person who possesses the deep know- edge of his subject, and the chastity of taste displayed in this paper, should agree with us as far as his criticism extends. The intent of the present article is to restrain, in some degree, the absurd predilection for Grecian ar- chitecture, particularly as applied to- sacred edifices, which at present pre- vails; to point out the grandeur of the earlier Gothic styles, and the su- perior beauties of the “lancet arch” over the alloyed mixture of Grecian columns and entablatures, with the form of a modern church. In this we in a great measure agree with the writer. No alteration ought to be made in the original oblong disposition ofthe building. One order must not be piled upon another, nor should a tower ora barbarous steeple be allow- ed to surmount the pediment. ‘‘ Plate- glass windows, (as the reviewer ex- presses himself,) glaring through the inter-columniations, chimneys and chimney-pots arranged above the pe- diment, are just as appropriate as English nouns and verbs in a Greek hexameter.”. We must however say, that we differ from him when he ob- jects to the transportation of a Greek temple to our atmosphere; and we ‘should delight in viewing the simple grandeur of outline displayed in the Pantheon, though it should be exe- -cuted in» Edinburgh freestone, and though the hand of a Phidias should not be employed in sculpturing the Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. X XVII. 31 figures on its metopes. So far as this, however, we will go with the reviewer. The Calton hill is not the proper posi- tion for the display of its magnificence. The advice given on architectural subjects in this paper is most excel- lent,.and peculiarly adapted to coun- teract the common faults of the archi- tects of the present day. ‘‘ An archi- tect must recollect that he is not a pupil, whose merits consist in repeat- ing a lesson by rote; but a man who deserves no praise unless he makes an intelligent use of the lesson.” We could with pleasure follow the re- viewer through this part of his subject ; but we fear we should transgress our appointed bounds, if we allewed our- selves to pursue our fayourite subject farther. We shall only assure our readers, that no article in the present number of this Review will more am- ply repay a perusal than that which we have thus slightly noticed. The critic next hastens to discharge the bounden duty, which, in common with the great. znd small ones of his tribe, he owes to the supremacy of the author of “ Waycrley ;” and of which he acquits himself, with regard to Glenvarlochides, just in time to tarn round, and pay his respects to Peveril of the Peak. ‘“‘ Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest,” is a good maxim ; but Sir Walter scarcely allows time for the performance of the neces- sary critical ceremonies, before he introduces a fresh candidate to our notice. With the present article, Ni- gel may be considered as having re- ceived permission to retire. He is dismissed in fair terms, and with a good character, which is drawn with discrimination, and with no partial ‘subservience to the reputation of the author. Mr. Campbell’s Travels in South Africa, on his second journey into the interior of that country, have furnish- ed the materials for an agreeable and instructive paper on a subject which is now looked to with much curiosity, and on which fresh light may be ex- pected to be almost daily thrown, Not all her forests and deserts will long detain Africa in her present state of barbarism and seclusion. The roots of civilization have pierced her soil in various directions, and their growth, though. tardy, will be sure. The la- bours of Mr. Campbell are spoken of by the reviewer with deserved respect, although 32 although he is considered as not fully answering the expectations excited by his former work. An ineffectual and unworthy attempt is made, in the succeeding paper, to throw ridicule on Mr. Bentham, who will, no doubt, be very willing to allow his adversaries the full benefit of their merriment, while he carrics with bim the judgment and approbation of a Icss facetious class of men. His pub- lication, on the Art of Packing Special Juries, particularly in Cases of Libel Law, however lightly it may be treat- ed by this jocular critic, contains very just animadversions on a practice, which, especially in political questions, affects, beyond a doubt, the pure ad- ministration of justice. Even in all civil causes, such is the difference be- tween the special and the common jury, that a party is frequently known to decline procceding to trial, if the special jurors, whom he has himself had a considerable share in selecting, should happen not to attend ina sufli- cient number. With respect to the judges,—of whom Mr. Bentham is accused of entertaining too unfavour- able an opinion,—we shall not go be- yond the truth in asserting, that their education, professional habits, and si- tuations, seldom fail to give a decided direction to their opinions. We are anxious that they should maintain their respectability; and, when the means of preserving and increasing it -are pointed out, the hint should not be received with scorn. Mr. Bentham’s opposition to the special-jury system is not founded, as the reviewer asserts, on the principle that every man prac- tises all the wickedness that his situa- tion admits of; but upon the very sound doctrine, that where the door is opened, corruption will not be long in making its way, and that it cannot be too carefully excluded, both from the jury-box and the bench. A. dissertation succeeds on the panegyrical oratory of Greece, which is evidently the work of aman well acquainted with that portion of clas- sical literature of which he treats. It forms, on the whole, an entertaining paper; but the style of its-composition is decidedly inferior to its matter. This is a serious failure in a critique of this nature, which should be discussed with something of the dignity, grace, and correctness, which distinguish the objects of its remarks. The style of Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. X XVII. [Feb. 1, this article, on the contrary, is flat and awkward, and not seldom. obscure. To us it bears many marks of being not an original piece of English com- position, but a translation from the French or Italian. The seventh article consists of a long detail of the military operations on both sides during the late war with the United States; and the apparent object is to throw the whole blame of the reverses sustained by our forces, on the governor of the Canadas, Sir George Prevost. Neither party, in fact, had much to boast of in this war. Victories on land were counterba- lanced by defeats upon the Jakes. The arms of each country appear to have been successful while confined to defensive measures, and to have been foiled when they invaded the hostile territory. In retaining her Canadian colonies, England, however, carried her point ; the observations of the re- viewer are intended to show the best means of their future preservation. The influx of Americans into these provinces naturally excites his jea- lousy; nor can we foresee how this evil, if an evilit be, can possibly be avoided; nor how even the vigorous and watchfui administration, of which he speaks, can winnow the republicans from the population, and settle the woods and wilds of Canada with ap- proved Tories and enemies to Ame- rican freedom. With so many and glaring examples before our eyes of the path in which the settlements in that great portion of the globe are destined to walk, it would be nothing short of insanity to think that we hold the Canadas with a very tenacious grasp, or that, if they are to continue attached to us, we can retain them by the force of our arms. Our only sure hold upon them consists in the wisdom and moderation of their government, and in the accommodation of their po- litical system to the increasing powers and capacities of the people. If this be not granted, they will soon be able to command it, or to call to their aid a very prompt and effectual ally, against whom all resistance would be Vain. The Sermons and Miscellaneous Pieces of the Rev. R.W. Mayow, of Ardwick, near Manchester, who died in 1817, call for no particular notice. He ap- pears to have been a very worthy man, with considerable abilities, and some eccentricities ; 1823.] eccentricities ; but the importance and quality of his works are scarcely such as to force themselves upon the atten- tion of the reviewer. : Avery entertaining and clever arti- ele is devoted to an examination of Mr. Buckland’s account of an assem- blage of fossil teeth and bones of various animals, discovered ‘last year ina cave at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire. The cavern in which these remains were found is only from seven to two feet in breadth and height, and 150 or 200 feet long. Mixed with a sort of mud, on the bottom of this cave, are found vast quantities of bones, thrown together in most singular and incon- gruous union. ‘They have belonged to twenty-two species of animals. ‘The tiger and the deer, the hyena and the ox, the elephant and the mouse, the rhinoceros and the rabbit, the hip- popotamus and the water-rat, the wea- sel and the lark, have found in this recess a common sepulchre. ‘The so- lution of the very perplexing question raised by these remains,—proposed by Mr. Buckland, and sanctioned by the reviewer,—is, that the cave was for a long time the habitation of an- tediluvian hyenas, who had dragged into it the carcases of such animals as they killed, or found dead. At Pres- ton, near Plymouth, a cavern, with similar contents, has been discovered. lt would not be easy, we think, to sug- gest a more plausible explanation of these phenomena, than that which is here given, and the subject, so inter-- esting in itself, is treated by the re- viewer in a way that must give satis- faction both to the scientific and the general reader. ‘The review of Lord Byron’s Dramas deserves great praise, as a piece of able, candid, and temperate, criticism. It proceeds, we believe, from the pen of one, who has proved by some poems of his own, of high merit, that he is capable of judging the pretensions of others; and whose clerical character, if it places him in strong opposition to a certain class of Lord Byron’s senti- ments, has not had the effect of render- ing him acrimonious and intolerant. These productions of Lord Byron are spoken of with respect, but his genius is not considered to be eminently dra- matic, a truth which the noble lord seems to be determined to establish more strongly by every successive publication. We should have liked Monrturty Mac, No. 378. The Quarterly Review, No. 51. 33 this article better, if the reverend cri- tic had not, in his remarks on ‘‘ Cain,” yielded a little too much to the habits of his profession. His sermon, incon- futation of the many heresies of that mystery, is well composed ; but it is too long, and, we think, misplaced and uncalled for. That God is good, and that virtue is better than vice, are doctrines which are in no danger of an overthrow from Lord Byron, and which call for no extraordinary aid even from the Quarterly Review. Lord Byron’s “‘ Cain’’ represents only one of the many inoods of mind; one, it is true, which inclines us to take a gloomy view of things; but which can only exercise a partial and occasional influence, and cannot, by any possibi- lity, be exalted into a system, or re- ceived as a standard of faith. When Lord Byron writes as a poet, it really appears to us to be somewhat ludicrous to answer him with sound divinity. The number concludes with a long paper on Contagion and Quarantine, which, as may perhaps be anticipated, in so very obscure an enquiry as the nature and mode of propagation of the plague, determines only that much may be said on both sides of* the question. Upon this part of his sub- ject the critic is quite inconclusive, and leaves his reader where he tound him. ‘It will be the part of a wise policy (says he,) to err rather on the side of caution than of precipitancy or presumption. It is, however, to say the least, highly questionable whether “ laws, framed for the purpose of pre- . venting the intrusion of pestilence, might not be much less restrictive and expensive, and vexatious, than they actually are, and at the same time equally, if not more, effective.” The same indecision prevails through the whole essay. ‘The cautious doctor shakes hishead,” and is evidently deter- mined not to commithimself, Like an experienced practitioner in a doubttul case, he pronounces no opinion; but leaves the event to nature and time, well assured that, however it may turn out, it cannot contradict him. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ' MONG the greatest grievances with which this country has long been oppressed may be ranked the iniquitous laws relating to special juries ; not merely as regards the un- ore jast 34 just mode so frequently complained of as to the nomination and appointment of those jurics in general, and espe- cially in crown prosecutions, but also on account of the great facility which they afford to dishonest men to retard the administration of justice, and pre- vent the redress of injuries. Nume- rous instances have recently come under my observation, in which a de- fendant has applied for, and of course obtained, an order of court, that the action which he defends, or rather pretends to defend, shalt be tried be- fore a special jary; while the objeet of making that application could only be to protraet the period of the suit, and, consequently, to postpone the pay- ment of hisdebt. This is a lamentable fact, and incontrovertibly proves the necessity of amending a law that sanctions such a scandalous practice, and is productive of sueb baneful effects, as usually attend it. Undoubt- edly, many actions occur wherein, un- der the peculiar and special circum- stances attending them, it becomes expcdient.to obtain the decision of a special jury ; but certainly some limits eught to be prescribed for cases of this deseription, ‘The practice con- stantly adopted by unprineipled de- fendants, of procuring the trial of the paltry and indefensible suits, in which they are involved, to be deferred, by the contrivance which I have noticed, for six, and frequently twelve or more, months, beyond the time at which they would have been deeided by a com- mon jury, cannot be denied, by the most rigid adherent to legal subtleties, to be extremely pernicious and wicked ; and therefore it will neither be denied that, upon this account, if no other reason -required it, a reformation is extremely requisite in this branch of legat practice; and, when it is consi- dered how easily the evil which I have described might be remedied, it cannot but excite, in the minds of upright men, astonishment and indignation that so notorious an abuse should hi- therto have escaped correetion. The general application of special juries to all cases was unknown in this eowutry till within the last cen- tury. Formerly they were not per- mitted except in trials at bar, a spe- cies of trial to this day only resorted to in matters of extreme importance ; and, even in those solemn trials, special juries were not allowed, except upon motion actually made before the court, On the Laws relating to Special Juries. [Feb. 1, supported by affidavit of the facts stated upon the motion, showing that the case was of that extraordinary na= ture which rendered it proper to be discussed before, and deeided by, men of more than ordinary legal knowledge and technical learning: upon which the court usually granted an order. Indeed a eommon jury was, till mo- dern times, considered so competent to settle the simple differences and’ disputes between one tradesman an@& another, that it would have been con- sidered a contempt of court to apply for a special jury in a matter that might be as readily adjusted by a jury of common tradesmen as by one com posed of merchants. However it was discovered, about the commencement of the reign of George the Second, that, unhappily, the common people had degenerated into a state of such utter ignorance and unaccountable stupidity, or at least such was the: opinion of their more learned supe- riors in Parliament, that it was deemed expedient, for the ends of justice, to: give the subject liberty of having a special jury in all eases. whatever, which, as 1 have already observed, previously to that period was only. granted under certain cireumstances ; and the judges were accordingly em- powered, by amact passed in the third year of the above-mentioned reign, to order a special jury to be summoned in any action or suit depending in the: Court of King’s Bench, Common Pleas, or Exchequer, upon motion by either party for that purpose; which motion has since grown into one of the greatest mockeries that can be imagined, for it is never really made in court, but an order is obtained by the simple-process of handing a trifling fee to counsel, who signs a slip of pa- per denominated a motion-paper ; and, this being presented at the proper office, an order of court for a special jury is,as a matter of course, granted upon payment of a small demand. Thus easily is a erafty defendant ena- bled to delay, to an indefinite period, the trial of an action against which not a little of defence exists. ltis well known that this manceuvre is constantly resorted to, and that fre- quently the: knave who avails himself of it, in the interim between issue and trial, manages to provide himself with some friend, who makes him a_ bank- rupt, or confines him in prison for « short season, that he may take the be- nelit 1'823.] mefit of the Insolvent Debtors’ Act, and, ultimately, he gets relieved from all his debts; and the poor plaintiff is not only legally defrauded (for so it is,) of his just demand, but must sub- mit to ‘bear the burden of a heavy Jawyer’s bul. But, even supposing that all these consequences do not happen, still the delay alone is an into- lerable grievance, and the law unequi- table which countenances it. It is not to be wondered at, that, from these and similar odious mal- practices, so much contempt and hatred is heaped upon the laws in general of this kingdom, and so little respect shewn to those persons upon whom it devolves to administer and enforce them. It is owing to the tur- pitude of most of our statutes regu- dating lezal practice, and the conni- vance of the law at the gross artifice and chicanery which block up and taint the avenues to justice, and stamp upon the face of almost all legal pro- ceedings the indelible and disgusting marks of dishonest procrastination and forensic knavery, that courts are looked upon with detestation and horror; and judges are distrusted and despised, and hated, by the majority of the people. Really, Mr. Editor, it would be one important step towards that reform which is now so universally desired, if the present special jury practice were abolished; and I cannot at this moment conceive any other remedial plan, that would be at once so prac- ticable and so advantageous, as the repeal of the statute by which special juries were brought into general use, and, consequently, the revival of the ‘ancient and wholesome custom of allowing special juries only upon mo- tion and affidavit. It is impossible not to perceive that, upon the adoption of such a measure, a great decrease #f litigation would ensue. Our lists of causes would not then assume that frightful length which they now do ;* packed juries would never be heard of; despicable guinea-men would not be seen lurking about the courts, in search of their ill-begotten profit; in short, such a conquest over one of the * The paper of London canses to be tried at the Court of King’s Bench only, at the sittings after last Michaelinas Term, contains upwards of 300 causes; 140 of which are remanents from the sittings atter Trinity Term, News from Parnassus, No. XXII. 39 greatest corruptions of legal practice, would prove an incalculable benefit to the nation; and therefore, Mr. Editor, I earnestly hope that you will not relax those able exertions which you have so often manifested, in ex- posing the defects of the law of special juries; and, consequently, shewing the necessity of its revision and amendment,—an event which may be greatly facililated by your perse- vering and laudable endeavours to- wards its accomplishment.” Clifton-street ; Cc. Jan. 11, 1823. —=f>— For the Monthly Magazine. NEWS FROM PARNASSUS. NO. XXII. The Loves of the Angels, a Poem; by Thomas Moore.—Heaven and Earth, a Mystery. | o is by a singular coincidence that we are enabled to take a view, in the same paper, of two poems founded on the same subject, by poets of almost equal celebrity, but of talents of a very different order. It was only very recently that Mr. Moore discovered that Lord Byron, who is, if not the avowed, at least the undoubted author of “‘ Heaven and Earth,” had adopted the same topic, and had composed a mystery or lyrical drama on that pas- sage of Genesis, which states that “the sons ef Ged saw the daughters of men, that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which /they chose.” Perhaps it would be difficult to select a subject more favourable to the display of the peculiar talents of both these eminent poets; and we have derived no little. amusement from the contrast of their labours, and the highly characteristic manner in which each has executed his design. An opinion on their comparative me- rits will, we think, be easily and deci- dedly formed. Nothing which Lord Byron has yet written surpasses in sublimity, in force, and in pathos, this mystery of ‘“‘Heaven and Earth,” which, when completed, (for the first part only is, as yet, published, and that, in a way which we do not alto- gether like, in the second number of ‘the Liberal,”) will stand amongst the very first of his productions. That, A. * We shall gladly give place to all judi- cious observations on the subject, and to facts and observations of abuses undcr the system,—Ep1tor, 36 in our opinion, he has far surpassed his competitor will be readily inferred. We admit that, in the brilliancy of his imagery, in tenderness of sentiment, and in the easy and elegant turn of his versification, Mr. Moore has fully performed all that his well-merited reputation had led us to expect. His poem, however, beautiful as it cer- tainly is, cannot be perused without a strong feeling of satiety, and itis bya considerable effort that we follow him, through a crowd of ingenious meta- phors, and pretty turns of expression, to the end of the tender but monoto- nous loves of his angels. All is exqui- sitely beautiful, but nothing is great. In parts, it is almost every-where equally delightful; as a whole, it oppresscs and overcomes us. If we attempt to feed upon his delicacies, we are soon surfeited. It is far other- wise with Lord Byron, to whose ma- jestic conceptions and noble verse we may return, again and again, without any diminution of relish. We should observe, too, before we proceed to a minuter examination of each, that Mr, Moore’s plan com- prizes only the details of the amorous adventures of three angels, and their consequent punishment. The erring passions of the fond immortals are not so exclusively dwelt upon by Lord Byron, who has judiciously fixed the period of his drama immediately pre- vious to the deluge ; and, whilst he has thus avoided the monotony into which Mr. Moore has fallen, has introduced a terrible and superhuman incident, which no one but himself could have treated in a manner so striking and inagnificent. In the youth of the world, before the communion of men and angels had ceased— One evening in that time of bloom, On a hill’s side where hung the ray OF sun-set, sleeping in perfume, Three noble youths conversing lay. Their discourse turns upon their seve- ral temptations and falls, which each in turn narrates, for the amusement and edification of his companions. The first who spoke was one, with look The least celestial of the three,— A spirit of light mould, that took The prints of earth most yieldingly; Who, even in heaven, was not of those Nearest the throne; but held a place Far off, among those shining rows That circle out through endless space ; And o’er whose wings the light from Him In the great centre falls most dim. Such was the fallen spirit who first relates the history of his love. ‘The News from Parnassus, No. XXI1. [Feb. 1, incident which gave rise to his passion reminds us of the Musidora of Thom- son; and, in its very different style of execution, has at least equal merit. One morn, on earthly mission sent, | And mid-way choosing where to light, I saw, froin the blue element,— Oh beautiful, but fatal sight!— One of earth’s fairest womankiud, Half veil’d from view, or rather shrin’d in the clear crystal of a brook ; Which, while it hid no single gleam Of her young beanties, made them look More spitit-iike, as they might seem Through the dim shadowing of a dream. Pausing, in wonder I Jook’d on, While, playfully around her breaking The waters, that like diamonds shone, She moy’d in light of lier own making 5 At length, as slowly I descended, ‘To view more near a sight so splendid, The tremble of my wings all o’er, i (For through each plume I felt the thrill, ) Startled her, as she reach’d the shore Of that small lake,—her mirror still; Above whose brink she stood, like snow When rosy with a sunset glow ; Never shall I forget those eyes! The shame, the innocent surprise Of that bright face, when in mid air Uplooking, she beheld me there. It seem’d asif each thought, and look, And motion, were that mioute chain’d Fast to the spot, such root she took, And,—like sun-flower by a brook, With gece upturn’d,—so still remain’d. The intruding cherub pities the distress of the fair bather, and, instead of concealing himself in the shade, like Damon, he bends his face down- ward bencath his spread wings, to relieve her from his impassioned gaze. When he ventures another glance, the object of his admiration has, he finds, taken advantage of the occasion to disappear. To a spirit, however, it was no difficult task to find her; and he accordingly soon discovers and lays strong siege to his fair one’s heart. He makes very encouraging progress in her affections, but her innocence and virtue, which are very touchingly delineated, are happily redeemed from the hazardous trial. While thus T = ae the fearful maid, Of me, and of herself afraid, Had shrinking stood, like flowers beneath The scorching of the south wind’s breath; But when | nam’d,—alas, too well I now recall, tho’ wilder’d then,— Instantly, when 1 nam/’d the spell, Her brow, her eyes uprose again, And, with an eageiness that spoke The sudden light that o’er her broke, *‘The spell, the spell! oh, speak it now, And | will bless thee!” she exclaim/d. Unknowing what | did, inflam’d, And lost already, on her brow Istamp’d one burning kiss, and nam’d ‘The mystic word, till then ne’er told To living creature of earth’s mould. Scarce was it said, when, quick as thought, Her lips from mine, like echo, caught ‘he holy sound,—her bands and eyes Were instant lifted to the skies, And thrice to heaven she spoke it out, With that triumphant look Faith wears, Whien not a cloud of fear or doubt, A vapour from this vale of tears Between her aud her God appears! Tk Phat 1823.] That very moment her whole frame All bright and glorified he:ame, And at her back I saw unclose Two wings, magnificent as those That epatise round the Eternal Throne, Whose plumes, as buoyantly she rose Above me, in the moon-beam shone With a pure light, which,—from its hue, Unknown upon this earth,—l knew Was light from Eden, glistening through. Most holy vision! ne’er before Did aught so radiant —since the day When Lucifer, in fwlling, bore The third of the bright stars away,— Rise, in earth’s beauty, to repair That loss of light and glory there! After the loss of his mistress, who is translated to the skies, in his stead, in the manner described with so much fancy and beauty, the angel remains a wanderer upon the face of the earth, and, yielding to despair, falls into abandoned courses, becomes a kind of aimable roué, and has just modesty enough left to be ashamed of his own want of it. The second spirit is of higher rank, being of the cherubim, a spirit of knowledge. After roaming the crea- ‘tion, from world 10 world, in gratifica- tion of that eager thirst of knowledge which was the source at once of his happiness and misery, he is unfortu- nately scized with a strong curiosity to find amongst women— Some one, from out that shining throng, Some abstract of the form and mind Of the whole matchless sex, from which, In my own arms beheld, possest, 1 might learn all the powers to witch, To warm, and (if my fate unblest Would have it) ruin, of the rest! Into whose inward sou! and sense I might descend, as doth the bee Into the flower’s deep heart, and thence Rifle, in all its purity, The prime, the quintessence, the whole, Of wond’rous woiman’s frame and soul. His prayer is granted, and the che- rub fixes his affection on a daughter of Eve, whose perfections are de- scribed with great richness and warmth. ‘The lovers spend some time very happily, ranging through all the kingdoms of nature, from which it is the delight of the lady to extract all kinds of ornaments for the benefit of her toilette. Ambitious of further knowledge, she cannot, however, be satisfied without seeing her cherub “in his best pomp ;” and, when he impro- vidently assents to her wishes, she is destroyed, like Semele, in the embrace of her angelic visitor. Great God! how could thy vengeance light So bitterly on one so bright? How could the hand that gave such charms Blast them again in Jove’s own arms? Scarce had 1 touch’d her shrinking frame, When,—oh, most horrible! —1 felt That Suny. spark of that pure flame,— Pure, while among the stars J dwelt,~ Mr. Moore's “ Loves of the Angels.” 37 Was now by my transgression turn’d into gross, earthly fire, which burn’d, Burn’d all it touch’d, as fast as eye Could fullow the fierce ravening flashes, Till there,—oh God, I still ask why Sach doom was her’s?—I saw her lie Biaci’ ning within my arms to ashes? Those cheeks a glory but to see,— Those lips, whose touch, was what the first Fresh cup of immortality Is to a new-made angel’s thirst? Those arms, within whose gentle round My heart’s horizon, the whole bound Of its hope, prospect, heaven was found; Which, even in this dread moment, fund As when they first were round me cast, Loos’d not in death the fatal bond, But, burning, held me to the last. That hair, from under whose dark veil The snowy neck, like a white sail At moonl:glit seen ’twixt wave and wave, Shoue out by gleams,—that hair, to save But one of whose ‘long Glossy wreaths, I could have died ten thousand deaths! All, ail that seein’d, oe minute since, So full of Love’s own redolence, Now parcel and black, before me lay, Witheriag in agony away; And mine,—oh misery!—mine the flame, From which this desolation came,— And I the fiend, whose foul caress Had blasted all that loveliness! The anguish of the miserable angel is increased by his fears for the cter- nal happiness of his beloved, and he Breath’d inwardly the voiceless pray’r, Unheard by all but Mercy’s ear; And which if Mercy did not hear, Oh, God would not be what this bright And glorious universe of His, This world of beauty, goodness, light, And endless love, proclaims He is! It is curious to observe the diffi- euity with which any thing grave or religious, or conducive to our spiritual edification, harmonizes with Me. Moore’s style of thought and expres- sion. His angels appear to us rather like the sylphsin the “Rape of the Lock,” than the potent messengers of Jehovah’s throne. He is ever on the point of falling into levity; and his descriptions and sentiments, charged with warm and voluptuous colouring, are sometimes on the very verge of the decorous. Woman is a theme always dangerous to a poet of Mr. Moore’s feelings and fancy, even though qualified by the company of angels. Enchantresses of soul and frame, Into whose hands, from first to last, This world, with all its destinies, Devotedly by heaven seems cast, To save or damn it, as they please. There is nothing very particular in the story of the third angel, who isa seraph or spirit of love, and whose connexion with his admired mortal is sanctified by marriage. Hiumble and faithful in their love, their transgres- sion is partly forgiven, and their only punishment is to remain together on earth till the end of all things arrives. Where 38 Where they at present dwell, is, we are told, now uncertain ;— But should we, in our wanderings, Meet a young pair, whose beauty wants But the adornment of bright wings, To Jook like heaven’s inhbabitants,— Should we e’er meet with aught so pure, So perfect here, we may be sure, There is but one such pair below; And, us we bless them on their way ‘Through the world’s wilderness, may say, “Phere Zaraph and his Nama go.” This forms the conelusion of the work,.and affords another instance of the familiar style in which Mr. Moore has treated, and perhaps necessarily must have treated, his subject. We find little elevation either of thought or language ; much beauty, which some- times dwindles into prettiness ; bril- liant fancy, bordering ou conceit; and pathos verging, not seldom, upon puerility. The result is not that we are less partial to Mr. Moore’s exqui- site genius, but that we shall uniformly, ‘when he gives us the choice, prefer ‘the perusal of the short cffusions of that genius to the longer ones ; the latter of which, we trust, Mr. Moore will not inflict too bountifully upon us. But, now, we turn to a “strain of higher mood ;” with feelings much like _those which would arise on leaving the contemplation of a‘ Holy Family,” by Carlo Dolce, to behold the ‘* Last Judgment” of Michel Angelo. The mystery of ‘‘Heaven and Earth” is conceived in the best style of the greatest masters of poetry and paint- ing. It is not unworthy of Dante, and of the great- artist to whom we have just alluded. As a picture of the last deluge, it is incomparably grand and awful. ‘Phe characters, too, are invested with great dignity and grace. Nothing can be more ‘imposing and fascinating, than the haughty, imperious, and passionate, beauty of the daughter of Cain; nor ‘any thing more venerable than the mild but inflexible dignity of the pa- triarch Noah. Lord Byron, we trust, will not be deterred, by senseless per- versions and ridiculous calumnies, from selecting subjects like these for the exercise of his muse; subjects to ‘which, great as they are, his genius can rise, and prove itself equal to the occasion. We have only space to give a short sketch of the story, and 1o present our readers with one or two fragments, which may convey some idea of the remainder. The scene opens on Mount Ararat, 1 News from Parnassus, No. RX: [Feb. 1, where Anah and Abholibamab, two sisters of the race of Cain, are waiting for the descent of their celestial adorers, who are invoked by them in a beautiful strain of poctry, and at Jength appear. Japhet, the youngest son of Noah, next enters,, with his friend Irad, and deplores his hopeless passion for Anah; while Irad, it ap- pears, disdains the chains of Aholi- bamah, on whose heart he has failed to make any impression. Japhet re- pairs to the cavern of the Caucasus, haunted by evil spirits, whither he is followed by his father Noah, anxious for the safety of his child. A very ‘striking scene between Japhet and the demons succeeds in the cave, and their infernal laughter over the ap- proaching ruin of the world is rebuked by the intrepid antediluvian. On walking forth, he is filled with sorrow and consternation to find his beloved Anah and her sister walking with their enamoured angels. A spirited alter- cation ensues, which is interrupted by the arrival of Noah and his eldest born, Shem. To second the remon- strances of the patriarch, the angel Raphael descends from heaven, and summons the sinning angels to return, ere too late, to their duty. In this exhortation, Aholibamah, the high- minded daughter, of Cain, herself joins :— Let them fly! I hear the voice which says that all must die, Sooner than our white-bearded patriarchs died; And that on high An ocean is prepard, While from below The deep shall rise to meet heaven’s overflow, Few shall be spar’d It seems; and of that few the race of Cain Must lift their eyes to Adam’s God in vain. Sister! since it is so, And the Eternal Lord In vain would be impiortd, For the remission of one hour of woe, Let us resign even what we have ador’d, And meet the wave, as we would meet the sword, If not unmov’d, yet undismay’d, And wailing less for us than those who shall Survive iu mortal or immortal thrall, And, when the fatal waters are allayed, Weep for the myriads who can weep no more. Fly, seraphs ! to your own eternal shore, Where winds nor how), nor waters roar, Our portion is to die, And your’s to live for ever; But which is best, a dead eternity, Or living, iy but known to the great Giver, Obey Him, as we shall obey; I would not keep this life of mine in clay An hour beyoud His will; Nor see ye lose a portion of His grace, For al] the mercy which Seth’s race Find still. Fly! And, as your pinions bear you back to heaven, Think that my love still mounts with thee on high Samiasa ; And if I look up with a tearless eye, *Tis that an angel’s bride disdains to weep,— Farewell !——Now rise, inexorable deep. The ¢ 1823.} The two angels, however, continue faithful to their mortal loves, and re- fuse the proffered forgiveness. The elements now give signal of the approaching déstruction ; and, whilst every hope of safety is withdrawn from the wretched race of mortals, the two rebellious angels fly away and disappear with their mistresses, whom they convey to seme brighter world. A chorus of mortals express the vari- ous feelings excited by the stupendous ruin around them, with which we must close our extracts. Japhet.—Peace, "tis no hour for curses, but for prayer. Chorus of Mortals. For prayer? And where Shall prayer ascend When the swoln clouds uuto the mountains bend And burst, And gushing oceans every barrier rend, Gutil the very deserts know no thirst? Accurst Be He who mitde thee and thy sire! We deem our curses vain; we must expire; But, as we know the worst, Why should our hymn be rais’d, our knees be bent, Before the implacable Omnipotent, Since we must fall the same? If He hath made eerth, let it be his shame, To make a world for torture.-—Lo! they come, - ‘Phe loathsome waters in their rage! And with their roar make wholesome Nature dumb; The forest’s trees (coeval with the hour When Paradise upspruns, Ere Eve gave Adam knowledge for her dower, Or Adam his first hymn of slavery sung,) So massy, vast, yet green in their old age, Are oyertopt, Their summer blossoms by the surges lopt, Which rise and tise, and tise. Vainly we look up to the lowering skies,— They meet the seas, And shut out God from our beseeching eyes. Fly, son of Noah,—fly, and take thine ease In thine allotted ocean-tent, And view, all floating o’er the clement, ‘The corpses of the world of thy young days ; ‘Then to Jehovah raise Thy song of praise? A Mortat.—Blessed are the dead Who die in the Lord ! And thongh the waters be o’er earth outspread, Yet, as His word, Be the decree ador’d! He gave me life,—He taketh but ‘The breath which is His own; And though these eyes should be for ever shut, Nor longer this weak voice before His throue Be heard in supplicating tone, Still blessed be the Lord, Life of Toussaint L’ Ouverture. 39 For what.is past, — For that which is; For all are His, From first to last. Time,—space,—eternity,—lite,—death,— The vast known, and immeasurable unknown,— He made, and can unmake; And shall [, for a little yasp of breath, Blaspheme and groan? No; let me die, as 1 have lived, in faith, Nor quiver, tho’ the universe may quake ! We trust that no one will be found with feelings so obtuse, with taste so perverted, or with malignity so undis- gaised, as to mar the beauties of pie- tures like these, by imputing to. their author the cool profession of those sentiments which he exhibits as ex- torted from perishing mortals in their last instants of despair and. death. Such a poem as this, if read aright, is calculated, by its lofty passion and sublime conceptions, to exalt the mind and to purify the heart beyond the power of many a sober homily. It will remain an imperishable monu- ment of the transcendant talents of its author, whom it has raised, in our estimation, to a higher pitch of pre-eminence than he ever before attained. With reference to minor objects of remark, we may observe, that there is no reason here to find fault with the versification of Lord Byron. He has, not before given us so complete a specimen of his powers in irregular lyrical composition; in which, it will be seen, he has here combined great variety, dignity, and harmony. We are, however, inclined te object to his use of two syllables or a single word for a line and a rhyme. It is too abrupt, and has rather a ludicrous effect; reminding us of the Lilliputian Ode to Gulliver. But we are mnwil- ling, by such associations, or by fur- ther small criticism, to weaken the impression which the perusal of this powerful work cannot fail to make upon every reader, BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. —=— A SKETCH of the LIFE of TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, the HAYTIAN PATRIOT. Th Ae eyomenpice TOnEAKOS, 2g 2 TW SE HhDw zpomw dave, purcePpumag.—Plutarch. in Vila Mareelli. “He was an experienced warrior . .. . but, as to the other habits of his life, he was temperate and collected,—of a philanthropic disposition.” “TENHE revolution of St. Domingo (it has been well observed,) soon furnished. ample proof, that, among those whom Luropean injus- tice had stigmatised as an inferior race of beings, and doomed to perpetuad servitude, were heads endned witly legislative wisdom, hearts pregnant with heroic energies, and hands capa- ble of wielding the sword of war, or swaying the rod of empire.” Amongst the most eminent of these individuals, were Jean Francois, Beassou, and Rigaud ; Petion, Christophe, and Des- salines; but the most wonderful, as well as the most estimable, of all, was 40 was Toussaint L’OvuvertuRE, who distinguished himself at the com- mencement of the present century as the patriotic and disinterested defen- der of his suffering country. 'The life of this extraordinary man presents so many striking traits of character,— and these, too, of the very highest and ' most interesting order,—that our ad- miration is mingled with unbounded astonishment, when we consider the original lowly situation of the indivi- dual by whom they were displayed. The ‘eventful history” of ‘Toussaint L’Ouverture is not that of a wild, un- tractable savage,—the ferocious chicf- tain of an Indian horde, whose pre- vailing virtues, heroic though they be, are nevertheless tarnished by manifold brutalities; but that of the virtuous patriot, whose consummate abilities in the combined and multifarious bu- siness of war and government, were only surpassed by his extreme huma- nity and innate goodness of heart. Let not the sensitive reader start at this. ‘Toussaint was, indeed, a negro, and a slave ; but he was also a man, a Christian, and a warrior; and we shall endeavour to prove, not only that he was a good man, but that he was also brave and generous, and that he pos- sessed a heart most feelingly ahive to all the softer endearments of huma- nity. Before we do this, however, it will be necessary to take a cursory view of the transactions which drew forth this great man from his obscu- rity, and placed him in a situation which he filled with so much honour to himself, and with so much benefit to his country. Previous to the Haytian revolution, the French colonists, mere especially the inhabitants of Cape Frangois,* indulged themselves in all the extra- vagant luxury and magnificence which wealth could procure. But they were not merely contented with rioting in unrestrained dissipation: they glutted themselves, also, with all the careless and intemperate cruelty which such excessive voluptuousness was so well calculated to engender. ‘The poor miserable negroes expe- * This is the present Cape Henry, and was, when in the possession of the French, the richest and most splendid town in the West Indies. It had a population of 60,000 souls, and was so celebrated for its magnificence, luxury, and dissipation, that it was called the “‘ Western Paris,” Life of Toussaint L’ Ouverture, [Feb. 1, rienced to the full the ill effeets of this excess of refinement, and the despotic tyranny exercised on the slaves at length arrived at such a pitch of bar- barity, that the negroes waited only for a favourable opportunity of break- ing out into open and furious rebellion. We have all heard too often of the atrocious brutalities with which this unhappy and persecuted race of be- ings have been so unmercifully tor- mented. To the loss of country, of friends, of parents, and of children, were superadded, in frightful variety, the biting chains of slavery, the galling indignities of the purse-proud despot, and the torture of punishments toa painful and severe even for an African to bear unmoved. I scarce can name the heavy grievanees, The toils, the labours, weary drudyeries, Which were impos’d; burdens more fit for beasts,— For senseless beasts,—to bear than thinking men, Then if J told the bioody er uelties Which were inflicted fur each slight offence ; Nay, sometimes, in their proud, insuiting sport, How worse than dogs they lash’d their fellow- creatures, Your heart would bleed for them. And oh! amidst all this misery, how blessed a relief was death, for it bore the sufferer to other and better’ climes, and shrouded in oblivion the sense, at least, of all earthly sorrow. Under circumstances so aggravating as these, we must not be surprised that the sensitive mind of the impetu- ous African,—rendered infinitely more susceptible of kindness and injury by the burning influence of a tiopical sun, —should turn again in fury to avenge such inhuman atrocities. Neither ought we to condemn the determi- ration which influenced the conduct of individuals so rigorously persecuted and oppressed. Would any of us tolerate such persecutions? Would we sit down in content and quietness, and endure such tortures with pati- ence and resignation? Would we Sneak in corners, whisper out our griefs For fear our master’s heard us? Cringe and crouch Under the bloody whip, like beaten curs, That lick their wounds, and kuow no other cure? Should we, let us ask, act thus? Surely not.—Then why should they? They were, like us, composed of flesh and bleod, and like us were they endued with all the feelings of humanity. The fault, and, consequently, the censure, lie with the oppressor, and not with the oppressed. The negroes did not merely assert a natural right, of which they had been wrongfully deprived; but a right which had been violated by the destruction of all their dearest hopes, and 1823.] and which had been torn from them with all the aggravated rancor of elated pride and pampered luxury. Affairs were in this condition at St. Domingo when the National Assembly in France made their celebrated “ De- elaration,” deereeing thereby, that “all men are born and continue free, and equal as to their rights.” This decree scon became known to the co- Jonies; and, although by asubsequent edict it was declared, “that it never was the intention of the Assembly to comprehend the interior government of the colonies in the constitution which they had formed for the mother country,” yet the people of cclour hailed their communication as an invi- tation to shake off the prejudices with which they were regarded by the whites, and as an especial hint for them to establish themselves upon the same footing with those who had hi- therto so tenaciously arrogated to themselves such a decided superiority in all matters both moral and political. This important revolution, therefore, was commenced by the Mulattoes, many of whom resided at Paris, and were for the most part men of property and intelligence. They connected themselves with a society, which had been established for the purpose of abolishing the slave-trade, and which was known by the name of “ L’Ami des Noirs.” hese individuals soon connected themselves with their bre- thren in the colonies, and the whole body of Mulattoes determined to claim the full benefit of the privileges which -were enjoyed by the Whites; which object they obtained, in little more iban a year after their insurrection, by the following decree of the National Assembly :—‘‘ Enacted, That the peo- ple of colour resident in the French colonies, and born of free parents, be entitled to, as of right, and be allowed the enjoyment of, all the privileges of French citizens, and, among others, those of having votes in the choice of representatives, and of being eligible to seats both in the parochial and co- lonial assemblies.” This important accession not only destroyed the barrier which had hi- therto separated the Whites from the _Maulattoes, but it afforded the whole negro population sufficient encourage- ment to claim an equal proportion of justice and liberty. Jt accelerated, Aherefore, the arrival of a long-wished- MoNnTHLY Mas. Mo, 378. the Haytiow Patriot: 41 for opportunity ; and accordingly, eh the 23d of Aurust, in the same year, (1791,) just betore day-break, a gene- ral alarm was spread throughout Cape Francois by the appalling report, that all the negro-slaves in the adjacent districts had revolted, and were carry- ing desolation and death over the neighbouring plantations. This dread- ful intelligence came upon the te:r- fied colonists like a thunder-bolt from heaven. They well knew how richly they deserved the severest retribution of infuriated revenge; and most pain- fully did they anticipate the horrible cruelties which awaited them. The rumour, at first vague and scarcely credible, became speedily confirmed by bands of frightened fugitives, who brought with them the dreadful tidings that the revolt originated at a planta- tion only nine miles from the capital, and that it was spreading like wild- fire over the country. ‘* Vengeance, long withheld, went loose,’—the work of murder had begun, and several whites had been already massacred. Consternation now every-where pre- vailed throughout Cape Francois ; and the screams of women and children, running in their fear from door to door, together with the hurried and imperfect preparations for defence which the inhabitants in their terror adopted,—added to the horror of a scene which can better be imagined than described. Then stood whispering men, As tho’ revealing some portentous secret; At evra sonna cried, Hist! and look’d reproach- u Upon eae other. - The fore’d, unnatural quiet that spread o’er Those myriads of arm’d and hurried warriors, Presaged some earthly tempest,—as the cloud That in its mute and ponderous blackness hangs Over our heads,—a tumult in the skies. The citizens took up arms, and the General Assembly vested in the gover- nor, M. Blanchelande, the entire com- mand of the national guards; the women and children were sent on- board the ships in the harbour, accom- panied by the majority of the negroes in the town, and under as strong a guard as the exigencies of the mo- ment afforded. But the plans of the negroes had been too skilfully con- trived to be readily disconcerted ; and the tide of revolutionary fury, unstem- med by any obstacle, rolled rapidiy on towards its height. The blacks gained every day some new accession eto their strength, and, still smarting ‘under the Jash of their oppressors, G were 42 were not very scrupulous as to the treatment of their victims, ‘They con- sequently inflicted on their captives cruelties sufficiently severe to revenge, in some degree, their former injuries.* The French, also, had not forgotten their ingenuity in the infliction of tor- ture; and seemed, if possible, to have improved upon their old accustomed method. They made a practice, when they captured a black officer, of nail- ing his epaulettes to his shoulders ; and, after allowing these unfortunate men a sufficient time to suffer under their torments, they generally put a period to their lives and their miseries together by nailing their caps to their heads. The private men were not deemed worthy of these distinctions, but were tortured to death in various other ways. The most common mode was to broil them alive over a slow fire, or to consume them gradually, by commencing at their feet, and burning upwards. — In addition to these, whole sbip-loads were taken outside the har- _bour, and there drowned; and, when they were not thus dispatched by wholesale, four or five were sewed up in a sack, and so thrown overboard. “In this terrible war (we are told,t) human blood was poured forth in tor- rents. It was computed that within two months after the commencement of the revolt upwards of two thousand white persons were massacred; that one hundred and eighty sugar-pian- tations, and about nine hundred cof- fee, cotton, and indigo, estates were destroyed; and twelve hundred fami- lies reduced from extreme opulence to such a state of misery, as to depend altogether for their clothing and sus- tenance on public and private charity. Of the insurgents, it was reckoned that upwards of ten thousand had perished — * Jt is right to mention, that the cruel- ties practised by the rebels on the first’ bursting of their chains, were only perpe- trated when despair and fury alone influ- enced their actions. Notwithstanding the more elaborate and cold-blooded atroci- ties of the French, the Haytians soon be- gan to distinguish their enemies, and to shew compassion upon the helpless women and children of the planters who fell into their hands. At the conclusion of the war they evinced much moderation, and suffered many of the French to embark on- board a British squadron. t History of the Island of St. Domingo, from its first Discovery by Columbus to the present period ; London 1818, p, 149. Life of Toussaint L' Ouverture, { Feb. 1, by the sword and by faminc, and some hundreds by the hand of the exe- cutioner.” i A revolt, commencing with such inveterate hostility on boih sides, was not likely to terminate cither tamely or speedily. The advantages. gained by the blacks, although at first compa- ratively unimpertant, served to encou- raze them to attempt nobler things ; and, under the able guidance of Jean Fraugeis and Béasson, they soon succeeded in taking possession of the capital of the island, having previously obtained from the French commis- sioners the unconditional emancipa- tion of all the slaves in the colony. The capture of Cape Francois was attended with all the savage fury which might be expected from a body of negroes, over whom their leaders had no control. A dreadful butchery ensued; and this once flourishing and wealthy city was reduced to nearly one entire mass of smoking ruins.* More than two days were devoted to the work of pillage and destruction ; and the blacks ceased to plunder and destroy,—not that they were influ- enced so to do by any ‘“‘ compunctious visitings” of mercy, but because they had actually carried their ravages to the very uttermost extent. They had, in fact, left none unspared who pos- sessed any transferable property, or who were remembered to have exer- ciscd more than an ordinary portion of oppression over their slaves and servants. During these commotions numerous emigrations took place from St. Do- mingo to the neighbouring islands; and not less than ten thousand persons were supposed to have passed over to America. The principal planters, how- ever, fled to England; and, after a great deal of perseverance, succeeded in procuring the aid of the British mi- nistry, by whom arrangements were made for taking possession of such parts of St. Domingo as should be willing to put themselves under their * Scarcely any town ever fell so com- pletely a victim to revolutionary fury as Cape Frangois. Not a house or church escaped conflagration, and the ruins still denote their former splendor. The re- mains of the cathedral are among the most striking objects; they occupy one side af a large square, at the head of which the king’s palace now stands. It was in this square that the numberless jnhuman exe- cutions of negroes took place during the war, protection, 1823.] protection, in the name and on the behalf of the English government. The result of this unfortunate inter- ference is well known. After five years of disastrous warfare,—during which period no less than seven new commanders-in-chief were successive- ly exported from England,—the Bri- tish troops were compelled to leave the country; and the Haytians found themselves in full possession of the most important parts of the island, and on the high road to liberty and inde- pendence. They had fought the fight with unshrinking valour, and had freed themselves from the trammels of the most ignoble bondage. It was during this convulsion that Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged from obscurity, and entered upon tie active scene of public life; but he was not raised to dignity and power Ull the contest between the blacks and their former masters had nearly ceased. The events of his life, therefore, do not ~ consist so much of the heroic deeds of the warrior, as of the more interesting actions of the philanthropist; at least, it is upon the latter point that we are inclined to dwell with greater minute- ness and delight. The tremendous tumult which threw his country into chaotic confusion had in great measure subsided before he became conspicu- ously concerned in its affairs; and it was reserved for him to re-organize its disordered fragments, and to re- store it to its pristine form and gran- deur. There has been a trifling dispute respecting the birth of Toussaint, but it is generally supposed that he was born a slave in the year 1745, on the estate of the Count de Noe, about nine miles from Cape Frangois, in the Western province of St. Domingo,— a spot which bas since become re- markable as the very source of the revolution, and as the scite of a camp whence fhis extraordinary man has issued mandates as powerful as those of any monarch on the earth. Even in his earliest years, Toussaint gave ample proof of that extensive benevo- lence which so materially influenced his actions in after life; and his dispo- sition was marked by a placid sedate- ness and patience of temper, which Searcely any thing could provoke or even disturb. A period was now rapidly approach- ing when all these acquirements were the Haytian Patriot. 43 to be called into prompt and effective action,—when this comparatively quiet and unambitious condition was to be changed for the bustle of the camp, and for all the perilous activity of public life. The insurrection of the negroes in 1791 found Toussaint in a situation far more comfortable than that ef his fellow-bondsmen. His extraordinary abilities, added to a disposition so replete with modesty and benevolence, had rendered him honoured and. beloved not merely by the slaves on the plantation of Noe, but by many of those on the neigh- bouring estates. When the rebellion broke out, therefore, his co-operation in the proceedings of the negroes was considered as an advantage of the very first importance, and several of the leaders of this terrible revolt eagerly solicited him to join them. But, so little reason had he,—as far as his own person and family were concerned,-—— to be discontented with his condition, and so horrible were the consequences which he anticipated from the insur- rection, that he could not at first be prevailed upon to take any part in the proceedings of the revolutionists. On the contrary, all his attention in the first instance was directed to the pre- servation of such Europeans as he conceived worthy of being rescued from the general slaughter. Accord~ ingly his patron, M. Bayou, became the first object of his solicitude in this respect; and, when the plantation of Noe was about to be ravaged by the infuriated blacks, Toussaint imme- diately set about the means of rescuing this gentleman and his family from the impending destruction. In this he succeeded, and also procured a pas- sage for them to North America, em- barking at the same time a consider- able quantity of sugar, to support them in their exile. But his gratitude did not rest here ; for, after M. Bayou had settled himself safely at Balti- more, this generous slave availed him- self of every opportunity of securing to his benefactor a comfortable com- petency for life. His extraordinary elevation enabled him to do this most effectually; and, while he gratified his own noble heart by such acts of muni- ficent gratitude, he impressed on the mind of his former master a sense of obligation, which no exertion on his part could ever adequately returo, Having thus provided for the safety and 44 and comfort of his early patron, and finding himself, by the destruction of the Noc estate, ina manner freed from slavery, he no longer refused to join the insurgents. He had now, indecd, 2 most powerful inducement to act, or seem to act, in unison with the te- groecs. When he perceived the great success that attended their operations, and witnessed the merciless cruelties which they dealt forth indiscriminately upon all the whites who fell into their power, he ceased to be a mere specia- tor of the contest, and determined to mingle in the tumult, for the purpose of preventing the savage atrocities, which the negroes, on the first burst of their vengeance, inflicted indiscrimt- nately upon every European. To this intent he joined his countrymen; and, by possessing some liitle knowledge of medicine, was appointed physician to the forces under the command of the negro general, Jean Frangois. Once fairly embarked on the ocean of public life, his extraordinary abilities flashed forth with a splendor by far too brilliant for the humble situation which he originally held.- His powers of invention in the art of war, and his acute suggestions in matters of civil and domestic policy, gained him the attention of the rebel chieftains; so that he became snecessively, and with- in a very short space of time, aid-du- camp, then colonel, next a brigadier- general, and, lastly, commander-in- chief, and governor-ceneral of St. Domingo. It isnotnecessary to enter into the dctails of these several promo- tions: suffice it to say, that he had no sooner arrived at the head of the com- munity, than he put in practice all his excellent and extensive talents. One of the first objects of his care was the cultivation of the soil,—upon which, he well knew, the prosperity of a country mainly depends. But this he found to be no easy task. The crueities which the negroes had expe- rienced, when in a state of slavery, naturally created in their minds a strong aversion to agricultural labour; and they seemed to entertain so fixed a detestation of any thing like their for- mer condition, that even the very wisest orders of the negro population would not at first listen to any preposals on that subject, however advantageous to themselves, or useful to the commu- nity generally, But Toussaint knew them well; and, instead ef permitting Life of Toussaint L : the planters to hire labourers at @ certain sum per annum, it was fixed by law, that the cultivators of the land (that is, the planters and their ser- vants,) should receive for their remu- eration a third part of the produce, while the remainder was to be appro- priated to the public revenue. By this device the negroes were induced to return cheerfally to the labours of the field, more especially as the super- intending officers were of their own race and character. But, while their industry was thus encouraged, penal- ties were at the same time denounced against crime and even idleness ; and the colony, under this new system, advanced as if by enchantment to- wards its ancient splendor, while cul- tivation was extended with such ra- pidity, that every day made its pro- eress perceptible. Having attained his object in this respect, Toussaint now turned his attention to the general improvement of the people, and soon found his exer- tious crowned with unexpected suc- cess. From their former masters the negroes had obtained an excellent example of polite manners; and, now that they had succeeded them in station, they found no difficulty in imitating their habits. The example of Toussaint himself tended more than any thing to preserve subordination and refinement among the people. On all public occasions he was diligently scrupulous of his own behaviour, so that his le- vies were conducted with the utmost decorum, and his private parties might vie with the best regulated so- cieties of Paris. He was very parti- cular, also, with respect to the appear- ance of his staff, and his officers were consequently all very magnificently dressed. But in his own person he did not indulge in such Inxuries; his dress was comparatively plain,* and his ordinary food were a few cakes, bananas or batatas, and a glass of water. He was exceedingly attentive to the means of reforming the loose * His uniform was a blue coat, with a large red cape faliing over the shoulders; red cuffs, with light rows of lace on the arms, and_a pair of large gold epaulettes thrown back ; scarlet waistcoat and panta- loons, with half-boots; round hat and a red feather, and a national cockade. These, with an extremely large sword, formed his ordinary equipment, é and 1823.| and licéntious manners of the females, and would suffer no lady to come to his court with her neck unéovered. He once threw his handkerchief over the bosom of a young girl, observing, in an angry tone, that ‘ Modesty should be the portion of her sex.” His maxim was, that women should always appear in public as if they were going to church.* Under such kindly auspices the most perfect order and regularity were preserved amongst all ranks, the moral duties were stricily enforced, and the decencies of civilized life se- dulously studied. Religion, too, which had been terribly negtecied duriag the war, was re-established among the people; the churches were re-opened, and public worship restored according to the rites of the Romish communion. Dramatic entertainments,—consisting eliefly of coimedy and pantomime,— were also revived, and the black per- formers displayed considerable his- trionic talent. Some attention was paid to painting, and the fine arts generally, while music was universally practised. In the rebuilding of Cape Francois, considcrable taste and even elegance were evinced. Jn short, the members of this new republic made such rapid progress towards refine- ment, that (as a writer, who visited the island about this time, informs us,) the men were in general sensible and polite, often dignified and impressive ; that many of the women were elegant and engaging; that the intercourse of the sexes was on the most rational focting ; and that the different shades of coleur had lost most of their former hostility. Many Americans had mar- ried Mulatto ladies, who never ap- peared to feel the least inferiority from their difference of complexion or nation. But the attention of the Governor- general was not exclusively devoted to these points: a considerable portion of it was directed to the regulation and increase of his army; and, by his admirable management, a force origi- nally consisting of 40,000 was nearly doubled in littie more than two years. But it was not merely the augmenta- tion of the forces which became a mat- ter of importance to Toussaint; his abilities were directed more particu- ‘Jarly towards the management of this “ Quarterly Review, No. 42, p. 143. the Haytian Patriot, 45 immense multitude; and, so excellent a tactician was he, that his troops were renowned as well for their admirable discipline, as for the promptitude and dexterity with which they executed their several manovuvres. But this happy tranquillity was soon” to be exchanged for another season of bivodshed ana slaughter. No sooner was the peace of Amiens definitively settled, than Bonaparte,—whose mag- nificent ambition soared over the wa- ters of the broad Atlantic,—deter- mined on the recovery of the colony, the re-instatement of the former pro- prietors, and the subjugation of the emancipated slaves. Experience has taught us how promptly the purposes of this terrible man were carried into execution, and how powerful were the means used for their completion. On the present oceasion he did not relax in his accustomed measures, but threatened St. Domingo with calami- ties as tremendously severe as any which had visited that afflicted island. Twenty-five thousand men were dis- patched under General Le Clerc, (Bonaparte’s brother-in-law,) who was assisted by several of the most able officers which France could produce for such a service. To participate in the expected triumph, Madame Le Clere accompanied her husband, as did also her younger brother, Jerome sonaparte. It was during this unhappy contest that the military talents of ‘Toussaint L’Ouverture were displayed in the most astonishing manner; but our limits will not permit us to enter into any of the details of this unfortunate war. We must, however, of necessity advert to certain circumstances con- nected wiih it, and this we will do as concisely as our subject will permit. Bonaparte was well aware of the con- summate abilities and unshrinking virtue of the Governor-general, and he consequently knew that his opera- tions were directed against no ordi- nary individual. He was also well acquainted with the great strength and discipline of the Haytian army, and his political experience taught him that something more than common measures were necessary to effect his purpose. No sooner, therefore, had the French squadron anchored before Cape Francois, than Le Clere entered into a correspondence with the black gencral, Christophe, who commanded at 46 at this important post; the object of which was to effect an amicable arrangement in favour of the French republic. But Christophe was too much of a soldier and a patriot to yield so readily, and he despised with becoming dignity the treacherous pro- mises of the French general. ‘This ne- scotiation haying proved thus ineffec- tual, Le Clerc issued a proclamation, which was couched in the most plausi- ble terms, being intended to delude the negroes into a belief that the design of the F'rench government was altogether friendly, and that no violence would be employed, but in the event of the re- jection of the proffered fraternity. By this manifestoToussaintand Christophe were put out of the protection of the law, and every citizen was ordered to treat them as rebels to the French re- public. But this was regarded with the utmost detestation, and received as a signal fur war, which soon raged with great violence. Le Clere ob- served, with some apprehension, the great strength and bravery of the ne- groes, and used every possible artifice to procure the defection of the black troops. In this. he was but too suc- cessful. Three of the negro generals, La Plume, Dumesnils, and Maurepas,* went over with their forces to the enemy; and their desertion was fol- Jewed by great advantages to the French, for it eventually led to a ne- gotiation between Christophe and Le Clere, in which the former procured in * We have, more than once in the course of this article, had occasion to advert to _ the fiendish cruelty of the French towards the natives of Hayti. The following ex- tract, translated from a work of one of “their own writers, affords a sad specimen of this quality, mingled also with the most atrocious perfidy :—‘* Maurepas, a man of mild and gentle manners, esteemed by his fellow-citizens for his integrity, had heen. one of the first to join the French, and had rendered! them the most signal. services ; yet this man was suddenly carried off to Port de Paix, and put on-board the admi- yal’s vessel, then at anchor. in the roads, where, after binding him to the main-mast, they, in derision, with nails, such as are used in ship-building, fixcd two old epaulcttcs on his shoulders, and an old gencral’s kat on his head. In that frizhiful condition these eun- nibals, after) having glulted their savage mirth, precipitated him, with his wife and children, into the sca!’ —Lacroia’s Mémoires pour sefvir a LV Riscoire de la Revolution de Saint Domingo. Life of Toussaint L’ Ouverture, [Feb. 1, behalf of himself, his colleague Dessa- lines, and the governor-general, a ge- neral amnesty for all their troops, and the preservation of the réspective ranks of all the black officers. This unwise and dangerous proceeding took place without the sanction, and, we are inclined to think, without even the knowledge of Toussaint; and its consequences may be easily antici- pated. A peace was concluded, by which the sovereignty of France over the island of St. Domingo was acknow- ledged by all the constituted authori- ties. By this transaction Toussaint found himself deserted by all his gene- rals, with the exception of the brave but ferocious Dessalines, who, from the very commencement of this seeond war, engaged heart and hand in the defence of his country, and despised most heartily the delasive professions of the French. A circumstance, however, occurred, previous to this uegotiation, which is very intimately connected with our subject, as it powerfully displays the patriotic virtues of Toussaint L’Ouver- ture. After the first cessation of hosti- lities with France, Voussaint sent his two elder sons to that country to be cducated, not having the means of procuring at St. Domingo that instruc- tion for his children which he deemed necessary for their station. Bona- parte, with that consummate policy for which he was so remarkable, deter- mined, on the breaking out of the second Haytian war, to make these youths the means of securing the co- operation of their father, or atleast of preventing his active hostility, pro- vided, however, his other measures were unsuccessful. He sent them, therefore, with Le Clere, directing that oflicer to use them as best suited his purpose; and, that his scheme should not fail, they were accompanied by their tutor, Coisnon, a being, whose deeds and conscicnce were perfectly -at the disposal of the French cabinet. Le Clerc, finding that Toussaint would listen to no proposals, prepared to execute the directions of his em- ployers; and, from the smoking ruins of Cape Francois, Coisnoh was dis- patcbed with the two youths, and with a letter from Bonaparte to Toussaint. He was strictly enjoined to let his pu- pils see, and cyen embrace, their pa- rents, but by no means {o permit them to remain, unless Toussaint would pro- mise 1893.] mise entire acquiescence in the wishes of the firstconsul. Coisnon arrived in safety with his charge at Ennercy, but the governor-general was absent at a distant part of the island. A courier, however, was immediately dispatched to acquaint him of the arrival of his children, accompanied by a messenger from France, with offers of the most advantageous nature; and his speedy return was the consequence. ‘The two sons,’ says an clegant writer, “ran to meet their father; and he, with emotions too big for utterance, clasped them silently in hisarms. Few, it is to be hoped, are the partakers of our common nature, who, on witness- ing the embraces and tears of parental and filial sensibility, could have pro- ceeded, at least without powerful re- lentings of heart, to execute the com-, mission with which Coisnon was charged. But this cold-blooded emis- sary of France beheld the scene with a barbarous apathy, worthy of the cause in which he was employed. When the first burst of paternal feeling was over, Toussaint stretched out his arms to him whom he regarded with complacency as the tutor of his chil- dren, and their conductor to the roof and embraces of their parents. This was the moment which Coisnon thought most favourable to the per- petration of his infamous design. The father and the two sons,” says he, ‘‘threw themselves into. each other’s arms. 1 saw them shed tears ; and, wishing to take:advantage of a period which [ conceived to be favour- able, I stopped him at the moment when he stretched out his arms tome!” Retiring from the embrace of Toussaint, Coisnon assailed him in a formal speech of some length, and then presented Bonaparte’s letter in the following terms : We have conceived esteem for you, and we wish to recognize and proclaim the — great services you have rendered to the . French people. - If their colours fly on St. Domingo, it is to you, and your brave blacks, that we owe it. Called by your talents, and the force of circumstances, to the ‘chief command, you have terminated the civi] war, put a stop to the persecu- tions of some ferocious men, and restored to honor the religion and the worship of God, from whom all things come. ‘The situation in which you were placed, sur- rounded on all sides by enemies, and with- out the mother-country being able to suc- cour or susfain you, has rendercd Jegiti- 3 the Haytian Patriot. 47 mate the articles of that constitution, which otherwise could not beso. But, now that circumstances are so happily changed, you will be the first to render homage to the severeignty of the nation, which rec- kons you among the number of its most illustrious citizens, by the services you have rendered to it, and by the talents and the force of character with which nature has endowed you. A contrary conduct would be irreconcileable with the idea wé have conceived of.you. It would deprive you of your numerons claims to the grati- tude and the good offices of the republic, and would dig under your feet a precipice, which, while it swallowed you up, would contribute to the misery of those brave blacks, whose courage we love, and whom we should be sorry to punish for rebellion, After Toussaint had read this letter, his sons addressed him; and, with all the artless eloquence of youth, endea- voured to win him to a purpose of the true nature and probable consc- quences of which they could have no suspicion. To their persuasions were added the tears and entreaties of their distressed mother; and the affection of the father was about to yield to these overpowering solicitations, when the loftier principles of the patriot came to his aid; and, with an exertion almost superhuman, he gently disengaged himself from the embraces of his wife and children, took the tutor into ano- ther apartment, and delivered to him this emphatic and dignified decision: —‘‘Take back my children, since it must be so. I will be faithful to my brethren and my God;” and, retiring into an adjoining apartment, endea- voured to calm the agitation of his mind before he rejoined his family. Finding all his eloquence unavailing, Coisnon left Ennercy with his pupils,* having previously prevailed upon Toussaint to answer the letter of the first consul. An answer was accord- ingly returned, replete with honest and manly sentiments, but not likely to prove very conciliating. It showed, however, that the virtue of Toussaint was invulnerable, and that the object which the French had in view was to be attained by other means than the corruption of the governor-general. “ The sons returned ‘to General Le Clere, and were never heard of more. This, however, has becn denied by Lacroix, who says that the mother succeeded in detaining them, and that one of them was afterwards entrusted with the command of a body of insurgents, Finding 48 Finding all these measures ineffectual, Le Clerc, who acted throughout the whole of this affair as director-general, meditated ‘‘ one of the basest acts of treachery that ever disgraced any age.” As the treaty between this general and Christophe permitted Toussaint to retire to any of his estates, he selected that called by his own name, L’Cuverture, situated at Gonaives, on the western coast of the island. Here he endeavoured to enjoy that repose of which he had been so long deprived, and to bear with be- coming fortitude the misfortunes which had befallen him. But the infernal! machinations of the French general were now to be put into practice, and the persecutions and miseries of Toussaint L’Ouverture were drawing quickly to a close. About the middle of May, 1802, in the dead of the night, a ship of the line and, a frigate an- chored before Gonaives, and landed a body of troops, which immediately marched to L’Ouverture, surrounded the house, while Toussaint and his family were asleep, and totally uncon- scious of their approaching danger. ‘Brunet, a brigadier-general, and Fer- rari, aid-de-camp to Le Clere, entered the hero’s chamber with a file ef grena- diers, and demanded his quict and in- stant surrender. ‘This was no time for resistance: the lion was in the toils, and opposition was useless; and, be- fore any aid could be procured, the whole family, including the daughter of a deceased brother, were under sail for I'rance. Two negro chiefs, who heroically atteinpted to rescue their governor, were iaken, and afterwards shot; while about a hundred of the eonfidential friends of ‘Toussaint were placed under arrest, and sent on-board the different ships of the French squa- ‘dron, from which they never returned, being either sold as slaves on the coast of Barbary, or, what is more probable, thrown overboard and drowned. During the voyage Toussaint was closely guarded, and unicelingly re- fused all intercourse with his family. ‘On the arrival of the ship at Brest, no dime was lost in hurrying him on- Life of Toussaint L’ Ouverture. [Feb. Ts shore, and only one sad parting in- terview was permitted between him and his unhappy family. Onthe deck of the vessel, then, this sorrowful meeting took place; and, as if con scious of the doom that awaited them, they tcok leave of one another for ever. Toussaint was then hurried on-shore, forced into a close carriage, and con- veyed, under a strong escort of ca- valry, to the castle of Joux in Nor- mandy. His wife and family were detained at Brest for two months, and then removed to Bayonne, from whence they speedily disappeared, and were heard of no more. By what means they were taken away is not publicly known even to this day; but, if we take into consideration all preceding circumstances, we shall be at no loss to account for their disappearance. There was no scarcity of assassins in France at that time, and it required no wonderful degree of valour to murder a helpless woman and her cqually helpless children. The Jast scene of this tragedy was now rapidly approaching. From the castle of Joux, Toussaint, as the winter drew near, was removed to Besancon, and the same rigorous and disgraceful treatment was adopted there, as that which he had already experienced elsewhere. Not content withthe close incarceration of this excellent man, they immured him in a dungeon, cold, damp, and gloomy, the floor of which was occasionally flooded with water. Let the reader bear in recollection the climate of the native country of Tous- ‘saint, and then let him impute what motives he will to this cruel proceed- ing of the republican government. It was certainly merciful in one point of view, for it most effectually released the unhappy captive from the cruelties which were thus profusely heaped upon his devoted head, and secured to him, eventually, that peace, which his blood-thirsty persecuiors denied him. He lingered through the winter in this living sepulchre, and then died, leay- ing behind him no inheritors of his vir- tues, nor even of his name; forwith him expired, as it had commenced, the glory of his race. STEPHENSIANA. 1823.] [. 49..] STEPHENSIANA. No. XVI. _ The iate ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq. of Park House, Chelsea, devoted an active and well-spent life in the collection of Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered in a book the collections of the passing day ;—these collections we have purchased, und propose to present a selection from them to our readers. As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many other biographical works, the Author may probably have incorporated some of these scraps ; but the greater part are unpublished, and all stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and manners, worthy of a place in a literary miscellany, y —__— EDMONSON, MOWBRAY-HERALD. @ wk this person it is related, that having, in bis genealogy of a cer- tain peer, related that he suffered in an action for crim. con. be was sent for by the representative of the family alluded to, and threatened to be pro- secuted for contempt of the House of Peers, if he gave not up his authority for such an apparently cruel as- Sertion. Edmonson endeavoured to remember where, or how, he had gained this information ; but to no pur- pose: he waited upon the peer, and, deprecating his forbearance, solicited forgiveness. ‘This was for the present refused, but a longer time granted, when formal proceedings would be commenced against him, could he not find whence he had borrowed this charge. Heavily procecded home- ward the herald ; when in the course of a week light dawned upon him, and he found, in a printed document among his literary lumber, not only the case stated in the manner which he had put it, but, coupled with it, other circum- stances, which he thought too horrible to print ; for, in this authenticated ac- count, the father was represented as the seducer of his son’s wife. This altered the case; and, when he prompt- ly tendered the book to his lordship which had caused all his uneasiness, instead of a threat of criminal prose- cution, he received the most grateful ‘thanks from the pecr for his. editorial forbearance. —~ Poor Edmonson had, soon after, the greater misfortune than this,—a son dying by his own hand. THE GRANDMOTHER OF QUEENS MARY AND ANNE. About the year 1625 there came to London a poor country-wench, to get employment; and, nothing better of- fering, she engaged herself to convey beer by the gallon, on her head, from a brewhouse. Being lively and hand- some, her master fancied her, and made her his wife,—soon after leaving her a widow, with considerable pro- perty. Unable to read or write, she | - Montury Maca, No, 378, called in the aid of one Hyde, an attorney, who, liking her fortune, made her his wife. By her Hyde had chil- dren; and afterwards, being returned to Parliament, was made Chancellor, and created Earl of Clarendon. James Duke of York having debauched one of his daughters, the Earl compelled him to marry her; and the fruits were the Queens Mary and Anne, whose grandmother was, of course, the very country-wench of sixty years pre- ceding. SIR GEORGE BEAUMONT. His fortune was originally very small; but he ased to pay avisit once a-year to an old uncle, who resided in Essex, and tvho had been in trade: with him he sunk the polite arts, and beeame a mere cit, and entered into his greatest delights,—smoking, and drinking ale. With his uncle he would thus marder a week. When the citi- zen died, he left Sir George more than 100,000. The artist laid out about 2,000/. on his house at the corner of Grosvenor-square ; but afterwards be- came very parsimonious. VOLNEY. , Volney, one of the greatest French literary characters, had to his preno- men Constantin Frangois Crasseboeuf. During his youth, which was spent in the Colleges of Ancients and Angers, he was known by the name of Boisgi- rais, which-his father had given him, as burlesque reflections were made on a name so singular as Crasseboeuf. The eminent abilities he was endowed with, no strong bent had turned into one channel, till they were displayed and illustrated, on occasion of a small property (about 6000 francs,) which fell to him. This gave weicht to the sentiments and quick feelings that nature had implanted,—developing, also, the magic influence that philoso- phy had on his mind. Hence the transition from still life to the higher and more interesting sphere of a voyager was agreeable and natural. Egypt and Syria were then butlittle H known, 50 known, and Wolney founded his first élaim to distinction in a farther inves- tigation of their fine remains, and by producing a work that should convey a clearer idea of the same. From the nature of this undertaking, he foresaw in the execution many obstacles to surmount, many perils to brave; and, without any violation of propriety, some glory to be gained, His resolu- tion was fixed ; and, to prepare himself for the voyage, he quitted Paris, and retired to an uncle’s in the country. _. There he indulged in all the different subdivisions and degrees of exercise conducive to a particular or extraor- dinary agility,—sometimes displaying lis powers in a foot-race, or'in Jong journies of several days’ duration ; oc- casionally passing whole days without food,— sometimes rapidity, sometimes violence of motion, as leaping broad ditches, scaling lofty walls, measuring his paces by a fixed standard of time, &e. Through a varicty like these, some of them pleasing, others serious, toilsome, and dangerous, Volney was exerting himself with a prominent and undisguised simplicity, Observations were made on this conduct by the thoughtless, who seldom consider be- fore they ridicule ; but the philosopher was above the laugh of ignorance, proportioning the means to the great end he had in view. Daring one year Volney was treading in the steps thus marked out. How well he rea- lized the object designed, in the ge- neral scheme ‘of his travels, is univer- sally felt and acknowledged. HENRY VIII, A copy of the work which was writ-. ten: by this king, and which gained him from the Pope the title of Defen- ‘der of the Faith, was stolen from the ‘Vatican, and sold to the brother of Payne, the bookseller of the Mews Gate. The bookseller received for it, from the Marquis of Douglas, an an- nuity for life. ANCIENT TRIAL BY JURY. About the year 800, a wooden statue of the Virgin, which stood on the Rood- ‘dee near Chester, was carried by a flood to the banks of the parish of Ha- ‘varden, and there preserved. But as, ‘m the following year, a fatal disease ‘took place among the cattle, the priests ‘and priest-ridden people of Haverden ascribed their misfortune to their sa- ‘crilegionsly detaining the statue. A jury was accordingly convened to de- ‘termine what it was best to do; when Stephensiuna, No. XVI. [Feb. 4, they advised that the statue should, in due form, be carried back, and re- placed on the Rood-dee. ‘The list of this jury is still preserved ; and among them was one Corbyn of the Gate, and to this day, at a place called the Gate, still reside the family of the same Corbyn! NATIONAL TASTE. I lately took up a foreign journal, which contained some observations on the corruption of taste in England. Speaking particularly of our poetry, the writer calls it the plaything of fashion, objecting that at present if has scarcely any other aim than, by brilliant whims, to please the multi- tude, always eager after novelties.. As to that which constitutes good criti- cism, he complains that the noble man- ner of our ancient reviewing journals is but feebly imitated; and that, in short, our literary critiques are replete with exaggeration, partiality, envy, and malignity, according to the petty interests which the journalists have espoused. The reflections on this sub- jeet appear, in many respects, to be just and pertinent. HONEST IMPOSTOR. A woman oncé presented herself to the late Lord Melville as being’ a cler- gyman’s widow, in great distress; when his lordship gave her five pounds. She became so perfectly astonished at this munificence, that she burst into tears, and declared that she was an impostor. He dismissed her on her promising never to attempt the like again. CIVILIZATION. Properly speaking, it is the result of the progress of society, but the end of all society is the public welfare: Nature evidently points this out. A people are then more or less civilized, when their political institutions and moral habits seem amicably to have joined together ; this, if the comparison may be allowed, is the very body and soul of civil existence. Man fre- quently tears the eouple asunder, though civilization is then only com- plete when they are reconciled, and when both equally concur to the hap- piness of all. NADIR SHAH’S TENT. Nadir Shah, after his plunder of Delhi in 1739, set out on his return to. Persia, laden with the spoils of the country which had been the scene of his depredations. In his journey back, wherein he obtained conquests over 1 the ‘ 1823.) the Afghans, Sindians, Turcomans, &c. he was accompanied by Khajeh Abdulkurreem, a Cashmerian of dis- tinction, who published a memoir of that conqueror’s return. This was translated from the original Persian, and published at Caleutta, by Francis Gladwyn, esq. From his summary history of that predatory incursion, £ extracted his description of Nadir Shah's tent. Nadir Shah, when at Delhi, had such a profusion of jewels, that he ordered the Moabir Bashy to make up arms and harness of every kind, inlaid with precious stones, and to ornament alarge tent in the same manner. For this purpose, the best workmen that could be procured were employed a year and two months, during the march ; and, when Nadir Shah arrived at Herat, the Moabir Bashy informed him that a great number of the follow- ing articles were prepared :—Horse- harness, sword-sheaths, quivers, shields, spear-cases and maces, with sundelees or chairs of different sizes; as also a large tent, lined with jewels. The tent was ordered to be pitched in the Dewan Khaneh or Public Hall, in which were placed the Tucht Taouffee or Peacock ‘Throne brought from Del- hi, the Tucht Nadery, with the thrones of some other monarchs ; together with the inlaid sundelees. Publication was made, by beat of drum, throughout the city and camp, that all persons had liberty to come to this magnificent exhibition, such as had never before been seen in any age or country. Nadir Shah was not pleased with the form of the tent; and besides, from its being lined with green satin, many of the jewels did not appear to advan- tage. He therefore ordered it to- be taken to pieces, and a new one to be made; the top of which, for the conve- nience of transportation, should be separate from the walls, such as in Hindostan is called a Rowty. When he returned to Meshed,' from his expedition into Turan, this new tent being finished, was displayed in the same manner as the former one; but its beauty and magnificence are beyond description. The outside was covered with fine scarlet cloth, the lining. was of violet-coloured satin, upon which were representations of all sorts of birds and beasts, with trees and flowers, the whole made of pearls, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, amethysts, and other precious stones; and the tent-poles were decorated in like man- Stephensiana, No. XVI. : 51 ner. On both sides of the Peacock Throne was a screen, upon which was represented the figures of two angels in precious stones. The roof of the tent consisted of seven pieces ; and, when it was transported to any place, two of these pieces, packed in cotton, were put into a wooden chest, two of which were a sufficient load for an elephant; and the screen filled another chest. The walls of the tent, the tent poles, and the tent pins,—which latter were of massy gold, loaded five more elephants: so that for the carriage of the whole were required seven ele- phants. 3 KEY TO THE “SPIRITUAL QUIXOTE. Page 1. A_ sequestered Village.—~ Mickleton, near Campden, Glouces- tershire. ; Jerry Tugwell.—William Taylor, a shoemaker at Mickleton: died 1783. Miss Townshend.—A feigned cha- racter. Mr. Graham.—The late Mr. Chol- mondeley, fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. j Lavinia.—Mrs. E. Lowe; resided in Worcester: since dead. 4 Ophelia.— Miss Utrechia Smith,* daughter of the Rev. Mr. Smith, of Mickleton, who died in consequence of the ill conduct of Miss Lowe ¢ Lady Racket ), who broke off the match with Mr. Cholmondeley, whom she married. Mrs. Booby.—¥ormerly Miss Brace, Mr. Clayton.—Morgan Graves, esq. of Mickleton, who married the daugh- ter of James Walwyn, esq. Lady Sherwood.—Lady Huntingdon. Mr. Rivers.—YVhe author of the ro- mance, Graves.) formerly fellow of All Souls, Oxford. The Spiritual Quizote.—Mr. Charles Graves. : Mr. Woodville—Mr. Bartholomew, ot Barkolemew, of Alder, near Read- ing. “ Sir. Hammond.—My. Bernard Kirk- ham. Mr, Wilmot.—The Rey, Mr. Walker, rector of Whitchurch, Oxford. Mr. Gregory Griskin.— Rev. Mr. Bayse, rector of Berkswell, Stafford- shire. Mr. Aldworth,—JamesW alwyn,esq. of Longworth, Herefordshire. Sir William Forester. — Richard Fitzherbert, esq. of Tissington-hall, Derbyshire. Sir William K—. —Sir Wm. Kyte, of Norton, near Campden. He atter- * Shenstone wrote lines, on her not dancing. wards 52 wards sent for some shavings; and having, by variotis pretences, got all the servants out of the house, shut himself up; and, ‘setting fire to the shavings, was burnt with his house. After his death, the estate was pur- chased by the late Sir Dudley Rider, father of Lord Harrowby. TUNNELS. Should a history of tunnel-making be found necessary, it will appear that the earliest for the purpose ot internal navigation was executed by M. Ri- guet, in the reign of Louis the Four- teenth. The object was to forward a public work, beneficial in its ten- dency,—the canal of Languedoc,—by conveying it through a mountain near Bezieres. This required no inconsi- derable art and labour: it is cut into a lofty arcade, and lined with free- stone the greatest part of the way; to- wards the ends it is only hewn through the rock, the substance of which is of a soft sulphureous nature. The first excavated in this country was by the ingenious Mr. Brindley, on the Duke of Bridgwater’s naviga- tion near Manchester. The next was the justly celebrated tunnel of Hare- eastle-hill, in Staffordshire, excavated also by Mr. Brindley. The plan and execution were masterly, and admira- bly suited tothe purpose. It passes more than seventy yards below the surface of the earth, and is carficed through a variety of strata, quicksands, &e. its length is 2,880 yards. The Original Poetry. [Feb. N object was to pass a canal through it, from the Trent to the Mersey; this has since been called the Grand Trunk. Another work of prodigious diffi- culty, and a great exemplification of ingenuity, was the tunnel of Sapperton. Much ability appears in the execution of this design; the tunnel here was carried through two miles of solid rock; its extreme length is two miles and three-quarters. By conveying an inland navigation through it, the ri- vers Thames and Severn were united. In the Great Drift or tunnel, about four miles above Newcastle, the art of excavation may be considered as hay- ing. ascended to the highest state of improvement. This was finished in 1797, and is three miles and a quarter in length; a great part of it perforated through a hard rock of whinstone, nearly equal in density to the hardest flint. It reaches from the banks of the river Tyne to near Kenton. The canal, too, of Languedoc may certainly be considered as a colossal specimen of art. It may be called the canal of the two seas, from its joining the Mediterranean and the Ocean, at the distance of 250 miles, Francis I. projected it; but it was begun (in 1665,) and finished under Louis XIV. France is not to be robbed of the ho- nour of this, nor Louis to lose his claim to the character of a patron of the arts. ORIGINAL POETRY. —_ THE NEW YEAR, By J. R. PRIOR. at SAW a fine girl on her mother’s knee,— They were laughingly blushing and joyous ; Love sung with their lips, ‘*So delighted are we! Is there aught in this world can destroy us?” lt was worship to see and to hear them in bliss, It was hepe to inherit their storys But Death kill’d the innocent girl with a kiss, And recall’d her to silence and glory. What’s the Year but a child on the lap of Time, That is dear in its youth and creation! Round gun biarth and our passions its months will “climb, ; i And detain us at home in Love’s nation: But the Seasons, its parents, advance it to prime, And’tis pleasant to solace the story,— That years, like our children in nature sublime, Tn their death are exalted to glory. ‘The woodbuds are blown in the rain and wind, And the sun and the moon are their Jovers ; They are warmed into leaves, and their fruits are assign’d, ° . . While mortality lingers and hovers: The blush and the savour, the beautiful form, Are promoted and gather’d in glory; The lightning awakes in the voice Aree storm, * And they live but in memory’s story. The ly rics of birds and the sweetness of sound, Like music in passionate dreaming, Sink deeper the heart as they circle its bound In the praise of security beaming : How short!—for the months Giannera into ayear Pass onward their glory forgetting ; Creation fresh objects gives Nature to bear, To eclipse with their rising its setting. Cold freezes the air, and the nights are lone; It is pain for the poor and forsaken! How happy the heart that can give with a tone And a spirit of freedom unshaken! never is brighter than shining on grief, ever dearer than soothing her story, Never sweeter than yielding the balm of relief, Nor purer than witnessing glory. 1 would*value each moment,—caress every morn,— I would link them in pulses of feeling, Tho’ I witness ten thousand to Erebus borne, And Eternity rapidly stealing : Still, still, should my faith, like a star that is bright, Rely on the truth of this rae — ‘¢That Years are the heralds which lead me aright To possession, and infinite glory.” Islington. —>—— NAPOLEON’s TOMB. HASTILY COMPOSED ON THE SPOT. Bewnovp that lonely sea-girt rock, Up-fore’d by some conyulsive shock From 1823. ] Fram Ocean's dreary womb ; There, in that island desolate, Far, far from panoply and state, Go view Napoleon’s Tomb. Deep in the valley lies the spot, Once seen, twill never be forgot, Till mem’ry fail for aye, The tow’ring hills on either side, Raise dark and high their heads of pride, And dare the solar ray. No verdure decks the decp descent, A little greensward, closely pent, Larks in the glen beneath ; Where Nature, in a pitying mood, With gentle hand her favours strew’d, To mark the abode of Death. There mournful willows droop the head In sorrow o’er the hero’s bed ; While down their foliage light, The trickling dew-droops slowly creep; Each night in darkness’ shade they weep, Like grief which shuns the light. The sullen wind sighs through the trees, Which, trembling to the valley breeze, In sad disorder wave ; The wither’d leaves, unknown to fame, A perishable kindred claim, And strew Napoleon’s grave. A simple stone lies o’er that breast, Which once, in robes imperial drest, Shone of mankind supreme ; A scanty railing now surrounds Him whose ambition knew no bounds But earth’s most wide extreme. Whose will was fate, whose word was law, Who kept the wond’ring world in awe, Whom subject kings obey’d ; And now beneath the hostile sod, Where many a vulgar foot has trod, His exil'd corpse is laid. The meteor, darting through the sky, Is now too bright for mortal eye, } And now is lost in gloom ; So sped he on his high career, So shone in glory’s brightest sphere, Now fills this lowly tomb. Here rest—and blighted be the lip Of him who seeks thy name to strip Of glory’s hard-earn’d meed ; And hot and heavy fall the curse On cowards who shall e’er asperse Thy mighty warrior deed. Alresford, Hunts ; Dec. 9, 1822. ———— ELEGY ON MRS. ESTHER YEATES; Who died at Westminster, Nov, 1, 1821. {The following lines were composed at Hornsey Wood, on the 2ist of May, 1822, by her disconso- ’ Jate surviving husband.) ; Wurte gentle zephyrs waft perfume, From flowers which Terra’s breast adorn, The flower I’ve lost creates a gloom Which makes me wretched and forlorn, E.R. Original Poetry. 53 That flower on earth was beauty’s prize, As it all other flowers surpass’d, ; And now, transplanted to the skies, With flowers celestial it is class’d. Thus my lov’d Esther still appears As brilliant as the morning star, And oft my drooping spirits cheers, Shedding sweet influence from afar. But yet, while I on earth remain, { miss her morning, noon, and night; Doom’d to alife of grief and pain, Till my freed soul shall take its flight. Middle Temple. T. YEATES. — LINES Written upon hearing a Friend express a desire for Military Honours. LET the stern warrior,—for his deeds re- nown’d Of mighty valor,—be with laurels crown’d ; I envy not the crown he wears, For ah! ’tis steep’d in widow’s tears, And orphan’s piteous cries shall in his ears resound ! Let History record his boasted name, And through the world his triumphs loud proclaim : I envy not th’ applause he gains, For ah! the boasted name remains Inscribed in human blood upon the roll of Fame ! To honours nobler far would LT aspire! Yo bind my brow, the crown which I desire, Should be the poet’s living bays ; My fame, the Muse’s haliow’d lays, With virtuous feeling fraught, aud warm with heav’nly fire! No life-destroying weapon would I wicld, Nor shew my prowess on th’ ensanguin’d field ; No widow’s moans—no orphan's cries— No childless mother’s shrieks should rise To curse the cause that makes his life the soldier yield! Be mine the glorious triumphs of the pen: With this,—the bloodless vict’ries I’d obtain Should cultivate the arts of peace, Bid war and tumult ever cease,— Ambition’s blood-stain’d tide attempting to restrain ! — DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE OF DEATH, In Mr. West’s Picture of “ Death on the Pale Horse.” AND next is Death on his pale courser seen, In horrid grandeur, and terrific mien, Consigning thousands to the silent grave, Without a single friendly hand to save; A tow’ring, ghastly spectre, hurryirg on With breathless speed,—a living skeleton! Clad ina sable robe, which far behind Streams like a meteor to the troubled wind : His o4 His head with coronet horrific crown’d, And brows with sad funereal cypress bound. P His hands grasp. vivid lightnings, that disperse Their fitful flashes thro’ the universe ; Deep peals of thunder with loud echoes roll, From the earth’s centre to the utmost pole. A hot sulphureous pestilential breath Precedes the courser, and his rider Death. The horse advances with unbridled rein, And all Death’s hell-hounds follow in his train ; Wild phantasms, strange forms, and flames of fire, Fierce dragons, hydras, and chimeras dire ; New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. [Feb..1, Loud piercing shrieks, and dismal sights of woe, : Which lurid glimmering darkness serves to show. 2 Thus cloth’d in terrors, on the mighty win Careering swift with fury unconfin’d, O’er earth his dreadful course he doth pursue : Affrighted nations sicken at the view ; And humbly bending, with submissive awe, In vain for help and pitying aid implore ; With poison’d dart, unerring in its aim, Both friend and foe to him alike the same: Death strikes at onee the coward and the brave, The rich, the poor, the sov'reign, and the slave, R, NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. —f To Richarp Franeis Hawkins, of Plumstead, Kent; for certain Im- provements in the Construction of Anchors. HESE improvements relate to two points: first, to an improved form and construction of anchors, different from the anchors generally in use ; secondly, to improvenients in the construction of anchors similar to those now in use. His improved form end construction of anchors are as follows: the anchor consists of a shank and arms, with what he calls a crown- piece attached or fastened to it, anda toggle, with the apparatus necessary to fasten them, as hercinalter described. The shank is so formed, as to consist of two parts towards the crown, forming what is called a throat, each part hav- ing an eye, or hole, or loop, so placed, that the arm of the anchor bemg passed through the two holes may freely work in the same; and, in so furming the shank, the bar or bars of iron, which make the eyes, or holes, or loops, respectively, should continue in one piece at least all round the eycs, or holes, or loops, for greater safety, and should then be welded together into that part of the shank which is single, forming what he calls the throat of the anchor. The crown-piece, so called because it forms the crown of the anchor, (its situation is between the two eyes, or holes, or loops, before menticned,) is a piece of iron which may be wrought, or east, and it has a hole through which the arm of the anchor passes, but in such a manner as to be fixed, so that, when the arms turn round in the eyes, or holes, or loops, the crown- piece may turnround with them. The interior of the crown-piece, or that part which is towards the square of the shank and the throat, must be so ad- justed that the crown-piece may freely revolve and pass through the throat, when the toggle hereinafter mentioned is not in the crown-piece. ‘The arms and the crown-piece may be fixed in various ways; but the plan he finds to succeed best is, by what he callsaclip and a wedge, the kole in the crown- piece being square or squarish, and that part of the arms which is to be fastened being also squarish, with a elip on one side and a wedge driven in on the opposite side, by which it is made perfectly tight. The crown- picee has another hole in that part of it, which plays or works between the arms and the throat; this hole is at right angles to the former hole, and to the plane of the arms; and into this hele is inserted a long thick piece of iron, which he calls the toggle, and which being fastened in its place, so as 1o project equally on both sides, by striking against or meeting the throat, prevents the crown-piece and the arms from moving or playing round, and stops them at an angle of about fifty degrees ; but the throat and the inner part of the crown-piece and the toggle may be so adjusted in making the an- chor, as to form an angle greater or less: he considers fifty degrees to: be the best holding position. The toggle may be fastened in its place in various ways, but the mode he uses is by the clip and wedge above stated, its length must be such as to make it firmly bear against. the throat, and it serves the purpose of a stock, whichis, therefore, 1823.] therefore, not necessary for this sort of anchor. In constructing anchors on this principle, both the palms cannot be formed on the arms, before one of the arms is passed through the eyes or loops of the crown-piece;.and one of the palms must be finished after- wards, and the palms must be both in the same plane with the arms. When the anchor is let go, one end or the other of the toggle comes in contact with the ground, aad puts both the flukes in a position to enter ; and, when the strain comes on the cable, the other end of the toggle comes in con- tact with the throat, and sets the anchor in the holding position, which is effected by both the flooks or flukes. The obvious advantages of this mode of constructing anchors are, that they hold at once by both the flooks or flukes, and therefore the weight may be less with equal effect: and there is a better chance of holding; and, from the manner in which the shank and the arms play or work, both flooks or flukes holding at once, and there being no stock in the usual way, there is much greater safety against fouling, which can rarely (if ever) happen with this sort of anchor; and obviously it may be catted, fished, and stowed, with greater facility and safety than a common anchor. The arms of the anchor are made in one piece or length, with a sufficient substance of iron at the crown to admit of a hole ; the crown end of the shank is formed with a throat and two loops, or eyes or holes projecting, between which the arms are placed and secured by a strong bolt, which is passed through the loops, or eyes, and hole in ‘the arms, and is strongly rivetted ; the effect of this iz to make that part of the anchor stronger. The stock.is so con- ‘structed as to consist of two pieces of — Proceedings of Public Societies, 53 timber or iron, which, when the anchor is not in use, fold down by a hinge or joint en each side of the shark, and which, when required for use, are ex- tended and secured in a cap or case of iron, so as to fasten them in their in- tended position. Various modes of fastening the stock in its position for use will oecur to every person ac- quainted with mechanics, and different modes will be more or less convenient according to the size of the anchor; in small anchors, a bolt passing through the iron case and the stock would be sullicient, but in large anchors where the stock is of wood, a hoop and a wedge would answer better. LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS. Mare Isambard Brunel, of Chelsea, en- gineer ; for certain improvements on steam- engines.—Jnne 26, 1822. Thomas Gauntlett, of Bath, surgeon’s instrument-maker; for certain improve- ments on vapour-baths, by which the heat is better regulated, and the baths rendered more portable.—June %6. William Brunton, of Birmingham, engi- neer ; for certain improvements upon fire- prates, and the means of introducing coal thereon.—June 26. Louis Bernard Rabant, of Skinner- street, Snow-hill, gentleman; for an im- proved apparatus for the preparation of coffee or tea.—June 26. Thomas Postans, of Charles-street, St. James, and William Jeakes, of Great Russell-street, Lloomsbury; for an im- provement on cooking apparatus.—June 26, George Smart, of Pedlar’s Acre, Lam- beth, civil engineer; for an improvement in the manufacture of chains, which he de- hominates mathematical chains.—July 4. Joseph Smith, of Sheffield, book-keeper; for an improvement of or in the steam-en- gine-boiler.— July 4. John Bold, of West street, Long-lane, Bermondésey, printer ; for certain improve- ments in printing.—July 4. PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. —— ‘ SOCIETY FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, AND FOR THE RE- FORMATION OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS. ROM the Fourth Report of the Committee our readers will be interested by a few extracts. Of the benevolent intentions and general designs of this Society it is impossible to speak in terms of com- mendation greater than our feelings ; but it is grievous to see its committee succumbing to certain aristocratical and magisterial prejudices in senti- ments like the following :—‘‘ The So- ciety is not constituted. (says the Committeec,) for the amendment of the criminal code; nor have its labours Leen, in any single instance, directed to this end,. On the eflicacy of capital punishment, or of transportation, the Committee have no desire to oller an opinion. ‘They have hitherto scrupu- lously confined their exertions to the real objects of the Society,—the im- provement 56 provement of prison discipline, and the reformation of juvenile offenders. Their attention has been occupied, not ina revision of the law, but in the attempt to render its penalties most effective—by administering imprison- ment, so as-at once to deter and re- elaim the offender, and impress all who contemplate a violation of the law with the dread of punishment.” Such a declaration may recommend the Society to some persons, but to us, who view the Criminal Code with horror, and its indiscriminating and sweeping application with unceasing affliction for two-thirds of ifs victims, we consider such avowed insensibility as affording prima facia evidence that the Society is serving rather as an auxiliary of a bad system than an agent of those benevolent principles on these subjects which now begin to govern the world. At the same time, we entertain no doubt of the good in- tentions of these parties; but we doubt whether it is correct to confer plausi- bility on a system radically wrong, which is maintained by a cruel and stiff-necked policy, and which policy merits no respect from liberal minds. Passing by the cant about gaols not being made places of comfort, we ar- rive at the following declaration, in which the Committee forget that: pri- vation of personal liberty is itself the greatest of punishments :—“The Com- mittee are of opinion, and have always contended, that severe punishment must form the basis of an effective system of prison-discipline. ‘The per- sonal suffering of the offender must be the first consideration, as well for his own interest as for the sake of exam- ple: he must be made to feel that this suffering attends the infringement of the laws, and the violation of the peace and property of the commu- nity.” In Newgate considerable alteration has taken place; but no amendment of which this prison is capable can supersede the urgent necessity which exists for the erection of another pri- son. ‘The present state of this gaol forms, however, a striking contrast to its situation some years back. Classi- fication is now maintained as far as possible. The juvenile prisoners are employed in flax-dressing. The House of Correction in Gilt- spur-street is still lamentably defec- -tive in the classification of convicted offenders, of whom there are but three Proceedings of Public Socicties. (Feb. 1, classes,—men, women, and boys. ‘The general labour for the men ts grinding corn, for the use of the prison and Newgate : this is performed by a hand- mill. The bread for both prisons is baked here. Bruising flax is the usual employment for the juvenile prisoners: sawing wood has also been introduced. The women are employed at spinning, washing, &c. During the last year, no fewer than 4,622 prisoners passed through the New Prison, Clerkenwell; and. this may be considered as a fair average of annual commitments. In the House of Correction, Cold- bath fields, the extensive machinery for the employment of the prisoners by the tread-whceel, is now completed. In eight of the yards wheels have been erected; so that, including relays, up- wards of 300 prisoners may be kept in regular employment. ‘This prison is very full;: there being occasionally above double the number of prisoners in confinement that the building was originally designed to contain. —3,379 prisoners were committed to this pri- son in the course of the year 1821. The Bridewell in Tothill Fields continues to be the most defective prison in the metropolis. The evils which have been already pointed out in this deplorable place of confinement, remain unreformed. Great praise is due to the governor for his having dis- pensed generally with the use of trons, notwithstanding the bad construction of the prison. At the Bedford county-gaol, several on entering the prison, who were com- mitted in default of the payment of penalties, have gladly paid the money at the sight of the mill. ‘The prisoners work on separate tread-wheels. The governor, from his residence, com- mands a complete inspection of the prisoners while at work on the wheels, as well as in their wards. The pro- duce of the mill is partly consumed in the prison, and wheat is ground at a moderate expense for the public. In the county House of Correetion at Abingdon, the prisoners are em- ployed in the manufactere of sacking in all its branches, tarpaulins, and matting ; for which a ready sale is invariably found. The use of trons, except in eases of refractory prisoners, has been discontinued at this prison. At the Aylesbury county-gaol, the mill is the only source of labour in the prison; the untried, who are not obliged 1823] obliged, but who are willing, to work, are placed in the inside, and the con- victed on the outside, of the wheels: the labour of the latter is very- severe, the steps being nearly two feet and a quarter apart. ‘lhe governor states that, since the erection of the mill, he does not see the sume faces return; as for- merly.* The profit to the county du- ring the last year, from the labour of the prisoners, amounted to 2104: 11s. At. the Cambridge county-gaol, a discipline-mill has been in full opera- tion during the last six months. The male prisoners work in two compart- ments, and the period of labour is ten hours per day. There has not been one instance of a re-committal since the erection of the mill; before, returns were frequent. The female prisoners are under the sole care of the gover- ‘nor’s wife. In the town-gaol at Cambridge a tread-mill is erecting. The daily al- lowance of money has been changed into a fixed ration of food. In this manner the Committee re- port on all the gaols in the kingdom. - In many prisons the practice still continues of using irons in ordinary cases, with the view of insuring the safe custody of the prisoners. The Committee are inclined to think that the security which irons afford has been greatly over-rated. The use of fetters has a tendency to relax the vigilance of prison-officers ; and proba- bly, if the circumstances were exa- mined, it would be found that, in a large proportion of cases in which the escape of prisoners had been effected, irons had actually been used. It is satisfactory to observe the gradual discontinuance of this practice, which is likely before long to be altogether exploded. At Newgate, until no dis- tant period, fetters were used in every Yard; no irons are now to be seen, . -* This is a common falsehood of all per- sons-connected with the execution of the Criminal Laws. During the year in which the Editor of this: Miseellany served the office of sheriff, only one person was brought twice into Newgate, aud he was a wild ideot. We defy this Committee to prove by facts, that more than one in ten, «who fall under the Jash of the law,” are further objects of its cognizance. Why, therefore, propagate this error, which, more than any other, tends to confirm thousands in the belief, that our Criminal Laws are too lenient ? MontTuty Mac. No, 378, Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline. 57 with the exception of those on capital convicts, who wear them not for secu- rity, but-as a distinctive punishment. Few gaols-in England are less secure than the bridewell in ‘Tothill Fields, where feitters were long deemed abso-. lutely necessary, but even here they are now altogether dispensed with; and it is to be regretted that they are not disused at several large prisons, which in_other respects are well: con- ducted, and where their discontinu- ance might reasenably have been ex- pected. We were much delighted with the following paragraph, the most worthy in the Report:—“It is a sound and established maxim of English: juris- prudence, that every man shall be regarded as innocent, until the law pronounces him to be guilty. This is a sacred principle which all are inte- rested to preserve inviolate. A man may abstain from crime, but no man is secure from being charged with it. The mostinnocent and respected-mem- ber of society may to-morrow become the inmate of a prison. Here he may remain for months the subject of its discipline. Imprisonment alone, to such an individual, is in itself an evil of greatmagnitude. He is taken from his home, his connexions, and pursuits. His reputation suffers injury, and his family disgrace. His health may be impaired, and his dependants beggar- ed. These may be, and occasionally are, the unavoidable consequences of imprisonment before trial. They are evils which, for the general safety and protection of society, must be endured. But shall these sufferings be aggra- vated by the infliction of a punishment, which the law not only doés not recog- nize, but expressly forbids ?” The Committee state, that further experience has fully confirmed the efficacy of the discipline tread-mill. Some doubt has been expressed whe- ther the exercise occasioned by- this description of labour might not prove injurious to the health of the prisoner. The Committee do not deny that it is very possible to. convert, by excessive application, this, as well as every other species of punishment, into an instru- ment of cruelty: but they do not be- lieve that this has been the case with the tread-mill in any single instance ; and they feel assured that the labour which it ordinarily enforces, so far from being injurious, is highly bene- yi I ficial 58 Proceedings of Public Societies. ficial to health, It induccs moderate and uniform exertion, in an erect and unrestrained position of the body; weight, not force, being requisite in the operation. The prisoners are usually at work in the prison-yards, deriving the benefit of the open air while under exercise. Much, however, of the efficacy of the punishment will depend on the judicious arrangement of the machinery, and the attention that is paid to the degree in which the labour is enforced. ‘Thus, if the revo- lutions of the wheel are performed too slowly, or if the number of prison- ers, as relays, form too large a pro- portion to those on the wheel, the labour to every prisoner may become so slight, as entirely to fail of its in- tended effect. With regard to the motion of the wheel, the rate imposed on a prisoner at Brixton is about from forty-five to fifty steps per minute. The proportion of prisoners resting to those on the wheel ought not to exceed one-third. An error in this respect may often be committed in crowded prisons ; and, in such eases, the disci- pline to the whole body of prisoners is rendered altogether nugatory. In or- der to regulate the portion of labour to each prisoner with the greatest equality, the Committee refer to the simple expedient which is adopted at Edinburgh Bridewell,—a contrivance worthy of imitation. As the benefits arising from the tread-mill become gradually known, the Committee feel persuaded that this, or some similar description of hard labour, will be re- garded as indispensable in houses of correction. In these prisons there is usually a large number of offenders, -whose periods of confinement are too short to ‘allow of their labour being directed with effect to such manufac- tures as require previous instruction. For the stepping-wheel, however, no tuition is needed, and the effect: of such discipline, for one month only, is calculated to deter offenders in their early career of crime, in a more power- -ful manner than a much longer term of ordinary confinement. On the subject of affording assist- -ance to prisoners, who on their libera- tion are destitute, and whose conduct during confinement has been satisfac- tory, the Committee humanely remark, that the period of discharge is one of great difficulty to the criminal, when a smal] sum is much needed, and is often essential to preserve him from want or [ Feb. 5, crime. In cases, indeed, where earn- ings are not allowed, some pecuniary aid, as a substitute, on liberation, is often absolutely indispensable. At Durham the magistrates provide the prisoners with a sum necessary to take him home. If, at the expiration of six months, he can produce a satisfactory certificate from the minister and churchwardens of his parish, he re- ceives, from a fund raised for this purpose, the sum of two guineas; and a similar certificate, produced at the end of the following six months, in- sures him an additional reward. Much of the efficacy of prison-laws will ever depend on the character of those whom the magistracy select for the government of gaols. The Com- mittee are happy to observe that the situation of keeper of a gaol is daily acquiring, in public estimation, in- creased importance and respectability. His station in society is honourable: the nature of his charge arduous and responsible. To him is delegated a peculiar trust, and the upright per- formance. of his duties entitles him to the esteem and gratitude of the com- munity. The security of his charge, although the first, is not the only, object of his care. He is a moral functionary, in whose exertions are involved the interests of society, and the welfare of the most wretched of mankind. . In his general conduct,— in the exercise of his power,—the en- -couragement of the orderly,—the con- trol of the refractory; in these, as well as in the discharge of other duties, his arrangements should be methodical, his temper uniform, and his justice apparent. At Newgate, the Ladies’ Associa- tion, for the improvement of the female prisoners, persevere in their arduous and important labours. Constant work is provided, and the prisoners are uniformly instructed in religious and moral duty. The schools are in ex- cellent order. For the last twenty months the ladies have kept an ac- count of the number of convicted women, who, on being placed under their care, were found to have re- ceived some degree of education. From this useful register it appears, that, of 119 prisoners, (being the whole number who were able to read,) not one had attended a school on the Bri- tish system, and one-only had entered a National School: in the latter case, the individual confessed that she had remained 1823.] remained there but two weeks; so that it may fairly be cxcluded from the account. It also appears, that but three had been in the habit of attend- ing at Sunday-schools.* The Committee have continued to extend relief to distressed boys, and others who were destitute, on their discharge from the prisons of the metropolis, and were desirous of aban- doning their vicious habits. During the past year, a considerable number have been received into the Temporary Refuge, who on their liberation were without money, character, or friends, and who possessed no means of pro- curing employment. Without the as- sistance thus afforded by the Society, it is’ scarcely possible but that these guilty, yet unfortunate, objects, must have again resorted to crime for support. At their last anniversary, the Com- mittee had the pleasure to announce some highly interesting particulars relative to the proceedings of the Pri- son Society of Russia, formed under the immediate patronage of the Empe- ror Alexander, and the formation. of a Royal Society for the amelioration of the Prisons in France. The kingdoms of Spain and Portugal may also be ranked among the foremost of those European states, whose earnest desire to ameliorate the state of prisons, * Yet there are those who contend that the increase of criminals, from want of em- ployment, is owing to the increase of edu- cation! New Music and the Drama. 59 promises so much to the interests of humanity. “To diffuse principles, and cherish feelings, which are directly calculated to insure respect and obedience to the laws, ameliorate the state of so- ciety, and promote the present and eternal well-being of man, is the aim of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline ; and surely an ob- ject of greater importance cannot engage the attention or impress the heart.” We agree with them in these ob- jects, and heartily wish them succéss ; but still we differ from them essential- ly. Our discipline should apply only to second convictions, or to crimes which display rooted depravity. Two- fifths of the inmates of gaols are those from ignorance of penal law; two- fifths have been goaded by some over- powering necessity; and not more than one-fifth are proper objects for that coercive and reforming system for which the Committee are contend- ing. The true way to empty prisons would be to reduce the penal code to a brief and intelligible sheet, which should be posted every year in every house; to publish, in like manner, sessional lists of crimes and punish- ments; to provide for the temporary wants of discharged criminals; and, in fine, to discourage and prevent those monopolies of land, and other productions of labour, which cause want, distress, and the chief part of the crimes that are committed. NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. —a— Numbers I. and II. of the Flutist’s Journal ; by J. C. Nielson. 3s. each. HIS work, consisting of national melodies of various countries, presents all its articles, not only under an arrangement suitable to the instru- ment for which they are intended, but very ingeniously and tastefully embel- lished. As most of the airs here as- sembled are of the simplest descrip- tion, the giving them just such orna- ment as they would properly bear, that is, such decorative additions as would not invade or deteriorate their original beauty, was a task of some delicacy. Dedicated to the first flute- performer in the country, this publica- tion declares, by its style, that it ema- nates from the abilities of a real mas- ter, and that it is worthy the implied recommendation of him to whom it is inscribed. Among the selected melo- dies, we find those of Rossini’s “ Zitt! Zitti!” and his “ Di piacer mi balza il cor,” the late Mr. Charles. Dibdin’s well-known air of ‘‘ The Waterman,” Mozart’s ‘* Batti batti,’ -Jackson’s “Time has not thinn’d my flowing hair,” Cobbham’s “‘‘ Violet Girl,”. and Byrd’s “« Non nobis.” . Many. of -the tunes are arranged as duetts, others with varia- tions ; and, the last here named, is ad- justed asa trio.. It is givenin the key of C, and derives from its pitch, and the junction of three flutes, both a sweet anda novel effect. “ Come, 60 “Come, let us prepare,” a favourite Masonic Melody, with Variations for the Piano-Forte. Composed by Bro- ther Joseph Major. 33. The style of the variations which Mr. Major has subjoined to this very sim- ple and equally pleasing little air, would induce .our supposition of his skill as a piano-forte performer. While they are of a cast both to accommo- date the juvenile hand and interest the cultivated ear, they demonstrate a tho- rough knowledge of the instrument for which they are intended. The execu- tion is progressive in difficulty, and obviously written with the laudable view of inducing practice, and encou- raging the youthful student. We know Mr. M. to be a real master, and therefore the more freely remark a little dapsus mentis in the penultima bar of his theme: we allude to the unpre- pared discerd of a fourth and fifth, which is as often repeated as_ the melody of that bar recurs. With common composers, harmonial errors of this kind are so usual, that we never think them worthy of notice, execpt when, unluckily, we find them in genuine musicians. Number I. of the Companion to the Catch and Glee Clubs, consisting of a Selection from the most admired and favourite Compositions of the Ancient and, Modern Glee Composers, among which will be introduced several Manuscript Productions never yet published. 2s. The specimen before us of this in- tended series of glee compositions, gives a promise of much future good matter. It consists of a prize-glee for four voices, composed by C. S. Evans, (one of the gentlemen of the Chapel Royal) which last year gained the cup given by the noblemen and gentlemen's Catch Club to the best serious glee sub- ‘mitted to their taste and judgment. Its principal feature of excellence is the general spirit of joviality by which its three movements are characterized. Were we asked whether it be strictly classical, and the evident production of a: sound musician as well as a man of genius, good faith to our readers would oblige us to answer in the nega- tive; but, had we to say, whether, not- withstanding some few awkwardnesses in the responsive points, and the general combination of the parts, the com- poser has not contrived to produce a lively, and even powerfully exhilarating effect, our reply must be in his favour. New Music and the Drama. [Feb. 1, In the long course of our critical du- ties, we have often met with serious glees of a very comical description, and cheerful glees very sadly set; but, Mr. Evans’s “* Baechus, place me near the bowl,” is a striking evidence of the real sprightliness:of his fancy, and of his just conception of the style proper to such a subject as that on which his talents have been employed. The Parliament Man, or,Hear! Hear Hear! A Comie Song, sung by Mr. Harley at the Theatre Royal, Drury- Lane, in the Comic Opera, entitled, “© The Veteran.” Composed, and arranged for the Piano-korte, by E. Knight, jun. 1s. 6d. This is as comic a little production as, for a long time, has come under our notice. The words, by Knight, the comedian, and author of the opera, are conceived with a good deal of humour, and the composer has, happily enough, fallen in with his ideas. It is not in the music of vocal productions of this kind that we look for any thing more-than fluency of melody and an unoffending bass ; and thus much Mr. E. K. has been carefulto give us. We think this whimsical effusion capable of maintaining itself unsupported by the scene it enlivens in the piece, and that it will be found an agreeable compa- nion at table. THE DRAMA. : CoventT-GARDEN.—The exhibitions at this theatre, during the past month, and in spite of weather not much calculated to draw people from the comforts of the fire-side, have been well attended. Mr. Charles Kemble’s Lovemore, and Miss Chester’s Widow Belmour, in Murphy’s Way to Keep Him; Macready’s Macgregor, and Miss Tree’s Diana Vernon, in Rob Roy; Miss Paton’s Mandane, in Artax- erxes; Miss F. H. Kelly’s Juliet, in Romeo and Juliet; Mrs. Ogilvie’s Katharine, in Henry the Eighth; and other specimens of dramatic and vocal excellence, seconded by the continued favourable reception of a pantomime, rich in tricks and scenic changes ; have proved so attractive as to realize good houses, and throw a cheerful as- pect over the affairs of the establish- ment. We, however, are not a little surprised, that the judgment of the managers has not pointed out tothem the necessity of a greater degree of ‘novelty, and their activity been ex- cited in its production. Henré Quatre, Maid 1823.] Maid Marian, Virginius, theSchool for Scandal, and the Beggar’s Opera, will always afford a certain degree of gra- tification; but a thirst for variety, variety by the means of creative inven- tion, has been a feature of every age; and the caterers for public amuse- ment, who fail to give to that great requisite their constant’ and sedulous attention, do not embrace for them- selves and their concerns every possi- ble advantage. Drury-Lane.— At Drury Lane, taste, industry, and novelty, are still considered as articles of the first ne- cessity. In addition to all the interest that could be imparted to the Road to Ruin, and the Haunted Tower ; Macbeth, and the Revenge; and Love ina Village, and Richard the Third, by the talents of Elliston and Munden, Braham and Mrs. Austin, and Kean and Young, the failure of a first pantomime has, with wonderful expedition, been suc- «ceeded by a second, of much merit in Literary and Critical Proémium, 61 the several provinces of magical exhi- bition; and, while the Golden Axe has been bringing its own metal to the treasury, the boon has been augmented by a new melo-drama, a new farce, and a new female performer, all of which have been received with more than common marks of approbation. The farce (Simpson and Co.) is a very pleasant after-piece in two acts ; the melo-drama, (Augusta, or the Blind Girl, ) an ingenious and highly inter- esting imitation of a French produc- tion, now performing with distin- guished success at Paris; and the debutante, a lady who, we believe, had been a favourite with provincial audi- ences, and who, we doubt not, is des- tined to the honour of much future fame. Thus the public entertainment has been consulted with no less suc- cess than assiduity; and “his majes- ty’s servants,” headed by the veteran Elliston, are prosecuting a fair and flourishing career. NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN JANUARY: WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are ‘ requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month. — ME: Tromas Moore has lately pub- lished a poem called dhe Loves of the Angels, for an account of which we refer the reader to a preceding able article of this month. In addition to this, he has pre- sented us with another number of his National Melodies, which, though highly beautiful, is, we think, inferior, both in the musical and in the poetical department, to the foregoing parts. The merits and the defects of this author in his minor produc- tions are so well appreciated, that any farther comment upon them would be un- necessary. We shall therefore merely ' subjoin, for the amusement of our readezs, the first melody in the present number, which is, we think, in every respect the most excellent :— Come listen to my story, while Your needles’ task you ply; At what I sing some maids will smile, While some, perhaps, may sigh. ho Love’s the theme, and Wisdom blames Such florid songs as our’s; Yet Truth sometimes, like Eastern dames, Can speak her thoughts by flowers. Then listen, maids, come listen while Your needles’ task you ply; At what [ sing there’s some may smile, _ While some, perhaps, will sigh. Young Chloe, bent on catching Loves, Such nets had Jearn’d to frame, That none in all our vales or groves Ber caught so much small game. While gentle Sue, less giv’ to roum, When Chiloe’s nets were taking These flights of birds, sat still at home One sinall neat love-cage making. Come listen, naids, come, &c, Much Chloe laugh’d at Susan’s task, But mark bow things went on, These light-caught Loves,—ere you could ask Their name and age,—were gone. So weak poor Chloe’s nets were wove, That, tho’ she charm’d into them New game each hour, the youngest Love Was able to brexk thro’ them. Come listen, maids, come, &c. Meanwhile young Sue, whose cage was wrought Of bars too strong to sever, : One Love with golden pinions caught, And caged him there for ever; Instructiug thereby all coquets, Whate’er their looks or ages, That, tho’ ’tis pleasant weaving nets, ’Tis wiser to make cages. : Thus, maidens, tius do 1 beguile The task your fingers ply; May all who hear, like Susan smile, Ah! not like Chloe sigh! Two additions to the Historical Library have appeared within the month, in some volumes of the Memoirs of Napoleon le Grand, dictated by himself, and in the Jour- nalof Las Cusas. We are glad to see the true character of this illustrious man thus developed to the world, and preserved to posterity; and we were particularly pleased with the observations in Las Casas’ Jour- nal on the exaggerated misrepresentations of the British ambassador, in the famous interview with which Napoleon honoured him. How much will thousands blush at having been made the dupes of the British ministry at that momentous crisis! The folly of one party, and the deliberate kna- very of the other, caused all that ruin which 62 which now impends over industry in Eng- land. We said, at the time, that “ the child that was unborn would rue the hunt- ing of that day.” The rupture of the Treaty of Amiens was caused by such pas- sions as are usually ascribed to the grim personage called the Devil; and mischief could not fail to be the result. Mr. Roscoe has just published, as a sequel to his former work on that subject, Additional Observations on Penal Jurispru- dence and the Reformution of Criminals, containing Remarks on Prison Discipline, &c. He commences with an animated, and, in our opinion, a successful attack upon the principles and practice recom- mended in the Edinburgh Review, for February 1822, which have been treated on many occasions with severe and just censure, and which, we are happy to find, are here met by Mr. Roscoe with the don- ble confutation of argument and fact. The objections of the author are priucipally pointed against the indiscriminate use. of severe and unproductive labour in our prisons ; and, at a time when the tread-mill is about to be introduced, at a great ex- pense, into so many of our gaols, it would be highly advisable to give these obserya- tions full and mature consideration. In the aversion of the author to this newly- discovered mode of punishment we filly partake. As a means of subduing stub- born and refractory criminals, it may, per- haps, like solitary confinement, have its use; but, as the regular employment alike of the weak and the strong, the idle and the industrious, the rebellious and the do- cile, it is just the most absurd, useless, and unreasonable, piece of machinery which could possibly have been devised. The essence of the invention seems to be to torture by the compulsion of muscular fa- tigue, divested of all the results which render exertion tolerable; and thus, it would appear, to make bodily labour still more hateful to the indolent, by present- ing it to them in its worst aspect, and per- mitting them to derive from it neither amusement, experience, nor profit. In what light this novelty is regarded by the public may be collected from a curious fact, that it has been made an object of exhibition at our theatres, where it is re- ceived with great applause, as a most hu- mourous and comic piece of apparatus. On the question of the impression it has made on the public mind, or is likely to make on that of the criminal, this fact speaks volumes; and we shall be truly concerned to see this machine at once lu- dicrous and irritating, and, we doubt, un- productive alike of peeuniary and of mo- ral advantages, supersede the use of labour, well regulated, rational, and adapt- ed to the habits and powers of the indivi- dual. On this head, we look upon Mr, Roscoe's remarks as of great importance. Literary and Critical Proémium. [Feb. l, In the progress of his work, he animad- verts upon the punishment of criminals by solitary confinement, as proposed in some of the United States of America, and he enters into a copious detail of the defects which have partially rendered abortive the attempt to establish the Penitentiary sys- tem there, pointing out the most likely method of removing them. In this part of his treatise will be found much to inte- rest those who have at heart the reforma- tion of our own prison-establishments. We think Mr. Roscoe will be found to refer the apparent failure of the American plans to its just canses, and to give us sufficient reasons for perseverazice in that honour- able course of rational and humane reform, which, by instructing and softening the public mind, will procure for society the safety and peace not to be attained by bloody penalties and savage enactments, Happy will it be for that nation whose rulers shall at last be persuaded that man is rather to be schgoled, as an infant, by kindness and wisdom, to virtue, than hunt- ed down like a beast of prey, and beaten, and branded, and strangled. We heartily wish success to Mr. Roscoe’s benevolent exertions. It is proper to add, that an Appendix to the volume contains many important and interesting documents, which throw’ great light, in particular, on the posture of these affairs in the United States. Another novel of the family of “ the great unknown,’ as he is empirically called by his sycophants, has just appeared. It is so like its brethren, as chiefly to be distinguished from them by change of names and title. ‘The puerile alliteration of “ Peverill of the Peak” is nauseating, and savours much of catchpenny, but the author plays for higher stakes than pence. His object is to catch guineas, for we have here four volumes, at 10s. 6d, per volume, such as are usually sold at 6s. or 7s, Mercy on the keepers of circulating libra- ries, for nothing but a speculation for sub- sistence would induce any one to submit to the imposition, and they goad each other by mutual rivalry. We always con- sidered the chief value of printing to con- sist inthe cheapness with which it produced books; but in this, as well as many other modern cases, any scrivener would praduce a fair copy at less than the price of the printed copies. : The proprietors of a miscellany, in which various Essays have appeared, under the signature of Elia, have republished them under that title. The pleasure afforded by them is ina great measure weakened, and sometimes destroyed, by a disagreeable qnaintness and affectation, ‘The author’s style is founded on the writers of Queen Eli- zabeth’s time, and with many of their beau. ties he has astill greater proportion oftheir defects..~ In some of his papers he will delight 1823.] delight the reader by the originality of his subjects, and his pleasant manner of treating them, whilst, in others, he will absolutely disgust, by their revolting inde- licacy, and sometimes by their ridiculons puerility. Some interesting accounts of a tract of country but little frequented or described by English travellers, are given ina series of Letters from Mecklenburg and Holstein, by GeorGE Downes, A.z. late of Trinity College, Dublin. ,They were written in ‘the summer of 1820, during a short resi- dence in the north of Germany, and com- prise an account of the free cities of Ham- burg and Lubeck. Of the latter towna very striking and picturesque description is_given by the tourist. Its general ap- pearance is represented as gloomy in the extreme, The doors of its ancient fabrics are curiously sculptured ; and, in the por- tals, carved figures of armed warriors frown from their niches. With these ob- jects around him, the imagination of the _stranger is easily transported centuries back ; and, the stern and feudal aspect of the city, is described as commanding an in- tense interest. With the Baltic provinces of Germany our acquaintance is so slight, that Mr. Downes’s pages abound in novel information. His account of the district of Preetz is highly curious. _The inhabi- tants of this province form a distinct tribe, descended, it, is supposed, from the Van- dals, and have maintained, in their little territory, an exclusive policy, to be paral- leled perhaps only by that of the Chinese. The ‘slightest intercourse with strangers was prohibited, and the observance of the national usages strictly enforced. Within the last forty years, however, these dis- tinctions have begun to wear away, and are now fast on the decline. Several well-executed. plates accompany the text, amongst which we find a representation of the monument and oak of Charles Theo- dore Koerner, celebrated for the enthusi- astic vehemence and the poetical talent with which he assisted the patriotic exer- tions of his countrymen in 1813. Mr. Downes appears to possess an intimate knowledge of the German language, and is by no means deficient in the qualities ne- essary to give life and interest to his nar- vative, which he has succeeded in render- ing at once agreeable and instructive. The Nursery Guide, containing Informa- tion likely to he usiful to those who may shortly take upon themselves the Duties of a Mother; by HeENryY ‘THOMPSON, surgeon, "Vhis work is a compound of excellent sense and good advice, with wretched poetry and bad taste in the compilation. The idea of a dedication to the late Princess Charlotte, unfinished on account of her death interrupting the writer, is perfectly Jndicrous, and the self-styled poetry is of such a quality as to set criticism at defi- Literary and Critical Proémium. 63 ance. It is our duty, however, to add, that the professional information and ad- vice contained in this little book, make it a most desirable requisite to that class of persons for whom it is intended ; and, we regret, that Mr. Thomson has chosen so unfortunate a mode of communicating his sentiments on a subject which he seems to understand so well, and on which his pre- cepts, in another shape, might prove so ex- tensiyely useful. A Treatise on the Sabbath, by the Rev. Joun GLEN, possesses a just claim to our encomiums. The manner, in which the sacred subject is treated in this excellent work, gives it the strongest title to our ré- commendation. ‘The author begins by considering the original institution of this holy ordinance. He next passes on to its obligations, to the reason for its change from the last to the first day of the week, to the manner in which it should be ob- served; and, lastly, to the advantages which accrue from the due observance of it. Even in this age of scepticism, and neglect of Sabbath duties, we may expect that some attention will be bestowed upon this book, and we may hope much from the result. To this good object we willingly contribute all we can, by fervently recom- mending it to general perusal, with the conviction, that its value will not be un- duly appreciated by all who seriously give their attention to it. The approaching meeting of parliament has been ushered in by.a kind of manifeste on the part of ministers, in the shape of a pamphlet, affecting, with what truth we are not well assured, a demi-cfficial air, and purporting to give an aceount of the Administration of ithe Affairs of Great Britain, Ireland, and their Dependencies, at the commencement of the Year 1823. The palpable object of the work is to effecta favourable impression ‘on the public mind, and particularly on the irritated nerves of the country gentlemen, previous to the meeting of the houses. The learned gen- tleman, to whom these pages are ascribed, of connsel for his majesty’s ministers on this occasion, has laboured to bring forward every fact which can be construed to de- note a prosperous condition of the country, while he has as studiously kept out of siglit those grievances and distresses, which, however he may endeavour to divert from them the public attention, will command, in the coming session, a full and serious hearing. Without disputing the facts stated by the author, the learned gentle- man will be prepared, by the experience of his own profession, to excuse his readers, if they are, cautious in forming their opi- nions from an ex pate statement like this, To any. one who. has attended to the course of public affairs, it will be at once evident, that the ministers deserve as little credit for the patience, industry, and firmness, 64 firmness, with which the people bear up against their oppressive burdens, as for the boasted retrenchments which have, it is notorious, been in almost every instance forced upon the servants of the crown, after every effort had been made to evade them. On that head, we apprehend, go- vernment will shortly hear very plain lan- guage. The hopes of the nation, which, under a truly constitutional representation, onght to be founded on the independence and integrity of its representatives, may possibly, for once, be realized by their ne- cessities and their fears. We are not, however, disposed to deny the truth of many of the author’s statements, and we perfectly coincide with him in the canses to which he attributes the general depres- sion of prices :—‘‘ A vast amount (during the war) of public expenditure, very great in each year, and still further aggravated in every successive year by the addition of a new mass to the former ; and, secondly, an immense demand, a large waste, and, in many articles of supply, the possession of a monopoly and a closed market. In the twenty-three years of the war, 800,000,000 of money, and all this extraordinary ex- penditure, had been poured into the gene- ral market of the community ; and had, of course, nursed and supplied with means a vast stock of consumers ; enabling so many more to consume, and all to consume more largely.” The reasons here assigned for the fall of prices are, we think, quite satisfactory; and the writer succeeds in shewing, that the decline is to be attri- buted in a very slight degree to the dimi- oution of the quantity of the currency. In treating of our foreign relations, a task yet more difficult awaits this organ of minis- terial opinions, His account of the nature and purposes of the congress of sovereigns it is impossible to peruse with gravity. Upon the face of it, it is what the learned gentleman may best apprehend under the title of a sham plea. “To say all in a word, it is a merely friendly conference, and in no degree a diet or confederacy.” A gentlemanly meeting, no doubt, of two emperors and as many kings, to shake hands together, and talk over something for the good of the human race. He speaks more to the point, when he confesses that the object of the congress is to keep down the spirit of French jacobinism ; and still more so, when he has the assurance to de- clare, that all the characteristic distinctions of that spirit are manifest upon the face of the Spanish revolution, which stands unri- valled in the temper, humanity, and for- bearance, with whichit has been, from the first, conducted. But this question it is needless to argue. No man believes that the safety of Spain lies elsewhere than in her own strength, or that an army of foreign slaves would not now have polluted her plains, if their courage had seconded Literary and Critical Proémium. [Feb. 1, their will. The benevolent characters above referred to have yet much to learn; and we feel happy in the confidence, that, by declaring war against Spain, they will have the benetit of compressing a great deal of experience into a short but severe lesson. On the questions of our policy to- wards Greece, and the new American republics, the writer is equally inefficient ; and endeavours in vain to conceal, under the pomp of official language, that weak- ness, or something worse than weakness, with which, in both these instances, Great Britain has betrayed her own interests and those of the human race. With respect to the literary qualifications of the author, we are not induced to form any high opinion of his merits. Nothing at all approaching to eloquence is discoverable in his pages ; his style is neither easy nor elegant, and is remarkable for a kind of oracular tone, which gives it an air rather of conceit than of dignity. We have great doubts whethier, in assuming the character of a politician and a man of letters, he has not improvi- deutly emerged from his proper element. ' There are few of our readers who have not heard the name of Mrs. Catharine Cappe, whose wnwearied exertions in the cause of charity and benevolence only ceased with her life. We noticed with pleasure the announcement of her Memoirs, written by herself ; but, highly as we always esteemed her character and useful talents, we did not expect so interesting and valu- able a book as on perusal we find this to be. The amiable writer has narrated, in the most simple and engaging manner, all the history of a long life, which was very far from being barren in curious and in- structive incidents. Very early in life she separated from the established church, and became one of the most intimate friends of the late Mr. Lindsey, whose life has been given to the world by the Rev. Thomas Belsham.- She likewise reckoned in the number of her friends many other of the celebrated men of her day. Nothing « could surpass the energy and activity of this excellent woman, when friendship or benevolence made a call upon her exer- tions; and the many useful works which she published on the subject of charitable institutions, bear testimony at once to the soundness of her judgment and the excel- lence of her heart. We cannot too strongly recommend the perusal of this work to our readers ; and, we canassure them, tliat im- proving and instructive as it is, it is even still more entertaining. We have been much pleased with a small volume that has fallen into our hands, comprising an Ode on the Death of Na- poleon, and other Poems. We are informed that itis from the pen of Mr. Butmer,a young, and in our opinion a very pro- mising, candidate for poetic fame. With a cultivated taste, formed upon the best model 1823.] models, he combines original conception and intense feeling, and the two concluding stanzas of his Ode on tle Death of Na- poleon, afford a striking example of the readiness with which his muse can accommo- date herself with equal success to the bold and the pathetic. Tlie warm love of rational liberty which breathes in his pages will likewise not fail to recommend the author to every true friend of freedom. His minor pieces are remarkable for their sweetness, and not unfrequently remind us of Moore. We wish that the limits of a notice like the present permitted our giving extracts from the volume ; though, perhaps, we ought not to regret that we are thus prevented from anticipating the enjoyment which Mr. Buimer’s effusions will, we are persuaded, afford to those who peruse them. Mr. Sourney has abused the name of historian, and disgraced the page of history by the exaggerations of his heated imagi- nation, under the title of a History of the Peninsular War! It is rather a bulky party pamphlet, written to please the ser- viles of all nations, but ought to be held in contempt by every lover of liberty and true-born Englishman. Another of those disgusting abortions of the Scotch press has appeared, under the quaint title of the Lairds of Grippy ; the only recommendation of which is, the free use of the vulgar Scotch dialect, which the Northern classics are endeavouring to convert from its original caricature into standard elegance of expression. We agree to laugh at these Irish, Scotch, and Yorkshire, patois in Joe Miller, or in drama- tic representation; but it is really offensive to behold volumes filled with either of them, and disgraceful to tolerate the practice. — ARCHITECTURE. Revived Architecture of Italy, No. I. folio, 11. 5s,--India paper, 11. 11s. 6d. ANTIQUITIES, Londina Illustrata. Vol. If. 410. 31. 5s. -Fosbrooke’s Encyclopedia of Antiqui- ties, No.I. 4to. 5s, ASTRONOMY. Popular Parts of Astronomy, compiled from Brinkley, Vince, &c. by John Fitz- john, F.c.D, svo. 2s. 6d. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Part IT, of W. Baynes and Son's Cata- logue of Old Books, tor 1825. 2s. 6d. _Part If. of John Bohn’s Catalogue of his very extensive Collection of “Rooks, comprising above sixty thousand volumes mall languages and classes of literature, accompanied by bibliographical and lite- rary notices, either original or derived from the most authentic sources. James Bain’s Catalogue of Miscellancous Books for 1623, Montuty Mac, No. 378. List of New Publications in January. 65 BIOGRAPHY. Journal of the Private Life and Conver- sations of the Emperor Napoleon, at St. Helena; by the Count Las Cases. 8vo. French 18s. English ¢1s. } Memoir of George Heriot. fcap. 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Annual Biography and Obituary for 1823. 8vo. 15s. Ivemy’s Life of Banyan. Memoirs of Mrs. 3s. 6d. Aragos’s Narrative of Freycinet’s Voy- age. 4to. 31. 13s. 6d. CHRONOLOGY. Chronology of the Last Fifty Years, from 1773 to 1823. 18mo, 15s. CLASSICS. Novus Thesaurus Philologico-Criticus : sive Lexicon in LXX. et Reliquos Inter- pretes Grecos, ac Scriptores Apocryphos Veteris Testamenti, Post Bielium et Alios Viros Doctos congessit et edidit J. Fried Schleusner. 3 vols. 8vo. 41. 4s. Herodoti Opera, Grace, edidit Schvelig- heuser. 2 vols. 8vo. il. ts. Eschinis et Demosthenis ‘de Corona, Orationes, Grace; cum notis Variorum, Wolfii, H. Stephani, Brodei, Palmeril, Taylori, Marklandi, Stockii, Harlesii, Augeri, Wunderlichii, Aliorumque con- gestis edidit G. S. D. A. M. Textui, qui Bekkeri est, Apposita est Lectio, tum Reiskiana, tum Taylorana. 8vo. 9s. Demosthenis et Aischinis de Falsa Legatione, Orationes Adversarie, Grace. 8vo. 9s. y Demosthenis adversus Leptinem Oratio, Greece. 8vo. 6s. Demosthenis contra Midiam Oratio, Greece. 8vo. 6s. The Delpbin Classics. No. 46. Sexti Aurelii Propertii OperaOmnia. 8y0. Terentius, diamond edit. 48mo. 6s. DRAMA. The Heir of Foiz, in two Acts; the False One, and other Poems; by the Rev. C. Swan. 8ve. 19s. Montezuma, a ‘iragedy; and other Poems; by St. John Dorset. 8vo. 8s. 6d. Shakspeare. No.1. Diamond edition. 48m0. 1s, 6d. _Simpson and Co, a Comedy. 1s. 10d. Montalvyn, the Benevolent Patriot, a Drama, in Five Acts. 8vo. 2s. 6d. EDUCATION. Questions and Answers on Wanos- trecht’s Grammar ; by Miss Wragge. 2s, Exop in Rhyme, with some Originals ; by Jetierys Taylor, of Ongar. 12mo. 4s. The Village Church. ¢@ vol. 18mo, 4s. Scripture Narratives, containing every Historical and Biographical Narrative in the Old and New ‘Testament, with 120 engravings; by tie Rev. S. Barrow. 7s. bound, An English Grammar in Verse; by the Rev, Thomas Searle. 1s, 6d. K FINE 12mo. 3s. 6d. Paterson, 12mo. 66 FINE ARTS. . Tilustrations of the ‘ Loves of the Angels,” from designs by Westall, en- graved by Heath. 8vo. 5s. Prospectus of a Panoramic View of London and the Surrounding Country ; by T. Hornor. 5s. Part II. of a Series of Engravings in Outline ; by Henry Moses, of the Works of Antonio Canova, with descriptions from the Italian of the Countess Albrizzi. 4s. The Cabinet of Portraits, with Biogra- phical Sketches; by Robert Scott, esq. 5 prints, in 12mo. Part I. 2s, 6d. 8vo, 4s. 4to. 7s. India paper, 9s. GEOGRAPHY. The British Empire in 1823; corrected to the latest periods, from the New Population and Finance Reports; by the Rey. J. Goldsmith. 18mo. 5s. 6d. bound. GEOLOGY. Geological Transactions of Cornwall, Vol, JI, yo. 15s. HISTORY. Vol. I. of the Methodical Cyclopedia, being a Dictionary of Universal History, Chronology, aud Historical Biography, with Maps and Portraits. Royal 18m. 10s. 6d. or 12s. 6d. calf gilt. Memoirs of the History of France dur- ing the Reign of Napoleon. Vols. I, and If. 8vo. English 28s. French 24s. A. Historical and Topographical Essay on the Indian Islands ; by W. Goodisson, A.B. 8vo, 12s. MATHEMATICS, An Elementary ‘Treatise on the Mathe- matical Principles of Arithmetic. Trans- ‘lated from Lacroix. §vo. 5s. A New and Complete Set of Decimal Tables, or an Improved System for calcu- lating Monies and Weights; by John West- gate. 4to. 21s. A Geometrical System of Conic Sec- tions. 8vo. 6s. 6d. sewed. Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigo- nometry; by Olinthus Gregory, LL.D. 42mo. 5s. MEDICINE. Anauthentic Narrative of the Cure per- formed by Prince Alexander Hohenlohe, on Miss Barbara O’Connor; by John Badeley, M.n,,. 8vo. is. 6d. Illustrations of the Enquiry. respecting Tuberculous Diseases; by John Baron, M.D. §8vo. 15s. Observations on some of the General Principles and Treatment of Inflamma- tion; by J. H. James. 8vo. 10s. 6d. A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous ‘System. Vol. I. 8vo.- 12s. Practical Advice to Asthmatics and those who are subject to Winter Cough ; by aScotch Physician, Qs. 6d. MISCELLANIES. Part xxxviil. of the Percy Anec- dotes : contain ng Anecdotes of Integiity. i8mo, xs, 6d, List of New Publications in January: [Feb. ty Proceedings of the Fifteenth Anniver- sary of the Philomathic Institution. 8vo. A Concise History of Ancient Institu- tions, Inventions, and Discoveries in Sci- ence and Mechanic Art. 2 vol, 12mo, 15s. Pontney’s Rural Improver. 4to. 2b 2s. Transactions of the Cymmrodorion. Vol. I. 6s. A Complete System of Cookery, on a Plan entirely new; by John Simpson. 1Zmo. 8s, Benson's Hulsean Lectures, Vol. II. for 1822. 8v0. 12s, Family Commentary. il. 2s..6d. Spry on the Bath Waters. 8vo. 13s. A Lecture on the History and Utility of Literary Institutions; by James Jennings. Svo. 6s, The Works of Alexander Pope, with Notes and Illustrations; by Joseph Warton, p.p. and others. 9 vols. 8vo. 4l. 14s. 6d. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Welch’s Theory of the Earth. 7s. 6d. NOVELS, TALES, AND ROMANCES. Peveril of the Peak, a Romance; by the Author of Waverley, 4 vols. post 8vo- 21. 2s. A Journal of the Siege of Lathom House, during its Defence by Charlotte de la Tremouille, Countess of Derby, against Sir Thomas Fairfax, and other Officers of the Parliamentary Army. Illustrative of Peverill of the Peak. Post 8vo. 4s. Anecdotes, Biographical Sketches, and Memoirs, collected by Laetitia Matilda Hawkins. Vol. 1. 8vo. 9s. December Tales. 12mo, 5s. 6d. The Innkeeper’s Album ; arranged by W. IF. Deacon... 8vo. 12s. The Work Table; by E. M. Sontter. 2 vol. 12mo. 7s. Live and Learn, a Novel. 12mo. 24s. Relics of Literature ; by S. Collet, a.m. 8vo. 15s. ‘Tracey the Poet, a Sketch from Life. 3 vol. 12mo. 16s, 6d. The Scarlet Handkerchief. 12mo. 18s. 4 vol. 12mo. 8yvo, 4 vol. 3 vol. POETRY. Shamrock Leaves; or the Wieklow Excursion, fcap. 8vo. 3s, 6d. : The Poetical Works of Barry Cornwall, now first collected. 3 vols. 21s. ‘The Loves of the Angels; by Thomas Moore, esq. 8vo. 9s, Quotations from the British Foets. 24mo. 4s, POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. Views of Ireland, Moral, Political, and Religious; by John O’Driscol, esq. 2 vol. 8vo. 24s. Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of India. 8vo. 10s. 6d. On the Evils and Difficulties attending even 1823.] even the best State of Scottish Pau- perism, 1s. ~ THEOLOGY. The Redeemer’s Tears Wept over Lost Souls ; with Two Discourses on Self-Dedi- cation, and on Yielding Ourselves to God; by the Rev. John Howe, A.M. With an Introductory Essay, by the Rev. Robert Gordon, Edinburgh. 3s. 6d. bds. Bristed’s Anglican and Anglo-American _Churches. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Perseverance and Success of Mes- siah, in promoting the Submission of Man- kind to his Government, by the Agency ot the Gospel ; by the Rev. William Logan, Lesmahago. 18. Abaddon the Destroyer; or the Pro- gtess of Infidelity. No.1. 4d. The Holy Bible: with Notes, &c. by William Alexander, Part I. 8vo. 6s, The Connexion of Christianity with Human Happiness; by the Rev. W. Harness. 2 vol. 8vo. 15s. Wilkinson’s Inspiration of the Scrip- tures. 8vo. 68. ~~ A New Self-Interpreting Testament, with the parallel passages printed at fength, &c.; by the Rev. John Platts, Part I. Royal 4to. 7s. Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d. The Hermit of Daumpton Cave; or De- yotedness to God and Usefulness to ‘Man, exemplified in the Old Age of Joseph Croome Petit, of Dumpton, near Rams- gate, witha portrait. 12mo. 5s. Sermons by the Rev. John Hayden, curate of Londonderry Cathedral. 8vo. 8s. A Vindication of the Authenticity of the Narratives contained in the first two Chapters of the Gospels of St. Matthew Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. ‘shire. 67 and St. Luke; being an Investigation of Objections urged by the Unitarian Editors of the improved Version of the New Testa- ment : with an Appendix; by a Layman. 8vo. 10s. 6d. ‘The Village Preacher; a collection of short plain Sermons, partly original, partly selected, and adapted to Village Instruc- tion. Volume the third. 12mo. 5s, TOPOGRAPHY. A Topographical Dictionary of York- 8v0. 13s. Kitchener’s Rural Rambler. 12mo. 4s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Part V.: Vol. VIII. of the London Journal of Voyages and Travels: contain- ing Porter’s Voyage in the South Seas. 8vo. 3s. Gd. sewed. 4s. bds. Journal of a Tour in France, Switzer- land, and Italy, in 1819-20-21; by Mari- anne Colston. 2 vol. 8vo. 21s. Fifty Lithographic Prints illustrative of the above Tour. Large folio. 21. Travels in Ireland in 1822; exhibiting Sketches of the Moral, Physical, and Poli- tical State of the Country; by Thomas Reid. 1 vol. 8vo. Schmidtmeyer’s Travels to Chili. II. and Ill. 4to. 16s. sewed. An Impartial Account of the United States, from Materials collected during a four Years’ Residence ; by Isaac Holmes, of Liverpool. 8vo. 12s, Journal of a Tour from Astrachan te Karass: containing Remarks on the Gene- ral Appearances of the Country, Manners, of the Inhabitants, &c. by the Rev. Wm. Glen, missionary, Astrachan. 12m0, 4s. Parts pe a a en VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. —=a— HE unblushing knaves who con- spired a few years since to effect a literary fraud on the public in forging the title of this miscellany, continue their manoeuvres with such audacity as to require a passing no- tice. We have treated them with the silent contempt due to mere imitators, conceiving that the crime would, in due time, punish its perpetrators; but, as these adroit knaves contrived to make the public pay in an impu- dent price of 3s. 6d, for the empirical advertisements by which the public themselves are duped, and, at least, fifteen hundred pounds per annum are thus assessed and disbursed, it is our duty to denounce so profligate a conspiracy. We take the following specimen from a long advertisement fromoneof a hundred provincial papers in which it appears, and its audacity will justify our preceding observa- tions. “ The New Monthly Magazine has ob- tained a decided pre-eminence, not only over the Old Montbly Magazine, but over every similar London Monthly Journal.” —Such an assertion from a jackdaw strutting in borrowed plumes must excite contempt and ridicule in every reader of this miscellany, and can have little, if any, weight with the publie ; but we remember that the noted em- piric, Ward, told the President of the College that nine of the passing crowd were the dupes of his boisterous pre- tensions, while only one went to the regular praetitioner. We might appeal to facts, we might even prove that this vaunted production has sunk in its sale a full fourth in the principal wholesale houses of the metropolis within the last year; and might shew a. 68 a simultaneous increase in our own sale; but we are not willing, like these Chevaliers @ Industrie, to spend 5 or £600 in a single month in adver- tisements, while we charge our mis- cellany only at 2% Our readers, spread over the civilized world, will, we trust, unite their voices in sparing us this expence, for which, if incurred, they must ultimately pay. The author of these advertisements boasts of his connexion with men of genius, and so might the keeper of the House of Correction at Brixton, and of every superiatendant of a tread-mill: for none but geniuses of that stamp would be a party in his fraud, and engage themselves at a price per sheet to do his dirty work. We have, perhaps, said more than this thing deserves, but not more than the affair warrants; and we submit the result to the moral dis- ‘ crimination of the public. Mr. Scoressy, who is already favourably known to the public, by his Description of the Arctic Regions, and by various scientific papers in the ‘Transactions of Learned Socictics, has now in the press an Account of his Voyage to Greenland in the summer of 1822. In the course of this voyage he explored the Eastern Coast of West. Greenland, to the extent of between 700 and 800 geographical miles, the greater part of which may be considered as original discovery. He has ‘constructed a chart, founded on about 500 angles or bearings, taken at 50 different stations, most of which were determined by astronomical ob- servations. This, we understand, is to acccmpany the work ; and it will con- stitute the first and only accurate map -of that remote and all-but-inaccessible region. The fate of the lost Colony, said to have been established in West Greenland in the beginning of ‘the 15th ecntury, has long excited great interest. There is reason to think, that the descendants of the colonists may suill exist ; for traces of recent inhabi- tation were found in different places. An English translation is printing in London of the Gulistan, from the Persian text of Gentius, with an Essay on the Life and Genius of Sadi, the author ; dedicated, with special per- mission, to the chairman, deputy- ehairman, and directors, of the East India Company, and chiefly intended for the use of their colleres; by JAmEs Ross, esq. late of the Bengal esta- bEshment, and well-known as an Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. Feb. t, oriental scholar by his Persian Antho- logy, &c. under the assumed name of Gulchin, In a few days will be published, the Elements of Anglo-Saxon Gram- mar, with copious notes, illustrating the structuro of the Saxon, and the formation of the English language ; and a Grammatical Praxis, with a literal English version. The history, use, and other particulars, of the Saxon tonguc, are prefixed ; together with an introduction on the origin and progress of alphabetic writing, exem- plified by engravings of inscriptions, fac-similes of manuscripts, &c, By the Rev. J. Bosworrn, M.A. and vicar of Harwood Parva, Bucks. Collections and Recollections; or, Historical, Biographical, and Miscel- lancous Anccdotes, Notices, and Sketches, from various Scurces ; with Occasional Remarks, by JoHN STEW- ART, Esq. will shortly be published. A new Poem, entitled A Sabbath among the Mountains, is nearly ready for publication. Britain has become the focus of the mechanic arts, and all nations scek among us the machinery necessary to carry on their various manufacto- ries. At the same time, no trade in England is more scattered, and less accessible, than that of a practical ma- chinist. It gratifies us, therefore, to leayn that Mr. ALEx. GaLLoway, long known as one of the most ingenious of this important craft, has established a public machine and engine manufac- tory, in West Street, West Smithfield, London, where the extent of his pre- mises and variety of his machinery will enable him to execute any order in the several branches of his profes- sion with dispatch, accuracy, and economy. Among the articles cur- rently manufactured by Mr. Galloway, he enumerates no less than fifty-seven * varietics ; as, machinery for experi- mental and scientific elucidation ; wa- ter-wheels of every class ;.windmills of every variety; corn and grinding mills; sugar mills; steam engines ; dredging and ballast-heaving ma- chines ; healing and drying appa- ralus, with boilers, pipes, cocks, &c. for warming buildings, manufactories, &c.— Chemical apparatus—Papin’s digesters, gas-light machines, and conduetors; soda and artificial water machines; pumps, atmospherie and forcing ; hydrostatic engines ; calender engines, and ribbon and cetteh wind- ing 1823.] ing machines; cotton, silk, and worsted spinning machinery, kc. &c. Early in Mareh will be published a diamond edition of Shakspeare, from the Chiswick press, comprising, in one thin pocket volume, the whole of his dramatic works, with a glossary. Specdily will be published, Focms, Dramatic and Miscellaneous ;_ by Henry NEE LE, Exq. a genuine poct, whose early productions are not un- known to the readers of this miscel- lany. Mr. Hone’s work on the ancient popular dramas, called Mysterirs, will appear in a few days, The sub- ject, as connected with our ancient manners and superstitions, is highly curious. He has also introduced into ihe volume some other legendary illustrations, the result of long re- search among scarce. black-letter books and neglected chroniclers of times gene by. The author will hereby add himsclf to the small num- ber of erudite booksellers. Lorp Byron has been again at work upon three or four more cantos of Ben Juan. Some parts of them are said to display a regulated taste. Sir Georce BEAUMONT, who is now on his travels in Italy, has acquired, by purchase, the beautiful groupe of Michael Angelo, representing Christ, the Virgin, and St. John. It is consi- dered as one of the finest productions of the chisel of that great artist. The Rey. Enwarod Irvine is pre- paring, in an octavo volume, Pulpit Orations, Lectures, and Sermons, de- livered in the Caledonian church, Hatton-garden. The Rev. G. OLivER is about to publish, the Antiquities of Freema- sonry, from the Creation of the World fo the Dedication of Solomon’s Temple. The Rev. G. S. Fazer is printing, in two octayo volumes, a Treatise on the Genius and Object of the Patriarchal, the Levitical, and the Christian, Dis- pensations. Mr. J. Natuan will soon publish, in royal quarto, the 'Theory and Practice of Music, professionally analysed, G. G. Brennis, esq. 18 preparing for publication, in quarto, the Theory and Practice of Average Adjustment. Popular Tales and Romances of the Northern Nations, are printing in three volumes, postoctavo. The Diary of a Journey through Southern India, Egypt, and Palestine, Lilerary and Philosophical Intelligence. 69 in 1821-2, by a ficld-officer of cavalry, will soon appear, with maps, &e. Mrs. SHerirre has in the press, Practical Christianity, illustrated by Biblical Examples. Simpson’s Fluxions, with correc- tions, and an Appendix of much im- portant matter, by a graduate of Cam- bridge, is re-printing. The highly interesting, but as yet the very obscure, subject of the natuie and functions of Animal Life, have tor some time occupied the attention of Dr. A. P. W. Phillip, who has recorded hisexperiments and researches in some late numbers of the quarterly “Journal of Science;’ the conclusions drawn from which are, that three distinct powers, viz. the sensorial, the nervous, and the muscular, are concerned in the animal system, yet without depend- ance on each other ;, because facts and experiments prove, that the muscular may fora time survive both the senso- rial and nervous powers, and the ner- yous may survive the sensorial and muscular powers, and the sensorial power appears to be without depend- ance on the others, except as far as they are necessary fer the maintenance of its organs: the nervous and muscu- lar powers are, on the one hand, the direct means of maintaining the life of the animal ; and, on the other, of con- necting it with the external world: the former receiving impressions from the world, and the latter communi- cating impressions to it. All the func- tions of tiese two powers, the nervous and the museular, appear as results of inanimate agents, acting on vitat parts, and are capable of being excited by clectricity or galyanism, artificially applied; but, when from these we turn to the sensorial functions, we perccive results which have lost all analogy to those of inanimate matter: they have only an indircct effect in maintaining animal life, and are excited by no im- pressions but those communicated through the nervous system ; and, con- sequently, are the results of living parts acting on each other; and hence it is, that the sensorial are the first functions which cease when the vital powers begin to fail; while inanimate agents continue capable, for a time, of languidly exciting the nervous’ and muscular functions of life. Sacred Fugitives, in prose and verse, by E. Dermer, with a preface by J. EpmMeEsToN, csq. are in the press. : Speedily ~ 70 Speedily will be published, Original Views of the Collegiate and Parochial Churches of England; by Mr. J. P. NEALE, accompanied with historical and descriptive accounts. YRON-MAKING.— Mr. Mushett, one of the most scientific and ingenious of our iron-masters, has, in some Iate inquiries into the history of the discovery and use of cast-iron (inserted in the Philosophical Magazine) ap- peared disposed to fix its date in England about the year 1550 ; before which time, it appears that the art of easting iron was unknown; and he supposes it to have been an English Invention. There were in Engiand and Wales, in the year 1720, he says, fifty-nine blast-furnaces employed im making about 17,350 tons, yearly ; or 2 little more than five tons each of pig- iron weekly. At that period, fourteen of these’ furnaces existed in the two south-castern counties of England, Kent and Sussex; where now one, at most, survives, near Battle. Mr. M. suggests, as a curious subject of anti- quarian research, in Sussex and Glou- cestershire, (including the Forest of Dean,) and several other countics, to ascertain the place and date of erec- tion of the first tall blast-furnace in England, for the making of cast or pig-iron? At present, the size and mumber of these furnaces are so won- derfully increased in Britain, as to weanufacture near half a million tons of pig-iron annually! with a consump- tion of pit-coal, in all the attendant manipulations, equal, at Icast, to five erillion tons annually ! Two other new Magazines are to appear on the ist of February. Once, entitled The Magazine of Foreign Lite- rature, is to be entirely devoted to a translated analysis of the most popu- Jar works that appear on the continent and im America; the other, to be called The British Magazine, will be confined to the publications of our ewn country. Any plan will deserve better of the public than the mawkish collections of paid-for essays on trite and exhausted subjects, such as have lately filled the jejune attempts at ma- gazine-making. A new edition of the Life of the Rev. John Wesley, by his exceutors Dr. Coxe and Mr. Moore, is in the press.’ Mr. Scotr’s History of England during the reign of George III. de- signed as a Continuation to Hume and Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. [Feb. 1, Smollett, will appear in the course of February, in 4 vols. 8vo. and 5 vols. 18mo. Dr. Roninson, author of the Theo- logical Dictionary, &c. &c. rector of Clifton, near Penrith, has just com- pleted his long-promised abridgment of Hume and Smollett for the use of schools, with a continuation by him- self to the coronation of George IV. It will be embellished with above 100 engravings after the celebrated pic- tures and furniture prints of our great painters and engravers, and there- fore become a truly national school- book. In a few days will be published Universal Stenography, or a practical System of Short-hand; by Mr. W. HARDING. The atmospheric phenomena in any given place ashore, espevially inland, are affected by many more causes of sudden and anomalous change than are experienced at sea, especially on the great oceans; and, hence, Mr. H. T. COLEBROOK has judiciously inferred the great importance of accurate and greatly multiplied observations at sca towards ascertaining those general principles of the science of meteorology, which yet, unfortunately, are wanting, and towards the attainment of which, it seems to us surprising that no spe- cial society has been yet formed. Mr. Colebrook has himself set the example of making, during a voyage into the southern hemisphere and back, a series of observations, (which are re- corded in alate quarterly Journal of Science,) from whence he has drawn a great number of results highly in- teresting to the meteorologist, but much exceeding our room to particu- larize them. An Elegy on the Memory of the late Rev. Henry Martyn, with smaller pieces, is preparing for the press ; -to which will be added, a portrait of Mr. Martyn; by Joun Lawson, mis- sionary at Calcutta, author of “‘ Orient Harping” and “ Woman in India,” &e. Martha, a Memorial of a beloved and only Sister; by ANDREW Retp, author of “ No Fiction,” a narrative founded on fact, is also printing. Mr. BentHam is in correspondence with the Cortes of Portugal respecting the best digest of a civil code for that kingdom, in lieu of the late system, which was little calculated for a state of civil liberty. Itis new te an Englishman to 1823.] to see anation advertising for laws; but this is better than to persist in erroneous old ones; and, if native talent for this purpose be wanted, it is no disgrace to apply for the advice of those who have distinguished them- selves in theoretical legislation. The reward for the most approved system is 30,000 crusadoes of gold, or about £10,000; but this sum is only to be paid in several years. The unsuc- cessful candidates are to be rewarded according to their merits. An Italian paper states that the Queen of Thibet has requested no less than eighty missionaries from St. Propaganda, in order to convert her semi-barbarous subjects to Christianity, she herself having been converted by an Italian, who has found his way thither, and is now exercising the office of chief minister. Letters upon the Art of Miniature Painting, containing the most clear, and, at the same time, progressive instructions in that art, and the pro- cesses for attaining perfection in it, will appear in a few days. A Latin Grammar, by C. G. Zumpr, professor in, the Frederick’s Gymna- sium, Berlin, translated from the German, with additions, by the Rey. Joun Kenrick, M.A. isin the press. A curious work is in the press, and will be published in the course of February, entitled Depclopuxovoorvyra, or the Doctrine of Body, Life, and Mind, considered as distinct princi- ples, as well as the doctrine of future and eternal existence, shewn to be scriptural, and not physiological. It professes to exhibit the futility of the enquiries of MM. Lawrence, Aberne- thy, Rennell, Barclay, and others, respecting the nature of the percipient principle; shewing that the proofs of the life to come are in possession of the catholic church as connected with the see of Rome, vulgarly called Roman Catholie. Napoleon Anecdotes, part iv. em- bellished with a beautiful engraving, will appear on February 1. This well-conducted work will in its series contain every-thing which it can be desirable to know relative to the extraordinary career of this great statesman and warrior. KUSSIA. In many parts of northern Russia, particularly in the governments of. T'wer and Noyogrod, where at pre- sent no trees grow, innumerable large Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 71 trees are found, which supply fuel to the inhabitants, by digging through loose sand or clay to the depth of a few feet: in some few places, the wood isin part petrified ; but generally, in most places, it is well preserved, and fit, when slowly dried, for other purposes, besides fuel. Great num- bers’ of the trees are oaks, and all of them are lying along, apparently where they grew, either broken of, or having their torn-up roots adhering ; their tops generally lie to the south ward, indicating that to have been the direction of the tempest, and probably of the flood of waters also, which prostrated and overwhelmed these forests. GERMANY. Observations of very considerable interest have lately been made in Germany, by Mr. Tuomas Weaver, and published here in the “ Annals of Philosophy,” on detached human bones, not entire skeletons like those from the long known Carib burying- grounds jin Guadaloupe, which have been found copiously mixed with dc- tached bones of great numbers of large and of small animals, some car- nivorous and some otherwise, some of extinct species, and some of the existing animal species; the whole enveloped in hardened mud or loam, in certain fissures or cavities, which once had been open spaces in several gypsum quarries, in a low:situation by the river Elster, near KGstritz. The facts stated are too numerous to be recited in our limited space: but we wish to throw out the suggestion, that many centurics ago, at periods when the waters of the Elster were low, the fissures in the gypsum, now close filled with clay and bones, may, as empty cavities connecting with the day, have been the retreats of animals of prey, although perhaps not of bone- eaters, like the hyanas formerly oc- cupying the Kirkdale Cave in York- shire, who may have shared amongst them upon the surface, and borne to their dens, the mangled carcases both of men and animals, including some of the now perhaps extinct animal con- temporaries of our early German forefathers ; and that repeatedly flooded and thick states of the rivers filling these dens have deposited the mud, now become loam, which suc- cessively enveloped, and since has preserved, the bones therein. ; SWEDEN. 72 SWEDEN. At Stockholm, the public attention is very much occupied with a new dis- covery in medicine, of great impor- tance. A peasant of Sudermania, named Peter Anderson, who was pre- sent at one of the last Diets, as a de- puty of bis order, has, for some time past, in his province, been very suc- cessful in curing, by fumigations, syphilitic complaints, even such as had been deemed incurable. The College of Health, wishing to ascertain the process and results of his method, invited him to Stockholm, to under- take the treatment of seyeral patients in the hospital, all his expenses to be ‘defrayed. Eight of them, on whom the mercurial process and an abste- British Legislation, [Feb. 1, mious dict had produced no effect, were completely re-established in two, three, or five, weeks, according to the obstinacy of the disorder. Six new patients are now (or were lately) undergoing the same treatment. M. De Weigel, president of the College of Health, who has investigated this me- thod with attention, speaks highly in praise of it ; and the directors of the college have agreed to present Ander- son with a gratuity of 366 rix-dollars, banco, and to promise him the like sum at the end of two years, in case of no relapse in the patients. A detail of the particulars of this discovery Is expected to appear in the Memoirs of the Society of Medicine. BRITISH LEGISLATION. ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT Of the UNITED KINGDOM. —a— AP. XLI.—To repeal divers ancient Statutes and Parts of Statutes, so far as they relate to the Importation and Exportation of Goods and Merchandize fromandtoForeign Countries.—June 24. Whereas several Statutes and Acts of Parliament, or certain parts thereof respectively, relating to the importation and exportation of goods and merchandize from foreign countries, and to the regu- ‘lations and restrictions concerning such importation and exportation, made and passed at various times before the twelfth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, remain unrepealed, although the same are inconsistent with or rendered umecessary by the Acts made since that time, and now in force, for the encourag- ing and increasing of shipping and navi- gation; and doubts may be entertained how far the said Statutes or Acts, or some parts thereof, may or may not be or re- ‘main in force or effect; and for the pre- venting of any inconvenience which may arise from such doubts, it is expedient that the said Statutes and Acts, or so much thereof as relate to the importation and -exportation of such goods, and to the re- gulations and restrictions concerning the same, should be expressly repealed and declared to be no longer in force or effect; be it therefore enacted by the King’s most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and tem- poral, and Commons, in this present Par- liament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that, from and after the pass- ing of this Act, so much and such parts of the several Statutes herein-after mentioned and recited, relating to the importation of 1 goods, or to commerce or navigation, as are herein-after specified and set forth, shall be repealed, that is to say:— Sect. I.—Stat de monet&a temp. in- certi, (vulgo 20 E, 1.)—9 E. 3, st. 1. ¢. 1. General freedom of trade to aliens anc denizens.—11 E. 3. c. 2,3. Importation of foreign-made cloths prohibited.—14 E. 3. st. 2. c. 2, General freedom of trade.—18 E. 3, st.2.c. 3. The sea open to all merchants.—25 E. 3. st. 5. (vulgo st. 4.) c. 2. Confirming and enlarging st. 9, E. 5, st. 1. c. 1.—97 E. 3. st. 1. c. 6. Importation of wines from Gascony by aliens.—27 E. 3. st. 1. ec. 5. 7. Fore- stalling wines, in Gaseony.—?7_ Ie. 3. st. 1. c. 8 Ganging wines.—(Statute of the Staples.)—97 FE. 5. st. 2. ¢. 2. Freedom of trade to ail merchants net enemies. —28 E. 3, c. 13. (ad finem.) Merchants coming freely to any ports.—31 E. 3. st. 1. c. 5. Gauging wines.—37 UE. 3. ¢. 16. Confirming 27 E. 5. st. 1. cc. 5, 6, 7.— 38 E. 3. st.1.¢.2. Freedom of trade.— 38 E. 3. st. 1. ¢.8. Loss of ship for un- customed goods.—38 E. 3. st. 1+ c. 10. Confirming 27 E. 5. st. 1. ec. 5, 6, 7.— 38 E. 3. st. 1. ¢. 11. Importation of wines by aliens.—42 E. 3. ¢. 8. Importation of wines from Gascony by aliens, in English or Gascoigne ships.—45 E. 3. c. 1. Pur- chase of wools by aliens or denizens.— 45 E. 3. ¢.2. Englishmen buyiag wines in Gascony.—2 R. 2. st.1.¢. 1. Freedom of trade to all merchants in amity.—2 R. 2. st.1.¢. 3. Merchants of Genoa and the West.—4 R.2,c.1. Gauging wine, &c. —5 R.2. st. 1. ¢. 3. Subjects shall freight none but English ships.—5 R. 2, st. 2. ¢. 4. Freedom of trade for merchants in amity. —6 1823.] —6 R. 2. st. 1.¢. 8 Restraining the ope- ration of st. 5. R. 2. st. 1. c. 3, to cases where English ships may be found.—=6 R. 2. st. 1. c.10. Importation of fish and pro- visions by aliens.—11 R. 2. ¢. 7. confirm- ing 9 E. 3. st. 1. c. 1.:525 E. 3. st. 3. (vulgo st. 4. ¢. 2.) and statutes to the contrary declared void.—14 R, 2. c. 1. Parchase of English goods by alien mer- chants in return for merchandize imported. —14R. 2. ¢.2. Purchasing English goods on Exchanges.—14 R. 2, ¢. 6. Subjects sha!l freight English ships, if at reasonable freight.—14 R. 2. c. 10. Customers not to have ships, &c.—16 R. 2. c.1. Aliens not to deal with each other.—20 R. 2. c. 4. confirming 28 E. 3, c.13.—1 H. 4. ¢c. 17. confirming 6 R. 2. st.1. c.10.—4 H. 4, ce. 15. Purehase of English goods by aliens.— 4H. 4. c. 20. Ports of arrival, &c. —5 H.4.c.7. Treatment of alien mer- chants.—5 H. 4. c. 9. Alien merchants to be superintended by hosts.—6 H. 4. c. 4. Repealing 5 H. 4. c. 9.—11 H. 4. ¢. 8. confirming and amending 14 R. 2. c. 2.— 4 H.5.¢.5, contirming 5 H, 4. c. 7, 9— 9H. 5. st. 2. c. 9.1 H. 6. c. 6. amending 14 R. 2. c. 2 as to purchasing English goods by cies H. 6. c. 14. (vulgo 11.) measure of tums, &c. of wine.—Barrels, &c. of herrings, eels, and salmon.—8 fH. 6. c.19, ‘Trade beyond the Straits of Mo- rocco, [Gibraltar.]—8 H. 6.°c. 24. Pay- ments in gold to aliens prohibited, &c.-— 9H.6.c¢. 2. Sale of cloths to aliens.— 14 H. 6. c.6. confirming 6 R. 2. st. 1. c. 10. 1 H. 4. c. 17.14 H.6.¢.7. Prize goods. —18 H.6.c. 4. Aliens shall not sell to aliens,—18 H. 6. c. 8. Freighting of prize ships.—18 H. 6. c. 17. Gauging vessels. —20 H. 6. c. 5. Customers not to be owners of ships.—23 H. 6. c.15. Gau- gers.—27 H.6.c.1. Goods of Brabant, &c.—27 H. 6. ¢. 3. Purchasing English goods by aliens.—28 H. 6. c. 1. Goods of Brabant, &c.—33 H. 6. c 5. Foreign wrought silk, ribbands, &e. prohibited. —3 E. 4..c.1. (ad finem.) subjects shall not freight foreign ships, if sufficient freight cau be had in English.—3 E. 4. c. 5. Wrought silks.—4 E. 4. c. 1. (ad finem.) Importation of foreign cloths prohibited.—4 E. 4, ¢. 5. Goods of Bra- bant.—4 E. 4, c. 6. Surety by alien mer- chants.—12 E, 4,¢. 2. Importing bow- Staves by foreign merchants of Venice, &c. —17 E. 4. c. 1. Purchase of English goods by aliens.—22 E. 4, c. 3. Wrought silk. —So much as is recited of the said pre- ceding Statutes repealed, and shall cease and determine.—Except as they repeal former statutes. § 11.—Certain Acts relating to impor- tation, &c. repealed.—1 R, 3. c. 9. Ttalian merchants.—1 R, 3. c. 10. Wrought silk, —1 R. 3. c. 11. Importing bow-staves. —1 R. 3. c. 13, Contents of wine vessels, &e.—1 H. 7. c. 2. Denizensi—1 H. 7. Montuty Mac. No, 378. British Legislation. 73 c. 8. Importing wines of Gascony in English ships—1 H. 7. ¢. 9. Wrought silk.—3 H. 7. c. 8. confirming 17 E. 4. c.1.—4H. 7. ¢.10. Wine and woad to be imported in English ships. —7 H. 7.c¢. 8. Wine.—11 H. 7. c. 14, Denizens.— 11 H. 7. c. 17. § 3. Foreign hawks.— 12 H.7.c.6. Merchants adventurers.— 19 H. 7. c. 21. Articles of foreign wrorght silk.—19 H. 7. c. 23. Privileges to the Hanse merchants.—1 H, 8. c, 5. Customing goods in others’ names.—14, 15H. 8. c. 4, Denizens.—22 H. 8. c. 8. Denizens.— 23 H. 8. c. 7. Confirming former Navigation Acts.—25 H. 8 ¢. 9. &§ 1, 2. Importation of tin and pewter wares prohibited.—25 H. 8. c. 15. §§ 2. 3. Foreign bound books.—27 H. 8. ¢. 14. Leather.—32 H. 8. c. 14. Navigation Acts, freights.—33 H. 8. c. 2. Buying fish at sea.—33 H. 8. c. 4. Tin wares, &c. confirming 25 H. 8. c. 9.§§ 1, 2.—2, 3 E.6. c. 22. Customing goods in others’ names. —5, 6 E, 6. c. 18. Wine and woad, amending 4 H. 7. c. 10.—1 El. c. 11. § 5. (vulgo § 6.) Customing goods in ‘others’ names.—1 El. c. 13. Shipping in English vessels.—5 El. c. 5. § 5. (vulgo §§ 6, 7.) Sale of foreign fresh herrings prohibited. —§6.(vulgo§ 9.) Small English ships in foreign trade.— § 7. (vulgo § 10.) Import- ing cod in bulk.—$ 8. (vulgo§ 11.) French wines and woad to be imported in English ships.—13 El. c. 2.§ 4. (vulgo§7.) Im- portation of popish relics prohibited.— 13 El. c. 11. Navigation, confirming 5 El. ¢. 5. § 5.—13 El. c. 14. Bowstaves, —13 El. c, 15. Small English ships in foreign trade prohibited.—23 El. c. 7. Sale of fish by foreigners prohibited.— 97 El, c. 15. Importation of fish. (Irish Act.)-—28 El. c. 4. Importing wines.— 39 El.c.10. Fish.—1 Jac. 1. c. 18. § 1. Unclean foreign hops.—3 Jac. 1. ¢. 5. § 15. [25.]—Importation of popish books. —3 Jac.1.c¢.6, Free trade with Spain and Portugal.—16 C. 1. c. 21. Gunpow- der.—Recited Acts, or parts thereof, re- pealed accordingly.—Except so far as they repeal former Acts, which shall re- main repealed. § ILI.— Parts of certain Statutes relative to exportation as herein recited shall be re- pealed.—27 E. 1. Exporting money or plate.—9 E. 3. st. 1. c. 1. Wines.—11 E. 3.c.1. Wools.—14 E. 3. st.1. c. 21. and st. %. c, 4. Exporters of wool to im- port silver.— Statute of the Staples.—27 E. 3. st. 2.c. 3. Exporting wools, &c. by subjects prohibited.—28 E, 3,¢. 5. Iron. —36 E. 3. st. 1. ¢.11. Wools.—43 E, 3. c. 1. Wools by aliens.—50 E, 3. ¢. 7. Cloths not fulled.—14 R, 2. ¢. 5. Wools, &e. not to be exported by denizens.— 16 R.2.¢.1. Spiceries.—i7 R. 2. ¢.3. Single worsteds.—4 H, 4. c.16. Export- ing gold and silver.—6 H. 4, c. 4. Foreign goods by aliens. —8 H.5,c. 2. Importing L bullion, 74 bullion, &c. for wools exported.—3 H. 6. c.2, Sheep.—3 H. 6. c. 4. Exporting butter.—8 H, 6. c. 23. Thrums.—18 H. 6. c. 3., Butter and cheese.—23 H. 6. c. 2. Thrams.—3 E, 4, c. 1. Wools.—7 E. 4. c.3. Woollen yarn,—i7 E,4.c.1. Ex- porting money.—So much of preceding Statutes as is recited, repealed according- ly, and shall cease and determine.— Except as they repeal former Statutes, which shall remain repealed, §1V.—Certain Acts relating to expor- tation repealed.—3 H. 7. c. 12 (vulgo c.11.) Cloths unshorn.—11i H.7. ¢. 13. Horses.—3 H. 8 c. 3. § 4. Aliens ex- porting bows.—3 H. 8. c. 7. Cloths un- shory,—(Irish Acts.) 13 H. 8. c. 2. and 28 He. 8. c. 17.—14 and 15 H.8. c. 1. Cloths—14 and 15 H. 8. c. 3. § ult. Worsted cloths.—21 H. 8. c.10. Metal. —22 H. 8. c.7. Horses.—25 H. 8. c. 2. § ult. Victuals not to be exported unless by licence.—26 H. 8. c. 16. Cloths.— Making perpetual 14, 15 H. 8. ce. 3.— 27 H. 8. c.14. Leather.—33 H. 8. ¢. 9. Metal.—33 H. 8. c.9.§7. Bows not to be exported by aliens—33 H. 8. c. 16. § 2. Yarn.—1 E, 6. c. 5. Horses.— 1 E. 6.c. 6. § 2. making perpetual 33 H. 8. c. 16. § 2.—2 and 3 E. 6, ¢. 37. Metal. —5, 6 E. 6.c.15.§5. Exporting shoes, &c.—1 M. st. 3. c. 8 § 1. Leather.— 1,2 P.and M. c. 5. Provisions, wood, &o.—5 El. c. 22, Sheep skins.—8 El. c. 3. Live sheep.—8 El. c. 6. Cloths. —(Irish Acts.) 11 El. c. 10.—13 El. ¢. 2. Preventing export of wool.—18 El. c. 9. Leather.—35 El.c. 11. Clap board to be imported for beer exported.—3 Ja. 1. c. 9. § 1. Coney skins.—3 Ja. 1. c. 11. Beer.—Recited Acts repealed accord- ingly.—Except as they repeal former Acts. § V.—Laws relating to the Staples be- come inoperative.--Certain Statutes and ordinances, or parts thereof, repealed, viz. —Statute or ordinance of the Staples.— 27 E. 3. st. 2—27 (or 28) E. 3. Ordi- nance for fees of the Staple.—28 E. 3. c. 13. Confirming the ordinances.—Pack- ing of wools, c. 13.—Usage of staples.— 28 E. 3. c. 14. Showing of wools.—28 E. 3. c. 15. Bounds of the staples.— 31 E, 3. ¢.7. Punishing exportation of wool, &c. contrary to the Staple laws.— cc. 8, 9. Exportation of wools, &c.— 36 E.3.st.1.¢.7. Power of mayors, &c. of the staples.—38 E. 3. st. 1. ¢. 7. con- firming 27 E. 3. st. 2.—43 E, 3. c. 1. sta- ples for wool, and exporting of wool by aliens.,—2 R. 2. st. 1. c. 1. Saving for ordinances of staple at Calais.—2 R. 2. st. i1.¢c.3. Merchants of Genoa, &c. ex- porting: staple good—12 R. 2. c. 16. Staple at Calais —14 R. 2. ¢. 1... Staple townsin England.—14 R. 2. c. 3, Officers of the staple.—14 R. 2. c. 5. Exporting staple goods by alien.—15 R. 2. ¢. 9. British Legislation. [Feb. 1, Recognizances.—21 R. 2. c.17. Export- ing staple goods.—2 H, 5. st. 2. c. 6, Staple at Calais.—2 H. 6.c.% Staple at Calais—?2 H. 6. c. 5. Exporting wools not customed.—3 H. 6. c.4. Exporting butter and cheese.—6 H. 6. c. 6. Ex- porting staple goods from Melcombe.— 8 H. 6. c. 17. Exporting staple goods except to Calais.—8 H. 6. c.18. Sale of staple goods at Calais.—8 H. 6. c. 20. Purchase of staple goods by merchants of Calais.—c. 21. Export of wool, &c. from Newcastle and Berwick, to Scotland.— 10 H. 6. c. 1. Recognizances of the staple at Calais.—10 H. 6, c. 7. Exporting staple goods to Scotland, Holland, &c. —11 H. 6. c.13. continuing 8 H. 6 c. 18. —11 H. 6. ¢.14. Shipping staple goods in creeks. —14 H. 6. c. 2. Exporting staple goods to Calais.—14 H. 6. c. 5. Shipping staple goods in creeks, &c.— 15 H.6. ¢.8. Shipping staple goods at the lawful keys, &c.—18 H. 6.¢.15. Ex- porting wools, except to Calais, felony.— 20 H. 6. c. 12. Partition of price of wools sold at Calais.—-27 H. 6. c. 2 Confirming the privileges of the mayor, &c. of the staple at Calais —3 E. 4,¢c. 1. Buying and exporting wool.— Selling staple goods at Calais for ready money.—4 E, 4. c. 2. Shipping wools for exportation to the staple at Calais, &c.— 4. E. 4. c. 3, Shipping wools at New- castle.--12 E. 4.c. 5. Exporting wools to Calais, &c,—14 E. 4. c. 3. Confirming and amending 12 E, 4. c. 5.—The said Sta- tutes, ordinances, and parts of Statutes re- pealed accordingly ; except as herein pro- vided for, and so far as they repeal former Statutes, which shall remain repealed. § VI.—Certain Acts and parts of Acts re- lating to the staple to be repealed,--1 H. 7. c. 3. Suits before mayor of the staple.—-37 H.8.¢.15. Regrating wools.—5. 6 E.6.c¢. 7. Buying wool.—5 El. c. 22.§3. Export- ing staple wares. (Irish Act.)—13 El. c. 1.—Export by staple merchants.—Recited Acts repealed accordingly ; except as they repeal former Acts. § VIL.—Proviso for Statutes 13 RE. 1. (Statute of merchants.) 27 E. 3, st. 2. c. 9. (Statute staple.) 15 R. 2.¢. 9.—— 5, H. 4. c.19.—11H. 6. c. 10.— 23 H. 8. c, 6.—27 El. c. 4. § 7, &c.—8 G. 1. c. 25. as to proceedings on recognizances by Sta- tutes staple. § VIII.—Proviso that so much of Statute 28 E, 3. c. 13. 8 H. 6. c. 29. (explaining 2 H. 5. st. 2. c. 3.) as relate to juries where aliens are parties, shall remain in force, § 1X. Saving for gauging of liquors in London. , § X.—Certain Acts heretofore repealed, shall remain repealed; viz—14R. 2.c. 7.— 15. R. 2c. 8. Exportof Tin.—2 H. 4.¢. 6. Importing foreign coin, repealed by 21 J, 1. c. 28.§ 11.-8 H. 6. c¢. 2. Trade to Denmark, repealed by 1 H. 8. c, 1.—3 H. Te c. 1823.] 7. c.7. entering goods in the names of othefs, repealed by 1. H. 8. c. 5.—3 H. 8, ec, 15.—91 H. 8. c.9.—1 M. st. 2.¢. 11, Foreign hats and caps, repealed by 1 J. 1. c. 25. § 7.—5 H. 8. c, 7. Foreigners buying leather, repealed by 5 El. c. 8.§44. —?#1 H. 8. c. 14. Linnens imported, repealed by 28 H. 8. c. 4—TIrish Act, 12 E, 4. c. 2. Importing bows, repealed by 10 C. 1, st. 3. c. 22.—2, 3 Edw. 6. c. 26. Exporting ashes, repealed by 28 G. 3. ¢. 16.—1 El. c, 9. Exporting leather, re- pealed by 18 El, c. 9.—1 J. 1. c, 22. § 48. Punishing officers permitting exportation of leather, repealed by 48 G. 3. c. 60. § 1, —5 H.8. c. 3.—27 H. 8. c. 13.—33 H. 8. ce. 19. Export of woollen manufacture, repealed by 50 G. 3. c. 83.—3 E. 4. c 4. 1. R.3.¢. 12. As to import of wrought goods, repealed by 56 G. 3. c, 36.—17 st. 3. c. 1.—27 E, 3. st. 2.c. 14.—38 E. 3, st. i.c, 2.—5 R. 2. st. 1. c. 2.—17 R. 2. c. 1. 2H. 4, c. 5.—? H. 6.c. 6.—4 H. 7. c. 23. Medical Report. 75 —6,7 W.3.c.17.—7,8 W. 3. c.19. Ex- ~ porting gold and silver, repealed by 59 G. 3. ¢. 49. § 11, 14.—5 El c. 7. as to import of wrought goods,—12 C. 2. ¢. 4.§ 11. Export of gunpowder,. both re+ pealed by 59 G.3. c. 73. And the said several Statutes and Acts, - and parts of Statutes and Acts, so repealed by the said several Acts made for repeal- ing the same, shall accordingly be and re- main, and are hereby declared to be re- pealed, except only so far as they repeal any former Act or Acts; and all which Act or Acts so repealed, shall be ‘and remain so repealed, to all intents and pur- poses whatsoever, N.B. This, and the following five Acts, may be regarded as the most important com- mercial Acts of Parliament that have passed since the Navigation Act. They entirely change our system and policy of commercial law, and merit special notice. MEDICAL REPORT. Report of Diseases and CAsuatTiEs occurring inthe public and private Practice of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary: Ee oS prevalence and obstinate severity of coughs are the circumstances which have particularized the present and imme- diately preceding months, in reference to medical requisites: to such a degree has this been the case, that it may be almost said, with stronger than poetical affirma- tion— . Those cough now who never cough’d before, And those who always cough’d now cough the more. The character of these pulmonary affec- tions has of course been more or less regu- lated by constitutional tendencies in the individual subject; but their leading fea- .tures have proved rather of the asthmatic than of the plithisical kind, and they have thus called for, and borne, those stimu- lating remedies, which, when employed in truly consumptive ailments, are much worse than useless. Many of the patent prescriptions, named ‘ Cough drops,” might properly be labelled with the word “ Poison,” were they intended only for the eye and the stomach of the consumptive invalid,—the principle of their efficacy in any case being that of exciting those parts of the pulmonary organs which in phthisis are already in a state of morbid excitation. Some practitioners, indeed, call in question the rectitude of expectorant agency, as applicable to any sort of pectoral disorder ; while others, again, deny that balsamics and demulcents have more than an imagi- nary efficacy, seeing that the parts sup- posed to be sheathed and soothed by these substances never actually come in contact 2 tions demanded. with them, but pass down another chan- nel, viz. through the gullet into the sto- mach ; while it is the wind-pipe and lungs, not the esophagus and stomach, which the disordered action implicates. ‘These ob- jections, however, in both instances seem to be too much founded on the refine- ments of theory, and to stand in op- position to truth: medicine, after all, would prove a poor inefficacious affair, were it never to act but in obedience to the dicta of pathology. Our continental neighbours, the French, condemn British practice as empirical; but the most tri- umphant reply to this charge is the supe- rior success of the English physicians, Disease with us is often done away with by decided measures, long before the gal- lic school of tissue and texture practi- tioners would have determined upon the organ implicated, or the remedial indica- The French are good in- vestigators of disordered lesion,it is allowed, but dexterity in the inspection of a dead body does not necessarily imply an effi- cient practice upon the living ; nay, it is possible for morbid anatomy (in moderation, the most useful of all medical studies, ) to be carried to an ultra extent, by encouraging analytic minutiz to the exclusion of syn- thetic and pervading principles, French medicine, like French art, is full of correct littlenesses and beautiful fragments; but it is wanting in the commanding spirit of a combining whole. Itis oulliny, and cold, and raw. A curious case of nervous affection is now under the Reporter’s care. A child, about six years old, who is without the smallest 76 smallest manifestation of disease during the day, awakes in the night with involun- tary laughter, attended with some gesticu- lations, which last frequently till the time of rising. Uponit being mentioned to the parents thatthe disorder was probably a species of St. Vitus’s dance, they directly told the writer that a family, who lived opposite them, had recently been affected with that complaint; and that their chil- dren had intently noticed, and occasion- ally imitated, them. This, then, is proba- bly the source of the disorder in the pre- sent instance ; and it is likely, as suggested by an ingenious friend, that the malady is a species of oneirodynia, as well as chorea; that the child had been impressed in its dreams with what it had seen during its waking hours, and that such impression had thus become associated with the time and circumstance of sleep. Dreams per- haps modify, and in a manner duplicate, existence, more than we are generally aware. Not long since, a case of well marked epilepsy was seen by the writer, which originated in the following manner. The subject of it, a young girl in the lower walks of life, had been engaged with some loose companions in throwing stones at the skeletons that are disgustingly gibbet- ed on the shores of the Thames. It seems that in the first instance the poor girl con- sidered this pastime as a mere matter of Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. [Feb. 1, innocent fun and frolic ; but, in the visions of the succeeding night, she conceived a horror of the act, and, as just stated, epi- lepsy was the consequence,—a disorder with which she will probably be affected, am slight causes, during the whole of her ife. The boy to whom allusion has just been made is under a tonic plan of treatment, the medicine principally consisting of the Nitras arzenti, and he already shows signs of improvement. The continued severity of the weather induces the writer to reiterate his recom- mendation of wash-leather waistcoats. It is only they who have tried the expedient that can conceive the comfort of it. The Reporter would almost as soon part with his own skin as the additional one he has adopted. . Till he wore the material in question, he scarcely knew the feeling of warmth during the winter season; he now, with less exterior clothing than before, finds himself comparatively indifferent to the temperature of the air. ‘‘God’s blessing (says Sancho Panza,) be upon that man who first invented sleep; if covers one all over like a garment.” So does wash-leather, says the writer of these Reports; and so will every one say who shall make an essay of its virtue. D. Uwins, M.D. Bedford-row ; Jan, 20, 1823. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. —<=— PLeMeAsco, or the substance com- - monly called black-lead, — which stands foremost in reproaching the insuffi- ciency of chemical analysis,—has lately been supposed by Dr. M‘Curtock to be the oxide of a peculiar metal, which exists in variable proportions in most cast-iron, (without apparent deterioration of its qua- lity,) in some kind of union with the iron, and from which it is capable of being slowly separated by several weak acids, the. acetic in particular. The facts ad- duced appear, however, to show nothing more, than that part cf a mass of cast-iron is by such action, or the whole in a suffi- cient time, changed into an equal mass of plumbago, of far less weight than the iron. The masses of native black-lead, of very different sizes, in the Borrowdale-mine in Cumberland, have appeared to Mr, Farey, who elaborately investigated them in 1819, to occupy detached spaces, which never were empty, in a coarse, steatitic, slaty rock (steaschist, graduating locally into basalt); the transmutation or change, at some early period, of local portions of which rock, into pure plumbago, by some operations of nature, or of nature’s Crea- tor rather, seemed to him almost an una- voidable conclusion, M. pz HeMPLingE, of Brussels, has dis- covered that sulphat of ammoniac pos- sesses the property which M. Gay-Lus- sac had already ascertained in phosphat of ammoniac,—of rendering linen-cloth and paper almost incombustible. Muriated ammoniac and sulphate of zinc have the same property, in a greater or less degree. The phosphat and the boreat of ammoniac possess a power of preventing wood from burning with a flame, . Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Hartfield, by Dr. T. Forster, from Dec. 20, 1822, to Jun. 20, 1823, Dec. 20.—Thermometer 33°; barome- ter 30°13. A raw north-east wind blow- ing hard all day, with a clouded sky. Y1,.—33°; 30:07. Slacken clonds, and clear night; but very cold. N.E. 22.—34°; 29°91, E. A great deal of clouds. g 23.—39°; 29°91. E. Sonder clouds, of a loose sort, and warmer air. 24,— 32°; 50:05. E. Dull, starving east wind, and cloudy sky. 25.—28° ; 30°08. E. The sun rose fiery red: a cloudy day. 26.—27°; 30°25, N.E. The sun rose very clear: fine day. 97.—27°; 30°20. E. White frost: clear morning, but cloudy in the middle of the day. The white Polyunthus narcissus re- mains in flower, and braves the cold. The birds 1823,] birds begin to flock to the windows for food and shelter: field-fares begin to be seen in flocks, f 28.—26°; 30°08. N.W., E. Clear day. 29,.—928° ; 29°84, Variable wind: misti- ness above. 30.—27°; 29°65. E. Cold wind again. 31,—29° ; 29°58. Sleet fell all day. Jan. 1, 1823,—34° ; 29°62. S.E. Calm; a thaw at night. 2.—41°; 29-75. S. Clouds, with rain. 3.—45°; 29:71, Variable. A pleasant day; with sonder cloud, and other light modifications. 4.—40° ; 29°63. S.S.E. Fair. 5.—44° ; 29°64, Fair. 6.—40°; 49:94. Fair. 7.—36°; 30°00, Fair. 8.—36°; 50°00. Brilliant red clouds at sun-rise. 9.—26° ; 29°78. N.E. Fair. 10.—350° ; 29:75. N.E. Cloudy, 11,.—29°; 29:79, NE. Fair. Commercial Report. 7 12,.—27°; 29°67. E.., Cloudy north-east wind. 13.—24°; 29°51. N.E. Snowing. 14,—25¢ ; 29°36. N. Fair: snow p.m. 15.—25°; 29°20. N. Snowing hard; the snow lays deep, 16.-—29° ; 29:27. W. Clouds, and some snow. 17.—29° ; 29:29, W.S.W. Cloudy, ,,18.—10°; 29°70. N. Clouds: fair eye- ning. 19.—The coldest day we have had this year; the thermometer at sun-rise was only 5° of Fahrenheit, and a white rime was on the trees: the sky clear. In St. Paul’s Chureh-yard, the thermo- meter, on the nights of the 19th aud 20th, was at 6° and 8°; and north of London at 5°. It has been above the freezing point, in the night only, on the 4th, 5th, and 6th. The barometer has ranged from 30°5 to 29 inches, ey MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. ——— PRICES or MERCHANDIZE,. Dee. 27, 1822. Jan. 28, 1523. Cocoa, W.I.common --£2-8 0 to 210 0|]2 8 0 to 210 0 percwt. Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 4 0 0 — 414 01/413 0 — 417 0 do. ,fine -- 6 6 0 — 614 0 6.7 0 —-6 18° 0 ‘do. » Mocha .--.s+e- 7 0 0 —1010 O 510 0 —1010 0 do, _ Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 7 — 0081007 —008 per lb. » Demerara'----- 0 0 82 — 0 011-] 0 0 8F— 0 011 do. Currants.----... teossee 5 0 0 — 5 14 0 5 0 0 — $14 0 per cwt, Figs, Turkey ---------- 2 8 0 — 212 0 2 5 0 — 212 © perchest Flax, Riga .---.--+----5410 0 —55 0 0 155 0 0 —56.0 0 per ton. Hemp, Riga, Rhine .--- 42 0 0 —~43 0 0 |4210 0 —43 0 0. do. Hops, new, Pockets-.-- 3 0 0 — 415 0 | 310 0 — 5 5 0 percwt, ————, Sussex, do. 210 0 — 218 0 210 0 — 218 0. do. Iron, British, Bars «--- 815 0 — 9 001815 0 — 9 6 O per ton, Pies ne 6 OLD 7.0 O16 8 Oe Fe 0.8. ain Oil, Lucca .-+-++++--.-42 00 — 00 0 [42 00 —00 O per jar. —, Galipoli-.-+........ 56 0° 0 — 58 0 0 |58 0 0 —59 0 O per ton. Rags --sececesscoeeee 2 2 6 — 2 3 O 22 0 — 2% 2 6 perewt. Raisins, bloom or jar,new 310 0 — 316 0/3510 0 — 316 0 do, Rice, Patnakind --.--- 015 0 — 015 0 |014 0 — 016 0 do. ——, East India.......- 01559 0 — 012 0 012 0 — 013 0. do. Silk, China, raw------e- 017 5 — 1251/1017 5 ~ 125 per lb. , Bengal, skein ---- 014 5 — 017 6 1014 5 — 017 6. do, Spices,Cinnamon ----.- 0 7 2 — 074/07 2— 07 4 do. y Cloves -++++--- 0 3 9 — 0 4 ¥ OPS Se Oa: 28 ips , Nutmegs «eee.» 0 3 1 — 0 3 ¥ 03 1 — 0 8 2» do » Pepper, black-- 0 0 6 — O O 651) 0500 6-0) 0 i 6umata: ,»white-- 0 1 3$— 0141/1041 32 — 01 4 @o, Spirits, Brandy, Cogniac 0 3 0 — 034/03 2— 038 per gal, , Geneva Hollands 0 110 — 0 111 D2 | On OIG UROis Vo: , Rum, Jamaica-- 0 28 — 030/04 6— 0 9 10 do. Sugar, brown:-..+-...- 212 0 — 213 0 | 2144 0 — 215'0 per cwt. ——~ Jamaica, fine ---- 311 0 — 314 0/311 0 — 314 0 do. ——, East India, brown 015.0 — 1001015 0 — 100 do. ——, lump, fine.-+++++» 319 0 — 4401/45 0~— 480 do. Tallow, town-melted----» 2 26 —000/226—000 do. , Russia, yellow++ 118 0 — 118 6 | 117 6 — 119 0 do. Tea, Bohea++++..++..-- 0 2 42— 0 2 5¢{| 0 2 44— © 2 5gperlb. ———, Hyson, best.ss2. 0-5 2 —'0 5 40.10.5 7 = 0 510 do. Wine, Madeira,old ----20 0 0 —70 0 0 120 00 —70 0 0 per pipe ——, Port, old --.+....42 0 0 —48 0 0 |48 0 0 — 4g 0 0 do. ——, Sherry -+++++..5-20 0 0 —50 0 0 '20 0 0 —50 0 0 per butt Course 78 List of Bankruptcies and Dividends. [Feb. 1, Course of Exchange, Jan. 24.—Amsterdam, 12 6.—Hamburgh, 37 9,—Paris, 25 85. —Leghorn, 463.—Lisbon, 52.—Dublin, 92 per cent, Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 6201.—Coventry, 10701.—Derby, 110/,—Ellesmere, 63!.— Grand Surrey, 53/.—Grand Union, 19/.—Grand Junction, 248/.—Grand Western, 41. —tLeeds and Liverpool, 375/.—Leicester, 295l.—Loughbro’, 35001.—Oxford, 7401.— Trent and Mersey, 20001.—Worcester, 27/.—East India Docks, 1501,—London, 1201.—West India, 187/.—Southwark BripGe, 201.—Strand, 51.—Royal Exchange ASSURANCE, 273l.—Albion, 511—Globe, 1351.—Gas_Ligur Company, 701.—City Ditto, 1181. The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 24th was 78; 3 per cent. Consols, 774; 3% per cent. 904; 4 per cent. Consols 963 ; Bank Stock 242. Gold in bars, 31. 17s. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 3/. 15s. 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 114d. ALPHABETICAL List oF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of Dec. 1822, and the 20th of Jan. 1823: extracted from the London Gazette. — BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 71.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. GARD, M.F.S. and W.S. Borrowcash, Derby- shire, millers. (Barber, L. ~ Allen, C. Tavistock-street, Covent-garden, woollen- draper. (Mercer Allott, G. Sandal Magne, Yorkshire, tobacco-manu- facturer. (Hexby and Co. Wakefield : Alloway, J. Rotherbithe, timber-merchant. (Bridger and Co. Bailey, W. Deptford, merchant. (Batsford Barns, J. Pendleton, near Manchester, brewer. (Hurd and Co. L. Bates, T. Cushion-court, Old Broad-street, mer- chant. (Cousins A Bennett, J. St. Helen’s, Worcestershire, glover. (Collett and Co.L. Benson, J. York, coach-master. (Bell and Co. L. Beverley, M. Barge-yard, Bucklersbury, merchant. (Farren : Boardman, J. Bolton, cotton-manufacturer. (Milne and Co.L. Bunn, E. Hermitage-place, Clerkenwell, merehant. (Jackson, L. ’ Buxton, T. Ingol, Lancashire, (Dewhurst, Preston . Cannon, J. Dareth, Kent, mealman. (Dayison, L. Cary,T. Saffron-hill, cordwatner. (Hroat and Co. Childs, W. Whitehall, victualler. (Wood Clark, R.H.St. Mary-at-hill, wine-merchant. (Watt Collier, J. Rathbone-place, silk-mercer. (Knight and Co. Cuffley, J. R. Ipswich, maltster. (Bromley, L. Daw, Ww! High Halden, Kent, potter. (James, L. Dickinson, J. Aldersgate-street, leather-seller, (Pullen and Son. L Dickens, G. J. Skinner-street, Snow-hill, cord- wainer, (Carter Eaglesfield, J. and J. Wall, Hinckley, hosiers. (Long and Co, L. : Eastwood, J. and G. Kay, Meltham, Yorkshire, clothiers. (Clarke and Co. L. Edwards, J. C. Throgmorton-street, stock-broker. (Lewe F 2 i Flynn, J. Turton, Lancashire, blacksmith. (Ellis Goldsmith, W. Benhall, Suffolk, corn-merchant. (Carpenter, Li corn-merchant. Green, W. Gracechurch-street, stationer. (Hut- chinson ; Greenwell, T. White Lion-court, Cornhill, mer- chant. (Hewett Hall, T. Old Compton-street, Soho, woollen-draper. (Barrow and Co. Hicks, H. and S. W. Woodward, Bankside, South- wark, timber-merchants. (Davison Hoofsetter, S. H. Sheftield, merchant. (Blakelock radar) Foe H. Wells’-row, Islington, grocer. (Jones and Co, L. Irving, C. Southampton, schoolmaster. (Brundrett Johnson, N.S. Manchester, fustian-manufacturer. (Mackinson, L Jackson, J. Halifax, dealer. (Walker, L. Jones, J. Great Commercial-buildings, Blackfriars’ road, haberdasher. (Phipps ees T. Bridlington Quay, (Rosser and Co. L. Larton, W. Peterborough-court, Fleet-street, gold- beater. (Hodson Leach, J. Manchester, merchant. (Ellis, L. Manser, T. ‘lrichurst, Sussex, farmer. (Palmer, L. Marsland, H. Handforth, Cheshire, cotton-manu- __facturer. (Tyler, L. Mills, T. Milverton, Somersetshire, baker. (Norton and Co. L.. Morgan, A. Bewdley, Monmouthshire, innholder. Platt, L corn-factor, Molyneux, T. Holborn, boot-maker. (Allen Newell, T, Auberley, Sussex, shopkeeper. man and Co. L. Oland, J. Bristol, potter. (Holme and Co. L.: Paekwood, J. Ratcliffe Highway, carpet-dealer. (Fisher and Co. Pain, RK. Chilton Trivett, Somersetshire, maltster. (Nethersoles and Co. L. Parker, T. Stourbridge, dealer. (Wright and Co. Porritt, J. Pitt’s-place, Kent-road, cheesemonger. (Taylor, L Pullen, R. Leeds, merchant. (Evans, L. Radford, J. S. Hull, merchant. (Knowles, L. Reader, R. Old-street road, timber-merchant. (Young Redmayne, J. Yorkshire, (Jackson, L Roose, ‘I’. Liverpool, baker. Rushton, J. Bolton, grocer. Ryley, J. Birmingham, spoon-maker. and Co. L, Saxty, J. Batheaston, near Bath, saddler. (Hel- lings, Bath (Free- Burton, coal-dealer, (Chester, L. (Hurd and Co, L. (Norton Sharpley, A. Binbrook, Lincolnshire, farmer. aylor, L. Slaughter, T. Seal, ‘Kent, farmer. (Sherwood and Co. L Saunders, J. Aldersgate-street, painter. (Keeling Shield, A. High-street, Wapping, baker. (Clarke, L. Strickland, J. and J. Newgate-market, cheesemon- gers. (Alliston and Co, Hammond, W. Wickhambrook, Suffolk, shop- Sutton, T. H. Strood, Kent, innkeeper. (Flexney keeper. (Stevens, L. Ward, J. Stratford-upon-Avon, stationer. (Wyatt Haughton, J. Liverpool, merchant. (Blackstock White, R. Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, farmer. and Co. L. (Knight, Warminster s Heath, W. T. Cushion-court, Broad-street, mer- Whitehead, H. Bury, Lancashire, druggist. (Hurd chant. (Hurd and Co, and Co. L. DIVIDENDS. Armistead, J. Clapham, Yorksh. Arthur, T. Neath Ashwell, J. Nottingham Atherton, J. Warrington Barnaschina, A. Gravesend Beattie, J. Portsea Bell, J. and G. Berwick-upon- Tweed Bell, J. Downshire-hill, Hamp- Steai Belcher, J. London-lane, Enfield Blacklee, D. Cambridge Bleckley, E. Wood-st. Cheapside Brewer, S. Alderton, Suffol Buchanan, D., S. M. Smith, and F. Ashley, Liverpool Burgie, J. Martin-lane Carnes, W. Canal-row, Bermond- se Cave, W. J. West Smithfield Clough, J. H. and Co. Liverpool Cobb, H. Graveney, Kent Coldwell, T. S. Norwich Cossart, M.J.I. and P. Clement’s Inn-lane Craney, J. Snow-hill Dalton, J. Tottenham Conrt-road Dean, R.W. and ‘T. W. Cooke, Su- garloaf-alley, Bethnal-green Diston, T. Hew kesburye Dobson, T. and G. Thompson, Darlington ‘ Douglas, M. Sunderland Dowley, 1823.) Dowley, J. Willow-street, Bank- side Drake, J. Lewisham Durrant, W. Castle-street, Fins- bury Ellis, S. and G. Glover, Alders- gate-street Emery, T. Worcester Emmett, W. Leicester-square Evans, J. Wapping Fairchild, J. L. Thurlby, Lincoln- shire Farmer, N. East-lane, Bermond- se) Field, Tp: St. John-street, West Smithfield Flanders, J. Atherstone, War- wickshire Forbes, J. and D. Gregory, Alder- manbury i Foster, T. and E. S. Yalding, ent Gardiner, G. St. John-street Gray, J. London and Liverpool Green, W. jun. Exmouth-street, Clerkenwell Green, J. Oxford-street Griffin, D. Walworth Grifis, T. High-row, Knights- bridge Griffith, T. MHillmorton, War- wickshire Gosling, G, Chesterfield Gossart, J. J. and P, Clement’s- Jane Goundry, G. Newcastle-upon- ne Good, P. P. Clapton Gyles, J. E. Shoreditch alliday, T. Broad street Hancock, J. Poplar Handforth, D. Manchester Hartley, R. Penrith Harding, T. S. Tamworth Harding, J. Great Winchester-st. Harrison, J. Leeds Hart, J. and J. M‘Alpin, Carlisle Hayton, W. and M. Douglas, Sunderland Hayton, J. W. Greenfield, Flint- shire, and M, P. Leasinby, London MONTHLY - Agricultural Report. Hassett, J. Richard-st. Islington Herbert, P. and H. London Herbert, T. Checquer-yard, Dow- ate-hill Hewlett, J. Gloucester Hitchin, J. H. Kidderminster Hill, T. and H.Wood, Queenhithe Holmes, A. and Co, Chesterfield Hooper, J. Tooley-street Horsman, E. and J. ipping, Campden, Gloucestershire Howett, J. St. Martin’s-lane Howard, J. Mitcham Jacks, T. Bishopsgate-st. without Jones, J. Upper Brook-street, Grosvenor-square Jones,T. and E. Powell, Wrexham Kempster, T. Bouverie-street Kendall, J. Mile-end Ketland, T. and J. Adams, Bir- mingham Kemn, W. Bath Killick, W. Cheam, Surrey Kirkland, J. and J. Badenoch, Coventry King, J. Great Yeldham, Essex Law, W. Copthall-court Lawrence, J. Hatton-garden Leech, [. and J. Hincheliff Lea, T. Stapenhill, Derbyshire Lloyd,W. and W. Lower Thames- street Longrig, J. Liverpool Lough, R. Upper Ground-street, Christ-church : Luke, J. Exeter Mackenzie, C. Caroline-street, Bedford-square Milne, G. Broad-street Neate, G. Grantham, Lincolnsh. New, E. Bristol Newton, T. Holbeach, Lincoln- shire, and W. Newton, West Walton, Norfolk Newman, H. Wargreaves, Berks Otley, G. New Bond.street Park, R. jun. Portsea Parkes, T. and A. Lawton, Bir- mingham Passman, J. Old Street-road Penfold, E. Maidstone - 79 Pettitt, J. and S. R. Burch, Southwark Phillips, G. Old Brentford Pitstow, J. jun. Witham, Essex Pratt, R. Archer-st. Westminster Prest, W. and J. Worlner, Law- rence Pountney-lane Pritchard, E. Lilaorwst, Denbigh- shire Prole, W. Georgeham, Devon Radcliffe, T. and Co. Ewood- bridge, Lancashire Reilly, R. Southampton-row, Bermondsey Richardson, J. Sloane-st. Chelsea Pitabie. R. and J. Bigsby, Dept- or Robertson, J. Old Broad-street Robinson, F. Aston, near Bir- mingham Rowe, H. Amen Corner Roxby, R.B. Arbour-square, Com- mercial-road Salmon, J. Canterbury-buildings, Lambeth Scandrett, W. Worcester Schwieso, J. C. Soho-square Sharland,G. South Molton, Devon Smith, A. Lime-street square Smith, T. H. Chancery-lane Spence, J. Providence-row, Hack- ney Stalker, D. Leadenhall-street Stevens, D. G. Harlow Studd, J. L. Kirby-street, Hatton Garden Theisen, A. H. Bernard-street, Russell-square Thorpe, W. Epping Thurtell, J. Bradwell, Suffolk Tutin, S. Chandos-street Welsford, W. Tower-hill Whalley, G. B, Basinghall-street Wheatcroft, S. Sheffield White, J. C. Mitre-court, Fen- church-street Wilks, R. Chancery-lane Wright, W. Tewkesbury Youden, S. Dover Young,W. and J. Renard, Downs’ Wharf. AGRICULTURAL REPORT. —— "THE accounts from the country, with respect to the effects of the weather upon the wheat crop, are universally fa- vourable. The first dry frosts were bene- ficial in kiiling slugs and insectile vermin, and checking the too great luxuriance of the early-sown wheats ; whilst the succeed- ing snows have proved a cover and pro- tection. The continuance of severe wea- ther, however, has put an entire stop to tillage, and confined the operations of,hus- bandry to carting dung and ditch-earth for manure, road-work, threshing, and tend- ing cattle. From the dry state of the soil, the pastures have remained productive unusually long, anda great stock of fodder has been spared. The turnip crop has turned out wonderfully productive, and the quality hitherto greatly superior.to ex- pectation ; indeed, had the winter proved mild, it would have been impossible to have consumed the crop,—a circumstance which does not go to prove a diminished extent of farming culture. Great quantity of hay has been spared, since scarcely any etock but the lambs have stood in need of it. The greatest difficulty is experienced in supporting the labourers, who are too generally degraded to the state of paupers. Reports still from various parts of tenants’ effects taken in execution, and industrious families turned adrift,—a proceeding equal- ly cruel and impolitic, unless very substan- tial reasons can be alleged, The advance on prices before Christmas lias not the ap- pearance of being permanent; and barley, oats, and beans, are on the decline, The last crop of barley and oats, it is probable, were greater than was supposed, and the stocks in hand considerable. Potatoes are rising in price. In wool little doing, ex- cepting fine wool. Store pigs have risen considerably, and unexpectedly. The meat markets remain steady ; indeed the best ar- ticles have generally produced a consider- able price, the times considered. A most ab- surd report has been propagated, that go- vernment has it in contemplation to buy up wheat with the view of raising the price, in« stead of using their endeavours to enable the grower to sell profitably at the present, Smithfield:—Beet, 28. 8d. to 48. 8d.— Mutton, 80 Mutton, 2s. 4d, to 48,.—Veal, 3s. 4d. to 5s. 8die—Pork, 2s. 4d, to 4s. 8d.—Raw fat, 2s. 34d. Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 24s. to 56s. —Barley, 22s. to 34s.—Oats, 16s. to 28s, Political Affairs in January. [Feb. 1, —London price of best bread, 4b. for 774. —Hay, 52s. to 843:—Clover, do. 55s. to 86s.—Straw, 31s. 6d. to 45s. Coals in the pool, 41s. 6d, to 51s, 3d, Middlesex ; Jan, 20, 1823. POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN JANUARY. oe _FRANCE. S the eyes of all Europe will soon be directed to the proceedings of THE FRENCH CHAMBER OF DeEPUTIEs, we have procured from Paris an origi- nal drawing of its interior, during the sitting, with a speaker in the rostrum, and another awaiting his conclusion. In other respects, it fully speaks for itself. More cannot be expected from it than from our House of Commons, both being under such careful ministe- rial management, that a majority in either is never likely to appear onany - vital question. Such assemblies serve, however, to enlighten the public, and to bring before the world any enor- mous abuses of power which no degree of profligacy could justify ; but, on the other hand, they confer a disgustful plausibility on the acts of a government which lull the multitude into false security. Great events appear to be pending. Hostilities with tie insulted Spanish patriots seem to be inevitable. ‘The blow may perhaps be struck before our Number is published; but, when- ever struck, it will commence the mille- nium of liberty, and all usurpations of undue power will totter like houses during an earthquake. Happily, too, the insolent asseverations of legiti- macy have been self-destroyed, and for intermediate sacrifices, the good cause of liberty has nothing to answer. In our Supplement, we have treated on this subject more at large, at the conclusion of our extracts from Mr. Blaquiere’s excellent book on Spain. GREAT BRITAIN. The following is the official state- ment of the revenue for 1822, by which it appears that the tenantry of the.kingdom have been able to pay the tax-vatherer and fundholder, whatever be the condition of the proprietary. In truth, the payments into the public Exchequer seem to increase, in spite of the complaints which fill the king- dom; and hence the utility of the tax- gatherer being first satisfied, whoever comes in second best, Net Produce of the Revenue of Great Bri- tain, in the Years and Quarters ended 5th January, 1822, and 1823. Years ended Jan, 6. 1822. 1823, Customs ----+-> + £9,135,102| €9,586,111 Excise ++++2+++++ 26,546,415] 25,747,441 Stamps-+--++++++ 6,108,640} 6,208,552 Post Office «+++++ 1,318,000) 1,359,000 Assessed Taxes ++ 6,256,811] 5,798,805 Land Taxes ++++ 1,963,274) 1,924,551 Miscellaneous-+++ = 303,463) 398,554 Total 50,931,705! 50,122,994 Decrease on the Year £808,711 Quurters ended Jan. 5 1822. 1823 Customs +-+---- - £%,486,896 £ 2,402,238 Excise ---:-+> see 6,590,789) 6,291,908 Stamps:-++---- ++ 1,497,128] 1,450,987 Post Office +-+-++ 308,000 324,000 Assessed Taxes -- 2,292,708] 2,120,384 Land Taxes 473,000] 433,592 Miscellaneous:: «+ 119,696 148,132 Total 13,568,217] 13,171,241 Decrease on the Quarter £396,976 The policy of Great Britain at this moment is happily most temperate ; and, we flatter ourselves, that the spirit of crusading in any cause not our own, will not cross the English channel. For notices of the great public meet- ings at Norwich, Hereford, York, &e. we refer tothe Provincial Intelligence ; and we beg leave, also, to refer to the Supplement, published this day, for a very important abstract of the votes on FIFTY GREAT QUESTIONS during the ° last sessions in the House of Commons. It is a document of perpetual refer- ence; and, besides appearing in our Supplement, has been published sepa- rately at 1s. by Miller. SPAIN, Dispatch from the Count de Nesselrode to the Charge d’ Affairs.of Russia, at Madrid, dated Verona, the 14th (26th) Nov. 1822. The sovereigns and the plenipotentiaries assembled at Verona, in the firm intention of consolidating, more and more, the peace which Europe enjoys, and to prevent what- ever might tend to compromise that ee o 1823.] of general tranquillity, were led, from the first moment of their assembling, to direct their anxious and serious attention towards an ancient monarchy, which had been agi- tated with internal commotions during two years, and which coald not but excite, in an equal degree, the solicitude, the inte- rest,and the apprehensions, of other powers. _ When, in the month of March, 1820, some perjured soldiers turned. their arms against their sovereign and their country, to impose upon Spain laws which the pub- lic reason of Europe, enlightened by the experience of all ages, stamped with its highest disapprobation, the allied cabinets, and particularly that of St. Petersburg, hastened to point out the calamities that would follow in the train of institutions which consecrated military revolt, by the very mode of their establishment. ‘These fears were but too soon and too thoroughly justified. ‘They are no longer theories nor principles, which are now to be examined and approved. Facts speak aloud; and what feeling must they not inspire in every Spaniard who yet cherishes a love for his king and country? What regret must be experienced at the ascendancy of the men who have brought about the Spanish revo- lution? At amoment when a deplorable success crowned their enterprise, the in- tegrity of the Spanish monarchy was the object of the Spanish government. The whole nation participated in the wishes of his Catholic majesty ; all Europe had of- fered him an amicable intervention to re- store for him, on solid bases, the authority of the mother-country over distant regions which formerly constituted her wealth and her strength. Encouraged by a fatal ex- ample, to persevere in rebellion, the pro- vinces where it had already broken out, found in the events of the month of March, the best apology for disobedience ; and those who had yet remained faithful, im- mediately separated from the mother coun- try, justly afraid of the despotism which was about to oppress its unfortunate sove- reign, and a people whom ras) innovations condemned to traverse the whole range of revolutionary disasters.—'To the disorders of America were soon added the evils that are inseparable from a state of things where the conservative principles of so- cial order had been forgotten.—Anarchy appeared in the train of revolution; dis- order in the train of anarchy. Long years of tranquil possession, soon ceased to be a sufficient title to property; the most sa- cred rights were soon disputed; ruinous loans and contributions unceasingly renew- ed, soon attacked beth public wealth and the fortunes of private individuals. As was the case at that epoch, the bare recol- lection of which makes Europe shudder, religion was despoiled of her patrimony ; the throne of popular-respect; the royal dignity was outraged ; and authority was MontHLy Maa, No, 378, Political Affairs in January. 81 transferred to assemblies where the blind passions of the multitude seized upon the reins of government. Lastly, and to com- plete the parallel with those days of cala- mity so unhappily re-produced in Spain, on the 7th of July, blood was seen to flaw in the palace of the king, and a civil war raged throughout the Peninsula. During nearly three years, the allied powers con- tinued to flaiter themselves that the Spa- nish character,—that character so constant and so generous when the safety of the country was in question, and lately so he-" roic when it struggled against a power produced by revolution, would show itself at Jast, even in the men who had had the misfortune to betray the noble recollec- tions which Spain might proudly recall to every nation in Europe. They flattered themselves that the government of his Ca- tholic majesty, undeceived by the first lessons of a fatal experience, would adopt measures, if not to stop by one common effort the numerous calamities which were bursting upon them from all sides, at least to lay the foundations of a remedial sys- tem, and to secure graduaily to the throne its legitimate rights and its necessary pre- rogatives; also, to give to subjects ade- quate protection, and to property indis- pensable guarantees. But those hopes have been utterly falsified. ‘The lapse of time has only brought with it fresh injus- tice; violence has been increased; the number of victims has frightfully augment- ed; and Spain has already seen more than one warrior, and more than one faithful ci- tizen, hurried to the scaffold. It is thus that the revolution of the 9th March went on, day by day, hastening the ruin of the Spanish monarchy, when two particular events occurred which excited the most serious attention of foreign go- vernments, In the midst of a people, to whom de- votion to their kings is an hereditary sen- timent; a people who for six successive years shed the noblest blood to recover their legitimate monarch ;—that monarch and his family were reduced toa state of notorious and. almost absolute captivity. His brothers, compelled to justify them- selves, were daily menaced with the dun- geon or the axe; and imperious commands forbade him, with his dying wife, to quit the capital. On the other hand, in imita- tion of the revokitions of Naples and Pied- mont, which the Spanish conspirators con- stantly represent as their own work, we hear them announce that their plans of subversion have no limits.. In a neigh- bouring country they strove with unre- mitting perseverance to encourage tumults and rebellion. Inmore distant states they laboured to create accomplices; the acti- vity of their proselytism was everywhere felt, and everywhere it produced the same disasters. M Such 82 Such conduct would, of necessity, ex- cite general reprobation. ‘Those cabinets which sincerely desired’ the good of Spain, intimated during two years their senti- ments, by the nature of the relations which they maintained with its government. France saw herself obliged to contide to an army the protection of her frontiers, and: probably she will he compelled also to confide to it the task of putting an end to those provocations which have rendered it necessary. Spain herself has rebelled, in some parts, against a system which is foreign to her habits, to her known loyalty, and to her entirely monarchical traditions. In this state of things, the emperor, our august master, has determined to take a step which cannot leave to the Spanish nation any doubt as to his true intentions, nor as to the sincerity of the wishes he en- tertains iu her behalf. It is to be feared that the dangers arising from vicinity, which are always imminent, those which menace the royal family, and the just com- plaints of a neighbouring state, will termi- nate in creating, between him and Spain, the most grave embarrassments. Itis this painful extremity which his majesty would avoid, if possible ; but, as long as the king is not in a condition to express freely his will, as long as a deplorable order of things facilitates the efforts of the artists of revo- lutions, who'are united by one common bond with those of the other countries of Europe, to trouble its repose, is itin the power of the emperor, is it in the power of any monarcli, to ameliorate the rela- tions of the Spanish government with fo- reign powers? On the other hand, how easy would it be to attain this essential end, if the king recovered, with his perfect liberty, the means of putting an end to ci- vil war, of preventing a foreign war, and of surrounding himself with the most en- lightened at:d the most faithful of his sb- jects, in order to give to Spain those in- stitutious whiclyher wants and her legiti- mate wishes require. Then, free and tranquil, she could not but inspire Europe with the security which she would herself enjoy; and then, too, the powers which now protest against the conduct of her go- vernment, would he eager to renew with her relations truly amicable and founded upon mutual good-will, It is a long time since Russia announced these grand truths to the attention of Spaniards. Ne- ver had their patriotism higher destinies to fulfil than at this moment. What glory for them to conquer revolution a second time, and to prove that it can never exer- cise dominion in a country where ancient virtues, an indelible attachment to princi- ples which guarantee the duration of so- ciety, and respect for a holy religion, will always triumph over anarchical doctrines, and the artitfices employed to extend their fatal influence. Already one portion of Political Affairs in January. [Feb. 1. the nation has declared itself. It only re- mains for the other portion to unite in- stantly with their king to deliver Spain— to save it—to assign it, in the great Euro- pean family, a place so much the more ho- nourable, because it would be snatched, as in 1814, from the disastrous triumph of military usurpation. In directing you, M.le Comte, to com- municate te the ministers of his most Ca~ tholic majesty, the sentiments developed in this dispatch, his majesty is willing to believe that neither his intentions, nor those of his allies, will be misrepresented. In vain will malevolence endeavour to re- present them inte light of foreign inter-- ference, which seeks to dictate laws to Spain. To express the desire of seeing a pro- tracted misery terminate, to snatch from the same yoke an unhappy monarch, and one of the first among European nations, —to stop the effusion of blood, and to fa- cilitate the re-establishment of an order of things at once wise and national, is certain- ly not attacking the independence of a country, nor establishing a right of inter- vention’ against which any power whatever would have reason to protest. If his im- perial majesty liad other views, it would rest with him and his allies to let the Spa- nish revolution complete its work. Very soon every germ of prosperity, of wealth, and of power, would be destroyed in the Peninsula; and, if the Spanish nation can suppose these hostile designs to be euter- tained, they should look for the proof of their existence iu the indifference and the inaction of the allies. The reply that will be made to the pre= sent Declaration, must decide questions of the very highest importance. Your in- structions from this day will point out the determination that you are to make, if the dispositions of the public authority at Ma- drid reject the means which are offered for securiug to Spain a future tranquillity, and an imperishable glory. The Spanish ministers have replied with Roman spirit and Spartan brevity to the impertinent observations of the Holy Alliance, and their domestic concerns. Circular addressed io the Ambassadors of Spain at the Courts of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. , It would be unworthy the Spanish go- vernment to answer the notes of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, because they are only a tissue of lies and calumnies; it con- fines itselfto making known to youits inten- tions.—1. The Spanish nation is governed by a Constitution which was solemnly re- cognized by the emperor of Russia, in 1812.—2, The Spaniards, friends of their country, proclaimed, at the beginning of the year 1812, this Constitution, which was 1823.] was abolished solely by violence_in 1814. —3. The Constitutional King of Spain freely exercises the powers vested in him by the fandamental code.—4, The Spanish nation does not, in any way, interfere with the institutions and internal regime of other nations.—5. ‘The remedy for all the evils which may afflict the Spanish nation only concerns herself.—6. The evils which she experiences are not the effect of the Constitution, but of the efforts of the enemies who endeavour to destroy her.—7. The Spanish nation will never admit the right of any power to in- “terfere in her affairs.—The government will never deviate from the line traced out to it by its duties, the national honour, and by its unalterable attachment to the Constitution-sworn to in 1812. I autho- rise you ‘to communicate verbally this paper to the minister of foreign affairs of the power to which you are accredited, and to deliver him a copy, if he require it. His majesty hopes that the prudence, the zeal, and the patriotism, which dis- tinguish you, will suggest a firm conduct, such as is worthy the Spanish name under present circumstances. This is what I lave the honour to communicate to your excellency, by order of his majesty. T renew to you the assurances, &c. (Signed) Evaristo St. MiGUEt. Madrid, Jan. 2. The Notes of the Russian, Austrian, and Prussian ministers, on demanding their passports, were answered as under. Answer to Prussia. I have received the note which your excellency transmitted to me under the date of the 10th, and, contenting myself with stating in reply, that the wishes of the government of his most Catholic ma- jesty for the happiness of the Prussian states, are not less ardent than those ma- nifested by his majesty the king of Prussia towards Spain, I transmit to your excel- lency, by royal order, the passports for which you have applied. EvARIsTo SAN MIGUEL. Jan, 11, 1823. Answer to Russia. I have received the very insolent note ewhich your excellency transmitted to me yesterday, the 10th instant; and, limiting myself, tor my sole reply, to stating that you have shamefully abused (perhaps through ignorance) the law of nations, which is always respectable in the eyes of the Spanish government, I transmit, by order of his majesty, the passports you desire, hoping that your excellency will be pleased to leave this capital with as little delay as possible, Answer to Austria, I have received the note which your excellency was pleased to remit to me, dated yesterday, the 10th; and, having hs 3 Political Affairs in Junuary. 83 now only to say that the government of his Catholic majesty is indifferent whether it maintains relations or not with the court of Vienna, I send you, by royal order, the passports which you have required, The answer of the Spanish govern- ment to the note of M. de Villele is equally firm and dignified. It states what is a severe, but a just rebuke to the Holy Alliance, that ‘“ the Spanish government was never without the conviction that the institutions adopted freely and spontaneously by Spain would give rise to jealousies in many of the cabinets of Europe.” It further states, that ‘Spain is governed by a Constitution promulgated, accepted, and sworn to, in 1812, and acknow- ledged by the powers which were as- sembled in the congress of Verona”— the very powers who now seek to over- turn it. “It was natural,” says the Spanish government, ‘that this order of things should produce discontents : that is an inevitable consequence of every reform which aims at a correc- tion of abuses. Individuals are al— ways to be found, in every nation and in every state, who can never submit themselves to the empire of reason and justice.” France, it will be recollected, offer- eG her assistance to Spain in tranquil- lizing her, and the Spanish govern. ment points out the way in which she may doit. ‘The assistance which it is now incumbent on the French government to give to that of Spain (says the state-paper,) is purely nega- tive. The disbanding its army of the Pyrenees,—the restraining the factious enemies of Spain and the refugees in France, and a marked and decided animadversion on those who take pleasure in blackening, in the most atrocious manner, the government of his Catholic Majesty, as well as the institutions of Spain and her Cortes, is what the law of nations, as respected by all civilized countries, requires.” Message delivered by the Cortes to the King of Spain. “The Cortes manifest to his majesty, that they have heard with the greatest astonishment the assertions contained in the notes of the cabinets of Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and Petersburgh, because these diplomatic communications, besides being inconsistent with the established practice of civilized nations, are insulting to the Spanish nation, its Cortes, and its govern- ment; and that they have at the same time heard with the greatest satisfaction the judicious and decorous answer made by ie 84 the falsehood of the imputations cast on the nation, and expresses its determination to maintain its rights.” After some further observations on these points, the message concludes by declaring to his majesty, that the Cortes are prepared to maintain at every risk the dignity and splendour of the constitutional throne, and of the king of the Spains, and the independence, the liberties, and the honour, of the Spanish nation, and to decree whatever sacrifice may be necessary for the preservation of interests so invaluable. GREECE. The campaign in Thessaly is termi- nated. Since the death of Chourschid, the remnant of his troops in that pro- vinee has gone into winter quarters. The Greeks, on their side, are also quiet in their cantonments. On the 12th of December the Morea enjoyed a degree of tranquillity. 'The Greeks had collected all their forces in the neighbourhood of Corinth. The mili- ‘tary movements had closed in Epirus and Acarnania, as well as in Etolia. The Greeks have resolved to take advantage of the cessation of hostili- ties, to work during the winter at the fortifications of Missolonghi, in order to add as much as possible to the strength of that important place. In a letter from the Rey. H. D. Leeves, agent to the British and Fo- Incidents in and near London, the Spanish government, which exposes . [Feb. 1, reign Bible Society, dated October 8, 1822, he says,—‘‘ We proceeded to Scio, where we bad an opportunity of witnessing: the melancholy and utter desolation which has befallen this beautiful and once-flourishing island. I could not have conceived, without being an eye-witness, that destruction could have been rendered so com- plete. We walked through the town, which was handsome, and built en- tirely of stone ; and found the houses, the churches, the hospital, the exten- sive college, where, a few months ago, 6 or 700 youths were receiving their education,—one mass of ruins. On every side were strewed fragments. of half-burnt books, manuscripts, clothes, and furniture; and, what was most shocking to the feelings, numerous human bodies mouldering on the spot where they fell. Nothing that had life was to be seen but a few miserable half-starved dogs and cats. The vil- lares have shared the same fate, and of a population of 130,000 Grecks there remain, perhaps, 800 or 1000 individuals, scattcred through the most distant villages. In the town nothing has escaped but the Consuls’ houses, and a very few immediately adjoining them, which could not be burnt without burning the Consu- lates.” INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, 1n anp neaR LONDON, With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased. = CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. AN. 2.—A merchant-ship, called the Weare of Bristol, lost off Ballycot- ton, Ireland; when, out of thirty-six per- sons of the crew and passengers, thirteen only were saved. — 5.—The reduction of the salt-tax took place. — 8.—An insurrection of the negroes at Martinique detected: several plan- ters had died by poison. Two hundred negroes were ordered for execution. 12.—The Society of Friends set on foot a subscription for the relief of the Greeks. 16.—A meeting of the merchants and gentlemen of London took place, to con- sider of the fittest mode in which relief could be afforded to the unfortunate suf- ferers of Antioch, and its vicinity; the Lord Mayor in the chair. Mr. G. Liddell (secretary to the Levant Company,) read Mr. Barker’s printed report of the earth- quake at Antioch, dated the 15th of Sep- tember, 1822. The result of the meeting was, the appointment of a committee ta receive subscriptions. — 26.—A destructive fire in Watling- street, which broke out at the house of Mr. Penny, and consumed several adjoin- ing premises of considerable magnitude. MARRIED, James Allan, eldest son of Mr. Justice Park, to Mary, daughter of the late W. Dickins. ‘The Rev. J. P. Malleson, a.8. of Leeds, to Miss Anne Sophia Taylor, of Frede- rick-place, Hampstead-road. John Pugh, esq. Larrister, of Gray’s-inn, to Miss Christian Jane Singer, of Beck- ington, Somersetshire. C. Wm. Phillips, esq. of Sutton, Surrey, to Miss S. Jamison, of Newington. At Kingston, Surrey, Lieut. H. J. C. Minardiere, of the 15th Madras Native Infantry, to Elizabeth Ann, daughter of Dr. Harcourt, of Kingston. S. Pratt, esq. of Tottenham-court road, to Miss S$, M. Hodgson, of Upper Bedford- place. ; The 1823.] The Hon. Major-gen. Fermor, to Miss Borough, danghter of Sir Richard B. bart. of Portland-place. C. Penfold, esq. to Miss C. M. Cress, both of Croydon. E. Bostock, esq. of East Grinstead, Sussex, to Miss E. Waddington, of Leman- street, Goodman’s-fields. Edmund Timothy, esq. of Cambridge- heath, to Miss A. Mayor, of Guildford. $. Davis, esq. of Parson’s-green, to Miss Mary Wood, of Cheltenham. Mr. J. Block, of Kentish-town, to Miss S. Wilson, of Edinburgh. Mr. Nathaniel Cliater, of Flcet-street, to Miss M. Wanostrocht, of Camberwell. T. A. Stone, esq. of Argyll-street, to Miss F, M. Gream, of Richmond. Mr. Edward Pitzey, to Miss Aickin, of Norwocd. The Rev. P. H. Wilton, of Upper Bed- ford-place, to Miss J. King, of Bristol. The Rev. William Johnson, rector of St. Clement’s, Eastcheap, to Miss Mary Tabrum, of Clapton house. The Rev. E. Horne, of Stanstead, Sus- sex, to Miss Mary Ann Thomas, of Clap- ham Rise. J. Dodson, Lu.p. of Doctors’ Commons, mM.P. to Miss Pearson, of George-street, Hanover-square. T, A, Maynard, esq. of the Coldstream Guards, to Miss Louisa Long, late of Fa- versham. Mr. Davis, of Lower Brooke-street, to Miss E. W. Parker, of Portland-place. John Bury, esq. of Southgate, to Miss A. Bellamy, of Trinity-square. Mr. T. C. Lewis, of Oxford-street, to Miss S, C. Sieley, of Walcot. Mr. G.R. Hilliard, of Steckwell, to Miss E. Bridge, of Butsbury, Essex. Mr. W. Joy, of the Inner Temple, to Miss J. Burdock, of Oxford-road. The Rev. R. Roche, of Aibemarle- street, to Miss M. A. Harrison, of Bug- brooke, Warwickshire. Robert Bellars, esq. of New Lodge, Berkhampsted, to Miss E. Bridges, of Glocester-place, Portman-square. Mr. Samuel Soames, of Stepney, to Miss Susan Bird, of Waltons, Steeple Bumpstead. John Ward, esq. of Marlborough, to Ann, daughter of Dr. Merriman, of Brook- street, Grosvenor-square. The Rev. J. A. Coombs, of Manchester, to Eliza, daughter of T. Wilson, esq. of Highbury-place. P. J. Archdeacon, esq. of London, to Miss 8. Cuddon, of Layham. Henry Dymoke, esq. of Scrivelsby- court, Lincolnshire, to Miss E, Pearee, of Richmond, DIED, At Stockwell, Mr. Edward Fry, one of the attornies of the Marshalsea and Palace Courts, Marriages and Deaths in and near London. 85 At Hampton, Mrs. Elizabeth Stretbuall, widow of Edward S. esq. advocate-gene- ral, Calcutta. J In Sloane-street, 75, Surah, widow of T. Brown, esq. of Peckham-lodge. Near London, 59, Louisa Caroline, wife of Rear-Admiral Graves. On Wandsworth-common, 83, Jilliam Dent, exq. - In Nottingham-street, Mary-la-bonne, 96, Sarah, widow of the Rev. Charles Wes- ley, celebrated for his sacred poetry, and_ brother of the late Rev. John W. in Waterloo-place, the Countess of Egremont. At Clapton, 57, Samucl Pett, esq. M.D. his death was occasioned by a puncture in the finger, while at a dissection. At East-place, Lambeth, atan advanced age, Thomas Harvey, esq. At Twickenham, 73, T. West, esq. At Plaistow, Essex, 67, Hunnah Dar- ton, widow of William D. of Gracechurch- street, a respected member of the Society of Friends. At Chiswick, 66, George Woodroffe, esq. late chief prothonotary of the Common Pleas, In Stamford-street, Biackfriars’-road, 67, Samuel Bilke, esq. late of the Stock Exchange. At Brighton, 33, Joseph Alcock, esq. of Roehampton. In Hatton-garden, 31, John Ord, esq. At Eltham, 82, Richard Cooper, esq. of Charles-street, St. James’s-square, _ In Hornton-street, Kensington, 41, Mary Anne, wife of Lieut.-colonel ‘Thomas Burke, c.3. In Middle-street, Cloth-fair, 81, Mrs. Surah Compton. In Little Trinity-lane, Queenhithe, 71, Margaret, wife of Jon Coles, esq. At North-end, Hammersmith, 63, Ri- chard Smith, esq. At Old Brompton, 69, William Cowper, esq. At Hammersmith, 73, Mrs. Turner. At Brighton, 76, Mrs. Ingleby, of Hol- loway. In Guildford-street, 88, the widow of Benjamia Bewicke, esq. of New Ormond- street. At Camberwell, 66, Mrs. L. Williamson. In Brewer-street, Golden-square, P. Hendric, esq. In Gower-street, 90, Mis. Moore, widow of William M, esq. formerly attorney-ge- neral of Barbadoes. At Blackheath, Mrs. Hadden, widow o Dr, H. rector of Stepney. ‘ InCirencester-place, 74, Mrs. A. Leader, widow of William L, esq. of Wells-street, Oxford-street. In Charlotte street, Bloomsbury, 83, Mr. Brotherton, an eminent dentist. At Hampton, 64, Martha, wife of J. C. Ruding, esq. - n 86 . In Bryanstone-street, Portman-square, 62, Teresa, wife of Robert Selby, esq. and sister of the Earl of Shrewsbury. At Clapton, 27, Caroline, wife of Bo-’ namy Dobree, esq. At Chatham-place, Hackney, Maria, wife of John Till, esq. in Southampton-street, Bloomsbury ,79, Martin Cole, esq, . Ia Piccadilly, 84, Mr. Harding. In Somerset-place, Joanna, widow of T. C. Hincks, esq. At his house in Upper Grosvenor-street, 87, Sir George Duckett, bart. In Sloane-street, 80, Putrick Wilkie, eeg. late consul at Carthagena. Ion Drury-lane, Mr. James, baker, sud- denly. Aged 64, Sir John Everitt, kt. of Sloane- street. : At the York Asylum, J/r. William Dalby, many years chamberlain at the New Hum- imums, Cevent-garden. Colonel Mucleud: he was found dead im his bed. . At Highbury-plaee, Islington, H. G. ° - Hilbers, esq. At Kentish-town, 26, Mr. E. Danezr, omy surviving son of Mr. James D. for- merly of Furnivals’-inn, law-stationer. At St. James’s-palace, 64, Rogers Clau- aus Francis Du Pasyuier, esq. senior page to the King. T-South-stveet, Grosvenor-square, after ‘a short illness, Lady Apreece. In Southampton-row, 67, the Dowager @ady Brisco, relict of the late Sir John B. of Crofton-hall, Cumberland. At Roehampton, 69, Caroline, Countess Dowager of Kingston. At her house in South Audley-street, Lady Frederick Stanhope. At Richmond, 67, Mary, wife of James Skinner, esq. of Belle-Vue House, Devon. At Camberwell, 63, George Young, esq. formerly of Blackheath. In New Bond-street, Mr. C. Mitchell, sen. late of Southampton. Urs. Box, relict of Mr, Box, surgeon, of Ludgate-hill. At his house in Bedford-row, 86, Dr. Charles Hutton, known to the public during nearly sixty years as a writer on anathematical subjects; and during the last forty years, considered as the first - mathematician in England; while he was not less respected in all the relations of private life. As the decease of this excellent man took place after the obi- “tuary of our Magazine had.been prepared for press, we are under the necessity of deferring till our next those details of his interesting life, and learned labours, of which an inadequate summary will .ec- cupy several pages. Dr. Charles Hution— Marquis of Drogheda. [Feb. 1, In Sackville-street, Dublin, 94, the Mar- quis of Drogheda. His lordship’s titles were, the Marquis and Earl of Drogheda, Vis- count Moore, Baron Melfont (Baron Moore, of Moore-place, Kent, in England,) Constable of Maryborough Fort, Governor and Custos Rotulorum of the King’s and Queen’s Counties, and the County of Meath, Trustee of the Linen Manufacture, and one of the original Knights of the Order of St. Patrick. His lordship was also a field-marshal, and the oldest general in his majesty’s service. He raised the eighteenth dragoons in the year 1762, since which time he commanded it until its reduction last year. His lordship was married in the year 1766 to Lady Anne Seymour, eldest daughter of Francis, Marquis of Hertford, K.G., who died in 1787. ESCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS, Rev. W. Barrow, LL.p- to the valuable living of North Winfield, Derbyshire. Rev. Charles Henry Hodgson, M.A. lecturer of ‘St. Thomas, Salisbury, to the rectory of Berwick Saint Leonard, with the chapel of Sedgehill annexed. Rey. W. Thursby, M.A. to the vicarage of All Saints, Northampton, Rev. Jolin Sinclair, to the living of Hutton Bushel, Yorkshire. Rev. H. B. Wrey, to the vicarage of Okehampton, Devon. Rev. Hender Molseworth, to the rec- tory of Saint Ewny, Cornwall, Rev. 'T. Stacey, to the vicarage of Roath, Glamorganshire. Rey. Dr. Richard Hood, to the henefice of Aghaboy, ithe county of Monaghan. Rev. Jas, Barrow, M.A. to the rectory of Lopham, Norfolk. Rev. Jas. Royle, to the perpetual cu- racies of Wereliam and Wretton, Norfolk. Rey. Join Wareyn Darby, M.A. to the vicarage of Wicklewood, Norfolk. Rev. Joseph Relph, M.A. to the rectory of Exford, Somersetshire. Rey. George Trevelyan, jun. M.A. to the vicatage of Milverton Prima, with the chapel of Longfcrd Budville annexed. Rev. G. H. Greenall, m.A- to the pet- petual curacy of Orford, Kent. Rev. George Turnor, vicar of Wragby, : - prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathe- ral. Rev. George Osborne, to hold the rec- tory of Haselbeech, Northamptonshire, with his rectory of Stainsby cum Gunby, Lincolnshire, Rev. J. Mayo, m.a. to the vicarage of Avebury, Wilts. Rev. J. P. Carpenter, to the vicarage of Cleder, Cornwall. P a PROVINCIAL 1823. ] 87 PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last twenty-seven Years. —— NORTUUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 4 fice Literary and Philosophical Society = of Newcastle held its meeting within the month, when several interesting papers were read. Among them was one on thie probable situation of the North-Pole ex- pedition under Capt. Parry. It was recommended that the Davis’s Straits shipping should be sent earlier than usual, to afferd assistance, if wanted. The landed gentlemen of Durham lately resolved, urged by the distresses of their tenants, to present a requisition to the high sheriff to call a county mecting, to procure relief, Married.| Mr. T. Midgley, to Miss M. Henderson, of the Manor Chare; Mr. J. Smith, to Mrs. E. Nelson: all of Newcas- tle—Mr. M. Liddle, of Newcastle, to Miss E. Skipsey, of North Sliields.—Mr. T. Carr, of Newcastle, to Miss E. Miller, of Carr’s Hill, near Gateshead.—Mr. J. Palfreyman, to Mrs. J. Storey, of New- castle.—William Holmes, of Newcastle, to Anne Smales, of Whitby, both of the Society of Friends.—Rohert Hodgson, esq. to Miss Hunter, both of Durham.—Mr. R. Holmes, of South Shields, to Miss Sherriton, of Dinnington.—Mr. J. Steven- son, to Miss Hunter, of South Shields. — Mr. R. Keir, to Miss J. Garbutt, both of South Shields—Mr. Botcherby, of Darlington, to Miss H. Clark, of North- allerton. _Died.] At Newcastle, 51, Mrs. E. Armstrong.—33, Mrs. S. Cato.—En Dean- street, 27, Mrs. Ord, deservedly regretted. —OGn Pandon-bank, 82, Mr. J. Simpson, much respected.—In Albion-place, Mr. J. Kirton.—In the Manor Chare, 54, Mrs. Cath. Lofthouse.—54, Mrs. E. Sopwith.— Mr. Bedford.—In Lower Friar-street, 27, Mr. R. Wilson. At Durham, 8!, Mr. W. Jopling.—Mrs. J. Hedley. At Sunderland, 57,.Mrs. Ranson.— 80, Mr. T. Newton Russer.—78, Mr. E. Hunter, suddenly. At North ‘Shields, Mr. J. Salketd ; in Tyne-street, Mr. C. Kidd.—In Bedford- street, 58, Mr. J. Nesbit.—87, Mrs. A. Todd.—Mr, John Smith.—48, Mrs, A. Ross. At Darlington, 34, Mr. T. Byers.—45, Mr. M. Barlow.—69, Mr. R. Child. At Bishopwearmouth, Mrs. Beecroft. —84, Mrs. Punsheon.—Mr. R. Barry, much respected. : At Stockton, 76, Mr, W. Atkinson.— 72, Mrs. Corney. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND, | Married.| Mr, Re Routledge, to Miss J. Thompson; Mr. T. Brice, to Miss E. Nicholson: all of Carlis!e.—Mr. J. Holmes, to Miss M. Brown; Mr. J. Bewley, to Miss Mary Dixon; Mr. M. Walker, to Miss M. Dixon; Mr. W. Crane, to Miss M. How: all of Whitehaven.—Mr. J. Whrawell, to Miss H. Graham; Mr. J. Brown, to Miss H. Thompson: all of Workington.—Mr. F. Knox, to Miss E. Richardson; Mr. Hawthornthwaite, té Miss M. Kennedy: all of Kendal.—Mr. J. Hetherington, to Miss E. Nicholson, botl» of Brompton. Died.| At Carlisle, in Caldewgate, 90,. Mr. A. Hope.—In Scotch-street, Mr. W. Wilkie.—94, Mrs. Feddon.—In Caldcvats,. 78, Mr. J. Tubman.—In Botchergate, 46, Mr. M. M‘Kroy.—In Shaddongate, 33, Mr. W. Stephen, late of Penrith. At Penrith, 52, Mrs. E. Rawson.—63,. Mrs. M. Langley.x—Mr. G. Cookson.— Mr. T. Mounsey. * At Wigton, Miss Knonbley.— Mrs. Hodgson, deservedly regretted.—62, Mrs. M. Dand.—2Z0, Miss M. Pattenson. YORKSHIRE. The great York reform-mecting took place on Wednesday, the 22d ult. in con- sequence of the requisition of 2000 free- holders. After a most able speech, Mr. W. Fawkes read the following resolutions for the adoption of the meeting :—“ Re- solved, +. That the constitution of this country is a government consisting of tiree independent states: a limited mo- narchy, a limited aristocracy, and a limited democracy. That each has its distinct and peculiar functions and privileges , and that one of these estates cannot unduly influence the functions of either of the others, witlrout disturbing that balance which is essential to secure and perpetuate the various advantages which may be derived to the people from a government s0 constituted.—?, That the House of Commons, as at present composed, does not express the national will; on tle con- trary, it has too generally proved its rea- diness to comply with the dictates of whatsoever miister may have dispensed the favours of the crown.—3. That the ef- fects of the present state of the House of Commons have been the wanton and pro- fligate expenditure of the public money, and the unprincipled ereation and conti- nuance of useless places and unmerited pensions, in defiance of the loud and gene- ral expression of the public feeling.—4, ‘Fhat the heavy pressure or load of taxes imposed, for the pnrpose of supporting an extravagant civil list, and of maintain- ing a ruinously large military and colonial establishment $8 establishiment, is totally incompatible with a state of profound peace and acknow- Jedged security.—5. That the only mea- sure which can remedy these evils, and preserve the country from the dangers that may be anticipated from a_conti- muance of them, is a speedy and effectual_ reform in the Commons House of Parlia- ment.”—Mr. §. WorTLEY opposed them in along and much-interrupted speech ; and was followed by Lonp Msiron, Mr. Wryvitt, Mr. BEvERLEY, and Mr. WooL- LER, in their support. The resolutions were then separately put and carried, the single hand held up against them being that of Mr. S. Wortley. Sir F. Woop then proposed the following petition:— *©'To the Honourable the House of Com- mons of Great Britain and Ireland, in Parliament assembled. The humble Peti- tion of the freeholders of the county of Yo k, sheweth—That your petitioners are duly and deeply impressed with venera- tien for the constitution of this realm, as consisting of King, Lords, and Commons, and are anxious to preserve in purity and vigour the privileges of each component part, being canvinced that the same were well adapted to the benefit and protection of the people.—Impressed with these sen- timents, this county has not been forward to complain of the conduct of parliament; bunt the recent proceedings of your Jio- nourable house, which has in each succes- sive session given fresh proofs of its devia- tion from public opinion, have convinced your peutioners that neither are duly attended to in your Honourable House.— Instead of a determined resistance to the encroachments of power, a tender care for the rights of the people, a jealous eye over the executory aud judicial magis- tracy, and a vigilant watch over the pub- lic treasure; it has been the misfortune of your petitioners to witness too ready acom- pliance with the wishes of whatever minis- ter may have dispensed the favours of the crown.— Of this unconstitutional tendency in your Honourable House, your peti- tioners feel the fatal effects in the wanton and profligate expenditure of their re- sources ; in the maintenance of a military force, dangerous to their liberties; in the enactment of laws inconsistent with the spirit of the coustitution; and in the frequent neglect with which the petitions of the people have been treated in that quar- ter where they ought to have experienced the readiest and most anxious attention, —The evils of an inadequate representa- tion have been complained of by eminent statesmen of ail parties, and at different periods; but to your petitioners these evils appear greatly aggravated by the addition- al power and influence over your honour- able house, which is derived from the pre- sent large collection of taxes, and the un- precedented amount of our civil, military, Yorkshire. [Feb. 1, and colonial, peace-establishments.— Your petitioners beg leave to represent, that if this state of your honourable house, and the circumstances which affect its inde- pendence are at all times subjects of great public interest— they are peculiarly so at a time when the absolute monarchs of Eu- rope, not content with arbitrarily governe ing their own dominions, are leagued to- gether in an alliance, the avowed object of which is to check the progress of liberty, and to prevent. the establishment of rep: e- sentative governments; an object which they have but too successfully carried into execution by the military occupation of countries to which they have had the power to dictate.—Your petitioners apprehend no such immediate violence to the British constitution ; but they are fearful lest a perniciorts influence should destroy the basis of their liberties, and ultimately con- vert the power of a free constitution into the convenient instrument of an arbitrary government.—Your petitioners, anxious that parliament should avail itself of the present period of peace and tranquillity to enter into a full consideration of the state of the house of commons, respectfully but earnestly entreat your honourable house to inquire seriously into the causes of a state of things injurious to themselves and dan- gerous to their posterity, and by a speedy and effectnal reform of your honourable house, to adopt the measures which alone can remedy the evils of which they com- plain, and restore that good agreement and perfect sympathy which ought to pre- vail between the true House of Commons and the people.’—This petition was put and carried, Mr. S. Wortley being again the only dissentient. g Murried.] Mr, J. Hall, to Miss M, A. Thompson, both of Hull—Mr. W. Haw- shaw, to Miss M. Townend; Mr. G. Stead, to Miss Swift: all of Leeds.—Mr. James Douglas, of Leeds, to Miss M.-Bursy, of Stockton-upon-Tees.—Mr. Backhouse, of Leeds, to Miss Thompson, of Woodhouse- hill.—Mr. J. C. Vickers, of Leeds, to Miss i. Stott, of Rochdale.—Mr. A. Nelson, to Miss I. Reid, of Halifax.—Mr. J. Watson to Miss Mundell, both of Huddersfield.— Jchn Allen, jun. esq. of Huddersfield, to Miss Brooke, of Northgate-house, Hanley. —Mr. T. Taylor, to Mrs. Parr, both of Knaresbro’.—Mr. G, Edwards, of Halifax, to Miss E. Smith, of Cateaton-street, London.—Mr. Smalley, of Pontefract, to Miss Sutcliffe, of Halifax.—Flintoff Lea- tham, esq. of Pontefract, to Miss E. Black- burn, of Clapham-house, Surrey. Died.| At Leeds, Miss Render.—34, Mrs. Haxford, much respected.—72, Mrs. Brown.—Mr, G. Poultier, deservedly re- gretted.—In Trafalgar-street, 55, Mr. T. Sheppard, much and justly lamented. At Halifax, Mr. Townsend, deservedly lamented, At 1823.) At Sheffield, in Bank-street, 56, Mr. G. Bower, much: respected. At Bradford, Mr. S. Tottie. At Huaslet, 61, Mr. J. Wethekead, much respected.—At South Hanston, Mr. J. Dixon. At Cleckheaton, Mrs. B. Fitton, sud- denly.—At Horton, $6, Miss J. Wadding- ton.—At Aberford, 80, Mr. J. Catton.— At Foot-hill, Rastrick, 73, Mr. T. Hamer- ton, much respected. At Halton, 95, Mr. J. Murkill. LANCASHIRE. A disgraceful affair lately took place between some of the military stationed at Hulme-barracks, and the inhabitants of Hulme. It appeared that an individual had been wantonly ill treated by the mili- tary, which was resented by the inhabi- tants. One of the soldiers, named Mur- Yay, was bound over to answer for his coa- duct at the quarter sessions. Four persons, at Manchester, were late- ly poisoned while eating their victuals. The cause remains a mystery. Some valuable salt-brine springs have lately been discovered about twelve miles from Manchester, on the banks of the duke of Newcastle’s canal. Murried.] Richard Heywood, esq. of Manchester, to Jane,daugliter of the Arch- bishop of Dub!lin.—Mr. J. Taylor, of Man- chester, to Miss Fothergill, of Bond-street, London.—Mr. P. Gough, to Miss A. Stod- alart; Mr. T. Bartingion, to Miss J. Galt ; Mr. ‘£. Hoosen, to Miss E. Owens: all of Liverpool.—Mr. R. Jones, of Liverpool, to Miss Later, of Altrincham.—Mr. J.C. Cash, of Liverpeol, to Miss B. Lamb, late of Lancaster. Died | At Manchester, Mr. R. Barter, deservedly respected.—In Hope-street, @ldfield-road, 52, Mr. M‘Kenna, justly regretted.—46, Mr. J. Kinder, late of Stockport.—70, Mr. J. Reddish.—Jn Bra- zen-nose street, 28, Miss J. Currie, highly esteemed and regretted. At Liverpool, 86, Mr. Charles Birchin. —Mrs. J. Harrison.—Jn Slater-street, 28, Mr. G, Bl‘Goulrick.—57, Mr. J. Taylor. In Scotland-road, 74, Mr. J. Aspinall, late of Castie-street.—_In Sawney Pope-sireet, 74, Mr. D. Roscow.—81, Mrs. Woodfine, widow of Mr. John W.—Mr. R. Hayes.— —In Gioucester-place, Low Hill, 80, Mr. $. Sherlock.—33, Mr. J. Wiliams.—In Park-lane, 23, Mr, C. Macauley. At Parr Wood, near Didsbury, 65,R. Farrington, esq.—At Bollington, Miss E. Antrobys, deservedly regretted. —At Hale, 70, Mrs. Blackburne, wife of Jolin B. esq. M.P. for thie county. CHESHIRE, Mr. Leet, of Chester, has recently made an important discovery, which will admit of considerable practical applica- tion. He hasascertained that pyroligneous Monruny Maa, No. 378, Lancashire—Cheshire—Derby—Notiingham. 89 acid passed through an iron tube, drop by drop, in quick succession, heated to bright ignition, produces gas of an excellent qua- lity. The Macclesfield coach, calied the True Briton, on its way to Manchester, in con- sequence of the tire of oue of the whieels coming off, lately broke down within a few miles of Manchester, when two persons were killed upon the spot, and. several Others materially injured. ; Married.] Mr. 'T. ‘Thompson, to Miss A, Nield, both of Chester.—Mr. J. Cheetham, of Stockport, to Miss J. M. Moseley, of Bosden.—Mr. J. Sutton, near Maccles- field, to Mrs. M. Bowyer, of Prestbury. —Mr. W. Bartley, of Everton, to Miss S. Redish, of Kingsley-hall, near Frodsham. Dicd.] At Chester, in King-street, 60, Mr. J. Ridgway.—In the Union-walk, 63, Mr. R. Venables, late of Rowton. At Boughton, iv Sandy-lane, 86, Mr. R. Maddock.—At Orston, 72, Mr. J. Smith, deservedly respected.—At Toft, 85, Ralph Leycester, esq.greatly and justly regretted, DERBYSHIRE. A meeting of the inhabitants of Derby lately took place, the mayor in the chair, when it was resolved to petition parlia- ment for a repeal of the laws relative to insolvent debtors. Married.) Mr. Bvrassington, to Mrs. Hallam; Mr. 7. Wallison, to Miss M. M‘Kenny: all of Derby.—Mr. R. Hol- brook, of Spondon, to Miss H. Rogers, of Derby.—Mr. H. Perkins, of Belper, to Miss H. Dunbar, of St. Mary’s-gate, Not- tingham.—Edward Abney, esq. of Mea- sham-hall, to Miss E. R. Holden, of West Bromwich.—Mr. H. Lane, of Sudbury, to Miss D. Eley, of Hillon.—Mr. N. L. Sta- ley, of Butterley-park, to Miss Greves, of Bakewell. Dicd.] At Derby, 30, Mr. T. Brook- house, much respected.—In Grecn-lane, 87, Mrs. Gamble.—61, Mr. Hoimes, great- ly regretted.—In St. Peters-street, 56, Mr. i. Hazard.—70, Mr. J. Newham, suddenly.—18, Miss Hitclhner.—61, Mr. H. Welsh. At Chesterfield, Mrs. Marsh.—Mr. T. Marsh.—Mr. Tomlinson.—77, Mrs. Wil- sou.— Mrs, Bower. ; At Ashbourn, 36, Miss M. Pidcock. At Belper, Mr. J. Ratcliffe, deservedly regretted. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Married.] Mr. R. Allwood, to Miss S. Selby; Mr, R. Lees, to Miss L. Mow- bray; Mr. G. Hayes, to Miss M. Harri- son; Mr. W. Holmes, to Miss H. Harrison = all of Nottingham.—Mr. J. Marshall, of West Bridgford, to Miss Smalley, of Carl- ton.—Mr. J. Holbrook, of Wilford, to Miss E. Daykin, of West Bridgford. Died.) At Nottingham, in Mount-street, N 25, 90 23, Mrs, $. Swan.—Mrs. Wright, late of Long-vow.—In Finkhill-street, 32, Mrs.M. Machin, deservedly regretted. At Newark, in Appleton-gate, 67, Mrs. C.. Mower.—Mr. R. Abraham.—52, Mrs. M. Thompson.—65, Mr. W. Haywood.— 72, Mr. D. Else. At Mansfield, 62, Mrs, E. Mellors, de- servedly regretted.— 82, Mrs. A. Dallas. At New Snventon, 19, Elizabeth Blad- sall ; her death is recorded for her eminent filial affection, and other dispositions.—At Orston, 72, Mrs. Maltby.—At East Ret- ford, 84, Mrs. Nottingham.—At Heage, at an advanced age, Mr. James Bowler. LINCOLNSHIRE- A-committce has been appointed to ar- range procecdings for a county meeting, and to correspond with other committees and individuals, in the furtherance of the object of reform. The committee named, with power .to add to their numbers, are Sir Robert Heron, Colonel Johnson, Sir J. Thorold, Colonel Allix, Russell Collett, esq.; Richard Mason, esq.; Mr. Shield, (of Preston ;) and Mr. Tomlinson. Married.) Captain Bass, of Gainsho- rough, to Miss 1). Louth, of Grimshy.— At Boston, the Rev. Richard Conington, M.A. to Miss J. Thirkill. Died.] At Louth, Mr. Espin, the much respected and able master of the mathema- tical and commercial school there, founded by the late Dr. Mappleloft, dean of Ely. At Somerby, 40, William Cheney, esq. Jate captain of the first regiment of guards. —At Fulbeck, 63, Mrs. Frances Capp. At Horncastle, 64, Mr. Weir, suddenly. LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLANDSIIRE. The agricultural distress in Leicester- shire has reached its extreme height: at a recent auditing, near Loughborough, the steward, instead of receiving 2,501. brought home only 451. or 471. '*Mr. W. G. Lewis, of Coventry, who was retained in Oakham gaol for the payment of his fine, has lately been liberated by the order of ministers. Married.) Mr. J. Rosse, to Miss R. Hafford ; both of Leicester.—Mr. ‘Vhomas Porter, of Leicester, to Miss E. M. Hunt, of Shoreditch—Mr, Kirby, of Hotel- street, Leicester, to Miss Knowles, of Cambridge.—Mr. T, Fielding, of Leicester, to Miss F. Bullers, of Duffield.—Mr. H. Eddowes, jun. of Loughborough, to Miss Jackson, of Oadby. Died.| At Leicester, Mr. J. Hincks.— In the Market place, 65, Mrs. Wilmot.— In Gallowtree-gate, Mr. R. Dowell.—In Friar-lane, 69, Mr. Hose. — 63, Lucy Henrietta, widow of the Rey. Robert Parker, rector of Hawton. At Loughborough, 78, Mr. Mat. Blood. —35, Mr. T. Dixon. At Hinckley, Mr.W. Hayes, deservedly Lincolnshire—Leicester and Rutlandshire—Stafford, Sc. (Feb. 1, respocted.—73, Mrs, Blockley.—80, Miss A. Blinckhorn. At Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 68, Mr. R. Farnell, much and deservedly respected. STAFFORDSHIRE. Married.] Mr. Marlow, of Walsall, to Miss Hall, of Newstreet, Hinley.—Mr, Spark, of Newcastle, to Miss M. Twemlow, of Hatherton.—Sir J. C. Sheppard, bart. of Crakemarsh-hall, to Miss M. A. ‘Turner, of Lincoln, Died.} At Litchfield. 67, Mrs. Hinckley, widow of Thomas H. esq. At Wolverhampton, Mrs. Barter.—72, Mr. R. Walker.—John Jesson, esq. At Walsall, 64, Mrs A. Hallsworth, —55, Samucl Barber, esq. deservedly regretted, WARWICKSHIRE. An extensive fire lately took place in the warehouse and workshops of Mr. S. Chambers, of Camp-hill, Birmingham, when property to a considerable amount was destroyed. : Married.) Mr. 8. C. Cox, of Great. Hampton-street, to Miss M. Imes, of Tower-street; Mr. E. Steele, of Digbeth, to Miss S. Tovey; Mr. W. P. Pugh, to Mrs. Heath: all of Birmingham.—Mr. Osler, of Birmingham, to Miss M. Smith, of Scenield Hensor.—Mr. J. Thorpe, of Coventry, to Miss F. Atkins, of Evesham. —The Rev. J. Sibree, of Coventry, to Miss C. Guest, of Weatheroak-hill. Died.] At Birmingham, in Caroline- street, 67, Mr. J. Grove.— In Blucher- street, 24, Miss E. Bowcher.—In Camden- street, 69, Mr. T. Hill, much respected. ~—In Vale-street, 70, Mr. T. Morgan.-— In Branston-street, Mrs, M. Large.—In Great Charles-street, 58, Mrs. S. R. Brothers. — 52, George Freer, esq.— In Bull-street, Mr. D. Grove, jun.—In Hall- street, 37, Mrs. C. Gough.—In Bartholo- mew-street, 87, Mrs, H. Watton. At Coventry, 52, Mr. J. Davies, SHROESUIRE. : A meeting of the inhabitants of Shrews- bury lately took place, the mayor in the chair, when it was resolved to petition parliament for amendment of the Insolvent Debtors’ Laws. Marvied.| Mr. W. Cartwright, of Rudge, to Miss S. A. Plan, of Pattingham.—Mr. Griffiths, of Prescot, to Miss Pinches, of Yeaton. Dicd.] At Shrewsbury, 835, Mrs. E. Yates.—75, Mrs. A, Parry.—On Clare- mont hill, at an advanced age, Mr. R. Peate, deservedly regretted.—70, Charles Bage, esq. . At Wellington, Mr. J. Jones, deser- vedly regretted. At Bridgnorth, Mrs. Williams.—Mrs. Curtis, much respected.—At an advanced age, Mrs. M. Hollauds.—Mr. R. Thomas. At Platt Mill, Mr. M, Baldwin.—At Great 1823. | Worcestershire—Herefordshire—Gloucester and Monmouth. 91 Great Sowdley, 66, Mrs. A. Buckley, de- seryedly regretted.—At Bideford, 79, Mrs. Haines.—At Little Stretton, Mrs. Bridg- man, much esteemed.—At Tasley, €9, Mrs. Ford. WORCESTERSHIRE. The reduction of the salt duty lately occa- sioned considerable stir and bustle at Droitwich. Waggons, carts, and cars, poured in one day into that town, in num- ber about 300; the stables, barns, and sheds, in and near Droitwich, were filled with horses, and many were obliged to stand in the streets, uncovered all night. The quantity of salt deliveredin two days, was about 21,000 bushels. : Married.] Edward Morris, esq. of Wor- cester, to Miss E. Freeman, of Lugwar- dine.—Mr. Green, of New Town, Wor- cester, to Miss Bale, of Sale Green.—Mr. J. Godfrey, of Hurcott-hall, to Miss S. Bridgwater, of Dudley.—The Rev. H. J. Hastings, of Martiey, to Theodosia, daugh- ter of the late John Parsons, esq. of the Middle Temple. At Kidderminster, Mr. Thomas Dims- dale, London, to Miss E. W. Taylor, of Warshill, near Kidderminster. d Died.] At Worcester, 33, Mr. J. Flinn. At Bromsgrove, 76, Mrs, E. Lucas, late of Dale End, Birmingham. At Bushley, Mrs. D. Dunn, of Birming- ham.—At Croome, 63, Joseph Bourchier Smith, esq. of London, suddenly, deser- vedly regretted. HEREFORDSHIRE. A numerous meeting of the county was lately held at Hereford, convened for re- presenting to parliament the distresses of the agricultural interest, and of suggesting the best means of affording relief. The Earl Somers, lord lieutenant, in the chair. The first series of resolutions was proposed by E. P. Pateshall, esq. and seconded by Sir H. Hoskyns, bart. : they recommended a reduction of interest to 4 per cent.a substitution of other imposts in licu of the assessed taxes, and the repeal of half the liop duty. A second series, in opposition to the first, was proposed by Mr. Cob- bett, who had been made a freeholder on this occasion; and they were second- ed by Mr. Palmer, of the Old Hall: they were similar to those brought forward by Mr. Cobbett, and carried, at the Norfolk mecting. A third series, pro- posed by My. Smithies, and seconded by Counsellor Davies, related particularly to Mr. Veel’s Bill, and the State of the Cur- rency ; and a fourth series was brought forward by Mr. Charlton, of Ludford, and seconded by Mr. Phillips, of Bryngwyn: of these, parliamentary reform was the leading feature. Mr. Charlton’s resolutions were ultimately and almost unanimously -adopted, after the introduction of some of the leading points suggested in those of Mr. Pateshall and Mr. Smythies; wha, in consequence of such introduction, with- drew their propositions. Married.| 'T.. Evans, to Celia Chandler, both of Hereford, and of the Society of Friends.—Mr. T. Racster, of Hereford, to Miss Barrett, of Elton-court. : GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTHSHIRE. The new Bristol Philosophical Institu- tion was opened within the month, wher an eloquent inaugural lecture was delivered by Dr. C. Daubeny, F.n.s. professor of chemistry at Oxford, to an audience of 350 respectable persons. A new line of road between Carleon, and Newport, by St. Julian’s, was lately projected, by which a considerable dis- tance will be saved. Marvied.j Mr. Boughton, of Gloucester, to Miss Coleman, of Longhope.—Mr..W. Scriven, of Monmouth, to Miss H. G. Playne, of Gloucester.—Mr. J. Pratten, to Miss E. A. Knight, of Thomas-street. —Mr. A. Wills, to Miss E. Sturge.—Mr. G. Coulsting, to Miss H. Bullock : all of Bristol.—Mr. R, Wall, of Brinsea, to Miss Mease, of Bristol.—T. A. Williams, esq. to Miss E. Price, both of Monmouth. Died.} At Gloucester, in Lower West- gate street, 86, Mr. Cartwright Maddocks. —Mrs. Watts.—In Westgate-street, 48, Mrs. Calton, deservedly regretted.—In Lower Northgate-street, Mrs. Baron.—74, Mrs. E. Gray, late of Salisbury-square. At Bristol, in Park-row, Mrs. Pine.— Mr. J. Riddle, one of the Society of Friends.—37, Mr. Jos. Keine.—On Col- lege-green, Mr. Naylor, deservedly la- mented. At Cheltenlam, Major Blakeney, of the 66th regt. of foot.—Mr. C. Newmarsh. At Stroud, Miss M, Blackett. At Maisey Hampton, 57, Mr. D. Miller.—At Berkeley, aged 74, the cele- brated Dr. Jenner, the discoverer of vac- -cination, OXFORDSHIRE. Marricd.| Mr. Brathwaite, to Miss E. Giles; Mr, T. Arnatt, to Miss C. Bayley, of Catherine-street ; Mr. Norton, to Miss Chatto: all of Oxford.—Mr. W. Plumbe, to Miss Owthwaite, both of Henley.—Mr. W..Caporn, to Miss S. Claridge, both of Banbury.—Mr. Butler, of Banbury, to Miss ‘Taylor, of Clevely Mill.— Mr. E. Deakins, to Miss Wright, both of * Bicester. Died.] At Oxford, 84, Mrs. J. Wright. —In Magdalen-parish, 52, Mr. R. Helme. In Ship-lane, 70, Mr. ‘Tanner, greatly regretted.—In the New Road, 56, Mrs. S. Harris.—Elizabeth, wife of Sir Joseph Lock, -knt. deservedly lamented.—In George-lane, Mr. T. Heading, generally respected. At Banbury, Mrs. Gulliver. At 32 Buckingham and Berkshire—Hertford & Bedfordshire,&c. (Feb. 1, ‘At Henley, 58, Mrs. Chambers.—At Northfield End, Mrs. Laurance. At Chipping Norton, 86, Mr. T. Bart- kett.—At Little Milton, 71, Mr. W, Barker.—At Sherburn-castle, the Countess of Macclesfield. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. Ata county meeting held on the 27th, a series of very spirited resolutions on the distresses of the country were passed, with only. two dissentient voices, after most eloquent speeches from Messrs. Marsh, Mallet, Dundas, Palmer, and others, A petition to parliament has been agreed to at Reading, praying for abolition of the assessed taxes. ‘Lhe anniversary of the Society for pro- curing Purity of Election, was lately held at Reading; James Whoble, esq, in the chuir. Thirteen new members had been admitted within the year, and the funds were ina satisfactory state. Married.) Mr. J. Hill, to Mrs. Bonham, both of Aylesbary.—Mr. ¥’. W, Davis, to - Miss .M. Grout, both of Windsor.— William Felix Riley, esq. of Forest-hill, near Windsor, to Miss M. Harcourt Ramsbottom, of Woodside. _ Died. At Buckingham, 28, Chaplin. At Windsor, 75, Mr. W. Baker.—At the Queen’s Lodge, 90, Mr. Jeremiah Gaskoin, generally respected. At Eton, Mr. Stephen Rogers,—Mr. R. Barnes.— 68, Mrs. Seagrove. HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE. Marricd.] Mr. R. Sanders, to Miss Anne Chew, both of Leighton Buzzard.— John, Curric, jun, esq. of Essendon, to Miss E. A. Pattison, of Congleton. Died.| At Hertford, 6%, Mrs. Royd. At Hitchin, 55, Mr. Farmer. At Cashio-bridge, Watford, Miss M. Kent. At Lidlington, 23, Mr. E. G. Platt.—At Barley, 88, Mr.. H. Walbey, sen.—At Royston, 60, Miss Moule. NORIHAMPTONSHIRE, Mr. Cobbett and Mr. Samuel Wells, of ‘Huntingdonshire, have become, candidates ‘for the representation of Peterborough in ‘parliament, in opposition to Mr. Scarlet, who has again addressed the electors, Married.| Mr. Chas. Gilbert, to Miss F. Peach; Mr. E. Phipps, to Miss E. Outlaw: all of Northampton.—Mr. J. Hoyes, to Miss Tobbs, both of Peterborough.—Mr, R. Marsh, of Kirby Lodge, to Miss Marsh, of Harrington.—Mr. J. Avel, of Hardings- ton, to Miss E, Hands, of Roade. Dicd.] At Northampton, 66, Mrs. Mar- shall.—43, Mrs, Whitmy.—74, Mr. J. Odell.—85, Mr. R. Bates,—30, -Mr. E. Heighington. At Peterborough, 71, Mrs. Dent.—68, Mr. Knight.—65, Mr. J. Shepheard. At Towcester, 72, Capt. H, Dayrell, 8.N, Mr. At Staverton, 49, Mr. W. Hands, deser- vedly regretted.—At Bulwick, at an ad- vanced age, Mr. Preston.—At Papley Lodge, 48, Mr. R. Fowler, greatly la- mented.—At Adderbury, 93, Mr. W. Steel. CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSINNE. The subjects for Sir Wm. Browne’s medals for the present year are—Greek Ode; In Obituin Viri admodum Reverend Doctissimique Thome Fanshawe Middleton, Episcopi Calcuttensis—Latin Ode; Africant Catenis Devincti.— Greek Epigram ; ‘Eay iz giropeadng, Eon moAuuadic,—Latin Epigram; “Og pevyes WAAY PaANNcET AL. Married.] Mr. Chas. Rutherford, to Miss S. D, Pryor ; Mr. Wonfor, to Miss Crop- ley; Mr, W. Case, to Miss A. Wicks: alf of Cambridge.—Mr. Bell, of Ely, to Miss Cook, of Erpingham.— Mr, W. Huckle,.to Miss P. Gleaves, both of Willingham.— John Taylor, esq. of Newton, Isle of Ely, _ to Miss Amelia Witty, of Leiston. Dicd.| At Cambridge, in Slaughter- house-lane, 42, Mr. G. Field.—In Jesus- lane, 81, Mrs. Cowling.—In Trinity-street, Mr. J. Tupping —— Mr, Pauley, much respected.—79, Mrs. Moulem.—44, Miss S. Moulem. At Littleport, 78, Mrs. R, Stimson, greatly regretted.—At Bassingbourn, 75, Mr. S. Sill,—At Chesterton, 66, Mr. W, Brown,—At Long Stanton, 55, Mr. Peck. NORFOLK. A meeting of the freeholders and inha- bitants of this county was lately held at Norwich. Mr, Alderman Thurtell pro- posed, that a petition should be founded on his resolutions, which set forth, in strong terms, the present depression, and declaring that an abolition of all needless places and pensions, and a large reduction of taxation and of the national debt, were the only complete remedies, Mr. Watson and Mr, Coke spoke in favour of the reso- lutions, and Mr. Wodehouse against theni. Mr. Cobbett, amidst much clamour, pro- posed a petition, calling upen the legisla- ture for a further repeal of taxes, and to enact a law to prevent landlords, for the next year, from issuing any distresses against their tenants, and demanding of the clergy a restoration of a million of money, which it accuses them of having taken from the people. On a division the latter petition was carried by a large ma- jority ; but the friends of Mr, Coke having asserted that its spirit had not been under- stood, a second division took place with the same result. Marricd.] Mr. D. Hodgson, to Miss F. Stone, both of Norwich.—Mr. S. Dixon, of South Pickenham, to Mrs. M. Mills, of St. Andrew’s, Norwich.—Mr. G. Lane, to Mr. Ladle; Mr. A. Wright, to Miss S. Lane; Mr. J. Pilgrim, to Miss S. Rust: all of North Walsham.—Edward Everard, esq. 1823.] esq. of Middleton-house, to Miss Anne Theodore St. John, of Gayton-hall. Died.] At Exeter, Mrs. Stevens, deser- vedly regretted.—In St. John’s, Timber- hill, 102, Mr. William Broun.—In St. Ju- lian’s, 64, Mrs, Hopkins. At Yarmouth, 60, Mr. R.M. Boardman. —67, Mrs. A. M. Smith.—84, Mr, J. How- Iet.—88, Mr. J. Brown.—85, Mrs. U. Cossey.—59, Mrs. Henley.—66, Mrs. M. Clements.—25, Mrs. A. King. At Lynn, 61, Mr. R, Flagg.—60, Mrs. Bear.—82, Mrs. Moore.—65, Mr. J. Fo- rest, much respected.—Mrs. E. Fyson.— 80, Mrs. A, Husum. At Mileham, John Davy, esq. SUFFOLK. Marricd.] Mr. Hagreen, to Miss Taylor, both of Bury.—Mr. J. Bowen, of Bury, to Miss J. Sharland, of Halstead.—Mr. Paxman, of Ipswich, to Miss Gowing, of Brookford.—Mr. Bigmore, to Miss S. Byford, both of Sudbury.—Mr. G. Ham- mond, to Miss Waters, of Stowmarket.— Mr. G. Little, of Whittlesea, to Miss R. Wing, of Mildenhall. Dicd.] At Bury, 51, Mr. J. Gardiner, deservedly regretted. At Ipswich, 74, Mrs. Grimwood.—84, Mrs. Greenleaf.—Mr. Hamblhi.—- At an advanced age, Mrs. Chapman.—Miss H. 2 aa Woodbridge, 27, Miss M. ing. At Saxmundham, 51, Mr. W. Freeman, regretted. At Stradbrooke, Mr. E. Adams; 54, Mr. C. Tharston, jun. ; 82, the Rev. Henry Knevett, forty years the deservedly respected vicar of chat parish.—At Cock- field, Mr, J. Langham. ESSEX, Married.] Mr. J. West, to Miss C. Norfolk, both of Colchester.—Mr. R. Cross, of Colchester, to Miss M. A. Cook, of Shelley.—Chailes Adams Dyer, esq. of Little Elford, to Miss S. Greenhill, of East Ham.—At Barking, the Hon. Wm. Rufus Rous, to Miss Lonisa Hatch, of Claberry-hall. Died.|. At Chelmsford, 77, Mrs. R. Mills, late of Walton.—74, Mr. J. Tur- nilge, respected. At Manningtree, Mrs. E. March. At Romford, 48, Capt. Ryder Mowatt. At Little Waltham Lodge, 45, Joseph Savill, esq.—At Castle Hedingham, Mrs. A. Bridges, much respected.—At Great Bromley, Letitia, wife of Robert Mangles, esq. of Sunning-hill.—At Mountnessing, 63, Mr. J. Mabbs.—At Much Leighs, the Rev. W. Hatly, b.p. rector. At Maldonwick, Mrs. Wegg, in the 8ist year of her age, relict of the late Horatio Wegg, esq. formerly a merchant at Clay, in Norfolk. KENT, At the winter assizes for this county, Suffolk —Essex— Kent —Sussexa— Hampshire. 93 sentence of death was passed upon eigh- teen capital convicts; none were left for execution except Robert Hartley, for stabbing Capt. Owen, of the Bellerophon, and John Smith, a Greenwich pensioner, seventy-two ycars of age, for the murder of his wife. Murried.} Mr. E. Faller, to Miss S. Bean, both of Canterbury. —Mr. J. Hanskom, of Canterbury, to Miss L. Fagg, of Lower Hardres.—Mr. J. B. Igglisden, of Dover, to Miss E. Goldfinch, of Canterbury.x—Mr. M. J. Bartlett, to Miss S. Belcher; Mr. W. H. Wilson, to Miss A. Rolfe; Mr, E. ‘Tatner, to Miss F. Dewsbury : all of Chatham.—Mr. R. Hunt, to Miss S. Deal; Mr. W. Down, to Miss E. Holmes: all of Folkestone. Dicd.] At Canterbury, inWatling-street, 24, Mrs. Wood.—I i St. George’s-place, Capt. Reynolds, r-n.—74, Mrs. M. Smith. —In Castle-strect, 60, Mrs. M. Martin. At Dover, 64, Mr. ‘I’. Mantle, one of the Society of Friends. At Chatham, 77, Mrs. M. Bacon.—11, Mrs. S. Sutherland.—68, Mrs. M. Ban- nister.—36, Mrs. Church. At Gravesend, on the Terrace, Miss Beechy. At Ashford, 26, Mr. R. Allen.—Mr. L. Reeve.—18, Mrs. Fairbrass. At Davington, 55, Mrs. Wildash, greatly respected.—At Lydd, Mrs. Allen,—63, Mrs. Cole.'— At Sittingbourn, 82, Mrs. Beckett. —At Smarden, 48, Mr. H. Cheeseman, deservedly regretted. SUSSEX. At the winter cireuit fcr this county. twenty-two prisoners received sentence of death. Not less than half the number tried were capitally convicted. Married.] Mr. C. Forrest to Miss Mil- ten, both of Chichester.—Mr. Ranger to Miss Maiben, both of Brighton. — The Rev. H. Rule Sarel, rector of Balcombe, to Miss Janet Booth, of Glendon-hall, Northants. Died.] At Chichester, in North-street, 59, Mrs. 8. Holt —In South-street, 40, W. Peachy, esq. At Arundel, 80, Mys. Simpson.—Mys. J. Turner. At Worthing, Mr. J. Lampert. At Lewes, 76, Mr. J. Dunstone, deserv- edly regretted.— Mrs. Freeman. ; At Barcomb, 25, Mr. A. Faulconer.— At Bosham, 57, Mr. D. Dear. HAMPSHIRE, Marricd.|] The Rev. Mv. Lowry to Miss Percival, of Gosport.—Mr. J. Horn to Mrs, C. Leach: both of Portsea.k—Mr. G. Dawes to Miss M. Howard: both of Ba- singstoke.—Mr. J. Caplen, of Newport, to Miss Blake, of Halle.-—Capt. M‘Donald to Miss E. Talmage, of Ringwood.—Mr. R. Biden, of Buriton, to Miss Harfield, of Catherington. Died.] 94 Died} At Southampton,75, Mrs. Beare. —Mrs, Gilbert.—Mr. Mitchell, justly re- spected.—Mr., Burgess, regretted.— Lieut. Pmkis, R.N.—54, Mr. J. Mayor, re- gretted. At Winchester, in Kingsgate-street, 73, Mrs. S. Lipscomb, deservedly regretted. —Mr. Early.—In the Soke, Mrs. Sabine. —Mr, Waldin. At Portsmouth, the Rev. John Eyton, vicar of Wellington, and rector of Eyton. —70, Mr. W. Withers. At Gosport, 96, Mr. W. H. Ellis. At Ryell, 36, Herbert William Hoare, esq. commander R. N.—At Arreton, 89, Mrs, E. Damp.—At Upham, H. J. Chand- Ter, esq. WILTSHIRE, Married.] Thomas Timbiell, esq. to Miss Louisa Webber, both of Trowbridge.— Mr. Rowland, of Ramsbury, to Miss R. Neate, of Devizes. — Rev. Michacl Wyatt, rector of North Wraxhall, to Miss J. A. Hall, of Harpsden Court. — Mr. Reeves, of Porton, to Miss M. A. Towsey, of London. Died. At Salisbury, Capt. J. Young, of Hill, near Southampton. At Trowbridge, 78, Mr. J. Salter. At Chippenham, at an advanced age, Mrs. Gould. At Corsham, Mrs. Jane Smith, of Marl- borough.—AtDrayeot-house, the hon. lady Catherine Tylney Long, deservedly re- gretted. SOMERSETSHIRE. At the meeting for the county of Somer- set, Sir Thomas Lethbridge, Mr. Dickin- son, anda number of considerable per- sons were present. Mr. Hanning proposed a petition for a repeal of taxes, a reduc- tion in the establishments, and a commuta- tion of tythes. Mr. Sandford, a magis- trate of the county, seconded the motion. Mr. Hant then observed, that if Hanning’s petition had’ been moved in the year 1810, it would have been sufficient; but now, in the year 1823, it would not do. We must go to the root of the evil. He then pro- posed the following petition :—“ That yonr petitioners have cheerfully made the greatest sacrifices at all times for the de- fence of their country, and to promote the safety and honour of the throne. That, to recite the sufferings of your petitioners would be in vain; they are now well known, and are at length become past all endur- ance. That these calamities have been brought upon your petitioners by exces- sive taxation, which has arisen solely from the want of a fair and equal representation of the people in the Commons House of Parliament. Your petitioners therefore pray, 1. Fora great reduction in the stand- ing army, including staff, barracks, and colleges, 2. For a total abolition of all sinecures and useless places, and of all 1 Wiltshire—Somersetshive. [Feb. 1, pensions, grants, and emoluments, not me- : rited by well-known public services. 3+ For a great reduction in the Civil List, and of all the salaries of the royal family, and especially that of the German Prince of Saxe Coburg, which yonr petitioners hum- bly pray may be reduced at least to six thousands a-y ear—the sum paid to the pre-- sident of the United States of America. 4. For a corresponding reduction of all the salaries of all the officers of state, the judges, and all persons paid ont of the taxes. 5. Foran immediate repeal of the tax on salt, malt, and hops, leather, soap, and candles, farmers’ riding horses, and tradesmen’s draught horses. 6. For a re- peal of the odious and tyrannical game laws, and for a law to be passed to autho- rize every farmer and his friends to kill game on the.land which he occupies. 7. For a law to be passed to exclude all cler- gymen from holding commissions of the peace, or acting as commissioners of taxes, sewers, or turnpikes, 8. For arepeal of the General Turnpike Act, passed during the last session of Parliament, which act authorizes the commissioners to levy a heavier tax on a poor man’s cart than on a gentleman’s carriage. Your petitioners further pray, that your honourable house will be pleased forthwith to pass an act to ensure such an immediate reform in the Commons House of Parliament, as will give to every Englishman a vote for the representatives who are to sit there; so that such equitably and constitutionally chosen parliament may, without loss of time, adopt such measures with regard to Chureh and State, as would ensure the freedom and happiness of the people, and the security of the throne, and the prospe- rity of the country.”—Mr. Cresswell, vicar of Creech St. Michael, seconded Mr. Hunv’s petition in very loud terms; and, in the course of his speech, recommended commutation of tithes, and the sale of church and crown lands. -He farther strongly advocated an efficient and imme- diate parliamentary reform, and a refor- mation in the conduct and regulation of colleges, abolishing deaneries and chap- ters, and also the reqnisite qualifications of celibacy for fellowships, as Jeading to the promotion of immorality. Mr. Hunt consented to withdraw the clause upon reform, if the high sheriff would then and there name the day for the reform meet- ing ; and, the sheriff agreeing, Mr. Hunt withdrew that clause, and the petition was carried. The Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, &c. ‘lately held their annual meetittz at Hetling House. ‘The great room of the Society was filled with an-assemblage of members from various parts of the king- dom; and a letter addressed to the presi- dent, 1823.] Dorsetshire— Devonshire—Cornwall—Wales— Scotland. dent, by Dr. Parry, of Bath, on the growth of fine wool in this country, (accompanied hy some fleeces and a piece of cloth) at- tracted close attention, A spirited company of lace manufac- turers have lately fixed themselves at Chard, and intend to employ no less than 1700 persons, Marvied.| Mr. H. Barnard to Miss A. Hellings; Mr. T. Collen to Miss M. Rice: all of Bath.—The Rev. Francis Kilvert, of Darlington-street, Bath, to Miss De Chie- vre, of Acre-lane, Clapham.—Mr. E. W. Payne, of Union street, Bath, to Miss H. Turner, of Warrington.—Mr. J. Dudden to Miss S, Rawlings, both of Frome. _ Died.) At Bath, io Cavendish-place, Eliza, wife of Phineas Bury, esq.—In Pul- teney-street, Mrs. Steiner.—In Seymour- Street, 71, the Rev. Samuel Smith, a.m. ef Stanton St. Quintin, deservedly re- gretted.—In Queen-square, Miss Penelope Ker, of Kelso, N. 8.—In the Cirens, Ma- rian, widow of David Mitchell, esq. At Ashton Court, 83, Mrs. Eliz. Howell, widow of Mark H. esq.—At Pariock’s Lodge, Mrs. Elizabeth Coles, widow of James C. esq.—At Charlton, Mrs. Prinn, widow of William Hunt P. esq. DORSETSBIRE. Married.] John Howell Cook, esq. of Martock, to Harriet, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Woollen.—Mr. T. White, of Stoke Drisker, to Miss M. Gifford, of Blackford. Died.| At Dorchester, in Boston-place, Miss C. Blandy.—66, Mr. R. Hunt. At Sherborne, 19, Miss M. Denning, At Blandford, 79, Mrs. Pooley. At Lyme, Miss Cuff, late of Pulteney- street, Bath. DEVONSHIRE. ; A requisition to the high-sheriff for a county meeting on reform, has lately been circulated for signatures, and already ob- tained those of many of the principal land-owners. Murried.] Mr. S. Hooker, to Miss M. F. Ellis ; Mr. C. Force, of St. Sidwell’s, to Miss C. W. Rice, of Holloway street: all ‘of Exeter.—Mr. Charles Hedgland, of Exeter, to Miss White, of Silverton.—Jolin Pidsley, esq. to Miss A. Bond, of West Teignmouth.—Robert Harris, jun. esq. to Miss B. Burroughs, both of Dartmouth. Died.] At Excter, at an advanced age, Mrs. Brown.—In Deanry-square, Mrs, Elizabeth Painter,—75, Mr J. Bowring. At Plymouth, in Broad-street, 77, Mrs, ‘Hancorn. — Mr. Joseph Clayton, —In Granby-street, 72, Mrs. E. Gibbons, At Barnstaple, 58, Mr. G. Abbot, At Exmouth, 60, Sarah, widow of Pe. ter Hosch, esq. _ At Crediton, Thomas Berry, esq. de- servedly regretted. ; At Teignmouth, Henry Sutton, esq. of “Tavistock-place, London, 95 CORNWALL. Married.) T. S. Tickell, esq. of Wade- bridge, to Miss M. A. Thomas, of Truro. Died.) At Falmouth, at an advanced age, Arthur Kempe, esq. Admiral of the Red.—86, Joseph Banfield, esq. banker aud merchant, deservedly lamented. At Truro, Mr. W. Allen. At Netherbridge Werrington, 84, Mr. Lillicrap.—At Kelly, 84, the Rev. Mr. Darke, justly regretted. - WALES. Murried.] Mr. T. Taylor, of Tenby, to Miss M. Coleman, of Kingion.—The Rev. George Enoch, of Talgarth, Breconshire, to Mrs. Morgan, of Carmarthen.—Frede- rick Lewis Brown, esq. to Miss Eliza Whitworth, of Carmarthen.—The Rev. Mr. Thomas, of Ticrson, near Milford, to Miss Bevan, of Hakin.—Mr. W. E. Jones, to Miss J. Lewis, both of Dolgelly. Died.] At Swansea, 29, the Rev. D. Williams, Baptist minister.—In High- street, 53, Mrs. Evaus, greatly esteemed and regretted.— Miss A. Thompson Tur- ner.—72, Mrs. E. Thomas. At Carmarthen, 67, Mr. D. Daniel.— 29, Mr.. W. Price. At Brecon, 92, Mr. Joseph Morris. At Flint, 88, the Rev. George Davies, rector of Llanerfyl, Montgomeryshire, and curate of Flint. At Bridgend, Glamorganshire, 36, Mrs. Richardson, wife of Licut. R. r.Nn. deser- vedly lamented.—At Llai, near Gresford, 74, Mrs. Rundles. SCOTLAND. On the 23d ult. a meeting of dele- gates from thirteen counties of Scotland assembled at Edinburgh, for the purpose of considering the agricultural distresses of the country, and the means of relieving them; Sir John Sinclair, bart. in the chair: when several resolutions were passed, and erdered to be transmitted to the convener of every county in Scotland, with a request that he would at an early day call a county meeting, to take the same into its serious consideration, Tliese resolutions assign, as a reason for the present distress of the landed interest, the rapid alteration in the value of the currency, by which taxation has been greatly angmented ; and recom- mend the establishment of country banks in England and Ireland, similar to those in Scotland, in order to increase the circula- tion. It is also proposed to remove some of the taxes from the landed interest, and substitute others upon the rest of the com- munity, which would press more equally uponall, And, finally, that Parliament ‘should be petitioned to rescind the Act by which “all the restrictions on payments in cash shall cease on the 1st of May, 1823,” as being likely to aggravate to a ‘great degree the existing evils. Married.) At Edinburgh, Sir Alexander Ramsay, bart. of Balmaur, m.P. to Eliza- beth, 96 beth, daughter of the Hon. W. Maule, m.P.—Peter Scott, esq. of Crietf, to Miss Mary Scott, of Edinburgh. — James Cheyne, esq. of Leith, to Mrs. Agnes Blackie, of Edinburgh.— Mr. David Mar- tin, of Glasgow, to Miss Margaret Kay, of Kilmarnock.—Mr. J. Cumins, to Miss J. M. Dickson, both of Glasgow. Died.} At Edinburgh, 47, Mr. James Bishop —In Bucclengh-place, Dr. Henry Dewar, of Lassodie. — Miss Christian Clerk. : At Aberdeen, Alexander Robertson, esq. advocate.—‘The Rev. D. Sim, minister of the Union chapel of ease. At Ayr, Mr. Robert Potter, rector of the Grammar School of Greenock. IRELAND. Addresses have been lately forwarded to the Lord Lieutenant, Marquis Welles- ley, from Dublin and other places, offering their ‘congratulations on bis escape from injnry from the late outrage; and their abhorrence of the late insult paid to his government. Married.] James Hunter, esq. of Dublin, to Miss Allen, of Dnnover-house, county _ of Down.— William Hogan, esq. to Miss Ann Lea, of the Lakes, near Kiddermin- ster. — John Folliot, esq. of Luckhill- house, to Miss Maria Stepney, of Durrow, King’s county.—At Portaferry, Capt. Jas. Dalzel, to Miss Mary Keown. Died.) At Dublin, Hans Hamilton, esq. M.P. for the county, At Belfast, 43, Mrs. E, Hunter. At Coleraine, 53, William Lawrance, esq. DEATHS ABROAD. In the wreck of the Albion, April 22, 1822, Alexander Metcalfe Fisher, esq. late professor of mathematics and natural phi- losophy in Yale College, He was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, in1794. After completing the preparatory course of study, he entered Yale College in the year 1809, where he was distinguished for his high classical attainments. — He received his bachelor’s degree in 1813, when he left the college. The two subsequent years he passed partly in his native town, in attending to moral and metaphysical sci- ence, and partly in theological studies at Andover. In 1815 he was elected tutor in Yale College. In 1817 he was chosen adjunct professor of mathematics and na- tural philosophy; and, in 1819, entered upon the full duties af his office. Having prepared a full course of lectures in natu- ral philosophy, he resolved on making an excursion to Europe, and embarked at New York for Liverpool, on board the Albion packet. In the wreck of that ves- sel, Prof. Fisher is said to have been much Treland— Deaths Abroad. injured when the masts were carried away, but the particular circumstances of his death are unknown. _ Soon after the intel- ligence of his death was received in Ame- rica, an eulogy, embracing the principal circumstances of his life and character, was delivered by Professor Kingsley in the College Chapel. At Breslau, John Gotlob Schneider, professor and librarian of the university. He was born at Colm, in Saxony, and, after studying at Gottingen and Leipsic, went to Strasburgh, where he lived in great intimacy with Brunck the Hellenist, He was named professor of eloquence at Frankfort on Oder in 1776, and quitted that place for Breslaw in1811, Schneider was a great vaturalist, and lie published a Dictionary of Greek and German,—the best Hellenists of Germany assisting him to perfect the supplementary volume. Madame de Condorcet (whose death we noticed in a late number,) was known in the literary world by an elegant trans- lation of Adam Smith’s “Theory of Mo- ral Sentiments.” - Her talents, and the goodness of her heart, repiete with a pure and sublime philosophy, rendered her an object of esteem to all her acquaintance. Lately, at Paris, M. Galin, formerly an instructor of the Deaf and Dumb at Bour- deaux, and publisher of some valuable works on music. The method of melo- plast which he invented has been very successful at Paris, and in Holland, where he was member of the Philharmonic So- ciety of Amsterdam. He was born at Bourdeaux in 1786. At Weimar, at the age of 75, F. J. Ber- tuch, doctor in philosophy, member of se- veral learned societies, and counsellor of legation. His first literary work was a translation of Don Quixote; he afterwards distinguished himself by several theatrical pieces, and was editor of different perio- dical works. It was he who projected, in concert with Wieland, the Literary Jour- nal of Halle, and assisted therein from 1765 to 1808. It is held in high estima- tion among the learned, Lately, at Paris, 74, M. Berthollet : medi- cine was the primary object of his studies, but the discoveries in chemistry exciting his attention, gave a uew direction to his pore. In this extensive field he la- poured with zeal and assiduity, and it would be difficult to give even a sketch of their useful results, His ‘* Elements of Dyeing,” and his ‘‘Chemical Statique,” will be long consulted. He was one of thie Scarans employed in Egypt, and was with Mongo, at Tyre, surveying the ruins, and analysing their materials. ERRATUM in our last.—_ Tage 527, for “ Miss Maria Prior,” read “ Mrs, Maria Prior.” MONTHLY MAGAZINE. [2 of Vol: 55. No. 379.] MARCH 1, 1823. alll ay aM WHITTINGTON’s HOUSE IN SWITHIN’s PASSAGE, MOOR LANE. Tus original mansion of the famous Sir Richard Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London, is in every respect a curiosity ; and, though not the dwelling of a man of literary genius, will interest every description of persons. Whittington was no fabulous personage: we have seen in thé City Records his name as SHERIFF in 1389, and as Lorp Mavor in 1397, 1408, and 1425; nor is the story of his fortunate cat by any means improbable,—for recent voyagers on the African coasts have proved the domes- tic importance of this animal, and exhibited such misery from its absence, as would render a cat, in numerons situations, worth many bars of gold. It is probably true, also, that he heard Bow-bells at the foot of Highgate-hill,—a situation favourable to the purpose, and where a stone records the fact: and it is certain that, having lent 60,0001. to assist Henry V. in equipping his army, he magnanimonsly burnt the King’s bonds at a city-feast, on Henry’s return from the conquest of France, exclaiming, “ Never before had subject such a king ;” a compliment which Henry returned, by rejoining, ‘‘ Nor king such a subject.” When Mercer’s Hall was burnt, in the fire of 1666, many relics of this famous citizen were then destroyed: but his house still remains as above; and his alms-houses and college exist as monuments of his benevolence and public spirit. For the Monthly Magazine. the school, not meaning to callin ques- THE MEDICAL SCHOOL of EDINBURGH. MONG those seminaries which have enjoyed a large and lasting share of reputation and patronage, stands pre-eminently conspicuous the medical school of Edinburgh. We say Montury Mac. No. 379. tion, however, its indisputable claim to be denominated an academy, a college, a university. These titles it derives from royal charter, that of a school from the received manner of tuition. The statutes do indeed speak of the O pomoeria 98 pomoeria of the academy, butit is not to be imagined that the students are enclosed within these inviolable boun- daries. The students encamp with the citizens, none reside within the college buildings, and they only repair to the university courts, as the boys to a day- school, to hear lectures: neither’ is there any effort to keep up strict disci- pline, yet the real excellence of the instruction secures a pretty regular attendance. It would certainly be possible to imagine a circle of medical sciences more nearly perfect than Edinburgh can yield ; but, I conceive, it would be no easy task to find a more complete course of medical instruction actually exemplified in any school in Europe. No age is disqualified for entering, but the age of twenty-one is necessary to graduation. No narrow sectarian subscriptions are required upon matri- culating, which is accomplished by paying ten shillings, and the enrolling of the name. The laws of the senate impose upon candidates for doctorship a residence of three years in their own or some other university, and that dur- ing this period he should have at- tended upon the chairs of anatomy and surgery, of chemistry, of materia medica and pharmacy, of theory of medicine, and of practice of medicine, each six months: upon the chair of botany three months; and, upon the clinical lectures, either two three- months’, or one six-months’ course. Upon these subjects they will receive no ticket but that of a college profes- sor, not regarding the certificates of private lecturers, or professors by courtesy, as equivalent in any degree. The clinical, or bedside, medicine implies a regular visiting of the infir- mary, in which there are good opportu- nities of seeing medical practice. These classes must be attended ; but no pupil of the college would think of missing the opportunity of listening to the unrivalled obstetrical prelections of Dr. Hamilton, though not necessary to graduation ; nor would he overlook the excellent course of medical juris- prudence, or state-medicine, as it has been called in England. Besides the authorized profes- sional’ teachers, Edinburgh is also rich in excellent private lecturers ; and, though their tickets are not, as to graduating, on a level with those of the professors, still is there no vile jealous domineering desire The Medical School of Edinburgh. [March 1, to prevent the college pupils from attending them also. Dr. Barclay’s course of anatomy was rich in re- search. Mr. Fyfe’s practical chemis- try very improving. Dr. Thompson’s course of lectures on practice of physic was expected anxiously. Dr. Saun- ders, on that subject, gave forth many ingeniously singular opinions. Private dispensaries afforded much profitable employment ; and, to those who wished to combine other sciences with medi- cine, Professor Leslie’s Natural Philo- sophy, Professor Jameson’s Natural History, Dr. Brown’s Belles Lettres, and Professor Wilson’s Moral Phi- losophy, offered a copious fund of knowledge. Two large societies of students, the Royal Medical and the Royal Physical Societies, held frequent debates upon medical and literary subjects; and those who were more disposed to enter upon an humbler arena of scientific disputa- tion might find a great variety of more ephemeral medical and philoso- phical associations. ‘They who at- tended diligently to these studies would find three years rapidly elapse. Before the 24th of March of the third session, an Inaugural Dissertation, in Latin, behoved to make its appearance on the table of the Dean of the Faculty. Some of these theses have done great credit to the diligence and learning of the young authors. Others, having no taste for the crambe bis cocta of Latin grammars and dictionaries, pronounced the requisition a bore, and had re- course to private hands for a smart snug little essay of about twenty pages of words, conveying nothing, or no- thing that has not been known for cen- turies. The professors did not admire such supposititious productions; but it was difficult of detection, and still more of prevention. The delivery of a thesis is only pre- paratory to the more alarming affair of submitting to the examination of the six professors, who severally and re- spectively interrogate the candidate for graduation on the subjects required by the Statuta Solennia. This is in the Latin language; and, to men of ner- vous temperament, sufficiently formi- dable. I happen to know that one un- fortunate young man fell from his chair, and nearly or quite fainted on or about the first question. Every effort is made to allay the trepidation of the candidate, and to ascertain, by a fair and candid enquiry, the true amount 1823.] amount of his medical attainments. When it is considered how numerous questions the extensive sciences of anatomy, surgery, chemistry, materia medica, botany, with the practice and theory of medicine, can supply, it may be conceived that a full preparation for passing this ordeal triumphantly is not quite an insignificant exertion: indeed, I think it doubtful whether, all things considered, a much more equi- tably severe medical tribunal exists than that before which an Edinburgh gra- duate is summoned ; and it is certainly by no means too severe. Of 100 ap- plicants, I suppose that not much more than ten usually get rejected; and a sieve, which allows ninety grains in every hundred to pass through, can never be impermeable to moderate diligence. A deep consciousness of the indelible stigma attached to him who gets foiled in his effort to pass the examination, is a valuable inducement to the student to resist those tempta- tions to idle lounging which a city always presents. When the first day of trial is fairly got over, the other university-requisitions are not very alarming. Men, who bear the first test, are seldom afterwards rejected, except for contempt of court; yet the business is far from being completed. On the 24th of June, the candidate undergoes a second examination be- fore two professors, which, however, lasts not much more than five or six minutes; whereas the former continues nearly an hour and a half. He then receives an aphorism of Hippocrates, and a medical question, both of which he must illustrate in writing, and de- fend before the professors, who pro- pose them on the 6thof July, On this day he receives two Histories of Disease, with questions annexed: these he is expected to answer, and to defend his opinions, on the 22d of July, on which day he delivers in to the Dean of the Faculty eight printed copies of his Inaugural Discourse. On the 31st of July this Thesis is said to be publicly defended ; but the attend- ance is chiefly to hear the judgment of the professor who has examined it, as to the merits of the performance. This accomplished, all preparatory labours and cares are at an end; and it only remains that, on the Ist of August, the degree should be con- ferred publicly and solemnly. The graduates promise to practise their profession honourably, to remember The Medical School of Edinburgh. 99 the poor with compassion, and to pro- mote the prosperity of the university: all which, though of no earthly use, are much better than the subscriptions and oaths of other colleges in the south. They are pronounced by the principal of the university Doctors of Medicine, and admitted to the honourable cere- mony of Capping, after which they be- come really and truly physicians to the very ends of their finger-nails. The Edinburgh Diploma entitles to practise anywhere in Britain or abroad, except in London, or within the bills of mortality. In Scotland, very many physicians practise gene- rally, not observing very scrupulously the difference of the medical and sur- gical spheres of exertion. The case 1s somewhat similar abroad. In no country are the distinctions of apothe- cary, surgeon, and physician, so very punctiliously attended to as in Eng- land; and, in the colonies, the Edin- burgh Diploma is much respected. In very few important stations are there not some medical men originally from this university. A man may pursue his studies for less than a hundred pounds a-year, but he must not drink much wine. Domestic expenses are decidedly less in Edinburgh than in London. The fee to each lecture is about the same; that is, four guineas; and the graduation fees may be esti- mated at less than twenty-four gui- neas. The professors are, in general, men of considerable wealth, various learning, affable condescension, and general urbanity of deportment. Looking upon the school as a whole, I doubt whether greater advantages can be simultaneously enjoyed in any ex- isting medical academy ; and I should wish any man, who would form a cor- rect and favourable idea of the general attainments of the medical students there, to attend a full meeting of the Royal Medical Society, on an evening in which a subject of general interest is discussed. Had I a sick brother or friend, and the liberty of. choosing from all the members of the Atscula- pian art, both exotic and indigenous, I should prefer a surgeon of the London school, and a physician of Edinburgh. He that aims at the high character of an accomplished general practitioner, will labour to combine the medical philosophy of the North, with the prompt and skilful manual dexterity of the South ; and he may BaF , oils 100 toils of acquisition with the reflection, that he is pursuing the direct path to the reputation, affluence, and comfort, of a really useful member of the state. ee ee For the Monthly Magazine. BICKNELL on PURITY Of ELECTION, flyer question of parliamentary reform has so long and so deeply engaged the public attention, that the friends of constitutional liberty hail, with pleasure, any rational production connected with the subject. While the expediency of the measure, or the safety of the experiment, has been doubted, or denied, the inequality of our representation, and the increasing influence of corruption, are too palpa- ble to be controverted. It would argue, indeed, irremediable blindness, or extreme perversity, to affirm that our representative system requires no amelioration. Every thing human, by an ordination of nature, has a ten- dency to decay. Where the counter- action of any evil, whether moral, phy- sical, or political, is practicable, it can be effected only by the occasional adoption of salutary checks, or by ex- citing in the system a renovating pro- cess. The political condition of no state, whether great or small, remains stationary. It is continually either progressing to maturity, or verging to dissolution. Change and vicissitude form the very essence of all sublunary things. Hence, it is wisdom in every people, when they are framing a new system of government, to provide for its revision at stated periods. Thus may abuses be speedily removed ; thus may errors in its principles, or its ad- ministration, be corrected ; and such alterations as the lapse of time, or change of circumstances, may have rendered expedient, be seasonably introduced. Then will the political machine, firm and sound in every part, continue to effect the purpose for which it was constructed. Parliamentary corruption has been long and justly the subject of com- plaint. Its baneful effects, not only in a political, but moral view, are univer- sally felt; and, by every friend to vir- tue and rational liberty, deeply la- mented. Against this evil, though several penal statutes have been enacted, no effectual remedy has yet been devised. To remove this grievance, and to secure a purer representation of the people, is confessedly an object of Bicknell on Purity of Election. [ March tf, superlative importance. This is the main purpose of a letter, addressed to the Right Hon. G. Tierney, by John Laurens Bicknell, r.r.s. How farthe measure, recommended by the acute and intelligent author, is calculated to operate as a preventive of the evil, the ; friends of liberty shall be enabled to judge for themselves. After defining, whatis implied in the term ‘ Parliamentary Reform,” the author proceeds to enquire into the expediency of annual parliaments, vote by ballot, and universal suffrage. Elections annually recurring he expli- citly condemns, as unfavourable to the acquisition of parliamentary experi- ence, highly injurious to the morals of the people, and likely to augment, in- stead of diminishing, ministerial in- fluence. Of voting by ballot, he expresses himself thus— “ Voting by ballot appears to me to be a mode of election perfectly uncongenial to the open and generous spirit of English- men. It hazards your being stabbed in the dark by a man, who, in the day-light, would not dare to raise a finger against you. It is calculated to give a loose to all the basest passions of human nature—to cover fraud in its worst and most malevo- lent operations, and to shelter the ungrate- ful and the hypocrite in the veil of obscu- rity. Thecandidate must necessarily face his constituents; let him have equal fair play, and be ever enabled to distinguish his friends from his opponents.” Universal suffrage he considers to be liable to still graver objections. After enumerating the various evils arising from the practice of bribery and corruption, he proceeds to ob- serve, that, if means could be devised, by which the candidate for a seat in parliament could be deterred from bribing, purity of election, as a neces- sary consequence, would be effectually secured. The Statute against Simony, it would appear, suggested to him the mode, by which, he conceives, that this important result might be completely attained. In the 15th and 16th centu- ries, this abominable barter was as common as the ‘‘sun at noon-day.” By the Ecclesiastical Law, the pur- chaser was liable to ecclesiastical censure; but, as it was a crime not punishable by the Common Law, the patron, who participated in the benefit of this iniquitous traffic, escaped with impunity. By the efficacy of our Statute Law, the offence has been nearly annihilated; and, ‘unless by name, 1823.] name, is now scarcely known. A similar remedy, he conceives, may be applied, to prevent corruption and bribery. at parliamentary elections. The author proposes, therefore, a legislative enactment, binding every candidate for a seat in parliament to take the following oath, previously to ihe commencement of polling : “I do swear that I have not, by myself, or by any agent or other person or persons whatsoever authorized by me, given or bargained, promised or agreed to yive, to any person or persons whatsoever, any sum or sums of money or pecuniary advantage, compensation or remuneration, for the purpose of obtaining, or procuring, or receiving, any vote or votes for the elec- tion for this borough, and that Iam not party or privy to any such gift or promise. And I do swear that I will not, during this election, either by myself, or any agent or other person authorized by me, give, or cause to be given, or promise to give, any sum or sums of money, or other compensation or remuneration whatsoever, for the purpose of obtaining, or procuring, or receiving, any vote as aforesaid. And that I will not repay any sum or sums of money, or make good any engagement, agreement, or undertaking, given or en- tered into by any person or persons what- soever, for the said purposes, or avy of them; nor will I ratify or confirm any such agreenient, engagement, or undertaking. ** So help me God.” All votes given previously to the administration of this oath to be de- clared null and void. He proposes, also, that the success- ful candidate, previously to the return being made by the returning officer, shall take and subscribe an oath, couched in nearly the. same terms as the preceding one, solemnly declaring that he had not, either directly or otherwise, violated the engagements to which, by that oath, he hound himself toadhere. Thereturning officer, who shall neglect to administer the oaths, to be punished with fine or impri- sonment. To ensure the due observance of these oaths, he proposes an enact- ment,— “That if any person or persons having taken the said oaths, or either of them, shall act contrary to the said oaths or either of them, or any part of the said oaths or either of them, and shall be con- victed in any of his Majesty’s courts at Westminster, or at any assizes to be holden in the county where such oath or oaths shall have been taken, by the evidence of two or more credible witnesses, of falsely swearing in any matter or thing in the said Bicknell on Purity of Election. 101 oaths or either of them contained, the per- son so convicted shall be adjudged to be guilty of wilful and corrupt perjury, and shall sutfer the punishment for the said crime of perjury ; and the person so con- victed shall, upon such conviction, forfeit and lose his seat in the Commons House of Parliament.” The measure here proposed, if not a complete corrective of the evil, would serve to reduce it to comparative in- significance. The sanctity of an oath, the facility of detection, with the penalty annexed to legal conviction ; to which may be added, the conscious- ness of the candidate, that, if he vio- lated his oath, he would be at the mercy of his adversaries, who might accept a bribe in order to betray him, would operate as a powerful, if not irresistible, restraint from attempting to influence the votes of electors. The plan proposed, if it would not correct the inequality of our repre- sentation, would at least expel the bane of corruption; and this, surely, would be no common benefit, both to the community and the constitution. Its great recommendation is, that it disturbs no private rights, invades no private property, requires no compen- sation for lost patronage, and presses peculiarly on no party. This is not all. It could hardly fail to lead, ulti- mately, to a just and constitutional reform in parliament. _ The suggestion appears to be at once judicious and practicable, no complex machinery being required to carry it into effect, while the supreme importance of the object forcibly recommends it to the serious attention of our legislative authorities. The letter is neatly writ- ten, its principles are friendly to liberty, and the motives of its author entitled to commendation. ————— For the Monthly Magazine. SOME ACCOUNT of the SYSTEM of GYM- NASTIC EXERCISES which has been INTRODUCED into VARIOUS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS for EDUCATION upon the CONTINENT; by M. CLIAS, Professor of Gymnastics. f MM CuiAs is a native of Berne in Switzerland ; and, at an early period of life, had the command of a detachment of light artillery, to defend his country against the inroads of re- volutionary France. Being stationed in the mountains of Oberland, where their immediate service was not re- quired, he turned his attention to- wards 102 wards the improvement of the physical powers of the body of troops under his command. By training them gradu- ally, to well-regulated exercises, he was himself surprised at the increase of their strength and rapidity of move- ment, as well as at their superior state of health compared with that of other troops in cantonments, and accus- tomed only to the common routine of exercise. The improvement of his soldiers attracted the attention of his superior officers, and he was soon in a situa- tion to put his plan to a more exten- sive trial, which was attended with the most complete success. When peace was restored, be turned his attention to introduce gymnastic exercises into civil life. The magis- trates of Berne, convinced of the uti- lity of his object, enabled him to carry his purpose into execution. An ex- tensive gymnasium was formed, and a number of pupils put under his care. Repeated examinations before profes- sional gentlemen, and other official persons, convinced them, that the acti- vity, health, and morals, of the youth placed under his care, had been much improved. Of these facts, he is in possession of the most satisfactory tes- timonials, of which the following is one: “The gymnastics of M. Clias unite every advantage; and, if considered mi- nutely, will be seen to possess every thing that is essentially useful in correcting nu- merous deformities, and in eradicating obstinate diseases, ‘They are perfectly adapted to the exigencies of life, and to the rules of living economy; they increase the energies of useful properties, and insure their duration. The author, always ani- mated by a desire of extending the re- sources of health, invents new exercises every day, in order to call those organs into action which ordinary means would have permitted to remain dormant and useless. That wise direction so well cal- culated to the wants of nature, will always render the system of the Professor of Berne worthy of recommendation.” — Dic- tionnaire des Sciences Médicales, tome 52, page 28 et 29. He has also been employed in the celebrated establishments of Fellem- berg, and that of Pestalozzi, where his system forms now a regular part of the course of education. For some time past he has superin- tended a gymnasium, or school of exer- cises, at Paris. His plan is fully deve- loped in his work on elementary exer- cises, where his gradations are detailed 2 M. Clias’s System of Gymnastic Exercises. [March 1, in a. series of elegant outline en- gravings. He is now in England, and has the honour of being permitted by his royal highness the commander-in-chief, to introduce his plan of exercise into the Military Asylum at Chelsea. The ex- hibition of his muscular powers, and imitations of the attitudes of some of the finest ancient statues, at the last lecture of Sir Anthony Carlisle at the Royal Academy, met with the greatest applause ; as well as the marked appro- bation of the president and council, by whom he has been employed to train and improve the attitudes and muscular exertions of their living model. . The object of M. Clias’s improve- ments are by no means confined to the military profession. He is disposed to think that they are even of more utility in counteracting the bad effects of too sedentary an education. He has seen very striking examples of the improvement of the moral, as well as the physical, condition of youth, in large schools, by the introduction of his plans. The natural proneness of youth to active exertion is weil known, and the propriety of counter- balancing mental by muscular exercise is generally allowed. M. Clias pro- poses to take advantage of this prin- ciple of nature, by teaching young persons to develope their muscular en- ergies gradually, and with propriety. In the pursuit of those undirected exercises, in which the natural ener- gies of youth are prone to engage them, some sets of muscles are liable to be overstrained, while others re- main dormant; and, by sudden exer- tion, strains and other accidents fre- quently occur. By the plan of M. Clias, every accident of this kind is obviated. His pupils commence with the most gentle and natural exercises ; and gradually proceed, according as their strength permits, to the more violent. Every limb and muscle is gradually suppled and brought into action without being strained; till, at length, all the muscular powers of the body are completely developed. Such are the objects proposed to be attained by this system of gymnastic education, which is so far from inter- fering with the improvement of the mental faculties, that they are deci- dedly improved by its adoption. Sound sleep follows fatigue, and the person rises in the morning with the mind refreshed, and the attention we 4 it 1823. With' that enthusiasm which prompts all the inventors, or revivers, of any new or useful art, M. Clias’s ambition looks forward to the formation of a grand and extensive gymnasium, wor- thy- of the great nation to which he now dedicates his abilities, where every species of useful exercise might be taught and practised, and inspi- ring confidence in action, and com- parative security in danger. Such, however, is the nature of his plans, that they may be accommo- dated to schools of every description, and even introduced without inconve- niency or trouble into the most private domestic establishment. His objects are not alone confined to improve the physical energies of young men; he professes, also, to remedy many of those evils and deformities which are the consequences of the neglect of ex- ercise in mature age. ———— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ROM the number of papers in- serted in your Magazine on sub- jects of the greatest interest to the public, I am induced to send you the resolutions lately entered into by.a considerable proportion of the coun- try-gentlemen in the neighbourhood of Doncaster. Few towns in England have within the same range so many mansions, belonging to estates of about 3000/. a-year, and upwards; and the PpoOssessors are as much addicted to field-sports as persons of the same de- Scription in other parts of the country. They appear, however, to view our game-laws in their proper light; and, by the insertion of their resolutions in your Magazine, I am inclined to think that country-gentlemen in general will be induced to investigate them with more attention. The evils introduced by these laws are often talked of, but they are by no means duly appreciated. It is not merely the number of convictions an- nually that would startle every person of humanity: the months of confine- ment prior and subsequent to these convictions; the expense attending them; the ill-blood excited in the lower classes; and their demoraliza- tion, by introducing them to greater violations of the law, are circumstances highly deserving of the attention of the legislature. We complain much of the expense of the poor-laws; though, by the way, Doncaster Resolutions on the Game Laws. 103 I may observe, that it has amounted to its present enormous height by the payment of labour out of this fund, and not by the provisions for proper ob- jects, under the good laws of Queen Elizabeth ; yet no inconsiderable part of this sum will be found to arise out of the game-laws. When a poacher is seized by a lynx-eyed country squire, no consideration can arrest his wrath; and in avery short time the parish is put to more expense than all the hares, partridges, and pheasants, on his estate are worth. The unfortunate wight is sent to prison; the wife and children to the workhouse. Iwas told not long ago of an instance of this kind, where two poachers were taken up, and the consequence was, a couple of women and a dozen children became charge- able on the parish. Two grounds, then, for a repeal of the game-laws present themselves,— humanity and expense. In opposition to them is pleaded the amusement of the country-gentlemen. I am not in- clined to detract from the utmost weight that can be given to this latter argument; though, if I were inclined to dwell upon the disputes between country-gentlemen themselves on the real or pretended encroachment on their mutual rights by each other, it would seem that their amusements out of doors are not a little embittered by the family bickerings to which they are continually giving rise. But it may be doubted whether they will suffer at all in their amusements by the proposed measure, of making game saleable in the market, and every man of landed property having a right to kill game on his own estate. Land- lords may make what terms they please with their own farmers; and, when it is the mutual interest of both parties to preserve the proper quantity of game on the land, more persons will be interested in its preservation. The eye of the farmer will see farther than that of the gamekeeper. But, be this as it may, 1 could wish that the country were well informed on the amount of the tax imposed upon it for this supposed benefit of the country-gentlemen. DONCASTRIENSIS. Resolutions. We, the undersigned proprietors of estates in the county of York, have wit- nessed with deep regret the demoralization of the lower orders, occasioned by the ha- bits of poaching, and the calamitous events which 104 which so frequently occur, in the preserva- tion of game, under the existing laws. We are convinced that these evil conse- vences are derived, in a great degree, rom the operation of those statutes, by which the sale of game is constituted an offence. 1 That the occupation of the poacher is taken up for the purpose of supplying, clandestinely, those wants which cannot at present be supplied lawfully. That this illegal occupation would speedily cease to exist, if a Jegal sale were permitted, and the markets allowed to be honestly furnished with game, as they are with all other articles of general demand. It is our firm opinion that, under a sys- tem of open sale, the preservation of game, far from being rendered more diffi- cult, would be greatly facilitated ; that the ordinary care, which is found sufficient for the protection of other descriptions of saleable property, would then be equally sufficient for this. That an armed force, and instruments of death, would no longer be requisite to defend it ; and sanguinary conflicts and midnight murders would no longer ensue from the eflorts made to pro- ‘cure it. ; That we therefore earnestly submit to the Legislature, the importance of lega- lizing the sale of game, under proper re- strictions ; believing, as we do, the present prohibition to be contrary to good policy in its spirit, and to humanity in its effects ; seeing that it has filled our jails with crimi- nals of its own creating, and established a nursery of offenders among the humbler classes of the community. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, N reading the letter from your correspondent, A. B. C., I con- fess I was very much surprised at the confident manner in which he speaks of the wonderful feats a life-boat would perform, modelled upon his plan. Ifheis ‘nosailor,” nor accus- tomed to nautical affairs, I cannot conceive how he can be competent to judge of the merits of the life-boat constructed by Mr. Greathead. His plan (Mr. G’s.) has certainly been improved upon, but the principle has been the same throughout, viz. to give the boat a floating capacity, which would not be destroyed if the sea should break aboard of her. In some boats, this has been accomplished by means of a double bottom; in others, _ by lockers round the boat, inside, made impervious to water ; in others, by cases or casks, and by cork fixed in Mr. Bayley on the Plan of Constructing Life- Boats. {Maieh 1, various parts of the boat. To decide which of these plans is best, is not the object of the present letter. But,per- haps A. B. C. is not aware, that four qualities are essential to render a life- boat suitable to the service; viz. to take the ground without danger, to draw but little water, to row or sail well, and buoyancy- If she does not take the ground well, there is a great danger of the sea causing her to heel when she touches, and throwing the people overboard, so as to endanger their lives in landing. If she draws but little water she will not take the ground so soon, but will be carried on the top of the sea so high on the land, that she will not be endan- gered by the waves striking her with any degree of violence. A boat, that draws but little water, will. generally row well and sail fast, with the wind free, and has more buoyancy, without encroaching too much on the room ne- cessary for managing her. It is true, I do not know upon what principle your correspondent’s model is _¢on- structed ; but, in order to her righting again with such certainty as he speaks of, the form of the midship bend must be triangular, which is certainly one of the worst that can be devised for taking the ground, and drawing little water. How he intends preventing the crew from getting wet jackets, in a heavy surf, | am quite at a loss, unless he puts them under hatches; and then, perhaps, he would not find them in the best situation to render assistance to the shipwrecked mariner. It is at all times found difficult to make a boat come about in a heavy swell, or even towear round. If your correspondent’s plan will ensure either of these ma- noeuyres without danger, itis desirable that it should be made public, as it would be the means of saving many lives. In this age of improvements and discoveries, is it not strange that sci- entific rules are not laid down for the construction of ships. We are where we were fifty years since in this re- spect; no general rule is recognized, but every builder forms his own ideas upon the subject; and, generally speaking, they die with him. Cannot any thing be done to remedy this evil, and put ship-building upon an equal footing with the other arts ? Georce. BAYLEY. Ipswich, Jan. 9, 1823. Fo 1823. ] To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, : N making the following remarks, I am actuated by no other feeling than that of alleviating, or rather at- tempting to alleviate, one of the many miseries that unavoidably fall on our poor fellow-creatures; 1 mean the mode adopted very frequently by their landlords, in recovering rent by sci- zure. i am not about to impugn the propriety of landlords having sucha power, but the mede they use, which I do think is not quite as good as it might be; and I have been led to this conclusion by my experience, as a com- missioner of the Court of Requests for the lower division of Westminster, where poor wretches are very often summoned for the balance of rent remaining due, after every particle of furniture has been taken ‘from ‘them, which has been found insuflicient to meet the demand: indeed, I am sorry to say, that the vindictive feelings ex- hibited in that court, but too clearly prove the general want of any thing like a humane desire ‘to assist each other, being implanted in the breasts of the lower classes, of whom I mean principally to speak. Numberless persons inthis metropolis make a competent living by letting out miserable houses, in apartments, unfur- nished,—thus making a sort of certainty of getting their rent; and, though the poor should never be allowed to runin debt, (for it is cruelty, and not kind- ness, to let them do-so,) these people are never very anxious about their rent whiie furnitare enough remains to seize on forthe amount. But, as soon as they think ithas reached a sum that the goods will be sufficient to cover, pounce comes the broker, and carries them all off,—and the succeeding part of the transaction is what I think might be mended very materially. Another broker is called in, who sets a value on the whole lot, without parti- cularizing the separate values, but lumping the whole ; these two notables then make out a statement, on a half- crown stamp, and swear to the truth of it before the parish constable, who, I am sorry to say, is generally a hired substitute, and not a man at all likely to investigate the matter, or assist the overwhelmed and ruined lodger. All this is done, however, by Act of Par- Jiament, and has probably been enacted by the legislature with the very best intentions; but that it is grossly MontuLy MAG. No, 379. On the Evil Effects of Seizures for Rent. 105 abused, I am quite satisfied.— But to proceed; when the goods have been thus valued, and the above document sworn to, the furniture is first offered, at whatever the amount may be, to the landlord; and, if he does not take them, the valuing broker has them at the same price ; now, in this, there is but ‘too much temptation for wrong- doing : the parties, directly interested, are those who place the value on the articles, and are afterwards to take them at that value; and the only man of ‘authority who has to do with it, is the constable whe administers the-eath; and to whom the shilling (which J pre- sume he takes,) is generally an objcet, and to whom also the gin or porter drank on these occasions is also an object. As soon as all this. is accom- plished, if it turns out that the goods are valued at less than the amount of the rent, which is too frequently the case, the destitute lodger is proceeded against for the remainder in the Court of Requests, as the cheapest ; and the stamped document of valuation is handed in to the commissioners, who are bound to reccive it as evidence of the real value, though I have seen several of these, where it was apparent that the parties who had signed them could scarcely write their names. The last case that I recolleci, came before the Court about three or four weeks ago, in which the furniture of an entire house, consisting certainly of but four rooms, had been seized by a broker, who acted as agent for some one who had a number of such houses in a poor neighbourhood ; the above- described mode of valuing had been resorted to, and a surprising number of things, (not perhaps of much real value, except to the poor housekeeper, ) had been estimated at 101, the rent amounting to 12/. odd; the remaining debt was then reduced, to bring it within the jurisdiction of the court, to 1/. 19s. 11d. and the poor fellow im- mediately summoned for that amount. The commissioners present, ‘with my- self, thought the case a very hard one ; and it was stated to the breker, that the totally destitute state of the de- fendant was such as to claim his mercy; but the broker would have “his bond,” mercy was out of the question, and all the commissioners could do was to give the longest pos- sible tune allowed by the rules of the court for the payment of the debt. P The 106 The broker remarked, that he would have forgiven the defendant the whole of the debt if he had not abused him ; so that personal pique had something to do withit: but who can wonder ata man’s being alittle (or even more than a little,) abusive, who sees his beds taken from under himself and his family, and is turned out, with “all the world before him, where to chuse his place of rest.” Surely, goods so seized should be put up to public auc- tion; I know, it is held out, that this would add greatly to the expense: granted,—but would it not add in a much greater degree to the nett pro- duce of the goods? I think it would. Besides, in the present mode, all that government gets by these transactions, is the half-crown for the stamp; and surely it might forego, without much loss of revenue, the auction-duty of five per cent. on all goods seized for rent, Which did not amount to more than 10/.: I repeat that the government, fond as it is said to be of taxation, might give up this item without much loss. Another thing 1 think ought to be done, which is, that the oath should be taken before a magistrate, and not in the loose public-house sort of way that it is now; or it should be taken before the churchwarden or rector of the parish where the seizure is made, or One of the overseers ; for these per- sons would be likely to know some- thing of the parties, and in all proba- bility would interest themselves to see something like justice done between them. There is another circumstance con- nected with these, and indeed with almost all seizures for rent, which is abominable ; it is the seizing of infi- nitely more goods than will cover the rent due, selling them all, and then re- turning the overplus of money to the party scized upon. This is, 1 believe, the law ; but, by what sophistry can it be shewn, that the money returned is at all equal to the portion of goods Sacrificed to produce it? Suppose it to be 10/. that is to be returned : 40/. would very likely not re-instaie the furniture sold for that sum as it stood before. This should not be. I have thrown out these few hints, doubting not that some of your corre- spondents can suggest a better mode than mine of getting rid of, or at least remedying, this evil, which certainly it wants exceedingly; the poor, from their purchasing in small quantities, A wonderful Narrative of Two Families. [March 1, always pay more for what they get than their more aflluent neighbours ; but, in nothing are they more oppres- sed than in the rent they pay : houses, that are let to speculating men (fre- quently themselves brokers, or jobbing carpenters,) at 25/. or 301. a-year, pro- duce to them, when let off in separate rooms, and even cellars, about 801. a- year. In addition to this, when the poor are overwhelmed, as I have shewn they are, by the customary mode of seizing for their rent, it really becomes acrying evil, which should be attended to and corrected. January 2, 1823. J. M. Lacey. <= For the Monthly Magazine. A WONDERFUL NARRATIVE of TWO FAMILIES, im FIVE LETTERS to a FRIEND im GREAT BRITAIN, by an AMERICAN, LETTER I. Dear Sir, HAVE been much interested in reading the accounts given of the people of Loo Choo by two of your countrymen, Captain Hall and Dr. M‘Leod. As those people were igno- rant of the gospel of peace when these gentlemen were among them, itis won- derlul that they should so far surpass the inhabitants of Christian countries, in the display of the mild and benignant virtues, and in the art of preserving peace among themselves, and with neighbouring nations. That you may the better understand what there was in the accounts of this extraordinary people, which has been so interesting to me, I will collect a few passages from the journals referred to; and then, as a contrast, I will give youa concise account of two large families of Christians, with whose history I have been made acquainted in the course of my pilgrimage. Relating to the inhabitants of the island called Loo Choo, or Lewchew, your countrymen have furnished the following paragraphs :-— . ‘* Many of these islanders displayed a spirit of intelligence and genius. They all seemed to be gifted with a sort of politeness, which had the fair- estclaim to be termed natural, for there was nothing constrained, nothing stiff or studied in it. : “It was interesting to observe, in- deed, how early the genticandengaging manners of all classes here, won upon the sailors no less than upon the officers. The natives from the first ; were 1823.] were treated with entire confidence; no watch was ever kept over them, nor were they excluded from any part of the ships; and not only was nothing stolen, but when any thing was lost, nobody even suspected for an instant that ithad been taken by them. “That proud and haughty feeling of national superiority, so strongly ex- isting among the common class of British seamen, which induces them to hold all foreigners cheap, was at this island entirely subdued and tamed, by the gentle manners and kind behaviour of the most pacific people in the world, “Although completely intermixed and often working together, both on-shore and on-board, not a single quarrel or complaint took place on either side, during the whole of our stay. On the contrary, each succeeding day added to friendship and cordiality. “The administration of the govern- ment seems to partake of the general mildness of the people, and yet it ap- pears highly efficient, from the very great order which is always main- tained, and the general diffusion of happiness. “Crimes are said to be very unfre- quent among them, and they go per- fectly unarmed; for we observed no warlike instruments of any description! not even a bow or an arrow was to be seen ; and the natives always declared they had none. ‘They denied having any knowledge of war, either by ex- perience or tradition. “We never saw any punishments inflicted at Loo Choo: a tap witha fan, or an angry look, was the severest chastisement ever resorted to, so far as we could discover. In giving orders, the chiefs were mild, though firm ; and the people always obeyed with cheer- fulness.” Such is the account which two of your naval officers have given of this amiable people. j LETTER II. With pain and grief I now turn my attention to the promised contrast. The two families of professed Chris- tians, of whom I am fo give you some account, are aS numerous as were the families of Abraham and Lot, when they separated to avoid strife. They reside in the Northern Hemisphere, and are independent of each other, and of any government, except what they have established in their respec- tive families. Each family has a patri- A wonderful Narrative of Two Families. 107 arch, head, or chief, to whom the mem- bers show respect and yield obe- dience. These two families were formerly united under one head ; but some difli- culty arose, which occasioned a bloody quarrel, and ended in a division of the one family into two. Ever since that period unhappy prejudices and jea- lousies have existed between them, which greatly endanger their peace and mutual welfare. A number of years subsequent to their separation, another dispute arose, which was managed in a very anti- christian manner, and much to the injury of both families. The difficul- ties were such as might have been settled in a few hours, had the parties been of a peaceable disposition, and inclined to govern their passions and conduct according to the precepts of their religion. But, unfortunately for them, this was not the case. Instead of that noble and benignant spirit in which the essence of Christianity con- sists, the spirit of selfishness, jealousy, and irritation, was permitted to reign, and it made horrible work, You can hardly conceive what a scene of re- viling occurred: their passions became more and more exasperated, and from hard words they soon proceeded to blows.’ How inconsistent with the character of Christians! with the ex- ample of him whose disciples they professed to be! Instead of loving, they hated one another! Instead of seeking each cther’s good, they sought each other’s injury ! During this contest, parties from the two families often met each other for the purpose of fighting. Indeed, such was their malignity, that they mutually exerted all their powers to hill one another. In this savage quarrel some lives were lost, many persons were wounded, and great was the destruc- tion of property. Their conduct on both sides bore a much greater resem- blance to that of barbarians than of Christians; indeed the spirit which they indulged could not. be distin- guished from that of the evil one,-who goeth about seeking whom he may devour. They were so lost, as to any proper sense of their obligations as Christians, that they even gloried in ‘the most atrocious acts of robbery and violence. Tn this diabolical manner these fami- lies continued their quarrel for many months. At length, however,: both parties 108 A wonderful Narrative of Two Families. parties became in a measure exhaust- ed, and weary of the contest; a con- ference was proposed, and acceded to, for the purpose: of. reconciliation. This was prolonged for many days, and considerable altercation occurred; but at last, without any compensation, or even concession. on either side, they agreed to drop the infamous quarrel, and to return to their former state of friendship and amicable intercourse. After having sustained mutual inju- ries to an amount which cannot be described, and after the causes of complaint had been multiplied a hun- dred fold, each party gladly accepted such terms as they might easily have obtained at the commencement of the dispute.—Such are the folly and mad- ness of men in their sanguinary quar- rels with each other. LETTER III. Since the reconciliation, several things have been discovered in each of the families which indicate either partial insanity, or very incorrect views both of religion, and the means for preserving peace. Were these fami- lies what they profess to be, it would be natural ‘to suppose that, on reflec- tion, they would be very much ashamed of such a barbarous and disgraceful quarrel; that they would deeply lament the dishonour done to réligion, by the indulgence of such ungodly passions; and that they would spare no pains to wipe away the re- proach, and to cultivate the spirit of forgiveness and brotherly love. There are, indeed, a few persons in each family who appear to be properly affected in view of the past transac- tions, and who are resolved to exert themselves to prevent, if possible, fu- ture animosities. But, however asto- nishing it may scem to you, a much greater number in each family are often heard to boast of the injuries they did to the other during the conflict. They even glory in the number of their robberies and murders! Not only has this been done in private conversation, but even in public newspapers ; as though it were truly an honourable thing for Christians to fight and injure one another, and as though the greater the injury, the greater the glory. Some circumstances relating to the quarrel I have omitted to mention. The habitations of the two families were separated by a navigable lake, and both families were concerned in commerce. During their conflict they [Mareh 1, fitted out gun-boats, and practised. piracy on each other’s merchandize- Several captures were made on each side ; and in several instances the gun- boats of the different families met on the lake,—in which cases the most horrible fighting ensued. Perhaps no Algerines or Bucaniers ever fought with more deadly animosity than did these professed Christians; and, on which side soever a victory was gain- ed, the event was celebrated by a festival with savage and inhuman joy. Even since the professed reconcilia- tion of the two families, these piracies and victories on the lake have been openly made the subjects of exultation and triumph ! Ge Nor does the inconsistency of these families stop here: there are men in each of them who talk and write about a future quarrel, as though a succes- sion of these savage conflicts were as unavoidable, and as much to be ex- pected, as a succession of winters in. the natural world. They accordingly mention on each side the advantages they are likely to possess in the next , quarrel, which they had not in the last ; what greater means of annoyance or defence. Indeed, while professed friends to each other, they go so far as actually to prepare for another quarrel. This they do with as much deliberation and as little shame as they in summer prepare for winter. It would astonish an intelligent and unprejudiced stran- ger, to hear with what indifference, or rather with what pleasure, they talk about these future contests, as though fighting, injuring, and killing one ano- ther, were as free from crime as the purest acts of justice and beneficence. So complete is their delusion, that they seem to have no idea that such fightings result from their own lusts and passions, or that the most peace- able dispositions and conduct on their part could have any tendency to pre- vent the recurrence of hostilities. The extraordinary conduct which I have just mentioned is in perfect accordance with a popular article of their political creed,—an article for which they evince much more respect than they do for the precepts of their Saviour. The article referred to is this,—that preparing fir quarrels is the best means for preventing them. In reducing this article of faith to prac- _tice, they do not,—as some might be led to imagine,—cultiyate in their families 1823.] families “the meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price ;” they do not “ put on the whole armour of God,” that they may be able to withstand the temptations to quarrel,—to which they may be ex-~- posed by their own or each other's imprudence, or bad passions; they do not make it a point to be prepared, like true Christians, to ‘‘ overcome evil with good.” No; their preparations for quarrels are of an opposite charac- ter. They not only provide means for killing in self-defence, but means for the invasion, annoyance, assault, and destruction of each other, to gra- tify ambition, or to revenge wrongs. Their young men employ considerable time every year in learning the art of killing, and in rendering the horrid work of popular murder familiar to their minds, that they may not only be expert at the business, but unawed by its atrocity. Several persons in each family are set apart as professional fighters or man-hillers ; these spend a great part of their time in learning the various methods of injuring and destroying their brethren. They are educated in the belief, that “fighting glory is the greatest of all glories.” Allured by this ignus fatuus, and by the fatal pri- vilege of wallowing in vice, they are induced to. surrender their natural rights, to sink to the condition of slaves, and to spend their day of pro- bation in preparing to fight, or in fighting,—according to the dictates of their Patriarch. LETTER ly. It is obvious that these various me- thods of preparing for future quarrels are of the nature of menace and defi- ance, tending to excite and cherish jealousies and hatred between the families. They betray a want of con- fidence in each other, and an equal want of confidence in God, as the pro- tector of those who obey him. This is not all: these preparations for strife are adapted to cherish that haughty, vindictive spirit, from which hostilities naturally proceed. This they deno- minate the “martial spirit,” and re- gard it both as their glory and defence. It is a general sentiment in each family, that when the Patriarch says fight, it is so far from being sinful to shoot or stab a brother, that it is a duty. Thus the head of each family is supposed to haye power to super- ; A wonderful Narrative of Two Families. disease and death. 109 sede the commands of his Maker,— to change crime to virtue, and to authorize what God forbids. Hence, by the power of delusion, these two families are prepared to fight and shed each other’s blood, without any feel- ing of remorse or shame. He It must, however, be observed, that in their past quarrels, while each party declared itself to be innocent, each with truth accused the other of injus- tice, robbery, and murder. But this seems to have been done for the pur- poses of reproach, and to excite en- mity, rather than from any proper sense of each other’s guilt. For it was not uncommon for the fighters on one side to praise those on the other, as having bravely ‘‘ done their duty,” in their exertions to kill them! Another sentiment is entertained by each family, which has had a pernici- ous influence; namely, that the first offender in a quarrel is chargeable with all the evils which ensue. So the guilt of all the subsequent enormities is thrown back on the first offence, in a long train of moral evils. It hence becomes an important question with them, who was the aggressor? This of course is decided by each party in its own favour, and against the other. Thus the members of each family quiet their consciences in the perpetration of crimes of the blackest description. From the foregoing exhibition of facts and sentiments, you will clearly perceive that the expectations of a future quarrel between these families are but too well founded. For the opinions they entertain, the passions they cultivate, and the menacing course which they mutually pursue, as naturally tend to produce hostilities as constant exposure to an infected atmosphere tends to produce in men “Their feet are swift to shed blood; destruction and misery are in their ways; and the way of peace have they not known!” Hence, probably, will result all the necessity there ever will be for another quarrel between them. If no mention had been made of the fact that these families were profes- sors of Christianity, would you not have inferred, from the account given of. them, that they were “ Northern Barbarians,” — the worshippers of Odin? Alas! Christian families, not ashamed of long and bloody quarrels with each other! Not ashamed to boast 110 boast ‘of public robbery and murder ; and, like savages, to celebrate victo- ries obtained by violence! Not ashamed to praise and cultivate the fighting spirit, and to make prepara- tions before-hand for quarrelling, and for murdering one another! © To what part of the universe shall we go to find any thing more manifestly repug- nant to the spirit and example of Je- sus Christ? The narrative which I have given describes conduct so reprehensible, so unworthy of rational beings, so re- volting to the benevolent mind, that some may suspect that the whole is an extravagant fiction. But be assured, sir, that the facts were collected from well authenticated documents, with strict regard to truth, and without any disposition to exaggerate. I could give the names of the two families, and of their places of abode, if it were ne- cessary ; but as their reformation, and not their reproach, is the object of these letters, prudence requires the suppression of their names. I may however state, that these two families have, on many accounts, a very re- spectable standing in society, and that their Christian neighbours have generally adopted the same antichris- tian policy. LETTER V. You have now before you the con- trast which I promised between the pagans of Loo Choo and some profes- sed Christians of the Northern Hemis- phere. Isit not striking and humilia- ting? Is it not affecting to think that those uninstructed ‘gentiles do by nature the things contained in the law” of Christ, so much better than fighting Christians, who are favoured with the light of the gospel? ‘The son of man came not to destroy men’s lives, but to save them;” and a parti- cular object of his mission was— «Peace onearth, and good will among men.” But who would suspect this from the sentiments, the policy, and the practice, of such Christians as I have described? Would it not rather be supposed, from their example, that he came ‘to destroy men’s lives,” by promoting war on earth, and hatred among men? _ It is needless to say to you, that the narrative is equivalent to a minia- ture of the barbarous policy of the nations of Christendom. But, when the same policy is exhibited as exist- 3 A wonderful Narrative of Two Families. [March *; ing between two families, who does not perceive its antichristian character and pernicious tendency? And who is so blind as not to see, that if such a policy were to become general among the numerous families in every coun- try, it would render this world an in- tolerable hell of contention and mi- sery, and depopulate the earth like a general pestilence? Will not the inhabitants of Loo Choo rise in judgment against Chris- tian nations, and condemn them? They have “no knowledge of war, either by experience or tradition ;” “‘no warlike instruments,—not even a bow or an arrow;” nor do they need any. Why? They have surer means of defence. They have a pacific poli- cy; they cultivate kind and peaceful dispositions one towards another, and towards foreigners. These are more efficacious for the avoidance of war, than all the fighting apparatus of Christendom. See their powerful ef- fect on Britons, who had been trained up in the {science of destructiOn on- board ships of war. ‘‘'Thus,” says Dr. M‘Leod, who was a witness of the wonderful conquest obtained by the Loo Choos, “that proud and haughty feeling of national superiority, so strongly existing among the common class of British seamen,—which in- duces them to hold all foreigners cheap,—was at this island entirely subdued and tamed, by the gentle manners and kind behaviour of the most pacific people in the world.” Thus by example these heathens taught Christians how to ‘* overcome evil with good!” Would it not be well for Christian nations to send to Loo Choo for missionaries to come and teach them the spirit of the Christian religion, and the art of living “ peace- ably with all men?’ The two opposite kinds of policy which have been exhibited are re- markably distinguished by their fruits. The Loo Choo policy has for ages pro- duced uninterrupted peace. ‘The po- licy of Christendom has for ages pro- duced a succession of public hostili- ties, in which hundreds of millions have been slain, or reduced to extreme misery; and the intervals of temporary peace have been constantly employed in oppressive preparations for war. Under the Loo Choo policy “‘ crimes are said to be very unfrequent,” and severe punishments seldom, if ever, known. 1823.) known. Under the Christendom po- licy innumerable crimes have abound- ed; thousands of prisons have been filled with felons, many of whom were ruined in government-schools of de- pravity, or by the atrocious examples of rulers; and a multitude, which no man can number, have suffered capital punishments, or other punishments equally horrible. These different results are, in my opinion, the natural fruits of the diffe- rent species of policy. As every tree is known by its fruit, there can be no room to hesitate in pronouncing the pacific policy of the Loo Choos to be good, and the fighting policy of Chris- tendom to be bad. What reason, then, have the Christian nations to blush and to tremble in view of their flagrant apostacy from the very spirit of their religion! And how little reason have they to boast of their civilization, while savage war on their species is regarded by them as the highway to “the greatest of all glories!” or while “‘ one murder makes a villain,—millions a hero!” Yours affectionately, TELEMACHUS. —=—— For the Monthly Magazine. RULES of the BRITISH COTTAGE S0- SOCIETY, for the providing COTTAGES and LANDS for the USE of the La- BOURING POOR. fer Society to consist of an unli- mited number of members: any person, male or female, having liberty to become such by purchasing one or more transferable shares. New shares always to be on sale, and the price never to vary; but at all times to be 5l. each new share. Fixed at that price to prevent fluctua- tion, and to enable almost the whole population of the kingdom to become members, and thus have a stake in the welfare of it. The Society to be managed by a Court of Directors, chosen from the members; two to go out annually on the first Thursday in March, and two others to be elected on the same day to fill their places. No female mem- ber to have a right to vote at any of the public meetings, nor any male member, unless a holder of (twenty) shares. The Directors to make an annual report of the state of the So- ciety. ‘Lhe annual profits to be divided into nearly equal moicties ; one such moic- Rules for a Proposed Cottage Society. Mk ty, and the whole of the subscriptions, to be expended in the purchasing of lands and buildings, and erecting cot-, tages, and such other buildings as might appear most advisable to the Court of Directors; the other moiety to be divided among the members, according to the number of shares they hold. The whole of the lands purchased by the Society to be divided . into allotments,—for spade husbandry,— of from one to (five) acres each, to be let to annual tenants not holding any other lands. Such persons as have been tenants: of this Society, and their widows, to be entitled to annuities of not more than five per cent. per annum on one quar- ter of the rent they have paid the Society. 'Thus a tenant, who has paid 10/. per annum for forty years, (being 4001.) will be entitled to the interest on 100/.—say 51. per annum, and so in proportion. A committee of members to be chosen, wherever an estate is pur- chased, to correspond with the. Court- of Directors. = For the Monthly Magazine. On the MODE of PREVENTING SICKNESS’ at SEA; by T. FORSTER, M.B. F.L.S. BSERVING in a late number of the Monthly Magazine, an inge- nious letter on sickness at sea, I am induced to add my own experience, and a few remarks on that distressing malady. Lagree with your correspon- dent, that it is peculiarity of motion which causes the nausea and vomiting so often felt in a moving vessel; but I do not believe it depends altogether: on the proper motion of the ship, so much as on a certain motion made by the human body, induced by a sort of almost involuntary endeavour to ac- commodate one-self to the ship’s mo- tion. I first found this circumstance out, by perceiving that persons who held fast by the ropes or sides of the’ ship,—so as to move with all its mo- tions, and, in fact, make themselves for the time, as it were, a part of the moving vesscl,—were less subject to it than others who sat down at their ease on a chair. I found also for-) merly, before I became accustomed to the sea, that I could keep off the evil entirely by laying fast hold of the rudder or sides of any boat in which I happened to be, on the very first ine dication of nausea. When 112 - When a boy, I was particularly lia- ble to sickness from the motion of a coach, and I then found the same relief from holding fast by the sides of it, mstead of swinging forward with the motion of the carriage. For many years I have acquired a habit of sitting or standing in such a manner, in a moving vessel of any kind, as to move entirely with it, and thus by degrees lost entirely the disposition to sick- ness, I have of late years crossed the channel six times, in all different sorts of weather, and over very diiferently agitated surfaces of the ocean, without ever experiencing the sickness. In 1815 I eressed twice in open sailing boats: the first time in a very rough sea, and a breeze; the sceond time in a wallowing sea, without much wind. In 1816 I was in a storm, in a boat at sea, off Tenby, in South Wales, and prevented sickness by the above de- scribed means. In 1819 I made the passage in a eutter, in which all the passengers except myself, and even many. of the sailors, were sick. ‘The sea was ex- tremely rough, with a strong wind, almost a-head, and in gales. Return- ing the same year, in the packet, we had almost.a calm, yet several persons were ill. In the sammer of the present year, I crossed twice from Dover to: Calais in steam-vessels, with the wind on the beam,—the motion of these vessels being very different from that of sail- ing ships; and I was one among the very few who were well during the two voyages. Now, under all the above various circumstances, of different times and places, and of diflerent sorts of seas and of vessels, the chances are at least ten to one that any given person would be sick during some of the voy- ages, unless operated on by some powerfully counteracting cause. It must be admitted, too, habitual abstemious diet has contributed its good effects; and I have known many persons avoid sea-sickness by taking a dose of calomel and alvoés the day before their departure: but I believe that, cateris paribus, a large majority ef persons would be materially relieved by adopting the above mode of posi- tion,—not denying, at the same time, the useful remark of your correspon- dent, that certain motions might be substituted with elfcct, like the one described by him, ; Dr. Forster on the Prevention of Sea- Sickness. [Mareh 1, While I ascribe sea-sickness to motion, I am far from assenting to the opinion of Mr. Woolaston, in his. pa- per in the “ Philosophical Transac- tions ;” wherein he describes its effect as being on the blood in the head. I believe the effect is produced more immediately on the stomach, and rarely through the medium of the brain. . Hartwell; Dee. 11, 1822. —— For the Monthly Magazine. Who was APOLLONIUS of TYANA? ULIA Domna, the second wife of the Roman empcror Septimius Severus, is stated to have been the daughter of a high-priest of the sun, who was himself of royal descent, and who presided over the temple at Emesa, in Syria. _ These oriental sun-priests were not idolators or poly- theists, but adherents of the ancient church of Persia, which taught that God is the light, that the sun is his visible glory, and that fire, or, in the words of Hippocrates, that heat is a percipient emanation of his vivifying power, and, in fact, the soul of the world. King Abgar of Edessa, King Aretas of Damascus, the dynasty which reigned at Palmyra, and many other Syrian princes, were of this persuasion ; they recognized the same only God, who was worshipped at the temple of Jerusalem; and all claimed to be Abrahamites, or descendants from that great Hebrew nation, which under Cyrus acquired ascendancy over the Persian empire, and wnder Darius I. established exclusively their own religion in that country. ‘The massacre of the idolatrous priesthood, which Darius authorised, in order to introduce this Jewish reli- gion, is detailed in the ninth chapter of Esther, and was commemorated in the temple of Jerusalem under the name of the Feast of Purim. Hero- dotus gives other particulars of it, under the name of the Magophonia. This proscription introduced the ca- non of Ezra, or Zoroaster, as the sacred book of the entire Persian em- pire; in all the fragments of which it continued to be venerated, even after the dissolution of the original connec- tion with the temple of Jerusalem. The Syrian princes therefore were, as to religion, in fact Jews, and, like all other Jews, looked much into the Christian scriptures, which, wherever the Jews had settled, were. carried about 1823.] about by appropriate missionaries, and powerfully shook the ritual obser- vances of that people, as well as some of its spiritual doctrines. Itis highly probable, then, that Julia Domna, who was an accomplished woman, should have attended to the Christian writers, should have been converted by some Christian missionary, and should have wished a life of such mis- sionary to be drawn up at Rome, for the instruction of the occidental pa- gans. Septimius Severus, the husband of Julia Domna, was apparently himself a Christian. The account of his reli- giosity, given by Lampridius, is thus expressed :—“‘ Usus vivendi eidem hie Suit: primum ut si facultas esset, id est, st non cum uxore cubuisset, matutinis horis, in larario suo, in quo et divos principes, sed optimos electos, et animas sanctiores, in queis et Apollonium, et quantum scriptor suorum temporum di- eit, Christum, Abrahamum, et Orpheum, et hujuscemodi deos habebat, ac majorum effigues, rem divinam faciebat.” In this passage the name of Orpheus seems, indeed, to indicate a yeneration for pagan heroes; but, when it is. consi- dered how easily a pagan historian might be ignorant of the strange names of Moses and Ezra, it is not unlikely that Orpheus has been substi- tuted for one of these; and that all the deceased worthies, to whom. Septi- mius paid asecret and select devotion, were really saints of the Bible. At least it is certain that Caracalla, the son of Septimius and Julia, was brought up a Christian; that he took Marcia, a Christian woman, for his mistress; and that, during his whole reign, he more than tolerated, he- pa- tronised, the Christian party. That Julia Domna should have se- lected Philostratus, a platonising pa- gan and polytheist, to write the life of a Christian missionary, ought not to surprise, when it is considered, that such persons had the ear of the lite- rary world at Rome; and that it was there expedient for the imperial fa- mily apparently to belong to the reli- gion of the state, and rather to deno- minate their personal persuasions a philosophy than a religion. Now let us skim the narrative of Philostratus. Apollonius, on his mo- ther’s side at least, seems to have been born a Jew: Philostratus does not indeed. say this; but he makes the MonrtuHy Mac. No, 379. Who was Apollonius of Tyana 2 113 mother dream about Egyptian gods, which proves that she was not a Greek pagan. Tarsus was a city of Jews; and the medical colleges there import- ed their professors from the Serapeum of Alexandria, which under Ptolemy Physcon became a Jew-university. Apollonius is moreover stated to have understood the language of the Cadu- rians, that is, of the people of Jeru- salem. The continent morality adopt- ed by him during his youth is sympto- matic of adhesion to the pharisaic teachers of the Jews. He was edu- cated for the profession of medicine, and sent to study it at Tarsus. He professed, moreover, to cure insanity by casting out demons; and miracles of this class are repeatedly ascribed to him. At Ephesus he commands the stoning of the person who had brought the plague into the city,—a levitical form of punishment ; and the theology, which is ascribed to his braminical instructors, is pantheistic, like that of Philo. All these. things are Strongly symptomatic of Jewish habits of opinion. The remarkable personal beauty of Apollonius is stated to have drawn the attention of the governor of Cilicia, who was deposed for conspiring against the Romans; the Asian Jews, from religious. sympathies, inclined to carry the homage of their allegiance to the Parthians. Apollonius then under- took a journey; relinquished to. his brother a part of the family. inheri- tance, and visited Nineveh, where he hired a kind of servant, called Damis, who wrote a legendary account of his master, and who accompanied him to Babylon, where the sovereign, possi- bly through the recommendation of the governor of Cilicia, received Apol- lonius with distinction, partly on ac- count of his philosophy and eloquence, partly on account of his medical repu- tation. Apollonius is made to approach Rome during the reign of Nero; and he meets many terrified Pythagorean philosophers flying from the persecu- tion of that tyrant. Jews are fre- quently designated among Roman writers by the appellation of Pytha- goreans; and as it is not recorded of Nero that he persecuted any philoso- phic sect,—but it is.recorded that he persecuted the Christian sect,—this must have been the class of Jews who were flying in terror, and with whom Q Apollonius 114 Apollonius makes common cause. He is further stated to have visited in prison an endangered philosopher. St. Paul at this very time was imprisoned, and in danger of being martyred at Rome. Now as Apollonius was not merely the contemporary of St. Paul, but possibly his schoolfellow, having also received his early education in the Jewish academies at Tarsus; as they were both gentilizing Jews, and great travellers, and every-where preaching piety, and every-where curing disease; they must not only have heard of each other, but have met in life repeatedly, and have felt many sympathies. Is it not obvious to sus- pect that Apollonius, about the year 54, became a convert to the doctrine of St. Paul? Apollonius gave to his medical cures a marvellous turn, a legendary colouring, closely resembling the prac- tice of Christian apostles or mission- aries. Here is an instance in the words of Mr. Berwick’s translation of Philostratus:— What I am going to relate is set down among the marvel- lous acts of Apollonius. A girl, on the point of being married, seemingly died, whose bier was followed by him who was to have been ther husband, in all the affliction usual‘in like cases of interrupted wedlock. As she hap- pened to be of a consular family, all Rome condoled with him. Apollo- nius, meeting the funeral procession, said to the attendants, ‘Set down the bier, and I will dry up the tears which you are shedding for the maid ;’ whose name he enquired after. Al- most all the spectators present thought he was going to pronounce a funeral oration, like what is done on such oc- casions to excite compassion. But all he did was to touch the maid, and, after uttering a few words over her in a low tone of voice, he awakened her from that death with which she seem- ed to be overcome. She immediately began to speak, and returned to her father’s house, as Alcestis did of old when recalled to life by Hercules. The relations of the girl presented Apollos with 150,000 drachmas, which he in return begged to settle on her as a marriage-portion. It is as difficult to me, as to all who were present, to ascertain whether Apollonius disco- vered the vital spark, which had escaped the faculty ; for it is said that it rained at the time, which caused a vapour to arise from her face : or whe- Who was Apollonius of Tyana 2 ther he cherished anf brought back to life the soul, which to all appearance was extinct.” At the Serapeum of Alexandria, Apollonius is described as preaching ; and in that city he was honoured with the notice of Vespasian, who consider- ed his patronage as very important to a candidate for the Roman empire. Those miracles,—such as touching for the king’s evil_—which Tacitus and Suetonius relate of Vespasian, were probably organized by Apollonius. In the fifth book of Philostratus, he is re- presented as countenancing the in- surrection against Nero, and favouring the elevation of the Flavian family, which was the notorious policy of the entire Christian sect. After various peregrinations, Apol- lonius became stationary at Ephesus, where he exercised a sort of jurisdic- tion, much resembling that of a Chris- tian bishop. The share which he took in the deposition of Domitian was still more avowed and efficacious than that which he had taken in the deposi- tion of Nero. Such was his hatred against tyranny, that he bespoke at Ephesus the ‘‘ Ino” of Enripides, and rose in the theatre to apply and to applaud the seditious passages. The same spirit followed him into conver- sation and into the pulpit; and it was he who roused the whole empire from Greece to Rome. He ventured to de- signate Nerva, during the life-time of Domitian, as the fittest successor; and he voluntarily came to Rome to be tried for prophesying the purple to Nerva. During his stay there he preached repeatedly ; and, in the frag- ments given by Philostratus of his sermons, both the Jewish and the Christian scriptures are quoted. (Con- sult, for instance, p. 216 and p. 219 of Mr. Berwick’s translation of Philos- tratus.) This amounts to demonstra- tive proof, that Apollonius was be- come a Christian priest. It was a sort of public and avowed conspiracy that Apollonius conducted, —a conspiracy of public opinion against a justly odious tyrant; and when, in consequence of the alarmists having over-stated the treasonable charges against him, he was acquitted at Rome, the court of justice rang with acclamations, and loud shouts of joy rebounded from every square in the metropolis. The Christians were aceused of supporting this conspiracy, and of lending their temples to the propagation [March 1, 1823.] propsgation of discontent. It was Stephanus even, a Christian, who gave the death-blow to Domitian, at the instigation of Domitilla. Indeed Do- mitian, by the execution of his Chris- tian nephew, and heir-apparent, Fla- yius Clemens, had attacked not merely the religious liberties, but the ambi- tious hopes, of the Christians, and had disappointed them of seating an em- peror on the throne of the Roman world. If it be clear, then, that Apollonius was a Christian, a resident at Ephesus, and of great weight in the Christian church, his memory must have been also preserved in the Christian eccle- siastic records; and he can be no other than the Apollos who succeeded to St. Paul in the practical papacy of the Christian church, and who was the established bishop at Ephesus. This Apollos (the very name countenances the suspicion of identity,) wrote the canonical Epistle to the Hebrews; and, after he became bishop of Ephe- sus, took down there, in concert with Timothy, the testimony of John the Evangelist concerning Christ, and pre- fixed to John’s Gospel the proem, which in fact only repeats the intro- duction of the Epistle to the Hebrews. If there is any reason, from the nar- rative of Philostratus, to suspect that the life of Apollonius began in impos- ture, certainly it attained, ultimately, the rank of disinterested virtue. So many memorials had been preserved by Damis, respecting the harangues and discourses of Apollonius previous to his enrolment among the Christians, and later circumstances involved him in so many seditious transactions, that it might well appear inexpedient to the fathers of the church to give an account of his Acts after their own manner. They might rather wish him to be claimed by the Pagans than by themselves ; and this would account for the actual state in which the docu- ments descend to us concerning A pol- los, or Apollonius. —_— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HERE has lately been a common complaint amongst families, that have had their children vaccinated, of so many unsuccessful attempts to produce the disease, that it either ren- ders them repugnant to it, or makes them place less confidence in it than On Vaccination. 115 they otherwise would do; at the same time, it lessens their zeal for one of the greatest blessings of modern dis- covery. : It certainly is the case, that the failures are so numerous, and so very general, that I think it requires some little exertion on the part of medical men to discover the cause of so sin- gular a deviation; even in those cases that do succeed, the disease seems to be gradually losing its true character, and assuming a more spurious form. It does not seem at all probable, that the idiosyncracy of people can have so differed since its first introduction, as to render them less susceptible of vac- cination, when we find other diseases affecting the present generation with the same violence, and the same symp- toms, as in the past age: even the small-pox, which perhaps bears the greatest analogy to the cow-pox, does not seem at all changed in its charac- ter, and would no doubt spread its destructive influence with the same malignancy as it has done heretofore, were it not for the practice of vaccina- tion. Medical men, finding themselves disappointed in their attempts at vac- cination, generally attribute their failure to the matter being stale: but this cannot always be the case, neither would the complaint be so general. Indeed it is not so; for matter taken from one arm, and immediately in- serted into another, often either pro- duces no disease at all, or very slight symptoms of it. Many rest satisfied with their children having the cow- pox in this spurious manner, whieh, perhaps, in some degree accounts for many instances of small-pox occurring after vaccination. Should any of your medical readers suggest a remedy for this prevailing complaint, it would be rendering a service to his fellow-creatures. It appears to me, that vaccination has been gradually diminishing in its true character ever since it was first taken from.the cow, and will, in the course of time, entirely lose its effects, if not renewed by applying to its original source—the cow. Would not this, then, soon remedy the present evil, and would it not restore to the prac- tice of vaccination all its lost vigour? Jan. 13, 1828; T. K. Abington-street, Northampton. For 116 For the Monthly Magazine. THE PROGRESS of LIBERTY. For Freedom’s battle once begun, Bequeath’d from bleeding sire to son, 0’ baffled oft, is always won. Byron. HE friends of freedom ought nei- ther to be discouraged nor de- pressed on account of the reverses of the glorious cause, inasmuch as they are only partial and temporary. Institutions resemble animals and plants with respect to their growth: those that rise with great haste and Tapidity are seldom very durable; whereas suchas are established slowly, and matured deliberately, last for ages. Although Naples and Savoy found their nascent efforts crushed, yet it is pretty evident that their oppressors will not long be able to prevent their €mancipation; and as to Spain, Por- tugal, and the republics of South America, the die is cast, and there is not the smallest danger of a reverse, although there may yet be many diffi- culties to overcome. In the year 1775 (that is, forty-eight years ago,) the number of free men, that is of men living under free go- vernments, were— In the British dominions, about 12,000,000 In Holland pibidighae brs actos eeeee* 2,300,000 Tn Switzerland ..-+.--+e++*++ 1,500,000 Total number enjoying freedom in 1775 «+++ At this time the numbers are very different, viz. British subjects in Europe --- ' 15,800,000 + 16,000,000 United States of America ----11,000,000 French ------ Cece cccrescese 29,000,000 Dutch and Netherlanders ---- 3,200,000 South American Republicans, about .-.+..- veuebueese wae 13,000,000 The Brazils seesetoereocesseas 3,500,000 Spain ------+eeeeeee 9,000,000 Portugal bivice.a spiele alcin’e seeeees 2,500,000 es eeseeeee Total number enjoying Freedom in 1823 ---- Thus eighty-seven millions have arisen from fifteen in less than fifty years; and say arisen from, for the seeds of liberty have been carried from one free country to another, as visibly as ever animals or plants were pro- duced from their parent stock. The United States received their principles of freedom from Britain, and France received their’s from the United States. Spain owes her efforts in the cause of freedom to the French revolution, and South America to the ¢ 87,200,000 On the Progress of Liberty. [March 1, example of the United States. * Had not the unfortunate inhabitants of Switzerland lost their liberty, (not in name, but substance,) the number of people enjoying freedom in 1823 would have been very nearly six times as many asin 1775. The cause of free- dom is in abeyance in Naples, Sicily, and Savoy; but it will not long be so. The best prospect of all, however, arises from this, that the great armies kept up, in order to keep down liberty, exceed the expenses that the three great continental powers can afford. They are all borrowing money, and getting deeply in debt. They are either mortgaging their revenues, or their honour and credit, irretrievably ; and at the same time that their means of keeping down freedom decreases, the disposition of their subjects to resist increases: so that it is easy to see how the contest must terminate. This, however, is not all; for sove- reigns will probably soon make the discovery, that it is much better, every way, to reign over a free people than a people that are not free. There is not a demonstration in Euclid that is more clear: and pride, prejudice, to- gether with the flattery and persuasion of courtiers, are the causes that pre- vent sovereigns from seeing their true interest, and giving their subjects a reasonable share of freedom. Upon the whole, there is every rea- son to be satisfied with the progress of liberty for the last fifty years, as well as with the future prospects in its favour. F. LL. London ; Jan. 12, 1823. —>— . To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HERE is no kind of property in England that can so ably bear its proportion of taxation as ground-rent; nor is there any kind of property which the public can have so just a claim on for taxes. Where ground- rents exceed the ordinary rent of land, it is owing, in a great measure, to those laws which give encouragement to trade and commerce. It is the trade and commerce of England that have swelled out its capital, and many of its towns, to their present bulk; and with the protection it gives, the inhabitants of such places are enabled to pay so much more rent for the ground which they build their houses upon. Where 1823. ] Where land at particular places has arisen to an extraordinary value, does it not owe this rise to the government of the state? If it do, can any thing be more reasonable than for such pro- perty to contribute towards the sup- port of that government? Ata time like the present,—when parochial rates and taxes press so heavily on houses and lands, that little rental, and, in some instances, none, is to be obtained for the landlord,—what injustice it is that ground-rents, which are allowed to be the best and most secure property in the country, should not be subject to any of the burthens which the na- tion has to bear. Parochial rates are always charged, or, at least, are intended to be charged, on property. They are portioned out according to the value of the build- ings and lands, and their improved value. A piece of land, occupied as a market-garden, for the production of valuable fruits, &c. would pay more rates than the same quantity of land which grows wheat, or any other kind of grain; because a greater sum or capital would be employed on the one than the other. It is not the occupier ‘who is taxed, but the property. Small houses, for instance, are compelled to pay poor-rates, and all other parochial rates and taxes; although they may, at the same time, be inhabited by persons who are receiving parish-relief. This shows clearly that the rates and taxes are at least intended to come from those persons who are deriving an in- terest and profit from such like pro- ‘perty. But when we know that there are some who have landed property, which produces them hundreds and thousands of pounds a-year, and do not subscribe, directly or indirectly, one penny to the parochial rates and taxes in the parish from whence they draw these immense sums;:and when we know that, instead of taxa- tion lessening the value of their pro- perty, it encreases it,—we shall then cease to wonder what is the cause of the present discontent respecting it. Let highway-robbers be sanctioned by law to rob and plunder the weak and defenceless, and society will not ‘be more injured than by a system of taxation which consumes one descrip- tion of property, and adds a two-fold value to another. Suppose a person to have in a parish freehold houses or lands, let to te- nants-at-will, who pay him 100/. per 9 ~ Mr. Single on Ground- Rents and Taxes. 117 year. These houses or lands are sub- ject to parochial rates and taxes; and the tenants, perhaps, pay them. But, if the rates and taxes should increase to an amount which will cause a dimi- nution of rent, is not the landlord’s property diminished in value? and will not he then bear a share of the burthens of taxation? Now let us take another case. Sup- pose a person to have freehold land, in the same parish, that produces him the same rental in ground-rents. His land, we will say, is leased to B, who improves it, by expending a sum or capital of 2000/. on it, in houses, or any thing else. Rates and taxes in- crease; so much so, as will consider- ably reduce the value of property. This reduction alone falls upon B’s 2000/. ‘This must be all swallowed up before the ground-landlord’s can be any way reduced, because he pays no rates or taxes. “Therefore it is clear, that even two freehold landholders may have land in one and the same parish: the one, whose rents are preca- rious, pays taxes; and the other, whose rents are certain, does not pay any. Another example. In 1810 houses were very high in value: at that time A sold B, for 20007. a lease of a house, subject to a ground-rent of 40/. a-year. In consequence of the increase of tax- ation, the value of nearly every kind of property has fallen to about half its former price. This house, which was twelve years ago worth 1000/. is not now worth 200/.; but the 40/. a-year ground-rent is raised double in value ; for at that time it would only purchase about 80 bushels of wheat, and 407. at this time will purchase considerably more than 160. Yet this kind of pro- perty is subject to no parochial rates, and little or no tax to support the government, which gives the possessor of it such a decided advantage. This is not the only evil: for where we know that one person’s property is increa- sing, and another person’s decreasing, owing to a system of taxation, it must naturally create a disposition in one to oppose the government, and in the other to support it. Landholders or leasors, who have leased off their property, should ne- vertheless be subject to pay parochial rates and taxes, in proportion to the rent they receive, It would not inter- fere with the present mode of rating, nor add any more to the trouble or expense 118 expense of collecting; nor would it ever be kept secret, or be in any in- stance exempt from paying, so long as it be charged on the tenant, and the landlord compelled to allow him his proportion in rent. For example: A lets a piece of ground to B for 10/. a-year; B builds a house worth 501. a-year on it, which house is rated in the tax-gatherer’s books at 40/.: B pays all the rates and taxes, which are proportioned to this 401. a-year. When B pays his ground- rent, he says to his landlord, ‘‘ This property is considered to be worth 40/. a-year, and is rated at that sum in the parish-books; consequently, there is 10/. a-year of that your property, which you have to pay your proportion of in rates and taxes, and which I am allowed by law to deduct from your ground-rent.” Houses in general are not rated at the same rate as they let for, owing to repairs, risk of rent, &c. But the ground-landlord has no such expenses, nor any risks; consequently, his amount cof the rate may always be the same as he sum he receives. According to the present mode, two houses may be, together, of equal size and quality, the one a freehold, and the other a leasehold which pays a ground-rent of 10/. or 20/. a-year. The value of the freehold might be 10001. and the leasehold 500/. ; yet both are equally taxed: so that 500/. capital pays the same amount of taxes as 1000/. Hence you see that leases have thrown rates and taxes off landed property, and fixed them on the im- provements on it. They are at present impediments to the harmony of so- ciety; mere screens to shelter parties from the consequences of taxation. To cause a remedy, or removal of the evils, ground-rents should be compel- led to contribute to all the parochial rates and taxcs. Mile-end ; Jan. 17, 1823. THOMAS SINGLE. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE utility of that curious article called India rubber, has been much extended by the ingenious adap- tation of it by Mr. Francis Nalder, wholesale glover, of Cheapside, in his ‘patent gloves,” lately introduced to the patronage of the public. I have to acquaint you with a still more sin- Unnoticed Property of India Rubber, [March 1, gular property which it possesses; and that is, by dissolving it (by process of boiling,) into a sufficiently strong liquid state, it becomes a most excel- lent refined species of glue, indeed so superior to the common manufactured kind of that article, that an ingenious cabinet-maker, (an acquaintance of mine,) informs me, that furniture ce- mented with this species of glutinous substance, never gives way, or loosens in its joints,—which is too often the case with the glue made from animal paste. ENort. Cullum- street. a For the Monthly Magazine. THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. NO, XXVIII. The Edinburgh Review, No. 74. EF the Number of this journal now before us does not present in its pages such strong evidences of the “workings of a master hand” as those which have been visible in some of its early predecessors, it con- tains, notwithstanding, a_ sufficient portion of sterling talent to render it respectable; and enough of sound sense and valuable information to be considered deservedly interesting. Still we must acknowledge that this confession of its merits is rather ex- torted from our judgment, than freely conceded by our good-will; that we have been more than once conscious of something like an oppressive feel- ing in journeying through its contents, and that our arrival at its conclusion, if not attended with positive gratifica- tion, was at least unaccompanied with regret, We suspect that the cause of this comparative flatness in the present Number must be sought for in the in- judicious selection of subjects, which has certainly been made without a sufficient view to variety. Such, at least, we are persuaded, will be the opinion of that vast majority of read- ers, who would be led by turns “ from grave to gay, from lively to severe ;” and who will assuredly expect enter- tainment of a much more miscella- neous nature than the present Number of the Edinburgh Review is likely to afford them. Indeed the genius of northern criticism, elated with the success that distinguished the early part of his career, has appeared, for a long time past, much inclined to slumber on his post; nor has compe- tition 1823.] tition in this instance produced the effects that ordinarily result from it; since even the rivalry of the Quar- terly (which, in a literary point of view, has been pre-eminently success- ful,) has failed to do more than wake the Aristarchs of the Scotch metro- polis to an occasional degree of activity. Simond’s Travels in Switzerland form the opening subject of their pre- sent Number. Works of this descrip- tion,—tours, and voyages of every kind,—appear to be great favourites both with the Edinburgh and Quar- terly reviewers; who, in our opinion, too frequently bestow that attention on the writings of travellers to which the productions of other authors have, perhaps, a much superior claim. That mankind have been essentially benefit- ed by the labours and researches of enterprising and intelligent travellers, no man will deny; but we greatly fear that the aggregate of useful informa- tion obtained from the volumes pub- lished by most of our modern tourists, would, if fairly estimated, bear a la- mentable disproportion to that which ought to result from the time necessa- rily sacrificed to their perusal. But, if it be deemed indispensable by these trimestral critics, that their readers should have a yoyage or two presented to their attention in every Number, we may at least expect, that a judicious discrimination will be used in select- ing proper subjects; and this we do not think has been the case in the present instance. The most valuable travels, at least in well-known parts of the civilized world, are those which enable us to form the most correct estimate of the morals and _ political institutions, and of the general pro- portion of happiness and misery to be found among the inhabitants: any beauties of style, or picturesque de- scriptions of inanimate nature, can arrogate but a secondary praise, in comparison with the far more impor- tant merits which we have just men- tioned. If our opinions on this subject be well founded, Mr. Simond, though an acute observer and an elegant writer, cannot rank high as a contri- butor to our stock of useful informa- tion. His reasoning on national character and manners is that of a complete Pyrrhonist; and we cannot expect to be greatly enlightened on any subject by a writer, who, appa- rently incapable of overstepping the Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXVIII. 119 limits of doubting, seems to aim at so exactly balancing his statements and arguments, that he usually leaves his reader just where he found him. Set- ting aside these objections, we are quite willing to pay our tribute of praise to Mr. Simond’s talents as an author.* The succeeding article, on Vaccina- tion and Small Pox, is well written, and exhibits a complete acquaintance with the subject ; but we conceive that the labour bestowed upon it may be regarded as in great measure super- fluous. This long-agitated question appears to have been, for some time past, set pretty well at rest. The re- sult of long experience and attentive observation on the part of the faculty, if it has failed to realise, in their full extent, the sanguine hopes of the en- thusiasts for vaccination, has at least established the fact of its being highly beneficial. To regard vaccination as an infallible preventive against the occurrence of variolous distempers, is an expectation not warranted by ex- perience: but we think every unpre- Judiced person will admit, that those who have been vaccinated, if not exempted from after-liability to the small-pox, or chicken-pox, at least experience those disorders much more favourably in consequence. A review of Bracebridge Hall, the last production of the author of “the Sketch Book,” follows; and we beg leave to enter our unqualified protest against the excessive, we might almost say fulsome, praise bestowed upon the author. The reviewer attempts a la- bour gratuitously futile, in wishing to persuade us that the novel (if, indeed, it merits that name,) of ‘‘ Bracebridge Hall” is equal in merit to the Sketch Book; for he will find the tastes, feel- ings, and judgments, of every class of readers arrayed against his paradoxi- cal assertion. Nor do we conceive, that even the merits of the latter work entitle the author to the commenda- tion made use of by the Edinburgh critic. If such encomiums are to be lavished upon mere ease and elegance of writing, what have we in reserve for the more exalted powers of genius and imagination? We can appeal to our own pages in proof of our readiness to acknowledge to the full the literary advancement of our American brethren ; * A translation of M. Simond’s Travels filled one of the late Numbers of the * Journal of New Voyages and ay ut 120 Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXVIII, (March 1, but we are not inclined to push this feeling to an extent that might almost appear to sanction the modest mention made in a transatlantic journal, of “the sister lands that have given birth to an Irving and a Shakspeare !” The observations on Clerical Abuses, contained in the reviewer’s notice of the prosecution of Mr. Williams by the Durham priesthood, form in our opinion the most valuable article in the present Number ; and we recom- mend it to the attentive perusal of all who may be influenced, by early pre- judices, or the weight of prescriptive authority, to doubt the injury which the interests of true religion and sound morality have in every age sustained, from the vindictiveness and hypocrisy that have too frequently characterised a proud and oppressive hierarchy. The exposure of the flimsy and flip- pant attack upon the cause of Reform, made’ by the new premier in his speeches to his Liverpool consti- tuents, is acute and ingenious, but not, we think, complete. There was surely room for much more merited severity; but we consoled ourselves with the reflection, that the extreme weakness and palpable absurdity of what Mr. Canning’s partizans have, withan involuntary irony, denominated his arguments against reform, are such as to render any refutation almost su- perfluous. The article on French Poetry is particularly interesting, and claims our warmest commendation. It con- tains a most impartial investigation of the characteristics of the best French poets, with a most candid admission of their real excellencies; while it exposes, with admirable effect, the numerous vain and frivolous preten- sions of our Gallic neighbours; their propensity to mistake, the perversion for the improvement of nature, and hyperbolical exaggeration for genuine feeling and sympathy. The writer, whoever he may be, is entitled to the sincere thanks of every lover of the English muse, and every intelligent student of the principles of true poetry. The disputes that have arisen be- tween the Bishop of Peterborough and his clergy form the subject of the en- suing article; and the weapons of wit and ridicule are powerfully and suc- cessfully employed against the inju- dicious and intolerant conduct of the reverend prelate. Without unneces- sarily entering into the particular meé- rits of the present case, we may observe, that, though as decidedly adverse as Herbert Marsh can possibly be to the gloomy and comfortless doctrines of Calvinism, we deprecate any additions to those tests and exclu- sive interrogatories, which can operate to the disadvantage only of the con- scientious, and, while they may embar- rass the sincere Calvinist, can consti- tute no obstacle to the Atheist. The review of Wordsworth’s Tour is well written; but we deem the tourist, in his present abject and fallen state, unworthy even of being present- ed to public notice. This bard’s poli- tical and poetical reputation seem to have suffered a simultaneous eclipse: nor can he now claim even the praise of being that— Wordsworth unexcis’d, unhir’d, who then Season’d his pedlar poems with demo- cracy. The Bishop of London’s celebrated Charge, recommending the general promotion of ignorance, for the pur- pose of advancing the interests of reli- gion and virtue, next falls under the notice of the reviewer, who has be- stowed a severe and deserved castiga- tion on the narrow mind, the illiberal prejudices, and the insupportable dog- matism, by which the right reverend father in God has laboured to distin- guish himself from the first period of his elevation to the bench. An article on the subject of Parti- tions terminates this Number. It is written with great power of language, and soundness of principle; and, though the details of the dismember- ment of Poland are perhaps given with a somewhat tedious minuteness, the article in question is highly important, on account of the just, though melan- choly, picture that it holds out of the gradual, and, with respect to recent transactions, we may say rapid pro- gress, of the influence of despotic authority in Europe, by which the happiness of mankind in general, and the real interests of our own country in particular, have been sacrificed to the genius of tyranny and misrule, opposing itself, with desperate deter- mination, to the march of human in- tellect, and the efforts of genuine philanthropy. In concluding these remarks, we feel gratified at observing in the pre- sent Number of the Edinburgh Re- view, 1823.] Subterr anean Heat,—AImproved System of Road- Making. view, if not’ an equal portion of inter- esting matter or superior talent, the same fearless and consistent spirit of freedom, the same unsbrinking ad- vocacy of liberal principles, and the same correct discrimination on literary subjects, which have so long recom- mended it to those who have formed their taste upon classical models, and their political principles on the basis of true patriotism. —a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE question, as to whether the earth contains within itself any general source of heat, increasing downwards from the surface, as those crude and sceptical philosophers have maintained, who contended for a central furnace, out of which nearly all the solid superficial parts of the globe have been vomited in a molten state,—has of late been much enquired into and contested amongst the Cor- nish geologists and miners; by which the fact of apparent increase of tem- perature downwards, in the open spaces of deep mines in work, has been esta- blished, and some few isolated feeders of water have been found to enter these deep workings in a warmer state than more superficial springs; but Mr. P. Moyle, by his excellent observed facts and reasonings, insert- ed in some late numbers of the ‘‘ An- nals of Philosophy,” appears to have nearly set the question at rest, by showing the utmost probability, that adventitious causes, like respiration of the miners, combustion of the candles, oxidation of the newly-exposed mine- rals and rocks, friction of the machi- nery, and probably other unknown local causes of heat, have occasioned the variably high temperatures ob- served in deep mines whilst in work ; and that these same mines, when dis- used, and allowed to become full of water, aS numbers are, into which Mr. Moyle has sunk properly-con- trived thermometers, to a series of different depths, from 50 to more than 1000 feet under water; all of them concur in showing an almost uniform temperature, something helow the mean heat of the surface. Herland mine, one of the deepest of the disused mines on which Mr. M. has thus experimented, is fortunately about to be emptied of its water, and again wrought; and, on the other Monturty Maca. No, 879. 121 hand, Huet Abraham, one of. the deepest mines now in work, whose temperature has been well observed and recorded as amongst the hottest of the mines, is about to be disused, and become full of water; and on the results of the cross or counter experi- ments, to be hereafter made in these two mines, Mr. Moyle appears very properly willing to rest, for the proof of his assertions, that there is no na- tural increase of temperature down- wards. As to the hot-springs which occur, he says, ‘‘ While these prove the existence of causes sufficient to give them their high degree of tempe- rature, they prove at the same time, by their rarity, the local and adventi- tious nature of those causes ;” and, as to volcanoes, we may add, that their sources of heat are still more local and rare of occurrence. Wi. —=_—— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, A a time like the present, when, owing to diminished prices of all commodities, the depressed house- keepers are casting their eyes on every side, some to divert attention from the cause, and some others to evade the overwhelming pressure of the direful effects of proceedings not now to be recalled ; it is with real earnestness that I solicit your aid in the furtherance of an object calculated not only to diminish parish-burthens by furnishing ample employment to an infinite num- ber; but, in its prosecution, tending greatly towards the national advantage, as Wellas happiness. The comprehen- Sive view which the Monthly Magazine has ever taken of every means which is suggested for the, general good, together with the notice, a few months back, of some efforts relative to my present subject, induce me to endea- vour, through your medium, to more widely diffuse the immense advan- tages some districts enjoy by the adop- tion of a system of road-making and improving, upon the plan of John Loudon M‘Adam, esq. general sur- veyor of the Bristol district. The roads, under the above superintend- ance, have, in the proceedings of a Select Committee of the House of Commons, sitting in March and April last, been decided as superior in every point to any ever travelled, by the evidence of the greatest coach-masters in the kingdom, with the further advan- R tage 1122 tage of being made and kept at an ex- pense infinitely much less than the hitherto cheapest roads of the worst materials. As a public consideration, the adop- tion. of such a system is a matter of obvious necessity ; but the detailed ad- vantages, on the score of mere profit and loss. to the commissioners, great as they are, sink into nothing before the means which it presents of instant and profitable employment to fifty thousand families, whose existence is at present a fatally oppressive load on the community ; but whose labours, thus employed, would have an instant and apparently magical effect upon the drained resources of the country. Groaning as the kingdom is under the debt incurred for ends always de- precated by the enlightened and honest, and for which the vilest parti- zans have no longer a plea to offer, it is our still further misfortune to en- dure a heavy and increasing burthen created by the ignorant; and, in many instances, the wilful misapplication of a revenue raised for an end at once important and beneficial. The amount of tolls collected on the roads of Eng- land and Wales, in a year, is full twelve hundred and fifty thousand pounds ; and, upon those roads, the average amount of debt is about four hundred pounds per mile! The dis- trict upon which the system of Mr. M‘Adam was first brought into opera- tion, namely, Bristol, had, in the seven years previous, contracted a debt of twenty thousand pounds; this, added to an old debt of rather greater amount, the whole incurred within twenty years, presented a total against the roads of forty three thousand seven hundred and sixty pounds, together with a floating debt of about fifteen hundred. At the end of one year, and that highly unpropitious in point of weather, (1816,) Mr. M‘Adam had newly formed upwards of one hundred miles of road, besides widening and other essential alterations, had paid every expense, together with the inter- est on the enormous debt, had paid off the floating incumbrance of fifteen hun- dred pounds, had diminished the prin- cipal debt about eight hundred pounds, besides vesting three hundred and fifty in fund for improvements. On. the one part, we witnessed roads under in- dictment, and an average loss of near three thousand per annum; on the other, roads, the admiration of-every Mr. M‘Adam’s Improved System of Road-Making. { March 1 one, and a saving of near three thou- sand per annum ! Having, I trust, shown sufficient cause for my present intrusion of the system in the above detail of some of its advantages to the public, I will briefly point some of the local benefits arising from its adoption. One of the peculiar features of Mr. M‘Adam’s plan, is the preference of human labour to that of horses. Under the system which has brought such wide-spread- ing ruin upon the roads, the proportion of horse to human labour was as three out of four. Mr. M‘Adam has invari- ably reversed the position ; and, I need not expatiate on the immense oecono- mical advantage of such a change in the articles of general consumption, and still less on the appropriation of such means to the support of our fel- low-creatures in want, in preference to the use of that expensive and extra - vagant agent, the horse. In Mr. M‘Adam’s system, the efforts of mere children are capable of being rendered a source of profit to parents, to whom the first blessing of nature is at present in too many instances a curse. The feebleness of age, and the searecly greater strength of females, are made applicable to this judicious mode ; and the reply of Col. Browne, a commissioner in the Cheshunt trust, may be accepted as a general answer to objections: ‘‘ Mr. M‘Adam readily employed all the poor we sent, and there is not in the whole parish a sin- gle man unemployed.” On the Epsom road, the parishes ex- perienced the same relief, besides a reduction in tolls of from two shillings and eight-pence to one shilling. I will now give you Mr. M‘Adam’s ideas of what a road should be, and then his means of making it what he describes; and never, certainly, did the result more amply justify the means. A road [ consider as an artificial floor- ing, forming a strong, smooth, solid sur- face, at once capable of carrying great weight, and over which carriages may pass without impediment. In the neighbourhood of London the roads are formed of gravel; in Essex and Sussex they are formed of flint; in Wilts, Somerset, and Gloucester, limestone is principally used ; in the north of England, and in Scotland, whinstone is the principal material; and in Shropshire and Stafford- shire, large pebbles mixed with sand. Excellent roads may be made with any of these materials. The gravel of which the roads round London 1823.) London are formed is the worst ; because it is mixed with a large portion of clay, and because the component parts of gravel are round, and want the angular points of con- tact, by which broken stone unites, and forms a solid body. The loose state of the roads near London is a consequence of this quality in the material, and of the entire neglect, or ignorance of the method, of amending it. A road’ near London may be made as smooth, solid, and easy for cattle to draw carriages over, as the road near Bristol; and the London road so made will last longer, and consequently be less expensive, than the Bristol road, because the materi- als which may be obtained are more dura- ble, and may be procured at less expense. Flint makes an excellent road, if due attention be paid to the size; but, from want of that atttention, many of the flint roads are rough, loose, and expensive. Limestone, when properly prepared and: applied, makes a smooth solid road, and becomes consolidated sooner than any. other material ; but, from its nature, is not the most lasting. Whinstone is the most durable of all ma- terials; and, wherever it is well and judi- ciously applied, the roads are compara- tively good and cheap. The pebbles of Shropshire and Stafford- shire are of a hard substance, and only re- quire a prudent application to be made good road materials. On the other hand, the Scottish roads, made of the very best materials, which are abundant and cheap in every part of that country, are the most loose, rough, and expensive, roads in the United King- dom, owing to the unskilful use of the material, The formation of roads is defective in most parts of the country; in particular the roads round London, are made high in the middle, in the form of a roof, by which means a carriage goes upon a dangerous slope, unless kept on the very centre of the road. These roads are repaired by throwing a large quantity of unprepared gravel in the middle, and trusting that, by its never con- solidating, it willin due time move towards the sides. When a road has been originally well made, it will be easily repaired. Such aroad can never become rough, or loose; though it will gradually wear thin and weak, in pro- portion to the use to which it is exposed ; the amendment will then be made, by the addition of a quantity of materials prepared asat first. As there will be no expense on such road, between the first making and each subsequent repair, except the neces- sary attention to the water-ways, and to accidental injuries, the funds will be no longer burdened with the unceasing expen- diture, at present experienced, from con- Mr. M‘ Adam's Improved System of Road- Making. 123 tinual efforts at repairing, without amend- ment of the roads, Observations by John Loudon M‘ Adam, pre- sented to a Committee of the House of Commons, June 14, 1811. 1. That the present bad condition of the roads of the kingdom is owing to the inju- dicious application’ of the materials with which they are repaired, and to the defec- tive form of the roads. 2. That the introduction of a better system of making the surface of roads, and the application of scientific principles, which has hitherto never been thought of, would remedy the evil. In illustration of these positions, I beg to observe, that the object to be attained in a good road, as far as regards the sur- face, is to have it smooth, solid, and so flat as that a carriage may stand uprighit; these objects are not attained by the present system, because no scientific principles are applied ; but it is presumed they are per- fectly attainable in all parts of the country. Stone is to be procured in some form in almost every part of the kingdom, anda road made of small broken stone to the depth of ten inches, will be smooth, solid, and durable. The materials of which the present roads are composed, are not worn out ; but are displaced: by the action of the wheels ef carriages upon stones of too large a size: the wheel does not pass over the materials of which the road is formed, but is con- stantly, almost at every step, encountering an obstacle which must either give way and be removed, or the carriage ‘must be lifted by the foree of the cattle so as to surmount it; in either case the road is in- jured, and the carriage impeded; and the injury and impediment will be great in the exact proportion to the number and size of the obstacles. The size of stones fora road has been described in contracts in several different ways, sometimes as the size of a hen’s egg, sometimes at halfa pound weight. These descriptions are very vague, the first being an indefinite size, and the latter depending on the density of the stone used, and nei- ther being attended to in the execution. The size of stone used on a road must be in: due proportion to the space occupied bya wheel of ordinary dimensions on a smooth level surface: this point of contact will be found to be, longitudinally, about an inch; and every piece of stone put into a road, which exceeds an ineh in any of its dimen- sions, is mischievous. The roads in Scotland are worse than those in England, although materials are more abundant, of better quality, and la~ bour at least as cheap, and the toll-duties are nearly double; this is because road- making, that is, the surface, is even worse: understood in Scotland than in Sl 3 y 124: By a late discussion in parliament on the subject of mail-coaches paying toll, it was universally allowed that the roads in Scot- land were ina deplorable state, and in their circumstances, bankrupt. Directions for Repair of an Old Road. No addition of materials is to be brought upon a road, unless in any part of it be found that there is not a quantity of clean stone equal to ten inches in thickness. The stone already in the road is to be loosed up and broken,-s0 as no piece shall exceed six ounces in weight. The road is then to be laid as flat as possible, a rise of three inches from the centre to the side is sufficient for a road thirty feet wide. The stones when loosened in the road are to be gathered off by means of a strong heavy rake, with teeth two and a half inches in length, to the side of the road, and there broken, and on no account are stones to be broken on the road. When the great stones have been re- moved, and none left in the road exceed- ing six ounces, the road is to be put in shape, and a rake employed to smooth the surface, which will at the same time bring to the surface the remaining stone and wiil allow the dirt to go down. When the road is so prepared, the stone that has been broken by the side of the road is then to be carefully spread on it— this is rather a vice operation, and the future quality of the road will greatly de- pend on the manner in which it is per- formed. Thestone must not be laid on in shavels full, but scattered over the surface, one shovel-tull following another, and spreading over a considerable space. Only a small space of road should be lifted at once; five men in a gang should be set to lift it all across: two men should continue to pick up and rake off the large stones, and to form the road for receiving the broken stone, the other three should break stones—the broken stone to be laid on as soon as the piece of road is pre- pared to receive it, and then break up another piece ; two or three yards at one lift is enough. The proportioning the work among the five men must of course be regulated by the nature of the road; when there are many very large stones, the three breakers may not be able to keep pace with the two men employed in lifting and forming, and when there are few large stones the contrary may be the case; of all this, the surveyor must judge and direct. But, while it is recommended to lift and relay roads which have been made with large stone, or with large stone mixed with clay, chalk, or other mischievous materials, there are many cases in which it would be highly unprofitable to lift and relay a road, even if the materials should have been originally too large. Mr. Tatem on the Management of the London Bridges. [March 1, When additional stone is wanted ona road that has consolidated by use, the old hardened surface of the road is to be loosened with a pick, in order to make the fresh materials unite with the old. The only proper method of breaking stones, both for effect and economy, is by persons sitting ; the stones are to be placed: in small heaps, and women, boys, or old men past hard labour, must sit down with small hammers and break them, so as none shall exceed six ounces in weight. Every road is to be made of broken stone, without mixture of earth, clay, chalk , or any other matter that will imbibe water and be affected with frost, nothing is to be laid on the clean stone on pretence of binding ; broken stone will combine by its own angles into a smooth solid surface that cannot be affected by vicissitudes of wea- ther, or displaced by the action of wheels, which will pass over it without a jolt, and consequently without injury. —_— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, Au bridge being about to be “A built in the room of London- bridge, it may not be an improper time to submit to the public, through the medium of your very liberal and useful Magazine, the following plan, for the management of all the bridges within the metropolis. ist. That the five metropolitan bridges (viz. London, Southwark, Blackfriars, Strand, and Westminster,) be vested in trustees appointed for that purpose, 2d, That a small toll be laid upon all carriages, horses, and cattle, passing over any of the said bridges ; and, 3d. That the several tolls so collected be applied to the repairs of the said bridges, and the surplus appropriated to the redemption of the interest of any per- sons having property therein. Having thus briefly stated the out- line of the plan, I shall proceed to the detail of the particular parts, and trust that I shall be able to show, that mi- nisterial patronage will not be in- creased by the appointment of this Board of Commissioners, and that the public will be considerably benefitted, although a toll should be imposed. It cannot but appear extraordinary, that all the bridges in the metropolis do not belong to the state; but, as the two which have been recently erected (the Strand and the Southwark,) have been built by the subscription-funds of companies established for that purpose, and as the tolls collected upon them are received by the companies, those bridges may, with the strictest pro- priety> 1823.] priety, be deemed private property. Now, though this may be degrading to the country, and a censure upon the government, yet justice requires that the claims of the individuals interested in them should be rendered secure, until they shall be fully satisfied by redemption, and the bridges become the property of the state. For the purpose of effecting this, all the said bridges should be vested in trustees ; to consist of the knights of the shire for the counties of Middlesex and Surrey, the representatives in Parlia- ment for the cities of London and Westminster, and the borough of Southwark, the Lord Mayor of the city of London for the time being, the rectors or vicars of the several parishes in which the bridges respectively stand, together with four inhabitants of each of those parishes, who should be elected at a general meeting of the parishioners, specially convened for that purpose, and who should continue trustees only so long as they shall re- Side or possess property in the pa- rishes by which they have been elected. With a trust thus constituted,— which would consist of upwards of fifty persons of the highest respecta- bility ; for, as those elected by the different parishes would, most_pro- bably, be chosen on account of their talents, or the large property they held in those parishes, there would be very little to apprehend, lest the trust should be guilty of any breach of duty; and the number of trustees would be too great to be easily brought under the influence of go- vernment,—of all evils, that most to be deprecated. The tolls to be taken on the bridges should be on the lowest scale possible : but which tolls should be paid weekly, if the tolls are held by the commis- sioners; or, if let,—which, perhaps, would be most advisable,—the rents should be paid monthly into the cham- ber of the city of London, to the ac- count of the Chamberlain, who should be the treasurer to the trustees, and have a seat at the Board ; and, for the performance of which duty, he might be allowed a small per centage,— which allowance, together with the salaries of a clerk and a surveyor, would constitute all the permanent expenses of the trust, and could not amount to any large sum. The inte- rest of the sbhare-holders, of life-an- nuitants, and also on bonds, having 2 Mr. Tatem on the Management of the London Bridges. 125 been paid, together with the amount of any repairs which might have been necessary, the balance to be invested in government-securities, until a fund of 10,0002. shall have been established ; which fund should be constantly kept up, to be applicable at any time to extraordinary repairs ; and the surplus which ‘shall be thereafter remaining, at the close of every year, to be ap- propriated to the redemption of the interests of the persons having pro- perty in any of the said bridges; such persons to be paid off in the same manner, and the same rotation, in which any of the companies, or other public bodies, now having the ma- nagement, shall have engaged to do. The accounts to be made up at the end of every year, and laid before Parliament some time in the month of March; and, in order to give further publicity, published in the London Gazette, showing how much has been redeemed, and the amount of the un- redeemed debt. When the whole of the claims of private individuals shall have been satisfied, the tolls wholly to cease, the commission to be dissolved, and the bridges afterwards repaired at the expense of the state, by vote of Parliament. It must be obvious to every one, that much convenience would result to the public, by rendering all the bridges equal with respect to the ex- pense of passing over them. At pre- sent the free bridges are crowded to excess, and the loss of much time and property is sustained by the public; but, were the same tolls payable on all the bridges, it would be immaterial which bridge was passed over, and that which led most directly to the place to which carriages, &c. were going, would consequently be used. The loss in horses, either killed or rendered unserviceable, on Black- friars-bridge, annually, is said # be very considerable: that this has been increased, by the great number of Carriages constantly passing over it, together with its declivity, cannot be doubted. As it is not proposed to lay a toll upon foot-passengers, only those would have to pay who received benefit from the ease, safety, and expedition, with which the bridges could be passed ; and even that expense would entirely cease as soon as the bridges became the property of the state. Harpenden, Heris, J. G. Sige @ 126 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, LTHOUGH I generally agree, both in sentiment and opinion, with your correspondent Common SensE, I nevertheless believe he is mistaken in attributing the present domestic miseries of the country to “the circumstance of taxes and rents being collected in one place, and spent and accumulated in another,” as stated by him in your Number for December. The first step towards finding the remedy for an evil being correctly to ascertain the cause, it is of essential importance that the one under present consideration should be tracetl to its source; for, unless this be done, and an adequate remedy applied, it is more than probable that the present severe distress will increase, until it lead to consequences which no reflect- ing mind can contemplate with com- posure. In endeavouring to controvert the above-mentioned opinion of Common Sense, it will be necessary for me, in the first instance, to confine myself to that class of the receivers of taxes and rents who reside in this country, or rather in London and its neighbour- hood; for, if I understand the mean- ing of Common Sense, if they were scattered over the country at large, the present misery would not exist. With regard, then, to this class of in- dividuals, I hold it to be perfectly immaterial to the interest, both of the agriculturist and manufacturer, whe- ther they continue to reside in and near London, or are dispersed as above mentioned; and that the total amount of the currency of the country will in both cases be the same, seeing that in both instances they will con- sume the same quantity both of agri- cultural produce and of manufactured goods; that their supply will be drawn from the same source, and the same amount paid for it; the only differ- ence being, that in one case the con- sumer will have to pay the expense of the carriage of it to London, and not in the other. I consider this to be a conclusive argument on the subject, as far as this class of persons is concerned: I will not, therefore, notice them further se- parately, but will proceed to the other class, that is, those rent and tax re- ceivers who reside abroad. I will allow that their living there is injurious Defence of Non-Residents. —Tax- Receivers. [March 1, to this country, inasmuch as it causes the weight of taxation to fall heavier on the diminished number remaining at home to bear it: but the natural re- medy for this injury is not, as Com- mon Sense proposes, to tax the absen- tees heavily, or at all;* but to render this country as cheap, or nearly so, as the others of Europe, for them to re- side in. I have travelled in five or six coun- tries on the Continent; and, as far as my own observation goes, and as far as I can judge from conversation with my countrymen who reside there, I have no hesitation in saying, that, if this were effected, their great induce- ment to a foreign residence would be removed, and we should have no cause of complaint on this head; and it is with great satisfaction that I believe the accomplishment of this desirable object is now in progress, and will, at no very distant period, be completed. However, to return more immedi- ately to my subject, Common Sense appears to be aware that diminished prices are the immediate cause of the evil in question, and that these are occasioned by the diminution of the amount of the currency or circulating medium of the country: but he does not explain to us how the payment of taxes and rents to non-residents can produce the effect of diminishing this amount. None of these individuals consume the money they receive; and, although the value of the whole of the exports of this country must be as much greater than it otherwise would be, when compared with that of the imports, as the amount which these non-residents spend out of the coun- try ; yet this difference is not transmit- ted * Our correspondent does not consider the practical operation, and does not ap- pear to have read the previous papers of Common Sense. The prices in the local markets depend on the circulation at the spot. This diminished, that is diminished. Again, the price in a thousand local mar- kets governs that of the metropolis, and depreciation becomes general. The re- medy is to confer ubiquity on the expendi- ture, and either compel the receivers of the taxes to re-spend on the spot, or, what is the same thing, to borrow of them, asa public loan, an equal amount, and spend it through the country by the agency of contractors. The means are the same, un- der different forms, though the latter is followed by ruinous obligations. —En1TorR- 1823.] ted in money, but in merchandize and manufactures; for it is, I believe, an undoubted fact, that for several years past we have imported bullion from the Continent in much greater quan- tity than in the several years pre- ceding. The circumstance of these non-residents living abroad cannot, then, account for the diminution of the circulating medium. It is very true that, if they were all at once to return to this country, the consumption of agricultural produce must be some- what increased; but, I conceive, not sufficiently for the prices to be sensibly affected by it; and Common Sense himself will, I think, acknowledge, that the effect which would thereby be produced would not restore prices to the standard at which they were four or five years ago. Besides which, as the great reduction of prices has taken place in this period, in looking for the cause of it we must direct our atten- tion to some circumstance which has occurred, or, at least, which has been brought into operation during this time ;* and will Common Sense advo- cate the opinion, that the number of the tax and rent receivers, who reside in and near London, and out of the. kingdom, has so much increased du- ring the last four or five years, as to have occasioned the very great altera- tion in prices which has taken place in that time? The idea appears to me pre- posterous ; and yet, unless it be seri- ously entertained, it appears to me that the position of Common Sense is untenable, J.S. M. Jan. 9, 1823, — For the Monthly Magazine. ORIGINAL LETTERS of a late ADVEN- TURER to the CAPE of GOOD HOPE. iv may be necessary to premise, that the writer of the following is an intelligent man, who has seen much of the world, without profiting by it in a pecuniary way. He has a good ac- quaintance with agriculture, a general * It is extraordinary that our reasoning correspondent does not perceive, that the absence of loans and the suspension of con- tracts is the peculiar cause in question. A loan of twenty millions spent over the na- tion is equivalent to the local residence of the tax-receivers ; and, to keep up prices, we must have local residence, or loans spent by contractors, to counteract the drain of taxes from the provinces to Lon- don,—Epitor.. Letters of alate Adventurer to the Cape of Good Hope. 127 knowledge of trade ; and, having pass- ed a year or twoin the wine-countries on the Rhine some time ago, thought of turning his knowledge to account, and pushing his fortune at the Cape, by endeavouring to improve the wines of that colony, should he find encou- ragement from the native vine-growers. Nov. 20, 1821. Since I have been here, I have found the unfavourable anticipations of your friend H— partly realized, though certainly, I will admit, not to the extent he asserted; yet, as far as respects myself, I have little to say in favour of this country from personal success,—from which the generality of people form their judgments, and pronounce sentence accordingly. I am not, however, one of those who are speedily cast down; my spirits, thank heaven, are as buoyant as ever, or I should have sunk long ago under the pressure of what I must still esteem misfortune rather than imprudence ; notwithstanding of * * * *, who should have given me more assistance in life than they have done: but I have done with complaining. I need not say much of the voyage hither; though I suppose something is requisite in order to satisfy you all, and carry you with me in idea across the Ailantic. It lasted just eleven weeks; some calms near the line hav- ing retarded our progress for ten days, which was infinitely more tolerable than some stiff breezes, as the sailors say, though I should call them gales, experienced just after quitting the English Channel. We touched at Madeira, and re- mained four days, seeing all that was to be seen, and taking in about twenty tons of wine, mostly for the private use of the owners of the Isabella. It is certainly a picturesque island, and the climate is doubtless very fine; but the cultivated portion is not near what I expected: the soil is of a sandy or light red colour, the hills steep, and their sides, perhaps for this reason, better adapted to the vine, which, ac- cording to all accounts, came origi- nally from the island of Candia, in the Mediterranean. The vineyards are not so numerous as, from the quantity of wine called after the island, might be supposed; neither are they large, nor, in my apprehension, well con- ducted ; though I have not had, I must confess, sufficient opportunity to form any 128 any decisive opinion whether, under all circumstances, they could be ma- terially amended, considering the ge- neral ignorance of the people, the:rude construction. of their utensils, the apparent carelessness of the culti- ators and operators, and that general want of finish, of neatness, of accu- racy, of (if I may say,) perfection, which the eye of an Englishman in- Stantly discerns in most foreign manu- facturing processes. If the people, however, are unenlightened, they are not therefore a whit more honest in managing the staple article of trade than their neighbours in other places. Ihave been informed of many tricks played with it, though pretty strict re- gulations to the contrary exist against such practices; here, as in other places, different qualities of the same article are produced,—some, indeed, very bad; and these are too often mix- ed with the very best qualities. It is also undoubted, that the mercantile houses here engaged in the trade,—of which there are several,—offend in the same way to a considerable extent; and, therefore, though you buy wine in the island, it by no means follows, as with port-wine at Oporto, that it must necessarily be good. _ An instance of the influence of friendship in this trade occurred not long before I left London. Mr. G—, a merchant there, a particular inti- mate of one of the partners of an emi- nent house here, wrote for two pipes of the best, for his own use, by a vessel in which he was partly concerned: the wine arrived,—was waited for with impatience, valued by anticipation as arare acquisition; but, alas! though one pipe proved merely tolerable, the ‘other was actually so bad as to be un- fit for their private use, and was sold for something: more than half its ori- ginal cost, without reckoning ex- penses. By some of the merchants the pro- duce of the vineyard is contracted for when on the ground; and, having many others in the same way, and from different districts, and of course of various qualities, qualify them as they think proper. Itis, L believe, not denied, that the wine of no one parti- cular vineyard. or vintage. can be pro- cured perfectly genuine; and the practice is justified, by its tending to improve the whole. The Malmsey is certainly delicious ; especially when drank, as J happened Letters of a late Adventurer to the Cape of Good Hope. {March 1, to do more than once, from a private cellar, where it had been mellowing: to a good old age. There is another species, uncommonly rare, and of course highly prized; the name does not occur to me at this moment: it was principally reserved for ‘the use of the royal family of Portugal, a few of the nobility, and some of the governor’s friends. Very little reached England, though I recollect having heard of it twice at noblemen’s tables on parti- cular occasions, where a few odd bot- tles were prized as a great treat. Malmsey is commonly sold from 901. to 110/. per pipe;. London particular Madeira from 601. to 75/,; London Madeira about 50/. We did not touch at any other place, but saw the Canary islands at a dis- tance; the wine of which, I may re- mark,—at least some particular spe- cies of it,—is often substituted for Madeira in England, and on the con- tinent of Europe; and. occasionally requires a good judge to distinguish the difference. : ir The land of Southern Africa was a ‘welcome object after such a continued monotony of sky and water. Our . amusements had little variety : | catch- ing sharks, albicore, and bonetta; now and then some large sea-birds, with a hook and line kept floating astern; pacing the deck; eating and drinking ; and listening to the songs, and some long-winded stories, of the sailors, which smacked not a little of the mar- vellous. It was remarkably fine when we first saw the land, (toward the end of September,) and fully calculated on getting in néxt day. At day-light, however, when not far from Robin island, which lies: in the mouth.of Table-bay, a violent south-east wind came gushing directly out of the bay like a torrent; and, continuing for two days, drove us back considerably, till the captain found out he was in the vicinity of Saldanha-bay, in which we afterwards anchored for a short time. Thisis a dreary part, and tend- ed to give mean unfavourable opinion of the country. The anchorage is a poor one, and the country around a barren sand, studded here and there with fern, a few green spats intermix- ed, like so many rocks in the sea; some huts at a distance, most of them untenanted, except by jackals, wolves, and other. wild beasts, at. night, and occasionally by stray cattle, and be- wildered sportsmen or hottentots, too ; , fatigued 1823.) fatigued to seek for a better habitation. The neighbourhood, however, is not wholly deserted; there being two or three respectable farmerssome miles off. The wind at length being favour- able, we made good our entrance into Table-bay,' which presents a great contrast to that which we had so un- expectedly visited. On the left, after passing Robin island, appear the Blew- berg, or blue mountains, from their summits being tipped with that colour, and skirting in some spots a not un- fruitful country. On the right is a level plain, called Green-point; in the rear of it the Lion’s head and rump, the extremities of a mountain so called from their resemblance; and beyond these, again, the Table-mountain, re- markable for its steep front towards the bay, and flat summit, whence the name is derived. Between the base of this and the water lies Cape-town, extending to the beach, very pleasant- ly situated, well-built; the streets wide, clean, airy, and running at right angles; altogether uncommonly neat, —I may say handsome,—and infinitely superior ‘to any thing that might be expected. I do not, indeed, recollect any place in England, for the size, equal to it in simple, yet substantial, comfort, cleanliness, and good ap- pearance; always remembering, that elegance is not aimed at. ' On presenting my letters to Mr. R—, he received me kindly ; but, aftersome conversation and enquiries, I found there were many obstacles in the way of accomplishing my purpose. The improvement of their wines was, he remarked, a very essential object, and one which would impart more benefit to the colony than any thing he knew; but the mode of setting about it very doubtful, even were the practicability more manifest than it had yet appear- ed. Government could not of course, in such a matter, which was one purely of private trade, interfere otherwise than by recommendation, which had been often tried with no great effect, though it was unquestionable, that, within the last fifteen years, the quality Was much improved by slow and gra- dual means. No sudden innovation would do. The Africanders, as the natives are called, possess all the ob- Stinacy, with the same tenacity for old usages, which distinguish a simple people, and particularly their ancestors from Holland. A vineyard could not be created in every part of the colony, Montuty MAG. No, 379, Letters of a late Adventurer to the Cape of Good Hope. 129 from the great varieties of the soil; and, were the ground favourable, the expense would be very great. Pro- perty of this kind seldom changed hands, and therefore could not be bought, even if my capital was suffi- cient,—which it was not. As for a partnership in such a concern, there was as little likelihood of that: there was no. circulation, no continual change of property, as in more popu- lous and polished countries; and the people were so connected by inter- marriages, that there were numbers of relations always at hand, to prevent the necessity of engaging with a stranger. Many of the wine-boors (or farmers ) were not enlightened men, and neither estimated fully the value of improve- ments, nor would, perhaps, go to any additional expense to attain them; my services were therefore not likely to be sought by the offer of a salary. These particulars were communicated in so friendly a manner, and with so many explanations of the local man- ners and peculiarities, that I could not but feel obliged, though disappointed. He invited me to dine; directed me to a boarding-house, where strangers are accommodated for three rix-dol- lars per diem; offered the use of his horse to ride about, and view the: vi- cinity; saying, at the same time, he would make every enquiry with re- spect to the feasibility of my plans, from others who knew more of the subject; and had no doubt. that he could give me letters to several of the Wine-farmers, whom I might visit, and sound as to their inclination for being assisted by my advice and experience. At present, therefore, 1 am doing nothing, except making myself ac- quainted with the people, language, and country; for, though English is gencral in this town, it is not so at a distance, whither I mean to bend my steps very soon. In these points £ have not been idle: either mercantile or agricultural pursuits would suit me, were there a favourable opening. There are several respectable English firms here; indeed I may say all are English; but, among the majority, no great opulence. To the partners of two of these 1 have been introduced bya Mr. Y—, a fellow-passenger, who holds a situation under government, or, at least, isto do so, Living is ex- pensive here: as in every other place, it is necessary to make some show ; DS) but 130 but1 cutclose whenI can. * * * Be assured I shall leave nothing un- done, where there is the least proba- bility of success. What you have so kindly lent ought and shall, if possi- ble, be wisely used. A vessel from the whale-fishery sails in two days for England ; and, as this does not occur every day, I forward you all the news Lam master of. Remem- ber me aflectionately to * * *, LETTER II. Dec. 30, 1821. *= * * * A few days ago I was introduced by Mr. E—, one of the partners alluded to in my last, to Mr. S—, one of the first wine-merchants in town: his credit is good, his stock ex- tensive, and his cellars very well ar- ranged. The whole pleased me.much, though it is true there are many defi- ciencies. The prices, however, ex- ceeded my calculations, and perhaps the value of the article. I found some as high as sixty and seventy rix-dol- lars the half-aum (about nineteen English gallons); varying, according to quality, down to twelve and fifteen rix-dollars. Constantia ranges from 100 to 140 dollars: these are the retail prices. Cape Madeira is a mere name; there being, in fact, no such thing without admixture. The great body of the commodity is called Steen wine; and this, when originally of good quality, and kept for a few years, becomes really very fine: I have drank it at Mr. R—’s table most ex- cellent, fit for any epicure, however nice, if called by another name; but, as things in general receive the least honour in their own country, it is often slighted here for execrable black-strap, called port, and other inferior foreign wines,—valued only because they are foreign, and of course expensive. My friend is above this affectation; to an aum he adds about six gallons of Ma- deira, when laid down in the wood: in this he lets it remain for about three years, sometimes longer; then bottles it for a year; and he thinks it then as good as ever it will be. I must con- fess, my Own opinion is, that it does improve: some of his eight-year-old pleased me beiter than his four. ' Mr. S—, finding 1 knew the busi- ness, Was more unreserved than per- haps he otherwise would have been. ‘IT could not, however, expect to learn all the secrets at once. All wine is examined by inspectors and tasters appoinied by government, and is not permitted to quit the custody of the Letters of alate Adventurer to the Cape of Good Hope. [Marels 1 ¢ maker till at least six months old, or more. After arriving in Cape-town it commonly requires further prepara- tion; the native spirit used for this purpose is execrable stuff, and conse- quently diminishes the quality of the wine: formerly the latter, from bad management, sometimes became sour, without a due admixture of Cape brandy; but that is not the case now. I observed to him, that a great defect in their wines was a want of pleasant flavour: he admitted it, and said he had often tried to counteract the earthy taste generally remarked by strangers, though not with complete success ; it was, however, much diminished, and, if not owing to the soil, of which he was afraid, might in time be overcome, He jocularly added, that it had another essential fault in England,—that of being too cheap. Its native body he thought equal to the majority of white wines ; their strength, which English- men seemed all to cry out for, was well known to be an aflair of art, and might therefore be arranged according to the taste of the owner: for his own part, he liked a genuine wine, free as circumstances would admit of the ad- dition of spirit; and such the Cape wine was. In this I perfectly agree with him. ; Soon afterwards I accompanied a young Dutchman (or Africander), a friend of Mr. R—, who was going on a sporting visit to Mynheer R—, a wine-boor in the district named Dea. kenstein; to whom I was furnished with a letter of introduction. ‘The old man received us cordially, but quite unceremoniously ; gave my companion some hearty thumps, as proofs of, friendship,—shook me very cordially by the hand,—pushed me into a chair, —asked me how long I was from Eng- land,—how I liked the Cape; and, call- ing a pretty mulatto girl, produced a bottle of snaps or spirits,—of which, whether right or wrong, I was com- pelled to swallow a glass previous to: a repast, which he said was an old custom in the colony, and called Dr. Snell; I suppose from some graye me- dical professor. The evening was passed at cards with some tolerably pretty girls, chiefly of his own family, whose names | found at first some dif- ficulty in pronouncing, but whose good nature made ample allowance for a stranger. They are in- general, per- haps, not what we term perfectly well- bred, but not more so than farmer’s daughters of the second class im our own 1823.] Meteorological Diary kept at the Cape of Good Hope. own country, at a distance from the metropolis; reserved in general to- ward strangers, and attentive to their domestic duties. In the morning he took me over his vineyard, which occupies about six or seven acres. The vines are trained low to the ground, the fruit in a great measure resting on it. I asked whe- ther this might not impart that earthy taste so much complained of? He thought not, but it might be so; how- €ver, it was difficult to manage the Vines otherwise, as, if raised, they be- came exposed to the violence of the south-east winds, which were common- ly very destructive. It is remarkable that the fruit itself,-—fine, large, and agreeable, as any I ever tasted,—has none of this flavour; it exists only in the wine. I found, on further enquiry, that they were not particular in strip- ping the grape from the stalk, or in separating the ripe from the unripe ; a proof at once of negligence and ill- judgment. Many other parts of the process are equally rude; quantity is more prized than quality, an error 131 that greater commercial expericnce will correct; and much of the labour is confided to slaves, without the strict superintendance of the master. The casks are also dear, not good, and, aS far as I can learn, ill-prepared for the reception of the wine. The season for making it is February, March, and April; at which time I am invited to examine and assist in the operation: the grape even now looks well and abundant; I have enjoyed it much. I find there are imitations of hock, vin- de-grave, bansac, and many others of that description, besides port; none of them very good. The plain steen- wine is the best: I again recommend it strongly to you for general use, as wholesome and genuine, — superior, when procured from a good house, to the meagre brandy-and-water sold in London under the name of sherry. I am making myself acquainted with the colony, (having, unluckily, no other employment,) and shall, by the next vessel, send you the result 6f my observations,’ * * * # METEOROLOGICAL Diary, hept at Swellendam, Cape of Good Hope, for May 1822, THERMOM. BAROMETER, DAYS, ; Maxim.] Minim. Maxim,| Minim. Ge OS Bo Ss] N.W. | N.N.W. [Dispersed clouds, breeze, 1 | 293 | 29 yt 2 | 29 28] 29 91 Ww 3 | 29 34] 99 3 : 4 1293] 299 5 | 29 2h 99 gt 6 | 29 23 99 9 7 | 293] 99 9! 8 | 29 13) 294 9 | 29 24) 99 of 10 | 29 31] 29 3 11 | 293] 293 12 | 29 2] 99 » 13 | 292] 29 2 14 | 29 23! 29 of 15 |293| 298 16 | 29 33, 29 31 17 | 29 33| 99 3 18 | 29 24) 29 of 19 | 292] a4 20 | 29 31 993 a1 | 29 51! 99 5 22 12951] 99 4k 23 1292) 28 2 24 | 292] 994 25 1291/9291 26 12951295 27 | 29 4h 29 44 28 | 29 4k 29 4 oO REMARKS, ee —_—, Rain in the evening, Cloudy, a fresh breeze. Idem, and strong wind, Clear and calm, Cloudy, a light breeze. Dispersed clouds, calm, -fldemi, and little wind. Clear and calm, 132 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE truly important document which concludes the Supplement of your last volume is at this moment of immense importance to the people of the United Kingdoms, in showing them who it is, out of the 658 inmates of St. Stephen’s Chapel, who are the best entitled to their confidence; and who they are whom the people may justly reproach with having, in the two last sessions, woefully neglected, or gone counter to, their duty. liis a very melancholy considera- tion, that out of the fifty questions of great public interest, which are parti- cularized in pages 642 to 644, as hav- ing been discussed and decided in the sessions of 1821 and 1822, three only of these questions* found majorities on the popular side; and these were mere majorities, perfectly unlike the * These are marked J, f, and No. 30, in the pages referred to. On Parliamentary Attendance and Votes. [March f, overwhelming numbers which the mi- nister commanded on almost all the other questions. 1 want words for adequately ex- pressing the obligations I feel to those gentlemen who have been at the pains to collect, and to him who has arranged and published, the names of the mem- bers voting on the popular side on each of these fifty occasions; and, espe- cially, for ascertaining and recording the names of those who voted with ministers on fourteen of these occa- sions; showing, at the same time, the connexion of all the foremost of these with the loaves and fishes, which the crown so prodigally dispenses. One thing only seems wanting in the documents you have inserted; and that is, a list of the patriotic members, arranged in the order of the numbers of votes they have severally given on the fifty questions mentioned ; and this I beg now to present to your readers, divided as follows :— 1.—The Names of Forty-four British Worthies, who, in capacity of Representatives of the People, in the Sessions of 1821 and 1822, gave attendance at the decision of at least one- half of Fifty Questiuns of vital importance, and voted thereon, as their duty to their Con- stituents required ; distinguished the Number of Votes by each. Forty-five Votes. Hume, Joseph. Thirty-three Votes. Smith, William, Twenty-eight Votes. Moore, Peter Forty-two. Thirty-two. Newport, Right Hon. Sir Bennet, Hon. Henry G. Barret, Samuel B. M, John, bart. Forty-one. Martin, James (+) Twenty-seven, Ferguson, Sir R. C. Palmer, Charles F. Althorp, Viscount Wood, Matthew. Thirty-one. Bright, Henry (p) Thirty-nine. Denman, Thomas Dennison, William J. Hobhouse, J. Cam Lennard, Thomas B. Ellice, Edward Robinson, Sir George, bart. Thirty. Lushington, Dr. S. Wilson, Sir Robert T. Robarts, Abraham W. (p) | Maberly, John (p) Thirly-ecight. éRobarts, George J. Price, Robert. Bernal, Ralph Twenty-nine. Twenty-five. Ricardo, David. Thirty-four. Brougham, Henry §Davies, Thomas H. (p) Hutchinson, Hon. C. H. James, William Monck, John B. Creevey, Thomas De Crespigny, Sir Wm. C. Honeywood, William P, Whitbread, Samuel C, Twenty-eight. Calvert, Charles Duncannon, Viscount Birch, Joseph Burdett, Sir Francis, bart. Ebrington, Viscount Lambton, Jolin G. Macdonald, James Nugent, Lord Williams, William. [§, t, and p, will each of them be considered as some abatement from the merit of the names to which they are here affixed: the first indicating a placeman, and the others denoting adverse votes given on some one of the fifty questions, as is particularized in your Supplement. ] U.—The Names of Eighty-seven Representatives of the People, who were present and voted on the Popular Side, of from one-fourth to. one-half-in number, of the Fifty Questions before mentiond. Twenty-four Votes. Grattan, James ‘Scarlett, James. Twenty-three. Crompton, Samuel Leycester, Ralph ¢Maberly, William L. Twenty-three Votes. Sefton, Earl of. Twenty-two. Benyon, Benjamin Calcraft, John Guise, Sir W. B. bart. Hamilton, Lord Arch. Twenty-two Votes. Normanby, Viscount Rice, Thomas S. Rumbold, Charles E. Stuart, Lord Pat. J. H. E. Tierney, Right Hon. Geo. Twenty- 1823.] Twenty-one Votes. Benet, John Griffith, Jolin W. Western, Charles C. ‘Twenty. Abercromby, Hon. James ‘Concannon, Lucius Majoribanks, Stewart O'Callaghan, James Wyvill, Marmaduke. : . Nineteen. Carter, John Haldimand, William (+) §Hill, Lord Arthur Jervoise, George P. (p) Mackiniosh, Sir Jas. bart. Sykes, Daniel. Seventeen Votes. ¢ Blake, Sir Francis, bart. §Coffin, Sir Isaac, bart. ~ Heyvon, Sir Robert, bart. Hurst, Robert §Johnstone, William A, Phillips, George Powlett, Hon. Wm. J. F. Rickford, William (p) Stanley, Lord Webbe, Edward (p). Sixteen. Allan, John H. Boughey, Sir John, bart. Bury, Viscount Fitzgerald, Lord Wm. C. §Hughes, William L. On Parliamentary Aitendance and Votes. 133 Fifteen Votes. Maxwell, John (+) Pares, Thomas Power, Richard Pym, Francis Ridley, Sir Matt. W. bart. Tavistock, Marquis Taylor, Michael R. Titchfield, Marquis (+) Whitbread, William H. Fourteen. ¢Bentinck, Lord Wm. H.C. Brown, Dominic Clifton, Viscount Curwen, John C. Milbank, Mark Newman, Robert W.(p) §Palmer, Charles Eighteen. Ord, William Byng, George Smith, Hon. Robert Dundas, Hon. Thomas ‘Folkestone, Viscount ‘Graham, Sandford Kennedy, Thomas F. Phillips, George R. Russel, Lord John Calvert, Nicholas Scott, James. Colburne, Sir N.W.R. bart. Seventeen. Beaumont, T. W. Thad in like manner drawn out the names of all the members who are recorded in your Supplement, as hay- ing given votes on the popular side of any of the fifty questions above refer- red to, from twelve votes each down to a single vote ; but, besides the bur- thening of your pages with too many names, the printing of them here would, in a degrce, take from the honourable distinction which I wish to see bestow- ed on the 132 names* already men- tioned: I shall therefore briefly, and in a tabular form, state the principal remaining results, as follows :— * These 132 names (with the exception of F. Lawley,) will be found alphabeti- cally arranged in p. 657 of your Supple- ment; mixed with 54 other names, part of the 101 persons who had given from twelve to four popular votes each on the fifty juestions. It hence appears, in a body of 658 “persons, each and every one of whom had taken upon himself a sacred trust, to act for the people, as ihe constitu- tional check on the other two branches of the legislature, that, during the dis- cussions and decisions on fifty impor- tant questions, affecting the people’s rights or property, only 408 of those persons, or 62 per cent. of the whole body, have, as to these questions, given even one single vote in the peo- ple’s favour; and that 100 of these had Tennyson, Charles Warre, James A. Williams, John. Fifteen. §Barnard, Viscount §Fitzroy, Lord Charles Gaskell, Benjamin Ramsden, John C. Rowley, Sir William Smith, Samuel. (p, t,) Thirteen. Barham, John F. Cavendish, Charles C. §Cavendish, Lord H. F. C. Lemon, Sir Wm. bart. (p) Lloyd, Sir Edward P. bart. Smith, John, III.— Particulars as to the Votes, less than thirteen in number, individually, which 276 Members gave, in support of Fifty Popular Questions, as above. S l222| Se 2eglece2 ~ oy VSpaloueiovss ars No.of [S222 28|. 52/8 oa(e eas ; Popular |S=S|S SSS izesizes logs VoteseachiI4@ 5>|seHzul S45) Seelses ae ae altel sae —ecaas 12 7 a 2 — 4 ll ll 7 4 1 5 10 6 3 3 = 6 9 12 ll 1 _ 2 8 12 10 2 si 6 7 10 5 5 1 i) 6 14 8 6 = 13 5 11 3 8 1 20 4 18 7 1] 3 3] 3 25 2 2 6 68 2 50 2 48 ll 137 I 100 5 95 37 5 ums. . 27 68 208 60 Do.inListI1. 88 69 19 10 Do. in Listl. 44 38 6 2 otals . 408 | 175 |293 | 72 JI only so given a solitary vote, chiefly in favour of Catholic emancipation (ec in col. 6, in the Sup.) That out of these 408 persons, only 175, or less than 27 per cent. of the whole body, had placed their conduct entirely above suspicion, by rejecting the pay, and never voting with* the opponents of popular rights. It ~* Tt must be observed, however, that evidence on the head of adverse votes is ouly afforded us as to the fourteen Md the 134 It further appears, that out of these 408 persons, 72 receive pay, being more than 17 per cent. of them, whilst in the first list presented above only 2 out of 44, or 43 per cent. appear on the pay-list ; in the second list above, 10 out of 88, or about 113 per cent. are paid: in the third list above, 60 out of 276, or near 22 per cent. receive pay; and from your Supplement it appears, that 192 persons out of the whole body, undoubtedly, must be influenced by the pay dispensed by the crown, being more’ than 29 per cent. of the whole 658 individuals. London ; BRITANNICUS. Feb. 5, 1822. =e To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, AS’ important paper has been lately pretty generally circulated, on “the comparative nutritive properties of food,” said to be the joint production of Messrs. Percy and Vauquelin, two members of the French Institute. I am not,sure if you: have it in your Magazine ; though, even if it should be there, I request its repetition, for the sake of introducing afew remarks, should you think them worth the insertion. Every 100lbs. are found to contain as follows of nutritious matter :— Breadsscescccecsssccosccceseess B0lbs, Butchers’ meat «+--++-+ Ca vt eeee es SF om French beans (in the grain)--+++-- + 92 — Broad CO, ss cccesenccasseceses 89 — Pease. -cecscscecesrecsesessesss G3 — Lentils «-sccececesceece pecessee 9O4— Greens and turnips, of solid, nutritious substance +++: coor 8 — GHETOER (nde = |e aisieldo sine ves sTajepeseiptad Aircsee Potatoes evcccecscccserssseenee Q— Thus ilb. of good bread, is equal to 24 or 3lb. of potatoes ; 75lb. of do., and 30lb. of meat, are equal to 300 of do. ; or 2lb. of do., and 5 oz. of do., to 3lb. of do.: 11b. of potatoes is equal to 4lb. of cabbage and 3lb. of turnips; Ilb. of rice, broad beans, or French beans, (in the grain,) is equal to 3ib. of potatoes. the fifty questions, the minorities only having been recorded as to the other thirty-six questions. In the present ses- sions I hope and entreat that efforts may be made to record the votes on both sides of every important question which may be decided, and that the practice will become annual of publishing similar abstracts to those which now your Journal contains. Mr. Lueckcock on the Nutritive Properties of Food. [March 1, Such are the terms used in the state- ment from which I copy; anda sub- ject of more vital or universal interest cannot well be imagined, as no human being can exist to whom it will not apply, either to the state of his health or his pocket; but this universality renders it necessary that it should be well explained and understood. In the first place, though there is no reason to doubt the quarter in which the paper originated, yet a few corro- borating facts would be more satisfac- tory than the mere ipse dixit of nobody knows who; and, it would be well to have it stated, what additional infor- mation was connected with the original statement. The authors may, or they may not, have displayed the basis or principles on which their theory is founded ; and, till this is made known, no person who habitually thinks for himself can give his assent to it, how- ever high and respectable the authority from which it emanates. The most penetrating minds are sometimes de- luded in their calculations and hypo- theses, or entangled in the mazes of an exuberant imagination. One great - man asserts, that the saltness of the ocean proceeds from the perpetual though insensible supply of this mine- ral, which is washed down in the fresh water of the rivers. Another has eal- culated, (ashe thinks incontrovertibly,) how many hundreds of centuries will be necessary to increase the diameter of our earth the sixteenth part of an inch, by the accumulation of the solar rays. Another talks of a comet being 10,000 times hotter than red-hot iron. Most of our philosophers agree, that the attraction of the: moon is suffi- ciently powerful to distort the form of the earth by the elevation of the equa- torial seas, and yet this prodigious power is not capable of moving the smallest particle of the floating eider- down. An innumerable throng still remains in spite of the growing intelli- gence of the times, who will pertina- ciously maintain the absurd doctrines of Transubstantiation and the Athana- sian creed. And our courts of (soi- disant) justice are.still bigotedly and barbarously punishing the body for fancied errors of thehead. So invete- rate are early prejudices, and so faith- ful in delusion is that mind which. takes even truth upon trust, and with- out examination. For these reasons, I wish to be informed, what I am to un- derstand by the term ‘“ nutritious matter,” matter,” that I may form my own opi- nion as to the correctness of the state- ment; and, till this is done, a reasona- ble and allowable scepticism must oc- cupy my mind. One of the articles I could readily approve, without farther investigation, having long been of opi- nion that butcher’s meat was rated ex- travagantly too high in the scale of diet; so that, in the present estimate, it seems a fair sample of the imparti- ality of the writers. Ihave read much, though, I acknowledge, not very satis- factorily,of farina, saccharine, gluten, &e. as being the basis of animal nutri- ment in theory; but I have not been fortunate enough tomeet with sufficient vouchers for their application, as mat- ters of fact or experience. Our paper of reference says, greens and turnips contain so many parts of “solid nu- tritious matter ;” is it meant by this, that the solid matter, as far as it goes, is equal in nutriment to the solid mat- ter of the lentil? If so, there needs no calculation in the case; but any pressure, that should scparate’ the aqueous from the -solid substance, would give the result at once: if not so; then what is the difference, andon what properties are the assertions founded? Again, having supposed them to have analyzed the substances in question as expert chemists, and given their opinion as men of unques- tionable veracity, yet, still it is de- sirable we should. be able to trace their experiments on the human frame, and on that of the lower order of animals. To proceed methodically, would it not be well, first to ascertain what portion of our food should necessarily be nutritious to sustain the body, either in mental or corporeal exertion, or in astate of comparative inanity ; and then, iow much is requisite of the inferior quality, to keep the stomach and intestines in a state of openness and tension, without possessing the properties of nutriment? Were these two points settled upon something like a rational hypothesis, a new door would thus be opened to infinite inyes- tigation and improvement. The per- petual renoyation of the blood through allits ramifications does not appear to require the supply of much solid mat- ter; and the excretions of perspiration, &e. being all fluidity, may well be sup- posed to be fed by the penetrating ac- liyity of the vital air, combined with the atmospheric moisture, IL make no Mr. Luckcock on the Nutritive Properties of Food. 135 pretences whatever to chemical know- ledge, as connected with animal life; but have always been disposed to. think, that more nourishment is de- rived to the human frame from the Water we variously imbibe, than phy- siologists have generally been aware of; and that the solid aliment we take operates principally in decomposing that water, so as to render it fit for the purposes of animal life; and, passing through the system, produces, in every stage, some portion of this beneficial effect. In the vegetable economy this principle is, I believe, generally ad- mitted, as experiments are more easily made, and the results more obvious; and, the closer we draw the analogy between animal and vegetable nutri- tion, the nearer perhaps we approach to the truth. i If 3lbs. of good bread may be consi- dered as sufficient for a day to sustain a man ina state of health, (as our pri- sons can abundantly verify,) then, allowing the statement of Messrs. P. and VY. in any degree to approach cor- rectness, four-fifths of this, or nearly 23lbs., will be of that quality which they consider as supplying nutriment. But are they, or any other persons, prepared to say, that a much smaller quantity would not answer the same purpose, if alloyed with a sufficient portion of inferior aliment? . The arti« Cle of carrots, which has always been considered as highly nutritive, from its abundance of saccharine, may well be brought into the comparison. This is said to contain but about one-seventh part in nutriment, or about 7 oz. in 3lbs.: how easy. would it be to make the experiment, to ascertain if 3lbs. of carrots would not keep a convict in as good a state of body as 3lbs. of bread; and, by foilowing up the result, to learn exactly what proportions would best suit in all circumstances. Some years ago, during a severe scarcity, it was a subject of much public enquiry, whether it was most economical to use fine or coarse bread; and I forget whether it was the decision of a com- mittee of the House of Commons, or some other great public body, that, as fine flour would take a much larger quantity of water than that which was coarse, in the same proportion was fine bread the cheapest. ‘Ihis might be a right conclusion as far as the enquiry went, but it did not meet the question to its full extent. If, by the addition of some other su)stance, notuntfriendly lo 136 to subsistence, the 3lbs. of fine bread could be increased to 6, and the nutri- ment still, ef each Ib., be found suffi- cient, or equal in effect to its pure state, why throw away the difference? 1 am aware, however, that I am tread- ing on delicate ground, and that the cupidity of the rich wants no new Sti- mulus for encroachment on the rights and comforts of the poor ; let us, then, turn the application of the subject to the brute creation, as here it may be made available without such ob- jections. Suppose a cow to consume (I speak by conjecture,) 24lbs. per day of the green or succulent vegetables; this quantity would be said to contain but 2lbs. of “solid nutritious substance,” or about one-twelfth part of the whole: but does not this evince a most egre- gious fallacy? The animal: has not only to draw its own support from this 2ibs. of nutrition, with the addition of water only, but can supply an average of twelve quarts, or more, daily, of a substance, which, perhaps, of . all others, contains the most nutrition of any which Nature so bountifully pre- sents to our acceptance. Is it possible to reconcile this with the theory of nu- triment exhibited in our scale; and ought not this consideration to put us ou our guard against any speculations not well-grounded on actual experi- ment, well-connected and persevering- ly maintained? -If the calculations of Messrs. P. and V. have a fair claim to our assent on accurate principles, it ought to follow, that about 2ibs. of len- tils; mixed with some other substance, if such could be found, that should serve only as a vehicle to the nutri- ment, would produce the same result as the total mass, or. 24lbs. of the cow’s juicy store ;_or, in other words, that of the 24lbs., there are 22 parts that supply no nutriment at all. Of what, then, should this extraneous supply consist, to make the result serviccable as lessening the demand for the highest quality of food for gencral purposes, or in‘cases of urgency and famine? It is well known, that much of the northern population of Europe depend on the bark of, trees for their daily bread; and, if this supply answers the pur- pose, however humbly, for ihe suste- nance of human life, why not suppose that most of our English timber might be pulverized, so as to become a fit article to mix with the nutritive matter that might be concentrated from Mr. Luckcock on the Nutritive Properties of Food. [March , every source within our reach for the food of cattle? Might not even some of the fat and argillaceous soils be ad- mitted into the mixture? Many ofour bakers, if the public papers do not grossly belie them, use considerable quantities of chalk, or plaster-of-Paris, in their bread, without its being per- ceived, or even suspected, by the consumers ; and the nutritive qualities of salt, though a mineral, are univer- sally admitted. If the horses in this kingdom (as I believe may easily be proved,) con- sume the produce of more land than the whole population of human beings, who will say, that any attempt to re- duce that consumption is not desery- ing the public attention? That this is not only practicable, but easy to ac- complish, ina very great degree, Tam well convinced. The generality of mankind “live to eat, instead of eat- ing to live ;” and, while this propensity remains, no wonder that less attention should be paid to the quantity than to the quality of our food, and that so little should be understood of its pro- perties. Byacommunication of mine through your Magazine, (see vol. 43, page 400,) I shewed, I think incon- testibly, that our principal articles of food depend more on our good nra- nagement for their nutritious qualities, than on any inherent properties with- outsuch preparation. I there proved, that 6 ez. of Scotch barley might be made sufficient for the daily food of a healthy man; and yet it appears to me, that bread, having undergone the fer- mentative process, could not, by any contrivance or ingenuity, be made to produce any increase of nutriment be- yond ifs common value. These are striking faets; and, as my statement has never been controverted, I am more confirmed in my opinion, as well as from subsequent observation and ex- perience. On this, however, I shali make no farther comment, than merely to notice, that; though the barley, pre- pared as directed, is improved in its nutritious qualities in so extraordinary a degree, yet, the same article and quantity, taken in the way of common preparation, would quit the stomach, and pass through the intestines, with no more than ordinary effect. ‘The exerement of a horse, compared with that of a cow, scems to exhibit a much more imperfect digestion ; but his gene- ral food, consisting principally of grain, might, no doubt, by a similar process as 1823. } as that of the barley mentioned, be made to be equally productive in its effects. These are hints thrown out for the consideration of whoever may think well to take them up. It ap- pears to me impossible but that we must have some dreadful re-action succeeding to the present state of de- mand and supply in the article of food. The common working of natural events will always subject us to occa- sional and alarming fluctuations; and, experience woefully teaches .us, that Memoir of the late Dr, Hution. 137 the blundering mismanagement of ve- nal and short-sighted rulers, will be more likely to aggravate the evil than to lessen it. While the danger is re- mote, we should prepare for its ap- proach; when the enemy is at our gates, there is no time for speculation, The times are ominous; and the next five years will probably bring forward a crisis which defies present calcula- tion, and bafiles all attempt at con- jecture. JAMES LucKcock. Birmingham. BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. —— MEMOIR of the LIFE and WRITINGS of the late DR, HUTTON. serps HUTTON, LL.D. and F.R.SS. of London and Edinburgh, also an honorary member of several other learned societies, both in Europe and America, was born at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, on the 14th of August, 1737. He was descended from a family in West- moreland, which had the honour of be- coming connected, by marriage, with that of SirIsaac Newton. His father, who was a viewer or superintendant, of mines, gave his children such edu- cation as his circumstances would per- mit, which was confined to the ordinary branches; but Charles, the youngest of his sens, (the subject of this Me. moir) early manifested an extraordi- nary predilection for mathematical studies, in which he made considera- ble progress, while yet at school, with very little aid from his master; for, like most other eminent mathematicians, he Was in.a great measure self-taught. After the death of his parents, which took place in his early youth, he deter- mined on undertaking the profession of a teacher, and commenced his la- bours at the neighbouring village. of Jesmond, before he was twenty years of age; his master, who, was a clerey- man, having, upon being presented to a living, resigned the school in his favour. In the year 1760, Dr. Hutton re- moved to Newcastle, where he soon experienced great encouragement ; and, among his earliest pupils, was the present Lord Chancellor, a circum- stance which will be farther noticed towards the conclusion of this Memoir. We here call him Doctor prematurely, he not having received the diploma of LL.D. until the year 1779, when that : Montuty Mac. No. 379. honour was conferred upon him by the university of Edinburgh ; but, as it is the title by which he is best known in the scientific world, we thus early adopt it. It appears, that neither the duties of his profession, nor the cares of an increasing family, interrupted his fa- vourite studies, as he devoted all his leisure hours to mathematical pursuits. In 1764 he published ‘A Treatise on Arithmetic and Book-keeping,’ which soon passed through numerous editions, and is still held in high estimation. His next publication was ‘‘a Trea- tise on Mensuration, both in theory and practice,’ aud is considered the most complete work on the subject ever published. It established his reputation as a mathematician, al- though numerous proofs of his supe- rior talents and acquirements had been already manifested, by his able solutions of mathematical questions in various scientific journals. Among these repositories, the celebrated Almanac, under the title of the Ladies’ Diary, particularly attracted his atten- tion. This work had been conducted with great ability, from its commence- ment in 1704; numerous learned cor. respondents contributing, annually, curious mathematical questions, and answers, with enigmas, &c. Dr. Hutton collected the Diaries of fifty years, and republished their Questions and Solutions, in five volumes, with notes and illustrations, which forma very useful and interesting miscellany. He some time afterwards became the editor of the Diary, and conducted it for nearly half a century, with such ability and judgment, as greatly to increase the numberof eminent mathe- maticians, and to. enlarge the bounda- d( ries 138 ries of useful science. Dr. Hutton’s office of editor of this work also afforded him an opportunity of pro- curing biographical notices of the most eminent of his correspondents ; with which he afterwards enriched his Mathematical Dictionary, and _ his Abridgment of the Philosophical ‘Transactions. We should not neglect to notice here, that Dr. Hutton, about the year 1770, was employed by the magistrates of Newcastle, to make a survey of the town and the adjoining country, in order that a correct plan of it might be engraved and published. In this la- borious undertaking, the Doctor gave great satisfaction, the plan having been executed with much beauty and accuracy. It is still on sale. On the 17th of November, 1771, the bridge of Newcastle was almost en- tirely destroyed, by a very great flood, which swelled the waters in the river about nine feet higher than the usual spring-tides. This event was the means of considerably increasing Dr. Hutton’s mathematical reputation. Previous to commencing the repairs of the extensive damage which the bridge had sustained, it was desir- able to endeavour to prevent, as far as possible, the recurrence of similar accidents; and the principal archi- tects and civil engineers of the coun- try were invited to furnish plans for the purpose. Dr. Hutton now, - for the first time, directed his attention to the subject; and his suggestions” were adopted, in preference to nu- merous others, which had been pre- sented from various quarters. On the spur of the occasion, the Doctor drew up a Treatise on the Principles of Bridges, demonstrating the best mathematical curves for the arches, with the due proportion of the piers, &c. And this publication, though so hastily composed, has, notwithstand- ing, always been considered a valuable work on the subject, and continues to be frequently consulted by the most eminent architects. It may here be remarked, that Dr. Hutton’s early publications, particu- larly his Mensuration, the Diarian Miscellany, and his Work on Bridges, were the means of rearing and bringing into notice the ingenious Mr. Bewicke of Newcastle, the most celebrated wood-engraver that the world has, perhaps, ever produced. Nor should it be forgotten, that, by Dr. Hutton’s 2 Memoir of the late Dr. Hutton. {March t, suggestions and observations. the art of printing has been very considerably improved. In 1773, the situation of Mathemati- cal Professor tothe Royal Military Aca- demy at Woolwich having become va- cant, numerous gentlemen of the first eminence in science applied for the appointment; and, among thenumber, Dr. Hutton presented himself as a candidate. The oflice was in the gift of the Master-General of the Ord- nance, and the strongest interest was made by various noblemen and gentle- men for their respective friends ; but, to the honour of the then Master-Ge- neral, Lord Viscount Townshend, nothing but superior qualifications were allowed to avail. His lordship gave public notice, that merit alone should decide the preference, which must be determined by a strict and im- partial examination. With this view, four eminent mathematicians were se- lected as examiners on the occasion, viz. Dr. Horsley, afterwards Bishop of Rochester, Dr. Maskelyne, the Astro- nomer Royal, Culonel Watson, the Chief Engineer to the East India Company, and the celebrated Mr. Landen. Nothing could be more strictly im- partial than the examination. The candidates were eight in number, and each was separately examined, not only in the principles, but in the history of mathematics. Several ab- struse problems were afterwards given for solution; and, when the answers were received, the report of the exa- miners expressed high approbation of all the candidates, but gave a decided preference in favour of Dr. Hutton. This was, indeed, an unequivocal test of superior merit. The judicious determination of the Master-General, by conferring the appointment on Dr. H. was in a short time found to be most advantageous to the Institution. It is, indeed, well known, that Dr. Hutton raised the Royal Military Aca- demy, from a state of comparative in- feriority, to the highest degree of cele- brity and national importance. To his steady and persevering conduct for thirty-five years, and his improvements in military science, his country is essen- tially indebted, for the success of the British artillery and engineers in all parts of the world, during the last half century. His removal from Newcastle to so distinguished a situation near the me- tropolis, 1823.] tropolis, and his election, soon after, as a fellow of the Royal Society, gave him new opportunities for the advance- ment and diffusion of the most useful knowledge ; for, it should be observed, that, at all times, his attention was parti- cularly directed to those branches of the mathematics which are most conducive to the practical purposes of life. Ina short time, he became an important contributor to the Philosophical Trans- actions, which, from the specimens he gave, it is probable he would have en- riched more than any other member either ancient or modern, had not a stop been put to his valuable labours by unfortunate dissentions in the Royal Society, which nearly gave a death- blow to that excellent institution. It were tedious here to detail the subjects of the several papers which Dr. Hutton, in a few years, submitted to the Royal Society, especially as they may be seen in the Philosophical Transactions of that period: but two papers deserve particular notice, as the most useful and important that, perhaps, had been communicated since the chair of that learned institution was filled by Sir Isaac Newton. The. first of these communications was on the “ Horce of fired Gun- powder, and the initial Velocities of Cannon-balls.” These results had been determined by a series of expe- riments, made with a new instrument of the Doctor’s own invention ; and, so sensible was the Royal Society of the value of the communication, that the annual gold prize-medal was imme- diately voted as due to Dr. H. anditwas accordingly presented to him by the Pre- sident, Sir John Pringle, in an address expressed in the most flattering terms. A proof of the high estimation of this paper, even abroad, has been re- cently published in the life of the cele- brated Lagrange, by the Chevalier De- lambre, who states, that, at the most violent period of the French revolu- tion, all foreigners were peremptorily ordered to quit France, and Lagrange was of course included; but his col- leagues of the Institute presented a memorial to the Convention, soliciting permission for him to remain at Pa- 1is, as he was then engaged in experi- ments of the greatest importance to the country, namely, upon ‘* Dr. Hutton’s reports on the force of fired gunpow- der.” On this plea, an exception was decreed in his favour. He was there- fore permitted to continue his re- Memoir of the late Dr. Hutton. 139 searches, though it does not appear that he made any report on the subject ; from which it may be inferred, that he found no ground either for improve- ment or animadversion. The other paper just alluded to, among Dr. Hutton’s communications, was on the subject of the ‘‘ Mean Den- sity of the Earth,” a \aborious work, deduced from experiments and sur- veys of the mountain of Schehallien, in Perthshire. This operation, which had always been considered a deside- ratum in the scientific world, was commenced in 1775, by order of the Royal Society, and chiefly under the direction of Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer Royal. After the dimen- sions of the mountain had been taken, and the deflections of the plumb-line ascertained with great accuracy, and verified by repeated experiments, the most difficult and important part of the undertaking yet remained to be exe- cuted, namely, the calculations and the deductions, which required pro- found science, as well as immense labour. The attention of the Royal Society was at once directed to Dr. H. as the person most competent to this arduous undertaking. He un- dertook the task ; and, in the course of a year, presented his report, which will be found in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,” of 1778, and again in 1821. The latter paper was drawn up with a view of exposing certain sinister attempts that had been made, to transfer from Dr. H. the honour of this important operation. Such were among the invaluable but short-lived labours of Dr. H. in the Royal Society: and here it may be pro- per to state the circumstances by which they were unfortunately terminated. When Dr. Hutton first entered the Society, SirJohn Pringle was the Pre- sident. He was a person of great acquirements, and eminently well- qualified to fill the chair of Newton. He always manifested a particular re- gard for the Doctor, which probably excited the jealousy of many persons, who were not attached to mathemati- cal investigations: among the mem- bers of this description, was Mr. ae wards Sir Joseph) Banks, agentleman too well known to render it necessary to add any thing further here concern- ing him, except that he had acquired sufficient influence over the majority of the, members of the Society to ob- tain his election as President, upon the 140 the resignation of Sir John Prin- gle. Dr. H. had for some time held the office of Foreign Secretary with the greatest credit; but the new Pre- sident, who wished the situation to be filled by a friend of his own, procured a vote to be passed by the Society, that it was requisite this secretary should reside constantly in London ; a condition with which the Doctor could not possibly comply ; and he therefore resigned the situation. _Many of the most valuable members of the Society, however, warmly espoused Dr. H.’s cause, and discontinued theiraccustom- ed attendance at the usual periodical meetings: among the number may be mentioned Dr. Horsley, Dr. Maske- lyne, Baron Maseres, and many other distinguished characters; who, finding that the disciples of Newton were always outvoted by those of Lin- neus, retired, with Dr. Hutton, from the Society. When the mathemati- cians were preparing to secede, Dr. Horsley expressed himself in the fol- lowing energetic words :—“ Sir, (ad- dressing himself to the President,) when the hour of secession comes, the President will be left with his train of feeble amateurs and that toy—(point- ing to the mace on the table,) the ghost of the Society where philosophy once reigned, and Newton was her mi- nister.” This secession took place in 1764, since which period very few papers on mathematical subjects have appeared in- the “‘ Philosophical Transactions ;” and it is even said, that the late Presi- dent uniformly opposed the admission of mathematicians into the Royal So- ciety, unless they were persons of rank. Although Dr. Hutton’s retirement deprived him of the great stimulus to exertion which such a Society must have afforded, he still continued to give to the world, from time to time, various valuable works. In 1785 he published his ‘‘ Mathematical Tables,” containing common, hyperbolic, and logistic logarithms; also sines, both natural-and logarithmic; with several other tables used in mathematical cal- culations: to which is prefixed, a large and original history of the discoveries and writings relating to those sciences. In 1786 appeared his “Tracts on Mathe- matical. and Philosophical Subjects,” in three volumes, which contain much new and valuable matter. ‘They were reprinted in 1812. In.1787 “the Com- pendious Measurer” was published; Memoir of the late Dr. Hutton. [March 1, which is chiefly an abridgment of his large work on mensuration. In the following year, he published his “Ele- ments of Conie Sections,” with select exercises in various branches of ma- thematics and philosophy, for the use of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. This work was. warmly patronised by the Duke of Richmond, then Master-general of the Ordnance, who, on that occasion, presented Dr. Hutton at court to his Majesty. In 1795 appeared his “Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary,” in two large volumes, quarto, which was the result of many years’ preparation, © and has since advanced to a second edition. It has supplied all subse- quent works of the kind, and even the most yoluminous Cyclopedias, with valuable materials, both in the sciences, and in scientific biography. His next publication was “‘A Course of Mathematics,” intwo volumes, octavo, composed for the use of the students of the Royal Military Academy; which has since become a standard work in all eminent schools, both in Great Britain and America. It has passed through numerous editions; and in 1811 a third volume was added, which is said to have been prepared nearly in equal portions by Dr. Hutton, and his esteemed. friend Dr. Olinthus Gregory, now Professor of Mathema- tics in the Royal Military Academy. In the year 1803, he undertook the arduous task of abridging the ‘ Phi- losophical Transactions,” im conjunc- tion with Dr. Pearson and Dr. Shaw. Dr. Hutton is said to have executed the chief part of the work, and to have received for his labour no Jess a sum than six thousand pounds. It was completed in 1809, and the whole comprised in eighteen quarto volumes. About the same period was published his translation of ‘‘Montucla’s Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy ;” and an improved edition of the same work appeared in 1814. In 1806 the Doctor became afilicted with a pulmonary complaint, which confined him for several weeks ; but in the following year he resumed his pro- fessional duties. His medical friends, however, advised him to retire from the labours of the Academy, as soon as it might be deemed convenient; and, in consequence of an application to this effect, the Master-general and Board of Ordnance acceded to his wishes, and manifested their approba- tion 1823.] tion of his long and meritorious ser- vices, by granting him a pension for life, of 500/. per annum. This annuity, together with a large property which he had realised, chiefly by his publica- tions, enabled him to retire in affluent circumstances. But in his retirement, his constant amusement continued to be, the cultivation and diffusion of useful science. He officiated for some time, every half-year, as the principal examiner to the Royal Mili- tary Academy, and also to the East India College at Addiscombe. _ During this period, as well as pre- viously, he was indefatigable in kind offices, especially in promoting the interest of scientific men, and recom- ‘mending them to situations, where their talents might prove most useful both to themselves, and to their coun- try. To his recommendations, as well as to his instructions, our most emi- nent scientific institutions, have been chiefly indebted for their Professors of Mathematics during the last thirty years. He was constantly visited at his resi- dence in Bedford-row by an extensive circle of friends; and his cheerfulness and urbanity were uniformly the same. itis remarkable, that, during the last twelve months of his life, he was often heard to declare that it was one of the most happy years he had ever experi- enced. His death was caused by a cold, which brought on a return of his pul- monary complaint. His illness was neither tedious nor painful; and his valuable life terminated on the 27th of January, 1823, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. His remains were interred in the family-vault at Charlton, in Kent; and his funeral was most re- spectably attended. It must be gratifying to know, that he retained his faculties unimpaired almost to the last ; and that his disso- lution was apparently without pain. It is likewise worthy of remark, that, only three days previous to his death, he received certain scientific questions from the corporation of London, which he answered immediately in the most masterly manner. These questions related to the intended arches of the new London-bridge; and his paper on the subject, is considered not only as a valuable document, but also highly interesting, as being the last produc- tion of this great man, and at such a period of his advanced age and illness. During the last year of Dr. Hutton’s life, many of lis scientific friends, wish- Memoir of the late Dr. Hutton. 141 ing to possess as correct and lasting a resemblance of his person as his valu- able works exhibit of his mind, entered into a subscription for a marble bust, from which casts might be taken in any number that might be required. This bust has been admirably executed ‘by Mr. Sebastian Gahagan. The sub- scription was supported by many of the Doctor’s early pupils, and other eminent men, who seemed emulous in manifesting their gratitude and esteem. Thesums subscribed having been found greatly tv exceed the disbursements, the committee resolved to employ the surplus in executing a medal; to con- tain, on one side, the head of Dr. Hutton, and, on the other, emblems of his discoveries on the force of gunpow- der, and the density of the earth. These medals have been finely executed by Mr. Wyon, and one has been given to each subscriber to the bust. About three months before his death, the bust was presented to the Doctor; but the medals were finished only in time to be presented to his friends who attended his funeral. It should not be forgotten, that amongst the subscribers to the bust, was the Earl of Eildon, Lord Chan- cellor of England: upon this occasion the Doctor wrote a letter of thanks ; and, a few days after his decease, his son, General Hutton, sent the medal to this highly distinguished nobleman, with an account of the melancholy event. The following letter was written in answer; and we present it here, as not less honourable to his lordship’s feelings, than to the memory of Dr. Hutton :— Feb. 35,1823. _ $ir,—I request you to accept my very sincere thanks for your communication received on Saturday last. Full sixty years have passed since I had the benefit of your venerable father’s in- | structions, and that benefit I regard as one of the many blessings which I have enjoy- ed in life, and of which blessings I wish I had been more worthy. I feel very painfully that I did not wait upon Dr. Hutton personally to thank him for his letter, in which he wrote with such remarkable and affecting kindness respect- ing Lady Eldon and myself,—both his pn- pils. IL shall preserve that letter as a testimony that a person of his eminence had, through so many years, recollected us with a sort of parental afleciion. I shall not fail to preserve anxiously the medal which you have been pleased to send to me, and for which I beg you to receive my thanks. ‘To secure to his me- mory, the respect and veneration of his conntry, 142 country, this memorial was not wanting: he will long be remembered by a country so essentially benefited by his life and works, I am, sir, Your obedient and obliged servant, To Lieut.-Gen. Hutton. ELpon. Letters similar to the above, in praise of the deceased, have been received ’ from several other illustrious charac- ters; among whom may be mentioned his Grace the Duke of Wellington, General Sir Thomas Hislop, &c. &c. It may be finally noticed, that Dr. Hutton bequeathed his marble bust* to the Philosophical Society of Newcastle. It is to be placed in their new and splendid Institution, where it will be * Casts or copies of the Bust have been al- ready obtained by many of Dr. Hutton’s friends, and still continue tu be supplied by the sculptor, Mr. GAHAGAN, at his premises in King-strect, Edgeware-road. Stephensiana, No. XVII. [March 1, long regarded with pride and venera- tion. He always manifested a laud- able affection for his native place, of which he gave a proof soon after his re- tirement from Woolwich, by investing sums of money for the perpetual sup- port of education, &c. at Newcastle. His benevolence was extensive. To merit in distress, and more especially to the votaries of science, he was al- ways a kind friend and benefactor. “ Quando ullum invenient parem?” Dr. Hutton was twice married: his surviving family consist of a son and two daughters. 'The former was edu- cated at the Royal Military Academy, and at an early age he obtained a com- mission in the Royal Regiment of Artil- lery, and is now a Licut.-General in the army. General Hutton is also amem- ber of several learned societies, and has been honoured with the degree of D.c.L. STEPHENSIANA.—No. XVII. = ANNET AND SECKER. HAVE in my possession the ori- ginal of the following letter from Peter Annet, the Carlile of the last age, to Archbishop Secker. It appears that the clergy of that day displayed an ex- emplary spirit of liberality towards an obstinate unbeliever, highly creditable to the religion which they professed. Vauxhall, July 23, 1768. My very coop Lorp,—You were so very kind and exceedingly con- descending as to send your chaplain to me, to give me relief; hearing [ was ill, and in distress: ill, indeed, I am, and have been ever since January last, when I first took to my bed, and expected to die; but death has de- ceived me. However, though I am much better than when I was taken ill, 1 fear I shall not recover, at least not to be able to get any thing towards a living; for I cannot move myself out of my bed, being very weak, and not having the use of my legs: but the use of my head and hands to write remain. My school I resigned, not being able to keep it: I receive nothing from thence; and am at the charges of a servant, as well as maintenance and medicines: but, by the bounty of friends, and from those I could not expect it, because of my opposite sen- timents, — from Dr. Chandler and others,—I am not yet in a distressed condition ; though how Jong I may be thus helpless I know not; but, not be- ing then nor yet in a distressed state, I thought it not right, through covet- ousness, to receive your grace’s in- tended favour: for a dying man, who has no family, need not be covetous of money; therefore I craved no present aid, nor do I now: but, if I should want before you die, (I do not, say your grace dies, for that can never die,) I shall not want a becoming humility to make my address to your lordship, and hope my petition will not be rejected. But, if I want after your death, my supplication is, that your grace would be pleased to leave of your bounty somewhat in the hands of your good chaplain, or whom else you shall appoint, to support me the remainder of my life, which I think cannot be long; and may happiness attend your lordship, whether my death be before or after yours. Your offered kindness to me shows you to be a gentleman of humanity, whom I have formerly been a hearer and a follower of with the greatest delight ; as I con- ceived your peculiar oratory delivered with paternal authority and affection to your auditors. This is not flattery, but truth, from one who never was a courtier nor flatierer; but am, My lord, Your lordship’s most obliged humble servant, PETER ANNET. MRS. JACKSON. So much was the Hon. Mrs, Damer struck with the beauty of the forma- tion of the leg of this celebrated ac- tress, \ 1823. | tress, that she prevailed upon her to let Flaxman take a model from it; which Mrs. J. was afterwards con- stantly in the habit of seeing exhibited in his shop in the Strand, where were to be purchased plaster-casis for th use of artists. MR. GIBBON. When Mr. Fox’s library was sold in 1781, (for that great man, who main- tained so honourable a place in the public esteem, was not fortunate in the administration of his temporalities,) the first volume of ‘‘the Decline and Fall” came to the hammer. What is Singular enough, it brought three gui- neas, from a little competition, full of ardour, excited by a manuscript note in it, in the well-known hand of the man of the people:—‘“‘ The author at Brookes’s said that there was no salva- tion for this country until the heads of the principal persons in administra- tion were laid upon the table. And yet, in eleven days after, this same gentleman accepted a place at the Board of Trade, under those very ministers, and has acted with them ever since.” The historian was a man of genius, and no one doubts the me- rits of his productions; but an opinion is here implied that does no great ho- nour to his patriotism. LORD CHATHAM’S MONUMENT. It is said that Garrick stood for the attitude of his lordship, as executed by Bacon, and placed in Westminster Abbey. RISE AND FALL OF NATIONS. Mr. Burke, one of the most inge- nious and profound writers of a late period, has made the following obser- vations on the prosperity of nations:— “In all speculations upon men and . human affairs, it is ofno small moment to distinguish things of accident from permanent causes and from eflects that cannot be altered. Iam notquite of the mind of those speculators who seem assured that necessarily, and by the constitution of things, all states have the same periods of infancy, manhood, and decrepitude, that are found in the individuals who compose them. The objects which are attempt- ed to be forced into an analogy are not founded in the same classes of exist- ence. Individuals are physical beings, subject to laws universal and invaria- ble: commonwealths are not physical but moral essences ; they are artificial combinations, and, in their proximate éflicient cause, the arbitrary production Stephensiana, No. XV I1. 143 of the human mind. We are not yet acquainted with the laws which neces- sarily govern that kind of work made by that kind of agent. There is not, as in the physical order, a distinct cause by which any of those fabrics must necessarily grow, flourish, and decay; nor indeed, in my opinion, does the moral world produce any thing more determinate on that sub- ject than what may serve as an amuse- ment (liberal, indeed, and ingenious, but still only an amusement,) for spe- culative men. I doubt whether the history of mankind is yet complete enough, if ever it can be so, to furnish grounds for a sure theory on the inter- nal causes which necessarily affect the fortune of a state. I am far from de- nying the operation of such eauses; but they are infinitely uncertain, and much more obscure and much more difficult to trace than the foreign causes that tend to depress and some- times overwhelm society.” LORD HARCOURT. The late nobleman, a great admirer and practiser of the arts, fell a victim to his humanity, in endeavouring to save a favourite dog ; and was himself precipitated in the well into which the animal had fallen. THE NEGROES. These ‘“heteroclites of the human race,” as they are called by Dr. Whi- taker, were but little known in Europe till the middle of the fifteenth century. Among others parts which commerce has acted in public affairs, is that of making the people of various countries acquainted with each other. The Portuguese, in pushing their naviga- tion along the western coast of Africa, discovered these unfortunate people, whose history we cannot now survey without compassion. William of Malmsbury, however, two centuries before, had remarked their peculiari- ties, and introduced them to public notice. In the expedition of Baldwin against the Turks, he describes them as “ Ethiopians with woolly hair, and ‘a complexion as dark as soot.” Five hundred negroes were in the city when Jerusalem was stormed by the Crusaders in 1099; terms were granted them, and they were allowed to march out to Ascalon. Their ap- pearance and manners were ludicrous to the Crusaders, who laughed, it seems, when they first saw the blacks: —“ Our men thought it a scandal to their valour to cut them down; con- ceiving 144 ceiving them to be objects of derision rather than of enmity.”—Malmsbury. There appears to have been a trade. in African slaves so early as the year 651, when the King of Ethiopia agreed to provide a number of slaves, by way of tribute; and, for that end, first brought the negroes of Guinea into his country. — MISTAKEN CIVILITY. A gentleman mistaking a very small lady,—who was picking her way over a dirty channel,—for a very young one, snatched her up in his arms, and land- ed her in safety on the other side, when she indignantly turned up a face expressive of the anger of fifty winters, and demanded why he dared to take such a liberty. ‘‘Oh! I humbly beg your pardon, (said the gentleman,) I have only one amends to make ;” and he again caught her up, and placed her where he had first found her. BELLS. Certain Italian writers pretend that the Venetians introduced bells at Con- stantinople in the ninth century; but the earliest instance that we can find in the Byzantine writersis of the year 1040. One thing appears certain, that when Jerusalem was surrendered to the first Arab conquerors, it was one article of the conditions imposed on the Christians, ‘‘that they should not ring, but only toll, their bells.” BROOKE, The author of ‘*the Fool of Quality,” was espoused unhappily,—‘ paired, but not matched.” \ One‘day he asked a gentleman if he were married; who replied he was not. “Then (said Brooke,) let it be the last sad thing you do.”—Brooke lost a son in the Ville de Paris in 1782. DOGS. The late Mr. Tresham informed me, that, while he resided in Rome, there was a dog who was in the habit of frequenting a certain coffee house ; and; on any person throwing him a Original Poetry. [March 1, piece of money, he wouid run with it to a shop for bread, which bread he would bring to the coffee-room, and eat it before the person who gave the coin; as if in order to show he had put their money to a proper purpose. ' A gentleman at Mr. T.’s related the following: A dog used to be sent by his master every morning to a baker’s shop, with a penny in his mouth, to purchase a roll for breakfast: he had continued to do this for some time, when, at length, the baker having changed his journeyman, the dog was unheeded. Vexed at thus waiting for his breakfast, he barked aloud, and, picking up the penny, ran to the mas- ter of the shop, who blamed the man for attempting to hurt the dog, who resisted having the penny taken from him. The fellow took it in dudgeon, and resolved, next time this comical customer appeared, to be funny! with the dog; accordingly, the next morn- ing he made a roll hotter than the rest, and, when the dog arrived, he proffer- ed it to him. The animal, as usual, seized thé bread, but, finding it too hot to hold, he dropt it: he tried it again, — again it burned him; at length, as if guessing at the trick, he jumped on the counter, caught up his penny, and changed his baker. A dog, having been run over by a carriage, had his leg broken, and a humane surgeon passing, had the ani- mal brought home, set his leg, and, having cured his patient, discharged him,—aware that be would return to bis old master ; and the dog, whenever he met the surgeon afterwards, never failed to recognize him, by wagging his tail, and other demonstrations of joy. One day a violent barking was heard at.the surgeon’s door, which was found to be occasioned by this dog, who it appeared was striving to procure admittance for another dog, who had just had ‘his leg broken ! ORIGINAL POETRY. —>— A PANEGYRIC ON THE MOST EMINENT INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHERS OF ANTIQUITY. By THOMAS TAYLOR. Ww jast proportion to the solar ray, Tho’ Truth eternal gives the mental day, Yet of our race most ne’er behold its light, Fast bound in Matter’s cave, involy’d in night; And but a few, emerging from her den, Its brightest spleidor can distinctly ken. This noble few in Greece of old were found, Whose names mankind with just applause resound. See! like some god descended from the skies, Pythay’ras stands, the foremost of the wise; Celestial beauties in his person shine, His manners modest, and his life divine. See! like some oracle, by Heaven inspird, His breast with more than mortal wisdom fir’d, While to his harp he sings his former fate, The soul’s transitions, and eternal state. He far discover’d in the realms of mind, And soar’d from sense with vigor unconfin’d. See! Heraclitus quit his rightful throne, ‘The various follies of mankind to moan; Mark! how he scorns the multitude impure, And truths sublime describes in words obscure; Attentive listen to his fav’rite theme, That all things flow like some perpetual oe 1823,] And ever varying, without check or stay, Rise to new life, or gradually decay. He saw the depths of Matter’s dark domain, Stormy, and whirling, like the raging main ; Yet well the realms of intellect he knew, Where all is lovely, permanent, and true ; And, certain of the soul’s immortal frame, Obscurely told her lapse, and whence she came. Next view Parmenides, by Heaven inspir’d, And, from th’ ignoble multitude retir’d, Divinely meditate, and sing alone In venerable verse the mystic one, Indignant from the realms of sense he flew, Corporeal forms receding from his view, Till, leaving Matter’s regions far behind, _ His piercing sight discern’d the world of mind. See! great Empedocles with rapture cry, “‘Farewell! no mortal, but a god, am I.” In verse divine he sung the wretched fate Of souls imprison’d, in this mortal state; And Man he call’d, (immers’d in Matter’s night,) “* Heaven’s exile, straying from his orb of light.” Next mighty Socrates demands my lays Whose life and doctrines claim un ounded praise; He to the theory of the realms of mind, All his researches and his views confin’d; And in the world’s Artificer divine Saw the fair series of ideas shine, In depths immense of all-prolific light, For ever vig’rous, and for ever bright, See: Plato next in rank of wisdom stand, Whose god-like works unbounded praise demand; Who rose sublime to Truth’s immortal plain, And scorn’d dull Body, and her dark domain. To good itself he soar’d with eager flight, Till boundless beauty met his piercing sight: See him, with elegance sublime, unfold Whate’er was: known to men divine of old; Yet but a few the secret sense can find, And wond’rous depth of his capacious mind. Next Aristotle claims our just applause, Who thought itself confin’d to logic laws; By eam steps who teaches how to soar, And the bright world of intellect explore : Whose piereing genius, with Lyncean view, Look’d all the ample realms of Science thro’, Saw to what dazzling summits* they extend, And what the darksome barriert where they end. ‘To these Philosophers succeed a race Of glotieus souls, adorn’d with ev’ry grace ; All men divine. of ancient Wisdom’s train, And justly call’d by some a golden chain. See! as the leader of the noble band, The greatly wise and good Plotious stand. Genius sablime ! whilst bound in mortal ties, thy soul had frequent commerce with the skies; And oft yon loosen’d the lethargic folds = which th’ indignant mind dark matter hoJds : hat depth of thought, what energy is thine! What rays of intellect in ev’ry line! The more we fathom thy exalted mind, A stronger light, a greater depth, we find. Thee too, blest Porphyry! my muse shall sing, Since from the great Plotinus’ school you spriug ; What holy-thoughts thy sacred books contain ! What stores of wisdom from thy works we gain ! Urg’d on by thee, we learn from sense to rise, _ To break its fetters, and its charms despise. Nor shall my muse the just applause decline, Due to Iamblichus, surnam’d divine ; Whose pierc’d the veil which hid, in dark disguise, Wisdom’, deep mysteries from mortal eyes : Whose godlike soul an ample mirror seems, Strongly reflecting mind’s unclouded beams; Or like some sphere capacious, polish’d bright, ~ Throughout diaphanous, and full of light. Great Sy:ianus next, O Muse! resound, For depth and subtlety of thought renown’d. Genius acute! th’ exalted task was thine, The concord to display of men divine; And what in fable was by them conceal’d, Thy piercing mind persp:cuously reveal’d. But, greathyemivent above the rest, Proclus the Coryphwus stands confest. 2 i eee eee * Viz. the divine causes and principles of things, which Aristotle calls— Tan Pures Pavepwrara wayToy, “things naturally the most bright.and manifest of alk” And Theophrastus, in the fragments of his Metaphysics, calls them axpa, summits, t Viz. Matter... | a Montary Mac, No, 879, Original Poetry. 145 Hail, mighty genius! of the human race Alike the guide, the glory, and the grace; _ Whose volumes, full of genuine science, shine With thoughts magnificent, and truths divine; Whose periods, too, redundant roll along, Like some clear stream, majestically strong : While genius lives, thy num’rous works shall last, Alike the future wonder as the past. The great Hermzas and Damascius claim Our rev’rence next, as men of mighty name; While yet Philosophy could boast a train Of souls ally’d to Homer’s golden chaits : The former for unfolding truth renown’d, The latter for his searching mind profound. Priscian and great Olympiodorus stand The next in order, and our praise demand, And, with th’ acute Simplicius, close the band. Heroes, all hail! who left your native skies From Lethe’s realms t’ instruct us how to rise, And thus once more our kindred stars regain, And ancient seats in Truth’s immortal plain, _ From whence we-wand’ring fell, thro’ mad desire Of Matter’s regions, and allotments dire. Let Folly proudly boast her tyrant reign, Her num/’rous vot’ries, aud her wide domains Your wisdom scorn, and, with barbaric hand, Spread futile theories thro’ a venal land. By you inspir’d, the glorious task be mine To.soar from sense, and seek a life divine; From Phantasy, the soul’s Calypso, free To sail secare on life’s tempestuous sea, Led by your doctrines, like the Pleiad’s light, With guiding radiance streaming thro’ the night, From mighty Neptune’s overwhelming ire, Back to the palace of my lawful sire. Manor Place, }Valworth. iy —— SUPPOSED REFLECTIONS OF AN OLD MAN, Where art thou, prop of vf declining hours? For health, and strength, and friendship, ‘all are flown; And Nature’s self doth seem to mock my pow’rs,— Tho’ fresh the fields, to me no joy is shown. E’en now, methinks, I hear the curfew’s toll, And see the grave wide opening to devour; View future worlds unfolding to my soul, Where spirits travel the eternal shore. Yet doJ mourn my lot? the lot of all! Have I no cheering prospect at the last? Have I not learnt to quit tls earthly ball? Or do | linger still, and love the past? No: calmly on those scenes I cast my eye, Resign’d to leave this world, or longer stay ; Fearless, not boldly, bid my spirit fly, Nor, over anxious, longer gird my clay. Yet, Oli! when trembling worlds in fire appear, May’st thou, my present staff, Q Virtne:! raise oy poor degenerate worm from terrors near, nd fill this heart with fortitude and ice cost al THE ITALIAN EXILE, ON DEPARTING FROM HIS NATIVE COUNTRY. } AGAIN the deluge of the North, Unblest Italia! rolls o’er thee ; Again barbaric hordes-are forth, To cloud thy dawn of liberty. Fair injur’d land! again must thou Lay low in dust thy lofty brow. ~ And, low in dust, by stranger feet Be trampled:as a thing of nought ; To bear the dread o’erwhelming weight Of chains by Cyclop-forgers wrought : And, like the Hydra’s hideous coil, Feel each strong link thy struggle foil. Or when the hands of power would wring Their tribute of thy blood and woe, The precious spoil unmov’d to bring, And in the paths of vengeance throw ; U And 146 x And with that ransom reckless buy This deep dark stain of infamy ! Oh! wherefore didst thou break the night Of thy long fall with this short gleam, That to our eyes shone forth so bright,— Or was it that we did but dream? And fondly thought some spark was there Might rouse thee from thy lone despair? For joy was our’s to wipe away The fierce reproach, so deep and dread To patriot breasts,—that thou shouald’st lay Thus scorn’d, while we had blood to shed : That we should love thee, and yet see Thine unredeemed captivity. *T was but a moment's !—Thou art crush’d F’en as the trodden adder low; The shout, the rapture, all is hush’d, And not an echo breathes to show Earth’s millions,—where are they so late That shook the torpor of her fate ! So soon the fetter thou had’st torn, ‘0 wear again,—nor shun the thrall, Thus heedless brook the withering scorn Of friend or foe upon thy fall; A scoff and by-word thus to be So soon again; Oh, Italy! That I must bend to foreign shores _My exiled steps, not now I mourn; For, when my breast thy fate deplores, ‘That seems not heaviest to be borne: Far heavier ’tis, that mid this spell *Twere mockery to say—Farewell! There was upon mine eye a tear! But I have dash’d away the brine ; Be no complaining sorrow here, There is no sigh for griefs like thine, My country! thine are wrongs too deep 'To leave our eyes the power to weep. The blood I would have poured for thee, Glows sacred yet within my breast ; Until some worthier hour may be, When hands heroic, unrepress’d By dark intrigue, shall strike to save, And earn the guerdon of the brave; And earn the glory of the free, The cause that sanctifies its swords,— Or fall as valour falls,—as we Had sworn to fall, ere Gothic lords Should thus have trampled down again ‘The rights of man and citizen! My countrymen! what panic smote Your souls, to prompt this dire disgrace? And thus to. angry fates devote The remnant of a godlike race ; Thus to the mock of earth consign The relics of the Roman line? Woe worth the moment, when ye burst The straitening cord,—tiris iron to’wear; And cast the galling burden first From off your neck,—a worse to bear ; A tenfold worse ! thus bending ye To slavishness and infamy. Original Poetry. © [March 1, And is it ye who boast that strain, The parentage of brave and free? Who grovel in a despot’s chain Ignobly vile?—It cannot be! The great of old could ne'er translate Their blood and names to sucha fate! Ye press, indeed, the self-same sod, Ye gaze upon the self-same sky, Ye tread the streets where heroes trod In proud unyielding majesty : Rut the high flame which fir’d their breasts, Think ye its flame within you rests? The spirit of the days of old Sleeps yet within their funeral urn ; And age o’er age may yet be roll’d, Ere Freedom’s lamp rekindled burn! Ye launch’d not in the ocean's flow, And now its wave is ebbing low. For’tis not plough-shares ye mnst beat To faulchions,—nor, for tyrant’s hurt, The reaping-sickle of your wheat Into the deadly spear convert : No! ’tis your fettermg links that ye Must forge to arms of Victory ! My countrymen! the base ne’er stole A step on fame by deed of chance ; The virtue of a patriot’s soul Must be the strength which nerves his lance : Within the life-strings of his breast,— Earth's holiest ark !—his cause must rest. Ye should have liv’d as live the free, In tenfold union firm to stand ; And scatter’d far whate’er miglit. be ‘The bane of fair Italia’s land ; Nor left Helvetia’s rocks to boast A nobler race,—a braver host. For when, with fierce barbaric zeal, Rude foes roll’d on to brand her slave, Had ye not hands,—had ye not steel? Ye should have died as die the brave,— Ye should have spurn’d this living breath, This heritage of shame and death! But ye!—the authors of her fate, The dread dispensers of her woes,— What word or wish may imprecate A vengeance o’er your dark repose? The calm is brooding on the deep,— Beware! the tempest doth but sleep. Your dungeons hide from human ken The victims of your tyrant fear ; They mourn not to their fellow-men, , Yet they are heard,—for heaven can hear! And think ye not His eye is hent Propitions o’er the innocent? And think yemot that in the blast Of midnight, on the lightning’s wing, Avenging, in his power hath pass’d Supreme, the universal King? And with the terror of His frown Hath smote the proud oppressor down ? N Or 1823.] Or doth He bid the surge subside Within the barriers of its sea, Yet leave without a bound the tide And deluge of your tyranny? Vain dreamers! He hati fixed the hour Of reckless force,;—and bigot power. Each great or petty ill ye wreak With despot rage, or demon art, Shall live,—for wrongs we dare not speak Are graven deeper in the heart; And there, beyond ye to efface, The characters of vengeance trace! Novelties of Foreign Literature. 147 The curse of earth shall not be cast Unheeded on the barren air,— ' The year redeeming must at last Shine o’er a nation’s dark despair ; And once again our Europe free From tyrant kings’ conspiracy. Land of my fathers! it is o’er,— Blue ocean’s waves between us roll! The vulture revels in thy gore, The iron hath enter’d in thy soul; And there is set *twixt thee and me Fate’s dread abyss !—Oh, Italy! NOVELTIES OF FOREIGN LITERATURE. —_ N the Literary Gazette of Jena, ‘@ for May last, there is an article on the monetary system adopted in the Prussian states. From this it appears that the Prussian circulating coin is the worst in Europe. The crowns have one quarter of alloy; while Eng- lish, Italian, and Portuguese, silver pieces have but a twelfth, and French pieces of five francs a tenth, We learn from official documents, that since 1764 the Prussian mint has struck nearly 70 millions of crowns; and that the total of silver coin fabri- cated, during that -period, would amount to 134 millions of crowns. The author pleads for a general and uniform system to be adopted through- out the states of Germany. Calcula- ting the circulating medium at 900 mnillions of florins, the whole mass might be recast, in three years, at the charge of about seven millions and a half of florins. He further observes, that by the presses of Ulihorn the expenses of coining are considerably diminished. At the mint of Dussel- dorf, by the aid of one of these presses, 24,000 gros of silver are struck daily. Ulihorn is a peasant of the country of Oldenburg, who has made his name known in Germany by several inge- nious improvements in mechanics. He invented his machine, not knowing that it was in use at the time in Eng- land. His invention has been adopted in the Netherlands, and the King of Prassia has granted him a patent. In a Dissertation on certain Tumuli near Amberg, by M. D. Popp, of Nurnberg, we find that in 1816 several objects of antiquity were discovered, in an adjoining forest, by workmen who were in search of stones to repair a road. These articles were pur- chased by the Town Council, and by Professor Graf; and the author gives a description of them. The tumuli, which are on the same spot, became then the subject of particular atten- tion. They appear to have been formed by a number of dead bodies laid on the ground, and covered with earth and stonés, with others thrown over them. ‘These eminences are not all alike: some are small, and of.a form nearly circular; others rise, in the shape of truncated cones. ‘They con- fain human skeletons, and those of horses, with some of cats and birds; there are also arms, instruments, ulen- sils in copper, iron, and bronze. The arms are hatchets, points of javelins, spurs, besides fibule, clasps or braces rings to go round the arm, household utensils, as dishes, plates, knives, and vases. According to the author, these tumuli belong to an era prior to the first ages of Christianity; and he attributes them to the people that inhabited the country of Amberg, the Narisei, called also Naristes and Va- tistes, and in the seventh century Warisher. There are no medals or precious metals in the eminences, and bronze is more common than iron, .'The custom of burning the dead had not been then introduced. Extracts from the Sixth and Seventh Letters of M. Cailliaud, to M. Jo- mard, Member of the National Insti- tute, on the Antiquities of Nubia, _ I am just arrived from the Desert, where I visited two districts, in whic there are a number- of antiquities. My countryman, M. Linant, who has not yct quitted the kingdom of Sennar, had inspected them a little before. Near the village of Wetbeyt Naga are the ruins of. two little temples, in the Desert; eight leagues to the south- east are the remains of seven other little temples. The valley that leads to these ruins, and the ruins them- selyes, 48 | selves, have both the name of Naga: I have no doubt that they are the re- ' mains of the ancient town of. Naka. Three of the temples are in pretty good preservation; one consists of a picce, with a pylone in front, and in- teresting from the subjects that form its decorations. The figures have a costume very different from what we see in Egypt; the robes, however, are like those of the figures which I have explained to you before, and such as are seen in the Pyramids, The second temple is larger, with a sphinx avenue; the third is an iso- lated portico, very curious, but of a less ancient construction. The archi- tecture is a mixture of the Greek and Egyptian style; we find Corinthian chapiters on it. The other temples are in aruinous state. In a large valley of the Desert, six hours’ journey from the Nile, and eight hours’ journey south-south-east of Chendy, are other ruins, much more considerable, which I think likely to be the remains of the Place of Study, or College of Meroe: they consist of eight little temples placed in aline, by galleries raised on terraces. This is an immense construction, compre- hending a multitude of chambers, temples, courts, and galleries, sur- rounded with double inclosures. I can only give you here a slight sketch of these ruins. From the temple in the centre there is a communication with the others, by three galleries or terraces, 185 feet in length : each tem- ple has its particular apartments; these are continued in aline. In toto, we may count eight temples, thirty- nine chambers or habitations, twenty- six courts, twelve escaliers, &c. The ruins cover a space, the circumfe- rence of which would occupy about 2500 feet. But in this immensity of ruins every thing is of a small proportion, the mo- numents, as well as the materials employed; the stones are in lays of nine inches in height, and often square. The largest temple is only thirty-seven feet in length. On the columns are figures in the Egyptian style; other columns of the same portico have flutings as in the Grecian architecture. On the base of one of them I thought I could distinguish the remains of a zodiac. Gemini, the Twins, appear very plain, and there is a resemblance to Sagittarius: I have taken a correct drawing of it. The weather and de- - Novelties of Foreign Literature. [March!, | structive elements that have effaced the antiquities of Saba, and so many other monuments, seem desirous to retain the observatory of Meroe ; with- out removing any thing, a complete plan of it may be taken. At present there is no water to be had here: my whole provision of it is fetched from the Nile. — At the distance of some hundred feet from the above ruins are the re- mains of two other little monuments, and the vestiges yet discernible of a_ large reservoir of water, surrounded with large mountain-stones, to secure it from the sands. But here are no traces of a town, either as to its site, or the remains of ruins, or of any ~ tombs. If the town of Meroe had existed on this spot, the Pyramids would hardly have been two days’ journey further. I incline to think that this place was the College of Meroe; the forms and. the structure give similar indications of it; but the town was near the tombs where the forty-five pyramids are, exactly in the latitude assigned by the ancients to Meroe ; that of these ruins is at a con- siderable distance. In all these ruins we are surprised to find so few hieroglyphics; they appear only on six columns that form the portico of the middle temple: all the other walls and parts are destitute of sculptures. ' During the time that I was in the country, the Chouery and Bycharych Arabs had revolted against Ismael Pacha, and the inhabitants about the Nile were the victims of their daily depredations. These Arabs were once in chace of M. Linant, but we had the good fortune to escape them. This induced me to relinquish the project I had formed of proceeding to Goz- Redgeh, on the Athara, and into the Desert of the Red Sea, where the Bycharyes were all in a state of revolt. I have finished my labours at Barkal. When at the upper part of the province of Sokket, I advanced to Selima, which is an Oasis, three days’ journey in the Desert, expecting to find some antiquities: I found, however, only the remains of a Christian habitation, divided into eight little chambers, with about two hundred date-trees in its neighbourhood. Solima is a station of the great caravan of Darfour, and has some inhabitants. Jn the course of this journey, which was 7$23.] was lonz and wearisome, I enjoyed good health. I lost seven camels: wheat was a franc a pound, and every thing else in proportion. The Prince has more than once assisted me ; when camels were not to be had at any price, ‘he has given me some. M. Jomard has published some ob- servations annexed to the fotegoing fetters. Discussions, he says, have arisen relative to on place called - Wetbeyt Naga, in the ¢orrespondence of M. Cailliaud; it is situated three quarters of a day’s journey from Chen- dy, and it is there where fifteen little pyramids are found. On entering the Desert, and advancing eight leagues south-east from this point, we find several little temples; one of which has some sphinxes in front of it, and another contains some Corinthian cha- piters. The position of Westbeyt Naga, in its relation to Chendy and Assour, and that of the morc conside- rable ruins discovered by M. C. south- - south-east of Chendy, and six leagues from the river, considered as the resi- dence of the priests of Merée, will be ‘about twelve leagues south-south-east of Assour. This distance of the Col- lege of Merde from the town itself must appear rather considerable, and we are surprised to find it so far from the Nile. It is reasonable to think, that the latitude given by the ancients for the site of Meroe would be that of the observatory itself, and of the spot wherein the priests resided. Butthere must be about twenty-five minutes difference in latitude between the ruins of Assour and those that are eight leagues south-south-east of Chendy. From these considerations (adds M. Jomard,) I am inclined to infer, that the College or Observatory of Merde New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. was not situated here. I shall not . pronounce positively; we must wait for further details than what can be gathered from a letter written in haste. One very interesting result ap- pears to be clearly established from the journey of M. Cailliaud, which is, that many of the antiquities of Nubia are posterior to the monuments of Thebes. I have ever been of opinion that, if Ethiopia was the cradle of the arts, Egypt ‘was the scene of their development; new discoveries make this more and more manifest. It was at Thebes and at Memphis that the sciences and arts rose to that elevation wherein we find them in the monu- ments of those districts: the develop- ments proper to the soil and climate of the Thebais are very different from those of Ethiopia. When the Greeks became masters of Egypt, they mingled their style with the Egyptian, and, in their turn, car- ried their arms and architecture into Ethiopia. The magnitude of the ma- terials, which with me is an evidence of high Egyptian antiquity, is a cha- racter which most of the Nubian mo- numents are destitute of. The religion and the arts of Egypt will never be explained ‘by the climate and produc- tions of countries situated between the tropics. The zeal of M. C. in his researches is indefatigable. He has traversed more than a thousand leagues ; and in about a year’s time he will return to France, with scientific spoils, a de- scription of all the known Oases, the whole course of the Nile to the tenth degree of latitude, and a portfolio rich in observations relative to monuments, geography, and natural history. NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. or To Joun Nei.son, of Linlithgow ; for certain vegetable Substances, not hi- therto used by Tanners and Leather- dressers, to be employed in Tanning and colouring Leather ; and that certain vegetable Substances, not hitherto used by Dyers, may be employed in the Art of Dyeing. NHE leather which he makes and colours is produced by the fol- lowing process of manufacture. He takos the following plants, namecly,— Saxifraga, or Saxifrage, .. Crassifolia. -—. » ++ Cordifolia. ——, +- Orbicularis. Rheum, or Rhubarb,---+ ++ Sibiricum. —_————_——_,, «eee Crispum, —————_—_—,, «eee ee Tartaricum. © Geranium, or Geranum, -» Macrorhizun. —_—_—_————_——, :- Reflexum. ———,, :> Lividum. ——, +» Phoeum. ————_—_—_—_—_—_..->—,' +» Angelatum. Heuchera, «+..++- eooeses, Americana py Pee e there ewes Villosa. Polygonum, 150 * Polygonum, te esceseeese Undulatum, .” *, or +, reeveecesees Canadensis. Rhodiola, «+++++e+-.+6.- Rosea, He uses them either in the green or dry state, If used green, they give out their qualities more slowly, unless the vegetable principle be destroyed, which may be done by the application of a moderate heat, by means of steam or warm water. Whether used in the green state, or dried, they ought to be cut, bruised, or ground. They may then be applied to hides and skins pre- pared for tanning in the usual way; and the mode of their application is by means of an aqueous solution, either hot or cold, the same as that followed by tanners and leather-dres- sers in making leather from each bark, and other well-known vegetable sub- stances. The strength of these plants in making the new leather, compared with English oak-bark, which is used in making the leather in common use, isas follows. | To make a pound of new leather, take double the weight of the green leaves of the saxifrages that would be required of English oak-bark to make a pound of common leather, The root of the saxifrages is double the strength of the leaves. The rheum sibiricum and tartari- cum are equal to the root of the saxi- frages, but the crispum rather weaker: The geraniums and polygonums are about the same in strength as the saxifrage leaves. The root of the heucheras is equal to the root of the saxifrages. And The rhodiola rosea is nearly double in strength to the root of the saxi- frages. The observations regard the weight of the plants as taken from the ground: when dried, they lose in weight about two-thirds, and they lose also a little in strength. The plants ought to be cropped when vegetation in them is stopped. The substances which make the new leather are to be found stronger in some parts of the plants than in others, In ihe second place, and separately in the art of dyeing, as at present prac- tised, a liquor is made from an infa- sion of sumach, or nut-galls, or oak- bark, with water, which is used as a basis mordant preparative, or constitu- ent in dyeing. . He has. discovered. that a new liquor, uscful in dycing, New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. {March 1, may he made, by infusing the plants or herbs in the foregoing list in water, by the same mode of manipulationas that by which the common liquors above men~ tioned are made. This new liquor may be applied to all the uses, and in the same manner to and by which the liquors made from sumach, nut-galls, or oak-bark, are now generally applied by dyers as basis mordants, or pre- paratives as aforesaid, . : — To FrepeRicK MicueLtts VAN Hey- THUYSEN, Esq. of Chancery-lane ; for a new Method of propelling Boats, or small Vessels, through Water, and light Carriages over Land.—July 23, 1821. This invention consists in-the tread- ing, or pulling round, the axletree or spindle, unto which is fixed the road- wheels of a carriage, or paddle-wheel of a boat, barge, or other small vessel, when applied to land-carriages. Four arms or more are fixed cross-ways upon the axletree, and so placed, that the heels of the right and left feet may alternately tread them round; and, consequently, turn the axletree, and propel the road-wheels forward, by which the weight of the body becomes a propelling rotary power. When ap- plied to a boat, barge, or other small vessel, four arms, or perhaps a smaller or greater number, are fixed to a spindle or axletree, for the purpose. of treading, or pulling round the axle~ tree, as above. The paddle-wheel on the ends of the spindle or axletree, which project over the side of a ves- sel, are six in number; but may be more or less in number, as occasion may require, The principal object of this invention is to do away with the expense of horse-labour, and reparation of the towing-paths or track-roads.- It is evident, that oars cannot be used upon canals ; as, from the confined width, the oars have not sufficient space for play, but would be constantly digging into the banks, and causing mevitable injury. With the new methed, ‘the machinery projects only twenty inches beyond the sides of the barge ; and the whole apparatus is so light, that it may be taken off at a moment’s warning, Jaid within-side the barge, and with the same facility fixed on again, after having passed another barge, or having gone through a Jock. It is proposed, that, on passing a lock, one of the el sha 1823.] shall get out, and draw or tow the barge through; ox, if more than one man shall be requisite, he can be easily procured on such an occasion. As it is intended to place two sets of machinery upon a barge, one forward, and the other aft, on passing a barge, . the foremost man must first take off his axletree, and then the man who is aft, who can steer at the same time he works the paddles round. When. applied to light carriages, such as garden-chairs, or for persons, who have lost the use of their lower extremities, so as to prevent them from Proceedings of Public Societies. r51 taking exercise or air, this metliod will enable them to keep pace with any pedestrian, and out-distance him in a short time, if desirous so to do; as he can, with ease, propel himself forward at the rate of five or six miles an hour, and ‘that, with less exertion, than would have been necessary had he_ been enabied to-walk. For this pur- pose, it can be used over the stones of any paved town; and the unpaved roads must be very bad indeed to prevent it being used there.—Re- pertory. PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. —->— INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. T a late sitting of this illustrious body, the following observations were read on the Geography and pre- sent State of Hindostan. The name of Hindostan is but of modern use; it is a Persian word, derived from Aindvo, black, and Shan, a place ; but it is now adopted by the natives, as well as by foreign- ers. In Mahometan writers, the term represents the countries immediately subject to the sovereigns of Delhi; which, in 1582, were divided into eleven soubabies, or provinces; most of these have retained their primitive geographical limits. Their names are Lahore, Moultan, Ajmire, Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Bahar, Oude, Ben- gal, Malwa, and Guzerat. A twelfth division was formed of Cabul, and the countries west of the Indus, including Cachemire ; afterwards, three were added of the conquests made in the Deccan, Berar, Candeish, and Ahmed- nuggur, now known by the name of Aurungabad. European geographers generally comprise within Hindostan all the countries wherein the religion of the Hindoos prevails; these consist of four great divisions, Northern Hin- dostan, Hindostan Proper, the Decean, and those parts of India that lie south of the Khrishna. This last division is usually called the Peninsula, but is more properly an equilateral triangle, the northern limit of which towards the Krishna forms the base, the coasts of Coromandel and Malabar the sides, and Cape Comorin the summit. It does not appear that any of the former conquerors of Hindostan em- ployed native disciplined troops for the defence of their sovereignty, though they had numerous tribes to hold in subjection. If this seems hazardous in theory, it has been found safe in. practice ; with the English, the diffi- culty is entirely theoretical. They have another advantage over their predecessors, that, there being two na- tions, the Mahometans and Hindoos, they may set one against the other; and, in time, raise up a third, at the expense of both. But no measures of this nature have been in contempla- tion, though their practicability may be well inferred. Foreign conquerors will doubtless favour their countrymen, and the English government raise theirs to the highest posts and appointments; but numbers of the natives are admitted into the army, and put into the exer- cise of civil power. Of enemies, the latter have become friends; and, from the consolidation of interests, though different in colour, language, and manners, the English possess a force much superior in firmness to that of the Mahometan dynasties. | On the whole, notwithstanding errors and defects in public men and mea- sures, a quick eye may readily disco- ver, that the revolution which has taken place is greatly to the profit of the population at large, and (to the honour of the local administrations,) that solid improvements in principles and practice are rapidly advancing, Protection. has been aflorded against foreign depredations, and_ internal commotions; a double advantage, un- known in Hindostan during the lapse of many years. Should ” ® . 152 ' Should this vast territory, acquired in a manner so unexpected, be re- stored to its ancient masters, it would transfer the subjects, now enjoying a profound peace, to the sanguinary dissensions of greedy adventurers, and must evidently counteract many pro- jected ameliorations. These never originate with the Hindoos; for experi- ence proves, that, when any have been raised to high offices of state, the power thus delegated, for the purpose of experiment, has been of little ad- vantage to the community. : These general truths willbe adopted by calm and impartial observers, whateveropinion they may entertain of the conduct of individuals. Principles of commiseration and even justice re- quire that so many millions, living under British protection, with many circumstances discriminating them from other Asiatic states, should not be abandoned to the many disorders, con- vulsions, and casualties, to which they have been exposed, through a long Succession of ages. y * There is every reason to think, that the Hindoos were, in very remote ages, a commercial people, as, in the first book of their Sacred Laws, winch, according to them, was revealed by Menu millions of years ago, there is a curious passage relative to the legal interest of money, and to the rate of exchange, in different cases, with par- ticular provisos for transactions con- hected with sea-faring concerns. The three great articles of general exporta- tion from India, for the Greeks and Romans, were spices, pearls and pre- cious stones, and silk. The ancient importations were, woollen stuffs of light fabric, linen cloth, certain pre- cious stones, and aromatics unknown in the country, coral, storax, glass vessels, wines of Italy, Greece, and Arabia, copper and tin. That of money, also, was very considerable ; and, from the natives’ selling much, and purchasing little, the balance has Deen ever in their favour. It is be- lieved that immense riches are lost to the country, from the habit of hoarding and burying their treasures, which is eommon in Hindostan, and from dying without revealing them. In later ages, cotton stuils have been the principal article of export; but the demand for these is considerably diminished, from the perfection they have attained in Europe. The empire of superstition is rapidly 1 Proceedings ‘of Public Societies, [Match 1, declining in British India, and a sar- prising moral change has been in pro- gress during the administration of the Marquess of ‘Hastings. The effect of seven native presses, constantly. at wotk in Calcutta, has been to.triumph over many inveterate abuses, oper- ating powerfully in reforms of various kinds. During the last festival of Jageernaut, the pilgrims present were so few as tobe unable to drag the car, nor could any devotee be persuaded, by the brachmins, to sacrifice himself to the idol. The priesthood are ‘for removing the rath to a more central situation, from an apprehension that, without such removal, the bigotry of thirty centuries will disappear. A large portion of the population of Bengal are recciving the rudiments of an improved education, from thousands of elementary works that are eircu- lating through the empire. Hindoo women, against whom widowhood and burning alive are denounced for learn- ing the alphabet, and who must not read the Veda under pain of death, place their daughters at the public schools. ‘The celebrated Flindoo re- former, Rammohun Roy, has long held public monthly meetings at Cal- eulta, wherein the tencts of their reli- gion are freely discussed, and the cru- elties which it sanctions are exposed and reprobated. Statistic Documents, from which an approximative idea may be formed of the Extent and Population of the States of Hindostan, as they existed in 1820. British Possessions.—Bengal, Bahar and Benares, inhabitants, $9,000,000. Square miles, 162,000 ; augmentation, since 1795, inhab. 18,000,000, sq. m. 148,000; Gurwal, Kumaon, and the country between the Sutuledge and the Jumna, inhab. 500,000; sq. m. 18,000 ; under the presidency of Ben- gal, inhab. 57,500,000; of ° Madras, inhab. 15,000,000, sq. m. 154,000; of Bombay, inhab. 2,500,000, sq. m. 11,000; territories of the Deccan; &c. acquired since 1815, and not united to any presidency, inhab. 8,000,000, sq. m. 60,000. ; Allies and Tributaries of the English. —The Nirzam, inhab. 10,000,000, sq. m. 96,000; the Rajah of Napour, inhab, 3,000,000, sq. m. 70,000; the King of Oude, inhab. 3,000,000, sq. m. 20,000 ; the Guicowar, inhab. 2,000,000, sq. me 18,000; the Rajah of Mysore, inhab. 3,000;000, sq. m. 17,000 ; the Rajah of Sattarah, inhab.. 1,500,000, sq. m, 11,000 ; : 1823.] , 11,000; Travancore and Cochin, in- hab. 1,000,000, sq. m. 8000. Rajahs of Jeypour, Bicanere, &c. Holkar, the Seiks, the Row of Gutch, anda multi- plicity of other native chiefs, all under English protection, inhab, 15,000,000, sq. m. 283,000. __ Independent States.—The Rajah of Nepaul, inhab. 2,000,000, sq. m. 53,000; the Rajah of Lahore, inhab. 3,000,000, sq. m. 50,000 ; Sind, inhab. 1,000,000, sq. m. 24,000 ; the dominions of Sindia, inhab. 4,000,000, sq. m. 40,000. phere Sum total of the whole of Hindostan, inhabitants, 134,000,000, square miles, 1,280,000. To the above may be added, that the great.mass of the people of Hindostan are indebted to the English for the gift of internal security ; and, what is more precious, a portion of civil liberty. The extinction of various organized. bands, that were unceasing and unsparing in their ravages and incursions, not regarding the blood which they shed, or the desolation which they caused, has contributed to this. _The Hindoos have been inured to governments, arbitrary in principle and oppressive in practice. But, since the English ascendancy, there is no longer a succession of tyrannies; and a. growing moral fitness. for civil liberty will be one consequence of the revolution. As to the taxes, they are not so considerable as to be a weight on the industry of the country. The following may illustrate the popes character of the political sys- em which exists, at present, in Hin- dostan. . The statements it contains exhibit the increasing resources of Great Britain, in an extensive and im- portant territory, acquired by nume- rous revolutions in a few years, and which will probably terminate to the greatadvantage of the natives. Many important incidents have occurred since 1814; and it may throw light on the subject to revert. to that period. The states of Hindostan, then tribu- tary to the English government, ac- cording to treaties of alliance, were the Nizam, the Peishwa, the Rajahs of Mysore, Travancore, and Cochin, the Nabob of Oude, and the Guicowar. The conditions were, on the part of the English, to protect them against foreign invasions, or internal dissen- sions. The troops furnished for these purposes were not to be employed in the civil administration, or for the MontHLy Mae. No. 379, Account of British India. tion. * 133 collecting of imposts. The natives were, in return, to contribute a stipu- lated sum, in money, or a portion of . territory ; they were, moreover, to keep up a contingent force, to act with the other tributaries, but not in hostility to any Indian power, except with the concurrence of the supreme authority, which, in the first instance, would try, amicably, to accommodate differences. In case of urgency, the combined forces of these protected states, to be at the disposition of the English government. Some minor principalities, hardly deserving the name of sovereignties, have benefit from English protection without any formal alliance, or tribu- tary contribution. Of this latter class, the Rajahs of Bhurtpoor and Macherry were the principal ; it included, alse, a number of other inferior chiefs, in the districts about Agra and. Delhi, and in those of Bundelcund, and of the Seiks, approaching towards the Satuledge river. The Rajpoot chiefs of Jeypour, Joudpour, Odeypour, Bicanere, and Jesselmere, were not then within the limits of this protec- The British government might require some acknowledgment from the smaller states ;, but it was inconsi- derable, and no force was stationed in ‘their territories. There was a third class, consisting of sovereigns strictly independent, such as Sindia, Holkar, and the Rajah of Nagpour; these were at ‘peace with the English, government, which had its ambassadors among them. A fourth class might be added, of certain independent communities, or chiefs, with which the English govern- ment had never had intercourse, or contracted alliances. Since the period above mentioned, ‘1814, some considerable revolutions have taken place. The power of the -Mahrattas was irrevocably destroyed, in the wars of 1817 and 18; and that of Nagpour, by, the war of 1815, ‘The peishwa no longer ranks among sove- reigns; and his. possessions, with the exception of Sattarah, are:subjected to the English. The Rajah of Nagpour _is reduced to comparative insignifi- cance, and Hoijkar has been deprived ‘of all his dominions south of the Ner- buddah. Nothinghas been taken from Sindia; but his situation is insulated, and there are no foreign succours that he can have recourse tu; the ex- x tinction + 154 _ tinction of the Pindarries has bereaved him of one of his main supports. In- deed, his future existence depends on his faithfully adhering to the engage- ments he has contracted with the Eng- lish. On the other hand, several allied states, as Boundee, Cotash, and Bo- paul, have received an augmentation of territory; and the five great states of Rajpoutand have been admitted into the federative alliance. The British possessions in India, taken collectively, may be calculated at 553,000 square miles; and, including allthe recentacquisitions, at 83,000,000 of inhabitants. Of these, under the three oldest establishments, or presi- dencies, may be rated for Bengal, 528,000 square miles, and 57,500,000 inhabitants ; for Madras, 154,000 ‘square miles, and 15,000,000 inhabi- tants ; and, for Bombay, 11,000 square tiles, and 2,500,000 inhabitants. The total of English possessions, and of their allies, may be computed, by approxi- mative calculation, (for but few correct official details have been published,) at 1,103,000 square miles, and 123,000,000 of inhabitants; and, the grand total of Hindostan including Lahore, Sind, Cabul, &c. at 1,280,000 square miles, and 134,000,000 of inhabitants. In conclusion, it may be inferred, that the English dominion in India is more extensive than any of the ancient dynasties, not excepting the Patan or the Mogul, although those princes had nothing to fear from the Hindoos, while they abstained from religious persecution. Nor does there appear to be any state capable of giving um- brage to the English; the population . is, for the most part, united in one grand confederacy ; and the Supreme Government is inculcating and dif- fusing juster sentiments, and more equitable principles, throughout coun- tries that have been long the prey of anarchy. In India, the privileges of acquiring landed property is not enjoyed by the legitimate descéndants of Europeans long settled there; and probably, on this account, they are less considered by the native casts. The Christian population, of ancient descent, amounts to about half a million, almost all de-- scendants of the first Europeans ; but, compared with the other classes, Proceedings of Public Societies. ‘industry, [March 1, living in a sort of degradation. The native Europeans keep these, their humble brethren, at a distance; and the consequence is, that both the Mahometans and Hindoos treat them with a marked disrespect, which is not evinced to the Christians of Bu- rope. A change of system, with re- spect to the Creole Christians, would probably be found to combine and se- cure advantages not hitherto contem- plated, and without subjecting the Indian administration to any kind of risk. é ; The population of the principal cities of Hindostan, which, in general, are within the English pale, by an approximative estimate, has been rated as follows. Benares, 600,000; Cal- cutta, 500,000; Surat, 450,000; Ma- dras, 300,000; Lucknow, 200,000 ; Hyderabad, 200,000 ; Dacca, 180,000; Bombay, 170,000; Delbi, ‘150,000 ; Moorshedabad, 150,000 ; Pound, 120,000; Nagpoor, 100,000; Bareda, 160,000; Almedabad, 100,000; Cash- mire, 100,000; Furruckabad, 70,000; Mirzapour, 60,000; Agra, 60,000; Bareily, 60,000; Burdwan, 54,000; Bangalore, 50,000; Chupra, 43,000; Seringapatam, 40,000 ; Broach, 33,000; Mangalore, 30,000 ; and Palliampour, 30,000. Five of these, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Nagpoor, Bareda, and Cashmire, are not subject to the English, There are several other cities, such as Lahore, Jeypoor, Bhurtpour, Au- rungabad, &c. of considerable extent ‘and population, but no estimate has been made of them. In 1805, a list was completed from official documents, of English resi- dents in Hindostan, born in the coun- try, of English parents, amounting to 31,000 individuals. Among these, were 22,000 in the army, as officers or soldiers; free merchants and mariners allowed to setile in India, about 5,000 ; 300 magistrates, and others, in the courts of justice: the remainder con- sisted of adventurers, living, by their in different occupations. Since the above period, no particular report has been published; but the total number of resident subjects, born in the country, of English parents, may be fixed at under 40,000. VARIETIES, 1823.] £3. 155] "VARIBTIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including {Notices of Works in Hund, Domestic and Foreign: ——— VT. is our painful task this month to have to record the loss of three English characters of extraordinary eminence in their age, and distinguish- ed alike for their talents and virtues. We refer to the names of Hutton, Jenner, and Radclitfe,—neither of which will be forgotten as long as knowledge and genius are held in. respect. We have detailed the life and labours of Dr. Hutton, by favour of his family, in the present Number ; and have given place to brief notices of Dr. Jenner and Mrs. Radcliffe : the first of whom we hope, by similar favour, to treat of more at large: in our ensuing Number; and we have expec- tations that we shall also be enabled to gratify the public in regard to the latter, whose writings have been so creditable to the intellectual , powers ef her sex. In the three we have lost constant readers and valuable friends, whose places we can scarcely hope to live to replace. France, likewise, has As the result of these labours, Mr. Horner has now published a very elegant prospectus, with some speci- mens, in which he avnounces four magnificent engravings: east and west views forty inches by twenty-five, and’ been deprived, by recent death, of the justly celebrated Abbé Haiiy, and M. Delambre, one of that distinguish- ed class of mathematicians among whom are ranked Lagrange, Lacroix, and Laplace. Memoirs of both have been transmitted to us from Paris, and we will submit them to our readers as soon as the prior claims of our depart- ed countrymen permit. The public are aware, that when the Cross of St. Paul’s was, in the sum- mer of 1821, taken down, repaired, and re-gilt, an ingenious, enterprising, and laborious artist, Mr. THomas Horner, availed himself of the circumstance to obtain permission to erect an Obser- vatory above the usual site of the Cross, for the purpose of making pano- ramic drawings of the metropolis and surrounding country. Of this erection, so curious in every respect, as well for its situation asits object, we have been favoured with a sketch, which we have the pleasure to present to our readers. north and south views thirty by twenty, five; each to be accompanied by four ‘descriptive keys. He proposes, also, to have two sets of engravings ; one in the line-manner at eight guineas, and the other coloured as drawings at ten “guineas, Mh. 156 ineas. It is worthy of observation, hat Mr. H. is the inventor of an appa- eratus by which the most distant and intricate’ scenery may be delineated: with accuracy ; and that with such aid he made sketches on 280 sheets of drawing-paper, comprising 1680square feet. In the prospectus alluded to, Mr. Horner relates many anecdotes of his studies and perils during this ardu- ous enterprise, for the details of which we regret we have not room; but the prospectus will, we doubt not, be sought with avidity, and. be found in most libraries. did success, and we are persuaded he will meet with it. Mr, WILLIAM Danie Lt will publish in the course of the present season the seventh volume of his Picturesque Voyage round Great Britain. It will comprise the range of coast from the Nore to Weymouth; and in the eighth volume, which will be the last, the Voyage will be prosecuted to the Land’s End, where, in the year 1813, this arduous undertaking was com- menced. It is well known that the late King, during the whole of his reign, expend- ed considerable sums in augmenting his library af Buckingham-house, and availed himself of many opportunities of enriching it by the influence arising from his high station; consequently, it became one of the most interesting depots of literary rarities in Europe. It being a subject of general lamenta- tion, that such a collection should, as private property, be excluded from public examination, his present Ma- jesty, with a liberal feeling which can- not be too strongly commended, has signified, through his ministers in Par- liament, his intention to present it to the nation; and arrangements are expected to be made for a suitable erection to receive it,—of which fur- ther particulars will appear in this Miscellany. Sir Everard Home, bart. will shortly publish a third volume of Lec- tures on Comparative Anatomy. Preparing for publication, in two volumes, 12mo. Winé and Walnuts, or After-dinner Chit Chat, by a Cock- ney Greybeard, »” Major Lone’s Explanatory Travels to the Rocky Mountains of America, will appear in a few days, in three volumes, octavo, illustrated with maps and plates. Dr. Prina, of Bath, has in the press, Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. He has merited splen-: [March 1, an Exposition of the Principles of Pathology, and of the Treatment of Diseases. Mr. J. H. Wirren has in the press; a Translation in English Verse of the Works of Garcilasso de la Vega, sur- named the “ Prince of Castilian poets,” with a critical and historical Essay on the rise, progress, decay, and revival, of Spanish Poetry, and a life and porx-. trait of the author. In a few weeks will appear, Tables for the. Hoiy Alliance, with other’ poems, &c.-by THomas Brown the Younger. Shortly will be published, the second, volume of Body and Soul. A poem, entitled the Judgment of Hubert, is about to make its appear- ance. \ In a few days will be published, a second edition of Fifteen Years in India, or Sketches of a Soldier’s Life, being an attempt to describe persons and things in various parts of Hindos- tan, from the Journal of an Officer in his Majesty’s service. The Edinburgh Annual Register for the Years 1819 and 1820 are nearly ready for publication. » Immediately will be published, illus- trated with numerous cases and en- gravings, a Practical Treatise on the Symptoms, Canses} Discrimination, and Treatment, of some of the most important Complaints that affect the Secretion and Excretion of the Urine; by Joun Howsuip, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The author of ‘the Student’s Ma- nual,” &c. will shortly publish, the Parent’s Latin Grammar; to which is prefixed, an original Essay on the For- mation of Latin Verbs, by J. B. Git- CHRIST, LL.D. The second volume of - Mitchell’s Methodical Cyclopedia will not be ready till the 31st of March; but it will afterwards proceed with periodical regularity. It will comprise Chemis- try, Mineralogy, and Geology.—A second edition of the first volume has been prepared, and is now on sale. Mr. Lewis, late of Coventry, is preparing a History of Political Mar- tyrs in the cause of Parliamentary Reform; a work which cannot fail to be read with interest and sympathy. In the spring will be published, the Art of Valuing Rents and Tillage, explaining the manner of valuing the tenant’s right on entering and quitting farms in ¥ orkshire, andthe adjoining counties, 1823.] counties, adapted for the use of land- lerds, land-agents, appraisers, farmers, and tenants, by J. S. BAYLDON. A gentleman, long known to the literary world, is engaged on the Lives: of Corregio and Parmegiano. Mr. Joprin is about to publish, Outlines of a System of Political Eco- nomy, written with a view to prove to government and the country, that the cause of the present agricultural dis- tress is. entirely artificial, and to sug- gest a plan for the management of the currency, by which it may be remedied, now, and a recurrence of similar evils prevented in future. A Treatise on Mental Derangement, being the substance of the Gulstonian Lectures delivered in the Royal Col- lege of Physicians, in May 1822, by Francis WILLIs, M.D. is in the press. Architectural Illustrations of the Public Buildings of Londen, are -pre- paring for publication. No. I. of this work will.appear on the Ist of April, and will contain seven engravings of St. Paul’s Cathedral, the new entrance to the House of Lords, the Temple Church, and the Custom House, with two sheets of letter-press. In recom- mendation of this work, we need only to state, that it is the joint production of Messrs. Brirron and Puan. , Illustrations, Graphic and Literary, of Fonthill Abbey, by Mr. Britton, is announced for publication early in April, and will contain twelve engra- vings instead of nine, as originally promised. Dr. Carey has in the press, the Comedies of Plautus, in continuation of “the Regent’s Pocket Classics.” The author of “the Cavalier,” &c. has a new novel in the press, entitled, the King of the Peak. The third volame of the Transac- tions of the Literary Society of Bombay is just ready for publication. Shortly will be published, Memoirs and Select Remains of Miss Mary Shenston, who died July 2d, 1822, in her eighteenth year, by her brother and sister. The eggs of the domestic fowl have lately been. submitted, by Dr. WILLIAM Prout, to a variety of experiments, whieh are detailed in the ‘ Philoso- phical Transactions ;” ten of these eggs, when just laid, weighed from 763 to 975 grains, averaging 875 grains each; and their specific gravities ya- ried from 1.080 to 1.090, average 1.085; their-cubic measure being aout Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 157 2.9 inches on the average. On the breaking of these eggs, and carefully separating the shell and membrane » from the albumen, and this from the » yelk: the last of these were found to weigh from 211 to 289, average 252 grains; the second or whites weighed from 394 to 605, averaging 530 grains; and the shells and membranes toge- ther were from 72 to 108, averaging 94 crains: so that with a standard fresh ege, for comparison, weighing 1060 grains, these average weights would be—yelk 290 grains, white 604 grains, and shell and membrane 107 grains.— An egg, which weighed at first 908 grains, was kept and weighed almost daily during two years, at the end of which time it weighed only 363 grains ; having very uniformly lost at the rate of three-quarters of a grain per day : it had not become rotten, at least had no offensive smell on being broken, but the whole of its contents were found in the lesser end in a solid state. At the end of the first week of incubation, or being sat upon by the hen, several eggs, calculated according to the weight of 1000 grains when quite fresh, were found on the average to have lost 50 grains each: at the end of the second week, the average loss was found 130 grains; and at the end of the third week, or full period for hatching, 160 grains had been lost out of the 1000, or near one-sixth of their first weights: the loss being eight times that of similar eggs, naturally, inthe same time. Numerous analyses, for ascertaining the component parts of eggs, and the changes effected therein during incubation, are recorded in the ‘Transactions, to which we must refer; and only add, that the Doctor considers the yelk analogous to the milk of viviparous animals, but more concentrated, and that its chief use’ is to afford a pabulam to the young chick during incubation. : The Ettrick Shepherd has a new romance in the press, entitled the Pe- rils of Woman, Dr. Srezer’s interesting Travels in Crete haye been translated, and form the current Number of “the London Journal of Modern Voyages and Tra- vels.” They include much valuable and original information on the ancient and present state of thatisland, and particularly on the manners of the Turks and Greeks. The translation contains a correct map of Crete, and other engravings. ” Speedily . 158° Speedily will be published, the Faith once Delivered to the Saints defended, being the substance of three Sermons on the consistency, truth, and impor- tance, of the generally received opinion A concerning the person of Christ, by WILLIAM FRANCE. _We understand that Mr. Perkins s invented a new steam-engine, on a newly-discovered property in steam, by which more than seyen-eighths of the fuel and weight of engine may be saved. Mr. P.. has constructed a small one, with a cylinder two inches in diameter, and a stroke of twelve inches, which has the power of seven horses. We hope to give the further particulars of this interesting and im- portan’ invention in an early Num- er. The town of Halifax is now lighted by gas on Mr. Grafton’s new system, by which the. nuisance from the tar and ammonia, hitherto so great in gas works, is entirely remedied. This great object has been effected by the fabrication of a clay composition for retorts, on a peculiar plan, instead of iron, which only partially carbonizes the coal. Mr. J. Simco, of Air-street, Picca- dilly, has the following curious articles: —Dell Arcano Dell Mare di D. Roberto Dudleo, Duca di Northumbrie e Conte di Warwick, 2 tomes, folio, with many curious plates: Firenze, 1647. The author. was the natural. son of Ro- bert, the famous Earl of Leicester, by Douglas Howard, daughter of Lord Effingham: he had a great turn for naval affairs. ‘The plates are said to be admirable for that period. In the fifth volume of the ‘ Biographia Britannica” is a particular account of the author; and, at page 473, an ac- count of this book by Dr. Kippis: he says he never saw a copy of it in any Catalogue.—Also, the History of St. Alban’s Abbey, published by the Anti- quarian Society, illustrated with all the different views published of it, and drawings of the monuments and coats- of-arms on. the ceiling, also drawings of the other churches, monuments, and painted glass windows; as also the monuments in Dunstable Priory church, very finely executed, by an artist who has been dead some years, ‘elegantly bound in russia, an atlas folio. \ - The following appropriate inscrip- tion, upon a handsome monument, has recently been crected in the chancel Literary and Philésophical Intelligence. © {March #, of Tunbridge Church, to. the memory of that distinguished character, Dr- Vicesimus Knox, the dauntless foe of despotism, the reformer of the univer- sities, and the preacher of peace:— _ To the Memory of Vicesimus Knox, D.D. Master of Tunbridge School, and Rector of Runwell and Ramsden Crays, in Essex. Born Dec. 8, 1752: died Sept. 6, 1821. A sound divine, a polished and powerful writer, an elegant and profound scholar, a zealous, eloquent, and persuasive preacher of the Gospel; he employed his high endowments C TO THE GLORY OF Gob, and the moral and intellectual improve- ment of MAN. Anxious ever to advance the happiness of his fellow-creatures, up on the purest principles of Christian philanthropy, with a lofty spirit of independence, and a rare disinterestedness in conduct, he disregarded the ordinary objects of worldly ambition, and showed himself, on all occasions, the enemy of public abuses, the friend of civil and religious liberty, the opponent of offensive war, the promoter of peace, and the advocate of all the claims of humanity. “ He, being dead,—yect speaketh.” Speedily will be published, an His- torical Essay upon the Art of Painting on Glass, from its earliest introduetion into England by Cimabue to the: pre- sent day. In which will be described, seriatim, the heraldic emblazonings and portraits npon the principal paint- ed windows in Fonthill Abbey, with an engraving representing the southern oriel in St. Michael’s Gallery: the pro- per absence of Grecian and Roman sculpture in that princely mansion will also come under consideration. Back- ler’s painted window for the Duke of Norfolk, that in the library of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, bart. at Stour- head, some of the tasteful} perform- ances of those ingenious artists, the Pearsons and others, will receive every attention: together with remarks on historical painting injoil ; by T. ADams, jun. Shaftesbury. The Christian Philosopher, or the Connexion of Science with Religion, is preparing for the press, by T. Dick, author of a variety of literary and_ scientific communications in this Ma- ~ gazine, Nicholson’s ‘“ Philosophical Journal,” Thomson’s “ Annals of Phi- 1 losophy>” Bs dosophy,” the “Independent,” the * Christian Instructor,” &c. This work will comprise illustrations of the om- nipotence and grandeur of Deity, and of His wise arrangements in the system of nature, and of the connexion of the sciences of natural history, geography, geology, astronomy, natu- ral philosophy, chemistry, history, and the inventions of human genius, with the great objects of religion and of Divine Revelation. A spacious mansion in Tenterden- street, Hanover-square, has been en- gaged for the Royal Academy of Music. Rossini is engaged by the committee; and the subscription al- ready amounts to 50,0001. Sir THomAs: LAWRENCE purposes exhibiting, in the ensuing spring, a selection of his choicest works, at the Gallery (late West’s) in Pall Mall. The paintings will include the cele- brated portrait of the King, which Sir ‘Thomas has just finished ; and the por- ‘traits of the foreign sovereigns and statesmen, which he painted during his late visit to the Continent. A publie subscription has been opened and liberally supported in England to relieve the sufferers by the - late destructive earthquake in Syria. In our Number published January 1, we gave a narrative of the details, and we now extract the following from the address of the London Committee :— In the year 1755 Lisbon was destroyed, and thousands of human beings perished in an earthquake, the effects of which were felt in many parts of England. These effects, and the Jittle distance of Lisbon from England, excited avery great degree of sympathy with the sufferers. Benevo- Jence soon exerted itself, and important supplies were sent in an abandance which characterized. and was highly honourable to British feelings. A very short period has elapsed since a smart shock of earth- take alarmed many of the inhabitants of cotland ; but, since the devastation in La Guyra,—where 10,000 persons were en- gulphed in an instant,—no accounts have reached England of an eartliquake so sud- den,—so frequently repeated, and long continnved,—1or of such destruction to hu- man life and comfort,—as those which, without any warning circumstances, began in Syria on the 15th of August, 1842. This has made the ancient city of Antioch —a name where Christians had first their honourable denomination,—a heap of rub- - Aish and ruins. In the city and surround: ing country 20,000 human beings, at the least computation, found an instant death, and who, witha like number, not slain, Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 159 but maimed, mutilated, and reduced to agonizing pains, formed about one-fifth of the population of the desolated districts. Those who,—to use the eloquent words of the British consul, John Barker, esq. in” his communication from near the ruins of Antioch,—** Those whom it has pleased God to place in happier regions of the globe,” can scarcely realize the idea of the desolation and misery which are the effects of a widely spread convulsion of the earth. There is something really striking in the expression of the Consul, stating, that when the return of day permitted a recog- nition of persons, ‘ the survivors ‘rushed into one another’s arms, through very joy of continued existence.” This joy was quickly followed by most pungent woe, Habitation,—friends,—parents,—children, —husbands,—wives,—lost! The earth trembling under the feet of those who were spared, continually, from the 15th of August to the Sth of October—a dismal period of fifty-six days and nights,—kept alarm and anxiety alive,—and every mo- ment when the earth shook they might fear would be their last. But many more were wounded, and full of agony, with broken bones and diseased bodies. ‘These must have been without medical aid, The dying had little consolation, except the prospect of quitting this woeful scene ; and the survivors had full employ by the inter- ment of the dead. ‘To add to thiese dis- tresses, the wretched ‘Syrians had heard that the cholera morbus had’ manifested itself at no great distance from them! We ean hardly figure to ourselves the. whole weight of misery and affliction which Syria must have presented to the eye of the British Consul.— Another account, from an Englishman resident several years at Aleppo, and under date 23d of August, states, that the city of Aleppo, built en- tirely of stone, and the third city of the Ottoman empire, in point of size and popu- lation, was, in the space of a few seconds, overturned to its foundations. The writer, after giving an account of his almost mira- culons escape from the house in which he lived, under circumstances of extreme danger, during which he commended his soul to God, proceeds to state, that having passed, amidst the falling walls: of narrow streets, and over the bodies of the dead and dying, to the gate of the city which was nearest, he witnessed, as he passed along, . the most dreadful and heart-rending scenes, —men and women clinging to the ruins of their habitations, holding up their children in their trembling arms,—while his cars were assailed by the piercing cries of the half-bnried people, of different nations, imploring mercy from God in their own language. Onreaching the gate, amidst. impending danger, to his great mortifica- tion he found it shut, and a vast multitude, who like himself had fled thither, com- pletely * 160 pletely prevented from escaping; no one having dared to hazard his life under the _arch, in orderto open it. What increased the difficulty was, the bars had been bent )” by the earthquake, and the guards, who had been stationed at the gate, had perish- ed in the general desolation. In this dread- ful situation, while numbers were perishing ‘around him, and after fervent prayer to God, this gentleman prevailed npon some Turks to assist him in forcing open the gate, which they happily effected by means of large stones thrown against it. No sooner had they rushed through the gate, tian a severe shock crumbled the arch to pieces, and many were killed by the fall of it. An immense multitnde then pressed out, and with one accord fell pros- trate on the ground, earnestly thanking God for their preservation ; but, when the first transports of joy subsided, the greatest ‘consternation succeeded, on the recoilec- tion of the many who were dear to them, and who were left behind in the city, either buried, or in danger of being buried, in its ruins. The piercing lamentations now were most overwhelming. Thou- sands of ‘Turks, Jews, and Christians, pe- rished during this melancholy catastrophe ; aud, to increase the tale of woe, a similar fate had befallen Antioch, Latachia, Gisser Shogr, Idlib, Mendeen, Killis, Scandaroon, and the rest of the towns and villages in the Pachalat of Aleppo. All who had effected their escape out of the city had encamped in the gardens; but the poor Europeans had not the least prospect of having, for a time, a roof to preserve them from the scorching rays of the sun, and from the heavy rains of autumn and winter, as the few effects they had been able to collect were to be sold, to procure a scanty subsistence.—Aleppo is the chief city of Syria, which is a province of the Turkish empire. Within the walls it is from three to four miles in circumference ; but, including the houses without the walls, it may be nearly twice as much: the whole stands on eight small hills. The houses are built of stone, with flat roofs, and open courts in the middle; and the streets, like most other places in the East, acquire a melancholy appearance from the dead walls without: windows, ‘They are also narrow, which adds to their gloomi- ness; but they are kept neat and clean, which is indispensably necessary in that country, where they continually tremble under pestilential diseases, The streets have gates at each end, which are regu- larly shut about an hour after sunset, The city was formerly said to contain 235,000 inhabitants. RUSSIA. In Russia, prejudices against their language, as a barbarous dialect, are disappearing, and hopes are entertain- Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. {March In, ed of acquiring a national literature. {n the course of the last fifteen years ussia has doubled her literary stores. In 1807 three thousand works were published in their language, and now there are more than eight thousand. These have generally issued from the pens of the noblesse, the clergy not having furnished above an eighth. The people and bourgeoise, just enter- ed into the social order, have not yet appeared on the literary arena. ’ GERMANY. M. BrEseL has commenced an im- portant work, which every lover of astronomy will doubtless appreciate : it is a General Survey of the Heavens in Zones ; and the first part of the work is already in the press. Dr. Hoyer, of Minden, has lately published a detailed account of his hypothesis, that the nucleus of the sun consists of molten gold! The Ex-King of Sweden has pub- lished at Frankfort, “‘ Remarks on the Phenomenon of the Aurora Borealis.” A paper lately published, by M. Kamps, of Berlin, states the number of suicides in 1817 at 51 for Copenha- gen, 300 for Paris, 200 for London, and 57 for Berlin. Hence the number seems to be Jess in England than in other countries. ITALY. A translation, in Italian verse, of Scort’s “Lady of the Lake,” has lately been published at Palermo. FRANCE, ; A new religious Paris journal, DT’ Eclaireur, has lately been establish- ed at Paris. Itis the first pure Ca- tholic journal that has appeared. A publication of a Collection of Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Dramatists, &e. has lately been com- menced at Paris. Various heavy works are in progress in Paris, from which public attention is likely to be diverted by great poli- tical agitation. The French are adding to their literature by compilations and translations from foreign works; but little can be said as to their sterling character, being hastily projected, and injudiciously executed. Among other societies establishing in France, one has been formed at Paris, entitled, the Circle of the Arts. It proposes to decree rewards, annually, to deserving artists; to provide for the. execution, at its own charge, of paint- ings, engravings, &c.; to advance i SUIS 1823. | “sums of money to such as are thus employed; and to unite, in a sort of focus, the brilliant productions of art. SPAIN. Few subjects of legislative discus- sion are more diflicult to regulate than that of tithes. Much attention is now paid to this in England and Ireland; and the valuable labours of some have afforded the public an opportunity of more’ justly investigating it. It’ is certain that the Cortes of Spain have debated the question, and reduced the titlies to one-half. The present deci- mal product, valued at 150 millions of reas, has. been declared exclusively applicable to the clergy and public worship. F Besides other advantages, the: Cor- tes. of Spain and Portugal have to boast of this material improvement, that the members respectively impose upon themselves, as a law, to accept of no employment for themselves, and to solicit none for their- relations, so’ long as they continue members. The political morality of this self-denying ordinance is unexceptionable. PORTUGAL. A French theatre has been esta- blished at Lisbon, and the undertaking British Legislation, 161 bids fair to obtain its merited share of popular favour. ‘ UNITED STATES. yt We collect from a table of the ag- gregate amount of each description of. i. persons:in the United States and thei territories, according. to the cen taken in virtue of the "Act.of Congress of the 14th of March, 1820, and t Act of the 3d of March, 1821, compi from returns received at the depart- ment of State, that there are— Freé white Males....++++++ 4,177,258 Females..++-+++ 3,866,657 Free coloured Males o---++ 112,770 —~ Females -+-- 120,760 Foreigners not naturalized ---- 53,687 The number of frée Persons en- gaged in Agriculture are ---- 2,070,646 Of Persons engaged in Com- MOTPGe.- > cevcvccevcscscte je 72,493 And of Persons engaged in Ma- ; Dufactures «+s. scene ccvoces 549,506 Males - eeovrereseree 788,028 Females+-- «+ +++ ++ 750,100 Total Slaves -+1,538,128 How disgraceful, however, to read of a million and a half of slaves in a country in other respects the freest in the world! BRITISH LEGISLATION: ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or tn the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM, See MAP, XLII. — To. repeal certain , Acts and Parts of Acts, relating to the Importation of Goods and Mer- chandize.—June 24, 1822. Repeal of 12,.C. 2. c. 18. § 3., a8 to-im- portation of goods of Asia, Africa, or America, in British ships only. Repeal of § 4. of the same Act, as to. the importation of goods of Asia, &c. directly from the place of their growth. Repeal of § 8. of the same Act, as to the importation of goods of Russia, aud certain enumerated: European goods, and Tarkish goods; in British ships, or ships of the country of their growth. ' Repeal of § 12, 14, of the same Act, as relates to goods of the Streights, Spain, and Portugal. Irish Act, 27 G. 3. c, 23. extending the English Act, 12 C, 2, c, 18. to Ireland, re- pealed, so far as relates to matters re- pealed by this Act, Repeal of § 23, of 15 and 14 C. 2. ¢, 11. prohibiting the importation of certain articles from the Netherlands or Ger- many. ; - Repeal of so much of 13 and 14 C, 2. Montuty Mag, No. 379. c. 11. § 6. as relates to privileges of fo, reign-built ships owned by Englishman. Repeal of 1 Anne, st.4. c. 12. § 112, as to importation of Hungary wines. Repeal of 6 Anne, c. 33.-as to. cochineal, although made perpetual by 12 Anne, st.4. | ce. 18. § 3 2 ‘ - Repeal of 6 G.1. c..14.: as to importa- tion: of raw silk and: Mohair yarn. Repeal of 6G. 1..¢. 15. as to deals and fir timber. poe Repeal of 13 G.1. c, 25. and 7 G. 2. ¢ 18. for free importation of cochineal, al- though revived and continued by 1 and 2 G. 4, C. 14. ‘ Repeal of 6 G.2. c.’7. for tiie free impor- tation of jewels. - $or% : - Repeal of 14 G.-2. €. 36. 23'G, 2. c.:34. regulating importation of: Persian goods through Russia; . Repeal of 25 G. 2..¢.'\32. §.1, as to im- portation of gum senega. Repeal of 6G. 3..¢. 52. § 20, as to im- portation of cotton wool, from any place, in British ships, i Repeal of 7.G, 3. c. 43. § 2, as to im- porting cambrics in British ships only. Repeal of 15 G. 3, ¢. 35, though made ¥ perpetual 162 perpetual by 31 G. 3. c, 43, as to importa- tion of raw goat-skins. * Repeal of § 1. of 19 G. 3, c. 48, as to importation of manufactured goods of _ Asia, &e. Repeal of § 2. of 19 G. 3. ¢. 48, permit- ting importation of oil of cinnamon, &c. Repeal of 22 G.-3. c. 78, as to import of drugs, wines, tiniber, &c. except as to thrown silk. . Repeal of § 10. of 27 G. 3. c.1, as toim- * portation of enumerated European goods in British ships, or ships of the country. Repeal of § 11. of 27 G. 3. c. 19, as to importation from Gibraltar of goods im- ported there from Morocco. Repeal of § 4. of 30 G. 3. c. 40, as to importation of manufactured tobacco. . Repeal of so much of 35 G. 3. c. 117, as provides that rape-seed shall be imported in British-built ships. Repeal of so much of § 2. of 36 G. 3. c. 113, as provides that linseed cakes shall be imported in British ships. »s New Music and the Drama. 4 [March 1, Repeal of 6 G. 3. c. 30. § 1, 2, as to li- censes for importing East India goods for export to Africa. Repeal as to licenses for importation of spices under 8 Anne, c. 7.§ 15; 6 G. 1. ¢. 21. $45, 46; 8 G.1.¢, 18. § 21. Repeal of so much of 43 G. 3. c. 68. § 29, as provides that Russian or Turkish to- bacco shall be imported in British-built ships. Repeal of so much of 55 G. 3. ¢.29.§10, 11; and 57 G, 3. c.4, as requires goods of the Levant, or raw silk, or mohair yarn of the Grand Seignior’s dominions, to be imported in British-built ships only. Repeal of 56 G, 5. c. 37, as to German prunes, Repeal of 59 G. 3. c.'74.§2, a8 to im- portation of tobacco from place of its growth, in British ships, or ships of the country. Not to affect penalties already incurred under recited Acts. NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. ——_ “ ” The Rose, a Ballad, composed by Joseph Garnett, with Accompaniments for the Piano-Forte. 1s. HE words of this ballad are an- nounced as emanating from the ~~ muse of the late Right Hon. Charles James Fox; and, though they turn upon one of the oldest similies in poetic use, possess an ease and smooth- ness creditable toa mind, that, we ap- _prehend, was little habituated to me- trical composition. The music, with- out claiming any distinguished praise, is at least of a pleasing cast, and cal- - culated to gratify the general ear. The piano-forte accompaniment is constructed with attention to the cha- racter of the instrument for which its ’ execution is designed; and, with the advantages of an agreeable voice, and a good finger, the composition may be rendered considerably attractive with most of those who are not disposed to be difficult or fastidious. Absence, a Song. Written by Mr. ~ Thomas Campbell, and composed by - Mr. Henry Bishop. 2s. ‘With Mr. Bishop’s powers as a vocal composer, none are better acquainted than ourselves, nor more disposed to award to them their due portion of \ praise : but the present effort is not of a description to allow us our wonted pleasure. We cannot praise insipidity and want of invention. Mr. B. has evidently sat down to the words of this song in spite of the inappitude of the movement; that inappitude, by which every man of genius is liable to be visited, but which no sensible man se- lects for the performance of a task that requires the exercise of his best powers. The words of this song would alone be sufficient to rank Mr, Campbell above the generality of mo- dern poets; but the composer, as if little sensible to their merit, has slighted their claim upon his exertions, and by no means done them justice. The effect of his music is flat and feeble, and not calculated to illustrate the poet’s meaning, or raise, Or even sup- port, his own reputation. “Tis sweet to hear.” Recitative and Air, sung by Mr. Nelson at the Nobi-’ lity’s Concerts. The Words selected from the Poems of Lord Byron, the Music by John Barnett. 2s. We have perused this publication with considerable pleasure. The re- citative is correctly expressive ; and the melody, of which it forms the in- troduction, possesses many proofs of strong and clear conception, as well as of beauty and elegance of manner. Tn some of the passages, the sentiment of the poetry is not only justly, but forcibly, given; and the general result of the junction of the muse of Lord- Byron with that of Mr. Barnett, amounts, in our judgment, to a vigour of effect, mutually creditable to the poet 1823.] poet and the musician. The strain, if not replete with excellence, possesses a large portion of that quality, and (to use its own opening words,) ’tis sweet to hear. Fifth Fantasia, consisting of the most favourite Airs from Mozart's Opera of Le Nozze di Figaro. Composed and arranged for the Piano-Forte ; with a Flute Accompaniment, by John Purkis. 3s. The work of which this is the fifth number, forms one of those publica- tions which young piano-forte per- formers practise with pleasure to their ear, and improvement to their finger. Without too much disturbing the ori- ginal passages, Mr. Purkis (whose performance of this piece on Flight and Robson’s stupendous organ, called the Apollonicon, can alone give a just idea of -its excellence,) has thrown many rich and beautiful heightenings, which, while they evince his taste and resources of imagination, indicate, not darkly, his knowledge of the true cha-_ racter of the instrument for which he writes, and his manual powers as a performer. THE DRAMA. Covent-GarDEN.—The general bill- of-fare at thistheatre, for the past month, has been representations of Henry the Eighth ; Love in a Village ; The Beg- gar’s Opera ; Romeo and Juliet jand The Comedy of Errors: in which dramas, the talents of the company have been powerfully displayed. The only posi- tive novelty, however, has been that of a farce, called The Duel, presented, for the first time, on the 15th ult. ; the prin- Laterary and €ritical Proémium. 163 cipal characters in which were per- formed by Messrs. Jones, Farren, and Connor. The plot of this piece is so humourously conceived, and some of the characters are so original and pleasant, that it only required the previous aid of the pruning knife, to~ have been as well received on its first © night, as it has uniformly been since. Drury-Lane.—At Drury-Lane, the excellent performances of She Stoops to Conquer ; The Halt of the Caravan ; Richard the Third ; Macbeth; The Mer- chant of Venice; King Lear ; Guy Man- nering ; Love ina Village; Artaxerxes ; and Rob Roy Macgregor; have at- tracted crowded and brilliant audi- ences; and, aided by The Swiss Vil- lagers; The Agrecuble Surprise; Ex- change no Robbery; Old ani Young ; The Spoiled Child; and a new farce, entitled, Deaf as a Post; have sus- tained the eclat and high reputation’ now enjoyed by this magnificent concern. The company is the strong- est ever known. Kran, YounGc, and Cooper, in tragedy ; ELiiston, Mun- DEN, Knieut, and Liston, in comedy ; BRAHAM, STEPHENS, AUSTIN, and Povey, in opera; besides a fine Corps de Ballet. hg The Oratorios of the present season have commenced, under the manage- mentof Bochsaand Smart. The prin- cipal performers, Mrs. Salmon, Miss Stephens, Mr. Braham, Madame Cam- porese, Miss Hallande, Miss Goodall, Miss Tree, and Signor Curioni, did am- ple justice to the judiciously-selected compositions brought together on the occasion. NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN FEBRUARY : WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. —a Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month. ae eee W E would fain recommend to the atten- tion of such of our readersas interest themselves in the progress of the improve- ments that are making in the science and sys- tems of education, a thin octavo volume just published upon this subject, entitled, Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys in large Numbers, drawn fiom Ex- perience. ‘The author has, in his preface, so well and so concisely described both what the object of his plan is, and what it is not, that we cannot resist the temptation of transcribing the entire passage. ‘It is not to change the course of nature by transmuting boys into little men. It is not to enable our pupils to hide the meagreness of their stock by the dexterity with which they may display their wares; not to lead a boy to imagine that his edu- cation is finished, because he has arrived at a certain age ; not for him to suppose, that to talk fluently can be any excuse for not thinking deeply ; or that manners may be asuccedaneumfor conduct. We endea- vour to teach our pupils the art of self-go- vernment and self-education, So far from supposing We 164 supposing education to cease at school, or at college, we look forward to the moment when our pupils become their own masters, as that in which the most important branch commences. If they leave us with a dis- criminating judgment, the power of doing d forbearing whatever religion and rea- ~ son shall tell them ought to be done or forborne, and su¢h an extensive and fami- liar acquaintance with elementary learning as shall render the business of acquisition pleasant, we consider our duty performed,” Another passage in this short preface is ‘ equally entitled to notice and commenda- tion. Itrefers to that frequent and almost general want ot the habit of self-direction, or practical obedience to the dictates of our convictions, so lamentably conspicuous in the conduct even of the well-informed and reasoning portion of mankind. «Who reasons wisely, is not therefore wise: His aré in reasoning, not in acting, lies.” “ We mainly attribute,” says the author, “this defect to the want of early practice * dpe inestimable science of self-direction. ere much coercion is employed with young persons, they have no chance of ac- quiring this art : so far are their minds from governing their actions, that the former are in a continual state of rebellion against the motives which influence the latter. It ought not, then, to be a subject of wonder, that, when those extraneous motives cease to operate, and the actions are left to the control of a power which they have never learnt the habit of obeying, anarchy should be the natural and inevitable conse- quence.” The chapter ‘On the best Method of acquiring Languages,” is not a whit less worthy of attention. In what is said of the tediousness and imperfection of the common method we are disposed en- tirely to accord ; the more so, as we are well informed that the subject was regarded in » precisely the same point of view by that universally celebrated philologist, the late John Horne Tooke, who had practi- ~ cally tried, and successfully demonstrated, the efficacy of a much shortér and more rational system. Sope living examples might also be quoted, even from among those who have. ultimately distinguished themselves highly at the universities, of the splendid results of a process, not very un- like that which here is recommended, From the biography, also, of the illustrious dead, the author might very much have enlarged the number of instances he has uoted. In the chapter which immedi- ately follows, on the subject of “‘ Elocu- tion,” there are also many judicious re- marks; particularly those, which have re- ference to impediments of speech. ‘The author had already, in this detail of his system of school regulations, (chap. 2.) advanced it as his opinion, “ that stammer- ing results altogether from the habit of speaking without an attention to time.” And it is certainly no small commenda- Literary and Critical Proémium. [March 1 tion, that an essential part of the very me- chanism, or regulations, of his whole sys- tem, has an obvious tendency to the cor- rection of this defect. In the following passage he is still more explicit. “It has, we think, been clearly proved by Mr. Thelwall, that the disobedience of the organs to the will of the speaker, (which is the proximate cause of stammering,) pro- ceeds from his neglect of the laws of rhythmus; in other words, from his not speaking with due attention to measure or time. ‘Be this; however, as it may, we haye found in practice, that cnltivating the ear, with regard to the perception of time in speech, is an excellent means of restoring to the pupil a due control over his organs. But the mere perception of time and rhythmus is not enough, because the exercise of the faculty may be thwarted; and it will be thwarted, by every thing which disturbs the mind, and irritates the temper of the pupil, Health, employment, and order, will be therefore found to be very important auxiliaries in working the cure ; and here, we think, we have some advantages.” For this assump- tion there is certainly some foundation ; and there can be little doubt that the system recommended in this very valuable treatise must, at least, have the effect of preventing impediment from originating or diffusing itself in a seminary so regulated, and even of correcting and removing it in the .less aggravated instances; though, where stammering or stuttering have be- come seriously obstinate, by long confir- mation and habit, something more may be requisite than this author appears to be” aware of, or than can be consistent with the necessary attentions and regulations of any seminary in which the remedy of this calamity is not avowedly made the primary object of tuition. Againstone insinuation, or admission, however, of this author, we should be disposed to enter our solemn protest,—namely, that a sort of “sing- song tone is almost inseparable, in its early stages,” from a plan of metrical instruction for the remedy of impediment. The natu- ral inflections should, certainly, in all cases of elocutionary tuition, be attended to from the first; for nothing can, in reality, _ be more opposite, or more inconsistent, than a sing-song tone, and a genuine rhythmical delivery. In another observa- tion, however, the author is perfectly well founded. _ ‘‘ Strange as it may appear, it is frequently much more easy to induce the capacity for speaking without stammering, than the inclination. The reconciling power of habit extends even to this ma- lady ; and instances are by no means rare, of persons, who, after becoming able to speak fluently with very slight self-com- mand, haye slid again into their former track, apparently from not feeling the im- portanee of the acquisition which re a 1823.] had meade.” The author might have gone even still further into paradox without de- viation from truth. He might safely have affirmed, that there is, in many instances, even an unconquéerable reluctance to usages that have a tendency to supersede old habits, Man, inconsistent man, a lo- gician in theory, but an automaton in prac- tice, is apt to become attached even to ca- lamities by long usage. Bipeds of this description have beer known, who have been so long familiar with the tortures of the gout, as to be actually proud of an afflicted toe, and to look upon it as a kind of, privilege and. distinction; and Dr. Darwin, a most notorious stammerer, used to splutter forth with a sort of triumphant smile, that “every b--b—b—b—body might sp—sp—sp—sp—speak p—p— plainly if he w—w—w—w—would.” A very interesting and well-written lit- tle work has made its appearance, under the title of The Protestant Beadsman, con- sisting of a series of biographical notices and hymns, commemorating the saints and martyrs whose holidays are kept by the Church of England. The author pursues the order in which the saint-days stand in the calendar ; and under each head gives a succinct and clear history of the actions and character of each individual, inter- spersed with appropriate remarks and re- flections. For his facts and opinions, the author ‘acknowledges’ his obligations to modern and popular writers, as well as to the old divines ; but the able and pleasing way in which he has arranged his informa- tion, added to the taste and poetical spirit displayed in the numerous bymns, give this ingenious volume strong claims upon our approbation. That it exhibits feelings of warm and unaffected piety is praise of a higher nature, but not less justly its due. To every biographical sketch, a short hymn is subjoined, which are for the most part written with simplicity and beauty, and evince poetical powers of a very re- spectable order. We are tempted to ex- tract, as a specimen of the rest, the hymn appropriated to the commemoration of the feast of St. John the Baptist :— Oh thou! that in the desert wild, A rugged, lone, mysterious, child, Did’st learn the old prophetic cry, That shew’d thy Saviour’s ministry ! To hear thy word by Jordan’s fluod, In silent awe, the nations stood; And Judah’s proudest might not brook ie a Prophet’s taunt and soul-compelling ook. Yet eyes there were on heaven intent, And hearts baptiz’d and penitent ; No reeds were they, to sink or rise With ev’ry wind that swept the skies; But all prepar’d their King to meet, They clung around the Baptist’s feet, Till he confess’d the incarnate word, And slept, in calm content, beneath a wanton’s sword, The warning voice is heard no more, But we will sing its burthen o’er, “ Repent, repent! 'tis rais’d e’en now, Literary and Critical Proémium. 165 E’en now it comes,—the tide of wrat And headlong sweepsthe sinner forth ; Hast thouin Judah’s darkness trod? Oh ree Oe foot be staid—away! and meet thy od. The axe that smites the fruitless boualt; i There is nothing which tends to eluci- date the degrees of civilization, to which the different nations of antiquity had ar- rived, more than their respective archi- tectural remains. Had none of the literary works of the ancient Grecian republics reached these times, and had our opinions of the depth of their knowledge, and the chastity of their taste, been alone formed from the perfect execution of their sta- tues, or the simple grandeur of their tem- ples, it is not probable that we shonld have assigned them a lower place in the scale of civilization and mental excellence than they at present possess, Indeed we can only estimate the abilities of those na- tions, whose literature has not reached us, or is not generally known,—such as the an- cieat Hindoos,—by the specimens of their buildings which are still in existence. The _ science of architecture, therefore, in this view, not only deserves to be studied for its own attractions, but for the light it throws upon universal history. The great difficulty in the acquisition of this general knowledge, has hitherto been the number of works, on all the various styles, neces- sary to be consulted. We are glad that this obstacle is likely to be in a great measure removed by a work, of which the first part is now published, entitled, Ency- clopedia of Antiquities and Elements of Archeology, clussical and medieval, by the Rey. T. D. FosBrRooke, M.A. F.A.s. &c. The accounts of the various sorts of archi- tecture, here treated upon, are correct, and contain much valuable information, though perhaps they are too much compressed, The style of the work has no particular title to approbation; but, on the whole, ~ ‘we can confidently recommend it to the perusal of our readers. Notwithstanding the many valuable’ works which have of late years appeared on subjects of bibliographical interest, we think that the bulk and expensive form of those publications will render not unac- ceptable the convenient size, and unas- suming pretensions, of the Classical Cole lector’s Vade Mccum, intended as an intro- duction to the knowledge of the best editions of the Greek and Roman classics. To Renouard, Dibdin, and other writers of eminence on this subject, the author freely acknowledges his obligations; but he has drawn from his own researches ma- terials which confer value upon his work, ‘independant of its peculiar advantage as “a portable and usefal manual.” The lists of the classics are very extensive and complete. The learning and discretion evinced in the compilation of this little volume are very.creditable to its author, who a 166 who has a particular claim on the gratitude of young collectors, by thus furnishing them with a cheap, commodious, and cor- rect, guide in the selection of their classical library. ; Critical applause is not required in re- gard to three volumes of Public Characters of all Nations; because such a body of in- teresting facts, as a work of necessary re- ference, must find its way into every lite- rary family as rapidly as our Miscellany. It is sufficient to observe, that it contains impartial and neatly drawn Memoirs of nearly 3000 living persons in every walk of life; and therefore addresses itself to the curiosity of millions, all of whom it must gratify and instruct in various degrees. There are occasional traces of clever- ness, in a little volume of Stories lately published, entitled, December Tales ; but, upon the whole, it would, perhaps, have been more judicious in the anthor to have Seed them to remain in his portfolio. ey are in many instances deficient both » in interest and good taste ; and the reader, when he closes the volume, feels inclined to ask the question cui bono? ‘The Falls of Ohiopyle” is, perhaps, the best tale in the volume, and “ The Test of Affection” decidedly the worst. In all of them there is a want of simplicity, and an appearance of attempt and constraint inthe style. It is singular that, in the articles at the end ‘of the volume, called “ Recollections,” the writer should criticise exactly the same works which have lately been no- ticed in the Retrospective Review ; works, too, of rare occurrence, and which are seldom found in the hands of the ordi- nary reader. When the author tells us, “that he has just closed, and placed upon the shelf, a book, the perusal of which had been a considerable fund of entertainment to him, the Epistole Obscurorum Virorum,” we apprehend he mistook the volume ; and that he had, in fact, just placed upon the shelf the fifth volume of the Retro- spective Review. _ We may expect that the various works, in which the character, manners, and his- tory, both public and private, of the Em- peror Napoleon, have been, of late, minutely delineated and narrated, will at length fix the opinion of the world upon that sub- ject, and remove the strange misconcep- tions and gross delusions which have been so long and so generally entertained. The Journal of the Private Life and Conver- sations of the Emperor Napoleon at Suint Helena, by the Count DE LAs Cases, is full of interesting details, and is highly valuable, as presenting a faithful picture of Napoleon in the seclusion of domestic life, drawn by one who enjoyed the best opportunities, from the confidential fami- liarity with which he was treated, of con- templating the features of the original, and catching their genuine expression. Literary and Critical Proémium. {March 1, The testimony given by the Count, is, we scarcely need to say, highly favourable to his deceased master. In its general tenor, and in the impression which it leaves on the reader’s mind, it strikingly supports the volumes of Mr. O‘Meara; and thus, indirectly, affords additional grounds for the confidence with which their contents have been received by the public. The exposures, which that gentleman had the bolduess to make, might have been ex- pected to draw down upon him, long since, all the rancour and scurrility of those to whom the recollection of the treatment of Napoleon in his exile must be as worm- wood. Itis surprising that their attack has been so long postponed; but we find it, at last, made by a simultaneous arrange- ment in the Court of King’s Bench on the one hand, and in the Quarterly Review on the other. With respect to the first, we have our doubts whether the matter will ever find: its way before a jury. As to the article in the Review, the sum of the argument is, not that the details of the conversations with Napoleon are in the slightest degree impeached in point of fidelity, for they are expressly stated to be, in the Reviewer’s opinion, substan- tially correct; but, that Mr. O‘Meara connived at the secret correspondence of the exiles, and acted in breach of his trust, and contrary to the established regula- tions. ‘The situation of Mr. O‘Meara was a very difficult one; and no man alive could, probably, in such a position, have held the balance even between his conflicting duties. Itis, however, strictly due to Mr. O'Meara, that the judgment of the public should be suspended, until he has had an opportunity of answering the charges, which are here urged against him, with an asperity and eager violence, in which, alone, we should find strong grounds for hesitation and suspicion. As far as regards the attempt of the Reviewer to remove the stigma from the character of the measures pursued respecting Na- poleon, we think he wholly fails; and we consider his only success to consist in the variety and force of his vituperation, which, from long practice and happy natu- ral powers, he is able to administer with no little dexterity and effect. We cannot quit the subject of Napoleon, without ad- verting to the publication of his Memoirs of the History of France, during his reign, dic- tated by lim at St. Helena, to Counts Montholon, Bertrand, &c. and printed from the original maauseript, which com- mand the most intense interest, and are of inestimable value as materials for the future historian. We announced, in our last number, the publication of another addition to the ap- parently interminable series of Scotch novels, which recur, at stated periods, with a regularity on which we may make eur 1823.J our calculations with the utmost exact- ness. Nor need we confine our prognosti- cations to the time of their appearance alone. Their character, also, may be de- termined a priori; and each successive work leaves us little to say, in point of criticism, but to repeat, with slight modi- fications, our strictures on its predeces- sors. The author, truly, seems determined to exhaust the patient perseverance of the critics, who have hitherto panted after him with exemplary industry. Of Peveril of the Peak, we shall briefly say, that it exhi- bits. the same merits and defects which characterize all the works of this writer, whoever he may be. Much genins, much life, and extensive information, are to be found in almost every page, alloyed with great negligence of style, vast impro- babilities of plot, and exaggerated and un- natural characters. The time of the pre- sent novel is laid in the reign of Charles the Second, who is finely painted; and the author has availed himself of the striking contrast, afforded by the Puritan and Cavalier factions, to bring out several cha- racters in very bold and beautiful colours. Great pains have evidently been bestowed on the Duke of Buckingham, who makes a conspicuous figure, and is drawn with much spirit aud effect. With his usual propensity to whatever is grotesque and strange, the novelist takes delight in placing frequently before our eyes, the diminutive figure of the well-known Geof- frey Hndson; and, as a kind of counter- part, he has invented a female, of about the same stature, half imp and half human, bred between a Manksman and an Ara- bian or Hindoo woman, abounding ia apish tricks and subtle wiles, a rope- dancer on a mountebank’s booth, and an aspirant to the hononrs of alliance with the houses of Peveril or Buckingham; and this little abortive anomaly of woman, he makes the pivot upon which all his plot turns. This part of the story is highly im-- probable ; and is altogether, in our opinion, very far from pleasing. But this is cer- tainly ifs weakest point ; and, for the rest, the reader may refer to these four volumes with the assurance of receiving from them the same kind and degree of satisfaction which, we take it for granted, he has de- rived from the perusal of its many precursors. Notwithstanding the works which have been, at various times, published, on tle history of the external wars and domestic quarrels of the Romans, and the numerous accounts of their laws, manners, and cus- toms, itis a curious fact, that there has not been one, at least in this country, which has treated exclusively, and in a popular style, of the rise and progress of literature in that interesting nation, ‘This most im- portant branch of their history has now been entered upon, in a manner which de- Literary and Critical Proémium. 167 serves the highest commendation, by Joun DuNLop, esq. the well-known author of the History of Fiction. It is entitled, 4 History of Roman Literature, from its Ear- liest Period to the Augustan Age. We sin- cerely hope, ere long, to see this work concluded ; and we feel convinced, that if, as the author intimates in his preface, the completion of his plan depends upon the reception which these two volumes meet with, he will have no cause to disappoint us. We cannot conclude this short notice without assuring our readers, that they highly deserve a place on the shelf of every lover of literature. One of the most amusing publications we have for some time met with, is Relics of Literature, by STEPHEN COLLET, a.m. It consists of a great variety of literary fragments, collected by the author, ina very miscellaneous course of reading. The most curious and interesting papers are principally selected from manuscripts, and other rare volumes, in‘ the British Mu- seum, and are particularly valuable for the light they throw upon our general and literary history. There are many poems and other papers collected by the author from American journals, or drawn up and arranged by him during a late visit to that country. These are peculiarly interesting, as illustrative of the state of literature and civilization in that quarter of the globe. The original articles which this book con- tains, confer also great credit upon the author as an antiquary. Our readers will, we are assured, seldom meet with a work, which, while it affords them the greatest: amusement, wili be found to possess so much valuable information as is here accu- mulated. The first volume has appeared of a pro- jected series of separate portable Diction- aries on the several branches of Know- ledge, which series, taken together, will form a Methodical Cyeldpedia. This volume embraces History and Historical Biography, subjects of general interest, and of which a Dictionary was much wanted. It is printed with elegance, ina type which includes a prodigious quantity of information, is well supplied with maps and portraits ; and, in many articles which we have consulted, is written with care and correctness. The next volume will comprise Chemistry, and its collaterais; and, if the whole are ds well executed as the first volume, extensive and permanent success must attend the work, —=— ANTIQUITIES. Britton’s History and Antiquities of the Metropolitical Church of Canterbury, with engravings. 4to. 3. 3s. Brayley’s Views of Ancient Castles, &e. No. 2. ' 8vo. 4s.—4to. 6s, The Encyclopedia of Antiquities, No. 2. 4to. 5s. Transactions tad im » 168) Transactions of the Society of the Anti- quaries of Scotland, Vol, II. Part II. 4to. 2h. 28, ARCHITECTURE. First Sitting of the Committee on the Pai Monument to Shakspeare. 12mo. 2s. 6d. A Second Letter to John Soane, esq. on the Subject of New Churches; by an Ar- chitect. 3s. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 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Atkinson, esq. 2 vols. 8vo0. 26s. Travels in the Northern States of Ame- rica; by Timothy Dwight, esq. 4 vols. 8vo. Ql. 2s. Account of an Expedition from Pitts- burg to the Rocky Mountains in 1819-20; by Edward James, esq. 3 vols. 8yo0. MEDICAL REPORT. Report of Diseases and Casua.ties occurring in the public and private Practice of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary. ° ——— . W HOEVER may not liave seen a case ‘ of hydrophobia, has been spared one of the most appalling spectacles that the tragedy of life presents ; and the disease is no less fatal in event than formidable in nature, and frightful in aspect : excision of the part bitten, or a very tight ligature made immediately above the wound that has been inflicted by the rabid animal, be- ing the only actual safeguards hitherto ascertained in regular practice against the irremediable impregnation of the system with the terrific virus, upon which depends the manifestation of the disorder.* It is of some importance to the public to know, that a tight bandage round the limb will thus prevent the rapid travel of the poison; for this could always be applied at the mo- ment,—it requiring neither the tact nor the nerve that free incision of the bitten part supposes. Investigation after death from hy- drophobia does not afford much infor- mation as to the rationale of the malady. In the instance the Reporter has recently witnessed, (and which was immediately or- dered to Bartholomew’s Hospital, on ac- count of the subject being in a wretched state of poverty at his own home, and sur_ . * The writer says “regular practice,” from the circumstance of his having been informed, by a respectable and profes- sional man, that a medicine, prepared by an obscure person living near Wing, in Buckinghamshire, has positively, in many -known instances, proved counteractive of the disease. This medicine is probably the meadow-satiron, given in such large doses as to expel the morbid poison. It seems that the colchicum grows in abun- dance near the residence of the nostrum proprietor, rounded by imbecile relations,) nothing was made manifest by the dissector’s knife, beyond little more than an ordinary con- gestion in the blood-vessels of the head, some inflammation along the course of the spinal chord, and slight marks of irritation in the pulmonary organs; and these were all probably rather incidental conse- quences than absolute essence of the dis- ease, It is a curious circumstance, that imagination alone will occasionally produce every symptom of hydrophobic irritation; and it would be interesting to ascertain whether dissection would in that case dis- play the same tokens of disturbed func- tion as when the affection had resulted from ifs usual virus. Another remarkable character of the formidable complaint in question is, that, while the salivary glands thus secrete one of the most malignant of poisons, none of it can be detected in the blood from which the secretion is pro- duced: the flesh of an animal that has died of hydrophobia may be even eaten with impunity. ‘his peculiarity, however, the distemper in question possesses in common with many others that are dependant upon a specific matter; and it serves to show, that the laws of secretion are enveloped by much that is mysterious and inexpli- cable. Coughs still continue prevalent; but they have lately assumed rather a sto- machic than pulmonary aspect, or rather that disorder, which had commenced in some portion of the lungs, often comes to atfect the first passages by sympathy ; and, in that case, is vincible hy remedies ap- plied to the digestive organs. We are told, indeed, by very high anthority, that this ventricular essence of seemingly pul- monary ailment, is much more common. than is for the most part suspected : even positive 1823.] ° Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. positive asthma, Dr. Bree informs us, is for the most part to be treated by medici- nals that more immediately act upon the prime vie ; and some persons, as is gene- rally known, go farther still in these no- tious, assuming that, @ capite ad culcem, from the crown of the head to the sole of the feet, deranged manifestation is all sto- machic. But that a formidable malady may make good its lodgment in the frame without touching the stomach in its fright- ful march, is sufficiently proved by the characteristics of that to which allusion has been made in the commencement of this paper; and, even when no specific virus shall have been engaged in the pro- duction of disordered states, your ventri- enlar doctors shall occasionally work at the first passages with about as much suc- cess as would attend the undertaking to whiten an Ethiopian skin, or deprive a leopard of its spots : whereas remedies, di- rected to those organs which are inreality implicated in the affair, shall prove direct- ly operative, and ultimately successful. Epilepsy, St. Vitus’s Dance, and other convulsive diseases, the Reporter has known to be protracted and confirmed by a practical adherence to that creed which simplifies all disease into ventricular irre- gularity, and all medicine into stomachic influence. On the other hand, much mis- chief has often been occasioned by blindly following the notion of specifie operation, or strengthening agency, without a due re- gard to those circumstances which arise out of the extensive sympathies of the first 171 passages, or rather of the nerves which supply them ; and a dose of magnesia will not seldom put a stop to a cough which had proved obstinately irremediable by balsams, anodynes, and expectorants.* The Reporter is called upon to express his acknowledgments to a writer in the last Number of this Magazine, and to say, that the intimation so kindly given on the score of technicals shall studiously be attended to. It will however be recollected, by objectors to the language of these essays, that their composition involves some difii- culty. While it will ever be their author’s desire to raise his feeble voice against the - mere cabalistica of medicine, he hopes that he should be the last to desire the accom- plishment of any thing inconsistent with the legitimate dignity of professional science, Medicine, as well as mathema- tics, is without a “royal road;” and the proper understanding of disease, eyen af times in its phraseology, must be the result of regular initiation, not into the mysteries, but the modes, of the art. Bedford-row ; D, Uwins, M.D. Feb. 20, 1823. * The virtues of magnesia as a domestic medicinal are not sufficiently known. No person who is obnoxious to stomach irre- gularities, whether natural or induced, should ever be without it. A large tea- spoonful thrown into a glass of water, and drank off before going to bed, would pre- vent, in very many cases, the night rest- lessness consequent upon repletion. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. —P— D®*: M‘Cuttock has lately communi- cated the important fact, that fish may be long preserved ina dry state, and perfectly fresh, by means of small quanti- ties of coarse sugar, carefully rubbed into their insides, after opening, cleansing, and rubbing them dry, and keeping them after- wards in a sufficiently dry place to pre- vent mouldiness. In voyaging amongst the north-western islands of Scotland, to investigate their geological structure, the Doctor availed himself of ‘ skippered salmon” thus preserved; which were found, after several weeks keeping, to be far superior in quality and flavour to any salted or smoaked fish. The great utility of the sugar (or treacle), used by careful housewives in the curing of hams, is very properly insisted on by Dr. M. and an extension of the practice recommended in the curing of ship’s provisions. My. Josepu Farey, being on a jour- ney in South Wales in May last, was at Merthyr presented by Mr. W. Williams, the manager of Cyfarthfa Iron-works, with part of a mass of black cellular iron slag, which had been found, on repairing one of their furnaces, in a situation where it must have been long exposed to the strong blast and intense heat of the twyre; which slag had attracted attention, through its cells containing numerous very small brilliant cubes, of a metallic lustre, and deep copper colour. Some of this slag having since been presented to Dr. Woolaston, he has lately read a paper to the Royal Society, on the imbedded crys- tals, which he finds to consist of pure me- tallic titanium ; so hard, that the corners of them readily scratch agate and rock- crystals. These metallic crystals he found absolutely infusible before the blow-pipe, and thence the Doctor concludes, that the metal in them had not been fused, but the crystals had been slowly formed, by successive increments, from the reduction of small quantities of the oxide of this me- tal in the ironstone, the limestone, or the coke, wherewith the furnace had been supplied. Neither horax alone, nor mixed with carbonate of soda, had any fluxing effect on ‘these crystals; nor had nitric, muriatic, nitro-muriatic, or sulphuric, acid, the least action on them, The faces of the cubes, on examination under the mi- croscope, appear not to he flat, but in- . dented 172 dented by a series of squares, like some crystals of common salt. Professor ORESTED has of late resumed in Denmark the course of experiments which some years ago he began, for ascer- taining whether water be compressible? and according to what law? And has communicated his experiments to the Royal Society of Copenhagen : the results of which are, that a pressure, equal to one mean atmosphere, compresses water about 47 parts out of one million parts of its Commercial Report. [March 1, former bulk, or about 1 part in 219,766; these being almost exactly the same re- sults as Messrs. Canton and Perkins had arrived at by very different methods. M. Orested has further and satisfactorily proved (as~ far, at least, as five atmos- pheres,) that the compression of water is i direct proportion to the compressing power; and, furthermore, that not the least heat is developed by compressing water to the degree of five atmospheres, or probably to any greater degree. MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. —a PRICES. of MERCHANDIZE. Jan. 28. Feb. 21. Cocoa, W.I.common --£2 8 0 to 210 0] 210 g to 215 O percwt. Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 413 0 — 417 0] 418 Uv — 5 1 0 do. ——————_, fine >» 6 7 0 — 618 0 611 0 — 7 2 0 do. » Mocha ..+eees5 510 O —1010 0] 510 0 —10 0 0. do. Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 7 — 0 0 8}0 07 — 0 0 8 perlb. » Demerara:--eee 0 0 BE — 0 011 | O O BE— O O11 do. Currants ---+-+-.see0e2 5 0 0 — 514 0] 5 0 0 — 514 O perewt. Figs, Turkey -+---+---- 2 5 0 — 212 0] 2 2 0 — 210 O perchest Flax, Riga «+++-++066+655 0 0 —56 0 0 |56 0 0 — 57 O O per ton, Hemp, Riga, Rhine ----42 10 0 — 43 0 01443 0 0 — 44 0 0 | do. Hops, new, Pockets---- 310 0 — 5 5 0} 310 0 — 5 5 O perewt. ——_———, Sussex,do. 210 0 — 918 0) 212 0 — 3 0 0 do. Iron, British, Bars ---- 815 0 — 9 0 0 | 815 0 — 9 O O'per ton, ,Pigs-:-++>5 6 00 —700;)600-— 7°00 = do. Oil, Lucca .-++-++++4--42 0 0 — 0 0 0/42 0 0 — O O O per jar. —, Galipoli---+.-+-+----58 0 0 —59 0 0156 0 0 — 57 O O per ton. Rags -+cevesessssveee 2 2 0 — 2 2 6 220 — 2 2 6 percwt, Raisins, bloom or jar,znew 310 0 — $16 0 | 310 0 — 314 0 do. Rice, Patnakind «-..-- 014 0 — 016 0] 100 — 12 0 do, ——,, East India..--..». 012 0 — 013 0 016 0 — 018 0 do. Silk, China, raw--eeeeee 017 5 — 1 2 51 017 5 — 1 @ 5 per Ib. ——, Bengal, skein «++» 014 5:— 017 6} 014°5 — 017 € do, Spices, Cinnamon ----.- 0 7 2 — 07 4]07 2—- 07 4 do yCloves sseeeees O 3 9.—- 042/10 3-9 — 0 4 8 do. , Nutmegs «-++-- 0 3 1 — 0 5 2 031—0%85 2 do , Pepper, black-- 0 0 6 — O O 64} 0 0 7 — O O 7 do. ,whites» 0 1 33— 01 4]01 38— 01 41 do Spirits, Brandy, Cogniac 0 3 2 — 0 3°8} 0 3 3 — O 3 8 per gal, » Geneva Hollands 0 2.0 — O 2 2 D8 5 a eae » Rum, Jamaica-- 0 % 6 — 0 210] 0 2.8 — 0 3 0. do. Sugar, brown+.-.+-.... 214 0 — 215 0} 3 10 — 3 2 O percwt, ——, Jamaica, fine ---- 311 0 — 314 0] 316 0 — 318 0. do. ——, EastIndia,brown 015 0 — 100/]100-— 15 0 do. ——, lump, fine.------- 4 5 0 — 4 8 0 | 416 0 — 418 0 do. Tallow, town-melted---- 2 2 6 — 00 0{]2 20-0 0 0 do, , Russia, yellow» 117 6 — 119 0} 116 6 — 117 0 do. Tea, Bohea---+-.-+---- 0 2 43 — 0 2 54} 0 2 4E— O 2 5iperlb. -——, Hyson, best +»+--» 0 5 7 — 0 510] 0 5 7 — 0 510 do. Wine, Madeira, old ---- 20 0 0 —70 0 0/20 0 0 —70 O O perpipe ——,, Port, old -.-+---- 42 0 0 —48 0 0/42 00 —48 0 0 do . ——,, Sherry --++++.-+»-20 0 0 —50 0 0/20 0 0 —50 0O O per butt Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s. —Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s, a 50s,—Madeira, 20s. a 30s.-Jamaica, 40s. a 50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 2s.a12 gs. Course of Exchange, Feb. 21.—Amsterdam , 12 6.—Hamburgh, 37 10.—Paris, 25 90. —Leghorn, 463.—Lisbon, 52.—Dublin, 91 per cent. Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and _Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 6101.—Coventry, 10701.—Derby, 14101.—Ellesmere, 601.— Grand Surrey, 521. 10s.—Grand Union, 18/. 10s.—Grand Junction, 240/.—-Grand Wes- tern, 4/.—Leeds and Liverpool, 3741.—Leicester, 295l.—Loughbro’, 3500l.—Oxford, -7401—Trent and Mersey, 2000!.—W oreester, 27/.—East India Docks, mate 151. 1823.] List of Bankrupts. 173 41151—West India, 1821.—Southwark Brings, 18!.—Strand, 5/.—Royal Exchange AssURANCE, 2581.—Albion, 50/.—Globe, 1351.—Gas Ligut Company, 691.—City Ditto, 1281. The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 23d was 745; 3 per cent. Consols, 744; 5% per cent. 86$; 4 per cent. Consols 93§ ; Bank Stock 236. Gold in bars, 31. 17s. 6d. per oz.—New doubloons, 3/. 15s. 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 111d. AvpHabeticaL List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of Jan. and the 20th of Feb. 1823: extracted from the London Gazette. —_ BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 120.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ADAMS, J. Stamford, liquor-merchant: (Handley Allan, A. jun, Topping’s-wharf, Tooley-street, provision-tmerchant. ‘aunce } Armstrong, W. Arundel-street, Strand, (Young Arnold, C, Axminster, Devonshire, surgeon. (Santer Atmore, W. C. Wood-street, Manchester, warehouse- man, (Clabon Barrett, W. Cardiff, Glamorganshire, innholder. (Peacock, L. Bainbridge, J. Queen-street, Cheapside, woollen- draper. (Hodgson and Co. L. Barlow, J. and W. Sheffield, razor-makers. (Sorby Barton, J. Freckenham, Suffolk, innkeeper. (Dixon and Sons, L. gaits tag J. Frome Selwood, Somerset, dyer. (Ellis, Beaumont, J. Huanter-street, Brunswick-square, coach-makers. (Richardson and Co. Birch, J. Birmingham, jeweller. (Alexander, L. Bickers, W. Great Tichfield-street, Oxfori-street, linen-draper. (Bell, L. Blair, G. and W. Plimpton, Lower Thames-street, seedsman. (Dawes and Co. L. Blount, G. Liverpool, iron-merchant. (Clarke and Co. L, Blunden, W. sen. East Malling, Kent, farmer. (Brace and Co. L. Bowman, J. Salford, dyer. (Appleby and Co. L. Boy!, E. Leicester-square, printer. (Brooking, L. Boulton, J, Roworth, Derby, publican. (Makinson Bradshaw, L. Adlington, Lancashire, dealer. (Norris, L. Brecknell, S. Whistones, Worcestershire, hop-mer- chant. (Cardale and Co. L. Brows, W. Barton-upon-Humber, (Grayburn, jun. Byrne, T. King-street, Bryanstone-square, tailor. (Robinson and Co. tailor. nurseryman. Caper, G. Barton-upoh-Humber, Lincolnshire, rocer. (Hicks, L. Chalk, py bebsp ats soa, coach-maker. (Young and Co. Child, J. Bristol, grocer. (Vizard and Co. L. Collins, R. Regent-street, Oxford-street, carpet- dealer, (Fisher Culverhouse, J. Walcot, Somersetshire, flour-factor. (Eyar and Co. L. bs Cumming, A.J. High-street, Southwark, cheese- monger, (Hutchinson Davis, E. Chancery-lane, victualler. (Arundell at aa Minghes, Shottisham, Suffolk, apothecary. ash, L, Dewsnop, W. C. St. Bride’s-court, Bridge-street, ainter. (Keeling and Co. Donan, M. J. J. Cleveland-court, St. James’s-place, tailor, (Swain and Co. Dudley, T. Brighton, carpet-dealer. (Fisher and Co. Earl, J. jun. and ‘T. Lea, jon. Birmingham, mer- chants. (Norton, L. Elam, T.W. Bradford, clothier. (Richardson, L. Evans, R. P. Bernard-street, Russell-square, mer- chant. qpuieht, L. lage, oe . Lawrence Pountney hill, merchant. lean Forck, F. W, Whitechapel-road, baker, (Wright French, J. jun. Keyford, Somerset, clothier. (Ellis Gadderer, C. E. Lime-street square, insurance- broker. (Browne Goodrich, RK. Painswick, Gloucestershire, baker. (Dax and Co, L. Greatrex, C. B. Abberley, Worcestershire, apothe- _ cary. (Norton and Co. L. Green, J. Great Yarmouth, and J. Green, Somer- layton, Norfolk, brick-makers. (Swain and Co. Flarrison, H. Southwark+bridge Stone-wharf, stone- mason. (Hayward Havell, H. Bucklebury, Berkshire, baker. (Hamil- ton and Co. L. Hamilton, R. Liverpool, merchant. (Taylor, L. Hallen, S. Braaley, Stafford, iron-merchant. (Hurd Holahan, P. London-street, Fenchurch-street, wine aud brandy merchant. (Lang Ines iG Yediingham, Yorkshire, icks, L. Isherwood, J. Wortley, Leeds, cloth-manufacturer. (Makinson Jameson, J. Little Queen-street, (Saunders and Co, James, J. Chepstow, Monmouth, grocer. dillon, L Jarmain, J. Cumberland-street, New-road, uphol- sterer. (Knight, L. Jones, tof tame Selwood, Somerset, Jinen-draper. (Ellis, L. Johnson, W. Addington-place, Camberwell, butcher. (Castle, L. Johnson, D. Nantwich, druggist. (Wilds, L. hoise-dealer, coach-maker, (Bour- “Kelsey, W. and T. Heckdyke, Nottinghamshire, hemp-dealers. (Hicks, L. King, W. Edgware-road, cheesemonger. (Popkin Lane, F. Chandos-street, oilman. (Dawes and Co. Larbalastier, J. and J. Warwick, New Basinghall- street, wine-merchants. (Butler ah Lewis, G. London, merchant. (Clarke and Co. Lister, S. jun. W. Lister, and W.Walker, Lawrence- lane, warehouseman. (Pringle Littlefield, J. Portsea, plumber and glazier. (Young Lovell, W. Kilmersden, Somersetshire, linen-draper. (Hurd and Co. L. M‘Grath, E. Winchester-row, New-road, dealer. (Cooke and Co. Manning, R. Sackville-street, - Piccadiily, tailor. (Robinson Martelly, L. H. and J. Dayrie, Finsbury-square, merchants. (Wilde aad Co. Mason, C. Birmingham, druggist. (Norton and Co. Mercer, G. Basinghall-street, woollen-draper, (Towers Mitchell, P. Bungay, stationer. (Chippendale and Co. L. : Morganti, P. Brighton, jeweller. (Mayhew, L. Morehouse, J. Wells, cabinet-maker. (Welsh Munk, E. and J. Hodgskin, Maidstone, grocers. (Saunders and Co. L. Nathan, J. Liverpool, watch-maker. (Adlington and Co. L, Newland, J. Liverpool, boot-maker. (Hinde Needham, E. Fore-street, Cripplegate, warehouse- man. (Knight, L. * Noel, L. J. J. Great Ormond-street, bill-broker. (Russen eed O’Brien, J. Broad-street buildings, (Knight and Co. Osborn, RK. Garvestone, Norfolk, shopkeeper. (King Osborne, H. New Brentford, fishmonger. (Brooking Pinneger, R. Watchfield, Berks, corn-dewer. (Slade and Co. L. ’ Porter, H. Taunton, draper. (Ashurst, L. Kummer, C. Rainham, Kent, wine and brandy dealer. (Rippon, L. . Ripley, J. Wapping High-street Sal ttt J. ‘ni J. S. Kingston, Surrey, brewers. ippen, L. Sampson, J. H. Sculcoates, merchant. (Frost, Hull Scammell, R, Frome Selwood, Somersetshire, fuller, (Williams, L. Scobell, J. Hinton St. George, builder. (Patten, L. Shands, W. Old Change, baker. (Stevens and Co. Smith, J. Hulme, near Manchester, brewer, (Claye Smith, T. Watling-street,warechouseman. (Brooking Smith, H. Tooting, victualler. (Plaistead, L. Spencer, J. Eagle-street, Red Lion-square, livery- stable keeper. (Shirriff 2 Spice, R. G. Drury-lane, dealer in ham and beef. ~ (Bousfield » merchant. Somersetshire, Sprainks, 174 Sprainks, W: Brixton, baker. (Chippendale and Co, Stephenson, J. and J. Carleen, Abingdon, bankers. (Fisher ei Rar Mettingham, Suffolk, farmer. (Clarke and Co. L. Stevens, J. Newgate-street, carpet-warehouseman. (Pasmore Stevens, W. Oxford, liquor-merchant. (Walsh Stevenson, W. jun. Bawtry, Yorkshire, cooper. ahaa L. Seineons 3. Dudley, Worcestershire, grocer. (Ro- inson Stirk, W. Beaston, Yorkshire, woolstapler. (Wilson Symes, W. Crewborne, Somerset, linen-draper. (Jenkins, L. Agricultural Report. [March 1, Ward, J. Lowestoft, twine-spinner. (Von Hey- thuysen, L. Wade, W. Gloucester-strect, Queen-square, carpen- ter. (Knight and Co. : Wagstaff, D. and J..H. Skinner-street, Snow-hill, carpet-warehousemen. (Knight anid Co. L. Wagstaff, S. and 'T. Baylis, Kidderminster, Worces- tershire. (Fisher and Co. L. Walker, W. Rochdale, woollen manufacturer. Ellises and Co. L. Wighton, J. Basinghall-street, woollen-warehouse- man. (Knight and Co. Williams, J. Pinners’-hall, Old Broad-street, mer- chant. (Swainand Co. Willington, J. and &, Birmingham, cabinet-case- Thomson, A. Liverpool, merchant. Liverpool Pp Unitt, G. Taddington, Gloucestershire, (Collett and Co. L. Upsall, H. Wood Enderby, Lincolnshire, cattle- jobber. ee and Co. L. Vere, C. Cloth Fair, draper. Atherton, J. Warrington Atkinson, P. Rathbone-place, Ox- ford-street Ball, R. Bridge-road, Lambeth Bamber, W. and~Co. Huyton Lancashire Barnaschina, A. Gravesend Bennett, §. A. Worship-street, Shoreditch Bird, J. S. Liverpool Birmingham, F. Charles-street, ' City-road Bingley, G. Piccadilly Billing, H. and Co. Paddington Blyth, G. W. and T. & Boldero, Boldero, Lushington, and Boldero, Cornhill : Bradbury, R. Stone, Staffordshire Bulman, J. and T. and T. Miln- thorp, Westmoreland Burgie, J. Mark-lane Bysh, J. Paternoster-row Cann, W. Oakhampton, Devonsh. Carden, W. Bristol 5 Clarke, H. and F, Grundy, Li- verpool 3 Clarke, W. Leicester-street, Lei- cester-square Clements, R. Coventry Coftee, J. Regent-street Court, H. Fish-street hill Cripps, J. Wisbeach Croaker, C. Upper Farm, Cray- ford, Kent Cruickshanks, J. Gerrard-street Davison, F. Hinckley Delvalle, A. York-street, Covent- arden Dowley, J. Willow-st. Bankside Edmunds, T. Castlebugged Lam- peter Poutstephen, Cardigan- shire Elmore, R. Birmingham Farrer, R. Bread-strect,Cheapside Fisher, W. Avon Clifts, Wilts Foulkes, J. Chester Frost, L. jun. Liverpool Farlong, W.and J. Bristol Gibson, F. jun. Liverpool Goodman, F. Witherley, Leices- tershire Gosling, . Chesterfield Gould, W. and F. Greasley, Wood- strect, Cheapside (Brown, L. (Rowlinson, makers. farmer. Wright, J. dealer. anudCo, DIVIDENDS. Gralam, Sir BR. bart. London, J. Railton, Manchester, J. J. Railton, and J. Young, Lon- on Green, W. jun. Exmouth-street, Clerkenwell : Griffin, D. Walworth. Halliday, T, Old South-Sea house Hancock, J. Limehouse-hole stairs Hardisty, G. and_J. Cowling, Bedford-conrt, Covent-garden Harrison, J. F. Toyyer-street Harrison,J. Mount »rrace, White- chapel Handford, W. Tavistock Hawksley, J. Birmingham Hay, H. and T. A. Turner, New- castle-street, Strand Herbert, T. Chequer-yard, Dow- gate-hill Hinde, T. Liverpool Hodson, J. and M. Hargreay, Liverpool Hyde, W. Earl-street, Blackfriars Jackson, J. Easingwold, Yorksh. Jeffs, F. Coventry Jervis, E. Norwich Jower, W. Brentford Kemp, W. Bath Keen, W. Aldersgate-street Ketcher, N. Bradwell, near the Sea, Essex Knibbs, J. H. Lloyd’s Coffce- house \ Ladkin, W. Leicester Lancaster, T. J. Cateaton-street Lockwood, G. Huddersfield Lythgoe, J. Liverpool Maddock, R., R. Quinn, and J. Uniacke, Liverpool Masters, R. Coventry M‘Leod, J. and C. Huntley Hotel, Leicester-fields Marchant, J. Maidstone Mather, J. Jewin-street Monsey, T. Burgh, Norfolk Nicholson, W. Hull Parker, ©. Colchester Parkes, T. and A. Lawton, Bir- mingham Pasley, J. Bristol Perry, T. and J. Reading Port, E. J. Rugeby, Staffordshire (Webb Winscom, J. Andover, linen-draper. (Mann Stanwick, Northamptonshire, horse- (Jeyes, I Wright, K. Hatfield Cole and Co. L. ‘ Young, W. Bernard-strect, insurance-broker, (Lavie 4 Broad Oake, Essex, grocer. Porter, S. London Potts, W. Sheerness Prior, J. H. London-road, South- wark Raines, J. Hull Randall, W. Leeds mat R. Southampton-row, loomsbury 4 Rees, W. Bristol Reynolds, H. Cheltenham Ripley, J. Wapping Riddough, R. Liverpool Ritchie and Bigsby, Deptford Rood, C. W. Broadway, Worces- tershire Rout, J. Whitechapel ; Roberts, M. Manchester Rucker, S. Old South Sea house Rudkin, T. H. Charlotte-street, Islington Seimei, T. Kingston-upon- ames Shannon, W. Whitehaven Sheriff, J. Faroham Sherwin, W. ‘I’. Paternoster-row Spence, J. Providence-row, Hack- ne Sutherland,R.and R. Birmingham Tarlton, J. Liverpool Tate, M. Chaltord, Gloucester . Taylor, G. Barsted, Kent Taylor, T. Bristol Tennent, J. Liverpool ‘Thompson, J. Mapleton, Derby- shire Thwaites, S. Staplehurst, Kent Tucker, J.H. Jermyn-street Twycross, J. Westbourn, Sussex Watts, J. Totnes Wells, J. Bristol Whitaker, W, Wakefield, and J. Whitaker, Lee-green, York Whitehead, J. Denshaw, Yorksh. Wheatley, H. Coventr Wheatcroft, 8. Sheffield Wigfall, H. Sheffield Wight, J. C. Mitre-court, Fen- church-street Witehurch, Finsbury Wilson, E. F. and J. Westmore- land, Liverpool Wood,W. Holm Farm, Wetherby, Yorkshire, J. Worship-street, MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. SINCE the breaking-up of the frost, the country has manifested great spirit, —= and rainy weather has occasionally ob- (existing circumstances considered,) in working the fallows, and putting the lands in the best state of preparation for the reception of the spring seeds. ‘The stormy 1 structed these important operations, espe- cially in the low lands, where the water has stagnated. The lent-sowing, however, will not be materially backward. ‘Turnips gencrally have lasted full as well as might ; he 1823.] be expected, considering their early ex- posure to the frost, without the protection of snow, which came too late,.and was then blown from the land, and drifted by the high winds. Much hay and fodder was consumed during the frost, and the price enhanced in consequence. In the distant counties, sheep have suffered con- siderably, and many lambs have been lost; not less, perhaps, from customary needless exposure, than from the severity of the season. Wheat, speaking of the crop, has suffered no damage, but rather pro- fited ; if any part has been at all injured, it has been the late sown ‘and weakly planted. Potatoes, not carefully stored, have suffered from the frost. If any change in the price of wool, it is declining. Nothing doing in hops, beyond the ordi- Mary demand for consumption. Pigs, supposed to be on account of the reduction of the Salt Tax, have had an advance in price, beyond any late experience. Horses are in great plenty, good ones excepted, and they always bear apremium. Beans, reckoned a short crop, are scarcely sale- able, which seems to evince an extensive Political Affairs in February. 175 culture. — ‘‘ Agricultural distress,” if a melancholy, is astale topic. The country markets, since Christmas, have in many parts overflowed with com; yet both corn and butcher’s meat have made a stand, with some advance of price; and, could a riddance of surplus on the corn- markets be obtained, whether from real consumption or speculation, prices would rise, as certainly and as speedily, as in former days, in the despite and defiance of that terrible Turk, Mr. Peel’s Bill, which is so shamefully partial, as not to impede the legitimate advance of any other commodity. Smithfield: —Beef, 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d.— Mutton, 5s. to 4s. 8d.—Veal, 3s. 4d. to 5s. 8d.—Pork, 3s. to 5s. 4d.—Bacon, —.—Raw fat, 9s. 2d. Corn Eachange: — Wheat, 25s. to 55s. —Barley, 25s. to 36s.—Oats, 17s. to 27s. —London price of best bread, 4lb. for 8d. —Hay, 55s. to 86s.—Clover, do. 55s. to 84s.—Straw, 40s. to 54s. 6d. Coals in the pool, 37s. to 49s. Middlesex ; Feb. 21, 1823. POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN FEBRUARY. —— : FRANCE. N Tuesday, Jan. 28, the King of France delivered the following Speech to the Two Chambers: Gentlemen, The continuance of the two last ses- sions, and the short recess they have left you, would have made me wish to be able to retard the opening of this; but the regular vote of the expenses of the state is an advantage of which you have all felt the value, and I am bound, in order to preserve it, to count on the same devotedness which was necessary to me for obtaining it. The internal situation of the kingdom is ameliorated ; the course of justice, exer- cised with loyalty by the juries, wisely and courageously directed by the magis- trates, has put an end to the plots, and to the attempts at revolt, that encouraged the hope of impunity. I have concluded with the Holy See the conventions necessary for the circumserip- tionof the new dioceses, the establishment of which was authorized by law. All the churches are to be provided with their pastors ; and the clergy of France, com- pletely organized, shall contribute to call down on ns the blessings of Providence. Ihave provided by ordinances for what- ever economy, expeuses, and arrangement in the acconnts, required. My ministers will submit to the sanction of the law the account of the expenses of 1891; they will furnish you with the state of the receipts and disbursements eflected in 1842; and, e635 also, that of the presumed wants and re- sources of 1824, The result of those documents is, that all former accounts being liquidated, even those which the military preparations have made necessary hitherto, we shall enter on the business of 1825 with forty millions of excess over the credits opened for that year ; and that the budget of 1824 can present a balauce of receipts with expenses, without re- quiring the employment of that reserve. France owed to Europe the example of rosperity, which people cannot obtain but by a return to religion, to legitimacy, to order, to true liberty: this salutary ex- ample she this day presents. ' But Divine Justice permits that, after having made other nations long experience the terrible effects of our discord, we should be ourselves exposed to dangers, which the like calamities among a neigh- bouring people bring with them. I have tried every thing, in order to guarantee the security of my people, and preserve Spain herself from the last mis- fortunes. The blindness with which they have rejected the representations made at Madrid, leaves little hope of preserving peace. I have ordered the recall of my minister. One hundred thousand French, commanded bya prince of my family—by him whom my heart is delighted to eall my son—are ready to march, invoking the God of St. Lonis, in order to secure the throne of Spain to a grandson of Hemyy 1V., to preserve that fine kingdom from rain, and reconcile it with Europe, Our stations will be re-inforcedin every quarter 176 quarter where our maritime commerce stands in need of this protection. Cruisers will be appointed in every place where our coasts are likely to be menaced, If war be inevitable, I will direct all my cares to circumscribe its circle, and limit its duration. It will only be undertakento conquer peace, which the state of Spain would render it impossible to attain. Let Ferdinand the Seventh be free to give to his people institutions, which they cannot hold but from him, and which, by insuring their repose, would dissipate the just in- quietudes of France, and from that mo- ment hostilities shall cease. I undertake before you, gentlemen, the solemn engage- ment of this. I was bound to place be- fore you the state of our external affairs, It was my duty to deliberate, and I have done so, after mature consideration. I have consulted the dignity of my crown, and the honour and security of France. We are Frenchmen, gentlemen, and will ever be unanimous in the defence of such interests. The following opinion of PRINcE TALLEYRAND on the address in reply to the speech from the throne, has been printed, and we copy it ver- batim, as an able and conclusive view of the questions pending between France and Spain :— It is now sixteen years since, com- manded by bim who then ruled the world, to deliver my opinion on a conflict in which he was about to engage with the Spanish people, I had the misfortune to displease him by unveiling the future, and pointing out the multitude of dangers that would arise out of an aggression equally rash and unjust. Disgrace was the re- ward of my sincerity. After so long aa interval, I find myself, by a singular des- tiny, under the necessity of renewing the same efforts, and the same counsels! The speech from the throne has almost ba- nished the Jast hope of the friends of peace. It is menacing to Spain, and, I must say, it seems to me alarming to France. How- ever, war is not yet declared. Peers of France! a moment, a single moment still remains to enable you to preserve the king—to preserve your country from the chances of so dangerous an enterprize. Hasten to fulfil the most sacred of duties, to undeceive the king, who is misled with respect to the wishes of France, the wants of his people, and his own interests, no less than with regard to tle state of Spain, which is represented to him as being weak- ened by internal dissention. The wishes of the French peopie, it is almost useless to make the assertion, the wishes of the French people are for peace. Satiated with military glory, they hoped, under the government of their king, to repair, in the bosom of peace, the miseries of a thirty- - Political Affairs in February. [March 1; one years’ war. All the parts of this vast empire, which presents so many various instances, are unanimous on this question. Lille coincides with Strasburg, Lyons with Bordeaux, and Marseilles with Grenoble. The most insolent party-spirit cannot dis pute this fact. And how shonid it be otherwise? In this case, have not the shipowners of Bordeanx and Marseilles the same interest as the manufacturer of Lyons or Rouen? Is not the one in danger of being robbed of treasures which he has embarked on the sea—and is not the other, by being suddenly deprived of his most important outlets, exposed to ‘the risk of being compelled to shut up those warehouses which once constituted his glory and the prosperity of our country ? Need I mention that portion of the popu- lation who live by their daily labour, and who, through the reduction in the price of that labonr, now earn only a part of the wages necessary to support their families, and who, from day to day, may run the. risk of being deprived of this last re- source? Can you suppose, gentlemen, that the most flourishing state of agricul. ture can escape the disasters that assail in- dustry and trade? In the present state of society, all branches of prosperity are linked together. The losses of the mer- chant will, in their turn, fall upon the cul- tivator, and thé agricultural class.of the people will be drained of the money that will be lost on the desolated plains of Spain. Why do not the powers of the world count, at this terrible moment, what are the suffrages? On one side there is a whole people, and, on the other, what shall I say?—some individual in- terests which endeavour to turn to their advantage, exclusively, a restoration which was intended for the benefit of society at large. I have the courage to speak the whole truth. The same chivalric senti- ments, in 1789, led aside generous hearts, and seduced imaginations; but they could not preserve the monarchy; they may de- stroy it in 1823, and legitimate monarchy is the want of France. The war is not, as some persons pleased to say, a question relative to dynasty ; it is altogether a party question. The interests of royalty were not concerned, but only those of a party, true to its ancient hatreds and its aucient pretensions, and which is less ambitious to preserve than to re-conquer. It is wished to obtain revenge on the tops of the Py- renees. What substantial motives could induce France, now so happy, so tranquil, and so prosperous, to risk the chances of a war with Spain? What has France to complain of? All her complaints are re- duced to this—the Spanish charter is full of imperfections. I think myself, that it is full of imperfections: but how long is it since neighbouring nations have be- lieved themselves authorized to exact of an . 1823.] an independent people the reformation of its political laws? With such a theory, what would become of the independence of nations? What singular reformers, what strange Lycurguses, a hundred thou- sand soldiers, speedily to be followed by as many more, would make! Who is it that it is wished to impose upon by this political Don Quixotism? Does any per- son flatter himself that the secret of this new crusade is a mystery to the people? No; Spain, with its acquired liberty— Spain, without privileged orders, is an in- tolerable spectacle for pride to witness ; it cannot be endured, and it is necessary to do that in Spain which it has not been pos- sible to do in France—to effect a counter- revolution. I know well that the invisible directors of this great conspiracy against the liberty of nations are not mad enough to hope for any success from the efforts of their partisans alone. Upon what, then, finally, do tliey rest their last hopes? They do not know—they would have trembled if they had taken it into consideration. The support upon which they rely is foreign support. Let it not be imagined that this is a chimerical statement; the parricidal wish has been very recently ex- pressed in those periodical journals which are the base reflectors of thé impure pas- sions that agitate the face of our country. But at what price will the foreigners, upon whom the party I have alluded to are re- duced to necessity of relying, sell us their fatal co-operation? Who will pay their armies? Who will support them? Cer- tainly it will not be unfortunate Spain : it has no treasures; it scarcely can furnish ‘its own subsistence ; it is rich only in con- rage. Prudence prevents me from deyve- loping to a greater extent all the dangers of a war with Spain; your knowledge and your reflection will suggest them to you. But I have said enough to justify the ne- cessity of my presence in-the tribune. It becomes me, who am old, who respect France, who am devoted to the king and all his family ; who have taken so great a part inihe events of the double restoration; who, by my efforts, and I venture to say my successful efforts, have established my glory and. my responsibility upon the re- newed alliance between France and the house of Bourbon—to prevent, as much as in my power, the work of wisdom and of justice from being compromised by foolish and rash passions. ‘The king is deceived ! It is our duty to undeceive him. He is told that his people desire waz, when they wish for peace. He is told that the ho- nour of his crown wonld be compromised if he did not revenge the insults which have been offered to Ferdinand VII. His ancestor, Lonis XIV. did not revenge in- sults much more heinous; and, ona point of dignity, Louis XIV. is not a model to be despised. The happiness of France— M onTHLY Maga, No. 379. Political Affairs in February. 177 that is the glory of Louis XVIII.; and he is worthy of enjoying such glory. It is said that Spain, being a prey to anarchy, is dangerous for France. © Facts are before us to answer this. Itis true that anarchical doctrines have made alarming progress in France? On the contrary, has not power made its greatest acquisitions amongst us since the revolution of Spain?) Do not fear to make the truth known to the king ; he will never reject it; and, with this conviction, I support the amendment moved by the Baron de Barente. It is my wish that the majority of the Chamber should be prompted by their fidelity to the king and the charter, to support it with their votes, I shall say only one word more, and that for the purpose of asking if there be no where entertained any doubts as to the secret wish of Ferdinand VII. Ido not presume to give a personal opinion on this subject; I derive it from the past, which is but too well known. The king of Spain was, donbtless, never more completely deprived of liberty than during the seven years of his captivity at Valengay ; and I appeal to the recollec- tion of some of my noble colleagues, whe- ther, at that painful period, they did not find that neither their brilliancy of names, nor their affecting attachment, were ca- pable of inspiring that sovereign with sufficient confidence to make him regard the attempt which they. wished to make for his deliverance, as any other thing than an act of temerity, of which he would become the victim: and my personal re- lations with King Ferdinand, authorise me to believe that his-refusal proceeded only from a noble confidence in the fidelity of his subjects, to whose courage and love he wished to be indebted for his deli- verance. GREAT BRITAIN. On the 4th the Session of Parlia- ment was opened with the following Speech, delivered by commissioners, in consequence of a protracted illness of the king at Brighton. My Lords and Gentlemen, We are commanded by his Majesty to inform you, that since he last met you in parliament, his Majesty’s efforts have been unremittingly exerted to preserve the peace of Europe. Faithful to the principles which his Majesty has promulgated to the world, as constituting the rule of his conduct, his Majesty declined being party to any pro- ceedings at Verona which - could be deemed an interference in the internal concerns of Spain on the part of foreign powers, And his Majesty has since used, and continues to use, his most anxious en- deavours and good offices to allay the irri- tation unhappily subsisting between the French and Spanish governments ; and to Aa avert 178 avert, if possible, the calamity of war be- tween France and Spain, In the east of Europe, his Majesty flat- ters himself that peace will be preserved ; and his Majesty continues to receive from his allies, and generally from other powers, assurances of their unaltered disposition to cultivate with his Majesty those friendly relations which it is equally his Majesty’s object on his part to maintain. We are further commanded to apprise you, that discussions having long been pending with the court of Madrid, respect- ing depredations committed on the com- merce of his Majesty’s subjects in the West Indian seas, and other grievances of which his Majesty had been under the ne- cessity of complaining ; those discussions have terminated in an admission by the Spanish government of the justice of his Majesty’s complaints, and in an engage- ment for satisfactory reparation. We are commanded to assure you that his Majesty has not been unmindful of the addresses presented to him by the two Houses of Parliament, with respect to the foreign slave-trade. : Propositions for the more effectual sup- pression of that evil were brought forward by his Majesty's plenipotentiary in the conferences at Verona; and there have been added to the treaties upon this sub- ject, already concluded between his Ma- jesty and the governments of Spain and the Netherlands, articles which will extend the operation of those treaties, and greatly facilitate their execution. Gentlemen of the House of Commons, His Majesty has directed the estimates of the current year to be laid before you. They bave been framed with every atten- tion to economy; and the total expendi- ture will be found to be materially below that of last year. The diminution of charge, combined with the progressive improvement of the revenue, have produced a surplus exceed- ing his Majesty’s expectation. His Ma- jesty trusts, therefore, that you will be able, after providing for the services of the year, and without affeeting public credit, to make a farther considerable reduc tion in the burthens of his people. My Lords and Gentlemen, His Majesty has commanded us to state to you, that the manifestations of loyalty and attachment to his person and govern- ment, which his Majesty received in his late visit to Scotland, have made the deep- est impression upon his heart. The provision which you made in the last session of parliament for the relief of the distresses in considerable districts in Ireland, has been productive of the hap- piest effects ; and his Majesty recommends to your consideration such measures of in- ternal regulation, as may be calculated to promote and secure the tranquillity of that Political Affairs in February. {March 1, country, and to-improve the habits and condition of the people. Deeply as his Majesty regrets the con- tinued depression of the agricultural inter- est, the satisfaction with which his Majesty contemplates the increasing activity which pervades the manufacturing districts, and the flourishing condition of onr commerce, in most of its principal branches, is greatly enhanced by the contident persuasion, that the progressive, prosperity of so many of the interests of the country cannot fail to contribute to the gradual improve- ment of that great interest, which is the most important of them all. In the debate on the motion for the address, Mr. Brougham made a speech on the iniquitous pretensions of the confederacy of despots, called the Holy Alliance, which we lament our inability to insert ; but which, for libera- lity, noble sentiments, and true elo- quence never was exceeded, even in the British parliament. On the 21st Mr. Robinson, the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, made his Parliamentary Statement of the Finances. The whole revenue of the last year, in- cluding Property and unappropriated War Taxes, might (he said,) be estimated at— Revenne : 4 £54,415,049 Expenditure 4 49,449,130 Leaving asurplusof . £4,965,519 The revenue of the present year, making allowance for the taxes which had been reduced, and adding the arrears, would come to 57,096,2551. and the esti- matéd expenditure to 52,260,188/, But from this last sum there had to be made deductions, which would reduce the total expenditure of the year to 49,852,0001. of which the particulars might be taken :— Total expence of the £50,112,000 > ’ Funded Debt ‘ Contingent charges 4 2,860,000 Interest of Exchequer Bills . 1,200,000 Army ‘ : ° 7,363,000 Navy .. . «~~: 5y443,000 Ordnance + c E 1,380,000 Miscellaneous : . 1,494,000 £49,852,000 By comparing this with the estimated revenue, there was a surplus of 7,224,2551. available to the relief of the public bur- dens. He calculated that, under all the circumstances, and allowing for all the diminutions, there would be in the present year an improvement, on the whole, of two millions, as compared with the estimate taken from the last. The first item to which he would advert, was the Customs, the produce of which, for the present year, “9 e 1823,] he would take at 10,500,0001. ; that of last year was abont 10,662,000/. From this there was to be deducted the whole that would fall from the abandonment of the tonnage duty, amounting to abont 160,000/., which was repealed on thie 26th of July, and no part of which would fall within the year; but, from the im- proved state of trade, the increase in the remaining branches might be considered as compensating at least 80,000I. of this. He was anxious, however, to keep his estimates within compass, and therefore he would, as he had said, take the total receipts of the Customs at 10,500,000/. The next branch of the revenue was the Excise, in which the receipts for the last year were 27,272,0001, In this there had to be an allowance made for the operation of the reduction of the taxes on malt and leather, and also of thaton salt. The operation of the former taxes had, however, been feltin the latter part of the past year, in which, also, there liad been a slight operation of the repeal of the Salt Tax ; for, though the tax itself was not repealed, yet the near approach of that event would lessen the sales toward the close of the year. Taking the amount for last year at 27,272,0001. he trusted he would be justified in estimating the probable amount of the same branch for the present year at 26,000,0001. The Stamps would yield about 6,600,000l. The Post Office about 1,400,0001, The Assessed and Land Taxes last year amounted to about 7,218,0001. In the course of the year, however, the Window and Hearth Taxes in Ireland had been wholly abo- lished; and, in consequence of this, and some other allowances that had to be made, the receipts might be taken at 7,100,0001. Where Were some other con- tingeut and miscellaneous sources of reve- nue, which might yield about 600,000/. The result was, that the revenue, exclusive of the expense of collection, might with every probability be estimated as amount- ing to 25,000,0001. The Committee would observe, that the accounts of the last year were not yet completed. In the year 1818, the amount of the expense on collection was . A £1,327 ,621 1819 5 o ) EQS 21 1820 ; . 1,097,774 1821 ; - 1,069,282 The next point to which he should call the attention of the Committee, was to the disposition of the surplus of the revenue, consisting of 7,000,0001. Hehad said be- fore, that, in conformity with the principle recognized by parliament, 5,000,0001. was to be applied to the extinction of the debt, and the difference to the remission of tax- ation. It was_his intention to apply the repeal to the Assessed Taxes. He should propose, therefore, to abolish altogether the Tax on Male Servants occasionally em- Political Affairs in February. 179 ployed inhushandry and trade, That remis- sion would amount to 37,2001. There was another industrious class comprehended within the present taxation, which he wished to relieve, a description of persons unsuitable to the operation of direct taxa- tion, he meant occasional pardeners, the amount of which was 19,7007. ‘The next reduction which he meant to propose, was the tax on the lower class of taxed carts, the amount 9,500]. Also the duty of three shillings on ponies under thirteen hands high, the amount 4,480/, The amount of the last reduction was 6,500/. It was of three shillings on horses employed by small farmers who were also engaged in trade. He would proceed to a reduction of Fifty per Cent. ontheremaining Assessed Taxes on Horses, Curriages, and Servants. The re- duction which this proposed fifty per cent. would effect, was as follows :— Male servants : : - 159,500 Clerks, shopmen, travellers, &c. 98,050 Four-wheeled carriages. + 145,000 ‘Two-wheeled carriages ° 98,000 The higher class of taxed carts . 17,650 Horses for riding SP Ay 324,000 Lower duties on horses, mules, &c. 72,500 He now came to the consideration of that which was certainly one of the most important of taxes to all classes of the community ; he meant the Duty on Win- dows. The general principle on which he proposed to act with respect to this duty was to reduce it fifty per cent. Windows of shops and counting-houses, detached from houses, were already exempt from the duty, and it was his intention to pro- pose the extension of thatexemption to all ground-floor windows, whether attached to houses or not. The total reduction, there- fore, of the Assessed Taxes, which it was his intention to propose, would amount to 2,232,0001. He had not yet adverted to Ireland; but the question of Assessed Taxes in Ireland was one of very peculiar and singular importance. What le meant to propose with regard to them, was at once to repeal them all, and a great re- duction in the amount of the daty on Trish distillation. Mr. Maberly insisted that the whole of the Assessed Taxes ought to be re- pealed, and that they were continued merely for the patronage of collectors; and he then proposed the plan of Mr. Marshall, (author of the Tables in our Supplement,) that encouragement should be afforded to reduce the Land Tax; which, in seven years; would redeem 41,330,000/., while the absurd and oppressive plan of a sinking fund would at five millions per annum yield no more than 43,750,000/. ite SPAIN. Assailed by the Holy Alliance, this country bas excited the sympathy and interest 180 interest of all Europe. If her patriots are sufficiently energetic, (like those who composed the Committee of Pub- lic Safety in France,) the despots will be the means of repeating all the scenes of the French revolution; and will then hypocritically endeavour to charge on the benevolent principles of liberty the violences which they have themselves caused. We have but one piece of advice to give the Spaniards at this crisis. ‘They must not permit the war to be carried into Spain. If it is unavoidable, they must push their armies into France, Incidents in and near London. [March 1, and the hopes of the despots would thus be frustrated ; for the Spaniards would find more allies in France than the French could meet in Spain, though on the divisions of the Spanish people they chiefly calculate for success. If 30 or 40,000 Spanish patriots can be marched into France, the cause of | liberty will diffuse itself over Europe with the rapidity of lightning. But, if the French armies are permitted to make Spain the seat of war, the chances in their favour would be in- creased three to one by the division of parties in Spain. INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1Nn anp nEAR LONDON, With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased. —<__—— CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. EB. 4.—Parliament met. —.5.— A meeting of the county of Middlesex at Hackney. Major Cartwright moved some resolutions, which were adopted by the meeting. —.-10.—A numerous meeting of the freeholders and other inhabitants of Surrey, took place at Epsom, to consider of the agricultural distress, and the ne- cessity of parliamentary reform. Lord King, after an able speech, brought for- ward a petition couched in strong Jan- guage. Mr. Cobbett proposed to add, as an amendment, ‘ without which, your pe- titioners can see no hope of that equitable adjustment with regard to the public debt and with regard to all contracts between man and man, which is absolutely neces- sary to the defence of the country against foreign foes, and to the restoration of in- ternal tranquillity.”.—Mr. Grey Bennett seconded the amendment; and after some further discussion, in which Mr. Denison, Mr, Sumner, and Lord Ellenborough, par- took, the petition was carried with only five dissentients. —. 11,—The resident electors of South- wark assembled to consider the propriety of petitioning for a reduction of taxation, and parliamentary reform. A petition was proposed by Mr. Black, and adopted. —13.—The Common Council met to petition Parliament for Reform. Mr. Alderman Waithman brought forward a petition, considered as the ablest that has appeared on the subject, which he sup- ported by an eloquent speech of two hours. The following Resolutions were agreed to, with only three or four dissenting voices: —‘ That it appears to this court, that the present enor- mous burdens and distresses of the country have not arisen from unforeseen or un- avoidable causes, but have been the ne-. cessary result of along course of corrupt influence, extravagance, and misrule—of wars, rashly and unnecessarily undertaken —and of enormous establishments—a pro- fusion of the public money in useless places and sinecures—and of an immense standing army during eight years of pro- found peace, unknown in former times— all which have arisen, and have grown up to their present portentous magnitude, from the want of that constitutional con- trol which can only be found in a free and uncorrupted representation of the peoplein Parliament. ‘That a petition be therefore presented to the House of Com- mons, praying that they will take all these facts and circumstances into their serious consideration, and immediately cause all practicable reductions to be made in the public expenditure, and adopt such mea- sures as may effectually restore to the people their fair and just share in the legislature, by a full, fair, and free, repre- sentation in Parliament.” —.—A meeting of solicitors of the metropolis (250 being present) was held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, when it was determined to appoint a committee to consider the propriety of securing justice to their clients by employing those gentle- men of the bar only who would attend strictly to the business placed in their hands, aud who were determined not to divide their attention between the Lord Chancellor’s and the Vice-Chancellor’s Courts, in such a manner as to give cause of complaint to those whose interests de- pended so much upon the talent and care of the advocate. This meeting has caused a very great sensation at the bar. —.17.—A meeting at the York Hotel, to arrange a new Literary Society on a much improved plan, to take place of the Surrey Institution, lately dissolyed. —.20.—A meeting was this day held at the Mansion-house, Alderman Wood in the chair, of merchants and traders, to petition against the Insolvent Debtors’ Bill. Messrs. Favel, Brown, Price, and Wilson, 1823.] Wilson, spoke on the occasion, but with utter irrelevancy; for it seems the lawyers have contrived so to puzzle the plain sense of men of business on this subject, as to deprive them of their usual perspicacity. These crafty sophisticators wish to make it believed that there is no middle course or alternative between bankruptcy or perpetual imprisonment, and the payment of a farthing in the pound; and the com- mercial and trading interest suffers itself to be amused by this fraud. On the con- trary, it is as plain as that two and two make four, that an Act of Parliament in twenty or thirty lines conferring on three- fourths or four-fifths of a body of cre- ditors the power of conducting, com- pounding, and releasing a debtor on the best terms he could offer, would relieve debtors from the obligation which they now feel to fight througi their embarrass- ments, rather than meet the fatal conse- quences, till every shilling of their pro- perty is wasted; and would enable bodies of creditors to get 10, 15, and even 20, shillings in the pound, if they were en- abled to do’so by law, and in spite of certain malignant, crafty, and sordid, per- sous, who, among every body of creditors, are now able to frustrate any proposal made for adjustment. The power which at present is possessed by single creditors of refusing their assent to any arrange- ment, however reasonable and just, is the sole cause of all the misery and mischief whicb result from the relation of debtor and creditor; and, if the trading interests of England possess common sense, they will endeavour, in spite of the lawyers and commissioners of bankrupts, who fill the committees of the House of Commons, to procure an enactment to correct this great practical evil. A steam-packet company is about to be established in London. ‘The capital will be 300,000]. in one hundred and fifty shares of 20001. each, The total number of cattle brought to market in the year 1821 was 152,169. In 1822 the gross amount was 160,637, being an increase of 8528 over the number brought to market in 1821, The total number of sheep brought to Smithfield for sale in 1821, was 1,275,700; and in 1822 if amounted to no less than 1,548,700, being the enormous increase of 267,500 sheep above the return of 1821, The total quantity of coals imported into London in 1822, was, 1,253,436 chaldrons. ‘The average quantity im- ported in the five years from 1814 to 1818, was, 1,162,408 chaldrons, while the average of the five years, 1818 to 1842, was 1,245,422 chaldrons, being an average wicrease each year of 81,014 chaldrons, in the consumption of coals in the metropolis and neighbourhood. Marriages in and near London. 181 MARRIED. Barry E. O'Meara, esq. to Lady Leigh. Charles Beaven, esq. to Mary Grant, youngest daughter of Hamilton Leonard Earle, esq. late of Tweed House, Nor- thumberland. At Mary-la-bonne-church, Robert Bel- lers, esq. of New Lodge, Berkhampstead, to Miss Elizabeth Bridges, of Gloucester- place, Portman-square. Capt. Budger, esq. of Hotensdale-house, Nutfield, Surrey, to Miss Wilhelmina Caroline Moor, of Twickenham. John Pugh, esq. of Gray’s Inn, barrister- at-law, to Miss Jane Singer, of Becking- ton, Somersetshire. At St. Pancras-church, Westley Rich- ards, esq. of Edgbaston, Warwickshire, to Miss Harriet Seale, of Muscovy-court, Trinity-square. Capt. Fanshawe, R.N. to Miss Caroline Luttrell, of Devonshire-street, Portland- place. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Lewis Lloyd, esq. of New Norfolk-street, Park- . lane, to Miss Mary Champion, of Gros- venor-square, The Rev. Francis Ellaby, to Miss Frances Brooks, both of Edmonton. At St. Pancras, Lord Coleraine, to Miss Mary Ann Catherine Greenwood. The Rev. ‘Yhomas Henry Walpole, of Sutton Valence, to Miss Sarah Meriton, of Peckham. Francis H. Brandram, esq. of the Albany, Piccadilly, to Miss Maria Bed- ford, of Elmhurst. Mr. William Frazer, to Miss Catharine Austin, both of Portland-place, New Kent-road. Capt. Algernon Eliot, R.N. to Jane, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Crombie. Richard Phillips, esq. eldest son of Sir Richard P. to Matilda, only child of Thomas Bacon, esq. of Claines, Wor- cestershire. George Frederick Furnivall, esq. of Egham, to Sophia Hughes, daughter of the late James Burwell, esq. of Coworth, Berks. At Croydon, Frederick Harris, esq. of Leominster, to Sarah, daughter of the late Sir John Horsford, K.B. of the Bengal artillery. Mr, Reuben Bucknell, of Farnham, Surrey, to Miss E. D. Crowe, of Col- chester. Mr. Benjamin Kingston Finnimire, to Miss S, Lambert, both of Guildford. Mr. John Bailey, of Wood-street, Cheapside, to Miss Cole, of Sutton St. Edmund’s, Lincolnshire. Mr. Charles Crampon, of Ludgate-hill, to Miss Howard, of Saxmundham. Mr. Glover, of Kingsland-road, to Miss Anne Green, late of Bury St. Edmund’s, M Ve 182 Mr. Grimwood, of London, to Miss Johanna Wright, of Dover. At St. Pancras-church, the Rev. Harsy West, rector of Berwick, and vicar of Laughton, Sussex, to Louisa, daughter of the late Sir Robert Parker, bart. At Woolwich, John F, Breton, esq. to Elizabeth Frances, danghter of Col. Grif- fiths, of the artillery. George Tucker, esq. to Miss Jewett, of Finsbury-square. Mr. John L. Taaffe, of London, to Miss Ann Rook, of Fore-street, Plymouth. - At Deptford, Joseph Gibbins, esq. to Miss Elizabeth Clarence, of London. In London, John Egremont, esq. to Harriet, widow of Fred. P. Robinson, esq. At Bow, Capt. C. R. Nordenskjold, son of Baron N. of Fareby, Sweden, to Mar- garet, daughter of the late Dr. Lindsay. DIED. In Coleman-street, 6, Mr. Thomas Saltmarsh, eldestson of W.S. In Queen-square, Westminster, 87, Henry Savage, esq. Admiral of the Red: formerly a very active officer during the American and revolutionary wars. At Blackheath, 78, John Julius Anger- stein, esq. many years one of the most emi- nent and opulent merchants and under- writers of London, and particularly distin- guished tor his active aud liberal benevo- lence, and for his patronage of the fine arts. In Aldermanbury, at the house of Dr. Babington, 84, Mrs. Ann Lacey. In Shade’s-place, Deptford, 73, Charles Eve, esq. In the Poultry, 63, William Edward Smith, esq. At Knightsbridge, at an advanced age, Mrs. Hare, widow of the Rey. James H. A. M. rector of Colne St. Deny’s, and vi- car of Stratton St. Margaret’s, Wilts. InSouthampton-buildings, 68, 1. Luisné, author of a series of grammars, in the English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Latin, languages. In Piccadilly, Magdalene, Countess Dow- ager of Dysart. In Ebury-street, Chelsea, 101, George Brooke. At West Ham Abbey, Mrs. Catherine Vooght, widow of William V. esq. for- merly an eminent merchant. In Beaumont-street, Mrs. Heathcote, widow of Robert H. esq. of the Andit. In Artillery street, Bermondsey, Jane, wife of John Butler, esq. At Colebrook-row, Islington, Gvorge Mayor, esq. of Little Britain. At Denmark-hill, Mr. Mutthew Robins. In Haydon-square, Jane, wife of H. Seally, esq. In New Kent-road, 62, Jokn Under- shell, esq. In Nelson-square, J. G. Nibbs, esq. of St. Ann’s, Jamaica. Mr. Deaths in and near London. [March 1, At Richmond, 71, the Hon. Harbotile Bucknall, rector of Pitmarsh and Halstow, and chaplain in ordinary to the king. - At Willesden-house, Middlesex, 74, Sir Rupert George, bart, : In Surrey-square, William Smith, esq. At Chelsea, 21, Emma, wife of George Hawkins, esq. ' In Little Queen-street, 26, Mr. Fre- derick Woodfall. In Upper Charlotte-street, Fitzroy- square, 92, the venerable James Sones, D.D. Archdeacon of Hereford. In Camden-street, Islington, R. Temple, esq. late Lieut.-Col, of the 23rd regt. or Welsh fuzileers. Tn Southwark, 71, John Evans, esq. of Tooting. At Highgate, 68, Mrs. Tatham, widow of Thomas T. esq. R.N. In Gerrard-street, 78, Surah, widow of William Winchester, esq. of Cecil-street. On Croome’s-hill, Greenwich, Svphia, wife of James Hilton, esq. Frances, wife of the Rev, Robert Watts, librarian of Sion College. In Portman-street, 74, Lady Jane Aston, widow of Sir Willoughby A. bart. and daughter of the late Earl of Northington. The Rev. W. Mead, minister of St, Mary-le-bone, and rector of Dunstable. At Brighton, Mary, wife of T. Green- hill, esq. of Gracechurch-street. At Camden-town, 62, Stephen Mole, esq. 60, John Coldicoate, esq. late of the Stamp Office. At the Cork-street hotel, 72, Richard Greaves Townly, esq. of Fulbourn, Nor- thampton, one of the deputy lieutenants and magistrates of that county. In London, 71, George Edwards, esq. M.D. late of Barnard-castle. He possessed eminent literary talents, and was the au- thor of several political works. In 1786, he published his ‘ Aggrandisement of Great Britain,” in which, among other im- portant plans, that of a Property Tax was first suggested as applicable to the exigen- cies of the state. He was a man of much eccentricity of character; and, as one proof of it, we may mention, that he dedi- cated one of his books in these words, * To the only True God.” In Stafford-Row, Pimlico, Mrs. Ann Radcliffe, wife of W. Radcliffe, esq. bar- rister-at-law, and late proprietor and edi- tor of the English Chronicle newspaper. Mrs, Radcliffe was known and admired by the world, as the able and ingenious authoress of some of the best romances that have ever appeared in the English language ; and which, to the honour of thie country, have been translated into every European tongne, and read everywhere with enthusiasm. Her first work was Athlin and Dumblaine, her secoud the Romance de 1823. ] Romance of the Forest, and her third the Sicilian Romance, which established her fame as an elegant and original writer. Her next production, published in 1793, was the famous Mysteries of Udolpho, for which the Robinsons gave her 1000I., and were well repaid for their speculation, the work being universally sought for, and many large editions rapidly sold. Having been incorporated by Mrs. Barbauld, into her edition of the British Novelists, and being, in that or other forms, in every library, it would be superfluous, in this place, to enlarge on its transcendent merits. Hyper-criticism alone can detect its faults. The denouement is not consi- dered by many persons as a justification of the high colouring of the previous narra- tive; but it was Mrs, Radcliffe’s object to show how superstitious feelings could feed on circumstances easily explained by the ordinary course of nature. This ob- ject she attained, though it disappoints the Votaries of superstition, and, in some de- gree, irritates the expectations of philoso- phy. Be thisas it may, taken as a whole, it is one of the most extraordinary compo- sitions in the circle of literature. In 1794, Mrs. Radcliffe gave to the world a Narrative of her ‘Travels in France, Ger- many, and Italy; but, in describing mat- ters-of-fact, her writings were not equally favoured. Some years after, Cadell and Davies gave her 15001, for her Italians, which, though generally read, did not in- crease her reputation, The anonymous criticisms which appeared upon this work, the imitations of tier style and manner hy various literary adventurers, the publica- tion of some other novels under a name slightly varied for the purpose of imposing on the public, and the flippant nse of the term “ Radcliffe school,” by scribblers of ali classes, tended altogether to disgnst her with the world, and create a depres- sion of spirits, whichled her for many years, in a considerable degree, to seclude her- self from society. It is understood that she had written other works, which, on these accounts, she withheld from_publi- cation, in spite of the solicitude of her friends, and of terapting offers made her by various publishers. Her loss of spirits was followed by ill health, and the only solace of her latter years was the un- wearied attentious of an affectionate hus- band, whose good intelligence enabled him to appreciate her extraordinary worth. The situation in which they re- sided, during the last ten years, is one of the most cheerful round the metropolis; and here, under a gradual decay of her mental and bodily powers, this intellec- tual ornament of her sex expired on the 7th day of February, in the 62d year of her age. In person, Mrs. Radcliffe was of diminutive size; and, during the prime of her life, when she mixed in company, Mrs. Radcliffe— Dr. Jenner. 183 her conversation was vivacious, and unal- loyed by the pedantic formality which too often characterizes the manners of literary ladies. At Berkeley, 74, Dr. Jenner, discoverer and first promulgator of the system. of vaccine inoculation; and, in other re- specs, one of the most able philosophical physicians of his age and country. He was a native of Berkeley, and son of the Rev. S. Jenner. He was educated at Cirencester, apprenticed to Mr. Ludlow, a surgeon, and afterwards became a pupil of John Hunter. His scientific character led to his being recommended to attend Capt. Cooke in his first voyage, which, as wellas an offer to go to India, he declined, preferring to settle with his brother at Berkeley. His first work was on the Natural History of the Cuckoo, and it pro- cured him a high reputation as a natura- list. Bunt his fame rests on his promal- gating, in 1798, his observations on the efficacy of vaccine inoculation, as a pre- ventive of the small-pox. The fact was well known to the vulgar in the dairy-coun- ties; but it required a mind like that of Jenner to seize upon it, act upon it, and promulgate it with success. The practice soon became general ; and, although some malignant and envious persons exerted themselves to strip the author of his lau- rels, the medical bodies and authorities inall countries adopted it; and Dr. J. received two grants froin parliament, amounting to 39,0001. and honours from the whole civi- lized world. ‘The plague of the small-pox, which he essayed to stay, had been univer- sal in its ravages. There is reason to believe, that small-pox existed in the East, especially in China and Hindostan, for se- veral thousand years; but it did not. visit the Western nations till towards the mid- dle of the sixth century: it then broke out near Mecca, and was afterwards gra- dually diffused over the whole of the Old Continent, and was finally transported to America, shortly after the death of Colum. bus. In the British islands alone, it has been computed that forty thousand indi- viduals perished annually by this disease ! It killed one in fourteen of all that were born, and one in six of all that were attacked by it in the natural way. The introduction of inoculation for small-pox, was productive of great benefit to all who submitted to the operation ; but, thoughit augmented the individual security, it added to the general mortality, by multi- plying the sources of contagion, and | thereby increasing the number of those who became affected with the natural distemper. All who have not yet duly appreciated the benefits which vaccination has conferred on mankind, may look on the loathsomeness and dangers of small+pox in its most mitigated form; may consider, that this disease has been banished from some 184 some countries ; and, with due care, might be eradicated from all; and may remem- ber, that, notwithstanding prejudices, carelessness, and ignorance, millions now live, who, but for vaccination, would have been in their graves. To have anticipated such results, would, at no remote period, have been considered the most chimerical of imaginations. We have, nevertheless, seen them realized. The time in which they occurred, will for ever be marked as an epoch in the history of man; and Eng- land, with all her glories, may rejoice that she has to number a Jenner among iner sons. The.meekness, gentleness, ano sf.n- plicity of his demeanour, formed a myst striking contrast to the self-esteem ‘which might have arisen from the great and splendid consequences of his discovery. He was thankfuland grateful for them in his heart, but to pride and vain-glory he seemed to be an utter stranger. A short time before his death, the following were among the last words he ever spoke; the nature of his services to his fellow-crea- tures had been the subject of conversation : “T do not marvel,” he observed, “ that men are not grateful to me; but I am sur- prised that they do not feel gratitude to God, for making me a medium of good.” No one could see him withont perceiving that this was the habitual frame of his mind. Without it, it never could have been, that, in his most retired moments, and in his intercourse with the great and exalted of the earth, he invariably exhibi- ted the same uprightness of conduct, sin- gleness of purpose, and unceasing earnest- ness to promote the welfare of bis species, to the 1otal exclusion of all selfish and per- sonal considerations, His condescension, his kindness, his willingness to listen to every tale of distress, and the open-handed munificence with which he administered to the wants and necessities of those around him, can never be forgotten by any who have been guided and consoled by his affectionate counsel, or cherished and re- lieved by his unbounded charity. His Northumberland and Durham. [March |, sympathy for suffering worth, or genius lost in obscurity, was ever alive; and no indication of talent or ingenuity, no effort of intellect, ever met his. eye’ without gaining his notice, and calling forth his substantialaid and assistance. He was not less generous in pouring forth the treasures of his mind. A long life, spent in the con- stant study of all the subjects of natural history, had stored it with great variety of knowledge.—Here the originality. of his views, the felicity and playfulness of his illustrations, and the acuteness of his remarks, imparted a character of genius to his commonest actions and_ conversa- tions, which could not escape the most in- attentive observer. We have authority from his relatives and trustees to state, that, in conformity with his. wishes, they have applied toDv. BARon, of Gloucester, to write the account of his life, aud to ar- range for publication his numerous mann- scripts, all the documents in possession of the family being to be committed to Dr. Baron’s care. From that gentleman, therefore, the public may expect an an- thentic work as speedily as his professional avocations will allow him to prepare it for the press: the ample and interesting materials with which he is to be furnished, together with those which he himself has accumulated, during a long and confiden- tial intercourse with Dr. Jenner, and many of his most intimate friends. A corres- pondent has transmitted to us the follow- ing as an inscription for the tomb of this valuable man. “ Mortalitate relicta vivit immortalitate indutus.” Britons! approach, and view with sorrowing eyes This sacred tomb, where matchless Jenner lies :” The Muse would fail to celebrate bis fame, Or sum the blessings which his worth proclaim, However warm her panegyric be, Or ardent for his immortality ! Enough for her in mournful strains to tell That Nature sicken’d when she heard his knell; ‘That half mankind were rescued by his skill From black Mite most inveterate ill; Found health and beauty in his genius reign, And life which millions had implor’d in vain ! Then, Britons! bere your grateful tears bestow, Aud bless the sacred shade that sleeps below! PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last twenty-seven Years. —_— NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ETITIONS to the House of Commons for the equalization of the duties on coals are in a course of signature at Sun- derland and Shields; anda meeting has been held in London to promote the same. Married.) Mr, T. Charlton, of Colling- wood-street, to Miss E. Potts; Mr. W. Hawthorn, to Miss M. Holmes: all of Newcastle.—Mr. J. C. Byram, to Miss Price, both of North Shields|\—The Rev. J. Armstrong, of South Shields, to Miss M. Wilson, of Darlington—Mr. A. Me. Gregor, to Miss M. Scaife, both of Dar- lington.—The Rev. J. Charge, rector of Copgrove, to Miss M. Crowe, of Stockton. —Mr. J. Scott, to Miss J. Gibb, both of Morpeth.— Thomas Meggison, esq. of Duddo, to Miss Codling, of Shelvington West House,—The Rev. J. Messenger, of Bamburgh, to Miss S. Redpath, of Ber- wick.—At Lamesley, Mr. T. Ord, to Miss M. Gray, of Maresfield.—Thomas Coates, jun. esq. of Lipwood, to Anne, daughter of the late Dr. Davidson, of Raynie. Died.| At Newcastle, in Newgate- 2 street, 1823.] © Cumberland antl Westmoreland—Yorkshire— Laneashire. street, 74, Mr. Marchant, a native of Antigua, deservedly regretted.—In Percy- place, 46, Mr. J. ‘Towns.—In Northum- berland-street, 24, Mrs..M. Monro.—In the New-road, 56, Mrs. M. Brown.—In the Close, 51, Mrs. J. Wright.—38, Mrs. E. Davison, justly regretted.—At Gates- head, 40, Mrs. Robson, much respected. —64, Mr. J. Proctor.—Miss E. Falla, justly esteemed and regretted.—51, Mrs, A. Kell, regretted deservedly.—At Dur- ham, 63, Mr. C. Nixon.—75, John Taylor, esq. justly respected. At North Shields, 36, Mrs. J. Hudson. —In Milburn-place, 24, Miss E. Marshall. —52, Mr. J. Moore.—In Toll-square, 31, Mrs. A. Johnson.—In Dockwray-square, 38, Mr. J. Walker, jun.—26, Mr. R. L. Dow. At South Shields, Mr. H. May.—42, Mr. J. Sterling.—77, Mrs. Clengh. At Sunderland, 69, Mrs. S. Ditchburn. —79, Mr. A. Simpson. —64, Mr. T. Bywaters.—63, Mr. W. Robinson.—62, Mrs. Thompson.—55, Mr. R. Mitchell. At Bishopwearmouth, 124, Elizuleth, wife of G. J. Mowbray, esq. of Yapton- house, Sussex. - CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. _ Married.] Mr. R. Barnes, to Miss M. Jordan; Mr. T. Mc. Gell, to Miss J. Thompson: all of Carlisle. —Mr. J. Blamire, of Carlisle, to Miss E. Blamire, of Buckabank.— Mr. John Forster, to Mrs. A. Steel; Mr. M. Mawson, to Miss A. Mawson; Mr. H. Fearon, to Miss Longmire: all of Whitehaveni—Mr. W. Preston, to Miss A. Armstrong, both of Workington.—Mr, J. Law, to Miss M. Hall, both of Maryport.—Mr.W. Hodgson, of Maryport, to Miss R. Beeby, of Allonby.—Mr, J. Coulthard, to Miss J. Richardson, both of Wigton. Died.| At Carlisle, 26, Mr. J. Home. —60, Mrs. M. Boustead.—In Caldewgate, 21, Mr, T. Bonner.—In Rickergate, 73, Mr. E. James. At Whitehaven, Mr. D. Downie.—60, Mrs, G. Reid.—62, Mrs. M. Brown. At Kendal, 72, William Paitson, esq.— 80, Mr. J. Baron.—2é4, Thoinas Cartmel, esq.—71, Mis. H. Austin,—77, Mr. L. Garth. At Wigton, 75, Mr. J. Hewitson.—Mrs, D. Porter.—80, Mrs. A, Thompson. At Hensingham, 33, James Scott, esq. YORKSHIRE. The Yorkshire petition for parliamen- tary reform is (states a late Leeds paper,) proceeding very prosperously in those parts of the county where it has been pre- sented for the signatures of the free- holders, and the number of those who have affixed their pdmes to it in some places, exceeds the whole number of freeholders who voted from those places, on both sides, at the great contested election, _ Montuty Mag, No, 379. 185 A Gas Light Company is about to he established at York. Married.| Mr. W. Hargrave, to Miss M. Crosby; Mr. J. Simpson, to Miss J. Boothman; Mr. J. Collier, to Miss E. Terry: all of Leeds.—Mr. T. Crowther, of Leeds, to Miss E. Dalby, of Garforth. —Mr. J. Bradley, of Leeds, to Miss M. Wigglesworth, of Grove-place.—The Rey. J. Glover, of Leeds, to Miss E. Andrews, of Bawtry.—Mr. B. Rinder, of Leeds, to Miss A. Warham, of Harehills.x—Mr. J, Beevor, to Miss S. A. Ramsden, both of Pontefract.—Mr, Clark, of Bradford, to Miss Rhodes, of Upcroft-house, near Guiseley.—Mr. J. Greaves, to Miss E£. Whitelock, both of Armley. Died.] At York,’ Mrs. Wellbeloved, wife of ithe Rev. Charles W. At Leeds, 57, Mrs. Heptonstall, de- servedly regretted. —Mr. J. Leathley, generally respected. — In Meadow-lane, 82, Mrs. Braithwaite.—In North-town- end, 55, Mrs. H. Brown. _ At Halifax, Mrs. Jenkinson.—Miss Ann Frobisher. At Gildersome, Mr. G. Elam,— At Lomeshaye, 26, Mrs. E. Ecroyd. — At Painthorpe-house, William Brown, esq. late of Leeds—At Wrose, 78, Mrs, S. North. — At Earlsheaton, 87, Mr. A, Thomas.—At Holbrook, Mr. J. Carr.— At Horsforth, 76, Mr. J. Kettlewell.—At Woodchurch Mill, 34, Mr. J. Rhodes, AtEcclesfield, 85,the Rev. J. Dixon,vicar. y LANCASHIRE. Mr. Peel, secretary of state, has lately transmitted to the mayor of Liverpool and to the anthorities in the other commercial and manufacturing towns of the kiagdom, a number of inquiries, to which answers are required; the following is a copy of an official paper:—1. What is “ The pre- sent state of trade and employment of the working classes? %. What ‘The rate of wages as compared with the charge of providing comfortable subsistence for workmen and their families? 3. What “The increase of buildings, with details as to the amount of the increase? 4. What “The general disposition of the working classes, in regard to the peace of the country and subordination to the laws? 5. “ What is the calculation with respect to the continuance of trade and employ- ment?” Should these returns be pub- lished, we shall, with avidity, present them to our readers, avd we apprehend they will prove, that although the exports upon paper appear to have increased in quantity, yet that the produce of labour has more than proportionably diminished. A society has been lately established in Liverpool, of those gentlemen who have visited distant countries, with a view of acquiring information, either in general science or natural history, Bb Married.] 186 Married.) Mr. J. Jardin, to Miss A. Padiley ; Mr. C. Adams, to Miss M.Wood; Mr. J. Gibson, to Mrs, M. Ashley: all of Manclhiester.—Mr. H: Hardman, of Man- chester, to Miss H. Prewett, of Harley. —Mr. H. White, of Bakewell, to Miss Joule, of Water-street, Salford.—Mr. Jos. Levi, of Hanover-street, to Miss S, Binxome ; Mr. C. R. Taylor, to Miss S. C. Sopwind; Mr. J. Kelly, to Miss A. Doke ; Mr. T. Shallcross, to Miss J. Davis, of Roscommon-street; Mr. W. Arundell, to Miss J. Nicholson; all of Liverpool—W. Birley, esq. of Kirkham, to Miss M, Greene, of Rodney-street, Liverpool. Died.] At Manchester, in Market- street, Mr. Glover.—In Deansgate, 24, Mrs. M. Clarke.—In Oxford-road, Miss M. Bayley. At Salford, 71, Mr. J. Bond, justly re- gretted.—On Bank-parade, 69, Mr. J. ‘Tomlinson.—Miss E. Davies. At Liverpool, in Great Richmond-strect, 54, Mrs. M. Jones.—29, Mr. J. Capper. —In Henry-street, 27, Mr. E. Gaskell.— In Smithfield-street, 74, Mrs. J. Taylor— In Scotland-road, Thomas Ashcroft, esq. CHESHIRE. A subscription has lately been com- menced at Stockport for cutting a canal from that town to Bridgewatcr, either at Sale Moor or Stretford, which will open a direct water communication betwixt that town and Liverpool, London, and various parts of the kingdom. ~ A benevolent plan for the relief of cri- minals has lately been adopted at Knuts- ford. The prisoners are allowed one-sixth of their earnings weekly, to purchase ar- ticles for themselves ; the regulated share of their earnings to them is a third, and such is the value of their labour to the manufacturers, that some of the prisoners, after a two-years’ confinement, leave with some pounds, as the amount of their earnings. Married.] Mr. E. Astley, of Stockport, to Miss H. Kirkham, of Portwood.— Thomas Hibbert, esq. of Birtles-hall, to Miss Caroline Henrietta Cholmondeley, of Kautsford. At Wybunbury, James Sparke, esq: surgeon, of Newcastle-under-Line, to Mary, only daughter of John Twemlow, esq. of Hatherton-house. Died.] At Chester, Mr. Titley, deser- vedly regretted,—In Pepper-street, Mary, widow of the Rev. Robt, Myddelton, b.p, of Gwaynynog, Derbighshire. - At Runcorn, Mr. T. Withington, greatly regretted. DERBYSHIRE, Marricd.) Mr, H. Walker, to Miss Fletcher, both of Derby.—Lieutenant J. berts, R.N. to Miss Bradley.—Mr. J. alker, to Miss M. Bradley; My. R. Coller, to Miss E. Lovett ; ail of Chester- Cheshire—Derby—Nottingham— Lincoln. [ March 1, field.—Mr. T. Etches, to Miss A. Marshall; Mr. John Thompson, jun. to Miss A. Tomlinson ; Mr. Jas. Thompson, to Miss E. Gettliffe: all.of Ashborne.—Mr. F, Waine, of Mapperley-park, to Miss M. Richardson, of Horsley Woodhouse.—Mr. J. Spicer, of Wirksworth, to Miss C, Clongh, of Bolton. Died.} At Derby, 83, Samuel Richard- son, esq, an eminent merchant, and banker” of that place.—37, Mr. C. Swaile.—In Green-laue, 23, Mr. ‘Tf. Plant.—40, Mrs, M. Weatherhead.—83, Mr. B. Godwin; much respected, At Ashborne, Mr. W. Barnes.—Miss F's Hasler. At Duffield, 69, Mrs. Allsop.—At Loscee, 74, Elizabeth Brough, a member of the Socicty of Friends,—At Wirks- worth, 73, Mrs. G. Pearson.—58, Mr. J. Wilshaw.—At Aston-upon-Trent, 66, Mr. W. Smedley. ’ NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. A dwelling-house at Nottingham was lately destroyed, when the mistress, a girl about nineteen, and a boy about four, were unfortunately burnt to death. ' Married.| Mr. W. Draper, to Mrs. W. Wilkinson; Mr. J. Walkerdine, of Parlia- ment-street, to Miss E. Smith, of New- castle-street; Mr. J. Jackson, of Tylor- street, to Miss M. Smith, of Newcastle- street ; Mr. J. Peniston, to Miss A. John- son; Mr. S. Potter, to Miss E. Staley ; Mr: T. Knutton, of Clare-street, to Miss A. Tipping, of St. James’-street; Mr. E. Mabbott, to Miss S. Miller: all of Not- tingham. : Died] At Nottingham, in Park- row, 53, Mr. T. Acott.—In Pavliament- street, 63, Mrs. M. Hedderley.—In Long: rew, 46, Mrs, E. Aris.—229, Mr. R. By Haines.—On Drury-hill, 73, Mrs. My Murden.—In Pear-street, #7, Mr. W. Tissington.—In Woolpack-lane, 71, Mr. S: Handley. At Newark, Miss H. Shaw, of Wysall, —68, Mrs. M. Palethorpe.—8%, Mrs. H. Brooksby.—31, Mr. J. Corden.—68, Mrs, Mayfield.—Mr. J. Hibbert. LINCOLNSHIRE. ; ‘ Married.] My. S. Wilson, to Miss Sophia Drakard, both of Stamford.—Mr. 5S. R. Abbott, of Boston, to Miss E. Towler, of Norwich. ; Died.] At Lincoln, 76, Mrs. Jane White, sister to Sir Scrope B. Morland, bart— Mr. A. Bower. ° , At Stamford, 74, Mr. P. Ashton.—53, Mrs. S. Needham.—s83, Joseph Robin- son, esq. he had been - thrice chief magis- trate, ; “ At Market Deeping, 32, Mrs. S. Bell. At Withern, 66, the Rev. William Sisson, vicar of Burwell and Golceby. LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. A meeting of merchants, bankers, ma- nulacturers, 1823. ] mufacturers, and tradesmen, was lately held at Leicester, Thomas Cooke, esq. in the chair, to considerof the propriety of petitioning parliament for a repeal of the Insolvent Debtor’s Act. It was resolved unanimously to petition.—( See the article London. ) Married.] John Hames, esq. of Leices- ter, to Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, of Scraptoft. —Mr. D. Bates, of Thurmeston, to Miss A. Greaves, of Leicester.—Mr. Cart- wright, to Miss Burrows, both of Lough- borough.—The Rev. J. Roberts, of Mel- ton Mowbray, to Miss Heath, of Totnes. Died.| At Leicester, at an advanced age, Mrs. Speacer.—In the Swiues’-mar- ket, Mrs, Ball.—63, Mrs. Hunt. ‘At Loughborough, 66, Mr. W. Buck.— 26, Mr. J. Renals.—23, Miss’'C. Spencer, highly esteemed and regretted. At Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 40, Mr. T. Adams. At Market Harborongh, Mrs. Sarah Butcher, highly and deservedly esteemed and regretted. At Wimeswould, 85, the Rev. R. Thur- man, deservedly regretted.—At Owston, 65, John Heycock, esq. At Danett’s Hall, near Leicester, Ed- ward Alexander, m.n. after a series of in- tense and protracted sufferings, which were borne with exemplary fortitude and resignation. As the particulars of his dis- tressing case cannot properly be detailed here, it wiil be sufficient to remark, that his disorder, which had long been making i nsidious approaches, first manifested itself in June, 1810, and soon began to wear a formidable aspect. A state of peculiarly painfal and complicated disease gradually ensued, which clouded all the bright pros- pects his successful medical career had opened to his view, and compelled him to relinquish the practical part of an occupa- tion to which he was exceedingly devoted, and admirably adapted. he few inter- vals Dr. A. was permitted to enjoy of comparative ease from agonizing pain, were usually passed in reading, medita- tion, and domesticsociety. Theology and medicine were the subjects to which he principally directed his attertion, On these he had, for many years, read much, and’ thought still more. His purity of character from early life, his extraordinary moral worth, as weli as knowledge and skill in his profession, have rarely been equalled, Nor was hisardent and vigorous mind satisfied with the exercise of his medical functions only. Rising above every selfish consideration, he carried into his practice the most exalted christian vir- tnes. He was not merely the able physi- cian, but the sympathizing friend and com- forter ofhis patients. He listened to their wants and sorrows, was prompt to aid them by his advice, to pour in the balm of Leicester and Rutland. “Meeting” in that town. 187 consolation, or to relieve their necessities, as their respective situations and circum- stances might require. In the perform- ance of his protessional duties he was strictly conscientious. No respect of per- sons did he shew; the rich and the poor partook impartially of his care and assiduity. To the Jatier his services were gratuitous ; and likewise, in a considerable degree, to others, who could not, without difficulty, afford to make him a suitable re- muneration. His bountiful hand was ever open to the claims of the indigent and the oppressed ; and, in all the relations of life, the same ardour, the same upright- ness and integrity, the saine unwearied ac- tivity, distinguished his conduct. A re- markable sweetness of disposition, and strong intelectual powers, were, in him, combined with uncommon “singleness of heart.” His ruling principle was love to God, displayed ma warm and disin- terested love of man, wholly free from party sphit and narrow distinctions, Devotion was his delight, studying the Scriptures his dearest employment, and his hope rested on the mercies of God in Christ. Perhaps Dr. A. did not entirely agree with any denomination of Chris- tians :_ but serious reflection, and patient investigation, led him to a full conviction ofthe truth of the leading tenets of Unita- rianism ; and, from the time of his setiling in the vicinity of Leicester, he joined the congregation assembling at the ‘“ Great In politics, he embraced the liberal side of the question, and was always the firm and strenuous ad- vecate of civil aud religious’ freedom, “« Every* project for the benefit of his coun- try, and the advancement of knowledge, liberty, and truth, obtained his zealous support.” His judgment of those who dif- fered from him was uniformly candid and generous ; and never did he retain the slightest malevolent’or unkind sentiment against persons from whom he had experi- enced undeserved or injurious treatment. The subject of this brief, imperfect outline, was the younger son of the late John Alex- ander, M.D. of Halifax, was born Nov. the 25th, 1767, and received his classical education at Hippesholm school, which then was, and stillis, under the superintendence of the Rev. Richard Hudson, who, for more than half a century, has officiated as after- noon lecturer at the parish church in Halifax. Dr. A. possessed the advantage of being well initiated in the various branches of his profession, during his early youth. At the usual period, he went to ‘London to pursue his anatomical studies, and there became a pupil of the late Sir William Blizard. Having accomplishéd his object in the metropolis, he repaired to * See Leicester Chronicle, Nor. W, Edinburgh ; 188 Edinburgh 5 and, finally, took his degree at Leyden, with the highest honour, in Oct. 1791. In the year 1793 he married his first cousin, Ellen, the eldest daughter and co-heiress of the late Samuel Waterhouse, esq. of Halifax, one of the justices of the peace for the West Riding of the county of York, and a deputy-lieutenait for the same district. Dr. A. fixed at Stafford, and was directly appointed physician to the County Infirmary. He removed into the neighbourhood of Leicester, Oct. 1797, where he continued to reside till his deeply lamented death, All who knew him, must regret him ; and, to his imme- diate friends, his loss is irreparable. STAFFORDSHIRE, A Savings’ Bank has lately been esta- blished at Leek, under very favourable auspices. Married.] Mr. T. Layton, of Breewood, to Miss M, Willday, of Lichtield.—Mr. T. Randles, of Wednesbury, to Miss L. Cocks, of Bradford-street, Birmingham. Died.| At Litchfield, Mr. Salt. At Wolverhampton, in Brickiln-street, 48, Mrs. A. Parker.—45, Mr. H. Baker. At Wednesbnry, 69, Mrs. E. Wright. At Bilston, 55, Mr. ‘T. Cooper.—At Tettenhall, Mr. C. Olerenshaw.—At Rol- ‘lestone, 51, Sarah Maria, wife of the Rev. John Peploe Mosley, a.m. rector. WARWICKSHIRE. Marvied.| Mr. Downes, to Miss Lap- worth.—Mr. J. Edmunds, to Miss J. B. Hughes; Mr. S. Spencer, to Miss S. Paggett: all of Birmingham.—Mr. J. Cliff, of Birmingham, to Miss C. Gratton, of North Wingfield. Died.|] At Birmingham, in Dale-end, ‘25, Miss S. Wesson.—In Moseley-street, 72, Mrs. M. Moseley. ’ At Coventry, 68, William Buck, esq.— In Priory-row, Mr. Tookey.—In Earle- street, Mr, Masters.—Mrs. Wilford. At Ashted, 90, Mrs. M. Bell.—At West Bromwich, 77, Mrs, M. Westley, late of Birmingham.—At Solihull, John Ed- wards, esq, senior commander, R.N.—68, the Rev. W. Wade, B.p. rector of Corley and Stivichall. SHROPSHIRE, ~Married.] The Rev. Jas. Matthews, to Miss Rowland, both of Shrewsbury.—Mr, Bridgewater, of Oswestry, to Miss E. Roberts, of Sweeney.—Mr. Jeffreys, of Much Wenlock, to Miss Davies, of Little “ Wenlock.—Mr. R, Davies, of Baschurch, to Miss A, Hinksman, of Prescot. Died.| At Shrewsbury, in Windsor- squaré, 93, Mr. W. Harris—In St. Alkmond-square, Mrs. Congreve, sister to the late Gen. Sir W, C. bart.—40, John Craig, esq. deservediy lamented: he was an extensive benefactor to the poor. At Bridgnorth, Mrs. Harvey. Staffordshive—Warwickshire— Shropshire, &c. (Mareh 1, At Newport, 76, Mrs, E. Topham, de- servedly regretied. At Eardiston, Lady Smith, widow of Sir William S. bart. WORCESTERSHIRE. Married.} Mr. T. Chalk, to Miss E. Faulkner, both of Worcester.—Mr. C. Cooke, of Stourport, to Miss M. Francis, of Dursley.—Mr. T. Collis, of Stour- bridge, to Miss S. Husband, of Lydiate- house.—Mr. R. Hartland, of Bosbury, to Miss A. Amphlett, of Ombersley. Died.| At Worcester, 66, Slaughter, esq. of Kensington. At Stourbridge, 76, Mr. T. Overs. At Habberley, Adam Prattinson, esq. —At Rainbow-hill, near Worcester, 64, William Sandford, esq. generally la- mented. Henry NEREFORDSHIRE. Married.] Mr. E. Price, jun. to Miss A. Edwards, both of Leominster.—The Rev. C. J. Bird, rector of Mordiford and Dynedor, to Miss R. Glover, of Norwich, Died.) At Hereford, 21, Robert Brian Crowther, esq. generally lamented.—In King’s-street, 85, Mrs. Eckley. At Lower Weston, Mrs. King, deser- vedly regretted. GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. The Bristol Philosophical Institution was opened on the 6th of January, when an inaugural lecture was delivered by Profes- sor Daubeny. A beautiful specimen of organic remains, cut from the face of a rock at Lyme, Dorset, was presented to the Society towards their Museum. It is the skeleton of a wonderful fish, between the porpoise and the dolphin, and is said to be that description of fossil which some geologists call proteothaurus ; others, icthy- osuurus. The anniversary of the Gloucestershire Constitutional Whig Club, took place at Gloucester, General Guise president. Several patriotic speeches and toasts were delivered, and a number of new members admitted, A subscription for the distressed Greeks has been opened lately at Gloucester. The inhabitants of the parish of St. James, Bristol, lately resolved to petition parliament for tle repeal of the Assessed Taxes. Married.] Mr. J. Fletcher, of Chelten- ham, to Miss J. ‘Tibbitts, of Gloucester.— Mr, J. Treby, of Redcross-street, to Mrs. C. Ferris; Mr. J. Farr, of Clare-street, to Miss E, Workman: all of Bristol.—T. A. Williams, esq. to Miss I. Price, of Mon- mouth.—Nathaniel Wells, esq. of Pierce- field, to Miss Owen, of L.ondon.— William Harding, esq. of Twyning, to Miss M. Griffiths, of Upton-upon-Severn. . Died.| At Bristol, in Wellington-place, Mrs. Rudhall, widow of Mr. J. KR. pro~ prietorof Felix Farley’s Journal. is t 1823.] At Chepstow, 69, Thomas Jane, esq.— 99, Mr. F. Kemys. AtTewkesbury, Mrs. Edgecombe. At Stroud, 81, Mrs. M. Fisher.—Mr. Gurner, At Berkeley, 76, William Joyner Ellis, esq. : OXFORDSHIRE, ’ The Agricultural Association of Banbury has lately adopted separate and distinct petitions to parliament for the repeal of Mr. Peel’s Bill, and for adequate protect- ing duties, both repeals very erroneous in principle. Married.) Mr. J. Cooper, to Miss E. Couldry ; both of Oxford.—Mr. W. Gaw- thorn, of London, to Miss E. Hounslow, of Holywell, Oxford.—Mr. T. Embery, of Bloxham, to Miss M. T. Shepherd, of Ban- bury.—Mr. W. Hickman, of Henley, to Miss Spirnan, of Henley Wharf. Died.| At Oxford, in St. Clement’s, Mrs. Talboys.—82, Mr. J. Muddle.—44, Mr. T. Armatt.— 88, the Rev. John Cooke, D.D. nearly forty years president of Corpus Christi-college, and rector of Woodeaton and Bigbrooke. _ At Bicester, 85, Mr. Ball.—At Neithrop, Mr. J. Kirby.—At Hanborough, 72, Mrs. E. Eley, much respected. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. A meeting of the freeholders of Berk- shire was held at Abingdon, to take into consideration the question of Parliamen- tary Reform, and several spirited resolu- tions were unanimously adopted. Married.) Edward #artlett, esq. to Miss Eliza Holloway, bothof Buckingham. Died.] At Aylesbury, Mrs. S. Kirby. At Speenhamland, at an advanced age, the Rev. John Winter. At Hagbourn, 63, the Rev. J. Schultes, vicar, At Weedon, at an advanced age, Mr. B. Smith—At Donnington, 82, Mrs. Vincent. HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE. A meeting of the freeholders of the county of Hertford lately took place at Hertford, for the “purpose of addressing the Houses of Parliament on the subject of reform :” the High Sheriff in the chair. Mr. Wedd proposed a petition, which was seconded by Mr. Wiltshire, and which expressed the opinion of the petitioners against the unconstitutional system pur- sued in returning members to Parliament, the increase of patronage, the wanton and profligate expenditure of the public re- sources in the maintenance of an overgrown civil, military, and colonial, peace esta- blishment ; that, in the present convulsed ‘state of Europe, it behoved them to look to retrenchment and fair representation ; anid that they were anxious, that the pre- sent period of peace should be embraced by Parliament to inquire into the state of Oufordshire— Buckingham and Berkshire, &c. 189 the House of Commons, an! to effect a speedy and effectual reform thereot.—This petition was finally carried. Married.] Mr. G. ', Odel!, to Miss Hop- kins, both of Leighton Buzzard. Died.] At Bedford, Mr. R. Lavell. At Dunstable, Mr. W. Gresham.—Miss Marriott. At Leighton Buzzard, Mr. W. Saunders, At Aldenham, the Rev. Meth. Davies, At Ledburn, 75, Mr. J. Monday. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, Married.] Mr. W. Judge, to, Miss E. Norman, both of Brackley. Died.) AtStaverton, 49, Mr. W. Hands, one of the most eminent London salesmen in the kingdom. At Little Bowden, 67, Mr. T. West. CAMBRIDGE AND UUNTINGDUNSHIKE, A numerous and respectable meeting of freeholders of Cambridgeshire was lately held at Cambridge, to consider the pro- ° priety of petitionmg Parliament for re- form; the high sheriff, H. Rayner, esq. in the chair.. Mr, C. Beales, atter an excel- lent speech, introduced several resolutions; which, witha petition founded on them, was carried by acclamation. Married.) Mr. V'. Blyth, of Langham, to Miss Foster, of Cambridge.—The Rev. W. H. Markby, B.D. rector of Duxford St. Peter’s, to Miss 5. Randall, of Wincanton. Died.] At Cambridge, 67, Mrs. Titch- marsh,—19, Miss Ann Mason. At Waterbeach, Mrs. Garrett. — At Chatteris, at an advanced aze, Mrs. Trip- low.—At March, 26, Mrs. Pope,—z6, Mrs, Saberton.—67, Mr. W. Cave. NORFOLK. Meetings were lately held in the hun- dreds of North Erpingham and North Greenhoe, and in both the petition of the late county meeting has been disclaimed ; but a resolution was passed at the former meeting, praying “ that the property of the public debts be made, like other pro- perty, availabie towards supplying the public expenses of the state, either by a diminution of the interest, or by a direct tax upon the funds.” At both meetings a prayer for a reform in Parliament was in- cluded in the petition. A meeting of Humbleyard hundred also lately took place; E. Lombe in the chair: when Mr. Norgate moved a series of reso- lutions, which animadverted in: strong terms on the petition of the late county meeting ; and, in the stead of reducing the debt of the public creditor, recommended severe economy, and the abolition of all useless offices. The whole series was agreed to. Married.| Mr. Williamson, to Miss D. Jay, both of Norwich.—Mr. J. Woods, of Garboldisham, to Miss M. Stiles, of Nor- wich,—Mr. J, D. Whincop, to Miss Eicles, both 190 both of Lynn.—Mr. Hook, of Langham, to Miss Chamberlin, of Cley. Died.] At Norwich, in St. Gregory, 83, Mrs. Cushing,—In St. Julian’s, 70, Mrs. C. R. Greaves, widow of the Rey. William G, rector of Lacktord. At Yarmouth, 92, Mrs. E. Scott.—70, Mrs. 8S. Grint.—60, Mr. W. Steel. At Lynn, 29, Mrs. M. A. Hunter.— Mrs, S. Gardechil Mr. Jempson. At Kellinghall, 72, S, Girdlestone, esq. a justice of the peace for this county. SUFFOLK. Within the month, two hundred of the freemen of Ipswich, in the independent in- terest, dined at the Town-hall: James Macdonald, esq. in the chair; who compli- niented the town for their exertions in the cause of reform. Married.) Mr. Chapman, to Miss Adams, both of Bury.— Mr. J. Beeton, of Bury, to Miss Byles, of Woodbridge.—Mr. L. Swan, of Beccles, to Miss Devereux, of Norwich.—The Rey. J. W. Mayhew, of Walpole, to Miss Haward, of Ha'esworth. Died.] At Bury, 75, Matthew Fennell, a much esteemed member of the Society of Friends.—Mr.T. Complin.—Mrs. Holland. At Ipswich, Miss Aldrich.—41, William Hanmer, esq. of Holbrooke-hall. At Bungay, 64, Mrs. Brightley. At Framlingham, Mrs, Keer.—At Hen- iy-hall, 76, George Reid, esy. of Jamaica. ESSEX, In consequence of a discovery lately made by one of the visiting magistrates of the Chelmsford gaol, a committee of ma- gistrates was appointed to inquire into the management of that prison, who, after a laborious investigation, — during which transactions of a most shocking nature were brought to light,—recommended the prosecution of the keeper of the prison, and several of his assistants. Agreeably to this recommendation, twelve bills were presented and found at the last assizes for different mal-practices. Married.) Tie Rev. W. M‘Connel, of Preston, to Miss E. Nash, of Maldon.— The Rev. H. J. Earle, of High Ongar, to Miss C. Sperling, of Monk’s Lodge. Died.} At Colchester, 64, Mr. S. P. Carr, much respected. At Maldonwick, 80, Mrs. Wegg.—At Hockerill, Mr. J. Bolton, suddenly. KENT, Marricd.] Mr. 8. Lock, to Miss E. Cle- ments; Mr. J. Hopkins, to Miss S. Smith: all of Canterbury.—Mr. J. Dunn, of Can- terbury, to Miss M. Scott, of Nackington. —The ev. H. Termine, m.a. of Minster, Isle of Sheppy, to Miss S. Atkinson, of Chatham.—lhe Rev. R. Jones, of Bras- ted, to Miss C. Attree, of Brighton. Died.] At. Canterbury, in Northgate- street, 72, Mrs. Matthews.—On Winclies- ter-Green, Mis. 5. Wootton, Suffolk —Essex— Kent —Sussex— Hampshire, 8c. [March 1, At Dover, Mr. Joseph Harrey.—Mr, W. Clark.—Capt. Sayers.—Mr. Hatton. At Chatham, Mr, Mather.—52, Mr, Jas, Jolnson.—50, Mr. W. Walsh. At Ramsgate, 36, H. S. Ashton, esq. of Salter’s-buildings, Walthamstow. , At Margate, 97, Mrs. A. Bartlett, wi, dow.—Mrs. Frances Boyd, relict of Hugh Boyd, esq. the reputed author of the Let- ters of “ Junius,” and mother of —— Boyd, esq. the accomplished Greek scho- lar, and author of many esteemed trans- lations of the writings of several of the ancient Greek Fathers. Mrs. Boyd her- self was highly accomplished in literature, and has heen considered one of the best Latinists of modern times. At North Cray, 35, the Rev. T. Moore, rector, deservedly regretted. SUSSEX. Married.] Mr. G. Knight, of Chichester, to Miss Chitty, of Saltham Farm, Rune- ton.—William Payne, esq. to Miss M. Ver- rall, both of Lewes. Died.] At Chichester, 81, Mrs. H. Ash- burnham: she was daughter of the late Bishop of Chichester.—Mr. Arthur.—In North-street, Mrs. Jaques. —In West- street, 67, Mrs. S. Redman.—72, Mr, Jas. Street.—49, Mr. 8. Hack. , At Horsham, 80, — Bant, esq. HAMPSHIRE, In consequence of the High Sheriff’s re- fusal to calla public meeting of the owners and occupiers of land, to take into consi- ° deration the state of agricultural distress, Sir Thomas Baring lately addressed a manly and excellent letter to the magis- tracy, calling upon them to come forward and sanction a meeting. Murried.] Mr. B. Puckeridge, to Miss S. Primer, both of Southampton.—William Plunket, esq. of Southampton, to Miss M. A. Browne, of Lymington.—Mr.T. Woods, jun. of Portsmouth, to Miss Newlyn, of Chichester.—Mr. J. Hoare, of Cadington, - to Miss E, Mills, of Beauworth. Died.] At Southampton, in Orchard-, place, 57, Mrs. White.—Lady Bertie, wife of Sir Thomas B. bart. At Winchester, in St, Peter’s-street, at - an advanced age, Robert Wheble, esq.— Edward Meare, esq. much respected. At Lymington, Mrs. E. Elgar. At Titchfield, 63, Richard R. Bowyer, R.N.—At Gatcombe-park, Isle of Wight, Lieut, Edward Worsley, 89th regt. " WILTSHIRE, y Married.] Capt. Roberts, n.n. to Miss Wyndham, both of Salisbury.—Mr. L. Payne, of Salisbury, to Miss Sebree, of Frome.—At Amesbury, Mr. Charles At- kinson, of Fisherton, to Miss A, J. Pinck- ney.—Mr. Larkham, to Miss E. A. Long, both of Mere. ; Diced.] At Salisbury, in the New Lodiy: 1e 1823.] Somersetshire—Dorsetshire— Devonshire—Cornwall—Wales. 191 the Rev. John Skinner, p.p. rector of Poulshot, and a vicar-choral of Salisbury, At Devizes, Mrs. M. Giffard. At Warminster, 71, Mrs. M. Ludlow. At Wootton Bassett, Mrs. P. Cripps. - SOMERSETSHIRE, | . The freeholders of this county met late- Ty, for the second time, at Wells, to take into consideration the propriety of peti- tioning the legislature for a reform of the Commons House of Parliament. The peti- tion was proposed by Mr, Hunt, and se- eonded by the Rev. H. Cresswell; which was carried by a large majority. Married.] Charles Beaven, esq. to Miss Mary Grant Earle, both of Bath.—At Walcot-church, Colonel Palmer, m.P. for Bath, to Miss Mary Elizabeth Atkins, late of Huntercombe-house, Bucks.—Mr. J.E. White, to Miss S. Poole, both of Shepton Mallet. Died.] At Bath, in Marlborough-street, Mrs. E. Barnes, a benefactress to the poor. —In Lansdown-crescent, Mary, wife of Edward Langford, esq.—In Devonshire- buildings, at an advanced age, Mrs. Bun- bury, mother of Colonel B. At Taunton, Major Field, late of the 44th regt.—50, Mr, Greenslade. At Shepton Mallet, 87, Mrs. Hester Provis: she came from the North, and about forty-five years ago introduced spinning by machine into that town, At Coombe St. Nicholas, 57, the Rev. John Lewis Warren, vicar. DORSETSHIRE. Fifteen dwellings were lately destroyed by fire at Allington, near Bridport; and. the following morning, the wind having shifted, two more houses were burnt. Married.| Capt. Meech, of the 39th regt. to Miss Louisa Weston, of Weymouth.— Mr. J. Kent, of Poole, to Miss M. Wood, of Southampton.—Mr. J. Dunford, of Christian Malford, to Miss C, Bailey, of Cranbourn, Died.] At Weymouth, Nicholas Fen- wicke, esq. of Lemmington, Northumber- land.—Mr. G, P. Alner. DEVONSHIRE. A dec'sion took place at the late Devon County Sessions, of great importance to the clergy. A notion had been prevalent, that, in consequence of a supposed deci- sion at the Norfolk Sessions, in the present depressed state of agriculture, a farm of land was worth nearly nothing, and that the tithe, being the only productive pro- perty, was to bear nearly all the parochial urthens. Resting on this case, the tithes, in a great number of parishes in Devon- shire, have lately been charged to the poor-rate in a highly-increased ratio, and numerous appeals were in consequence depending. ‘Lhe court, after the most full investigation, adopted this vrinciple, 3 and decided that out of the new charge which had been attempted to be put on the tithes, they should take only about one- tenth; thus reducing the tithes very nearly to their old rate; and that the remaining nine-tenths should be appertioned amongst the estates against which the appeal was made. Marricd.] Mr. Jas. Bowditch, to Miss Huggins, Mr. S. Kendal, to Miss S. Johns; all of Exeter—Mr. J. Soper, to Mrs. Cocks, both of Dock.—Joln Buller Yarde Buller, esq. of Lupton-house, to Miss E. Wilson, of Wotton-park, Staffordshire. Lieut. Young, R.N. to Miss C. Nash, of Torpoiut. Died.|] At Exeter, 76, Mrs. Long, wi- dow of the Rev. George L.—Mrs. Bate, widow of Mr. Alderman B.—75, Hugh Mallet, esq. of Ash. At Plymouth, in Higher Broad-street, 22, Miss Neales.—In Frankfort-place, 64, Mr. J. Cockram, At Dawlish, at an advanced age, Admi- ral Schank, a veteran and scientific officer. At Grange, 77, William Drewe, esq. In Exe island, 85, Mr. Mortimer. much and justly respected.—At High House, Kenton, Elizabeth, widow of Robert Cooke, esq. Jate of Kenbury.—At Al- phington, 75, Mr. E, Hutchings.—84, Mrs, Broadfield. CORNWALL. Married.] William Warren, esq. of Truro, to Miss C. ‘iaunton, of Grandpont, Oxford, —At Callington, J. B. Messenger, esq. to Miss Cough.—N. Kendall, esq of Pelynt, to Miss M. A. Wymond. ; Died.| At Falmouth, Mrs, Williams,— Mr. F. Symons.— Mr. Lewis.—Mrs, Horne. At Penzance, Mr. T. Stewart.—Mr. S. Ellis, of Scilly. At Redruth, 86, Mrs. C. Bevan. At Fowey, 98, Mr. R. Redding. At Gevennap, 95, Mrs. Oates. — At Gwinear, 68, Mr. J. Vivian, generally regretted. : WALES. A subscription has lately been com- menced at Swansea for relief of the dis- tressed Greeks. A meeting of the freeholders of the county of Carmarthen was held at Carmar- then on the ¥8th of January, ‘to take into consideration the propriety of petitioning Parliament to adopt measures for the relief of the agricultural interests from the unpa- ralleled distress under which they at pre- seut labour.” A petition to Parliament was agreed on. Married.] Mr. Fender, to Miss Painter, both of Pembroke.—At Brecon, Charles Patrick, esq. to Miss M. Jones, of Lower Houddy Mill,—Capt. Harding, of Liwyn- du, to Mrs. Phillips, widow of J. G, P. esq. of Cwingwilly, Carmarthenshire. Died,] 192 Died.] At Swansea, 64, Robert Tarrant, esq.—50, Mrs. Jenkins, widow of Mr. T. J. editor and publisher of “the Cambrian.” —74, Mr. J.Swann.—53, Mr. R. Goodere. —99, Mr. J. Morris. At Brecon, Miss Sibyl Probert.—101, Mr. Lewis Williams.—45, Mr. R. Davies. At Moelycerny, Cardiganshire, 90, Mrs. Watkins, widow of Evan W. esq.—The Rev. R. W. Moor, prebendary of Landaff, and rector of Trevethin, Monmouthshire. At Red hill, Anglesea, at an advanced age, Colonel Sparrow. SCOTLAND. A Society of Arts has lately been esta- blished in Scotland, on the same footing as that in England; the chief object is, to afford assistance to those who have it not in their power to complete their disco- veries. + Phe Glasgow Fox meeting celebrated its anniversary on the birth-day of that popular statesman: Mr. Spiers, of Culereuch, in the chair. In an excellent speech he made a neat eulogium on the patriotic virtues of Mr. Fox.—Professor Mylne very ably introduced the toast in favour of reform. He noticed the change that had taken place in the opinions of the &?. Scotland ~Ireland— Deaths Abroad. more, said, he went rather farther thaw the gentlemen who had preceded him on the subject of reform: he would have a full, free, and radical reform. Married.} John Hall, esq. of Dunglass, to Juliana, daughter of the late James Walker, esq. principal clerk of session. Died.] At Edinburgh, Mrs, Mackinnon, late of Bath. IRELAND. The election of representatives for the county of Dublin was contested with great spirit, and with unexampled activity.— Colonel White was elected by a conside- rable majority over Sir C. Domville. - Married.] At Dublin, William 'Thomp- son, esq. R.N, to Miss Carter. Died.] At Dublin, in Leeson street, Oli- via, wife of the Rev. ‘I. P. Slapp, M.A. At Rathcoole, John Finlay, esq. late M.P. for the county of Dublin. Near Dublin, 67, Charles Henry Baron Castlecoote, chief commissioner of customs in Ireland. DEATHS ABROAD. ey Lately, in France, on his way to Paris, 20, Lord Caulfield, only son of the Earl of Charlemont. At Nice, where he had gone for the re- higher classes on this vital subject. His covery of his health, the Hon. Edward speech was received with applause. Mr. Spencer Cowper, brother of Earl Cowper. Hatehinson spoke with animation in favour At Rome, Edward Berkeley Portman, of union and mutual concession among the of Bryanston, esq. after a few days’ illness, friends of reform. Mr. Grahame, of Gart- in the 52d year of his age. TO CORRESPONDENTS. We lament, in common with many esteemed Correspondents, the unavoidable delay of their Communications ; and in reply to some who think their Pupers entitled to a preference over others which appeur,—an assumption which may often be well founded,—we heg to observe, that Pap-rs which sometimes obtain a temporary prefirence, have often been lying in our drawers for montis, and frequently for years. We do not announce the rijection of any Communications, because delays often arise from unexpected circumstances ; and we are ‘desirous of gratifying every Correspondent in turn, as fast as is practicable and advantageous. At this moment we have to intreat the indu'gence of S. P. of Chelmsford; of Dr. Forster ; of Mr. Lacey ; of Mr. Enort Smith ; of Alexus ; of the Author of the Article on the Norman Invasion; of Mr. Tatem; of Mr. Cotterell; of A. Y. L.; of Mr. E. Duke ; of Veritas on Napoleon ; of S. E. ; of Mr. Saul; of a Landholder of Forfarshire ; of 11. A. ; of C. A. 3 of #, Senachy ; of W, H.; of Mr. Weekes, for two Papers; of the Observer on Uppingham ; of Messrs, Farey and Layman; of Mr. Fitch ; ef Mr. Graham; of Mr, Jennings ; of Mr. B. Cooke; of R. H.; of T. D. on Ovid ; of Cowdan ; of O. S. T.; of M. S. of Glasgow ; of Mr. Severn ; of J. C. on open boats ; of C. A. of Cliftun-strect ; of Mr. J. Haris ; of C. G. D. of Norfolk ; of J. M.of Harborough ; of Dr. Shaw; of C. on the Crux Ansuater ; of N. Justitia ; of Griffith Tudor; of Mr. W. Muddoch; and, indeed, of many other Authors of Papers, which we propose shall appear in the next or following Numbers.—A further List of Com- muniva/ions, in Prose and Verse, peremptorily rejected, shall be given in our neat.—Poems signed G. M.; Gilbert; a Translation from the Danish ; Love; Enort ; J. P. of Hendon ; Philomenes ; the Sweeper ; the Dream; and some others,—will appear us soon as possible. A View of the New London Bridge will be introduced as suon as the Committee have mide their choice.—An account of Mr. Perkins’s improved Steam Apparatus will, if possible, appear in our next Number.—A Subscriber wishes to know the address of the Author of @ suggestion for an imp: oved Life-Boat. , : Several enquirers are informed, that the SeconD Number of the Curious Houses is now ready, and may be had of their Booksellers at Three Shillings. ERRATA in our /ast.—In the first paragraph of the VARrEeTIEs, for “contrived” read “contrive ;” and in the first article of PuBLic AFFAIRS, for *‘disgustful plausibility” read “ deceitful plausibility.” : MONTHLY MAGAZINE. APRIL 1, 1823. No: 380.] [3 of Vol. 55. | be | : i ll | int LORD SHAFTESBURY’s HOUSE AT LITTLE CHELSEA. Here resided during many years Anthony Ashley earl of Shaftesbury, author of ** Characteristics,” and the friend and companion of the most distingnished philosophers and poets of his time. He entered on these premises in 1699, and resided in them till his death ; after which they passed into the hands of Dr. Wynne, at whose death they were purchased by the parish of St. George, Hanover-square, and appropriated as an extra poor-house, as whicli they are occupied to this day. ‘The situation seems to have been a favourite of Addison; he having written several of his ‘‘ Spectators” on these premises, and most of them at Sandy End, about a quarter of a mile distant. Mr. Locke, too, was often an inmate of Lord Shaftesbury’s, and some of his productions were written in a summer-house, still standing, at the bottom of the garden ; but not his “‘ Essay,” as has been vulgarly supposed,—for that work appeared several years before Lord Shaftesbury entered on these premises, Within a mile (at Batterséa) resided the kindred genius, Lord Bolenbroke; and, indeed, at that time this neighbourhood was distinguished by the preference of many men of superior talents. For the Monthly Magazine. ECCLESIASTICAL STATISTICS. HE pecuniary difficulties of the country render the church esta- blishment an object of anxious inquiry, and perhaps in né branch of public economy is there so great an absence of authentic information. The best recent work on ecclesiastical expeudi- Montiiy Maa, No, 380, ture, is the pamphlet on the “Con- sumption of Public Wealth by the Clergy:” but even in this, so far as relates to the English church, the writer has chiefly contented himselt with copying the statements of his predecessors; and it is with a view of supplying the deficiencies of this popu- lar publication that a few statistical Ce facts 194 facts will here be. mentioned, illustra- tive of the revenues, the numbers, and patronage of the English clergy. The writer has long been engaged in in- quiries connected with these topics, and he believes his statements will bear investigation. I.— Revenues of the Established Clergy. Most statements of ecclesiastical in- come are limited to a valuation of the tithe and real property of the. church. This plan is adopted in the pampblet on the “ Consumption of Public Wealth by the Clergy,” in which the revenues of the church are stated at 7,600,000/. a-year, which is little more than two- thirds of their real amount. We will ouate fly indicate the sources of revenue di in this publication: and, first, f ‘ofp lic charities. jig revenue of charitable founda- Heishs’ has been estimated by Mr. Brougham at near two millions a- year * and, from the tenure of eleemo- _. synary endowments, they are almost ‘in entire possession of the clergy. In _ England and Wales, according td. the returns under the Gilbert Act,} there are 3,898 grammar schools, and other endowments for education, of which the clergy enjoy the exclusive emolu- .ment, and in the remaining charities they largely participate as trustees, or in other capacity. The pious credulity of the preceding generation, induced them to place implicit reliance on the clergy; little foreseeing how their confidence would be abused. Three- fourths of charitable property, at least, were thus left to the mercy of eccle- siastics. The Universities, the great Schools of Westminster, St. Paul’s, Harrow, and Rugby, the Charter- house, Christ’s Hospital, and all the principal foundations in the metropo- lis and neighbourhood, are in exclusive possession of the clergy of the esta- blishment, from which they derive large emoluments, as wardens, pro- vosts, fellows, tutors, high-masters, ushers, and assistants, Probably the total revenue derived by the clergy from charitable foundations is not less than 1,200,000/. per annum. - irplice-fees form another abundant source of ecclesiastical income. For- merly, fees on_ burials, marriages, churchings, and christenings, were _* Specch in the House of Commons, May 1818. t 96 George ITI, On the Revenues of the Established Clee {April t, paid only. by the rich, and were in- tended for charity : what was formerly a gift has been converted into a de- mand, and, instead of the poor re- ceiving these donations, they are now pocketed by the minister. London church-fees are supposed to be equal to one-third of the priests’ salary ; but it is difficult to estimate their yearly value. The. Rey. Mr. Cove,* whose estimates of church property ig exceed one-half the real amount culates the annual value of the Bebe and surplice fees of each parish, on an average, at 40/. a-year; making, ac- cording to him, a tax upon the popu- lation of half a million per annum. Easter and Whitsun offerings form a third source of revenue. Thesé offerings, or dues, as they are some- times called, are certain customary payments at Easter and all church festivals, to which inhabitant house- keepers are liable. Their amount varies in different parts of the country. Inthe north they commonly pay six- pence in lieu of an offering-hen; a shilling in lieu of an offering goose or turkey ; one penny called smoke ; and three half-pence for every communi- cant above the age of sixteen. We have no means of estimating the an- nual worth of these candle-ends and cheese-parings of mother church: all that we can say is, that in some parts they are very pertinaciously levied, and considered by the clergy as a part of their ancient righis. Probably they may be taken at 100,000/. a-year. Lectureships form another branch of clerical income: where there is no endowment for a lectureship, the pa- rishioners provide one at their own charge. The value of a lectureship varies, of course, with the number and liberality of the subscribers. They are generally held with other prefer- ments, and may be stated at 60,000/. a-year. The last branches of revenue we shall notice are chaplainships, and, such public offices as the clergy may be said to hold ex-officio, and to which they are generally preferred. The value of chaplainships to the nobility, to embassies, to public bodies, and commercial factories abroad, must be considerable; but of the value of these, and of the offices held by the clergy * Essay on the Revenues of the Church of England, p, 212. 2 in 1823.] ; in public institutions, (as librarians, secretaries, &c.) itis hardly possible to estimate : suppose 10,000/. a-year. These are the most material items omitted by the author of the ‘‘Con- sumption of Public Wealth by the Slergy:” his valuation of tithe, and some other branches of revenue, are probably near the truth, and we shall adopt his statement. His estimate, with our additions, will exhibit the revenues of the chureh as under :— Revenues. of the Church of England. , Tithes --- - - -£6,250,000 Estates of the Bishops and Eccle- siastical Corporations -+ «+++ -- 1,000,000 Assessments in Towns ++ 250,000 Stipends of Chapels-of-Ease--+- 100,000 7,600,000 eeeereseeerees Additions. Public Charities, Universities, Eton and Winchester Colleges, Charter-house, Christ's Hospi- tal, St. Paul’s School, and other _ School Charities in England and Wales cocceveess 1,200,000 Surplice-fees -++++eseeeeseeee 900,000 Easter-offerings «+++++++++ee2* 100,000 Lectureships ++-+++++++eeee+2 60,000 Chaplainships and Offices in Pub- lic Institutions-».--+e++es22++ 10,000 £9,960,000 Even this estimate does not include the annual grant by Parliament of 100,000/. to the poor clergy, which swells the revenues of the church to upwards of ten millions per annum. Let us next enquire the number of individuals among whom this immense income is divided. 1I.—Number of the Established Clergy. On this point have appeared many exaggerated statements; some making the number of clergymen amount to 18,000: but we are convineed, from actual enumeration of the different classes of ecclesiastics, that they do not exceed one-half that number. The only description of ecclesiastics whose number cannot be ascertained with precision, are the inferior classes connected with cathedrals and colle- giate churches; all the rest it is easy to reckon up from the Ecclesiastical Directory, which contains. the names of all the parochial -and dignified clergy. From this work, with the assistance of Cove on the “‘ Revenues of the Church,” we have made out the following enumeration ;— “Number of the Established Clergy. 195 Bishops see seecesaeeseccsoerece 26 Deans «---sevesarsssssesesecsene 26 Archdeacous eee cee ee estes eeesese 60 Prebends, Canons, and other Cathe- dral Dignitaries---+++++>++-++-* 544 Minor Canons, Vicars Choral, Priest Vicars, &C.+++2sseeeeeee eer -- 300 Rectors, Vicars, and Curates, in Eng- ; land and Wales---+++-+++++++-++ 6,724 7,680 This statement gives a greater num- ber of persons than are actually em- ployed in a spiritual capacity: many of the bishops and dignitaries, from holding subordinate offices in cathe- drals, and being also rectors and vicars, are twice enumerated, being included in the classes in which they hold these preferments. Any trifling excess, however, from this circum- stance, is compensated by a deficiency from another head. There are many persons in orders, who, from being engaged in seminaries of education, or in want of a patron, do not hold any preferment, and are consequently omitted in the above enumeration. The number of these cannot be great; but, belonging to the ecclesiastical corps, they are entitled to share in its emoluments. The total number of beneficed clergy of all ranks may be estimated at EIGHT THOUSAND, and their annual income TEN MILLIONS; making the average income of each individual 1,250/. Those who make the esta- blished clergy amount to 18,000, in- clude of course all.the lay servants of the church,—the parish-clerk, sexton, and grave-digger ; all those employed in cathedrals and collegiate churches, as singing-men, choristers, organists, vergers, free-scholars, alms-men, &c.: these are a numerous class, equal in number, perhaps, to the clergy; but, not being in holy orders, they cannot properly be included in the clerical body, any more than the groom, valet, or other menials, of clergymen. Leaving out this class, the annual income of the clergy appears almost incredible. Great however as this in- come is, and taking, as it does, largely from the comforts of all classes, we fear, from the present mode of its application, it is productive of little benefit to any order of society. Its direct tendency is. to accumulate wealth, where wealth is already too abundant; to increase the ineqneanes > Juha 196 All the patronage of the church is virtually in the crown. ‘The king’s direct patronage is the bishoprics, all the deaneries, forty-seven prebends and canonries, and upwards of a thousand livings. He has indirectly the remainder of church patronage. No one “is eligible to ecclesiastical preferment unless first ordained by the bishop ; when eligible, no one can ‘enjoy avy benefice, unless instituted by a bishop. The bishops therefore, by ordination and institution, have a double power to exclude obnoxious ‘persons; and, the bishops themselves being appointed by the crown, the Tatter has indirectly the patronage of the whole ecclesiastical establishment, having a veto on all appointments by the aristocracy, the gentry, universi- ties, and other bodies in whom patron- age is vested. It is easy to imagine the effect of this on public occasions. The clergy, from superior education, from their wealth and sacred profes- sion, possess greater influence than any other order of men; and all the influence they possess is as much sub- Servient to government as the army or navy, or any other branch of public ‘service. This was’ strikingly evinced -on the trial of the late Queen; when ‘the clergy became particularly conspi- cuous by their zeal in getting up what is called loyal addresses, in favour of the prosecution of that unfortunate princess, The greatest abuse in ecclesiastical patronage is monopoly, in a few indi- viduals of influence and connexion sharing among them the most valuable emoluments of the church. In all spiritual offices and dignities there is great difference in the value, and the patronage annexed to them; and the great object of ecclesiastical intrigue is to secure not only the most valua- ble, but greatest number of prefer- ments. Hence arises the present disposition of church property. Scarce- ly any preferment is held single; the sees, dignitaries, and rectories, being mostly held with other offices ; and the 1 Patronage of the Church of England. [April 1, most valuable appropriated by those who have the disposal of them, namely, the crown and aristocracy. ‘The bishops are frequently rectors, vicars, and curates, besides holding professorships, clerkships, prebends, precentorships, and other cathédral appointments. Their sons, sons-in-law, brothers, and nephews, are also promoted to the most valuable preferments in the dio- cese. For more particular details on this subject I must refer to the Sup- plement to the Black Book, which is full of curious and valuable informa. tion relative to the church, and other branches of public administration. In parochial patronage there is the same abuse as in the higher depart- ments of the church ; the most valuable benefices being held by those whose chief claims are their families and connexions. By bringing forward the poor livings, it is usual to make out a favourable case for the parochial clergy; but, from the small number of persons among whom parochial prefer- ments are shared, there is no class except the curates entitled to much sympathy. In England and Wales there are 11,593 parochial offices,— rectories, vicarages, and curacies,— which are shared among 6,719 indivi- duals in various proportions. The subject will be at once illustrated from the following classification of paro- chial patronage, drawn up from data in the Ecclesiastical Directory. Parochial Patronage, showing the Number of Individuals, und the Number of Recto- ries, Vicarages, and Curacies, held by each, No, of Livings held Total No. Individuals. by each. of Livings. 1 cereces Gh oecacs 34 7 OBA Sree ii! Selvelate 25 py Geo BOM PE FSa Se 20 QD eveaee 15 seeeee 30 3 eerere 13 eterce 39 Bo wnceee 12 eeceee 12 DQ sceeee il eeveces 92 4 eevcee 10 mvevee 40 gawk Opa cicido te 99 ) re B cevcce 56 siloge sce 7 ceaslee 77 cy) G eeceee 162 89 Winsess o Bi seltee © hate QAT wo wee 4 esecee 988 708 ceeeee 3 ceccee 2,194 1,816 «++ 9) Jas ees 3,632 BBB soc 1 secees 3,788 6,719 11,593 From this statement it appears, that, out of 6,719, the number of parochial clergy 1823.] Effects of Steam in clerzy of all denominations, 2,936, or nearly one-half, are pluralists. Many who have four, five, and six, livings, and more, hold also other offices and dignitics. There is one of the bishops with five livings, besides other offices. One man, it seems, has thirty-four livings! A. Z. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, CIRCUMSTANCE occurred lately, which has excited several reflections in my mind, that appear to me of great importance to the pro- prietors of very extensive manufacto- ries, and to the public m general ; and, if they should strike you in the same light, I am persuaded that you will give them a place in your Magazine. I was sitting, about eleven o’clock at night, in a room fronting the street, when one of my family ran down in great agitation, and told me that the chimney of the opposite house was on fire. Iran to the window, and saw torrents of flame and sparks issuing from the chimney that belonged to a steam-engine then at work. I lost no time in running over to communicate the intelligence to my neighbour, who went instantly to the works; and as I knew that, from the number of people there employed, no farther assistance was wanting on my part, I ran back, to calm the apprehensions of my family. I had scarcely returned to my room, when I saw evidently that there was no occasion of alarm; and a servant, who had seen the whole above stairs, told me that, about the time of my coming in, she sawa large volume, like a whitish cloud, coming out of the chimney; and, from that time, not a spark was seen. The next morning 1 called on my neighbour, who informed me that, immediately on hearing the report of fire, he had run to the works, and stopped them; and by a simple contrivance of theirs, intended for the purpose, the steam of the boiler was in an instant conveyed to the chimney, which produced the effect above men- tioned. Hence, wherever there is a steam- engine, or fire is any way employed in the boiling of water or liquor to a - great extent, there can be no danger from a chimney taking fire; as, by a similar contrivance, the steam of the water may be instantly conveyed into it, and the fire will be extinguished. Extinguishing Fire. 197 This fact being generally known, will remove the anxieties, which are not inconsiderable, of those who live in the neighbourhood of extensive works of this kind. ' But it strikes me that the proprietors of these works may find their advan- tage in attending to the fact I have mentioned. They have at hand the power of steam, which they can turn to any quarter they please. Supposing the fire, instead of being in the chim- ney, had been in their works or ware- houses, might not the steam of their boilers be usefully employed in extin- guishing it. I am not prepared to say to what extent it would contribute to this effect ; but if it would in any de- gree, when the expense of carrying pipes from the boiler to any part of their works is so inconsiderable, it is surely a subject worthy of their consi- deration. The public.is also interest- ed in it; as the mischief of fire in a manufactory is not confined to the proprietor alone. ; I had scarcely finished the last sen-— tence, when a civil engineer of consi- derable practice called on me: to whom I read the above. He agreed entirely with me on the propriety of the information respecting the diver- sion of steam to the chimney of the steam-engine, in case of fire in it being extensively circulated. The expense of making the alteration for the pur- pose is trifling; consisting only in forming a communication from the boiler to the chimney, by means of a cast-iron tube, with a stopper in the middle of it, turned at ease, on occa- sion, by a bar or piece of wood through the ridge on the outside. In the instance above mentioned, this tube is not six feet long, and the valve to prevent the steam going to work the engine was shut, and a valve opened for the steam to go up the chimney, almost instantaneously. My friend, however, was not so clearly satisfied on the effects of the steam diverted to any parts of the work when on fire; but he considered the question very worthy of the investigation of all per- sons who possess works in which steam-engines are employed. One circumstance deserves attention in examining this question. On divert- ing the steam to the chimney above mentioned, the elfect was almost an instantaneous extinction of the fire in the chimney ; and, instead of a torrent of 198 of flame, a whitish cloud appeared. The effect of the steam in the chimney was to drive before it all the igneous particles init to a considerable height above the top of the chimney ; but, had that been the sole effect, the igneous par- ticles must have been seen for a consi- derabletime in theair, Onthe contrary, they were almost instantaneously ex- tinguished ; which, I apprehend, could be owing only to the power of water over fire. Here, however, the steam acted in a narrow compass: the igneous particles were completely enveloped in it. What would be the effect of steam im a warehouse on fire, is another question. The steam would dilate itself in the apartment, and could not, for some time, act in the manner above mentioned on the parts on fire. What would be the effect when such a quan- tity of steam should have been thrown in (which would be in a few minutes,) as would, if the fire had not been there, have filled the room completely with vapour, I leave to the sagacity of your readers to determine; being satisfied with opening the way to a discussion, which may enlarge, at any rate, our knowledge of the powers of steam. EXEUNETES, —>_——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, BN the last Number of your Maga- zine, I was much surprised to read amongst the anecdotes, entitled “ Ste- phensiana,” a tradition, which certainly greatly tends to lessen the general respect in which the character of the illustrious Lord Clarendon has ever been held, and also to debase the de- scent of two of our former queens, Mary (wife of William III.) and Anne. J trust, that 1 should never be unwil- ling to uphold the virtuous character of the deceased great and good at any time; but when I state, that I have personally the honour of bearing a li- neal descent from his grandfather, and that he (Lord Clarendon,) was a native also of this county, I think I am peculiarly sanctioned in thus coming forward to refute assertions, untrue in themselves, and highly inju- rious to his memory. Any stranger to the history of Lord Clarendon would suppose that he (‘fone Hyde,”) was a needy attor- ney, of a low origin, perhaps little known, and less respected; that he Defence of Lord Clarendon. {April 1, was called in by the widow of a brewer (who had first raised her from the lowest servitude to the station of a wife,) to manage her affairs, because she “was unable to read or write ;” that he, mercenarily ‘liking her for- tune,” married her; and that thus “a poor country-wench” became the grandmother of the two queens, Mary and Anne. In answer to this, sir, it is well re- corded and acknowledged, that Hyde earl of Clarendon sprang from a most respectable family of that name, seated at Hyde and Norbury, in the county of Chester, and that his immediate ancestors in this county held the re- spectable sitnation of country gentle- men; that he was sent to Oxford, and afterwards, under the auspices of his uncle, (Chief Justice Nicholas Hyde,) he entered as a student at the Middle Temple; that he ever moved in the first ranks of society ; and, by his rare union of great talents and exemplary conduct, raised himself to the most exalted station. It appears that he was twice married: first, at about the early age of twenty, to Anne, the daughter of Sir George Ayliffe, knight, of Hobson, in the parish of Winter- bourne Basset, in this county; who, within six months, died from a miscar- riage, occasioned by the small-pox. The shock this event gave to his feel- ings prevented his immediate endea- vours again to enter into the marriage state. However, after the lapse of about three years, at the age of twenty- four, and in the year 1632, he married, secondly, Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, bart. master of requests to the king: by this lady he had four sons, and two daughters,— the eldest of whom (Anne) became the wife of the Duke of York, and, consequently, the mother of the suc- cessive queens, Mary and Anne. This, his (Lord Clarendon’s) second wife, died in the year 1670. Having thus, sir, I trust, vindicated the honour of the father, you will now allow me to devote a few lines in vin- dication of that of the daughter. The paragraph above quoted says, ‘‘ James duke of York having debauched one of his daughters, the Earl compelled him to marry her.” By these words it’ would appear, that the then future queen had yielded to an illicit con- nexion with the Duke, which her father subsequently improved intoa maar is 1823.} Dr. Cartwright on Sugar for Curing Ship’s Provisions. This is become a very prevalent error, and sanctioned by many of our later historians: but the real historical fact, I believe, stands otherwise ; at least if we reflect on the details of cotemporary historians, and the inferences to be drawn trom the comparison of dates. The real circumstances we may, I think, believe to be these :—That Miss Hyde, being abroad with the royal family during the exile, as maid of honour to the Princess Royal, attracted the attentions of the Duke of York; and, successfully resisting all attempts on his part to assail her yirtue, only assented at last,—under the perhaps _almost venial ambition of a future crown,—to the honourable union of marriage; which took place privately in the presence of the Earl of Ossory, and which was afterwards proved to the satisfaction of the King, of the nation, and of her father,—who, so far from being privy to the affair, deeply deplored it, prognosticating that it would ultimately cause the future ruin of himself and his house; and true it was, that it tended greatly to aggra- vate the envy of this great man’s enemies ; and, perhaps, had it not been for this (to him unfortunate) royal alliance, his country had not lost the benefit of his services by his posterior expatriation. It appears that the mar- riage of the Duke of York with the Chancellor’s daughter took place in November 1659; and that their first child (Charles, who died in his in- fancy,) was born in October 1660. Lake-house, Wilts ; E. Doxe, Feb. 19, 1823. ae To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, SIR, WAS much gratified to read, in your CuemicaL Report for last month, that Dr. M‘Culloch had -ascer- tained, by actual experiment, that fish may be long preserved in a dry state, and perfectly fresh, by means of a smal] quantity of coarse sugar; and that he recommends an extension of the practice in the curing of ship’s provisions. So far back as at the time (now about fourteen or fifteen years ago,) when the West India merchants ap- plied to the legislature to permit sugar, duty free, to be given to cattle, I suggested its application to the pur- pose of curing ship’s provisions, as a Substitute for salt, observing, (in a Paper which 1 then delivered in to the 199 Board of Agriculture,) that “a copious use of sugar, either wholly or in part, in curing ship’s provisions, would ren- der. them more palatable, and more nutricious and wholesome; and would, no doubt, operate most powerfully as a preservative against the sea-scurvy. For a purpose like this, the remission of the duty would be an act not only of humanity, but. of sound and liberal policy. For, though there would be a considerable defalcation (supposing this suggestion to have been then act- ed upon, when salt was loaded with a tax of fifteen shillings per bushel,) from the duty on salt, in a proportion- ate ratio to the quantity of sugar that might be substituted in its place; yet this, surely, would be a consideration which, it is presamed, would not be suffered to come in competition with the reasonable gratification and health of such a valuable class of men as the -British sailors,—the great pillars of our national prosperity; which they equally sustain, whether employed in the Royal Navy for the nation’s de- fence, or on-board of merchantmen, for the extension of its commerce.” Now that the duty on salt is already so much reduced, and will shortly be taken off altogether, the objection to what is here proposed, as interfering with the salt-duty, is totally done away. Were there to be a remission of the duty on all sugars used in curing ship’s provisions, the revenue would lose nothing; as, without such remis- sion, sugars would never be applied to such a purpose. Though Dr. M‘Culloch’s experiment was not tried on animal-flesh, there can be no doubt of its answering equally well with flesh as with fish. ‘lhe fact, indeed, may be said to haye been ascertained more than a thousand years ago. Apicius, ‘‘ the'cook’s ora- cle” in the time of Trajan, says, that flesh of any kind, by being immersed in honey, will keep for any length of time. Butwe want no oracle, ancient or modern, to tell us that which a beef-steak might at any time bring to the proof in our own larders. E. Cartwricur. —— For the Mouthly Magazine. SECOND JOURNEY of M. FREDERICK CAILLIAUD tm NUBIA, and the KING- DOM of SENNSR. (From the Revue Encyclopedique.) Ma CAILLIAUD embarked at Marseilles (on his second voy- age,) 200 age,) Sept. 9, 1819, in company with M. Letorzée, and returned to France on the 10th of December last. He has traversed all the known Oases, and ascended the Nile to the tenth degree of latitude! At the time of his arrival in Egypt, Mohammed Aly was. projecting an expedition into the higher regions of Nubia: his son, Ismael Pacha, was to command the army; and M. C. who was well known to the viceroy, was allowed to accompany it. He accord- ingly joined the vanguard; and, de- parting from Daraou, in November 1820, arrived, Jan. Sth, of the following year, at Dongolah. On the 8th of February he had advanced to Mount Barkal, in the country of Chaguy: there, among a multitude of ruins, are several temples, and a great number of pyramids. At Ghendy he was ena- bled to ascertain the geographical position of the river Athara, the an- cientAstaboras; and arrived, atlength, at Assour, not far from the seventeenth degree of latitude. Here he disco- vered an ancient city, with consider- able ruins; its position coincides exactly with that which ancient au- thors assign to Merde. Eighty Pyra- mids have been raised there, and there is little reason to doubt that this was the ancient metropolis of the Ethio- pians. Between the fifteenth and sixteenth degrees of latitude, he ascertained the efflux or mouth of the Bahr-el-Abgad, or the White Nile ; as also the Bahr-el- Azraq, or the Blue River, called also the Abaouy. The former of these arms is the most considerable; it comes from the west, and doubtless issues from the higher regions, called the Mountains of the Mvon. He arrived, at length, in Feb. 1822, at Singué, a country situated between the two branches of the Nile, with Mahometan inhabitants; though there are Pagans, that worship trees, the moon, and stars, in the kingdom of Bertat, fifty leagues more tothe north. It was at Singué that Prince Ismail stopped, and it terminated the career of M. Cailliaud’s expedition. A fatal distemper was making havock in the army; eight Europeans had fallen victims to it: there were mountains to be scaled, and forests to be pene- trated, often dangerous from wild beasts. The inhabitants, also, no less savage, were ever raising up fresh M. Cailliaud’s Discoveries in Upper Egypt, &c. 4 (Aprit 1, difficulties to oppose the advance of the Egyptians. In this excursion, M. Cailliaud ad- vanced to as great a distance from Meroe, as Meroe is from Egypt. No European traveller had arrived so near the Equator on that side: Brown stopped at 16° 10’, and Bruce at the eleventh degree. Through the whole of the countries which they traversed, M. C. and his companion were enabled to make ob- servations interesting to geography, astronomy, and physics. They fre- quently determined the latitude and longitude; attentively marking, also, the variations of the necdle, the nature of the soil, the climate, and its tempe- rature. As to the course of the Nile, they traced it, as it were, step by step, —ascertaining its numerous cataracts, and, among others, that in the country of Chaguy, which, in fact, consists of « long ledge of cascades, through an ex- tent of forty-five leagues. The moun- tains also were noticed and described, together with the animal and -vege- table productions. Plans and designs have been taken of all the monuments situated above the second cataract. Between Chendy and Gerry, at some distance from the. river, M. C. discovered, very recently, extensive ruins, the circumference of: which includes 2500 feet; beyond that the ruins of Naka, and, further on, those of Soba: all these were mea- sured, and notices of them recorded. And thus the empire of Merde appears to have had a number of flourishing cities unknown to the Greeks. These new discoveries will enable us to ap- preciate the accounts in ancient au- thors. Now that the country begins to be better known, it will not be diffi- cult to measure the three thousand sta- dia of the Isle of Mcroe, between the rivers which represent the Astosaba, the Astapus, and the Astaboras. Asa prelude to these discoveries, MM. Cailliaud and Letorzée ven- tured on a bold excursion to the Oasis of Syouah. About the end of 1819, they set out from Fayoum, with a few- companions; and, after fifteen days’ march through the Libyan Sands,— wherein they had to combat with the Arabs,—they arrived at the Temple of Omen-Beydah (Ammon); here they ascertained (as Brown had done,) its latitude and longitude, and, moreover, took all requisite measurements. For - 2823.] © For the Monthly Magazine. ELUCIDATIONS of PORTIONS of ENGLISH HISTORY, improperly REPRESENTED in our GENERAL HISTORIES. History of the Invasion of England by ‘the Normans in the Eleventh Century, and the Consequences of that Iuvasion down to the Thirteenth. _ (Continued from page 13.) 1075.— Bf N the town of Norwich, or in a place which the old historians call Ixning, near Cam- bridge, the Saxon Chronicle informs us, that a wedding was celebrated, which proved fatal to all who were present.* The Norman Count of Hereford, Robert Fitz-William Fitz- Osbert,t gave, in opposition to the will of the king, his sister in marriage to Raulfe, by birth a Breton, governor ef Norfolk. Besides the domains which his sword had conquered in ‘England,{ he possessed hereditarily, in Low Britanny, the castles of Gadher _ and of Montfort; and he took the title of Raulfe de Gadher, or De Montfort, in consequence. The cause of Wil- liam’s objection to the marriage is wholly unknown. He sent, however, from Normandy an express prohibi- tion, to which the parties paid no attention. The festival was cele- brated, and the bride conveyed with all pomp to the abode of the Breton count. His friends assembled in great numbers. Norman bishops and ba- rons,—Saxon chiefs,—and even Gallic warriors,—invited by Robert. ‘The Saxon Woltheof, who had twice thrown down the sword of independence. at the feet of the stranger king, and had married Judith, oné of his nieces, were among the guests.|| __ After a splendid repast, in which the wine flowed forth in abundance, vent was given to their long-suppressed thoughts and feelings. §Roger loudly eensured the refusal of William to ap- ged the marriage of his sister ; which e said was an insult to the memory of his father, to whom, undoubtedly, the conquest of England was due. The Saxons, who had received from William injuries of afar deeper cha- racter, vehemently applauded the in- (eh lll lal Relate a * Chron. Sax. Gil. 183. + Chron. Norm, passim. + Monast. Angl.. do. || Matt. Par. page 7. § Ib, and W. Main. MontuLy Mac, No, 380, Elucidations of Portions of English History. 201 vectives of the Norman. One expres~ sion of hate and indignation succeeded another, till an unanimous concert of exccrations was pcured upon the head of the king.* ‘He is a degenerate bastard, (said the Normans,) unap- proved by God, who will have no such master over this kingdom, as all things show.”+ “‘He poisoned (ex- claimed the Bretons,) Lonan the brave Count of Brittany; for whom our country will long—-long mourn.”{— “He has invaded, (vociferated .the Saxons, in their turn,)—he has in- vaded the noble kingdom of England,§ —he has massacred its legitimate heirs, and has driven them into exile.” —And those (cried the foreigners, who were present,) who have come to his assistance,||—those who have raised him above any of his race,—he has not honoured as he ought. He is an iu- grate to those who have shed their blood in his service; and has given to us conquerors, harrassed and covered with wounds, sterile lands,—lands de- vastated by war; and now, when our estates are improved hy our own in- dustry, his avarice wrests them from us, in whole or in part.”q—’Tis true, ’tis true, (shouted the guests in unanimous acclamation,) we ali hate him: what a joy would his death be to many!” Such were tlie vague but indignant bursts, when one of the hosts of the festival rose, and thus addressed him- self to Waltheof :—‘‘ Man of heart! this is the moment,—this is the mo- ment of revenge and glory. Join our projects. We will make England what it was in the time of the pious Edward: one of us three shall be king, —the other two shall command under his authority. All the honours of England shall be re-created by us. William is engaged in foreign lands with an interminable war: we are sure he will not pass the Straits. Decide, brave warrior! take the part which becomes thee,—thy family,—thy na- tion, beaten into the ground, and tram- pled on.”’** Loud shouts of approba- tion followed this appeal. . Roger and Raulfe, with many bishops and abbots, * Matt. Par. and.W. Malm, +t Ord. Vit. 554. t Do. do. § Do. do. | Do do. q{. Do. do. “” Dov. .do. , Dd and 202 a great number of barons and warriors of different nations, bound themselves by an oath to overthrow the authority of the king. Waltheof joined in the conspiracy.* The Count of Hereford hastened to the west in order to raise his followers. He engaged the Welch to unite with him,t—whom the conqueror had al- ready menaced with the fate of the Saxons; and was returning with his forces to join his friends, when, in crossing the Severn, he found himself opposed by the army of Gualtier de Lacy, and Ours viscount of Wor- cester: to the latter were united two Saxons, — Wulfstan bishop of Wor- cester, the only Englishman who had preserved his see, and Egilwy abbot of Evesham, the servile courtisan of the invaders. At the instigation of these, some of the natives joined them- Selves to the royal forces. Roger could not reach the appointed place of meeting. Meanwhile the other conspirators assembled their friends, and fortified their castles with arms and provi- sions.{ They sent messengers over England and to foreign countries,— they joined promises to solicitations,§ in order to increase the number of their partisans. The Saxons again negociated with the people of Den- mark, who promised them the auxi- liary of a naval force.|/ Count Raulf established his camp near Cambridge ; and was attacked there by Eudes bishop of Bayeux, Geoilrey bishop of Coutances, and Guillaume de Garen- na.{ The battle took place in a spot which the historians call Fagaden; and the confederated army was totally defeated. Itis said the brutal con- querors cut off the right foot of many of their prisoners, that they might be afterwards recognized.** Raulf de Gadher escaped, and fled to Norwich ; but he speedily left that city, and em- barked for Brittany, giving his castle in charge to his bride and his friends. The daughter of Guillaume Fitz-Os- bert sustained a long attack from the royal troops, and was reduced to sub- mit by famine at Jast.;+ * Script. Fran. 596. t Matt. Par. 7. t+ Ord. Vit. 554. Ib. || Matt. Par. 7. g Guarenna, or Warrena,— Warren. ** Mat. Paris, 7. tt Do. Elucidations of Portions of English History. {April 1, The news of these troubles brought William back from Normandy. Roger and Waltheof were seized and con- ducted to the court or palace* of the king, where the assembly+ of the Nor- man chiefs was held. They were then interrogated as to the motives and the objects of their conspiracy. Rault, who was absent, was immediately de- prived of all he possessed in England for ever. Roger, who was present, was, according to the Norman laws,f condemned to be dispossessed of all his property, and to pass the remain- der of his existence in the king’s prison.§ Those who had been present at the fatal nuptials, or who had been taken in arms,—whether Bretons, Saxons, or Gauls,—had their eyes torn out, their limbs mutilated, or were hung im gibbets, by the sentence of the Nor- man chiefs, prelates, barons, and che- valiers, assembled in the palace of their master.|| Two hundred Danish vessels, commanded bya son of King Sweyn, had approached the eastern coast, but retired to the Flemish shores on hearing what had occurred. Wal- theof was accused of having invited them by his agents. He denied the imputation ; but the Norman wife he had received from the hands of Wil- liam became his betrayer, and gave evidence against him.** The opinions ‘of the court (to use the Norman ex- pression,) were divided as to the sen- tence to be inflicted on the Saxon chieftain. Some voted for his imme- diate death, as an English rebel ; others for his perpetual imprisonment, as a Norman officer. ‘The debates lasted a whole year; during which Waltheof was confined in the royal fortress+t of Winchester. At last, in one of the newly assembled courts, se- verity triumphed; and it was decided that the prisoner should be put to death. Contemporary historians ac- cuse his Norman wife of urging for- ward that sentence of death, which would leave her again at liberty.{{ In truth such unions were almost as me- lancholy * Curia. + Concilinm, Lat. Parlement, Nor. ¢ Ord. Vit. p. 535. § In carcere regis.—Ib. || Chron. Sax, 183: Matt. Par. 7. q Word. Chr. 111, 510. ** Jos. Brompton. 974. tt Ord. Vit. 536. tf Ib. Ingulf. Croyl. 903, 18 23.] lancholy in their consequence as those which delivered over the Saxon hei- resses to be united to the Norman in- truders. Early in the morning, while yet the people of Winchester slept,* the Nor- mans conducted Waltheof to an emi- nence beyond the walls of the town. He was clad in his richest garments, the insignia of his former authority,t+ and, when arrived at the place of exe- eution, he distributed them among the few spectators who had followed him. He bent himself down to the ground, and. prayed fervently for some dime ; but, as the soldiers dreaded lest the awakened citizens should disturb the awful ceremony, and save their fellow countrymen,{ ‘‘ Stand up, (they cried to the prostrated Saxon,) we must obey our orders.”§ He then asked, as a last favour, that he might be allowed to recite, for himself and for them, the Dominical Hymn. They granted his request; and, raising him- self from the ground, but still kneel- ing, he cried with a loud voice, ‘‘ Our Father, who art in heaven,” but, ere he had uttered the words, ‘lead us not into temptation,” the executioner,|} who probably perceived the first break of day in the east, suddenly drew his sword, and the head of the Saxon rolled on the ground. His body was thrown into a ditch, dug between two roads, and covered hastily with turf. The English, who could not rescue Waltheof, consecrated his memory ; and he was wept by men and wo- men.”4| They made him a saint and a martyr, as they had canonized their former chiefs who had been killed by the Danes in the struggle for earlier liberty ; as they had since invoked as a saint Bishop Elgeni, who had perish- ed of hunger in a Norman dungeon. “They would fain (says a contempo- rary,) efface his memory from this land, —which they cannot do. We firmly believe he is an inhabitant of heaven, among the hosts of the blessed.”** Over the remains of Waltheof num- berless miracles were wrought,—mira- cles most satisfactory to the imagina- * Ord, Vit. 536. TD. $ Tb. . || Ib. {| Viri cum mulieribus ingentem plana- tum. (Ord, Vit. 537.) ** Florent, Wigorn, 659. Oppressions following the Conquest. 203 tions of those who hated and execrated his murderers. Fifteen days after his execution, the Abbot of Croyland, a monk of Saxon race, obtained per- mission to remove the body. He found it unchanged, and as fresh as if the living blood still flowed in its veins.* In the monastery of Croyland, to which the corpse was conveyed, many miracles hallowed the tomb of the Saxon; and Judith his widow, hearing of them by public report,+ hastened thither to appease the soul of him she had so vilely betrayed. She knelt up- on the stone of his sepulchre, and offered a silk veil, which was repelled as by aninvisible hand.{ Walkebute, a Saxon abbot, published an account of all these wonderful facts; not with impunity, for he was summoned before the Norman tribunals, and accused of idolatry. His judges declared him unworthy to govern his convent; they banished him from Crowland, and im- prisoned him in Glastonbury Abbey, —far from his country,—far from his friends; and in the custody of the Norman Toustain, a hard and feroci- ous man] All the wealth of the mo- nastery was pillaged by the Norman king. These were measures against the Saxon priesthood which, indeed, served only to elevate the sufferers to saint- hood,—served rather to encourage than to damp that patriotic resistance, honoured by so memorable an apo- theosis. Popular superstition could not be subdued: it was built upon ge- nerous regrets and sympathies, and was extinguished only with those re- grets and sympathies. The time would come, indeed, when the sons of the Saxons might forget the venerable cause for which their forefathers suf- fered or died; but that time was not so near as the conquerors anticipated. Forty years after the death of Wal- theof, when the monastery of Crow- Jand had been directed by a succes- sion of foreign abbots, miracles were again wrought around the tomb of the Saxon martyr.** The English crowd- ed to the shrine from every corner of their * Ingulf. Croyl. 904, t Ib. +: ip. Ib. i Nil cruentissimi Abbate Thurstans,—~ Ib. q Ib. ** Ord, Vit. 545, 204 their island ;* but the Normans turn- ed their eagerness into mockery and derision; insulted them, — insulted Waltheof, whom they called a foul traitor, justly punished for his-crime.+ The Norman woman, whom a tempo- rary political interest had induced to sacrifice him, was inheriting all his possessions.~ She would fain have shared her immense property witha man of her choice; but that was denied toher. grates, and the means of introducing coal thereon.—June 26. Louis. Bernard Rabant, of Skinner- street, Snow-hill, gentleman; for an im- proved apparatus for the preparation of coffee or tea.—June 26. _ Thomas Postans, of Charles-street, St. James ; and William Jeakes, of Great Rus- sell-street, Bloomsbury ; for an improve- ment on cooking apparatus.—June 26. PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. Proceedings of Public Societies: 245 George Smart, of Pedlar’s Acre, Lam: beth, civil engineer; for an improvement in the, manufacture of chains, which he de- nominates mathematical chains.—July 4. Joseph Smith, of Sheffield, book-keeper; for an improvement of or in the steam-en+ gine-boiler.—July 4. John Bold, of West-street, Long-lane, Bermondsey, printer ; for certain improve- ments in printing.—July 4, $ ——— INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. N able work on nervous irritabi- 2 lity and sensibility, by M. Flourens, was, in the last year, presented to the Institute at Paris, who referred the same to the examination of M. Cuvier, and others; from whose luminous Report, it appears, that M. Flourens has, by a long and careful course of well-conducied experiments on vari- ous animals, birds in particular, ascer- tained that precise part of the brain which we may, perhaps, consider as the chief seat of the mind, being that part wherein the impressions made by external objects on the senses, which are conveyed by certain nerves, all entre, and there produce sensations ; and from which important point, other nerves, as they ought now to be con- sidered, although apparently only con- tinuations of the former ones, under the control of the will, conduct irrita- tion to the particular muscles whose contractions, owing to such irritation, are fitted for instantly performing the movements of the body which have been willed. This sentient point has been placed, dy M. Flourens’s experiments, in the superior pari of the medulla oblongata, at the part where the tubercula quadri- gemina adhere to it; where the faculty of propagating irritation on the one hand, and of receiving pain or plea- sure on the other, is exclusively situ- ated: this, in other words, is the place, whither all sensations, con- ducted by oue system of nerves, mist arrive, in order to become percep- tions; and this, also, in the place, whence the orders of the will must ne- cessarily depart along another system of nerves. A novel and important part of M. Plourens’s discoveries, con- sists in his having ascertained, that the cercbellum is the essential organ of lo- comotion, or that which balances and regulates the motions of progression ; and that, on this partof the brain being compressed or mutilated, the animal is no longer able to preserve its erect or other proper position, for moving itself according to the dictates of the will: and hence it appears, that this is the part more immediately affected, under a state of intoxication or of vertigo. The cerebral lobes of the brain, ap- pear to M. Cuvier tobe the only recep~ ‘tacle in which the sensations of sight and hearing can be perfected, and become perceptible to the animal; here, also, the sensations assume a distinct form, and leave durable impressions on the memory: these lobes are, in fact, the seat of the memory, and fur- nish the animal with the materials fer judgment. : The following passages we extract from this highly curious and very in- teresting Report: It is now known, (say the Reporters,} especially from the late researches of MM. Gall-and Spurzheim, that the spinal mar- row isa mass of medullary matter, white on the exterior, grey in the interior, di- vided longitudinally above and below by furrows, the two fasciculi of which commu- nicate together by means of transverse medullary fibres; that it is enlarged at regular intervals; that it sends out from each enlargement a pair of nerves; that the medulla oblongata is the superior part of the spinal marrow inclosed within the cra- nium, which also sends out several pair of nerves ; that the fibres of communication of its two fasciculi cross there, so that those of the right ascend into the left, and vice versa; that these fasciculi, after this first enlargement in the Mammifere by an admixture of greyish matter, and after having formed the protuberance known by the name of pons Varolii, separate and take the name of ecrura cerebri, continuing to send out nerves; that they again en- large by a fresh admixture of greyish mat- ter, in order to form the masses commonly called thalami nervorum opticorum ; anda third time, to form those called corpora striata ; that from the whole external edge of these last enlargements, is given olf an expansion of greater or jess thickness, and more 246 more or less folded externally in different animals, entirely covered with greyish matter, and reflected upwards to cover them again, by forming what are called the hemispheres ; and which, after bending own between them, unites itself to that of the opposite side by one or more com- missures or fascicali of transverse fibres, the most considerable of which, existing only in the Mammifere, is called corpus callosum. It is also well kuown that upon the crura cerebri, behind the optic thalami, are one or two phir of lesser enlargements, known, when there are two pair, as in the Mammifera, under the name of tubercula guadrigemina, from the first of which the optic nerves appear to take their origin ; that the olfactory nerve is the only one which does not sensibly arise from the spinal marrow, or from its branches ; and that the cerebellum, an irregular mass ex- ternally white, and internally cineritious, like the hemispheres, but often much more divided by exterior folds, is situated cross- wise behind the tubercula quadrigemina, and upon the medulla oblongata, with which it is connected by transverse fasciculi, which are called crura cerebelli, and which join it on either side of the pons Varolii, In these masses, so different and so com- plicated, it was necessary to seek the point from which irritation proceeded, and that at which sensation terminated ; it was necessary to ascertain their respective co- operation in the acts of the will; and this is what M. Flourens has especially la- boured to accomplish. He has examined, first, how high we must ascend to produce efficacious irrita- tions on the muscular system; and he has discovered a point at which these irritations -were powerless; then proceeding to the opposite side of the encephalus, he has irritated it more and more profoundly. so long as it did not act wpon the muscles ; and, when it began to act, he found himself again at the same place where its action had stopt in ascending. This is also the place at which the sensation of excitations directed against the nervous system stops; above it, punctures and wounds may be in- flicted, without causing pain. ‘Thus M. Flourens punctured the hemispheres, with- out producing either contraction in the muscles, or appearance of pain in the ani- mal; he removed them in successive lamin ; he performed the same operation on the cerebellum ; he took away, at the same time, the hemispheres.and the cerebellum. The animal remained impas- sive. The corpora striata and the optic thalumi were attacked and removed, with- out producing any other effects. ‘The iris was not even contracted in consequence, nor was it subsequently paralysed. But, when he punctured the fuhereula quadri- gemina, trembling and convulsions imme- diately took place, and increased in pro- Proceedings of Public Socielies. [April ty portion as he penetrated more deeply into the medulla oblongata, The pricking of these tubercula, or Of the optic nerve, produced acute and prolonged contractions of the iris. ~ M. Flourens concludes, (to nse his peen- liar language), that the medulla oblongata and the tubercula are irritable ; which in ours signifies that they are, like the spinal marrow and the nerves, conductors of irrita- tion ; but that neither the cerebrum nor the cerebellum has that property. The author concludes, also, that these tubercles form the continuation and the superior ternina- tion of the spinal marrow and the medulla oblongata ; and this conclusion is in perfect conformity with their relations and anato- mical connexions, Wounds of the cerebrum and cerebellum produce neither pain nor convulsions ; and, in ordinary language, we should thence pronounce that the cerebrum and cerebellum are insensible, But M. Flourens says, on the contrary, that these are the sensible parts of the nervous system; which only means, that they are the parts at which the impression received by the sensible organs must arrive, before the animal can experi- ence a sensation. ; M. Flourens appears to us to have com- pletely proved this proposition, as far as regards the senses of sight and hearing, When the cerebral lobe of an animal is removed on the one side, it no longer sees with the eye of the opposite side, althongh the iris of that eye preserves its mobility : when both lobes are removed, it becomes blind and deaf. The animal thus mutilated assumes -a torpid air; he neither himself originates any act of volition, nor performs any spon- taneous movement ; but when heis stricken or wounded, he exhibits all the appearance of an animal exercising its usual functions, In whatever position he is placed, he re- sumes his equilibrium: if he be laid on his back, he turns himself round again: if pushed, he moves onward: if the animal be a frog, it leaps on being touched ; if a bird,. it flies on being thrown up into the air ; it struggles when put to pain or inconveni- ence; and, if water is dropped into its beak, it swallows it. The animal removes himself from the cause of irritation, without any further in- tention; he has no memory, and will re- peatedly strike or stumble against the same obstacle: but this proves at most, to use the expression of M. Flourens, that the animal is ina state of sleep. Indeed he moves and acts precisely like a sleeping man; but we are far from believing that a man, ‘while asleep, who moves himself into the most convenient positions and attitudes, -is absolutely without sensations ; nor does it by any means follow, because his percep- ‘tion of them was indistinct, and beeause he has retained no recoljection of them, that | 1823.) that therefore he has not experienced them. . Hence, the cerebral lobes are the sole organs of sensation, or these lobes are the only receptacle in which the sensations of sight and hearing can be perfected, and become perceptible to the animal. They are also the receptacle in which the sensa- tions assume a distinct form, and leave du- sable impressions on the memory ; that ‘they are in fact the seat of memory, the faculty by which they furnish the animal with the materials of judgment. This conclusion, reduced to its exact and pro- per terms, would become the more proba- ble, since, beside the probability it derives from the structure of the cerebral lobes, and their connexions with the rest of the system, it is still further supported by a fact in comparative anatomy, that the intelligence of animals is constantly proportioned to the volume of these lobes. Having observed the effects of the abla- tion of what may be strictly called the brain, M. Flourens proceeds to examine those of the extirpation of the tubercula quadrigemina. ‘The excision of one of these tubercles, after a convulsive motion of short duration, produces a durable blind- ness of the eye on the opposite side, and an involuntary giddiness; that of both tubercles, renders the blindness more complete and the giddiness more violent and prolonged. ‘The animal, however, re- mains in possession of its other faculties, and the iris retains its contractility. The deep extirpation of the tubercle, or the section of the optic nerve, prodaces only paralysis of the iris; whence M. Flourens concludes, that the ablation of the tubercle has no other effect than would follow the section of the nerve; that the tubercle, therefore, is only a conductor of vision ; and that the cerebral lobe alone is the term of the sensation of sight, and the place in which it is completed, by being converted into a perception. He ob- serves, that, when the extirpation of the tubercles is too deeply performed, the medulla oblongata is aflected, and gives rise to violent and continued convuisions. The most curious and novel part of the experiments of M. Flourens seems to us to be that which concerns the functions of the cerebellume During the ablation of the first lamin, he observed nothing more than a slight weakness, and a want of connexion in the motions of the animal, When the middle lamine were removed, a nearly general agitation was manifested. ‘The anjmal, though still seeing and hearing, performed motions only in an uncertain and hasty manner. Its faculty of flying, walking, and retaining the erect posture, was gradu- ally lost. When the cerebellum was re- moved altogether, the faculty of perform- ing regulated motions entirely ceased, Powers of the Brain developed. 247 Placed upon its back, the animal no longer turned itself: it nevertheless perceived the blow with which it was menaced ; it heard cries, and endeavoured to avoid danger by a thousand fruitless efforts :'in a word, it retained its faculties of sensation and voli- tion, but had lost the power of producing voluntary muscular contractions. It was scarcely able to keep its erect position, by supporting itself with its wings and tail. ‘the extirpation of the brain had pro- duced a state of sleep; the excision of the cerebellum produced one of in- toxication. “It is astonishing,” says M. Flourens, “to observe the pigeon losing by degrees, as its cerebellum is removed, the faculty of flying ; then, that of walking; and, lastly, that of holding itself in the upright posture —and this, also, is only gradually lost. The animal begins to be incapable of re- maining erect upon its legs; then its feet become unable to sustain it. At last every fixed position becomes impossible: it makes incredible efforts to attain some particular posture, without being able to accomplish it ; and yet, when exhausted by fatigue, itseems desirous of obtaining some repose, its senses are so clear, that the least gesture of the operator produces a re- commencement of its contortions, withont the slightest convulsive motion, so long as the tubercula or the medulla oblonguta re- main uninjured.” We are not aware that any physiologist has hitherto produced any experiments which exhibited the slightest resemblance to these singu!ar phenomena. Experi- ments on the cerebellum of quadrupeds, especially if adult, are extremely difficult, on account of the thick bony parietes which it is necessary to remove, and the large vessels which are unavoidably opened, Besides, most experimenters have conducted their operations accord- ing to some established system, and have been too apt to find that which they wished to discover; and, assuredly, none have hitherto surmised that the organ which balanccs and regulates the motions of progres- sion, was the cerebellum. ‘Theintegrity of the cerebrum is, therefore, indispensable for the exercise of sight and hearing: when they are destroyed, the will is no longer manifested by acts of spontaneous volition. Nevertheless, if the animal be excited from withont, it exe- cutes regular acts of locomotion, as if en- deavouring to avoid the immediate pain and inconvenience. But these motions are inadequate to the end; very probably because the memory, which disappeared with the removal of the lobes which seem to be its seat, no longer supplies the basis or elements of judgment. For the same reason, these motions are followed by no decisive result; because the impression which prodneed them leaves no trace ve the » 218 the memory, nor’ excites any durable volition. 4 The integrity of the cerebellum is neces- sary for the regularity of acts of locomo- tion. While the brain is entire, the ani- mal will see, hear, and exhibit marked and decisive symptoms of volition; but, if the cerebellum be destroyed, he will be unable to preserve the equilibrium requisite for the performance of locomotion. _Isritability will, however, subsist for a considerable time in the remaining parts of the body, without the intervention of the cerebrum or cerebellum. Every irrita- tien of a nerve produces action in the muscles to which it is distributed: every irritation of the spinal marrow produces action in the members and parts below the irritated point. The faculty of propagating irritation on the one hand, and receiving pain on the other, is altogether confined to the superior part of the medulla oblongata : viz. the part at which the iubercula quadrigemina adhere to it. This is the pluce whither all sensa- tions must arrive, in order to become percep- tions : this is the place whence all the orders of the will must necessarily depart: hence the continuity of the nervous organ from this place to the particular parts concerned, is necessary for the execution of spontaneous motion, and for the perception of impres- sions, whether internal or external, ———_ BRITISH INSTITUTION. In our notice of the present exhibi- tion at the British Gallery, desirous as we are of devoting a particular at- tention to every work of talent, we feel ourselves called upon, (urged by our limited space, as well as by justice to those who have contributed original pictures,) to pass over, in a more cur- sory manner than we could have Wished, many which have been previ- ously exhibited at the Royal Academy. Amongst the most attractive of these, will be found those of Briggs; Cooper, R.A; Pickersgill; A. Constable; A. Dighton; Hofland; Howard, R.A; Stephanoff; Witherington; and, though last, not Jeast, that triumphant boast of British genius, Bailey’s ‘‘ Eve.” -(No. 1.) A Groupe of Cattle; J. Ward, R.A. It will not be too much to say, tliat this is the finest picture in is class of the British school, in splen- dour of colour, vigour of execution, and powerful resemblance, toits great original, nature.—(5.) Landscape; J. Stark. A sweet specimen of this favourite artist.—(9.) A Banditti Chief asleep, §c. This forms onc of a series of exquisite pictures by an English arlist, now in Rome, Mr. Eastlake. Proceedings of Public Societies. [April 1, They are replete with sentiment, beautiful colour, and execution.—(14.) Cottage Children, §c.; J. Burnett. Rich and transparent.—(16.) A Girl at her Devotions; G.S. Newton. Not so happy a subject as some of Mr. New- ton’s former pictures.—(11.) Scene on the Beach at Hastings ; Miss Landseer. Very bright and true to nature.—(21.) Interior of the Gallery at Castle Howard ; J. Jackson, R.A. An admirable speci- men of a powerful feeling for colour applied to a subject comparatively trifling. Itis brilliant and transparent as a diamond.—(23.) Landscape from Nature; F. R. Lee. Full of trath.—_ (42.) Coronation Banquet ; G. Jones, A. A splendid representation of that magnificent festival. Not the easiest subject in the world to manage, but displaying great knowledge and power in the artist.—(49.) Morning after « Storm, a Scene near Linton on the North Devon Coast ; W. Linton. This is, in- deed, a splendid landscape, full of genius, truth, and nature. It displays a strong feeling for colour, the execu- tion is masterly, and we do notremem- ber to have ever seen a happier blend- ing of poetical fancy, with a strict ad- herence to the sobriety and truth of nature.—(275.) A View from Lord Northwick’s Villa at Harrow, by the same artist, is also well composed and richly coloured.—(52.) Cottages at Eshing, Surry ; C. R. Stanley. This, and 57, and 65, are very creditable to this improving artist.—(56.) Scene on the Flemish Coast; J. Wilson. Mr. Wilson has talent enough to trust to nature, and let Vandervelde alone; besides, opacity and slatiness do not belong to either. —(64.) Othello, Act. 3. Se. 3.; H. P. Briggs. ‘There is a fine matronly character in the principal female, but surely it is not Desdemona? —(66.) Death of the Woodcock ; B. Land- seer. This delightful artist has a few highly-finished pictures this year, but not of so commanding or energetic a quality as we were led to expect from his picture of the mountain-dogs dis- covering a lost traveller in the snow. The most beautiful execution, and perfect resemblance of animal and still life, will never compensate for the ab- sence of sentiment and originality, Mere portraits of greyhounds, terriers, &ec. however faithful to nature, as works of fine art, mean nothing. They do not elevate or excite the feelings like the magnificent boar hunts, &c. of Rubens and Snyders, The ‘‘vivide vis 1823.] ‘vis animi”? is wanting ; and, without it, such pictures cannot rank among works of intellect.—(80 and 87.) T. Barker’s interesting Pictures of Italian Peasantry.—(94 and 145.) T. Stew- ardson. Why does not this artist let works of fancy alone, unless he could prevail upon a more polished muse to attend him in his rambles ? “To portrait fly, and flatter into fame.” but do not defile the regions of poetry with such unhallowed footsteps.—{95.) A View on Taunton Marsh; F. R.-Lee. A charming picture.—(120.) Cupid and his Darling; W. Etty.- A deli- cious cabinet picture.—(120.) Adam and Eve in Paradise ; J. Martin. We should have thought it impossible, for an artist of Mr. Martin’s talent and industry, to produce a picture so ut- terly bad as this. Although we saw the folly and absurdity of the eulogi- ums which were heaped upon him by his ultra-admirers, yet we never consi- dered him deserving of ihe unmingled reprobation which he received from others. But, we confess, that this picture has shaken the opinion which we previously entertained, that Mr. Martin was not without genius. In conception, it is vulgar and unnatural ; in colour, extravagant and offensive: and, if intended to illustrate any part of Milton’s immortal poem, it can only be that in which he describes the Limbo of Vanity peopled with “ Embrios and idiots, eremites and friars, Black, white, and grey, with all their trumpery.” (129.) The Toilet deranged; J. Harri- son. A cleyer picture, but too large for the subject.—(133.) Fishing Boats; J. Wilson. A sweet silvery picture, not a little aided by the huge mass of gaudy vulgarity near it.—(150.) Re- becea unveiling ; J. Graham. A good picture.—(156.) The Escape of the Mouse; 3. Burnett. A well-told tale, and cleverly coloured.—(161.) Boy and Donkey; E. Landseer, An ex- quisite performance.—(164.) Portico of a Pavilion near the Lake of Geneva; Jont Blanc in the distance. Quite a gem: an elegant representation of an enchanting scene.—(168.) Windsor Castle ;'T. C. Hofland. A sweetrepo- sive little picture.—(187.) Knaresbo- rough ; by the same artist. Clear and harmonious: full of good taste and Monrury Mac. No, 380. Proceedings of Public Societies. 249 fine fancy.—(174.) A Market Place at Orleans ; Geo. Jones, A. Brilliant and natural.—(186.) Cheerfulness ; Mrs. W. Carpenter. A beautiful head by this accomplished artist.—(188.) The New Road to Matrimony ; W.Ingalton. In tone, very transparent; in subject, somewhat ambiguous.—(192.) Sun- ning, Berks; P. Nasmyth. One of three clever pictures by this admired artist.—(201.) A popular Actor; J. Jackson, R.A. A very vulgar picture, by a very clever artist—(205.) The Vision of Zechariah; W. Brockedon. Mr. B.’s trip to Italy has been of great service to him. This picture breathes the spirit of Michzl-Angelo in gran- deur of design, and a high poetic ar- dour of imagination.—(231.) Forest Scene ; B. Barker. Well composed and painted: too dingy in colour.— (246.) The Death of Moses ; E. Chat- field. A promising historical effort: the angels have much sweetness, and compose well.—(249.) Belinda at her Toilet ; Fradelli. A delightful cabinet picture: had there been less of the modern French school in its execution, we should haye. liked it better.—(250.) Battle of Naseby; A. Cooper, R.A. The figures vigorous and spirited: the sky too marbly aud pinky.—(271.) Interior of a Farrier’s Shop ; W. Kidd. A brilliant eifect of fire-light.—(278.) A Maniae visited by his Children; J. P. Davis. An historical picture of much promise; grand in tone, and powerful in expression. The principal female is ill drawn; the maniac stony ; the light a spot; and the choice of subject. un- gracious.—(280.) Interior, with Game ; B. Blake. An exquisitely painted picture.—(294.) Mereury and Argus; Cristall. Classical and elegant, full of that exquisite taste and refine- ment of mind which this artist shows in all his productions —(309.) The two Marys ; J.J. Halls. Were we not cer- tain that the directors suffered this wretched attempt at the grand style to be exhibited, from the best of mo- tives, we should have entered our solemn protest against their taste and judgment. As it is, we must dismiss it as a sad memorial of mistaken vanity. —(310 and 318.); R. Farrier. An interesting pair of pictures, deserving of better situations.—(331.) Nelson; C. Rossi, k.A. An admirable bust of our great naval hero. Kk NEW [ 250 ] _ (April 1, NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN MARCH: WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. —— Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month. —f— ‘E have great pleasure in announc- ing the publication of the second volume of Specimens of the Russian Poets, with Introductory Remarks, by Mr. Bowrinc. The very favourable recep- tion experienced by the first part of these elegant translations will, we feel confi- dent, be extended to the present volume, in which we find much to praise and to admire. A considerable portion of the specimens here adduced, is of a martial character, and seems to have been elicited hy the last conflict between France and Russia, which roused in the latter coun- try, and indeefl throughout the whole eontinent, a high spirit of poetry, and a concomitant patriotic sentiment, the ef- fects of which are yet to be seen. Our readers will feel additional interest in this volume, when they are informed, that it was written during the author’s confine- Ment in the prison of Boulogne, and formed his only consolation during his long and unjust detention, The cireum- stances attending that iniquitous trans- action have been detailed by Mr. Bowring, in aseparate pamphlet. By the fortitude and ability displayed by him in that affair, he has secured to himself the sympathy and applause of his country, and covered his oppressors with merited disgrace. We warmly recommend to our readers the ‘perusal of both these works, in which they will find equal reason to admire the literary taste, and to esteem the personal character and patriotic sentiments, of the able author. Since the notice of the Encyclopedia of Antiquities, which appeared in a former umber, we have perused two more parts of this work, and are disposed to think even more favourably of it than before. The account of the ancieut architecture of the Britons is, in particular, an article of great talent. The illustrations which accompany this book, though neither nu- merous nor of a very superior kind, are well selected in their subjects. On the whole, the work certainly promises to be a_complete:and concise body of antiqua- rian knowledge, for the reference of the learned archeologist, as well as for the instruction of students. An architectural work, which is highly deserving of attention, has lately been ‘commenced under the title of, A Series of Views of the most Interesting Remains of the Ancient Castles in England and Wales. The attention of the public has, till of late years, been little directed to the subject of ancient English architecture, Sir Chris- topher Wren, in his writings, has evinced for it the most profound contempt, and has, indeed, endeavoured to brand it with a barbarous designation, in giving it the title of Gothic, by which it is now ge- nerally distinguished. He only succeeded so far as to inspire feelings of grandeur and sublimity, by a term, which before signified all that was barbarons and void of taste. If, however, we examine the buildings of that great man in this style of architecture, we shall have the consolation of perceiving that his contempt for it was only succeeded by his perfect ignorance of its rules and its beauties. The ancient castles which now remain in existence, are especially calculated to excite us to study their architectural rules. This work will present, in a series of beautiful engravings, all the most important military remains in the kingdom, accompanied by a short historical account and description, con- taining the principal information requi- site for a student; and also illustrated, in some instances, by a ground plan of the building in its original state, which every archeologist will know to be of the ut- most utility in assisting bis studies. The three first numbers now before us, are, in point of beauty, all that the most fasti- dious critic can desire. To those whose time hangs heavy upon their hands we can recommend a lively volume which has lately appeared under the title of, The Lucubrations of Humphrey Ravelin, esq. late Major in the Re- giment of Infantry, and which is’ well calculated to amuse an idle hour. The author appears, bona fide, to have been a military man, and likewise to have seen some service. In his delineation of man- ners he is clever and acate, and his style is pleasant and easy. A few episodes are introduced, which are written with con- siderable feeling. In two or three in- stances, however, we feel inclined to differ from the author: we are rather sceptical as to the propriety of the high eulogiums on Sir Thomas Picton, and we do not like the spirit in which the chapter headed “Charity,” is written. Upon the whole, however, the volume is well worth a perusal. In “‘ Love,’ a poem, by E.. Ettiortr, we recognise the efforts of a strong and feeling mind, possessed of yery consider- able poetical powers. There is a life and vigour in the verse, which we do not often meet with in this kind of composition, and some of his episodes are told with much pathos and effect. We could have page that 1823.] that Mr. Elliott had confined himself to this style of writing, upon which we can honestly bestow our praise, with but’ small qualification. But he has injudi- ciously included in his volume, a very violent and unfounded attack upon Lord Byron, written, certainly not without force; but, at the same time, without any regard to justice. Censure, or rather abuse, like this, can neither injure Lord Byron, nor confer any honour on the satirist. With respect to the observations of Mr. Elliott, on the praise with which Lord Byron’s works have been mentioned in this Magazine, we can safely refer to the different articles which have appeared on that subject, to prove that we have never been slow to reprehend his errors, and to point out his defects. Whatever weight Mr. Elliott may be disposed to allow to our critical decisions, we have at ‘east the consolation of feeling that they are given with impartiality; a quality which we strongly recommend to the cul- tivation of Mr. Elliott, in the exercise of his satirical talents. But we must reite- rate our positive opinion, that the style and spirit of the Giaour, and of the notes appended to it, are such as no unpre- judiced person will tolerate or defend. We have much pleasure in recommend- ing to our readers, Cottage Biography, by Mrs, LEADBEATER, a correspondent of Edmund Burke, and already advantage- ously known by her Coltage Dialogues. It is a collection of lives of some of the Irish peasantry, known to her personally ; and, whose huinble adventures and peculiarities, she details with that interest and feeling for which the Society of Friends are dis- tinguished. Her object is to. give a more just idea of a class of people, “ whose faults are much,\ whose virtues are little, known;” and for whom the people of England, much as they have lately done, would do still more, had they any opportu- nity of estimating their better qualities. These, unhappily, die on the spot which gave them birth, while their criminal ex- cesses are blazoned to the world. We hail the present attempt to set them right with their neighbours, as a work both of justice and philanthropy. | It is of infinite advantage to all divisions of the kingdom, that each should know the other tho- roughly. ‘The ignorance respecting Ire- Jand is very great; of all descriptions of Irish sociely, still greater ; and, that of the lower classes, greatest of all. The in- stances of the ruder virtues among them, of attachment, generosity, fidelity, and de- votion, both to their superiors and to each other, would astonish the English visitor, thongh too common to excite peculiar no- lice among themselves. But their minds being wholly undisciplined, and destitute of the lights of education and moral infor- mation, the same ardour that prompts Literary and Critical Proémium. 251 them to a great effort of good, may, when - improperly directed, produce the extreme of evil. This little volume has another recommendation in its modesty, the matter of an octavo volume being com- prised ina three and sixpenny duodecimo. Many of our readers must be familiar with Dr. Amory’s celebrated work, the adventures of Jolin Buncle, a production full of thought, learning, and singularity. The long disquisitions into which the doc- tor has compelled his hero to enter upon a variety of the most knotty points, have terrified many readers from the perusal of Buncle ; and it is to suit the taste of such persons, that a little volume has just been published, entitled, The Spirit of Buncle, in which the entertaining part of his ad- ventures alone is extracted. The editor has thus rendered a considerable service. to the mere novel reader, and to those who are in search of amusement only, which they may be assured they will find in the pages of this abridgment; but, for our own parts, we value Buncle’s speculations too highly to part willingly with any por- tion of them, The distinctive character of the work, its Unitarian tendency, from which it has sometimes been called an Unitarian Romance, is entirely lost in the present volume; in which, perhaps, a little of the singular disquisition with which the original abounds, might have been inserted without, in any degree, wearying the reader. One of the most amusing books which has for some time fallen under our notice, has been lately published under the title of High-Ways and By-Ways, or Tales of tie Road. side, picked up in the French Pro- vinces by a Walking Gentleman. It professes to be written by a friend of Washington Irving, the well-known author of ‘“‘ The Sketch Book,” to whom itis dedi- cated. Though this work cannot be com- pared to the writings of that gentleman, in harmony of style, and in masterly deli- neations of nature, yet it possesses merit abundantly sufficient to entitle it to high commendation. The introductory chap- ter, on the advantages possessed by a walking tourist, is particularly spirited and amusing; and, we doubt not, will: induce many to make an experiment of that independent and delightful mode of travelling. This work principally consists of four tales, which are introduced by a detail cf the manner in which they came into the author’s hands. This introduction always possesses great novelty and inter- est. The second tale ‘‘ The Exile of the Landes,” is interwoven with his own ad-, ventures ; and is thus rendered, in our opinion, much the most interesting. The author’s talents are displayed to advantage in the opening part of this tale, where he descries some of the peasants walking on their enormous. stilts, Although he has every 252 every-where described the characters he meets with, in the most natural manner; yet, in this tale, they possess the advan- tage of peculiar novelty, as well as of in- terest, from the situations in which they are placed. The work is interspersed with poetry of no ordinary merit. After sin- cerely recommending our readers to pe- ruse the work, and judge for themselves, we shall present them with the following specimen : Song of the Landes. The moonlight, through the branching pine; Floats o’er the sands with silver streak; How like the chasten’d beam, that shines Through dark-fring’d lids, on beauty’s cheek, When timid glances trembling steal From thy bright eyes, mine own Cazille! As o’er the desert-stream’s smooth breast The nigh-winds from the forest shed Light leaves, to break the waters rest, t vibrates in its deepest bed,— So doth my thrilling bosom feel Thy soft-breath’d words, mine own Cazille! I see thee not, but thou art here! Even us Heaven’s lamp, obscur’d awhile, Still lights the desert far and near, Through sorrow’s cloud, thy meliow smile Makes life’s dull waste bright spots reveal, And lights on me, mine own Cazille! Mr. CaasBeE has completed his Techno- logical Dictionury, and has thereby ren- dered a valuable and acceptable service to the literature of the country, Nothing has been more wanted by students, and readers in general, than a complete alpha- bet of the technical language of all the aciences, and such a task Mr. Crabbe has ably and honestly performed. Nor is the work’a mere dull glossary ; for he has ap- pended to his definitions, such other expla- nations, as render the work a succinct ge- neral Cyclopedia. We recommend it as a necessary companion to Johnson’s Dicti- onary; and hope to see abridgments of it in all the various forms in which Johnson is presented to the world. We cannot refuse ourselves the plea- sure of recommending to the public notice a little volume, whose humble pretensions and unassuming form might easily be over- looked. It consists of a small collection of sonnets, entitled Blossoms, by RoBERT MILLHOUSE, with prefatory remarks on his humble station, distinguished genius, and moral character, by the Rev. Luke Booker, LL.p. Upon these points, the testimony borne by the worthy editor is highly satisfactory, and it gives us sincere pleasure to find such able and friendly assistance afforded to the author, in his exertion of those poetical talents with which he is certainly not meanly endowed, The somets are written with much sim- plicity and pathos, and bear the impres- sion of a sensitive, honourable, and virtu- ous mind. A sufficient passport to public approbation will be found in the intrinsic merit of these little compositions ; but we must not withhold a further appeal, made with warmth by the editor, and we trust not unsuccessfully, on behalf of the inge- Literary and Critical Proémium. [April t, nidus poet, “that, liis pressing temporal wants form an additional plea, which will ‘be admitted by the Christian as well as the scholar.” ; A collection of the Poems of Miss HE- LEN Maria Wit.tAms has recently been published, containing the pieces which have before been given to the world, with several, which are now for tle first time printed. The reputation which Miss Williams has long enjoyed in the world, and which she has merited by her numer- ous and ardent exertions in the cause of letters and of freedom, will receive a per- manent addition from the union of her fu- gitive productions in the present volume. Tt would, perhaps, be going too far, to say that the poetry we here find is of a very superior order; and we must be content- ed, perhaps, to regard this lady as an ele- gant versifier and a forcible prose writer. Prefixed to tae volume, we find some very interesting remarks on the present state of science and literature in France, a subject on which the writer is extremely well qua- lified to judge, and on which her opinions must meet with the greatest respect. She repels with warmth the charge, that let- ters, and,.in particular, poetry, areata low ebb in France; and she maintains that the great events of the revolution have given a strong impulse to the genius of that people, and a new and more favourable character to its literary exertions. With the old regime, she considers that they have discarded much of the art and cere- monial of composition, and attached them- selves to a bolder and more natural style of sentiment and expression.. The picture which she draws of the state of moral feel- ing and intellectual refinement in that country is highly satisfactory; and, amongst other pleasing suggestions, leads us to be- lieve that its inhabitants cannot possibly be converted into instruments for extin- guishing, in. other lands, those free princi- ples, and that cultivation of mind, which they so carefully cherish at home. The Rev. S. Barrow has adapted the Bible to the use of schools, by judiciously selecting the whole of the narrative parts, and printing them ina large type, in the very language of the English Scriptures. The work is enhanced in interest by 120 engravings, and it cannot fail to become a standard and universal school-book. The voice of universal applause and ad- miration, echoed through the whole coun- try, has long anticipated any judgment which we might pronounce upon the Speech of Mr. Brougham on the Spanish Question, which has been printed in a se- parate form, and is circulating with great and deserved rapidity. The principal strength of this eloquent appeal consists in the fact, that it is not the private opi- nion of an individual, however able and eminent, which is there enforced ; but that it 1823.] it is rather a great pnblic manifesto, fully charged with the genuine public sentiment, and reflecting back upon the mind of every one the suggestions of his own rea- son, with an increase of beauty and force, equally gratifying and irresistible. It is, truly, a statement which admits of no re- ply, nor do we hear of one dissentient voice to the truth of its leading arguments. The government and the people; the crown, the aristocracy, and the body of the nation, through all degrees and capa- cities, have upon this head one only com- mon feeling. If there be men so unwor- thy of the name and the privileges of Eng- lishmen, as to entertain a secret wish for the subjugation of Spanish liberty, they prudently confine the atrocious sentiment to their own bosoms. But the time is now arrived, and it has been hastened by the apparently insane conduct of the des- pots of Verona, when England must make her choice of good and evil, and determine for ever her line of policy. The point at issne is, whether we are to league with the old despotisms for the destruction of free- dom, or whether we are to espouse the ad- vancing cause of representative, limited, and constitutional, government. The an- swer of the nation has been already loudly and unequivocally given. That of the admi- nistration seems, for the present, suspend- ed. Negociations are probably going on, which may excuse the silence of both par- ties in the House, since the night of Mr. Brougham’s memorable oration. But our confidence in the weight of public opinion is such, that we doubt not the ministers will answer the general expectation. Spain and Portugal must be protected; and, if the arm of Great Britain be extend- ed in their defence, or even if her voice be seriously raised in their favour, they will be placed far beyond the reach of their holy and allied enemies. It is obvi- ous to what a crisis the question has ar- rived; and we may add that it is equally obvious what its decision must be, when we find principles gravely propounded in the declarations of great powers, which we should think it almost impossible for even an idiot to utter, without a smile at their folly, or a blush for their wickedness. The monstrous doctrine which the Holy Alliance .is endeavouring to force upon mankind, that no change in the constitu- tion and form of government of any coun- try cau or shall be permitted, which does not proceed from the free concession of an absolute sovereign, needs but little com- ment. ‘the object of their infamous league is now fully apparent; nor can there exist the slightest doubt as to the issue of their experiment. The common sense, the common rights, and the common interests, of mankind, combine in an alli- ance, truly holy, against them ; and, if their most wicked and unprovoked project 2 ‘Literary and Critical Proémium. 253 against Spain be carried into effect, we trust that from that country they will first receive the blow which shall dissolve their confederation, and sever the ignominious chain with which they would bind the world. We have, on a former occasion, made favourable mention of a small topographi- cal work, written by the Rev. G. N. WRIGHT; and it is with much pleasure that we now advert to a new publication by the same author, in no respect inferior to that volume. It is entitled, a Guide to the County of Wicklow, and is illustrated by engravings after the designs of George Petrie, esq. with a large map of the coun- ty. Works of this nature are very gene- rally dry and uninteresting ; but, with such elegance does Mr. Wright describe the beautiful scenery, and the curiosities, both natural and artificial, of the districts upon which he treats, that his volumes cannot be perused without exciting feelings of interest and pleasure. These are by no means lessened by the beautiful drawings which accompany the text. If it should _ever be our fortune to visit this romantic country,: we could wish for no better guide than this little volume to accom- pany us. So well are we acquainted with most parts of the globe, that we do not often receive much original information respect- ing the curiosities and topography of the countries which are visited by our travel- lers, through their numerous journals, which are so constantly issuing from the press. We cannot recommend any of our readers to peruse Notes during a Visit, to Egypt, Nubia, the Oasis, Mount Sinai, and Jerusalem, by Str FRepERIcK HeEnN- NIKER, bart. with that view ; but, if they wish for amusement, and for a knowledge of the manners of the provinces through which the worthy baronet passed, they may derive much of these from his per- sonal adventures. He gives us an account of his varions successes at his favourite sport of shooting, of his many dangers, and complains bitterly of the number of dogs by which he was every-where tor- mented ; nor does he omit to inform us of his “ delightful” intrigues with a native woman, of dark colour. Such are the , principal subjects of his volume, and his Style is exactly suited to them. Those who peruse it will derive much entertain- ment from the pleasant manner in which the various incidents are narrated ; but we will not undertake to promise them any more substantial advantage. Amongst the numerous dramatic at- tempts of the present day, we may distin- guish, as entitled in many respects to our warm commendation, the Bride’s Tragedy, by 5. L. Beppoxs, of Pembroke College, Oxford. It is characterised by a highly poetical cast of imagery and diction, which, 254 which, while it gratifies the reader, ren- ders the work unsuitable to the stage. The scenes, indeed, possess none of that active interest, nor is the dialogue sustain- ed with that brevity and vigour, which are necessary to ensure success in the re- presentation. We find, however, ample amends for these deficiencies in the lively and glowing fancy, which runs almost. into wildness, and indicates the yet unpruned genius of this youthful author. This qua- lity predominates so much in his composi- tion, as to give it the character rather of a romantic play than of a regular tragedy, The plot is perfectly simple; and, although turning upon incidents sufficiently striking and affecting, and worked up occasionally with great strength of feeling, is princi- pally to be commended as the vehicle of much beautiful poetry. ‘Thee is so much promise in this early effort of Mr. Beddoes’s muse, that we shall look forward with confidence and pleasure to future productions; and we think we can per- ceive in his * Bride’s Tragedy” a copious and original store both of thought and ex- pression, which is not likely to leave our wishes in this respect ungratified. ite eee ARCHZOLOGY,. An Account of some recent Discoveries, Hieroglyphical Literature, and Egyptian Antiquities, &c.; by ‘Thomas Young, M.D. 8vo. 7s, 6d. Cyclopedia of Antiquities. Parts IT. and III, 4to. 5s. each. Parts I. II. and ILI. of a Series of Views of the most interesting Remains of Ancient Castles. 4s. each. ‘Transactions of the Society of Antiqua- ries of Scotland. Vol. If. Part. II. 4to. 21, 2s. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Setchell’s Catalogue of Pamphlets for 18235, 13. Supplement to John Cuthell's Catalogue of Old Books. 2s. 6d. Part II. of Isaac Wilson’s Catalogue of Books, new and second hand... 1s. 6d. BIOGRAPHY. Memoirs of the Life and Works of Sir Christopher Wren; by James Elmes, architect. 4to. 31. 3s. Count Las Casas’ Journal. and IV. Parts IIT. BOTANY. The British FlowerGarden, No.T. 3s. The Botanical Register: the designs from Living Plants; by Sydenham Edwards, F.L.s. 21. 9s. Geranacez : or a History of the Beauti- ful Family of Geraniums; by R. Sweet. F.L.s. Wol. I, 31. 16s. Treatise on Bulbous Roots ; by the Hon. and Rey. W. Herbert, coloured plates. 5s. CHRONOLOGY. An Epitome of Chronology, from the List of New Publications in March. (April 1, Creation to the Present Period; by E. Maydwell. 12mo. 5s. 6d. - CLASSICS. Sophocles, in English Prose, literally from the Text of -Brunck, with Notes. Vol. I. 8vo. 8s. 6d. DRAMA. Shakspeare’s Plays, with Notes, by Chalmers. 8 vol. 8vo. 3]. 1¥s.: ten pocket vols. 11. 10s. ; or the same on royal paper, in 10 vol. 2l. ‘The Cause of the Greeks, a Play in Five Acts; by George Burgess, A.M. 6s. The Earl of Ross, a Tragedy in Five Acts. 3s. 6d. Julian, a Tragedy ; by Miss M. R. Mit- ford. 8Vvo. 5s, EDUCATION. History and Manual of Mutual Instruc- tion and Moral Discipline, or Instructions for Conducting Schools through the Agency of the Scholars themselves ; by the Rev. Andrew Bell, D.p. ; Lives of Learned and Eminent Men, adapted to the use of Children. 2 vol. 5s. FINE ARTS. A Portrait of Washington Irving, with Ten Plates to illustrate the Sketch Book, and Knickerbocker’s New York. 8Vvo. 1], 11s. 6d. Paris and its Environs; by F. Nash. 2 vols. 4to, 8l. HISTORY, The Naval History of Great Britain, from 1783 to 1822; by E. P. Brenton, esq. 2 vol. 8vo. il. 12s, Burnett’s History of his own Times, new edit. 6 vol, 8vo. gl, 11s. Remarks on Col. Stewart's Sketches of the Highlanders. 8vo. 2s, LAW. An Essay on Criminal Laws ; by Andrew Green, LL.B. 18mo. 1s, 6d. ~ MATHEMATICS. A System of Algebraic Geometry ; by the Rey. Dionysins Lardner. Vol. I. 8vo. 18s. Elements of Practical Mechanics; by Guiseppe Venturoli. 8vo. 8s. : MEDICINE. A Letter to Lord Liverpool on the Present State of Vaccination ; by Thomas Brown, surgeon. 8vo. 4s. Practical Observations on Fever, Dysen- tery, and Liver Complaints ; with an Essay on Syphilis; by George Ballinghall, m.p. 8vo. 9s. Reply to Annotations on Dr. Macin- tosh’s Treatise on Puerperal Fever, by Mr. Moir, surgeon; and to Letters by Dr. James Hamilton, jun.; by John Macin- tosh, M.D. 8vo. 2s. ° MISCELLANIES. A Series of Groups, illustrating the Physiognomy, Manners, and Character of the People of France and Germany; by George 1823.] George Lewis, 8vo. 31.3s. Medium 4to. 31. 158. or proofs on royal 4to. 41, 14s. 6d. Bases for the Formation of Literary Societies, 12mo. 1s. Major’s Edition of Walton and Cotton’s Angler. Feap. 8vo. 18s. Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. VIII. 4to. 21s, The Inquirer. No. IIT. 8vo. 4s. _ Part 40, Percy Anecdotes—Domestic Life. 2s. 6d. Frugal and Economical Cookery, 1s. 6d. sewed, or 2s. boards. A Letter to the Chairman of the Parlia- mentary Committee on the New London Bridge. 1s. The First Sitting of the Committee on the proposed Monument to Shakspeare. 2s. 6d. Somatopsychonoologia, being an Exa- Mination of the Controversy concerning Life, carried on by Laurence, Abernethy, Rennell, and others. 8vo. Details of the Arrest, Imprisonment, and Liberation, of Mr. Bowring, by the Bourbon Government. 8vo. 5s. Henderson’s Observations on the Ware- housing Bill. g8vo. 2s. Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield, Essays, and Poems, with prefatory Remarks, by John M‘Diarmid. 24mo. 5s. NATURAL HISTORY. The Linnean System of Conchology, with 36 plates; by John Mawe. 2is, plain, or 91. 12s. 6d. coloured. NOVELS, TALES, AND ROMANCES, Other Times, or the Monks of Leaden- hall. A Romance. 3 vol. 12mo. 21s. Logan, a Family History. 4 12mo. 24s, The Pioneers, or the Sources of Suse- quehanna. 3 vol. 12mo. 18s. Anecdotes of the Spanish and Portu- guese Revolutions; by Count Pecchio. 8vo. 7s. 6d. : Whittingham’s Pocket Novelists, vols. IX, X, and XI.; containing Tom Jones, by Fielding. 9s. The Spy, a Tale of the Neutral Ground; by Mr. Cooper. 3 vols. 12mo. 183. Essays, Descriptive and Moral, on Scenes in Italy, Switzerland, and France ; by an American. 8vo. 8s. Ada Reis, a Tale. 3 vol. fcap. 8vo. 15s. The Pleasures of Friendship. A Tale, 12mo. 5s. Rassela Principe d’Abissinia, tradotto dall Inglese del Signor Dottor Johnson. 12mo. 6s. 6d. German Popular Stories: 2nd edition, with 12 plates, drawn and engraved by G. Cruikshank. 7s. Isabel de Bersus, a Tradition of the Twelfth Century. 3 vols. 18s, Modes of Life, or Town and Country, 3S yol. 12mo. 183. Part vol, List of New Publications in March. 255 A Sketch of her own Circle, by Miss Russell. 4 vol. 12mo. 24s, The Spirit of Anecdote and Wit; by John Seward, esq. 4 vol. 18mo. 16s. An Alpine Tale, suggested by some cir- cumstances which occurred at the close of the last Century, with-numerous Notes, illustrative and characteristic. 2 vols. 12mo. Christmas Stories: containing John Wildgoose, the Poacher; the Smuggler ; and Good Nature, or Parish Matters, 12mo., 3s. Trials of Margaret Lindsay; by the author of Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Two Broken Hearts, a Tale. Shere’ Afkuse, the first Husband of Nourmahal, a Legend of Hindoostan; by T. R. Plouché. POETRY. A Sabbath among the Mountains: 8vo. 2s. The Proud Shepherd’s Tragedy. A Scenic Poem in 18 Scenes. Edited by J. Downes. 8vo. 9s. The Fudge Family in England. 7s. Natura Rerum; or the Nature of Things ; by A. Dunderpate. Sacred Leisure ; or Poems on Religious Subjects; by the Rev. F. Hodgson, fcap. 8vo. 6s. The Maid’s Revenge, and other Poems ; by Cheviot Ticheburn. évo. Specimen’s of the Russian Poets; by John Bowring, esq. Vol. If. 12mo, 8s. An Elegy to the Memory of the late Rey. Henry Martyn, with smaller pieces by John Lawson, missionary at Calcutta, author of Orients Harping, and Women in India. Feap. 8vo. Miscellaneous Pieces J. Merry. 12mo. 4s. The Golden Age, or England in 1822- 23, in an Epistle toa Friend Abroad. 8vo. The Voice of the Vandois, or the Maniac of the Vallies. 8yo. POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. An Historical Sketch of the Interna- tional Policy of Modern Europe; by the Hon. F. Eden. 8vo. 15s. A Letter to the Freeholders of Surrey on the Agricultural Distress; by P, Mauglés. 1s. 6d. Outlines of a System of Political Eco- vomy; by T. Joplin. 1 vol. 8vo. 12s. Errors in our Funding System, with the Mode of Reviewing them; by Jolin Brickwood. 1s. Observations on the Effect produced by the Expenditure of Government during the Restriction of Cash Payments ; by W. Blake, esq. F.R.s. 8vo0. 48. A Letter to Lord Archibald Hamilton, on Alterations in the Value of Money. 8vo. The Orange System exposed, and the Orange Societies proved to be unconstitu- tionaland illegal, 3s. 6d. in Verse; by Impartial 256 Impartial and Philosophical Strictures on Parliamentary Reform, &c. 8vo. 3s. Some Considerations on the, Present Distressed State of the British West India Colonies. 8vo. 1s. 6d. A Remonstrance, addressed to Henry Brougham, esq. m.P.;. by one of the “‘ Working Clergy.” 8vo. 2s. Some Observations upon a Pamphlet, entitled, ‘‘ Remarks on the Consumption of Public Wealth, by the Clergy of every Christian Nation,” &c.; by the Rev. Francis Thackeray, M.A. 8vo. 1s. 6d. The Domestic Policy of the British Empire, viewed in connexion with its Foreign Interests. 8vo. 9s. Reflexions on the State of Ireland in the 19th Century. 8vo. 7s. Substance of Mr. Brougham’s Speech in the House of Commons, Feb. 4, 1823, upon the War with Spain. 1s. 6d. The Holy Alliance versus Spain, con- taining the several Notes and Declarations of the Allied Powers, with the firm, spirited, and dignified, Replies of the Spa- nish Cortes. 1s. 6d. Suggestions on Freedom of Commerce and Navigation, more especially in refer- ence to the East India Trade; by John Prinsep, esq. 2s. 6d. Second Address to the Landowners of the United Empire; by C. C. Western, esq. M.P. second edition. 2s. An Address to the Landowners and Farmers of Great Britain on the Agricul- tural Depression; by a Farmer in Kent. 1s. A Plan for the effectual Relief of Agri- cultural Distress, by an immediate Appli- cation of a Portion of the Sinking Fund to the Poor’s Rate; by Jolin Higgins, esq. 1s. Remarks on the Policy of Repealing Mr. Peel’s Bill; by Edward Solly. 2s. THEOLOGY. The Protestant Dissenter’s Catechism ; 17th edition, with a Preface; by W. New- man, D.D. 142mo. 1s. Lectures on the Pleasures of Religion; by the Rev. H. J. Burder, M.A. 1 vol. 8vo. 7s. 6d. A Treatise on the Genius and Object of the Patriarchal, the Levitical, and the Christian, Dispensations ; by the Rev. G.S. Faber. 2 vol. 8vo. 21s. Lectures on Scripture Comparison ; by the Rev. W. B, Collyer. 8vo. 14s. Sermons by the late Rev. W. Hawkes. Edited by the Rev. W. Shepherd. 2 vol. Svo. 24s. Devotional Exercises extracted from Bishop Patrick ; by Miss Hawkins, 18mo. 3s. Ewing’s Essay on Baptisin. Ss. 6d. Clarke’s History of Intolerance. If. Svo..10s, 6d, 12mo. Vol. List of New Publications in March. [April 1, Vols. II. and IIT. The same in 3 vol, 12mo. Knowles’s Sermons. 8vo. 115. 13s. 6d. Atkins’s Discourses on the King’s Pro- clamation, &c. 8vo. 10s. 6d. A Sermon preached at Glasgow. at the annual Meeting of the Scottish Unitarian Association; by James Yates, . M.A. 18mo, 2s. ; Lloyd’s Horz Theologice ; or a Series of Essays on Physics, Morals, and Theo- logy. 10s. 6d. The Words of tiie Lord Jesus; or the Doctrines and Duties of the Christian Reli- gion; by John Read. 12mo. 4s. A Vindication of the Church and Clergy of England, from the Mispresentations of the Edinburgh Review; by a Beneficed Clergyman. 8vo. 9s. Sermons delivered at Salters’ Hall, be- tween the years 1800 and 1810, by the late Rev. Hugh Worthington, Second Edition. 12s. A Vindication of the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Peterborough, from the Animadversions of a Writer in the Edin- burgh Review, 8vo. 1s. 6d. Reflections on the Claims of Protestant and Popish Dissenters, especially of the latter, to an Equality in Civil Privileges with the Members of the Established Church ; by Robert Morres, M.A. Wilts, 8vo. 2s. Lightfoot’s Works. Edited by the Rev, J.R. Pitman. Vol. VIII. 1¢s. TOPOGRAPHY. Neale's Historical Description of Blen- heim, with 6 Views. 8vo. 6s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, Part I. Vol. IX. Journal of Voyages and Travels: containing Niemeyer’s Tra- vels in England. 3s. 6d. sewed. 4s. bds. Colombia ; being a Geographical, Statis- tical, Agricultural, Commercial, and Poli- tical, Account of that Country. 2 vols. 8vo. 36s. The Belgian Traveller, being a Com- plete Guide through the United Nether- lands, or kingdom of Belgium and Hol- land ; by Edmund Boyce, with Maps and Views, Fourth edit. 18mo. 8s bound. The Traveller’s Guide down the Rhine ; by A. Schreiber; with a Map. New edit. 18mo. 8s. Narrative of a Journey in the Morea; by Sir William Gell. 8vo. 15s. The Pyrenees and the South of France, in November and December last. 8vo. Scoresby’s _Voyage to the Northern Whale Fisheries. 8vo. 16s. Narrative of an Ascent to the Summit of Mount Blanc, in 1822; by ‘I’. Clissold, esq. ~ 8vo. Ys. 6d. VARIETIES, 1893.) [ 257 ] VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. —a | & April will be published, in three volumes, under the title of Na- ture Displayed, one hundred Lec- tures on the most striking objects in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, and on celestial and terres- trial phenomena in general, by SIMEON SHAW, LL.D. It. will exhibit every interesting fact, and discuss all the topics, contained in the cclebrated ““Nature Displayed” of the Abbé la Pluche ; while, at the same time, it will combine all recent disceveries, and the present state of knowledge. The engravings, which have been prepared at a great expense, and which are numerous and large, will render the work a complete library of natural knowledge. They wiil also be sold separately in a folio atlas, called the Allas of Nature, and will contain cop- per-plate engravings of many hundred of the most extraordinary and interest- ing objects in the entire range of Na- ture’s curiosities. As the plan of such an Atlas is altogether unique, it can- not fail, from its interesting character, te become an object of popular study, and to recommend itself, to a circula- tion as universal as is enjeyed by geo- graphical atlases. Capt. FRANKLIN’s Narrative of his perilous and disastrous Journey from the Shores of Hudson’s Bay to the ' Mouth of the Copper-mine River, will be published on the 12th of April. The long promised English Flora of Sir J. E. Smiru, president of the Linnean Society, is now printing. The English botanist will thus be furnished with an original and authentic guide to the study of our native plants, in his own language, free from all unneces- sary technical terms; and, according to the plan which the author has long _ been studying to attain, of a classical _ English style, rejecting that barbarous (neither English nor Latin) phraseo- logy, which so many writers have, without principle, or consideration perhaps, adopted. The laborious and intricate department of synonymes, —hitherto copied without examination even by the best and most popular writers, who have in general never looked at the books quoted,—will here be investigated throughout; and the errors of the press, transcribed hitherto by one author from another, with mul- Monruty Mac. No. 380, tiplied errors, will be set right. The essential characters and descriptions will all be re-considered, and corrected after nature. Mr. Ensor is preparing a work on the Poor and their Relief. Itis ela- borate, and contains all the learning, ancient and modern, on the subject. Owing to the illness of Mr. Mit- CHELL, the editor, the second or Cuk- mIcAL VoLuME of the Methodical Cyelo- pedia, cannot appear till the 7th or 8th of April. It is hoped that hence- forward this work will proceed with periodical regularity. Nearly two edi- tions of the Historical Volume have been rapidly sold. R. P. Knicut, esq. has a new poem in the press, entitled Alfred, which will appear next month in an octavo volume. The same Young Officer, whose “Sketches of India” were so favour- ably received by the public, has nearly ready for publication, in an octavo vo- lume, Recollections of the Peninsula, containing remarks on the manners and character of the Spanish nation. Mr. HenRY PHILLIPS, F.H.S. author of the “History of Fruits known in Great Britain,” ‘ Cultivated Vegeta- bles,” &c. is now engaged upon Sylva Florifera (the Shrubbery), containing an historical and botanical account of- the flowering shrubs and trees which now ornament the shrubbery, the park, and rural scenes in general. The author of ‘the Lollards,” “Calthorpe,” &c. has a new romance ready for publication, in three volumes, entitled, Other Times, or the Monks of Leadenhall. é The new edition of the Saxon Chro- nicle, edited by the Rev. Mr. Incram, may be expected to appear ina few days. W. Marsvewn, esq. £.R.s. &c. has just completed the first portion of his: Numismata Orientalia Llustrata. The oriental coins, antient and modern, of his collection, are described and histo- rically itlustrated : it forms a handsome quarto volume, and contains numerous plates, from drawings made under the author’s inspection. Mr, SHARON 'TURNER’s valuable His- tory of the Anglo-Saxons is under revision, and the fourth edition will be published shortly. LI A London -v (258 and gradually Abolishing the State of Slavery throughout the British Domi- nions, has been established. The in- dividuals composing the Society are deeply impressed with the magnitude and number of. the evils attached to the system of slavery which prevails in many of the colonies of Great Eritain; a system which appears to them to be opposed to the spirit and precepts of Christianity, as well as repugnant to every dictate of natural humanity and justice; and they long indulged a hope, that the abolition of the slave trade, after a struggle of twenty years, would have tended ra- pidly to the mitigation and gradual extinction of negro bondage in the British colonies: but that in this hope they have been painfully disappointed ; and, after a lapse of sixteen years, they have still to deplore the almost undiminished prevalence of the very evils which it was one great object of the abolition to remedy. Under these circumstances, they feel themselves called upon, by their duty as Chris- tians,/ and their best sympathies as men, to exert themselves, in their se- parates and collective capacities, in endeavouring, by all prudent and law- fal means, to mitigate, and eventually to abolish, slavery itself as existing in our colonial possessions. A subscription was lately opened, though not communicated to the public so generally as it ought, for a monu- ment to the memory of the late Mr. CHARLES Dispin, author of the nume- rous and popular songs which form an era in the history of the lyrical poetry of this country. ‘The best are undoubt- edly of the nautical class. He had been, early in life, at sea himself, and could therefore give a spirit, interest, and fidelity, to such subjects as no other has been able, —and no Jand-man could expect,—to impart. Among the seamen they were known, prized, and sung most enthusiastically. None but those who have witnessed the scene can believe the pride and importance with which they always inspire that daring and valuable body. The Copleian medal was lately voted by the Royal Society to the Rev. WiL- LIAM Buck anp, professor of Geology in the University of Oxford, for an able account of a variety of fossil teeth and bones, found in a cave at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire. Memoirs of the late amiable poet 3 Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. A London Society, for Mitigating . [April t, and miscellaneous writer, Haytey, written by himself during his long re- tirement from public observation, are preparing for the press, under the superintendance of the Rev. Drv JOHNSON. A Philosophical Society has been formed at York, more especially for the cultivation of Geology. A very able paper has been circu- lated by Mr. Anerneruy on the diffi- culty of procuring, by legal means, subjects for dissection. A surgeon can no more perform a difficult operation in surgery without attentive and per- severing dissection, than a man can expect to read who has not learnt the alphabet. The only question is, where are the subjects to come from? Miss AIKIN is preparing for publica- tion a Memoir of her Father, the late John Aikin, M.p. together with a selec- tion of his critical essays and miscel- Janeous pieces, not before printed in a collected form. Improved editions of several of the most popular of Dr. Aikin’s works are also preparing under the care of his family. Mr. James, author of the “Naval) History of Great Britain,” has in the press*the second part of that work, completing his original design. In it will be given an accurate plan of the battle of Trafalgar. Anew botanical work is commenced, called the Nataralist’s Repository, or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History, consisting of elegantly-co- loured plates, with appropriate scien- tific and general descriptions of the most curious, scarce, and beautiful, productions of nature, that have been recently discovered in various parts of the world; by E. Donovan, F.L.s. Shortly will appear, in imperial octavo, with twenty plates by Hearn, the Life of a Soldier. Mr. Mecer has nearly ready for publication, a fine engraving in the line and chalk manner, from the greatly admired painting, by Kidd, of the Stolen Kiss. > Sketches of Youth are in the press, by the auihor of ‘‘ Dangerous Errors.” Ir. BicHENo, of the Middle Temple, barrister-at-law, has m the press a second edition of an Enquiry into the Poor Laws, chiefly with a view to examine them as a system of national benevolence, and to show the evils of indiscriminate relief, with some re- marks upon the schemes which have been submitted to Parliament. Wut tiINGHAM’s 1823.] WuittIncHam’s Pocket Novelists, Vol. XII. containing the Romance of the Forest, by Mrs. Radcliff, will be published in April. The Cambridge Tart, intended as a companion to the “‘ Oxford Sausage,” is in the press, consisting of epigram- matic and satiric poetical effusions, &c. dainty morsels served up by Cantabs on various occasions: dedi- cated to the members of the University of Cambridge, by Socius. Shortly will be published, by sub- scription, an Original and Comprehen- sive System of Celestial Philosophy, or Genethliacal Astronomy, in twenty numbers, octavo. The primitive ele- ments of calculating nativities, and the true method of delivering judgment, will be proved, in the calculations of thirty remarkable modern nativities, never before published: by Joun WoORSDALE, sen. astronomer. The following observations, with inferences deduced from them, occur in the French Maritime Journal, on the novel facts advanced, and effects produced, by the British voyages of discovery in the Arctic Seas :— Whatever success may attend Captain Parry’s future attempts, the geographical knowledge that we have already acquired, proves, icontestibly, that his name is justly entitled to a considerable share of nautical reputation. The discovery of Tancaster Passage, by which he pene- trated into a part of the ocean which no vessel had ever before explored, leads to some general conclusions that’ may be deemed consequences of it. 1. That the continent of America is not so extensive as has been commonly supposed, towards the North Pole. 2. That its northern coasts, though at present inaccessible, lie under parallels less elevated than those of the Asiatic coasts in general, and exceed only by a few degrees the latitudes in ‘the north of Europe. 3. That Baffin’s Bay, as it is called, is not properly a bay, but forms a part of the Arctic Ocean, communicating with it, by Lancaster Streighit, in the same manner as Beliring’s Streights communicate with the sea of the ‘Same name. 4. That Greenland is not conjoined with the Arctic countries of North America, as the general opinion on the subject has been, but forms an im- mense island, or rather a continent, which may be deemed a sixth part of the globe, as from the extremity of the great head- land which it projects, between Europe and America, to New Siberia, which ap- pears to be its furthest limit, under the ‘Opposite meridian, is not less than from eleven to twelve hundred leagues, 5, That Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 259 admitting this, as it is highly probable from various testimonies, direct and in- direct, it must be frozen land, and not, as has been thought, the Hyperborean Ocean thai fills the space included between the 80th degree of latitude and the North Pole. 6. That, if we combine the results of the Polar expeditions with information to be coilected from the Russian disco- veries, we shall have reason to conclude that this Arctic continent has been ori- ginally subjected to the same geological laws as the other great divisions of the globe; its configuration is similar; its greatest breadth is in the northern part, as in the five other continents; like them, it terminates, in its southern part, by a vast promontory, the extremity whereof is Cape Farewell; and the seas which sur- round it are, like theirs, partly confined by streights, that are, in like manner, in- terspersed with islands and volcanic archi- pelagos, projected in the midst of the Polar ices, just as under the equator. It is evident that Baffin'’s Bay should change its name to Baffin’s Sea; Lancaster Streights should replace Lancaster Passage or Entrance; and the names of Greenland and New Siberia should designate only parts of the Arctic continent, the total of which should have a new and collective denomination, analagous to that of An- stralasia, which comprehends New Hol- land, with the countries and islands cir- cumjacent. Such a name would obviate ambiguities that may arise from the want of a general appellation, especially in treating of the currents in the Hyperbo- rean Ocean. No matter what the appel- lation be, if short, significant, sonorous, and one that will incorporate with the languages of Europe. If it were not in- fringing on the right of the British navi. gator, justly due to his courage and per- severance, we should incline to give the name of Boreasia to the whole of the Arctic continent. One advantage to na- vigation has already resulted from certain passages discovered by Captain Parry; the whale-fishers that have ventured as far as Lancaster Streiglits, have returned with rich cargoes. ‘Two reasons are as= signed for this: one is that the whalers, every year, advance more northerly, where the whales are in greatest abun- dance; the second is that the ships, in- stead of returning in June or July, as formerly, lay in a stock of provisions for several months, so as not to intermit their labours, though at the hazard of being shut in by the ice. For three or four years, latterly, their return has been in September or October. The voyages of discovery to the north-west cannot fail of liaving ‘the best effects on the fishery, and on the whole body of those whom a spirit of enterprise engages in it. To 260 ‘To those who are interested in the advancement of geographical science, the following simple intimation, con- nected with the subject of discoveries in the Hyperborean Ocean, may an- sWer the purpose of additional general information. Extract of a Letter from Capt. W. Scoresby. In my last voyage to the whale-fishery, from which I am but just returned, I had occasion to penetrate into the ice on the eastern coast of Greenland, and to ap- proach very near the shore. The naviga- tion was very difficult in some places, and even dangerous; but, coming close in with the'land, the sea was almost entirely free and unincumbered, This coast had never been seen before, unless it was by Hudson, in 1607. The land we lay nearest to was in 71° N. lat. and 19°42 W. long. It consists of mountains resembling those of Spitzberg, but not so covered with snow. The navigation was pretty plain and open, between the coast of Greenland and the fields of ice, ranging here in an almost uninterrupted chain ; this unembarrassed track or course reached from latitude 74 to 70. From the apparent state of the atmosphere, and the general disposition of the fields of ice, I might have stretched along the coast as far as to Cape Farewell. There I might have gained some informa- tion respecting the Iceland Colony; of which we possess at present a very slender knowledge. It is remarkable, that the Danes, in their attempts to visit this coast, have hitherto been very unsuccessful With the views and feelings that then. arose, it was with no small regret that f found myself obliged, by the business of the fishery, to quit that interesting region. -The occasion seemed favourable, and the eircumstances easy, practicable, and cer- tain, to effect the purposes of further re- search aud discovery. Various authors -have collected historical facts, tending to prove the existence of European as well _as Iceland colonies on the coast of Green- land, in 1402. No particular account can at.this time be given, nor can any conclu- siens be drawn, relative to their fate or condition, from any previous circumstances with which we are aequainted. Mr.. Birp, auther of the “ Vale of Slaughter,” &c. has a volume im the press, entitled Poetical Memoirs. The dread of swaliowing oxalic acid by mistake for salts is become so general, that the consumption of senna and castor oil, as substitutes, has been nearly doubled within the last twelve months. We should like to hear, from an intelligent professional correspon- dent, whether these aperients may be considered as simple and efficacious medicinal agents as Epsom salts. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. [April 8, Mr. Joun Gate JONES announces “(a Vindication of the Press against the false and scurrilous aspersions of William Cobbett,” including a retros- pect of his political life and opinions, with notes critical and explanatory. Mr. G. Miner, jun. of Derby, au- thor of ‘‘Stanzas written on a Sum- mer’s Evening, and other Poems,” will have ready for publication in a few days, a small volume of Essays and Sketches in prose. Dr. Meyricx’s Treatise on Ancient Armour, a book calculated greatly to facilitate a right understanding of the early historians, and to throw much light on the manners of our ancestors, is expected to appear in the course of next month. The chronological ar- rangement of the whole, the illami- nated capitals illustrative of the sub- ject, and the more picturesque repre- sentations of the armour of different periods, will render this publication unlike any that has preceded it. A new novel, entitled Willoughby, in two volumes, will appear in a few days. Rev. Dr. Ruper’s Lectures on Genesis are nearly ready for publi- cation. Shortly will be published, Sabbaths . at Home, or Devotional Exercises, founded on Psalm the 42d and 43d, intended for the use of pious persons, when prevented from attending. the public worship of God, by Henry Marcu. An Appeal for Religion to the best Sentiments and Interests of: Mankind, is in the press. I1st.. Four Orations for the Orasles of God. 2d. Judg- ment to Come, an argument in five discourses. 3d. Messiah’s Arrival, a series of lectures: by the Rev. En- WARD IRVING, A.M. minister of the Ca- Iedonian Church, Hatton Garden. Messrs. CARAVITA and CICHELTS, professors of Italian in the Reyal Academy of Music, will shortly pub- lish in Italian, with an English transla- tion, a work entitled, L’Utile Opous- colo, containing moral maxims, &e.— Also, by M. Caravira, Thirty Original Letters, with answers, on various sub- jects of criticism and amusement. Points of Humour, illustrated in a series of plates, drawn and engraved by GeorGe CRUICKSHANK, are in the press. A reprint is preparing of, SouTH- WELL’s Mary Magdalene’s Funcral Tears for the Death of our Ree s 1§23.| As a protection against moisture in apartments, an invention has been tried and found successful, of applying to the walls or parts exposed, thin sheets of laminated lead, fastened with little copper nails which are not liable to rust. ‘They are as thin as those made use of for lining the inside of snuff-boxes, and can be made as long and broad as paper-hangings. In Scotland, estimating the popula- tion at 1,804,824 inhabitants, there are (according to Sir John Sinclair,) 3,969 real proprietors, whose annual Income may be rated at 2,500/. each ; inferior proprietors 1,097, with incomes from 625/. to 2,5007. each; of smaller proprietors, with rents under 625/. each, 6,181; and of corporation rents 144, It appears, from the Annual Report of the Sunday School Society, that in ‘London there are 362 schools, contain- ‘ing 55,398 scholars, and superintended by 4,908 teachers, male and female, who officiate gratuitously ; and that in Great Britain and Ireland there are at least 700,000 young persons that receive instruction in about 6000 schools, from’ more than 50,000 teachers, male and female, whose la- bours are gratuitous. Among other missionary societies which assembled in London last year, was one lately formed, the object of which is to assist the Moravian mis- sions. These have been established for more than a century, and consist at present of thirty-one stations among the Negroes, Hottentots, American -Indians, Vartars, and Greenlanders. .The Moravian brethren, not being able to meet one-half of the expense, a number of other denominations have formed a society to supply the defi- -ciency. Capt. Laine, of the Royal Afriean Light Infantry, is engaged on a mis- sion in the Soolima Loosoo country, hitherto unvisited by any European. RUSSIA. The Greek seminary founded at Petersburgh by Catharine II. in 1775, ‘contains now about 200 young Greek and Albanese officers, and 25 profes- . Sors. Not only the military sciences, but the French, Italian, and German, languages are taught. On the com- pletion of their studies, each pupil may have an officer’s commission, or the place of interpreter in the Col- leges of Petersburgh and Moscow, or the option of returning to his country. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 2608 Of these young persons in the semi- nary, many are from Chio, Lesbos,,. and Naxos. M. pe Cuomas, of Petersburgh, has obtained from the Great Council of Russia, a patent for ten years, for a machine that will diminish labour m the making of bricks, and give a more regular form to the pieces fabricated. It possesses other advantages, for making pipes, straight or crooked, cornices, shafts of pillars, and other ornaments of architecture, hollow bricks, &e. Worked by three or four men, it can produce daily ten or twelve thousand bricks, of different forms. For the sum of a hundred roubles, foreigners may be put in pos- session of the process. Proressor Nevi has been em- ployed by the Emperor of Russia to: make researches in the steppes of In- dependent Tartary, and to examine the course of the Oxus, and the towns of Balk and Sarmacand. The expe- dition, it is supposed, will extend as: far as the Lake Saisan. From the official statement pub- lished by the Synod at St. Petersburgh, it appears that in the year 1820, there were in the whole empire, Births—Males ------ ** 897,729 Females «++++> 742,670 1,570,399 Deaths—Males-------- 467,683 Females ------ 449,997 917,680 Excess of Births «+++e+ 652,719 The births were 48,265 more than in the year 1819; yet, notwithstanding the increase of population, the deaths were 1429 fewer thanim 1819. The deaths of male children under five years of age were 243,029; being above one-half of the whole. Among the males who died in the same year, (the ages of the females are not stated,) 807 had attained anage of above 100 years. 301 eoee--ses eeccenecee e- 105 T4535 cccccne oseeceecces 110 7B eces acces eee ec eer ccece 415 AL eoncwecessesenes eovvee 190 44 cocceroseeese eocecceeee 125 J eveccecesccecceses sere 130 A veces eoeecesseseseses 135 +++ between 140and145. The marriages were 317,805, being 22,470 fewer than in 1819. In St. Petersburgh, in 1821, the number of births was 8504; including, however, the Catholic, Lutheran, and other communities ; the deaths 9706. M. Hirrins, a celebrated painter, ou 1 ceccscceees 262 on his return from Rome to St. Peters- burgh, conceived the idea of publish- ing, under the title of ‘‘ Contempora- ries,” lithographic portraits of all the eminent statesmen, writers, and. art- ists, now living in Russia. The work is to consist of twelve quarterly Num- bers, each containing five portraits of the size of life. The first two Numbers have already appeared, and evince the progress of lithography in Russia. GERMANY. The wonderful progress madein bo- tany lately, may be in some measure estimated by the following comparative ‘note on works, and especially a late German enumeration, which treat of it:—Linnzeus had 34 Veronicas; Per- soon 63; Wahl 73; Roemur and Sebulles have in their new edition 136. Of Utriculariz, Linnzeus has 8; Per- soon 18; Roemer and Schulles 61. Linnzus has 4 Gratiole ; Roemur and Schulles 42. Linnzus has 82 Salvie ; Wildenow 76; Persoon 104; Wahl 137; Roemer and Sehulles 173 ; &c.— The authors last referred to; have re- tained the Linnzan system, except the 23d class. One volume only is published ; the second volume, now in the press, is annomneed to contain all the grasses of the 3d class. ITALY. The clergy of Rome consist of nine- teen cardinals, twenty-seven bishops, 1,450 priests, 1,532 monks, 1,464 nuns, and 332 seminarists. The population of Rome, with, the exception of the Jews, consisted, in 1821, of 146,000 souls. M. Antolini, professor of architec- ture, of Milan, has published a descrip- tion of the ruins of Veleja, and its remaining monuments. Relying on the assertion of Aulus Gellius, and others, that the municipal towns were model- led on the plan of Rome, the professor marks out the forum, its site and area, with the monuments and buildings that surrounded it. By eagles, and other marks, he distinguishes the place of the Temple of Jupiter. By investi- gating the fragments of these ruins, long buried in or under the earth, he traces the basilica, the baths, the am- phitheatre, &c. His learned conjec- tures, which exhibit a sort of restawra- tion of Veleja, are accompanied with ten plates. FRANCE. The Royal Library in Paris con- tained, in 1791, only 150,000 volumes; it now contains above 450,000. In Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. ’ _ [April i 1783.it contained only 2700. portfolios of engravings; it how contains 5700. {ts annual increase consists of 6000 French and 3000 foreign works; so that there is reason to believe that, in fifty years, the literary and scientific riches of this magnificent establish- ment will be doubled. A Memoir has lately been published at Paris, by M. pe Marpois, one of the Royal Institute of France for the amelioration of Prisons, by which it appears that the gaols of France are ina very deplorable condition. Their average occupation during the last three years has been between 31,000 and 32,000. .M.de Marbois complains of the smallness and dampness of the cells, of the praciicé of chaining the prisoners, of the bad quality of the food, of the insufficiency of the clothing, of the introduction in many places of straw for beds, and of the ab- sence in alj of moral and religious in- struction. He describes the prisoners to be generally in a state of the most savage ignorance and barbarism. M. Marbois recommends the introduction, into the French Houses of Correction, of the English tread-wheel. A Dictionnaire Classique d’ Histoire Naturelle has been commenced at Paris. The two volumes that have appeared are adorned with coloured plates. . PORTUGAL. Portugal contains 873 elementary schools; in 266 of which, Latin is taught, and in 21, Greek and Rhe- toric; in 27, Philosophy, Natural and Moral.—At Coimbra, there is a uni- versity, directed by six of the faculty, and a preparatory college for students. —The university and college together contain, annually, from 1280 to 1600 students. In 1819, all these establish- ments were attended by 31,401 pupils. Besides these national institutions, there are several others, where youth are educated for particular professions, —such as the Marine and Commercial Academies at Porto, which contained 315 students in 1820; and the Aca- demy at Lisbon, in which there were 315 students in 1821. The Commer- cial Academy at Lisbon is. attended an- nually by 150 pupils. Inthe same city there are, the Royal College of Nobles, the Royal Academy for the Arabian Language, the Royal School for Civil Architecture: and Drawing, a Royal School for Sculpture, another for En- graying, an Institution for Music, and several 1823.] : several other public Institutions of less note. The Military School for Mutual Instruction, to which are admitted the children of citizens, had 2518 scholars in 1818, and this number has much in- creased since. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon has published, annually, memoirs not less learned than useful, on every branch of human knowledge. ‘The Portuguese have lately formed several literary Socicties, among which are, The Patriotic Lite- rary Society, and the Society of Encou- ragement, at Lisbon. The annual average of books printed in Portugal, between 1805 and 1819, amounts to ninety-four. But liberty has conferred New Music and the Drama, 263 new energies on the press and genius of Portugal ; and the publications, within the two last years, haye been trebled, besides the increase of journals and newspapers. UNITED STATES. A work will soon be published by Mr, Jonn D. Hunrer, of New-York, under the title of ‘Manners and Cus- toms of several Indian Tribes located west of the Mississippi ; including some Account of the Soil, Climate, and Vegetable Productions, and the Indian Materia Medica; with the History of the Arthor’s Life during a residence of fourteen or fifteen years among them.’ NEW MUSIC Haydn's Celebrated Symphonies, con- tinued from those performed at Solo- _mon’s Concerts. Adapted for the Piano-Forte, by 8. F. Rimbault. 5s. re present symphony (No. 16,) is accompanied with parts for a flute, violin, and violoncello; and forms, in the shape it is here presented tothe public, as pleasing an exercise for the instrument to which it is adapted by the taste and ingenuity of Mr. Rim- hault, as any that, for a considerable time, has passed the press. It consists of four movements,—an Adagio, in common-time, of four crotchets; a Vivace, in triple time, of three crotch- ets; a romance, (allegretto, ) in com- mon-time, of four crotchets; and a minuet, (allegretto.) These move- ments the judgment of Haydn, in aid of his genius, has disposed in so ef- fective and felicitous an order, as to im- part to each a new and added worth. As more depends on what may be called the seriatim of the different portions of a composition than most masters are aware of, so nd composer was ever better acquainted with the valuable secret of securing this advan- tage, than was Haydn. His move- ments, sweet, novel, and surprizing, in themselves, always derive some exter- - mal advantage from their relative dis- position, and serve to throw an ad- junctive light on the comprchensive powers of his conception. To say that, in the present piece, we find this ample display of the various powers of the greatest composer of modern times, is to give it a commendation that will not fai) to recommend if to AND THE DRAMA. —P ; the attention of piano-forte practi- tioners. Ode to Spring, a Pastoral Glee. Com= posed by Mr. Samuel Webbe. 2s. 6d. This publication, the words of which are by Mr. R. Good, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, comprizes four movements, which, by their diversity of style and character, throw over the general effect an animation and an interest, which cannot but give it con- siderable currency among the ad- mirers of part-singing. Not limiting himself to the variety of trio and duett, Mr. Webbe has so mingled the lights and shades of his composition, as to produce that relief which forms one of the most attractive features of this spe- cies of musica! production ; and which, in gtee-composition, whether serious or comic, we should be glad to see more generally attended to. The piece before us assumes to be pasto- ral; but, we searcely think it suffi- ciently simple in its cast to come fairly under that description. It, however, possesses considerable merit of its own kind, and has no slight title to the po- pularity we wish it. Number I. of Popular Airs; arranged with Variations for the Piano-Forte, with an Accompaniment for the Flute, by J. Ross, esq. 35. If the present specimen of this pub- lication may be received as an earnest of the merit and value of the future numbers, it will prove useful to: the public, and honourable to the talents of the projector. The subject of the number before us is the popular melody of “ We're a noddin,” which Mr. 264 Mr. Ross has handled with considera- ble ability. His variations, eight in number, are, for the most part, happy modifications of the chesen theme, and form highly inviting exercises for those who are ambitious of advancing their powers of execution. Toa very prin- cipal point, that of rendering the vari- ations progressively difficult, Mr. R. has been particularly attentive, as if anxious to make the composition not Jess useful than gratifying. Number IL. of ftalian Airs, consisting of Zitti, Zitti! Piano, Piano! Ar- ranged as a Rondo for the Piano- Forte, by S. F. Rimbault. 2s. This little work, the first number of which presented us with Tu che accendi, arranged in the same style as the air now under our eye, promises to be as useful as agreeable to the class of piano-forte practitioners, for whose benefit and gratification it is in- tended. The air which forms the ground-werk of this rondo, is one of the prettiest of the same composer ; and, by Mr. Rimbault’s ingenuity, has assumed a form which will increase the sphere of its popularity, and augment its attraction. “* All’ Idea di qual metallo,” an Air com- posed by Rossini ; arranged for the Piano-Forte, by Samuel Poole. 1s. We think the address with which Mr. Poole has converted this pleasing air into a piano-forte piece, is more than ordinarily creditable to his taste and judgment. Most of the passages of the melody, in their original dress, are nevel, and highly interesting ; and Mr. Poole, we must in candour say, by the turn he has given them, has made the most of the ideas on which they are founded ; and, by the manner in which they are arranged, combined, and worked up, the whole has furnished a very attractive and improving practice. The Favourite Air of We're a Noddin; arranged as a Rondo for the Harp, or Piano-Forte, by H. G. Nixon, Or- gaust to the Bavarian Ambassy. 3s. Mr. Nixon, in his treatment of this air, which we scarcely think worthy of the fashion into which it has grown, has given play to a faney which he knew how to keep within bounds, without too much restraining its free- dom. In his excursive matter, he never loses sight of that which certainly ought, less or more, to be ever present to the mind of the auditor, and keep his attention alive to the subject, about which, in fact, the digressive strains New Musie and the Drama. [April 1, ought but to revolve, as a governing and guiding centre. From this fa- vourable but just view of a little pro- duction, that inmore respects than one is creditable to its author's abilities as a composer of instrumental trifles, our readers will, and may, expect to find it worthy of their attention. Number IV. of Select French Romances, Sor the Piano-Forte. 1s. 6d. The air selected for the present number of this familiar collection of French melodies, is Ce que je dire. Its ease and simplicity particularly fitted it for the purpose to which it is here applied. The turn of the passages are accommodating to the compass and powers of the juvenile hand; and, while they interest the ear, will not fail to advance manual execution. In some instances, an elegance of turn is given to the original ideas, which ele- vates the character of the air, and adds dignity to its beauty. ‘ ** Carle, now the King’s come,” written by Sir Walter Scott, Bart. on his Majesty’s Visit to Edinburgh. The Music composed by Mr. Ross, of Aberdeen. 1s. 6d. , The little air applied by the genius of Mr. Ross to these words is uncom- monly simple, and as extraordinarily characterized. There is a strength and a singularity, in its features or passages, that stamps the contour with great novelty, and renders it peculiarly impressive. It is curious to observe, by how few notes a powerful effect may be produced, when arranged by real talent, and directed to a subject in which the composer himself takes an interest. — THE DRAMA. While at Drury Lane-Theatre the taste of the public has been gratified, and its favour maintained, by the force and variety.of the histrionic and vocal » talent it now assembles in its power- ful company, the Covent Garden ma- nagement has been seeking new at- traction in the produce of novelty, in the highest and most important walks of dramatic literature. If the personal strength exhibited on the boards of one house, has continued to draw attendance and flatter the taste of the lovers of scenic excel- lence, the mental powers exhibited at the other, in a new offspring of the tragic muse, has afforded a pleasure of no ordinary kind. The specimen Miss Mitford has displayed of her genius for 1823. } for dramatic writing, in her tragedy of Julian, has been no less fortunate to the theatre at which it was produced, than honourable to herself. The plot is framed with skill, the dialogue is penned with considerable vigour, and the prominent characters are drawn with discrimination and with strength. Under these differing, but equally British Legislation, 205 favourable cireumstan ces, our two na- tional theatres have, during the past month, been cheered with that encou- raging patronage which their various exertions have merited; and securcd to themselves the honour and profit due to zeal and assiduity devoted to the gratification of the public. : BRITISH LEGISLATION. ——a ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. —La— AP. XLII. For the Encourage- meni of Navigation and Commerce, by regulating the Importation of Goods and Merchandize, so far as relates to the Countries or Places from whence, and the Ships in which such Importation shall ‘be made.— June 24, 1822. Goods of Asia, Africa, or America, shall be imported into the United Kingdom from any place in British-built ships only ; except as otherwise specially provided.— Such foreign goods shall be imported from Europe for exportation only, except other- wise provided.—Goods of any country or place in America or the West Indies, be- longing, or having belonged, to Spain, may be imported direct from the place of growth in ships of the country.—If such countries are under the dominion of Spain, goods may be imported from thence in Spanish ships.—Not to permit importation in foreign ships from any port in America or West Indies where British ships are not admitted.—Certain enumerated European goods shall be imported in British ships, or in ships of the country or port of export in Europe.—Other goods of Europe may be imported in any ships from any place, as heretofore.—Goods of any of the Grand Seignior’s dominions may be imported in British or Turkish vessels for home con- sumption.—Raw silk and Mohair yarn produce of Asia, &c.—Raw silk, &c. from Malta or Gibraltar.—All goods of Morocco imported into Gibraltar.—Jewels, &c. may be imported for home consumption in British ships.—Diamonds shall pass with- out warrant.—Malta deemed to be in Europe.—Ships registered as British ships before 1st May, 1786, may, on warrant of the Treasury, be registered and privileged as British-built ships.—British-built ships sold to foreigners shail be deemed foreign ships, of the country of the purchasers, if in Europe; but shali not become British ships again, except by capture.—Not to affect 12 Car. 2. c.48. § 15. as tu bullion or prize goods.—Not to affect intercourse Montury Mac, No, 580, between Great Britain and Ireland.—Not to affect the importation of gouds, the pros duce of the British colonies in America or the West Indies,-Act not to extend to Guernsey, Jersey, Sark, Alderney, or Mans —Not to affect American Trade Acts, 49 G, 3. ¢. 59.59 G. 3. ¢. 54; but these Acts shall not restrain importation from United States in British ships.—Not to affect Portuguese Trade Acts, 51 G. 3. c: 47.—59 G. 3. c. 54,; but those Acts shall not affect importation from Portuguese dominions in British ships.—Not to affect East India Trade under 53 G. 3. c. 155.— 57 G. 3.c. 36. or other Acts.—Not toaffect 49 G. 3. c. 17.57 G. 3.¢. 1. for regulating trade to Cape of Good Hopeand Mauritius. —Not to affect 18 G. 2. c. 26. § 10, 11, whereby tea may be imported from Europe in British ships by licence from the trear sury.—Not to aflect importation of corn under 46 G. 3. c. 97,—55 G. 3. ¢. 26. &e. —Not to affect regulations as to import in packet boats under 13, 14 Car. 2. c.41s § 22.—55 G. 3. ¢, 153.—Not to aliow ime portation of fish contrary to Stats.15 Car. 2.c.7.§ 16: 18 Car. 2. c. 2.§ 2:10,11 We 3. 24.§15, 14; 1. G. 1. st. gc. 18. § 10 2.—Not to affect importation of lobsters and turbots wader 1. G. 1. st. 2. c. 18. § 10. —Not to affect orders of council under 9% G. 3. ¢. 39. s. 10. for preventing importa- tion of infected hides, &c.—Not to affect impoitation of naval stores by licence under 47 G. 3, st. 2. c. 97.—Not to affect importation of qnercitron or black-oak bark under 32 G, 3. c. 49, § 1.—Not to affect dnties payable to the Turkey com- peny or the Russia company.—Not to affect duties of package, &c. to the corpo- ration of London, &c.—All goodsimported under this Act liable to duties and regula- tions under existing Acts.—Recovery of forfeitures under this Act, as under English Act 12-C. 2. c. 18.—lvish Act. 27. G, 3. ce 93. and other existing Acts. Cap. XLIV. To regulate the Trade between his Majesty's Possessions im America and the West Indies, and other Min Places 266 Places in America and the West Indies. —June 24. Acts regulating the importation and ex- portation of certain articles into and from certain colonies in America and the West Indies, repealed. Act not to discharge any seizure, for- feiture, or penalty already made or incur- red.— Articles enumerated in Schedule (B) may he imported from any foreign country in North or South America, or the West Indies, whether under the dominion of any European sovercign or otherwise, into the ports mentioned in Schedule (A.) either in British vessels, or vessels owned by the in- habitants of such country, &c.—Certain articles may be exported from any of the ports mentioned in Schedule (A.) in such British or foreign vessels, on certain con- ditions, Not to allow the exportation of arms or naval stores, without licence of his Majes- ty’s Secretary of State.—Not to exclude foreign vessels, though not of the built of the country, such vessels having been be- fore engaged in lawful trade with the co- lonies.—Proof of the legality of importa- tion to be made before goods shall be ex- ported.—On importation of articles into the ports mentioned in Schedule (A.) cer- tain duties, specified in Schedule (C.) to be paid for the use of the colonies. How duties are to be applied in colonies having no general courts or assemblies.— How value of articles subject to ad vulorem duty shall be ascertained.—Provision, in case articles are not duly valued; or in case the value or invoice price is not known.—Importer refusing to pay the du- ties, the articles to be sold, &c.—Foreign articles charged with duty on importation from place of growth, to pay the same duty as on importation of such articles direct from the United Kingdom.—Duties not payable if articles are liable to a colonial duty, equal in amount to the duties hereby charged.—If colonial duty be less, the dif- ference only to be paid.—Duties to be sterling money, at a certain rate. Articles enumerated in Schedule (B.) may be exported to any other British co- lony, or to the United Kingdom. His Majesty may prohibit intercourse with any country, where it shall appear that the privileges granted by this Act to foreign vessels are not allowed to British vessels trading with such country, &c. His Majesty may extend the provisions of this Act to other ports than those enu- merated in the Schedules.—No articles, except such as are enumerated in the Schedule (B.) to be imported, on pain of forfeiture, with the vessel, &e.—No arti- cles to be imported or exported, except to the ports mentioned in Schedule (A.)— Not to affect the right of exporting, in British ships, the produce of the fisheries, British Legislation. [April 1, SCHEDULE (A). List of Free Ports. Jamaica.—Kingston, Savannah Le Mar, Montego Bay, Santa Lucia, Antonio, St. Ann, Falmouth, Maria, Morant Bay. Grenada.—St. George. Dominica.—Roseau. Antigua.—St. John’s. Trinidad.—San Josef. Tubago.—Scarborough. Tortola.—Road Harbour. New Providence.— Nassau. Crookcd Islund.—Pitt’s Town. St. Vincent.—Kingston. Bermuda.—Port St. George and Port Hamilton. Bahamas.—Any port where there is a Custom-house. Buarbadoes.—Bridgetown. New Brunswick.—St. John’s, St. An- diew's. Nova Scotia.— Halifax. Canada.—Quebec. Newfoundland.—St. John’s. Demarara.— George Town. Berbice.-—New Amsterdam. St. Lucia. —Castries. St. Kitt’s —Basseterre, Nevis.—Charles Town. Montserrat.—Plymouth, SCHEDULE (2), Asses, Indian corn meal. Barley. Indigo. Beans. Live stock of any Biscuit. - sort. Bread, Lumber. Beaver, and all sorts | Logwood. of Fur, Mahogany,and other Bowsprits. wood, for cabinet Calavances. wares, Cocoa, Masts. Cattle. Mules. Cochineal. Neat cattle. Coin and Bullion. Oats, Cotton Wool. Pease. Drugs of all sorts, Potatoes. Diamonds and pre- | Poultry. cious stones. Pitch, Flax, Rye. Fruit & vegetables. | Rice, Fustick, and all | Staves. sorts of wood for | Skins. dyers’ use. Shingles. Flour. Sheep, Grain of any sort. | Tar. Garden seeds, Tallow. Hay. Tobacco. Hemp. Turpentine. Heading boards, Timber. Horses, Tortoise-shell. Hogs. Wool. Hides. Wheat. Hoops. Yards. Hardwood or mill timber. SCHEDULE 1823.] SCHEDULE (C). Duties payable on Articles imported into his Majesty’s Possessions in America and the West Indies, from other Places in America and the West Indies. Barrel of Wheat Flour, not weighing more than 196 lbs. net Weight: -++eesseeseeesesee £0 5 0 Barrel of Biscuit, not weighing , more than 196|bs. net weight 0 2 6 _ For every cwt. of Biscuit -++--. 0 1 6 For every 100lbs. of Bread, made from wheat or other grain, im- ported in bags or packages -- 0 2 6 For every barrel of Flour, not weighing more than 196 lbs. made from Rye, Peas, or Beans 0 2 6 For every bushel of Peas, Beans, Rye, or Calayances-+++.-0255 0 0 7 Rice, for every 10Ulbs. net weight 0 2 6 For every 1,000 shingles, called Medical Report. Boston Chips, not more than 12 inches in length -----.+--- 0 7 For every 1,000 shingles, being more than 12 inches in length For every 1,000 Red Oak Staves 1 1 For every 1,000 White Oak Staves So - > oo © or Headings--+-.++e++--+s 2- 0) 1550 For every 1,000 feet of White or Yellow Pine Lumber, of one ancl thick. «0 = sges!sic\.0 sists o's 41s ene cee For every 1,000 feet of Pitch Pine Lumber -----+++--+-5» 1 1 O Other kinds of Wood and Lum- ber, per 1,000 feet+-++---+-. 1 8 O For every 1,000 Wood Hoops -- 0 5 3 Horses, for every 100/. of the va- lue thereof ----- Bir iol sina 0.07540, SERue? Neat Cattie, for every 1001. of the value thereof «++e-+++----+-10 0 O All other Live Stock, for every 1001. of the value thereof --.-10 0 0 MEDICAL REPORT. Report of Diseases and CasuaLties occurring inthe public and private Practice of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary. = af W ILL the present complaint turn to hooping-cough ?” is an enquiry fre- quently made by anxious mothers, during the existence of those infantile ailments that seem disposed to fasten upon the chest. For the most part, this question (which implies the belief of the conversion from a common into a specific complaint,) is met and replied to by medical men, un- der a feeling that such change is not only improbable, but impossible. “The dis- ease (they would say,) must have been hooping-cough in its onset, or it never can become so.” But the spontaneous origin of the specific disorder in question has ne- ver been positively disproved ; and, under the circumstances of its being (as it is at this moment,) epidemic or general, it is probable that an atmospheric poison, inde- pendent on contagion, may possess a sort of half-creative power, and thus prove instrumental to the transmutation sup- posed. That all disease must necessarily be either one thing or the other, —either con- tagious or not contagious,—is, in the wri- ter’s opinion, a fallacious doctrine ; and the petilio principii, to which the assumption has given rise, has been the means of en- gendering volumes of futile and fruitless controversy: nor is the distinction so easily made out between what are assumed to be specific, and what merely infectious, dis- tempers. One thing appears certain, that the air and soil of regions and districts exert a far wider range of influence upon the origin and modification of disordered states, than can be explained by the most intimate knowledge we have hitherto ac- quired respecting atmospherical composi- * tion, as a chemical material, or mere ply- sical agent. In the management of hooping-cough, the power of medicine is unequivocally manifest. Since the Reporter last met his readers, he has seen several children under the grasp of death, from the violence of the disease ; and whom it has only been impos- sible to save, from the measures of safety being too long neglected: not that the malady is susceptible of being actually cured ; but the disordered conditions it has a tendency to induce, may for the most part be kept successfully at bay, by the due exer- cise of domestic care and professional skill. Hemlock and alkalies are among the most valuable of remedial articles employed in hooping-cough; but the requirements and susceptibilities of the subject are so various and varied, by circumstance and incident, that it is not possible to lay down any abstract rule of undeviating application. The disorder, when neglected or mal- treated, not seldom terminates in effusion upon the brain; and allusion to this fact reminds the Reporter, that he has again to speak of the virtues of cantharides, wlien internally administered im seeming cases of water in the head; seeming he says, -—since recoveries from states which have been characterised by tokens of hydroce- phalus always leave the practitioner in some doubt as to the actual existence of the disorder; and the dogmatism of posi- tive predication, with the assumption of being able to cure complaints that are in- curable by others, constitutes the most re- prehensible kind of quackery. {tis always desirable, if possible, to procure propler hoc satisfaction; but it is not seldom im medi- ene 268 cine that we must rest content with mere post hoc information. : Bedford-row ; D. Uwins, M.D. March 20, 1825. ‘ ** The Reporter is happy to find that his recommendation of wash-leather has been so extensively acted on: he refers enquirers, as to the mode and times of wearing it, to a letter in the February Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. {April 1, Number of this Magazine; and need only add, that, when worn under the linen, the waistcoat should be made to double over in front, and fastened on one side by strings. The fastening at the wrist is bet- ter effected by a button. When the lea- ther is worn over the shirt, it may be co- vered by a light material, so as to appear like a common under-waistcoat. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. =< THE incessant labours of experimental philosophers continue almost daily to develope some new fact or principle re- lating to magnetism, that very mysterious accident of certain bodies, which so long had defied experimental ingenuity to ascer- tain its, principles. Professor OrrsTED has lately ascertained, by a decisive expe- riment, that a round galvanic conductor of the electric fluid, is in every portion of its surface equally fitted to act on the magnetic needle; and that this action is not greater at the extremities, or at any other points of the conductor, analogous to poles, as some have supposed. Mr. J. H. ABRAHAM has also discovered, that the poles of a magnetised steel bar are not ne- cessarily situated at its extremities; but, by a particular mode of touching, (which he has laid before the Royal Society,) he has been able to produce bars, both of whose ends have similar poles, whilst the middle of these bars exhibit the opposite polarity. The same gentleman has also veri- fied the fine discovery of Mr. Barlow, as to magnetism affecting or residing only in the superficial parts of masses of iron or steel ; and has experimentally proved, that mag- netised flat bars, one-tenth of an inch thick, are equally powerful, with bars of consi- derably larger dimensions and weight, un- der the same extent of surface. Hitherto there has been no evidence of the thermometer acquiring warmth trom the rays of the moon, though col- lected in the focus of a burning mirror, and calculations have been made to prove that they do not excite any. Dr. Howarb, of the United States, however, maintains that those calculations and ex- periments are inaccurate. With a ther- mometer of his own construction,-—which he calls Differential,—he has had proofs of the rays of a full moon received ona con- cave mirror, a foot in diameter, raising tie fluid eight degrees, The ear of the human subject, and par- ticularly the membrana tympani, or what is commonly called the drum of the ear, bas lately been the subject of minute anato- mical investigation by Sir E. Home; and by whom it has been discovered, contrary to former opinion, that this membrane is muscular in its structure, and composed of a series of muscular radii, all of equal length, owing to the exactly circular form of this membrane, and meeting in its cen- tre. It is to this exact equality in the lengths of the muscular fibres in the hu- man ear, that Sir Everard attributes its great capability of appreciating musical sounds; he has, on the contrary, found the elephant’s ear to have an oval mem- brane, with fibres very unequal in length amongst themselves; and to this circum- stance he attributes the alleged insensi- bility of the elephant to any but low or grave sounds: a circumstance which we do not remember to have heard noticed, some twenty-five years ago, when the savans of Paris, having a pair of large ele- phants, in whom they hoped to excite amo- rous emotions, that they might breed, en- tertained them with a fine concert of music. In the present instance, one of Mr. Broad- wood’s pianos was thought sufficient for the experimental entertainment of the elephant, the lion, and the other outlandish inhabitants of Exeter Change. We here beg respectfully to ask of Dr. Woollaston, whether this discovery, as to equal radial fibres, or otherwise, can account for those very different capacities for appreciating very high or very low sounds, by particular persons, which he discovered a few years ago, and ably illustrated? Whether a round tympanum may not have unequal radii, through the want of concentricity, and how this may affect the ear’s capa- bility ? Mr. PHiLre TAYLOR, an experienced operative chemist in the neighbourhood of London, has lately published in the “ Phi- losophical Magazine,” a valuable series of experiments, in a tabular form, on tlie heat and expansive force of steam, at all temperatures, from 212° F. to 320° ; mea- sured in inches height of mercury, support- ed in a barometer tube, viz. from 0 (for the atmospheric pressure,) to 150 inches ; and measured also, in pounds pressure, on a square inch of surface, viz. from 0 to 73 lbs. From whence it appears, that an increase of 39° of heat above boiling wa- ter (in the open air) produces the first additional atmosphere of pressure, 24° more produces a second, 18° more pro- duces a third, 15° more a fourth, and a further addition of little more than 12° above the last temperature, produces a e fifth 1823.] Commercial Report. 269 fifth atmosphere of pressure or expansive their steam operations in the large way; force of steam. These results, Mr. Taylor but by what particular law the consump- observes, pretty clearly indicate the great tion of fuel, necessary to produce steam of economy of high-pressure steam, which different high pressures, may be regulated, himself and many others have found, in is not yet well understood, MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. ——_ PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. Feb. 21. ' March 25. Cocoa, W.I. common .- £2 10 0 to 215 0/215 0 to 3 0 0 perewt, Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 418 0 — 5 10} 418 0 — 5 5 0 do »fine -» 6110 — 7 2 0 613 0 —'7 40 do. » Mocha ...00... 5 10 0 — 10 0 0 510 0 —141 0 O do, Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 7 — 0 OF 8 OO it = 110050, 49 per lb. » Demerara....2. 0 0 8i— 0 011 0 0 8 — 0 011 do. ‘Currants--...... eee een ya O TOTS Dp ee wet O perewt. Figs, Turkey --........ 2.2 0 — 210 0} 25 0 — 910 0 perchest Flax, Riga :...........56 0 0 arr 0'*0'")'60' 0 8ON- = 67 6 O per ton, Hemp, Riga, Rhine -...43 0 0 —44 0 014210 9 — 43 0 0 do. Hops, new, Pockets.... 310 0 — 5 5 0} 316 0 — 512 9 percwt, , Sussex, do. 212 0 — 3 0 01 9 49 Ou AO cauda. Iron, British, Bars .... 815 0 — 90) On BAS” Ope VO. per ton, ey PIS sees G0 '0 o—— 7 JOO 6 0 0— 7 0-0 do. Oil, Lucca ...-+..2-...42 0 0 — O 0,0./12 10 0. — 43:10 0 25 galls. —, Galipoli.:.......... S600. =-57 0.0, | 55° 0 0 — 66 1010 per ton. Rags .-++.seeccceeeee 2 2 Q A SR hl NAM Ae We YN) 6 percwt. Raisins, bloom or jar,new 310 0 TS 1h O83 10.0, Star Ode, Rice, Patna kind ...... 1 0 9 — 1-2-0°| 4 0:0 = "4% "O * ap. ae East Priddis Sess oe dG uO 0 18.6 Oa aay PS 018 O do. Silk, China, TAWsereceee 0 17 Di 1 oe? 5 O 17 5 1 2 5 per Ib. ——-,, Bengal, skein .... 0 14 5 — 017 & 014 5 — 017 6 do. Spices, Cinnamon -..... 0 7 RR EM ON iar ia eR 05 ar do. » Cloves --++-6.. 0 3 9 — Q 4 ¥ 04 0 =)0 40.35 dg: » Nutmegs....6.. 0 3 14 — QO Sa0 933 — 0.3 4 do » Pepper, black-. 0 0 7 — o O A724) Oo Oar On 1G 7i do. »Wwhitese 0 1 38 9 4 47| 0. 1 42 — 0 4 5% do. Spirits, Brandy, Cagnize (0°33 )..0 2.8 0.3.3 —.0 38 per gal, » Geneva Hollands 0 2 3 — 0 26 023 — 024 da » Rum, Jamaica.- 0 2 8 — 9 3 0 029 — 030 4d, Sugar, DST cols chavs cio) Dl iO. —ape8 2 0 3 Ofe0), 3 2 0 per cwt. ——-, Jamaica, fine .... 316 9 _ 318 0) 3 14.0, —~S46 a. > de. ——, East India,brown 1 0 9 _ A O zai | ea lr ln =e ——, lump, fine....c0.. 4 1460 — 418 0 415 0 — 418 0 do. Tallow, town-melted.... 2 9 0— 000 2°00 — 000 @d, » Russia, yellow +» 116 6 — 117 0 114 6 — 000 do. Tea, Boliea..-.... seed On @) AE Oo g De) O12. se ie— Tg) ap 53 per Ib. =——, Hyson; best -.2... 0 & 7 — 0 510 OAD 6. = OG ve hee ee Wine, Madeira, old ---.20 0 9 — 70 0 0/20 0 0 —70 0 o per pipe ——,, Port, old ........ 49 0 0 —48 0 O 42 0 0 — 48 0 do. —, Sherry .-++......99 9 9 —_ 50 0 0120 0 0 —50 0 go per butt Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s. —Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s, a 50s.—Madeira, 20s, a 30s.—Jamaica, 40s. a 50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs.a12 gs. Course of Exchange, March 25.—Amsterdam, 12 9.—Hamburgh, 38 4,—Paris, 25 80. —Leghorn, 46%.—Lisbon, 51.—Dublin, 91 per cent. Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and Edmonds'.—Birmingham, 600l.—Coventry, 10701.—Derby, 140/,—Ellesmere, 62/,— Grand Surrey, 50/.—Grand Union, 18/. 10s,—Grand Junction, 2401.—Grand Wes- tern, 41.—Leeds and Liverpool, 3741.—Leicester, 295l.—Loughbro’, 35001.— Oxford, 740l.—Trent and Mersey, 2000/.—W orcester, 271.—East India Docks, 1501.—London, 105l.— West India, 180/,—Southwark BRinGE, 18/.—Strand, 5l.—Royal Exchange ASSURANCE, 2581,—Albion, 50l—Globe, 1341.—Gas Licur Company, 68/.—City Ditto, 1271. 10s. The 3 per cent, Reduced, on the 95th was —; 3 per cent. Consols, 742 ; 3} per cent. — ; 4 per cent. 94% ; Bank Stock —. Gold in bars, 31.175, 6d, per 0z.—New doubloons, 31, 15s, 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 114d, ALPHABETICAL 270 Banlrupts and Dividends. jApril 1, “ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the Wth of Feb. and the 20th of March, 1823: extracted from the London Gazette. —__—— BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 87.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ADAMS, J. and J. A. Southampton, toy-sellers, (Sowton : Agrew, A. Great Yarmouth, draper. (Longdill, L. Aldersey, J. Liverpool, grocer. (Clarke and Co. L, Atkins, J. one ortland-street, chemist and drag- gist. ax Banting, J. late of Cumberland-street, carpenter. (Carbon Barlow, J. Merton, Surrey, millwright. (Deykes, L. Barrow, K. and TT. Liverpool, corn-merchant. (Chester, L. Bell, H. Bourn, Lincolnshire, (Parnther and Co. L. Bennett, A. Fountain-court, Minories, packing-case maker. ae a Blatchford, K. J. Lombard-street, Swinford : Boyden, S. Chapel-street, Pentonville, beast-sales- man. (Cole, L. i sf Browning, J. und R. A. Belvidere-wharf, Waterloo- bridge, timber-merchants. (Wilks Budd, W. H. Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks, coach-master. (Stevens and Co. L. i Butler, &. Alcester, teilmonger. (Adlington, L. Byers, J. Blackbourn, Lancaster, chapman. (Norris Cave, S. Gloucester, jeweller. (Lawledge, L. Chainbers, J. Woiverhampton, agricultural machine maker. (Williams, L. Chapman, E. Bridgwater-square, (Platt Charleswoith, T. Clare-street, grocer. Cleghorn, W._ Rateliffe-highway, (Hodgson, L. Cook, W. and G. Canterbury, wine-merchants. (Brundrett, L. Cuziier, J. Lullington, Somerset, fuller. (Lovel, L. Davies, W. King-street, Covent-garden, woollen- draper. (Tanner Draper, R. J. Fleet-market, (Scargill Ealand, K. Stourbridge, hatter. (Walker, L. Ficke, C. Cornhill, dealer and chapman. (King Fe ¥- Peterborough, linen-draper. (Biem- ridge, L. Flecher 9. Plumbland, Cumberland, lime-burner. (Armstrong, L. Ford, C, Regent-street, linen-draper. (Clarke Franklin, W. Ladydown, Wilts, fuller. (Berkeley, L. Garle, W.S. Warner, and T, Garle, Dowgate-docks, merchants. (oulton Glasier, W. R. Park-street, Westminster, moncy- serivener. (Freeman and Co. Godirey, J. Leicester, plumber and glazier. (Naylor Greig, W. City-road, upholsterer. (nightand Co. Griffith, T. Liverpool, merehant. (Clarke and Co. Haile, M. Cheitenham, victuailer. ( v, Le Haviland, W. Plymouth, printer. (Wright and Co. Hanilton, W. J. and F. G. and J. Ridsdale, Leeds, merchants. (Druce, L. Hebbron, S. Cleveland, Yorkshire, butcher. (Mor- ton and Co. L. ‘ Hiscocks, J. Frome Selwood, Somersetshire, clothier. (Williams, L. ; Hitchen, C. and T. Wostenholme, Sheffield, hair- seating manufacturers. (‘Tilson and Co, L. Hols, B. Thrum-hall, Halifax, merchant. (Walker Hull, T. Poulton, Lancashire, money-scrivener. (Norris, L. Humberstone, J. St. John-street, Clerkenwell, vic- corn-merchant. sword-cutler, leather-seller. (Portal cheesemonger, earthenwareman. Johnson, B. Samborn, Warwickshire, farmer. (Ful- ler and Co. L. Keast, W. St. Erny, Cornwall, lime-burner. (Alex- ander, L. Knibb, A. Barnwell St. Andrew, Northamptonshire, miller. (Lys, L. ~ Lamb, J. A. Highgate, coal-merchant. Lambert, R. Manchester, manufacturer. (Ellis and Co, L. Lee, W. Charles-street, Covent-garden, theatrical dress-maker. (Saxon and Co. Littlewood, J. Rochdale, stationer. (Tilson and Co. Martin, F. Tewkesbury, wine-merchant. (Edmunds Mathias, J. Haverfordwest, upholsterer. (Hilliard and Co. L. Meredith, T. sen. Bishopsgate-street without, lea- ther-seller. (Clarke 4 Mingay, A. G, Silver-street, Golden-square, builder. Brooking Newman, G. Box, Wiltshire, victualler. (Ferowd, L. Oldfield, J. Edgeware-road, coach-maker. (Rice and Son Park, J. Tower-royal, merchant. (Eastham Parker, ‘I’. Powlett, Somerset, coal-merchant. (Hicks and Co. L. Pearson, R. Droitwich, Worcestershire, glover. (Williams and Co, L. Pepper, H. F. Kingston-upon-Thames, stone-mason, (Simpsen, L. Pool, J. Madron, Cornwall, miller. (Follett, L. Read, C. Downe’s-wharf, East Smithfield, coal-mer- chant. (Dix Riley, J. Sheffield, chinaman. (Darke, L. Round, G. Reading, silk-weaver. (James, L. Scott, D. Uxbridge, brewer. (Gale, L. Scudamore, J. King’s Bench Walk, Temple, dealer. (Knight and Co, L. Simons, W. Birmingham, brush-maker. © (Slade and Co. L. Slade, J. Narrow-street, Limehouse, butcher. (Wal- ters, jun. L. Steel, S. Rotherham, Yorkshire, linen-draper. (King and Son, L. cern! en Frith-street, Soho, carver and gilder. ade Tait, T, and J. Dover-road, Southwark, brewers. (Spence and Co. L. Tee, J. Heinsworth, Yorkshire, shopkeeper. (Bartlett Thompson, L. Hull, miller. (Highmoor, L Thorpe, S. and R. Marshall, Nottingham, coal- dealers. (Knowles, L. Teatt, R. J. King-street, Bloomsbury, butcher. (Cole Turquand, W. Shorters-court, Throgmorton-street, broker. (Holloway, L. Viera, A. J. L. and A. M. Braga, Tokenhouse-yard, merchants. (Nind and Co. Walker, J. Great Smith-street, Westminster, car- peoter. (Hannam Wainman, J. E. Dark-house lane, Lower Thames- street, fishmonuer. (Lang Wells, W. Brightwell, Berks, farmer. (Williams and Co. L. ‘ Welsh, T. Great Tower-street, wine-merchant. (Leigh Westwood, J, Leominster, fariner. (Jenkins and Co, Welchman, J. HKathbone-place, feather-maker, (Reynell and Co. 4 White, G. Cherrygarden-street, Bermondsey, ship- wright. (Jackson Wight, T. Duke-street, St. James’s, tailor. (Bull Wilson, J. Norland-hall, Yorkshire, farmer. (Mor ton and Co. L. tualler. (Saunders and Co, Abbott, W. Windham-place Bailey, J. Canwick Barrett, A. Poultry Baithrop, W. Lineoln Beeston, J. Drayton-in-Halls, Shropshire Bond, J. Munsiey, Herefordshire Bowman, R. Manchester Bradock, J. and P. aud N. Cromp- ton, Manchester Britton, J. Worcester Brown, R. Sheffield Buckler, J. Newman-street Bulmer, 8S. Oxford-street DIVIDENDS. Bullman, J. and T, Milnthorpe, Westmoreland Bumpus, J. Holborn Burgie, J. Mark-lane Burraston, W. Worcester Canny, J. Bishopwearmouth Cary, J. Racquet-court, Fleet-st. Chambers and Co. Broadhembury re Mason, and Jones, Den- igh Cripps, J. Wisbeach Dallas, W. Cushion-court, Old Broad street David, J, London Deavill, E. Manchester Drake, J. Lewisham Dufour, W. F. A. Berner’s-street Edmunds, T. Castlebryged Evans, T. Bitrminghgm Fisher, M. Fintern Forbes, F. Greenwich Franceys, S. and T. P. Liverpool Glover, C. Albemarle-street Goodeve, W. D. Wimborne Min- ster, Dorsetshire z Hancock, J. Limeliouse-stairs Hardwick, S. Birmingham Hawksley, J. Birmingham arvey, 1823.] Harvey, M. B. and W. Witham, Essex f Henderson, R. Lowthian Gill Herbert, E.'1’. Fetter-lane Hill, T. Ledbury | Hodson, T. C. Leominster Huntingdon, J. Snow-hill Jobnson, S. Skinner-street Ketcher, N. Bradwell near the Sea, Essex MNoell, W. Charles-street Marsh, J. Sidmouth Marston, J. Birmingham Martindale and Fitch, London Merchant, J. Maidstone shire Roxby, R. B. Political Affairs in March. Mitchinson, T. Great Driffield Moore, S. Ashby-de-la-Zouch Morris, J. Liverpool Mullion, H. Liverpool Ouey, G. New Bond-street Pickman, W. East Ilsley, Berks Prichard, E, Llanrwst, Denbigh- Richards, S. Liverpool Roffey, B. New Bond-strect Rose, R. N. Holborn-hill Rose, J. and J. Symons’? Wharf _ Commercial-road Simpson, R, Crown-court 271 Standen, T. Lancaster Staham, J. Collyhur-t Stawpert and Co. South Blyth, orthumberlana Steele, J. Liverpool Tarleton, J. Liverpool Taylor, A. Kent-road Thurtell and Giddens, Norwich Vernon, T. Towcester Wheeler, J. jun. Abingdon Wilkinson, G. York Willett, F. E. and R. Thetford Wood, B. Narborough Wyche, H. Salisbury Yonden, J. Dover, Arbour-square, MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. <= tp variable weather of the present mouth has in some degree impeded the operations of agriculture; which, how- ever, hold nearly equal pace with the Season,—in itself backward. Hay and fodder have been scarce throughout, and the spring grass will be very late. Swedish turnips, where they succeeded, proved an invaluable resource ; but, as it often hap- pens, they failed in many parts, equally with the other species. ‘The clovers, and all artificial grasses, have suffered conside- rable injury. Wheats, on the whole, look well. The losses on sheep during the winter were considerable ; and also in the lambs, since the season, both from the un- kindly weather, and a defectof milk in the ewes, Wool, as usual, is quoted in some parts as a rising article, in others as a mere drug: in the mean time, we have seldom any report of fine wool, as though every attempt to produce it had been given up mm this country. Very high prices have been asked in the country for good saddle- horses, even to the amount, it is said, (for capital ones,) of forty pounds each; more than could possibly have been made in the metropolis. ‘The sudden rise in corn ori- ginated in speculation, and the markets will now depend chiefly on the opinions of the speculators: some depression has already succeeded. The market for cattle and flesh-meat generally follows that of corn. The most remarkable advance has been in the price of pig stock; amounting, on the average, to full fifty per cent. This may certainly be attributed, in a conside- rable degree, to scarcity ; since the exces- sive depression of price had greatly dimi- nished both the breeding at home and the Irish importation. Smithfield: —Beef, 3s. 4d. to 4s. 6d.— Mutton, 3s. 8d. to 4s. 8d.—Veal, 3s. 4d. to 6s.—Pork, 5s. to 4s. 6d.; Dairy, 5s. —Raw fat, 2s. 22. Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 32s. to 60s. —Barley, 28s. to 40s.—Oats, 18s. to 28s. —London price of best bread, 4ib. for 83d. —Hay, 57s. to 90s.—Clover, do. 6Us. to 100s.—Straw, 42s. 6d. to 66s. 6d. Coals in the pool, 33s. 6d. to 48s. 6d. Middlesex ; March 24, POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN MARCH. —a—— GREAT BRITAIN. ANY questions of great national importance have occupied the attention of Parliament during the month. Ministers, instead of relieving the country by abating taxes, (except to the extent named in our last,) and enabling the people to make compound interest themselves, have determined On appropriating all further surplus to the creation of what, they now assure us, is to be a sacred sinking fund of five millions, and which they propose fo increase, by compound interest, to eight millions, and thereby liquidate the public debt of 800 millions! In preserving this fund, and a fraction of the old taxes, they, however, of course Maintain the entire machinery and 3 patronage of the system, and their purpose is answered. The whole empire has_ petitioned against the Insolvent Debtor system; but we have not derived from one of these petitions a ray of information, except that the system drives debtors to extremities, and occasions them to waste the whole of their property in warding off the last exposure. We repeat, but perhaps in vain, that no amelioration can take place, unless a certain majority of creditors are ena- bled to compromise with the debtor; and we may then expect that men will make proposals while they have property left, because they will have a chance of relief. But, without such provisions, we must return to the old system of perpetual and uscless impri- sonment, 272 sonment, or be content with a farthing in the pound.* The state of the Continent, and our own relations, are at this moment so interesting, that we judge it proper to preserve an abstract of a debate on the 27th, on a motion for adjourning till April 10. ars i Lord Archibuld Hamilton proposed an amendment, that the House should, at its rising, adjourn only till the 7th, under the circumstances in which the country, and * During the current month, two cases have occurred within the concerns of the writer. A tradesman, who had met with some losses, proposed to his creditors to assign his entire property to two of them, and guarantee 10s. in the pound within eighteen months; to which the whole assented, except one. This man would have his 20s. in the pound, and, bringing his action, obtained execution; and, in spite of nineteen-twentieths of the credi- tors, in number and amount, a commission of bankruptcy was issued ; and the credi- tors will not only perhaps get a mere 9s. 6d. in the pound in three or four years, but the man is utterly ruined. In the other case, the whole of the creditors, ex- cept two, came in: one the trustees of an estate, who conceived they had no power; and the other a person gone on the Conti- nent, and whose assent could not be ob- tained: consequently, the wishes and in- terest of forty-seven forty-ninths of the creditors are thwarted; and nothing, as the law now stands, can relieve the parties but a commission!, Such, however, are daily occurrences, within the experience of every man of business Sgyet we do not believe that one of 500 petitions has pointed out this plain and unexceptionable remedy.— In a third case, we know a very worthy man, just liberated by the Insolvent Deb- tors’ Court, whose effects will not yield sixpence in the pound; and, on enquiring how this could happen, he replied, “ Ah, my dear sir, if I could have arranged with my creditors three years ago, I might with greater ease have paid 15s.; but there were two obstinate and selfish men out of forty, and, as I felt that these two were un- likely to come into any atrangement, I lived in hope, and put off the evil day till I had not a shilling left. One cannot vo- luntarily rush on certain destruction.” Such are ninety-nine of every hundred cases of insolvency, aud yet the commer- cial interest of England is baffled by com- mittees of the House of Commons; three- fourths of which consist of dividers of the spoil,—in commissioners of bankrupts and crafty lawyers, all of whom professionaily resist any measure which should enable creditors to settle for themselves with their debtors, without the intervention of law! Political Affairs in March. [April L, he might say Europe, was now placed, and when the important question of the inva- sion of Spain by France was in agitation. Some of his friends had, in the’ course of the session, paid very lavish compliments to his Majesty’s government, on the sup- position of a change of policy on their part. {In these compliments he had no share. He had thought it neeessary to see, before he bestowed any such compliments, either a declaration of altered opinion, or a mani- festation of altered conduct. Declaration of altered opinion, at any rate, there was none; for Mr. Canning studiously dis- claimed it. At the very outset of the ses- sion, the Secretary for the Home Depart ment defended the invasion of Naples; and the French government actually justified the invasion on the precedent of this very invasion of Naples, as well as on the con- duct wniformly pursued by our govern- ment. Our permission of the invasion of Naples, the abandonment of Sicily, our conduct towards Genoa,—all were brought in review by the French government, to justify their aggression. The Holy Alliance was per se a public nuisance. Itwas not pos- sible that a confederacy of kings could be allowed to meet in Europe to take means for the increase of their own power, without exciting the disgust of all free men, and lay- ing the seeds of civil war in the countries which they pretended to interfere to pa- cify. France had excited insurrections in Spain; her ministers had made their. boast of it. The French government had instal- led a Regency, which it took upon itself to call the rightful government of Spain. What now was to hinder Spain from re+ turning the compliment, and appointing, a Regency in the name of young Napoleon, which it might recognise as the government of France; but, in that case, we were bound to protect France! Again, Portu- gal had made common cause with Spain, and had declared that an invasion of Spain should be considered as an.attack upon her own independence. Now we were pledged (as Mr. Canning, in a note which had been published, had declared,) to pro- tect the independence of Portugal. . It was high time for this country to withdraw itself from the Holy Alliance, to dissolve all connexion with a confederacy which could only involve its allies in war and de- struction, or expose them to the general indignation of.Europe. While any con- nexion with that confederacy of kings against freedom existed, it was impossible that this country could pursue a line of conduct which could conciliate the friend- ship of maskind, Mr. J. Macdonald expressed his asto- nishment at the unexampled interruption of the public business, proposed at a time when a struggle had commenced, which was to prove whether the independence of nations was an empty sound, for he sup- posed 1823.] posed he might say war was commenced, when a delicate prince had gone forth amidet hail and snow, with he knew not what retinue of horses and carriages, at the head of some 60,000 men, against his brave aud free, and, except as far as they were free, unoffending neighbours. Excepting two or three importavt questions relating to the sister kingdom, and two or three of fiscal importance, scarcely any thing was done. It was true, large establishments had been voted (but this was not a very la- borious work), and they had been voted without opposition, chiefly on account of the critical situation of foreign affairs. The Ways and Means had been provided for, but the Chancellor of the Exchequer had taken care to stop their mouths on this subject by permanently appropriating five millions of surplus revenue, and by making some reductions of Taxes which affected the expenditure of gentlemen. This country, which had in other times been prondly termed the arbitress of Europe, had interfered with the govern- ment it had restored, to prevent war, and had not beensuccessful. It had interfered too under circumstances apparently most favourable to its efforts. With this nation, to a man indignant at the meditated hosti- lities, with nineteen-twentieths of the peo- ple of France in the same sentiments, and opposed only to a band of fanatics, who had seized the government, while their in- firm king was falling rapidly into the grave ; with Prussia averse to the war—with Aus- tria shrinking from it—surely there were circumstances under which this country might hope that its interference would have some weight with the family in whose behalf they had spent 1500 millions of money. If, under these circumstances, the interference of this country had been repelled, and her authority laughed at, it was surely fit that the people of England should have speedily before them the de- tails of those transactions, by which it was too manifest that we had lost much of dig- nity and command, though he hoped even yet we might save our honour. There was a story, too, spread by malevolence—for malevolence he must as yet deem it—that this country, finding its efforts ineffectual with the stronger and assailing power, had counselled the weaker, and the injured one, to consent to its own degradation.— And this was said of the government of England, which was indebted for its exist- ence to its own energies; and which had purchased its safety by casheering its king— a pon which, were such conditions offered to it, would be the last to accept them, and, if tendered to an insidious enemy, would be ready to make any sacri- fice strenuously to oppose them. No man looking to our debt, five-sixths of which, let it never be forgotten, was incurred for the purpose of putting down the enemies of the Montuty Mac, No, 380. Political Affairs in March. 273 Bourbons, or to restore them to that throne they seemed -now likely to lose; but with this load of debt, with which the Tory administration had inflicted the country, no man could wish the country could be again subjected to the chances of war.—= Whatever may happen to the Bourbons, and they seemed in a fair way to prove again the extremities of fortune, he was quite sure that the people of this country would never again allow one drop of their blood, nor one farthing of their money, to be spent for the support of the family. If they were not to aid the cause of liberty,’ they would at least never again, with their eyes open, be found abetting the cause of slavery. That famous manifesto, the speech of the King of France, gave us the right to make war. In that document, war was declared against every free institu- tion not emanating from the will of a king. There was no limitation in time or space. The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement were invalid; our sovereign, according to these doctrines, was a usurper, and our shores might be invaded and polluted to put down all the conse- quences of the revolution of 1688. By this, France had given us the right of war, and whether we were to use it or not, would depend entirely on ourselves. Pledyed neutrality !—what neutrality can there be for us, when she is in arms to sup- port sucha principle? A pledge of neu- trality is a compact which could not exist with France, on the present occasion. It might be wise indeed for us to look on and allow the fanatics at the head of the government of that country to waste its resources. It might be wise also to avoid rousing the angry feelings of two great and jealous nations ; it might be prudent for us to abstain from war, but there could be no neutrality—to be pacific was not to be neutral. It might be wise to pause before we took up arms, or again expose onr- selves to such an enormous taxation, after having expended 1500,000,000I. in the last war. But, if the weight of this burden prevented us taking up arms, it would be also wise to avow it ; there could be neither disgrace nor danger in this, but much in concealing the true reasons for our con- duct; on whatever side the government might be, the hearts and the prayers of | the people were with Spain; never can they be neutral, when unmasked oppres- sion is striking at freedom. We may, at least, say, and earnestly say—God pros- per the righteous cause! May this incur- able race rue the day of this their under- taking —an undertaking, guilty in the extreme, and which, he hoped, they would find spe licta, tractata dura, eventa tristia. Mr. Canning said, he did not think the House would expect him to be tempted into a premature discussion of the ques- Nn tion 274 tion reserved for a future day, by the speeches of the honourable gentleman op- posite. As to the question which had been put to him on a former occasion, whether there were any treaties which bound this country to guarantee the throne of France to the Bourbons? his answer was, that there did exist stipulations by which the contracting parties were bound to exclude the family of Bonaparte from the throne of France, He had stated also that there was another stipulation, that in case of rebellion taking place in France, then the contracting parties were’ bound to take counsel together as to what mea- sures it would be proper to pursue. ‘The right honourable gentleman concluded by supporting the original motion, which, of course, was carried. - F SPAIN. The Cortes met on the Ist of March, when a letter was read from the Secre- tary of State for Grace and Justice, which informed the Cortes that the state of his Majesty’s health did not permit him to be present at the open- ing of the Cortes, but that Secretaries of State were in attendance to commu- nicate to the President the Speech which his Majesty would have had the satisfaction to deliver, had not indispo- Sition prevented him. The Secretary of State for the Home Department then handed the Speech to the President, who read it to the Cortes as follows :— _Senores Deputies— The extraordinary circumstances in which this session of the legislature is opened, presents a vast field to the patriotism of the representatives of the Spanish people, and will render it memorable in the national annals. Spain, at this moment the object of the attention of all nations, is about to resolve the great problem which occupies mo- narchs and people. In its solution are involved the hopes, the fears, and the in- terests of mankind—the caprices of am- bition and pride. The continental powers of the Holy Alliance have now raised a cry against the political institutions of this nation, whose independence and liberty have been con- quered with its blood. Spain, in reply to the insidious intimations of those poten- tates, has solemnly manifested to the world that her fundamental laws can only be dictated by herself. This clear and luminous principle is in- capable of being attacked, except by Sophisms, supported by arms; and those who, in the 19th centary,. appeal to this last reason, give the most decisive proof of the injustice of their cause. The Most Christian King has said, that one hundred thousand Frenchmen are to Political Affairs in March. [April 1, come to settle the domestic affairs of Spain, and to amend the errors of our institutions. When before were soldiers commissioned to reform laws? In what code is it written that military invasions may be the precursors of national felicity to any people? It would be unworthy of reason to re- fute such anti-social errors ; and it would not be decorous in the Constitutional King of the Spains to apologise for the just national cause before those who, in order to subdue every feeling of shame, cover themselves with the mantle of the most detestable hypocrisy. I trust that the energy, the firmness, and the constancy, of the Cortes, will form the best reply to the speech of the Most. Christian King. I hope that, steady in their principles, and resolved to walk in the path of their duty, they will always be the Cortes of the 9th and 11th of January, and ever be found in all respects worthy of the nation which bas intrusted to them its destinies. I hope that reason and justice will not show less courage than the genius of oppression and slavery. ‘The nation which capitulates with enemies whose bad faith is so notorious, is already subdued. To receive the law which is to be imposed by force of arms, is the ex- treme of ignominy. If war be already an unavoidable evil, the nation is magnanimons, and will again hasten to combat for independence and civil liberty. The path of glory is already known to Spain, and all the sacrifices which this contest may require, will be easy to her. Constancy and patriotism present a thousand resources which, in the hands of Spaniards, always produce the happiest results. For my part, I once more offer to the National Congress the co-operation of all my efforts to realize hopes which the friends of liberal institutions place in Spain, by carrying into execution all the mea- sures within the compass of my authority to repel force by force. The seasonable removal of my person and the Cortes to a point less subject to the influence of mili- tary operations, will paralyze the enemy’s plans, and prevent any suspicion in the im- pulse of the government, the action of which onght to be felt in every point of the monarchy. The army, whose services in the just cause are so great, is completing and orga- nizing, in pursuance of the last decrees of the Cortes. The victories which it ob- tained against the factious are the precur- sors of others of a more important nature over the foreign enemy. The provinces iv general exhibit a very good spirit. The evils which they have suffered from. those who style themselves defenders of religion, have dissipated the 281 culiar to’ himself. Mr. Lewis was nata- rally of a gouty habit; and this, irritated by a formidable complaint in the bladder, —for which his friend Dr. Prout had pre- scribed every possible relief,—at length seized him in a vital part, and put an end to his existence; verifying the remark of Lord Bacon, ‘‘ That when a learned man dies, who has been long a-making, a great deal dies with him.” ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. Rev. F.S. Trotman, 8.4. to the Vicarage of -Dallington, Northamptonshire, and to the Rectory of Stoke Geldington, and, * Gayhurst, Bucks. Rey. Hugh Owen, LL.D. master of the Grammar School at Beccles, to the Rec- tory and Parish Church of Beccles. Rey. W. W. Greenaway, to the Rectory of Newbold Verdon, Leicestershire ; also to the Vicarage of Shackerstone. Rev. Kalph Lyon, M.A. to be Head Master of the King’s School, Sherborne, Dorset. ; Rey. Jermyn Pratt, 7.4. to the consoli- dated Rectories of Bintry and Themil- thorpe, Norfolk. Rev. George Lewes Benson has been elected a Vicar Choral of Salisbury Ca- thedral. Rey. John Nelson, m.a. to the Rectory and Parish Church of Mileham, Norfolk. Rev. J. Lempriere, to the Rectory of Newton St. Petrock, Devon. Rev. William Acton, ni.n. to ‘the Rec« tory of Ayott St. Lawrence, Herts. Rev. J. Cape, m.a. to be Head- Master of the Artillery and Engineer Seminary at Addiscombe, near Croydon. Rev, C. R. Sumner, to be Chaplain in Ordinary to the King. Rev. W. Burgess, to the consolidated Vicarage of Kirby, Walton, and Thorpe- le-Soken, Essex. Rev. John Jenkins, to the Rectory of Knill, Herefordshire. a Rev. J. Bluck, to the Vicarage of Grays Thurrock, Essex. Rev. J. W. Peters, to the Rectory of Quenington, in Gloucestershire. PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, f WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last twenty-scven Years. — NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. LAMENTABLE occurrence lately took place at the Newcastle theatre. A fas-light in the lower part of the Circus coming in contdet with a piece of board, set fire to it; an alarm, and a general rush followed to get out of the house; in cou- sequence, from ten to twelve persons were crashed to death, and upwards of fifty injured, Monruny Mac, No, 380. A meeting of the inhabitants of the parish of St. Nicholas’, Newcastle, was lately held, to consider of the propriety of petitioning Parliament to exempt shops and warehouses, in all cases, trom the duty on inhabited houses. Resolutions and a petition to that effect were adopted una- nimously. Married.) Mr. W. Lamb, of Byker-hill, to Miss J, Smith; Mr. ‘P. Barkas, to Miss Oo J. Johuston; 282 .J. Johnston; Mr. W. Brown, to Miss S. Spoor: all of Newcastle.—Mr. G. Hall, of the Westgate, Newcastle, to Miss M. Hoult, of Houghton-le-Spring, — George Barras, esq. of Gateshead, to Miss Eliza- beth Horn, of Bishopwearmouth.—Mr. H. Deighton; of North Shields, to Miss E. Whitehead, of Tynemouth.—Mr. J. Clough, of South Shields, to Miss A. Ayton, of Stockton.—Mr. Charles Rowe, to Miss Cooper, both of Bishopwearmouth. —Mr. J. Dawson, jun. of Hilton Ferry, to Miss A. Brown, of Bishopwearmouth. —Mr. Dawson, to Miss E, Me. Lellan.— Mr. R. Fenwick, to Miss Hall, of Mor- peth.—Mr, Davison, to Mrs. Mathwin, both of Wallsend.—Mr. J. Cutter, of Wallsend, to Mrs. Mann, of North Shields. —Mr. W. Cockshott, of Addingham, to Miss D. Pickergill, of Ainderby-house, Leeming-lane. Died.| At Newcastle, in Rosemary- lane, 76, Mr. G. Burlison.—In the Mino- ries, 70, Mrs, M. Barry.—In Forth-street, 83, Mr. W. Swaddle.—In Newgate-street, 85, Anthony Hopper, esq. of Silksworth, deservedly regretied for his benevolence, and general conduct. At Gateshead, on the Windmill-hills, 23, Mr. H. Talbot.—Mr. E, Robson, sud- denly.—At Gateshead Fell, 73, Mr. Robert Doubleday. Educated in his early years among the people called Quakers, though he did not attach himself to that profes- sion, he maintained through life a plain- ness of manners and address, which ap- peared to be dictated by sound, good sense, and devoid of all affectation of sin- gularity. ‘There were, perhaps, few books or authors of eminence, in the English language particularly, with which he was unacquainted. Frank in his manners and liberal in his opinions, he was a stranger to that illiberality and cant which have so disgraced the present age, and shielded ‘men of weak intellect from public oppro- brinm. He was a member of a Philoso- phical Society established in Newcastle some years before the Literary and Philo- ‘sophical Society, and which probably gave rise to the latter institution, of which he was one of the most distinguished founders. He was one of the first secre- taries, and for the last twenty-six years was annually chosen one of the vice- presidents of this society. Of all the other officers, none paid so close an at- tention to its affairs, and none certainly were so generously deyoted to its inter- ests; none contributed more to its prose perity, and few, perhaps, will dispute his title as the Father of this valuable msti- tution. He was forty-six years secre- tary to the Dispensary of Newcastle ; also to the Fever Hospital and Lying-in Cha- vity; chairman of the committee of the Royal Jubilee Schooi; and one of the Cumberland and Westmoreland. [April ft, directors of the Saving-Banke In the gratuitous discharge of all these offices, his leisure and punctual habits enabled, and his regard to the public good. dis- posed, him to give the several establish- ments above mentioned, the benefit of his constant attendance, At Durham, 63, Mrs. Grieveson.—2é,. Mr. H. Parker, of Neweastle. At North Shields, 50, Mrs. A. Murton. —86, Mr. Henry Taylor; he projected the light in Hasbro’ Gatt, and at. the Goodwin and Sunk Sands.—81, Mr. H. Reed.—72, Mrs. E. Hodgson. At South Shields, 25, Mr. J. Boulby. —66, Mr. J. Marshall. At Sunderland, Miss Nesbitt.—Mr. E, Thompson. At Barnardeastle, Mr. Jos. Tinkler. —At Stockton, 64, Mr. G. Atty, late of Gateshead.—At Hexham, 20, Miss J. Loraine, regretted.—At Chirten, 85, Mr. J. Anderson.—At Black Callerton, 80, Mr. T. Hindmarsh, regretted.—At Fel- ton, 74, Mr. T. Gilhespy.—At Benwell West Farm, 86, Mis. J. Oliver.—At Bingfield, 82, Mr. Hepple.—At Aycliffe, 96, Mr. J. Grieveson.—86, Mr. Thomas Sowerby. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. - On the 12th ult. the canal from Carlisle to the West Sea was opened, with con- siderable ceremony. ‘The advantages to the commercial interests from this under- taking will be immense. Awhole family, of the name of Atkinson, have lately been sent from Kendal to Appleby gaol, for opposing the collectors of assessed taxes, in their demand for a dog which they kept! Married.] Mr. K. Bulman, to Miss M. Robson; Mr. T. Sinclair, to Miss M. Moore: all of Carlisle-—Mr. J. Scott, to Miss E, Ashley, both of Maryport.— Mr. T. Graham, to Miss E. Burrow, both of Penrith—Mr. T. Wilson, to. Miss Lancaster, both of WKendal.—Mr. A. Lawson, to Miss S. Bell, both of Bramp- ton.—Mr. T. Little, of Newbiggin, to Miss A. Milbury, of Carlisle—Mr. W. Harvey, of Routen Beck, to Miss A. Cowen, of Wigton. Died.) At Carlisle, in Damside, Eng- lish Gates, 38, Mrs. J. Little.—In Botch- ardgate, 77, Mr. P. Murray.—In Shad- dongate, 85, Mrs. C. Armstrong. — In Botchardgate, 79, Mrs. S. Irving.—Mrs. E. Blaylock.—In Rickergate, 35, Mr. P. Flaherty—In St. Cuthbert’s lane, 66, Mrs. M. Scott—At Penrith, 35, Mr. LP. Little.—76, Mrs. A. Robinson.—6?, Mr. J. Bellas. At Maryport, at an advanced age, Mr, A. Carlie.—At an advanced age, Mrs, M. Carrick. At Mossband, 75, Mrs. J. Grabham.— At Halburn, 86, Mrs, M, Coulthard.—At Raison 1823.] Raison Hall, Ousley, 75, Mr. A. Little.— At Hutton End, 81, Mr. J. Lowdeu.— At Warwick, 62, Mr. J. Richardson, regretted. : : YORKSHIRE. The York Whig-Club lately adopted a petition to Parliament, to procure the following :—1. A total repeal of the as- sessed taxes, as a certain relief to the trading and Jabonring classes. 2. A con- siderable reduction of the army. 3. The abolition of all sinecure places and offices, and unmerited pensions, together with a Serious retrenchment in every branch of the public expenditure. 4, A reduction of the salaries, pensions, and emoluments of all necessary public functionaries, in Proportion to the increase in the value of the money by the change of currency. 5. A reduction of the interest of the na- tional debt, also in proportion to the in- creased value of the currency. 6. The sale of the crown lands, and an exteiisive reduction of the present enormous reve- nues of the established church in England and Ireland; the money arising there- from, to be devoted to a further reduction of the national debt. 7. An assessment of funded property toward the main- tenance of the poor, as a necessary and certain relief to the trading and landed interests. 8. A reform in the borough system of representation; and, a transfer of the elective franchise from many bo- roughs to large and populous towns, which at present are not represented in your honourable House. Meetings of the lately established Li- terary and Philosophical Society, in Shef- field, commenced within the month; when an introductory lecture, on the Progress of Literature, from the earliest Periods to the close of the thirteenth Century, was de- livered by Mr. Montgomery. ‘ A new music-hall is about to be erected at Sheffield. Married.] Mr. Wrigglesworth, to Miss S. Greaves; Mr. B. Hallewell, to Miss H. Noble; Mr. J. Heaton, to Miss S, Burgess; Mr. S. W. Preston, to Miss A. Strather; Mr. C. Lonsdale, to Miss M. Pickles; Mr. J. Brown, to Miss A. Fletcher: all of Leeds.—Mr. H. Hirst, of Leeds, to Miss M. Ainley, of Delph.— Mr. C. E. Edlett, of Mold Green, Hud- dersfield, to Miss E.Wainwsight, of Leeds. —Mr. W. Sayes, of Holbeck, to Miss M, Giles, of Leeds.—Mr,. Fell, to Miss M. Wilkes, both of Huddersfield.—Mr, J. Clarkson, to Miss Clement, both of Wake- field.—Mr. W. Allison, of Wakefield, to Miss M. Carrodus, of Keighley.—Lieut. R. Leadley, r.n. of Kilham, to Mrs. Fligg, of Scarborough.—Mr. C. Ling, of Scarborough, to Miss Burton, of Holme, in Spalding Moor.—W. J. Coe, esq. of Bedale, to Miss C, Gill, of Oxford.—Mr. Vorkshire— Lancashire. 283 James Cooper, of Aberford, to Miss Waddington, of Clifford. , Died.] At York, Mr. M. A. Robinson, regretted.—On Bishopshill, 88, Mr. W. Bellerby, greatly respected.—In Mickle- gate, 19, Miss Cath. Thackray. At Hull, 45, Mr. G. Alcock, much re- spected.—29, Mr. G. Jackson.—65, Mrs. Raines.—49, Mr. J. Purden, deservedly lamented. At Leeds, in Woodhouse-lane, 46, Mrs. M. A. Hebblethwaite, deservedly regret- ted.—59, Mrs. Aston.—John Carr, esq. of the firm of Messrs. Ikin, Carr, and Co, —44, Mr. R. Gledhill—In East-parade, the Rev. W. Shipley, A.m. of Horsforth. —60, Mr. S. Atack.—60, Mr. W. Hindle. —In Park-square, Miss S. A. Atkinson. At Wakefield, 67, Mr. James Wilby.— In St. John’s-place, Mrs. Maria Harris. —67, Mr. W. Baines. At Bradford, 51, Dr. John Stalker. At Malton, 64, Mr. R. Rutter; Mr. James Jennings.—At Selby, 68, Captain Robert Mann, formerly of the Cambridge- shire militia —At Duannington, 50, the Rey. Fran. Allen, of Barlow.—At Head- inglay, 59, Mr. T. Lee, of Leeds.—At Killingbeck Lodge, Miss Maria Walker. —At Hunslet, 76, Mrs. Addeman. LANCASIIURE. A petition to the Honse of Commons, praying for the abolition of lotteries, on account of their demoralizing tendency, was lately agreed to at Liverpool. A respectable, though not numerous meeting, was lately held at Liverpool, “to consider the propriety of petition- ing Parliament to repeal the Insolvent Debtors’? Act.” The mayor in the chair. Mr. Rushton moved the resolutions, and a petition to be presented to each House of Parliament; which, being seconded by Mr. Robert Preston, were unanimously assed, Married.] Mr. T. Agnew, of Market- street, to Miss J. Lockett, of Water- street; John Atkinson Ransome, to Su- sannah Hoyle; Mr. H. Dyche, to Miss M. Jones; Mr. James Wilkinson, to Miss M. Logan; Mr. W. M. Boyes, to Miss E. Jackson: all of Manchester.—Mr. R, Boyd, of Manchester, to Miss A. Wilson, of Salford.—Mr. D. L. Hynde, to Miss J. Irwin, of King-street; Mr. J. Spencer, to Miss Cockbane; Mr. J. Maxwell, to Miss Plumb; Mr. Joseph Rheid, to Miss S, Broadbent, of Duncan-street East.—Mr. J. James, to Miss Brien; Mr. W. Green, to Miss A. Cooper: all of Liverpool.— Mr. J. Spears, of Liverpool, to Miss M. Smith, of Woolton.—Mr. W. Ditchbnrn, to Miss J. Taggart, both of Harrington.— Mr. G. Lewis, of Monton Green, to Miss M. Pennington, of Chorlton-cum-Hardy. —Mr. T. Winterbottom, of Shelo, to Miss M. Kershaw, of Slack. Died.| 284, Died.) At Manchester, Mr. J. Maguire, deservedly regretted.—In Brown-street, 68, Mrs. A. Gooderham.—In Deansgate, 4), Mrs. Daniels.—In Fennel-street, 80, Mrs. K. Hall.—In Parker-street, at an advanced age, Mr. James Currie.—In Brazennose-street, 26, Mr. Cooper. At Liverpool, at an advanced age, Mr, J. Benson. —79, Mrs. Haighton.— In Westmoreland-place, 58, Mrs. Haworth. —In Circns-street, 69, Mr. T. Yates.—In Castle-street, Mrs. Horridge-—In Corn- wallis-street, Miss M. Grayson.—In Soho- street, 69, Mrs. Bramwell, suddenly.— 34, Mr. A. Elliott.—In St. Anne’s-street, 75, William Gibson, esq.—Mr. F. Duffey, —In Cooper’s-row, Mr. J. Woods.—72, Mr. J. Harrocks.—70, Mrs, Corrie, widow of Edgar C. esq, At Broughton, Mr. W. Walker, much respected.— At Summer-place, Higher Ardwick, 56, James Walley, esq.—At Ridgtield, 69, Mr. H, T. Jamessx—At Bon- sall, 53, Mr, ‘I. Flint. '. CHESHIRE, A Choral Society has lately been esta- blished at Chester, which has already evinced considerable native ability. Married.| Mr. Billington, to Miss Walton, both of Chester.—The Rev. Joseph Fish, of West Kirby, to Miss Hale.—At Ald- ford, Mr. C, Parker, to Miss Pulford; of Churton: Mr, W, Pulford, of Churton, to Miss Parker, ; Died.] At Chester, Mr. James Parry.— In Watergate-row,; 64, Mrs, Leigh,—84, Mrs. E. Scott, ot Handbridge.—Mr. G, Meakin. At Knutsford, 80, Mr. Worthington Cooper, deservedly regretted. At Tarvin, 49, Mr. J. Morris, of Fire- gate-street, Chester.—At Minshall, 83, Mr. J. Martin, generally regretted. DERBYSHIRE, Married.] Mr. Stevenson, to Mrs. Owen; Mr. J. Flint, to Miss E. Jones: all of Derby.—Mr. Muirhead, of Buxton, to Miss Elizabeth Dickens, of Milton-house, —Mr. H. Waters, to Miss L. Fitchett, both of Stanton by Dale.—Mr. W. Ollard, to Miss M. A. Farmer, both of Bolsover, —Mr. Dawson, of Ashby Wolds, to Miss Higzen, of Swarkestone. Died.] At Derby, at an advanced age, Mr. T. Fletcher.—23, Miss H. Dallison. At Stanton-by-Dale, 66, Mr. W. Bagaley.—At Melbourne, 21, Mr. W. Bates.—At Norbury, 82, Mr. T, Maskery. —At Wirksworth, Mr. E. Mather, re- spected. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, | Married.| Mr. Joshua, to Miss M. Hefford; Mr. R. Easom, to Miss F. Polter; Mr. T. Barrington, to Miss M, Henstock; Mr. J. Bramley, to Miss A. Scattergood; Mr. J. Parker, to Miss M. Storks; Mr. B, Wright, to Miss L, Cheshire—Derby—Nottingham— Lincolnshire, &¢s [April 1, Stephenson; Mr. J. Davis, of Canal+ street, to Mrs, North, of Warser-gate; all of Nottingham.—Mr. G. Finchnall, to Miss M. Smith; Mr. R. Wilson, to Miss D. W. Mason; Mr. G.. Metcalf, to Miss A. Stevenson; Mr. J. Holmes, to Miss M. Colbie: all of Newark. Died.) At Nottingham, in Bellar-gate, 53, Mrs. M. Cox.—In Brewer-street, Mr. H. Southolt, late of Birmingham. — In Barker-gate, 56, Mr. J. Towle.—In Rut- land-street, 54, Mrs, Dickison.—In Grey- hound-street, 81, Mr. John Myers.—In Stoney-street, 83, Mr. Charles Wright. At Newark, 67, Mr. R. Kirby.74, Mrs. E. Handley.—61, Mrs, Tipper.— 75, Mrs. J. Cheales.—Mr, T. D. Fripp; deservedly regretted. At Lenton, 52, Mr. F. Gill, late of Not- tingham.—At Southwell, 78, Mrs. Burland, widow of Robert B. esq. of Langford, LINCOLNSHIRE. At the late Lincom assizes eight indi- viduals received sentence of death :—four for detestable offences. Married.) The Rev. H. Hubbard, mM.a. rector of Hinton Hampner, to. Miss M. Gowger, of Stamford.—At Folkingham, Mr. H. Summary, to Miss M. Pauling.— Mr, T. Bestar, of Byard’s Leap, to Miss M. A. Barry, of Fulbeck.—Mr., R. Pool; of Whaplode Drove, to Miss J. Smith, of Market- Deeping. Died.] At Stamford, 79, Mr. John Parkinson. At Grantham, Mrs. Sandy.—77, Mrs. Rawlinson. At Horncastle, Mrs. Hawling, wife of Thomas H. esq.—Mr. J. Barnes.—Mr; E. Smith. At Langtoft, 48, Mr. W. Oakden.—At Holbeach, 79, Mrs. Robinson, widow of Dr. R.—At Wrawby, 81, Mrs. Holt, LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. : The late Leicester fair commenced with a briskness beyond what has been known for the last two or three years; cattle of every description experienced a rise in price. : Married.| Mr. West, to Miss Gisborn, of Belgrave-gate, Leicester.—J. Porter, esq. of Leicester, to Miss M. Heygate, of Husbands Bosworth.—Mr, J. Porter, of Leicester, to Miss A. Mitchell, of Kib- worth Beauchamp.—Mr. W. Twiggs, of Broughton Astley, to Miss F. Wadds, of Leicester. Dicd.] At Leicester, in Town-hall-lane; Mr. Jackson.—74, Mrs. Dudley, deser= vedly regretted, At Loughborough, in Meadow-lane, Mrs. Smith, suddenly, regretted. —60, Mr. W. Derbyshire, regretted. At Kegworth, 66, Mr, Barrow, de- servedly respected. At Castle Donington, 88, Mrs, Margaret Evanson, deservedly regretted, ¢ 1823.] At Hinckley, 91, Mr. W. Tyler.—At Morcott, Mrs. Pochin, wife of the Rev. Mr. P. STAFFORDSHIRE» Married.] Charles Williams, esq. to Miss Clarke, both of Stafford.—Mr. H. Hobbins, to Miss J. Elwell, both of Wal- sall.—Mr. J. Weaver, of Wolverhampton, to Miss M. Henshaw, of Wednesfield.— Mr. Jones, to Miss Barlow, both of Burslem. Died.] At Litchfield, Mrs. M. Harrison. —Mr. Bird. At Newcastle, 29, Mrs. Winterley. At Rosehall, 26, Mr. G. Blagg, of Litchfield. — At Rolleston, 51, Sarah Maria, wife of the Rev. John Peploe Mosley, M.A. me WARWICKSHIRE. Married.] Mr. W. T. Wrightson, to Miss Hemming ; Mr. E. James, to Miss M. A. Pedley ; Mr. A. Horton, to Miss Vize, both of Livery-street; Mr. J. Kemberley, to Miss E. Johnson ; all of Birmingham — Mr. W. Lankford, of Birmingham, to Mrs. E. Hunter, of Elleésmere.—Mr. Laxon, of Coventry, to Miss E. M. Barton.—Mr. C. Machin, jun. to Miss M. A. Littlehales, both of Erdington.—Mr, T. Brammich, of Edgbaston, to Miss J. Smith, of Har- borne. Died.] At Warwick, Pratt. At Birmingham, in Bull-street, 33, Mr. G. Bott.—In Bartholomew-street, 77, Mr. J. Phillips.—In Coleshill-street, 29, Mrs. M. Kemberley. At Coventry, 64, Mr. Rotherham, sen. deservedly regretted.—41, Mr. $. Pack- wood, At Birches Green, Mrs. Gibbons, wife of Brueton G. esq. SHROPSHIRE. Married.| W. Wyberg How, esq. of Shrewsbury, to Miss Frances Jane May- nard, of Wokingham.—Mr. Roberts, to Miss Whitridge, both of Oswestry.—Mr. W. Teece, of the Farm Place, to Miss A. Horton, of Much Wenlock. Died.] At Shrewsbury, Miss M. Aster- ley.—In the Priory, Mrs. E. Povey.—In Mardol, Mr. Wilkinson, respected. At Bridgnorth, 65, Lionel Lampet, esq. At Newport, Mr. T. Cheadle.—78, Mr. Stanley, sen. At Ellesmere, Mrs. M. Lloyd, suddenly. —At Neenton, 92, Mrs. Baldwyne.—At Cross-hill, 78, John Maddock, esq. WORCESTERSHIRE. At the late Worcester assizes, twelve prisoners received sentence of death, two were left for execution, Two were sen- tenced to transportation for life. And two for seven years. Marvied.| William Davis, esq. of Alfrick, to Miss Maria Ann Oliver, of Wollescot. Dicd.| At Stourport, Mr. Belsham, 50, Mrs. M. Staffordshire—Warwickshire—Shropshire, §c. 285 HEREFORDSHIRE Married.] Mr: Jas. ‘Donne, to. Mrs. J. W. Jones, both of Leominster.—Mr. J. Griffiths, of Ross, to Miss Boodle, of Pentrecoed.—John Lechmere, esq. R.N. to Miss Anne Maria Foley, of Newport- house. Died.] At Sufton-court, James Here- ford, esq. i GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. A meeting of the medical zentlemen of the county was lately held at Gloucester, when it was resolved to erect a monument in or near Gloucester, to the memory of the late Dr. Jenner. At alate mecting of the master coach and harness. makers of Bristol, it was agreed to petition Parliament for a repeal of the duties on carriages and horses, by which, the petitioners stated, additional employment would be afforded to thous- ands, aud the agricultural interest ma- terially benefited. Married.| Mr. Copner, to Miss Wil- liams, both of Gloucester.—Mr. G. Ash- mead, of Bristol, to Miss S. Merrick, of Redcliff-hill.— George Hilhouse, esq. of Bristol, to Miss M. Chapman, of Wood- ford.—G. S. S. Rowles, esq. of. Bristol, to Miss J. Stranbensee, of Hatfield- house.—Mr. W. Williams, to Mrs. Wilson, both of Newport.—The Rev. W. Jones, to Miss Hull, both of Winterbourn. . Died.] At Gloucester, Mr. R. Barrett, generally respected. At Bristol, Mrs. E. Norris.—93, James Weekes, esq.—78, Mr. J. Owen.—In €ol- lege-street, 64, Mr. A. Boyne.—On Rich- mond-terrace, 63, George Dundridge, esq. At Cheltenham, Miss Tickell, late of London.—63, Mrs. Scott, of Chigwell, At Cirencester, Mrs. Sophia Brown. At Stroud, 68, Mr. J. Parry, deservedly regretted. At Wollashill, Mr. Crump, respected. OXFORDSHIRE. At the late Oxford assizes five prisoners were condemned, three transported, seven imprisoned, and eight acquitted, The capital convicts were all reprived. The inhabitants of Watlington lately agreed to petition Parliament for relief of the agricultural distress. Married.| The Rev. C. Hand, m.a. of Jesus-college, Oxford, to Miss M. A. Da- vis, of Merthyr ‘I'ydfill—_Mr. R. Baker, of Yelford, to Miss 8. Townsend, of Bamp- ton.—Mr, Jas. Upton, of Ascott-under- Wychwood, to Miss M. Galloway, of Blenheim-park. Died.) At Oxford, in George-lane, 62, Mr. R. Capel. At Witney, 57, Mr. W. Long, deser- vedly regretted.—67, Mr. ‘I. Dailey, generally respected. At Banbury, Mr, Caless, sen,—Mr, Jas. Staley. ve At 286 At Milton, Mr. Young, regretted.—At Kirtlington, at an adyanced age, Mr. Walklett, much respected.—At Burwell, Miss Staley. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. At the late assizes for Berks, held at Reading, four prisoners received sentence of death, four to be transported, four- teen to be imprisoned, and fifteen were acquitted. Married.] Mr, T. Mills, of Old Windsor, to Miss A. Sawyer, of New Windsor.— John Terry, esq. of Warfield, to Miss Ann Terry, of Oldham. Died.] At Buckingham, Mr. W. Gage Baxter. At Reading, Mary, wife of Stephen Maberley, esq.—79, Richard Mant, esq. — Mrs. M‘Naire, suddenly. At Hungerford, Mr. Jas. Hall, solicitor. At the Priory, Abingdon, ‘Thomas Prince, esq. deservedly regretted. HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIREs A petition to Parliament for reform was Jately presented to the House of Commons by the county of Hertford. At the late Bedford assizes the calendar was one of the heaviest ever known in that county; forty-one prisoners took their trials ; eight were sentenced to death. Married.|] Mr. H. Franklin, to Miss S. Sanders, both of Leighton Buzzard.—Mr. 'T. Lancaster, to Miss M. Biggs, both of Wootton. Died.] At Bedford, Mr. R. Saville, deservedly esteemed and regretted. At Royston, 87, Mr. D. Crispin. At Linden, the Hon. F. Henley Ongley. —At Woburn, the Rev. John Parry. _ NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, At the assizes for this county, nine pri- soners received sentence of death, but were reprieved. Marvried.] Mr, Ager, of Northampton, to Miss Gow, of Craven-buildings, Strand, London. Died.} At Yarwell, 57, Mr. J. Askew, — Ai Milton, Mrs. 8. Haslop.—At Raunds, 21, Sophia, wife of the Rev. B. Lye. CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDONSHIKE. The subjects of the members’ prizes for the present year are:—for the Senior Buchelors— Quenam sunt Ecclesiz Legibns stabi- lite Beneficia et qua Ratione maximé promovenda? Middle Bachelors—Qu Fructus His- torie Ecclesiastice Studiosis percipiendi sunt? Porson Prize.—The passage fixed upon for this year is :—Shakspeare, Henry VIII. Act 5. Scene vi. beginning with ‘ This Royal Infant,” &c. and ending with “ And so stand fia’d.” | ‘The! metre to be Tiagicaum fambicum ‘Trimetrum Acata- lecticum. | The freeholders of Huntingdon lately Buckinghamshire and Berkshire — Hertfordshire, &c. [April 1, met at their Shire-hall, to petition Parlia- ment for reform, when various resolutions were moved by Mr. Roper. They were supported by Lord Milton and Lord John Russell.—Mr. Wells proposed other re- solutions, in which a reduction of the debt was called for. These were rejected, and the original ones carried almost una- nimously, as well as a petition founded on them. ‘The meeting was one of the most numerous ever collected. Merried.] Mr. Jas. Smith. to Miss S, Curtis, both of Chatteris.—G, A. Park, esq. to Miss Maria Coppard, of Gravely. Died.| At Cambridge, Field Dunn Barker, esq. of the firm of Messrs. Skrine, Barker, and Co. bankers, and a magistrate of that town.—In Bene’t-street, 77, Mrs. Swan, much respected.—82, Mrs. E, Battyl. At Cottenham, 72, Mr. W. Smith, de- servedly respected.—At Barrington, at an advanced age, Mrs. Jane Underwood. NORFOLK. Married.| Mr. G. C, Burrows, of St. Clement’s, to Miss Hall, of St, Paul's; Mr. Gooch, of St. George’s, Colegate, to Miss Ninham ; all of Norwich.—Mr. G. Hazard, of Yarmouth, to Miss Read, of Reedham. —Mr. W. Bayes, of Lynn, to Miss M. A. Youell, of Southdown.—Mr., C. Gostling, of Diss, to Miss Potter, of Pakenham. Died.} At Norwich, Mr. J. Dye, deser- vedly lamented. At Yarmouth, 59, Mrs. R. Dove.—34, Mrs, M. Took.—66, Mrs. S. Smith.—5z, Mrs. E. Key.—538, Mr. J. Barnes,—25, Mr, F. Emms, At Lynn, 65, Mrs. R. Mann.—83, Mr, J. Oliver. : At Diss, 56, Mr. R. Newson, deservedly regretted, ) At Shipdam, 67, Mrs. Chapman, widow of the Rev. Jon. Chapman, of Swaffham, SUFFOLK. A public meeting was lately held at Ipswich, B. Brame, esq. in the chair, to consider the propriety of petitioning par- liament for a repeal of the duties on sea- borne coal. A petition was agreed upon. Married.| Mr. Sizer, of Woodbridge, to Miss Cole, of Ramsey.—Mr.S, C. Dennant, to Miss E. F. Moore, both of Halesworth. —Mr. Rush, to Miss Roper, both of Eye.— Mr. R. Brooks, of Needham-market, to Miss Cooper, of West Creeting. Died.] At tpswich, Mr. Steph. Kitchin, formerly of the R.n,—81, Mrs. 5. Reeve. At Woodbridge, 76, Mrs. S. Cutting.— 51, Mrs. A. Pierce.—Caroline Levett, one of the Society of Friends, : At Sudbury, 77, Mr. R. Campin. At Ixworth, 64, Mr. R. Lowe, deser- vedly regretted.—At Eye, 82,-Mr. J. Marsh.—At West Bergholt, 78, Mrs. M. Reynolds.—At Pettaugh, 73, Mr. S. Sher: man.—At Westerfield, 59, Mrs. — wife 1823.] wife of the Rev. James H.—At Brandon, Miss Lucy Burch, regretted. ESSEX. | A requisition to the High Sheriff of Essex to convene a meeting of the county, to take into consideration the distressed state of agriculture, has recently been pre- sented. The draft ofa petition was annexed to the requisition. It asked for the entire remission of the present vexatious and op- pressive duties and regulations upon the manufacture of barley into malt, and urged, that the protection to British agri- culture, against comparatively untaxed and untithed countries, is very imperfect and inadequate. - Married.) G. E. J. Davis, esq, RN. to - Miss Isabella Sperling, of Dyme's-hall. _ Died.| At Colchester, Mrs. Hayward, wife of the Rev. Mr. H. At Chelmsford, 92, James Burch, one of the Society of Friends, At Harwich, Mrs. Blackel. At Maldon, 55, William Cole, esq. At Manningtree, 67, Mr. Jon. Webbs, respected, At Great Dunmow, Mr. J. Cook, sud- denly.—At Great Bentley, 25, Mrs, S. Skipper.—At Castle Hedingham, 77, Mr. A. Myall. At Loughton, 68, Jolin Briant, esq. : KENT. Married.] Mr. 'T. Ridout, to Miss E, Barnes; Mr. W. Danning, to Miss E. Pet- man; Mr.J. Gibbons, to Miss E. Coleman: all of Canterbury.— Mr. T. Turner, to Miss M. A, Ralph, of Deal.—Mr. W. Kelly, to Miss A. Goed, both of Chatham.—Mr. W. Beal, of Tonbridge Wells, to Miss E, Hall, late of Whitstable. —Mr. H. Whittingham, to Miss J. Cook, both of Folkestone.— Mr. W. Fenn, of Shepherdswell, to Miss E. Smith. Died.| At Canterbury, in Burgate-street, Mrs. Prior, regretted.—in Northgate, 29, Mr. W. Homersham.— 33, Mr. W. Sedgwick. At Rochester, at an advanced age, Mrs. Butcher.—31, Mrs. Button, wife of Philip B, esq. of Stifford.—63, Mrs. Cornell. At Folkestone, 74, Mrs. E. Baker.—67, Mr. T. Cock. At Ashford, 39, Mr. R. Huckstep.—23, Miss L. Allen —74, Mr. J. Norwood. At Rolveden, 79, Mr. J. Austen.—At Hawkhurst, 91, Mr. J. Blink.—At Huck- inge, Mrs. Green, deservedly regretted.— At Newnham-parsonage, Mrs. Crispin, justly esteemed and lamented.—At East- well-park, 75, George Finch Hatton, esq. lamented deservedly. SUSSEX. At the close of the Jate contest for repre- sentation of Chichester, W.S. Poyntz, esq. was elected: the numbers were— For W.S. Poyntz, esq. «+++ 294 Sir Godfrey Webster .. 198 , Z Essex — Kent —Sussex— Hampshire—Wiltshire. 237 At the late election for Arundel, Mr. Kemp was chosen: the numbers being— For Mr. Kemp-+--.-+++++- © 221 Mr. Parkins ««-+-+e0-+ 194 —Mr. Parkins intends, it has been said, to petition against the return. Marriid.| Mr. H. Lee, to Mrs. Rey- nolds, both of Brighton.—Mr, J. Snelling, ot Worthing, to Miss L. Welling, of Brighton. Died.} At Chichester, Mr. Hurry.—53, Mrs. Ide.--In East-street, 61, Mr. J. Caffin. At Brighton, 72, Mrs. M. Polling.—On the Grand Parade, 67, Mr. J. Kirby.—67, Mr. Carpenter, respected. At Arundel, Mr. Baker.—John Spencer, a much esteemed member of the Society of Friends.—Mr. J. Smart. HAMPSHIRE, At the late Winchester assizes, there were sixty-six prisoners for trial: twelve were sentenced to death, but were re- spited ; four to seven years’ transportaticn; six to lesser periods of imprisonment; thirty acquitted; and the remainder dis- charged. Married.| Mr. Collyer, to Miss Maria Staples, both of Southampton.—Lieut. Miall, r.n. to Mrs. Lee, of Lake-lane, Portsea.—Mr. M. Myers, to Miss L. Abrahams, of Portsea—Mr. M. Wild, to Miss M. Hinves, of Lyndhurst. Died.] At Southampton, 68, Cornelius Trim, esq. banker, suddenly.—Capt. Eve- leigh, R.A. At Winchester, Mr. Charles Thatcher. —In the High-street, Mrs. Bere. At Poitsmouth, Mrs. Barber.—Mrs, Trew. At Portsea, at an advanced age, Mrs. Gittens.—Mrs. R. Talbot. At Southsea, 70, Mr. H. Croasdell.— Mrs. R. Wells. At Romsey, Mrs. Newman. WILTSHIRE, At the late Wilts assizes, seventeen pri- soners were sentenced to death, but were reprieved; nine were sentenced to seven years’ transportation. Great mterest was excited by the expected trials of the per- sons Charged with being concerned in the late sanguinary riots at Chippenham, when two persons were killed. ‘Their trials, however, terminated very differently to the common expectation. ‘The Grand Jury found bills against two only for the capital offence, and they were acquitted from defect of evidence, Married.) Mr. J. W. Hobbs, to Miss M. A. Shrimpton, both of Marlborough.—Wn:, Savony, esq. to Miss Pleydell, of Malmcs- bury.—Mr, S. Salter, jun. of Kington Langley, to Miss 8. Turner, of Bath. Died.| At Salisbury, in Castle street, 85, Mrs. Staples.x—The very Rev, Dr. Talbot, dean of Salisbury, suddenly, At . 288 Somersetshire— Dorsetshire— Devonshire—Cornwall—Wales, &c. At Chippenham, 74, Mrs. E. Pitt, much respected.—38, Mrs, Calder. At Trowbridge, 78, Mrs. 8. Newth. At Market Lavington, 35, Mr. J. Moore, deservedly regretted. SOMERSETSHIRE, Married.} Mr. G. Ripley, of . Broad- street, to Miss West, of Laura-place, both of Bath.—Mr. Ward, of New Bond-street, Bath, to Miss Sloper, of Devizes.—Mr. F.~ Bury, of Union-street, Bath, to Miss F. Simmons, of Bitton.—Mr. E. G. Corey, of London, to Miss F. Johnson, of Bath.— Thomas Nalder, esq. of Shepton Mailet, to Miss Marsh, of Croscombe. Died.| At Bath, in Sydney-place, at an advanced age, Mrs. Brisbane, widow of T. B. esq. of Brisbane.—Mrs. Pottinger, wi- dow of Thomas P. esq. of Mount Pottin- ger, county Down. At Frome, 73, Mrs. E. Whitcomb. At Shepton Mallet, Mrs. Foxwell.— Mrs. A. Dolges.—76, Mrs. M. Shepherd. At Williton, Mrs. E. Nation. DORSETSHIRE, Married.}] Mr. T. Abbott, of Shaftes- bury, to Miss Rickward, of London.—R. A. F, Steward, esq. of Nottington, to Miss L. H. Morgan, of Golden-grove, Flintshire. Died.) At Weymouth, Sir Mark Mas- terman Sykes, bart. of Strettington-hall, near Malton, Yorkshire, and formerly M.p. for York. His ample fortune was devoted to the patronage of the fine arts. He was in possession, for its extent, of the second collection of portrails of distinguished cha- racters in the kingdom, At Sherborne, 75, Mr. Longman. At Bridport, 87, Ann, widow of Samuel Togram, esq. At Bourton, Mrs. Newton, late of De- vizes, deservedly regretted. DEVONSHIRE, A requisition, signed by 400 freeholders, for a county meeting, on the subject of Parliamentary Reform, was lately present- ed to the high sheriff, Thomas Bewes, esq. He refused concurrence. Married.] Mr. Braund, of Exeter, to Miss. J. Kelly, of Holdsworth._— — Wil- liams, M.D. to Miss Swan, both of Ply- mouth.— Mr. Davie, of Plympton, to Miss Archer.—At Teignmouth, James Goss, esq. to Miss Mary Pidsley, of Rydon-house. —At Chudleigh, Mr. R. Moggridge, to Miss Ann Seppings. Dicd.] At Exeter, in the Cathedral- yard, 85, Mrs. A. Bryant. : At Plymouth, 25, Mrs. E. Jenkins.— In Hampton-buldings, Mrs. Colmer.— 69, John Purchase, esq. of the Plymouth bank. At Sidmouth, Mrs. Fulford, widow of Benjainin Swete F. esq. At Topsham, 44, Nicholas Sandford Peters, esq, a deputy-licutenant of the county, At Buckland-house, 31, Mary, wife of W. J. Clark, esq. CORNWALL. _. Married.] Mr. S. Osler, of Falmouth, to Miss Read, of Hilston.—Mr. J. Dowling, to Mrs. T. Jobb, both of Penryn.—Mr, G. Clemose, to Miss T. Williams, both of St. Austle. Died.] At Falmouth, Mr. J. Hamblyn. —79, Mr. Jenkin. At Penzance, 52, Mrs. Richards.—75, Lieut. Moss, Roval Vet. Batt. At Redruth, Mrs. Foss, regretted. At Egloskerry, William Bradden, esq. —At Newport, 81, Mr. W. Shears, of Launceston.—At Duporth, Charles Rash- leigh, esq. receiver-general of the county. WALEs. Married.] Mr. J. Cragg, R.N. to Miss A. Rowland; Mr. Power, to Miss M. A. Andrews; John Jackson Price, esq. to Miss Margaretta Jones: all of Swansea.— Robert Bulkeley, esq. of Gronant, to Miss A. Pritchard, of Pen-y-Rhyd.—Mr. E. Hazhes, of Llandilo, to Miss Humphreys, of Mydd-y-fich. Diei.] At Swansea, 40, William Jef- freys, esq. alderman. At Milford, Miss Regaud.—61, Jolin Williams, esq. At Aberystwith, 64, Mrs. S. Lewis. At Narberth, Pembrokeshire, W. Betan- son Edgell, esq. late capt. of the 4th regt. —55, Owen Anthony Poole, esq. of Gor- phwysta, near Bangor.—At Cross foot, Radnorshire, 79, James Beavan, esq. SCOTLAND. Married.] At Edinburgh, John Stingant, esq. R N. to Miss Isabella Watt. Died.] At Edinburgh, Archibald Mil- ler, esq. W.S. At Glasgow, Capt D. Mackay, R.N. At Friars’-hall, Roxburghshire, 41, Lord Ashburton. IRELAND. In the counties of Limerick, Kerry, Cork, &c. great numbers of the peasantry, and unemployed persons, have recently created considerable disquietude from their robberies by day, and burning build- ings by night. ‘rhe Insurrection Act was put into force, and many persons taken into custody, Married.|} Mr. G, Langdale, to Miss Wilkinson ; Edward Murray, esq. to Miss E. Russell: all of Dublin.—Henry Coot- ley, esq. of Dublin, to Miss Aston, of Rowington-hall, Warwickshire. — Mr. T. Mines, to Miss J. Pentland, both of- Belfast. Died.] At Dublin, in Kildare-street, 45, Sir Thomas Bond, bart,—Bartholomew Warburton, esq. of Birrview, King’s County. At Kingsale, Marcus Rainsford, esq. At Belan, county of Kildare, the Right Hon. John Stratford, earl of Aldborougi. —_>__- MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 381. ] MAY 1, 1823. [4 of Vol. 55. =] RECEIVING HOUSES OF THE SPECTATOR AND TATLER. TRIFLEs light as air, when connected with men of genius, and associated with hallowed literature, become interesting to every well-attuned mind. Hence many persons will feel gratified in having presented to them fac-similes of the premises so celebrated in the classic days of the Spectator and Tatler, when statesmen were either men of let- ters, or their patrons, and when nobility was dignified by the familiar association of genins. The house in Fulwood’s Rents, Holborn, where letters were received for the Spectator, at that time bore the name of Squire’s Coffee House ; and the Trumpet, in Shire-Lane, Temple Bar, whence the Tatlers were dated, still exists as the Duke-of- York public-house, Subjoined also is the house at SANDY Enp, between Chelsea and Fulham, (for which we are indebted to Falkner’s History,) where Addison resided during the greater part of the period in which the Spectator was published. Montury Mac. Nu. 381. Pp For 290 For the Monthly Magazine. SKETCHES, ILLUSTRATIVE of the PRESENT STATE of CHARACTERS tn the ACTIVE WORLD. “The spectacles with which the stars He reads, in ~mallest characters.”—Butler. T is intended to give, in the suc- cessive numbers of the Monthly Magazine, sketches of the present state of the active world in the most conspicuous characters of the day: Eloquence in its different forms, —senatorial, forensic, and clerical; Personal Display, as it is found on the stage, in the orchestra, or in the dance; Painting and Sculpture, in their various styles; and Literature and Science, as found in the various classes of authors. SKETCH 1.—The British Senate. We shall give the foremost place to the House of Commons; because it contains the greater number of emi- nent men, is the theatre of their elo- quence in the earlier and more glow- ing period of life, and occupies the greatest share of the public attention. As the object of the House of Com- monsis not rhetorical display, but real and important business, its oratory ought not to be measured by the scho- lastic rules. Its members are drawn from all ranks of society, have enjoyed all the varied styles of education, from the most perfect mental culture down to almost none; many of them have their parliamentary attention occasion- ally, or habitually, disturbed by the exercise of laborious professions, by the superintendance of extensive and complicated business, or by the gaiet of high life ; and they are not se to any fixed rules, but allowed the utmost range, both of subject and of language. Tosuch men, the formule of Cicero and Quintilian do not apply. Their preparation, their aggregation, and their labours, are all sui-generis ; and, therefore, they ought.to be judged _by a standard for which ‘there is no precedent in the annals of other na- tions. Their eloquence may, in the strictest sense of the term, be called British; and, as such, it requires a system, ‘and a nonienclature, peculiar to itself. In that which we shall adopt as the key to the tabular sketch which is given in this article, we shall study clearness and simplicity, rather than any accordance with existing systems; and, by so doing, we shall be able to throw many minor particulars under 2 Sketches of Characters in the Active World. [May 1, one head, which, when we come to freat of the bar, the pulpit, and the stage, will have to be separated. Our object will be to give a summary of the powers of each speaker, and an esti- mate of the effect which those powers produce, both within the walls of St. Stephen’s, and upon the public with- out; subjoining, at the same time, that species or variety of oratory, which is the distinguishing «characteristic of each speaker. The whole appearance of a senato- rial orator may be described under the three general heads, of 1. Intellectual capacity. 2. External conduct. 3. Practical effect. 1. Under the first of these, may be comprehended all the original powers, and all the acquired knowledge, which a speaker brings to the management of his subject: the perception which ena- bles him to understand the subject itself; the learning, which enables him to throw light upon it from other sub- jects; the abstraction and analysis, by which he clears it of darkness and difficulty ; the combination, by which’ he makes the several parts of it to.bear upon, and illustrate each other; the arrangement, by which he makes the chain of it to flow clear, smooth, and unbroken ; the irony, by which he turns into ridicule that which cannot be explained or argued away; the wit, by which he dazzles his hearers, that. they may not be able to see the weak parts; the acuteness, by which he anti- cipates and shakes the objections of his antagonist, or turns his attacks after they are made; and the vigilance and self-command, by which, amid an apparent whirlwind of passions, he preserves his equanimity and poise. 2. Under the second may be in- cluded, all the machinery and move- ments of language, of the eye, the body, and the limbs,,by which he gives effect to bis intellectual power. The whole of that:strength, or Weakness, of sound and of statuary, which produces an impression without regard to the mat- ter spoken; and which increases, or diminishes, ina very wonderful degree, the impression which that matter pro- duces. ‘We find, for ‘instance, tbat a cock of the eye, a curlofithe lip, or a movement of the body, im-one speaker, speaks at once powerfully, and to the soul; while the best chosen words of another fall effectiess to the ground. When, for instance, the figure of Brougham 1823.] Brougham begins to coil up like a snake; when his features are puck- ered and corrugated into the centre of his face ; when his voice at once sinks a whole octave; when his teeth are gnashed together, and his eyes look out from the folds of his brows like tigers from an Indian jungle ; then, one feels as if the object at which he is to hurl his invective were writhing in all the agonies of torture and of death. The very air of the House seems to _ become murky; the impression is the same as during that dark and dread- ful pause, when the lightning is form- ing in the cloud; and the small men crouch and tremble, uncertain where the bolt may take effect. In like man- ner, when Burdett pulls himself up, and curls his lip in all its pride, a feel- ing of inferiority shoots irresistibly through the House; and, when the wit of Canning is about to flash and sparkle, one can see every feature of his face glowing with a pointed and arrowy flame, each in the act of wing- ing its way, to the utter confusion and discomfiture of some hapless wight. * 3. Under the third may be summed up the power and impression of the whole. The power is always an exact aggregate of the capacity and display ; but not so with the impression. That is also measured by real or supposed moral worth, and by influence, such as that of place, wealth, or name. Farther, it is twofold in itself; for, as the House does not purely and per- fectly represent the nation, either in a political or in an intellectual sense, so that which produces a strong effect upon the House has often but a weak one upon the Nation, and vice versa. The internal effect, in as far as it de- pends upon the mere powers of the speaker, without regard to his moral worth or influence, is regulated more by the manner than by the matter; while the effect out of doors is regu- lated chiefly by the matter itself. The general heads which have been enumerated, and in so far explained, may be farther subdivided thus, Resources Intellectnat .-- : “| Self-possession Voice Langnage Style Manner Ev eressloe ower Effect ewes eteeee ; Impression 1. Resourees.—These are either in- External --++++««:+ Sketches of Characters in the Active World. 291 herent or acquired. The inherent are of various kinds,—as imagination, wit, intuitive perception, and that unde- finable faculty called common sense. The acquired are literary, ‘scientific, practical, common-place, mere me- mory, topical, and a variety of others. 2. Judgment,—Is that faculty by which a speaker makes a proper selection from hisresources. It varies in degree more than in kind. 3. Logic,—Is used to denote the mode in which the matters selected hy the judgment are put together. Lis varieties are in kind. It may be specious, subtle, close, clear, forcible, diffuse, satisfactory, and many others, which can be understood from the bare mention of the epiiliet. 4. Self-possession,—Guards a man alike from the artillery of his antago- nists, and from the reccil of his own. It varies in degree. 5. Voice-—This may be distinguished both according to the power and the fecling of its tones; and the extent to which voice, considered in the abstract, may heighten the whole power of a speaker, will depend upon the quality of these taken singly, and also upon their harmony in respect to each other. 6. Language,—Isused with reference to the mere words and phrases. It may be elegant, showy, strong, correct, plain, happy, coarse, feeble, &c. 7. Style,—Is applied, not to the deli- very of the speech, but to the speech itself. It may be neat, simple, natural, artless, flippant, colloquial, elaborate, clear, forcible, &c. 8, Manner,—Is used, to denote the general bearing of the speaker,—the way in which he balances his body and delivers his words. It may be aus- tere, mild, theatrical, gentle, con- ceited, artificial, familiar, unassuming, haughty, petulant, grating, reserved, &e. 9. Expression.—This is used to de- note, as it were, the intellectuality of the manner ; the spirit which breathes from the form, and utters itself in the voice. It may be open, candid, manly, sombre, diffident, shrewd, arrogant, cool, irresolute, firm, honest, hypocri- . tical, suspicious, &c. 10. Power.—This being the sum of the others, will vary in degree. 11. Impression,—Is a matter, not of reasoning, but of experiment, as it depends upon the extrinsic circum- stances of worth and influence. We shall consider it both with reference to the House, and without. : TABOLAR *jeanovad ‘Sat | ‘ajqer | ‘asnyrp ‘aqqe = uo. ty dosopiyd =uey i} *HSOLNID -yeoup] -aptsuog} ynq ‘avayQ } -topisaog jroqjea ‘Amoys ‘pauenbl-ov lf 11g -op Syeors “quawoyuy “Sursvosut uo Pye {Banse] you jug) Wald | yayqnog | ‘weroygusy | ‘eooyeyy] *Amoyg ‘yeas aSNOP{ ay} uy ‘u0n, -RUIL{II J *yeaas ‘aatjoajap jaovjd-aowutoo‘pacnd *Dutsva.oap "78913 fsnoioidsnsy) , “1194 ‘sop g Jaye ‘ayesapopy [Ato ONT aynyposonay yoeddy,y |commop/*4ea[9 JON Spesryany SIUTTJIWOG |-9y ‘yvaaspou'pUruayUy “IY "W01d0F oguvol “Surdoseay uk a ages eas ‘yeaIN | ‘pipueg | ‘ef}UIH ‘urefe, | Meus) qyI9q | “APGug | erqeanupy)|pae payruy ‘pacrnboy “UA 4a £yeaus AoA ‘quawayuy : *Ayaat] ueyy puno. Rg Te jaar] UETY punoy ‘aque ‘ ; “WHOM pue IsNOTT] ‘yeas fF wag pue 4 t=, i 3 ‘aqatd ; -01d 9.10UL pus ‘yeaIsINOSSIMSAPT Surwosvoy yyuryjog‘ywaissiea] A104 mak te yng ‘Buyems| *odunyg | “wet | Ast ~WlOD eae Word MOAI cra, ose ‘paunbonl “ay : “SBOf) pared years £a0A ‘puawayuy . *‘padsasat | “paafoa PA ae Peo ‘paydasiajur *paqeatyyn ‘LL uo NOM pue vsnoyj] , : : “Kdd jos arqer |¢ *snoran PezBAy[no yous LLaACun gy oe ' as ie }RI10) "ULL pue -UI satu 4e ey et eaotsed90; *SNOIQN tng ¢yyai9 “quauayu “7 ata -wurjdacy jou UL yIOq easy Ayysnegy (yng ‘ssapay B19A J -PIUOO} ng ‘avaqg nq 4 quouyuT, ANS . De ‘uopiyip | ‘Sutssas | ‘[eauyvu ioyovysryes P14219PP wosNIgO *SUIUOSvOY] Bie ts ee ge *yea1g pue -sodaid pure pure *J991109] “3309 Hus quog out Mab ‘arqearuipy |-isuoo A19A “paunbon “Tw ua T} Ur yog 19) prpueg PIU ajdung pue puaiayue yous * BHO 3 d 1 Ne oud ‘OATJOIAUT F ‘pmaigs | , ‘a{qto10f ‘yeaus | *[ny1aMo mi -0.1d UL} L9Y}R1 SOLWAY HNO * FIM pue osnopy ayzjosuowmuy - a1ajsny . vane |: bov ¢ . 300436 t inq‘oaquuog pue svaj9 AlaA | puke asolg BA “pawinbon « a|qe.op 4A S far qyoq Svat A1a,q pa -1su09 Atos Squacoyuy “oq ut Sats ie? “Panoyoad uey) -rawoursdeyiod ‘afq] ‘jeoas | *Ajuew |, : 4 s *ayqua [qvivjoy saiqea = jaoqyes ‘AoA, =puey*9NINNVO -eiapisuod §=“ynoyyim) AoA Fpue uedQ [eorsyean, | ‘aresoquig | “Amoyg | doaq -apisuog pue -apisuog |yysty ‘paunbov $ aiq “AL $4v0t3 asnopFy aq} Uy snoiadg -UlapIsuod ‘7uadwayUuy Sa whe aS Se | Seek ee Je *419]9R1 *uoIssoid uly “19M0d *uoIssa1dxg ‘r9uUR IL *a010A fuolssassod “ordor"y *quouspny *S90.INOSOY “By Surjeura’ IPS “SAWVN “opaid | *LOadAa ‘AONVUVAddVY IVNUALXA *ALIOVAVD IVALOTTIALNT ‘SNOWNAO) JO ASNOH AHL AO SUATWANW ONIGVAT ANOS JO ALVWILSHA UV TNAVE SANDAAMT | 99 Gnoynt *‘Surtosvayy “Butaoseay *SUIRIISSY uyyraeg |, ‘uondadsad |, *WNOY}IM pur “‘Suwoseayfosnoyy ay} utr moq farqeiapisuod = A139. A sapqesapts MA Sasnoyy years A1d4 *ynoyTM pue asnoyy ay) ul 2] qeaapisuog “quoyytM pue osnoyY ay} ul ‘ajqeiaptsuog *yun0 'WOIsensagy-YyIM pue asnoyy yi ar Yjoq ‘yvars Ara, *poptuty 19.4 ‘NOYIM pure ssnoyy Uy At TOY ‘payrany *yea15 Os you noyiM fo,qe.ep -Isuod ‘asnofy ott) ay *qwais A19A qnoyytm §yRasas A19A ‘asnox{ ou} Uy “ypeurg pajurod pue asuaMMy] “aHasseug | pue pepro |yeeu juow) -aor0yD ‘yeOLLOJaYI ALIAS] "3995.19 “AIL fIN3GROG eimboyjo9 *poydanu0o -Un 2pysieyy ‘uesoly “Pastyuoy | “P1999 |yeanbs *yejaed ynq ‘aso[D *jeojstydos “daeys} *30aj19 q|Apeuolsedd0|"yea18 A194 yng ‘any +E ULIOJ yng ‘1ealD *1eayo you jnq ‘pajyoauu0d *pasnjuoo uaqzjo yng opqus pozdn.rozut pure onse, *as00] roqyey ‘asoja shvm -je Jou ynq a[qto.10 J ‘aaTpoajaq *payiaduy ‘ajquiapisuod ‘paunh| *AaTAOD -op $yeais “quasayuy ‘ayerapout ‘pawenbon] *ATMOUD *yeoud £194 pue zuawayne og -ugay “1, *9}e.1apO fl |-taptsuod Saye1spoul ‘quauayuy OVP N aFOuOsAaaAa “TIAA ‘AY *a}B19po fy |-tapisuoo *ayeropomus saa ‘pauenb “9D pue pUualayUr TOG *AATJIAaA, *payiuury ‘peuenbon AsnOHg0yH “uolsan® |pue *poqiumty AroA ‘pa.enh -lapisuoy |-2n $yeais ‘yuasayuy *AUNUALL *sapdioutid jeioues ueyy sJaqjes ‘sprejep ‘pa.anbon fa;q “B1IpIsuod ‘yuriayury vaiqene, 294 To the Editor ofthe Monthly Magazine. SIR, | WAS recently called upon to sub- mit plans, and to give an estimate, for erecting works, and laying 7,500 yards of street-mains for lighting a small city in the sister kingdom, where 160° street-lamps, and 500 private lights, would be required to be sup- plied with gas; but, whilst I was en- gaged in making the necessary arrange- ments, &c. a doubt arose in the minds of the principal inhabitants as to whe- ther coal-gas or oil-gas ought to be used (principally on the score of eco- nomy); and, to satisfy their minds on the subject, 1 made the calculations of which the following is a correct copy. April 17, 1823; T. S. Peckston. 46, Marsham-street, Westminster. Estimate for Coal-gas. Expense of erecting the necessary Buildings, forming tanks, and building a boundary wall to the station: this item also includes the money required for purcha- sing ground to erect the works upon te ececesesereerecseeceeeL 4,630 Expense of Apparatus, viz. retorts, condenser, purifiers, gas-holders, connections, valves, XC. «++e++e Expense of furnishing and laying down in the streets 7,500 yards of main-pipe, with the necessary syphons, bends, branches, &c. of filling-in the ground, and re-pa- ving over the trenches, also fit- ting-up 160 public lamps, leaving the whole ready for lighting ---- 4,070 2,800 Money required to be invested as Capital sede teed eweee ee 11,500 To supply the lights already mentioned with coal-gas for one year, would require 7,022,000 cubic feet of gas to be gene- rated, and such quantity would be procured from 790 tons of Wigan Orral, or Newcas- tle coal, provided the retorts were worked at a proper temperature. The profit and loss account of such an establishment for one year would, in such case, stand as follows :— Expenditure: this includes the salaries of officers, wages of mechanics and labourers, cost of coals and lime used, and the expense of wear and tear, all repairs, &c. +---£2,085 14 0 Receipts, viz — . Rental for 500 shop-lights, at 41. each--++.-+-++-+£2000 0 O Rental for 160 street-lights, at 21. each-.++-.---- seer 320 0 O Value of products, viz. coke, tar, ammonia, &c. +++++* 908 6 8 3,228 6 8 oe Mr. Peekston’s Comparison of Oil and Coal Gas, (May 1, Here the difference between the annual receipts and expenditure is 1,142/. 12s. 8d. or at the rate of nearly ten per cent. profit on 11,5001, (the capital invested,) after paying all the current expenses of the establishment, To ascertain the cost price to the manu- facturer of 1000 cubic feet of coal-gas, we must proceed thus :— To the annual current expendi- TUTE seer weer eeseeeeees £2,085 14 0 Add the interest of money in- vested as capital (11,5001.) atsix per cent. -++««-+++++ 690 0 O 2,775 14 0 From which deduct the value of products, viz. coke, tar, am- monia, &C. ++++++--eeeee* 908 6 8 The difference is +--+» 1,867 7 4 Or the real cost of generating 7,022,000 cubic feet of coal gas ; therefore, as Cubic Feet. 4 C.F. and, 7,022,000 ; 1,867 :: 10005 33 nearly, which in round numbers we may call 5s. 6d. Estimate for Oil-gas. Expense of erecting the necessary buildings, forming a tank, and building a boundary wall to the station: this item also includes the money required for purchasing ground to erect the works upon 42,550" Expense of Apparatus, viz. retorts, washing vessels, connections, valves, &C, seeeseceeecere sees Expense of furnishing and laying down in the streets 7,500 yards of main-pipe, with the necessary bends, branches, sypbons, &c. of filling-in the ground and repair- ving over the trenches, also of fitting-up 160 public lamps, leav- ing the whole ready for lighting 3,990 Money required to be invested as Capital eeeseeesssecceceareess 8,000 Taking for granted that 3 cubie feet of oil-gas are equal in illuminating power to 10 of coal-gas, (the proportion named by some of the most sanguine of the oil-gas manufacturers,) there would require 2,106,600 cubic feet of oil-gas to be ge- nerated in one year to supply the lights as mentioned before; and as, from informa- tion received from an intelligent manufac- turer of oil-gas, it appears that a ton of good whale oil, which can be purchased for 221. produces 25,000 cubic feet of gas, it follows that 84} tons would require to be used for producing 2,106,600. The profit and loss account of such ‘an establish- ment for one year would, in such case, stand thus:— : Expenditure ; this includes .the salaries. of officers, wages of mechanics and labourers, cost of oil and fuel for heating the retorts, and the expense of : wear 1823. wear and tear, all repairs, &e. sopecesvereessees £2443 18 0 Receipts : rental for shop and street lights---+--+++e04-.2,320 0 0 Difference-- 123 18 0 —Here the annual receipts are 123/. 18s. short of the current expenses of the esta- blishment, leaving the interest of the mo- ney invested as capital unpaid, and which at six per cent, amounts to 480/. per ann. To ascertain the cost price to the ma- nufacturer of 1000 cubic-feet of oil-gas, we must proceed thus :— To the annual current expendi- ture sse0s £2443 18 0 Add the interest of the money invested as capital (8,0001.) at six per cent.--++-+-+e+++ 480 0 O . eserves eeeses The sum---+-- 2,923 18 0 is the cost of generating 2,106,600 cubic feet Cubic Feet. a of oil-gas ; therefore, as 2,106,600 ; 2,923 18 C.F. s.d. *: 1000 : 27 9, which in round numbers we may call 28s. Comparison as to the cost of obtaining a specific quantity of light from oil-gas and from coal-gas, admitting 3,000 cubic feet of oil-gas to be equal in illuminating power to 10,000 cubic feet of coal-gas :—5,000 cubic feet of oil-gas, at 28s. equal to 41. 4s. and 10,000 cubic feet of coal-gas, at 5s. 6d. equal to 21. 15s. But we do not allow the ahove compa- rison to be correct, having the authority of the first chemists in this country for stating the proportions by measure:—1 oil-gas equal in illuminating power to alittle more than 2 coal-gas. Anda series of experi- ments, made at Bristol, in January last, with considerable care, by Mr. William Herapath and Mr. Samuel Rootsey, both professional men, (not actuated by party feeling, but simply by a desire to ascertain the truth,) show that 1 cubic foot of oil- gas gives nearly as much light as 2% cubic feet of coal-gas, viz. to 2:24 cubic feet. Therefore 3,000 feet of oil-gas, at 28s. will be 41. 4s.; and 6,720 feet of coal-gas, at 5s, 6d., about 11. 17s.—We may therefore ¢onsider that a quantity of coal-gas can be manufactured for 371. (coals being 11. 6s. per ton,) which would give as much light as oil-gas, costing the mauufacturer 841. when oil sells at 22/. per ton. T.S.P. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, LL Europe has been filled with horror during the past month, by the tragical loss of a sailing packet, passing between Ireland and England, by which at least one hundred con- fiding and helpless passengers lost their lives. The circumstance is suf- ficiently afflicting to humanity in gene- Coal and Oil Gas.—Loss of Packets. : s 295 ral, but is of special importance in a public point of view, as the connec- tion of two great countries, politically and socially united, depends on such mode of communication. Nor ought it to be forgotten, that the event was occasioned by no violence of nature, and took place at no considerable distance from land, during a calm, when no chance of danger ought to have been incurred. Notwithstanding the multiplicity of our modern statutes, a new one seems necessary to protect passengers by sea and land. Whenever a public ship is lost, whatever be the circumstances, the captain is invariably tried by a court-martial. Why should not a similar provision exist in regard -to private vessels? The captain should in all cases be held responsible ; and he takes it on himself, by the arbitrary and uncontrolled power which he assumes over crew and passengers in every thing that relates tothe manage- ment of the vessel. Where the lives of helpless persons are implicated, negligence should be held culpable; and the desertion of the vessel, till every thing possible has been done to rescue the passengers, should be held highly penal. It is often replied, in such cases, that a captain or acoachman runs a common risk. But this is not true. Passen- gers often, too often, lose their lives, while the conductors escape. Sea- faring men can generally swim, and coachmen are too adroit, in a moment of danger, to allow themselves to be hurt. It is true, in stosms, captains are often lost; and, in some cases of casualty, coachmen suffer; but, in these cases, nature is to blame, and the conduct of neither captain nor coachman are called in question. Itis in cases where nature is not in fault that the public require special legal protection.* As I have proved on another occa- sion, it is the fixed parts of a vessel out * In a popular discussion, popular lan- guage is used, and some would, impiously, as the writer thinks, have put providence in place of natuie, which latter word means merely the complication of circumstances producing anevent. But, in truth, neither providence, nor that complication termed nature, are to be blamed, but man alone, who, in venturing upon the sea, or ona coach, places him out of, or above, nature, and exposes himself to a course of things, independently of himself, of which he volunteers 296 out of, or above, the water, which sink the parts within the water. No vessel could sink if disburthened of heavy substances, if masts were cat away, and if all its parts were brought as much as possible within the water. Were this done in all cases of bileed vessels, they would float even till their parts fell to pieces by rotting. But, independently of this principle, taught by philosophy, the masts, yards, bowsprit, &c. &c. afford excellent ma- volunteers the hazard; as gales of wind, rocks, fire, bad roads, animal impetuosity, bad workmanship, &c., escape from which is impossible, without precautions corres- ponding to the hazards, and to his unnatu- ral situation. Providence operates by general laws, to which all nature must sub- Ject itself, or be destroyed, or run the risk of being destroyed ;and, when men place themselves in situations, not in strict ac- cordance with their relations to the rest of nature, they, in fact, challenge nature, and must guard against their own presumption, or abide the consequences without mur- muring. Being free to do what they can, they ventnre to sea and take the chance of inevitable storms, which, for general pur- poses, are necessary and salutary ; but the same motive which leads them to make their vessel water-tight, ought to induce them to adopt every other precaution while they thus make war on, or take the chances of, superior natural phenomena. Nine out of ten of the accidents of life are owing to the war which men thus make on the laws of nature ; and then they arraign providence, or expect miracles to be wrought to counteract their own presump- tion. ‘The object of this note is, however, the correction of vulgar errors in regard to Providence, and not to question the general worth of improvements on which social happiness depends. Let us continue to voyage and travel, and to direct the powers of nature to our enjoynmients; but for consequences of our temerity, or want of caution, do not let us blame either nature or providence. Neither are an- swerable for our ignorance, our short- sightedness, or our convenient presumption. Men who walk upon the earti, within the exact scope of their natural powers, sel- dom meet with accidents ; but, if they train a horse, ride in a carriage, buiid a lofty house, manufacture gunpowder, or make a voyage at sea, they expose themselves to chances of many dangers, against which they ought to guard indefinitely; bat, if the victims of any oversight, the fauit, when duly considered, is neither in Nature, nor in that bountiful Providence which has provided all that is strictly uecessary with- out such risks. Loss of Packets. [May 14 terials for a raft or rafts, the construction of which is facilitated by the rigging, and numerous ropes on-board of every vessel. ‘he weight of the masts, Xe. being removed, the time of foundering would at least be postponed, and the chances of escape increased. Nor is water the only ground of ap- prehension on-board of ship, for fire equaily endangers those who cannot swim, if the vessel be not provided with as many boats as in case of necessity would convey ashore all thé passengers which she undertakes ‘to carry. vio It appears, that this recent tragedy was caused by the packet depending on wind, the most uncertain of powers, —instead of steam, the most certain ; and a lesson is hereby taught, that no person, who values his own life, or the feelings. of friends, ought hereafter to trust himself in a sailing packet. But, at the same time, the legislature should direct, that even steam-packets ought to be provided with sufficient boats to guard passengers against the treble contingency’ of explosion, fire, audcasualty ol thesea. Ifthe necessary number of boats are deemed inconveni- ent, then,asan alternative, every vessel conveying passengers should be ‘pre- vided with a full complement of Malte- son’s life-preservers, or any other of the cheap andsimple contrivancesby which persons unable to swim may be kept afloat till assistance reaches them. Till such law is passed, every passenger should not omit to provide himself with some such escape as part of his store for the voyage. The public have the checks in their own hands; but what is the business of ail, is usually performed by none; hence the necessity of legislatures and legislation. Bat, while these fail, no man ought to make a voyage in any packet depending on the uncertain powers of wind, nor even in any packet propelled by steam, unless she be pro- vided with means of escape in boats, or in a stock of life-preservers, or with- out taking a life-preserver for his own use in any case of emergency. The ordinary security of the voyage, the calmness uf the weather, and the sobriety of the captain and erew, are no guarantces against danger; and it therefore oaght not to be incurred, when it may be as easily guarded against as neglected. . Conon SENSE. For 1473)\Alost. Speculum conversionis peccator, 4to. 1823.] [ 297 J ' For the Monthly Magazine. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE of the cITIES, TOWNS, Sc. where the ART Of PRINTING was INTRODUCED in the FIFTEENTH CENTURY. FIRST IMPRESSIONS, NAMES of the with known Date. FIRST PRINTERS. PLACES. Joan. Fust. & Petrus Schoif- fer. (Joan. Gutenberg.) Albert Pfister. | - Conradus Sweynheym an Arnoldus Pannartz. 1457| Mayence. Psalmorum codex, in folio. 1461|Bamberg. Recueil des fables, germanicé, folic. 1465|Subbiaco. Lactantii opera, 4to. 1467|Rome. Ciceronis epistolie familiares, 4to. 1467\Elfeld. Vocabularium ex quo, 4to. Henry and Nic. Bechter- muntze,& Wigandus Spyes. Ulricus Zel,or Zell,of Hanau Ginther Zainer, of Reutlin- 1467|Cologn. S. August. de Singul. clericor, 4to. 1468| Augsbourg. Meditationes vite Christi, folio. 1469|Venice. Ciceronis epistole familiares, folio. 1469| Milan. Miracoli de la glor. V. Maria, 4to. Philippus de Lavagna. 1470|Nurenberg, Comestorium vitiorum, folio. Petits) Sensenschmidt, : (1472). 1470|Paris. Ulricus Gering, M. Crantz, Epistole Gasparini Pergamensis, 4to. and M. Friburger, of Colmar. Emilien de Orfinis. Joan, Reynardi. Joan. de Verona (1472). Henricus Eggestein (Johan. Mentel), Petrus Drach (1477). Gerardus de Lisa, of Flan- ders, : Balthazar Azzoguidi, Andreas Belfortis. Sixtus Riessing®r, of Stras- bourg. 1471|Pavia. Johann. Matthei de Gradibus operajAnton. de Carcano, or de medica, folio. Carchano (1476). 1471|Florence. Comment. Servii in Virgil, folio. Bernard Cennini and son. 4479!Crémona, Angeli de Perusio leetura, folio. Dion. de Paravisino and : Steph. de Merlinis de Leucho. : Jacobus, Baptista Sacerdos, and Alexander. Barth. de Valdezochio and Mart. de Septem Arbo- ribus, 1470/Foligno. 1470/Treves, 1470/Verona. 1471|Strasbourg. Leon. Aretini de Bello Italico, folio. Hist. de indulgentia B. Francisci, 4to, La Batracomiomachia, 4to. Gratiani decretum, folio. 1471/Spires. Postilla super Apocalypsim, 4to. 1471|Tréviso. Mercurius Trimegister, 4to. 1471|Bologna. Ovidii opera, folio. 1471/|Ferrara. Martialis épigram. 4to. 1471|Naples. Bartholi de Saxo Ferrato Iectura, folio. 1472|Fivizano, Virgilius, folio. 1472 Padua. La Fiametta di Boccaccio, 4to. 1472|Mantua. Tractatus Maleficiorum, folio. PetrusAdam de Michaelibus 1472| Montereal. S. Antonini de instruct. confes. 4to; | |Ant. Mathia de Antuerpia, 5 and Balthasar Corderius, 1472\Jesi. Comedia di Dante, folio. Fridericns-Veronensis. 1474] Munster, Roderici speculum, folio, Helias Helye, or de Louffen. 1479) Parnia. Plutarchus de liberis educandis, 4to. |Andreas Portilia. 1473|Brescia. © ——_|Statuta Brixia, folio. Thomas Ferrandus, 1473|Messina. Vita di S. Hieronimo, 4to. Henricus Alding. 1473;UIm. . Opus de Mysterio misse, 4to. Joan, Zainer, of Reutlingen. 1473) Buda. Croniea Hungarorum, folio. Andreas Hess. 1475\Lauguingen, —_‘{S. Aug. de Consensu Evangelistarum,fol.| No name. 1473|Mersbourg. 5. Aug. de Questionibus Orosii, 4to. |Lucas Brandis. - Theodoricus Martens, 1473)Utrecht. Historia scholastica novi Testam. folio.|Nicolas Ketelaer, and Ger. de Leempt. | 1473|Lyon. Lotharii Diaconi cardinalis compen-|Bartholomeus Buyer. ’ i dium breve, 4to. 1473|St. Ursio, ys pe Peon super tertio sententia--Joannes de Rheno. ram, folio, : * 1474) Vicenza. Dita mundi, folio, Leonardus Achates, of Bale. Montiry Mac. No. 381. Qy 298 Dates PLACES. - 1474|Coma. 1474)/Turin. 147 4|Geneva, 1474 Savona. 1474 Eslingen, 147 4 Basle. eile St. Marie. 1474' Valence. 1474 Louvain. 1474, Westminster, 1475) Lubeck. 1475|Burgdorff. 1475) Blauburren. 147 ae 1475 Casell. 1475|Modena, 1475|Pérouse. 1475)Piéve di Sacco. 1475) Plaisanza, 1475|Reggio. 1475)|Barcelona. 1475|Saragossa. 1476|Antwerp. 1476|Bruges. 447 6\Brussels. 1476|Nova Plzna. 1476/Rostock. 1476|Polliano, 1476)Trent, 1477|Delft. 1477|Deventer. 2477|\Gouda. 1477) Angers, 14477|Palermo. 1477|Ascoli, 1477|Lucca. 1477 Seville, 1478|Cosenza. 1478|Colle. 1478]|Chablis. 1478|Geneva. 1478|Oxford. 1478|Prague. 1478|Monast. Sorten. 1478)|Eichstett. 4479/Wurtzbourg. Chronological Table of the Cities, Towns, &c. FIRST IMPRESSIONS, with known Date, ‘Tractatus de appellationibus, folio. Breviarum romanum, 8vo. Summa Pisanella, folio. Boétius de Consol. philosophiz, 4to. Th. de Aquino in Job., folio. ‘Der Sassen Spiegel, folio. Breviarium Moguntin, 4to. Trobes de la S. V. Maria, 4to. Commoda ruralia, folio. The Game at Chess, folio. Rudimentum Noyitiorum, folio. Tractatus de apparitionibus, folio. [May f, NAMES of the FIRST PRINTERS. Ambrosius de Orcho, and Dionys. de Paravicino. Joh. Fabri and Joanninus de Petro. Matthias Moravus and Mich de Monacho. Johannes Bonnus. .. Conradus Fyner, Bernardus Richel (Berthol- dus Rodt). Fratres Vitae Communis, Alonzo Fernandez de Cor- dovaand L, Palmart (1478).. Joannes de Westphalia. .|William Caxton, Lacas Brandis, of Schass, No name. Ob cin Man sey zu nemem Weib, &c. |Conradus Mancz. Mafei Vegii de Morte Astianactis, 4to./Robertns de Fano and Ber- Vitz Sanctorum, 4to. Virgilius, folio. Verulami, de Arte grammatica, 4to. Quatuor ordines, hebiaicé, folio. Biblia Latina, 4to. nardinus de Bergamo, Jean Fabri. Joan. Vurster, of Campido- nia. Henricus Clayn, ef Ulm (1476). R. Mescullam, of Kotzi. Joan. Petrus de Ferratis. R. Salomon Jarchiz in Pentateuchum,|Abraham Garton. folio. Valasti de Tarenta, de Epidemia, 4to. | Nicolaus Spindeler (1478). Manipulus Curatorum, folio. Thesaurus pauperum, folio. Matthzus Flandrus. Theodoricus Martens, Alost, of Bocace, du déchiet des nobles, &c. folio.|Colard Mansion. Gnotosolitos, folio. Statuta synodalia Pragensia, 4to. Lactantii opera, folio. Petrarea, degli huomini famosi, 4to. De obitu pueri Simonis, 4to. Biblia, belgice, folio, Reductorium Biblia, folio. Epistelen en evangelien, folio, Manipulus curatorum, folio. Consuetudines Panormi, 4to. Cronica de 8. Isidoro Menore, 4to, Les triomphes de Petrarque, folio. Sacramentale, 4to. Dell’ immortalita dell’ anima, 4to. Dioscorides, latiné, folio. Des bonnes meeurs, folio. Le livre des Saintes Auges, folio, Expositio in simbolum, 4to. Fratres Vitee Communis. No name. , Fratres Vita: Communis. Innocentius Zi!etus, Felix Antiquarias. Hermannus Schindeleyp. Jacob Jacobs, and Maurice _. Yemants. Richard Paffroet. Gerard Leeu, or Leew. Joan. de Turre, and Joan, Morelli. Andreas de Wormatta. Guillelmus de Linis. Barthol. de Civitali. A. M. de la Talla, B. Se- gura, and Alonso dei Puerto. Octavianus Salomonius, of Manftredonia, Joannes Alemanus, of Me- demblick. Pierre le Rouge. . Adam Steynschawer, Schuinfordia (1480), Theodore Rovud (1481). and of Statuum utraquisticorum articuli, folio.|No name. Leonardi Aretini comeedia, &c. folio. Summa hostiensis, folio, Breviarium herbipolense, folio, No name. Michel Reyser. : Stephanus Dold, Jeorius ~ Ryser, & Joan, Bekenhub» _ 1823.] where Dates: 1479 Zwoll. ae iméguen. 1479|Pignerol. 1479)/Tusculano. 1479|Tolosa. 1479) Poitiers, PLACES. 1479) Lerida. 1480|Oudenarde. 1480) Hasselt. 1480| Nonantola, 1480/Reggio. 1480}Friuli. 1480)Caen,. 1480|St. Alban’s. 148 1|Salamanca. 1481)|Leipsic. 4481/Casal. 1481|Urbino. 1481|Vienne, France 1481)Aurach. 1482|Zamora, 1482| Aquila. 2482| Erfort. 1482)|Memmingen, 1482) Passau. 1482|Reutlingen. 14€2|Vienna, Austria. 1482|Promentour. 1463|Magdeburg. 1483|Stockhoim. 4483/Ghent. 1483] Lroyes. 1483|Schiedam. 1485] Haarlem. 1483/Culesbourg, 1483|Leyden. 1483) Pisa. 1485|Gironne. 1484) Bois-le-Duc. 1484) Winterperg, 1484|Chamberri, 1484) Breand-Loudé- hac. 1484/Rennes, 1484|Sienna. 1484/Soncino, 1484| Novi. 1485) Heidelberg. 1485) Ratisbon, 1485) Verceil. 1485] Peschia. Printing was introduced in the 15th Century. FIRST IMPRESSLONS, NAMES of the with known Date. FIRS'T. PRINTERS. 299 Sumule Petri Hispani, folio. Joannes de Vollehoe, Epistola de privilegiis Ord. Mendicant.|No name. 4to. Boétins, de Consol. philosophiz, folio. |Jacobus de Rubeis. ZEsopi fabule, 4to. Gabriel Petri. Tractatus de Jure emphiteotico, folio, |Joannes Teutonicus, Breviarium historiale, 4to. Joan. Bouyer, and Guil- |__laume Bouchet (1499). Henricus Botel. Arnoldus Casaris. Breviarium Illerdense, folio. Herm. de Petra Sermones, folio. Epistelen en Evangelien, 4to, No name. Breviarium romanum, 4to, Georgius, and Anselmus de Mischinis. Nic. Perotti Rudim. gram., 4to. Barthol. and Laurentius de Bruschis. Gerardus de Flandria. Jac. Durandus, and Egidiug Quijoue, Laur. Guil. de Saona, Rhetorica nova,|No name. d4to. Nebrixa, introductiones latine, folio. Platina de honesta voluptate, 4to, Horatii epistole, 4to. Leo Alemanus, and Lupus Sanz (1496). Mareus Brand (1484). Guill. de Canepa Nova, of Campanilibus, Marii Philelphi Epistolarium, 4to. Henricus de Colonia (1493). Nic. de Clemangis deLapsuJustitiz,4to.| Pierre Schenck. Leben der Heiligen, folio. Conradus Fyner. Mendoza, vita Christi, folio. Antonius Centenera. Vite de Plutarcho, folio. Adam Rotwil, Alemannus, Questiones in libros Arist. de anima,4tc.|Paulus Wider de Hornbach. Fasciculus temporum, folio, Albertus Kunne, Epistola de Morte S. Hieronimi, 4to, |Conradus Stahel,and Bened. Mayr. Johan. Ottmar. oh. Winterburg (1492). Louis Guerin. Albertus Rauenstein and Joachimus Westyal. oh. Snell. Arnoldus Cesaris. Guil. le Rouge (1492). No name, oh. Andriesson. Jean Veldener. Heynricus Heynrici, Laurentius and Angelus Florentini (1484), Mathieu Vendrell, Ger. Leempt, of Novimagio. Joannes Alacraw. Antonius Neyret. Robin Foucquet. Glosa super apocalipsim, 4to. Ovidii Epist. heroides, folio. Summa Pisani, folio. Manipulus Curatorum, 4to. Doctrinal de Sapience, folio, Officium Missz, 4to. Dialogus creaturarum, 4to. Guil,, Rhetorica divina, 4to. Breviarium Trecence, 8vo. Le Chevalier Delibere, 4to. Formule Novitiorum, 4to. Speculum human. salv. belgice, 4to. De Cronike van Holland, &c. 4to, Franc. de Accoltis consilia, felio. Memorial del pecador, folio. Tondalus Vysioen, 4to. Albertus Magnus de Eucharistia. Baudoyn, comte de Flandres, folio. Le Songe de la Pucelle, 4to. Coustumes de Brétagne, 12mo. Pierre Belleesculée and Josses. Henri de Colonia. Josnas Salomon and asso- ciates. Nicol Girardengus. Fridericus Misch (1488). Joan. Sensenschmidt and : Beckenhaub. Nic. de Auxmo suppl.sum. Pisan., 8vo.|Jacobinus Suigus, of St, ' Germano. - Franc, Cenni, Paul. de Castro, lectura, folio. _ Delectus Margaritarum, hebraice, 4to. Summa Baptistiniana, 4to. Hugonis Sermones, folio. Liber Missalis Ratisbonnensis, folio. La Confessioue de $,Bern.da Sienna,4to. J 300 Dates PLACES. 1485|Udina. 1485|Burgos. 1485|Iscar (Ixar). 1486}Abbevilte. 1486)/Brinn. 1486|Munster. 1486|Sleswick. 1486|Casal-Maggiore. 1486|Chivasso. 1486] Voghera, 1486|Toledo. 1487|Besancon. 1487/Gaiete. 1487 Murcia, 1487|Rouen, 1488] Viterbo. 1489|Hagenau. 1489|Kuttenberg. 1489/S. Cucufate. 1489)/Lisbon. 4490|Orleans. 1490|Ingolstadt. 1490|Oporto. 1491|Dijon. 1491/Angouléme, 1491/Hamburg. 1491|Nozani. 1499|Dole. 1492/Leiria. 1492/Tzenna. 1493|Alba. 1493|Clugni. 1493/Fribourg. 1493|Lunebourg. 1493|Nantes. 1493/Copenhagen, 14935} Valladolid. 1494|Monterey. 1494 Bragne. 1494/Oppenheim. 1495|Forli. 1495\Freisingen. 1495|Limoges. 1495|Scandiano. 1495|Pampeluna. 1495|Schoenhoven. 1496|Barco. 1496|Offenbourg. 1496|Provins. 1496|Tours. 1496]Grenada. 1497|Avignon. 4497/Carmagnola. 149%|Tubingen. 1499/Treguier. 1499| Montserrat. 1499|Tarragona, Table of the Cities, &c. where Printing was introduced. [May 1, NAMES ofthe FIRST PRINTERS. ° FIRST IMPRESSIONS, with known Date. Nic. Perotti Rudim. grammat. 4to. |Gerardus de Flandria, And, Guterii opus Grammatic. folio. |Fridericus de Basilea. Jacobi ben Ascher, liber semite vite,|No name. hebraicé, folio. d La Cité de Dieu de S. Aug., folio. Jean Dupré and Pierre Gérard. Conradus Stahel and Mat- theus Preinlein (1491), Joannes Limburgus. Stephanus Arndes. No name. Jacobinus Suigus, ; Jacobus de Sancto-Nazario. Joannes Vasqui (Vasquez). Agenda Chori Olomucensis, 4to. Rudolphi Langi Carmina, 4to. Missale Sleswicence, folio. Machasor hebraicé, 4to. Angeli de Clavasio summa, 4to. Alex, de Immola postille, folio. Petri Ximenez confutatorium, 4to. Liber de Pestilentia, 4to. Jean Comtet. Formulario epistolare, 4to. A. F. (Andreas Fritag). El Valerio de las Hist. de Espaiia, fol, |Lope de Roca. Croniques de Normandie, folio. Guillaume le Talleur. Servii Honorati de Metrorum Gener.,|No name. - ; 8vo. Cornutus Joan, Garlandia, 4to. Biblia, Bohemicé, folio. Martin Van Tischniowa. El Abad Isach de Religione, 4to. No name. Rabbi M. Nachmanidis in Pent., folio, Samuel Zorba and Raban Eliezer. Matthieu Vivian. Joan. Kachelofen, Henricus Gran. Manipulus curatorum, 4to. Rosarium celestis curiz, folio. Statuta commun. Ripperiz, folio. Barthol. Zanni. Cisterc. ord. privilegia, 4to. Petras Metlinger. Auctores VIII. Cato, Facetus, &c. 4to.|No name. Landes B. M. Virg. folio. Joh, and Thomas Borchard. P. Turretini disputatio Juris, folio, |Henri de Colonia and Henri d’Harlem. Joan, Heberling de Epidemia, 4to. No name. Proverbia Salom., hebraice, folio. Abraham Dortas. Psalterinm B. M. V. 4to. No name. _|Alex. de Villa doctrinale, folio, No name. Michael Wenszler. » Kilianus Piscator. Missale Cluniacense, folio. 8. Bonay. in IV. sentent, folio. Th. 4 Kempis, de Imit. Christi, 8vo. |Joan. Luce. Les Lunettes des princes, 8vo. Etienne Larcher. Regule de fig. construc. grammat., 4to., Gothofricus de Ghemen. Notas del Relator, folio. (Johannes de Francour. Missale, folio, Gundilsalvus Rod. de la Pasera, and J. de Porres, Breviarium, folio. Johannes Gherline. Wigandi Wirt Dialogus apolog. &c. 4to.|No name. Nic. Ferretti de Eleg, ling. lat. servanda,| Hieronymus Medesanus. 4to. Compendiosa mat. pro Juven. inform., Joan. Schaeffler. 4to. Breviarium Lemovicence, 8vo. Appianus, folio. Epilogo en medicina, folio. Joan. Berton. Peregrinus de Pasqualibus, Arnaldus Guil. de Brocario Breviarium Trajectense, folio. Noname. ~ . Selicoth, hebraicé, folio. Gerson Mentzlen, Quadragesimale de Litio, 4to. No name. Gui!l. Tavernier. Matthieu Lateron, Menardus Ungut. La Regle des Marchands, 4to. La Vie de St. Martin., folio, Franc. Ximenes de Vita Christ. folio. Luciani Palinurus, &c. 4to. Nicol. Lepe. Facini Tiberge in Alex, de villa, &c. {No name. Pauli lectura in primum Senten. folio, |Joan. Ottmar. Le Catholicon, folio. No name. Missale Benedictinum, folio, Joan. Luchner Alemannus. Missale Tarraconense, folio. Joh, de Rusembach. 1 1823.] Dates PLACES. 4500|Cracovia, 1500]Munich. 1500/Olmutz. 4to. 1500] Pfortzheim, 1500)Perpignan. 1500)Jaen. 1475|Savillano. 1500| Albi. 1500|Rhenen. 1500|Amsterdam. 8vo. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, MUST crave room to add to Mr. Luckcock’s sensible remarks on the proportions of nutrition in various kinds of food. In reference to the culture of the potato, and in ascer- taining its esculent properties, IT have had some experience, especially du- ring the past forty years; and, at this date, have again sown seeds of the apple, with intent to obtain new, and perhaps better, varieties than any yet produced. The best species I ever obtained consisted of twenty-eight* parts per hundred farina in a perfectly dry form, the which is always speci- fically heavier than the finest wheaten flour, and (as you see) exceeds the proportion given by Messrs. Percy and Vauquelin; and I dare venture to assume that, in nutricious effect, it greatly exceeds any given measure of the best wheaten flour. In like manner, I assume that such farina is equal in effect to the farina of the arum-root, so plentifally imported from the islands in the West Indies of late years, and sold in the retail shops from two or three to six shillings per pound; but I am willing to contend that the extract from the potato is equal to arum, real or pre- tended. The nations of the Peninsula are comparatively abstemious in animal food: and, as their rich soil is about to be polluted by the most nefarious aggression, (now for the second time, within a very short period,) I trust they will instantly begin to plant many thousand tons of the potato, with con- finuation to the middle of June, for general consumption, and, if need re- * The seventy-two parts remaining con- ‘sisted of water and fibre. Mr. Bartley on the Nutritive Qualities of the Potato. FIRST IMPRESSIONS, with known Date. Ciceronis rhetor. libri IV. 4to. Ang. Mundii Oratio. 4to. Aug. de Olomvoz contra Waldenses,|Conradus Bomgathem. Joan. Altenstaig vocabularius. Breviarium Elnense, 8vo. 301 NAMES of the FIRST PRINTERS. (Joannes Haller). Joannes Schobser. Thomas Anselmus Badensis. J. Rosembach de Heidel- berg. Petri Dagui, tractatus de différentiis.| No name. Manipulus curatorum, folio. Christoph. Beggiamo and J.Glim. Enez Sylvii de amoris remedio, 4to, |No name. Dat leeven van H. maget S. Kunera. |No name. Dionysius de conversione peccatoris,} D, Pietersoen. quire, for supply of their strong places on the frontiers.* The Lrish, Scotch, and English, already. amongst them, are as expert as any in the cultiva- tion of the potato.t NEHEMIAH BARTLEY, Cathay, Bristol; March 13. —— For the Monthly Magazine. LETTERS ON THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF LONDON, LETTER I, To Frederick William Muitland, esq. Trinity College, Oxfoid. DEAR SIR, Ww ELL, bere am I, at last, fairly and safely settled in the Great City ; whither my good, but somewhat eccentric, uncle has thought proper to transport me, to perfect (as he says) that professional education, which a three years’ hard grinding at Edin- burgh, and something more than a twelvemonth’s residence at Paris, had, in my humble estimation, already ren- dered as complete as was at all neces- sary. But my uncle, whose affection- ate solicitude for his orphan nephew claims at least my unhesitating ac- quiescence, wishes that I should attend the classes here for another year; when I shall,—even in his estimation, —be fully competent to commence my career as a disciple of the divine Escu- lapius. Well; I shall not be sorry when I have passed the College—the Royal College of Surgeons of course,— * Potato-flour I have had in my keep- ing for nearly twenty years, perfectly sound at the last. t The Tullian method of culture (with wide intervals and single rows,) is prefer- able to any other, Upward of twenty tons per English acre are frequently ob- tained by a correct attention to Tull’s method, and 302 and obtained my diploma; although I have but little anxiety as to the result of the ordeal: for 1 gained at Edin- burgh a_ tolerable knowledge of ana- tomy, (so at least my worthy preceptor Dr. Barclay was pleased to say,) and Paris afforded me several excellent opportunities of witnessing the perfec- tion of modern surgery; so that, al- though I do not intend to be idle,—for jt is not, you know, in my nature to be so,—I shall not pay that, exclusive attention to my studies which would be requisite in a novice. You have often told me, Frederick, that you would not, upon any conside- ration, be a medical man; and you have urged as your objections, first, ‘the necessary loathsome nature of the preliminary studies; and, secondly, the excessive toil and provoking un- certainty of the practice itself. ~ All this is very well for a nervous, sensi- tive youth like my good friend; whom Fortune has placed beyond the neces- sity of exertion, and who can sit at home by his-ire-side, and gaze with a careless eye upon the toil and bustle around him. But to one, who is to gain his bread by the sweat of his brow, all these discouraging difficulties become gradually less conspicuous and formidable, till he finds that these very obstacles, which were once so obvious and disheartening, are only so many ‘‘exciting causes” to exertion and perseverance. Thus have I found if; and it shall not be my fault if I do not gain avery comfortable compc- icency by the exercise of that profession to which I am every day becoming more enthusiastically attached. As to the Joathsome nature of our studies,—at least of our anatomical studies, (and anatomy is the key-stone ef tke ;zofession,)—I would engage to iaspire you with pot only a reverence for the study, but with a decided and passionate predilection for it. Your benevolent and well-cultivated mind, —I prithee blush not at such fine phrases,—could never behold, without the most fervent admiration, the won- derful and most beautiful organization of the human body. The very evidence of design and contrivance, and of the most admirable adaptation of means to ends, would impress you with a powerful conviction of the mercy and oemnipetency of Him who fashioned us. Yet there are some who presume to find fault with the mechanism of the human skeleton. An excellent ana- Letters on the Medical School of London. tomist once said, there was not a well- made joint in the whole body; but he was then talking like a carpenter,— like one who had no means of.judging of the works of Nature, but by com- paring them with our own limited de- signs and performances, It was, how- ever, a comparison of tlie mechanism of the leg and foot that led Galen (who, they say, was a sceptic in his youth,) to the public declaration of his opinion, that intelligence must have operated in ordaining the laws by which living beings are constructed. That Galen was a man of very supe- rior intellect could be readily proved, were it necessary. I have often known the passage I allude to made a subject of reference, but not of quotation, among my fellow-students; andI make no apology for reciting it now, although it may happen that it is already known to you. ‘In explaining these things, (he says,) I consider myself as com- posing a solemn hymn to the Great Architect of our bodily frame; in which, I think, there is more true piety than in sacrificing hecatombs of oxen, or in burning the most costly per- fumes: for I first endeavour, from his works, to know myself, and after- wards, by the same means, to show him to others, to inform them how creat is His wisdom, His goodness, His power.” There are, however, other structures in the body, besides the frame-work, which are all wonderfully beautiful, Dr. Hunter could never demonstrate the back-part of the human throat, the passages by which we swallow and respire, and the mechanism by which the exiremely diversified intonations of the human voice are produced, without enthusiasm. I have heard, that it was really delightful to see this venerable old man expatiating, with all the raptures of a poet, upon the exquisite structure of the larynx, pha- rynx, and the organs attached to them. Who, also, can-examine the lacrymal parts of the human eye, or the wonder- ful mechanism of the ear,—to say no- thing of the structure and funetions of the viscera,—without the most un- feigned admiration. But why do we admire these things? Is it not because we understand them? We see the necessity for contrivances, and we ~ find them constructed beyond our highest expectations, and perfectly adequate to effect the. purposes: for which we believe them designed. ‘The same 1823] same conclusions must, therefore, in reason, be drawn from the examina- tion of the structures we meet with in living beings, as those which have been deduced from the consideration of the works of Nature in general, by the most intelligent and best informed men. That which we understand seems excellent, in a degree far ex- ceeding our ordinary conceptions, yet appearing more and more so in pro- portion as it is minutely. examined, and attentively considered; and that we understand so much of the works of Nature, as to warrant us in con- cluding, that we can only cease to admire when we fail to understand. - The mere art of anatomy, however, abstractedly considered, is exceeding- ly fatiguing ‘and. uninteresting: it is tiresome beyond measure, excessively provoking, and at) first perfectly .dis- agreeable and disgusting. But it is not, perhaps, possible to consider it altogether abstractedly. He must have a dull heart, indeed, who can behold with unconcern or apathy the multitudinous mass of wonderful and even of beautiful facts, which he en- counters in studying anatomy; for, if a man possesses the smallest portion of fine feeling, he will be astonished and delighted at the development of the coniplete and complicated machine whose structure he is analysing; and he will be powerfully interested by the multiplicity of the organs of the haman frame, each performing its peculiar function with the utmost regularity and perfection, and each forming a contingent part of one beautiful and stupendous construction. It may hap- pen, that he will at first anxiously wonder how life can exist for any length of time, when so many, and such trifling, accidents can derange the movements of this most elaborate machine. But his anxiety will subside when he observes how securely the most important organs are defended by others of comparatively less im- portanee ; and when he discovers that, however intricately blended the. vari- ous organs may be one with another, there are always means in reserve to supply the place of any which may have sustained an injury, or even be- come unable to perform their function again. Thus the beautiful distribution of the blood-vessels, with their peculiar fitness as essential parts of the vast machine, will powerfully, engage lis Letters on the Medical School of London, 303. attention: but it is their situation, and: their defence from injury, which strikes us as the most interesting cireum- stance of all. We find that the prin- cipal trunks, carrying an immense and continual column of blood, run in such parts of the body as are least exposed to external injury, deriving support and pretection from the bones along which they pass, or from the large masses of muscle which cover them. They pursue their course more or less in a serpentine direction, which dimi- nisnes the force of the blood, and pre- ventsthe vessels from being strained by the motion of the parts to which they appertain; and it is particularly observable in those arteries which en- ter very strong and coastantly-used muscles, that they are protected from compression by a firm tendinous sheath. The two arteries which ascend from the spine towards the head (arterie vertebrales), are beautifully defended from the inconvenience and. danger which would ensue upon their being compressed by the bending of -the neck: they run through small holes in the bones of the neck, and thus their circulation continues unimpeded anc uninjured, however frequent, and in whatever direction, that part of the body be moved. In the back,—whieh is, of all others, perhaps the part most destitute of defence in the whole body, —there is not one important vessel, its large and strong muscles being nou- rished entirely by very small arteries, ramifying in the most beautiful man- ner and extent. Another remarkable provision in the animal economy, is what is termed the anastomosis, or inosculation, of arteries; that is, the minute communication of one artery with another by means of anastomotic or inosculating branches; for the purpose, doubtless, of continu- ing the circulation in case the prinei- pal trunk should sustain any injury: If a ligature be tied on the trunk of any of the large arteries, the cavity of the vessel must necessarily be obli- terated in that particular part; but the- circulation is continued by means: of the inosculating branches above the ligature, communicating with those below it; and these branches, whick are naturally very small, become con- siderably augmented, for the purpose of performing the functions of. their new office. I could give you many other illustrations of this nature; bug those which I have mentioned are quite 304 quite sufficient to afford you some idea of the beautiful contrivance manifested in the elaborate mechanism of man. The late Dr. Lettsom, who was, without exception, one of the most benevolent and useful men that ever existed, experienced most sensitively the beatific pleasure of doing good. “J never witness (used this good man to say,) the recovery of a patient from any very severe illness without feeling a proud gratification at the event: nor do I forget to thank God for the means with which he has endowed me thus to relieve and benefit my fellow-erca- tures.” When all these things are consider- ed, itis not to be wondered at that the physician has always been regarded as the friend and benefactor of his kind ; nor must we be surprised at the im- pressive euvloginm which the Roman orator bestowed upon the seience of medicine, in his famous oration for Quintus Ligurius:—‘ Nihil est, (he enthusiastically exclaims,) tam popu- lare quam veritas; nulla de virtutibus plurimis nee gratior, nee admirabilior miseracordia est ; homines enim ad Deos nulld ne propius accedunt, quam salutem hominibus dando.” But I must conclude; for fear my enthusiasm may grow tiresome. In my next I shall give you some account of the school of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and its professors; having myself entered as a pupil under Mr. Abernethy, who is, without doubt, the first anatomical teacher in London,— T may say in the world. . I shall after- wards procecd to describe the other professors; for, as I do not mean to fag very hard, I shall make a point of collecting all the information I can for you, that'you may become (in these matters, at least,) as wise as mysclf. Remember me kindly to Jones, Benson, and Porter; whose politeness to me, during my last visit to you, I shall not readily forget. Does Benson poetize as much as usual? : Yours ever, Henry OAKLey. Charter-house square ; Oct. 6, 1822. <= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ERHAPS there is no species of recreation which creates so many delightful associations in the mind, or produces such a gush of refreshing consecrated feeling,—one which so Mr. Smith on the Residence of Hogarth. [May 1, purely refines the grossness of our natures, and our yearnings for mean predilections, and which operates so genially, or with such bright and vivi- fying ascendancy over our faculties,— as a Visit to the spot which some de~ parted genius hath rendered sanctified by the superiority of his mental cogita- tions in any department: of science and literature. ; As I surveyed the humble abode where the first artist of genuine satire. which the world ever produced ouce resided, I could not help breaking out, in an apostrophe of wonder and extacy. O Hogarth! (I execlaimed,) thou in- comparable delineator of humour, and the natural ,social manners of life; thou Cervantes and Rabelais of the British school of painting, who copicd Nature in all her blithe attitudes, or exposed her with equal felicity when she was detected by thy intuitive eye acting unworthy of herself in the great drama of human society and action: thou whose performances constitute an ever enduring panorama, alike for mirth to extract tears of laughter from, or for morality to deduce her sober axioms, gleaned from thy expo- sure of folly, proud of his brazen ac- quirements, or vice laughing beneath the lash thou didst constantly exhibit as an appendage to his final career. Inimitable artist! is’ it possible I am now sitting in the very house where thou didst first commence that march of intellectual self-shooting vigour lis it here that I behold thy first essay to- wards that after-perfect embodying of human fallibilities, in whatever shape of circumstances thou didst behold them: compared to whose almost- breathing personifications of human character, as they formerly did, and at the present juncture do, exist, how insipid, how vapoury, appears ‘the Blind Man’s Buff” of a Wilkie, “ the Smoaking Club” of a Bunbury, and the ingenious unfinished drawings of a Gillray or a Rowlandson! Yes, gentle reader, to keep thee no longer in suspense, if thou wilt visit the house where I am now partaking of a pint of what Burns denominates “ Home-brew’d Joln Barley-Corn,” and which is known by the sign of the . Elephant, in Fenchurch-street, thou may’st behold, in a small old-fashioned tap-room, the original of that groupe of, festive exhiliration and confusion, known by the name of “ the’ Modern Midnight Conversation,” done by Hogarth, 18234 Hogarth before he reached that pinna- cle of renown which has endeared his memory to his admiring countrymen; on the other side, enveloped in the fumes of tobacco, and shrouded in darkness, there .is another sketch of his pallet, entitled, “the Hudson’s Bay Porters.” : It appears that Hogarth lodged in this house in his days of obscurity, and painted almost every pannel in it, which, the present landlord informs me, were removed long before he entered upon the premises. Cullum-street. Enorr SMITH. —=Z For the Monthly Magazine. ITALY; from the JOURNAL of a recent TRAVELLER. (Coneluded from page \6.) E now pursued our journey through the delicious plains of Piedmont and Lombardy, productive of all that nature can pour out, along a beautiful level road, the continua- tion, as it may be called, of Napoleon’s grand work of the Simplon, to the Lago Maggiore, the delightful scenery of which enchants the spectator. We slept at Sesto, on the opposite bank of the Ticino; whence, journeying through the lovely plain, we arrived at Milan on the 25th of September. My mind was now enraptured with the prospect of all that is magnificent in nature and art, and which I[ was about to re-contemplate, when, turn- ing towards my friend and companion, E felt an irresistible propensity to di- vulge to him some few scattered ideas upon the manners and political situa- tion of the country we had now entered. Travel was ever my favonrite topic. The concatenation of associations, in- variably linked with the indulgence of a favourite passion, had in England produced wonders in my economical arrangements; and, ere ten days had elapsed, since the first communication of my decision to my friend, I found myself in a disposition to return for several years to my second hoine, (for such I had always considered Italy,) full of projects in my own imagination, formed, as I conceived, for the benefit of myself, and differing only in the various methods I intended to pursue ‘for their execution. But my friend was a novice in tra- vel. Fostered in prejudice, he had still the advantages of a liberal educa- Montuiy Maa. No. 381. Journal of recent Travels in Italy. 305 tion; but, beyond the food of novelty, he could:see but a scanty banquet in the improvement afforded by it. His mind had not been sufficiently awa- kened to the merits of the various states of Europe, by learning not to place in unequal counterpoise the de- merits they may possess. He could not devote an attention to the many little unassuming obligations of civi- lity which foreigners would subject us to, in return for a little condescension so grateful to them on our part. And yet, by observance of these little nice- ties of intercourse, how agreeable be- comes travel ! Among the impressions I was anxi- ous to inculcate upon the mind of my companion, as a guide to his general observations upon intercourse with the Italians in particular, was one, that the English are wont ‘to boast too much of their own character among this unfortunate people, and to deem it, in their own minds, a sufficient rea- son not only tacitly to despise, but to evince, in their conduct, an open dis- regard for them; which opinion, by the more ignorant of our wealthy, is confirmed -by the supposition, that their purses alone are to create sub- mission from the people of the Conti- nent. The native boisterousness and impatience of the Englishman are ne- ver laid aside on these occasions, which produce in the minds of the Italians an unwelcome feeling of re- pugnance. That English travellers, following pursuits abroad, which do not bring them in immediate collision with the inhabitants, should not choose to mix in society with a people, among whom character, honour, and virtue, are, from established maxims, not per- haps so punctiliously attended to as with ourselves, may be consistent in- deed with our austere and proper notions of morality; but even this often originates from exaggerated pre- judice, which may be greatly removed by intercourse and better information. The English, on the other hand, know they are amongst a people who will not fail to take advantage of them in spite of every precaution and fore- sight; and, in this respect indeed, the Italians have somewhat attracted to themselves the rude conduct of the English, who again pay no regard to that apparent affability and courteous- ness which the Italians are willing to shew them; because they conceive, Rr and 306 and in part justly, that under such im- pressions are hidden both profligacy and imposture. Among many unfounded prejudices, however, which we are so willing to entertain against a courteous,a polite, and an elegant, people, is the charge of inhospitality.. I shall not attempt to enter into a discussion in what man- ner the various nations of Europe are pleased to practise this virtue best; but whoever has enjoyed, in familia- rity with the natives, the opportunity of passing the delightful months of the villegeiature in Italy, will fully excul- pate them from this illiberal imputa- lion, At this season of the year, the houses are thrown open to a general invitation; and the villas become the rendezvous of the nobleman, the cour- tier, the poet, the sculptor, the painter, and historian: music and hilarity dif- fuse a charm over the ebullitions of polished remark, of ready genius, of elegant taste, and profound erudition; an easy social equality, refined by good breeding, gives to all classes a comfort of feeling, and produces a harmony in eoncert with the cloudless atmosphere which fosters it. I am far from wishing to adduce exelusive instances applicable alone to the advantages enjoyed by a single individual; but, whilst vindicating the Tialians from the unjust charge of in- hospitality, too often thundered against them by the undiscerning ignorant, I cannot avoid recalling to my recollec- tion the frank and unreserved hospita- lity of the Marquis Leopoldo Feroni in particular. Really, at the elegant villa of this nobleman, in the Pian di Ripoli: of Tuscany, his guests (although many of them dependants upon his bounty,) appeared more the favourers than the favoured. The situation of his villa en the most highly cultivated spot of the cultivated plain of Tuscany, the orange and citron groves, the floors of marble and mosaic, or designed in imitation of them, the picturesque view of the amphitheatre of hills on the opposite side of the Arno, with its vineyards, olive-groves, and villas, the tout ensemble, pronounce the marquis’s seat one of the most elegant and in- viting abodes in Tuscany. Nature is here enjoyed in all her most voluptu- ous and alluring charms; and, viewing the high degree of cultivation, which suffers no inch of ground to be unpro- ductive,—forming, as it were, of the whole country one immense and end- Journal of recent Travels in Italy. (May t, less kitchen-garden,—I ecased to sigh for a while for the parks, the groves, and lawns, of my native land, since the view of this unrivalled and general cultivation was so highly gratifying. Nor was the elegance of this gen- tleman Jess conspicuous than the splendor of his mansion: no individual, however humble, ever entered it with- out the most cheerful and unreserved welcome, none ever left it without feeling a poignant regret at the arrival of the hour of departure; it was equally the abode of tue Muses, as the refined urbanity and condescension of its owner rendered it that of the man of feeling. ‘These examples, too, at the present day are not unfrequent im Italy: an acquaintance, indeed, with the fine arts facilitates the access to them ; a natural talent for poetry may somewhat influence a predisposed re- ception; but a good-will generally towards strangers predominates in a country free from the shackles of so- cial, or rather unsoeial, prejudiec; a good-will which can be highly im- proved: not by a graceful exterior alone, or the simple elegance of exter- nals, but by atiention to good-man- ners, and a correspondent feeling with: the inclination of the polished inhabi- tants with whom we may associate. **Oh! but they give no dinners,” eried a voracious Joln Bull to me one day; “and there is no sociely without eat- ing,” cried another, fresh imported from the invigorating stews of caly= pash ; “Italy has fine statues, highly- coloured paintings, superb domes, and matchless specimens of architecture, (the merits of none of which, however, he was able to appreciate ;) but who were Bramante and Palladio, now that they can do no more, in comparisen with our many living artists ef the stomach, who still can do so much 2” True, my friend, you had better re- turn to the Jand from which you eame ; table luxury, considered abstractedly as the mere haunts of feasting, is no part of Italian luxury, or will not be expressly formed in reply to the intro- duction of a letter, or to gratify the idle curiosity of those who will not read and learn. Upon a slight inter- course even, on the other hand, the houses of the first people in the coun- try are always open to the visits of the stranger, and a natural ease of recep- tion invites him to the return. That- careless ingress .and egress, which constitutes the charm of social life, and which 1823.) which our Chesterfield has so admira- bly recommended, is encouraged by easy politeness and unaffected compli- ment. Stayin the country, my friend, await the periodical joys. of Italian kindness,, and you will be even sur- feited with a superabundance of that sensuality, of the want of which at present you so much complain. Around you you will see collected, in these genial hours of unbiassed bilarity, a variety, a fecundity, of natural intel- lect, even admirable when unimproved by the instructor’s care; you will sce that the animated vivacity of the Ita- lians, the constant succession of ob- jects, although trifling, which present themselves to their evyer-moving ima- ginations, (however they may prevent deep sensibility from taking root in ibeir minds, and accord bat little with the sedate'and pathetic disposition of the Englishman,) are still the effusions from that parent stock of illumined, as well as of natural, talent, which breathe around us so many charms in the playful and fertile productions of an Ariosto. It must be confessed, indeed, that the heart of the Englishman, however constant and excellent, for the most part harbours melancholy and reflec- tion; and that his pensive habits are but littie calculated to keep pace with the thoughtless bustle of an Italian head. All is rapid, vehement, and momentary in Italy; their anger, dhough excessive while it lasts, is never followed, as in England often, by a perseverance in sulkiness and gloem ; it arose at the sudden impulse of an oifending thought or object, and dies with the first pleasing allurement which meets the eye or imagination. ‘There are, however, numerous in- stances of long-protracted attachments in the illicit-cnustom of cicisbeism; but those attachments appeared to be pro- longed more from habit and desire of appearance or ambition, than from solid merit or affection which the parties discover in each other: when broken off, they are rarely or never followed by that pathetic sentimental remem- brance which afflicts the natives of the countries of the north, and which be- comes often so fatal to their future tranquillity. Oh that Italy could wean herself from this most unnatural of all customs! that a more noble example in the illustrious heads of a Peninsula teeming with all that na- ture can delight us with, with all the ' Journal of recent Travels in Italy: 307 proud achievements of art, would give her that decided abhorrence of what is almost as barbarous as indecorous; and which, to the disgrace of huma- nity, inclination appears to have sanc- tioned into a law! It is in vain to adduce climate in excuse for immo- rality; it outrages the best feelings of civilization to draw into the compari- son the habits of less refined nations: Italy has been great, and may be great again; she is even ‘at this moment splendid in her ruins, and awaits, po- litically speaking, only the call of influence and preponderating com- mand to obey every noble dictate of reason, which slumbers indeed in her bosom, but is not extinguished. And here I would fain give vent to the feelings which the present govern- ments of Italy call forth, would con- trast the northern with the southern, and eulogise her middle states, were not the subject treated by abler pens; and the happier effusions of the pa- triot, the man of feeling, and the clas- sic scholar, been so often panegyrized by the best of qualifications. Thus much, however, may be added to the subject: throughout her states there is but one uniformity of feeling. How- ever the ardent Neapolitan may eva- porate only in idle vaunt,—the Roman, full of slothful indifference, express his wishes with a torpid expectancy, —the Tuscan affect to feel a placid composure amidsta constitution which is somewhat sanctioned by time, and which, however imperfect, Austrian domination has rendered less grievous to him than his less fortunate brethren, —however the minor states of oppres- sed and suffering Italy dare not raise a look, or utter a voice, in favour of groaning humanity,—they all bear one common sentiment with the more vi- gorous and energetic Italian of the north, with the hardy Piedmontese, and the planning Lombard. ‘ What am [?” said an Italian one day to me: “‘tell me I am a Russian, or a Swede, that I am a native even of the hardy mountains where the rein-deer consti- tutes the happiness of man’s pursuit, I should still be something ; but what is an Italian?) In what corner of Europe has my name an influence? Where can I, whose forefathers once governed the world,—I, who have spread my laws, my arts, and my insti- tutions, throughout a civilized crea- tion,—where can I assert a political existence?” These expressions were given 308. given with a feeling so energetic, with such an inward consciousness of un- deserved humiliation, that it has ever since warmed my heart with the most liberal indulgence of opinion towards a spirited, a brave, and a gallant, people. Italy, indeed, has trusted to the lion’s generosity, and been treated with the serpent’s treachery. A pe- riod there was, and I well remember it, when the general association. of her common feelings, supported by appa- rently disinterested offerings, promised to. her and to Europe the happiest re- sults. But the reflection appals me: Ihave not to answer for it except as one of a guilty whole; and I willingly turn the eye from a scene which sickens, from a theatre which displays the noblest feelings of our nature sa- crificed to sordid interest. B, Zo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HAVE felt pleasure in perusing the Ictter of your very sensible and benevolent correspondent, Mr, Luckcock, in page 134, because I concur generally in his observations ; but perceiving that, in page 136, he has very greatly under-rated the daily consumption of food by a cow in full milk, consisting of ‘‘greens or succulent vegetables,” and on these mistaken data has attempted to found an argument against the correctness of the seventh line in the table in page 134, which allows only 8-100ths by weight of solid nutritious substance, to be contained in greens and turnips; I am desirous of correcting this mistake; which I shall do by calling the attention of Mr. L. and your readers to the thir- tieth volume of the “ Transactions of the Society of Arts,” wherein John C. Curwen, esq. has recorded the food consumed daily by a Jarge dairy of cows, milked for the supply of Work- ington; which cows gave, for about 267 days,* each fourteen quarts of milk daily, on the ayerage; their ave- rage daily consumption of food being, at the time, 112lbs. of turnips, 28 Ibs. of steamed husks or chaff of wheat, and 4Albs. of oil-cake.to each cow: which * This allows fourteen weeks for the cows being dry before calving annually, and afterwards for fattening their calves. See my Derbyshire Report, vol. il. p. 41, and the notesin pp. 23.and 32, &c. L Mr. Farey in’ Reply to Mr, Luckcock and Britannicus. {May 1, are quantities so out of all proportion to the 24]bs. of greens or succulent vegetables, assumed by Mr. L. for the production of nearly similar quantities of milk, as entirely to invalidate all which follows thereon in page 136: at the same time I cordially join Mr. L.in wishing for more information to be given as to the data and the principles on whichMessrs. Percy and V auquelin pro- ceeded in constructing their compara- tive table of nutritious matter: as also relative to the proportion in which sub stances, considered as devoid of nutri- ment, are necessary, or can be permit- ted to be mixed with nutritious matter for sustaining men and animals in full health. It will be seen, on comparing your last Supplement with pp. 132 and 133 of No. 879, that all the numbers of popular votes, mentioned by your cor- respondent Britannicus, apply to fifty- five Parliamentary questions, instead of fifty, as is mentioned, apparently through the mistake of omitting to include those four questions designated A, L, R, and M, in page 642, relative to the importation of foreign corn, and that on the currency denoted by W, in page 643. Respecting which corn-questions, I beg here to observe, that, however po- pular in the towns the votes alluded to above may be considered, they must, I contend, be regarded as votes un- justly adverse to the interests of that more numerous and important part of the community, dependant on agricul- tural Jabours ; and it has therefore been with concern I have lately observed seven of the names, justly on other accounts distinguished in the first co- lumn of your 132d page, amongst those who now are for reducing the protection of our own cultivators to sixty shillings for wheat, which it has been proved they cannot grow under eighty shillings without risk of loss; but which the slave-owners of Poland and some other countries are mostly ready to ship at one-third of that price. I am by no means the advocate of monopoly, or of restrictions on com- meree generally; but, such being our existing system, it must, on-enlarged and equitable principles, be reformed throughout at the same time, and not one class be ruined, by removing their protection, in favour of the other classes. Joun FAREY. London; Mareh 4, 1823. ; To To the Editor-of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HERE is a wide difference be- tween the title lady, and a lady in ber person: the one descends in lineal right of succession, or is inhe- rited by matrimonial alliance; the other is gained by the softer excellen- cies, and shown through the medium of amiable and truly valuable qua- lities. Nothing .is more common, or more abused, than the appellative Lady. The adjectives young and old, fine and rich, pretty and good, alike in turn convey opinion, or rather custom, of the diversified classes and condi- tion of the fair sex. When taken plurally, and used collectively, as the ladies, every masculine breast glows with ardour, with natural attachment and pride, and assumes at once the chivalrous heroism of knighthood for their welfare and security. But defi- nitively speaking, then the test is tried either by truth or courtesy. Does one presume that any of the. heroines in sacred or prophane history, in the Augustan or archive eras, were equal to the beautiful ladies of our happy time? This is courtesy. We have only read of those ladies who rode their milk-white steeds, and teazed their lords from their high watch- towers and fascinated dwellings. The past is not equal to the present. We see our ladies breathe in loveli- ness, and witness their captivation to our hearts’ endearments. Negatively, a lady by title may visit rouge et noir, and prove herself to have a title with- out being strictly a lady. She may ride in an equipage at her tradesman’s expense ; and they, in exchange, may walk into a prison at her’s. A young lady is a term nearly as much abused as it is used: I often hear of young ladies at fifty. I speak of the inapplicability of the term, not imputable to either class as disrespect- fully. A young lady conveys at once a sense of respectable import; hence its application so indiscriminately from the greengrocer’s hoyden to the baro- net’s mincing heiress, An old lady is more easily definable: her dress be- speaks her to haye been once in fashion’s favour, and her habits prove her now to be in comfortable circum- stances. ‘There are very few places, perhaps, without Lady Townleys, Tea- zels, and. Malaprops; but Ladies Mr. Prior onthe true Application of the Term Lady. 509 Russell, of many shades, are residents in them likewise. A truly rich lady is not the ostentatious woman, given to flirtation, whose chariot-wheels rat- tle through spacious. squares; not the present favourite child ef capricious fortune, that denominates her such in the usual consideration of the money- loving and selfish world. I conceive a rich lady is a woman that is precious in virtue: a pattern of all ages, and for alltime. It is the good doing and done to her inferiors and equals, which constitutes the bright essence of arich lady. Her precepts form her morals; her morals her manners: her manners give her amusements grace- ful and profitable example, A suscep- tible heart, whose sluices are opened to the voice of pity;—a consistent deportment, that is regulated by active discernment and practical utility ;—a personal interest in the happiness of mankind ;—prompt in emergency, ex- hibiting energy and fortitude, yet applying the balsam of affection to the wounded and broken spirit ;— strongly impressed with a sense of duty when suppliants call ;—devoutly duteous, she strews her cultivated blossoms in her sphere with the hand of genius and beneficence, and sheds a sunshine to light the gloom of care, and calm life’s disastrous voyage, to her own final resting-place, with the breath of mercy in the spirit of love. Islington. J. R. Prior. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE general interest created by the late trial in the west,* grow- ing out of that belief in witchcraft which is still entertained by the mass of uneducated people, will perhaps render acceptable a few observations on the equally absurd faith of the edu- cated, or of the classes among us un- deservedly called enlightened. Every one who ascribes a cause to an effect which has not commensurate or analogous power to produce it,— every one who believes that a body can act where it is not,—every one who considers that a material pheno- menon can take place without a mate- rial cause, or combination of material causes,—every one who considers that any force or power exists which is not essentially the multiple of some matter * See our Somersetshire News, — into 810 into some motion,—is actually as firm a believer in the principle of witchcraft as the woman and her daughters who assaulted the supposed witch at Wi- vilscomb. These are universal propositions, which admit of no exceptions in the whole range of human observation and science. Every one who should at- tempt to prove an exception to them would evince a mind not thoroughly practised in the art of reasoning, and capable of admitting by analogy the principle of witchcratt. Witchery is merely the assumption of a: power which has no material or mechanical connexion with the alleged effect ; and, if the belief in it is one of the first of the family of superstitions which the educated have agreed to expel, their faith in other branches of the same family proves that they are more offended by its vulgarity and grossness than by its opposition to first principles of philosophical truth. In the politest circles we hear every moment of duck and ill-luck at cards and dice; and of good and ill fortune in all the affairs of life, as points of faith governing constant practice; yet all those who talk of and believe in such operative agencies are palpably as complete dupes of the principle of witcheraft as the good women of Wi- vilscomb. By the most splendid fire-sides we hear the gravest parties speaking of their dreams (which - often, however, are thety best thoughts,) as affording anticipations of good or evil; and all believers in» such circumstances, ut- terly unconnected as cause and effect, are of course radical believers, though in another form, in the principle of witcheralt. In our Universities, in our royal and other learned Societies, we hear the most sapient professors and most daz- zling lecturers treating gravely and eloquently of the mutual and innate attractions and repulsions of inert and senseless masses of matter; of innate powers of universal gravitation acting between planets through an infinite vacuum, and counteracted by projec- tile forces; of aftinities, single, double, and compound; and of innate princi- ples of operation out of number : plain as it is, that no ‘such causes can have any connexion with the efiects; and yet most of your readers, enlightened as they may fancy themselves; will On the Belief in Witchcraft. (May 1, startle on discovering that belief in any such innate causes or principles is closely allied to belief in the gross and vulgar principle of witchcraft. It is to be feared that human nature is too radically infected with supersti- tion, or with a disposition to ascribe effects to inadequate and irrelevant causes, or to principles which cannot be causes at all, for it to be expected that such errors will speedily be weeded from the mind. The learned, as they call themselves, who laugh at’ certain extravagaucies of the less assuming classes, should however take the beam out of their own eyes before they can with effect remove the mote from the eyes of others. For their strong powers of reasoning by analogy will continue to mislead the Unlettered as long as those who are miscalled philo- sophers continue to teach, that some incomprehensible power in the earth acts on the ‘opposite side of a stone, and occasions it to fall to the earth ;— that a cork is drawn to a bung floating on the water by mutual forces, which drive them by acting on their opposite sides ;—that the moon raises the water by pushing it upward from the bottom of the sea:*—as long as chemists talk so flippantly of their attractions, repul- sions, affinities, matter of caloric, and as many other gratuitous powers as would furnish another thousand-and- one nights ;—as long as medical col- leges teach that reptiles or plants are endowed with a principle of life distinct from the capabilities of their organiza- tion to appropriate the powers by which they are surrounded ;—as long as waking dreamers discuss their half- sleeping thoughts as portentous of un- connected events;—and as long as princes and lordlings of the earth are governed by feclings about luck and ill luck, good or bad fortune, and prineiples of absurd fatalism in * As men have not time to examine two out of every three propositions snbmitted to them, so thousands never have consider- ed that all motion is produced by a force in the direction of the motion; conse- quently, that if the moon attracts or draws the waters in a direetion towards itself, the moon must push them upward from the bottom of the sea! So it is with all pre- tended attractions ; yet such is the precious stuff taught to the youth of Europe in every university and every seminary of education as veritable philosophy! - seri. regard 1823.]} regard to results governed by the chances of cards and dice! ComMoNn SENSE. N.B.—Though the witchcraft of that mi- serable philosophy, which is still tanght in eur universities, and honoured in our scientific institutions, tends to confirm the faith of the educated in causation, contrary to reason and the laws of mechanics; yet the credulity of human nature in general is fostered by the transforming powers of harlequin’s wand, and the other fascinating food of superstition, introduced on the stage. Even the idioms of our language, and half our common-place phraseology, are debased by admitted miracles, all in the spirit of witchcraft, and introduced into it in the age of Shakspeare and New- ton, when witchcraft and conjuration were identified with religion itself, admitted by law, and questioned by no one. Yet the time must come when, as a consequence of these false admissions, the books and compositions of the age of the first four Georges must become even more obsolete than the quaint wit of the age of Elizabeth and the early Stuarts. ‘ —a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HERE is much truth in the re- marks of your correspondent C. in the last Number; though I think he is somewhat in error when he takes seven shillings per bottle as the ave- rage price charged by innkeepers, &c. for port-wine: I believe it will be found that the majority of them only charge six shillings; which, even for a good article, is certainly a high price. But I think the most crying sin of the innkeeper is the giving a bad article, a mere poisonous compuund often, highly deleterious and injurious to the health and constitution of those who dare to drink it. If it were pos- sible to get genuine old port-wine, I do not think six shillings per bottle, if ihe measure was tolerable, too much for them to charge: for, if it has been several years in bottle, whether in their own cellars or those of the wine-mer- chant, interest for capital must be laid on; and it must be recollected, that the number of innkeepers and publi- cans who lay wine in by the pipe are very few in comparison of those who purchase it by the dozen, and take a considerable credit: in which case they will not get good aged port-wine under about fifty-four shillings, if for that ; and then six shillings per bottle is not too much for the various accommoda- , tions necessarily afforded by the inn- ~ Mr. Lacey on the Charges of Innkeepers, &c. Sit keeper. But, as I have before said, the difficulty is to get it good, which L have so constantly found nearly impos- sible in a long journey, that in despair I have constantly ordered sherry, as the least harmless of the two; and in this article, I must say, (with all my wish that innkeepers should be. paid, and well paid, for the accommodations given,) the imposition is infinitely greater than in port; for their sherry is generally charged seven shillings, and is almost invariably half Cape: but whether the innkeeper or the wine- merehant is most to blame for this, I cannot tell; but such is undoubtedly the fact. C. states that the innkeeper, who had charged him so highly for his wine, ‘‘ broke forth with volubility up- on the enormous expenses to which he: was subject,—-rent, taxes, &c.” Be it remembered, these are no trifles; and they should really form some. excuse. for alittle apparent overcharge: for it has been said, many years back, that man meets with his - “ Warmest welcome at.an inn.” For the last twelve months, there is; no doubt but the innkeeper’s greatest: profit has been on eatable articles, and not drinkable. From three to four shillings is a very general charge for a common hasty stage-coach dinner, in- dependent of beer, wine, or waiters ; and this dinner consisting probably of a couple of joints, and a pudding or tart: of which he must be a goed trencher-man who could consume, in the short space of time allowed, more than a shilling’s worth; and, as to the poor ladies, who have picked, two or three mouthfuls, and are charged the same, I have really often piticd them, or those who paid for them: for, whe- ther treated or not, it is the same thing to the innkeeper. About the latter end of Jast summer, I remember taking a stage-coach din- ner atan inn in Suffolk: the number which sat. down was eight. It was what is called a cheap house, and we had consequently a plain dinner; as follows:—A delicious light and ge- nuine Suffolk pudding, served up first, with the gravy of the meat; a roast leg of mutton of about ten pounds, with potatoes, greens, bread, and cheese; and we hugged ourselves at the cheapness of the repast, viz. hal{- 4 a-crown a-lhead, and sixpence for ale, , of which, upon, the average, we did not drink above a pint a-picce. Leav- ing 312 ing the great profit upon the ale (much greater than any upon wine,) out of the question, how did the account stand? Why thus, or thereabouts :— Fight persons for dinner at ¢s. 6d. a-head »ccesessseeere essosetit O O Cost of dinner to the publican, leaving ont of the account the _ fragments left :— Leg of Mutton, 10 Ibs, at s. d. AL deere cecccese-cecee & 9 Pudding, not more than -- 0 9 Bread, Vegetables, &c.--.- 1 0 ——'o' 5 6 ’ Profit to innkeeper---- 014 6 What profit upon wine or spirits can be equal to this? It is very true that provisions are now dearer than at the time 1 speak of; but still not at all equal to the scandalous charges that are made both at country inns, and at our metropolitan taverns, where the calculation for eating at a common charity-anniversary dinner, with no- thing out of the usual way, is about Zs. 6d. Where is the alderman who could get it down? Another, and almost a greater, evil at inns, is the expected douceurs to the waiters, the ostlers, the chambermaids, the boots, the helpers without end. : It is quite a regular thing for the waiter to get ten per cent. and from thought- less people often twenty per cent. on his master’s bill: as for the chamber- maid, she always gets fifty per cent. and sometimes the Lord knows how much more, upon the charges for beds. It cannot therefore be a matter of wonder, that waiters, ostlers, and chambermaids, should, instead of re- ceiving wages at the great inns, pay from twenty to fifty pounds a year for their places: which is a well-known fact. Some stop should be put to this ; as was the case, many years ago, with regard to vails given at the houses of: the great, where the servants made a point of getting possession of every possible article of your exterior dress ; such as hat, great-cuat, cane, and gloves; expecting, nay demanding, a shilling for each: till it became rather an expensive thing, to aman of mode- rate income, to be invited out to din- ner. It was, | think, the late Jonas Hanway who told a nobleman, when asked to dine with him, that he could not afford it. This led to an explana- tion, and to a considerable alteration in the matter of vails. J. M. Lacy. Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXX. [May 1, For the Monthly Magazine. * ‘THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. > NO. XXX. The Edinburgh Review. No. 75. HE title of this northern periodi- cal publication is a misnomer: it is not a Review, but a collection of “Essays on various subjects,” to which the names of different new books are, often very inappropriately, prefixed as mottoes. In numerous instances, the work, thus chosen as a text, is never once alluded to in the discourse which follows; but this dis- course, proceeding from an -associa- tion of philosophers, infallible in wis- dom, incapable of prejudice, and iawo- cessible to the influence of party or of power, is put forth to the world. as containing all the information that can be acquired on the subject of which it condescends to treat. Exceptions may be produced to the description ‘here given; but, we believe, few will deny that this is the characteristical feature of the work. The preceding observations have, doubtless, long ago suggested them- selves to many of the readers of the Edinburgh Review ; but the manner in which the first article of the Number before us is introduced, most forcibly recalled the idea to our memory. The text-book is entitled, Reflections ow the State of Ireland in the Nineteenth Cen- tury, the progressive Causes which have produced it, and the measures best calcu- lated to remove some and mitigate others of them. But the essay-writer, ‘as if there was no cause of grievance in Ireland except tithes, and no country in the world whose example should be followed but his own, proceeds to give us twenty-six prosing pages concern- ing the “History and Settlement of Tithes in Scotland,” and finishes with- out saying a single word of the book, for the review of which he is alone en- titled to his hire. An account of the final settlement of the tithes in Scot- land, and the principle on which the present clergy are paid, is by no means uninteresting; and this might have been dispatched in a single page: but the history of the causes which led to this settlement can be of no value; because, itis to be hoped, they " furnish no example: for they arose necessarily out of the disputes between the crown and some powerful barons, relative to the spoliation of the church revenues, 18234] revenues, during the stormy periods of the Reformation, and the subsequent contending rivalships of Episcopacy and Presbyturianism. Ju the scramble for possession of the tithes between the lay-improprictors and the crown, the church,—who clained all, and pos- sessed none,—was neglected. In the time of Charles the First a general adjustment was made, and rendered more effectual by subsequent enact- ments. ‘The tithes were all valued at a fifth part of the rental of ihe estate, and sold to the proprietors of the land at nine (afterwards six) years’ pur- chase. If not purchased, a fifth of the rent was the commutation. In addi- tion to this, the landholders still re- mained liable to the maintenance of the parochial clergy, in such sumas slrould be modified by the Commissioners of ‘Funds appointed for that purpose. The stipends of the clergy, at. first small, are augmented from time to time; according to the will of these commissioners, never to exceed a fifth of the rent; and these ‘“ processes of augmentation,” as they are called, pro- duce continual heart-burnings between the minister and the heritors of his parish, with which the farmer, always holding at rack-rent, has nothing to do. The chief objection to tithes is the vexatious mode of exaction when le- vied in kind, and the uncertain dura- tion of any commutation, in conse- quence of the livings not being here- ditary. On the Scotch system the Stipend of the clergyman is no griev- ance to the lessee; because, if he pay it in the first instance, it is always deducted from his rent. Moore’s Loves of the Angels, and Byron’s Heaven and Earth, form the subject of the second article ; which, we acknowledge, is a bona fide review. The contrasted comparison and dis- tinctive description of the mannerism of these fayourite poets, will be read with pleasure by every admirer of sound criticism and fine writing ; not- withstanding a few dashing meta- phors, that remind us of faults which the critic himself condemns. ‘To say that Mr. Moore may “shine on, and fear no envious eclipse, unless it be from an excess of his own light,” is an inconceivable conceit worthy of an Irish poet; but the following paragraph, extracted from several pages, posses- sing in an equal degree the same rare combination of felicitous and florid Montury Mac, No, 381. Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXX. 313 discrimination, demonstrates that the criticism has been drawn up by the hand of a master. _ We do not believe Mr. Moore ever writes a line, that in itself would not pass for poetry, that is not at least a vivid or harmonious common-place. Lord Byron writes whole pages of sullen, crabbed prose, like a long dreary road, that, however, leads to doleful shades, or palaces of the blest. In short, Mr. Moore's Parnassus is a blooming Eden; Lord Byron’s is a rugged wilderness of shame and sorrow. On the tree of knowledge of the first, you can see nothing but perpetual flowers and verdure; in the last, you see the naked stem and rough bark ; but it heaves at intervals with inarticulate throes, and you hear the shrieks of a human voice within. The publication of the Speeches of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan, has brought forth nearly forty pages of ful- some panegyric upon the public con- duct and the eloquence of that gentle- man. Afier wading, with praiseworthy patience, through this wearisome mass of words and sentences, we confess that the writer has failed, with all his talents, in convincing us, (as he really strives to do,) either that Mr. Grattan’s eloquence was equal to that of Demos- thenes, or that his patriotism was more enlightened than that of a modem Whig. In the former, the few extracts given in this Review give evidence of ‘his inferiority ; and, in the latter, it is sufficient to state, that he was always found by the side of the ministry when there was a question of waging war against the liberties of France. The fourth is a well-written article upon Botany Bay, consisting, chiefly, of Remarks on the “ Report of the Com- missioner of Inquiry into the State of the Colony of New South Wales.” Mr. Bigge, the author of that Report, was sent to that colony, for the purpose of enquiring into the conduct of Gover- nor Macquarrie, who, it would seem, was more foolish than wicked. One of the strongest charges against the governor, was that of advancing con- victs to the dignity of magistrates ; and, on the probable necessity, and even utility, of doing so, in such a colony, the Reviewer makes many very sensible remarks. “ Men,” says he, ‘‘are governed by words; and, un- der the infamous term convict, are comprehended crimes of the most dif- ferent: degrees and species of guilt: therefore, to say that a man must be placed in no situation of trust or eleva- Ss tion, 314 tion, as a magistrate, merely because he is a convict, is to govern mankind with a dictionary, and to surrender sense and usefulness to sound.” The Code Napoleon contains a chapter, the humanity of which is often boasted of by the French. When a criminal has expiated his crime by undergoing the punishment awarded by the law, (for that of death is far less usual than with us,) however infamous it be, he may, after five years’ residence in one com- mune, and on receiving a certificate of his good: conduct from the munici- pality, procure his Rehabilitation, which re-instates him into all his former rights of citizenship. At a public dinner in Edinburgh, in January last, Mr. Jeffrey made his Recaniation of the casuistical doctrine of Virtual Representation, by which he ‘had been so long deluded, and de- clared his determination to join the standard of parliamentary reform. This - is the first number of his Review which has. appeared since that memorable declaration; and, accordingly, the editor, to evince his sincerity and his readiness to coalesce with the radicals, has devoted his fifth article, consisting of above twenty pages, to a laudatory notice of Cobbett’s Cottage Economy. It is not our present duty to enter into the merits or defects of this little work. We are not animadverting on Mr. Cobbet, but reviewing his reviewer. The mild and conciliating spirit of the latter gentleman is glaringly apparent, and we trust the former will appreciate this condescension as he ought. In the same manner, however, as in cases of ordinary warfare, the yielding party has proposed terms of capitulation. Mr. Cobbett is requested to increase the usefulness of his books, by leaving out his flings at Methodists ; and, more particularly, “his invectives against Mr. Malthus, founded entirely upon the misunderstanding of that virtuous and enlightened man’s principles.” We must here enter our serious protest against this Jesuitical attempt to con- join virtue and knowledge as necessarily connected ; for, in the ordinary accep- tation of the terms, a man may be honourable in his conduct, and bene- volent in his intentions, without pos- sessing the genius of a Newton, or the wisdom of a Socrates. An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture, by George, Earl of Aberdeen, is the text of the sixth article, and furnishes an The Edinburgh Review, No. 74. [May !, opportunity of publishing the reasens which have induced the committee of subscribers to the national monument of Scotland, to recommend the ‘** Re- storation of the Parthenon of Athens” on the:Calton Hill of Edinburgh. It is well known that this still existing tem- ple of Minerva is simply a roof sup- ported on pillars; and, it seems, there is a party of the subscribers, among whom is. the Earl of Aberdeen, who recommend a building in the Gothic style, with convenient halls and apart- ments for shelter; and, therefore, ap- parently more congenial to the climate of Caledonia. It is acknowledged, in reply, that.the Grecian temple admits ef no habitable interior; but this, they say, is not its destination. ‘It is a monument which we are to contem- plate from without, and which appears in its pride when considered as part of the surrounding landscape. The fol- lowing observation is curious, and would provoke a smile, if read to an inhabitant of the south of Europe. ‘The belief that a Grecian temple cannot look beautiful, but in the climate and under the sun of Attica, is a total mistake. The clear atmosphere which prevails dur- ing the frosts of winter, or in the autumnal months,, in. Scotland,. is as favourable to the display of architectural splendour,. as the warm atmosphere of Greece. ‘The Melville monument, in St. Andrew’s- square, appears no-ways inferior to the original in the Roman capital.” The materials, too, are objected to; but, it is here asserted, that “the freestone, in the vicinity of Edinburgh, is equal, in texture and durability, to the marble of Pentelicus, of which the Parthenon was formed.” Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites. We have next a Dissertation on Church: Establishments, which seems to: be a continuation of that on Tithes. already mentioned. The Essay had probably been too long for a single article; and was, therefore, split into two. The pamphlets ta which this latter half is attached, are the well known Remarks on the Consumption of Public Wealth by the Clergy of every Christian Nation, and The Rights of the English Clergy asserted, being an answer to the preceding. The few remarks upon these pamphlets appear to be just and pertinent; but the prin+ cipal object of the Review, is to give a History and Application of the “ First Fruits” and ‘‘ Tenths” in the Churches: of England and Ireland, since they were appropriated by the Prats is 1828.] This history is by no means uninter- esting, and presents us with a picture of the rapacity of the higher orders of the clergy in the means by which they contrived to frustrate the bounty of Queen Anne. When our church was Roman Cathelic, the first year’s reve- nuewt every spiritual preterment was claimed by the pope, under the deno- mination of ‘First Fruits;” and, besides these, this head of the church had a right to a-tenth of all ecclesi- astical emoluments whatever, payable every year at Christmas, and called “Tenths.” At -the period of the reformation, the first fruits and tenths were given to the king. These were valued, and the valuation became in time very disproportionate to the real revenues, The whele of these first fruits and tenths were given, in 1704, te a corporation which was to be erected for the purpose of augmenting small livings; and this is what is called Queen Anne’s Bounty. There is much curious information relative to the dis- tribution of this bounty, and the quirks and quibbles by which the higher dignitaries have succeeded in shaking off from their own shoulders the burden of providing for the poor clergy; but, for this, we must refer to the Review itself, which is well worthy of perusal. We now come to a short treatise on Wegro Slavery, which is written in a spirit of serious philanthropy. The pamphlet on which the reviewer builds his remarks, is entitled, Negro Slavery, or a Creed of some of the many prominent features of that State of Society, as it exists in the United States und the West Indies ; and the extracts given, demon- strate that the abolition of the trade has done litile to ameliorate the hard- ships of the slaves. The reviewer, as well as the pamphlet, pleads for emancipation; and this upon a princi- ple of so broad a basis, that there was a time when such language would not have been admitted into fhe Edinburgh Review. « We hold it altogether aaporsible,? says the reviewer, “‘tor any rational being to maintain the abstraet right of one class*of men to keep avother in the state of slavery. Upon this point, it is most mate- rial to state, that no donbt whatever can exist. If one man, or a class of men, pre- tend to absolute dominion over the mass of their fellow-creatures, although what is called political power alone be in question, and no attempt made to exercise a mas- tery over the persons of individuals, it is Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XX X. 315 quite manifest that the people are fully jus~ tified in rising up and overthrowing their oppressors ; and, if it be needful, in utterly destroying them.” The nintharticle, on English Tragedy, is very long; but, notwithstanding, does not, in our opinion, claim much of our attention. The Eistory of our Drama, from the earliest times, to those of Moore and Southern, occupies twenty-seven pages, with matter which, perhaps from our want of taste for such disquisitiens, isto us very un-- interesting. From the judgment of the critic we are, in many places, inclined to differ; and, even when we agree, we find little of amusement, and less of instruction. After this long tirade on the merits of our early dramatists, four or five pages are bestowed upon Knowles’s Virginius, and Beddoes’s Bride’s Tragedy ; “the two pieces which stand at the head of the article.” These pages are chiefly extracts ; and the authors need neither be thankful for praise, nor indignant.atcensure. The next article, on East and West India Sugar, is obviously written by a thorough-bred political economist, who talks of the profit on capital, of aban- doning the cultivation of poor soils, and of adjusting the supply to the effective demand, &c. as if all these things could be done in an evening, as he writes his pages. The writer is ob- viously a partizan. The duties on East and West India sugar must be equalized, otherwise we are sacrificing the commerce of Hindostan for the sake of Jamaica, and encouraging the trade inslaves. Such sweeping asser- tions savour of something different from sober reason. Although the duty on East-India sugar were continued, it is doubtful whether the commerce of Hindostan would be sacrificed; and, though the extra-duty were aban- doned, it is not very certain that the slave-trade would cease to exist. We neither believe, nor wish, that this con- test of rival interests should be hastily and heedlessly settled, The matter requires consideration; and the readers of the Edinburgh Review, who feel an interest in the dispute, might better understand both sides of the question if they would read what Mr. Cobbett has lately written on the subject. The Nomination of Scottish Juries is a short, but well-written, article. Its text is, A Letter to Mr, Peele, on the Courts of Law in Scotland ; which, we are simply told, is a smart pamphlet. It 316 It will probably gratify some of our English readers, to learn the present mode of choosing a Scotch jury in cri- minal cases:—In trials at Edinburgh, where the high Court of Justiciary re- sides, the sheriff of the county summons forty-five jurymen, chosen by him from his list of those liable to serve. At the circuit courts, which usually include three or four counties, the sheriffs of the several counties in the district send fifteen jurymen each. From the whole number in either case, (forty-five or sixty, as the case may happen,) the judges select fiftecn for the petit-jury ; and, of these, the prosecutor and the prisoner, may each challenge five peremptorily, that is, without assigning any cause, and the panel must then be filled up from the other jurors. Now the improvements proposed by the reviewer, are, in the first place, that the sheriff shall be obliged to return his jurymen from his list by rotation, which he is now only recommended to do; and, secondly, that the fifteen jurors, presented to the court, shall not be picked from the forty-five at the discretion of the judge, but drawn by lot. When the fifteen jurymen are impanelled, they decide by majority; and eight to seven is sufficient to condemn or acquit the pri- soner. It may scem hard to an. Eng- Jishman that a man should be hanged when seven of the jury wish to save his life ; but a Scotchinan is still more as- tonished to hear, (as is generally believed,) that our law produces una- nimity by the threat of starvation! The Builder's Guide, on which not a single word is bestowed, cives occasion for remarks on the Duty on Slate and Stone carried Coastwise. These duties im the average of seven years, from 1815. to 1821 inclusive, have not amounted to 50,0001. per annum, be- cause, in most cases, 26 per cent. of the value amounts to a prohibition. In the mode. of exaction, too, there are absurdities of a glaring kind ; such as, if carried by hand, they pay no duty, so that a bridge saves the whole; and such are the Custom-house regulations, that, although shipped, they may at some places be sent forty or fifty miles without paying any thing; while, in others, a single mile makes them liable in the duty: and all this may occur at the same quarry. The 13th and last article, is entitled, The Holy Alliance versus Spain; and purports to be “a statement of such On the Establishment of a Meteorological Society. [May 1, facts and arguments as may enable’ us to estimate the justness of the war now threatened by the ultra-royalists of France against Spain.” Since this article was written, threatened war has actually begun; and this, together with the documents laid before the House, have so changed the view of the ques- tion, that any observations upon the re- viewer’s statement would be perfectly nugatory. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, WHE first article of the last Number of your Magazine, headed ‘ Ec- clesiastical Statistics,” is very interest- ing, although, I fear, very erroneous in some essential points. 1 was more par- ticularly struck with the statement which shows, that the 11,593 livings ih England atid Wales are held by only 6,719 incumbents ; and of one per- son holdmg as many as thirty-four livings, another twenty-five, another twenty, two fifteen each, three thirteen each, and.so on from that number gra- dually, down to unity ; the number of pluralists increasing as the number of livings which they hold decrease: there being 1,816 with two each, and 3,788 with one each. Having. the Ecclesiastical Directory by me, I was led; from the statement in question, to refer to it, and to examine it more promptly and attentively than I other- wise should have done; and, from the attention which I have bestowed on the subject, I infer that the writer of the article in your Magazine has suf- fered himself to be misled by too hasty 4 view of it: it must, however, be ad- Mitted, that the Ecclesiastical Direc- tory itself, in the arrangement of ifs index to thé nainies of the incumbents, is objectionable, as I think you your- self will infer from the illustration which I shall offer. The one man, whom your correspon- dent states as seeming to have thirty- four livings, is the Rev. John Jones, against which nanie in the index there aré ceftainly thifty-four rectories, vi- earages, curacics, and perpetual cura- On the Ecélesiastical Establishment. 325 cies ; but it will be seem that four of them are held cum (with) others: so that, in faet, there are but. thirty livings; and then it strikes me very forcibly, that it is not the same John Jones who holds the whole of them. Here follows, however, a list, alpha- betically arranged, of the livings, with the population in each respective pa- rish, the county in which situate, the date (year) of institution, and the pa- trons by whom presented. Should it prove to be the self-same person that holds the whole, it will be particularly interestmg to get a clue to the cause which has led to such unprecedented favour; and, from the wide-spread circulation of your Magazine, I enter- tain a hope that some of your intelli- gent readers will be able to solve the query, whether it- be the same John Jones, or not, who holds the whole of the said livings. My reasons for doubting it arise from the general principle on which I notice the index to be formed, as well as from the cir- cumstance, that in the body of the work, (Ecclesiastical Directory,) thatis, in the alphabetical list of the parishes, against that of Kidlington, Oxon, and Lianwnong, Montgomery, the incum- bent is represented to be John Jones, D.D.; and against the parish of St. Mary Mounthaw, cum St. Mary So- merset, London, the incumbent is stated to be Archibald Jones, p.p. al- though the whole of these are included in the index.of names against the name of the Rev. John Jones. Should it prove that, instead of these thirty livings being held by one John Jones, they are divided amongst thirty John Jones’s,—which is quite a probable case,—it will throw a doubt over the whole statement as regards the plu- ralists. It is a question, however, which I hope this communication will be the means of setting right; but, at all events, your correspondent is cer- tainly in error in stating, that there are 11,593 livings, held by only 6,719 in- cumbents; inasmuch as there are a very considerable number. held cum, that is with, another; being certainly but one living, as they are only one pre- sentation. As, for example, the Rev. Thomas G. Acland holds St. Michael Mildred, R. cum St. Margaret Moses, R. London; and is included, with all others under like circumstances, as a pluralist: which I think cannot be admitted. In like manner, the Rey. Maurice Lewis is reckoned as oe ve 326 five livings, whilst, in fact, he ‘holds only three. It will therefore be neces- sary to revise the whole statement, Number of Livings held by the Rev. John Jones. [May l, before we can come to a right conclus sion as to the actual’ number of plu- ralists. PARISH, or Vicar. Rector Aberisken««.-secece Belford --- Cardiff: St. Mary++ ++ cum St. John ++-ee- Caron:eseessseeee.s Foy Gwddelwern .-..-.. Holywell ---- sewsidineeye.et)| FAC, Cc. se eee eee eee Statement of the Number of Livings represented at page 232, of the ‘‘ Ecclesi- astieal Directory,” to be held by the Rev. John Jones. €OUNTY. Popula- tion 133|Brecon ,|1471| Northumberland Ve Ueasz Glamorgan ------ 250|\Cardigan.+seeess 349|Hereford+++-++«+ 1211|Merioneth .-.-.- 6394) Flint Year of In- stitu- tion. { PATRON. 1795) Viscount Ashbrook. 1804|Hon, A. Onslow. Dean and Chapter of its ; Glaueester™ 1820|Bishop of St. David’s. 1817|Mrs. Jones. : 1809|Bishop of St. Asaph. 1807|Henry Leo, esq. 1783/The King. — |Exeter College. 1800)/Bishop of St. David's. 1819 St. Asaph. Do. Bangor. 1808|D. and C. of St, Asaph. 1800|Bishop of St. David’s, 1815 Bangor. 1817 Do. do. 1816|Bishop of St. David’s. 1815 St. Asaph. 1801|Parish Freeholders, 1819|Bishop of Bangor. 1814) ~° Do. do. 1800) Marquis Camden. 1786|Bishop of Bangor. , 1815|John Gladstone. Rhudlan--+-++.+--++ 1083] Flint Shipston-on-Stour -- ff Tregaron -++++++ees Your correspondent further seems to have written with the spirit of a man determined to make the most of his subject, rather than to regard the actual fact. For instance, in the third section of his article, headed ‘ Pa- ironage of the Church,” he states, that “all the patronage of the church is virtually in the crown. The king’s direct patronage (he says) is the bish- oprics, all the deaneries, forty-seven prebends and canonries, and upwards ef a thousand livings.” Now, with respect to this statement, as regards the bishopries, deaneries, prcbends, Johnston erecvevece R, 165 ? cum Stainton «+++ | V. |1961| § Pembroke wong Kidlington --..--+- | V. | 948/Oxford +-+ese-: Llambeudug ----.-- R. | — |Carmarthen:---.. Llanarmon .-----. ee | R. | 225|Denbigh -------- Llanbeder --seeeeee-- | R, | 477} Dow ---+-> nae ie Llancadwalleder »+-- | C. | 165] Do, +----+e++- Llandegla..-+++---+ | V. | 521/Radnor ----- ee Llanfairisgaer ----++ |P.C,| 275/Carnarvon «----- Llanganhavel ---.-- | R. | — |Denbigh---+---- Llangunnor --+-++-- V. | 929\Carmarthen----«- Llangynog-+-++-+++- | R. | 382;)Montgomery --«- Llangynillo ---+-++- | R. | 506)Cardigan-++++-+» 4 Lianlifyni --+++++-+- | R. /1128/Carmarvon --++++ Llanycan ---+++-+++ | R. | 106|Denbigh eeeeee-- Llanspyddyd---+++++ | V. | 448] 2 etc iaat Spatial eth ate na tingh Llanwnong --+-++++ | V. |1250|Montgomery -++- SA ea iE Pt: as } C. | — {Lancashire «+--+ London: St. Mary an Monrnthaw -- - i R. | 557 e, one cum St. Mary So- 2 merset: -- z. see § R. | 289 Monkswood ---++--++ |P.C.) 132}Monmouth «++ee Newport ---+--+--+ R. 1433|Cardigan.---+--- . 1377|Worcester +++ee+ 1155|Cardigan+-++--- *.* The Population uppears to have been taken from the Returns of 1811: at all events, it is not from the last Return of 1821. Bishop of Hereford and 1776 ; Rev. Dr. Barrat. 1788| Duke of Beaufort. 1817|/Mrs. Lloyd. 1819|Bishop of St. Asaph. 1795|D. and C. of Worcester. -|1820! Bishop of St. David’s. eee ee ad and canonries, I believe it to be cor- rect; but, with regard to the more than a thousand livings, it should be stated that part belong to the King as Prince of Wales and Duchy of Lan- caster. The total number represented by the. Ecclesiastical Directory to be in the patronage:of the King in his triune capacity is 1015; forty-one of which belong to the Duchy of Lan- caster; the propertion belonging ta the Princedom’ of Wales not being defined: of the whole, however, 100. rated for first fruits as exceeding twenty pounds a-year, are presented by 1823.} by the King and Ministers, and) the remainder by the Lord High Chan- cellor. It is true that it may be said, virtually the patronage is in the King; it nevertheless deserves to be thus cir- cumstantially stated. I now present you with a statement PATRONAGE o, oo m oe oD 5 = OF THE BISHOPS. |S 9S 2/8 = . (2 Ss2 Slola 3 on n ns eisislelaicleieel & lc#l & ate glee (s/s /s\z 2i52| & Seq ea iSieicisis = 12.9 =x=SafS SISIE2/ 8/2) eo 2 i=e| F [sacs AS l4 |= a |? a im AS Province of —|—|—- |---| |—— CANTERBURY cecceessecesse | 1] 1) 1/19|.-| 6] GF 1 3 jose! | 15% Bath and Wells --..«+.-..«... 1} 1} 3\45| 7}--| 41 3 | 44] 28 28 BEDIStGly sole a3 ¥'<:cje,0's peoevese | 1] 1] 1] Glee] Feed 1] -- | oe 153 Chichester ---...- sreeee | 1) 1) 2/28) 4.-) 4h 2 | 30] 15] SL ae PA ee ee 1] 4] 1] 8).-| 4 --f 4 8 .. 83 WRC OE Her aaasasdanveccicee er |. it 1 Alka) Qiee 4 | 24 4 48 Srloncester +c. cc d's cloasese.| dp 114 6|..| 4 5d ee : 23 EAGrefGrd sotains'e cle cfdvelel» w eee | 4] 1/2/23) 5 --/1 2] 28 3 cH Litchfield and Coventry -.-- | 1} 1} 4/17] 6).. ge ee a tel pee Mancoinvice.=- <)> aecceoes | 1] 1] 6/46] 4, Stet Wok 61 London .-..--- teeseceeeee | 1) 1] 5/26) 412.-7 4) 29] o7 | Bt Norwich ee+-++.--+--eseeceee | 1) 1] 4) 6/--| 8» ie ie 49 COS FOT aco cele’ cielo brs che-atajd\> ora 1) 1] 1}-s Be) 1 oe. s i1 Peterborough. -++++++..se0 1] 4) 4} G).-| 4 1 6 |e 11 “Rochester --++.-.+++ deme Vodledi St 6) aml Ole Aw lite ef. cote 19 Salisbury --++++++seeseesees 1] 1} 3/58] 7].- 2 30 9 37 Winchester seccee eerceceseee 1} 1) 2]12)..] 6'- gQ 12 6 66 Worcester. -cccceceesscccce | 1] 1] 1/10]..] Bie All Mste ae 2 WALEs :—Bangor--+-+eeeee | 1) 1] 3] 5|.-/e- 1 1 9 78 Landaff «eee... Jee] 1] 1/12]eo]e- 1 9 ee 141 St. Asaph «-.... | 1/ 1] 1] 3] 7|-- 1 2|15 | 106 : St. David ----.. --| 4| 4/18] 7]. i) 00) SN 444 Province of OO SE Ee BEE TAO E BAe 4\24) 4}.. 4 | 28) 28]. 70 SPATIAL Clice. » cinipieicip © whee ticle ja. 1] 4]--| 5]. aie A] ae 36 Chester. »«’ce.---cvscoascs D| Glee] Tle-f @ Goh ie. 54 DTA ac dacwabele | snc cia 9|12]..| Ble Q9}12] «. 46 Collegiate Churches of Manchester-.--sceccese--e.- es * ae pe Rippon Sb emisicl st o aje.ans Als 6,09 oe es Bs Manthiwell” <<: 00 ei ose is cis 5.0% “es ee 4) Westminster occecs.-cvcece se oe oe ao Windsor -cceesceace aecveee ary Ae University, and seventeen Colleges ‘The above I have compiled from the last edition of the Ecclesiastical Di- rectory, a work which bas high claims to public esteem, forthe vast extent of matter-of-fact information which it contains: it is, however, susceptible of much improvement in the arrange- ment of its indexes, analyses, and ge- . l ‘ Ecclesiastical Establishment of England and Wales. 327 of our ecclesiastical establishment in England and Wales; showing the number of bishoprics and collegiate establishments, with the number of deans, archdeacons, prebends, canons, and vicars, in each, and the patronage of each bishopric, viz.— Do. and sixteen do. * College of Eton »+-.e0....- Dievele bb ———— Winchester .--.-- see ee eee werereeees Total in Patronage of Archbishops and Bishops -+++-+++..+.-. of King, Prince of Wales, and Duchy of Lancaster Leaving in Patronage of Lay Impropriators «+ ++++sseeee cess seen’ Total and Halls, Cambridge do. Oxford eee eee eece ee i ee eee ee ee | 11,593 neral illustration; a subject which ¥ hope this communication will be the means of occasioning, when another edition is called for. There are, for instanee, attached’ to the Cathedrals, —precentors, treasurers, sub-deans chanters, sub-chantérs, succentors, choristers, singing boys, and what not; all 828 all of which it would be interesting to exhibit. The-number of benefices in each diocese also is wanting. It would also be exceedingly interesting and important, in a national point of view, to have a return of the actual income of each living, distinguishing the proportios derived from fees, from glebes, and tithes: this is desirable, not on the principle of gratifying valgar curiosity, but as the means of ensuring the best application of the resources. Tithes and clerical mummery, it is true, are become incompatible with the advanced intelligence of the pub- lic: but the clergy, as teachers of divine truth and moral rectitude, have nothing to fear from an exposure of their incomes; for, as long as they eon- duct themselves as becomes their avo- cations, their incomes, howeyer great, will never be envied: envy and cla- mour are the offsprings of ignorance; Ecclesiastical Establishment of Ireland. [May I, and knowledge is now marehing on in strides too grand and imposing for clamour and envy to have any influ- ence in the question ; and the clergy of England, as a body, would do well in uniting their exertions, and as such using all their influence in supporting a measure for the revision of their in - comes, and deriving them from sources more compatible with the intelligence, the interests, and the feelings, of the people atlarge. -- As the Protestant ecclesiastical establishment of Ireland has lately been before the public, through the medium of Parliament, I present you also with a summary of that establish- ment, compiled from the Ecclesiastical Register of Iretand, published in Dub- lin in 1820; with which statement I shall conclude my present commupi- cation, J. M.- a PATRONAGE, : ° a = fe. Polak le Le Bek aeee-. F : \.J)s |B )A MISS elSla liz ee eieeo z [Those in Capitals are Bla! -& Oo | am (e212 31510 w= Sis ols o yo Archbishoprics.} 4 5 = | S a|5 as éls g z> ss aE 2 BIA\AlG Ie SiS FA fs clasias] 4 fo ARMAGH eecoececccees| 1] 1) 4 Alor l 77 61113 60 Clogher piedvlenqetecp os} S' $14°S 5] 08 He deeg 5 lee] & 34 Meath «ovceseeeeeeeess| J] 1] LT {+ | 12 ].-).-] 8B ]--| 1 69 . Down and ------ te 4) 1] 41 2] ee a DE eel A 53 : Connor -+--2eeee* Q]--] 1] 4 | 4] ee Jeofee] oe [eel Derry seneeeee eccceees] 4/1) 2 3 Kileede-| 13 |- 1 33 13 Raphoe eeeereseseeees! 4} 1} 1 4 ee ee a 9 15 7 Kilmore --+eeeees eo ee] dt} 1) 1} oe | oe Jeefee] 6 lee] 1 33 1 Dromoreseeessseeeerer|] J] 4 4 1 Ail Meh OF Yeon 43 oe DUBLIN: St.Pattick §}.-} 1] 5 | 20 | 19 |14] 4] 18 | 2I-- aa = Christ Church+++- «+ Bi). 4138!) oe § Gl 4h 2] tee Kildare --+e+-++++-> eee] 4] 1) 4 Sil bea Midche ake en bea hee 30 os Ossory+++seeeeresseres 1} 1) 4 8 8] 3}. 611|1 76 ae Fems and --++-+ee+s§] 4} 4] 4]10] 5 Jee}--] 5 [ee] 1 ma p Leighlin Jeon eset Top | thle Stel pekeckeoh Rios CASHELL and---+-+§/ 4] 1) 44 5] 614 .4]--| 7 |--]1 * : Emly coeceeseceee U fee] 1] 3] 4] oe feefee| oe [oe ft Limerick -++seess+-§] 1] 1) 4] 411] 7 | Glee} 5 lee os i Ardfert and Aghadoet |-+| 1) 5 | ++ | oe --|--] 3 fee Waterford and -+++--§} 1) 1] 4] «- Ye IES a a a ad Lismore woeerere-oQ eel J 4 10 6 5|.. eo ‘les Cork and -+-+seses+§} 1) 1) 4) 12 6) 4,5) 9141 94 38 Ross ceseceseveseQ ioe] 1] 4 5 g | 2\..| «6 Joc Cloyne++++seceseverees| 1) 1] 4/44] 5 [ole] 10 |-- 106 ° Killaloe and —- 1} a} 4] 7] 7 foefee} 6 Joe 131 st Kilfenora:+-esccece oo} ob) at sees 1 feelee 1 |e. TUAM and neeenets 11) 2} BS) Sf ajer| 5 fee 79 Ardagh ..cscseseeQ tee} 4] 1 doe Adecler| 4 Jee Elphin--+++++++soesess ch A} eee 8 | os afocl A foe 72 ee -Clonfert and ce rer § 4} 4} 14 St @ Joole-| 4 Joe) 43 ie Kilmacduogh -+++++Q|++] 1] 4 | 2] eo» Josfee] oe fee Kilalaand. cscesescee 61 1 dt 8. 5 bcs heefnel 2 fos po * Achonry «++++-+-+-2 «+1 4} 9 3} oce fecle-] oe |e: Totals «-|22\381108 {178 {107 \52'20 2249|1391|293 ‘367 24 175 |. 7'S0 1823.] _ To the Bishopric of Kilmore’ there is no Cathedral; to the Cathedral of Christ Church, Dublin, in addition to the persons enumerated in the preceding statement, there is also attached two readers and six stipendiaries ; and to that of St. Patrick, four minor canons ; to that of Kildare, four canons; and to that of Cork, a choir of four. ‘he Dignitaries in the third column consist of arehdeacons, precentors, chan- cellors, and treasurers. Recapitulation.—22 bishops and arch- bishops, 38 deans, 108 dignitaries, 178 pre- bendaries, 107 rural deans, 52 vicars cho- ral, 20 choristers, 7 librarians, 30 diocesian schoolmasters, 4 canons, 4 minor canons, 4 choir, 2 readers, 6 stipendiaries, and 175 Memoirs of M. Cadet.Gassicourt. 329 attached to Consistorial Court.—The state- ment of the number of parishes has been extracted from Mr, Wakefield’s Ireland, vol. ii. page 471, extracted by him from Dr. Beaufort’s Memoir of Ireland. There are 95 parishes impropriate, and without churches or incumbents, viz. 35 in Meath, 17 in Killaloe, 13 in Ferns, 11 in Cloyne, 10 in Down, and 9 in Waterford. The numbers, after all, it will be seen, do not agree with the total number of parishes. There is no return of the patronage for the Archbishopric of Cashel. The Bishop of Meath: also presents to the deanery ; and the Bishop of Cloyne holds one benefice in commendam. BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. — M. CADET-GASSICOURT. HIS amiable man was one of the conductors of that useful pub- lication, the Revue Encyclopedique, highly Tearned as a_ scholar, and respectable in the walks of private life. As a multifarious author, his general merits, both for talent and composition, are entitled to a high degree of praise. “ He was born at Paris, January 23, 1769; his father, who was an apothe- eary and chemist, early introduced his son to the conversation of Condorcet, Buffon, Bailly, Lalande, and others; so that, at the age of fifteen, young Gassicourt had published a Memoir on Natural History, which contained ex- cellent observations, and was parti- cularly commended by Buffon. His inclination was for the physical sci- ences, but his father intended him for the bar, where accordingly M. Cadet, the son, was ever a friend to the in- nocent and unfortunate. By the invasion of foreigners, the French revolution was diverted from the track marked out for it by patri- otism. Cadet Gassicourt was the in- trepid advocate of many wretched vic- tims; in 1792 he was the means of saving his futher’s eldest brother from imprisonment; and in the year follow- ing, of annulling an unjust sentence passed on a brave military character. His forensic and political occupa- tions were diversified by literary la- bours. In 1797, as an elector, he published a pamphlet on the “ Theory of Elections ;” also, in the same year, one on the ‘Influence that Masonic Societies exercised in the Process of the Revolution.” Afterwards appeared, successively, Montuy Mac, No, 381, a dramatic work, “The Supper of Moliere,” which made pass in review, on the stage, the illustrious characters of the ages of Louis XIV. and XV.; then “Travels in Normandy;” also “An Essay on the Private Life of Mirabeau,” and “Saint Geran,” an ingenious critique on the ‘‘ Neologism, ‘or New Modes of Thinking, Writing, and Speaking, introduced into France by the Changes of the Times.” These were followed by various political pieces, adapted to circumstances, one of which only can be mentioned here, “The Four Ages of the National Guard.” This institution was renewed in 1789, after a long interruption. M. G’s, pamphlet traced the history of it, shewing also how it might be made of the greatest public utility, and encroach the least on the liberty of individuals. The death of his father gave a new direction to his pursuits. His studies were turned to pharmacy, the profes- sion of his father; and to the sciences, which he had hitherto cultivated only as an amusement. After publishing several improved editions of his fa- ther’s work on “ Domestic Pharmacy,” also a “Formulary” on the subject, that has run through four editions, he became one of the conductors of the “Bulletin of Pharmacy,” commenced in 1809, and now continued under the title of ‘‘ Journal of Pharmacy.” In 1803 he published a work of still higher importance, ‘‘A New Dicti- onary of Chemistry,” serving as an elementary course for young students. Tn his “ Thesis,” on the simultaneous study of the sciences, he considers the philosophy of all the sciences, as con- duciye to the improvement and per- Uu fection 330 feetion of any one, This work has been succéssfully introduced into the Polytechnic and Normal schools. Besides the productions here noticed from the same author, were ‘ Letters on London and the English,” penned with great impartiality ; and “Travels in Austria, during the Campaign of 1809 ;” a work replete with observa- tions relative 1o statistics, the sciences, arts, manners and customs, to great historical events, and to aneedotes that often express, in pointed terms, the characterizing traits of those events. While making his observations as a tourist, he would frequently repair to the field of battle to dress the wounds of the soldiers; and there he invented a certain military instrument, ealled. by the French, Les Bagueites.. Under this new direction of his ideas he wrote, ‘On the Means of Destruction and Resistance which the Physical Sciences may contribute ina National War.” He was an associate also, in important periodical and other works, the objects of which are sufficiently pointed out by their. titles; as the ‘Annals of Physics and Chemistry,” “The Complete Course of Agricul- ture,” “‘’The Bulletin of the Society of Encouragement for National Indus- try,” the “Dictionary of Medical Sciences,” ‘“ Memoirs of the Medical Society of Emulation,” the ‘“ Revue Encyclopedique,” &c. For fifteen years he was collecting and arranging the materials of a ‘Practical Manual of Chemistry.” - M.C. G. projected the formation of a Nomad Institute, to perambulate the different parts of France, at stated intervals, to remark on the progress and wants of local industry, and to invite the attention of government to the result of their researches. ' In the midst of these literary occu- pations, M.G. had not neglected the duties of a citizen. Having sketched out a plan for the organization of a Board of Health, it was adopted, by M. Dubois, prefect of police; and M. G. was appointed reporting secre- tary. For nineteen years he acted in this capacity, with that zeal, activity, and philanthropy, which prominently marked his character, From his frequently visiting manu- factories, workshops,. hospitals, . pri- sons, &c. he made observations on the maladies peculiar to different employ- wicnts; and, in a moral view, on. the Memoirs 6f Baron Capobianco: [May Tt; defects, vices, good qualities, &e. most apparent in them. He was ea- gerly engaged in this work, when suf- fering under pains that would hardly let him hold his pen, His eldest son,. who succeeds him in his profession of pharmacy, with a humane and com-. mendable zeal, intends publishing his father’s ‘‘ Treatise on Public Health.” - M. G. had been, im 1785, one of the founders of the Lyceum of Paris, which, under this name, and that of the Athenzeam, for thirty-seven years, has proved am asylum to the volaries of science, philosophy, and literature. In early youth he-had been a member of the Society of Judiciary Benefi- cence, the object of which was to rescue the poor from the grasp of chicanery, to discriminate between causes well or ill founded, and to pro+ vide a fund for supporting the former. In private life, M. G. enjoyed a justly deserved reputation, and his domestic career was a continual source of benefits. He was peculiarly for- tunate in losing none of his earlier friends, and in readily. gaining fresh ones. Among them, was the intrepid and generous Montegre, whe had de- voted his services to the civilization and instruction of the Haytian ration. His premature decease is honoured by a monument, erected by the Pre- sident and General Boyer... An in- Scription intended for the tomb of Gassicourt, will eulogise him as de- voted to humanity, to his country, and to friendship. — ’ ACCOUNT of BARON CAPOBIANCO, the NEAPOLITAN PATRIOT. THE horrible fate of this noble pa- triot may serve to characterise. in some degree the government .of the French at Naples, or rather to exhibit despo- tism under.a general light. Capobianco was a nobleman of wealth and power in Calabria Citra. When the French invaded a second time the kingdom of Naples in 1806, an opinion, grounded on erroneous associations of ideas and suppositions, made them appear to. the majority of the Neapolitans, still, as deliverers of the countries they con- quered. .The two French princes. who reigned over Naples, presented them- selves to the view of that ardent, rather than calculating people, as the repre- sentatives among them of a revolution which. had been undertaken .against the old despotism of Europe. The Neapolitans. seemed then to oraeet ; that 1823.] that despotism may be unlike itself in its means, but never in its ends. Capobianco, the truest friend to his country, was himself deceived into this opinion about the new government, and fell a martyr to it. When the whole centinent. was crushed by the military power of France, the Calabrese malcontents alone dared to revolt against the invaders; and, struggling with an unyielding obstinacy among their mountains, they supported them- Selves in a state of independence for amore than two years, destroying many thousands of those old French troops, the conquerors of Eurcpe, and snatch- ing from Massena himself that vietory supposed te await upon him. This state of insurrection lasted in Calabria from the beginning of 1806 to the mid- dle of 1809. But so many sacrifices were not undergone by the Calabrese for pelitical liberty. They only re- sisted the new government from a romantic idea of loyalty towards the reigning dynasty of Sicily, and still more from a blind aversion to the French. One half, therefore, of the inhabitants of Calabria, indeed the most respectable both for property -and education, fought on the side of the new government, against the other. Capobianco was among the first. Hold- ing then a command in the militia, which had just been established in those provinces, he rendered signal services to the French government, and powerfully contributed by his in- terest and military achievements to ie that desperate insurrection. But e secon had reason to undeceive him- self, as to his expectations of public liberty being established at Naples by the French. Joseph Bonaparte had, in the very moment he renounced the kingdom to his successor, granted a mock constitution to the nation, which was generally regarded as a wanton insult by the Neapolitans. Murat likewise pvomised a constitution in the act of assuming the crown, but never cared afterwards to fulfil his word. Nay, a most violent persecution being entered into by his government against the patriotic party, under the colour of abolishing Carboneria, no more doubts were left but Murat was determined to reign only by the sword. Capobianco had sincerely believed till then in the promises of public liberty, lavished by the new princes and by their partisans ; but no.sooner did he perceive a bare- faced military despotism exercised by Menvirs:of Baron, Capobianco. 334 foreigners over his country, than he firmly determined to shake it off. The times seemed to be highly fa- vourable to this daring enterprise. Bonaparte was then reduced to dis- pute the very fort of france against his enemies. The allies (not .then holy) by dexterously turning against him. the same democratic opinions which they had. at first combated in vain, seemed to countenance the popular. cause. Murat himself had marched his army out of the kingdom, to help Austria to chase the Freneh from Upper Italy. Capobianco, after having assembled some few militia, chiefly composed of his dependents, dared to unfurl the constitutional ban- ner, trusting that the patriots of the Abbruzzi would soon imitate his ex- ample, as they effectually did, but too late. Murat made then Bologna bis head-quarters, April, 1814. Prompted by his own despotic temper, as well as by the advices of his prime minister, Count Zurlo, than whom there never was a fiercer encmy to any restrictions on absolute power, proscribed to. ex- termination the Carbonaris with a' san guinary decree, not unlike those by which unhappy Italy is at present desolated. To carry into effect this proscription in Calabria, the military government of those provinces was again trusted to Mankés, a most fe- rocious villain, who had nearly de- stroyed them by his savage cruelties at the time of the first insurrection: of this governor it may safely be said with Tacitus, that—ubi solitudinem fe- cerat, pacem appellabatur. Uf the Ca- labrese had so gallantly fought for two years, only to serve the government of Sicily, what could not they have done now, assisted as they were by the name of liberty, by the tottering fortunes of Murat, and by the general support of Carboneria? Some towns in the Abbruzzi had already risen in arms. Mankés thought he ought to Jose no time in putting down Capobianco, be- fore that flame could spread itself all over the kingdom. But Capobianco had, in several rencounters, repelled with his few partisans the forces sent against him; and had judiciously se- lected his positions in the mountains, where there was no prospect of spee- dily subduing him. Mankés, tbere- fore, despairing of open force, had re- course to fraud, and sent messages repeatedly to Capobianco, informing him that King Murat had at last’ granted 382 granted a constitution from Bologna ; and that his majesty announced the intention of preferring the persecuted patriots to the first employments in the state, in order to reconcile to his government at once this party, and the natien at large, against a restoration of King Ferdinand. Mankés accord- ingly entreated Capobianco, ‘as there was no more cause for his armed op- position to the government, to put an end to civil commotions in the king- dom, whilst a war with Austria was daily expected. He invited him more- over to come with some of his friends to Cosenza, the capital of the pro- vince, where they might assure them- selves of the truth; and pledged both his own word and that of the king for their safety. Capobianco, a man of bold and open character, easily fell into the snare. It did not appear-very improbable that Murat should have been effectually ‘compelled, by his approaching dangers, to strengihen his ‘throne with the national favour, Capobianco went, with a few of his dependents, to Cosenza, where he was welcomed by Mankés with public de- monstrations of friendship and joy. ‘Capobianco was lodged in his house, and all around him spoke or breathed Stéphensiana, No. XIX. [May 1, nothing but of the obtained Consti+ tution. The following day a magni- ficent dinner was given to the patriotic guest, to telcbrate, said Mankés, the new national liberties. During the banquet, Capobianco was requested to give a toast. It may be easily ima- gined the firsthe gave was “ the liberty of the nation.” But, whilst rejoicing at the political’ regeneration of his country, some satellites of Mankés, who were concealed in the adjacent room, dressed a proces verbal of what- ever fell from the unwary patriot; as if Mankés, like Tiberius, wished: by such iniquitous formalities to commit a double crime, to observe the letter ef the law. When the dinner was over, Capobianco went out and found the gallows raised before the house of his host; and, suddenly seized by his ‘en- tertainers, he was executed. Thus miserably perished this illus- trious victim of patriotism. The re- membrance of this daring act of per- fidy remains, to the present moment, deeply engraved in the ininds of the Neapolitans; who, when they want: to denote an odious crime of despotism, use as aproverb—La cena di Capobianco, (the banquet of Capobianco.) STEPHENSIANA. XIX. NO. The late ALEXANDER STEPHENS, Esq, of Pak House, Chelsea, devoted an active. and well-spent life in the collection of Anecdotes of his contemporaries, and generally entered in a book the collections of the pussing day ;—these collections we have purchased, and propose to present asclection from them to our readers, As Editor of the Annual Obituary, and many other biographical works, the Author may probably have incorporated some of these scraps ; but the greater part are unpublished, and a!l stand alone as cabinet-pictures of men and manners, worthy of a place in a literary misc llany. —s— LETTERS OF PROFESSOR ANDERSON, OF GLASGOW, TO THE EARL OF BUCHAN. Ae Lorp,—By Mr. George Cran- t ston I received the honour of your lordship’s letter, which is dated on the 15th of October last; and I will not forget that it recommends him to me in aparticularmanner. He dined with me yesterday, and the whole company was pleased with the ele- gance ard propriety of his behaviour. I would have sent your lordship, by the bearer, a drawing of Dr. Simson, from the original portrait of him in my possession: but my friend Mr. Coch- rane, the only painter in the place, has lately gone the way of all flesh. I fear it will be some time before I shall be able to answer the demands which your lordship makes upon me forthe Antiquarian Society. The in- closed printed paper will be my apology. - None are so mad as literary men when a frenzy seizes them; as the best locksmiths are the most dan- gerous picklocks. roan a When I had the honour of waiting upon Lady Buchan and your lordship, I showed you a curious epitaph, which I happened to observe in the church of Convent Garden, over a cadet of your lordship’s family. Over another of them, I discovered, a few weeks ago, the inscription that is on the next page. There had been on the top of it a yase, or a coat of arms, 3 which 1823.] which some Goths had lately destroy- ed, though it is in one of the aisles of the charch in Stirling. Could your lordship give me an answer to the following queries :—Is there any manuscript of the poet Bar- bour, or is there any edition of his works prior to the year 1665? Do any poems exist in the Buchan, or in the old Pictish language; or are there any older’ Scottish poems than those of which a specimen was lately published by Lord Hailes?) What are the oldest manuscripts relating to the history of Scotland? With my humble compliments to Lady Buchan, I have: the honour to be, with the greatest respect, My lord, Your lordship’s most obedient and faithful humble servant, . JoHN ANDERSON. Glasgow College ; Nov. 12, 1785. - My Lorp,—JIn consequence of your letter of the 28th of Fe- bruary last, which I was honoured with in course of post, I applied to Mr. Clow, the executor of Dr. Simson’s will, and to Mr. Andrew Foulis, the son of the eclebrated printer, for materials, which, in conjunction with my own, might enable me to write the life of Dr. Simson, and of Mr. [’oulis; and this [ shall be happy to do, out of respect to them, and to your lordship’s desire. Mr. Clow’s answer to me was, that he had some years ago, at the desire of the late Dr. Hunter, transmitted to him a short account of Dr. Simson’s life and writings, to be inserted in the ‘Biographia Britannica;” that he gave a copy of that account to Dr. William Traill, formerly a professor at Aberdeen, who has undertaken to add to it an account of Dr. Simson under.the character of an eminent geometrician; and that he transmitted a copy of the same to the late Earl Stanhope, who approved oi it, and of the proposal of Dr. Traill’s addition. ‘These facts make it improper for me to write any thing for the Antiquarian Society of Scotland till they are pub- lished. The answer that I got from Mr. Foulis was, that he would examine his father’s papers, and supply me with facts and dates ; and J, in return, pro- mised to send nothing to the Society till it should be revised by him ; while Stephensiana, No, XIX. 333 the merit of his father would be the more conspicuous, that .it was not illumined by filial duty, but by an im- partial friend. I must wait, therefore, til] Mr. Foulis accomplishes bis pro- mise ; while, in the mean time, I have the. honour to be, with the greatest respect, My lord, Your lordship’s most obe dient | and most faithfal humble servant, JOHN ANDERSON. Glasgow College ; March 15, 1787. HENRY VIt. Some person giving an account-to Henry VII. of certain bold proceed- ings that had passed in Parliament, with many expressions of concern, the king, whose heart was callous to the feelings of honesty and virtue, replied that the most profitable way of weak- ening the factious patriots was by preferring the chief of them. This principle he had resolved to adhere to, and it became a well-known rule with him. He also taught, that ‘when the most sober and wise part of them draweth off, the residue are but.a rude amultitude and rope of sand.” BORNHOLM. The island .of Bornholm may be esteemed, since -the loss of Norway, the most valuable possession of the crown of Denmark, in a mineral point of view. ‘There are many causes combine to prevent an active and thorough investigation of its treasures; amongst the foremost of which may be reckoned the financial embarrassments of Denmark, and the jealousies attending an undefined idea of manorial rights, inseparable from absolute governments. The attempts made by private individuals, not na- tives, have been too limited in point of abilities and resources to produce any bencficial effects to themselves or the country. Not long since, two seienti- fic gentlemen, Professor Oersted and M. Esmark, were sent by the govern- ment to examine into the mineral-:pro- ductions of the island; but the super- ficial examination of the best theoreti- cal philosophers must always fall greatly short of those discoveries which could be made by practical men, furnished with the proper powers for actual research. Its mineral products are coal, excellent iron-stone, copper- ore, lead-ore, fire-clay, fire-stone, sand- stone, pebbles, and cement. The coal hitherto worked is an inferior kind of the coul called kennel or canal coal, similay 834 similar to the Derbyshire hard coal, which burns to a white ash; it appears, however, that. an unlimited quantity might be raised, and the deeper strata are not yet explored. This, in con- junction with the other products, might render this island the richest spot in or near the Baltic; in fact, England in miniature. The island is fertile, and the inhabitants industrious. They bring various articles of provi- sion to the supply of Copenhagen, and likewise to the ships passing near the island by day-time. LEMAN’S BISCUITS. If, for the satisfaction of an ignorant foreigner, or some uninitiated stranger, one were desired to give a good instance of the means by which in London noto- riety may be attained, and specify one of the numberless little things that give a general name, and make a man sought after,—it were hard to mention a better or clearer subject for the pur- pose than Leman’s biscuits. For many years this notable man’s narrow shop in Threadneedle-street has al- most exclusively supplied the nume- rous population of London with his crisped manufacture ; and still the article is unrivalled. No bread (the women will have it,) eats so short. Such is the demand, that, in a few minutes after the drawing of his oven, the whole batch is sold! -Yet he holds no patent, and the metropolitan bakers have long pined in despair to arrive at the discovery by which Leman gives to the labour of his hands such win- ning taste. ATHENIAN SAYING. It passed into a sort of proverb among the Athenians, who seldom said any thing without a good reason, that health is strengthened, and life pre- served, by the external usc of oil, and internal use of honey. SEVERAL CHARACTERS, Joseph Mead—died November 1799, at Sherborn, near Warwick, in bis ninety-secoud year. He was the in- yentor of a machine for cleansing a ship’s-bottom at sea, known to the sailors by the name of Mead’s hag. He was also the author of an ‘“‘ Essay on Currents at Sea;” for which he reeeived the thanks of the Admiralty. Thomas Sharpe,—watch-maker, of -Stratford-upon-A von, who was the sole purchaser of Shakspeare’s mulberry- tree, died in November 1799. Thomas Kerridge—died at Wood- Stephensiana, No. XIX. [May f, bridge, at an advanced age. He was one of the -yeomen- of the guard, and the person who preserved George the Third from the assassinating hand of Margaret Nicholson. : Lieut. Wood—died in the year 1778, in the Fleet Prison, of a broken heart. He was the first promoter of the Ma- rine Society, to which he subscribed 10002. ; yet his debt was but 701. DR. JOHNSON AND MR. WILKES. It is well. known that neither the political nor moral principles of Jobn Wilkes were, according to the vulgar adage, ‘“‘over and above tight-laced.” The story of an extraordinary fraud, said to have been practised by tlris gentleman on a celebrated Jew, cer- tainly, under every consideration, bore hard against him, and occasioned the following ready mode of reconciling contrevertible points. When Dr. Johnson was inveigled, by an artifiee of friends, into Mr. Wilkes’s company, at a large dinner, (as stated by his contemporary historians, although many particulars on record relative to this meeting are extremely incorrect,) it was contrived so that the parties should sit beside each other at. the table. Johnson, evidently disconcert- ed at the arrangement, continued sulky and silent, except now and then expressing some short term of evident disapprobation; turning his brawny shoulders so completely squaredagainst his neighbour, that Wilkes could not direct his optics askance, only to one end of the table. However, the witty democrat was happy in the uncommon display of his talent for humour, and at last something like a smile, now and then, seemed to affect Johnson’s risi- ble features,—seldom moved, and mus- cular in their movement; till, on bear- ing an uncommon brilliant repartee from Wilkes, he suddenly turned round his unwieldy figure, and, ‘with- out a word of previous circumlocu- tion, by way of prelude to his address, he looked him full in the face, empha- lically saying, in no soft cadence, “Sir, I like your humour; but will you be pleased to explain to me: the story relative to the Jew whom you cheated out of ten thousand pounds!” “Doctor, (replied Wilkes, with the most unblushing front,) it is all a d——’d lie.” —“ Indeed, (said the doc- tor,) then, sir, that being explained to me, I shall enjoy your company with pleasure the remainder of the even ing,” 1823.] ing.” Johnson’s easy simplicity on this o¢casion extracted a smile from all the company ; which was not cor- rected when, on Wilkes happening to retire from the room for a few minutes, Johnson, addressing the party, expres- Original Poetry. 535 sed a peculiar gratification at being introduced into his company, now that he was assured, from his own mouth, that all that malicious story reported of him was a d "d lie! y ORIGINAL POETRY. > MAY; EY J. M.“LACEY. GHALL May escape, and not a lay Of mine attest its pow’rs ; Unmark’d-depart its brightest day, And all its fragrant hours? Forbid it love! for May is thine, And ev’ry blooming tree Becomes for thee a living shrine, Full of sweet minstrelsy. Oft be it mine, in some deep grove, Whilst May shall lend its charms, To witness Nature’s work of love, Far from the world’s alarms. Yet not alone!—one dearer form Than all on earth beside, One who has fac’d with me life’s storm, - My solace and my pride ; Must still attend, and bless my way, Midst May's divinest bow’rs ; Dark, without her, the lightest day, And dull its brightest flow’rs. Come, Ann, let’s seek the path of peace, Beside the winding rill; Where ev'ry turbnlence must cease, Amidst a scene so still. Let us enjoy this heav’nly calm, The gift of lovely Spring ; It has for man a nameless charm, That only: May can bring. Let tis,—ere Age his snows shall send In life’s lone wintry hour,— Seek Nature as our truest friend, And own her mighty pow’r. —— SONNET TO THE TRIPLE-ALLIED MONARCHS, In vain Oppression’s iron bolts ye lift, Despots! surrounded by each murder- ous clan, In vain whilst Liberty life’s precious gift, Links with her social sweetness man to man; In vain your “ Edicts,” weak as floating straws, ‘Strive to dissolve those patriot ranks combin’d, ; Know, promulgators of tyrannic laws! Brute force ne’er conquer’d yet one self- will’d mind. Seek not then Freedom where she sits enshrin’d, Guarded by free,determin’d, virtuous men, Yet if, to consequences proudly blind, Madly ye seek Spain’s lion in his den, Farewell, farewell, in retribution’s hour, ‘To that vain hateful fiend —despotic pow’r. Cullum-street. ENonrt, —<—— THE SWEEPER. BY J. R. PRIOR. Dovus-e she sat by the prison-wall, To catch the pence that for her might fall ;, Scanty and torn the clothes she wore, She was old and palsied, crippled and poor; Her voice breath’d forth in a piteous lay, And her heart puls'd sorrow through every: day! The haughty man, in his self-control, Pass’d by like the shade of his darken’d soul; : The thoughtless ,and. young would deride and jest,— Excuses for pity spread many a breast! Half-worn,by the side of her shivering form, Her besom unconsciously stood in the storm, And the hail roll'd over the pavement fast, Till the sunappear’d and his brightness cast. I stopp’d, and I gaz’d on this creature sad! I threw inher lap all the money I had ; Care shone in her smile wrapp’d round by her hood, : And her quivering lips I left blessing the good! * I pass’d again on the morrow cold, Ice trimm'd the eaves of each house’s fold; I ask’d?—but the Sweeper had spent her breath " In the chill of silence, the quiet of death! Islington. —f_— LOVE; BY THE AUTIIOR OF “ ILLUSTRATIONS OF AFFECTION.” Wuen chill and murky to-the sight, The tempest-rain descends, In gloom and peril of the night, The trav’ler weary wends ; When doors are shut, and bars are fast, And ceas’d afar the din, Despite of danger, darkness, blast, O Love will venture in. In cloister dim, and silent cell, Monastic terrors nigh, Where vestals pallid, listless dwell, Secluded, hopeless sigh ; Tho’ the clos’d wall is fearful shown, That broken vows have been, Despite a ling’ring death in stone, O Love will venture in, In 335 In eastern clime, where slaves assume Dominion of the free, Where pachas jealous frequent doom The silken cord,—the sea; If captive beauty weeps the hours, Tho’ hazardous to win, Despite a haram’s guards and tow’rs, O Love will venture in. He climbs the deck, he rides the wave In whirlwind, fiery storm ; He periis youth and life to save, _ Where horrors wide deform. In War’s sirocco sulphurous breath, The breach he mounts to win; Despite of foes, and wounds, and death, For glory ventures in! Love is supreme! a daring might His energy appears ; Sublime pervades the realms of light, And guides the rolling spheres. Him fond in Nature’s works descry, Magnificent as fair ; These seen with adoration’s eye, His spirit enters there. —_——— THE PIRATE'S SONG. Joyous the !ife-of the wanderer, free On the broad expanse of a western sea, Trimly his bark the helm obeying, The pirate-banncr proud displaying, With daring crew, and oft-tried sword, He moves,—the ocvan’s conscious lord! Fearless of foe, or louring sky, He joins the noon-tidé revelry, And drinks the well-known toast again, Success to our cruise on the Spanish main! The moon diffuses her liquid light, And tinges each ripple with silver bright; The wind declines with the setting sun, And the midnight watch is just begun, Recumbent round the centre mast, ' They talk of deeds and dangers past ; OF magic shores, romantic streams, Like those that haunt the poet’s dreams ; Novelties of Foreign Literature. [May-1, Or sing, in rnde unmeasur'd strain, The roving flag on the Spanish main! With eye upturn’d to the flapping sail, The boatswain relates some wond’rons tale* Of flow’ry isles, at evening seen, Like floating wreaths on the ocean green ; Whence perfume-bearing breezes sweeping, With melody lull the mariner sleeping, Who seeks in vain their beauties, gone With the first faint blush of orient morn. Fill high the can!—Still gold and gain Shall glad the lords of the Spanish main! Our fancy views the buccaneer Awake unhallow’d rites of fear, Stunn'd by the midnight tempest’s roar, On some grey cape’s rock-guarded shore ; The victim slave, the magic round, The dark blood curdling o’er the ground, Till phantom forms, in wild turmoil, Hover o’er rapine’s buried spoil. Fearless we mark the ghastly train, As victors we sweep the Spanish main! ——— A FRAGMENT. In youth, with feelings fine-and clear, When Love our future prospects eheer, And Pleasure points, with magic hand, To Folly's court, and Beauty bland ; Oh! then, how quickly pass our days, Like fairies’ mirth, or dance of fays : No cares obtrude, no fears oppress, But Nature, in her loveliest dress Attir’d, attracts the senses free, And wraps the soul in ecstacy, Bat, when relentless age appears, When time has told sueceeding years, When the gay dance no more can charm, Nor mirth or joke our spirits warm ; And Beauty,—tho’ attir’d with ease, Graceful and neat,—no more can please ; Nor e’en sweet melody inspire The soul that once caught all its fire ; Then life, bereft of all its charms, Slumbers in second childhood’s arms. ie NOVELTIES OF FOREIGN LITERATURE. —a PRESENT STATE of the FRENCH MO- NARCHY, with REMARKS, principally relating to the STATISTICAL MATERI- ALS of its DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, §¢. ROM its magnitude, and the traits that characterise it as a nation, France must ever hold a leading place, and be one of the first objects to engage attention in the survey of European politics. Its name has been long con- nected with celebrity ; and the obser- vation has not unfrequently been made, that France is the finest coun- try in Europe. In many respects, this must be admitted as ‘a subject of just and reasonable acknowledgment. The following is offered as a familiar analysis of these principles, as answer- ing the purposes of general informa- tion on the whole train of subjects that enter into the science of its statistics. In the. present state of things, or since 1815, the following is .a fair statement of the French monarchy: the kingdom of France, several islands scattered in the surrounding seas, Cor- sica, the isles of Hyeres near Toulon, the isles of Lerins on the coast of Pro- vence, or St. Marguerite and St. Honorate, the isle Dieu, Noirmoutier, Belleisle, Gronais, the isle of Ushant, the 1823.] the Isle de Bas, witha number of valu- able and important colonies. Kingdom of France.--The surface of its territory bas been computed at 10,264. geographical square miles, (an official return of 1818 fixes the super- ficies,of the kingdom, without 1n- cluding Corsica, at 51,910,062 metri- cal acres, with 12,791,000 proprietors.) The population, in 1819, was rated at 29,327,388 individuals ; thus allowing 2,837 inhabitants to every square mile. (The enumeration made in the spring of 1820, for the military conscription, produced a total of 29,052,690 inha- bitants.) Prior to the revolution, France, in its geographical delineation, was divided into provinces. Those divisions, with their ancient names, were abrogated by a decree of the Constituent Assem- bly, and a partition into departments adopted, which is more geographical, as ascertaining, with precision, the districts of boundaries taken from the nature of the country, collated’ with the adjacent rivers, streams, moun- tains, &c. By the alterations which the country underwent, agreeably to the last treaties, France is. now di- vided into eighty-six departments. During the wars of the revolution, England, profiting by the embarrass- ments and internal troubles of France, which it also contrived to excite, seized and secured the French colo- nies. This was in the spirit of that rivality and opposition which has ever reigned between the monarchies, but it was the transitory eclat of a military occupation ; and, by the late treaties, they have been in part restored, An official document of 1819,.here an- nexed, will more particularly illustrate the parts into which the French ultra- Marine possessions are subdivided. I. Colonies in the West Indies. 1. St. Domingo, the second island of the American Archipelago, in which, for the present at least, the negroes maintain a kind of balance of power among other independent states. After a general subversion, a series of un- paralleled circumstances, in which all the passions of depraved minds were combined, a new system is founded which professes to consolidate the principles of liberty. Tlie name of the island has been changed into that of ‘Hayti, which it had previous to its discovery. The fatal effects of intes- tine war, that dreadful scourge of Monruty Mac. No. 381. Novelties of Foreign Literature. 337 nations, need not be traced. How different from its present state the resources and means of opulence, pub- lic and private, which the island exhi- bited thirty years ago! 2. Martini- que. 3. Guadaloupe, with its depen- dencies. 4. French Guiana, with Cayenne. 5. The isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. If. Colonies in the East Indies, and on the coasts of Africa. 1. Pondicherri, on the coast of Coromandel. 2. Karikal. 3. Mahé. 4, Yanaon. 5. Masulipatan. 6. Chandernagore. 7. Factoriesin Ben- gal, at Patna, Cassimbazar, Balasore, Jongdia, and Dacca. 8. Isles of Bour- bon and Madagascar. 9. Senegal and its dependencies; also the isle of St. Louis and the isle of Goree. The colonial possessions in the East Indies are rated at © ; Inhabitants Miles 29 50,000 In Africa -.+-essee-+s 140 92,000 In North America --++ 6,132 2,100 In the West Indies +++» 583 658,000 Tn South America +--+ 610 §) 33,500 7 4 pee Sees 1,368,182 - 835,600 The completion of this arrangement determines the superficies of the whole French monarchy at 11,632 miles, and its population at 30,162,988 inha- bitants. The following enumeration, applica- ble to France, properly so called, will ascertain, with tolerable exactness, the different constituents intowhich itssur- face has been distributed ; 117,480,561 acres for the total superficies, of which 26,919 are of loam, 23,351,000 of heaths and wastes, 12,930,000 of chalk, 3,850,000 of gravel, 17,410,000 of rock and stone, 23,100,000 moun- tainous ; and 7,900,000 of sandy lands. One part of France has been long con- sidered as ill adapted to the culture of frain or corn; but all the rest show a degree of excellence in general, and a peculiar applicability to that culture. The lands in a state of actual culti- vation do not exceed 62,360,000 acres, of which vineyards occupy 4,764,960. The vine abounds in lands that are ex- tremely poor, such as would resist the best forms of culture in any other mode, and would necessarily be marked with the evils of sterility. An advantage, which every friend to his country must feel, in reflecting on the express design of nature in this benefit, thereby reme- Xx dying 338 dying an imperfection otherwise insu- perable., Gardens form a most estimable ac- cession to the sources of French in- dustry ; these comprise about 2,058,550 acres; the forests, previous to the re- volution, occupied 18,850,515 acres, In some countries, there is a great scarcity of wood: where the inhabi- tants are involved in this misfortune, it has ever had the eflect of diminish- ing the population. There is ample ground for believing, that-not above a fifth part of the lands belonging to the French community are in cultivation. In the division or dismemberment of the national industry, there are some parts or great branches to which the French seem peculiarly devoted. The annual production of wine and brandy ‘has been computed at fourteen millions of oxhofts, (each an hogshead and a half,) about a quarter of which is ex- ported; in 1812, this was valued at twenty-eight millions and a half of florins. The quantity of corn grown is not so considerable as to supersede the ne- cessity of importation. In 1789, this took place to the value of 26,000,000 of florins ; and, it will not be forgotten, that, in 1811, an importation to the value of 60,000,000 was absolutely ne- eessary. Noris the produce of flax,. hemp, rape seed, or snuff, equal to the consumption. France abounds in every kind of game; but, in general, the rearing of cattle is but little regarded. The number of horned cattle is not above 6,000,000; horses are computed at 1,200,000; asses and mules at half a million, and hogs at 4,000,000. The finest fleeces are produced by the sheep of Berry; the Spanish race is rapidly propagating by the establish. ment of Rambouillet. The merit of the breed is justly appreciated, and acknowledgments are due for the proper and necessary care exerted in enlarging this important resource : much wool, however, is still imported from abroad. From the silk-establishments in the south, about 25,000 quiatals are de- rived; what is additionally requisite, and to operate in conjunction, for the manufacture of the fine fabrics, comes from Italy, Spain, and Asia. eeeeeeeees 121,799,520 About the middle of the last centary, the profits derived from commerce made an annual income of 66,000,000 of florins; but France has since lost some of her best colonies. In. the revolutionary wars, England had re- duced them all, and foreign trade was almost annihilated, from the enfeebled state of the marine. Previous to the establishment of the Continental System, the principal arti- cles of importation were,—Comestibles (edibles or eatables,) to the value of 45,000,000 and upwards ; drugs, spices, and other commodities, 71,760,000; manufactured goods and _ wares, 54,222,000; groceries, 13,560,000; gold and silver, 292,130 florins. The National Bank of Paris is pro- fessedly intended to favour or aid commercial speculations, the success of which hinges on the duration of peace. It was established in 1803, with a capital raised by 45,000 shares of 1000 franes each. In 1814, it had 77,000,000 of frances in cash, and 24,000,000 in notes. Sixty-three towns 346 towns have Bourses, or Exchanges, iwenty-one have Chambers of Com- merce; there are also a number of insurance-offices, and 214 tribunals of commerce. In 1819 France had resi- dent consuls and agents in ninety commercial cities or towns, in and out of Europe. The arts of design in France form new and curious sources of ingenuity, and a due proportionable encourage- ment is given to printing and en- graving. In 1813, there were in Paris 377 booksellers’ shops, and seventy- seven printing-oftices ; and, throughout the kingdom, 953 booksellers’ shops, and 720 printing-oflices. Since 1814, France, in -its constitu- tion and political circumstances, has become an hereditary and limited mo- narchy. Differently modified, — the fundamental laws of the state have a common source in the Salique Law, the Constitution of Dec. 16th, 1799, the Charter of April 6th, 1814, the Royal Declarations of June 4, 1814, and. of Sept. 5, 1816. The legislative power is divided be- tween the king, the peers, and the re- presentatives of the nation. The two latter sit in two chambers, which are convoked ‘every year. The deputies of the departments are elected by the Electoral colleges. The king initiates all laws, but the chambers may pre- sent to him the projects of new laws. The sovereign may prorogue or dis- solve the Chamber of Deputies, but must convoke a fresh one within three months. All the deliberations of the Chamber .of Peers are secret. Be- sides a considerable portion of the legislative power, this chamber judges in cases of high treason, and its func- tions are to watch over the well-being of the state, considered in a general view. Hitherto, the Chamber of Deputies has consisted of 256 mem- bers. Each departmenthas a number of deputies, after the rate of its popula- tion. They are chosen for five years, so that the chamber is renewed by a fifth part every year. No deputy can be admitted into the chamber under forty years of age, and unless his direct contribution amounts to 1000 francs. One half, at least, of the de- puties, are chosen among such eligible persons as have their political domicile in the department. The king appoints the president of this chamber out of a list of five members presented to him Novelties of Foreign Literuture. [May 1, by the chamber. The sittings are public, but any five of the members may demand and resolve it into a secret committee. All petitions pre- sented to the two chambers must be in writing. Noone is allowed to present one personally at the bar. ‘The differ- ent parties that compose the chamber take their stations as in the revolation- ary times. On the right, the ultras, or ultra-royalists, such as would advance the royal power beyond its due limits ; on the left, the liberals, and the minis- terialists in the centre. The administrationis simple. Next to the monarch is the Council of State, managing that part of the legislation which is delegated to the king. Then the Court of Cassation, which pro- nounces on arréts and judgments, by appeal from inferior courts and tribu- nals. Then the Court of Accounts, to see that all present their accounts at the times fixed by the law. The ministerial departments or boards are, 1. The Chancelry of France and the Ministry of Justice. 2. That of Foreign Affairs. 3. That of the Interior. 4. That of the Royal Household. 5. The War Department. 6. Of the Marine and Colonies. 7. Of Finances. 8. Of General Police. As the kingdom is divided into departments, so the departments are divided into districts, the districts into cantons, and these last into communes. Each department has a prefect ; each district, or arrondissement, a sub-pre- fect ; and each municipality a mayor. The superior Catholic clergy con- sist of nine archbishops and_ fifty bishops. Next to them are the grand vicars, then the deans, the canons, the priests, curates, and vicars, chaplains, deacons, and sub-deacons. The mo- nastic orders have been done away. The administration of justice is in conformity with the Codes established since the revolution ; the Civil Code of 1802, revised in 1807; the Commercial Code of 1808 ; the Code of Procedure of 1807; the Code of Criminal Instruc- tion, 1808; and the Criminal Code of 1810. With respect to the institution of juries, and publicity in the hearing of causes, much is wanting to render French jurisprudence what it ought to be. In the repartition of disbursements and receipts; the following appears, as it was sanctioned by the king for 1819. ; pease Dishurse- 1823.] Statistics of France. 341 i r ts. _ | Frances. idenetts Francs. (7.) Revenue connected with 1. The Civil List -+---+s »» —9,000.000 the public debt and the For the princes inclusive ++ 34,000,000 2. Ministry of Justice--++-+ 17,460,000 3. of Foreign Affairs 7,85u,000 4. of the Interior -+ 102,700,000 Si Of Wareseeeeeeee 184,750,000 6. of the Marine and Colonies «+++.-.-se+++2 45,200,000 z. Of the Finances++ 249,559,000 8. Consolidated Debtand Sink- ing Fund, (40,000,000)+ + 227,997,123 Extra expences for public in- struction, and the manage- ment of powders »+++++ 5,079,852 874,595,975 Receipts. Francs, (1.) Direct contributions :— a. Land Tax 168,167,652 ee eeeeeese 6. Additional Centime +* 88,875,443 e. Personal Imposts on moveables ----+- sees 97,161,254 d. Additional Centime -- 15,910,637 e. Doors and Windows -- 12,812,614 f. Additional Centime .. 8,712,410 g. Patents ---+++e+e%-- 17,480,000 a. Additional Centime +» — 3,180,000 342,180,000 190,000,000 (2.) Indirect contributions (3-) Posts eoeesseeeeessees 9%,460,000 (4.) Lottery --------++-- ++ 15,000,000 (5.) Retenues, monies reserved and retained from the pub- lic appointments -++-++ — §,400,000 (6.) Divers branches of reve- DME coco vesscesascceee 11,788,150 payment of the interest: , a. General register, stamps, 5 domains--+++++e+0e-+* 165,384,000 b. Forests e+eseesessee 18,310,000. c. Customs -eescocevese 65,013,000 d. Pall ninna8 f:0 nme cla cae a 48,000,000 296,707,000 (8.) New tax on powders and saltpetre---+-+-++eeeee - 3,290,500 Do. on public instruction —_ 1,789,350 Total--...-.. ** 891,435,000 The debt amounts to about 1,400,000,000 florins, or 3,055,000,000 of francs. France has at her disposal an army of 193,000 men, including the gendar- merie. There may be a deficiency in the military means here stated; nor is it easy to exhibit, at present, a correct detail of these resources. The national guards amount to about 650,000 men. The marine, once formidable from the skill and prowess of its intelligent and intrepid officers, is now reduced to a state of impotence ; but there wants only a determination in the govern- ment, some years of peacc, and a favourable opportunity, toappearagain with traits worthy of distinction. There are five maritime prefectures, to which a generous care is extended—Havre, Brest, L’Orient, Rochefort, and Toulon. BRITISH LEGISLATION. ——a— ACTS PASSED wm the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. — i AP. XLV.—To regulate the Trade between his Majesty's Possessions in America and the West Indies, and other Parts of the World. Acts and parts of Acts regulating trade and intercourse between the British co- lonies and Europe repealed, viz. 25 C. 2. c.7.—51 G. 3. c. 97.—52 G, 3. c. 98.— —55 G. 3. c. 29.—57 G, 3. c. 4.—57 G, 3. c. 89. Certain articles may be exported from the British colonies direct, to certain ports of Europe, in British ships.—To be regu- larly entered and shipped in the presence of the officers, and at ports only where custom-houses are established, unless by #pecial sufferance at other places. Ships clearing out from the colonies are pot to take on-board any other articles than such as are allowed to be exported by virtue of this Act, Cap. XLVI.—For the more speedy Return and Levying of Fines, Penalties, and Forfeitures, and Recognizances estreated. Statements of fines, &c. to be forwarded to the clerk of the peace by the justice by whom such fine, &c. is imposed.— Clerk of the peace to copy ona roll such fines, &c. at quarter-sessions, and send a copy of such roll, with writ of distringas, &c, to the sheriff, &c. Notice to be given to the sureties. Persons may appeal to quarter-sessions against fines, &c. upon giving security.— Justices at quarter-sessions to hear and determine such appeals. Sheritf may recover fines, &c. out of the county where imposed, upon getting his warrant backed by a justice of the peace of the county where the offender is. Sheriff to return writ to quarter-ses- sions 7 342 sions, and indorse on the roll what has been done in the execution of the pracess, which return, &c. shall be forwarded by clerk of the peace to the treasury. Allowance to sheriff and clerk of the peace on sums levied.—Penalty on she- riff, &c. for neglect, 501. Clerks of the peace, &c. to deliver into the Court of Exchequer yearly a certi- ficate of all fines, &c. paid, that the she- riffs may be charged in their accounts, and that parties entitled to fines, &c. may claim the same. Saving rights of bodies corporate, and the privileges of the city of London, » Cap. XLVII.—To repeal an Act of his present Majesty, for explaining an Aet made in the twelfth year of Queen Anne, to reduce the Rate of Interest without Prejudice to Parliamentary Se- eurities, and to substitute other Provi- sions in lieu thereof. Mortgages, Demises, or other assur- ances, &c. executed in Great Britain con- cerning property in Ireland or in the West Indies, declared valid; and no person in Great Britain shall be liable to the penal- ties of 12 An. c. 16, provided the rate of interest does not exceed that allowed by the law of the country where the property lies. Cap. XLVIII.—To repeal certain Tonnage Duties of Customs on Ships or Vessels. Cap. XLIX.—Concerning the Resi- dence of Sheriffs Depute of the Covsnties of Edinburgh and Lanark. Cap. L.—To extend the Period al- lowed to Persons compounding for their Assessed Taxes, and to give futher Relief in certain Cases therein men- tioned, Cap. LI.—JFor apportioning the: Bur- then occasioned by the Military and Navai Pensions and Civil Superannua- tions, by vesting an equal Annvaty in Trustees for the Payment thereof. Equal annual annuity of 2,800,000]. for forty-five years, to be issued to the trustees for the purposes of this Act. Literary and Critical Proémium. [May 1, Annual sums to be paid by the said trustees into the exchequer. Trustees empowered to sell proportions of the annuity, to enable them to make the required payments into the exche- uere , A certificate of the purchase of any proportion of annuity shall be given to the purchaser, who shall be entitled to such proportion of annuity on production of such certificate to the bank; and may sell the same. Exchequer-bills may be issued to the trustees, to enable them to make pay- ments, Bank to continue a corporation for pay- ment of the annuity until paid off. Cap. LIL—To grant certain Duties, in Scotland, upon Wash and Spirits made from Corn or Grain, and upon Licences for making and keeping» of Stills; and to regulate the Distillation of such Spirits for Home Consumption ; and for better preventing private Dis- tillation in Scotland, until the 10th day of November, 1824. Sect. 1.—Duties on spirits per gallon, at 7 per cent. over proof, for consumption in Scotland, On licenses to distillers, 101.; to recti- fiers, 51.; to makers of stills, 10s.; to che- mists, &c. 10s. § 4.—Mode of charging distillers from wash, so as to produce 4s. 84d. per gallon on spirits at 7 per cent. over proof for 15 gallons of spirits from 100 gallons of wash of the gravity of 81; +s. 9d. per gal- Jon on 14 gallons per cent. from wash at 75; 4s, 9id. per gallon on 13 gallons per cent. from wash at 70; 4s. 101d. per gal- lon on 12 gallons per cent. from wash at 65; 4s. 10d. per gallon on 11 gallons per cent. from wash at 60.—Like charge on all excess of spirits beyond these pro- portions, fs § 5.—Distillers not to use wash beyond the gravity for which they are licensed ; and penalty for wort found of a greater gravity, 5001. NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN APRIL: WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. —<_ Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month. LARGE volume of Sermons, delivered at Salters’ Hall, by the jate Rev. Huen WortTuineron, has appeared. Of such works, it is seldom that a reviewer can point out any peculiar chayacteristic ; and we are happy in the present instance to find an exception from thie general rule. These sermons, thirty-nine in num- ber, were taken from memory; and they evince, at the same time, the benevolent piety of the preacher, and the good taste of the lady from whose pen they were’ committed to the press. ‘The sentiments are liberal, and the language always cor- rect, often elegant. Whoever will read the first Sermon (on Religious Prejudices,) will be convinced of the truth of our re- marks:— With respect to opinions or sentiments,” 1823.] sentiments,” says Mr. W. “if they happen to differ essentially from those in which we have been educated, but which, perhaps, we have little studied, we are too apt im- mediately to pronounce them erroneous, and we shun such persons as dangerous companions; whereas, we should ever bring opinions to the test of argument, and defend our sentiments with temper and moderation. I once heard a sermon on the subject of prejudice from a man I am proud to call my friend—the late Dr. Price. It was delivered in this house, and the impression it made upon my mind will cease but with life. Prejudice (said this truly excellent man,) may be com- pared to a misty morning in October; a man goes forth to an eminence, and he sees, at the summit of a neighbouring hill, a figure, apparently of gigantic stature, for such the imperfect medium through which he is viewed would make him ap- pear; he goes torward_a few steps, and the figure advances towards him; his size lessens as they approach; they draw still nearer, and the extraordinary appearance is gradually, but sensibly, diminishing ; at last they nieet; and, perhaps, (said Dr. Price,) the man I had taken for a monster, proves to be my own brother. Never was prejudice more forcibly delineated.” We wish we had room for other extracts. BrisTep’s Thoughts on the Anglican and Anglo-American Churches, first published ia the United States, and now reprinted here, is arambling uitra-evangelical work, of which it would be impossible to give a comprehensive sketch within any mode- rate compass. The chief design appears to be, to demonstrate the inutility and bad effects of religious establishments in ge- neral, and of that of the church of England in particular; but the digressions from this main obiect are numerous and fantas- tical. Every succeeding page introduces some unexpected subject or person. We have the author’s wanderings in mind, body, and professional pursuits; from scepticism to the true faith; from Edin- burgh to New York; from the study of medicine to that of law and of divinity. We learn that Charles the Second’s queen “was a mean-looking, ill-tempered wo- man;” and we are introduced to an innu- merable multitude of popular preachers of all sects, from Dr. Chalmers to Joanna Southcote. A Scotch clergyman having written a sermon for a particular occasion, in which he was disappointed of the opportunity of delivering it, got it printed with the title of, “A Sermon which might have been Preached at Kikmichael.” This whim- sical anecdote was recalled to our me> morial by the Sequel to an unfinished Ma- nuscript of Henry Kirke WHite’s; designed to illustrate the Contrast afforded by Christians and Infidels at the Close of Literary and Critical Proémium. 343 Life. Mr. White was an unassuming young man, who possessed some portion of poetical talents, with an equal quantity of methodism; and his ‘‘ Remains” have been made sufficiently known to the lite- rary world, by his friend and patron, our present poet laureat. The ‘‘ Remains,” we believe, has had an extensive sale; and the consequence has been, the manufac ture of the book now before us, which should have been entitled, “ Sequel to. an undiscovered Manuscript which might have been written by Henry Kirke White :? for, of the manuscript alluded to, there is no trace, except a few lines printed in the preface; and these, for aught that ap- pears, might have been intended as the exordium of a sermon. Looking at the book, independently of the little tricks of authorship, it is merely an abridged col~ lection (in many cases from imaginary tales, or trom lying legends,) of the death- bed scenes of ten or twelve infidels, cons trasted with those of as many Christiang. Such records prove nothing. Dr. Johnson is said to have had his misgivings, with respect to futurity, during his last illness; and the greatest villains have perished heroically on the scaffold. } Although Mr. Lawrence has voluntarily retired from the field, the contest between his partisans and those of Mr. Abernethy is still continued. A small volume has just appeared, under the whimsical title of Somatopsychonoologia, in which the au- thor promises to show “ that the proofs of Body, Life, and Mind, considered as distiact essences, cannot be deduced fram physiology, but depend on a distinct sort of evidence.” ‘I assert,” says he, “ that no opinion, founded on philosophical re- search, has any thing to do with the question of eternal existence. The re- surrection of the body to life eternal, is one of the miracles; it is.an article of religious faith, and not a subject of pro- fane speculations.” Those who feel a personal interest in this controversy, which has divided the English anatomists into two hostile sects, and produced a metaphysical jargon and a_persecuting spirit, worthy of the middle ages; will, according to the party which they have espoused, be highly gratified, or roused to keener rancour, by the perusal of this work. It cannot be dissembled that it is the appareut consequences, and not the physiological speculations themselves, which have engendered such deadly hate in the minds of the dominant professors. That our author’s reasonings will tend to soothe that irritation is, with, us, very donbtful ; for, notwithstanding the serious gravity of its outward appearance, we perceive a volatile and airy spirit, conti- nually flitting through every paragraph of the work:—not, indeed, the Galvanic Materia Vite of the Religio-anatomic school, 344 school, but resembling in every lineament, and in every feature, that playful but mis- ehievous demon, who, like a living soul, unceasingly gives life and motion to the pages of Voltaire. Among the many political works that claim our notice, we naturally give the first place to the translation of the Frag- ments of Archytas, Charondas, Zaleucus, and other ancient Pythagoreans, preserved by Stobaus. These fragments are series of maxims, rather than systems of govern- ment. The duties of kings, and the con- duct which renders them tyrants, are re- peatedly enforced; but we see no traces to induce us to believe that the ancients, of any age, ever passessed the representative constitutions of modern times. Through- out the whole, as well as in the Ethical Fragments of Hierocles,which are appended to the work, there runs a stream of mo- rality, more pure than is usually conceded to the Greeks; and which may be ad- vantageonsly compared with any code that has been promulgated in later days. The introduction and notes show the learning and peculiar opinions of the translator, whose fitness for the task will be acknow- ledged by every Grecist, when he sees the name of Thomas TayLor. The Outlines of a System of Political Economy, by TV. JOPLIN, exhibits another sensible man groping his way, amid the niisty mazes of this metaphysical science. The preface and appendices to the wozk are appropriated chiefly to the promulga- tion of a new system of banking; and on this subject the bodily as well as the mental faculties of the author appear to have been more particularly exerted. In those parts of his work in which he has been able to disengage himself for a mo- ment fromthe trammels of his banking speculations, we are at a loss to know in what points he differs, either from Mr. Ricardo or Mr, Malthus ; for, though these gentlemen assure us that they are not agreed, Mr. Joplin-has not declared for either party. Ifhis principles be of that liberal cast which disregards minute dis- tinctions, for what purpose has he written? If the science has received no addition from his labour, it is certainly not illus- trated by his expositions. When we are gravely told, that “to those who supply the articles which are consumed by means of the expenditure of the collective in- come of the nation, it is quite immaterial whether itis consumed by the pensioners and national mortgagers, or by the ulti- mate payers of the taxes, in administering to their own gratifications ;” and that “the labouring classes, who are often the most clamorous against taxes, have, in fact, the least to do with them,” the language sounds in our ears as paradoxical, because, to believe it true, we must conceive our- selves as living in a land of slaves, 3 Literary and Critical Proémium, [May 1, The Cry of France, said to be publislied by all the booksellers, is written with great energy and talent; and will be read in more countries than one. It is written by a Frenchman, in the form of an addtess - to his king, and contains many statements and documents which, if true, would brand that monarch as the meanest of mankind. Should it again happen (which the holy alliance forefend!) that the thrones of the Bourbons shall be overturned, this work will be considered as the manifesto of the French nation. against the ‘present dy- nasty: but we need say nothing more of this pamphlet, persuaded as we are that it must have a rapid and extensive circulation. During the whole of the progress of the French revolution, from its origin in 1789 to its termination, (if it be yet termi- nated,) every successive event, and every actor who figured on the stage, were re- corded and characterized in this country, almost as rapidly and as minutely as in France. The Spanish and Portuguese revolutions are equally interesting to the English nation; but we have no such mi- nute chronicle of passing events ; and with regard to the patriots of the day, with the exception of two or three, we are even unacquainted with their names. In this dearth of intelligence we were glad to see Count Peechio’s Anecdotes of the Spanish and Portuguese Revolutions, which, though rather scanty in what its title promises, will be read with interest. The coum, who is a Piedmontese exile, gives an ’ac- count of what he has seen, or heard, rela- tive to the public affairs of Spain and Por- tugal, from May 1821 to July 1822, in ase- ries of well-written letters from Madrid, Lisbon, and other towns of the Peninsula. The work is edited by Mr. BLAQUIERE, known as the author of the Historical Review of the Spanish. Revolution, and other works, and is furnished with a pre- face and many useful and correctional notes, by that gentleman. A neatly en- graved portrait of Riego is prefixed to the volume. Liberty has ever been dear to the muses, and, while the patriots of the Peninsula set a bright example to the enslaved inhabi- tants of other countries, it is pleasing to find that even in the darkest ages of super- stition, the sacred flame of genius was never totally extinguished in the south of Europe. A History of Spanish and Por- tuguese Literature, in two volumes, trans- luted from the German of Bouterwek, by Tuomasina Ross, brings before us a suc- cession of authors, in poetry and polite literature, from the close of the thirteenth century to the present time, who may respectively challenge a comparison with the writers of the same age in any other nation. The criticisms and numerous extracts must be extremely valuable 2 the 18%5.] the student of the Castilian and Lusitanian tongues; especially as many of the pieces are from works which can now only be found in the libraries of the curious. The language of the translation has been praised, and it deserves praise; but we have heard it objected to the publication, that the whole of the extracts are printed without explanation, as they were ori- ginally written. In such pieces as have been given from authors of the last one hundred and fifty or two hundred years, the objection is of no weight; for he could have little relish for the beauties of the Spanish or Portuguese language, who re- quired the assistance of a translation in order to read a modern work. But, with regard to the early writers, the case is different. Chaucer and Gower require the assistance of a Glossary, and, in many places, of a direct translation, before they can be understood by readers, even of their own nation. Without such helps they must, to a foreigner, be wholly unin- telligible. Perhaps a short explanation of such words as do not appear in the Dic- lionaries now in use, might answer all the purposes of which we speak. A few remarks on the changes of orthography would serve materially to diminish the size of the Glossary ; and we are convinced that an appendix of this nature would form a very valuable addition to these volumes. Mr. Hotman’s Journey through France, Italy; Switzerland, &c. in the Years 1819, 1820, and 1821, is an amusing volume, and derives additional interest from the. cir- cumstance that the traveller, though to- tally deprived of sight, undertook his tour, not only without a guide, but igno- rant of the language of any one of the coun- tries through which he passed. On this account he encounters many whimsical, as well as vexatious, adventures, which seem to have been borne with patience, and are related with a good humour worthy of imi- tation and of praise, The narrative is never interrupted by the slightest expres- sion of political feeling; but, notwithstand- ing the obstacles he had to overcome, he has contrived to glean much useful infor- mation respecting the different towns that lay in his route, or in which he occasi- onally resided, Dr. Roxwinson’s Abridgment and Conli- nuation of Hume and Smollet, with one hundred and forty illustrations, after the great pictures and engravings of the Bri- tish masters, will recommend itself where- ever it is scen or its design known. It exhibits British history for purposes of education in a manner truly worthy of the object, and in a form so seductive as to render the important study of our national history at once effective and universal. The Account of the United States of America, derived from Observation during a Ktesidence of Four Years in that Republie, Mon?Tniy Maa. No, 3801. » Literary and Critical Proémium: 815 by Isaac HotmEs, adds one more to our numerous volumes on that subject. The author tells us, in his preface, that his work was compressed to half its intended size, by the advice of his bookseller; and we could have wished that the same in- fiuence had been exerted to condense it in a still greater degree, With the ex- ception of the chapters entitled ‘‘ Advice to Emigrants,” and ‘Manners and Cus- toms,” which do not occupy a sixth part of the volume, there is little or nothing that is not mere compilation, With histories of the American revolution, sta- tistical accounts of territories, revennes, and commerce, we were before suffici- ently supplied; and, even had that not been the case, the meagre abridgments here given would have been little sa- tisfactory. : James’s Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, per- formed in the Years 1819, 1820, by order of the American government, is a work of a very different description from tlie one last mentioned, Here we have some- thing new, instead of the new-modelling of old tales that have long ago palled upon the ear. The general plan of this expe- dition, on-board the United States steam- boat, was “‘to explore the Mississippi, Missouri, and their navigable tributaries ; to record all transactions of the party (about twenty in number) that concern the objects of the expedition ; to descrike the manners and customs, &c. of the ine habitants of the country through which they might pass; to trace in a compen- dious manner the bistory of the towns, villages, and tribes of Indians, they might visit,” &c. Topography, geology, zoology, and botany, had each its representative attached to the expedition, with their assistant painters and draftsmen; and, as far as we can judge from the publication, every person has well acquitted himself of the part he had undertaken. It would be impossible, within the narrow limits as- signed us, to give any adequate idea of the condensed mass of information con- tained in these volumes, and therefore our remarks must either be general or of a desultory kind. The following extract will serve as a specimen of the style in which the work is written, ‘The Mo- nonguhela rises in Virginia, in the Laurel ridge, and, ranuing northward, receives in Pennsylvania the Yohogany, whose sources are in the Alleghany mountain, opposite those of the Potomac. This river, like most of those descending westward from the Alleghany, has falls and rapids at the points where it intersects Lanrel- hill, and some of the smaller ranges, Along the fertile bottoms of the Alleghany rivers we begin to discover traces of those an- cient works 80 common in the lower parts of the Mississippi valley, the only remain. Yy ing 346 ing vestiges of a people once numerous and powerful, of whom time has destroyed every other record. These colossal mo- numents, whatever may have been the design of their erection, have long since outlived the memory of those who raised them, and will remain for ages affecting witnesses of the instability of national as well as individual greatness; and of the futility of those efforts, by which man en- deavonrs to attach his name and his me- morial to the most permanent and inde- structible forms of inorganic matter.” The ‘accounts of the various Indian tribes, sta- tionary as well as wandering, are extremely interesting, as presenting views of human nature, otherwise unknown to the inha- bitants of Europe ; aud, making allowance ‘for the -possible mistakes in all narratives which pass through the medium of an in- -terpreter, we have no doubt of the faith- fulness of the several accounts. We are well pleased, too, with the remarks of the -naturalist. . The botanist does not confine his ideas to stamens and pistils, neither does the geologist talk continually of pri- mary and secondary formations. ‘The engravings are well executed, and the - snbjects well chosen; and this, probably, -is one reason why we think that they are too few. The Innkeeper’s Album, arranged for pub- lication by W.F. Deacon, is a collection of original tales and poetical pieces, of considerable merit, the effect of which the author has perversely endeavoured to counteract by affecting, in different places, the style and manner of the author of Waverley. Mr. Deacon identifies him- self in the introduction with Jedediah -Cleishbottom; and Rosalie, on her trial for the murder of her child, is the exact ‘counterpart of Effie Deans, in The Heart of Mid-Lothian. Notwithstanding these -and some other objections, we do not hesitate to recommend the volume to our readers, confident that few of them will be found to regret the time that may be spent in its perusal. When Mr. Pennie wrote his Rogvald, an Epic Poem, he appears not to have been aware that he was warring against the Fates) Setting aside the many later pub- lications, had it not been decreed on high that this nation should possess only a single -poem of that description, the exertions of Hume and Smollet would have snatched the laurel for the author of the Epigoniad. We have no wish to insinuate that Mr, Pennie is destitute of poetical powers; on the contrary, he abounds so much in luxuriant and fervid description, that the slight interest his story might otherwise excite, is lost amid the foliage. The blank verse, in which the poem has been written, is generally regular and harmoni- ous; aud we are at loss to conceive by what fatality he has been induced to al- Literary and Critical Proémium. [May ?, low the compositor to ent his heroics into lines of all imaginable lengths, as in very many places he has done. The period when verses were so formed as to repre- sent lions or eagles, on the page, is long past, and we wish not to see it return. Let not Mr. P. be either offended or dis- couraged by these animadversions. He may confidently hope for better things 5 seeing that, even in his present failure, he has produceda greater number of splendid and powerful passages than would be suf- ficient to embalm a dozen of modern tragedies. An Apiarian Repository has been esta- blished in the Strand, where a newly in- vented double-topped straw hive, to be used with glasses if required, may be in- spected ; also the fullest information, and every necessary apparatus connected with the apiary, may be obtained; together with a Short Treatise, by the Inventor, on the general Management of Bees, tending considerably to promote and further this desirable object. The medical world is gratified by the appearance of another useful work, from the pen of Mr, FREDERICK GRAY, (well known by his treatise on Pharmacology,) entitled, as usual, The Elements of Phar- macy and the Chemical History of the Materia Medica, This work, independent of its utility to the profession, will be found to be a great acquisition to manu- facturers and others. Mr. Gray not only gives an explanation of all the processes of the London Pharmacopeia, on the ge- nerally received chemical theories; but also describes the properties of the va- rious articles in the Materia Medica of the London College; and likewise those of the several drugs which have recently been introduced into practice. Mr. Gray’s description of the most approved furnaces used in the practice of experi- mental and manufacturing chemistry, and illustrated by a series of very correct wocd-cuts, will, we have no doubt, prove very usefu] in promoting the arts depen- dent on that science. But, above all, though a subject not connected with that of the work itself, is Mr. Gray’s admirable instructions to young students and gentle- men engaged in literary pursuits. These instructions pertain more particularly to the formation and arrangement of a li- brary, writing for the press, and the art of memory. We have seldom spent a few honrs more delightfully than in the perusal of Integrity, a tale, by Mrs. HoFrianp. There is acharm about this writer's tales, the cause of which we will not attempt to explain, for we are not among tliose who are «Still flying from Nature to study her laws, And-dulling delight by exploring its cause.” Our author is, if we may so speak of a x. female, 1823.] female, a very masterly writer. Her delineations of character have a_ real Shakspearean truth and beauty about them, which we seek in vain in the pages of many whose “‘names are more bruited in men's mouths.” In the volume before us we have a vast variety of characters depicted. The sweet still-life of Mrs. Shelburne and Emily; the basy, sanctimo- nious, yet not over scrupulous, Hastings; the yet more darkly shaded picture of his son; the generous enthusiastic Tracy ; -and the unthinking and dissipated, yet kind and benevolent, Julia Hornby ; are all delineated with a powerful and prac- tised pencil. The story is cleverly and artfully constructed, without being in- volved in needless perplexities; and the interest is of the most intense nature throughout. The style is chaste and ele- gant, and the effect of the whole volume is delightful and interesting in a high degree. — ARCHITECTURE. No. I. containing the’ Cathedrals of Asaph, (St.) Bangor, and Bristol, of Views of the Cathedral Churches of England and Wales: with Descriptions; by John Chessell Buckler. 4to. 7s. 6d. Architectural [lustrations of the Public Buildings of London; by J. Britton, F.s.a. and Augustus Pugin. No. I. 5s. medium 8vo., 8s. imperial 8vo., and 14s. me- dium 4to. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Brown’s Catalogue of Old and New Books for 1823. 2s. 6d. Part LI. of Baynes’s Catalogue of Second- fiand Books, for 1823. 9s. 6d. Maxwell’s Catalogue of Books, for 1823, 2s. ‘ List of Select Books in Classical and German Literature, published at the pre- sent Leipzig Easter Fair, and imported by J. H. Bohte, gratis. , Boosey and Son’s Catalogue of their Foreign Circulating Library: containing Books in the French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese Languages. 8vo. 3s, BIOGRAPHY. Annual Biography and Obituary for 1823, 8vo. 15s. The Naval Biography of Great Britain; by J. Fittler, esq. Part I. 10s. 6d. The Life of William Davison, Secrctary of State to Queen Elizabeth; by N. H. Nicolas, esq. 8vo. 19s, A new and enlarged edition of the Life of Ali Pacha. 8vo. 19s, Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indi- ans of North America; by John D. Hunter. fvo, 14s. CHEMISTRY. A Dictionary of Chemistry, Minera- logy, and Geology; by James Mitchell, M.A. F.A.8. 18nr0. 10s, 6d. boards, 12s, 6d. calf yilt, forming Vol. II. of the Methodical Cyclopedia, List of New Publications in April. 347 CLASsics. ~ Collectanea Latina, or Select Extracts from Latin Authors ; by Thomas Quin. 5s. DRAMA, The Italian Wife, a Tragedy. — 3s. 6d. The whole of the Dramatic Works of William Shakspeare, complete in one pocket volume. 21s. EDUCATION, Hume and Smollett’s Histories of Eng- land abridged, and continued to the Coro- nation-of George IV. With 140 En gravings, after Pictures of the Great Patn- ters of the British School; by John Robin- son, ».D. 9s. bound, or on royal paper 15s. boards, Five hundred Questions and Exercises on the same; printed in 4to. feap. with space for the answers; 2s, anda Key to the same. 6d. The School for Sisters, or the Lesson of Experience. 12mo. 6s. The Parish Clerk. A Tale. 1s. 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Other Times, or the Monks of Leaden- hall, a Romance, 3 vols. 12mo. 18s. The Curate’s Daughter, a Tale; by Mary Mullion. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Isabel de Barsas, a Tradition of the Twelfth Century. 3 vols. 12mo, 248. Actress, or Countess aud no Countess. 4 vols. 12mo. 16s, Reformaticn,a Novel. 3 vols. 12mo. 18s. Wine and Walnuts, or After-dinner Chit-chat ; by Ephraim Hardcastle. 2 vols. 8vo. 10s, The Spirit of Buncle, or Surprising Adventures of John Buncle, esq. 12mo. 8s. Letters on England; by the Count de Soligny, 2 vols. post 8vo, 21s, POETRY. Some Ancient Christmas Carols, with ~ the Tunes to which they were formerly Sung in the West of England. by Davies Gilbert, esq. &c. 8vo. 5s, The Loyal and National Songs of Eng- land, selected from original Manuscripts Collected F.R.S. F.A.3. - and early-printed Copies-in the Library of Dr. Kitchener, folio, 21. 2s. Matins and Vespers, with Hymns and Occasional Devotional Pieces; by Johu Bowring, 12mo. 6s. 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French, 5s. 6d. English, 6s. 6d. A library edition of the Spirit of Despot- ism; by Vicesimus Knox, D.D. _ 93, ~ The Art of Valuing Rents and Tillages 5 by J.S. Bayldon. 8vo. 7s. Relative Taxation; or Observations on the Impolicy of taxing Malt, Hops, Beer, Soap,Candles, and Leather; by T. Vaux.8vo. A Lette 4823.) A Letter to Wiiliam Joseph Denison, .esq. M.P. on the Agricultural Distress, and on the Necessity of a Silver Standard ; by Gilbert Laing Meason, esq. 1s. 6d. A Few Remarks upon the Catholic Ques- tion; by Francis Gregg, esq. M.A. 1s, An Elegy on the late Henry Martyn, and other Poems; by J. Lawrence. &vo. 2s. A Manifesto to the Spanish Nation, and especially to tle Cortes, for 1822 and 1823. 8vo. 2s. 6d. A Letter to the King on the Critical Circumstances of the PresentTimes. 1s.6d. An Appeal to the Inhabitants of the British Empire in behalf of the Negro Slaves.in the West Indies; by William Wilberforce, esq. 8vo. 2s. The Carbonari, or the Spanish War assigned to its Real Cause. 2s. ‘The Conduct of the Corporation of the City of London, respecting the New Lon- don Bridge. 8vo. vs. 6d. Negro Slavery, or a View of that State ef Society in America and the West Indies. 8vo. 3s. An Appeal to the British Nation, on the Humanity and Policy on forming a Na- tional Institution for the Preservation of Lives and Property from Shipwreck; by Sir William Hillary, bart. 1s. The Cage of the Landed Interests and their Just Claims. 1s. 6d. A Voice from London to the Voice from St. Helena, or the Pitt System developed ; by Peter Moore, esq. M.P. 8v0. 9s. THEOLOGY. Part I. The Holy Bible, illustrated with Notes; by William Alexander. On royal paper, 8vo. 4s. Fine imperial, 6s. A Compreliensive View of the Nature of Faith; second edition. S8vo. is. 3d. The Precepts of Jesus the Guide to Peace.and Happiness, ‘extracted from the New Testament; by Rammohun Roy. 8vo. 9s, Hebrew Elements, or a Practical Intro- duction to the Reading of the Hebrew Scriptures; by Thomas, Lord Bishop. of St. David's. 6s. * A Supplementary Volume of Sermons ; by the late Samuel Layington, 10s. 6d. New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. 349 Ancient Mysteries described, espécially the. English Mivacle-Plays, founded on Apocryphal New Testament Story, extant among the unpublished MSS. in the British Museum ; by Wm. Hone. 10s, 6d, The Practical Study of Scripture re- commended and illustrated; by Mrs, Sheritfe. 2 vols. 8vo. 18s. A Sermon, preached in the Scotch Kirk, Liverpool; by the Rev. James Barr. 1s. 6d. A Word in Season, from the Pious and Learned Bishop Andrews, to the Gover- nors of this’ Country in Church and State. 1s. 6d. Hore Romane, or an Attempt to elucidate St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ro- mans. 3s. The Investigator, or an Enquiry into the Nature of the Trinity. 1s. A Treatise on Heaven and its Wonders, and also concerning Hell. 18ma. 5s, Critica Biblica, or Remarks on the Sacred Scriptures, No.1. 1s. The Chronology of the Apocalypse in- vestigated and defended; by J. Overton, Bvo. 2s. 6d. TOPOGRAPIIY. Topographical and Historical Sketches of tne Boroughs of East and West Looe, in Cornwall; by Thomas Bond, with Views. 10s. 6d. The Graphical and Topographical De- lineations of the’ County of Cornwall, No. I. 9s. 6d. The History and Antiquities of Enfield, in Middlesex; by W. Robinson, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. 21. 2s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. , The Pyrenees and the South of France in November and December 1822; by Ae Thiers. 5s. Part II. Vol. VILL. Journal of Voyages and Travels: containing M. Beudant’s Recent Travels in Hungary. 3s. 6d. sewed, 4s. boards. Travels in the Northern States of Ame- rica; by ‘Timothy Dwight, LL.p. 4 vol. Bvo. Yl. gs. Narrative of a Journey from the Shores of Hudson’s Bay, to the Mouth of the Copper Mine River, &c.; by Capt. Joha Franklin, R.N. 4to. 41. 4s. NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. — To Mr. Henry Ricketts, of Bristol, for improved Black Bottles. T is one important peculiarity of @ this invention, that every bottle may bear, in the outer circle of the raised bottom, in legible and irremoy- able characters, not only the address of the manufacturer, but a figure or figures, indicating the precise propor- tion of a full wine-gallon which the bottle is capable of containing, whether : twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or fifteen, of them may be filled from the gallon. The invention comprises an improve- ment upon the construction of all moulds heretofore used in the manu- , facture of-bottles, whether of black or any other description of glass or metal of which bottles can be made, by means of an entirely new method in the con- struction and operative movements and appendages of such moulds, parti- 1 cularly 358 cularly in reference to the casting or making of bottles such as are used to contain wine, beer, porter, cider, or other liquids. By this invention the circumference and diameter of bottles are formed nearly cylindrical, and their heights determined, so as to contain given quantities of a wine or beer gal- lon-measure, with a great degree of regularity or conformity to each other. And all the bottles made after this me- thod present a superior neatness of appearance, and a regularity of shape, for convenient and safe stowage, which cannot by other means be so well at- tained. The drawings appended to the spe- cification, contain five figures, embrac- ing the whole of the machinery, with the mould, to be sunk in a pit, or placed in any more convenient part of the zlass-house, for constant operation. The necessary changes of diameter, or shape of circumference, are effected by changing the moulds. 'The difference of height is accomplished by affixing a saturn’s ring within the bottom of the mould, whereon is sunk the name of the manufacturer, and figures denot- ing the proportion of a gallon which the bottle is designed to contain. —e Perkins’s New Steam ENGINE. Mr. Perktns’s new invention is dis- tinguished by the subversion of ésta- blished theories, the vast reduction of expense in the article of fuel antici- pated, and the extremely high pres- sure at which the engine is proposed to be worked with perfect safety ; but he has realized all that he promised, and has, by experiment, demonstrated, that the engine will perform with the ad- vantages which he anticipated. The generator, in place of a boiler, and containing about eight gallons, is a cylindrical vessel made of gun-metal, about three inches thick, and closed at both sides: it is placed upright in the middle of a cylindrical furnace, and filled with water. This water is sub- jected to a very great pressure, and, under those circumstances, is heaied by the surrounding fire to a very high temperature. A valve is introduced _ inthe top of the generator, and loaded with a weight equal to the pressure within. An injecting-pump is now employed to force a small quantity of water into the generator, which dis- places a corresponding quantity of heated water from the generator; this passes into the induction-pipe, and in- New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. [May 1, stantly becomes steam, exerting a very great expansive force, which, acting upon the working-piston within the cy- linder of two inches diameter, placed horizontally, causes it to perform its stroke of twelve inches. The recipro- cating motion of the piston works a rotatory valve, which alternately opens and shuts the induction and eduction passages, by which, as in other en- gines, the steam, after exerting its force upon the piston, escapes to the con- densor, but with this peculiar circum- stance attendant, viz. the condensa- tion is effected under a pressure of seventy pounds upon the inch. The operation of generating and of con- densing the steam is so instantaneous, that, when the engine is in full work, the piston performs about two hundred and fifty strokes per minute; and the. motive force thus produced is, by means of the piston-rod, communicated to the crank and fly-wheel of the en- gine, and thence, as a moving power, to other machinery. The space occu- pied by the engine and all its appen- dages, does not exceed an area of six by eight feet, though its power is cal- culated at ten horses, and it is con- sidered that no part of the apparatus would require enlargement (except the working cylinder) for an engine of 50-horse power; the consumption of fuel is only about two bushels per day. The perfect safety from any disastrous con- sequences attendant upon an acciden- tal explosion, have been fully proved, by bursting the apparatus several times in the presence of many persons. The circumstance of retaining the heated water in the generator, under a consi- derable pressure, and only allowing it to assume the form of steam after it has escaped from the generator, pre- cludes the possibility of exploding that vessel; as the water, however much its temperature may be raised, is, while in the form of water, almost non- elastic; and the small quantity of steam generated from time to time in the induction-pipe, for the purpose of working the piston, could not, in the event of an explosion, then be attended with any extensive consequences; but, to prevent the possibility of any such accident, a copper bulb is introduced in a part of the steam-pipe, which is calculated to burst at one thousand pounds’ pressure, while the engine is intended to work: from five to seven hundred, and the whole is proved ta sustain a force of two thousand pounds , npoR 1823.].° upon every square inch of its sur- face. The consequence of working the engine at a pressure greater than it is calculated to sustain, would be, that the bulb must rend open, and the steam blow out through the fracture, which has been repeatedly done; and here a most singular effect is observable: in- stead ofthe steam, as it escapes, scald- ing, it is only warm, not hot,—a property ~ attendant upon steam raised to a very high temperature, which is not gene- rally known, and the theory of which is still less understood; some experi- ments, however, have been made, which tend greatly to explain the cause of this phenomenon.—London Journal of Arts. = Improvements in Church and Turret Clocks, for which the Society of Arts __ has bestowed one of its most liberal Re- wards. on Mr. Wynn, Watch and Cleck Maker, Dean-street, Soho. Tue feeble tones produced from the bells of our church-clocks, arise from the great.resistance which the ham- mers suffer in their fa!l by the spring ‘called the counter-spring, which is placed under the shank of the ham- mer, to prevent it from chattering the bell. It has been proved by an expe- riment made on the hammers of the turret-clock at the Royal Military Col- lege, that this spring opposes a force of forty-two pounds out of fifty, leay- ing only the torce of eight pounds to put the bell in vibration. The only means of obtaining a blow from the hammer, to produce the weak tones which are made by our present church- clocks, have been to make use of ma- chinery of very large dimensions, and to suspend a very heavy weight as a maintaining power; and, even with the assistance of these, there is scarce- ly a church-clock in London that is heard out of .its immediate vicinity ; consequently, the great bulk of the population derive no benefit from these useful machines. In fact, the inereas- ing the size of the machinery and weight, in a great measure defeats its own object; for it creates almost as much resistance as itincreases power, from the additional friction suffered by the increased weight ofthe moving ob- jects, the large sizes of the pivots, and the strong intlexible ropes necessarily used, which have to pass, round. the barrels, and, in most cases, numerous pulleys. On the present system, the New Patenis dnd Mechanical Inventions. 351 power of the movement is exerted in vain, as itis obviously an absurdity to be at the expense of creating an im- mense mechanical power, and suffer the greatest part of itto be neutralized before it takes effect: itis like attach- ing eight horses to the shafts of a wag- gon, and placing seven others on be- hind, to resist the progress of the former. Mr. Wynn has by this invention re- moved the whole resistance to the falk of the hammer, by dispensing with the counter-spring, and causing it to fall without any obstruction whatever ; and has taken advantage of the re-action which takes place on the collision of elastic bodies, to catch the hammer at the extreme height to which it re- bounds from the bell; by which he is enabled to produce a perpendicular fall of the hammer of twelve inches, at the expense of raising it only six. Et will be practicable in almost all cases to increase the fall of the hammer three or four times greater than it now falls; and those who are acquainted with the accelerated force of falling bodies, will be able to appreciate the great in- crease of force that will be acquired by this principle. It is easy to demonstrate that the force of the new hammer may be in- creased twenty or thirty times greater than it is on the system hitherto adopt- ed. By means of this invention, it will be easy to create a foree that will put the largest sized bell in as great vibration as itis capable of, or to make it sound so as to be heard at as great a distance as when rung with the rope, which has hitherto been impracticable. What is of still more importance is, that these advantages are to be ob- tained at a great reduction in price ; for the dimensions of the machinery, and weight of the maintaining power, may be much diminished, which not only reduces the price, but lessens the friction of the whole machine, and ren- ders the clock much less liable to wear; for the great weights which are necessary to apply to lift the present imperfect hammer-work, very fre- quently grinds the machinery to dust. The force required to puta clock in motion on the new principle, may be compared to giving motion to a light vehicle, while ove on the old system is like a heavily laden one. ; By the adoption of this invention, a church-clock may be made to go eight days without winding, and yet produce a far 352 a far superior effect to thirty-hour clocks, now used ; thus saving a per- petual expense to parishes, by lessen- ing the salary of the person employed to wind it; besides preventing the daily disturbance a thirty-hour clock suffers in the act of winding, which tends to make a variation in its rate. Besides the valuable principles be- fore described, Mr. Wynn has effected several improvements, which in them- selves will be of great importance, by applying a toothed sector to raise the hammer, instead of the common lever, which removes fifteen-sixteenths of the friction. The oil will adhere much more tenaciously to the sector than to the lever, on which there is great diffi- culty to make it remain, on account of its plane surface, inclined position, and the jerk it suffers at each fall of the hammer ; and, unless it is frequently attended to, it puts the clock out of order. A contrivance is also made, on Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. . (May 1, the principle of the air-tight carriage axles, to prevent the pivots of the hams mer from rust, which, from their neces- sary exposure to the atmosphere, they always contract, and which creates a very great friction both in the raising and falling of the hammer. The new hammer may be affixed to church-clocks now in use, at a very trifling expense, without altering any of their machinery ; and, if they were generally applied to the public clocks in London, there is not a habitation whose inmates would not derive the benefit of hearing the hour, a thing of obvious importance to the public, as it would afford the means to every in- dividual to correct his time without trouble to himself, and enable the man of business to be precise to his appoint- ments. The application of the ham- mer to old clocks, will much lessen the weight at present attached to them, and very much reduce their wear. | VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. —_ DMUND LODGE, esq. Norroy King of Arms, F.s.4. &c. is com- mencing a publication, in 8vo. and 4to. of Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain, engraved from authen- tic pictures in the galleries of the no- bility, and the public collections. of the country; with biographical and historical memoirs of their lives and actions.—This magnificent collection of historical portraits consists of an assemblage of highly-finished engrav- ings of the likenesses of persons most distinguished for elevated rank or splendid talents, from the earliest pe- riod in our history to which authentic portraits can be traced, to about the year 1700, accompanied with biogra- phical and historical memoirs of their lives and actions: not confined to the commemoration of statesmen and he- roes, but including exalted characters of all descriptions. very portrait will be engraved with the best skill of the English school from the same ori- ginals as furnished the subjects of the folio edition, and will be in general executed by. the same artists. The work will be published on the first of each alternate month, and completed in thirty-six parts, forming six large volumes; and, together with the en- gravings, will contain sixty additional subjects, with respective memoirs ; thus including all the great characters of our history of whom authentic por- traits may be traced. We have seldom felt greater satis- faction than in having to record the great improvements made in the va- rious gas-light apparatus erected by Mr. Joun Maram, of London, at Warrington, Manchester, Barnsley, Wakefield, and Wigan, within the last threeyears. Itwill bennnecessary for us tosay much on the subject of Mr. Ma-~ lam’s genius, as several of his inven- tions have been brought before the public by Mr. Peckston, in his valuable work on Gas-Lighting. In the arrangement of his works he has attended to the strictest uniformity, whilst his buildings exhibit specimens of architectural de- sign of a superior order. The economy with which the various operations are carried on in the-works he has erected, is at present unequalled; and the ma- nufactory is not burdened with that noxious matter, which has, in former gas establishments, been the cause of so much complaint. He also produces gas in greater quantities, fromthe coals used in his retorts, than others usually do, arid at less expense of fuel; while it is so pure as to. be altogether innoxi- ous, and adapted for the parlour or the shop, / ; Ms. Jans Boaven is preparing for publica- 3823.] publication, a Life of the late John Philip Kemble, esq. including a His- tory of the Stage from the Death of Garrick to the present Time ; the au- thor having enjoyed the intimate and uninterrupted friendship of that emi- nent person for nearly thirty years. His work will contain characteristic anecdotes, extracts from a carefully- preserved correspondence, and a va- riety of information derived from ge- nuine and unexceptionable sources. The Waverley club of Scotch au- thors, determined to make hay before their sun has set, announce still ano- ther and another novel; and “ Peveril of the Peak” has scarcely been deli- vered, before QuEeNTIN DuRWARD threatens the circulating libraries with a further tribute to their unwearied in- dustry. How many thrifty- cunning Scots have been engaged in this manu- factory, will not perhaps be fully known till the next age! An English Flora, by Sir J. E. Smiru, is now at press, divested of technical terms as much as possible. Mr. T.S. PecksTon is engaged on a new edition of his valuable practical work on the Theory and Practice of Gas LiGHTIN¢, in which he has consi- derably abridged the theoretical part of the work as given in the first edi- tion ; and, to render it as useful as pos- sible to every practical man, there is introduced much original matter rela- tive to coal-gas, and an entirely new treatise on the economy of the gases obtained for illuminating purposes from oil, turf, &c. Ba.vantyne’s elegant Novelist’s Li- brary, vol. v. royal octavo, is nearly ready, containing the novels of Gold- smith, Sterne, Dr. Johnson, Macken- zie, Clara Reeve, and Horace Wal- pole: to which are prefixed, Original Memoirs of the Authors. Isabel St. Albe, or Vice and Virtue, a novel, by Miss OrumPE, is printing, in three vols. 12mo. The Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth, editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. VI. Part I. with en- gravings, will speedily appear. The Second Part of this Volume, which completes the undertaking, will be published in the course of the year. The Roman Catholic Priesthood are still seeking to avail themselves of all that remains of ignorance and weak- ness in society, by confederacies, like those of mountebank conjurors, to persuade people that miracles are still ~MontTury Mac. No, 381. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 353 performed in their church; and the cases in Staffordshire, which discusted all rational men, are now repeating in Bourbon France. The terms impos- ter, Bourbon, miracle, and conjurer, seem likely to become synonimous; Can we wonder, however, at such de- gradations of humanity, while our uni- versities, learned societies, and books of science, still teach so flippantly their equally absurd doctrines of innate at- traction, repulsion, and universal gra- vitation? For these last notions are akin to conjuration, enchantment, and transformation; and all originated in ages when witchcraft was an indictable offence. A nun at Toulouse has, it seems, co-operated with a’ political knave of the name of Hohenloe, so as to pretend to be cured of a swelled knee by a certain day ; and a Bourbon archbishop, having lent himself to the silly story, has brought his church and religion itself into question. They had better be content with Vince’s demon- strated miracle of universal gravitation ; and Newton’s marvellous one of the projectile force of the planets, main- tained ever since they were hurled into space! These are standing miracles, quite enough to satisfy all the vulgar gullibility in the world. The Hut and the Castle, or Dis- banded Subalterns, a romance, by the author of ‘‘ the Romance of the Pyre- nees,” &c. will soon appear. Cardinal Beaton, anhistorical drama, in five acts, by W. Tennant, will spee- dily be published. The History of Suli and of Parga, written originally in modern Greek, has been translated, and is printing in London. Mr. Donovan proceeds regularly with his new monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History, entitled the Naturalist’s Repository. The twelfth number, which completed the first vo- lume, was published in due succes- sion; the 13th, or first number of the second volume, has just appeared. ~ Dr. Gorpon Smiru is preparing a new edition of the Principles of Foren- sic Medicine, which will contain much additional matter. The volume will embrace every topic on which the me- dical practitioner is liable to be called to give a professional opinion, in aid of judicial enquiries. A miniature edition of the Poetical Works of Sir Water Scort, bart. is preparing, in ten volumes ; as well as a Series of Illustrations to the Poetical Ze Works 354 Works of Sir Walter Scott, bart. from original pictures by R. Smirke, R.A. The Popular Superstitions and Fes- tive Amusements of the Highlanders of Scotland, will soon be published. The second portion, comprising the Sea Songs of England, is in the press, of a Series of the Loyal and National Songs of England, for one, two, and three, voices, selected from original manuscripts, and early-printed copies in the library of WiLL1AM KircHINeER, M.D. Mr. Wirren is engaged upon a translation of the Works of Garcilasso de la Vega, surnamed the “ Prince of Castilian Poets ;” with a critical and historical Essay on Spanish Poetry, and a life of the author. Durazzo, a tragedy, in five acts, by James Haynes, will speedily appear. Mr. Lawson, of Crooms-hill, in Kent, has found the average depth of rain caught there at four feet above the sur- face, in the last six years, to average 25-94 inches: the least annual depth being 2327 in 1820, and the greatest 31°14 in 1821. The evaporation at the same place and height of four feet, averaged 22:36 inches in the same six years; the least annual depth was 19°63, in 1820; falling short of the least depth of rain (as above mention- 6d) 3°64 inches, and the greatest eva- poration was 27:06, in 1818, when the anomalous circumstance occurred of the rain being the least, by 2°81 inches. It was perhaps less anomalous or un- common, that in the rainy year 1821, the depth of the same exceeded the evaporation by 10°64 inches; while the annual average of this excess in the six years, was only 3°59 inches. Mr. Law- son’s weekly average of rain and eva- poration in 1822, are inserted in the * Philosophical Magazine ;” whence it appears, that the greatest weekly eva- poration occurred last-year in the be- ginning of June, and amounted to 1:28 inches, out of 23°34, the year’s amount: it was decidedly lowest during Decem- ber and the two first weeks of January, averaging in these six weeks about ‘06 inches weekly. The weekly mean evaporation of ‘45 inches, was attained about the first week in April, and the variations from such mean were not considerable, in about a month which preceded, and another which followed. The same mean was also attained about the end of September, with no very decided variation therefrom, in the preceding and following months: Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. {May 1, so that, during almost one-third of the year, the evaporation continued nearly stationary at its annual mean: only twice in the year did it exceed one inch in a week. The Geography, History, and Sta- tistics, of America and the West In- dies, as originally published in the American Atlas of Messrs. Carry and Lea, of Philadelphia, are reprinting in this country, in one volume octavo, with much additional matter relative to the new states of South America, and accompanied with several maps, charts, and views; so as to concen- trate, under the above heads, a greater fund of information respecting the Western Hemisphere than has hitherto appeared. Mrs. Ho.pErRnegss has in the press a volume, entitled New Russia; being some account of the colonization of that country, and of the manners and customs of the colonists. ‘To which is added, a brief detail of a journey over land from Riga to the Crimea, by way of Kieo; accompanied with notes on the Crim Tatars. Mr. OLiveR, surgeon, bas in the press, and will publish in April, Popu- lar Observations upon Muscular Con- traction, with his mode of treatment of diseases of the limbs associated there- with. The second edition of the Pictu- resque Promenade round Dorking, in Surrey, with numerous engravings, will be published early in May. Early in June will be published, a Funeral Oration on General Dumou- rier; with considerations on the ex- traordinary events of his life. Dr. SHaw’s “ Nature Displayed,” and “‘ Atlas of Nature,” will certainly appear about the middle of May; and Mr. Mackenzir’s Collection of Five Thousand Receipts in all the Social and Domestic Arts (except ordinary cookery), will appear early in June. Shortly will appear, the Forest Min- strel, and other Poems, by WILLIAM and Mary Howitt. Mr. Rutter’s work on Fonthill Ab- bey, is nearly ready for publication, and will be illustrated by an interest- ing series of highly-finished engray- ings. Dr. WILLIAM Burney, of the Naval Academy, Gosport, from a register kept of the heat of spring-water in his well, at eight o’clock each moming of the year, infers, that the mean heat of the surface of the earth at Commas € 1823.] the year 1822, was 53°.12 of Fahren- heit, or nearly a degree less than the mean temperature of the air in the same place and year; see No. 298 of the “* Philosophical Magazine.” The lowest monthly mean of the earth’s heat was 50°.96, in April; and the highest 559.54, in September. The year here seems to have been rather remarkably divided, by considerable changes of the earth’s temperature, which took place between May and June, and more especially between November and December, which occa- sioned the six summer and autumn months, June to November, to average 54°.81, and the six winter and spring months, December to May, to average 519.44. We could wish to see the an- nual results of many similar registers, accompanied by the mention of the mean depth of the water experimented upon, below the surface, the elevation of that surface above the leyel of the sea, and some particulars of the strata supplying the spring, &c. It would be desirable also to know, in each place and year, about what days the greatest and least and the mean heats occurred in the earth, and how many degrees of Far. each of these amount- ed-to; with more exactitude than these can be deduced from the means of the calendar months, and of the year, which usually are the only parti- eulars published. The author of “‘ Domestic Scenes,” will shortly publish “ Self-Delusion,” a novel. Mrs. HorrLanp is engaged on anew tale, entitled Patience. Mr. Lowe is printing a new edition of his work on the State and Prospects of England, followed by a Parallel between England and France. A new novel will appear shortly, under the title of Edward Neville, or the Memoirs of an Orphan. The researches of Mr. Evans, in his proposed History of Bristol, have ena- bled him to determine, from ancient documents which have never yet ap- a in print, and the name of the ill or mount called Brandon Hill, which immediately overlooks the ori- inal town, that the foundation of ristol was laid by Brennus, about 380 years before Christ. Vathek, by Mr. Beckrorp, with a frontispiece after Westall, by Mr. Charles Warren, will be published on the Ist of May. WHITTINGHAM is now printing, at Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 355 the Chiswick Press, a collection of Elegant Extracts in Verse, in the same size as Sharpe’s work, which bears the same title. This selection is not a mere copy of its predecessors, but consists of poems which are not to be found in similar publications. The whole will form six volumes, in mouth- ly parts. ; An octavo volume, entitled Disser tations Introductory to the Study and Right Understanding of the Language, Structure, and Contents, of the Apoca- lypsé, by ALex. TILLOocH, LL.D. will be published early in May. Thisis a subject which through his life engayed the attention of Newton, and seems likely, in all ages, to afford materials for the speculations of believers. The author of “the Entail” bas a new novel in the press, the printing of which is nearly finished. In the use of hydrogen gas, the pub- lic may easily obviate as much of the objection as arises from the escape- ment thereof, (as well as obtain more security from explosion and bad smell,) by having, in each house where it is burnt, a reservoir for that purpose : while the street-lamps, being under the care of competent persons, are not so likely to have the cocks neglected as those in houses; and those will there- fore require nothing more than to be carefully turned off at day-break by the proper lamp-lighters. Mr. EakLE is printing Practical Re- marks on Fractures at the upper Part of the Thigh, and particularly frac- tures within the capsular ligament; with critical observations on Sir Ast- ley Cooper’s treatise on that subject; and a description of a bed for the re- lief of patients suffering under these accidents, and other injuries and dis- eases which require a state of perma- nent rest. A second edition of Mr. Biatne’s Canine Pathology, is in the press, and will appear with important alterations and additions; among which may be noticed a sketch of the natural history of the dog, an examination into his dis- puted origin, a description of his seve- ral varieties, and the causes that have operated in producing them: also a philosophical and practical treatise on the popular subject of breeding of do- mestic animals in general, and of the rearing of dogs in particular; witha genéral review of, and copious addi- tions to, the treatise on madness, dis- temper, &e. Captain 356 Captain LAYMAN, R.N. in answer to a question, (vol. lv. p. 258,) ‘“‘ Where subjects for dissection are to. come from?” suggests, that it may be done by gratuitous testament, in which the medical profession should rise above prejudice, and set the example. “‘ My body (says he) individually, might not be of much use; but, as my head (if not knocked off by a shot) might be be- spoken for Professor Bleumenbach’s collection, it would be one of the great- est pleasures to me while living, to re- flect that my remains might be useful after death.” A course of Twelve Lectures on Ita- lian Literature has been announced by M. Uco Fosco.o, comprising every thing essential in its poetry, general letters, and language. Two volumes, History and Chemis- try, having appeared of the Methodical Cyclopediz, the next volume, contain- ing the Mathematicaland Physical Sci- ences, is printing, with all the speed compatible with accuracy and perfec- tion. A volume of Sermons on several Subjects, with notes critical, historical, and explanatory, by the Rev. CHARLES Swan, late of Catharine Hall, Cam- bridge, will shortly appear. Another poem, on the subject of Al- fred, is in the press,.and will soon ap- pear, from the pen of R. P. Knicnt, esq. It is stated by Mr. Brapvey, that sparrows, though seemingly so destruc- tive in gardens, are inreality extreme- ly useful; for he discovered that two, in feeding their young, carried to the nest forty caterpillars in an hour, which, allowing twelve hours for their daily search for food, would make 480 in the day, or 3360 in the week, be- sides other destructive insects. It appears from a Sierra Leone Ga- zette (of Nov. 2), that Capt. Al. Laing, of the Royal African Light Infantry, on a journey into the interior of Afri- ca, saw the hill from which the myste- rious Niger takes its rise: it is there called Tembley Springs, (9. 15. N. lat. 9. 36. W. lon.) The captain opened a trading intercourse with several tribes before unknown, and at a great dis- tance from the British settlement. GERMANY. Dr. TrEDEMANN, a celebrated physi- cian at Heidelberg, has been fortunate enough to detect the origin and course of the nerves of the uterus ; and he has just communicated this important dis- Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. {May |, covery in a_ work infituled, Tabulz Nervorum Uteri. It is printed in the largest folio size, and contains two highly-finished engravings on copper, and two outline lithographic prints, after designs from nature, by Profes- sor Roux. Some copies are in Lon- don. A remarkable female is noticed by the German newspapers, for the ex- tent of her learning, particularly in acquiring languages. She was a na- tive of Cologne, by name MariaSchuz- man, understood twelve languages ex- tremely well, and wrote five classi- cally. _ Excess of genius, and perhaps the multiplicity of acquiremenis, made her at length melancholy mad; and she died, it is said, from a debauch in eating spiders. A Catalogue has been published at Leipsic of the Books that appeared at the Frankfort and Leipsic fairs in Sep- tember last. Three hundred and three libraries: contributed to form the ag- gregate. The total number was 1429, to which may be added thirty-seven collections of charts, maps, or plans of battles, thirteen ditto of music, sixty- eight romances, and thirty-six theatri- cal pieces. Philology seems to have made the greatest progress, being aug- mented with a number of literary dis- sertations and excellent new editions of works, Attention has been paid to the Sanscrit literature. Of German wri- ters, M. the dean Bauer seems to be the most popular. ITALY. An Italian has lately returned from travelling in Egypt, nearly over the same ground with the American whose volume lately came out. He proposes to publish; and, if assisted or encou- raged, means to set out from Tripoli, to penetrate to the Bahr-el-Abyad, or White Nile. FRANCE. M. A. St. Hivaire read, in the Aca- demy of Sciences of Paris, Dec. 16, 1822, an extract of his travels in the Brazils, from which it appears that this naturalist traversed a great part of the country; and, penetrating along the banks of the Rio de la Plata, advanced as far as the missions of Paraguay. He has brought away collections of about 600 species of birds and reptiles, and nearly 7000 species of vegetables. He intends publishing a Flora of South Brazil, and a general Survey of the Vegetation of the Countries ee een 1823.] appropriated to these different jour- neys and researches. A physician of Grenoble, Mons. REGNAULD, has invented an instru- ment by which the arduous and dan- gerous surgical operation of lithotomy may be performed in two minutes. The physiology of Casanis and Du Tracey, thongh little known in Eng- land, is making rapid progress in France, and is now forming a portion of the education of youth there. The works of Cabanis have been lately pub- lished in seven volumes ; two of these contain his chief work, ‘“‘ Les Rapports du Physique et du Moral de 0 Homme.” A French journal, in a letter from Senegal, dated St. Louis, Sep..1, 1822, contains the following notice: ‘¢ Our establishments on the left bank of the river are conducted without having recourse to the labour of slaves. Ele- ven considerable plantations are in culture already, comprehending a space of 800,000 feet of cotton-trees, and the number is likely soon to be doubled. One ‘of the most considera- ble belongs to M. Bexichet, a merchant of St. Louis, formerly a pupil of the polytechnic school. Six new grants have just been made, and are also to be planted with cotton-trees, The raising of indigo,and other equinoctial plants, has been attempted, and the trials have proved successful in seve- ral places. There is no want of hands, for labourers offer themselves sponta- neously, from the adjacent countries. Encouragements of every kind are held out by the government, in two proclamations that have been issued ; and the local administration has at length been enabled to inspire the na- tives with a degree of confidence in our public functionaries on the coast.” A new description of time-piece, (nouveau compteur), invented by M. Rieussec, watchmaker, of Paris, has been presented to the Academy of Sciences, and approved of, on the re- port of Messrs. Prony and Breguet. It is nearly of the form and size of a Jarge pocket chronometer. It will in- dicate the duration of different, suc- cessive phenomena, without obliging the observer to turn to a dial, or to count the tickings or beatings. A judg- ment is given of it, that if executed by able hands, it may be of great service, and employed with confidence and cer- titude, in observations of every kind, whatever be the object. M. L. pe Larour, king’s naturalist at Pondicherry, (from the year 1816, Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. been exploring. Six years have been’ 357 when the French regained the posses- sion of it), has lately returned to Paris. He has visited successively various dis- tricts of the peninsula of India, includ- ing a part of Bengal, in the island of Ceylon. The fruit of his labours will be of considerable utility to the French colonies, and conducive to the pro- gress of the natural sciences. To the king’s garden at Paris, he early trans- mitted a zoological collection, consi- dered as one of the greatest then re- ceived. He has since sent a number of live animals to the royal menagerie, and a prodigious number of herbs and seeds. Among the former are2 young = elephant, an Indiaii chacal, and differ- ent species of land and sea tortoises. With each assortment, he has forward- eda descriptive catalogue, and accom- panying memoirs. He has also brought with him a considerable collection from the three kingdoms of nature; and he had previously introduced at Pondi- cherry, among other useful plants, that known by the name of the guinea-herb, which is the more valuable from forage being scarce on the coast of Coro- mandel. Oil is now extracted in France from the manobi, a species of pistachio, (arachis hypogaea). It makes, with the lixivium of the soap-boilers, a soap whiter and more consistent than that of oil of olives; and is more economical and useful than soap of any other kind. The pistachio oil may be substituted for olive oil; it burns with a pure and beautiful flame, though not clarified, and is not unpalatable. In some coun- tries of America it is constantly in use for salads, and culinary purposes. The plant is valuable after the pressure has taken place, and makes excellent fodder for cattle. Since its introduc- tion, it is spreading in the southern departments of France, the Landes, Upper Garonne, and the Var. How much superior, in every respect, are these vegetable oils to the loathsome fish-oils used in this country ! DENMARK. It is aremarkable fact, that the Jews in Denmark have received into their religious rites one of the ceremonies and sacraments of the church of Rome, viz. confirmation, which all Jewish chil- dren of both sexes must now conform to.—It is equally remarkable, that a son of the bishop of Copenhagen is at this moment soliciting for the situation of teacher ina Jewish seminary: the salary about 381. per anoum. PROCEEDINGS is ld da | [May 1, PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. — HOUSE OF COMMONS’ COMMITTEES. mp Reports and other publica- tions of the Committees of the British Parliament vie in utility, im- portance, and interest, with those of any public society in existence. Their length often precludes us from giving them place; we have, however, com- pressed those of the present session into forms which exhibit all their in- formation, and hope to be able to pre- sent others in a similar manner. _The following is a statement of the actual Revenue of the United Kingdom derived from Taxes, from the 5th of January, 1816, to the 5th of January. 1822; and of the Expenditure during the same period, exclusive of Sinking Fund :— Taxes. 1816—Great Britain +--+ «+++ 468,169,074 Treland -.++---+ss+20+ 8,964,207 1816—United Kingdom ----+--77,133,281 1817 Do. seeeee 57,650,589 1818 Do. oeeeeeee 59,667,941 1819 Do. eeeeee 158,680,252 1820 Do. seeeceee 59,769,680 1821 Do. eer eee ss 60,688,915 Total six years «+ 373,590,658 Expenditure. 41816—Great Britain: -- +--+» 70,704,263 Ireland +++ +seeese+++-13,192,505 1816—United Kingdom ------ 83,896,768 1817 Do, 9 vee eae «+ 58,544,049 1818 Do. ween ees 57,872,428 1819 Do. coves ++ 57,399,544 1820 Do. seeeeees 57,476,755 1821 Do. weeeet eos 57,639,893 Total six years+++* o+++++372,822,437 Excess of Revenue in six years, only There was also a Balance of Loans funded in 1815,brought over to 1816, the charge for which is included in theabove Expenditures+++e+e+ereres And in the Expenditure of 1816 is an excess of charge, by an error in the accounts, to the amount Ofseeeerseeceerees 8 768,231 eeceee sere sees OaSFe8 5,939,803 2,856,862 Making a Total Surplus of -- $9,564,886 * On the 5th of January, 1817, the two Exchequers of Great Britain and Ireland were united. + In 1819 the rates of taxation on cer- tain articles were raised so as to produce an aggregate increase of 3,198,000/. per ann. ¢ Of money over expenditure in the six years, which, if it had been applied in the The amount expended by the Com- missioners of the Sinking Fund in each of the six years in question, exclusive of the 36 millions borrowed from them- selves, has been as follows :—viz. (vide Parliamentary Paper, No. 145 of last session.) 1816+++reereccveee se H13,047,117 1817 eeeeeerreeeesers 13,555,729 | In these two years the Revenue was less than the Expenditure, as follows :-— 1816+++00+++%* 6,763,487 1817 ++eeeecsess» 893,460 1818 Expenditure was £14,418,295 191901 o's vecbiceece ** © 9,285,677 1 BIOS «k's 5 Gus sine eelee “$ siosoes ABZ eres cvecse sie: 4,324,574 And in these four years the Re- venue exceeded the Expendi- ture, as follows :— 1818 -ccecsccee @1,795,513 1E19 sere eee seeee 1,287,708 1820+ ese eeeeeeee ¥,999,995 1BQ1seee+- ++ -e+ 3,049,022 ate On the 26th of March a return was made to the House of Commons of the total gross and net assessments of the Property Tax of ten per cent. for one year, ending the 5th of April, 1815. The return was ordered to be printed, and, being now in the hands of mem- simplest and most direct way in reducing the debt, would have effected a diminution in the annual charge exceeding 500,000/, per annum; whilst, on the other hand, by the very complicated system followed, of raising loans, issuing of Exchequer Bills, and afterwards funding them, to the extent of 57 millions, exclusive of 36 millions borrowed from the Sinking Fund; and thus, by transferring and re-transferring about 120 millions of capital, instead of any diminntion, although there has been an actual diminution of charge within the six years in question to the amount of about 230,000l.. per annum, by the expiry of life and other terminable annuities, and of 941,5001. per annum, by the reduced rate of interest at which Exchequer Bills have been issued ; notwithstanding all these circumstances, the charge on the Debt, funded and unfunded together, for the year 1821, very considerably exceeded the charge for any preceding ‘year. * These three years are exclusive of the 36 millions the Commissioners borrowed of themselyes. The present Bill of the Chancellor of the Exchequer is precisely the same in principle, on a smaller scale, as the system which has led to the results as stated above. bers, 1823.] bers, we subjoin the foHowing extract, viz. Schedules, Gross, A. Lands, Tenements, Here- Zz ditaments, or Heritages 5,923,486 B. Houses, Lands, and Te- MemMeEntS+secceseeereses 2,734,451 C. Funded and Stock Pro- perties eee cree cevene 2,885,505 D. Profitsand Gains of Trade 3,831,088 E. Salaries, Pensions, &c. «+ 1,174,456 Total »---++16,548,985 The following is the value of the se- veral species of property on which the assessment was made for the year 1814, ending 5th of April, 1815, viz.— (vide Parliamentary Paper, No. 59,) chedules. A, ee ee ee 2 2 es 60,138,330 By veeeseceeseeeseeeseees 38,396,144 D, Pw eeeesessesesessseseses 58,310,935 BR aeia se pisces cialcicieiela'e date 11,744,557 C. not stated, but estimated At vseeeeeseeeeeeeess 30,000,000 Total. - «+178,589,966 Another return, of the same date, states the quantity of Coffee imported into, and exported from, Great Britain, from the 5th of January, 1822, to the 5th of January, 1823 (being Paper No. 57) :— Imported, Cwts. British Plantation «-+-....-..... 273,946 Foreign --.. teeeeseee 77,633 JESSE TIA’ 25 pa's selec ncnccccaccs 40,070 Total--+--+391,650 Exported. British Plantation «-.+++++++++++201,070 Foreign Cerra eee cereeeas seeees 87,913 BMAP UMGIA “GS s08'bca's'0s cece te cs ce 32,157 Total- - - -321,140 Of the Import from British Plantations, 168,193 ewt. was from the island of Ja- maica, 66,018 from Demerara, and 25,013 from Berbice; and of the Foreign, 18,698 from the Brazils, and 41,632 from St. Do- mingo. : Of the Export, 176,379 ewt. has been to Germany, 33,180 to Flanders, 31,834 to Italy, 27,421 to Prussia, and 16,477 to Russia. Another return, of the same date, exhibits the number of houses charged with duty, on the Assessed Taxes, for one year, ending 5th of April, 1822, v1Z.— No. Value. Assessment, England 437,626.. 10,168,574 + 1,180,250 Scotland 54,556-- 809,106... 84,504 ' Exemptions, England or ee ey +*202,628 Scotland «.++-...... +++ 11,611 Consisting of farm-houses occupied by te- nants, and used bona fide for husbandry, House of Commons’ Committees. 359 And the following is a statement of the number of ‘houses subject to the Window Tax for the same period, viz. No. of Houses. Amount of Duty. England -..... 856,625- +--+. 2,427,901 Scotland ...... 111,383-*+++2 150,679 Cottages Exempted. England teen eer aceee8 632,296 Scotland ecccsccorcccse 42,270 The following is a statement of all other articles subject to the Assessed Taxes, showing the amount of the duty paid during the said year, ending 5th April, 1822 :— Duty Paid. - No, Servants (Sch. No. 1.) . 85,344 +»299.170 Ditto (2, 3, 4,) «+++ -0++201,737++232,468 Four-wheeled Carriages 17,406+ 195,505 Two do, eeeersseceee 29,991 **179,866 Stage Coaches «++ ess 7,062-+ 68,438 Taxed Carts --.......- 19,319++ 40,995 Carriage-makers -.-... 603-+ 254 Do. sellers +-esesee 4,234°2 $114 Four-wheeled Carriages, MOdified --seeecscese 142<- 450 Riding or Pleasure Horses -+++++++++++178,337- +594,152 Do. to Hires+s-++0- 1,500-- 3,952 Race-horses «+essseres 674-2 1,775 Horses and Mules. -+++168,052++ 139,045 Do. Husbandry -+---+479,399. °355,242 Do. modified .-....+- 15,080-+ 26,807 Do. do. in Husbandry 336,260-- 84,127 Dogs Pesseeesseresess 312,311++155,129 Packs of Hounds «+e.» 72-+ 2,3%6 Horse-dealers 1,001+¢ 12,740 Hair-powder +++re0seee 29,199++ 31,446 Armorial Bearings.+ «++. 22,627-+ 91,102 Game-certificates -+..+« 41,457... 131,991 The following is a statement of tho quantity of tallow, flax, and hemp, imported into the several ports of the United Kingdom in the year 1822, (vide Parl. Pap. No. 104.) Tallow, Cwts. ENGLAND—London --.see.e.0 *569,053 Liverpool »sees. 02 94,457 Bristol ee 56,511 ELT Trina sci ol ae ec 22,832 Newcastle ........ *040,565 All other Ports in England .. 9,605 ScorLanv--Leith cible n'e's's'ewely'ce's 18,676 Dundee -..... teeeee 2.159 Aberdeen seesssee.. 594 Montrose ++eesseee. B53 Kirkaldy eeeeee sees 623 All other Ports in Scotland .. 12,612 IRELAND—Belfast «+ssee.scees 11,875 All other Ports in Ireland.... 15,025 Total ies eiidd. 805,258 Flax. EN6LAND—London -.......+005 95,1314 Liverpool «+++ +++. 11,551 Bristol 736 Hull +++. .4+0+00150,896 Newcastle ..++e0..e 11,233 All other Ports in England .+ 48,627 2 ScorLanp ee ee 360 ScoTLanp—Leith- eee eeseescase 30,515 Dundee ++ ++r0+++«++133,096 Aberdeen -+++------ 32,420 Montrose ---+++++++ 55,505 Kirkaldy ------- *s+ 24,760 All other Ports in Scotland -- 8,364 TRELAND—Belfast--.--+0--...- ° 59 All other Ports in Treland.--- 4,245 Total +....e+0++607,138 Hemp. ENGLAND—London -- «++++-+++294,186 Liverpool] -+++-+++++ 31,593 Bristol -eee+++seeee 13,106 Bi emi svesicc.cs + 60,895 Newcastle ---.-- see 12,602 All other Ports in England -- 71,138 ScoTLAND—Leith .......-.--. ++ 19,725 Dundee ..+-+++-+++* 62,415 Aberdeen e+ee.++.++ 5,383 Montrose «+-++++++- 5,134 Kirkaldy -eesessss5 495 All other Ports in Scotland .- 22,028 TRELAND—Belfast-se+eessseses+ 3,205 All other Ports in Ireland..-- 14,621 Total v+sseee+ -+616,454 Imported from the following coun- tries, viz.— Tallow. Cwts. PRUSSIA: © < osje 0 crete oie perce eneee ss 788,033 Prussia- .-cvecsccectuswsscscccne 19 PAO MARIE, | -¢ 01a a: clo lule.winveicvewin’e wiricte 1,294 Flanders. 0+. .+ceccecccccessece 814 France - cesceerccescccscsssevey 2,361 Ttaly.-ceseccessssscccvencceccs 289 Buenos Ayres-+++esee+s+e-seeee 6,138 All other Parts ++-c+sssessseses 6,290 Total --++.-++++805,238 Flax. RUssiaecccccescocccescsscesese 416,944 Prussiasccecsvee- eee treeeeeres 53,970 RNa se mncaics do. Sugar, brown----+----» 3 0° 0 — 3 20) 216 0 — 218 0 per ewt. , Jamaica, fine +--+» 314 0 — 316 0 | 510 0 — 3 12,0 do. ——, EastIndia,brown 1 20— 15 0)120-— Tf 5 0 do. ——, lump, fine.-++-+.- 415 0 — 418 0 | 413 0 — 416 0 do. Tallow, town-melted---- 2 0 0 — 0 0 0/117 0 — 00 0 do. , Russia, yellow» 114 6 — 0 0 0] 113 6 — 114 0 do. Tea, Bohea---++-+e+++- 0 2 43— 0 2 53] 0 2 4¢— 0 2 53 per Ib. ——, Hyson, best-+e+-» 0 5 7 — 0653/05 7 — 06 S do. Wine, Madeira, old ----20 0 0 —70 0 0 |20 0 0 —70 0 0 per pipe —,, Port, old -+++-++++ 42 0 0 —48 0 0 142 0 0 —48 0 0° do. as Sherry --++++--+»20 0 0 —50 0 0 {20 0 0 ~ 50 0 0 per butt ‘Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 258. 4 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 308. —Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s. a 50s.—Madeira, 20s, a 30s.—Jamaica, 408. a 50s,—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs.a12 gs. Course of Exchange, April 22.—Amsterdam, 12 8.—Hamburgh, 38 1,—Paris, 25 80. —Leghorn, 464.—Lisbon, 514.—Dublin, 97 per cent. Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe. and Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 600l.—Coventry, 10401.—Derby, 1401,—Ellesmere, 621.— Grand Surrey, 50l.—Grand Union, 18/. 10s —Grand Junction, 241/.—-Grand Wes- tern, 4l.—Leeds and Liverpool, 3741.—Leicester, 295!.—Loughbro’, 35001.—Oxford, 7201.—Trent and Mersey, 2000/.—W orcester, 26/,—East India Docks, 150/.—London, 110/.—West India, 178/.—Southwark Brince, 18l.—Strand, 5!.—Royal Exchange Assurance, 2581.—Albion, 501—Globe, 1341.—Gas Licur Company, 67/.—City Ditto, 1271. . The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 22d was 753; 3 per cent. Consols, 763; 3 per cent. 88 ; 4 per cent. 97 ; Bank Stock 210}. Gold in bars, 31. 179.6d. per 0z,—New doubloons, 31, 15s, 0d,—Silver in bars, 4s, 103d. 1 ALPHABETICAL 368 Bankrupts and Dividends. (May 1, ALPHABETICAL LisT OF BANKRUPTCIES announced betwoen the 20th of March, and the 20th of April, 1823: extracted from the London Gazette. BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 95.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ABBOTT, F, cooper, Stocklinch Ottersay, Somer- setshire. (Poole, L, Alderson, J. K. Norwich, (Tilbury, L. Banbury, C. H. Woed-street, Cheapside, silk-manu- facturer. (Hurd Barry, H. Minories, chart-seller. (Thomas Barker, J. Crane-court, Fleet-street, shoe-factor, Leurecmbe Bed rer St. Martin’s-le-grand, plumber. (Young and Co. Berthoud, H, jun. Regent’s Quadrant, Piccadilly, bookseller. (Jones and Co. Bignold, W. -Colchester-street, Savage-gardens, wine and porter merchant. (Pasmore Bird, J. and H. Poultry, and Bartlett’s-buildings, jewellers. (Kersey aud Co. Binson, J. Edward-street, Portman-square, iron- monger. (Jones, L. Brown, P. Warton, Lancashire, dealer. (Wheeler Branet, C. L. Jermyn-street, watchmaker. (Jones and Co. : Brown,W. Cannock, Staffordshire, miller. (Spurrier and Co. Walsall Carpenter, J. Wellington, Somersetshire, banker. (Daniel, Bristol Chabaud, H. Plumtree-street, Bloomsbury-square, jeweller and engraver. (Hurd and Co. Clements, F. Norwich, coach-maker. (Puch, L. Clement, J. T. Broad-street, insurance-broker. plumber and glazier. (Wadeson Colvin, J. Abehurch-lane, merchant. (Lawrence Cout, R. and W. Haigh, Leeds, dyers. (Few and Co. L. Crawford, T. Liverpool, ship-chandler. (Rowlinson Crowther, W. Charles-street, Middlesex-hospital, coach-maker. (Mayhew Canningham, Birmingham, linen-draper. (Walker Darbon, S. Mary-la-bone street, Golden-square, wine-cooper. (Walls Dicken, J. Burslem, Staffordshire, hatter. (Walford Dickinson, S. Great Driffield, Yorkshire, money- serivener. (Chilton, L, Dryden, J. Rathbone-place, haberdasher. (Fisher Evans, H. P. Birmingham, broker. (Mandsle Flack, R. Shepherd-street, Oxford-street, cabinet- maker. (Timbrel and Co. Frost, J. Newport, Monmouthshire, grocer. (Thomas Freelove, W. Brighton, grocer. (Faithful, L. Fredericks, F. Crickhowell, Breconshire, banker. (Jenkins and Co. L. Garnons, J. H. Newgate-street, silversmith. (Ashton Gooch, W. Harlow, Essex, wine-merchant. (Wil- liams, L. ee. D. Lothbury, cotton-manufacturer. (Law- edge Grant, J. G. Oxford, bookseller. (Pownall and Co. Green, J. and J. Warminster, brewers and grocers. (Nethersoles and Co. L, Gunston, W. and T, St. John’s-street, Clerkenwell, cheescmongers. (Holine and Co. Hardern, P. and J. Macclesfield, ‘silk-manufactu- rers. (Blacklow, L. Hayward, J. W. Bread-strect, coal-merchant. (Gri- maldi and Co, Henzell, E. W. White Lion wharf, Upper Thames- street, corn-dealer. (Tomlinson and Co. ge irs H. Princes-street, Drury-lane, printer. (Farris Hedgers, J. Bristol, grocer. (Poole, L. Hellicar, J. Andover, linen-draper. (Walker and Go. Hill, B. Bath, furniture-broker, (Nethersoles and Co. L. _ Holt, T. Arnold, Nottinghamshire, dealer. (Fuller and Co, L. —f— Hilder, W. New Windsor, saddler. (Webb, L. Seay S. Dover-street, Piccadilly, hotel-keeper. ole Hopkins, J. jun. Cholsey, Berkshire, farmer. (Sheen, Wallingford Huntinton, T. Gilsland, Cumberland, innkeeper. (Wannop, Carlisle ea T. les slopseller and silversmith. saacs, L. Jackson, J. Holborn-hill, wine-merchant. (Pike Johnson, G. Tardibeg, Worcestershire, farmer. (Wratislaw, Rugby Jones, D. Brighton, stone-mason. (Sowfon, DL. Kirby, J. Chelsea, linen-draper. (Gates, L. Levitt, Q. Hull, merchant. (Scholefield Leonard, W. Norfolk-place, Newington-butts, tea- dealer. (Gellibrand, L. 4 Lewis, L. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, milliner, - (Bell,L. Diosd, Bose, Herefordshire, grocer. (Bridges and Co. L. Lyney, R. L. Fore-street, Limehouse, coal-mer- chant. (Baker, L. Maxfield,T. selisbury, linen-draper. (Walker and Co. Miller, H. F, T. Frome Selwood, Somersetshire, scrivener. (Williams, L. Michel W. Wansted, Essex, butcher. (Amory andCo. Ll. x Morris, J. Claines, Worcestershire, carpenter, (Wilson Moss, C, Cheltenham, fishmonger. (Packwood Mundell, J. Liverpool, draper. (Orred and Co. Nall, W. Lisson-street, Lisson-grove, ironmonger. (Jones and Co. L. adh D. Finsbury-place, livery-stable keeper. (Coates Newhouse, R. Huddersfield, plamber. (Pierce Oliver, J. L. Broad-street, Golden-square, woollen- draper. (Barrow and Co, Petit, R. College-hiil, packer. (Knight and Co. Piper, W. Hammersmith, barge-maker. (Upston and Co. L. Pluckley, W. H. Charing, Kent, smith. (Lindsay Powell, J. and T. Bristol, maltsters. (Parker Pratt, R. Archer-street, Westminster, iron-founder. (Shuter, L. Purley, J. Old Kent-road, egg-salesman. (West Rigby, A. T. Liverpool, porter-dealer. (Steel, L. Sage, G. W. Walcot, Somersetshire, timber-mer- chant. (Cornish, Bristol Scotts, W. and J. Smith, Ashford, Kent, grocers. Soar and Co. L. Shields, A. W. St. John’s-street, cheesemonger. (Warrand wr M. A. Duke-street, St. James’s, dfess-maker. ice Sinclair, J. Bow-lane, warehouseman. (Abbott Smallwood, T. Drayton-in-Hales, Shropshire, banker. (Warren and Co. Smith, J. Bath, grocer. (Salmon Smith, J. Newbury, baker. (Ashfield and Co. L. Southbrook, E. €. Covent Garden Chambers, mer- chant. (Smith and Co. Sowden, J. jun. Wakefield, corn-factor. (Lake, L. Spillers, C. Bethnal-green, bookseller. (White, L. Squire, J. Kendal, watchmaker. (Addison, L. Tabberner, S. City-road, linendraper. (Green Taylor, J. Leominster, skinner. (Bold and Co. Brecon Tucker, W. H. High Holborn, window-glass cutter. (Howell i Watson, A, Warwick-place, Bedford-row, carpet- dealer. (Richardson, Stepney Wainwright, H. and J. Liverpool, timber-merchants, (Blackstock, L. Whiddon, J; Exeter, grocer. (Collet and Co. L. Wood, B. Liverpool, mathematical-instrument maker, (Rowlinson, L. DIVIDENDS. .- Allen, S. and T. C. Noble, Bristol Allan, C. Shad Thames Asquith, T, and D. Bermondsey, and T. Mellish, New Kent- road 4 Atkins, R. N. Portsea Austin, G. Long Acre Baker, W. and N, Portsea Baker, W. Ticeliurst, Sussex denham Street Beams, H. Lordship-lane, Sy- Birch, J. Birmingham Brammiall, G. Sheffield Branwhite, P. Bristol Bradford, G. Bristol Brown, EB. Saracen’s-head, Friday- Bourne, S, Leek, Staftordshire Bolbeck, T., W. Ellis, J. Wilks, sen. and H. and J. Oldsworth, Fewstone, Yorkshire Burraston, W. Worcester Burgess, H. and J. Hubbard, iles’s-lane, C annon-street Butcher, J. Alphamstone, Essex Butcher, W. Sutton in Ashfield, Nottinghamshire Glengh, 1823:.] Cleugh, J. and R. Leadenhall-st. Coates, J. Barith ; Cook, R. and.R. Sutton, Barton- upon-Humber = Craig, J. High Holborn Cunberlege, J. George-yard, Lom- bard-street é Dicker, J. Cherlton, Devonshire Dickenson, E. W. and J. and J, R. -epighe Liverpool Eastwood, J. Liverpoo England, M. likestone, Derbysh. Enoch, J, Birmingham Hssex, W. Paddington vans, J. Wapping Fisher, F. jun. Leicester-square Fisher, J. Milby, Yorkshire ’ Foster, T. and E. S.Yalding, Kent Foot, B. Gracechurch-street Fox, J. Runcorn, Cheshire Gelsthorp,J. Molineaux-street Gerrard, D. Old Cavendish-street Gent, T. ems | Griffis, T. Knightsbridge Hargreaves, S. Liverpool Healey, J. Hampstead-road Heonrietts, U. A. Jeffries square Heseltine, B. Hull Hicks, H. and S.W. Woodward, Bankside olmes, J. Portsmouth ackson, T. and W. Liverpool James, J. Wood-street Jeffreys, G. New Bond-street Jermyn, D. Great Yarmouth Jones, T. Abergavenny Jolinson, J. Stamford, Lincolnsh. Agricultural Report. Lee, R, Great Winchester-street Linsley, J, jun. Leeds Lipsham, T. St. James’s-street Living, H. and J., and J. S. Downes, Great Prescot-street Lorymer, W.P, Newport, Mon- mouthshire Long, D. Andover Martindale, ‘I’. Liverpool Mason, C. Birmingham Masson, W. ew-court, Swithin’s-lane Mills, O. Warwick Milichamp, F. Aston, near Bir- aR eT Morris, W. Wellclose-square Morgan, C. Bishopsgate-street Oliver, J. R. Blackheath Pallet, C. and J. P. Massey, Love- lane Phillips, T. J. and J. Milford, Pembrokeshire Pitcher, J. Back-road, St.George’s in the East Potter, B. Manchester Powell, J: H. Uxbridge Queiros, J. M. de, Size-lane Rawlings, J. and J. Evans, Lon- on Ramsden, W. Leeds Rees, W. Bristol Reeves, D. Wardour-street Reynolds, W. late of the ship Orient Richardson, J. Liverpool Richards, S. A. Ogden, apd D. Selden, Liverpool Rodd, C. W. Broadway, Worces- St. 369 Rose, R. N, High Holborn Russel!, H. and .R, Bruce, St, Martin’s-lane > Ryley, J. Birmingham Sefton, S. P. and J, Blackburn Sell, J. Shadwell ‘ Shipway, T, Tidworth Sherwin, W. T. Paternoster-row Simpson, J. Hull i Smith, Rk. Humburton, Yorkshire Smith, S. Brizhton Smith, J. S. Brighton Staples, G. C. Halifax Stickland, J. and J. Newgate market Still, J. Brixton, Surrey Streets, W. Aldermanbury Stoker, J. Doncaster Serre, J. G, Hackney Tate, W. Cateaton-strect Thomas, D. Greenwich Tollervey, W. H. Portsea Townshend, R. Exeter * Mroughfon, B,and J, Wood-street Troubridge, J. Shaftesbury Urquhart, W. Sion College gar- dens Vere, C. Cloth Fair Walden, J. and M. Hackney Wharton, J. and W. Leominster Whiteside, R. H. Fisher, and T. Hastle, Whitehaven Whitebrook, J. Chester Stafford White, U. Edingley Cotton Mill, Nottinghamshire Wylie, H. and W. J. Richardson, Abchurch-lane, and Johnson, J. B. Houndsditch M. Li Joseph, verpool tershire MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ——=— GeLp winds and frequent atmospheric vicissitudes have rendered the present a late, ungenial, and, to adopt the phrase of a former day, influenzal scason, The state of the weather has been particularly fatal to the aged and the invalid; and the flocks and herds have had their share of suffering. Both fattening and store stock have been hitherto very backward in proof; and the ewes and lambs in the north and west, and even in districts more favourably situated, have suffered greatly. The fall of lambs was a full average, as to number and size ; but many perished under the inclemency of the season, and far more dwindled away, starved from want of milk in the ewes, which had little or no nourishment for their support. No grass followed the turnips, which were destroyed by the frost. It was fortunate that an unusual quantity of autumnal, or stubble, turnips, was sown after the last harvest ; but of the Swedes, the great dependence for late spring keep, no season has hitherto seen a sufficiently extensive crop. Straw has been very dear; in some counties, equal to hay, weight for weight. The difficulties of the season, however great, have been surmounted ; the weather has been more favourable of late, leaving the soil in a fine friable state ¢ and sowing the spring corn, pulse, and seed crops, is nearly finished, barley being the latest. Votatoe-planting bas commenced, and the turnip lands ave likely to be in fine order. Montary Mac, No, 381, Hoeing, and rolling the wheats, have been successfully performed. Wheat, fortu- nately, is a hardy plant; tle general ap- pearance of the crop is good, and, under favourable auspices, may prove highly productive, to which thinness of plant in early spring is not always a bar, perhaps more often anadvantage, Tares, clovers, and grasses, are mending, but will be late, and most probably the harvest also. Wheat seems still on the advantage ; and, it is supposed, the quantity sown last season was somewhat curtailed. The meat mar- kets remain very steady to the late rise in price, supported by an immense and unfailing demand. Beef, particularly, has paid the feeder well, the stores having been purchased at very favourable prices, Hops and wool remain stationary. Con- necting the large abatements of rent and tithe with the advance of produce, the situation of the whole farming interest must be considerably improved. That those unfortunate farmers who had no stock on hand to meet the advance can receive no present benefits, must be classed rather with general than peculiar misfortune. We do not intend, however, to suggest, that either the present or a farther temporary advance of prices, can save the agriculture of the country, or re- Store its original prosperity. Smithficld:—Beef, 3s. 4d. to 4s. Gd.— Mutton, 4s, 4d. to 4s. 8d.—Veal, 4s, to 5% 4d.—Pork, 3s. Gd. to 4s, 8d.—Trish 3B bacon, 370 bacon, 3s. to 3s. 2d.—English, 38. 10d. to: 4s.—Raw fat, 2s. 1d. per stone. Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 40s. to 66s. —Barley, 26s, to 40s.—Oats, 20s. to 32s. —London price of best bread, 4lb. for 9d. " Political Affairs in April. [May 1; . —Hay, 60s. to 90s.—Clover, do. 70s. to 100s.—Straw, 42s. to 60s. Coals in the pool, 33s. 6d, to 483, 6d. Middlesex ; April 21. : POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN APRIL. — , GREAT BRITAIN. rae unprincipled invasion of Spain is the topic which has en- grossed the attention of the public dur- ing the past month. The diplomatic papers have been laid before parlia- ment ; and it appears, that the French ininistry have had the address to secure a pledge of the neutrality of the British government, come what may; that this government, so forward to resist ag- gressions of popular governments, chooses to be neutral while despots commit aggressions ; and that the British ministers laboured, at the same time, to persuade the Spanish patriots to submit to such modifications of their constitution as would place their lives, fortunes, and liberties, at the mercy of the perfidious Ferdinand. This crooked policy has led to various interesting debates in both Houses of Parliament, in which Earl Grey, Lord Ellenbo- rough, Mr. Brougham, Mr. Macdonald, Sir R. Wilson, and others, have arraigned ministers; while they have been defended by Mr. Canning, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Harrowby, and the Duke of Buckingham, sup- ported by large majorities. We are friends of peace, or rather enemies of war; and, as such, deprecate the equi- vocal conduct of ministers, persuaded that, if they bad evinced a determina- tion to support the just and_ holy cause of Spain, the attack of France dare not have been made, and peace would thus have been preserved. But by pledging themselves to neutrality, while a strong power was assailing a weaker one, they have countenanced the injustice; and will, indirectly, be answerable for the consequences which may ensue. We have. no apprehen- sions in regard to the issue of the contest; but the discordance of opi- nions, and the conflict of interests in Spain, encouraged by foreign armies, must lead to slaughters, proseriptions, and bloodshed, at the contemplation of which we shudder; while, as appears to us, the whole might have been pre- vented by a different attitude being assumed by the British government. On the 23d, Lord Ellenborough opened a debate in the House of Peers, and stated that, when King Ferdinand returned to Spain in 1814, he had determined to march upon Madrid with whatever troops he could collect, and destroy the Consti- tution of the Cortes. When subsequently. he reached Madrid, he put an end to the Constitution, and ordered the arrest of those individuals who had been the chief advocates of freedom, and the chief means of bringing that Constitution into ope- ration, and many of whom were prose- cuted, and severely punished. In 1815, King Ferdinand, finding that 32 indivi- duals of those he had alluded to still remained unsentenced, himself sent to the Tribunals a command to hasten their proceedings; they returned for answer that they could find nothing against the individuals pointed out. A Special Tri- bunal was then resorted to, which came to the same conclusion. King Ferdinand then, on his own despotic authority, although no Tribunal could find any thing against them, sentenced these individuals to various punishments. Amongst others Arguelles, who had heen eminently dis- tinguished for his eloquence and patriot- ism, was sentenced to serve for eight years as a common soldier in the garrison of Ceuta. It was here that King Ferdi- nand, on suppressing the Constitution of the Cortes, issued a Declaration, stating his intention of summoning the ancient Cortes, and promising that there should be a limited liberty of the -press, and that Taxes should not in future be levied without the common consent of the King and the representatives of the people. It was a matter of notoriety that none of these promises were fulfilled; and the circumstances were also matter of noto- riety, which at length led to the revo- lution, which restored the Constitution of the Cortes. At the meeting of the Sove- reigns at Trappau in December 1820, the affairs of Spain were mentioned, but the protest of the late Marquess of Londonderry effectually prevented any foreign interference in the internal affairs of Spain, and it appeared that when the Spanish Government, alarmed by the foreign intervention in» the affairs of Naples and Piedmont, requested a dis- tinet disavowal of any intention to inter- fere in the affairs of Spain, an express assurance was given that no such i jon hi ‘ 1823.] tion existed. From this period nothing was heard of interference by the Allied Powers in the internal affairs of Spain, until the 21st of September, 1822, when the Duke of Wellington appeared first to have understood that the affairs of Spain were to be discussed at the Congress of Verona. From these facts and circum- stances, from the conduct of the Allied Powers in crushing every effort of liberty in Germany, in Piedmont, and in Naples, and from the determination now acted upon with regard to Spain, he thought himself entitled to draw two conclusions ; first, that the influence of the late Mar- guess of Londonderry had, up to the period of his death, prevented any inter- ference in the affairs of Spain; and secondly, that the contest now embarked in Spain, was a contest between the principle of despotism and the spirit of liberty. ‘he conduct of the Allied Powers in Germany, in Naples, and in Piedmont, left indeed no doubt of their desire to extinguish every remnant of freedom ; but the now unprincipled inter- ference in the affairs of Spain, put an end to all possibility of doubt as to their real object and intentions, Nothing short of the utter extinction of ali freedom would satisfy them; and, should they succeed in their unprincipled designs in Spaia, should despotism through their means again triumph in that state, could there be a doubt that their next efforts would be directed against this country, against that Parliament which was the tribunal of Europe, against that press which was the refuge of the oppressed, and the shield of freedom? The whole conduct of the Allicd Powers clearly showed, that nothing short of the utter extinction of liberty, and the supreme triumph of despotism, would satisfy them, or be commensurate with the designs they now entertained. Ministers received the dispatch of the Duke of Wellington on the 24th of September, stating the iuten- tion of bringing forward the affairs of Spain at the Congress of Verona; and on the 27th, only three days afterwards, an ‘answer was returned by Mr. Secretary Canning, that ‘‘If there be a determined project to interfere by force or by menace in the present struggle in Spain, so convinced are his Majesty’s Govern- of the uselessness and danger of any such interference, so objectionable does it appear to them in principle, as well as utterly impracticable in execution, that when the necessity arises, or (1 would rather say) when the opportunity offers, I am to instruct your Grace at once frankly and peremptorily to declare, that to any such interference, come what may, His Majesty will not be a party.” The Duke having ‘returped from Verona, it appeared to bave been determined to Political Affairs in April. 371 send Lord Fitzroy Somerset to Madrid; and he now came to the memorandum of the Noble Duke, written upon that occa- sion for Lord Fitzroy Somerset, ‘‘ that the powers and prerogatives assigned to the King of Spain in the system sliould be such as to enable him to perform his duties, and such as in reason a King ought to be satisfied with.” What.a King onght to be satistied with, or would be satisfied with, was, indeed, very diffi- cult to ascertain ; but it was clear that the duties of a King, under a Constitution, must involve the powers and prerogatives to perform them, otherwise it would be a manifest absurdity. But the’ memoran- dum went on to say that the King must be satisfied ; and what King was it that was to be satisfied? the very King who had shown by his previous conduct that he would be satisfied with nothing short of despotic power. What, however, were the Spaniards called upon to do? to make certain alterations in their Constitution, in which case it was observed, ‘the continuance of the Army of Observation would be an useless expense, and. there is no doubt that it would be immediately withdrawn.” Thus Spain was called upon to do that which she could not do without admitting that very principle of inter- ference which was contended against, because it could not be done under the circumstances of the negociation, as it had then turned, but at the dictation of France as well as of the Allied Powers. It was of importance, however, to refer toa note of Mr. Canning, dated the 10th January, asserting that no objection was stated to the precautionary measures of France “against those inconveniences which might possibly arise to France from civil contest in a country separated from France only by a conventional line of demarcation, against the moral infec- tion of political intrigue, and against the violation of the French territory by occa- sional military incursions.” Mr. Canning seemed to be aware of the importance of the concession he was then making ; for immediately after he stated, in a note to Sir William A’Court, that the Army of Observation was hkely to present the greatest difficulty in the way of media- tion, —In a subsequent dispatch to Sir Wm. A’Court, dated January 11, Mr. Canning used the following words ;— “Till France shall withdraw. her Army of Observation, there is no security against such hazards. France cannot withdraw her army, it is fair to admit, without some cause to assign for doing so. The only cause to be assigned must be some satistactory assurances received from Spain.” The moment Mr. Canning made the admission, he allowed France a justification upon which she might rest the defence of her conduct. Accordingly i 372 it would appear that his rival and success-. ful negociator, M. Chateaubriand, hailed it witha triumphant pleasure in a dis- patch dated January the 23d. In that dispatch the French Minister stated, “The Duke of Wellingtcn made no objection, in the name of the King his master, to the precautionary measures taken by France on her own frontiers, whilst these measures were evidently authorised by the right of defending herself, not only against the dangers of infectious disease, but also against the moral contagion of political intrigue, and finally against the violation of the French territory by casual military incursions.’ The whole case of France might certainly he justified on this single admission of Mry Canning. In the dispatch of Sir Charles Stuart to Mr. Canning, dated Jan. 23, it was stated that, “ without questioning the sincerity of his Majesty’s Government to maintain peace, he (the French Minister) is convinced that it is impossible seriously to press the subject on the Spanish Government in sufficient time to lead to the result we desire.’”— It concluded with stating—* The fan- guage of the French Ministers shows that they would be glad to avail themselves of an amnesty, accompanied by any change, however trifling, if brought about by the authority of the King of Spain, which. might enable them to avoid a declaration of war.” ‘There was, how- ever, another dispatch, of the same date, which asserted that nothing would do but a surrender of the Constitution. It would appear from the communication of M. Chateaubriand to Mr. Canning, dated January 23d, but not received till the 27th, that the King of France’s Speech was repeated in substance; and it was not till the 28th of January that Mr. Canning thought proper, for the first time, to make a declaration against the principle of in- terfering with the internal concerns of independent states. Even then he did not make it in the manner of a strong and open protest addressed to France, and in the face of Europe, but in a private letter to our Minister abroad, in which the propriety of keeping up the negociation was still urged, though M. Chateaubriand had given them to under- stand that France would not then be satisfied with any thing short of submis- sion on the part of Spain. In the dis- patch of the 28th of January, Mr. Canning made an admission such as never -was made before by a Minister of this country ; namely, that it was for the sake of France, and at her desire, that we were suggesting to Spain, in a tone of friendly counsel, alterations similar to those which France was proposing as the alternative of hostilities. Again, with respect to the Speech of the King, Political Affairs in April. | May 1,; after M. Chateanbriand had urged in. its, favour the necessity of using strong lan- guage to the Chambers—with the Speech itself before him, and the dispatches that referred to it—Mr. Canning thonght it advisable to suggest to the French Minister that the Speech was open to two interpretations. M. Chateaubriand was of course again delighted with this instance of credulity, and, contrary to his own previous declarations, he set about explaining it away. If there wanted any other evidence to show that France had all along desired the surrender of the Constitution of Spain in favour of absolute power, the note presented to the King of Spain by M, Lagarde, and transmitted by Sir Wm. A’Court to this Government, was a sufficient proof. M, Chateaubriand, seeing how anxious Mr. Canning was that the negociation should g0 on, and seeing that it could not pro- duce the smallest mischief to the views entertained by his» own Government, informed Mr. Canning, in a dispatch dated Feb. the 10th, that, if the Spaniards would consent to create a second Cham- ber, military operations should cease. In answer to that communication, which did not arrive til] the 19th of February, Mr, Canning forwarded a long note to Sir C. Stuart, the object of which was, plainly to make out a case for Parliament, Such were the negociatious which had terminated in war; and a war, the result of which Ministers themselves admitted that no human foresight could calculate, On the 7th of July, France created a counter-revolution in Spain, and that justified her in forming an Army of Observation. While she pretended to be the friend of peace, she had sent out to the West Indies with a view of promoting war. If they thought. it honourable insidiously to endeavour to undermine the efforts of a free people, for the sake of a Monarch who went to his throne on the baggage of tle British army, they might resist the Address which he was about to move. If they did so, he would only pray that posterity would have mercy on them. If, on the other hand, they were desirous to see the Sovereign of England resume his proper place, which was not at the head of despotic Sovereigns, but of indepen- dent States, they would agree to the Address which he should now propose.— His Lordship then moved an Address, thanking bis Majesty for having ordered the Papers relating to the late negocia- tions, to be laid .before the House; expressing their regret that the imter- ference of this conntry for the preser- vation of peace had proved ineffectual; and at the same time their opinion that the manner in which the negociations had been conducted by his Majesty’s Ministers Was 1823.] was not likely. to’ be attended with advantage. The Address: proceeded to state, that it appeared to the House, that the French King, had, in violation of the rights of independent nations, attacked) Spain, while the British Ministers suggest- ed to the Spanish people the propriety of making such alterations in the Consti- tation of their country as France required, the same Ministers having manifested, in the course of their negociations, more solicitude to obtain advantages for France than for Spain. © That on a review of the whole conduct of the French Govern- ment, the House were of opinion that no reliance could be placed in her good faith, and that the object of her policy was to obtain an ascendancy over Spain, which it was the mtention of so many treaties tv prevent. Having marked their strong disapprobation of the whole pro- ceedings of our Government, as well as that of Franee, the Address concluded with expressing an opinion, that a more frank and decided policy upon our-part, if adopted in the first instance, would have prevented the war. The Earl of Harrowby said, the real question was, whether war or peace was preferable at the present moment ; and the loose language of the Address, if it meant any thing, meant that we ought to go to war, or at least to threaten war, as an assistance to our negociations. The great question was, whether England was bound, in rescue of her honour and her interests, to go to war in the cause of Spain? If the object of England was, as it nndonbtedly was—conciliation, was it her business to do more than she did? In the years 1820 and 1821, England publicly stated the rules which she intended should guide her conduct and regniate her policy.—The interposi- tion of England was confined to advice and remonstrance, to a representation of the effect which the measures of France would have upon the interests of other nations, The tone which she held was conciliatory, but it was neh more likely to produce eftect than hos- tile language, which might give offence without gaining any point. England did not assume a more decided tone, because she was anxious at all events to avoida war; it was for their Lo:dships to say whether that policy was sound, or whe- ther this country ought to rush into a war in support of the Spanish Consti- tution, and what was called the liberty of Spain, What was the cause of Spain? —their Lordships could not say with any thing like confidence to which side the Spanish Natiowinclined. Ina war where France would appear on one side and England on the other, it would perhaps be difficult to find out which party would have the greater number of auxi- Political Affairs in April. 373. liaries in Spain, Divided as the Spamisla © nation was, her people split into parties, . and taking different views, it would snrely be most) unwise on the part of England to take any hostile step unless her own interests were deeply and imme- diately concerned. If England were to: menace France, France sure as she was of the support and co-operation of the otlier Great Powers of Europe, a tempta-. tion would have been atforded: to. her, whicly fiesh and blood conld searzely -be able to resist. Every party in France,: even that party which was most opposed to the general views of Government,- would have exulted in the idea of ai war against England—a war formidable. to this country, smpported by the Powers. or the Continent. At present, on the, part of England, war was not necessary, : was not politic, and in no view of the case couid it be desirable in the eyes of reflecting men. The Noble Lord had said, that France, should she succeed against Spain, would next attack Portu- gal, a Power which England was bound by. Treaty to protect; and then the Noble Lord had asked, what would be: ’ the situation of England, if France should make an attack upon Portugal? © But: why did the Noble Lord anticipate that: attack? Was it not natural to: suppose that, in the event of France succeeding: against Spain, she would not be anxious to escape a fresh contest, a contest in. which she would have no cbject of in- terest? but, should France take hostile. steps against Portugal, that country: would call upon England -to fulfil her treaties—Engliand in such a case, not as: the ally of Revolutionary Governments(!J/ ) but in that honourable and necessary situation in which circumstances and Treaties would place her. It was to be lamented that efforts had not, been made to avoid hostilities between France and Spain, Advice that had been given to Spain to alter her Constitution, was not accompanied by any menace, it was not given with any hostile feeling, but in the hope that a Constitution which admitted: of so much improvement would have undergone some modification. Lord Hollend said, that no noble lord in that house, no unprejudiced man in the country, could avoid coming to the conclu- sion that his Majesty’s ministers had been duped, grossly duped, in their late nego- ciations with France. His great objec- tion to the whole of the course pursued by our government was, that from beginning to end of the negociations, there appeared to have been a decided preference given to the interests of the Bourbons; to the total neglect of those of our own or of other countrics. Now he would for a moment suppose Prince Metternich and Count Nesselrode anxiously considering the mean- “ ing 374 ing of the declarations of our ministers, and, failing to come to any satisfactory conclusion, they (as a matter of necessity) would look to what the conduct of the British cabinet had beeu with respect to Naples, in favour of ‘whom we had made similar declarations. What then would they find the policy of England to have been upon that occasion? They would find that we had stood at the door while the foulest aggressions were perpetrated ; they would find that, though there had been upon our parts some pouting at first, there had been no reluctance expressed, there had been no strong expression of those feelings which it was expected would have actuated a British ministry. What- ever might be urged against the Spanish constitution, as it now stood, he found that the Emperor Alexander himself had at one time guaranteed the protection of the Spa- nish constitution, upon which it was now urged, as.a reason for opposing it, that the Spaniards themselves could not agree, The first hereditary constitution of Spain was this very constitution established by the King and the Cortes; and the ma- terial distinction between Spain and Eng- land was, that in this country the succes- sion to the monarchy was by hereditary right, while in Spain it had been by elec- tion ; and that there existed a law which rendered the conseut of the Cortes neces- sary to the validity of legislative enact- ment. He had heard many objections made by the French to the constitution of Spain, one of which was, that they had not two chambers; it was urged that they ought to possess two chambers, and also a higher qualification for members. Amongst the objections made to the constitution, hie found it stated that the King of Spain could not marry without the consent of the Cortes ; that he could not select a consort of his own free will; next came the noble duke, who said, “ that the king could not exercise his functions ;” and then came the famous Chateaubriand, who dbjected that the Spanish king could not go to watering places; it was further urged, that the chamber, or Cortes, were not trust-wor- thy, and that therefore it was necessary to select members from the higher classes, Another objection to the constitution of Spain was, that it admitted to a certain extent the freedom of the press. He ob- served, in conclusion, that one failure in the late negociations had been produced partly by error in judgment, but in a greater degree by a want of that firmness which we ought to have maintained; and that in consequence we had lost the glori- ous opportunity of resuming our ancient station amongst the nations of Europe, and of becoming the patrons and advocates of liberty all over the world. Lord Granville moved an amendment, expressing the ate of the House Political Affairs in April. [May 1, in the principles laid down in the papers communicated to them, and their satis- faction at the manner in which they had been applied during the late negociations, though lamenting that the efforts to pre- serve the peace of Europe had been un- successful, and declaring that they should be at all times ready to give their cordial support to all measures which might be necessary to vindicate the honour of his majesty’s crown, and the interests of the country. : The Duke of Buckingham said, the sup- porters of the Address told them that their policy was neutrality—their spirit was war. He did not forget the horrors of revolutionary times, the misery of revo- Intionary warfare, the dreadful result of the spreading of revolutionary doctrines over Europe. He saw little in Spain but the continuation of those doctrines. Noble lords might make his declarations the subject of derision and obloquy; but there was not one who on retiring to his closet could conceal from himself that the spirit of revolution was as ripe in Europe as ever, and was endeavonring, by means of military insurrections and Carbonari se- cret associations, to overturn all esta- blished institutions. The Earl of Aberdeen vindicated the conduct of the Duke of Wellington in the conferences at Verona; and maintained, that if menacing language had been held, it would have produced a contrary result to that upon which the noble lords oppo- site had calculated. Had the noble duke advocated a system of policy which might have plunged this country into a war, might he not have been accused, as his predecessor the Duke of Marlborough had been accused, of adopting that course with a view of furnishing a fresh field for his own personal exertions. £arl Darnley disclaimed the imputation which had been thrown upon his noble friends of blaming bis majesty’s ministers for having preserved peace. They blamed his majesty’s ministers, not for having preserved peace, but for having adopted a line of policy which was Jeast calculated to preserve peace. The line of policy pursued through the whole course of the negociations was calculated to establish principles of despotism and bigotry, in opposition to those of liberty and to- leration, The Duke of Wellington said, the go- vernment, of which he formed a part, had determined to adopt the line of neutrality; he went to Verona with instructions to act upon that policy, and in the spirit of those in- structions hehad carried on the conferences with the other ministers. When he took a part in the conferences at Verona, he was not before a House of Parliament, nor before a Britis’ public, but before an assemblage of foreign ministeys, to he C) 1823.] he felt it necessary to address such ar- gznments as were most likely to be bene- ficial to his country, and to the interests of Europe. He had used every argument which his experience in Spain could sug- gest to dissuade the French government, and the ministers of the allies, from inter- fering in the affairs of Spain. He had not felt it his duty to insult the sovereigns and their ministers by introducing into the discussions topics upon which he knew a difference of opinion subsisted ;and he had therefore urged those topics which, from his own personal influence and means of information, were best calculated to pro- duce an effect. He defended the dispatch which he had transmitted to Madrid by Lord Fitzroy Somerset, and maintained that some change in the Spanish Consti- tution was desirable. Earl Grey spoke to the following effect. —Much as I deprecate the conduct of France, sincerely as I deplore that the in- terference of this country has not been di- rected to a more important issue—and deeply as I lament that the manner in which our interference has been made, has been that of wishing Spain to alter her constitution—all that could possibly have resulted from this negociation was the mere preservation of neutrality on the part of this country, at the same time that France was committing an aggression upon Spain. Vainly would the present power hope to conquer that country, which had not been conquered by Napoleon in all his strength. But, come what would, this was to be our consolation, that Great Britain was to have nothing to do with it. This country was not to maintain that high and commanding attitude which her power would entitle her to maintain. She was to sit in idle neutrality till all those principles which she had formerly de- fended were destroyed. In the whole of this negociation, there has been a dispo- sition to make concessions in favour of France, but at the same time to withhold every thing from Spain. I may refer to the French army of observation—I may ask whether any objection to its formation was offered by this country? whether we once asked if this army might not have an object ulterior to that of guarding the French frontier? It was well known that this army was kept, not for guarding France, but for the purpose of encourag- ing insurrection among the people of Spain, and furnishing money for that pur- pose. Yes, it was for this perfidious and disgraceful purpose. I say, my lords, that this is the fact, and that the noble duke must have known that this army was raised and employed for those purposes. Was it not well known that so early as the 7th of June, before these negociations were opened, the French army on the frontier of Spain had its name changed Public Affairs in April. 375 from a cordon sunitaire, which it had first professed. to be, for the preventing of an epidemic fever from spreading across the Pyrenees, for that of an army of observa- tion? ‘That it encouraged the disaffected subjects of the Spanish government—ad- mitted them within its lines for protec- tion—that they were regularly supplied with money—and that an agent of theirs had been received at Paris, The govern- ment had this knowledge, and yet it called upon Spain to make concessions, while at the hand of France no demand was made. This is the state of the ques- tion—the army of observation was not placed there for the purposes or the de- fence of France, but for fomenting insur- rections in Spain. With regard again to the negociations—the attempts at nego- ciation he should call them—I feel war- ranted in saying, that they had been for- ward to show favour to France, and had not done even justice to Spain; and when I think of this I cannot but feel shame at the part which has been acted by this country. France dared to exact from Spain a change of her Constitution; and what has been done by the ministry of this country ? Why they have been all kind- ness and politeness with the aggressor, and they have consented to yo to Spain and ask her to alter the form of her govern- ment, while they have made no such pro- posal with regard to France! The Marquess of Lansdown complained that many parts of the noble earl’s (Lord Harrowby’s) speech were calculated to put the question on grounds that were - perfectly false, and particularly his con- cluding remarks on the general state of Europe. He regretted as much as the noble earl could, that opinions had been adopted abroad, which if pushed to extre- mity must bring down ruin and disgrace ; but when he talked of preserving an ab- solute neutrality, it was unfair to describe the question as a question between mo- narchy and democracy, It was.a question between independence and tyranny, Was the noble earl prepared to contend that there existed on the part of Spain a dis- position- to apply her democratic iustitu- tions (if he would call them so). to other countries by force? No, it was not on the part of Spain, nor on the side of de- mocracy, that the world was threatened with evils, but from the attempt to set up a military tyranny in the heart of Enrope, to interfere with the inalienable right of nations to be governed either under a monarchical, or any other form which they might prefer. The House proceeded to a division, in which the numbers were— Contents—Present, 96—— Proxies, 46—142. Non-Con.—Present, 29— Proxies, 19—48, Majority in favour of the Amendment, 94, n the same day Lord John Russell, in 376 in the House of Commons, after a most able speech, moved that the present state of the representation of the peo- ple in parliament required the most serious consideration of that House ; which, after a long debate, was nega- tived by 280 to 169, a greater minority, however, than has heretofore supported this great question. SPAIN. Early in the month the Bourbon banditti, accompanied by a train of Spanish monks, and their ignorant worshippers, entered Spain on the north-west frontier. The policy of the Spaniards heing to allow these slaves and fanatics to extend their line and divide themselves, the Spanish army under Ballasteros has fallen back to the left as the others advanced; and hence these latter have pushed for- ward, with trifling opposition, even to Burgos. They have left St. Sebastian and Pampeluna in their rear; and, at the former place, the garrison re- pulsed an approach by a considerable slaughter of the banditt?. At Logrono on the Ebro, also, a small corps of 700 Spaniards opposed some_ resistance ; but were forced, by superior numbers, to retire. Oudinot, Duke of Reggio, who once made a figure in honourable campaigns, disgraces himself by lead- ing the advanced bodies of these in- ‘waders of a peaceful nation, and the left: wing is assigned to Molitor, a name which once was respectable. * Old Marshal Moncey, who served under Dumourier in Champaigne, commands the south-east army; and, Incidents in and near London. [May 1, on the 18th,-his division entered Spain, but also met with no enemy. If these invaders: were to be. per- mitted to enter Spain, and were not attacked as they deserved in France, ripe as that country is for insurrection, then, perhaps, the best plan is to allow them to scatter themselves, and so destroy them in detail. We entertain some apprehensions, however, fromthe general ignorance of the Spanish po- pulation, and the consequent influ- ence of the monks who follow in the train of this legitimate dandiéti. The king and the Cortes, however, have removed to Seville; and, all that can be effected by activity and patri- otism, will be performed by Mina and Ballesteros in the northern provinces. Spain is now in the exact moral and public state of France in 1791-2, when France was invaded with equal wick- edness by the Prussians and Austrians. We hope Spain will also have her Dumouriers, Vayettes, Barreres, and Carnots, and will equally avenge her- self on slaves, who, by wanton inva- sion, place themselves without the pale of the law of nations. x Those of our readers who desire to see a true picture of the invaders, and their monkish auxiliaries, should consult TuHier’s late Travels. in the Pyrences. ; PORTUGAL. An insurrection, fostered and excit- ed by the despots and priests, in the northern provinces of this free kingdom, has happily ended in the destruction of those engaged in it. ‘INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, ann DEATHS, IN anp nEAaR LONDON, With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased. ——— CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. PRIL 4.—A general meeting was held at the London Tavern, of the friends of a general Steam-vessel Company, for the purpose of trading, and carrying passen- gers to and fron) foreign ports. Mr. Joliife stated the objects of the meeting, and moved a resolution, that the subscrip- tion be kept open until the 24th of June. —7—Mr. Fyshe Palmer, m.p. for Reading, obtained 2001. damages, from the Sheriti’s Court of Surrey, of Mr. Nicholas Bull, for a false and wanton libel. — 9.—Intelligence received, that the Tennessee stceam-boat, bound from New Orleans to Louisville, was lost, and 30 passengers drowned. - — 9,—A respectable mecting of mer- chants, and others concerned in the wool - and woollen trade, was held at the King’s Head Tavern, in the Poultry, to petition parliament for the repeal of the Tax on Foreign Wool. — 15.—About 300 of the freeholders of Middlesex held their anniversary dinner at the Mermaid ‘Tavern, Hackney, to cele- brate the return of G. Byng and S, C, Whitbread, esqrs. — 16.—Intelligence received that a dreadful fire had happened at Constanti- nople :—12,000 houses, three extensive barracks, thirty mosques and chapels, and nearly 400 boats, were consumed, and 400 persons lost their lives. ‘ — 17,.—The Catholic question virtually Jost in the Honse of Commons by an adjournment; but, previous to the divi- sion, many members withdrew in disgust. —. A committee has recently been established in London to aid the Greek cause ; 1823.] eanse ; Lords Dacre, Erskine, and Ebring- ton, Sir Francis Burdett, Mr. Ricardo, Mr. Z. Macauley, are on the committee. — 26.—Twenty-one survivors of the crew of a Datch ship, on her alledged voy- age to Portugal, were this day acquitted at the Old Bailey on a capital charge for having resisted a revenue-cutter on the coast of France, which fired into them, and killed and wounded many of them. Tt appeared, moreover, that the eargo was foreign property, and more than half the crew foreigners. The verdict was hailed. MARRIED. Mr. Peter Duncan, jun. of Finsbury- place, to Miss J. Martin, of Ilford, At Lambeth, J. Keeling, jun. esq. of Broxborne, Herts, to Miss M. Howard, of Brixton. At St. George’s, Borough, Mr. J. E. Rogers, of Fleet-street, to Miss H. Dresser, of the London-road, St. George’s-fields. J. L. Fenoulhet, esq. of Hatton-garden, to Miss E. A. Ensor, of Totteridge-lodge, Herts. Mr. S. Booth, of London, to Miss E. Harris, of Evan’s-farm, near St. Alban’s. R. H. Millington, esq. to Miss M. J. Burne, of Walworth. The Rey. C. E. Smith, of Otterden, Kent, to Miss H. French, of Bow. Capt. J. Lindsay, Grenadier Guards, to Anne, danghter of Sir Coutts Trotter, bart. of Grosvenor-square. ' C. Calvert, esq. M.p. to Jane, daughter of Sir Wm. Rowley, bart. m.P. At St. George’s-in-the-East, Mr. Samuel Bridge, jun. to Miss E. Choat, of Great Winsey Hall, Finchingfield, Essex. The Duke of St. Alban’s, to Mrs. Cuthbert. Lord Petre, to Miss Howard. M. Dipnall, esq. of the Custom-house, London, to Miss A. Ward, of Liverpool. At St. Mary-la-bonne New Church, H. Lucas, M.D. to Miss Howel. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Mr. J. Stamford, to Miss E, Gurnell, of Old Ma- nor-street, Chelsea. H. Jepson, esq. of Hampton, to Ann, daughter of the late Colonel Bland, of the E. I. Co,’s service. W. B. Baring, esq. to Lady Harriet M. Montagu. | Col. Adams, of Great Ormond-street, to Miss G. White, of Selborne, Hants. S. Vieusseux, esq. of Charlotte-strect, Redford-square, to Miss Mercier, of Bed- ford-place. At St. Mary-le-bone Chureh, J. Brown- ing, esq. to Miss H. A, E. Jackson, late of Hanover-street, Hanover-square. H. Turnley, ésq. of America-square, to Miss Mary Haffiman, late of Bishopsgate- street. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, A. F. Greville, esq. to Charlotte Maria, daughter of R. H. Cox, esq, Monrtucy Mac. No, 381. Deaths in and near London. 377 The Duke of Norfolk, to Lady Maty Anne, widow of Sir Thomas Gage, bart. At Mary-le-bonne Church, G. Jackson, esq. to Miss E. M. Lodington, of Park-cres- cent, Portland-place. F. Cass, esq. of Beaulieau-lodge, Winch- more-hill, to Miss M. Potter, of Ponders’- end. Mr, I. Walker, to Miss S. Taylor, both of Southgate. : Mr. W. Oliver, of Hanwell, Middlesex, to Miss Mary Whyman, of Longthorpe, Northamptonshire. At the Friends’ Meeting-house, Winch- more-hill, John Sims, m.p. of Cavendish- square, to Lydia Dillwyn, of Higham- lodge, Walthamstow. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Capt. R. B. Edwards, 13th Dragoons, to Miss E, M. Murries, of Ardelybury-house, Herts. At Stratford, Lieut. A. Barton, R.m. to Miss E. Gardner, of Deal. At St. Paneras New Church, Sir J, D. Hay, bart. of Park-place, Wigtonshire, to Miss A, Hawthorn, of Brunswick-square. DIED. At Haverstock-hill, Peter Wallis, esq. At Queenhithe, 64, Matthew Beachcroft, esq. late lient.-col. of the Light Horse Vo- lunteers of London and Westminster, and an eminent merchant. In Portland-place, 62, Thomas Parker, esq. of Vere, Jamaica. In Great James-street, Bedford-row, Samucl Dickenson, esq. c At. Burwood-park, Surrey, Mury, wife of J.C. Fyler, esq. At Feltham-hill, Middlesex, 89, Mrs. M. Lane, late of Old Burlington-street. At Waddon, Surrey, Anne, wife of Chas, Woodcock, esq. At Richmond, the Hon. Mary Needham, sister of the Earl of Kilmoney. At Pirbright-lodge, Surrey, 73, Andrew Stirling, esq. of Drumpellier, Lanarkshire. In St. Michacl’s-place, Brompton, 63, George Harrington, esq. In New Inn, 78, E. Fishwick, esq. In Park-street, Grosvenor-street, 85, J. S. Charlton, esq. In Bryanstone-square, Mrs, E.B. Roberts, sister to the late Rev. Dr. R. In Curzon-street, May Fair, Mary Ann, daughter of the Rev. William Goodenough, rector of Mareham-le-Fen, Lincolnshire. At Croydon, 86, John Crane, esq. At Staines, 79, John Thistlewood, esq. At Kensington, JV. Mair, esq. of Glassels, Scotland, a justice of the peace, and depu- ty-lieut. of Middlesex. In Hertford-street, May Fair, 51, Har- riet, wife of T. V. Cooke, esq. In Saville-row, Sir G. Gunning, bart. At Brompton, 19, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Mackintosh. 92, Elizabeth, wife of S, Stephenson, esq. of Great Queen street. 8C Hampstead, 91, In 378 In Wimpole-street, Mrs, M. Merry. In Portland place, 23, Miss C. Ratks. In Gerrard-street, Mrs. S. M. Winchester. _ At Kensington, Miss H. Barnes, of Loughton-hall, Essex. In Portland-place, 74, the Rev. Dr. Price, prebendary of Durham, and canon residentiary of Salisbury. In Half Moon-street, General Sir G. Beckwith, G.c.8. col. of the 89th regt. In Bolton-row, at an advanced age, Gen. James Balfour. In Derby-street, Westminster, H, Gun- nell, esq. fifty-three years one of the Clerks of the House of Commons. In Baker-street, Portman-square, 71, S. Bonhan, esq. : John Haighton, M.D. F.R.8. many years lecturer on midwifery and physiology in the Medical School of the United Hospi- tals, Southwark. At Teddington, Middlesex, 77, H. Wood, esq. of the King’s Remembrancer’s Office, Exchequer, Temple. In ‘Upper Berkeley-street, Portman- square, 74, Mrs. Fauquier, widow of Francis F. esq. of Stoney Thorpe, Warwickshire, In Cross-street, Islington, Margaret, wi- dow of Mr. W. Mudge, many years a re- spectable stationer at the Royal Exchange. 65, Susannah, wite of Richard Jones, esq. a wholesale stationer of Aldgate. At Gritton’s-hotel, Albemarle-street, 48, Sir Thomas Wetb, bart. In Bedford-square, Brighton, 73, Sir John Eamer, alderman of Langbourn-ward, and colonel of one of the city militias, Sir John was a native of Nottingham, brought up in the grocery trade, and many years at the head of a considerable wholesale house in Wood-street ; from which he had for several years retired. In his politics he was a Tory, and lent his civic support to the Pitt and other late administrations. Northumberland and Durham. [May 1, In Downing-college, Cambridge, Edwurd Christian, esq. chief justice of the Isle of Ely, a Commissioner of Bankrupts, and Downing Professor of Law in the univer- sity of Cambridge. Professor Christian has for many years been one of the most active political lawyers, and distinguished himself on many occasions by his opposi- tion to reform in the administration of the laws. He was the author of many books, and particularly of Notes on an edition of Blackstone, at present in general circula- tion. In his personal character he was urbane and liberal, and professionally pos- sessed a high reputation for sound learning. At Brighton, 82, Thomas Smith, esq. alderman of Farringdon-within, an amia- ble and much respected character, who was indebted for his advancement in life to his natural good sense, and the probity which distinguished his transactions. Next to the late Alderman Coombe, he was con- sidered as the best whist-player in the city of London, and for his skill in that game enjoyed an honourable reputation in the clubs at Brighton. In Bryanstone-square, Sir Charles Bam- fylde, bart. many years distinguished by his connexion with the turf, and as a man of rank and fortune few persons were better known. He met his death under the fol- lowing circumstances:—The husband of his housekeeper, who had lived with Sir Charles some years, and for whom, in con- sequence, be had rendered some pecuniary services, on an affront being put upon him, determined to avenge himself by their mu- tual deaths. He provided himself with a brace of horse-pistols ; and, as Sir Charles was returning to his house after his usual morning’s walk, the man discharged one pistol into his side, and with the other in- stantly blew his own head to pieces. Sir Charles lingered about ten days. PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last twenty-seven Years. —>>—_ NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. N the Northern districts the agricul- tural interest is represented to be in great distress. A late Newcastle Courant has advertisements announcing no less than 80 farms, containing 20,000 acres to let, Married.] Mr. J. Nixon, to Miss J. Lee; Mr. W. Johnson, of the New Road, to Miss E. Fairbairn, of Westzate-street; Mr. H. Monro, of Pilgrim-street, to. Miss Lightfoot; Mr. W. Hogg, to Miss J. Millett: all of Newcastle-—Mr. D. Hardy, of Newcastle, to Miss S. Neate, of Hex- ham.—Mr. Chambers, of Gateshead, to Mrs. Dickinson, of Prudhoe.—Mr, M, Scott, to Miss J. Hope: all of North Shields. —Mr. R. Fairlamb, jun. to Miss Thompson, both of Sunderland.—Mr. J. Hardy, of Sunderland, to Mrs. H. Felse, of Newcastle.—Mr. G.T. Prist, of Bishop- wearmouth, to Miss J. Winter, of Lamb- ton. Died.} At Newcastle, 71, Mr. W. Liddell, in Dean-street.— 54, Mrs. A. Gibson, much and deservedly respected.— 56, Mrs. Robson, in Sandgate.—63, Mrs. J. M‘ Kenzie.—26, Mr. R. Hindmarch.— In Charlotte-square, 69, Mrs. Crawford, deservedly regretted.—At Durham, 77, Mrs. Andrews, widow of John A. esq. At North Shields, 22, Miss M. Reed. — 64, Mrs. M. Mason.—75, Mrs. A. Murray. —56, Mr. G. Todd, much respected.— 33, Mr. J. Hutton,.-22, Mrs, C. Rich- ardson.— 1823.] Cumberland and Westmoreland—Yorkshire—Lancashive. ardson.—In Church-street, 48, Mrs. E. G, Vint. At Sunderland, 71, Mrs. A. Greatrix.— 74, Mr. S, R. Booth.—44, Mr. P. King. At Tynemouth, Mr. J. Johnston. At Darlington, 67, Mr. M. Wilson.—68, Mrs. J. Coates.—63, Mr. H. Johnson.— 91, Mrs. A. Thirkell. ’ CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. A mail-coach communication is about to be established between Whitehaven and Penrith. Married.| Mr. S. Burney, to Miss A. Blackhall; Mr. B. Kelly, to Mrs. R. Clinton; Mr. W. Main, to Miss J. Nixon; Mr. R. Cartner, to Miss Willoughby ; Mr. P, Conley, to Miss E. Armstrong: all of Carlisle—Mr. Handsome, of Carlisle, to Miss Dickinson, of _Lamplugh.—Mr. W. Randleson, of Carlisle, to Miss M. A. Briscoe, of Newton.—Mr. J. Wheatley, to Miss S. Roe; Mr. F. Parbleton, to Miss J. Shaw; Mr. T. Kelly, to Miss J. Bone; Mr. B. Robinson, to Miss A. Dodgson: all of WhitehavenmMr,. W. F. Shaw, to Miss D. Robinson, both of Kendal.—Mr. T. Dodgson, of Cleughside, to Miss G. Routledge, of Stub.—Mr. G. Gregg, of Bowness, to Miss M. Lambert, of Whinfell. Died.| At Carlisle, in English-street, 41, Mr. J. Snowdon.—In Botchergate, 56, Mrs. J. Lewthwaite.—In Caldewgate, 61, Mr. E. Armstrong.—-57, Mrs. J. Carson.—In Scotch-street, 63, Mrs. E. Wilkie.—At the Irish Gate, 32, Mrs. F. Elliot. At Whitehaven, 36, Mr. J. Joppin.— 92, Mr. S. Hinds. At Workington, 75, Mr. M. Boucher. At Maryport, 45, Mr. J. Johnston.— 30, Miss B. Robinson. At Kendall, 82, Mrs. M. Nicholson.— 26, Mr. W. Hellen.—47, Mr. J. Jones, of London, suddenly.—At Botcherby, Mrs, Barnes, wite of Adjutant B. YORKSHIRE. At the late York assizes, 42 prisoners were capitally convicted. William John- son, for murder, in the neighbourhood of Beverley, was executed. The merchants and manufacturers of Leeds lately agreed to petition the House of Commons for the repeal of the wool- tax, or the rejection of the clause relative to woollens in the warehousing bill. A paper was lately read to the Philo- sophical and Literary Society of Leeds, by Dr. Williamson, “ On the influence of ** Lord Bacon’s philosophical speculations “in promoting the progress of experi- “ mental science.” The Yorkshireman s(eam-ship lately arrived at Hull, from Antwerp. ‘This 1s the first steam-packet that has sailed from Hull to the Continent; she had only been thirty-one hours in performing the passage. 379. Married.| Mr. Woodburn, of York, to Mrs. R. Wood, of Leeds.x—Mr. J. Mit- chell, to Miss S. Holgate ; Mr. Rogerson, to Miss H. Sawyer; Mr. J. Stonehouse, to Miss A. Watson; Mr. C. Metcalf, to Miss H. Collison; Mr.. J. France, to Miss S. Mead; Mr. T. Cawood, to Miss M. Cawood: all of Leeds. —Mr. J. Dodgson, of Leeds, to Miss J. Walker, of Hunslet.—Mr. W.-Coates, of Leeds, to Miss M. Millburn, of Ainderby Steeple- —Mr. J. Appleyard, of Leeds, to Miss Jackson, of Penrith. Mr. G. Iveson, of Wakefield, to Miss Rawson, of Farnley. —Mr. R. Simpson, of Halifax, to Miss Crossley, of Northowram.—Mr. James Brice, of Pontefract, to Miss M. Fourness, of Halifax.—Mr. Braithwaite, of Whitby, to Miss Major, of Ruswarp.—Mr. Carrett, of Dewsbury, to Miss Golt, of Birstal. Died.] At York, at an advanced age,. Ann, widow of Robert Harrison, esq. At Leeds, 72, Eleanor; widow of Lucas Nicholson, esq.—Mrs, Addiman.—Mrs. Coney.—In North-town end, 82, Mrs. Cockroft, deservedly regretted.—In Park- square, 70, Mr, J. Reynolds, deservedly regretted.—55, Mr. James Dickinson.— Mrs, M. Smallpage.—51, Mrs. A. Barrett. —Mrs. Bramley.—46, Mr. J. Bradford.— Mr. W. Haigh.—41, Mr. M. Waddington. At Huddersfield, Mr. Jas. Stacey. At Halifax, 61, Mr. S. Gill.—60, Mr, E, Bottomley.—76, Mrs. G. Ellum. At Otley, Mr. D. Bradley, suddenly. At Rossington, 83, Mr. Hett, of Bawtry. —At Boroughbridge-hall, 350, Marma- duke Lawson, esq. late M.p. for Borough- bride.—At Ayton, 34, Mr. T. Noton, much respected.—At Skarrow Lodge, at an advanced age, Mrs. Cayley, widow of John C. esq. LANCASHIRE. The calendar of the late Lancaster assizes contained the names of 63 pri- soners; 26 were capilally convicted, but reprieved. The Alert Dublin-packet, on her voyage to Liverpool, was wrecked off the coast of Wales. In consequence of a powerful tide, she struck on the West Monse rock, and filled with wa- ter; all efforts to relieve her were una- vailable. Seventeen of the crew and pas- sengers reached the shore in a boat; but the remainder, consisting of 130 persons, men, women, and children, went down with the vessel. A memorial was lately presented from the Manchester Chamber of Commerce to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, requesting that a reduction may be made in the stamp duties on Bills of Exchange for sums of small amount. A society has recently been established at Liverpool, for promoting the abolition of slavery. Married.) Mr. R, Irvine, to Miss E. Hardiman ; 380 Hardiman; Mr. T. Aspinall, of George Leigh-street, to Miss B. Goodman; Mr. G. Woodhouse, to Miss M. A. Gardner: all of Manchester.—Mr. G. Stone, of Manchester, to Miss M. Lewis, of Chorl- ton-row.—Mr. J. Lean, of Moor-place, to Miss E, W. Leadon; Mr. Leggatt, to Miss Steel; Mr. J. Haydock, to Miss M. A. Antonie;, Mr. Newton, to Miss S. Mathias; Mr. T. Hendrick, to Miss E. Armstrong; Mr. J. Tyrer, to Miss E. Humphreys: all of Liverpool. Died.| At Manchester, 60, Mrs. H. Foxcroft, respected.—38, Mr. R. Weston, greatly regretted. At Liverpool, in Clarence-street, 25, Mr. W. Fletcher.—3¢, Mrs. M.Worral.— 53, Mr. Jas. Taylor.—90, Mrs. M. Brook- field.—In Edmund-street, 45, Mr. E. Basnett.—75, Mr. J. Beardsworth.—Mr. J. Bowker.— In Rodney-street, Miss Jane Birley, late of Blackburn.—In Temple-street, 62, Mr. R. Walker. . At Wigan, 36, Miss C, H. Entwisle, deservedly lamented. At Oldham, in Church-lane, John Lees, esq. ‘ CHESHIRE. At ‘the late assizes for this county, there were 35 prisoners for trial. Samuel Fellows, farmer, living near Stockport, was found guilty of the murder of a young woman, who was in a state of pregnancy by him, and executed. Married.] Mr. T. Shaw, to Miss Sefton, both of Chester.—George White, esq. of Green Bank, to Miss M. Bateman, of Chester.—Joseph Oakell, esq. of North- wich, to Miss E. Webster, of Strange- ways.—Mr. T. Livesley, to Miss Daven- port, both of Over.—Mr. J. Davies, of Frodsham, to Miss M. Fletcher, of Overton. Died.] At Chester, in Northgate-street, 91, Mrs. Podmore.—In Bridge-street, 51, Mrs. Phillips.—Mr. Jas. Jackson, gene- rally respected. At Middlewich, W. Taylor, esq. At Stockport, in the Hillgate, 30, Mr. Currie.—26, Mrs. S. Hidderley, of Chestergate. At Macclesfield, 75, Mrs. Frost. » At Malpas, 96, Mrs. Brett, late of Bickley, deservedly esteemed.—At Park- gate, Anne, wife of Mr. S. W. Ryley, author of the Itinerant. DERBYSHIRE. Several important trials took place at the late Derby assizes, relative to the right of the Crown to lands left by the sea on the Coast of Lincoln, and in which the fate of similar property all over the Kingdom is involved. The first issue in which Lord Yardborough was defendant, a verdict against the Crown was recorded. ‘The same result attended all the cases with the exception of one. \ Married.) Mr. T. Hodgkinson, to Miss Cheshire—Derby—Nottingham— Lincolnshire, &¢. [May ir E. Cope; Mr, J. Kirkland, to Miss E. Tomlinson: all of Derby.— Mr. W. Bryan, to Miss.S. Webster, of Chester- field.—Mr. G. Hewitt, of the Bump-mill, New Brampton, to Miss Hopkinson, of Chesterfield.—Mr. Chas, Young, of Crich, to Miss M. Allsop, of Lea.—Mr. | F. Phillips, of Ockbrook, to Miss F. Wil- kinson, of Giston Lodge.— Mr, R. Richardson, of Ticknall, to Miss. Brier, of Markeaton-park. Died.] At Derby, 68, Mrs. M. Slinn. At Ashborne, 65, Mrs. M. Cooley. At-West Pasture-house, near Alfre- ton, 88, Mr. S. Rickards.—At Radborne, 73, Mr. J. Bacon, much respected.—At Horsley-park, 62, Mrs. M. Else, greatly regretted.—At Burnaston, Mr. A. Wilder. —At Wirksworth, Mrs. M. Jebb. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, Married.) Mr. J. James, to Miss E. Simpkin ; Mr. J. Needham, to Miss E- Young; Mr. J. Morley, to Miss M. R. Allen; Mr. W. Hollingworth, to Miss M. Hibbert: all of Nottingham.—Mr. W. Hobson, of Nottingham, to Miss H. Harwood, of Bilborough.—Mr. W. Bous- field, to Miss J, Fenny, both of Newark. —Mr. Pettinger, of Rufford, to Miss M. Pillworth, of Newark. Died.] At Nottingham, 29, Mrs. E. Pratt, deservedly regretted.—In Red Lion-street, 55, Mr. Carver.—In Wheeler- gate, Miss E. M. Percy.—62, the Rev. John Bryan, justly esteemed and lamented. At Newark, 56, Mr. W. Cobb.—80, Mr. W. Walker.—80, Mr. H. Hutchinson, sen.—56, Mr. J. Hewison. At Mansfield, Mrs. Jenkens, wife of Samuel J, esq. LINCOLNSHIRE. A meeting of the County of Lincoln was lately held at Lincoln Castle, to consider of the expediency of presenting a petition for aReform in the Honse of Commons. A petition, praying generally for an efficient reform, was proposed by Sir R. Heron, and seconded by Sir J. Thorold. Major Cartwright moved as an amend- ment, a petition which prayed for univer- sal suffrage, annual parliaments, and election by ballot; but it was negatived by an immense majority, and the original petition agreed to. Married.] Mr. J. Barratt, of Lincoln, to Miss Barratt, of Newark,—The Rev. H. Hubbard, rector of Hinton Ampner, to Miss Mary Gouger, of Stamford. Died.) The Rev. Rich. Relbam, F.R.S. Rector of Hemingby. He was author of the Flora Cantabrigiensis, and the Editor of part of Tacitus’s Works, &c.—At Blyborongh, 89, Mrs. Broadey.— At Eaton, near Stamford, S. Payne, esq. LEICESTER AND RUTLAND. Twenty tradesmen of Hinckley—but- chers, bakers, grocers, &c. were lately fined for using short weights. Married.] 1823.] _ Married.}- Mr: W. Smith, to Miss Beaumont; Mr. G. Yoxon, to Miss Greatorex; Mr. J. Hesketh, to Miss E. Eyres: all of Leicester.—The Rev. J. Dudley, of Sileby, to Mrs. Heath, of the Leicester-road, Loughborough.—Mr. S. Wilkes, to Miss L. Wilcox, both of Hinckley.—Mr. J. Knowles, to Mrs, A. Gibbs; Mr. W. Sweet, to Miss A. Spencer: all of Ashby de la Zouch.— Mr. Ewbank, to Mrs. Kane, both of Loughborough.—Mr. Henfrey, of Melton, to Miss Inchley, of Market Overton. Died.] At Leicester, 80, Mr. J. Ains- worth, a very ingenious and public-spi- rited man, though in humble cireum- stances.—In Belvoir-street, 79, Mrs. A. Howe.—47, Mr. Charles Smith.—Mr. T. Bum.—In the Haymarket, 37, Mrs. R. Riley.—In Friar-lane, 77, Mrs. Knight. At Lonehborongh, Mrs. Woodward. At Hinckley, 95, Mr, Harrold.—Mrs. Needle. At Oakham, 38, Mrs. Trampleasure. At Sheepshead, 78, Miss Catherine Stant—At Willoughby Waterless, 73, Thomas Lomas, esq. late of Leicester. STAFFORDSHIRE. Married.} At Wolverhampton, Mr. J. Walbank, to Miss E. Newman, of tlie Sandbeds, near Wilbenhall.— Mr. T. Jennings, of Bloxwich, to Mrs. Richards, of Walsall__Mr. W. Jolmson, of Great Bridge, to Miss S. Kempson, of Ashted.— The Rev. J. Hawkes, of Norton-hall, to Miss A. Farley, of Defford. Died.] At Stafford, Rebecca Catherine Dallaway, author of ‘Observations on Edneation, for the Use of Private Go- vernesses,” “ The Servant’s Monitor,” &c. At Wolverhampton, Mr. Heveningham. —62, Mrs. Aubin. At Walsall, 44, Mr. Jos. Spurrier. At West Bromwich, 53, Mr. J. Salter. WARWICKSHIRE, Married.}|. Mr. J. Smith, to Miss Devis, of Worcester-street; Mr, E. Taylor, to Miss E. Thomas: all of Birmingham.— Mr. G. Wright, of Birmingham, to Miss C.A. Pratt, of Liverpool.—Mr. J. Bridge- water, of Prospect-row, Birmingham, to Miss E. Hopkins, of Castle Bromwich.— Mr. J. M. Ainsworth, of Birmingham, to Miss M. A. Salt, of Yardley. Died.) At Birmingham, in Temple-row, Mrs. M. Mausell.—In Aston-street, 33, Mr. G. Lloyd.—In Suffolk-street, 36, Mr. T. Yates.x—41, John Mussem, esq. late of the Inniskilling Dragoons. At Coventry, 69, Mrs, E. Dresser, deservedly regretted.—84, Mr. Ballard, of the Burgess.—In_ Silver-street, 92, ’ Mr. Payne.—In Earkstreet, Mr. Pres- cott.—In New-street, Mr. J. Corbett,— 63, Mr. J. Sheasby.—Mrs, Lant, wife of George L, esq. banker. Mr, Edgbaston-hall, Elizabeth, wife of Edward John Stone, m.v. Staffordshire—Warwickshire—Shropshire, &c. 381 SHROPSHIRE. Married.|] Henry Green, esq. of Nord- ley, to Miss A. Winnall, of Billingsley.— Mr. Colebatch, of Peplow-hall, to Miss Cooper, of Sleap. — Mr. Poole, jun. of Wellington, to Mrs. E. Keene, widow of R. K. esq. of Furnival’s Inn, London.— Mr. J. Bayley, of the Bridge Edmond, to Mrs. Hill, of Newport.—Mr. J. Green, of Hales Owen, to Miss Charlotte Bennett, of Ashton Keynes. Died.] At Shrewsbury, the Chevalier de Bedos.— Mr. Lee.—74, Mrs. Nicholas. —31, Mrs. Hanley, of Claremont-street. At Bishop’s Castle, Mr. J. Home. On the Downes, near Much Wenlock, 46, Mr. W. Jeffreys, deservedly lamented. —At Montford, Mrs. Blandford, much respected.— At‘ Church Pulverbatch, 57, Mr. A, Jandrall.—At Kenstone, Mr, R. Ellis. WORCESTERSHIRE. Two malefactors condemned at the late Worcester assizes, were executed in front of the gaol, pursuant to their sentence, Married.| Mr. C. Long, of Worcester, to Miss A. White, of Ludlow.—Richard Jukes, esq. of Stourport, to Mrs, Callow, of Whitley Cottage, Leicestershire. Died.| At Worcester, Miss Penelope Skey, of Upton Severn.—In High-street, 56, Jolm Hopkins, esq. late of Westmore- land Cottage, Bath. At Stourbridge, 62, Mr. Henry Bray. HEREFORDSHIRE, Married.| The Rev. H. F. Sidebottom, M.A. to Miss Anne Freeman, of Gaines.— The Rev. R. A. Williams, to Miss Maria Bray, of Bromyard. Died.|] At Hereford, in Castle-street, Elizabeth, wife of Major Gen. Armstrong. —Mary, wife of the Rev. T. Williams. At Cowley-park, near Malvern, Mrs. Woodyatt.—At Aston Ingham, 57, Mrs. M. A. E. Whatley, wife of the Rev. Chas. W. : ; GLOUCESTER ANI) MONMOUTH. A second numerous meeting of Medical Gentlemen was lately held at Gloucester, for the purpose of entering into a sub- scription for a monument to the late Dr. Jenner. Letters were read from distant parts of the country, expressing the enthu- siasm with which the proposal had been received by the Profession. Married.| Mr. C, Bonner, jun. to Miss Freeman; Mr. Chas. Gayler, to Miss F. E. Dufour: all of Gloucester.—Mr, A. Merrifield, jun. to Miss J. A. Bellamy; Mr. G. B. Batt, to Miss 8. Stephens : all of Bristol.—Mr. T. Short, of Bristol, to Miss M. A. Grablam, of London.— Mr. T. Beavan, to Miss E. Taylor, both of Cheltenham.—Thomas Packer Butt, esq. of Arle-court, near Cheltenham, to Miss Anna Coulston, Died.] At Gloucester, in Westgate- street, Mr, Hatton.—90, Mary, widow “ the 582 the Rev. Charles court. At Bristol, 43, Mrs. Parry, wife of Henry P. esq. of Monmouth, deservedly regretted.—68, Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Pole, m.p. At Cheltenham, Miss Eliza Grant Hart, daughter of Gen. H. At. Cirencester, Mrs. Kimber, deser- vedly regretted.—70, Mr. J. White. At Ojd-street, near Blakeney, 73, Thomas Jones, esq. many years Purveyor of the Forest of Dean. OXFORDSHIRE. Married.} Mr. J. Evans, to Miss S. Tubb, of St. Aldate’s; Mr. J. A. Smith, to Miss M. A. Clements : all of Oxford.— Mr. Kirwood, of Cassington, to Miss Rolls, of Coombe.—Mr. J. Shrimpton, of Tetsworth, to Miss Barnard, of Thame. —Mr. Newell, of Brightwell, to Miss Hunt, of Cuxham. Died.] At Oxford, 85, Mr. T. Wyatt.— 74, Mrs. Halse.—41, Mr. Hartley.—In the Gravel-walk, 82, Mrs. E. Perkins, At Dorchester, 33, Mr. Robert Davey. At Witney, 57, Mr. W. Long, much respected. At Headington, 82, Mrs. Popham, widow of the Rev. Dr. P. rector of Chilton.—At Merton, 78, Mrs. Tanner. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. At a late meeting of several respectable agriculturists, held at Reading, to consider of the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s New Beer Law, it was unanimously agreed that the Bill by no means meets the wishes of the public, and to the agriculturists will be worse than useless. It was resolved to represent to the county members, that if, instead of being obliged to brew four barrels and a half of beer from eight bushels of malt, the price only of the article was fixed by law, and that price to be threepence per quart, every end would be answered. Married.} At Reading, Frederick Bailey, M.D. to Elizabeth, daughter of the late John Raimer, esq.— Mr. W. Hollis, to Miss-M. Warner, both of Windsor.—Mr. B. Todd, of Sedrup, to Mrs. Heritage, of Little Marsh. Died.| At Aylesbury, Mrs. Austed, At Reading, Mrs, Goodwin, widow of George G. esq. of the Inner Temple.—Mr, J. iaylis, greatly respected. — Mrs. Mares, suddenly.—Mr. B. H. Cooper. At Abingdon, Mr. Keene, deservedly respected.—At Ellesborough, the Rev. W. J. Mansel, greatly lamented.— The Rev. F, S.Glubb, B.p. vicar of Long Whittenham, Berks. HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE. Married.| Mr. J. Stanton, to Miss M. A. Bailey, both of Berkbamstead. Died.] At Bedford, Mrs. Nash. At Dunstable, Mr. J. Gilbert. At Leighton Buzzard, 74, Mr. J. C. Millard. Bishop, of Elmore- Oxfordshire — Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, &c. [May 1}, At Shefford, the Rev. Chas. Portier, Roman Catholic priest. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, Married.) The Rey. R. R. Bloxham, of Guilsborough, to Miss ©. Harper, of the, Heath, Alcester. Died.] At Northampton, at an ad- vanced age, Mr. Newland, late of Leigh- ton Buzzard, cousin to the late Abraham N. esq. At Peterborough, 33, Mr. T. Goodman. At Raunds, Mrs. Sophia Lye. At Spratton, 42, Mrs. Hannah Butlin, deservedly esteemed, CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON, Married.| Edward Venden, esa. of Gloucester-place, to Miss Hunnybun, both of Cambridge.—The Rev. E. Miller, B.A; of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, to Emily, daughter of the late Dr. Mansel, Bishop of Bristol—Mr. H. Sawyer, to Miss Edwards, of Cheveley.—Mzr. Jas. Band, to Miss Cox, both of March. Died.} At Cambridge, 36, Mr. D. Shaboe.—Mr. E. Rattcliffe.—Mrs. Bal- drey.—22, Mr. F. Boultbee, B.a. of St. Jolin’s College.—20, Miss Sophia Pye.— Mr. Peter Wedd, of the firm of Messrs. Comings and Wedd.—Miss S. Law,—At an advanced age, Sir Corbet Corbet, bart. At Honey, 70, Mr. T. Benfield.—At Trumpington, 76, Mrs. Haslop,—At Little Eversden, Mr. T. Crisp. NORFOLK. At the late assizes held at Thetford, twenty-six prisoners were capitally con- victed, but reprieved, except one. Married.] Mr. Wheelhouse, to Miss A, Woodhouse, both of St. Peter's, Mancroft; Mr. Sloman, to Mrs. Dowton: all of Nor- wich.—Mr. Eglinton, of St. Stephen's, Norwich, to Miss Woodrow, of Carlton Rode.—Mr. Sutton, to Miss E. Lancaster, of Yarmouth.—Mr. J. Masters, to Miss Saddleton; Mr. W. Rowe, to Miss M. A. Gibbons: all of Lynn. Died.) At Norwich, 62, Mr. C. Keith. —lIn the Close, 25, the Rev. Robert Par- tridge.— At an advanced age, Mr. E. Gost- ling.—In Wensum-street, 80; Mr. Jos. Gel- dart, a member of the society of friends. —86, John Wells, esq. At Yarmouth, 92, Mrs. M. Harper.— 52, Mrs. M. Balls. —87, Mrs. R. Pock.— In Southtown, 64, Joseph Ainge, one of the society of friends, much esteemed, At Lynn, 35, Mrs. Allison.—72, Mr. W. Carter.—80, Mr. J. Hardwick.—Mr. W. Warner, deservedly regretted. E At Happisburgh- Hill House, major Gib- son, of the East India company’s service. SUFFOLK. Marvied.]_ Mr. John Bradley, of Isling- ton, to Miss S. King, of Hartest.—J. Wightman, esq. of Framlingham, to Miss Sophia Gessing, of Mendlesham.—Mr. J. Garrard, jun. to Miss M. A. Flatman, both of Laxfield. Died.] At Bury, in ae MATS, 1823.] -Mrs, Stevens.—88, Mrs. Charlotte Wat- son.—Miss F, Traice.—80, Mrs. Rush- brook, regretted.—40, Mrs. E. Houghton. At Ipswich, 90, Mr. W. Phillips.—68, Mr. W. Pilkington.—81, Mr. B. Park- hurst, deservedly lamented.—Mr. Jos. Rigby.—75, Mrs. Ashridge.—Mr. Jas. Conder; he was the youngest son of the late Rev. Dr. Conder. Mr. C. published in 1798 a work on “ Provincial Coins, To- kens, and Medals,” in 8vo. and had been for some years making collections to illustrate this his native county, At Framlingham, 61, Mr. Jas. Freeman, deservedly regretted. ESSEX. Married.| Mr. J. Stewart to Miss J. Lingwood, both of Colchester.—Mr. W. Matthews, of Chelmsford, to Miss A. Clarke, of Littley-park, Great Waltham.— John Harmer Brand, esq. of the Park, Thaxted, to Mrs. Collis, late of Clare. Died.] At Colchester, 28, Sarah, daugh- ter of the late C. L. Spitton, esq. At Chelmsford, 92, James Birch, one of the society of friends, —__ At Harwich, Mrs. Durrant. At Cranbrook-house, near Ilford, 74, Elizabeth, widow of J. M. G. Dare, esq. KENT. Marrid.] Mr. G. Storer, of Margate, to Miss Tanner, of Canterbury.—Mr. H. Stanfort, of Chartham, to Miss S, Cham- bers, of Canterbury.—Mr. T, Clements, of Deal, to Miss M. Moore, of Wingham.— Mr. J. Pearce, to Miss M. Woodger ; Mr. W.Shayes, to Miss L. Forshew; Mr. J. Harnden, to Miss M, Salmon: all of Chat- ham.—Mr.G.Rencher, to Miss Bardo, both of Troy-town.—At Sittingbourne, Mr. William Farey, of Princes-street, Lam- beth, to Miss Ann Barnerd, of Sitting- bourne. Died.] At Canterbury, in Burgate-street, Mrs. Penwood.—In Castle-street, 78, Mrs. A. Chandler.—In Winchester-street, Mr, R. Springget. At Dover, 88, Capt. Thos. Ratcliffe.— 76, Mrs. Polling.—67, Mrs. Large. At Maidstone, on the terrace, 70, Mrs, Man, widow of Henry M. esq. of the South-Sea House.—At an advanced age, Mr. Necombe.—40, Mr. Noble, regretted, At Folkestone, 43, Mrs. A. Bireh.—58, Mrs. M. Pilcher.—80, Mrs. M. Castle.— 77, Mrs. 8. Harrison —4%, Mrs. A. Pil- cher.—56, Mrs. S, Elgar.—22, Mrs. fi. Hodges. At Fordwich, 79, Benjamin Graydon, esq. SUSSEX. The charming retired sea-bathing place, Bognor Rocks, increases in celebrity every succeeding season. Several gentlemen of rank and fashion have lately purchased houses and lands theve, for their permanent residences. New warm-baths have recently been bute; amarket-house has also been built, and a new packet is building, which Exsex— Kent —Sussex — Hampshire—Wiltshire, &c. 383 is intended to sail twice a week to Cher- bourg. Married.) Mr. W. Tupper to Miss Ru- geroh, of Dorset-gardens: both of Brigh- ton.—Mr. Jon. Cheeseman, of Brighton, to Miss F. Leighton, of Lewes. Died.| At Chichester, in East-street, 62, Mr. J. Caffyn.—81, John Plaisto, esq. —In South-street, 87, Mr, J. Grooves.— In West-street, 56, Mr. T. Kent.—In the Pallant, Miss Johnson. HAMPSHIRE. A meeting of the inhabitants of Alver- stoke and Gosport, was lately held at Gos- port, Samuel Jellicoe, esq. in the chair. Petitions to Parliament, praying the re- peal of the present unequal duties upon coals, and also to amend or repeal the in- solvent debtors’ acts, were unanimously agreed to. Married.] Mr. J. Bricknell, to Miss Waight, of Kingsland-place; Mr. J. B. Bedford, to Miss M. Sandall; Mr. Hol- lingsworth, to Miss Sidney: all of South- ampton.—W. Le Feuvre, esq. of South- ampton, to Miss Mangey, of Guernsey. — Mr. Vellely, of Southampton, .to Miss Boyce, of Bath.—Mr. J. H. Mew, to Miss E. Tucker, both of Newport. Died.] At Southampton, 76, J. de Ma- dina, esqg.—55, Mr. T. Seed.—70, Mrs. A. Townshend, of Ross.—Mr. Primer. At Gosport, Mrs. Roberts, deservedly regretted.—64, Mr. J. Handley. At Portsmouth, on the Grand Parade, Mr. Smith.—Mrs. W. Smith.—In Saint Thomas-street, Mrs. Wellspring. At Lymington, 80, Mrs. Sibella Suther- land, greatly regretted.—42, Mr. G. Cox. WILTSHIRE, Married.| The Rev. H. M. Wagner, to Eliz. Harriet, daughter of the late Rev. Canon Douglas, of Salisbury.—Mr. J. W. Hobbs, to Miss M. A. Skrimpton, both of Marlborough.—At Corsham, Mr. ‘T. Hay- ward, to Miss M, Sartain.—The Rev.R. C. Griffith, of Corsley, to Miss E. A. Hotch- kin. Died] At Devizes, 65, Mr. R. Davis, of Trowbridge. : At Bradford, 42, Mr. B. Mason. At Corsham, 79, Mrs, Heath.—?e, Mr. J. Neal.—At Kingsdown, 73, Mrs. A. Uct- tle.—At Westbury, Mrs. Vine. SOMERSETSHIRE. At the assizes for this county there were one hundred and twenty prisoners for trial ; thirty-three received sentence of death, but were all reprieved except one; five were ordered to be transported for seven years ; twenty to be imprisoned ; four to be fined 5s. each, and enter into recognizances for one year; twenty-five were declared not uilty, and against fourteen no bills: were ound. _ At these assizes, a woman of the name of Elizabeth Bryant, and her two daughters, residents at Wiveliscombe, in this county, were tried for cutting and wounding a poor inoffensive 384 inoffensive woman, in her sixty-ninth year, named Ann Burge, widow, whom they imagined had exercised the art of witch- craft upon another daughter, who was sub- ject to fits, and accustomed to exhibit strange inconsistencies of conduet at inter- vals. The €xamination elicited a lament- able degree of mental weakness and super- stition. The perpetrators, it appeared, were influenced by a person named Baker, an inhabitant of Devonshire, who was vul- garly believed to be a conjuror. ‘They seized the unfortunate prosecutrix, and with a sharp instrument inflicted several wounds upon her arm, and, but for the in- terference of the neighbourliood, whom her cries had collected, loss of her life would have followed. The prisoners were sen- tenced to four months’ imprisonment. Married.| Mr. J. Duck, to Miss A. Simms; Mr. Hunt, to Miss 8. Tucker: all of Bath.—Mr. T. Machin, of Bath, to Miss A.Webb, of Kingsdon.— Mr. E. Tucker, of Widcombe, to: Miss S. Smith, of New Bond-street, Bath.—J. T. Thatchell, esq. to Miss Julia Phelps, of Mellifont Abbey, Wookey. Died.] At Bath, in Beavfort-buildings, Michael Keogh, esq. barrister-at-law.—64, Margaret, daughter of the late Bennet Williams, esq.—Jane, wife of T. Mason, esq. of Bowling-hall, near Bradford, York- shire.—In St. James’s-square, Mrs. Warne, wife of Lieut.-col. W.—In Pulteney-street, J. J. Labalmondeer, esq. At Wiveliscombe, J. D. Harvey, esq. At Hatch Beauchamp, 66, the Rev. T. Strangway, rector of Charlton Adam and of Wilton. DORSETSHIRE. Proposals have been lately published for the formation of an Institution in this county, to encourage the culture of flax, and to furnish employment for the poor in this manufacture. Itisa fact, that several millions of money are every year paid to foreigners; whilst our own land, and the industry of our own people, might be brought into beneficial occupation by the sums so transferred. An acre of flax, it is said, may be spun into thread for making Jace, so as to’ yield from two to three thou- sand pounds. . Married.} At Weymouth, Edw. Warner Shewell, esq. to Miss Emma Poole.— Lieut. Roberts, r.N. to Miss Mary Fooks, of Weymouth.—Lieut. Hopkins, of Sydling St. Nicholas, to Miss E. B. Hopkins, of Wayford.—The Rev. T. R. Coles, to Miss Lavinia Bridge, of Langdon-house. ,Died.| At Lyme, Miss Char, Cotgreave. DEVONSHIRE. At the late Devon assizes twenty-five prisoners received sentence of death, but were reprieved, except John Bolt, for shooting Jane Jusland. He was executed. Married.| Mr. Edward Lee, of Exeter, to Miss Harriet Hutchings, of Exwell.— At Exeter, James Jenkins, esq. to Miss G. Dorsetshire — Devonshire—Cornwall—Wales —Ireland. Luxton, of Topsham.—Mr. J. Cockram, of Exeter, to Miss S. M. Fryer, of St. Thomas. —Mr. S. Linnington, of Barnstaple, to Miss E. Eyre, of Artillery-place, Finsbury- square, London.—John Gribble, esq. of Newton Abbot, to Miss E. Cutliffe, of Barnstaple. Diced | At Exeter, in Barnfield Crescent, 65, Hubert Cornish, esq: deservedly re- gretted. —At an advanced age, Mrs. Read.—19, Miss E. Baker. At Plymcuth, in Marlborough-street, 21, Mrs. E. Me. Kenzie.—In Pembroke- street, 84, Mrs. M. Croker.—In Cannon- street, 44, Mrs. Collis. At Dawlish, Francis Whaley, M.v. of Ripon, Yorkshire. CORNWALL. Married.] Mr. Williams, of Plymouth Dock, to Miss P. Farren, of St. Austell. Died.] At Truro, 65, Mr. H. Tregear. At St. Austell, Mr. W. Lorg. WALES. Married.] J. C. Meredith, esq. of Bre- con, to Miss M. A. Davis, of Park-street, Bristol. -Mr. W. Bowen, to Mrs. Jones, both of Carmarthen.— John Wood, esq. of Kymmyn, to Mrs. M. A. Hurst, of Cardiff. —At Lianelly, Charles Nevill, esq. to Miss C. C. Ward, of Soho.—The Rev. J. Jenkins, vicar of Kerry, to Miss Jones, of Cross Wood-house, Montgomeryshire. Died.} At Swansea, Mrs. Edwards, wife of William E. mM.p.—87, Mr. A. White.—Martha, wife of the Rev. Fleming Gough, of Yniscedwyn-house, Breconshire. At Pembroke, 62, George Chase, esq. At Willey Court, near Presteign, 74, Thomas Beebee, esq.—At Blownslade, Pembrokeshire, John Mirehouse, esq. a justice of the peace for that county, and deservedly lamented.—At Fairy-hill, near Swansea, 60, Diana, Baroness Barham. SCOTLAND. Married.] At Edinburgh, James Robert Scott, esq. of Cond house, Roxburghshire, to Miss Harriet Gray, of Cheltenham.— Lord Dunsany, to the Hon. Miss Kinnaird. Died.} At Glasgow, the Rev. Dr.Taylor, principal of the University of Glasgow. Sir Ilay Campbell, bart. late president of the Court of Session.—At Buskinburn, 82, Capt. Alexander Home, IRELAND, Married.] Major Creagh, of the eighty. sixth regiment, to Eliza, daughter of the late Judge Osborne, of Dublin.—Sir W. Hort, bart. of Hortland, county of Kildare, to Miss Louisa Georgiana Caldwell, of Castle Caldwell, county of Fermanagh. Died.] At Dublin, General Latham, suddenly.—In Harcourt-street, 65, Fownes Disney, esq.—At Cork, in Parliament- street, Mrs, Lucas, wife of William L. esq. deservedly lameuted. At Lisburne, Catherine, daughter of the Rev. Archdeacon Trail. At Leap-castle, King’s county, Adm. d'Esterre Darby. i THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 382. ] JUNE 1, 1823. [5 of Vol. 55. CHAUCER'S INN. WICKLIFFE'S CHAIR. NSCS SSSSETARH ASHE SU: J ee TTT OT Lae ee ANNs AVAL $ H aa LA AN | \ \\ om Mh t), | : : li MHUATMis, i i aS CANTERBURY. CHAUCER’s INN, Tuts Inn, so celebrated by the father of English poetry.in his “ Canterbury. Tales,” is still standing, and is situated on the north side of the High-sweet, opposite to St. Margaret's Church, in a narrow lane, anciently called Le Mercerie, now Mercery-lane, from that trade having been principally carried on there. Before the civil wars of Charles I. there was a colonnade on each side of it, like that formerly on London Bridge. The other houses in the Jane are the most ancient of any in the city of Canterbury ; and this house, sanctified by genius, is held in due’ reverence by the inhabitants and travellers. . WICKLIFFE's CHAIR, AT LUTTERWORTH. With a relic of the Father of our Poetry, we present our readers with another of the parent of our religions Reformation. ‘This chair is still preserved at Lutterworth as that in which Wickliffe, on being s¢ized,’ while preaching,- with paralysis, ‘was conveyed home, and in which he subsequently died. His table is also.in being; and both confer interést and celebrity on a town otherwise inconsiderable. For the Monthly Magazine. TOPIC OF THE MONTH. The French Crusade against the Spanish Constitution: HIS crusade is of the deepest im- portance to all the nations of Eu- rope; inasmuch as the result of it must either remove altogether, or rivet more strongly, (for a time at least,) those fetters which have been forged for them at the reval and imperial conventicles of Laybach, Troppau, Verona, and other places. The dread of such another shaking of their thrones, and trampling upon their majesty, as that which they expe- rienced from Bonaparte, has, in the mean time, united them together by Montny Maa, No. 382, the strong tie of fear; and, though the union of so many kings, against the interests and wishes of their people, and’ the intelligence of the aze, be both unnatural and unprecedented, yet the bond of union is in its own nature so strong, and it has the addi- tional strength of so many large and powerful armies (the remains of those which were organized against Napo- leon), that its continuance may, should they succeed against Spain, be longer than would, @ priori, have been ima- gined. During the last fifty years, tho grounds and reasons (such as they are) of European warfare have been wholly changed. Up to the commence- 3D ment 386 ment of the revolt of what were once the British colonies in North America, the occasions of war were usually the disputes and jealousies of kings, or for a considerable time a struggle between the old Lady of Babylon and the Re- formed Church: and, as the people had nothing whatever to do with the former, but to pay their money and shed their blood, and as the interest of the latter was to a certain degree vague or hypothetical, they could have no deep or personal interest either in the contest or its result; farther than that esprit du pays, which makes peo- ple huzza and toss up their caps when their side gains, and hang their heads and look gloomy when their side loses. The American war, however, exbi- bited for the first time (except per- haps the civil war in England,) govern- ment and people arrayed against each other; and, which was stranger still, it saw the most despotic gevernments of Europe arranged on the side of the people, against that government which had unquestionably much more both of the principles and the practice of freedom in it than their own. Sucha combination naturally led the people who lived under those despotisms to think that themselves had such things as rights ; and that, if their monarchs volunteered considérable expense for the establishment of liberty in a dis- tant country, to the inhabitants of which they owed nothing, then, a Fortiori, they could not very well refuse liberty to those by whom they were supported, when it was sought for, and would cost them nothing. The peo- ple of the Continent evidently did not see that this support of liberty arose ‘not from any loye of that which they supported, but of hatred of that against which their rancour was dirécted ; and the kings themselves, in the ardent prosecution of their old dislike of the liberal government of this country, lost sight of the fact that they themselves Were sowing the seeds of something more liberal still. The result soon came out, however, in the actual reyo- lution in France, and the disposition to a more liberal system of govern- ment in all the nations of Europe. The weakness and vacillation of the French government, now bowing to liberty and now cleaving to the old leaven of despotism, made that revolution gene- ral and violent which a more firm and wise administration might have ren- dered a happy and bloodless reform ; and the events which followed involved Topic of the Month. [J ure t, all the world in the strife, and, ulti- mately, made it not a contest between kings and people, asit had been at the commencement, but a mere scramble as to whether the old and heavy des- potisms should still rot away their years and their revenues.in intrigues, plots, debaucheries, and squabbleswith each other, or should all tumble down in the dust before one gigantic idol of military despotism, which, having by accident armed itself with the awa- kened energies of the people, threat- ened to cut their sceptres asunder with a sabre red in the blood of their minions. The despots were enabled, by the gold and the arms of this country, to protract the struggle till the people of France, and of the other countries to whom the earlier years of the reyolu- tion had given freedom, found that, though theirs was still the labour and the waste of life, the advantage was no longer to them ; but that every new victory called for a fresh levy of mo- ney, and a fresh conscription of men; and that no eye could see the end of that vista of ambition which had been opened. This discovery withdrew the support of their hearts; and, when that was once gone, the support of the hand became feeble, and was soon over- powered. The despots, however, did not see, or rather did not choose to see, this ; and so, instead of leaguing them- selves for the prevention of another military despotism, they wreaked the whole of their vengeance on their people. They had not in themselves the capacity of discovering, and it was unquestionably not the interest of their ministers to tell them, that there had been for a long time, in the Rus- sian government, symptoms of grasp- ing at an universal sway, which would be far more barbarous and abomina- ble than that of any other nation on the face of the earth; and so looking for their danger, as weak and ignorant persons generally look, in any quarter rather than that where it really is, they turned their fears and precautions wholly against those people by whose labour they were supported. In order to prevent the recurrence of that which, as they imagined, had been the cause of their dangers, they formed that holy league, which is nut only to prevent any person of more talent and energy than themselves, from aspiring to a throne; but which, by making al! power throughout continental Europe emanate from, and continue witb, ; themselves 1823.]. The French Crusade against the Spanish Constitution. themselves and their dynasties, shall keep them safe. Such are the grounds of their policy: sandy and shifting, it must be admitted; but still they are the grounds. The crusade against Spain is a part of that system, and it is the first in which it has been tried upon a large and powerful state, It is therefore interesting in itself; and it is doubly interesting to the people, and indeed to the government, of this country ; because, out of the representative form of our government originally sprung all that which has given them so much alarm. It is, taking it generally, the first, or at most the second, instance of interference with a free sovereign and independent state, when that state had not, according to the established law of nations, or the judgment of common sense, done any wrong; but when, on the other hand, it had done precisely that which was right; when it was not offering the slightest injury, or giving the least rational cause of complaint, to any nation or government in the world; and when it had not been guilty of the slightest violence or out- rage at home. Political questions are best judged of by analogies drawn from ordinary life. Now, suppose one man were first to bribe the servants of another to murder him ; and then, when he found that not to succeed, to enter his house with an armed force, for the purpose of dragging him forth to the gallows over the mangled and bleeding bodies of his chiidren, who had fallen in his defence ; and this merely because the man had retrenched the useless part of his expenditure, for the express pur- pose of getting those children better educated and provided for, Suppose this, is there a man in England whose blood would not curdle with disgust at the folly, and boil with indignation at the injustice, of so monstrous an interference? But the interference of France with Spain is just as foolish, a8 unjust, and as monstrous, as that which is here supposed. Ought there, then, to be a nation in Europe which should not ring the word ‘ beware”’ in the ears of the inhuman dotard; and, if he would not listen to the tongue, thunder it to him from the cannon’s mouth? But how stands the case? Why, all the powers of Continental Europe,— that is all the governments,—with the exception of Portugal, who having sin- -ned after the same fashion as Spain, 387 must, after the same fashion, succeed or suffer ; of ‘Turkey, who has enough to do at home, and whose idols, be- _ sides, are not of the same family with the borghs of the Muscovite; and of those tolerated cities and patches of land, which the great despots wear like buttons and frogs upon their impe- rial and royal mantles: with the ex- ception of these,—and it is, in fact, no exception at all,—all the powers of Continental Europe are backing the invader, and hallooing him on. Mean- while we, among whom is to be found the parent stem of that representative form of government, against which the Gaul, and the Hun, and the Kalmuc, are whetting their knives and muster- ing their hordes, have contented our- selves with a negociation by His Grace of Wellington. Woe to our diplomacy! It has been the grave of our power ever since it turned back the steel of Marlborough on the height of Ardennes, The shores of America and the rock of Lisbon bear witness, that, be it with freemen or with slaves, we are ever foiled in negociation. The spirit of Washington would weep, and the little demon of Cintra would grin with de- light, when they saw our hero on the way to Verona; the former, at the death-blow aimed at his parent, and the latter at the birth of a brother. If we had been to negociate for freedom, the time was when the field of Water- loo was yet reeking with blood, and when he who had made the despots tremble and crouch was in our hands ; and the Duke of Wellington ought not to have been our negociator. Whatever may be that nobleman’s talents in war, (and there the fact can never be known, as there is no means of separating him from the army under his command,) his diplomatic talents are very limited. His ‘‘ Memorandum for Lord Fitzroy Somerset,” laid on the table of the House of Parliament on the 14th of April, shows how crude and limited is his knowledge of princi- ples; and the fact of his being unable to express himself even tolerably upon the most common-place subjects, is evidence against his practical talent. There is another element which we would fain add; and that is, the proba- bility that our negociator was too ho- nest for those with whom he had to deal: for we would not wish even to hint, that he, any more than his prede- cessors at former congresses, was too familiar with the continental system, or too fond of it. ; t 388 It will be borne in mind, that it was not long after visiting this country, and being astonished at the comforts in which its inhabitants lived, that the Holy Alliance was formed. It is said, that when the bears of the Arctic seas have once tasted human flesh, there is no bringing them back to their first Jove of kreng and seal-blubber ; and in like manner it may be, that, after the bears of the Arctic land once tasted the roast beef of old England, they may have abated a little their love of koumiss and sturgeon. But, whatever may be the theory upon the subject, the fact is certain, that no sooner had we, by our blood and our treasure, given stability to the rocking thrones of these august personages, than they seem to have knocked their royal and imperial heads together for the express purpose of preventing any government like ours from being established on the Continent. ‘The result of the French revolution had sickened the nations of more fanciful forms; and the riches aud moral ‘power of our people had ‘made the people of other nations anxious for some such government as ours; and, while the ferment remained, some promises had to be made. No sooner, however, had the tingling of the imperial carcasses which had been produced by Napoleon subsided, than the shackles were muffled up by holy priests, and slipt upon the nations un- der the specious pretext of upholding the altars of the Lord against infidelity. Almost contemporaneously, an effort was made to destroy, or at least to pa- ralyse, the intelligence of the Conti- nent. The gratifications of despotism and tyranny are all of the animal kind, and therefore no science is required for them. The banquets of the tiger and the hyena are always made in the dark or the desert ; and therefore there was a general discouragement of the circulation of intelligence. To those who have not accustomed themselves to the study of govern- ments, all this duplicity and love of darkness may appear to be without meaning. Such, -however, is not the case; for, though it is a desperate course, it is the only course by which despotism can at the present day hope to continue its powers. The American war, which without doubt gave the original impulse that brought about the Frenc' revolution, and all its con- sequences, was one in which the prin- ciples of British liberty were brought more closely home to the continental Topie of the Month. [June 1, nations than in any anterior; and thie war of the revolution itself, as well as the other wars which grew out of it, gave strength and clearness to this knowledge. The form of freedom which it presentsis more durable than showy; and hence there is little doubt that, if it were once enjoyed by two or three considerable states on the Continent, it would soon extend to all the rest. In consequence of this, it follows necessarily, that the despots should try to lop off every branch which extends to the Continent. But, while they are so ready to lop off the branches, is it in the nature of things that they can ever tolerate the tree? Certainly not. While Britain stands the model after which liberal govern- ments may be copied, there is nota despot who feels himself safe; and therefore there is not the least doubt that that unholy combination, which crushed the liberty of Naples in the embryo bud, and which is now attempt- ing to crush that of Spain in the ear- liest blossom, would, after the liberties of the Continent were wholly extinct, come, without being very chary as to a pretext, to extinguish that of Britain also. The time and the circumstances of their league show that this is no visionary hypothesis; and every movement which they have since made is a step toward the final demon- stration. It is this which makes the French crusade against Spain so much a British question ; and, though there does not at present appear to be any reasonable pretext for our actually going to war with the despots, yet this ought to have made us a little more firm, and a little more dexterous, than, from the information laid befure Parliament, we appear to have been. From Lord Liverpool’s answers to the questions of Earl Grey, it does appear that we knew before-hand that the cabal at Verona was to discuss the internal affairs of Spain, only we did not think that the discussion of these affairs was to be so “‘ prominent.” But, if we had even a surmise that any thing of this kind was to be discussed, we should have taken care to know to what extent, ere we attended the cabal; and, having been so informed, and so attending, our opposition should have been as “ prominent” as the zeal of the others to interfere. For want of this prominence of opposition, the whole of our power,—which, consi- dering what we have done for their imperial and royal majesties, ae to ave 1823.] Enquiryrelalive to the Experiment of Freezing on the Air-Pump. 389 have been that of a dictator,—dwin- dled down to the office of a bumble friend, trying to wheedle Spain out of half her liberties, lest France should take the other half; and paltering to France, who, backed by Russia, cared not one straw for our interference. Thus have we sown: but there is con- solation to the people, if not to their rulers, in reflecting that the season by which the bad harvest may be averted rests not upon the diplomatic powers of the Duke of Wellington. The avowed policy of the Liberales of Spain has hitherto been to allow the French to advance, till they shall be consumed by famine, disease, and the Guerillas,—three powerful foes, in whose hands the latest reports say “‘the work goes bravely on.” i » To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ELL knowing your readiness to afford information. on any subject that may tend to the promo- tion of science, I have taken the liberty of troubling you with this, to request that either you or some of your scien- tific correspondents would favour me with a statement of the most effectual and easiest method of performing Leslie’s beautiful experiment,—freez- ing on the air-pump. I have tried the experiment at least an hundred times, and all under the same circumstances, on a pump in excellent condition; but I never yet found the results agree. Sometimes the congelation has taken place in fifteen minutes after the re- ceiver was exhausted; sometimes in twenty minutes. At other times it has required an hour, and, in some cases, even two; while in others the water has totally evaporated without any ap- pearance of congelation. The appa- ratus I make use of is made after Leslie’s ; and my pump, which is made by Hurter and Haas, admits of a sur- face of acid of ten inches diameter: the receiver which I use is very low. These things being so, and using highly concentrated acid, if the ac- counts that are often published of this experiment be correct, surely I ought to expect that two table-spoonsfal of water should congeal much sooner than I have ever yet found to be the case. But my principal n:otive for making this public enquiry is to ascer- tain, if possible, whether there be not a much more expeditious method of producing ice in vacuo than this. I have been repeatedly informed, by those who have witnessed it, that Mr. Nichol, successor to Dr. Moyes, pro- duces in a few minutes, be the tempe- rature of the room what it may, solid pieces of ice about the size of a com- mon tea-cup. Now, if this be the case, there must be some other ingredient made use of besides the sulphuric acid, if indeed that be used at all. 1 have tried the other method, but without success, mentioned in Mac- kenzie’s One Thousand Experiments, and said to have been practised by M. T. Grothus: the ether was quickly evaporated, but the water rémained in a perfectly fluid state. Dried Trapp rock and oatmeal I have often tried, but never could produce congelation with either of them. I observe a very great difference between the directions given for the performance of this ex- periment by different writers, with re- gard to the nature of the vessel into which the water to be frozen is to be put. Some direct that it should be glass, and others say porous earthen- ware. If the latter is to be preferred, the particular kind ought to be speci- fied, and perhaps the most convenient form also pointed out. The whole process, I doubt not, sir, is familiar enough to yourself, and also to many. of your able correspondents; any. of whom will, I dare say, feel a pleasure in communicating it. I should not have intruded on you with this, could I have obtained the desired information from any of the popular works on chemistry and natu- ral philosophy that have lately appear- ed. Perhaps, after all, the desideratum may be as simple as that which has so long been sought after by the electri- cian, viz. to make his machine work equally well in the lecture-room when crowded, as in the parlour, where there is not a breath save his own. This difficulty is now obviated ; and it was but the other night that I worked fur two hours a ten-inch cylinder, in a rainy night, and in a room, ‘*rough the walls of which the damp had visi- bly penetrated, which was nearly filled with people, and was in every respect unfavourable for my experiments : yet, at the conclusion of the whole, my conductor emitted, from a ball fixed in it, fine strong zig-zag sparks, to the distance of eight inches. J.M Market Harborough. TABULAR ‘qn *91900I8 : , -saguiun} ‘ayqea |, saqtqe a] qerapisaoy pue apjuep pimfsay) “xorg Aavay Y a[qaayfapisuog yoagroduy yng ‘real, *ayeIopoy ‘eooamnby | “gus *yeuMI0g tas *ysavzy | “}@a1g |*orjsepoyog | *e}e1apoy] Burysassy *apqeiepisitod ‘ata0UTS |UIpIpIq|peyrolsig | UOMO) ‘paezy en oer Leas eH. *yv019 JON “|yeug “kswng |payutofsig | etary, | -fas0fy a ae ‘anSeq | “snoiquq *UOIIRLICN “MOTT! oes po ‘ajqaay | *yueZaya ‘ayqea +++- 12,800,000 Carried forward ++++++ 12,800,000 * By a return of coals imported into the port of London, and delivered in 1822, it appears that the total amount was 1,199,511 chaldrons. A chaldron may be taken at from 18 cwt. to a ton, so that, rating the inhabitants at 1,000,000, (five to a house making 200,000,) this would hardly come up to six tons for each house ; but, not knowing the number of inhabi- tants within the district subject to the London duties, (and which is here proba- bly over-rated,) and supposing that where the price is high in the same proportion would the consumption be less, it may be thought to confirm rather than invalidate ‘the eight tons mentioned in the text. Mr. Luckcock on the Consumption of Pit. Coal. [June 1, Tons. Brought forward:+++++ 12,800,000 For manutfactories, warehouses, shops, &e. for the 1,600,000 above excluded, and for the average of those dwelling- houses which may have two or more fires (say one-fourth) Square Miles. England and Wales ---+49,450 Scotland «-++++-«++++28,000 3,200,000 77,450 Number of Stcam-eng ines. England ..++++++eeeeee 5,000 Scotland and Wales:--+ 2,000 7,000 And that each steam-engine consumes an average of half a ton of coals daily, six days in the week* .--- Suppose 200 steam-vessels for inland navigation, for coast- ing, and for extended voy- ages (1 ton per day) +++++> Suppose gas light consumption Quantity exported annually throughout the world------ Iron-works, on Mr. Mushett’s StafeMent---+ sess cscecses 1,092,000 62,400 15,000 1,500,000 5,000,000 Total annual consumption 23,669,400 Many of these items will probably be rapidly on the increase. Mr. M. states, that in 1720 there were about 17,350 tons of pig-iron annually made, and in 1820 nearly 500,000; being an increase of nearly 29 to 1. As all these numbers are grounded on probable supposition only, it is needless carrying fractions into the account; so that, at a general glance, it may be presumed that the total con- sumption is annually after the average rate of about 305 tons for every square mile throughout the kingdom. >—_ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, OUR correspondent Mr. Lacey, in your Number for the Ist of March, states, that in making distraints for rent, it is a common and very re- prehensible practice to seize ‘ infi- nitely more goods than wiil cover the rent due, selling them all, and then returning the overplus of money to the party seized upon;” and says he be- lieves this to be law. Mr. Lacey is wrong in this belief,— at least so says Chief Justice Abbot; and it is of great importance that both the public and the distraining brokers should not be misinformed on this point, lest the latter should be encouraged to practise, and the for- mer be led to submit to, a most oppres- sive illegality. I was present in the Court of King’s Bench, a few months since, during the trial of a cause, in which the plaintiff’s name was Branscomb, but the defen- dant’s Ido notremember. It was an action for a trespass in keeping posses- sion after the rent had been tendered. In the course of the trial, the distrain- ing broker was examined; and from him it appeared, that, as soon as he entered the place, he took an inven- tory of the goods, in which he speci- fically named as many articles as he thought would pay the rent and charges; and that he concluded it by adding, ‘and the rest of the furniture on the premises.” Chief Justice Abbot immediately declared that to be illegal. ‘The broker replied, that it was custo- mary toname as many things as would be enough, and then to include the rest in a lump, for fear that there should be any deficiency. After the broker’s examination was closed, the judge addressed him in these terms: — Atiend to me, man: you are not to lay hands on every thing you can find, when you go to make a seizure ; you are bound to exercise some judg- ment upon the value in the, first in- stance, Or you or your employers will Mr. Green on Distraining for Rent. 407 be liable for the consequences. If you do not choose to attend to what I say, you may disregard it; but, if you do disregard it, some of you will find to your cost that you have been acting illegally.” W. GREEN. Knightsbridge. —=Ip—— For the Monthly Magazine. THE GERMAN STUDENT. NO. XXVIII. WIELAND (continued ). ITELAND undertook in 1773 the publication of a monthly mis- cellany or magazine, entitled “the German Mercury,” of which the form was in some degree copied from the then popular Mercure de France. It did not consist exclusively of lucubra- tions of his own; he was especially assisted with literary notices: but whatever he wrote henceforth was there first exhibited to public curiosity and criticism, and afterwards sepa- rately republished in a revised and amended state. This practice of first printing a sort of waste-paper edition of works that are intended for perma- nence, and of subsequently issuing them in a more splendid form, is of good example; it is preferable to the English habit of beginning with a quarto, and descending to an octavo or duodecimo; because on our plan the best and finest copies have . the worst text, and blemishes indicated by the critics are only corrected in the cheap editions. The “German Mer- cury” included no selections from newspapers; but it commented, with Athenian freedom and urbanity, onall the higher topics of European polished conversation. The effusions of litera- iure, the productions of art, remark- able lives and political events, all the opinions and interests of men, were canvassed with an exquisite sense of their proportionate and enduring im- portance, with comprehensive informa- tion and learning, with highly philoso- phic and cosmo-political views, and with an attraction of manner, which wanted, indeed, the rapidity and sti- mulancy of Voltaire, but not his vari- ous resources of imagination. It was this “‘ Mercury” which in fact gained for Weimar the appellation of the German Athens; during more than twenty years it remained the favourite journal of the cultivated classes of Germany ; it selected and brought out the topics which were to occupy and to interest the fashionable and the polished 408 polished in the other minor courts and’ cities; and it first gave that liberal tone of commentary, which was else- where to be felt but as an echo. The Hereditary Prince, after the completion of his domestic education, quitted Weimar to visit France and Italy; and, oncoming of age, he signi- fied his gratitude to Wieland by as- signing to him an annuity of a thou- sand dollars, which. exceeded the stipulated pension by four hundred. Charles-Augustus had imbibed (and this was not the slightest praise of his instruction) a taste for merit, a vir- tuosity in human excellence, to employ his preceptor’s phrase. An eager di- lettante in celebrity, he was chiefly ambitious of decorating Weimar with a gallery of living geniuses; and, if in the statistical map of Europe this was an inconsiderable - place, it was not long to remain so in the intellectual map. Herder, the father of rational scripture-criticism among the Ger- mans, was called to be the superin- tendant or bishop of this little metro- polis ; and, like another Paul of Samo- sata, he inculcated beneath mystical phrases an unprejudiced philosophy. Painters were employed to decorate his cathedral; and Schweitzer, his chapel-master, embellished the public worship with chorusses worthy of Han- del. The theatre of Weimar, which had been burnt down in 1774, and had been rebuilt with singular clegance, was conducted wholly at the expense of the state ; and the public, as in an- cient Rome, was admitted gratui- tously. Goéthe, the Shakspeare of Germany, was invited to become di- rector of this play-house; a situation which was made worthy of his accept- ance, which was conferred together with an order of nobility. Henceforth the lovers of the drama were no-where so sure of a various and tasteful selec- tion as to pieces, of performers so picked even in the minor departments, and of costume and scenery so criti- eally exact. Schiller was induced to try on this stage the most eccentric of his immortal productions, and at length to settle amid the applauding circle. Muszus the novellist, and other minor authors, were led to reside at Weimar by the elegant resources of amuse- ment which it supplied, among which may be classed the romantic walks of Kitterburg opened to the public in the ducal grounds. As at Ferrara under the house of Este, a refinement of the The German Student, No. XXVIII. [Jone t, pleasures of man was here become the chief occupation of his rulers; and, like Ferrara, Weimar was destined to evolve a second Ariosto. The Fabliaux of Wieland were com- posed during the earlier part of his residence at Weimar; and they form a classical volume of “ Metrical Vales,” which no other European nation had rivalled. The themes are mostly de- rived from story-books of chivalry, such as ‘*Gyron le Courtois,” the “‘Lays de I’Oiselet,” the ‘“‘Contes de la Grand,” and the “ Pentamerone ;” but the most fortunate of them all is the story of the “King of the Black Isles,” from the Arabian Nights. Some are wholly of the author’s invention; but these have less felicity of fable than those of which the plot was adopt- ed or borrowed, and has only been rounded into a neat whole by a more dramatic arrangement of the incidents. Exuberance of style is their most fre- quent blemish. These excellent nar- rations, however, were but preparatory exercises for the romantic epopea, which was to follow. “Oberon” first appeared in the German Mercury for 1780, and was received at once with that transport of popularity which continues to ac- company its every republication. Un- questionably it is the most beautiful modern poem which has appeared since the ‘‘ Jerusalem” of ‘Tasso; .and, if it has less grandeur of fable, it surely communicates to the marvellous per- sonages and incidents a more natural and illusive colouring. The story of January and May is not well placed in the mouth of Scherasmin, nor ‘has it sufficient dignity of tone for the gene- ral elevation of the poem, on which account Mr. Sotheby omits the pas- sage in his English version; but, on the whole, both in point of plan and style, this most attractive and attach- ing composition is a master-piece. Wieland felt that he should never sur- pass it, and henceforth declined to write poetry. He did, indeed, publish afterwards a pre-existing translation of Horace’s ‘‘Epistle to the Pisos,” and concluded, rather than completed, his “Clelia and Sinibald;’ but he was careful not to write himself down, by drawing attention to subsequent inferiority. Mr. Sotheby’s translation of ‘‘ Obe- ron,” however beautiful, has too lofty and heroic a tone for the playful hu- mour of the original: we shall contrast with 1823.] New Mode of rendering Roman Stone useful,in Building. with it fifteen stanzas of the first book, from a version which has opposite faults, XII. Off for Bagdad he (Sir Huon) hies with loosen’d _ rein, And ever thinks anon the town to reach, But many a hilly steep, and many a wild, And many, a forest thick, his steps detain. It teazes him he cannot talk their speech ; The Bagdad road he asks of every child, But to his words in oc can none the answer teach, XIIT, Once the lone road, he chose to follow, lay Athwart a wood; and, while the storm-rain gushes, He bad the whole long day to beat the bushes, Aud often with his sword to hew his way 9 Pion the close coppice. Tir’d he climbs the hill To look about: alas! the forest still Seems to grow wider at each sad survey. > XIV. Amid this wilderness, whence e’en by day To hope an outlet might have pass’d for idle, Well might his trouble border on dismay, When marky night her mantle round hii throws; Not a star glimmers through the knitted boughs; Well as he can, he leads his horse by the bridle, , His head against the trees comes in for many blows. 3. LN An unknown wood, the sky so raven-black, And what for the first time invades his ear, The lion’s thundering growl, now far, now near, Amid the deadly stillness of the hour, Deep from the distant mountains bellow’d back, The living wight, who ne’er knew fear before, All this with ease, I ween, might teach to tremble sore. XVI. Our knight, tho’ ne’er appalle by woman’s son, Feels the slack sinews of his knees unknit, Adown his back an icy coldness glides; _ But there’s no fear of force to quell a whit ‘That boldness, which to Bagdad spurs him on: His cutlass drawn, his horse in hand, he strides Till he a path discerns, which to rough caverns guides. XVII. Nor long he wanders, when afar he thinks A cheerful gleam of fire feebly blinks: The sight pumps up more blood into his cheek, Scarce knowing shall he wish, or no, to find In these wild heights a face of human kind, The fleeting shimmer he pursues to seck, is Which gleams and disappears, as the path climbs or sinks. XVIII. At once, where crags their precipices lift, A roomy den before his Eiotatel gaped A fire crackles near. From the dark fern ‘Ve rocks illumin’d thrust their wond’fous shapes With bushes shagg’d, that nod adown the rift, And in the flickering ray seem with green fire to burn. ; In fearful pleasure wrapt, the knight advances swift. XIX. Halt! thunders sudden from the cavern’s Jap, And lo! asavage, rudely shap’d, appear, Wild cat-skins sew’d in clumsy manner flap About his thighs. A gray and curly beard, Once black, along his brawny bosom err’d; His shoulders bear a cedar-club for strife, Of force to rob at once the stoutest bull of life. XxX. Our knight, undavated by the man, or fiend, With the hoge cedar-club, and griesly beard, In his own only tongue explains his mind. “Sweet music from the banks of the Garonne t” Exclaims the forester. ‘‘ What have J heard? For sixteen ees 1 dwell this wild alone, Aud ull the while my cars have miss’d this darling tone. XXI. “*Welcome to Lebanon! tho’ for my sake I shrewdly guess Lhat to this dragon's nest Your daugerous jourvey pe dou’t undertake, Come, rest you here, and may you find a zest In what good mother Nature will afford; My cellar here supplies, your thirst to slake, Only a cold clear spring ; 4 spare repast, my board,” MontHLy MAG, No, 382, 409 XXII. Great joy at this salute the hero feels, Ani with his landsman seeks the cave below, Mistrusting nought, he hastes his armour off to throw, And stands unweapon’d, like a youthful god. The forester seems touch’d by Alquif’s rod, When the knight’s face the unbuckled helm reveals, And in big yellow rings long shiny tresses flow. XXIIT. 4 isthe (he cries,) in forehead, eye, mouth, air !? ; ‘Like whom?’ enquires the wondering Paladin, “Young man, forgive, a sweet deceit I win, A dream of better times, tho’ bitter; dear. It cannot be; and yet himself seems here, When that fair hair ifs golden pride unfarls, Tho’ his a broader breast, and your’s more yellowy curls. XXIV. ‘Your tongue bespeaks you of my native land. Cause there must be, that you his shape receive, For whom in banishment so long I grieve. Alas! it was my hap him to outlive. His eyes were closed by this most faithful hand; His early grave I wet with many a tear: How strange thus once again in you to see him here.” XXV. *Chance (says Sir Huon) sometimes plays such ame. *‘]t may be so, (rejoins the wondering host, ) And yet the love | bear you, gentle youth, If from illusion sprung, is honest trath. Would you vonchsafe to Scheravmin your name!” * “My name is Huon; and it is my boast From Siegwin to descend, late sovereigu of Guyenne.’ XXVI- **My heart misgave me not,”’—in tears exprest ‘The giad old man, and fell at Huon’s feet. “Welcome, thrice welcome, in this wild retreat, Son of mylord and master, of the best And worthiest knight that ever armour drest. Tn children’s petticoats you gaily ran, When to the holy tomb our pilgrimage began.” =p To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, MONGST the numerous disco- veries that engross public atten- tion, none are more generally interest- ing, because more generally useful, than those which connect themselves with building; and perhaps of these there are none that put forth higher claim, than the improved method of adapting the Roman stone to general purposes, as well ornamental as. use- ful. It was first introduced to public notice about seven years since, and its principal use was then confined to the ornamenting of the fronts of houses, &e. and it is but of very late date, by the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Austin, of Little Titchfield-street, that it has been rendered subservient to the higher and more important branches of architecture. Numerous advantages have resulted from this invaluable, and, I may say, all-impor- tant, discovery ; but I will confine my- self to a few, and that of forming the flat roof to houses seems to have the strongest claims to attention. In this mode of procedure are united economy, elegance, and durability. By 3G 410 By a comparison of the charges Mr. Gilbertson in Answer to Mr. Hawes.’ advantage. I would therefore beg, attendant upon the flat and pointed through your Magazine, to call the roof, it will be found that a saving of one-third of the expense attends the for- mer in the first instance; and, from the total impossibility of any repairs being necessary after heavy falls of snow or frost, or from: other accidents, which loosen the tiles of a pointed roof, an eventual saving is also accomplished. It is, when finished, perfectly fiat, and not, like lead on such a roof, subject to ridges where joined; and, in covering offices built on the ground, at the back of houses, whose windows overlook them, it is a most desirable thing, as on such buildings it may be laid over iron bars, and thus be rendered secure from fire; and, instead of the back- rooms being darkened, as is the case where such buildings are covered with lead, a strong light is reflected from its whiteness, which tends to enliven the rooms that overlook it. 'The same preparation will also be found ex- tremely well adapted for partitions, where space is to be gained and neat- ness required; for floorings in offices on the ground, kitchens, washhouses, green-houses, &c. effectually prevent- ing damps from rising or sinking. That such a mode of finishing houses has been found to answer, may be inferred from the free manner in which it has been introduced in many of the new buildings at the west end of the town, and particularly those in Re- gent’s-street and the Regent’s Park. One builder, a Mr. Austin, of Little Titchfield-street, Mary-le-bone, has brought this mode of roofing houses to such perfection, that, out of many thousand feet which has been covered by him, not a single failure has taken place. And, indeed, it would seem, from the numerous purposes to which he has made his improved Roman stone subservient, and the specimens that may be seen at his repository, that he must have devoted his whole attention to its capabilities. It is in- troduced, and found extremely well adapted, for water-cisterns, baths, wine-bins, sinks, air and stink traps, copings for walls, sills for windows, coverings for ridges or slated roofs, in imitation of lead, and chimney-pots, which, for detached cottages and houses in the country, form a desirable and beautiful finish. In short, there are few purposes of convenience, or even of ornament, to which this usefal discovery may not be applied with ' attention of the public to a discovery by which the moneyed interest is so materially benefited. An ARcuITecT. —>—— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, BEG you will allow me to make a few remarks on Mr. Hawes’s Ictter in your Magazine for January, page 516; but first to assure you, I do not wish to oecupy much of your valuable journal, or to contend with Mr. Hawes or Mr. Loudon as to priority of invention: with me I do assert if was original, and, from Mr. Hawes’s letter, have great reason to be- lieve I can claim a prior invention and application to Mr. Loudon. I shall not follow Mr. Hawes through the duty of persons in business, the service ‘you will render the commnu- nity,” —the community knows you have and do render great service,—or en- quire who were his customers driver from their house and home, and got back again for ten pounds. Not so, it will be seen, did Mr. H. act towards me: my business might have been re- moved far from my house, had I not found out the method I now use. Mr. H. speaks of justice: bis “object is but justice” to the “ philosophical modest young man,” who, having dis- covered something ef importance to the public, keeps the secret almost to himself; his friend Mr. H. adopts the discovered plan, ‘the first on’ the plan;” but (according to his dates) de- nies having it. HH will be seen what sort of an advocate Mr. Loudon has had, when I inform you, that in 1820, learning Mr. Hawes had been at con- siderable expense (as he also states,) to get rid of the offensive effluvia in his business, I very naturally wished to know if it was like mine, which had been in use some time. I immediately went to Old Barge-yard; where I was informed that, after all the expense Mr. H. had been at, he had only ear- ried the efluvia by an arm into a high chimney, but had not destroyed it. I leave Mr. Loudon and Mr. Hawes to reconcile the error of time or justice, and recommend Mr. L. to ayail him- self of the harvest before him; taking care not to forget the journal that has given him publicity. One word to Westminsterensis (p. 401,in your Magazine for December). I trust, [June ?, \ 1823.) ° i trust, in charity to his neighbours, before they are compelled to alter their coppers, he will find them a bet- ter model to go by than the one he mentions; and, as a stimulus to their altering them, | beg to observe, they will (if properly done) soon save the expense in fuel. Hertford ; Jan. 9,-1823. JAMES GILBERTSON. =a For the Monthly Magazine. LETTERS ON WALES, From Griffith Tudor, at Festiniog, to his friend Frank Wilmot at Oxford, LETTER IV. _ The Welsh Harp—Pennillion. Y DEAR WILMOT,—I have often, T think, heard you mention our national music in terms of approba- tion, if not ofrapture. I allude more particularly to the Welsh harp,—if, indeed, that may not be said to em- brace all that is exclusively characte- ristic of the minstrelsy of Wales. Had you been with me the other day, you would have found an opportunity of enjoying this instrument in all its mountain purity. In one of my ram- bles through the adjacent country— Nescio quid meditans nugarum et totus in illis,— I was suddenly roused from my reverie by its ‘‘ still small voice,” as it issued from a neighbouring cottage, in which Ithought I couldalso distinguish the ac- compuanying notes of festivity and good humour. As I always rejoice in an opportunity of cultivating the society of the “ goddess fair and free,”—as she is called by the great English poet,— I appreached the scene of this mirth, and found, upon enguiry, that it was occasioned by a hymeneal union that had just taken place, between two young cottagers. I was now near enough to distinguish the various na- tional airs, as they were played in succession by the blind and venerable musician, whose person, through the half-open door, J bad also an opportu- nity of observing. He was an inte- resting figure; and, as I gazed upon him and all his rustic equipments, I could not avoid being hurried back in idea to the times, when the strains of the telynor*® were heard in the halls of eur princes. But those times are fled, thought L; and, as Y was about to pur- sue this current of meditation, I found * A harper. Tudors Letters on Wales. 41i that I, in my turn, had become an object of speculation to the party with- in the cottage. So, unwilling to in- trude upon their hilarity on so parti- cular an occasion, I returned hastily, contrary to my first intention, to the path I had quitted. ‘The tranquil sounds of the harp continued for a time to throw their echoes upon my ear, until at length they were lost in ihe distance, and I was once more left to my meditations. My original reverie was, however, by this time effectually dissipated, and in its stead came a variety of re- flections on the peculiar character of the Welsh harp, and, more especially, upon the plaintive nature of most of the airs which are usually associated with it. I attempted also to retrace in my mind the history of our national instruments, as far as we have any notices of it; and, upon my return home, I committed to paper the resuit of my ruminations, which you will per- haps permit me to make the subject of my present epistle.. But you will con- elude, of course, that I do not profess to offer you a complete dissertation : the bounds within which I am confined will admit of little more than an outline. Of the high antiquity of the harp I need not remind you, nor of its parti- cular estimation amongst the Jews in the time of David. Nor can you be ignorant that it claims an origin even more ancient than this; for we learn from the sacred history, that it was known as early as the days of Jubal, the seventh in descent from Adam, and who is styled ‘the father of all such as handle the harp and organ.”* To trace the use of this instrument from the time of David to its introduction amongst the Cymry is beyond my pre- sent purpose; so I hasten to give you my promised outline of its history, as allied with that of the principality. The first notice that we have of the harp, in connexion with my present subject, is probably that of Ammianus Marcellinus, who appears to allude to it asin use amongst the ancient bards, who, as I intimated in a former letter, had their origin with the Cymry. ‘The word indeed, used by Ammianus, is lyra, which, however, has been under- stood to mean the harp. For the latter instrument, belonging to the same class as the lyre, may easily have been * Genesis, ch. iv. verse 12, confounded 412 confounded with it by a person who had only known it, as is probable in this case, by reputation. Concluding, then, that the harp was the instrument contemplated by the writer I have just quoted, it appears from his information that it was customary with the bards to adapt to its melodious notes the poetical praises of warriors, and of their valorous deeds.* We also learn from the ‘Chronicle of the Kings,” ( Brut y Breninoedd, ) that Blegwryd, fifty-fifth king of Britain, who lived about a century and a-half before our era, was a celebrated musician, and especially on the harp: a circumstance which may serve in some degree to corroborate the statement of Ammianus as to the general adoption of this in- strument by the bards. The next notice of importance on this subject occurs in the popular ro- mances of Arthur, where it is said, that, while Colgrin was besieged by him in York, his brother Badulph gained admission in the disguise of a harper. Whatever suspicion may be- long to this notice as a matter of his- tory, it still proves the use of the harp in that age by the Saxons, who had, in all probability, borrowed it from the Britons. But I think it proper here to apprise you, that I have no recol- lection of a single allusion to this in- strument in the works of the Welsh poets of the sixth century, who were cotemporary with Arthur. But this may, 1 think, be very plausibly ascribed to the particular nature of the topics on which their strains were employed. The ravages of war appear to have been, during the period in question, the chief themes of the muse; while the troubles and feuds of that distract- ed age must have been extremely un- propitious to the peaceful custom of singing with the harp, so prevalent in after-times amongst the mountains of Wales. The silence of the poets of the sixth century, then, may be taken to prove only that the strains of the harp were in that age drowned in the louder notes of tumult and war. The first authentic recognition of the _harp as a national instrument is to be found in the laws of Hywel the Good, compiled in the tenth century. We find from these, that, among the offi- cers of the royal houschold, was one denominated the domestic bard, whose * “Cum, dulcibus lyre modulis canta” runt,” are the words of Ammianus, Tudor’s Letters on Wales. [June 1, business it was to entertain the king and his family with the charms of minstrelsy and song, for which purpose he was to be provided with a harp by the royal bounty. It was particularly his duty, by his performances, to ani- mate his countrymen on the day of battle ; and the national air of Unbe- naeth Prydain (the Monarchy of Bri- tain), was appointed to be played up- on this occasion. It is also recorded inthe same ancient laws, that a skilful performance on the harp was consi- dered as an indispensable accomplish- ment of a Welsh gentleman; and the harps of the king, of the domestic bard, and of a private individual, were in the same code respectively valued ; the two former at 120 pence, and the latter at half the sum. From the time of Hywel to that of Gruffydd ab Cynan, prince of North Wales during the close of the eleventh and the commencement of the twelfth century, we have no distinct notices of the use of this instrument in Wales, But there can be no doubt of its ge- neral prevalence during the interval, from the circumstance of Gruffydd having resolved to reform the national minstrelsy, owing to some abuses, real or imagined, which had crept into it. l'or this purpose he held a Musical Congress in the year 1110, to which he summoned not only the most emi- nent Welsh minstrels, but also those of Ireland and other countries. The twenty-four canons of music, before acknowledged in Wales, were revised and corrected at this Congress, and a statute enacted for the future guidance of the musicians. As Gruffydd ab Cynan was born and educated in Ire- land, it is probable enough that he availed himself of this opportunity to make some innovations on Welsh minstrelsy, agreeably with his foreign prepossessions; and the Welsh harp may on this occasion have lost some- thing of its primitive character. A copy of Gruffydd’s statute is preserved, and the directions it contains are extreme- ly minute, extending even to the pecu- liar management of the fingers in play- ing on the harp. It also records the names of the principal musicians that attended the Congress; and is, alto- gether, a document of great curiosity.* From the eleventh century to the * A copy of this statute is preserved in the library of the Welsh School, in Gray's Inn Lane, present 1823. } present time, the Welsh writers, and especially the bards, abound in allu- sions to the harp, which has, through- out the period, maintained its ascen- dancy as the favourite instrument of the Cymry, to the almost total exclu- sion of the crwth and bag-pipe, which formerly partook of its popularity. Giraldus Cambrensis, who wrote in the twelfth century, informs us, that travellers in Wales in that age were entertained at the houses in which they sojourned, from morning to night, with the conversation of young women and the strains of the harp, and that every family had for this purpose its damsels and harps. Davydd ab Gwi- lym, a celebrated poet of the four- teenth century, has an effusion ad- dressed to a “leathern harp,” by which he seems to have meant one strung with gut, which about this pe- riod was substituted for the hair pre- iously used. ‘The peem [speak ofisa remarkable instance of the bard’s well- known and happy talent for, ridicule, which he most unsparingly employs on the recent innovation, comparing the sounds of the gut with “the croaking of a lame goose in the corn, the cries of an Irish witch, the rumbling of a crazy mill-stream,” and other images equally ludicrous. He concludes his philippic against the new invention by urging the introduction of the hair- strung harp, which, however, does not appear to have been afterwards genc- rally adopted. It would occupy too much space to particularize all the notices contained in the poets since the time of Davydd ab Gwilym; but one by Richard Cynwal, who flourish- ed early in the seventeenth century, deserves to be transcribed. It is an allusion to a famous harp of Prince Liywelyn, of which he speaks in the following terms:—“ The harp of Lly= welyn, most honoured through ages, was completely filled with hair-strings curiously braided, to sing golden praises tothe Lord.” Before Wales fell under the domi- nion of England, its minstrels were legally incorporated, and enjoyed many valuable privileges. ‘They con- sequently made considerable progress in the science of music, and experi- eneed general encouragement from their countrymen. I have already shown you, from the laws of Hywel, that the harpers formerly possessed the patronage of the Welsh princes; and alter the conquest ticy are to be Tudor’s Letters on Wales. 413 found occasionally in request with the English monarchs. ‘The names of se- veral who were favoured with this distinction are preserved; and there is extant an order from James I. to the Treasurer of his Chamber, directing him to pay to ‘Lewis Williams, a young youth, that played upon the harp to his Majesty and the Prince, the sum of 20/.”’ on account of his ill- health. But, whatever partial advantages the Welsh minstrels may thus have derived from the union with England, it is probable enough that that event was the main cause of the pensive and even plaintive airs which have since been associated with the Welsh harp. Notes of despondency or of sorrow have chiefly animated its strings since the Cymry ceased to be an indepen- dent nation; and these melancholy effusions are still cherished in prefer- ence to the more enlivening airs occa- Sionally introduced from ether coun- tries. Davydd ab Mdmwnd, a poet of the fifteenth century, alludes to this characteristic of our national instru- ment in a couplet, which J will venture to give, both in the original and in a translation. Hid oes nag angel na dyn, Nad wy! pan gano delyn. So far the bard. ‘The following is a paraphrastical version :— Of men on,earth, or saints on high, When Cymru’s harp-notes stray, Who doth not feel the tearful eye Yield to the melting lay? Such is an outline of the history of the Welsh harp, which still continues to delight the unsophisticated inhabi- tants of the Cambrian hills, though it has undoubtedly lost much of its pris- tine celebrity, since princes and royal dames listened to its ravishing stiains. With the principal Welsh airs you are no doubt acquainted ; but perhaps it has never fallen to your lot to hear them played in all their native purity, accompanied by those national stanzas which the Welsh call Pennillion, There are several persons in Wales who, not unlike the Improvisatori of Italy, will accompany the harp for two or three hours successively inthis man- ner, through all the transitions and varicties of its tunes, and consequently singing, during the period, a hundred or two of these efiusions, which are sometimes extemporary, but for the most part traditional, and such «as have been transmitted from genera- tion 414 tion to gencration from time imme- morial. It has been thought that the Pennil- lion owe their origin to the Druidical institution, and that they embodied the precepts of morality or wisdom which were taught under that ancient system. Cesar, you may remember, speaks expressly* of the number of verses which the pupils of the Druids were obliged to learn; and when he tells us, that the student was in some eases thus occupied for twenty years, it may supply us with a notion of the extent to which the practice was car- ried. The Pennillion of the present day may shortly be characterized as uniting the simple, the moral, and the pathetic, with a degree of expressive- ness seldom equalled in the ecpigram- matic productions of other languages, Indeed they often assume a_loftier tone than that of an epigram, accord- ing to the popular acceptation of the term ; and combine with the terseness of that species of composition the un- assuming charms that belong to a spon- taneous flow of the tenderest and best emotions of the heart and head. And, when to these qualities are added the peculiar attributes of Welsh versifica- tion, you will readily imagine that it is no easy task to render justice to the Pennillion in a translation. However, even under these disadvantages, I shall send you a few specimens in an English dress; but you will be suffi- ciently prepared, from what I have said, not to expect to find them exact copies of the originals. TI shall, how- ever, adhere to the metre as closely as the different natures of the two lan- guages will admit. Ki Yon sweet harp, how it resembles Some fair maid, whose soft form trembles To your touch, and soon you find her Grow beneath it kinder, kinder, if. Where can be the use, I pray, ' From happiness to sever? While I am both young and gay, My heart I'll conquer ever, Conquer still, tho’ cares befal, Yet some are e’er complaining ; Wealth we need not, great or small, Where’er content is reigning. It. How gay seems yon valley with rich wa- ving wheat ! Fair lands and fair houses, and shelters so neat ; * Beil, Gall. lib. vi, c. 13, Abstract of Bicat’s Theory of Life. {June 1, While the whole feather’d choir to delight us conspires : The mountain yields nothing but turf and turf-fires, Iv. T have read, what schoolmen teach, That there are eight parts of speech, And that women,—praise be given,— To themselves have taken seven. v. The trees are fast blowing, Flow’rs round us are growing, The leaves of the primrose on each hillock spring ; While the birds on each spray, Fullof glee, chaunt away, Till the groves, as you hear, with their melody ring. vi. Thy sweet lips, my Betsy dear, Are like the juicy pear ; And thy breasts, they do appear Like downy peaches fair ; But howstrange these charms should shine With a heart so hard as thine. Such are the Pennillion, though with more pains I might perhaps have sup- plied more favourable specimens, and especially with respect to the subjects. But these will serve my present pur- pose, which is merely to illustrate our national custom of singing with the harp, which however, to be thoroughly understood, must be enjoyed among the mountains, to which it owes its birth. Again farewell, my dear Frank, and believe me, —- Your faithful Festiniog ; GrirFitH Tupor. July 20, 1822. —=ia For the Monthly Magazine. ACCOUNT Of M. BICHAT’S THEORY of LITE. ; VERY thing around living bodies, according to M, Bichat,* tends constantly to their destruction, And to this influence they would necessa- rily yield, were they not gifted with some permanent principle of reaction. This principle is their Zife, and aliving system * Mr. Bichat was born in 1771. He studied under the celebrated Desault, whom he assisted to the end of his life in his practice, in his studies, and in his lec- tures. At the age of ¥7 he published his Treatise on the Membranes; and in the succeeding year’ his Researches upon Life and Death. His next work was his Gene- ral Amatomy; and he began a work on Descriptive Anatomy, of which he lived to complete ouly two volumes, He died in re - were 1823.] system is therefore necessarily always engaged in the performance of func- tions, whose object is to resist death. Life, according to Bichat, is the state of being produced by the posses- sion and exercise ef what he calls the vital properties ; yet he does not always adhere with logical strictness to this definition, but rather uses the term sometimes to designate collectively the vital properties themselves, and this, perhaps, is its best and most convenient sense. His essential doctrine, how- ever, is, that there is no one single in- dividual presiding principle of vita- lity, which animates the body ; but that it is a collection of matter gifted for a time with certain powers of action, combined into organs which are thus enabled to act; and that the result is a series of functions, the connected per- formance of which constitutes it a living thing. This is his view of life, considered in the most general and simple way. But in carrying the examination fur- ther, he points out two remarkable modifications of life, as viewed in dif- ferent relations, one common both to vegetables and animals, the other pe- culiar to animals. ‘The vegetable ex- ists entircly within itself, and for itself, depending upon other substances only for the materials of nutrition; the animal, on the contrary, in addition to this internal life, has another, by which he connects himself with objects about him, maintains relations with them, and is bound to them by the ties of mutual dependence. This affords a principle, upon which to form a dis- tinct classification of our functions. Those which we have in common with the vegetable, which are necessary merely to our individual bodily exist- ence, are called the functions of orga- nic life, because they are common to all organized matter. Those, on the other hand, which are peculiar to ani- mals, which in them are superadded to the possession of the organic func- in 1802, Great stress is laid on his opi- nions by the, continental physiologists; but he seems to have no suspicion of the recently promulgated doctrine, that ani- mal strength, energy, and Life, is derived merely from the fixation and transferred motion of the atoms of gas within which the animal lives. Atmospheric gas is com- posed of moving atoms, the fixation of which by respiration, transfers their mo- mentum, and concentrates their energy and heat in the animal system.—Epiror, 1 Abstract of Bichat’s Theory of Life. _secretions. 415 tions, are called the functions of ani- mal life. Physiologically speaking, then, we have two lives, the concurrence of which enables us to live, and move, and have our being; both equally necessary to the relations we main- tain as human beings, but not equally necessary to the simple existence of a living thing. By our organic life, food proper for our nutrition is first submitted to the operation of digestion, is then thrown into the cir- culation, undergoes in the lungs the changes which respiration is intended to effect, is then distributed to the organs to be applied to their nutrition; from these, after a certain period, is taken away by absorption, thrown again into the circulation, and dis- charged at length from the system by means of the several exhalations and This is the life by which all the parts of the body are kept ina state of repair; it is the life of waste and supply ; necessarily subservient to the performance of those functions, which are the distinguishing characte- ristics of our nature, but not at all engaged in their performance itself. By our animal life, on the contrary, we become related to the world about us; the senses convey to us a know- ledge of the existence of other things besides ourselves ; a knowledge also of their qualities and their capacities for producing pleasure or pain; we feel, we reflect, we judge, we will, and react upon external things, by means of the organs of locomotion and voice : according to thé result of these mental operations, we become capable of communicating and receiving plea- sure and pain, happiness and misery. In fact, by the organic life we merely exist negatively ; by the animal, that existence becomes a blessing or a curse, a source of enjoyment or of suffering. It is not at all pretended that the idea of this division was entirely origi- nal with Bichat. Most physiologists have had some faint conception of it, and others have more distinctly recog- nized it under a somewhat different modification, and with a different title. But he has made it peculiarly his own by the ingenious and novel manner in which he has stated, explained, and illustrated it; the detailed application, which he has made of it, to the various phenomena of the living system; and the beautiful and almost pootical air which 416 which he has, by means of it, thrown around many of these phanomena. In the first place, as he teaches us, the two lives differ, in some important respects, as to the organs by. which their functions are performed. Those of the animal life present a symmetry of external form, strongly contrasted with the irregularity, which is a promi- nent characteristic of those of organic life. In the animal life, every function is either performed by a pair of organs, perfectly similar in structure and size, situated one upon each side of the median dividing line of the body, or else by asingle organ divided into two similar and perfectly symmetrical. halves by that line. ‘Thus the organs of sight and hearing, and of locomo-. tion, are double and similar; the nerves of the brain go off in corres- ponding pairs; the organs of smell and taste, and the brain, are situated with a perfect regard io this law. The organs of the organic life, on the con- trary, present a picture totally dif- ferent; they are irregularly formed, and irregularly arranged ; the stomach is disposed without any regard to the median line, and one half of it bears no resemblance to the other; the same is true of the liver, the spleen, and all the organic viscera. The heart, it is true, is a double organ; but its parts are of unequal size and strength; the rest of the circulating system presents a thou- sand irregularities ; and the lungs are dissimilar in the two sides of the thorax, in the division of their lobes, and the quantity of matter they contain. This symmetry of the form is accom- panied by a corresponding harmony in the functions of the organs of the ani- mal life. The exactness and perfec- tion of vision depend upon the simila- rity of the impressions transmitted by the two eyes to the brain; if these im- pressions are dissimilar, vision will be imperfect in proportion; hence we shut one eye when the power of the other is increased by the interposition of a lens, and hence we squint when one eye is made weaker than the other. The same is true of all the senses, of the muscles of locomotion and voice, and of the brain itself; if there is between the corresponding organs on the two sides, or the corres- ponding halves of the organs, any ine- quality or dissimilarity, that is, if there be any defect of symmetry, the conse- Account of M. Bichat’s Theory of Life. [June T, qnense is an imperfection in their fanction. Upon this principle Bichat explains the difference between difler- ent individuals in their natural capa- city for distinguishing accurately the harmony of sounds. A good ear for music, as we express ourselves in com- mon language, is only the result of the possession of two symmetrical organs of hearing, which transmit to the brain similar impressions ; a bad ear, on the contrary, is produced by any inequality in the organs, which trans- mit two unequal impressions. Thus, when one, either of our ears or eyes, is deprived of its usual degree of sensi- bility, we can hear or see much better by making use of that alone which is uninjured, than by having recourse to both. The same remark is extended to the functions of smelling, tasting, and touching, and to the functions of the brain and muscles. But nothing like this is true of the organic life, to the regularity of whose operations, harmony and correspondence of action is not a necessary condition. The functions of the organic life are constantly going on; they admit of no interruption, no repose ; whatever cause suspends, but for a moment, the respiration or the circulation, destroys life. They form a necessary and con- nectéd series, which must be always moving on in continued progression, from the beginning to the end of exist- ence. But in those of the animal life the case is widely different. They have intervals of entire repose. The organs of this life are incapable of constant “activity, they become fa- ticued by exercise, and require rest. This rest, with regard to any particu- lar organ, is the sleep of that organ ; and in proportion to the extent of the previous exercise, and the number of organs fatigued, the state of repose will be partial or general. Upon this principle Bichat founds his theory of sleep. General sleep is the combina- tion of the sleep of particular organs. Sleep then is not any definite state, but is a more or less complete rest of the whole system in propdrtion to the number of organs which require re- pose. The most perfect sleep is that where all the functions of animal life, the sensations, the perception, the imagination, the memory, the judg- ment, locomotion, and voice, are sus- pended; and the various forms of im- perfect sleep exhibited in dreaming, som- 1823.] somnambulism, &¢. are all produced by the wakefulness of some particular organs, The two lives differ also in regard to habit; the animal being much under its control, the organic but slightly. In the animal life, habit renders our feclings and sensations less intense, whilst it elevates and perfects the power of judging. The eye is no longer sensible of the presence of objects to which it has become fami- liarized, the car takes no notice of sounds that are constantly repeated, the other senses become hardened against the operation of agents which have often exciled them; but at the same time the capacity for forming an accurate judgment with regard to their qualities has been growing more per- fect. Thus, a piece of music gives us at first a feeling of pleasure simply, and nothing more; if it be often repeated, this pleasure vanishes, but we become capable of estimating the merits of its arrangement and harmony. In the organic life it is not so ; respira- tion, circulation, secretion, &c. are totally without the dominion of habit ; and, although some of the functions of this life, most intimately connected with those of the animal, are in some measure under its influence, yet in a general way a freedom from this influ- ence is a distinguishing charactcristic of the organic life. Evéry thing relating to the under- standing is the attribute of animal life; whilst the passions, on the contrary, belong to the organic life, have their seat in its organs, influence them when they are excited into actionthemselves, and are on the contrary influenced by the state of the organs. he rejation which the passions have, so remarka- bly, with the animal life, is interme- diate, and not direct; all the primary phenomena produced by their excite- ment are exhibited in the internal organs; the heart is violently excited in anger, more modcrately in joy ; fear, sadness, grief, produce an opposite effect. The lungs are equally affected, the respiration is quickened or im- peded, a sense of oppression or suffo- cation is brought on, according to the nature and degree of the passion ex- cited. In various emotions we expe- rience peculiar sensations in the epi- gastrium, a sharp pain, a sense of ful-. ness or of sinking; in other cases, more decided effects are produced, a spasmodic yomiting, a copigus secre- Montuty Maa, No, 382. Abstract of Bichat’s Theory of Life. 417 tion from the liver or the mucous membrane of the intestines, producing a diarrhoea. All the natural gestures by which we attempt to express the in- tellectual and moral affections, are so many proofs of the correctness of these views. If we wish to indicate any of the phenomena of the intellect, relating, for instance, to memory, to perception, or to judgment, we carry - the hand spontaneously to the head; but, if we would express love, joy, sad- ness, hatred, &c. we involuntarily place it upon the breast, or the stomach. We say a strong head, a well-orga- nized head, to express the perfection of understanding; a good heart, ora feeling heart, to express moral per- fection. Many of the phenomena of disease indicate the same re- lations between the organic viscera and our moral affections. In the dis- eases of some organs, the mind is cheerful and happy, taking always a favourable view of things, and this, even when the disease lies at the very root of existence ; and, on the contrary, when some other organs are affected, it is invariably gloomy and apprehen- Sive, anticipating the most fearful results, and even in trivial complaints expecting the most fatal conse- querces. The two lives differ also in the mode and epoch oftheir origin. The organic is in activity from the very first period of conception; the animal enters into exercise only at birth, when external objects offer to the new individual means of connexion and relation. In the foetal state, the eeconomy is solely occupied in the formation and nutri- tion of the organs ; this is the prepara- tive stage of existence. The organs, which are to perform the functions of the animal life, are created and per- fected, but they are not exercised ; they are not accessible to the operation of the agents whose excitement is ne- cessary to bring them into action, and of scourse they remain in a state of profound repose, until the stimulus, first of the air, and afterwards of food, light, and sounds, is applied to the ap- propriate organs. At birth, then, a great change takes place in the physi- ological state of man. His animal life is first brought into existence, and his organic life becomes more fully deve- loped and more complicated, in order 10 accommodate itself to the increased demands which this change necessarily brings upon it, But, from this mo- 3H ment, A418 ment, there is no further alteration or improyement in the functions of the organic life. They are as perfect in the infant as in the adult; they are not susceptible of education. But in those of the animal life every thing depends upon the education they receive; at first feeble, imperfect, indistinct, they gradually become developed, and the direction given to this development, and the character which they ‘ulti- mately possess, depend in a great measure upon the influence exercised upon them by extrinsic circumstances. Differing thus in their origin and in their mode of development, the two lives differ also in the mode of their termination in death, when this takes place naturally, that is, at the extre- mity of old age. The animal life is becoming gradually extinguished, be- fore the organic has begun to fail. One after another its functions cease to be performed. ‘The eye becomes ob- scured, it ceases to fecl or to transmit the impression of jight. 'The ear be- comes insensible to the impulse of sound. 'Theskin,shrivelled, hardened, deprived in part of its vessels, is capa- ble of but an obscure and indistinct sensation ; the parts dependent upon it, the hair and beard, lose their vitality, grow white, and fall off. The intel- lectual functions follow in the train of the sensations, the perception is blunt- ed, the memory fails, the judgment becomes infantile; and at the same time the muscles under the influence of the brain, viz. those of locomotion and voice, partake of the same decre- pitude. The old man moves with pain and difficulty, and speaks with a thick and trembling voice. ‘Seated near the fire which warnis him, he passes his days concentrated within himself; estranged from every thing around him, deprived of desires, of passions, of sensations, speaking little, because induced by no motive to break silence, happy in the feeling that he still exists, when almost every other one has already quitted him,’ Ina certain sense then the animal life dies first, and leaves the organic still going on in the performance of its functions ; this separation is more or less complete, and continues for a greater or less length of time, in difier- ent cases. ‘The old man may continue to breathe and digest, for some time after he has to all intents and purposes ceased to think and to feel; he conti- nues to exist as a vegetable, when he Abstract of Bichat’s Theery of Life. [June 15 no longer lives as an animal, Death, however, at length seizes upon the organic life. Gradually, and step by step, the vital forces desert the differ- ent organs; digestion, secretion, &c. languish, the circulation and respira- tion are successively impeded, and finally stop. In considering the vital properties, as in all his inquiries concerning life, Bichat had constant regard to his grand division into the two lives; and he recognises in the functions of each life, the exhibition of properties pecu- liar to itself, or at least properties mo- dified by the nature andrelations ofthat life to whose functions they are sub- servient. In the organic life, the organs have in the first place a sort of sensibility or perception, by which they become acquainted with the pre- sence and qualities of the substances applied to them; this is the organic sensibility: they have then a property by which they react upon these sub- stances, and excite in them motion; this is the organic contractility. It has two modifications. 1. Where the contraction is insensible, as in the ex- halants, capillaries, secreting. vessels. 2. Where it is sensible, as in the heart, the stomach, the intestines; and these are called respectively, the insensible, and the sensible, organic contractility. Tn the organs of the animal life, there is also a sensibility, by which they are not only made capable of receiving the impression of an object and its quali- ties, but of transmitting that impression to the common sensorium; and a con- tractility, which not only renders a part capable of contracting, but is in the exercise of its power under the entire control and direction of the brain. These properties are called the animal sensibility and the animal con- tractility. With Bichat the preperties of life were ailin all. The phenomena of the system, whether in health or disease, were all ascribed to their influence and operation. = To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE farce of the sinking-fund was carried on from its first establish- ment to the year 1819, when the nomi- bal amount for the annual redemption of debt was about fifteen millions of pounds sterling. e At this period, (four years ago,) the ministers in both Houses bad the eflron- tery 1823.] tery, or grace, (call it which you please,) to acknowledge it was only a delusion to consider it to be in that state, the real fact being, that the actual surplus of income above the ex- penditure was only two millions annu- ally. ‘Therefore Lord Liverpool in the Lords, and Lord Castlereagh in the Commons, said it was high time to un- deceive the public, and to drop the fallacious or imaginary surplus annual amount of fifteen millions, and to pro- vide a real and bona-fida sum of five millions of pounds sterling for the annual redemption of debt. This they solemnly promised to do, and pledged their honour, that, if par- liament would grant them new addi- tional taxes, to the amount of three millions annually, in addition to the two millions already in surplus, “That, for the future, no. circum- stances or consideration whatever should prevent that sum being laid out annually in the reduction of debt.” Parliament acquiesced, and new taxes were laid on to upwards of three millions sterling annually. Now mark the result according to iheir own statement: Mr. Robinson has lately repeatedly declared, ‘That the average amount of debt redeemed for the last four years, was only three and an half millions of stock, or four- teen millions of stock in the last four years.”* Now the pledge solemnly given was, “That twenty millions of pounds ster- ling should be laid out in that period;” and which, at the average price of stock of seventy-five per cent. would have purchased 26,666,666 pounds of stock. So then, here is, according to free and unasked-for confession of mi- nisters themselves, an unaccounted- for loss of stock to the public, of twelve millions six hundred sixty-six thou- sand six hundred sixty-six pounds of stock, in the short space of four years! So that it is certain, that the value of this enormous amount of stock has been spent, not merely without the authority of parliament, but directly in the teeth of its orders; for there has not been any Appropriation Act to sanction it, although they have confessed that the money has been spent. Yet, clear and flagrant as these facts * The chancellor's statement was. for the last seven years, hut the period here taken is precisely the same as to the argument, The Sinking Fung. 419 are, there has not been any proper inquiry into them; but, on the con- trary, the new chancellor’s maiden budget, in which the avowal was made, was received with applause! . Thus, then, it turns out, that, by the annual bandying-about of this ministe~ rial shuttlecock, the ministers actually spend some millions annually, for which no account is ever given. The period is now nearly arrived (forty-two years,) when Mr. Pitt . vaunted, at the first establishment of the sinking-fund upon hisownadopted plan, “‘ That, if parliament would sup- port him in it, the whole of the Na- tional Debt would be extinguished. Now it is but too well remembered, that parliament did support him in every measure respecting it, and yet what is the actual result? It is too monstrous to be even named! From fatal experience, and some little knowledge of the real state of affairs, I venture to predict, that the capability of the sinking-fund to ex- tinguish the debt, will be exactly upon a par with a cripple running after a hare to catch it: the longer he runs, the further he will be from the object of his pursuit. J. B. Highbury Grove, April 1823, —= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. I have possessed for five years the regulation of the weather, and the distribution of the seasons; the sun has listened to my dictates, the clouds at my call have poured their waters.—Aassclas. SIR, MONGST all the various charac- ters of humourists that have been drawn by our celebrated essay- ists, I cannot, at this moment, recol- lect one of that now numerous class, who set up as being weather-wise. Such, at least, was their former mo- dest pretension ; but, now bolder grown, they assume the character of weather-prophets, and, not contented with the deference always shown to those who understand, or pretend to understand, the “ signs of the times,” they not only inform us of the rain or sun-shine we may expceet inthe passing or approaching hours, but without hesitation pronounce our doom for wecks and months ; and that, too, with an air of authority, which might lead you to imagine the clouds waited on their bidding, or the sun apportioned the number of his rays to their private wishes. Another very important alter- ation has taken place in the last few years amongst this society of cloud- gazers ; 420 gazers; namely, in the character, and above all, the number, of its mem- bers. In ancient times one was thought sufficient for a parish, and every ham- let possessed its seer skilled in the changes of the seasons, who acted in his own separate department, and enjoyed its functions as unmolested as the doctor or the minister. This im- portant oftice generally devolved upon the oldest inhabitant of the place, and to his experience did all resort; in eases of doubt, or difficulty, his house was the weather-office of the neigh- bourhood, and his countenance, grave or gay as the occasion demanded, was considered as true an index of the clouds or sun-shine that were to darken or to cheer the day, as the hand of the best-constructed weather- glass. In harvest-time he was the oracle of the village; and for another to interfere in his decisions, or give an opinion upon the subject, would have been thought alike strange and pre- sumptuous. But alas! it is not so now; on the contrary, every man that can distinguish a black cloud from a white one, sets up as being weather- wise; and you cannot hint your inten- tion of taking a walk, without being stunned on all sides with contradictory opinions as to what the weather is, has been, or will be, before your return. So numerous are the kind cautions, warnings, and threatenings, bestowed upon the occasion, and so repeatedly are you enjoined “to set off in- wiv ee or you will be caught in the rain,” or (if it be a fine spring morn- ing,) “to defer it till the heat of the day be past,” that you are either frightened into staying at home, or the time destined for your excursion is past before you can escape. In this case, should a few stray drops of rain chance to fall, or one ray of sunshine be seen, you are doomed to be congratu- lated upon your disappointment all the rest of the day ; and the “ did not I tell you it would rain, &c.” is the self- satisfied burden of the song. Still, however, it was confined till lately to the inhabitants of the country, where the charms and delights of out-of-door enjoyments made ample amends for the trouble of obtaining them: but, in this age of knowledge, the knowledge of the elements could not be forgotten ; and now, alas! to the no small annoyance of poor woman- kind, (who are not allowed to know Prognostications on the Weather. [June 1, any thing of the matter, as it considered far above their slender comprehension,) it equally pervades every situation. I was more particularly led to these reflections, by a visit I paid a short time since to a family residing in the centre of a large manufacturing town. The house, though large and commo- dious inside, had not an inch of ground belonging to it, but was closely surrounded on every side by buildings of various dimensions. It was situ- ated in a narrow street, which had apparently been built in those times when the art of laying-out a city con- sisted in cramming the greatest possi- ble number of dwellings into the least possible space. _ The houses on the op- posite side were consequently within a very neighbourly distance, and, were propinquity a certain proof of friend- ship, the whole street was on terms of the most cordial amity. From the windows you obtained a view of the bare blank walls of a manufactory, the chimneys of which constantly emitted volumes of smoke so dense, as to render the light enjoyed in its vici- nity a sort of dusky twilight. In such a situation, “To watch the storm slow gathering from afar,” appeared impossible; and here, at least, I thought I should enjoy the bliss of ignorance. Judge then of my sur- prise, when, upon entering the break- fast parlour, I was greeted, not with enquiries after my health, or some plan of engagement for the day, but with a grave debate upon the height of the clouds, the weight of the atmosphere, and the rising and falling of the wea- ther-glass. This important discussion being, however, at length concluded, the engagements for the day were talked of, and a proposal made for a walk to some gardens, about a mile distant; but no, a shower had been pre- dicted to fall at the hour fixed for our departure, so the scheme was obliged to be given up. It was then proposed to go to au exhibition of paintings then in town; but this was instantly nega- tived by a declaration, that the sun’s rays would there be so powerful as to spoil their effect; and, in fine, after various plans had been propdésed with equal success, we were at length informed, that we might venture to pay a call at a house two doors higher up the street, provided we went and returned punctually to the time ap- pointed. One 1823.] One of the most striking characte- ristics of a professional cloud-gazer is, that his predictions are invariably con- trary to the opinions of the rest of the company, and to the present appear- ances of things; for, to foretel what all the world expects, would show no su- periority of judgment, and conse- quently excite no attention; therefore, if the sun shine in meridian splendour, it is sure to rain before night; and, when gathering clouds darken the air, and seem to threaten another flood, signs, known only to the initiated, are seen, which predict calm and sun- shine. To prove that this is no exag- geration, I have only to state my own experience, which was no less than hearing a deep snow predicted last year in the month of May or the be- ginning of June; which prediction was dinned into my weary ears every time I unwittingly remarked upon the fine- ness of the day. Itis needless to say, that the snow kindly deferred his visit until the ensuing winter; nevertheless, a few stray flakes, which none but the alert eye of an adept could discover, was considered as an ample fulfilment of the prophecy.* The astronomer in Rasselas, con- vinced of the vanity of his pretensions, and the uselessness of his predictions, quietly yielded up his self-imposed task, and ceased to concern himself with the war of the elements, or the changes of the seasons: that his exam- ple may be followed by all the cloud- gazers and weather-prophets through- * We may observe on this subject, as on that of all predictions, that the prophet is right just as often as the chances are in his favour. Thus, if it rain one day out of three, or two days in the week, it is as one to three that he may name the day in the next week in which it will rain; and once in three times he would in general be right. So, also, in regard to the moon aud the weather; the moon changes fifty-two times in every year, and the weather about twenty-six times; and then, if we connect the changes of the weather two days after each change of the moon, the chance is, that three in seven times the changes will coincide ; and hence our weather-prophets often have occasion to plume themselves on their skill in connecting the moon with the weather. Similar plausibility secures astrologers and prophets in general. ‘The only true ground of prophecy is to reason from cause to effect, a condition too often overlooked,—Epbitor, Church Revenues. 421 out his majesty’s dominions, is the’ earnest prayer of ASMA: —= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HAT there does exist in the Church of England, a patronage too powerful for any counteraction short of a petition to parliament, is sufficiently apparent from A.Z. Until a Bill be passed to limit any clergy- man from holding his preferment in more then two archdeaconries in the same diocese, or in more than two adjoining counties in England, the bishops cannot counteract the infla- ence whichbesieges them. Any mem- ber of parliament is competent to be- gin the work of prevention which has for so many years been a matter of indignant animadversion. I am in- clined to believe A. Z. intends no more by his statement than that cer- tain persons are holders and patrons of the number of livings he represents, and not actual incumbents. In the law, counsellors are restricted in the number of circuits. In the navy, and in the service of the East and West India companies, no man is captain of two ships. In the army, also, there is some restriction; while your man with his thirty-four benefices, if the thing be possible, being not bounded within ‘any known circumference, may arrive at an acme of degradation to which avarice knows no limitation. Cer- tainly, the possibility of holding bene- fices in every part of the kingdom does exist, and calls for attention and remedy. If, indeed, the clergyman who holds one cure of souls, and is wishing for another, would rise up and visit the sick and the afllicted of that parish, already committed to his charge, such employment would give him a better blessing than can be found in the abundance of the world. During the reigns of Edward III. and his successor Richard II. the Commons in parliament moved several’ Bills for a parochial clergy, in which it was set forth, “thatit was known from divine, canon, and human, laws, that benefices of holy church, having cure of souls, were first of all instituted and established to the honour of God, the health and remedy of the founders, the government and relief of the pa- rishioners, and advancement of the clergy; but that spiritual patrons, through divers colours and cautions, did 422 did mischicvously appropriate the said benefices throughout the realm, in offence to God, to the confusion of their souls, and did cruelly take away Memoirs of General Dumouriez. {June 1, hospitality, and other works of charity, accustomed to be done in the said benefices,” &e. &e.—( See 15 Rich. I. 1391.) P. BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. —=>—— MEMOIRS of GENERAL DUMOURIEZ. AN illustrious man has just been 4 deposited in the tomb! In his long, painful, and for a moment most glorious, career, he was devoted to the service of mankind and the true inte- rests of his country. To sketch ra- pidly the principal facts of his asto- nishing life, to invite to sober reflec- tion on its remarkable vicissitudes, and to pay to an illustrious and be- loved memory the tribute to which it is eminently entitled, are the more immediate objects of these pages. Charles-Francois-Duperier )umou- riez was born at Cambray, the 25th of January, 1739: his family, originally from Provence, was renowned for its an- tiquity, for its long exercise of judiciary power, and for its striking attachment to literature, which, since the restora- tion of letters, seems to have the inhe- ritance of the magistrature in France. It was to one of his ancestors that Malherbe, the father of French poetry, addressed in 1599 one of his most beautiful odes. Duperier had just Jost his daughter, and was overwhelm- ed with grief: his friend addressed ~ some poetical and tender consolations to him, in the stanzas which begin— “Ta douleur, Duperier, sera donc eternelle?” and the latter part of which I here quote with pleasure, be- cause they still speak loudly to the friends of the illustrious dead :— La mort a des rigueurs a nulle autre pa- reilles, + On a beau la prier ; La cruelle quelle est, se bouche les oreilles Et nous laisse crier. Le pativre en sa cabane ot le chaume le couvre, Est sujet a ses lois; Et la garde qui veille aux barriéres du Louvre N’en defend point nos rois. De murmurer contrelle et perdre patience Est mal a propos: Vouloir ce que Dicu veut, est la seule science Qui nous met en repos. Dumouriez’s father consecrated a art of his fortune to the solid and rilliant education of his son: the les- sons which he himself gave him were not the less varied and yaluable; for he was a very distinguished man of letters, though not professionally so ; and his translation of “ Richiardetto,” which merited the eulogium of Vol- taire, is one of our prettiest poems. Dumouriez, after his classical stu- dies, in which he had been very suc- cessful, lived for some time with his father, who destined him for the com- missariat; but, this department not being agreeable to him, he chose to enter the army. When eighteen years of age, he made his first campaign against the same Duke of Brunswick whom, in 1792, he drove from the terri- tory of France. He _ distinguished himself in several attacks, and was at last taken prisoner; but not till he was covered with nineteen serious wounds, and had lost his horse,—five men had been disabled by him, when his arms were broken to picces in his hands, and the loss of blood alone prevented alonger defence. The Duke of Bruns- wick, who was told of his brave resis- tance, when the wounded prisoner was brought before him, strongly expressed his kind admiration, and sent him back with a flattering letter to the Marshal De Broglie, general of the French army. We cannot in this short review fol- low him step by step through his mili- tary career; it suffices to say, that, after the peace, he was put en reforme at the age of twenty-four, covered with twenty-two wounds, with a cap- tain’s rank, and decorated with the cross of St. Louis,—an extraordinary, but well-merited, advancement. The interval of the peace could not but weigh down an active mind and ardent soul, sensible of their power. Being infinitely more expert than the other military men of his age, and his acquirements having excited only a burning desire to acquire more, Du- mouriez could not remain in inaction, and the quarrel of kings made him again take up arms. Possessing nei- ther title nor the character by which courtiers make their way in time of peace, he could and would only obtain his advancement by his own intelli- gence and by his sword. He began to seck opportunities of exposing himself to - 1823.] to danger, to show his courage and his talents, and to enter upon his career, as it were, anew. He travelled in Italy ; and, tempted to decide the con- quest between Corsica and France, after having sought to defend it against the Genoese, he returned to Paris, and spoke boldly to a proud minister, who, however, was able to appreciate his character; and afterwards went to Belgium, from whence he passed into Spain, with the intention of taking service there. He arrived towards the end of 1763, and did not return till 1767, after he had visited Portugal, and published a very remarkable work, entitled ‘“ Essay on Portugal ;” the preface. alone of which indicates his superior mind. His return to France was the conse- quence of a glorious act of justice on the part of the minister, the Duke de Choiseul. Dumouriez was named Aide-maréchal-general of the army des- tined to invade Corsica, which France had bought from the Genoese. In a word, Corsica was invaded, and Du- mouriez returned to Paris, where his father had just died. The Poles had lost their indepen- dance ; they bad ceased to be a nation. Dumouriez believed it the interest of France to offer them succour, and he was himself ordered to go and exa- mine, and stimulate, their efforts, and to take them under his direction. It is with a nation as with an individual ; they must have a certain disposition of mind, to acquire and preserve li- berty, which will not connect itself with vanity, nor a love of pleasure. Dumouriez did not find this spirit among the people, and failed in the attempt: their morals devoted them to slavery, and they submitted to a treble servitude. He had foreseen and predicted this: he called them the Asiatiques of Europe. On his return to France, where the intrigues of Dubarry had obtained a change of ministry, Dumouriez went to give an account of his proceedings to the Duke d’Aiguillon, successor to the Duke de Choiseul. A lively dis- pute took place between the minister and him; but this minister had not the spirit of the Duke de Choiscul: he was wrong, and became Dumouriez’s enemy. Dumouriez was soon after employed on a particular embassy by the king himself, relative to the events which happened in Switzerland in 1772, 3 Memoirs of General Dumouriez. 423 Doumouriez set out; but the Duke @’Aiguillon, (creature of Dubarry,) who knew nothing of Dumouriez’s commis- sion, caused him to be followed, watch- ed, and arrested in Hamburg, and brought back to the Bastille, where he remained six months; while the king, who employed him, dared not inter- cede with his minister on his behalf. What a subject for reflection is this ! Bnt Louis XV. the slave of the vilest habits and passions, was but a con- temptible phantom of royalty, showing into what depths of degradation it might be lowered. In the Bastille Dumouricz wrote the following verses, little known hitherto, and never yet printed :— Saus ame, sans honneur, sans pudeur, sans vertu, Jusque quand encore dis-nous sonffriras ta Que ton peuple ecrasé te méprise et de craigne? Il est tems de choisir! Louis! abdique ou regne! Dumouriez quitted the Bastille as he had entered it, without any legal pro- ceeding or motive given. Fle was em- ployed for the exccution of different projects, which he in a great measure had planned and developed ; and was at lastelected commander of an obscure place called Cherbourg, which he con- verted into a fine town, and one of the best ports in France. It is to be re- gretted that our limits will not permit us to trace the progress of this extra- ordinary change. Hngland may, per- haps, better appreciate his labours than can the country in which he was born. At the breaking-out of the revolu- tion, Dumouriez was its decided par- tizan ; but from that moment he chose the place which he has always occu- pied, between the extreme parties of ultra and counter revolution. He had too well considered the kingly abuses of absolute power,—which result, in fact, from the intrigues of those who are placed in the seats of the adminis- tration ; he knew that something better than mere force was wanting: first, laws, constitutional codes, and, for their defence, a power independent of sinister will. He, too, was well aware, from his historical studies and his own experience, of all the evil which the want of power produces, both on the part of the supreme exe- cutors of the law, and the insubordi- nation of the people, to desire that the restrictions imposed on royalty should impede the beneficent exercise of its attributes 424 attributes. Tis clear convictions showed to him that he had fixed him- self in a situation which a true citizen would defend, and he did not depart from it; although he well foresaw his enemies would,—equally those who opposed the revolution im tote, and those who would carry it too far. The contest between the two par- lies began: a scries of inconceivable folly had even compromised the exis- tence of royalty ; and, when in danger, its pretended defenders abandoned it, under the pretence of not being able to defend the throne and the person of Louis XVI. except on the frontier. This example, given by some of his cowardly ministers, soon followed by many ‘of -their creatures, became a fashion next, and lastly a positive duty. They appealed to their honour, and induced brave and honest men to join proceedings as unwise as they were anti-national. The fear of a miserable jest, by the present of a dis- taff, induced many to abandon their country, ‘and to claim foreign succour, who ought to have defended their principles at home. Even the_bro- thers of the unfortunate Louis XVI. authorised, by their approbation and by their example, this shameful and foolish desertion, which could not fail to bring France to her ruin, or entirely to destroy the monarchy. The conse- quence was worse; they had the auda- city to declare, that they acted only in the name of the unfortunate king, and by his own direct orders. They thus gave birth to the accusations of perfidy and treason by which they were attack- ed; and, when the king wrote to beg of them to abandon their erroneous career, to renounce the schemes which could not but compromise his existence, and that of the queen and her son, willit be belicved they an- swered, ‘‘ Don’t be alarmed: write to us whatever you wish, we shall follow our straight-forward road.” Dumouriez was minister in these critical times, and united pertidy to the laws of his country wit’: personal at- tachment to the king. He plainly per- eeived that the prince and the mo- narchy would be saved, if he succeed- ed in re-establishing a confidence be- tween the nation and its chief. This was his principal aim, and more parti- cularly his declaration of war. Deceived by the flattering and foolish reports ofthe emigrants, the continental powers scarcely deigned to enter into Memoirs of General Dumouriez. [June J, any discussion with I'rance, and their diplomatical correspondence with her was insolent and threatening, as it is now with Spain. They spoke of the king as the object of their warlike preparations, of their treaties, their military movements; and he was -thus delivered up to general indignation. This effect was to be prevented above all. Dumouriez was of opinion that the prince ought formally to denounce the impostures of the enemies of his country: he spoke to him on the sub- ject, laid open the situation of France to him, reminded him that war had already commenced by foreigners, and urged the necessity of his placing him- self at the head of the nation, in order to ward off the humiliation which was preparing. Louis XVI. approved of the project, and cheerfully consented immediately to accompany his minis- ters to a National Assembly. He went there, and delivered a speech, to pre- pare the Assembly for attention to the report which Dumouriez, the minister for forcign affairs, was about to read. This report was heard: war was de- clared by the representatives of 'rance, and the king was every-where received with enthusiasm. Such is a_ short sketch of this declaration of war, which caused so much joy to the emi- grants; and, such was Dumouriez’s crime, they never forgave him. The reason is obvious: he acted the part of a great general in a war which he had recommended as a faithful mi- nister. But why did the weakness of Louis XVI. yield the direction of political affairs to his family affections? Why did he suffer himself to be driven to measures so contrary to the duties imposed upon him, and to the means of his own preservation? Sad destiny ! This prince, after having enjoyed some months uninterrupted tranquil- lity, which needed not to be disturbed, forced the minister to retreat, who had thrice made him triumph amidst the applause of the people. Dumouriez leit him shedding bitter tears; and as, full of most cruel presentiments, he pressed the hand of the king to his lips, he entreated not for himself, but for the unfortunate monarch, who an- swered him affectionately, ‘‘I am re- signed to every thing!’ One month had not elapsed, after the departure of the minister for the army, before the king was insulted; and, at the end of the second month, he was a prisoner in ~ 1823.] in the Temple! and Dumouriez might have prevented it! Let us speedily pass:over these sad recollections. The enemy entered France; the leaders of the revolution revenged themselves‘on the unfortu- nate -Louis. Invasion brought its thousand disasters. Dumouriez, as a ci- tizenand a general, had only to repulse the enemy, in the expectation that their retreat would lessen the danger which surrounded the king. There was still reason to think, that the excesses - of the revolutionists might be checked: it was no time to despair, nor to aban- don his country. Dumouriez refused to follow Lafayette’s premature exam- ple, and he succeeded him in the com- mand of the army of the north. He marched with a few soldiers against the Prussian army, of almost 100,000 men strong, and, by the most expert manoeuvres, arrested their march, took their strongest positions, and wrote to the Assembly, “ Verdun is taken : I wait for the Prussians, The defiles of the Argonne are the Ther- mopyle of France; but I shall be hap- pier than Leonidas.” In truth, in a very few days the invaders had fled. And let it be repéated by the side of his recent grave, that the genius of Dumouriez changed in this campaign the destinies of France and of Europe. Never was there a commander placed in the like circumstances ; having but a few men, and obliged to struggle not only against the superior strength of an enemy, but against the obstacles of his own government. Never was there a general who displayed such a sum of skill and science: history makes menticn of only one such in- stance,—it is the behaviour of Fabius. His prudence had obtained him the victory almost without a combat, and Dumouriez flew to oppose other ene- mies, and to display a very varicd ta- lent. He was no longer the procrasti- nator; he was the impetuous Achiiles: he gave immediate battle, and on the plains of Jemappes sanctified the brilliant standards of liberty, which in six weeks floated over the towers of all Belgium, which they freed. Noble and patriotic recollections! still con- sole my country! return and bring comfort to the brave comnanions in arms of the hero for their later re- verses; return and tell the French what they have done, and what they ought to do. Inspire them with liberty, Montnuty Mac, No, 282, Memoirs of General Dumouriez. 425 and the love of their country; awake ye noble and patriotic recollections! and thou prince, even then a shelter in this hour of peril! Thy country will, one day, acquit itself of its debt. After these successful events, Gene- ral Dumouriez returned to Paris, where the trial of Louis XVI. had already been commenced. He did not conceal his intentions: beloved by his soldiers, who called him their fa- ther, and surrounded by glorious remembrances; encouraged by the con- viction of his own power, for they had twice saved his country,—he had little doubt of saving Louis XVI. He had sent a certain number of his officers to Paris, to facilitate this design, and de- pended in a great measure, also, on the co-operation of a part of the Assembly, and on the population. All his expectations deceived him : he songht for the members of the Assembly who possessed the greatest influence, and sounded the intentions of Garat, Lebrun, and Roland, mi- nisters of justice, of foreign affairs, and for the home department, who entered into his views: it was then he formed an attachment with the first of these ministers, which continued till his death. The fear of compromising him, at the moment when he was arrested, as his accomplice, was the sole cause of Dumouriez’s not publishing in his Memoirs the project they had adopted, the non-execution of which was pre- vented by the perfidy of some officers, who divulged the secret. There was only one means left; it was attempted in the absence of the general, and it is not for us to divulge it. Louis XVI. was the only one to oppose it: he pe- rished. The general retired to the country during these horrible days; and, soon after, found no place of safety but at the head of hisarmy. He had now no hope of saving his country, nor of saving other illustrious victims, sacri- ficed by the monsters who governed Yrance; he had now no hopes, either by civil means, or by the intervention of the citizens. His army, where the French honour had fixed itself, was alone capable of bringing back the re- volution to its proper limits. But the Convention had ascertained the inten- tions of General Dumouriez, and dared neither to dismiss him, nor to accept of his resignation, which he offered again and again ; for his soldiers would 31 have 426 have followed him, and have revenged any of his wrongs. They endeavoured to destroy the love his troops bore to him, as well as the confidence they put in him, The Commissariat sup- plies failed,—the invaded provinces were exhausted,—all his resources di- minished,—in order to encourage in- subordination, and to prepare for the overthrow of this great general, whose renown was become so alarming. These measures were publicly acknow- ledged, and put into execution with such effect, that, in spite of the most prudent precautions and most useful combinations, Dumouriez failed in a campaign, which was the last, and might have been the most important. He saw the gathering storm, and, filled with indignation against the mis- ereants who suffered their country to fall a prey to strangers, rather than abandon their atrocious tyranny, he decided to make that attempt, which he would have wished to facilitate by other victories. General Dumouriezhastened totreat with the Prince of Coburg for the evacuation of Belgium, and very soon after obliged him, by a new treaty, to respect the French territory; whilst he himself determined to lead his sol- diers to the capital, to disperse these tyrannical legislators, those bloody tri- bunals, and crowds of anthropophagi, to save the family of the unfortunate mo- narch, and to re-establish the Consti- tution of 1791. The anarchy of the government was to be reformed by Frenchmen alone; and it was only in case of Dumouriez’s want of sufficient forces, that, at his demand, the Prince of Coburg was compelled to furnish what he should require, whiie the re- mainder of the army of the enemy should remain on the frontiers. Thus France might have been saved from her demagogues, without abandoning her to strangers or to emigrants. The Convention was instantly in- formed of all by some treacherous ge- nerals, and by a faithlessness viler than even their own guilt. They summoned the general to their bar, and sent police- officers to arrest him. There was no time left to deliberate: he determined upon arresting the police-officers him- self,and delivered them up to the Prince of Coburg, as hostages and guarantees for the safety of the royal family, who might have been massacred when the news of his march should arrive. One Memoirs of General Dumouriex. [June fy victim was at least saved: let her in- gratitude be pitied ! General Dumouriez issued his or- ders; but many of his generals neg- lected to execute them, and seme even refused. The army, to which the Convention had sent its spies, was carried away: the brave general was obliged to leave them, and to take refuge at the head-quarters of the enemy. The Prince of Coburg, full of loyalty, wished to be faithful to his engagements: his court of Vienna opposed, and ordered him to pursue his operations; and they even raised Dumouriez, and gave him command. ‘““No: (replied he to the prince,) o,— it was not that you promised me: I am going away.” ‘And whither? (asked the prince:) you are in safety here; while they have offered, by a decree, 300,000 franes to whoever shall bring your head to the Convention.’ — ““ What care 1 for that? I go!” He found an asylam in Switzerland, and there published a volume of his ““Memoirs,” which soon obtained him many friends: but Switzerland was too near to France, and was about to yield to the latter. The general was obliged to fly: he went to Hamburg. Providence had placed at the head of a neighbouring government the most virtuous of princes,—the Landgraye Charles of Hesse-Cassel, father-in-law of the King of Denmark ; who sought the noble exile, and offered him every assistance. He bought an estate in Holstein, of which he was the gover- nor; furnished it, placed horses and a carriage in the stables, and went in seareh of his friend; whom he éon- ducted to this retreat. ‘‘ This is your’s, {he said ;) I am sorry it is not in my power to offer you more than a pension of 400 louis!” Generous prince! this record may probably reach you. We add nothing to the simple detail; but know, that he whose death you now deplore has left to the world the duty of repeating your touching generosity; and that his last looks, fixed upon your image, called down upon you the bles- sings of the Eternal Benefactor. General Dumouriez was persuaded, when he left France, that his country could only become happy by a return to the principles of constitutional mo- narchy. ‘This conviction was justified by all after-events. He deemed that the restoration of the family of the Bourbons could alone give stability to the 1823.} the government, and that the throne could only be reared again by their courageous return to France,—alone, or at least unaccompanied by fo- reigners ; to put themselves at the head ef those who were sacrificing their lives for their sake, and to deserve by their talent and their courage the re- compense which nothing but talent and courage could expect to claim. But certain words are uttered in vain, —certain emotions never penetrate the breasts of some men. ! ‘France,—all in arms,—-managed, by the singular talent of her generals and soldiers, to drive back all her enemies. Dumouriez mourned over those tri- umphs abroad, while they served only to nourish crime and calamity at home. When, wearied with*so many atroci- ties, his country broke the yoke of her tyrants, and bowed to that of the laws, he began to console himself, and ad- dressed the wisest counsels from his retreat of solitude. But an extraor- dinary man now towered above the revolution, to destroy its beneficial in- fluence, and to build from its wrecks a throne for himself.. Dumouriez, who had anticipated and predicted these events, devoted himself to oppose this enemy. Bonaparte could only obtain posses- sion of the empire by military suc- cesses; and, as no power thought of attacking victorious France, his mili- tary successes could only result from invasions and conquests. It was ne- cessary, for the immediate interests of France, to prevent the waste of her treasures, the effusion of her blood, and the despotism of her growing master, to prevent these conquests. This was Dumouriez’s purpose: his military plans were not directed against his country,—he has given no project for the invasion of France,—he has always supported the integrity of her territory. During the year he spent on the Continent and in England he was always engaged in plans of de- fence for the countrics whose invasion was contemplated by the spoiled child of forjune. When he saw the weak- ness of governments, which dissension made still weaker, he felt the necessity of establishing an European league, not against France, but against its head; to compel him to abandon his aggressions, on the conviction that his country would soon re-assume its rights, and dispose of the crown at her syill. Memoirs of General Dumouriez, 427 When Napoleon menaced England with invasion, Dumouriez was sum- moned hither. The English govern- ment received him with generous hos- pitality, and asked his counsel: he arranged a plan of defence for every part of Great Britain, as well as for the different countries of Europe where the soldiers of the French em- peror had raised their standards; and Spain, with which he was well acquaint- ed, owes to him a portion of her liberty. iis The restoration was not effected as he would have desired, and the restored acted not as it was their duty to do. He proclaimed this ; and the’ self-love of an eminent personage, wounded by the recollection of a miserable pam- phlet, printed long before, did not allow Dumouriez to take that position in France which was marked out for him. He remained in England. ¢ The faithful and unvarying friend of liberty, he hailed its dawn whenever it appeared ; and, whenever in danger, assisted it with his counsels. The Nea-, politans betrayed his.confidence ; but the Greeks,—the noble Greeks,— whose resurrection charmed. his latest days, are carrying into effect, at this moment, the counsels he gave them eighteen months ago in two Memoirs, where all the energy of youth is uni- ted to all the prudence ofage. And for Spain, whese atrocious invasion he condemned and abhorred, he wrote a general system of organization and defence ; but when, some days before his death, a friend asked a supplement for the offensive part, he replied, “‘ No: pass not the Pyrenees ; my country ig beyond them.” Such is Dumouriez’s life, shortly and imperfectly sketched. An illness of a few days, unaccompanied by pain, =a rapid physical decline, which did not intrude on his fine understanding, nor his generous spirit——bore him away, in the midst of religious conso- lations, from the cares of bis friends, already become his children. On the day of his death, he rose at eight o'clock, as usual; he lay down at twelve, at the desire of his medical attendant; and breathed his last at twenty-five minutes past two: aged eighty-four years, three months, and seventeen days. He was short in stature, but well- formed; his countenance was agree- able; his eyes sparkling with brilliance even to the last: he was full of kind. Ness 428 ness and gaiety, and his mind was en- riched with varied and extensive know- ledge ; he understood and spoke seve- ral languages; his spirit was most generous, so generous as often to cause his embarrassment; and _ his sensibility often found vent in tears when calamity was reported to him, and when he was severed from a friend. He had many friends: one of the dearest died three years ago, and Original Account of the Trial of the not a day since had he failed to weep for him,—he spoke of Edward conti- nually. He was the Duke of Kent; and now they are re-united! Brave general, and tender friend! be bliss thy portion: but, as thou va- luest our happiness, send us down thoughts of consolation, and dry the tears which often have wetted these lines ! DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY. —a>—— [A Correspondent having recently questioned the verity of the famous Popish Plot, we have been favoured by another Correspondent with the original Account of the Trial of the Conspirators ; and, as a scarce tract, rclative toa very extraordinary affair, we have made some extracts, which at this distance of time cannot fail to be read with much interest. } = TITLE-PAGE. TRVE and perfect Relation of the whole Proceedings against the late most barbarous Traitors, Garnet a Lesuite, and his Confederats. GImprinted at London by Robert Backer, printer to the Kings most excellent Maiestie. 1606. COURT AND CULPRITS. §|A Relation of the former Arraignment on Munday the 27. of Ianuary Anno 1605, in Westminster Hall, before the Ll. Commissioners there, The Earle of Nottingham. The Earle of Suffolke. The Earle of Worcester. The Earle of Deuonshire. The Earle of Northampton. The Earle of Salisbury. The L, chiefe Iustice of England. The L. chiefe Baron of the Ex- chequer. Sir Peter Warburton, knight, one of the Lustices of the Court of Common Plees. Vpon one Inditement for treasons done in the county of Middlesex were arraigned these, viz.— Robert VVinter, esquier. Thomas VVinter, gentleman. Guy Fawks, gentleman. . Lohn Grant, esquier. Ambr. Rookwood, esquier. . Robert Keyes, gentleman. - Thomas Bates. ; Vpon an other inditement, for ‘trea- ‘son done in the countie of Northamp- ton, was arraigned—Sir Euerard Dig- by, knight. SUG TUB G0 19 pe SPEECH OF SERJEANT PHILIPS. {This is a specimen of the logical subtlety of the times, and resembles a school- boy’s exercise more than a business-like display of forensic eloquence.]} Sir Edward Philips, knight, his Mates- ties Sergeant at Law, opened the inditement to this effect as followeth. The matter that is now to be offered to you, my LI. the Commissioners, and to the triall of you the knights and gent. of the iury, is matter of treason ; but of such horror, and monstrous na- ture, that before now— The tongue of man neuer deliuered, The eare of man neuer heard, The heart of man neuer conceited, Nor the malice of hellish or earthly deuill euer practised. For, if it be abhominable to murder the least ; If to touch God’s anointed bee te oppose themselues against God; If (by blood) to subuert princes, states, and kingdomes, be hatefull to God and man, as all true Christians must acknowledge ; Then, how much more then too, too monstrous .shall all Christian. hearts iudge the horror of this treason, to murder and subuert Such a king, Such a queene, . Such a prince, Such a progenie, Such a state, ' Such a gouernment, So complete, and absolute ; That God approoues ; The world admires ; All true English hearts honour and reuerence; The Pope and his disciples onely enuies, and malignes. ; Lhe proceeding wherein is properly to be divided into three gencrall heads. 1. First, matter of declaration. 2, Se- 3823.) . 2. Seeondly, matter of aggrauation. 3. Thirdly, matter of probation. My selfe am limitted to deale onely with the matter of declaration, and that is conteined within the compasse of the indictment onely. _ For the other two, I am to leaue to him to whose place it belongeth. The substance of which Declaration consisteth an foure Parts. 1. First, in the persons and qualities of the conspirators. 2. Secondly, in the matter conspired. 3. Thirdly, in the meane and manner of the proceeding and execution of the conspiracie. 4, And fourthly, of the end and pur- pose why it was so conspired. GAs concerning the first, being the Persons. They were— Garnet, Gerrard, Tesmond, Thomas Wiuter, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, ' Iesuits not then taken. Thomas Bates, At the Buerard Digby, barre. Ambrose Rookewood, John Graunt, Robert Winter, Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy, Slaine in fohn VVright, rebellion Christopher V Vright, Francis Tresham, lately dead. AW grounded Romanists, and corrupt- ed schollers of so irreligiows and iraiterous a schoole. | As concerning the second, which is the matter Conspired, it was, 1. First, to depriue the king of his vrowne. 2. Secondly, to murder the king, the queence, and the prince. 3. Thirdly, to stirre rebellion and sedition in the kingdome. 4. Fourthly, to bring a miserable destruction amongst the subjects. 5. Viftly, to change, alter, and sub- uert the religion here established. 6. Sixtly, to ruinate the state of the common wealth, and to bring in stran- gers to inuade it. 4|As concerning the third, which is the meane and maner how to compasse and execute the same. They did all conclude— 1. Virst, that the king and his peo- ple (the Papists excepted) were here- tiques. ? 2. Secondly, that they were all Conspirators in the famous Gunpowder Plot. 429 cursed, and excommunicated by the Pope. 3. Thirdly, that no heretique could be king. 4. Fourthly, that it was lawfull and meritorious to kill and destroy the king, and all the said heretiques. (The meane to effect it, they concluded to be, that— 1. The king, the-queene, the prince, the lords spirituall and temporall, the knights & burgesses of the Parliament should be blowen vp with powder. 2. That the whole royall issue male should be destroyed. 3. That they would take into their custodie Elizabeth and Mary, the king’s daughters, and proclaime the Lady Elizabeth queene. 4. That they should faine a procla- mation in the name of Elizabeth, in which no mention should be made of alteration of religion, nor that they were parties to the treason, vntill they_ had raised power to performe the same, and then to proclaime, all grieuances in the kingdome should be reformed. ; That they also tooke seuerall oathes, and receiued the sacrament, first for secresie, Secondly for prosecution, ex- cept they were discharged thereof by three of them. That after ihe destruction of the™ king, the queene, the prince, the royall issue male, the lords spirituall and temporal, the knights and bur- gesses; they should notifie the same to forraine states, and thereupon Sir Edmund Baynam, an attainted person of treason, and stiling himselfe prime of the damned crew, should be sent and make the same knowen to the Pope, and craue his aide: an embassadour fit both for the message and persons, to be sent betwixt the Pope and the deuill, That the Parliament being proroged till the 7. of February, they in Decem- ber made a mine vnder the house of Parliament, purposing to place their powder there: but the Parliament be- ing then further adiourned tijl the third of October, they in Lent follow-_ ing hired the vault, and placed therein xx. barrels of powder. That they tooke to them Robert Winter, Graunt, and Rookwood, giuing them the oathes and sacrament as aforesaid, as to prouide munition, 20. Lulij they layd in more ten bar- re!s of powder, laying vpon them diuers great barres of yron, & pecces of tim, ber, 4 430 ber, and great massie stones, and co- uered the same with fagots, &c. 20. Septembr. they laid in more 4. hogsheads of powder, with other stones and barres of yron thereupon. 4. Nouembris (the Parliament being proroged to the 5.) at eleuen a clocke at night, Fawkes had prepared (by the procurement of the rest) touch- wood and match, to giue fire to the powder the next day. That the treason being miraculously discouered, they put themselues, and procured others io enter into, open rebellion; and gaue out most vntruely, it was for that the Papists throats were to be cut. EXTRACTS FROM THE SPEECH OF SIR EDWARD COKE, ATTORNEY-GENERAL. The obseruations to be considered m this powder treason are briefly thus— 1. If the cellar had not beene hired, the myneworke could hardly or not at all haue beene discouered; for the mine was neither found nor suspected vntill the daunger was past, and the capitall offenders apprehended, and by themselues vpon examination con- fessed. 2. How the king was diuinely illu- minated by Almighty God, the only ruler of princes, like an angell of God to direct and point as it were to the very place, to cause a search to be made there, out of those darke wordes of the letter concerning a terrible blow. 3. Obserue a miraculous accident which befell in Stephen Littletons house called Holbach, in Staffordshire, after they had been two daies in open - rebellion, immediately before the ap- prehension of these traitors: for some of them standing by the fire side, and hauing set 2.1. and di. of powder to airie in a platter before the fire, and vnderset the said platter with a great linnen bagge ful of other powder, con- teyning -some fifteene or sixtecne poundes ; it so fell out, that one com- ming to put more wood into the fire, and casting it on, there flue a coale into the platter, by reason whereof the powder taking fire and blowing vp, scorched those who were neerest, as C€atesby, Graunt, and Rookewood, blew vp the roofe of the house, and the linen bagge which was sette vnder the platter, being therwith sudenly carried out through the breach, fell downe in the court yard whole and Original Account of the Trial of the [June 1, vnfired, which, if it had took ftre in the roome, would haue slaine them all there, so that they neuer should haue come to this triall, and Lex iustior vila est, quam necis artifices arte perire sua ? 4. Note that gunpowder was the in- uention of a fryar, one of that Romish rable, as printing was of a sovidier. 5. Obserue the sending of Bainham, one of the damned crew, to the high priest of Rome, to giue signification of this blow, and to craue his direction and aide. 6. That for all their stirring and rising in open rebellion, and notwith- standing the false rumours giuen out by them, that the throats of all Catho- liques should be cut; such is his maiesties blessed gouernment, and the loyaltie of his subiects, as they got not any one man to take their parts besides their owne company. 7. Obserue, the shiriffe, the ordinary minister of iustice, according to the dutie of his office, with such power as he on a sodaine by law collected, sup- pressed them. 8. That God suffered their intended mischiefe to come so neere the period, as not to Be discouered, but within few houres before it should haue beene executed. 9. That it was in the entring of the sunne into the tropique of Capricorne, when they began their myne, noting that by myning they should descend, and by hanging ascend. 10. That there neuer was any Pro- testant minister in any treason and murder as yet attempted within this realme. I am now come to the last part, which I proposed in the beginning of this discourse, and that is touching certaine comparisons of this powder treason of the Iesuites, with that of Raleigh, and the other of the priests Watson and Clarke. 1. They had all one end, and that was the Romish Ca- tholike cause. 2. The same meanes, by Popish and discontented persons, priests and laymen. 3. They all plaid at hazard, the priests were at the by, Ralcigh at the maine, but these in at all, as purposing to destroy all the kings royall issue, and withall the whole estate. 4. They were all alike obliged by the same othe and sacrament. | 5. The same proclamations were intend- ed (after the fact,) to be published for reformation of abuses. 6. The like army prouided for inuading, to land at Milford hauen, or in Kent. 7. The same 1823.] same pensions of crownes promised. 8. The agreeing of the times of the treason of Raleigh and these men, _ which was, when the Constable of Spaine vvas comming hither, and Ra- leigh said there could be no suspition of inuasion, seeing that the Constable of Spaine vvas then expected for a treatic of peace, and the nauie might bee brought to the Groine, vnder pre- tence of the seruice inthe Low Coun- tryes. And Raleigh further said, that many more vvere hanged for vvordes than for deeds. And before Raleighs treason was discouered, it vvas report- ed in Spaine, that Don Raleigh and Don Cobham should cut the King of Englands throate. I say not that we haue any proofes that these of the powder plot were acquainted with Raleigh, or Raleigh with them; but, as before was spoken of the lesuits and priests, so they all were ioyned in the endes, like Sampsons foxes in the tayles, howsoeur seuered in their heads. VERDICT AND SENTENCE. After the reading of their seuerall examinations, confessions, and volun- tarie declarations, as weil of theim- selues as of some of their dead confe- derates, they were all by the verdict of the iury found guilty of tlie treasons eonteined in their indictment; and then, being seuerally asked, what they could say, wherefore iudgement. of death should not be pronounced against them: there was not one of these (except Rookewood,) who.swwould make any continued speech either in defence or extenuation of the fact. Thomas Winter onely desired that he might be hanged both for his brother and himselfe. Guy Fawkes being asked why hee pleaded not guiltie, hauing nothing to say for his excuse, answered that he had so done in re- spect of certain conferences mention- ed in the indictment, which he said that hee knew not of: which were an- swered to haue beene set downe ac- cording to course of law, as necessarily presupposed before the resolution of such a designe. Keyes said that his estate and fortunes were desperate, and as good now as an other time, and for this cause rather then for an other. Bates craued mercie. Robert Winter mereie. John Grant was a good while mute; yet after submissely said, hee » was guiltie of a conspiracie intended, but neuer effected. But Ambrose Rookewood first excused his deniall L Conspirators in the famous Gunpowder Plot. 43 b of the indictment, for that he had ra- ther loose his life then giue it. Then did hee acknowledge his offence to be so hainous, that hee iustly deserued the indignation of the king, and of the lords, and the hatred of the whole common wealth; yet could he not de- spaire of mercie at the hands of a prince, so abounding m grace and mercie. And the rather, because his offence, though it were incapable of any excuse, yet not altogether inca- pable of some extenuation, in that he had beene neither author nor actor, but onely perswaded and drawen in by Catesby, whome hee loued aboue any worldly man; and that he had concealed it not for any malice to the person of the king or to the state, or for any ambitious respect of his owne; but onely drawen with the tender re- spect, and the faithful and deare affec- tion he bare to M. Catesby his friend, whome he esteemed more dearer then any thing else in the world. _ ‘Then was related how that, on the Friday immediately before this ar- raignment, Robert Winter hauing found opportunitie to haue conference with Fawlkes in the Towre, in regard of the necrenesse of their lodgings, should say to Fawlkes, as Robert Winter and Fawlkes, confessed, that hee and Catesby had sonnes, and that boyes would bce men, and that he hoped they would reuenge the cause: nay, that God would raise vp children to Abraham out of stones. Also, that they yvere sorie, that no body did set forth a defence or apologie of their ac- tion; but yet they vvould maintaine the cause at their deaths. Here also vvas reported Robert Winters dreame, vvhich hee had be- fore the blasting vvith povyder in Littletons house, aad vvhich hee him- selfe confessed and first notified,* viz. that hee thought hee savvy steeples stand avyvrie, and vvithin those churches straunge and vnknovven faces. And after, vvhen. the foresaid blast had the day * This paragraph about the dream is akin to Sir Edward Coke's observations about the tropic of Capricorn, and apper- tains to the then prevailing belief in witch- craft, attractions and repulsions of matter, astrology, magic, §c. on which were founded most of the piays of Shakspeare, the rea- sonings of Bacon, and the vaunted philo- sophy of Newton. Some parts of this fa mily of superstitions have been destroyed; Dut others still flourish in their pristine splendor 432 day folloyving scorched diners of the confederates, and much disfigured the faces and countenances of Grant, Rookewood, and others: then did Winter calt to minde his dreame, and to his remembrance thought, that the faces of his associates so scorched re- sembled those yvhich hee had seene in his dreame. According to the sentence, on Thursday following execution was done vpon Sir Everard Dighy, Robert Winter, Tohn Graunt, and Thomas Bates, at the west end of Paules Church; and, on the Friday following, vpon Thomas Winter, Ambrose Rooke- wood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes, within the olde Palace-yard at West- minster, not farre from the Parliament House. EXTRACTS FROM COKE’S SPEECH ON THE TRIAL OF GARNET. Because I am to deale with the superiour of the Tesuites, F will onely touch such treasons as haue bin plotted & wrought by the Tesuites, of whom this man was superiour, and those treasons also sithens this Garnet his comming into England, whereof hee may truely say, Lt quoram pars magna Sui. The comming of this Garnet into England, (which very act was a trea- son,) was about 20. yeeres past, viz. in Iuly 1586. in the xxviij. yeere of the raigne of the late queene of famous and blessed memorie ; whereas’ the yere before, namely, the 27. yere of Eliz. there was a statute made, where- by it was treason for anie who was made «a Romish priest by anie autho- ritie from the see of Rome, sithens the first yere of her raigne, to come into her dominions. Nay, the bringing in of a boll by a subiect of this realme against another, in the time of Edw. the First, was adiudged a treason. In the 28. yeere of Queene Eliza- beth, being the yeere of our Lord 86. splendor in our universities and societies called learned; and they seem to possess a tenacity of life, which sets at defiance the best energies of truth and reason. Bacon used to faint away during an eclipse of the sun; and Newton laboured hard to discover the philosopher’s stone, and ex- pound the Book of Revelation! Yet such minds have been considered competent to bequeath a legacy of veritable philosophy to all posterity! It was infancy teaching manhood. Original Account of the Trial of the (June 1, in Inne, came Garnet into England, breaking through the wall of treason, being in trueth Totws compositus ex proditione. And this was at that time, when the great armado of Spaine, which the Pope blessed and christned by the name of the inuineible nauie, was, by the instigation of that high priest of Rome, preparing and colleet- ing together of many parcels, out of diuers parts, where they could be bought, or hired, or borrowed, and therefore may he called a compounded nauie, hauing in it 158 great ships. The purueyors, and forerunners of this nauie and inuasion, were the Lesuites, and Garnet among them bemg a traitor, euen in his very entrance and footing in the land. But the queene, with her owne ships and her owne subiects, did beate this armado, God himself (whose cause, indeede, it was) fighting for vs against them, by fire, and seas, and windes, and rockes, and tempests, scattermg all, and destroy- ing most of them. For offenso Crea- tore, offenditur omnis Creatwra, the Creator being offended, euery crea- ture is readily armed to reuenge his quarrell, in which respect hee is called the Lord of hostes. So that of 158. scarse 40. of their ships returned to their bar of their owne hauen, and, as it is reported, most of them also pe- rished. Sithence the Iesuites set foote in this land, there neuer passed foure yeeres without a most pestilent and pernicious treason, tending to the sub- uersion of the whole state. After that hostile inuasion in 88. the Tesuites fell againe to secret and treasonable prac- tices: for then, in the yeare 92, came Patricke Cullen, who was incited by Sir VVilliam Stanly, Hugh Owen, Iaques Fraunces, and Holt the Tesuite, and resolued by the said Holt to kill the queene, to which purpose he receiued absolution, and then the Sacrament at the hands of the said Iesuite, toge- ther with this ghostly counsell, that it was both lawfull and meritorious to kill her. Nay, said Taques, that base laundresse sonne, (who was a conti- nuall practiser both with this Cullen and others, to destroy her maiestie,) the state of England is and will bee so setled, that vnlesse Mistris Elizabeth be suddenly taken away, all the deuils in hell will not be able to preuaile against it, or shake it. As for King Tames (at whom the Pope aimed) he hath indeed both Pro- pinquitatem 1823.] pinquitatem, and Antiquitatem Regalis sanguinis, propinquitie and antiquitie ef blood royall, for his iust elaime & title to this crowne both before and since the Conquest. 'To insist vpon the declaration and deduction of this point, and passe along through the series & course of so many ages and centuries, as it would be ouer long for this place ; so further I might here- in secme as it were to guild gold: onely, in a word, his Maiestie is lineal- ly descended from Margaret the Saint, daughter of Edward, sonne of King Edmund, grandchild of great Edgar, the Britaine monarch ; which Marga- ret, sole heire of the English Saxon king, was married to Malcolm king of Scotland, who by her had issue Dauid the Holy, their king, from whom that race royall at this day is deduced, & Maud the Good, wife of the first and learned Henry K. of England, from whom his Maiestie directly and li- neally proceedeth, and of whome a poet of that time wrote: Nec decor effecit fragilé, non sceptra superba, Sola potens humilis, sola pudica decens. And lastly, bis Maiestie cometh of Margaret, also the eldest daughter of Henry the 7. who was descended of that famous vnion of those two faire roses, the white and the redde, Yorke and Lancaster, the effecting of which vnion cost the effusion of much Eng- lish blood, ouer. and besides fourscore or thereabouts of the blood royall. * © % i «* a Catesby comming to Garnet, pro- poundeth vnto him the case, and ask- eth whether, for the good and promo- tion of the Catholique cause against heretiques, (the necessitie of time and occasion so requiring,) it be lawfall or not, amongst many nocents, to de- Stroy & take away some innocents also. To this question Garnet adui- sedly and resoluedly answered, that if the aduantage were greater to the Catholique part, by taking away some - innocents together with many nocents, then doubtles it should be lawful to kill & destroy them all: and to this purpose he alleaged a cOparison of a towne or citie which was possessed by an ene- mie, if at the time of taking thereof there happen to be sume few friends within the place, they must vudergoe the fortune of the warres in the generall and common destruction of the ene- mie. And this resolution of Garnet, Monrnrty Mac. No, 382, Conspirators in the famous Gunpowder Plot. 433 the superior of the Tesuits, was the strongest, and the onely bond, wherby Catesby afterwards kept and retained all the traitors in that so abominable and detestable a confederacie. For in March following, Catsby, Thomas VVinter, & others, resolue vpon the powder-plot, and Faux, as being a ian vnknowen, and withall a despe- rate person and a souldier, was re- solued vpon as fit for the executing thereof; for which purpose hee was in Aprill following by Thomas VVinter sought and fetched out of Flanders, into England. In May, in the second yeere of his maiestie, Catesby, Percy, Lohn Wright, Tho. Winter, and Fawkes, meete, and hauing vpon the holy euan- gelists taken an oath of secrecy and constancie to this effect—‘ You shall sweare by the blessed Trinitic, and by the Sacrament you now purpose to receiue, neuer to disclose, directly or indirectly, by word or circumstance, the matter that shall be proposed to you to keepe secret, nor desist from the exe- cution thereof, yntill the rest shall giue you leaue.” They were all confessed, had abso- lution, and received thereupon the Sacrament, by the hands of Gerrard the Iesuite then present. In Iune fol- lowing Catesby and Greenewell the Tesuite conferre about the powder- treason. And at Midsummer, Catesby hauing speach with Garnet of the powder-treason, they said that it was so secret, as that it must preuaile, be- fore it could be discoucred. The principall person offending here at the barre is, as you haue heard, a man of many names, Garnet, Wallye, Darcy, Roberts, Farmer, Phillips; and surely I haue not commonly knowen or obserued a true mam that hath had so many false appellations. He is by countrey an Englishman, by birth a gentleman, by education a scholler, afterwards a corrector of the common law print, with M. Tottle the printer, and now is to be corrected by the law. He hath many gifts and endowments of nature ; by art learned, a good lin- guist, and by profession a Icsuite, and a superior, as in deed hee is superior to all his predecessors in deuilish trea- son, a doctor of Tesuites, that is, a doc- tor of fiue Dd. as dissimulation, depo- sing of princes, disposing of king- domes, daunting and deterring of subiects, and destruction. ~ This city of London, that is famous 3K fur 434 for her riches, more famous for her people, (hauing aboue fiue hundred thousand soules within her and her liberties,) most famous for her fidelitie, and more then most famous of all the cities in the world for her true religion & seruice of God. Holde vp thy head (noble citie) and aduance thy selfe, for that neuer was thy brow blot- ted with the least taint or touch, or suspicion of disloyaltie: thou mayest truely say with the prophet Dauid, “T will take no wicked thing in hand, I hate the sinne of vnfaithfulnesse, there shall no such cleaue vnto me:” therefore for thy fidelitie thou art ho- noured with the title of the Kings Chamber, as an inward place of his greatest safetie. And, for thy comfort and ioy this day, hath Britaines great king honoured thee with the procced- ing vpon this great and honourable commission, after the heauie and dole- full rumours this other day, when it was certainly knowen that King [ames was in Safety, well did the fidelitie of this citie appeare, (whereof I was an eye-witnesse,) Via voce conclamauerunt omnes, salua Londinum, salua patria, salua religio, Iacobus Rex noster saluus ; Our citie, our countrey, our religion, is safe, for our King Tames is in safetie. EXTRACTS FROM THE EARL OF NORTHAMPTON’S SPEECH. [The following commences his exordium.] Though some of Platoes followers, and those not of the meanest ranke, haue rather apprehended in conceyte, then demonstrated by streight lines, that nothing is which hath not bene before; if it were possible to take right obseruations out of true records, and that all counsels and attempts, as well as configarations and aspects, re- turne as it were ex post-liminio, by reuolution to the poynt from whence they first began; yet, if my Epheme- rides fayle me not in setting vp the figure of this late intended plot, I may confidently pronounce with a grane senator, Repertum esse hodierno die Ffacinus, quod nec poeta fingere, nec his- trio sonare, nec mimus imitari poterit ; so desperatly malicious, and so vn- kindly and vnseasonably fruitful, is our age in producing monsters, when the force and heate of charitie de- cayes, and so violent are the damned spirits of Satans blacke guard now before the winding vp of the last bot- tome of terrestriall affayres, in spin- Original Account of the Trial of the {June I, ning finer threeds of practise and con- spiracie vnder the maske of piety & zeale, which the spirit of truth termeth most significantly, Spiritualis nequitia in ceelestibus.* [His observations on the eternal wick- edness of priests are worthy of notice at the epoch of the contest in Spain, excited by the same fraternity.] By the course and recourse of times and accidents, wise men obserue, that very seldome hath any mischicuous attempt bene vndertaken for disturb- ance of a state, without the counsell and assistance of a priest, in the first, in the middle, or last acte of the trage- die; and that all along with such a chorus of confederates to entertaine the stage, while the liues and fortunes of great princes being set vpon the tenterhookes, haue put all in hazard. For while Moyses stoode in conference with God vpon the Mount, his brother Aaron, impatient (as for the most part churchmen are in their desires,) of pauses or delayes, fell instantly to mould and worship the golden calfe, to their commaunders vexation and Gods dishonour. Abiathar was con- demned for complotting with the Suna- mite, and Ioab licutenant generall against his soueraigne. With what distemper and disorder some priestes haue rocked the cradie of the churches infancie in raysing heresies (the seeds of factions) onely to that ende, noman can be ignorant, that hath ran ouer the churches histories. Odo bishop of Bayon was imprison- ed by his brother, the first William, as a stirrer of sedition, and after con- spired with Robert earle of Mortaigne, to depose his sonne, against whom also Geflrey bishop of Constance fortified in actuall rebeliion the castle of Bris- toll. The captiuitie of the lion-heart- ed Richard, champion of the Holy Warres, was by the practise of Sana- ricus bishop of Bathe. Geruas the great preacher entred with Lewis the French kings sonne, purposing to root vp the race of our kings, and to plant himselfe and his progenie. Of the re- bellious armie that vsurped against Henry 3. the title of Exercitum Dei (although by the Popes legate, reputati sunt filij Belial) Clerici fautores érant, sayth the monke of Chester. For con- spiracy against the first Edward, was the Archb. of Cant. exiled the king- dom, And before that Isabel, the wife * Sce former Note. of 182¢.] of the second, durst vndertake the plot of deposing her husband by a damna- ble deuice, for the raysing of her sonne, she sent in a packe of preachers poysoned with preiudice against the present state, to prepare the peoples mindes by false suggestions, to the change which was intended to follow. And Adam de Orleton bishop of Here- ford, that was the first deuiser, conti- nued the chiefest feeder of that dissen- tion betweene the husband and the wife, taking occasion, in a sermon preached at Oxford, in the presence of the queene, and all the rebels, vpon that text of the Scripture, Caput meum doleo, to expresse by deprauation of his lawfall soueraigne, how many mis- chiefs grew to the common wealth by a corrupted head that gouerned them. For ayding the enemies of Edw. 8. was the Bish. of Hertford arraigned. And the chaplaine of Wat Tyler, that aduised his chieftaine (as you M. Gar- net did your followers) to destroy all the clergie & nobilitie, was Ball, a masse pricst. With Glousters Duke against his soucraigne Richard, was Oswold bishop of Gallaway the chiefe complotter. Priests and friers they were that suborned a false Richard against the fourth Henry, whereof eight, being minors, were hanged at Tiborne. And Maudelen himselfe, that tooke vpon him the habit and person of the king, was a priest also to keepe them companie. Scroope the arch- bishop of Yorke, for complotting a conspiracie with the Earle of Nor- thumberland against the same king, Jost his head for his labour. Beuerley, an anoynted priest, not to be behinde some other of his fellowes in these seditious attempts, conspired against the fift Henrie, with the Lord Cobham sir lohn Oldcastle. I haue seene the copie of a learned and wise letter, written by Bishop Chicheley, a prelate of your owne, chancellour to that king, grauely adui- sing him to beware of admitting a le- gate resident in the realme, in respect of the sharpe effects by stirres that haue been raysed in former times by persons of that habit, poynting, as it were, to Henry Beauford, who after- ward was both author and actor of more mischiefe then almost could be expected or feared. They were priestes and friers that, in the first of Edward the Vourth con- spircd with Iasper earle of Pembroke, Conspirators in the famous Gunpowder Plot. 435 and were afterward attainted and executed by Acte of Parliament. Doctor Shaw was a_ priest, whom Richard the Third made the trumpet at Paules Crosse of his wrongfull claime, against the rightfull possession of his innocent nephewes. That impostor that suborned Lam- bart, to take vpon him the person, and vsurpe the right, of the Duke of Yorke, against the blessed ynion of the two roses, was a priest in Ireland. Wherein I note, that as a priest would then haue forestalled, so now two priests, Greenwell and Garnet, would have cut off, the vnion. Hee was a monke of Henton that intised the Duke of Buckingham, by seducing hopes, to the ruine of as great a house as any subiect in Europe (bearing not the surname of a king) can demon- strate: whereof both I receiue a wound, and all that descend of him. - I speake not of those Popes that, exercising more the sword of Paul with passion then the keyes ef Peter with instruction, haue bene kindlers of great broyles. Nor of the three powerfull cardinalles, Yorke, Lor- raine, and Arras, in our age, that du- ring their times were not much an- swerable for sloth or idlenesse, what- soeuer they are otherwise for time ill imployed, being persons of great spirit and too great actiuitie. Nor of those churchmen that, by their doctrine in the pulpit, and subscription of hands to trayterous decrees, embased the two daughters of King Henry the Eight, both before and after the death of King Edward the Sixt, for satisfac- tion to the pride and ambition of an aspiring humour. 1 passe ouer the brainsicke opposi- tion of Knox and Goodman, against the two renowmed Maries, both Queenes of Scotland, regent and in- heretrice in our dayes ; nor of the fierie triplicitie of Ballard, Clarke, and Wat- son, of which number, the first prac- tised the slaughter of the quecne deceased; the other two of the king our soueraigne. Lrip not vp the com- plots of Sergius the monke, to bring the 'Turke into the empire of the East; nor of those false prophets that esta- blished the race of Xarif, in Barbarie. My only drift and purpose is, to com- pare former practises with the late attempt, (though farre exceeding and surmounting all that went before,) to make true subicets sce for the better triall 436 triall and examination of spirits, that, as well some priosts in Christendome, as those Salij that were chaplaines to Mars at Rome in the reigne of idola- try, tooke delight by fits in tossing firebrands from campe to campe, for the inflammation of euil affections and worse practises. EXECUTION OF GARNET. QA True Relation of all such things as passed at the Execution of M. Garnet, the third of May, Anno 1606. On the third day of May, Garnet, according to his iudgement, was exe- cuted vpon a scaffold set vp for that purpose at the west end of Paules Church. At his arise vp the scaffold, he stood much ‘amazed (feare and cuiltinesse appearing in his face). The Deanes of Paules and Winchester be- ing present, very graucly and Chris- tianly exhorted him to a true and liuely faith to God-ward, a free and plaine acknowledgement to the world of his offence, and, if any further treason lay in his knowledge, to vnburthen his conscience, and shew a sorrow and detestation of it. But Garnet, impa- tient of pérswasions, and iJ] pleased to be exhorted by them, desired them not to trouble him; hee came prepared, and was resolued. Then the Recorder of London (who was by his Maiestie appointed to be there,) asked Garnet if he had any thing to say vnto the people before he died; it was no time to dissemble, and now his treasons were too manifest to bee dissembled : therefore, if he would, the world should witnesse what at last he cen- sured of himselfe, and of his fact; it should be free to him to speake what he listed. But Gamet, vnwilling to take the offer, said, his voyce was low, his strength gone, the people could not heare him, though he spake to them ; but to those about him on the scaffold he said, the intention was wicked, and the fact would haue bene cruell, and from hissoule he should haue abhorred it, had it effected. But, he said, he onely had a generall knowledge of it by M. Catesby, which, in that he dis- ce) sed not, nor vsed meanes to preuent it, herein he had offended; what he knew in particulars was in confession, as hee said. But the Recorder wished him to be remembred, that the Kings Maiestie had, vnder his hand-writing, iliese foure points amongst others. 1. That Greenway told him of this, Original Account of the famous Gunpowder Plot. [June 1 not as a fault, but as a thing which he had intelligence of, and told it him by way of consultation. 2. That Catesby and Greenway came together to him to bee resolued. 3. That M. Tesmond and he had conference of the particulars of the powder-treason in Essex long after. 4. Greenway had asked him who should be the Protectour? but Garnet said, that was-to be referred-till the blow was past. These proue your priuitie besides confession, and these are extant vnder your hand. Garnet answered, what- socuer was vnder his hand was true. And for that he disclosed not to his Maiestie the things he knew, he con- fessed himselfe iustly condemned ; and for this did aske forgiuenesse of his Maiestic. Hereupon the Recorder led him to the scaffold, to make his confession publique. Then Garnet said, Good countrey- men, I am come hither, this blessed day of the inuention of the Holy Crosse, to end all my crosses in this life: the cause of my suffering is not vnknowen to you; I confesse I haue offended the king, and am sory for it, so farre as I was guiltie, which was in concealing it, and for that I aske par- don of his Maiestie; the treason in- tended against the king and state was bloody, my selfe should haue detested it had it taken effect: and I am hear- tily sorry that any Catholickes euer had so cruell a designe. ‘Then, turm- ing himselfe from the people to them about him, he made an apologie for Mistresse Anne Vaux, saying, there is such an honourable gentlewoman, who hath bene much wronged in report; for it is suspected and said, that I should be married to her, or worse. But I protest the contrary: she is a virtuous gentlewoman, and for me a perfect pure virgin. For the Popes breues, Sir Edmond Baynams going ouer seas, and the matter of the pow- der-treason, he referred himselfe to his arraignment, and his confessions ; for whatsocuer is vynder my hand in any of my confessions, said he, is true. Then, addressing himselfe to execu- tion, he kneeled at the ladder foote, and asked if he might haue time to pray, and how long. It was answered he should limit himselfe ; none should interrupt him. It appeared he could not constantly or deuoutly pray ; feare of death, or hope of pardon, euen then sQ 1823.] so distracted him: for oftin those prayers he would breake off, turne and looke about him, and answere to what he ouer-heard, while he seemed to be praying. When he stood vp, the Re- corder, finding in his behauiour, as it were, an expectation of a pardon, wished him not to deceiue himselfe, wor beguile his owne soule, he was come to die, and must die; requiring him not to equiuocate with his last breath, if he knew any thing that might bee danger to the king or state, he should now vtter it. Garnet sayd, it is no time now to equinocate ; how it was lawfull, and when, he had shew- ed his minde elsewhere. But, sayth hee, I doe not now equiuocate, and -more then I baue confessed I doe not know. At his ascending vp the lad- der, hee desired to haue warning be- fore he was turned off. But it was tolde him, he must locke for no other turne butdeath. Being vpon the gib- bot, he vsed these words, I commend me to all good Catholickes, and I pray God preserue his Maiestie, the queene, and all their posteritie, and my lords of the Priuie Counsell, io whom I remember my humble duetic, and I am sorie that I did dissemble with Original Poetry. 437 them; but I did not thinke they had had such proofe against me, till it was shewed mee; but when that was proued, I held it more honour for me at that time to confesse, then before to haue accused. And for my brother Greenway, I would the trueth were knowen; for the false reports that are, make him more faulty than he is. I should not haue charged him, but that I thought he had binsafe. I pray God the Catholicks may not fare the worse for my sake, and I exhort them all to take heede they enter not into any treasons, rebellions, or insurrections, against the king; and with this ended speaking, and fel to praying; and, crossing himself, said, In nomine Pa- tris & Filij § Spiritus sancti, and pray- ed Maria mater gratie, Maria mater misericordia, Tu me a malo protege, & hora mortis suscipe. Then, In manus tuas Domine, cominendo spiritum meum; then, Per crucis hoc signum (crossing himselfe,) fugiat procul omne malignum. Infige Crucem tuam in corde meo Do- mine. Let me alwayes remember the Crosse, and so returned againe to Maria mater gratia, and then was tarned off, and hung till he was dead. ORIGINAL POETRY. —a SONNET, ON SEEING A BEAUTIFUL INFANT DEAD. By J. M. LACEY. CAN this be death? Can this be that fell pow’r Which robs the world of beanty and of bliss? It looks like slumber’s softest, calmest hour, And may the infant never wake from this ? Alas! its lips are pale,—no gentle breath Escapes from them, like Summer’s mildest sigh; No throbbing pulse is there: it musi be death! Sut who shail tell us what it is to die? All that we know of life is like a dream,— A dream that ends when death’s dark hour is giv’n; But death we know not; only that we deem,— In holy hope,—it leads the soul to Heav’n! Farewell, sweet babe! thou wert an angel here, Now thou’rt a seraph in a higher sphere. —— LAURA’s BIRTH-DAY ; By J. FITCH. Dost thou not, gentle shepherd, deem This morn the fairest of the year ? Sheds not the sun a brighter beam, Or is it all a lover’s dream, To fancy dear? *Tis Laura’s natal day! and I Around Aurora’s pearly car A thousand beauties can descry, seyond the ken of cynic cye, Exalted far, Hast thou beheld her, gentle swain? Why then thou wilt not heed my song, But deem it impotent and vain; A loftier muse, a sweeter strain, To her belong. Art thou a stranger to the maid ? And has she never bless’d thy view? Then summon fancy to thy aid ; For more than ever bard ponrtvay’d Is Laura’s due. And shall [ sing her lily brow, Or note the roses on her cheek? Or of her bosom’s heaving snow, And lips where brightest rubies glow, Enraptur’d speak? Ah no: if Laura see the line, It will her gentle eye offend ; For lo! at Virtue’s snowy shrine, Where sylphs unfading parlands twine, Does Laura bend, She heeds not Beauty’s fragile powers, »- The vermeil cheek, the azure eye ; Which, when the cloud of sorrow lours, Like vernal snow or April flowers, Are seen and die. The gems that glitter in the mind,— Unfading swects,—are Laura’s care; Go, search her damask cheek, and find, Upon a-coral couch reclin’d, Modesty there, And 438 And dost thou, gentle swain, admire A simple, unobtrusive, charm ; The friend of love and young desire, Whose cherub smiles the brow of ire Can soon disarm. I know thou dost, for thou art wise ; ’Tis Temper, whose eternal sweets, With undiminish’d fragrance rise, When Time reclines in Beanty’s eyes, And Love retreats. Then, shepherd, can’st thou blame the vow Which late at Laura’s feet I made? For, lo! that cherub gilds her brow, And bids perennial odours flow Around the maid. , Nor wonder that this morn I deem . The fairest of the vernal race ; ?Tis fond affection’s magic beam, ‘That sheds a softer, brighter gleam, O’er Nature’s face. Stepney. — > TO CLORINDA. Translated from the Italian of Metastasio. Art length I feel my soul is free, Thanks to thy meretricious wiles ; The gods, to be reveng’d on thee, Have chang’d my sorrows into smiles : The galling chain is now remov’d, My fetter’d heart ’s releas'd from pain,’ It tastes of what it always lov’d, Nor dreams of liberty in vain. All former thoughts of love are o’er, And now such heavenly bliss I feel, That what my anger hid before T now without reserve reveal ; And, if thy name I chance to hear, My cheeks no longer seem to glow ; I gaze on all that once was dear, Indiff rent to thy weal or woe. I dream, ’tis true,—but in those dreams Clorinda’s form T never see ; I wake with morning’s earliest gleams, And all my thoughts from her are free : I roam the woodland’s lonely aisles, Nor wish thee there to warm my heart ; And now thy most bewitching smiles Nor pleasure nor remorse impart. My tongue can on thy beauty dwell, Insensible to bliss or woe ; My heart its wrong remembers well, Yet scorns for once to be thy foe: Whene'er to mine thy feet approach, I feel as if they were not near; And now, unmov’d, I freely broach Thy beauties to my rival’s ear. That lofty and indignant look No more disturbs my tranquil mind; Thy haughtiness I’ve learn’d to brook, Nor do thy favours make me blind; For now those lips I’ve fondly press’d Have wholly lost their sov’reign sway, And those soft eyes, so long caress’d, Lure fot my cauticus heart away, Original Poetry. {June 1, If pleasure deck my brow with smiles, I don’t derive the bliss from thee; And, were I sad, thy loveliest wiles Would yield me no felicity : If through the sylvan haunts I stray, I’m happy if thou art not there ; Thy presence only clouds my way, And turns my pleasure into care. List, whilst I prove my words sincere,— Clorinda! I admit thy charms, But now thou never can’st appear Unequall’d in these injur’d arms ; And let this truth suppress thy spleen, A blemish in thy person lies, Which once appear'd in every scene A beauty to these cheated eyes. With shame, indeed, I now confess, That when I felt the fatal dart, My bosom languish’d in distress, And Death seem’d circled round myheart: But now I’ve conquer’d pain and woe, And smile at each intended wrong, Forgiving thee, my bitt'rest foe, And growing from affliction strong. The bird whom treach’rous lime ensnares, (And well that bird resembles me!) Full oft its tender plumage tears To get its fetter’d pinions free: But, once releas’d, their pride returns, ‘The prisoner soon explores the skies, And from its past experience learns To shun the spot where danger lies. Thou think’st, I know, my wounded heart Still feels the ling’ring pains of love, Because my words so oft impart The pleasure they were wont to prove : But ’tis not love that now excites My tongue to speak of bliss that’s o'er, It is that now my soul delights To know the danger reigns no more, So, when no more the battle sounds, The warrior, proud to swell his fame, Displays his scars and recent wounds, And tells of many a well-known name : And so the slave, who long has worn The bondage of a tyrant’s reign, When from its scourging influence torn, Can smile upon the ruthless chain, Although my heart no longer grieve, ‘Thou can’'st not its enjoyment share ; Nor would Iask thee to believe My soul is free from carking free: I speak, but never wish to gain Thy favouring ear to what I speak, And if myself I entertain, *Tis now the only bliss I seek. I lose in thee a worthless flame, ‘Thou leay’st a lover few can boast, We both may consolation claim, But which, Clorinda, shares the most? And well I know thou'lt never find A heart with warmer pulse to beat, Whilst I shall prove,—in womankiud "Lis easy to procure—a cheat, John-strect, Islington. G. M. PROCEEDINGS 1823.] [ 439 ] PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. a THE ROYAL ACADEMY. Snes present Exhibition at the Royal’ Academy is by no means so good as we were led to expect from the injudicious panegyrics which anti- cipated its opening. Any one, ac- quainted with former exhibitions, and who has heard of the 260 pictures, which, although accepted om account of their merit, were afterwards re- jected from the redundancy of fine works, must feel astounded, during his first walk round the rooms, to see so many indifferent pictures occupying the best places, whilst others of a very high order of excellence, are thrust into situations which reflect the most: inde- lible disgrace on the council. It is indeed a matter of much surprise to us that the artists out of the academy, painters, sculptors, architects, and en- gravers, have not united their efforts to form an exhibition for the sale of their works during the season, when _ the rank and opulence of the country visit the metropolis. The Royal Academy of itself has long been insuf- ficient to meet the advancing state of the arts, and the British Institution is otherwise engaged than in giving the rising artist an opportunity of exhibi- ting and disposing of his works at the only likely period. More commodious rooms are indispensable to meet these exigencies. among the professors of art, and a lively appeal to its patrons, cannot fail to be successful. ™ Hilton’s Lady and Comus is by no means equal to many of his former works, such as his “Una with the Satyrs,” “ Nature blowing Bubbles,” and the picture in Sir John Leicester's gallery. The lady herself is far from beautiful, and the body of Comus is as inflexible as stone. Wiikie’s Parish Beadle is black and disagreeable in colour: the character of the beadle is, however, finely expressed, full of the dignity of his important office; aud the story is well, if not very richly, told. We do not consider it one of Wilkie’s happiest efforts. His portrait of the Duke of York is more transparent, though the head wants dignity. Turner has a fine poetical scene, but it is so outrageous in colour as even to eclipse all his former extravagan- cies. ‘These yisionary absurdities are upon a par with mach of the music A determined union” and poetry of the day: affectation and refinement run mad. Constable’s fresh and powerful transcripts from nature are convincing proofs of her superi- ority to the sophistications of art. Thomson has a clever picture from the Winter’s Tale. Howard is exqui- sitely poetical in his Solar System. Allen has been very successful in Knox admonishing the Queen of Scots. The preacher is very dignified and energetic, and Mary very lovely. Clint surpasses himself in his Scene from the Spoiled Child. The expres- sion of Tag is particularly happy, and the complacent rapture of Miss Pickle beyond all praise. Wecertainly think it the most perfect picture of its class in the exhibition. Mr. Daniell has very boldly presented his formal pic- ture of the quadrangle of Arundel Castle, with one of the most command- ing places in the Great Room. His Sea-piece in the centre of the Anti- Room is quite beyond our comprehen- sion. His works, although not with- out taste and execution, are this season offensively obtrusive. Collins’s Devon, and Walmer Castle, are both charming pictures. The veteran Northcote has some miserable portraits, which meet our eyes in every direction. ‘They are enough to shake his historical reputa- tion, great as it deservedly is. Westall’s historical picture of Christ crowned with Thorns, possesses much talent. In effect it is very powerful: in colour, a little too glaring. The President has many splendid portraits: Si W. Knighton, and Lord Francis Conyngham, are among his happiest ; Lady Jersey is very brilliant, but a little too fantas- tic for our tastes. Sir H. Raeburn has some excellent heads: (242.) Portrait of a Gentleman is very finely painted. Phillips’s Duke of York isa magnificent picture. Pickersgill im- proves rapidly: his whole-length of Barber Beaumont, esq. is a brilliant instance, and L’Improvisatore a de- lightful picture. Sharpe has an inter- esting and attractive picture of Gar- rich’s Jubilee; and G. Jones a clever picture of a Gate at Bordeaux, in his usual style. Caleott’s Dutch Market Boats is a very fine specimen of this superior artist, exquisitely painted. Cooper has some spirited batile-pieces. Witherington’s Johnny Gilpin, an ex- tremely clever picture, and by far his best, 440 best, is shamefully hung below stairs, immediately opposite to the light. Nasmyth’s beautifully finished, and only picture, shares the same fate. We wonder what H.R.H. of Sussex says to the impudent consignment of his clever portrait by Lonsdale to so ungracious a situation. Richardson, of Newcastle, has some very promising river scenes. Hofland has several interesting Jandscapes. Martin is as absurd as unnatural, and as unpoetical as before. Vincent, we are glad to sce, (395,) is again on the improving list. Linton, if we may judge from the beautiful specimens in the Inner Room, as well as from the distinguished appearance which he made at the British Institution, is also among the sufferers, in his large picture at the very top of the Great Room. Where will this monstrous system of oppres- sion cease? Burnet, whose sweetly- coloured pictures are no sooner painted than sold, we observe in an obscure corner at the top of the Anti-Room ; whilst a very opaque and poor picture by a Mr. Rogers, has a prominent situation in the Inner Room. Jackson has some finely coloured portraits. His imitation of the Chapeau de Paille is beautiful in colour, but not remarkable for loveliness. Ward has a horse in the Anti-Room very nearly allied to perfection itself. Stephanofi’s Reconciliation is an interesting and carefully painted subject. Drummond’s large allegorical picture is full of ima-* gination. Diana and Aete@on is, we think, Arnald’s happiest eifort.—Among the miniatures, those of Denning are pre-eminent. Muss has an exquisite enamelafter Wilkie’s “‘ Duncan Gray;” and Wilkie, himself, has a masterly drawing of a Dutch Merchant.—Iiu the Sculpture Room we again hail Mr. Bailey: his groupe of Affection is full of sentiment, natural grace, and beauty of form: his busts of Flaxman, Hart Davis, §c. are inimitably fine. Cano- va’s Danzatrice is extremely elegant in form, but too fantastic in character. Behnes’ Statue of Mr. Lambton’s Son is avery clever performance. Turnerilli has a fine bust of Sir R. Phillips. There are also excellent busts by Flaxman, Gahagan, and others. WATER-COLOUR SOCIETY, -PALL-MALL EAST. This delightful little exhibition is again open in anew and elegant room ; and we are happy to see, that an en- lightened patronage has rewarded its l * Proceedings of Public Societies. [June ?, highly-gifted members for their strenu- ous exertions to form an interesting display, very few of the pictures re- maining unsold. Barrett, Fielding, Prout, Robson, Cox, Cristall, Harding, Varley, Richter, Wild, &c. are among the leading exhibitors. BRITISH INSTITUTION. The exhibition of the works of mo- dern artists has closed for the season; and, out of the 12001. or 1500]. re- ceived for admission, nota shilling bas been given in the way of premiums or rewards to any of those whose works formed the most effectual sources of attraction to the public! How long will the body of governors and artists sufler themselves to be oppressed by such an odious system of apathy and injustice ? “Oh! the offence is rank,—it smells to Heaven!” —P— HOUSE OF COMMONS’ COMMITTEES. Ir may be in the recollection of most of our readers, that the Ex-Vice-Pre- sident of our Board of Trade, at the commencement of the present session of parliament, on moving for the revival of a Commiitce on Foreign Trade, expatiated largely on the very prosperous condition of our commerce and manufactures. At page 360 to 363 of our last Number, we inserted several statements relating to the commerce with our colonies and set- tlements in the East and West Indies; and here follow several other state- ments, to the whole of which we most earnestly entreat the attention of our readers, as, according to the best judg- ment which we can bestow upon them, (and they are returns made to parlia- ment, be it remembered,) they do not secm to justify the concurrence which parliament and the city of London* bestowed on the Right Hon. Thomas Wallace, as Ex-Vice-President of the Board of Trade. Statement of the quantity of Sugar imported into Great Britain from the 5th January, 1822, to the 5th January, 1823, as per return made to parliament the present session.—(Paper No. 63.) Cwt. From Jamaica:++eeesees+-+-- 1,413,718 Demerara eveeeesseeeeee 530,948 St. Vincent’s-ccceseseees 961,160 a ee Carried forward: -+-++ + 2,205,826 * The merchants of the city of London rewarded Mr.- Wallace with a service of plate, value 5001, Grenada 1823.] : ; ' Cwt. Brought forward --++e,205,826 Grenada-ese-ssseereseece 199,178 Trinidad.sse.sse-seereee 178,494 Barbadoes-+++ee--++ee+2 156,681 All other British plantations in the West Indies -+++« 563,521 Total B.P. West Indies. «+ «3,303,698 From the East Indies and China 226,476 the Havannah---+-++««e+- 79,929 the Brazils -++++-eseesees 33,024 Total from all parts »+++ Cwt. 3,613,127 Of which there has been consumed in Great Britain, of British plantation ----++++eeseeses 2,466,570 And of East India «++++.se0e+* 130,000 Exported— Of British plantation to Ireland -- 166,161 And to all other parts .eseserers 4,822 OF foreign to all parts «-++.+++++ 137,707 Of East India to ditto--.-.+se.. 102,467 Of refined to Ireland. -.---46,727 And to all other parts-+««328,057 Total refined 374,784, equal in TAaW (0 «tees evecesessvess 637,133 Total consumed and exported -- 3,644,860 The above statement is interesting, as showing how proportionably the demand has been to the supply. Of the 328,057 ewt. of refined exported, 132,506 cwt. has been to Germany—123,709 to Italy— 15,772 to Prussia—16,207 to Malta—9,052 to Turkey—2,316 to Russia—and the remainder to all other parts. £ s. d, The gross amount of duty paid on sugar taken out of warehouse for home consumption and re- fining in the same pe- riod has been-+++++++ 4,469,308 7 4 Out of which, 889,895t, 15s. 2d. las been re- paid for bounty on re- ‘fined exported, and for over-entries, &c. leav- ing the net amount of duty on the quantity for home consumption to be, 3,579,412I. 12s. 2d. in the following pro- portions, viz :— Dy House of Commons’ Committees. 441 : £ & d.. On West India B.P.--++ 8,329,867 8 0 On East India-++++e+++2 248,428 15 0 On foreign. --+0-+++-e+s 1,116 9 0O Total ---+ 43,579,412 12 0 Statement of the quantity of Rum imported into Great Britain from the 6th January, 1822, to the Sth January, 1823.—(Vide Parliamentary Paper No. 71.) ak Imported from Jamaica -++-++ 2,318,137 Demerara «+++ 1,193,556 Tobago -+++++ 310,984 Grenada-++s+s 179,745 Antiguasessss = 57,252 Allother parts 186,462 Total-+++++4,246,096 329,041 226,336 108,803 Exported to Germany -++++++* Prussia «ess-+++ee8 Italy eeeeeeeeeses British North Ame- vica sess United States, ditto Coast of Africa -- All other parts, in- cluding Ireland 974,657 215,043 100,527 654,961 Total..-.-+Gulls. 1,855,898 Duty paid on home consumption 2,114,550 Ditto on brandy +esese+-+ +++ 1,176,870 Geneva s-ceeeessese 103,893 An account of the Tonnage of Ship- ping entered outwards and inwards from and to Great Britain, and to and from the East Indies and China, from the years 1814 to 1822, both inclusive. — (Vide Parliamentary Paper No. 72.) Entered utwards. Inwards. In the year 1814+++* 59,141 ---- 71,028 1815 +++ 79,980 ++++ 69,836 1816 +++» 99,936 --++ 84,691 1817 «+++106,847 «+++ 74,498 1818 «+++104,692 --+- 100,663 1819 ++++ 66,525 ++++ 95,059 1820 ++++ 69,265 +++ 82,294 1821 «+++ 68,155 +--+ 70,647 1822 «+++ 73,102 ee++ 63,915 Statement of the Number and Tonnage of Vessels which cleared Outwards and entered Inwards from and to Great Britain, to and from the British West Indies, and also the Number of Men employed in Navigating the same in the five yeurs above mentioned ; viz. from the 5th January, 1818, to the 6th January, 1823.—( Vide Parliamentary Paper, present Session, No. 84. OUTWARDS. INWARDS. No. of Per "No. of t YEAR. Wessojg | Lonuage. [No.of Men, Vessels, | Tonnage. | No. of Men, 1618 758 216,059 11,947 812 238,763 12,072 1819 B01 226,218 12,519 824 235,776 12,187 1820 754 217,744 12,092 796 229,515 | 11,664 1821 807 230,830 12,779 816 233,491 12,094 1822 666 192,275 10,900 782 923.259 11,708 ONTHULY MAG, No, 382, ne) Dlatement 442 Proceedings of Publi¢ Societies. {June 1, Statement of the Declared or Real Value of British and Irish Produce and Manufactures, exported from Great Britain to the British West Tndies in the last Five Years, ending the 5th January, 1823, distinguishing each Year, and the various articles Exported. 1818, 1819. E-4 Es Cotton goods ++ »+«-+| 1,892,245 | 1,083,816 Linen ditto ++s+«e++| 519,632 470,238 Woollen ditto--++-+| 284,450 250,459 rain, provision, fish, SiCe vesseseeveee| 601,067 | 524,424 lops or clothing -+| 493,607 | 420,161 Wood, hoops, staves, and heading --+. 76,766 81,289 Metals, hardware, machinery, &c, ++} 592,640 582,158 All other articles ++| 1,143,052 | 1,042,437 —_—- $2 —_— Totals +--+ £] 5,603,359 | 4,454,982 | 3,860,260 1820. 1821.” 1822. # 4 ze 1,072,636 | 1,303,466 | 863,440 503,793 | 518,851 | 511,886 472,598 | 177,471 | 177,137 387,805 | 336,176. | ‘266,206 373,956 | 376,568 | 330,366 77,415 69,875 48,600 414,542} 378,410 | 308,277 857,515 | 797,236 | 637,956 —s 3,985,053 | 3,143,998 The totals in this statement will be seen to differ from the totals in the statement at page 362 of our last Number. The reason is, that that statement includes foreign and colonial produce re-exported, whilst the above, it will be seen, includes only British and Irish produce and manufactures, Statement of the Amount of Revenue derived from Productions of the British West Indies, in the five Yeurs above mentioned,—viz. from January 5, 1818, to January 6, 1825. 1818. 1820. 1821. 1822, £ £ £ £ a Sugar eecceecese 2,279,845 3,322,676 3,442,354 3,330,758 Rum +eeeees+-+| 1,776,835 1,684,412 1,576,484 1,523,480 Coffee and cocoa | 268,117 341,561 370,306 373,075 Mahogany --..-+. 52,402 45,859 43,86 4 39,450 Cotton wool -+--| 46,506 20,774 9,508 263 Molasses. -e+.«ee 11,461 13,867 28,175 38,916 Pimento ««+eseees 10,696 10,020 10,050 11,601 All other articles] 44,058 30,378 33,504 33,843 Totals »+--£] 4,489,920 [5,526,933 | 5,469,907 5,514,245 5,351,386 The following is a statement of the Half-pay toFlag. Officers, several sums comprising what is now Captains,Commanders, denominated the dead weight of the Lieutenants & Pursers 777,000 nation, being the half and retired pay, To Surgeons -+-++s+++- 93,000 pensions, superannuations, and allow- Royal Marine Officers »» 57,000 ances to the army, navy, and servants Masters+s+seesessseee 44,000 of the several other departments of the : state.—(Vide Parl. Paper, No. 576, of Total Half-pay--.- 964,000 the last Session.) Superannuations, Pensions, and 4™owances, : Army. Out-Pensioners of Green- Out-pensioners of ChelseaandKil- # wich Hospital --.--. 310,000 mainham Hospitals ----+-+-++1,296,572 Officers, &c. in the Mi- Half-pay and Military Allow- litary Line of Service 140,496 ANCES eeescessccseeee esecsese 870,811 Widows’ Charity seeeee 124,345 Army Pay of General Officers-- 182,426 Commissaries, Secreta- Retired Full-pay «--«scccseseses 145,235 ries, Clerks, &c. for- Foreign Half-pay-+---eser.s+e++ 114,870 merly employed in the Widows’ Pensions +++++2++++++ 127,693 Civil Departments of Pensions for Wounds .----+++++ 110,000 the Navy +-++-++++-+ 109,186 Commissariat Department ---- 48,334 Wictualling Department 17,525 Superannuation Allowances +--+ 43,958 ——1,674,081 Compassionate List-++++-+-+++2 35,000 Ordnance. Bounty Warrants es+++eese+s+ 34,202 QOivil Branch ++++¢+>+++#50,031 Barrack Department ++++++++-- 12,000 Military «-++++++++++++320,134 _—_—____— Total Army --++++€3,021,101 — 370,165 Carried forward+s0+++ 5,065,347 Civil 1823.] Brought forward. + ++25,065,347 Civil. Departments. Customs -++-++eee+++¢£110,586 Excise --++++-+seeeecee 66,151 Tax Office ----+ceeeeeee 12,333 Post Office aeeeeesesese 10,753 Audit Office -++see-e+s 5,153 Three Secretaries of State 8,850 Treasury -+-eseceeeeess 4,235 Solicitor to ditto--.-+++. 1,800 Alien Office «++s.+seee 2,294 Pells Office --++ee+seee+ 2,125 National Debt Office-++« 500 Courts of Session, and Justiciary inScotland 13,089 All others «+++.+eeeese 12,206 ——_ 250,575 —— Total, exclusive of Civil De- partment in Ireland. -- -¢5,315,692 The above is an annual payment, de- pendant on the lives of the parties receiv- ing it, and consequently, in conformity with the decrement of human life, would gradually diminish, year by year ; and ac- cording to a statement presented to Par- liament last session, would totally expire in forty-five years; before the above re- turn was made out, the aggregate was estimated at a round sum of 5,000,0001, per annum, and the decrement, after the expiration of every five years, as fol- lows :—viz. , After the first five years. second five or ten years . third five or fifteendo. . . 2,913,930 fourth five or twenty do. . . 2,290,239 fifth five or twenty-five do. . 1,732,483 sixth five or thirtydo. . . 1,247,540 seventh five or thirty-five do, . 855,687 eighth five or forty do. . «. 544,487 ninth five or in forty-six years 000,000 It will be in the recollection of our readers, that during the last session of Parliament it was proposed on the part of the government, to grant to a contracting arty a fixed annuity of 2,800,000l. for orty-five years; for such contracting party to pay the above stated half-pay pensions, superannuations, &c.; the result of which transaction would be as follows :—viz. in the first sixteen years the contracting party would have to pay 63,058,334I., and to receive 44,000,000/., and iu the second sixteen years they would have to receive the same sum, and to pay only 50,761,866l., and in the remainder of the period they £4,283,563 3,585,499 New Music and the Drama. 443 would have to recelve $6,400,006),, and to pay only 9,144,7401., or, in the aggregate, they would have to receive 124,400,0001., and to pay only 102,964,940. There was, however, no contracting party to be found who would accept of the proposal so ge- nerously, on the part of the government, attempted to be forced on their specu- lating money friends. Government has, however, during the present session of parliament, succeeded in inducing the directors of the Bank of Eng- land, to accept of an annuity of 585,7401. for forty-fonr years, to commence from the 5th of April last, on condition of receiving, in sixteen irregular instalments, between the 5th of April, 1823, and the 5th of July, 1828, the’sum of 13,060,0191. in the following proportions in each year:—viz. Three instalments in 1823 . €2,178,589 Four. » in 1824. 2,416,370 Three . » 91825. 2,293,240 Two . e 1826. 2,165,740 Two . e in 1827 . 2,030,740 Two \ - ini828. 1,975,340 During which period the annuities amount to 3,514,440/., leaving the sum advanced on the 10th of October, 1828, to be 9,545,5001., for which advance the bank is to receive an annuity of 585,740l. for 382 years, being at the-rate of 6 1-7th per cent. and with the 9,545,5091. it is pro- posed to redeem perpetual annuities at 4 to 33, and even at 3 per cent. if the par- ties should choose to demand it. The calculation for the above transaction was stated by the Chancellor of the Exche- quer, as contractor on behalf of the nation, to be founded on the basis of receiving 181. 17s, 9d. money for every 11. of annuity granted, the whole transaction being re- solved into a present payment; 3 per cent. stock being thenat73. In proportion, there- fore, as the annuities are worth more than 18/. 17s. 9d. and the commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt, redeem 3 per cent. stock at above 73: the trans- action is beneficial to the Bank and money jobbers, and prejudicial to the country at large. Since the Bill passed, confirming the transaction, the annuities have sold for Z0J. 17s. 6d. and 3 per cent. stock has been sold at above 80, which rates, render the trang- action in question a loss to the public ex- ceeding 20 per cent. with a prospect of its operating still more disadvantageously. NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. —— The Loyal and National Songs of Eng, land, for One, Two, and Three Voices; selected from Original Manuscripts and LWarly Printed Copies in the dsinary of William Kitchinar, M.D. l/. 1s. HIS vocal selection of ‘ Loyal and National Songs” is prolessedly published in commemoration of the late Coronation, and inscribed to his Ma- jesty. The editor, in eight pages of prelatory matter, states his reasons for bringing forward the contents of his volumes, (for the work is to consist of more than one,) passes upon the me- lody of his country a just degree of en- comium, 444 comfum, and proffers some speculations respecting the author and composer of “‘God save the King,” without being dogmatical, or invading the reader’s right to judge for himself. We will imitate iis moderation, and not insist upon what we think, that both the words and music of this celebrated vocal production were from the pen of Henry Carey, the Charles Dibdin of his day. The preface touches upon various points connected with the na- ture of the undertaking, and includes a number of judicious remarks ; but it is time that we should speak of the work itself, and the style of its exe- cution. Acquainted as we are with the ex- tent and richness of Dr. Kitchiner’s musical library, we should say, that, had the task he imposed upon himself been limited to the mere transcription, or selection, of specimens of national airs, the facility afforded him by the vocal music he professes, would have rendered his undertaking tolerably smooth and easy; but, in many in- stances, the harmony is filled up, and the bass improved, but without de- stroying or invading the ancient sim- plicity, or the occasional quaintness, of the compositions. The volume before us consists of one hundred and thirty- six folio pages of fine old melodies; but, how far they can all be properly called national, since they are not all on public subjects, nor even English, we will leave the doctor to explain. It is, however, no little merit to him, that, on the whole, his choice has been appro- priate and select; and that, regarded collectively, the compositions presenta valuable and interesting mass of Bri- tish songs. Scottish Melody, as a Rondo for the Piano-Forte, with an Introduction ; composed by G. Kiallmark. 33s. We trace in this production some decisive and striking evidences of superior talent. The introductory movement is animated, and the theme of the rondo (The deuk’s dang o’er my daddie,) is treated with taste and skill. Indeed, so much are we pleased with the ability Mr. Kiallmark has exhi- bited in this piece, that we wish he had selected a better subject for the em- ployment of his imagination. He has, however, by his ingenuity, turned into gold the copper he had to re-manulac- ture, and the public are obliged to him.. The general style of the compo- sition is calculated to raise or maintain New Music and the Drama. {June 1, any composer’s credit; but some of the more prominent excellencies claim for their author more than a common de- gree of eulogy. It appears to us, that this is Mr. K.’s natural province of composition, and that he will scarcely have the same chance of the superior success with which he has here acquit- ted himself, in any other sphere of his art. We must not dismiss this article without adding, that, while it will scarcely fail to please all who hear it, its practice cannot but serve the useful purpose of improving the hand of the young performer. Select Pieces from Rossini’s favourite Opera of Otello, as performed at the King’s Theatre; arranged for the Piano-Forte or Harp, with Accompa- niments(ad lib. ) for the Flute and Vio- loncello, by M. C. Mortellari.. 3s. 6d. The airs here selected, are the cavatina ‘* Dih! calma, oh Ciel, net sono,” the duett ‘ Vorrei che il tue pensiero,” and the terzetto “ Ti parlt Vamore.” Though, in the general sense of the word, the task of adjusting is not one of the highest description, when performed in the style in which it is here executed by Mr. Mortellari,itdemands something beyond the critic’s common acknowledgment. Not only is the arrangement of these melodies ably conducted, but the consolidation of the accompaniments evinces experi- ence in the art of harmonic combina- tion, and displays the union of scienve and ingenuity. Song, by Haydn: “ Rejoice, O daughter of Jerusalem.”—Song, by Haydn: “O sing praises."-—“ O beautiful mount.”-—* The Lord will comfort Zion.” —‘* What beauty appears.”— Quartetto. by Haydn: * Lo! -my shepherd is divine.” —Quartetto: ‘* He was like a morning star.”— Quartetto, by Haydn: “ Call to remembrance.” — Quartetio: “O how beautiful thy garments.”—Duo: ‘“‘ Hear, O thew shepherd of Israel.” Alt at 3s. each. These separate compositions hav- ing been sclected from Mr. Garce ners Oratorio of Judah, and per- formed at various musical festivals in the country and fashionable con- certs in London, the author, for the convenience of the public, has been induced to print them separately. We have already bestowed our eulogy‘on the original work, and noticed some of these pieces with special commenda- tion. Indeed, we are glad to see them in a separate form. , Hymn 1823.] New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. 445 Hymn for Christmas Day; composed Covent-Garden oompany. The new with an Accompaniment for the Organ musical piece at the same house (the or Piano-Forte. 1s. words of which are from the pen of The spirit in which the melody of Mr. Howard Payne, and the melodies this hymn is conceived, is. perfectly from the fertile imagination of Mr. analogous to the joyful occasion for Bishop,) is inits plot and dialogue a de- which it was expressly produced; and _ gyreeortwoabovethose of the generality combines, with its jubilatory style, of modern operas, and a few of theairs much of that dignity and importance are original and striking; but, we are inseparable from the subject. It is debarred from asserting, that either the but proper to observe, that, although prose, the poetry, or the music, is the air, as well as its choral repetition, much above mediocrity, or from ad- is as rich and solemnas itis lively and mitting that their merit bears any com- impressive, it is the most simple in its parison with the beauty of the scenery. cast; and, in its execution, perfectly ‘The Travellers (though we must con- familiar and easy. fess the piece does by no means, on the whole, rank high in our estimation,) THE DRAMA. is heightened with a kind of spirit, and THE national theatres, during the past distinguished by a singularity, which month, have produced three novelties has carried it forward with a success worthy of our notice: a new Rosalind, that argues much for Mr. Elliston’s in the person of a young lady of the judgment in bringing it again before name of Jones ; a new opera, entitled, the public. The elegant and manly Clari, or the Maid of Milan; and the singing of Braham, and the delicate revival of the opera of the Travellers, and finished warbling of Miss Ste- or Music's Fascination. Vheappearance phens, have seldom been heard to of the first (at Covent Garden,) excited more advantage tian in this musical and repaid the attention of the public. drama; and, were the music somewhat Her acquaintance with stage-business, new, and more distinct in its character, and clear and accurate conception of and the dialogue less burthened and the character she had to sustain, soon deteriorated with national compli- became obvious to the audience, and ments, we should be among those who were warmly acknowledged; her re-- wish it to keep the stage, especially as ception was so favourable and sode- it has been prepared at a liberal and serving, as, in our opinion, to-do heavy expence, aud adds to its poetical honour both to the abilities of the and musical qualities the attraction of young London candidate for fame, and a most brilliant spectacle, a spectacle fo the taste of her admirers; and we too costly to be repaid by any thing see no just reason to doubt of her becoming a valuable accession to the short of the highest public patronage. NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. —_— To Samueu Hatt, of Basford, Not- tinghamshire, Cotton Spinner ; for an Improvement in the Manufacture of Starch. WV R. Hatt manufactures the starch by the usual processes, till it has arrived at the stage in which it is ready for boxing. He then calculates how many pounds of starch, the quan- tity he has in process will produce when in the finished state; and to every such pound (after having stirred it up well with as much water as will make it about the consistency of cream) he adds one gallon of bleach- ing liquor, and agitates it sufliciently to cause it to act upon the colouring mat- ter of the starch, so as to bleach or whiten it. The bleaching liquor may be made by taking a quantity of water, and adding to every gallon thereof about two ounces of oxygenated muri- ate of lime, which must be well stirred, and then left to rest till the sediment has subsided to the bottom, from which the clear bleaching liquor must be carefully poured off for use. When dhe starch and bleaching liquor have been sufficiently agitated together, as above directed, he adds to the mixture a quantity of water, in the proportion of about four gallons to every pound of starch contained therein, calculated as aforesaid ; and, after well stirring it, he leaves it to rest till the starch, and other insoluble parts of the mixture, have subsided to the bottom, from which he draws off the liquid ; he then adds 446 adds about two ounces of sulphuric acid diluted with one gallon of water to every pound of starch, and agitates them well together as long as is neces- sary, for the acid to act sufficiently on the starch, and any extraneous matter itmay contain. He then addsa quan- tity of water, in about the proportion of four gallons toevery pound of starch, and agitates the whole well together to wash away any extraneous matter capable of being removed thereby; the whole is then to be left to rest a sufficient Iength of time for the purified or whitened starch to subside to the bot- tom, from which he then draws off the liquid. The washing may be repeated with clean water in the manner above described, as often as is found neces- sary to cleanse the starch sufficiently from the oxyg. .ated muriate of lime and sulphuric acid. The starch when so cleansed is to be boxed, dried, and finished in the usual manner. The object of this invention is to extract all colouring matter from the wheat in the manufacture of starch, which has hitherto given a yellow dye to linen, &ec. An effectual remedy for this evil was never before discovered; and, as the addition of blue has become a general expedient to conceal rather than to remove it, a perfect white has never been obtained or expected: by ordinary means. The white or French starch (that is, simply starch without blue) is got into disuse, being of a dirty yellow colour, whereas the patent starch is of an almost dazzling whiténess, and being purified from all grosser substance, is, when dissolved for usual purposes, exceedingly clear and beautiful, and of superior strength. —Reperiory. ie To Henry Tritton, of Battersea, Surrey, esq. for animproved Appara- tus for Filtration. The principle of this invention is by means of an air-pump, common pump, or other mode of producing exhaustion, acting on the part or parts of the ap- paratus into which the filtered liquid flows, to produce an exhaustion or vacuum more or Jess perfect in such part or parts, and thereby to create a difference between the atmospheric pressure acting on the liquid before and after filtration; and, by means of that difference of atmospheric pres- sure, more actively to force the unfil- tered liquid through the pores, aper- tures, or interstices, of the filter; and New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. [June 1, his improved apparatus consists of :a filterer, in which the operation of fil- tration is performed, and a receiver, for the reception of the liquid after filtration. : In the improved apparatus for filtra- tion, the filterer is a vessel open, or capable of being opened at pleasure. Such part of the filterer as is intended to receive the unfiltered liquid, com- municates with the external air in such manner, that when such part of the filterer as is intended to receive the filtered liquid and the receiver are ex- hausted, by an air-pump or otherwise, the power of atmospheric pressure on the surface of the unfiltered liquid, together with the pressure used in ordinary filtration, may force it through the filter or filters by which it is to be Strained. The filter or filters are sustained in the filterer by a suitable support or supports, capable of bearing the above- mentioned pressure, and are formed or composed of substances naturally adapted to the purposes of ordinary filtration, or rendered fit for such pur- poses by art. The filter or filters, and the support or supports, are so placed in the filterer, that when such part of the filterer as is destined to receive the unfiltered liquid is filled therewith, and the part of the filterer into which the filtered liquid flows, together with the receiver, are exhausted, the external air is excluded, and the unfiltered liquid cannot pass into such part of the filterer as is destined to receive the filtered liquid, without undergoing the process of filtration, by passing through the filter or filters. Such part of the filterer as is destined to receive the filtered liquid is made so as to bear exhaustion by the air-pump, or other- wise (when the filter or filters are covered with liquid), and is connected by a pipe or pipes, with a close re- ceiver, also made so as to bear ex- haustion by an air-pump, or other ap- paratus for producing exhaustion, in such manner that the filtered liquid may flow by such pipe or pipes into the receiver. An. air-pump, or other known ma- chine for producing a rarefaction or exhaustion of air, is connected with the receiver, or with such part of the filterer as receives the liquid after fil- tration: an air-cock, for the admission of air, is attached to the receiver, to ad- mit air when desirable. The receiver has also a proper cock or cocks for the , discharge 1823.]: discharge of its contents, and a proper cap, screw, or man-hole, for cleansing the same. In the pipe or pipes, by which the filtered liquid flows (as above Literary and Critical Proémium, 447 mentioned) into the receiver, is a stop- cock or cocks, by which the communi- cation between the filterer and receiver may be closed at pleasure. NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED IN MAY: WITH AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL PROEMIUM. ‘ — Authors or Publishers, desirous of seeing an early notice of their Works, are requested to transmit copies before the 18th of the Month, = ‘THE Geographical, Statistical, Agricul- tural, Commercial, and Political, Ac- count of Colombia, is a well-arranged publi- cation, and contains much of interest and utility. The republic of Colombia includes the countries formerly known under the names of Venezuela, New Grenada, and Quito; and almost all that is known in Europe with respect to these several pro- vinces, and which lay scattered in various works, is here collected under a single head. The Preface is short, and modestly written, candidly acknowledging the sources from which the whole has been compiled. ‘In constructing a work,” says the writer, “on thisnewly constituted State, the materials, on many particular points, have been extremely: scanty ; and therefore, though the editor might boast his original views in various parts of the work, as in some of that which immedi- ately follows, or his exclusive possession of official documents, as in the historical and political part, yet he is more anxious to acknowledge his extensive obligations to Humboldt, Depons, and others, even by whose language he has profited, unless where its prolixity required abridgment, or its inaccuracy correction; for, to him, nothing seems less honourable than to de- teriorate the language of a writer, inorder to conceal obligations to him.” The first volume is divided into four chapters :—1. A general description of the country; its extent, mountains, rivers, temperature, seasons, &c. ~2. A particular description of several provinces, governments, cities, &c. with an official statement of the population, amounting in the whole of the republic to 2,644,600 persons, An ac- count of the different classes of the population, their religion, customs, and manners, is the subject of the third chap- ter ; and the fourth is wholly devoted to an account of the various tribes of Indians, in which, as the general reader well knows, much curious matter lay open to the compiler. The second volume contains a statement of its produce ; mines, sugar, coffee, &c. and of course gives us what is known of the Natural History of its pro- ducts, the manner of working and rearing, and of their subsequent manufacture for the purposes of commerce. The second chapter gives us some particulars of the commerce, exports, and imports, duties, freights, &c. which, in such a modern government, must be very temporary in- formation. ‘Then follow the History and Political State, with a sketch of the revolution, for which the editer acknow- ledges himself indebted to Mr. Miranda, the son of that brave general who fell in the cause of South Americana freedom. A well-engraved map of Colombia (we can say nothing of its accuracy,) accompanies the work; and the volumes are preceded, the first by a portrait of Zea, and the second by that of Bolivar. Thns far we are pleased with the publication ; but here our approbation must terminate. An In- troduction of 121, and Appendices of eighty pages, appear all to have been ma- nufactured in Change-alley. The whole of the yet unsettled business concerning M. Zea and the Columbian loan is detailed with tiresome minnteness ; and give, to an otherwise respectable book, all the ap- pearance of a Stock Exchange puff, got up for the benefit of jobbers and money- lenders. A Treatise on Mental Derangement, by FRAncrIs WILLIs, M.D. is a work of much vanity and little value. His system is, that mental derangement is wholly a bodily disease, in consequence of some defi- ciency of tone in the nerves ; and tonics, par- ticularly port-wine and bark, are pre- scribed even in the high state of delirium, Hippocrates, Galen, Areteus, and Tral- lianus, are quoted in the original to shew his knowledge of Greek; and we have accounts of his grandfather and uneles in evidence of his descent, and to inform us of the sources from which his great know- ledge has been acquired. The volume consists of 234 pages, of which fifty are ex. tracts from preceding writers, and twenty are taken up with discussions with regard to the mental derangement of Shakspeare’s King Lear, Edgar, Hamlet, Ophelia, &e. Lady Macbeth, he assures us, was not deranged! Dr. Spger’s Thoughts on the present Character and Constitution of the Medical Profession, is an obtrusive stream of elo- quence, with a few rational ideas thinly floating over the surface, which might have commanded general applause from the benches of a forum. If we rightly under- stand our author, he seems to ascribe the decaying character of the profession, which 448 which he so much laments, to the inordinate and uncalled-for increase of the number of practitioners, iv conjunction with the scep- licism of the age. Science, he says, has been progressive; but the professors of the healing art have stood still, or become re- trograde. ‘* What,” says the doctor, speaking of the increase of students, ‘are the consequences of this rednudancy? How does the frame of the science become affected? A science which, let its prac- tice be ever so pure, many think a tissue of hypotheses, and more a tissue of absurdi- ties. From the earliest ages the healing art, we need not mention, has been de- bauched and debased more than any other with the superstitions and errors of man. Bacon tells us, there never was but one rational physician up to his time, viz. Hip- pocrates; and, in days long posterior to Bacon, we see the practice and principles of even its luminaries, as Sydenham, Mead, Molyneux, Radcliffe, &c. disgraced _ too often with mystery and masquerade. The iapid and steady diffusion of sound light, which late days have exhibited, is very far from having redeemed us from these stizmas; and weare still the shuttle- cocks of fortune, and the jests of the wise.” Masor Cartwrient, a veteran in his eighty-third year, who, for nearly half-a- century, has stood foremost in the long-de- serted, but now thickening, ranks of radi- eal reform, bas published a volume under the title of The English Constitution Pro- duced and Illustrated. Mr. Paine asserted, that no such thing as a Constitutiou existed in England; that the whole was merely a form of government without a Constitution, constituting itself with what powers it pleased ; and then triumphantly challenged Mr. Burke to produce the Eng- lish Constitution. ‘This challenge the major has accepted; and, with mnch patient investigation, has at last succeeded in presenting to the British publie the fun- damental principles of the Political Code of our Saxon ancestors, by which they were governed during a period of six hun- dred years, until it was destroyed by the Norman conqueror. The elements of the Constitution of England are stated by the major to be:—“1. Those principles of truth and. morality on which political liberty and social order depend. 2. A militia of all men capable of arms-bearing. 3. A wittenagemote annually elected by the people for enacting laws. 4. Grand and petit juries of the people, fairly drawn, for applying the laws: and 5. A magistracy elected by the people for duly performing all executive duties.”—All these elements are shewn to have existed in the long-ad- ministered, thongh unwritten, Constitution of the Saxons. It is acknowledged that, in those times, a species of slavery existed ; but the thralls, or bondsmen, were not 1 Literary and Critical Proémium. [June | Py Saxons. The Saxons were all freemen. In his researches, our author has not, like some others, sought only to support his own principles, for he acknowledges that he found many things of the existence of which he was not previously aware. It had been long ascertained, that the Saxon wittenagemote were annually elected by the universal suffrage of the people; but it was not generally known, that “ they were totally unacquainted with a House of Lords ;” that their judges and magistrates were elective; that their kings had no veto ; and that it is even uncertain whether they were originally hereditary. These disco- veries, liowever, are not pressed upon the attention of those who would renovate our Constitution. Although what he (the major) now unfolds to England may show, that even a radical purification of her Commons House would but imperfectly restore the theory of her polity, yet he by no means proposes to the English reform- ers any other practical line of conduct than that witich he has Jong been in the habit of recommending. Although Major Cart- wright is himself a believer in Divine Revelation, he fearlessly asserts that Chris- tianity never was, nor ought to be, “part and parcel of the Jaw of England. True religion,” he says, ‘“‘is of too spiritual, divine, and sacred, a character, for such profanation. To agree upon, and to frame a political polity for a nation’s free- dom, peace, and happiness on earth, is the office of man: to furnish principles of religion, for preserving a sense of man’s dependence on isis Creator, &c. is the sole province of God” With respect to the legal point, his argument is unanswera- ble: “Neither Christians, nor Mahome- tans, nor Jews, nor Atheists, had any hand in the first framing of our Constitution ; for 1t happened to be the work of Pagans.” Our limits leave us room only to add, that we recommend this valuable work to the perusal, not only of reformers, but of those less ardent spirits who study the past, merely as a part of the history of their country. A Voice from London to the Voice from St, Helena, or the Pitt System developed, by PETER Moore, Esq. M.P. is a publication intended to demonstrate the pacific views of Napoleon with regard to this country, The document, in proof of this assertion, is a “ History of two Missions to France, to treat with Napoleon Bonaparte for Peace in 1799 and 1801,” by Mr. Massaria, This history was, it seems, drawn up in the shape of a Memorial, the original draft of which is in Mr. Moore’s possession, and delivered into the hands of Lord Bucking- hamshire, in order to procure a remunera. tion for Mr. Massaria’s services. This gentleman, it seems, is a Corsican of the town of Ajaccio, also the birth-place of Napoleon, with whom he was ne a 1823.] and politically connected along with Gene- ral Paoli in the Corsican troubles of 1791. In 1793 Napoleon attached himself to the Convention, and Massaria came to Eng- land. Having formeriy saved Bonaparte from being arrested by Paoli, Massaria was selected by our ministry to ran the risk of landing in France at the close of 1799, from whence he returned with the memorable letter of the First Consul to his Majesty George IIL, In April 1801, Massaria was again dispatched to France, and procured an interview with Napoleon; the consequence of which was the treaty, concluded through the medium of M. Otto. According to Mr. M.'s narrative, the ruler of France was most sincere in his wishes for peace; but we were before suf- ficiently convinced of his sincerity in that respect. The Preface and Appendixes of Mr. Moore are Jong; and, we think, use- less, since they endeavour to make more certain what is already indubitable. Heraldic Anomalies, or Rank Confusion in our Orders of Precedence, is an amusing collection of anecdotes, printed in two , volumes, and distributed under different * heads, the titles of which have some direct, . or distant, analogy to heraldic distinctions; such as Lady, Lord, Doctor, Bishops, Old Maids, Quakers, Precedence, &c. ‘These auecdotes are taken, indiscriminately, from sources of every kind, foreigu aud domestic, ancient and modern, and are strung together by the remarks of the au- thor, which are generally pertinent, play- ful, and instructive. No order is pre- served in the arrangement. The whole is a medley of the most varied subjects, from the grave to the ludicrous; and this, for those readers who take up a book merely for the amusement of a moment, is proba- bly its most valuable characteristic. The author himself, however, must be a man of extensive reading; and there are innn- merable passages, in the perusal of which we wish him at our elbow, for the puspose of procuring additional information, either upon the matter itself, or the sources from which he received it. Should he, for instance, chance to see these observations, he might, perhaps, take the trouble to tell us, where he found the four lines in his Preface, begining with “ O if it were a mean thing, &c.” We have seen verses to the same purport in the German lan- guage, and we have often found national resemblances, which were not owing to translation, Relative Taxation, or Observations on the impolicy of Taxing Malt, Hops, Beer, Soup, Candles, and Leather, &c. by Tuomas Vaox, contains a number of sensible remarks, mingled with many that are of little value, and some that are wholly use- Jess. Itis not a grain of wheat in abushel of chaff, but wheat and chaff of all sorts of qualities mixed in nearly equal quantities. M ontury Mac, No, 382. Literary and Critical Proémium. 449 The chief cause, we believe, is, that the book is too long, The anthor had deter- mined to make a volume; and, wanting matter to fill it, was obliged to repeat the same thought again and again. The Pre- face and early part of the work are well written, and contain the substance of the whole. The endeavour of the author is to show, that the unequal pressure of the taxes that he has enumerated, by bearing harder on poor than on rich soils, is a chief cause of the present agricultural distress, These taxes, therefore, he would abolish, and substitute a property- tax in their stead. There are many per- tinent observations on the nature of ma- chinery; and the feelings of the author are always on the right side, that is, favourable to humanity. 7 The Novel-readers have of late been abundantly supplied. The Great Unknown (as he is blasphemously called) has fa- voured them with his Quentin Durward, of which it wonld be idle to speak, as it is in the hands of every body; and Mr. Gavt, who follows in his footsteps, has given us three volumes, under the title of Ringan Gilhaize, or the Covenanters. Ringan is a pseudo-history of the Scottish saints dur- ing the turbulent times of the reformation. The style.is throughout equable and grave, as befitting the serious character of the narrator, But it is merely a history. There is no domestic tale ; and the events: crowd before us without exciting the least degree of personal interest, The volumes, notwithstanding, are not wearisome. We: are carried from page to page by the diversity of the incidents, without thinking of the weakness of the thread by which they are strung together. Such of our readers as have occasion to make very .accurate calculations, or who speculate for amusement on the properties of numbers, will not fail to possess them- selves of two thin octavo volumes, which’ have lately appeared, anonymously, but which are from the pen of HENRY Goop- WYN, esq.* a gentleman who, in a forced retirement from active business, through a painful disease, has performed prodigies of arithmetical labour, far outstripping those of our famed countryman, Abraham Sharp. The first of these works is enti- tled, “ A Tabie of the Circles, arising from the division of a unit, or of any other whole number, by all the integers from 1 to 1024;” exhibiting the circulating or repetend part of every possible quotient, resulting from applying a divisor of three * It is with regret the Editor finds, on turning to his forty-seventh, volume, that this gentleman's “ First Centenary of a Series of concise useful Tables,” &c. pub- lished in Feb, 1818 (Richardson), was omitted to be noticed amongst the New Publications, 3M figures 450 ficures orless, and the first 25 of four-place divisors. ‘The uses of the five tables here- in’are entirely subsidiary to those we have next to mention, except the last, which exhibits the author's mode of applying cirenlating decimals to the rigidly correct calculation of the interest of moneys for days.—'The other volume before us is the first of five intended parts of “a Tabular Series of Decimal Quotients, of all the pro- per vulgar fractions, in their lowest terms, whose' denominators do not exceed 1000 ,” which parts, when completed, will exhibit an increasing series of 304,192 decimal fractions, against each of which is set an equivalent proper vulgar fraction, between 1 1 ipa and 2% and, by the very easy pro- cess of arithmetical complements, the above number of decimal and vulgar frac- tions may be doubled. In this first part is printed, 30,414 decimals to 8 places (and which the circles, in the above-men- tioned volume, will extend to any num- ber of places whatever,) from ‘001. to 09989909, with their corresponding frac- tions; and we wish to point out, since the author-has.omitted to do so, to those who may’hesitate as to procuring the first part of this truly useful table, that by the sim- ple process of supposing the decimal point removed one place to the right, and the 0 before it expunged, adding at the same time an O to the numerator, or, instead thereof, expunging an.0 from the denomi- nator, (whenever it can be done,) 30,414 other decimals and their equivalent vulgar 5 : 0 fractions, in the whole range between : 1000 =-01, and 222 — -99899, &e. will be ex- 999 hibited. For example, ay = +048951, 145 i 4 0 ° pir “ evidently gives = = *489510 ; andagain, 43 — .048863, as evidently affords us 880 = = ‘48863, &c. with the advantage of requiring no arithmetical complements to be taken in all the extensive series of deci- mals thus obtained; which series calcu- lators will find of daily and important use to them, for reducing or changing deci- mals into fractions, or the reverse. We cannot refrain from adding, that for each of the 91,242 vulgar fractions of three figures or less, either printed in, or almost instantly deducible from, thissmall volume, as above mentioned, the equivalent decimal may, in any case, be easily sought out, and ascer- tained to any degree of accuracy, with the aid of the previous qnarto pamphlet, men- tioned at the foot of page 449.. Thus, sup- List of New Publications in May, [June 1, 1 é P posing = were given, it is clear that the decuple of its equivalent decimal must lie 4 41 between those oft and —: these we find, , 44 45 in the pamphlet referred to, are ‘9318 and -91, which at once limits the search to be made to pages 140 to 143 of the tabular series before us ; and further, we perceive that the vulgar fraction sought must lie near the middle of this space in the table, and somewhat nearer to the larger decimal, and accordingly, in casting the eye down the fraction columns, we find, near the end of page 141, the sought-for fraction 41 ae tees 9 aa ; and following it, is the equivalent de- cimal *09234. —— ARBORICULTURE. Dendrologia Britannica; or, Trees and Shrubs that will live in the open Air of Britain throughout the Year; by P. W. Watson. No. V. 8vo. 4s. 6d. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 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An Alarm to Unconverted Sinners ; by the 1823.] the Rev. J. Alleine: with an introductory essay, by the Rev. A. Thomson, a.m. Edin- burgh. 12mo. 4s. 6d. Five Lectures on the Gospel of St. John; by C. J. Blomfield, p.p. 12mo, 2s. Sermons; by the late very Rev. W. Pearce. 8vo. 12s. _ Treatises on Justification and Regene- ration; by J. Witherspoon, p.D.: with an introductory essay, by William Wilber- forcs,esq. 12mo. 4s. bds, A Present for the Convalescent; by the Rev. J. Fry. 12mo. 4s, i Sketches of Sermons, preached to va- rious congregations, and’ on the European Continent; furnished by their respective Authors, Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. bds. TOPOGRAPHY. A Picturesque Promenade round Dor- king, in Surrey ; by John Timbs. 2d edit. with thirteen engravings. 12mo. 8s. éd. Biblictheca Gloucestrensis ; a reprint of Literary and Philosophical Intelligence: 453 scarce tracts relating to the county and city of Gloucester, portrait and map. 4to. 10s, 6d.—royal 4to. 21s. TYPOGRAPHY. Practical Hints on Decorative Printing; by William Savage. 4to. with fifty illus- trations, 51. 15s. 6d. bds.—or on Colum- bier paper, 4to. 111. 11s. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, Part 4, Vol. IX. of the “Journal of Voyages and Travels :” containing a Jour- ney over the Alps and in Italy, &c. 8vo. 3s. 6d. sewed. 4s. boards, Recollections of the Peninsula: con- taining sketches of the manners and cha- racter of the Spanish Nation. 8vo. 8s. A Narrative of the Life and Travels of Serjeant B—. 12mo. 5s. bds. Travels through Sweden, Norway, and Finmark, to the North Cape, in the Sum- mer of 1820; by A. De Capell Brooke. 4to. YI. 10s. VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. ee R. Witi1AmM Cuurcu, of Boston, whose improvements in printing we lately noticed, is now in England, procuring the construction of his ap- paratus and machinery. A principal object of this improvement is to print constantly from new types, which is effected by simplifying the process for casting and composing. The type is delivered perfect by machinery, and laid as it is cast in separate compart- ments, with unerring order and exact- ness. The compositionis then effected by other apparatus, directed by keys like those of a piano-forte, and the type may be thus arranged in words and lines, as quickly as in the performance of notes in music. No error canarise, except from touching the wrong key ; hence an expert hand will leave little Jabour for the reader. The form may be worked as usual, either by a print- ing-press or machine. It is then found less expensiye, under Dr. Church’s economical system of re- casting, to remelt the types, and re- cast them, than to perform the tedious operation of distribution, The melt- ing takes place without atmospheric exposure, by which oxydation and waste of metal are avoided. It is cal- enlated that two men can produce 75,000 new types per hour, and in re- composing one man will perform as much as three or four compositors. In the production of types, the saving is ninety-nine parts in a hundred, and in the composition, distribution, and reading, is three parts in four. In regard to press-work, Dr. C. has in- vented a machine to work with plat- tens instead of cylinders, from which he will Le able to take thirty fine im- pressions per minute; and some of these have been ordered by London printers.—An establishment is about to be commenced in New York, in which these inventions will be applied to the reprinting of popular works, and to printing in general. Miss Macautry announces, “ Eli- zabeth and Mary Stuart,” being the design for a new species of histrionic literature. The design is the compo- sition and individual recitation of a dramatic and descriptive poem, about the length of our modern tragedies. The piece is now in active prepara- tion, and will be published as soon after its first representation as may be deemed requisite. The first essay will be a portraiture of the characters of Queen Elizabeth and Mary queen of Scots. Imaginary Conversations of Eminent Statesmen and Literary Men, ancient and modern, by W.S. Lanpor, esq. will speedily appear. The Journal of a Tour in France in the years 1816 and 1817, by Fran- cEs JANE Carey, will make its appear- ance in.a few days. The next, or third, volume of MitcHeELi’s ‘“ Methodical Cyclope- dia,” will consist of a complete Dic- tionary of Mathematics and the Phy- sical 454 sical Sciences, and will appear in the course of June.” The impossibility of controlling the press in printing such a series of concentrated volumes, obliged the publisher to abandon the plan of monthly publication, and to content himself with as. rapid a pro- gress as the nature of the work and the public patronage would permit. This, however, is of little consequence, as every volume is perfectly complete in itself. The subjects of the next subsequent volumes will be Grocra- PHY, and the Arts, historical, theo- retical, and practical. Sir Richsarp PHIL.IPs is about to put to.press a new edition of his Essays on the proximate Causes of the Phenomena of the Universe ; and, as the original doctrines of these Essays lay the basis of an entirely new system of natural philosophy, and have created some interest among philosophical en- quirers, he will be gratified by receiv- ing observations, illustrations, and cri- ticisms, before he goes to press. The great window for Hereford Cathedral, painted on glass, after West’s “Last Supper,” by Mr. J. Back er, of Newman-street, Oxford- street, is, in point of splendid dimen- sions and spirited execution, perhaps the finest altar-piece in England. There is a glow in the lights, and a richness in the shadows, which could not be obtained by any other method. There is this advantage in paintings upon glass, that time neither improves nor impairs their beauty; and there- fore they are the best adapted for the adorning of churches. The high state of perfection to which this art is now brought will, it is to be hoped, soon banish many of those daubs upon a panel which disfigure, rather than’ or- nhament, some of our churches, and substitute in their stead paintings in which the light of heaven itself forms the radiance, aad which are as un- changeable as that light. Flora Domestica, or the Poetical Flower Garden, is in preparation; being a catalogue of plants that may be reared in the house, especially no- ticing such as are most remarkable for beauty of form or colour, Juxuriance of foliage, sweetness of perfume, or from interesting or poetical associa- tions with their history; with direc- tions for their treatment: illustrated with numerous quotations from the works of the poets by whom the seve- yal flowers have been celebrated. Literary and ‘Philosophical Intelligence. {June 1, Mark Macrabin the Cameronian, a tale, by ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, author of ‘‘Sir Marmaduke Maxwell,” &c. is printing. The East Indian Calculator, or Ta- bles for assisting Computation of Bat- ta, Interest, Commission, Rent, Wages, &c. in Indian Money, by T.'THORNTON, author of a ‘Compendium of the Laws and Regulations concerning the Trade with India,” &c. is nearly ready for publication. The Rey. H. Carp, M.A. vicar of Great Malvern, has been for some time engaged in preparing a Life of Bishop Burnet, drawn from papers partly preserved in the library of the British Museum, and partly in the archives of one or two noble families. He is induced to make this statement in the hope that other families may make similar communications. Dr. Rospert Jackson, author of the “History and Cure of Febrile Dis- eases,” &c. has nearly ready for pub- lication, an Outline of Hints for the Political Organization and Moral Training of the Human Race; sub- mitted with deference to the conside- ration of those who frame laws for the civil government of man, and more, especially for those who direct, or profess to direct, man to the true wor- ship of the Deity. J.S. Boone, m.a. will publish ina few days a poetical sketch, in three epistles, addressed to the Right Hon. George Canning, entitled Men and Things in 1823. An Exhibition of Designs for com- pleting King’s College, Cambridge, subinitted to the Provost and Fellows; and of Designs for rebuilding London Bridge, submitted to the Bridge-house Committee, and to the House of Com- mons; is open in the Great Room, at the Western Exchange, Old Bond- Street. A Memoir of Central India, with the history and copious illustrations of the past and present state of that country, is in the press, with an original map, recently constructed, tables of the re- venue, population, &e. a geological report and comprehensive index, by Sir Joun Matcoun, G.c.s. &e. The use of medicated and fumiga- ting baths, and, in many instances, of sulphur baths, is becoming popular, for the purpose of removing various diseases, and of alleviating the pains, and lessening the inconveniences, of other disorders. Among other dis- eases, 1823.] eases, it is found to be successfully applicable to the cure of rheumatism, of colds, of diseases of the skin, to the restofation of activity in the powers of the bowels and the stomach, to the relief of debilitated and stiffened joints, of gout, and of bilious and nervous disorders, and to the removal of lum- bago, sciatica, incipient dropsy, and of glandular obstructions, and other swellings. As it has been found to be thus important and beneficial, and of such wide application, and has for a series of years been most success- fully practised in many of the hospi- tals and medical institutions of France and Germany, particularly at Paris and Vienna, it is extraordinary, that the first fumigating and medicated baths, and the first sulphur baths, which have been prepared in the wes- tern part of the metropolis, have been set up only within these few weeks, at No. 5, Bury-street, near St. James’s- square, by Mr. JONATHAN GREEN. In a few days will be published, in three volumes, the Wandering Her- mit, by the author of “the Hermit in London.” Professor MEULEMEESTER, of Ant- werp, has been for eleven years en- gaged in copying the fine Scripture Frescoes in Raphael’s Gallery in the Vatican; and he is now exhibiting these copies in London. They are fifty-two in number ; very fine cabinet- pictures in water-colours, and faithful to the style of the great master after whom they are copied. Engravings of them are in progress, and are highly spoken of. Early in June will be published, Elizabeth, being the first part of a se- ries of French Classics, handsomely printed in the original, with elegant engravings and vignettes, by eminent artists; printed from the best Paris editions, revised, corrected, and ac- companied with instructive notes, and the lives of the authors, by L. T. Ven- TOUILLAC, Mr. C. Dusols, F.L.s. is about to publish, in a small volume, an HKasy and Concise Introduction to Lamarck’s Arrangement of the Genera of Shells, being a free translation of that part of his work which treats on Mollusce with testaceous coverings; to which are added, illustrated remarks, addi- tional observations, and a synoptic table. Capt. A. Cruise, of the 84th rest. has in the press, a Journal of a Ten : 2 Literary and Philosophicat Intelligence. 455 Months’ Residence in New Zealand, which will appear next month in an octavo volume. The author of ‘‘ Domestic Scenes” has nearly ready for publication a new novel, entitled Self-Delusion, or Ade- laide d’Hauteroche, in three volumes. The Rev. G. WILKiNs, author of the “‘ History of the Destruction of Jeru- salem,” &ce. will shortly publish, an Antidote to the Poison of Scepticism. ‘The Rev. R. Warner, rector of Great Chalfield, Wilts, is about to pub- lish the First Part of Illustrations, Historical, Biographical, and Miscel- laneous, of the Novels by the Author of “ Waverley,” with criticisms, gene- ral and particular, in three parts, Historical Notices of Two Charac- ters in ‘‘Peveril of the Peak,” are preparing for publication ; being a sort of puff collateral, for which the Wa- verley Club is so notorious. A new noyel will appear in the course of a few days, entitled Edward Neville, or the Memoirs of an Orphan, in three volumes. Thoughts and Details on the High and Low Prices of the last Thirty Years, on the Effect of War, on the Effect of the Seasons, with tables of prices of various commodities, from 1782 to 1822, and astatement of quan- tities, preceded by some general re- marks, by 'T. ‘Tooke, esq. F.R.s. will speedily appear. Fonthill and its Abbey Delineated, by J. Rurrer, is nearly ready for publication. _The embellishments will consist of thirteen highly-finished quar- to plates, three of which (representing distinct portions of the interior) will be richly and correctly coloured in the style of Pyne’s ‘‘ Royal Residences.” The Bible, the New Testament, and the Common Prayer Book, are print- ing in London in the German lan- guage. We have received several papers questioning the practicable character and originality of Mr. Perkins’s steam-engine, noticed in our last. It may truly be doubted whether he can manage steam at 600Ibs. pressure to the inch ; but no one can question that Mr. P. has adroitly availed himself of a means of compressing the water into contact with the substance of the re- tort, by which the atomic motion evolved by the fire is economized. Of this economization Mr. P. may avail himself, and in due time produce a valuable engine. ; A corres- 456 A correspondent suggests the follow- ing means of making RHUBARB JAM. An excellent jam may y be made with a mixture of two-thirds of red currants to one-third of garden rhubarb. Good jam may also be made with two-thirds of-red rough gooseberries, not quite ripe, and one-third of rhubarb; and raspberries succeed as well as cur- rants. The flavour is best if not over- doneewith sugar; and, if the jam is made with yooseberries, it will be spoiled should they hang on the trees until fully ripe. Mr. R. MEIKLEHAM, civil-enginecr, has in the press, a Practical Treatise on the various Methods of Heating Buildings, by steam, hot air, stoves, and open fires, with some introduc- tory observations on the combustion of fuel, on the contrivances for burn- ing smoke, and other subjects con- nected with the economy and distri- bution of heat; with numerous expla- natory engravings. . A monument to the memory of Burns is now being raised near to his birth-place, on the opposite side of the road to Alloway Kirk, and on one of the ‘‘ Banks and braes of Doon.” The basement is triangular, each side facing a principal division of Ayrshire, supporting a circular peristyle of the Corinthian order, surmounted by a eupola, and all executed with strict regard to the most pure examples of ancient art. A Familiar Introduction to Crystal- lography, is preparing, in small octavo, including an explanation of the prin- ciple and use of the common and re- flective goniometers ; illustrated by nearly 400 wood-cuts; by H. J. BROOKE, F.R.S. F.L.S. &c. Dr. G. Situ has in the press a new edition of the Principles of Forensic Medicine, which will contain much additional matter. The volume will embrace every topic on which the me- dical practitioner is liable to be called to give a professional opinion in aid of judiciary enquiries. Dr. Forster is about to publish, Illustrations of the Mode of maintain- ing Health, curing Diseases, and pro- tracting Longevity, by attention to the state of the Digestive Organs, with po- pular observations on the influence of peculiarities of air, of diet, and of exercise, on the human system. Mr. Earce has in the press a work, containing—lIst. Practical remarks on fractures at the upper part of the Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. [June 1> thigh, and particularly fractures within the capsular ligament; with critical observations on Sir Astley Cooper’s treatise on that subject, and a descrip- tion of a bed for the relief of patients suffering under these accidents and ~ other injuries, and diseases which re- quire a state of permanent rest. 2d. Observations on fractures of the Ole- cranon. 3d. Description of a new apparatus for more effectually securing the upper extremity in. cases of com- plicated injury of the shoulder-joint and scapula. 4th. On the re-esta- blishment of a canal in the place of a large portion of the urethra which had been destroyed. 5th. On the mecha- nism of the spine. Mr. J. F. DANiELL has in the press a volume of Meteorological Essays, embracing, among others, the follow- ing important subjects :—On the con- Stitution of the atmosphere, on the radiation of heat in the atmosphere, on meteorological instruments, on the climate of London. The Society of Painters in Water- Colours have procured a Gallery for their interesting exhibition, néxt door to the University Club-house, in Pall Mall East. The following gentlemen will give Lectures at the Metropolitan Literary Institution, in the course of the present and succeeding months:—-Mr. Par- TINGTON on Mechanical Philosophy ; Mr. Woop on Craniology; Mr. Gur- NEY on Chemistry; and Mr, JENNINGS on Poetry. The author of the ‘* Farmer’s Boy” is about to re-appear in a small work, entitled Hazelwood Hall, a drama, in three acts, interspersed with songs. Mr. T. TayLor, the Platonist, is en- gaged in preparing for the press a mathematical work, entitled the Ele- ments of anew Arithmetical Notation, in some respects analogous to that of decimals; by which expressions pro- ducing a great variety of infinite series may be obtained, which can by no other means be found. The Series discovered by the moderns, for the quadrature of the circle and hyper- bola, are shown to be aggregately in- commensurable quantities ; and a cri- terion is given by which the commen- surability or incommensurability of infinite series may be infallibly and universally ascertained. Mr. Prescot, author of the “In- verted Scheme of Copernicus,” has in the press the second book of his System of 4 eee a. ee eee a 1823.] of the World mathematically demon- strated on the Foundation of the First Chapter of Genesis. The Duke of Mercia, the Lamenta- tion of Ireland, and other Poems, by Sir AuBREY DE VERE Hunt, bart. are announced for publication. Specimens of the Living Poets, with biographical and critical prefaces, by Mr. Auaric A. Watts, will shortly be published in three volumes. Mr. LAnpsEer, the engraver, has in the press, Saban Researches, in a series of essays, addressed to distin- guished antiquaries ; illustrated with engravings of Babylonian cylinders, and other inedited monuments of an- tiquity. Mr. F. Howe ut is preparing a new Translation of the Characters of Theo- phrastus, with the Greek text, notes, and numerous wood-cuts, A General History and Description of the Deanery of Doncaster, is print- ing by the Rev. J. HuNnTER. The Rev. C. Swan is printing Sermons on several Subjects, with notes critical, historical, and explana- tory, in octavo. Mr. T. TREDGOLD is engaged on an Essay on the Principles and Practice of Heating by Steam. Exterior Views of the Theatres of London and its Suburbs, with an ac- count of each theatre,will soon appear, by Mr. D. Have... T. W, Kaye, esq. will shortly pub- lish a Compendious Saxon and Eng- lish Dictionary. The Rey. J. Kenrick is engaged upon a translation from the German, with additions, of Professor Zumpt’s Grammar of the Latin Language. A Short Treatise on British Song- Birds, with fifteen coloured engra- vings, by Mr. P. Syme, will soon appear. The ancient vessel, discovered near the bed of the Rother, in Kent, has been for some time exhibiting in the Strand-bridge road. We have visited it in the usual routine of the shows of the metropolis, and think it well wor- thy of thé customary shilling demand- ed on such occasions, not only as a curiosity, but as some reward for the Spirit of enterprise shown in removing it hither. We doubt, however, whe- ther it is as old as is commonly said, and some professional opinions concur in this belief. Between 3 and 400 years is perhaps its greatest age: the Montury Maa, No. 382. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 457 length is about sixty-five feet; the breadth, to the best of our recollection, about fifteen: the burden about sixty tons. The floor or bottom is as flat as a table, and, having had one mast which let down forward, was probably intended in a great degree, or solely, for river navigation. Most of the timbers are sound, but many of the bolts, as might be expected, are eaten away. FRANCE, The French consul-general in Egypt, M. Drovetti, having made a large collection of the antiquities of that country, offered them for sale to the government of France, which being declined, he has presented them to that of Sardinia, in consideration of a pension for life, and they are now ar- ranging for public inspection at Turin. M. Jacosp addressed to the Society of Antiquaries of France, in July last, an interesting description of an antique vase, known by the name of Vase o Mantua, now in the collection of the Duke of Brunswick. It consists of a single onyx, agreeably diversified with rich colours, with bas-reliefs, and ornaments of exquisite workmanship. Some antiquarians consider it as hay- ing belonged to Mithridates; but this is an assumption easier made than proved. What is more positively known in the tradition of this vase is, that it formed part of the plunder of a soldier at the siege of Mantua in 1630, and was sold to a Duke of Saxe- Lauenburg, for the sum of 100 ducats. Its value is now estimated at 150,000 crowns. The Protestant Bible Society held its fourth anniversary at Paris, on the 16th of April: M. de Jaucour, a peer of France, presiding. It appears from their Report, that in the course of a year 4,600 Bibles, and more than 5,000 New Testaments, were distri- buted. Of the numerous auditory were a number of public functionaries, with deputations from Bible Societies of France, England, Switzerland, and the United States of America., ‘A hun- dred and twenty similar associations exist in France. The Society of Geography of Paris are publishing the Travels of Marco Polo, from a manuscript in the king’s library, much more extensive than any hitherto published. Prefixed is an historical notice relative to Marco Polo, with a chart, and remarks on the 3.N editions 458 editions already published, various readings of geographical or historical names, &c. ITALY. The clergy of Rome consist at pre- sent of 19 cardinals, 27 bishops, 1,450 priests, 1,532 monks, 1,461 religious, and 332 seminarists. The population, without including the Jews, amounted in. 1821 to 146,000. If credit be due to the Roman jour- nal, entitled Diario Romano, the Queen of Thibet has requested of the Pope eighty missionaries of the College de Propaganda Fide, to introduce Chris- tianity, and for the conversion of her subjects, Five capuchins have already set out for that country. An Italian of Brescia has been instrumental in the queen’s conversion: he now acts as her prime minister. SWITZERLAND. M. ULrick ScHENK, of Berne, has invented a new species of fire-engine, which he calls a pump aspirant. He has made successful trials of it, in the presence of a number of spectators, at Loywyl, near Lanzenthal, one being intended for that district. This British Legislation. [June 1, machine-is so constructed, that, placed in any running water or basin, it readily imbibes a mass of water so con- siderable, as to keep up without inter- ruption a jet rising to the height of 125 feet, and to feed two ordinary pumps or engines at the same time. Itseems to be merely a copy of the machine of Bolton, described in a former Number of this Miscellany. Messrs. ReYNIER vand De Dom- PIERRE, Conseryators of Antiquities in the Canton de Vaux, transmitted a notice to the Council of State of Lau- sanne, in December last, of a recent discovery in the district of the ancient Avenches, of two mosaic pavements, with very beautiful and elegant de- signs, and in tolerable preservation. The largest represents a head of Ceres, in its natural dimensions, a fragment of a stag, a jackdaw, a lion, &c. The other mosaic, about twenty-two feet square, was found in the meadows of Maladeyre, and contains a number of fanciful designs. Means have been adopted for ensuring the preservation of these monuments. BRITISH LEGISLATION. . =e ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. —=Fe AP. LIII. To regulate the Manu- facture and Sale of scorched or roasted Corn, Pease, Beans, or Parsnips, and of Cocoa Paste, Broma, and other Mixtures of Cocoa. Cap. LIV. To repeal the Rates, Duties, and Taxes, payable in respect of Fire Hearths and Windows in Ireland ; and to exempt certain Persons from the Tax on Dogs. Cap. LV. For the more effectual Administration of the Office of a Justice of the Peace in and near the Metropolis, and for the more effectual Prevention of Depredations on the River Thames and its Vicinity, for Seven Years. Cap. LVI. To provide for the more effectual Regulation of certain Offices relating to the Receipt of his Majesty’s Exchequer in Ireland. ; Cap. LVI. For transferring such of the Duties of the Commissioners or Governors of Kilmainham Hospital, as relate to the Management and Payment of Out-Pensions, to the Commissioners of Chelsea Hospital. Cap. LVIII. For enabling the Com- missioners of his Majesty's Woods, Forests,and Land Revenues, to effect Improvements in the Neighbourhood of Parliament-street and Privy-garden, within the Liberty of Westminster. Cap. LIX. To continue, until the 5th Day of July, 1824, the Low Duties on Coals and Culm carried Coastwise to any Port within the Principality of Wales. Cap. LX. To amend the Laws re- lating to the Importation of Corn. Cap. LXI. To regulate the Per- formance of certain Contracts, and to authorize the Courts of Chancery and Exchequer to make Orders in Cases which may arise out of the Conversion of certain Annuities of Five Pounds per Centum per Annum into Annuities of Four Pounds per Centum per Annum; and for paying off such Proprietors of Five Pounds per Centum Annuities as shall dissent from receiving Four Pounds per Centum Annuities in lieu thereof. The Bill introduced into the House of Lords, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, founded on the Report of their Committee on the State of the Marriage Laws gene- rally, 1823.) rally, is entitled “‘ An Act for amending the Lawsrespecting the Solemnization of Mar- riages in England.” The following are its leading provisions :— After the preamble of the expediency of this Act, it repeals, after the ist of November next, the 26 Geo. II. c. 33. (for the better prevention of Clandestine Marriages,) and 4 Geo. IV. c. 5. (an Act of the present Session repealing certain provisions of the Marriage Act of last Session.) It then enacts the publications of banns, as at present practised. Also autho- rizing such publications in chapels, by the bishop, with the consent of the patron and incumbent. Notice of the names, and place and time of abode, of parties to be given to minister seven days before publication of banns. Ministers not punishable for marrying minors without consent of parents, &c. un- Jess they have notice of dissent; if dissent publicly declared, publication of banns void. Re-publication of banns necessary, if marriage not solemnized within three months. Licences to be granted to marry in the church, &c. of such parish only, wherein one of the parties resided for fifteen days before ; and, where caveat entered, no issue till matter examined by judge, and oath to be taken before the surrogate, be- fore licence is granted.—Bend nct-to be required before granting licence.—Consent of parents, &c. where parties under age. Medical Report. 459 Persons solemnizing marriage in any other place than a church or chapel, or without banns or licence, or under pre- tence of being in holy orders, shall be transported. Prosecution to. be com- menced within three years. Marriage to be void, where persons wilfully marry in any other place than a church, Xc. or without banns or licence i Voidability for want of consent of fa- ther, &c. by suit commenced’ within twelve months. Liability of the husband for the charge of maintenance of wife and children during the covertnre, to continue after the avoid- ance of the marriage. And when mar- riage solemnized between parties under age, contrary to this Act, by false oath or fraud, the guilty party to forfeit all pro- perty accruing from the marriage. Proof of the actual residence of the par~ ties not necessary to the validity of a marriage, whether after banns. or by licence. No suit shall be had to compel celebra- tion of marriage by reason of any contract of marriage. Marriages to be in the pre- sence of two witnesses, and to be re- gistered. Persons convicted of making a false entry, or of forging, &c. any such entry ; oF of forging, &c. any licence; or of de- stroying such register ; to be transported. Act not to extend to Royal Marriages, nor to the marriages of Quakers and Jews, MEDICAL REPORT. Report of Diseases and CAsuaLties occurring in the public and private Practice of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary. — a HEN rheumatism leaves its most common locality, the joints, and attacks the chest, the consequent disease is often one of complicated demands and difficult management. The writer has just left a patient under these circumstances, and the case has proved one full of what medical men call contra-indications ; the degree of the disorder requiring, its nature aud the constitution of the sufferer forbid- ding, very free and vigorous plans of treat- ment. It is under these circumstances that the carbonate of ammonia, so managed in its exhibition as not to prove over-irritating, shows itself possessed of considerable powers, and it is often advisable so to su- persaturate the acetate of ammonia with the latter ingredients as to make the me- dicine at once anti-spasmodic and anti- inflammatory. This useful drug (ammo- nia) will be found especially applicable when the rheumatic affection is attended by a gouty diathesis, Pectoral complaints in general are in- deed those which present to the practi tioner the most abundant sources of em- barrassment ; in affections of other organs you have for the most part a more simple and satisfactory series of disturbed func- tions: but, when the chest is the seat of the disorder, it is often not easy to predi- cate its precise locality, its absolute nature, or its immediate cause. Whether, for in- stance, the serous or the mucous membrane be the part especially implicated, or whe- ther the actual substance of the lung itself, may not rather be the residence of the evil. Again, whether does the impediment ef breathing depend upon an inflamed and tightened membrane; upon a difficulty in the transmission of blood through the pul- monary vessels; upon an irregular or spas- modic action of the pectoral muscles ; upon au irritation of the fascia lining those mus- cles ; or upon a constricted or Joaded state of the air-cells of the lungs. Further, is the inflammation (if it be inflammation, common of specific, constitutional or ac- cidental? Has it a tendency to pour out a watery effusion, and thus to give rise to dropsy of the chest; to occasion a cepans 0 460 of ageiniinating lymph upon or between membranes, and thus to lay the foundation for chronic impediments in breathing ; to engender purulent formation of an ordi- nary or consumptive kind, or to wear away the body and substance of the lung by a species of schirrous wasting? Do the cough and disturbed respiration depend upon disorder originally in the chest, or is the source of the mischief at a distance ? May not the state of the stomach, or the liver, or the intestinal canal, or the nerves, be the primum mobile, or actual essence, of the whole disturbance? Finally, may not a little from one, and a little from another, cause, make up by items the sum and sub- stance of the affection? and here, as it ap- pears to the Reporter, is mistake most usually committed. In our desire for de- cision, and rage for simplicity, we will have one principle to guide our pathology, and one defined disease to regulate our prac- tice. As for stethoscopical trials and Gal- lic thumps on the chest, let them avail as far as they are available; but the writer confesses himself to possess rather too much English scepticism respecting French tact, not to fear that the information which these boasted methods of investiga- tion give, is rather of the ex post fucto kind. It is not, however, pulmonary affections alone, about which erroneous decisions are liable to be made. The stomach is fre- quently the seeming, while the nervous system is the actual, source of disease; and correctives are substituted for radicals. The secretions are irregular, the discharges are unhealthy: granted; but these secre- tions and these discharges are rather the consequences than the causes of the com- plaint.* A piece of afflicting news will put a stop to appetite, and give an offen- * The Reporter has this moment heard a curious statement of ultra-stomachism. A friend asked his hair-dresser whether Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. [June 1, sive character to the breath; but in this case is a stomach or a chest disorder in- duced? No; it is the nervous organiza- tion that has received the shock; and to reproduce a desire for food, or overcome the feetor of the exhalation, you must first bring the nerves into a better state of be- ing. You must, in other words, act upon the secretions through the medium of the organs upon which the secretions are de- pendant ; and here lies a great deal of the secret connected with the varied success of the same medicinal as prescribed by different persons ; and of the positive good occasionally produced by such artifices as metallic tractors: it is the tractability of the patient, not of the disorder, upon which they operate; it is the confidence that is placed in quackery that constitutes the virtue of quack medicines; and let it be so ;—where ignorance is good, ’tis folly to be wise. What does it matter, pro- vided no mischief be done in the process, whether a patient be cured “through the medium of his imagination or his stomach?” The writer has lately recommended to some of his patients the nitro-muriatic bath; and in one instance, in particular, he has found it demonstrably serviceable, after the unsuccessful employment of sto- machic alteratives. This is a case which, in the writer’s mind, is nervous, rather than ventricular. Disease has in some measure spent its rage. The last month has been compara- tively healthy. In the calm, however, which now succeeds the storm, wrecks are to be seen in abundance. Bedford-row ; D. Uwins, M.D. May 20, 1823, he could account for the fact, that bald- ness on the crown of the head is more com- mon_in the present day than formerly. “ Clearly, sir, (replied the hair-dresser,) it is owing to the stomach.” REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. — a Fw is not known, perhaps, so generally as it ought, that apples make an excellent jelly. The process is as follows :—They are to be pared, quartered, the core com- pletely removed, and put into a pot with- out water, closely covered, placed in an oven, or over the fire. When pretty well stewed, the juice is to be squeezed ont through a cloth, to which a little white of egg is added, and then the sugar. Skim it previous to boiling, then reduce it toa proper consistence, and an excellent jelly will be the product. The very interesting fact, of some few perfectly-sound silicious crystals being seen to contain cavities within them, partly filled with a clear fluid, has attracted the attention of Sir H. Davy, who, by a se- 2 ries of well-conducted experiments, which are detailed in the lately-published ‘* Phi- losophical Transactions,” has showa that in general a partial vacuum obtains in these cavities, and that azote and oxyge- nated water are the only substances they usually contain; and these he supposes to have been atmospheric air and water, when first inclosed, but that the confined water has absorbed all the oxygen present : in one only of the crystals, on which Sir Humphrey experimented, was the included air compressed, and this was to the proba- ble extent of one-eleventh part of its ori- ginal bulk. The plutonic specu'ations of the worthy President hereon we gladly pass by, as like those formerly built on his discovery of sodium and potasium, and appearing 1823.] Commercial appearing somewhat unworthy of the age of cool enquiry and deduction, in which they, particularly the last, have been ha- zarded, Some journals announce corindon, a sort of spath, as the most proper substance for giving the finest polish to granite. It should be intermixed, not with-wax, but with lacca. The polish will be more beau- tiful and durable in proportion to the care employed in this latter operation. It is requisite that the powder be of uncommon hardness, and the corindon is selected for this purpose. ; A remarkable physiological fact has been discovered by Sir EVERARD Home, in the Report. 461 composition of the blood. ‘This fact, or theory,—for perhaps all the certainty that might be wished on the subject is not yet obtained,—is that a large proportion of the blood consists of carbonic acid gas, and that the fluid itself is of a tubercular struc- ture. He says that the gas is given out most abundantly from the blood of a per- son after a full meal, and but in a small proportion froma feverish person ; and’‘that he was led to the discovery by observing the growth of a grain of wheat through a microscope; having first seen a blob anda tube passing through it: the former being the juice of the plant, the latter the car- bonic acid gas extricating itself. MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. — PRICES or MERCHANDIZE, = April 22. May 27. Cocoa, W.I. common --#2 15 9 to 310 0 3.5 0 to 4 0 O perewt. Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 410 0 — 5 6.0 410 0 — 419 © do. _————_—_—, fne ++ 6 0 0 — 7 20 6 3 0 — 616 0 do. , Mocha «-seseee 5 10 O — 9 OO 5 0 0— 8 0 0. do. Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 7 — 0 0 9 0-0 7 — 0 0 9 perlb. » Demerara:++--» 0 0 8E— O 011 0 0 8— 0 011 do. Currants ++++--+.seeeses 5 O O — 515 O 5 0 0 — 5 13 O perewt. Figs, Turkey +--------- 2 2 0 — 2 4 O 118 0 —~ 2 2 O perchest Flax, Riga «-++--++02+- 63 0 0 — 0 0 0166 0 0 — 68 0 0 per.ton. Hemp, Riga, Rhine ----43 0 0 — 0 0 01|42 0 0 —43 0 O° do. Hops, new, Pockets---- 316 0 — 512 0 | 316 0 — 5 12 O perewt. ————-, Sussex,do. 212 0 — 3 5 0} 216 0 — 310 0 do. Iron, British, Bars ---- 810 0 — 9 0 0 | 810 0 — 9 © O per ton, ———_, Pigs.----- 6 00—700|/600— 700. do. Oil, Lucea «-+++-++00--12 5 O — 1210 0112 5 0 — 12:10 0 25 galls. —, Galipoli-+++-++++---55 0 0 —56 0 0/55 0 © —56 0 O per ton. Rags «-+eccesessceereee 2 2 0 — 2 BQ G 22 0) == "2" 9 6 percwt, Raisins, bloom or jar,xnew 310 0 — 314 0] 310 0 — 000. do. Rice, Patna «-....+-+ -*100-— 12 ~0 100 — 120 = do. ——, Carolina --++--+» 0 0 0 — 00 0]117 0 —~ 220 do Silk, China, raw-++-eee» 017 5 — 12 5/016 1 — 1410 per Ib, ——,, Bengal, skein +--+» 014 5 — 017 6 | 011 4 — 012 2° do, Spices, Cinnamon +-+--- 0 7 2 — 07 51/0 6 8 — 0 610 do. »Cloves «sees» 0 40 — 043/04 4 — 0 49 do. , Nutmegs -----» 0 3 3 — 053 4/0 3 1 — 0 3.2 do. » Pepper, black-- 0 0 6§ — 0 0 6%| 9 0 6 — 007. do. ty WC?) OD == 0 BHO Bee 432 do, Spirits, Brandy, Cogniaec 0 3 0 — 0 3 2/0 210 — 0 3 4 per gal. ,Geneva Hollands 0 20 — 021/020 6021 do , Rum, Jamaica-- 0 2 9 — 0 210} 02% 9 — 9 210 do. Sugar, brown--+-++.-.- 216 0 — 218 0 | 216 0 — 218 0 perewt, ——, Jamaica, fine ---» 310 0 — 312 0] 310 0 — 312 0. do. ——, East India,brown 1 20 — 1°5 0} 1 2°0 — 15.0 do. , lump, fine-.+.+--- 413 0 — 416 0 | 412 0 — 414 0. do. ‘Tallow, town-melted.--» 117 0 — 0 0 0 210— 000 doa , Russia, yellow-- 113 6 — 114 0/115 6 — 000. do. Tea, Bohea----- sosssee O12 42 i—° 0 2 5$|. 0.2) SE 10 9 53 per Ib. ——,, Hyson, best +6355 0 5-7 —'0 6 3) 90 5 7% 0 6 8. do. Wine, Madeira, old ----20 0 0 —70 0 0/20 0 0 —7 0 0 per pipe ——, Port, old -++++-.442 0.0 —48 0 0/142 0 0 —48 00. do. » Sherry --++++----20 0 0 —50 00120 0 9 — 50 0 0 per butt Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 258. a 30s.—Cork or Dublin, 25s. a 30s. — Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s, @ 50s.—Madeira, 20s, a 30s,—Jamaica, 40s. a 50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs.a12 gs. Course of Exchange, May 27.—Amsterdam, 12 10.—Hamburgh, 38 4,—Paris, 25 90, —Leghorn, 46}.—Lisbon, 51.—Dublin, 9% per cent. Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, at the Office of Wolfe and Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 3001.—Coventry, 10401,.—Derby, 1401,—Ellesmere, 631,— Grand 462 tern, 4l.—Leeds and Liverpool List of Bankrupts. Grand. Surrey, 45!.—Grand Union; 18].10s.—Grand Junction 3751.—Leicester, 3001.—Loughb [June 1, 2451.—Grand Wes- ro’, 35001.—Oxford, 7401.—Trent and Mersey, 20001.—W orcester, 30/.—East India Docks, 1441,—London, 1131.—West India, 176/.—Southwark BripGe, 181.—Strand, 5/.—Royal Exchange ASSURANCE, 2471.—Albion, 501.—Globe, 153/.10s—Gas Licut Company, 691.— City Ditto, 1481. 10s. The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 27th was 80; 3 per cent. Consols, 81; 4 per cent. Consols, 973; new 4 per cent. 1002 ; Bank Stock 220. . \ Gold in bars, 31. 17s. 6d. per 0z.—New doubloons, 5/. 15s. 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 103d. ALPHABETICAL List oF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of April, and the 20th of May, 1823: extracted from the London Gazettes. — BANKRUPTCIES. ° [This Month 92.] Solicitors’ Names are in Parentheses. ABLETT, J. Bucklersbury, fustian-manufacturer. Hurd and Co. Allan, W.Seething-lane, ale-dealer. (Van Sandan Alloway, J. and J. Bedminster, Somersetshire, earthenware-dealers. (Hicks and Co. L. Ansell, J. Butt-lane, Deptford, shoemaker. (Wood- ward and Co, L. Antrobus, J. Liverpool, (Blackstock and Co, L. : Bandeira, J. J. Great Winchester-street, merchant, (Hunt and Co. f Barge, B. Clifford-street, Bond-street, wine-mer- chant. (Gale ner Great Eastcheap, Scotch-factor. (Walker and Co, Beadmore, J. Ashby-de-la-Zouch, printer. (Dax and Co. L. Beckett, E. Crawford-street, Mary-la-bonne, printer, (Jones and Co, Beak, H. Bathampton, Somersetshire, | mealman. (Nethersoles and Co. L. Bligh, W. C. Bath, grocer. (Hurd and Co. L. Bowman, P. R. Arundel, tanner. (Freeman Bradley, R. Bromley, Kent, victualler. (Baddeley Broom, W. Walcot, Somersetshire, builder. (Jen- kins and Co. L. Brown, G. New Bond-street, oilman. (Heath Buckle, ‘Il’. Leeds, merchant. (Upton Burton, C. Bristol, grocer. (Edmunde, L, (Wildes Portsmouth, draper, Burn, G. Maidstone, pastry-cook. Burges, E, and J. Gate, (Bonne, L. Burry, T. Littlke Hampton, Sussex, grocer. man, L. Carter, T. H. Minories, victualler. (Younger brewers. (Free- Cullingham, H, Kensington, carpenter. (Poole and Co. L. Davies, E. High-street, Borough, hatter. (Blake Denison, H. Liverpool, money-scrivener. (Taylor and Co. L Dickenson, R. R. Little Grosvenor-street, Grosve- nor-square, Victualler. (Plaisted Dodd, E, Manchester, painter. (Battye, L. Dryden, J. Rathbone-place, Oxford-street, haber- dasher. (Fisher Edwards, J. Elder-street, Norton Falgate, silk- Weaver. (James Evans, D. Marchmont-street, draper. (Ashurst Fleet, F. Aylesbury, corn-dealer. (Baxter, L. Fowle, J. Sandwich, brewer. (Lodington and Co. L. Fowler, D. Copthall-court, broker. (Fisher Fox, J. Claremont-place, Kent-road, poulterer. (Richardson Gilbert, T. Long Acre, coach-maker. (Kay Gliddon, A. King-street, Covent-garden, tobacco- nist. (Faithful Godsell, J. Winebester, linen-draper. pe ues Grove, G. and H. Wilkinson, Liverpool, ironmon- ers. (Perkins, L. Halford, J. Shipston-upon-Stower, Worcestershire, auctiupeer. (Eyre, L. Hammon, J. Great Portland-street, plumber. (Ste- vens and Co, Haswell, J. F. Fox-and-Hounds yard, Curtain-road, horse-dealer. (Dentonand Co. ~ Hedges, T. Bristol, grocer. (Poole and Co. L. Herbert, W. jun. Goldsmith-street,, Wood-street, Cheapside, ribbon-manufacturer. (Webster and Son Hewitt,T. Whitchurch, Shropshire, furrier. (Cooper, Shrewsbury F . Hickman, W. and D. Timothy, Leicester-square, hosiers. (Whitelock Howarth, E. Leeds, woolstapler. (Battye, L. Innell, J. and J, Chalford, Gloucestershire, clothiers. ing, L. | Jarmain, J. Cumberland-street, New-road, uphol- sterer. (Clarke Jeferis, J. Dove-cottage, Lisson-green, ink-mapu- facturer. (Rogers and Son Jepson, T. Heaton Norris, (Ellis and Co. L. vehsecn,, Ww. an Bermondsey, tanner. (Walker and Co, L. Josep*, M. J. Fox-Ordinary-court, Nicholas-lane, merchant. (Hird Kimber, C. Lamborne, Berks, brewer. (Bousfield Kinnin oP Oxford-street, linen-draper, (Willis and Co, Lambert, G. Sloane-street, Chelsea, school-book- seller, (Stafford, L. Lidbotter, J. Southwick, Sussex, corn and coal merchant. (Gregson, L. Lomer, W. ha Southampton, printer, (Slade and Co. L. Lowe, J. Warrington, currier. (Bover and Co. Lowe, S. Burton-upon-Trent, scrivener. (Corser, Wolverhampton Lucas, C. Kennington, dealer. (Perkinsand Co. L. M‘Queen, W. H. and S. Hamilton, Newman-street, _ Oxford-street, stationers Milburn, J. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, woollen-draper, Grace and Co. L. / Middleton, J. New Tothill-street, Westminster, machinist. (Day andCo. L. Murrell, W. Skinner-street, Snow-bill, auctioneer, (Russen Nichols, J. Fenchingfield, Essex, tanner, (Dlieballs Penn, B. Birchills, Staffordshire, coal-master, _ (Hunt, L. Phillips, T. Strand, victualler. (Newton Powell, P. Brighton, silk-mercer. (Tanner, L, Lancashire, brewer. Read, R. ewcastle-under-Lyme, carpenter. Ronee cr and Co. L. Rowley, J. Stourport, Worcestershire, timber-mer- chant. (Becke, L. Roberts, T. and J. De Yrizoyti, Broad-street, stock- brokers. (Farren and Co. Robertson, J. Wilton, Wilts, surgeon. (Santer, L. Robson, J. H. Sunderland, mercer. (Blackston, L. Roper, J. Norwich, woollen-draper. (Poole and Co. Shaw, W. Thornhill Lees, Yorkshire, boat-builder. (Battye, L, Skinner, W. Bradninch, Devonshire, serge-maker. (Darke, L. Spendelow, R. Drayton-in-Hales, ironmonger, (Benbow and Co. L. + NS Sprent, J. Alverstoke, builder. (Bogue, L, Starmer, W. Odell’s-place, Little Chelsea, linen. draper. (Hertslet, L Sykes, [. Bath Easton, Somerset, clothier, (Nind e OMADEOM J. Manchester, tea-dealer. (Adlington and Co. Thompson, J. and W. Walker, Wolverhampton, drapers. (Chester, L Titterton, J. Wilmington-square, Spa-fields, sur- geon. (Heard ‘ Todd, E. Liverpool, woollen-draper. (Faulkner Tomlins, J. Boddicot, Oxfordshire, nurseryman, (Makinson, L, viewae Ss. Ro oa Cornwall, linen-draper. aw, L. Viney, J. Bristol, cabinet maker. (Williams, L. Wield, G. Nottingham, draper. (Hurd and Co. L, Wild, J. Adlington, Cheshire, farmer. (Milne & Co, Wilkin, T. Soham, Cambridgeshire, serivener. h (Leuter, Newmarket Willingham, G, Great Mary-le-bone street, money- scrivener. (Tanuer Wright, G. St. Martin’s-lane, boot and shoe maker. Jeyes. DIVIDENDS. 1823.] Abithol, M. Bury-street, 5t. James’s Alvin, R. P, Elm-street, Gray’s Inn lane Asquith and Co. New Kent-road Axford, T. Abingdon Baker, W. and N. Portsea Baker, W. Lloyd’s Coffee-house Beadey, J. Wootton Underedge Bedson, T. and R. Bishop, Aston, Warwickshire Bell, G. Berwick Bennett, S. A. Worship-street Bewley, W. Manchester Berthoud, H. Soho-square Bellin ham, J. Uttoxeter Bird, T. Solihull, Warwickshire ly, E. Morice Town Boristo, W. Reading Bowditch and Wilks, Bristol _ Bowring, J. G. Fenchurch-build- ings Brammall, G. Sheffield Branwhite, P. Bristol Bromley, J. New-road, St. Mary- la-bonne Bryant, J. Austin Friars Callow, J. Princes’-street, Soho Candler, J. Jewry-street Carter, H. Ratcliff-highway Clark, H. and F. Grundy, Liver- ol Clarke, T. Nottingham Clough, J. H., J. S. Wilkes, and _ J. B. Clough, Liverpool Clive, T. and 5. Richardson, To- kenhouse-yard Cragg, J. Whitehaven Dawson, J. Bury Dean, R.W. and T. W. Cooke, Sugarloaf-alley,Bethnal-green De Roure and Hambrook, London Deschamps, W.W., B.S. Morgan, and P. M‘Taggart, Suffolk- lane Dick, Q. and J. Finsbury-square Edwards, G., H. Craven-street, tran Ellis, T. Crooked-lane Fate, W. Settle, Yorkshire Fearnley, C, Crutched Friars Ford, H. Portsmouth Foster, T. and E.S. Yalding Garrod, §S. Paddington-street, Mary-le-bone Griths, T. Knightsbridge Agricultural Report. DIVIDENDS. Grill, C. Dunster-court, Mincing- ane Hales, E. Newark Hall, C. G. and H. B. Pimlico Halliley, R. Sherburn, Yorksbire Hatfield, H. London Hays, C. and W. H. Blunden, Oxford-street Hayton and Leasinby, London Heap,W. Cobber’s Nab, Lancash. Herbert, R. and W. Buckmaster, St. Mary Axe Heurick, U. A. Jefferies-square Henley, J. Hampstead-road Hill, . Thornbury, Gloucestersh. Holman, W. Totness Holmes,F. Vere-street, Oxford-st, Holmes, J. Portsmouth Hope, T. Sandwich Hoyle, T. J. Lord, J. Chatburn, andW. Fothergill, Manchester Hadson, W. Camberwell Hughes, T. Chelsea Hughes, T-Oxford-street Jackson, J. W. Liverpool James, E. and R. Weston, Man- chester Jenkins, E.. Lanmaes, Glamor- ganshire Johnson, B. J. Houndsditch Joplin, J. Sundeiland Keene, W. C. Mary-le-bone Kirkman, J. Liverpool Latham, T. D. and J. Parry, De- vonshire-square Laugher, H. Birmingham Lawson, P. Bowness-hall, Cum- berland Leyburn, G. Bishopsgate-street Lloyd, G. London Long, D. Andover Lowndes, T. Mitre-court, Cheap- side Luck, G. Shoreditch Mallinson, J. Birds-edge, A., G., and J.Mallinson, Huddersfield Marsh, E. Huddersfield Masterman, J. Hatton-garden May, J. Birmingham Mercer, T. Billinghurst, Sussex Mitcbell, J. Essendon, Herts Morris, S. Long Itchington,War- wickshire Mottram, J. Bristol race Aa Pall Mall court, Pall Mal 463 Moss, T. Vaaxhall Niblick and Co, Bath Oldaker, B. Ipswich Parker, T.Wood-street, Cheapside Pearson, E. and L. Claude, Li- verpool Pellowe, R. Falmouth Perkins, R. Lymington Peyton, W. G. Upper Thames-st. Phillips, P. King-street, Bartho- lomew Close Power and Warwick, Finsbury- square Pritchard, J. Chepstow Ralph, R, and W. King, Ipswich Ramsay, T. Mark-lane Richardson, J. J. Fleet-market Roose, T. Liverpool Roy, J. Wolverhampton Russell, J. Rochester Rye, T. Dockhead Seager, S. P. Maidstone Shackle, J. Milk-street, Cheapside Sharpley, A. Binbrook, Lincolnsh. Shipway, T. Tidworth Warren a farm Small, T. Alnwick Spitta and Co. Loudon ‘late, W. Cateaton-street Terry, R. Holborn-bridge Thompson, P. and C, A. Tom’s Coffee-house, Cornhill Toll, W. St. Germans Townsend, W. B. Little Chelsea Travis, J. Oldham, Lancashire Tucker, J. N. Jermyn-street Turney, J. Sedgebrook, Lincola- shire, and W. Bates, Halifax Urmson, J. Liverpool Urquhart, W. London Vose, J. Hardshiaw, Lancashire Walter, G. Upper-street, Islington Westbrook, J. St. Alban’s White, T. Regent-street White, W. B. Strand Whittle, Re and TF. Lutwyche, Liverpool Wilks, J. Finsbury-square Willcox, J. S. aud T. J. Vitterton, Theobald’s-road Willson, J. Swanton Morley, Norfolk Wilson, B. Thornhill Lees, York- shire Wood, P. Kingston, Surrey, MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. —p— apMnE late harsh and dry weather has been succeeded by warm and genial rains, which have bad a very favourable effect, and wrought a most agreeable change in the general appearance of the country. In some parts of Scotland, the raius have been very heavy, and attended with temporary damage, assuring, however, a plentiful crop of grass. The crops of Lent corn, pulse, and seeds, backward at first, and of unhealthy colour, from the rigour of the season, have lately assumed a beautiful verdnre, and are growing most luxuriantly. The wheats, on the whole, look well, and promise another considera- ble crop; in the mean time, from various causes which have been often repeated, there are Jocal failures ; and, in Hereford- shire particularly, much blighted wheat, or injured by the grub and wire-worm, has been ploughed up and re-sown with bar- ley. The culture of spring wheat, of which we heard little a few years since, is reviving. The dry weather was particn- larly favourable to getting the Jands in con- dition for the potatoes and turnips. Pota- toc planting is in a state of forwardness ; and we beg to rewind the cultivators of turnips, not to forget Swedes at the ensu- ing seed-season. The backwardness of the present yeai’s seasons, it is supposed, will be nearly a month. ‘There is yet great hope of the fruit, notwithstanding the seve- rity of the spring. Wooi is deemed a rising market, from a speculation that the next shear must be defective, on account of the poor condition of the flocks in many parts of the country. Accounts are constantly reaching us of a scarcity of corn and cattle here and there; nevertheless, the metropo- lis seldom fails to be superabundantly sup- plied. Prices are generally and greatly improved; and it is a strange assertion, that such improvement can confer no benefit 464 benefit on the farming interest. however, is a mere trifle in the mass of ideas afloat. Time mellows and levels all things; and we may well hope, that the general adjustment of by-gone contracts, to a certain immediate standard, will, in due time, be followed by the settling of over-fertile and active brains to the ge- nuine standard of common sense, Smithfield: —Beef, 3s. 2d. to 4s. 4d.— Mutton, 3s, 4d. to 4s, 6d,—Veal, 3s. 6d. This, POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN Political Affairs in: May. [June'l, to 4s. 6d.—Pork, 3s. 8d. to 5s.—Bacon, 3s, 4d. to 4s. 4d.—Raw fat, 2s. 2d. per stone, Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 42s. to 7%s. —Barley, 32s. to 44s.—Oats, 26s, to 33s. —London price of best bread, 4lb. for 10id.—Hay, 55s. to 90s.—Clover, do. 60s, to 96s.— Straw, 42s. to 52s. Coals in the pool, 33s, 6d. 10 41s. 6d. Middlesex ; May 23. MAY. ——— GREAT BRITAIN. LTHOUGH the present Session of Parliament has been distin- guished for much eloquence and exer- tion, yet there is little effected for record. The extraordinary conduct of the Grand Juries of Dublin, in re- jecting Bills against some persons of the Orange faction, who had insulted the Lord Lieutenant, has led to an enquiry before the House of Com- mons, in regard to the conduct of the sheriffs in selecting or packing the jury. The evidence is concluded, but the House has not decided upon it: but no doubt can remaii, that this is another instance which proves that all sheriffs should be compelled to summon all jurors in exact rotation from different parts of the jurisdiction. Till a regulation of this kind take place, no positive security is afforded from trial by jury, and the pannel is in danger of being vitiated at its source. So dangerous a power ought to be left to no public officer, as is now exercised by sheriffs, and masters of courts. of law, or often by parish con- stables, in summoning inquests. The names should be taken in the exact rotation of residence from not less than three localities in the district. Why should it not be so? There can be no other reason, than to afford facilities to packing,—to corruption,—to partiality, —to undue influence, —and to destroy the very essence of the jury system ! On the 20th Sir J. Mackintosh moved certain resolutions, for a mitigation of -the Severity of the criminal law ; and concluded an able speech, by contending, that it was perfectly reasonable, in questions relative to criminal law, to appeal to the feelings of mankind, ‘There was no. other way of ascertaining the wisdom of such laws. It was not declamation, it was human nature itself, that rose up against them when they provided punishments disproportioned to the crime. His object was to make penal law the representative of the public con- - science, and consistent with moral senti- ment—to array the feelings of all men against the dangerous criminal—to place him in that moral solitude which would set every good man against him; to separate the punishment, however, from any taint of cruelty that had the appearance of hard- ness of heart. Mr. Peel agreed, that, in some cases, the punishment of death might be properly dispensed with; but main- tained, that it would be far better that spe- cific and separate measures should be in- troduced, than that the House shonld pledge itself to sweeping and general de- clarations. Mr. Buxton, Mr, Scarlett, and Mr. R, Martin, supported the resoln- tions, which were opposed by the Attor- ney-General, and, on a division, lost by 86 against 76. The conflicting interests of the two Indies haye created questions relative to East and West India sugars. On the 22d Mr. Whitmore moved for a Select Committee to inquire into the duties on East and West India sugar, with the view of equalizing such duties, He stated that there were two duties, one of 10s. and the other of 5s, payable on sugar from the East Indies, above what was imported from the West Indies, which was a great injustice to our subjects in Hindostan ; and, if persisted in, would produce conse- quences which must render our dominion over them extremely insecure. The opening of the trade with India had caused a most extraordinary revolution in com- merce; for, by it, a mart had been disco- vered for British manufactures, on which nobody could have calculated before it was actually found to exist. The exports of woollen goods from Europe to India amounted, in 1815, to 183,4301. but in 1822 amounted to 1,421,6491. Formerly, also, we had imported certain cotton goods from India ; now we were actually supply- ing the natives with those articles at a lower price than that for which they could afford to manufacture them. In 1815, the export of cotton goods to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, amounted to 109,480/.; in the year 1822 they had increased to 1,120,325l1. We now im- ported the raw material from India, and . ‘ sent 1823.] sent it back ina mannfactured state to sell on lower terms than the natives could afford to sell in their own markets. The consequence was, we had entirely de- stroyed the manufactures in that country ; and the Honse would therefore be guilty of an act of gross injustice, to refuse to take from them such articles of commerce as their industry enabled them to produce. He then proceeded to point out, in various ways, the impolicy, as well as injustice, of the present conrse ; and to contend, that no injury would result to the West Indies from the change,—for, were slavery abo- lished there, the cost of production would . be greatly diminished. Humanity and in- terest, therefore, converged. Mr. C. R. Ellis opposed the motion, which he consi- dered to amount shortly to this, Whether the country would make the sacrifice of its West India colonies, for the encouragement of a new commercial speculation? and whether, the colonies having been esta- blished, it was consistent with sound po- licy, and even bare justice, to destroy them? The colonists considered the pro- tection given to them merely as a compen- sation for the restrictions imposed upon them: if it were not a formal charter, it was an absolute compact with the conside- ration of value received, and not less valid than positivelaw. ‘There were other pre- liminary considerations referring to the state of the West Indies, It had been estimated, that in those colonies was a capital of not less than 100,000,000 vested under the sanction of parliament; and there was a negro population of from 7 to 800,000 souls, of whom in Jamaica alone from 250,000 to 300,000 would be de- prived of the means of subsistence. The motion for a committee was also opposed by Mr. K. Donglas, Mr. Robertson, Mr. Marryatt, and Mr. Haskisson; and sup- ported by Mr. Ricaitdo, Mr. Wilberforce, Mr. Money, and Mr. Forbes. ‘here ap- peared for the motion, 34; against it, 161. SPAIN, Since the Bourbon banditti entered Spain, all Europe have been insulted, from day to day, by the impudent falsehoods of the Bourbon press. The maps prove that the banditti advanced as the Spanish forces fell back; and the following Telegraphic Bulletin in- dicates that they have pushed on nearly to Madrid; but the arrival of advices from Corunna and Oporto put us in possession of the universal feel- ings of the Spanish people, and in our next we hope that a good account will be given of the invaders, and the slaves who receive them with plaudits. Telegraphic Despatch. Boceguillas, May 18, The head-quarters arrived here yes- terday. Montuiy Mac, No, 382, Political Affairs in May. 465 The vanguard of the reserve is to-day at Buitrago. The detachments which Abisbal had be- fore Madrid, have retired upon that city. General Count Molitor was at Samena onthe 11th, The division commanded by General Pamphile Lacroix passed the Cinca on the 8th; the same day it carried the town of Monzon, and-an out-work of thefort. A detachment of the garrison of Lorida was charged and broken at Alcaraz by a detachment sent to reconnoitre that place. General Molitor is advancing to the Segre. He must now have received the order to pass with his whole corps to the right bank of the Ebro. In the sitting of the Spanish Cortes on the 27th of April, the president announced that the government had communicated to the Cortes the Manifesto which his Mae jesty had thought it proper to address to the Spaniards under present circum- stances, to show to them the unjust con- duct of France in invading the Spanish territory without a previous declaration of war. This document is of great length. His Majesty reminds his people, that when Napoleon, after reducing all Europe to silence, attacked Spain, they did not hesi- tate to pursue the path dictated by honour; they opened the way to the triumphs over the. French Attila, and might justly expect that those who called themselves the re- storers of order in Enrope, would not imi- tate his example, but that the princes would especially respect a people to whom they owed so much. Unhappily this is not the case; but pretexts, equally vain and iudecorous, are alleged for so scandalous an aggression. ‘‘ The restora- tion of the Constitutional system in Spain is called a military insurrection; my ac- ceptance of it, violence; my adherence, captivity ; the Cortes, and the government that enjoy my confidence, aud that of the nation, a faction; and these are the | grounds on which they resolve to disturb the peace of the Continent—to invade the Spanish territory—and again to devastate this unhappy country with fire and sword, Such flimsy pretexts (his Majesty ob- serves) cannot deceive Europe, which has already judged the conduct of our ene- mies ; nor can they deceive Spain, which knows that no change was ever welcomed with such universal approbation, as the restoration of the Constitution; and that this solemn expression of the general will of the Spaniards made it my sacred duty, as a Spaniard and as King, to yield to their desire, and to accept and swear to the laws under the auspices of which they had preserved the throne, defended their independence, and expelled the enemy from their territory. These laws have been applauded and recognized in Eu- 30 rope, 466 rope, by the very powers which now pre- tend to invalidate their just and most glorious origin. “ As forme, who, placed by Providence at the head of a generous and magnanimous uation, owe every thing to it, I shall not fail (1 swear it to you) in the sacred obligation which so elevated a post, and such distin- guished benefits, point out and present to me. Resolved to follow your fortunes, I will not, and must not, accept any other treaties or conventions, (though none have been proposed to my government). but such as are conformable to the political Constitution of the monarchy. ‘The mo- narchs of Enrope, who have united against us, seduced by an implacable and rash party, allege my liberty as a pretext for their violence; but they are wholly mis- taken if they think to deceive the world, and still more me.”—His Majesty says, he has not forgotten how he was deceived by Napoleon. He declares, therefore, that he will. be King for them and with.them alone; that his liberty is more properly guarded by them than by hostile bayonets. United with the nation, with his people, he doesnot fear the rash invaders, who will find the fields, the precipices, the ca- verns, the walls, and even the houses, covered with the bones, and drenched with the blood, of their predecessors, Accounts are reccived from Vigo, dated the Sth inst. that Sir Robert Wilson, Col. Light, Capt. Erskine, and some French and German officers, arrived there on the Ist, for the pur- pose of enrolling themselves among the Constitutional Spaniards; and on the 4th Sir Robert Wilson made the following admirable speech to the local mnilitia of Vigo: — Citizens, I am not in the habit of speaking the Spanish language, but it is necessary that I should make the attempt on this oc- casion to express niy sentiments in tlie best manner I am able. Iam persuaded that you will regard the expressions of my heart, rather than well-chosen words which come merely from the lips. The moment is come in which I am to take the oath to the Constitutional King of Spain, to his government, and to the Spa- nish nation, during the war which it has to maintain against the French government, not. against the French nation, in defence of its independenee, and of the rights of all free men. For this I have Je{t my country, and what is most dear to me, and sus- pended my duties as a member of the Bri- tish parliament. Yes, my companions, we have come to combat at your side, and to shed our blood, if necessary, in defence of a common and so noble a cause. Let us hope that our example will have some in- fluence on the erring childien, unworthy of Political Affairs in May. {June l,.° belonging to Spain, who are waging & sacrilegions war against their mother country, to impose on her the most dis- graceful chains, through the slave of slaves, ~ All the English anticipate your hopes. and sentiments. This will not be the first time of my combating on the side of the brave Spaniards. In the last war of inde- pendence, I had, on various occasions, many thousands of them under my com- mand; and, in the field of Mars, I learnt to appreciate the rare and illustrious quali- ties of this invincible nation. In the war, pretended to be in favour of the independ- ence of Europe, I gained the insignia: which I wear, and which are not due to the favour of the Allied Sovereigns, nor a reward for servile actions; I and many others have been deceived by them, since, instead of being the liberators and pro- tectors of Enropean independence, they _ have become unjust and despotic sove-- reigns, I have placed my insignia over the uniform of a Spanish soldier of liberty, to shew that it is not I who have aban- doued my principles; but that it is they who have violated the obligations con- tracted with their subjects, with ‘their allies, and with the whole civilized world. Now, in the sacred name of my country,. in the presence of God, and before those banners of liberty, I request his excel. lency to receive from me and my compa-- nions the oath to defend them, GREECE. Milos, April 12.—The Greeks have ter-. minated the maritime armaments destined for the campaign of 1823. Their fleet has reccived a new organization, much supe- rior to that of the last two years. Each Greek vessel forming part of the fleet is arranged in such a manner that it may be converted in five minutes into a fire-ship ;. in an extreme case, the captain is to set fire to his ship rather than abandon her to the enemy, even though he should be blown up with her. It will. be seen how the Christians embarked on-board the Turkish ~ fleet will respond to this resolution of the intrepid seamen of the Archipelago. Almost all these Christians consist of peo- ple still very ignorant, known by the name of Dalmatians, Sclavonians, &c. who occupy the Eastern coasts of the Adriatic belonging to Austria. ‘The Greeks will probably endeavour to blow some of them into the air, in order to disgust the others with a conduct so little Christian, In the island of Candia the Greeks have seized the fort of Selina. ‘The numerous Turks who occupied it, repulsed with great. loss towards the north of the island, have taken refuge in the fortress of Candia, which is thus much encumbered by the augmented numbers of Mussulmans in- closed in it, and who furnish new aliment to the plague, which is making its Bc This 1825.] This advantage is very important, from the ‘consequences resulting from it. Already two districts between Selina and the for- tress of Candia, which from their situation remained inactive, have taken up arms im- mediately after this event. On the other hand, the Greeks, who were hitherto com- pelled to divide their forces between Selina, in the south of the island, and the ‘three fortresses in the north, have now concentrated all their troops in the latter point, and blockaded the enemy more ‘strictly than ever. ‘The Canee even has eommenced parleys. For some time past the Greeks have ‘paid particular attention to the island of Eubea or Negropont, which is, in several - Fespects, worthy of attention. The island is one of the seven largest in the Mediter- ranean ; and,’by its position, it commands on one side the greater part of the - Myclades; and, on the other, the whole coast of Greece, from Cape Sunium in -Attica, to the south of Thessaly. The Greek government has declared a separate province the island of Eubea, which hitherto formed an integral part of Eastern Greece. A local junta bas been in consequence installed to administer im- mediately to its particular wants. Theo- elitus Pharmacide, who has been placed at the head of the junta, is an ecclesiastic, distinguished by his intelligence and his energy ; he resided along time at Vienna, as archimandrite-of the Greek church of that city, and managed the Literary Journal, ealled the Greek Mercury. Two of the most enterprising chiefs have also been sent 4o regulate the military organization of the island. By their activity they have suc- Chronology of the Month. 467 ceeded in drawing from inaction those of the islanders, who, residing in the environs of the fortress of Negropont, had not hi- therto taken an active part. This fortress, which had not before been seriously be- sieged, is now strictly blockaded. Asitis not well provisioned, and as the numerous Turks who inhabit it consume much, it is hoped that its resistance will not be long. Trieste, May9.—We have accounts from the Morea to the 26th April. They state that the functions of the provisional government of Greece have ceased, and that a Congress has assumed the reins of government. After the installation of it, which took place at Napoli di Romana, Maurocordate was elected President of the Congress, in the midst of the acclama- tions of the people. Colocotrone has been charged by the congress with the defence of the Morea. Gdysseus has been ap- pointed Commandant-General of Thessaly, Bozzaris, Epirus, and Acarnania. MEXICO. Advices received from Havannah, referring torecent communications from Mexico, mention that the Mexican congress had met, subsequent to Itur- bide’s evacuating the capital with his few followers, and declared that he had no right to the throne; in order, however, to stop the effusion of blood and civil war, they had thought it ex- pedient to offer him a pension for life, and passports, if he would quietly quit the country, and go and reside in the United States, or any other foreign territory he might prefer. INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anv DEATHS, 1N anp near LONDON; With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased. ? —— CHRONOLOGY OF THE MONTH. AY 1.—The merchants and bankers of London metat the London Tavern, and resvlved to petition Parliament so to alter the law, as to give greater security to persons advancing money upon goods and merchandize. 2,—Mr. Peel's Currency Bill came into full operation, but without any sensible effect either on circulation or money trans- actions. 5.—The foundation-stone of the London Orphan Asylum laid by the Duke of York, attended by numerons distinguished cha- racters. ‘Ihe- scaffolding on which the Duke and other personages were assembled gave way, and one man was killed. 12.—Lord Althorpe moved for an en- quiry into the state of Ireland previous to the mtroduction of the Insurrection Act: i was negatived by 162 to 82. —.—Ata fire, believed to be wilfully occasioned, in New-street, Covent-garden, an elderly female lost her life. The tenant of the house is in custody on this, and an- other charge of a like kind. 15.—A meeting of the friends of liberty and national independence took place at the Crown-and-Anchor Tavern, when the following principal resolution *was unapi- mously agreed to:—‘“‘ That it is expedient that a-general public meeting be held in the metropolis, in order to express the opinion of the British public on the un. principled invasion of the Peninsula.” —.—Upwards of 2000 journeymen silk- weavers assembled at Evans’s Chapel, near Baken's-row, Mile-end, to consult on the best means to be adopted to prevent a Bill, in progress through the House of Commons, — introduced by the master weavers, for removing the regulation by which the prices to be charged by the journeymen are fixed,—from passing into alaw, 468 alaw. A petition was agreed to ; but the progress of the Bill has created a great sen- sation in Spitalfields, lest prices should be reduced by competition, as they are in other manufactures. 15. —Mr. Buxton made a motion, in the success of which the hearts of all England concur, for the abolition of West Indian slavery. It was disposed of by Mr. Bux- ton yielding to the nearly-similar resolu- tions of Mr. Canning on the subject. 16.—A numerons and respectable meet- ing of the friends of the Greek cause, took place at the Crown-and-Anchor Tavern. Lord Miiton presided, and addressed the crowded meeting in a speech full of infor- mation and eloquence. Several animated speeches were made by Sir James Mackin- tosh, Lord John Russel, Mr. John Smith, Mr, Hobhouse, Lord W. Bentinck, Lord A, Hamilton, Mr. Charles Sheridan, Mr. Henry Hunt, and Archdeacon Bathurst. Various. resolutions were unanimously agreed to, and between 7001. and 9001, subscribed. The Duke of Bedfordand Mr. Hunt subscribed 1001, each; and we should hope, as this is a Christian as well as a political cause, that religious societies throughout the empire will zealously aid the subscription by collections, and other- wise. No cause can be more worthy of special sermons, and collections from house to house, —.—Sir James Mackintosh made his usual eloquent appeal against the laws in- flicting capital punishment for certain offences ; but lis motion was lost. 21.—Mr. H. Martin mtroduced a Bill to prevent the disgraceful national prac- tices of bull and dog fighting. It was opposed, to the astonishment of all his friends, by Mr. Brougham, who justified these atrocities on the ground, that other equal atrocities were practised with im- punity. In this extraordinary sentiment he was supported by Sir M. W. Ridley ; and a Bill, which would have been hononr- able to the age and legislature, was promptly rejected. We hope, kowever, that Mr. Martin will persevere, and sliame his opponents, The Court of Common Council have resolved on rebuilding London-bridge, Government have ofiered a grant of 150,000/. in aid of the Corporation, to be paid by instalments from the Consolidated Fund. It wil! be necessary to pull down seventeen houses on the London side of the bridge, and sixty-five on the South- wark side, in order to form the proper ap- proaches. The estimated expense of this part is 300,000l. The Bridge, Messrs. Rennie had given security, to the amount of 200,000/. would not cost more than 400,000l. The whole estimated expense was 700,000l. while the Corporation has more than 800,000l. available, leaving a large surplus to meet contingencies, Marriages in and near London. [June 1, MARRIED. : St. Leger Hill, esq. to Miss Nugent daughter of the late John N. esq. of Epsom. At Richmond, D. Holmes, to Anne, daughter of the lateSir Charles Price, bart. At St. Mary’s-church, Aldermanbury, Charles Lillie, esq. to Miss Matilda Stam- mers, late of Foxeath-mills, Essex. John Davies, esq. surgeon, of London, to Miss Elizabeth Thomas, late of Barton- street, near Gloucester. The Rev. G. Faussett, of Harefield, Mid- dlesex, to Miss Sarah Weatherhead, of Great Marlow. ~At Richmond, L. Ramsey, esq. to Eliza- beth, daughter of the Hon. J. Spencer. John R. Barker, esq. of the 3d Guards, to Harriet, daughter of the late W. Bosan- quet, esq. of Upper Harley-street, At Wandsworth, the Rev. G. Whitlock, to Miss Pritchard, of Gray’s Inn Lane Road. ; John Barclay, esq. of Barnes, Surrey, to Miss M. Hawes, of Spring Gardens. The Hon. W. K. Barrington, to the Hon. Jane Elizabeth Liddell, E. H. Nixon, esq. of Brompton, to Miss Mary Mills, of Ross. Thomas G. Wake, esq. of Buckingham- house, to Miss Newman, of St. John’s, Westminster. Mr, C. Stocking, of Paternoster-row, to Mary Anne, only daughter of T. Watts, esq. of St. isartholomew’s Hospital. James Foster, of Stamford-hill, to Ra- chel Foster, of Bromley; both of the So- ciety of Friends, At Camberwell, P. Cator, esq. to Miss Martha Alder, of Laytonstone. William Curtis, esq. of Finchley, to Miss Isabella Soppitt. Mr, A. De Symons, of Bush-cottage, Wanstead, to Miss Matilda Israel, of St. Mary Axe. Christopher Cusach, esq. to Miss Frances Dennison, of York-street, Baker-street. The Rev. N, E. Sloper, of Camberwell- grove, to Miss Mary Anne Whitchurch, of Salisbury. William Man, esq. of Bromley, to Miss Louisa Powers. ‘Phomas Alsando Hewson, esq. of James- street, Covent-garden, to Mrs. Ann Shir- win, of Hunter-street, Brunswick-square, At St. Pancras Church, Robert Lugger, esq. of Catherine hall, Cambridge, to. Miss H. Dixon, of Mecklenburgh-square. John Grenside, esq. of Clapham-rise, to Miss Harriet Pratt Foyster, late of Char- lotte-street, Fitzroy-square. Samuel Reynolds, esq. of Stoke New- ington, to Miss Elizabeth Mortimer, of River-terrace, Islington, At St. James’s Church, the Rev. Walter King, son of the Bishop of Rochester, to, Anne, daughter of Dr. Heberden. _ - At Pancras New Chureh, W. Brade, esq. 1823.] esq. of Liverpool, to Miss Mary Anne Barnes, of ‘Tavistock-square. Dr. Gibbs, of Old Quebec-street, to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Armstrong, of Ba- ker-street. Mr. R. Campion, of Tooley-street, to Miss M. Barry, of West-square. Mr. S. Page, of Great Surrey-street, to Miss’ Mary Anne. Stonehouse, of Vauxhall. . Mr. G. T. Skinner, of Coleman-street, to Miss Elizabeth Hawkins, of Stepney. DIED. In Brunswick-square, Mrs. Reader, wife of W. R, esq. barrister-at-law. In Whitehall-place, 64, Charles Shaw Lefevre, esq. many years a very distin- guished and public spirited Member of Parliament, and highly respected in every relation.of life. Tn the Haymarket, 82, P. F. Hast, esq. nearly forty years one of the present King’s household. In the Strand, 72, Mr. T. Cood, sen. At Charing-cross, 24, Mr. C. F. Pauli. At Chelsea, 69, Mrs. Reinagle, wife of P. R. esq. R.A. 5 In Duke-street, Aldgate, 101, Mr. M. Shannon. At Battersea, Mrs, Sheffield, late of John- street, Adelphi. « In Hill-street, 79, General Grenville: he was brother to Lord Glastonbury, and first cousin to the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Grenyille. In the Green-park, Lord JViiliam Gor- don, deputy ranger, an office which he held for a considerable number of years. At Richmond, Miss Louisa Debaufre. At Carshalton, Mrs, Gellebrund, wife of T, G. esq. At Caterham, Surrey, 66, Mr. Bull. At Richmond, Anne, wife of John Raw- lins, esq. late of Englefield-green, In her 26th year, Mary, wife of Corne- lius Hanbury, and only child of William Allen, of Plough-court, Lombard-street ; all respected members of the Society of Friends. In the Middle Temple, [William Lamb, esq. of Tilgate-house, Worth, Sussex, and a bencher of Gray’s-inn. In St. Martin’s-lane, 79, Mr. G. Wheeler, one of the Society of Friends. In North Audley-street, 75, James Hal- lett, esy. of Dumon Priory, Essex. In Berners’-street, Mrs, Fuilhorn, wife of Dr. F. In Chapel-strect, May-fair, 75, J. Sayer, esq. In Crosby-square, 21, Hieronimus Bur- mesler, €8q. In Tavistock-square, William White, esq. z.A. of Brasennose-college. In Bryanstone-street, Mrs. Herns, wife of the Rev. J.B. H. In Mecklenburgh-square, Mrs. Dowding, In Red Lion-square, Dr. Haworth, Deaths in and near London. 469 In Hatton-garden, 60, J. W. Cox, esq. of Demerara. é At Greenwich-hospital, 85, the Rev. J. Cooke, M.A. one of the directors of the Hospital, and vicar of Dynton, Bucks. At Croom’s-hill, Greenwich, 82, Mrs, Nuirne. At Camden-terrace,- Camden-town, Je- remiah Stockdule, esq. of High Holborn, mill-maker to the late and present King. On East-hill, Wandsworth, Mr. Charles Warren, the eminent engraver, (of whom a farther account will be given in our next Number.) ? In Tenterden street, Viscountess Torrington. In Park-street, 86, Cutherine Dowager Countess Morton. In Soho-square, 74, A, Arrowsmith, esq. the celebrated geographer. (Further pa» ticulars of whom will be given in our next. ) At Walworth, 30, the wife of Thomas Taylor, the Platonist; who, for her ex- ceeding fidelity and affection to her hus- band, for her maternal tenderness-and assi+ duous endeavours to form the mind of her offspring to the greatest moral excellence, for her liberality, (which, if her cireum- stances had permitted, would have been magnificent,) and for her many other ad- mirable qualities, was a woman of the rarest occurrence. She died from a pre- ternatural enlargement of the liver, after a long and very painful illness, which she bore with great resignation and patience, : At Croydon, Frederick Smith, a respec- table member of the Society of Friends, He was long regarded as a man of exten- sive information ; and to him may be mainly attributed the interest which has so long been excited on the subject of prison-dis- cipline; with him, and a few other highly- respectable characters, this inquiry origi- nated. He possessed considerable literary acquirements, great liberality, and un- bounded benevolence. His death, in the prime of life, may be regarded as a nati- onal loss, though his useful acts were per- formed with so little ostentation, that his name was unknown to the public at layge. He was the worthy co-labourer of the Forsters, the Allens, the Foxes, and the Frys, who honour at once their religious profession and country. At Himley-hall, Worcestershire, 74, William Viscount Dudley and Ward.’ He was eminent for his benevolence and pub- lic sympathies. He is succeeded in his titles and estates by his only child, John William, late m.p. for Bossiny. At Madresfield-court, Worcestershire, William Beauchamp Lygon, second Earl of Beauchamp, Viscomt Elmley, Baron Beauchamp of Powyke, F.n.s. and m.a. of Christ-church, in’ the university of Oxford. He succeeded bis father, Wil- liam, the late Earl, October 21, 1816; and is the Dowager 476 %s succeeded by his brother, the Hon. John Reginald Pindar, At Lexington, Kentucky, 33, William Wassuu Bentley, esq. son of Mr, B. of Highbury. By this event his family and friends are thrown into heavy affliction, for he was much respected, and deeply regretted, by all who knew him. . At the time of his death he was engaged in writing an account of his travels, with a wiew to publication, and in which he liad made considerable progress. He was eminently qualified for the task, and for which he had abundant materials, having travelled (by land and water) abont twen- ty-five thousand miles, including in this account no journey ef less than one thou- sand miles. He had traversed the prin- cipal parts of the United States, and coursed along the great rivers Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi, down to New Or- deans : no doubt his description and obser- wations upon ‘the newly-settled Western States, in particular, would have been ac- ceptable to the public. His literary, astronomical, and scientific, attainments, an genera!, were considerable ; and, had he lived, it is probable mankind would have been benefited by his labours. In Great Cumberland-place, 76, Lieut.- General Vere Warner Husscy. In Mortimer-street, Cavendish-square, 86, dJuseph Nollekins, esq. the eminent sculptor. He was for many years at the head of his profession in Envland ; and has produced works, for grace, beauty, and genius, little, if at all, inferior to the hest of any artist since his “prime of days.” But a few years ago there was hardly a bust seen but from his chissel ; and his monumental designs and subjects of fancy were very numerous, and justly admired. The Venus with the Sandal, upon which he was employed twenty or thirty years ago, may be said to be his chef-@eeuvre. In private life Mr. Nolle- Kins was rather of penurious habits; and the consequenee has been the accumula- tion of perhaps the largest fortune ever acquired by anartist, amounting to a quar- ter of a million sterling. He has bequeath- ed three legacies\of 50,0001. each; one to the King, the others to Mr. Douce, the well-known commentator on Shakspeare, and Dr. Kerrick, public ‘dibrarian at Cambridge. At Cheltenham, 80, Lord Glenhervie. He was the son of John Douglas, esq. of Fechil, Aberdeenshire; was educated at the university of Aberdeen, and, originally intended for a physician. But he changed his intention, came to London, studied the jaw, and was called tothe bar. Like most young barristers, he applied -himself to a particular branch of the profession ; he at- tended the committees of the House of Commons on election affairs, constituted BGeaths in and near London: [Sune 1, by Mr. Grenville’s bill; and in 1777 pub" lished a “ History of the Cases of contro- verted Elections determined during the Fourteenth Parliament of Great Britain,” 4 vols. 8vo., which reached a second edi- tion in 1802. This work brought him into note, and some practice in election con- cerus. He thenrelinquished those reports to younger barristers, and pnblished “ Re- ports of Cases determined in the Court ‘ef King’s Bench in the 19th, 20th, and 21st, George IH. folio, 1782.” Mr. Douglas continaed at the bar till he married Lady Ann North, daughter of the prime minister Noth, which introduced him into politica] life. Hewas made a king’s counsel, nomi- nated to a variety of offices in succes- sion, introduced into parliament, and ap. pointed, by the interest of his. father-in. law, chief secretary in Ireland, and after. wards a commissioner of the treasury. He resided some years-in Ireland, and in 1804; was created a peer of that kingdom, by the title of Baron Glenbervie. After this elevation he enjoyed several lucrative places: he became joint paymaster of the army; then, in 1803, surveyor-general of the king’s woods and forests, which he resigned in 1805, and was re-appointed in 1807. He next was appointed a commissioner for the affairs of India, and acted forsome time as vice-president of the Board of Trade. By Lady Ann, who is deceased, he had one son, who distinguished himself by wri- ting “* A Comparison between the Ancient and Modern Greeks,” and sat in parliament for the family borough of Banbury, but died a few years ago. [ Dr. Huighton (whose death we noticed in our last number) commenced his no- viciate in the medical school of Southwark, and, after qualifying himself, he accepted the appointment of surgeon to the Guards. He relinquished this office, and was ap- pointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Borongh Medical School, and to his abili- ties that establishment is greatly indebted for the character and reputation it has maintained in the medical world. While in this situation, he cultivated the science of .experimental physiology; and, on the death of Dr. Skeete, at that time Lecturer on Physiology, he succeeded him in that department. A few years after he had commenced his lectures, he became the coadjutor of the late Dr. Lowder, a cele- brated Lecturer on Midwifery; and, in consequence, this science of late years principally engaged his attention: for the last thirty years he has been considered the most able teacher of midwifery in Europe. ©n the death of Dr. Turnbull he was elected Physician to the Eastern Dispensary : this appointment he resigned on account of the increase of his private practice. Dr. Haighton has displayed his professional knowledge in several valuable papers 1823.} papers and communications, and various literary productions of merit, particularly 2 Treatise on the Tic Doloureux. ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. The Right Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Alexan- Ger, bishop of Down and Connor, to the Bishoprick of Meath. The Right Rev. Dr. Richard Mant, bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, to the Bishoprick of Down and Connor. The Rev, Dr. Alexander Arbuthnot, dean of St. Coleman, Cloyne, to the Bishoprick of Killaloe and Kilfenora. Rey. Thomas Calvert, to the Wardenship of the Collegiate Church, Manchester. . Rev. R. Davies, m.a. vicar of Dixton, has been instituted to the Rectory of Stanton, in Gloucestershire. Rev. John Phear, M.A. fellow of Pem- broke-hall, Cambridge, to the Rectory of Earl Stonham, Suffolk. Rev. H. Hubbard, m.a. rector of Hin- ton Ampner, appointed Chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester. Rey. Henry Stebbing, B.A. of St. John’s- college, Cambridge, appvinted Evening Leeturer at St. Mary’s, Bungay. Northumberland and Durham. 47% Rev. R.T, B. Henshaw, m.a. of Queen’s— college, Cambridge, to the Vicarage of Hungerton with Twyford, Leicestershire. Rev. J. H. Hunt, M.A, the translator of Tasso, to the Vicarage of Weedon Beck, Northamptonshire. Rey. F. D. Lempriere, to the valuable Headship of St. Olive’s Grammar-school, Borough. Rev. W. Duthey, to the Rectory of Sud- borough, Northamptonshire. Rev. G. Mactfarlan, M.A. fellow of Tri- nity-college, Cambridge, to the Vicarage of Sindy Camps, Cambridgeshire. Rev. George Judgson, m.a. fellow of Trinity-college, Cambridge, to the Perpe- tual Curacy of St. Mary the Great, in that town. Rev. J. Mathews, m.a. to hold the Vi- carage of Stapleford with that of Shrewton, and appointed Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop of Salisbury. Rev. T. Willatts, m.a. fellow and tutor of Downing-college, Cambridge, to the Rectory of East Hatley, Cambridgeshire. Rev. John Hodgson, perpetual curate of Jarrow with Heworth, to the Vicarage of Kirkwhelpington, Northumberland. PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, , WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, -Purnishing the Domestic and Family History of Englund for the last twenty-seven Years. —=>— NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. ETITIONS to the House of Commons have lately been agreed to by the inhabitants of Northumberland, Cumber- land, Westmoreland, Carlisle, and several other places, praying an alteration in the Distillery Laws, which would yield consi- derable advantages to agriculture. A remarkably brilliant meteor was seen at Embledon, near Alnwick, Northumber- land, en the night of the 2nd ult. It had the appearanee of a fixed star, rather to the south of the zenith; but, at about 25 minutes after 11, it expanded with a bril- liant pale moonlike light, which continued while the meteor darted towards the north; it then assumed the appearance of a comet, the train (ten times the length of the body) being very brilliant, and of vari- ous colours, After traversing about six- teen degrees, it re-assumed its first figure. {ts course was direct, and the brightness was intense. Married.| Mr. R. E. Lawson, to Miss Grey, of Percy-street; Mr. F. Miller, to Miss M. Stokoe; Mr. W. Mackey, to Miss M. Archbold; Mr. Murray, to Miss J. Hill: all of Newcastle—Mr. W. Camp- bell, of Newcastle, to Miss M. Batey, of Haltwhistle.—Mr. Jas. Robinson, of North Shields, to Miss Hardy, of the Ouse Burn, —Mr, H. Tessimond, to Miss A, Snaith, both of North Shields»—Mr, J. Calvert, of Sunderland, to Miss Sutherland, of Monk- wearmonth.—Mr. R. Proctor, to Miss M. Hetherington; Mr. J. Davison, to Miss M. Paterson: all of Sunderland.—Mr. J. Snaith, to Miss Alcock ; Mr. Jas. Tate, to Miss Fawcett: all of Darlington.—Mr. W.. Nicholson, to Miss M. Armstrong; Mr. R. Brown, to Miss M. Bell; Mr. R. Rowell, to Miss Armstrong: all of Hexham.—At Kirklinton, Capt. Irwin, of the 6th dra- goons, to Miss Senhouse, of Calder Abbey. —Mr. A. Bolton, of Ebchester, to Miss M- Adams, of Sonthwark.—At Stannington, Mr. Lewins, to Miss Robson, of Gosforth. —Mr. J. Hall, of Washington, to Mrs. D. Allen, of Picktree.—Mr. J. Clinton, of Blyth, to Miss M. Andrew, of Waterloo, —John Tyson, esq. of Wath, to Miss M. A. Dolphin, of Crosscannonby.—Henry S. George, esq. of Lanchester, to Miss Eliza Jones, of Kingsland-place, London. Died.] At Newcastle, in Tyne-street,, 69, Mrs. Brighton.—45, Mrs. A, Ridley. —In Dean-street, 68, Mrs, Polding, de- servedly respected.—In Northumberland- street, at an advanced age, Mrs. B. Scott, sister to Lord Eldon and Lord Stowell. At Gateshead, 76, Mrs. 'T. Wood. At Durham, 37, Capt. Baker, r.N. de- servedly respected. 36, Mr, 'T. Smith,— 64, Mr. J. Lofthouse. At North Shields, 91, Mrs, Janson.—21,, Mrs. H. Pringle, jun.—49, Mrs. D. Humphreys.—85, Mr. G, Hunter,—44, Mrs, H, Robertson, At 472 At Sunderland, 69, Mr. J, Pearson.— 82, Mrs, A. Small.—78, Mrs. Brown.—74, Mr. T. English. At Bishopwearmouth, 32, Mr. S. Branton,—20, Mrs. Batey.—82, Mrs. M. Eden. — 93, Mrs. Wardle.—47, Mrs. Nesham. At Morpeth, Mrs. Thompson.—22, Miss J. Stephenson.—28, Mrs. Taylor, wife of Captain T. mach respected. At Long Benton, 20, Miss M. Allinson. —At Pairshaw, 43, Sober Watkin, esq.— At Plawsworth, 27, Miss J. Darling.—At Shirlmon, 71, Mr. B. Clavering.—At Stockton, the Rev. Jolin Starkey.—At Cockfield, 26, Mr. J. Scafe.—At Ham- sterley, 72, Mr. Cuth. Vasey. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND, . Married.] Mr. J. Douglas, to Miss J. Smith; Mr. J, Sharrack, to Miss M. Ni- cholsoa; Mr. J. Gilberthorpe, to Miss M. M‘Aclendon: all of Carlislee—Mr. A, Connell, to Miss A. Robinson; Mr. T. Bryan, to Miss A. Borinscale; Mr. S, Yeoward, to Mrs. A. Ashgrove; Mr. J. Beck, to Miss E. Harris; Mr. T, Boroness, to Miss M. Beaumont: all of Whitehaven, —Mr. A. Metcalf, to Mrs. J, Simpson; Mr. T. Thompson, to Mrs. Hodgson: all of Penrith.—J. Fell Swainson, esq. to Miss Harrison; Mr. J. Shortridge, to Miss M. Bare: all of Kendal.—Mr. Furnass, to Miss M. A. Carrick, of Wigton.—Mr, R. Stoddart, of Coopen, to Miss E. Appleton, of Castle Eden.—At Brampton, Mr. J, Carrick, to Miss M. Calvert, of Sandysyke. —Joseph Harris, esq. of High Close, to Miss Cowperthwaite, of Papeadle, Died.] At Carlisle, in Fisher-street, Miss A. Warwick, deservedly respected. —78, Mrs. S. Monkhouse.—84, Mrs. S. Brown.—In St. Cuthbert’s-lane, 78, Mrs. M‘Connell.—In Botchergate, 53, Mr. J, Atkinson,—In English-street, 83, Mrs. M. Beck. At Whitchaven, 60, Capt. T. Barwise. At Workington, 74, Mr. J. Tye.—63, Ann, wife of William Dickinson, m.no.— 72, Mrs. Mecams. At Penrith, 69, the Rev. James Fletcher, vicar, and a justice of the peace for these counties.—32, Mrs. E. Slee.—34, Mr. R. Roulton.—75, Mr. J. Barnes, At Kendal, 70, Miss C. Wilson.—Mr. W. Halhead.—58, Mr. J. Yoole.—77, Mrs. Wood, one of the Society of Friends. At Ambleside, 63, Mr. William Green, author of “ Green’s Guide to the Lakes,” and a respectable artist.—At Croft Lodge, 26, Mr. R. Wilson.—At Upperby, 45, Mr. Jas. Chambers.—At Leckerbie, 61, Mr. J. Halliday, much respected. YORKSHIRE, Petitions from Leeds, and most of the cities and towns throughout the country, have, within the month, been presented to the House of Commons, praying for total abolition of aia Cumberland and Westmoréland—Yorkshire. [June 1, It isin contemplation, to erect a market- place for all descriptions of wares, on the south side of Leeds-bridge, upon the site recently occupied as the coal-staith. Ata late meeting of the Roman Catholic clergy of this county, an unanimous vote of thanks was passed and ordered to be presented to Arclideacon Wrangham, and the forty-four liberal and independent clergymen of the established church, who signed a late petition to parliament in fa- vour of Catholic emancipation. Married.) Mr. J. Empson, of York, to Miss T. Ladman, of Parnard-castle.—Mr. W. T. Beiiby, of Hull, to Miss E. Jepson, of Sheflield—Mr. J. Price, to Mrs. M. Ingham; Mr. J. Naylor, to Miss E. Rogers; Mr. J. Kellet, to Miss A. Chad- wick: all of Leeds.—Mr. J. Wilson, of Leeds, to Miss E. Smales, of Horsforth.— Mr, J. Thompson, of Tadcaster, to Miss M. Ward, of Leeds.—J. IL. Fernandes, esq. of Wakefield, to Miss C. M. Hutchinson, of Stockton on Tees.—Mr. L. Hitchin, of Wakefield, to Miss Turner, of Haslingden. —Mr. R. Benner, to Miss J. Walker, of Mearclough-Bottom, near Halifax——Mr. Jas. Haste, of Halifax, to Mrs. E. Er- rington, of Birstal—Mr. Whitehead, of Bradford, to Miss E. Andus, of Selby.— Mr. W. Masterman, to Miss J. Kaye, both of Knaresborough—Mr. J. Ramsden, to Miss Tracey, both of Pontefract.—Mr. G. Wheatley, of Caldwell, to Miss E. Raine, of Hutton.—John Tennant, esq. of Rid- ding, to Miss M. A. Crosland, of Hudders- field.—John Boomer, esq. of Broom, to Miss H. Hoyland, of Gleadless.—Mr,. R. Harris, to Miss A. Rollinson, of Lancaster. —Mr. J. Bell, of Esholt, to Mrs. Bentley, of Lower Yeadon.—Mr. J. Whabley, of Wortley-lane, near Leeds, to Miss M. Brown, of ‘Thornton. Died.| At York, 36, Mr. Whitwell, of the firm of Messrs. Barber and Whitwell, deservedly regretted.—On Bishops-hill, 52, George Hotham, esq. son of the late Gen: H. At Hull, Mrs, Coulson, wife of Mr, Alderman C.—86, Mr. R. Chidson. At Leeds, in St. James'’s-street, Mrs, Stead.—Mr. Jas. Coates.—69, Mr. J. Loftus: he was considered one of the first florists in his neighbourhood.—Mr. 'T. Webster, regretted.—At an advanced age, Mr. R. Woodhead, At Halifax, 72, C. G. Plowman, esq. of the firm of Messrs. ‘Taylor and Plowman.— 61, Mr. Lightfoot. At Huddersfield, 24, Miss A. Lees, of Saddleworth.—41, Mrs. E. Thornton, de- servedly lamented. At Wakefield, 79, Mrs. Nicholson.—33, Mr. W. Keap. At Bradford, 43, Mr, J. Crosley.—Miss H. M. Melligan. : At Pontefract, 54, Dr. Haxby: he had attained high professional eminence, and was 1323.] was no less respected for his general benevolence. th At Alverley Grange, Bryan William Darwin Cooke, esq. deservedly regretted. —At Pocklington, 46, Mr. F. Fallowfield, snddenly, greatly regretted.—At Bingley, Mrs. E. Barrett, lamented.—At Cotting- ham, 73, Mary, wife of William Lee, esq. of Hull.—At Heworth, 61, Mrs. Todd, much respected.—At Crow-Nest, near Halifax, 70, John Walker, esq. deservedly regretted. LANCASHIRE, ; The operative cotton-spinners of Man- chester lately agreed to petition the House of Commons, praying for relief’ from their distress, which they mainly attributed to the employment of machinery without in- demnification to the ruined workman. Exportation of cottons to a considerable extent, to Lima, has lately been made at Liverpool. The Liverpool trader* Supply, Capt. Hind, on her voyage home from White- haven, lately drove on-shore between Drigg and Ravenglass, when twelve pas- sengers, all women and children, were lost : the crew, and all the male passengers, were saved by a rope from the stern of the vessel, Married.) Mr. S. Grimshaw, of Man- chester, to Miss Maddocks, of Knutsford. —Mr. J. Lockett, of Manchester, to Miss Mills, of Warrington.—-Mr. J. Pryce, of Chorlton-row, to Miss A. Rae, of Pallins- burn-cottage.—Mr. C, Cashen, to Miss Litherland; Mr. S, Moffatt, to Miss C. Tate; Mr. Jas. Fogg, to Miss Benson; Mr. Evans, of Whitechapel, to Miss M. Bird; Mr. D. Povah, to Miss M. Fletcher ; Mr. J. Clarkson, to Miss M. Peck; Mr. H. M‘Avoy, to Miss A. Hoole; Mr. W. Thomas, to Miss Airey: all of Liverpool. —Mr. Pilkington, to Miss E. Thornhill, both of Warrington.—Mr. Pilkington, to Mrs. Eccles, both of Blackburn.—Mr. Chas. Watson, to Miss C. Stansfield, of Stayley-bridge. Died.) At Lancaster, 45, Strethill Har- rison, esq. a deputy lieutenant of this county. At Manchester, in Deansgate, 66, Mrs. M. Woolley, deservedly regretted.—71, Mr. W. Duxbury.—On Bank.top, Mr. Jas. Wadsworth, generally respected.—In Market-street, 49, Mr. 1. Comb, justly lamented,—35, Mr. S, Barber, much and deservedly respected.—-Mr. Harper, of the firm of Messrs. Bromfield and Harper. At Liverpool, in Gilbert-street, Mrs. Owens.—Jn Scotland-road, 22, Mr. W. Ramsbottom.—48, Mrs. A. Kelsall.—In Oldhall-street, 75, Mr. Richards. —At Edge-hill, 36, Mr. S. E. Mellor,—Miss Neilson.—67, Mrs. J. Edwards.—In Moss- street, Frances, wife of the Rev, Joseph Hilton, At Warrington, 72, Elizabeth Kekwick, Moatuny Mac, No. 362, Lancashire—Cheshire— Derbyshire, &c. 473. one of the Society of Friends.—57, Mrs.” Alderson. At Burnley, 69, Mr. J. Eltoft, muele re- spected.—At Disley, 72, Mr. R. Turner, regretted.—At Andershaw, 84, Mr. Jas. Schofield, justly lamented. At Rivington, 74, the Rev. W. Heaton. CHESHIRE, A young man of the name of Kragon was lately executed at Chester, for rape, amidst the general sympathy of the people, froma doubt of his guilt, and from his con- stant denial of the fact. Adhering to this: denial, he died. ; Considerable rejoicings lately took place at Chester, and the surrounding villages on the southern side, as. well as at many places in North Wales, at the birth of an heir to the house of Eaton, The fervour of attachment to its truly noble head, the Earl Grosvenor, was general, and of the warmest description. f y Married.]|_ Mr. Jos. Hall, to Miss E. Swindley; Mr. 8. Beckett, to Mrs. My Bulmer: all of Chester.—Mr. J. Naylor, of Stockport, to’: Miss*Maddocks, of Kmuts- ford.—Mr. T’.. Birtles, to Miss Pollitt, both of Knutsford.—Mr. S. Birch, of Ollerton, to Miss Street, of Knutsford.—Mr. W. Garner, of Bramhall, to Miss N. Bailey; of Brinnington.—Mr. J. Smith, to Miss Si Minshall, both of Bramhall. - Died] At Chester, in Foregate-street, Mr. R, Harrison.—In Abbey-street, Miss Gildart, late of Liverpool —Mr.- W. Noyce.—In Stanley-place, Mrs. Parry Price.—84, Mrs. E. Jenkins. At Stockport, in Sutton-street, 85, Mr, 'T. Wilkinson. At Knutsford, 76, Mrs, Falkenor. At Nantwich, 75, Mr. J, Beckett, re- gretted, At Baguley-hall, Mr. J. Lownell.—At Over Peover, 94, Mrs, Bailey. —At Over, Mr. Jon. Gresty, deservedly lamented. DERBYSHIRE, Married.] ‘The Rev. Wm. Harding, of Lawley, to Miss L. K. Thompson, ‘of Ropley.—Mr. Somers, to Miss I. Gas- coyne, both of Milton.—Mr. J. ‘Turner, of Troway, to Mrs. Hoult, of Sheepshead, Died.] At Derby, 62, Mrs. Brentnall, At Elvaston, Miss Swain.—At Sparrow Pit, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, 56, Mrs. M. Shirt.—At Ilkeston, 23, Mrs. S.’Spencer: 60, Mr. J. Shephard, suddenly : 50, Mr. J. Burrows, deservedly regretted.—At Catton, 75, Eusebins Horton, esq.—At Tansley, 74, Mr. A. Bown, regretted. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, Great distress has prevailed among the workmen and their tamilies in the wash- lace trade at Nottingham. An advertise- ment in a late Nottingham. Review ap- peared, announcing the stoppage of work in that trade for a month. Married,| Mr.'T. Bradbury, to Miss 8, Stafford; Mr. W. Walker, to Miss M. 3 P ITutton ; 474 Hutton ; Mr. James Brampton, to Miss M. Smedley; Mr. S. Walters, to Miss S. Hood; Mr. James Warner, to Miss M. Caley; Mr. W..Stevenson, to Miss ‘C. Webster; Mr.-R. Hibbert, to Miss M. Upton; Mr. James Wesson, to Miss M. Holmes: all of Nottingham.—Mr. Th. Simon, of Nottingham, to Miss E. Lyon, of Bedford.—Mr. J. Grocock, ‘to Miss S. Sunnitt, both of Newark.—Mr. G. Ben- nett, of Southwell, to Miss C. Dixon, of Nottingham.—Mr. W. Chettle, of Bing- ham, to Miss Walker, of Aslockton Abbey, —Mr. Smith, of Sileby, to Miss J. Pornett, of Nether Broughton. Died.) At Nottingham, in Marygate, at an advanced age, Mrs. Langford.—In Wheeler-gate, 81, Mr. Jos. ‘Turner, sud- denly.—In Portland-place, Coalpit-lane, 28, Mrs. H. Alcock.—In Rutland-street, 90, Mrs. Pilkington.—In Woolpack-lane, 71, Mr. W. Robinson. ~At Newark, 66, Mrs. Dalman.—54, Mr. W. Fotherby.—23, Miss J. Birket.—67, Mr, 'T. Charles, sen. At Carlton, 69, Mr. W. Shelton.— At Car Colston, 84, Mr. Chettle, much respected.—At Ecwinstare,; Mrs.Sampson. LINCOLNSHIRE. Married.) Mr. J. Arnold, to Miss M. Robinson, both of Gainsborongh.—Mr. Darby, of Louth, to Miss Kirby, of Cockerington.—Mr. P, Harris, to Miss Henman, both of Teigh-. Died,| At Lincoln, 72, Mrs. Pearson.— At Boston, in West-street, 34, Mr. Charles Porter.—At Gainsborough, 51, Mr. C. Kelvey.—At Spalding, Mrs. Sivers.—70, Mr. E. Dandy, suddenly, deservedly re- spected.— At Fallington, 70, Mr. Staplee. The Rev. Phos. Cowper, M.A. preben- dary of Lincoln and Litchfield, rector of Bettingford, Norfolk, and vicar of Great Barton, Suffolk. LEIC@STERSHIRE AND RUTLANDSHIRE. _ A public meéting has lately been held at Leicester, when-a petition to the House of Commons fora repeal of the tax on fo- reign wool was ‘avreed to. Married.| Mr. Green, of High Cross- street, to Miss Watts; Mr. J. Hesketh, to Miss E. Eyres, of the Humberstone- gate: all of Leicester.—Mr. T. B. Stable- ford, of Market Harborough, ‘to’ Miss Raguley, of Nottingham.—M rr. J. Knowles, to Mrs, A. Gibbs, both of Ashby-de-la- Zouch.—Mr. G. Smith, of Wartnaby,. to ‘Miss L. Keal, of Abb Kettleby.—Mr. T. Sumner, of Melton Mowray, to Miss Bai- ley, of Nottingham.—Mr. J, Goodman, of Gumley,' to Miss Rowlett, of Great Bowden. Died.) At Leicester, in Church-gate, Mrs. Cook.—Mr. T. Brown.—In the Hay- market, 37, Mrs, R. Riley.—In_ the Friar- lane, 77, Mrs. Knight.—The Rev. Mr. Throsby,.—At an advanced age, Mr, J, Jarvis—In Sayoy-cate, Mrs, Swain. Lincolnshire Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, &c. {June tf,’ ‘At Loughborough, in Swan-street, 47, Mr. H. Seward, deservedly regretted.— Mr. Dolman.—in the New Row, Miss Blunt. At Market. Harborongh, 93, Mrs. ‘C. Walker, widow of the Rev. C. H. Walker, A.M. of Kilworth, deservedly esteemed and lamented. At Scraptoft-hall, 61, Thomas Peach, esq. Lieut.-col. of the Yeomanry Cavalry, and Receiver-general of the connty.—At Hoby, 84, Mr. T. Henton, much respected. At Rotherby-hall,' 48, Miss Emma Bur- naby.—At Quenby Lodge, Mrs. Jones.— At Gilmorton, Mr. Coltman.—At Hum- berstone, 35, Mrs. E. Wildman, STAFFORDSHIRE. ; Married.] At Stafford, Francis Camp bell, esq. to Miss Mary Rathbone.—Mr. R. H. Porter, of Wolverhampton, to Miss M. Fenn, of Shiffnal.—Mr, Hawkins, of Barr, to Miss Smith, of Walsall—Mr. Pickstock, of the Toft, to Miss Creatchley, of the Wergs, near Wolverhampton.—Mr. G. F. Harrison, of Shirbeck, to Miss M. Job, of Newark.—Mr. Hodson, of Burton- on-Trent, to Miss F. Harris, of Throwly- hall.— William Butter, esq. of Chipnal, to Mrs. Williams, of Welsh Pool. Died.] At Stafford, Mr. E. James, late of Birmingham. “At Walsall, Mr. J. Freetl.—32, Mrs) Greatrex.—45, Mr. J. Wilkinson. : At Wednesbury, 64, Mrs, Cotterell, late of Walsall.- At Tamworth, Mr. Walker, much re- spected, At Shenstone, 19, Mrs. A. R. Allport. —At Trentham, H. W. Kirkpatiick, esq. of Cheam, near Epsom. WARWICKSHIRE, The gunmakers -of Birmingham havé lately been constantly employed. Large quantities of guns have been shipped for the use of the Constitutionalists of Spain. Married.) Mr. Tabberer, of Warwick, to Miss M. A. Perkins, late of Leamington, —Mr. J. Stork, of the Crescent, to Miss S. Barnard; Mr. Garland, to Miss Crane; Mr, W. Williams, of Constitution-hill, to Miss Yeomans; Mr. W. Wood, to Miss A. Wright, both of Deritend; Mr. J. Boyce, to Miss E. Stanley: all of Bir- mingham.-—Mr. A. Lea, jun. of Birming- ham, to Miss M. A, Green, ef Ashted.— Capt. Bonney, of Coventry, to Miss J. Marsh, of Hulton.—Mr. Roby, of Alves- cote-priory, to Miss M. Jee, of Peckleton. —Mr. J. Smith, of Stoneall, to Mrs. Ainsworth, of Ashted. Died.) At Birmingham, im Easy-row, Mrs. A. ‘Shore, regretted.—JIn Broad- street, 22, Miss M. Messenger.— In Brierley-street, 28, Mrs. E. -Clark.— In Suffolk-street, 29, Mr. W. Thorley, de- servedly lamented. —In ‘Tennant-street, Islington, Mrs. Taylor.—In eeclie i i 71, 18238:) ¥ , Mr. W. Pardoe.—In Legge-street, Mrs Osey ‘ > At Coventry, in Hertford Terrace, 46, Mrs. Hill.—In Bishopsgate-without, Mrs. Barnes.—In Park-street, Mr. J. Aston.— Mr. W. Showell.—58; Mr. J. Bird.—65, Mr. W. Tilt.—23, Mrs. Brown. / At Sutton Coldfield, 20, Miss S. Rea, . At Leamington, Mrs. M. Rann, of ‘Dudley. “ At Whitnash, 23, Miss E, M. Arnold, deservedly lamented.—At Aston-house, 84, Mrs. Mary Spooner.—At Edgbaston, 59, Mr. A. Stansbie.— At Harborne, 20, Mrs. E. Clift.—At Coleshill, 73, Mr. R. News bold ; 57, Mr. J. Newbold, brothers. SHROPSHIRE. A curious chemical phenomenon remains to be seen ina field near Lilleshall coal- works in. this county, ‘the field, it was discovered that imme- diately under the surface of the earth, what was supposed, from the croaking noise, to be water, was carbonated hydro- gen gas, which, on alight being applied to it, instantly took fire, and blazed bril- liantly for a short period. The whole field is wnderlaid with this vapour, and, from the number of people who visit and rekindle it, is kept in a perpetual illumina- tion. Married.| My.Vaughan, of Castle-street, to Mrs. Ellis, of Claremont-hill; Mr. W. Purslow, to Miss $, White; Mr. R. J. Muckleston, to Miss J. Hanmer, of Pride- hill: all of Shrewsbury.—Mr, J. South- well, to Mrs. Norris, both of Bridgnorth. —G. Jones, esq. of Bridgnorth, to Miss E, Milner, of Cardizgton,—Elias Ball Slater, esq. of Hambrook, to Miss C. M, Lewis, Bridgnorth—Mr. E, Woof, of Cardington, to Mrs. Edwards, late of London.—At Linley-ehurch, Mr. J. Rey- nolds, to Mrs, M. Peel, of the Bold.—Mr. W. Onions, of Coal-pit Bank, to Miss A. Davies, of Redlake. ’ Died.] At Shrewsbury, in Double But- cher-row, Mr. J. Vaughan.—69, Mr, Crowther, generally rvespected.—In the Abbey Foregate, 83, Mr. Stanley.—Mrs. 'T. Lewis, regretted.—72, Mr. Careswell. At Oswestry, Mr.’ J. Thomas, late of Cyrynion, At Ludlow, 27, Mr. T, Pugh, generally wegretied, At Ellesmere, 89, the Rev, Evan Evans, ‘of Welsh Hampton.—Mr, W. James. At Wroxeter, 83, Rev: Edmund Dana, —At Alveley, 66,Mrs.Snow.—At Chetton, 72, Mr. R. Dallewy.—At Harpsford, Mr. G. Green.—At Belton, 72, John Murrey, esq.—At Newton, the Rev. Ff. Marston, vicar of Stokesay. WORCESTERSHIRE. Married.} Mr. Featherstonhangh, of Worcester, to Miss E. Kember, of North Cemey —Mr. $8. Godson, of Worcester, \to Miss S, I, Coker, of Mappowder.--Mr. - Shropshire—Worcestershire—Hevefordshire, &e. Whilst draining ~ 475 W. Lilley, of Wichbold, to Miss.§. Mence, of Roukswood. : Died.], At. Worcester, in the College- yard, Lieut.-col, James Wemyss. . _ At Stourbridge, 69, Mr..N. Compson, deservedly lamented.—19, Miss Emma Ash.—72, Mr. T. Baldwin, greatly re- gretted, : At Great Malvern, Mrs. Bathurst, wife of the Bishop of Norwich. ‘ HEREFORDSHIRE, Married.) Mr. J. Braithwaite, of Hom Lacy, to Miss E. Honiatt, of Hereford.— T. L. Beebee, esq. of Presteign, to Miss Caroline Morris, of Leominster.—George Whitney, esq. of Stretford, to Miss Eliza- beth South, of Stoke Prior. Died.] At Leominster; 70, Mr. Jos. Heyling. At King’s Caple, Edward Taylor, esq. —At Kingston, 65, John Meredith, esq. —At Little Birch, Mr. W. Bonnor, de- servedly regretted. } GLOUCESTER AND) MONMOUTH. A numerous body of the owners and occupiers of land in the county of Glou- cester lately agreed to petition parliament for.relief fron their distresses. A literary and commercial institution is about to be formed at Bristol - _. Married.) Mr. J. Maysey, to Miss E. Fisher, both of Gloucester. Mr..T.. Jew, of Gloucester, to Miss Need, of Rudford.—Britton Hodges, esq. to Miss J. Blyth; Mr. G. Knight, to Miss M. Brookes; Mr. S. Whitford, to Miss M. Webb; Mr. Charles Spurrier to Miss Gell; all of Bristol.—John. E, Lunell, esq. of Bristol, to Miss Mary Hassall, of Bedmin- ster-house.—Ensign George Hill, of the 37th reg. foot, to Miss Sophia Edgar, of Bristol.—Mr. S$. Y. Griffith, to Miss S. Neyler, both of Cheltenham.—Mr. James Iles, of Luckington; to Miss:-M. Russell, of Neckleton.—Ebenezer Vaughan, esq, of Minchinhampton, to Mrs. Ellis, of Clare- mont-hill, Shrewsbary.--Mr. H. Lewis, of Tredegar, to Miss J. B. Crooks. —Mr. D. Shakespeare, of Newington, Bagpath, to Miss C. Duberley, late of Huntex’s-hall. Died.] At Gloucester, in Southgate- street, 76, Mrs. A. Panting, much and justly respected. At Bristol, in Bridge-street, Mr. W. Cussens, of the firm of Messrs, W. and C, Cussens.— At the Hot-wells, 45, Mrs. Parry, wifeof Henry P, esq. of Moumouth, deservedly regretted.—In Bridge-street, Mr. S, Leonard-—Mrs. Trigg.—In St. James’s-place, Kingsdown, Hugh Barnett, esq. late of Jamaica. At Cheltenham, 51, the Rev. W. B. Cocker, a.m. vicar of Bunny and Rudding- ton.—Catherine, widow of the Rev. Thos, Willis, of Bletchley, Bucks, At Cirencester, Mr. J. Hill. At Berkeley, Mr. G. Hopkins.—At Newent, 22, Mrs. A. Hartley, epee 476 ‘(At Kingscote, Mr. W. Wight:—At Hart- pury, Miss M. Chandler.—At Chalford, 67, Mrs. E. Gardiner, deservedly regretted. —At Thornbury, Mr. W. Virgo, greatly ‘respected.—At Dursley, Mrs. Williams, ‘widow of Dr. W. ; : . | OXFORDSHIRE, The Goldsmith’s Company has recently founded three exhibitions of 20l. each for students at Oxford. The ancient pile, Stonehenge, forms the ‘subject of the Newdigate Prize Poem this “year, at Oxford. apa Married.| Mr. D. A. Tolboys, to: Miss M. Wheeler; Mr. B.~ Griffin, of St. Mary Magdalen, to Miss M.A. Belcher, of the Corn-market: all of Oxford.—Mr. T. ‘Pitts, to Mrs. Hickman, both of Bicester. —Mr. Smither, of Whitchurch, to Miss ‘Saunders, of Frome.—Mr. T. Rowland, of ‘Wolvercot, to Mrs. Bishop, of Godstow- house.—Mr. W. Gough, of Henton-on-the- Green, to Miss Ashwin, of Bradforton. Died.] At Oxford, 81, Mr. Southby, much respected.— In High-street, Miss M. Fidler—65, Mr. H. Bardgett.—65, Mr. Allen. . At Henley, 68, Mr. W. Lamb, sud- denly. : AiLon, Great Haseley, Mr. Partridge, respected.—At Ensham, 54, Mrs. 5S. Ensham, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. A very destructive fire lately happened at Windsor. Six principal houses ia the ‘town were burnt, and five others injured. Married.|] Mr. E. Beasley, to Miss E. Ivey, of Abingdon.—Mr. Eales, of Great Marlow, to Miss Wallatts, of Hurley. Died:| At Aylesbury, 35, Mr. Provost. —68, Mr, Turner.—Mrs.: Marlow.—-Mr. Fox.—Mr. W. Monk, suddenly.—23, Mr. W. Miles. At Wycombe, Mr. Hipps. At Windsor, 74, William Pitt, esq. late of Eton. * HERTFORDSHIRE AND REDFORDSHIRE, A numerous and highly’ respectable county meeting was lately held at Bedford, pursuant to notice, to petition parliament on the subject of burning Hindoo widows ; when, after an interesting discussion, a petition was adopted. - a4 Married.] At Hertford, Mr. F, Gil- bertson, of Egham, to Miss Fanny Gil- bertson.—The Rev. W. B. Heyne, vicar of Henlow, to Miss Emma Wilmot, of Tottenham. Died.] At Hertford, Moonshee Gholam Hyder, many years Persian writing master at the East India College, Hayleybury. At Hertingfordbury, Mr. Jas. Grubb.— At Caldecott, Mr. Inskip.— Miss Catherine Symonds, of Ware, much regretted. NORTUAMPTONSHIRE. Married.| The Rev. T. 8. Hughes, ‘m.a. of Peterborough, to Miss A. Foster, of Oxfordshire Buckinghamshireand Berkshire, &c. [June 1, -Yarmouth.—The Rev. J. Shillibeer,. of Oundle, to Miss M. Freeman, of Peterbo- rough—The Rev. R. Roberts, D.p. of Barnwell, to Miss S. A. Wheelwright, of London. Died.) The Rev. Wm. Buller, son of the late W. Buller, esq. of Maidwell hall. CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON, Marvied.] Mr. G. H. Bays, to Miss M. Redhead; Mr. S. Mordecai, of Sidney- street, to Miss C. Willett: all of Cam- bridge. Died.] At Cambridge, in Queen’s-col- lege, Mr. J. Wade Jones, student.—64, Mrs. Waterfield.—Mr. J. Pryor.—67, Mrs. Sanders.—69, Mr. Alderman Bot- tomley.—23, Mr. Ratcliffe; 67, Mrs. Ratcliffe, his mother.—33, Mr. Jas. Bid- well.—60, Mr. L. Barnard. At Burwell, Mr, Gittus.—At Balsham, 65, Mr. R. Fletcher, deservedly regretted. —At Chesterton, 36, Mrs. Harvey, justly lamented.—At Swavesey, 77, Mrs, Garner. — 62, Mr. Chas, Cole, NORFOLK. Considerable disagreements have lately happened between the master weavers of Norwich and their workmen, ‘The latter stood out for increase of wages. Married.| Mr. R. J. Brown, to Mrs. A, Roberts, both of Norwich.—Archibald Morrison, esq. of St. Faith’s-cottage, to Miss Harvey, of St. Clement’s, Norwich.— Mr. J. Fodder, to Mrs, M. Amis, both of Yarmouth.—Mr. F. Ward, jun. to Miss Brown.—Mr. Morres, to Miss M. A. Roofe; Mr. Starman, to Miss Howes: all of Aylsham, Died.) At Norwich, in Pulham, St. Mary Magdalen, 35, Mrs. S. Warne, re- gretted.—In St. Gregory’s, 43, Mrs. S. Gray.—74, Mr. H, Ashley. _ At Yarmonth, 73, Mr. W. Eggleston.— 73, Mrs. M. Taylor.—86, Mrs. A. Shep- herd.—51, Mr. S. G. Bowles. sf At Haydon, 83, Mr. R. Kiddell.—At the Lawn Farm, Holt, 61, Mrs. Dawson. —At Beeston-hall, 55, Sir Thomas Pres- ton, bart.—At the Parsonage-house, Fers- field, near Diss, 83, the Rev. James Lam- bert, senior fellow of Trinity-college, Cam. bridge, lamented, honoured, and beloved. SUFFOLK. Married.) Mr. C. Elven, jun. to Miss M.A. Vinsen, both of Bury.—The Rev. T. Rogers, of Luckford; to Miss S. Mills, of Bury —Mr S. Ray, of Bury, to Miss E. Leggatt, of Ipswich.—Mr. H. Bemnett, to Miss L. Green, both of Ipswich.—Mr. G. Adams, to .Miss Ferret; Mr. Charles Clarke, to Miss M. Adams: all of Lowes- toft—Capt. Job Hanmer, of Holbrook- hall, to Miss Harriet Dawson, of Edward- ston-hall.— W.. Peche, esq. R.N. to Miss M. Jones, of Bye.—Mr. N, Kerry, to Miss E. Codd, both of Needham markets. Died.] 1823,] . Died] At Bury, 28, Mr. 8. Lambert, jun. deservedly regretted.—Mrs, Durrant, —In Westgate-street, at un advanced age, Mrs: Clarke. ; At Ipswich, 73, Mr. S. Orford.—65, Mr. R. Staff.—36, Mr. W. Manthorpe. At Beccles, 33, Mr. R. Adkin, much respected. rn - _ At Alpheton, Mrs. Creasy.—At Great Saxham, 73, Mrs. R. Pryke.—At Wickam- brook, 85, Mr. Wakeling.—At Strad- brooke, 53, Mr. W. Woods, jun. sud- denly.—At Badwell Ash, 75, Mr. G. Walton. ESSEX, The agriculturists of this county lately agreed to petition Parliament for relicf. Married.| The Rev. Mr. Hutton, to Miss Beevor, both of Colchester.—Mri G. Newnham, of Southend, to Miss R. Burn, of Springfield. —Mr. James Keyes, of ‘T'en- ‘dring, to Miss C. Dunnett, of Weeley.— Mr. J. K. Halls, of Daggenham, to Miss M. King, of Hartest. Died.} At Billericay, 63, Thomas Spit- ly, esq. ~ At Brentwood, Mr. R. Williams. _ At Rayleigh, Mr. T. Boston, of Park Lands Farm, much respected. At Harlow, 56, Mr. T. Chaplin.—At Great Bromley, 81, Mr. W. Sargeant.— At Bacton, 72, Mr. T. Flowerdew.—At Marks Tey, 24, Miss S. Crisp. , KENT. Considerable emigration from this coun- _ty has lately taken place to. New York,— principally by agricultural labourers. A valuable marsh farm, near Rochester and Gravesend, containing upwards of 820 acres, was lately sold, at Garraway’s, for 10,0001. which a short time ago had been valued at triple that sum. Married.) Mr. W. H. Vidgen, to Miss S, Croft; Mr. J. Hartley, to Miss M. Gor- ley; Mr. J. Tomsett, to Miss Green; Mr. W.. Dombrain, to» Miss Sequin: all of Canterbury.—Mr. James Dixon, of Mar- gate, to Miss F. Tucker, of Canterbury.— Mr. J. Dolby, of Margate, to Mrs. E. Hambrook, of King’s-street, Canterbury, Mr. W. Skey, to Miss P. ‘Vhomas; Mr. 'P. Moore, to Miss M. A. Feast: all of Chat- Jiam.--Thomas Day, esq. of Maidstone, to Miss Martha Brenchley, of Gravesend.— Mr. Greenhill, to Miss M. Austin, both of Ashford.—Mr. Hodgkin, to Miss Bowl- den, beth of Cranbrook.—At Stockbury, Mr. W. Moss, to Miss Pepper.—Mr. T. Grant, of Langley, to Miss S. Shirley, of Chart Sutton. Died.| At Canterbury, in Castle-strect, Miss M. Garner.—In North-lane, 90, Mrs. H. Couchmas.—tIn Knott’s-lane, Miss M. Edwards,— 62, Mr. Charles Knell. At Dover, 80, Mrs. Bowles.—65, Mr. James Philpot, deservedly regretted,—74, Essex— Kent — Sussex — Hampshire. A777 Mr. H. Mecrow.—Miss Elve.—60, Mr. Marsh.—Mr. James Rufiin: .° . At Margate, 42, Charlotté Mary, wife of F, Cobb, esq. : OT aamiigod At Maidstone, Mr. Jury.—79, Mrs, Chapman, much respected. At Folkestone, 30, Mr. H. Jeffery.—82, Mrs. Hawkes. et At Charing, 58, Mr. J. Willis.—At Ash, Mr, Spain, late of Herne.—At Hythe, 84, Mrs. Andrews.—At Hadlow, 84, Mrs. Morris.— At Newnham, 75, Mr. J. Stack. —At Greenhithe, the Rev. C. Marshall, vicar of Exning.—At Pluckley, 70, Mr. Frederick Tritton. y . SUSSEX. Marricd.] Mv. F. Stubbs, of Worthing, to Mrs. Creasy, of High-street, Brighton. —Mr. N. P. Kell, to Mrs. Willard, both of Battle-—Mr. J. HKaker, to Miss M. A. Butt, both of Littlehampton.—At Walbur- ton, Thomas Mowbray, esq. to Miss Anne Streattield, of the Rocks, Died.| At Chichester, 72, Richard Bra- zier Pope, esq.—99, Mr. J. Idle—In West-street, 44, Mrs, C. Martin.—In North-street, 91, Mrs. Lane. At Brighton, in East-street, 65, Mr. D. Hack, an honoured member of the Society of Friends,—In Richmond-street, 62, Mrs. Smith.—37, Mr. Charles Walker, late pro- prictor of the Marine Library. At Lewes, 87, Mr. R. Key, much re- spected.—28, Mrs. H. M. Ade, regretted. —20, Miss L Varreil. The Rev. George Tattersall, of West- bourne. HAMPSHIRE, A circular trom. the National Vaccine Establishuient has lately been sent to the medical gentlemen of Southampton, giving them notice, that, ‘¢as inoculation of the small-pox is altogether unjustifiable,” the Board haye resolved, that if any vaccinator of this establishment shall so inoculate, his name shall be erased from the list. Marricd.|) Mr. W. Jackson, to Miss S, Galliene, both of Southampton.—Mr. J. Littlefield, of Portsmouth, to Miss S. Jones, of Gosport.—Mr. E. Carpenter, of Gosport, tu Miss E. Cooper, of Alverstoke,—R. Jen- nivgs, esq. of Milford, to Miss Smith, of Brockenhurst.—Charles Schrieber, esq. of Winchelsea lodge, to Emily, daughter of Major-general Sir John Cameron,—At Alverstoke, Mr. A. Meredith, to Miss J. Macnamara, of Portsmouth, Died.] At Southampton, 67, Mre R. Churcher.—73, Mrs. King, deservedly re- spected,—58, My. TI. Rider.—60, Mr, W. Kaster.—54, Mr. Joseph Oakley, At Portsmouth, 27, Mr. W. Carr.—Mr. Bray. At Portsea, Mr. Badcock. At Newport, 88, Mr. T. Hill.—Mr. W. Rayner. At Laverstuck, 61, Isaac Galpine, esq. late 478 late. of- Southampton.—52;» Sir Robert Kingswell, batt. of Sidmonton-lionsé.—At ‘Brown: Candover, 77, Mr.°J. Pinki—At Popham, 70, Mrs. Newlyns,—At? Ring- -wood, Mr. W. Lyne: af WILTSHIRE, tft . Married.] ‘The Rev. J, Randall, to Miss E. Benvett, of Salisbury.—The Rev. J. R. Fishlake, to Miss J. Nicholas, of Salis- -bury.—Mr. Crook, of Salisbury, to Miss A. Trimmer, of Andwell-farm, Basing- stoke.—At Melksham, Mr. H. Edmonds, .to Miss A. Drake, of Rowde.—Capt. Colby, Engineers, to Miss F. M. Dyne, of Bruton.— Mr. T. Earle, to Miss M. Ellis, both of Corsham.—Mr. J. Hughes, of Pineknéy-farm, to Mrs. Carpenter, of Toshills-farm, near Calne. Died.) At Salisbury, 66, Mr. George Sandy. At Chippenham, Mrs, Singer, widow of Richard 8. esq. At Warminster, 73, Mr. Joseph Kirk, deservedly regretted. At Sopworth, 60, Mrs, J. Caswell. SOMERSETSHIRE. A numerous and highly respectable meeting of the subscribers of the Bath In- stitution, was held at York-honse; Sir John Keane, ba*t. in the chair. Hastings Elwin, esq. made a luminous and encon- raging report of the progress of the plans -for effecting the formation and establish- ment of a Literary and Scientific Associa- tion in Bath . Marvied.} Mr. Thomas Miles, to Miss S. F. Phillips, of Union-passage; Mr. R. T. Ingle, to Miss Caroline Lapham: all of Bath.—Mr. T. White, of Bath, to Miss Osborne, of Marshfield.—Mr. J. Cuff, of Bath, to Miss M. Parsloe, of Dagling- worth.— Mr. George Saltford, of Saltford, to Miss S. Snussel, of Weston-lane, Bath. —Mr. H. Hearse, of Shiplate, to Miss A. Parker, of Barton—Mr. G. Parker, of Wear, to Miss M. Winter, of Locksham. Died.) At Bath, in Westgate-buildings, 77, Mrs. A. Harvey.—In Bathwick-street, 22, Miss Eliza Hensley.—In the Circus, Jonathan Stuart Morgan, esq. deservedly esteemed and Jamented.—20, Miss Ellen Mary Richards, daughter of the Rev. John R.—34, Helena, daughter of the late Dr. Hudleston. At Taunton, Mrs, Anderdon, widow of Ferdinand A. esq. At Frome, Mr, Saterleigh, deservedly regretted.— Mr. A. Axford, much respect- ed.— Mr. R. Roberts. .© At Shepton Mallett, 50, Mrs. Campbell, wife of the Rev. Daniel C. At Keynsham, 80, Mr. S. Skuse.—At Bathwick, in Kirkam-buildings, 41, Mrs. E. Molloy.—At Langport, 63, George Stuckey, esq.—At Widcombe, 66, Mrs. Emmerson, late of Swaffham, Norfolk.— At North Petherton, 67, Mr. J, Hawkins. 1 Wiltshire—Somersetshire+ Dor setshiré— Devohshire, &c. [June 15 +At Kiloe, Mary, wife of the Rev. Mr. Matthews. : : DORSETSHIRE. {T= Marvied,] Lieut. W. S. Robins, r.n. ‘to Mrs. Aun Linthorhe, of Poole.—Cliarles Marly, esq. of Bridport; to Miss Emily Tucker, of Tuckenhay, Devon.—Mr. R. Rouse Hunt, to Mrs, A. Colborne, both of Blandford.—The Rev. Robert Moore, rector of Wimborne St. Giles’s, to Miss S. E. Henshawe, of Bath. ms Died.] At Dorchester, 36, Miss A. Percy, of Somerton. . : At Bridport, 88, Mr. T. Clarksen. DEVONSIFIRE. The inhabitants of Exeter lately agreed to petition the House of Commons for a repeal of the coastwise duty on coals. Married.} Mr. Hippesley, to Mrs. Hodge; Mr. R. Davy, to Miss A. Luxton : all of Exeter. Mr. Hedgeland, of Exeter, to Miss S R. Harris, of Ogilvic-cottage. —tThe Rey. W. Hockin, of Exeter, to Miss M. Langworthy, of Dartmouth.—Mr. G, Maunder, of Exeter, to Miss Meanley, of Alphington.—Mr. J. Prideaux, to Miss E. Satterthwaite ; Mr. Buchan, of Market- street, to Miss S. Morris, of Prospect-row : all of Plymouth.—John Broderick, esq. of Ugborough, to Miss Crocker, of Combes- head.—Mr,. T. Wright, to Miss M. Wright, both of Chudleigh. Died.] At Exeter, 55, Mr. W. Ford, — In Goldsmith-street, 62, Mr. P. Howell.— 52, Mr. J. Brown, deservedly esteemed and regretted.—In Waterbéér-street, 26, Mr. H. Perry. 3 At Plymeuth, in Clavance-street, Mrs. P. Austin, suddenly.—In Cannon-street, 92, Mrs. M. Remphry.—In Princes-street, 23, Mrs. M. Light.— In Morice-strect, 67, Mrs. M. E. Handesyde.—62, Mr. Reed, suddenly.—77, Mr. Croft.—26, Mr. T, Waterman, At Ridgway, Mrs, S. Lister. — At Knacker's Knoll, 45, Capt. S. M. Sandys, R.M. deservedly respected.—At Stoke, 9%, Mr. J. Johnson. CORNWALL, Married.] Mr. J. Powning, jun. of Fal- month, to Miss Furneaux, of Buckfastleigh. — Mr. James Whitford, to Miss M. Trewin, both of Fowey.— Mr. H. Rickard, of Fowey, to Miss Cock, of Penzance.— Mr. #, Coleman, of Bodmyn, to Miss E. ‘Tamblyn, of Hall, near Braddock. Died.| At Launceston, 51, Mr. Eckley, justiy esteemed and regretted.—At St. ‘Thomas's, 54, Mr. A. Westlake.—Mr, Shaplin. — At an advanced aye, Mrs. Fulger. } At Liskeard, Mrs. Pedler, wife of Mr Alderman P. ‘i At Trethowell, Mr. John Boyle, deser- vedly esteemed and regretted. — At Hawkes, 76, Mr. P. Coleman, justly la- mented. ve 4 WALES, 1823.] 7 WALES. Married.] Owen Phillips, esq. of the E. I. Co.’s service, and of Haverfordwest, to Miss Charlotte Ann Bowen, of Stone- hall.—Richard Rees, esq. of Hilton, to Miss J. Rees, of Haverfordwest.—Mr. D. Bridgewater, of Lechfane, Breconshire, to Miss Mary Williams, of Aberyskir.—Lieut.- col. Hill, Welsh Fusileers, to Miss Jane Turner, of Welshpool.—The Rev. R. J. Davis, of Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire, to Miss E. E. Turner, of Welshpool. Died.] At Cowbridge, the Rev. John Morgan, p.v.—28, Miss A. H. Davis, justly esteemed and regretted. At Cardiff, 89, Mr. J. Whiting, deser- servedly regretted.—92, Mr. T. Waters. At Landaff, 65, Mr. J. Hopkins, greatly respected. : At Llanelly, 87, Mr. Roderick, justly lamenfed. At Merthyr, 61, Mrs. M. Davies, gene- rally respected.—At Langharne, William Skyrme, esq. a justice of the peace for the county of Carmarthen, deservedly re- gretted, SCOTLAND. Married.| J.C. Shaw, esq, of Edinburgh, to Miss Sanl, of Green-row, Carlisle.—At Edinburgh, George Fullarton Carnegie, esq. to Madaline, daughter of Sir John Connell. Died.| At Edinburgh, 83, Mr, Thomas Coleman. — Major-gen. Stewart. At Glasgow, George Cadenhead, esq. deservedly regretted. At Albie, Dumftieshire,.77, J. Black- lock, esq. much respected. IRULAND, Mr. Owen, the philanthropist, las re- cently, after several meetmgs lield by adjournment in Dublin, and at which sone opposition, not of a very candid nature, was shown, succeeded in establishing a society in Ireland, ‘to be called “ the Irish Philanthvopie Society ;’ and Sir Capel Molyneux has anounced his intention to appropriate a part of his estate in the county of Limerick towards the esta- blishment of a village on Mr. Owen’s plan. ‘The disorders or ravages committed in ‘the ‘south of Ireland, by ‘the distressed peasantry, have reached a frightful amount. The two Grand Juries of the county and city of Cork Jately, addressed the Lord Lieutenant. They stated that there have come before the County Grand Jary neatly a hundred petitions for compensa- tion for damage sustained by fire, destruc- tion of cattle by stabbing and honghing, breaking machinery, &c, Maricd.} At Dublin, Capt. Patton, of the Lanceis, to Miss Caroline Wilkinson, of Spilsbury-cottage, Dorset. Died.) At Dublin, in Cavendish-row, Dr. John Thomas Troy, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Wales—Scotland—Ireland—— Death Abroad. 479: At his seat, in the county of Clare, 100, Edward Byrne, esq.—84, the Rev, Mores Neilson, v.p. of Kelmore, county. of Down. DEATH ABROAD. F In Saxony, in December last, Adolph Heinrich Friedrich von Schlichtegroll, an: active German writer. He was placed in his youth in the Gymnasium at Gotha, and retained, ever after, the sincerest gratitude and respect for the professors, to whom he was chiefly indebted for the instructions which he received at that.academy. Re- nouncing the original plan of devoting: himself entirely to theology, he -applied already, while studying at Jena, and still more at Gottingen, under Heyne and Spittler, to the departments of philology and history. His proficiency inthe former was shewn in his archeological Essay on the Shield of Hercules, after Hesiod’s: poem, (1788,) in the dedication to which he calls. Heyne Eichhorn and Schiitz, his dearest masters. In 1789 he became pro- fessor in the Gymnasium of Gotha, was soon atter appointed to an office in the publie library ; and, in the sequel, in the private library of the duke. Among the prince’s collections were a valuable cabi- net of ancient medals, .which had been under the care of Schleger, and afterwards of hisson-in-law Rousseau. -Schlichtegroll marrying the amiable and accomplished, daughter of the latter, became assistant Conservator of the Cabinet, which was in- creased by important purchases, and afforded him materials for a Historia Memothece Gothane, which was printed. During the political storms of the times, he saved the Cabinet of Medals, and other precious articles, from the danger of requi-+ sition, by removing them into the Danisl: territory. . Bis situation at Gotha was very agrees able. Duke Ernest was accustomed to speak to all distinguished strangers and men of learning who came to Gotha, in the library, on which occasion the librarians were present. Numerous valuable con- nexions were here formed, many political and literary novelties brought forward here, and’ Schlichtegroll found, im this circumstance, great means of promoting a work, which filled up almost all the time he could spare for several years, and brought hin into a correspondence with the wor- thiest characters in all parts of Germany. In the year 1790 began the Necrology of the Germans, which was entirely edited, and, for the most part, written by himself; and which terminated, as it seems for ever, in 1806, with the 6th volume, of the Necrology ot the Germans for the 19th Century. ‘the difficulties that must attend every such undertaking are too evident to be dwelt on here. ‘the editor undoubtedly exerted himself to do strict justice, 480 justice, and he deserves great praise for having collected,. in’ the twenty-four volumes of the Necrology, so much inter- esting information respectng important public characters, which, but for him, would never have been han ded down to posterity. After he went to Munich, it was not possible for him to spare time to continue this work. While he was en- gaged in it, he yet found leisure for many interesting. archzologicat labours. After the death of the much lamented Duke Ernest, which was preceded by that of several of Schlichtegroll’s best friends, lie felt himself less happy in Gotha, and there- fore gladly accepted an invitation to go to Monich:» The learned Frederick »Ja- cobi had gone, in 1806, from Eulin to Munich, on the invitation of his friend, Privy Counsellor Von Schenk, and was placed by the. King of Bavaria, at the head of the newly organized and extended Bavarian academy. Jacobi, who, from his personal . knowledge of Schlichtegroll, was thoroughly convinced that he was of all men peculiarly qualitied for the office of secretary, found men of influence. ready to adopt his views, and Schlichtegroll was accordingly invited to Munich in 1807.. ‘There he found the celebrated Wibeking Hamberger, formerly librarian at Gotha, and the learned Jakobs. A circle of enlightened and en- ergetic men was formed round the Chris- tian moralist, or elegant scholar Jacobi, whose honse was for years the centre of the most delightful, instructive, aud po- lished society. We cannot enter into the details of the extensive labours to which he dedicated himself with indefatigable perseverance. His merit was duly appre- ciated and rewarded by the king, and by his Highness the Crown Prince of Bava- ria. He was: himself always ready to afford assistance to those who needed it; among others, he took great interest in the success of Alvys Sennefelder, the in- ventor of lithography. His constitution, however, yielded at last to his unremitted Jabours. Thus, as far back as May, 1820, he wrote to.an old friend: ‘* ‘The incessant labours which engage me, the unresisting obligingness which can deciine nothing, Death Abroad. even what could not be imposed on me, the inconveniences of advancing age ; alf this frequently makes me weary and tire? of life, notwithstanding the cordial inter- est which I take in the times, which, in spite of all eccentricities, 1 most seriously: take to be the best, the most reasonable, the most enlightened, and the most active, in the memory of man. For I too believe, ina truly Catholic infallible church of all languages-and all confessions.” This sense of decaying strength induced him, in 1821, to request permission to resign the office of secretary-general, His chief disorder of late years was in the bladder and kidneys,, which undermined his otherwise strong constitution.’ In his domestic circle he. was eminently happy. An affectionate and truly accomplished wife, who under-; stood’ and exitered into all bis views, was for thirty years his constant and tender} supporter... He saw his sons, after’ they served with distinction in the late war for, the deliverance of Germany, placed ‘in honourable offices in the service of. the> state. He married his daughter, Antonia, into one of the first families of Munich ; and his favourite daughter, Sarah-Maria, to a distinguished man of letters, and member of the academy. In the course of last summer he went, by the advice of, his physicians, to ~take the waters at Kissmgen, whence he made’an excursion into the Saxon principalities, and paid a visit to Gotha, his native city. On his return, he scarcely perceived bow much he was changed; even in his sick room he was still active to fulfil the claims of duty and friendship, and composed, on the mar- riage of the amiable Princess Amelia with Prince John of Saxony, the poem ‘ Joy and Grief,’ which is printed in. the Journal Flora, of November, 1822, re- taining, to the Jast moment, the fall and unclouded possession of bis mental facul- ties, not perceiving the approach of the Genius with the inverted Torch. . He was carried off by an apoplectic stroke on the 4th of December, 1822, and his obsequies were performed in the Protestant church on the 8th of the same month, on which day he would have completed bis 58th year. TO CORRESPONDENTS. We are still expecting Newton's House, as promised. The next analysis of pub Benbow’s pamphlet, relative to the horrid abuses tion will be the House of Lords. ca- in a lunatic asylum at’ Hoxton, has arrested our attention, as we trust it will that of the Legislature ; but its tupics are above the powers of our court of criticism, and we refer them to higher and more efficient authorities. The Stephensiana will be resumed in our neat ; and, we hope to be able to continue a series of articles, under the head ‘* Topic of the Month.” Erratum.—Page 313 of our last Number, line 22 from top, for “ Funds,” read *¢ Tiends.” THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 383. ] JULY 1, 1823. [6 of Vol. 55. mili’ ai. _ Topo. i si 1m Re MR. THRALE’s HOUSE AT STREATHAM. THESE premises, which have acquired so much celebrity through the notices of them in the Letters and Memoirs of Dr. Jolinson, constitute one of ten thousand similar merchantile retreats withina few miles of the metropolis. In the room on the right- hand hung, till lately, the portraits by Sir Joshua (now dispersed,) of the literary’ men who formed Mr. Thrale’s coterie. In the gardens behind, Johnson used to indulge in morbid melancholy, and in fits of devotion in its recesses ; while, in the hospitable man- sion, he was enabled to gratify his love of table Inxuries, to an excess which little accorded with the self-denial of religion and the temperance of rigid morality. For the Monthly Magazine, TOPIC OF THE MONTH. Erin and her Wrongs. . Se habab all the enigmas and puz- zles in the present state of the United Kingdom, the case of Ireland is, without doubt, the most incompre- hensible. Scotland was long the enemy of England, and the Union was received with scowling and dislike by a very large portion of the Scottish people; yet that Union, ere the lapse of half-a-century, blended the Scots with the English as one people, whose interests, whose pursuits, and whose feelings, are the same, and whoare ra- pidly becoming one, in manners and in anguage. ne Welch ure a con- Monroy Maa, No. 383, quered people: they were-first driven from.the luxuriant plains of England to the mountain fastnesses of the Princi- pality, their princes were made .cap- lives, and their lords were slain ; and yet the Welch have not the smallest disposition to visit, upon the present race of Saxons, the sins of their forefa- thers. The whole island of Britain is in short one, one in heart, in conduct, and in manners ; and an Mnglishman’s throat is to the full as safe, unarmed and unguarded, on the wilds of Lo- chaber, or the precipiees of Snowdon and Plinlimmon, as it is in the metro- polis, notwithstanding all the safe- guards of the police, In those parts of the country, too, infurmation has 3Q not 482 not lagged behind. The peasantry of Scotland are far better educated than the peasantry of England, and they of Wales are to the full as much ; and, in both places, they exceed the English in the neatness of their dress, and the substantial furnishing of their cot- tages. They may not, indeed, have quite so much of mere animal enjoy- ment; but their garbs and their deport- ments bespeak a good deal more of the higher feelings of man. The English peasant loiters away the morning of his Sunday in attending to the battles of dogs and badgers, or smoking his pipe and drinking his ale, with the same smock-frock upon his back, and the same slouched pelt-covering to his head, that are worn through the week ; and thinks that all is made up, that his comfort is complete, if his ‘“ misses has got a bit of summat nice for din- _ner.” Not so with the Scots and the Welch ; they must have their Sunday’s coat, and appear fine at church. With them there are no brawls, no rows, no buffettings, and no bloodshed. They are sober and industrious races of people, and have both desire and capa- city for rising in the world. Among the higher ranks in Scot- land and in Wales, there are parties ; but then they are the parties of Eng- land, and they never proceed to any hostile length. The Scottish ins may - be as servile as ins can well be, and the tongues of the outs may be a little violent ; but matters never go farther. The friends of those who are in place never think of forming Tory Lodges, and taking unlawful oaths; and a ‘Scots Whig would turn from you with disgust, if you should propose to bim to enter into any bond like that of the United Irishmen. Here then are two: instances,—one of a hostile country, and another of a -country which has been conquered, both merging in that country to which they. are united ; and, not only follow- ing that country, but all but leading her in improvement and civilization. Is it not singular, then, that we should shave another country, which, after shaving been partially conquered, and ‘then united to England, should, inthe great mass of its people, still remain in absolute and avowed hostility ; that we should have the lower classes as poor, as ignorant, as abject, and as indiffer- ent about their own comforts, or the lives of their neighbours, as though they had never been visited by a civi- Topic of the Month. [July 1, lized man; and that we should have parties in that country, actuated by the most deadly hatred, and apparently unconnected with every thing which agitates the political world on this side the channel. This fact is singular in itself, and it must be left to the historians of future times to explain its causes, as well as to account for that singular disposition upon the part of the people of this country, which induces them to lavish their money and their praises upon re- mote pilgrimages, and doubtful con- versions, while Ireland presents at the door a more melancholy spectacle of moral ruin and physical wretchedness than is to be found among avowed and acknowledged barbarians. We send bibles by the ship-load, and missiona- ries by the gross, to the Calmuck, the Mongul, and the Hindoo; and, if we can but coax a wanderer of the steppe of Issem, or a dweller upon the banks of the Jumnah, to accept of a bible, or call himself by the name of Christian, we offer up thanksgiving in all the churches, and try to redeem the. man from the clutches of Bramah or Vishnoo, at the rate of many thousand pounds a-head. If, too, it should hap- pen that one or two are immolated to the great idol of Jaggernaut, or two or three widows throw themselves upon the funeral pile, by the side of the Ganges, or Norbuddu, we are all in tears and inhorror. But, somehow or other, our zeal slackens, and all feelings are blunted, when our eye lights upon the “ green isle of Accun.” We labour to convert infidels in all the four winds of the heaven; but we think we have done enough for the Christianizing of Ireland, if we make them pay for the repairs of churches which are never used, and pay tithes to persons who never officiate. We know not how our saints would look if the mufti, and pundits, and bonzes, were to turn round upon them and say, “Tf you will infuse into men that mild ‘spirit which you say belongs to-your religion, then why do you not begin with it nearer home? Why come you to us, who seek you not, while part of your own country is the prey of so much wretchedness? If, then, you be satisfied with the reward without the labour, what security have we, that, when once you have got a footing in our country, you will not display the same heartless avarice? ‘ Pull,” in the language of that book by which you 1823:] you profess to be guided, ‘“ the beam” of inj red Ireland “out of your own eye,” and then we shall have at least some ground for hoping, that you mean well to other nations. ‘Such might be the language of the wise men of infidel nations, and we know not how it could be got the better of by the good Christians among us; unless they were to‘say, that they are so fully charged with this zeal, that the bolt of it bounds away to a distance in spite of them: that their illumination, like Herschel’s great telescope, enables them to see mighty things in moons and distant worlds, but it is wholly use- less as to helping them either to keep their steps clear, or read the plainest book at home. There is another thing very singular in the case of Ireland: the soil is more rich, and her climate more’ genial, than the soil and climate of England, and yet a great part of her population have at this moment to be fed out of English charity. Not only this, butfrom the very counties where the greater part of this charity has been given, there has, along with hunger and misery on the part of the people, been a constant exporting of provisions. Where this is the case, something must be wrong. If the soil be barren, it may be improved ; and, if the cli- mate be ungenial, it may, to a certain extent, at least, be ameliorated ; but, where the earth teems with fruitful- ness, and the air is balmy and health- fal, and yet man is in misery, there must be something wrong. ‘There is no avoiding one or other of these con- clusions: first, that the Irishman has neither the desire nor the capacity of taking advantage of the bounty of na- ture; or, secondly, that there is some power by which he is prevented. Now that Pat, with all his faults, (and faults he has without doubt,) is a lazy animal, none who know him will ven- ture to say. Indolence forms no part of his character. He will brawl, or bluster, or fight; and, at particular times of the moon, he will assassinate ; but, in every form and phasis, he is active and restless. When he comes over to this country, we find that he undertakes the very hardest of labour, and undertakes it cheerfully. He is not, therefore, in want because he will not work; and, though he feel the whole effect of the misery which is in- flicted upon his country, he is ‘not answerable for a single iota of the cause. Thus presses a weight upon Erin and her Wrongs. 483 him which his own hand never im- posed ; and, if fhat weight were re- moved, he would soon be as comforta- ble as the peasant of the otherisle. ~ The grand question is, by whom, and in what manner, is this weight ap- plied? Preliminary to this, however, there is another question: What is the weight itself? And here the answer may be stated in a very few words. The Irish peasant, by some means or other, is not permitted to enjoy the fruits of industry: he finds that, la- bour how he will, the profits of that labour are not to himself or to his family ; and, undersuch circumstances, _ it is notin the nature of things that he can be industrious. That ‘delay of hope which maketh the heart sick,” is never so severely felt as when the father of a family sees that, toil as he may, and pinch as he may, that family cannot be comfortably fed or lodged, and that no provision can be laid up for them. It is to this, unquestiona- bly, that all the misery and degrada- tion of the poorer Irish is to be traced. This is the perennial spring whence the party-men draw the abet- tors and the victims of rebellion ; and, if this could be dried up, we should soon have them reduced to the same harmless state with the dissatisfied and disappointed great in Britain. They who would attribute the mise- ries of the lower classes in Ireland either to religious, or to political causes, betray like ignorance of the first principles of human nature, and of the parts of the particular cure. They have neither the data upon which a judgment is to be formed, nor the ca- pacity of using those data if they were given them. The peasantry of a country, or especially an illiterate pea santry, never maim or murder each other upon religious or political grounds. There required a power of combination, and an impulse of ambi- tion, which do not belong to such a peasantry. ‘The more nearly that man is assimilated to the lower animals in cultivation, the more nearly does he approach them in his motives of ac- tion. ‘The lion does not rend the kid because man is her sovereign, or because she belongs to another church, but because her flesh satisfies his hunger; and, if that hunger did not goad him on, she might’ browse the very thicket that shelters’ him, without his giving himself the smallest trouble about the matter. As little do the lions of the desert invade the ter- rilory 484 ritory of the hyenas of the villages, or the wolves of Caucasus make an in- road upon the bears of Ural. Each hunts in his own place, and neither knows nor cares about the others. It is very much the same with such a peasantry as those of Ireland. Eman- cipate the Catholics, repeal the union, nay, even set up the red branch again to-morrow; and, if all the local bur- dens and relations continued as they are at present, the gazettes of Captain Rock would not contain one transac- tion the less. The fact is, that these political pa- naceas have been the curse of Ireland. The men who should have looked into the cure,- have contented themselves with hobbling about them; till, while no good has been done, a spirit of animosity has been engendered among the other classes. One faction has become intolerably insolent, on the pretence that by it the island has been continued a part of the British em- pire; and the other has possessed it- self of much popularity, because it has chimed over matters which in themselves really are nothing. Hence has been produced a two-fold dark- ness,—a darkness on the part of the Irish, as to what is really the matter with them; and on the part of this country, as to how the mischief may be done away: and, while this re- mains, the state of matters cannot im- prove. The Catholic restrictions may have been foolish, and the government of Ireland may have been bad; but what have these to do directly with the state of the peasantry, who care little for religion, and know. nothing about government? If there be any fault in the government of Ireland, it is. in this,—that it has allowed one part of the people to oppress the other: it has allowed the land-owner to grind the land-occupier to the very bones ; and, while the poor have not the security of a parish rate, it has enabled the employer to reduce their wages to one moiety of what it is in this country. Once give the Irish peasantry as much stakes in the world as they of England, Scotland, or Wales, and they would very soon evince the same habits. Make those of the one island as completely dependent as they of the other, and, ere Jong, the same scenes would be enacted. If government is to do any good for Ireland, let it pitch orange and purple, and green and white, and all colours Topic of the Month. [July 1, of party, to the devil; and re-model the law of the parishes, and especially that between landlord and_ tenant, Let the laws protect the people, so that every man may get the honest reward of his. own labour; and no fear but the people will respect the laws: but, if you continue to allow one man to command. the. labour of ano- ther, without adequate reward, it is not more than a) fair retribution that that reward should be taken. To steal the labour of a poor man is a fouler theft than to steal the property of a rich; because the rich man has still his labour as a fund in reserve, while the poor man has nothing. i —=—— For the Monthly Magazine. BRIEF NOTICES relative to the NEW YORK CANALS, from PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, TOPOGRAPHICAL and STATISTICAL MANUALS, &c. recently PUBLISHED im the UNITED STATES. HE object is to form a junction of the great lakes with the Atlantic; the commencement of some of the canals in the western parts of the state of New York, may be traced to the year 1788. Some sketches of their present state, will be found in the following extracts. In 1817 a fund was appropriated, by the legislature, for commencing a canal to unite the lakes Champlain and Erie. In Jaly, the commissaries began their excavations at Rome, a town in the state of New York; on the 21st of October, 1819, water was in- troduced; on the 22d, the first boat was navigated between Rome and: Utica; and, on the 23d, the navigation was entirely open. In November of the same year, a communication was opened with lake Champlain; and, on the day following, the first boat com- menced a _ navigation from Fort Edward to Whitehall. In 1820, the navigation of the middle part reached from Utica to Montezuma on the river Seneca, over an extent of ninety- six miles. In that year, the tolls pro- duced 5244 dollars in five months. In 4821, the labours of the canal, which was to unite Jake Champlain with lake Erie, and with Hudson’s river, near the village of Waterford, were rapidly proceeding. An esti- mate has been formed, judging from the progress of the labours, and the experience. acquired, that the two ca- nals will be completed, at the latest, about midsummer of 1824. . They will expand through a space of 425 ’ miles, 1823. ] ~tmiles, taking up soven years in thelr construction. In these canals, the water at its surface makes forty feet; at the bot- tom, or lowest part, twenty-eight feet; and the depth is four feet. ‘They carry boats of from forty to 100 tons, conveying timber, &c. ; they go at the rate of five miles an hour... A hundred neat bridges rise across the canal, be- tween Utica and Montezuma; filty great roads lead to it; aqueducts, suspended twenty-five or thirty feet over little streams, pass across their valleys, bearing the water of the canal in a shorter and more convenient direc- tion. In some parts, these aqueducts and their sluices. will be more nu- merous than in those already finished. In navigating them, we survey culti- yated grounds, works and establish- ments of art and industry, combined with thick forests and marshes in alter- nate succession. In the vicinity of the great lakes, the landscapes are truly magnificent. . The packet- boats are large, and well appointed; they may contain about ninety passengers, and are not less commodious and agreeable than the steam-packets that ply on the rivers Hudson and Delaware. These packet-boats are drawn by horses; and go, night and day, at the rate of 100 miles in twenty- four hours. ‘The prices are very moderate. The canals are the property of the state, but they constitute a public way, on which stated tolls are fixed, according to legislative enactments. Though but small, they produced, in 1821, 26,611 dollars on the part now navigable. Through the whole length of the canal Erie, more than 100 leagues, the toll-fares will not exceed five dollars a-ton. With respect to the charges of construction, they have been beneath the estimate, a circum- stance extremely rare in works of this kind. We may impute it to new dis- coveries and improvements, the result of experience in the art of making ca- According to calculation, the gost of transporting goods between Hudson’s river and Buffalo, on lake Erie, will be reduced eight parts out of nine. It will also be the means of promoting a reciprocal traffic on and between the banks of four great lakes, the circumferential extent of which would not be exceeded by that of all the coasts of the seas that border the United States. Timber for building masts, the yaluable iron of Clin- Notices relative.to the New York Canals. 485 ton, the fine marbles of Vermont, &c. will find a ready market in the inte- rior countries. When the navigation shall be fully established on both the canals, the charges of construction and maintenance will be speedily reimbursed. Notwithstanding the natural barrier raised by the Allegany, and the Apa- lachian mountains, the canal Erie is intended to open a communication between the Atlantic and the states of the Union situated beyond those mountains, as faras to the Mississippi. The whole of this undertaking is executed by the state of New York, the population of which, in 1820, com- prehended 1,568,775 individuals. The expence of the two canals is rated at 5.371,814 dollars; mean expence of the canal Erie, 13,800 dollars per maile. Much of the planand success of this yast undertaking is due to the provi- dent care ,and instruction of Mr. Clinton, Governor of the State, and President of the Philosophical Society of New York. Such are the benefits of an enlightened and paternal govern- ment. It is likely that the two canals of Erie and Champlain will be com- pletely navigable throughout their immense extent, ere the labours of the little canal of Ourcques, in France, that have been so long in progress, will be terminated. ———_- To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, BEG to submit to you, as the pa- tron of letters, the complaint of my friend and client the letter N. The complainant came to me with the air.of one who was suffering under oppression, and said that he was exceedingly ill-used, and by men whose education should have taught them better ; that he had long borne such treatment with patience, hoping the manifest injustice of the case could not long escape the discernment of the learned; and that he should get redress in course: but that he had the mortification to see his enemies rather encrease than diminish; and was now come to seek my advice and assistance. I requested him to state his case. It is this:—That having been, from time immemorial, placed by the learn- ed in the word contemporary, he was intitled, of course, to hold his seat in that corporation for life; that while there he was no mute, bat an a an 486 and efficient member: yet of late years he bad been thrust from among them, or otherwise totally neglected, though no fault has ever’ been laid’ to: his charge. : ; This story appeared to me so impro- bable, that I at first doubted the fact; but he referred me to so many in- stances where he was omitted, evi- dently by design, that my scepticism gave way, and I promised to consult the authorities which he said had placed him there; and, if his statement was correct, that I would advocate his cause with you; to prevent, by means of your literary publication, a repeti- tion of such crying injustice. Upon turning to the best authors, I found my friend N perfectly right ; he certainly has been placed in the word contemporary by Cowley, Dryden, Addison, and other learned men. Continuing my researches, I met with further, and in my mind conclusive, evidence in his favour: it is that of the learned Dr. Bentley, who, in his literary controversy with the Hon. Mr. Boyle, upon the Epistles of Pha- laris, charges Mr. B. as a matter of reproach, with using the word cotem- porary, Which the doctor calls a down- right barbarism. ‘‘ For the Latins (says the doctor,) never use co for con except before a vowel, as co-equal, co- eternal; but. before a consonant they either retain the n, as contemporary, constitution, or melt it into another letter, as collection, comprehension. So that Mr. B.’s cotemporary is a word of his own coposition; for which the learned world will cogratulate him.” In. the face of such authorities, with what propriety can this letter n be Jeft out of the word in question. I do trust, sir, you will give publi- city to this case ; when I have no doubt of my friend’s being again placed in that situation from which he has been so capriciously expelled. DiAcdsxasorovns: Worcestershire. —_—— Tothe Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, SHOULD be obliged to any of your readers, if they can inform me if they know any instance of a ship, either British or foreign, having been built with a solid bottom and sides, and diagonal riders, instead of the ceiling or lining, previous to 1805 or 1808. The Navy Board have favoured me with an account of the following de- Mr. Cowan's Improvements in Ship-building. [July 1, viations from the cammon mode of constructing ships; but none of them appear to be similar to the one pro- posed by me, Lord Stanhope’s ves- sel, the Kent Ambinavigator, built in the year 1792, without lining, but with the outside plank increased in thick- ness. And in his: lordship’s patent mode, dated April 9, 1807, he pro- poses building vessels, which he de- nominates “Stanhope Weatherers,” in the same manner. These were flat- bottomed vessels, and, as I under- stand, were open between the timbers, and had no diagonal riders. Mr. Duhamel proposed, about the middle of the last century, to use oblique riders. Sir Robert ‘Seppings introduced diagonal riders into his Majesty’s ship Glenmore, in 1800; and diagonal trusses* into the Kent in April 1805. The San Juan Nepome- ceno, built at Ferrol in 1781, and taken by Lord Nelson, had also dia- gonal riders in the hold. In the last instances, where the’ diagonal riders were proposed and used, the ships, I believe, were built as usual, with the lining, and with the open spaces between the timbers. Admiral Schank conceived that my system of constructing ships was simi- lar to his; and, the Navy Board being of the same opinion, I laid the case before counsel, and the answer was to the following effect:—‘As B.’s plan differs from A.’s, in retaining the lining of the ship, and as in A.’s plan diagonal riders are used for strength- ening the ship, instead of the linings, and the two modes being geometri- cally different, it is evident that the plan of B. does not encroach on the right of A.” As the solid system of building ships met with a “determined and syste- matic opposition,” when first intro- duced, I should be obliged to any of your readers that would inform me what were the professional or mecha- nical objections to it when formerly proposed by me. Some idea may be formed of the immenso unnecessary loss of ships, lives,‘and'property,t+ since the rejec- tion of Mr. Kirby’s proposal in 1768, : for * Short pieces of timber, placed dia- gonally. ' t The greater part of the disasters and losses at sea may be traced to the barba- rous state of naval architecture, and the defective equipment of ships and vessels. d 823.]: for giving ships solid bottoms as high as the water’s edge, from the conside- ration that, in the Royal Navy alone, upwards of 300 ships of war were lost between the years 1793 and 1814, by fouadering and shipwreck. , Matcotm Cowan Kirkwall; May 12, 1823. —<__ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, LLOW me to make a few obser- vations on Mr. Bartlett's remarks on the nutritious effects of the farina of potatoes, which he observes can he obtained in the proportion of twenty- eight parts toa hundred; and that the farina of potato is equal to arum, &e. and he recommends it to be planted on the Peninsula. In Spain they have been tried, and do not succeed: they are called by the natives a name which in English is denominated toad-gut, on account of their indigestible quality; and they never arrive to any size bigger than a walnut, in consequence of the dryness of their summer, Concerning the farina, it varies in the different sorts of potatoes, and the time of year when made ; as the spring advances, and the germination increases, the less farina is produced: a potato that would produce a fourth part of farina in or about October, would hardly pro- duce any at this time. ‘The farina or ‘starch has a peculiar property, I be- lieve, not hitherto noticed: let any person take a tea-spoonful of farina or potato starch, and the like quantity of wheaten starch; put them in diffe- rent tea-cups, and fill them up with boiling water, and stirring them during the time: they will soon perceive that made of wheat starch become opaque, and the potato-starch transparent, like clear jelly from isinglass; which, I think, proceeds from an acid, inti- mately combined with potato-starch, and which no cold water will dis- engage. Whether this acid has any deleterious property, I know not; but itis probable that it is the cause of the potato not drying in any process to keep them. If the jelly is kept about a week exposed to the air, a decomposition takes place, and it be- comes opaque, and subsides, leaving the water clear above. If, through your valuable pages, any correspondent- will inform me what acid it is that causes the difference, I sliall feel much obliged. J. M. On the Discoverer of Steam Engines, 487 To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR VERY ingenious mechanic says, he has discovered new powers in water, by which he can work a steam- engine at one-tenth of its present ex- penditure ; though every feature of his supposed invention has been tried over and over again, above twenty years ago, and failed, from being upon mistaken principles. He says, he discovered in a steam- boat on the Mississippi, that steam at a high pressure is comparatively cold; and that experiments have been now made, which tend to ex- plain the cause of this phenomenon. I desire to tell him, that this fact was universally known among the scien- tific in London twenty-five years ago, and probably long before that time.* He tells us too, that, by throwing high-pressure steam into another boiler, we can save nine-tenths of the coal which this boiler would other- wise consume; in reply to this, I say, that fifteen years since, myself and my family, put up a boiler on purpose to try this experiment on a large scale; and it totally failed, by consuming one-third more coal, than if it had been burnt under the working boiler in the usual way; and I have since seen it tried by several others, with equal success. He next talks of condensing under the pressure of 70lbs. to the inch, when the most that can by any possibility be gained, by condensation, is 14lbs. He _ there- fore confesses a loss of 56lbs. besides the mistake from the fact, that ten times his pressure would not condense three atoms of steam; he also sup- poses that he crams the interstices between the particles of water, in his full boiler, with caloric, so full, he. says, that steam cannot have room to generate, and therefore there is no steam until the water is in its passage to the cylinder; now, I never knew water escape from a boiler but it retained its character of water; or steam, but it inclined to become water, I will endeavour to state my senti- ments upon the nature of steam, and the more, as it will assist to explain my argument : water, separated into parts, becomes steam; separated still further, it becomes gas; and the operation still pursued, the gas becomes divided into its * The true cause was explained in our ast, 488 its primeval atoms; the motions or decomposing principle, occasioning steam to the pressure of 2lb. to the inch, appears to me to be the period at which water gives out the greatest sensation of heat; and, as the opera- tion goes on, heat is less and less perceptible, until the steam or gas (perfectly decomposed) becomes (like consumed coal or ashes) compara- tively cold. If the boiler were, what Mr. Perkins thinks it to be, a maga- zine of coloric, which coloric comes in freely through its bottom, the water offering less impediment to its pas- sage; how comes it to stay there in terrific pressure, obedient to his will, without passing as quickly through its top or sides? Denying heat to be an element, and declaring steam to be decomposed water, I consider it impossible for Mr. Perkins to get 500lbs. pressure in his boiler, or re- generator, except by the decomposi- tion of the water in it. If the water, then, is decomposible in any degree by the operation of fire, the boiler must burst before the pressure is at one quarter what he proposes to work his engine at, because he has no room for its expansion. Again, water when just broken into steam is easily condensed, or united to water again; but, when broken to its clementary atoms, it is not in human pewer to bring it again to water in any reason- able or useful time. The result of similar experiments, tried nearly thirty years ago, is, that a high-pressure engine can only be worked, with economy, at 40lbs. to the inch; and a condensing one, at 2ibs.: ten times his imagined power has been long since discovered, and obtainable with double his assumed economy. To regulate this enormous power is the only desideratum in me- chanics to which ingenious men are looking forward. Battersea. Ss. 8S. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, COMMITTEE of the Royal ‘4M Society, appointed for the pur- pose of examining into the danger of explosion of the reservoir of gas, be- longing to the Gas-light Company, have come to important conclusions, which ought to be publicly known. Mr. Lukin sent a model of the sea- soning-house which blew up in Jan. 1812, at Woolwich; and the committee * considered, first, the degree of proba- 2 On the Danger of Explosion of the Reservoir of Gas. [July 1, bility that an exploston should by any means be produced; and, second, the probable effect of an explosion, if it should take place. They found, that the gasometer in Providence-court, Westminster, has a capacity of 14,000 cubic feet; from which, under mismanagement, it has been apprebended that, if the gas came to be mixed with common air, the most dangerous explosions might take place. This, in the opinion of the committee, might arise from an acci- dental fire, communicated to the build- ing which contains the gasometer. The committee, therefore, recom- mend, that the reservoir should be provided with a pipe, leading to some place at a proper distance, and having its external orifice closed by a valve, to Jet out the gas on the first alarm of fire, and that this and all such buildings should be made fire-proof. They also ascertained, that the explosion of a reservoir containing 14,000 cubic feet, would be equal to ten barrels of gunpowder. — In the explosion at Woolwich, it appears that seventy-three feet of a thick wall, twelve feet high, and which stood twelve feet distant, were knocked down, and some of the bricks thrown 250 feet, and others forced in a dia- gonal direction a considerable depth into the ground; that an iron door weighing 280lbs. was projected to the distance of 230, and another i90 feet, and that several persons were killed or wounded. The committee, therefore, recom- mend, that works supplying gas should be placed at a certain distance from all other buildings ; or, if they are erected near houses, that the reservoirs should be on a small scale, and that the reser- voirs should be separated by mounds, as is done in the government powder- mills, or by strong party walls, suffi- cient 1o prevent the explosion of one from bringing on that of any other. The committee also stated another source of danger, viz. that if the pipes. coming into aroom happen to leak, or if the manager of the lamps should neglect to turn the stop-cock after the lamp is extinguished, the gas would ooze into the room, and might occa- sion a strong explosion, particularly where the lamps are not lighted every night, for a servant might come into the room or church, hastily to light the lamps, and the mischief be done on opening the door, before the smell is perceived. X. ¥.Z,, 1823.] For the Monthly Magazine. NEWS FROM PARNASSUS. NO. XXIV. Poems Dramatie and Miscellaneous, by Henry NEELE; and Moore’s Fables for the Holy Alliance. &° great is the dearth of good, or even tolerable, poetry, in the pre- sent day, and so numerous the herd of poetasters and versifiers, ‘sleepless themselves to give their readers sleep,” with whose productions the press is continually teeming, that we feel a shyness at the idea of opening a vo- lume of poems, the author of which is unknown to us by previous reputation, very similar to the reluctance which an experience of the world is apt to inspire towards forming acquaintance with strangers. As the latter, how- ever, cannot be always avoided in passing through life, so the former is frequently rendered imperative upon us in our critical department; and, labouring in our vocation, we are often compelled to toil through pages, which, when we arrive at the'welcome con- clusion, impress us only witi the con- viction, that eulogium would be ridi- culous, and censure thrown away; pages of which we may justly ask with the ancient saiirist— Quis leget hac? Nemo, hercule, nemo; Vel duo vel nemo, The appearance, therefore, of a youthful candidate for fame, whose productions aflord us an opportunity of exercising the most pleasing part of our duties, in bestowing upon his labours the tribute of well-merited praise, is a source of peculiar gratifi- cation: and such a candidate we have 10 hesitation in pronouncing the gen- tleman to be to whom we are indebted for the poems now before us. Mr. Neele, if we are correctly informed, has already been before the public; but the present are the first of his pro- ductions we have met with, and, as the same may possibly be the case with many others, we are anxious, by giving to his merits ail the publicity in our power, to enable our readers to partuke in the enjoyment which we have deriyed from our introduction to him. ~ Mr. Neele’s volume, in addition to some miscellaneous poems on different subjects, comprises three dramatic pieces. The subjeet of the first of these, entitled “ the Secret Bridal,” is the marriage of Julio count of Sayona Montuty Maa. No, 383. News from Parnassus, No. XXIV. 459 with Elvira, the daughter of a peasant, one of his father’s vassals. ‘The count deems it necessary to keep his union a secret, from his dread of the resent- ment of Matilda his mother, who, aware of his passion for Elvira, but ignorant of his marriage, imposes upom him a feigned tale of the object of his attachment being the offspring of an illicit amour of Julio’s father with the wife of Gaspard, her reputed parent. The countess, relies upon the idea of an incestuous connexion with his sup- posed sister deterring her son from any thoughts of marriage; but the event is very different from what she had anticipated,—for Julio, goaded to a degree of insanity by the horror of his imaginary crime, kills Elvira, and, on his mother confessing the deceit she had practised, dies, reproaching the unnatural parent with her cruel arti- fice. The materials of the story, it will be perceived, are meagre, and are not, perhaps, the best that could have been chosen; but the poetry is in many parts exquisitely beautiful, as one or two extracts will be sufficient to prove. Hivira, when Julio attempts to dispel her fears, replies— ———— il frase To hope for once: I know her light-built nest Weathers a thousand storms, which fear or foresight Had vainly battled with. When the great ship Sinks in the ocean depths, the gentle halcyon In safety builds upon the reeling waye, And slumbers through the me ced : The following is Julio’s description of age :— Old.age is honourable. The spirit seems Already on its flight to brighter worlds; And that strange change which men miscall decay Is renovated life. The feeble voice With which the soul pire 4a tospeak its meanings, Is, like the skylark’s note, heard faintest when + Its wing soars highest; and those hoary signs, Those white and reverend locks, which move the scorn : Of thoughtless ribalds, seem to me like snow Upon an Alpine summit,—only proving How nearitistoheaven. ~ ar 4 2 Elvira, reflecting on Julio’s altered manner to her, observes— ’Tis ever so ; for on the sands of life Sorrow treads heavily, and leaves a print Time cannot wash away; while Joy trips by, With step so light and soft, that the next wave Wears his faint footfalls out, But we must not extend our quota- tions from this piece any farther. The other two dramas are founded on the well-known stories of the murder of David Rizzio, and the passion of Antiochus for Stratonice. Both of them are replete with poetical feeling and language; and we regret that our * own limits, as well as a sense of justice to the author, do not admit of oar 3R -giving 490 giving numerous specimens of their merits. A few passages, however, taken from among many equally enti- tiled to praise, will, we conceive, fully justify the opinion we have expressed. I tell thee, Rizzio, The frigid and unfeeling thrive the best; _ And a warm heart, in this cold world, is like A beacon-light, wasting its feeble flame Upon the wintry deep that feels it not, And trembling with each pitiless gust that blows, Till its faint fire is spent. -_ I spake no word— Inferior joys live but by utterance, But rapture is born dumb. They little know Man’s heart, and the intenseness of its passions, Who jadge from outward symbols. Lightest griefs Are easiest discern’d, as shallow brooks Show every pebble in their troubled currents, While deeper streams flow smooth as glass above Mightiest impediments, and yield no trace Of that which is beneath them. The picture of Gaspard’s wife given by the countess, and that of Mary by Rizzio, evince an intensity of feeling in the author for beauty, and a power of describing it which we never re- member to have seen exceeded. Per- haps, indeed, their poetry is superior even to that of the passages we have quoted; but we regret that their length precludes our transcribing them here. The same observation will apply to the delightful soliloquy of Antiochus. The miscellaneous poems, though not equal to the dramas, are well worthy of the author. The song written at Dijon, and the “ Lines on seeing Mr. Bayley’s statue of Eve at the Fountain,” are particularly beautiful. From what we have said respecting Mr. Neele, and far more from the specimens that we have inserted of his powers, our readers will, we are per- suaded, think us authorized toe claim for him a high rank among the poets of the day. He is, indeed, a writer of very superior talents, one “cuz non sit ublica vena.” His effusions abound in the “‘warm, energetic, chaste.” Rich in mental resources, he is equally happy in the judicious manner in which he avails himself of them; a rich and vivid imagination, just and vigor- ous conceptions, strong and deep feel- ing, and a style equally correct and forcible, characterise his poeiry throughout. With striking origina- lity of ideas, ke has united a merit too rarely to be found in conjunction with it: we are not startled with any affect- ed singularities of language or expres- sion; no quaint or obsolete terms are ebtruded upon us: but the style is jndicative of one that has formed him- News from Parnassus, No. XXIV. [July 1, self successfully upon the careful study of those writers who adorned the brightest periods of English lite- rature. Even his faults have their origin in genius. His similes, although all of them are beautiful, appear to us at times redundant, and productive of an excess of ornament; but this evi- dently arises from a powerful and glowing imagination, revelling, if we may be allowed the expression, in the exuberance of its own treasures,—as the land willin some places be eneum- bered with produce from the too great fertility of the soil. Such excesses, however, easily admit of retrenchment; the pruning-hook can readily be ap- plied to the too luxuriant branches ; but how shall we obtain fruit from the barren fig-tree, or how supply the “craving void” occasioned by impo- tent dullness or tedious insipidity ? We may likewise be allowed to observe, that we should rather have given the appellation of “ Dramatic Sketches,” to the three pieces at the opening of the volume, than dramas ; the latter term being calculated, in our opinion, to raise an expectation in regard to them which, with all their beauties, they will hardly be found to realize. We fully coincide in the remarks made by the author, in his preface, on a poetieal drama, not designed for the stage, being exempted from the necessity of many appendages which are indispensable in a piece intended for representation; and he is perfectly correct in asserting, that there is a wide difference between the dramatic and the theatrical. But, while we admit that he has done something more than write mere dia~ logues, we still think that in a drama, whether intended to be performed, or only read, there ought to be more plot and incident, and less abruptness in the progress, than we find in the sketches before us. Considering, too, the ability Mr. Neele has evinced in these dramatic attempts, of delinea- ting and conceiving character, we think that he might reasonably attempt a higher walk of the drama with every prospect of success; and we should view it as a matter of regret that he should restrict the exercise. of his powers within a sphere more limited than that which they seem capable of filling. The volume is dedicated, with per- mission, to Mrs. Joanna Baillie, the well-known writer of ‘‘ Plays on the Passions ;” 1823.] On the Articulation of Harsh Sounds in the Welsh Alphabet. 491 Passions;” and we think very properly ; for we conceive we are not paying a bad compliment to that elegant au- thoress when we say, that there ap- pears in many parts of Mr. Neele’s poems evidence of a kindred genius with that displayed in some of the much-admired productions that have proceeded from her pen. We here take leave of this gentle- man’s volume in our critical capacity ; as readers, we are convinced that we shall often return to his pages with pleasure, and we beg him to accept our thanks, on behalf of all those who can feel and admire true poetry, for the treat his publication will afford them, more particularly at a period— ** Rife with unmeaning rhyme, and maud- lin song.” Fables for the Holy Alliance. Another volume of poetry has made its appearance from the pen of Mr. Tuomas Moore. A writer of such eminence could hardly fail to produce something respectable on any subject that he might select ; and we do not think his present publication can be considered as any thing more. Ona topic which, from the many recent attempts of sovereigns to oppose the progress of human intellect, has be- come so trite, as the ridicule of legiti- macy and divine right, we must per- ceive something much beyond the decent mediocrity of talent that the ** Fables for the Holy Alliance” exhibit, before we can feel justified in award- ing any meed of praise. They are, generally speaking, very deficient in point, and are principally distinguish- ed by an inveteracy of punning, which the author appears to have mistaken for wit. The best are—‘the Little Lama of Thibet,”’ and “Louis the Fourteenth’s Wig.” To the Fables are attached “‘ Rhymes on the Road,” and some miscellaneous poems, which, though they do notin general add to Mr. Moore’s reputation, in some mea- sure redeem it from the injury it is likely to sustain from the preceding parts of the volume. We ought, how~ ever, in justice to observe, that the stanzas from Florence, and the * Lines to his Mother,” appear to us not to be exceeded by any thing we have seen from this writer, . Perhaps we cannot present our readers with a more interesting ex- tract from Mr. Moore's volame, than the following passage in the lines writ- _ ten when about to peruse Lord Byron's autograph Memoirs :— Eventful volume! whatsoe’er the change Of scene and clime,—th’ adventures bold and strange,— The griefs,—the frailties, but too frankly told,— The loves, the feuds, thy pages may unfold, If Truth with half so prompt a hand unlocks His virtues as his failings, we shall find The record there of friendships, held like rocks, And enmities, like sun-touch’d snows, resign’d,— OF fealty cherish’d without change or chill, In those who serv’d him young, and serve him still, Of gen’rous aid, giv’n with that noiseless art Which wakes not pride to many a wounded heart. —<—— For the Monthly Magazine. “FACILITY of ARTICULATING what are deemed HARSH SOUNDS in the WELSH ALPHABET, (Translated from the Welsh.) BELIEVE that there are but two sounds pertaining to the Welsh language that are not to be found in the English, namely, ch and di. The ch is to be found in the Greek, He- brew, and all the ancient languages ; but as for our pronunciation of the Zl, I am not aware that it is used in any language except the Welsh. Many of the English, and some of the tribe of Die Shin Davys,* assert that the above sounds are unnatural and difficult, enough to rend one’s jaws asunder in articulating them. I allow, sir, that every unusual sound is difficult and troublesome to adults. It is too much fora French- man, after he has advanced to man- hood, to learn the sound of th, accor- ding to the English manner, in this and that; and no Englishman can ever learn to pronounce the French as the natives of France do. Although the language of Scotland is English, with some difference, yet a good education can never teach a Scotchman to pro- nounce as an Englishman does; be- fore even the renowned, erudite, and eloquent Dr. Chalmers can speak for two minutes, his English auditors will have sufficient grounds to say, ‘‘ He is a Scotchman.” Andin the same man- ner, sir, as to every sound, not ac- quired by us in our youth, the only lime of acquiring true articulation, Nevertheless, this does not prove the natural difficulty of one or the other of those sounds, If it be difficult toa Frenchman to pronounce that, it is as easy as breathing to an Englishman ; and, although the latter cannot pro- * Persons who, being born in Wales, oppose the cultivation of the Welsh lan- ‘ guage.—Translatur, nounce 492 nounce chwi (you), and llaw (hand), this docs not argue any real harshness in the sounds. ‘Those sounds are no Jess natural to a Welshman than that is to his English neighbour. Shibbo- leth was as easy to the Gileadites as Sibboleth was to the Ephraimites. Further, sir, I can prove, to the satisfaction of every thinking person, that there are two sounds in the Eng- lish language harsher in themselves, and much more, difficult to be pro- nounced, than ch or Ul. The ch was expelled from the alphabet by the HKnglish (for it was in the Saxon), on account of its harshness; yet they have retained others that are harder to be pronounced, namely, 7 ands. I have scen many children, from four to nine years of age, that could not possibly pronounce those letters, although ac- customed to them since their birth. One can pronounce 7, but instead of s he says eth; another sounds s properly, but it will be vain to expect anything but al from him in lieu of yr. I have seen some that could sound neither » nor s; and some-per- sons have spent their whole lives with- out being able to pronounce either of those, notwithstanding they had heard them a hundred times every day of their lives. But I never have scen or heard of a child, nor an adult, brought up amongst the Welsh, whe- ther the parents were English or Welsh, who could not pronounce ch and dl. Anindubitable proof this, sir, that those’ sounds are much easier than the two above-mentioned ones in the English language; yes, as easy as any sound ever heard, as all that hear them in their youth are able to pro- nounce them correctly, * * as * * * Ievan Dou o Lan Tawy.* Swansea ; Nov. 25, 1822. —a— For the Monthly Magazine. STONYHURST COLLEGE. TONYHURST lies midway in Lancashire, and within three miles of Whalley, a village, with mar- kets, on the River Ribble, above Pres- ion. ‘The towers and half-court, yet standing strong and nobly, by which the visitor enters, were built in the sixth century, after a design of Inigo Jones, in what may be called Eliza- beth’s style, by a baronet, then eagerly determined to leave his heir a mansion * Vide Seren Gomer, for Oct. 1822. Establishment ut Stonyhurst College. [July 1, pet of the property that widely spreads around. But too soon and painfully was he diverted from carthly hope and ambitious views by the sud- den death of his only child, a fine boy, in his twelfth year, who was poisoned by yew-berries, caten as he played in the dark groves of the garden. With the. event. ceased all prosecution of a work which promised, in every detail of style, to be a very high honour to the country in which it was to be ele- vated, and the age in which it was modelled. The mansion, gardens, and park, were on a large scale, finely de- signed, and ornamentally executed. The property next, I believe, devolved toa Duchess of Dorset; and from her to the Jate Mr. Weld, of Lulworth Castle, Weymouth. Driven by the ravages of a fire, which reduced a large establishment to ashes, from St. Omer’s, and after- wards, by the urgent dangers of war and the proscriptions of the French revolution, from Liege,—an association of English Catholic clergymen, mis- called Jesuits, sought safety, and a peaceful prosecution of their charita- ble life, in this country: I say mis- called Jesuits, because the men them- Selves do not profess the character ; for, although the Pope restored the order, the bull issued for the purpose contains a provision, that the re-orga- nization shall only take place with the particular assent of the government of the country in which the settlement is intended. In Britain, itis superfluous to observe, no ministerial patronage is to be expected for such an object. Indeed it may be doubted whether any thing less than a parliamentary act, or, at least, a speeial proclama- tion, could revive the order amongst us, according to the sense of the bull; and the hope of such a measure is absurd. However, therefore, the priests of Stonyhurst may in their pri- vate association emulate the religious exercises of the order, still they can- not publicly discharge any active de- votion peculiar to its. prescriptions ; and itis well known, that personally the members have been idly subjected to much restraint In this respect. It was under that parliamentary act of the late king, which gave a Catholic father legal permission to educate his Catholic child, that this body of priests became domesticated in Britain; and there yel live some aged fugitives from Continental terrors, who daily recur fo the 1823.] the time with a prayer of acknowiedg- ment for the tardy justice of their na- tive country. The little band being poor, and -uiterly destitute of ali means, Mr. Weid presented them- with Stonyhurst, and 1500 adjoining acres, at a yearly rent of 30/. the acre, for an establishment of Catholic edu- cation. His own sons he confided.t their care: many others followed so great an example; and the manage- ment of the farm allows the associa- tion to receive and clothe boarders for 50/7. annually. ‘Phe musical, dan- eing, and painting, masters’ charges are moderate. The additions made to the house are large and ‘convenient, and, all together, the visitor inspects an establishment in every respect good, in many perfect. At Stonyhurst the number of boys has varied from 260 to 250; and the ecclesiastics, whether actually ordain- ed or intended, number about filty. The former are divided, according to their proficiency, into six schools, from which there is yearly a gradual ascent: abecedarians begin the course, and learn French grammar and fables, begin Latin grammar, read a little Florus, and essay-composition in French and English. At the close of the year these boys ascend to the next room, ‘still under the tuition of the same master, and become figurations. Their studies include Cornelius, the first part of Murray’s Preuch Reader, Greek grammar, and a few of Esop’s Fables, and begin to write Latin. ‘The third year’s school is called Grammar; Cesar, Sallust, the remaining Greek fables, Telemachus, are the classics read, when Greek composition e@om- mences. The next step is termed Syntax, because in the former style grammar and prosody were largely and in a philosophical view studied during it; but the grammar, an ab- struse and tedious compilation, be- came disused: the prosody is indis- pensable. Cicero de Senectute et de Amicitia, Livy, Xenophon’s Cyrus, and another division of the Vrench Reader, constitute the year’s task. Next are the poets: Homer, Virgil, and Ovid’s Epistles from Pontus, in- troduce them to the beauties of the art; they versify in the eclegiae and heroic measures of the three lan- guages, English, Latin, and Greek. fn the last year our students’ name is Rhetoricians : Demosthenes’, Cicero’s, and Bossuet’s, Orations, Sophocles and Establishment at Stonyhurst College. 493 Horace, exgage their labours; their themes are odes and orations ; and the conrse of humanities is concluded un- der one avd the same nraster,—aama- terial advantage: the obstacles to a “pupil’s proficiency, until a reciprocal: tact is familiar between him and his teacher, are ever great, and often in-' calculable. The system of education observed by. the order of Jesus is in itself a pian of excellence, perhaps the best that has beea sketched, certainly the best that has been practised ; but it is the method and perseverance, the con- stant eye and preventive hand, that strengthens so eficaciously their in- struction, and preserves so much mo- rality in the boy. Indeed indifferent ability, with so guardian an inten- dance, would sufiice to produce a scholar and a man of steady actions. In education it is not so much the means and the end as the way and the end, that one should contemplate. . The administration ef the establish- ment is peculiar. ‘The masters only see their boys in scheol; beyond the communication of knowledge their province does not extend. At play and during study, to the dormitory and to the chapel, the attendance cf one of three prefects is unremitting. The master and the prefect notice and award penance for any disorder and deficiency during their respective su- perintendance ; but it is the part of the prefect only to administer-it, and it is not even usual for the same prefect to award punishment and administer it: the culprit is generally sent to solicit his penal- due from another’s hand. Idleness or noise are occasionally pu- nished by an hour’s study during atime of recreation. Chat during study,and ignorance in school, are fernied: this ferule is rather a severe instrument, made of soleing-leather by the cobler, to slap the palm of the hand; the num- ber of slaps never exceeds nine on each hand. For insolence to a supe- rior, or indecency during prayers, they are publicly set on their knees during dinner in the refectory. For any greater offence or high excess of those inentioned, there lies in the first pre- fect’s room an instrument vulgarly call- ed cat-o’-nine-tails. The culprit, as in other cases, is sent to-rap at the door: “Come in,” sounds a deep voice; a trembling hand withdraws the bolt, and, in a feeble voice, the poor fellow says, “I’m sent for a discipline, sir.” ‘Pm 494 ‘I’m sorry for it, Harry, very sorry, indeed ; did not.expect to see you on such an errand. Take off your coat and waistcoat, Harry, and let down your braces: there, kneel down on my oratory; and smack sound the cords twenty-five times on Harry’s. shoul- ders. Such resignation is decisively an inference of a general sense of fair- ness and justice ; and I was very glad to learn, from a scholar of five years’ Standing, that he only remembered one instance of resistance during his time. _ At half past five the rattle springs rounds the dormitory ; and at six each one has washed, and all are moving to the chapel. Morning prayers and a lesson are there read: mass is heard; and from a quarter before seven to a. quarter before cight is an hour of morning study. Then there is as much bread-and-milk for breakfast as each one may desire; after which they all divide to their’ schools. The day’s task and theme are heard, and the morrow’s propounded by the master, until half past ten, when all congregate again in the study under the wriling- master, A quarter of an hour is allowed to wash; and at half past ele- ven diner is ready. On Sunday it is of roast beef; Monday, veal; Tuesday, boiled mutton; Wednesday, boiled beef; Thursday, roast mutton; Fri- day, rice-milk, fish, and some sweet pie; Saturday, pease-soup, eggs, and some sweet pudding: bread, cheese, and butter, are daily allowed. An hour and a half’s play follows; and it is joyous to note the rush and kear the wild cry with which the throng sweeps down the stairs, and leaps to, the ground. The previous morn had passed in gloom severe and silence, one whispering word of the present sport was punishable, and now they bound in freedom. The simple plea- sures of that time are indescribable. From half past one to half past two is the hour of noon study, next to schools again, and mathematics, until half past four, when comes recreation, during which a kind of lunch or draught of beer is at every one’s command. A quarter of an hour’s visit to the chapel leads to an hour’s evening study, and half past six is the time for supper, of bread, milk, potatoes, butter, and cheese. An hour’s play is enjoyed after it; night prayers and lesson en- gage half an hour; and every boy is quiet a-bed by half past cight. An examination ol each class, rather Establishment at Stonyhurst College. [July 1, publicly conducted, is made quarterly by the prefect of studies; to whom the post gives the first literary authority in the household ; and three distinctions during a school, conferred by his re- port, entitles the emulous student to an honorary reward at the close of the year. Concurrent with the examina- tions, there is also a rivalry of compo- sition,—the comparative excellence of which, in the aggregate themes of tlie four languages, gives precedency of seats in school, study, &¢. order of procession, first service at table, be- sides a claim to a day’s extraordinary recreation and entertainment at the year’s end. ,A particular day is quar- terly set aside for an account of these trials: the report is preceded hy reci- tations, classical explanations of fa- vorite authors, by one of the three highest classes, which support the ho- nours of such days in turn; and all is enlivened by music. But in August comes the grand academical exhibi- tion, for the adjustment of the year’s successes, and the distribution of its rewards. Every school contributes to the classical display, and puts in its claim to consideration for Grecian, Latin, or English, poetry, oration or disquisition ; then the first of each class, receives a large, and the thrice distin- guished a smaller, silver medal. This looks, indeed, a day of innocent pride and enviable joy. The long vacation commences on the morrow; the year’s labours are weil closed; the parents of the students, and friends of the esta- blishment, are assembled, with many a reverend gentleman of the established ehurch, ‘so hard in examination,” sometimes a baronet, and at times a lord, beside the president. Thus is the amphitheatre filled, and the scene is a good one. Hope, doubt, and anxiety, flush many a face; for, untik the name is pronounced from the pre- fect’s long book, no one knows for whose neck the red ribbon dances from the morocco case that clasps each sil- ver honour. Oh, this happiness! all pardonable, all ingenuous pride. And after that hour some will depart, never again to behold the walls that so long confined them, unrepentingly, for in- struction; and, ah! haply never again to hear the voices that for years sound- ed but for pleasure; told. only truth, and promised,—unconsciously deceit- ful,—what only then they knew, bliss, Oh, youth! fresh green youth, how lovely art thou to see and to confem- plate! 1823.] plate! Green youth, not that strong growth which grapples with manhood, and presumes on strength and prime ; but early, careless, confiding, youth, how does every day that distances us from thee fix deeper and dearer on the memory traces of thy happiness! Then we neither looked forward or back- ward, wished or wanted change; fear was a moment’s phantom, a nightmare in a dream; and doubt a fairy, curious in its starts. When the present is happiest, not because it is better than the past, or so good as to give no rea- son the future may not be more joy- ous; but the present is best, because itis the present. To conclude this paper without an acknowledgment for the open civility and hospitable kindness with which the visitor is received and entertained at Stonyhurst, were indeed an unge- nerous omission. These priests are very little known, and greatly misre- presented: reserve and equivocation, —to the shame of the country and the age,—haye by some been identified with the order to which they are sup- posed to be attached; yet no one can -see them, and retain so scandalous an impression. Their frank politeness sets aside a wing of the house exclu- sively for the entertainment of stran- gers; and it is common enough for a eurious gentleman, travelling the road, to ring the bell, beg to sce the esta- blishment, and meet with their best treatment and the amplest satisfaction. It is their pleasure to show and ex- plain every thing: they seem conscious that they undeceive, and they are justly proud of it. The boys in school, and the boys at play,—the boys at dinner, and the boys in chapel,—he is invited to judge every part and occupation. To me the visit was an agreeable one. The refectory is a noble hall; the study, and the room for philosophical experiments, are large, and the latter very well furnished. The library is rather small and new, and the cabinet of natural curiosities is not rich; but the extensive dormitory, with its dis- tinctly partitioned bed for each boy, and its whole arrangement, is a pattern of cleanliness and convenience. Ss. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, T is sufficiently known by the well- informed, that the Danish finances are always under the special protec- The Danish Loan. 495 tion of the children of Israel. Thus have these disinterested descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, taken care that the inhabitants of Denmark, for the next forty years, shall follow the injunction of Holy Writ, “In the sweat of thy brow shall thou eat thy bread.” For if those states, whose only resource is agriculture, with corn- prices yearly falling, have an increased yearly expenditure of two millions mark banco for interest, and 800,000 m. b. annual reduction of the debt, du- ring twenty-five years, it is more than the famous Danish financier, Schmidt Phiseldeck, would be able to conceive possible; and, at all events, will cost the sweat of the cultivator of the soil. The facility with which the finan- ciers of the present day negociate national loans is a serious misfortune for the present generation, but a still greater for the succeeding: for on the latter the greater burden is accumu- lated, however great the former feel the pressure.. From the complete re- volution in the disposition and state of the commerce of the world, Eurepe will year after year draw a smaller quantity of the precious metals from South America; because increasing industry, the result of independence, will require them for internal circula- tion; and those countries will strive at buying our manufactures with their own productions improved by art. The natural consequence will be, that the value of the metals will rise yearly, and at length obtain the proportion to things which they had before the dis- covery of America. Consequently an European nation, without other re- sources than its agricultural produce, and no other riches than the value of this produce in the precious metals, pledging itself for the payment of a fixed quantity of these metals, will each year find it more burdensome ; and many nations will, at length, be entirely unable to discharge such obligations. It would, therefore, never be possi- ble, with such inevitable results, to obtain a loan, were it not that the im- mediate profits attending it mislead the wisest, or tempt them to try the desperate risk. The first adventurers draw themselves regularly out of the scrape, and then repose on their lau- rels; having disposed of the shares to the public, who seldom examine, but let themselves be deceived by the high- sounding names of the contractors, ‘This 496 This hypothesis will be proved by the following statement of the gain on the aboveloan. Messrs. B. A.Goldschmidt and Co. and EF. A. Haldimand and Sons, in London, have contracted with the Danish government to furnish 704. ready money for each 100/. stock or bond, bearing an interest of 5 per cent. so that Denmark pays 74. per ecnt. for the cash really received. Now the above-mentioacd unthinking public, carried away by the increasing rage for investments ia public funds, and Considering an interest of G} per cent. as something very advantageous, entrained by the great monicd names of the contractors, bought these secu- ritics at 78/. to SO0/. per cent.; and the said contractors for- the loan,—viz. Hambro and Son in Copenhagen, B. A. Goldschmidt and Co. and F. A. Haldimand and Sons, in London,— eain immediately more than three mil- fions marks banco. : Now, whether the purchasers of these funds at 80J. avill finally ‘be the gainers, is another question. At all events, | doubt whether they know that the Danish national debt during the late war increased from 34 millions of dollars (in 1806) to 126 millions (in 1817); that the security for this loan on the revenues of the West India Islands, and of the Sound Dues, does not even furnish the interest, much less a security for the capital. The clear yearly revenues of the West In- dia Islands are 750,000 marks banco, and of the *Sound Dues cirea 1,000,000 marks banco; and, as to the further se- eurity of mortgages on the West India plantations, these are long since con- sidered asa lost debt by the Danish government. Notwithstanding all this, the short- sightedness of capitalists, and, what is worse, that of the merchants, in specu- hating in government securities, is so prevalent, that the most intangible, worthless piedges,—if offered under the protection of a rich name,—form a sufficient. excuse for withdiawing ca- pital from trade, and sacrificing it at the faro bank of government funds. Thus, according to the temper of the times, the possibility, however impro- bable, of becoming suddenly rich, by an casy conveyance of capital, is the temptation held out to the adventurous speculator. * Have already fallen short in 1822 near half a million. 4 Elucidations of Portions of English History. (July 15 Here is the real cause for complaint of stagnation in trade. It would earry me too far to go into the details, in proof of my assertion. It is clear that capital is the sinew of commerce; and the latter cannot thrive when the for- mer is withdrawn. In hieu of pur- chasing merchandize: at favourable opportunities, millions are locked up in government securities, and, sad to say, ciwployed in privileged usury. —

— Lor the Monthly Magazine. ELUCIDATIONS of PORTIONS of ENGLISH HISTORY, improperly REPRESENTED am our GENERAL HISTORIES. History of the Invasion of England by the Normans in the Eleventh Century, and the Consequences of that Invasion down to the Thirteenth. (Continued from page 395.) . 1071.— ME Pope sent his own pallium to Lanfranc, in token of investiture; and loaded him with flattering messages. ‘‘ I long for you, (said -he,) and console myself for your absence only by reflecting on the happy fruits which England is about to reap at your hands.’* Thus were the odious operations of the Conquest clothed in the distance in an agree- able dress. Lanfranc’s mission to England,—his special and avowed mission,—was, to employ religion in enslaving the Bnglish; and, as an old historian expresses it, to stifle the con- quered people in the embraces of royalty and the priesthood.+ Lanfranc, no less able than William, followed, in his political sphere of action, a line of conduct exactly resembling that pursued by the Conqueror: like him, he was in the first place careful to. attribute to himself, under a plausible title, a universal, and seemingly law- ful, authority. ‘The church of Canter- bury or of Kent, at the head of which he had been placed by the choice of the Normans and the Pope,{ was, as has been seen in the former part of this article, the first church founded by the missionarics from Rome amongst the Saxon Pagans. From ~ this priority had arisen the idea of a * Consolationem sumimus. (Opera Lan- franci, 357.) t Diem regnum et sacerdotium in nos- trum detrimentum mituos commutarent amplexus. (Gery. Canthar, 1333.) ¢t O Normanni prelates. (Ord, - Vit. 509.) Sort « 1823.1 sort of hierarchical primacy; but this notion had not been the foundation of any real supremacy in the church of Kent, or its dignitaries. The metro- politan* see of York had remained equal in power to the other, and the two had conjointly exercised the high superintendance over the bishoprics of England. But the chosen.of the Normans called up ancient recollec- tions, and brought forward some am- biguous acts of Pope Gregory (sur- named the Great), in order to reduce this double authority to unity, and constitute himself primate or sovereign archbishop of all England,+ which, say the historians of the age, was a thing quite novel,—a thing unheard of before the rule of the Normans.t{ 1072.—A great council of the Nor- man chiefs was held, in which Lanfranc laid it down, as the basis of his preten- sions to the primacy, that “the law ought to flow from that source whence the faith had flowed; and that, as the province of Kent was subject to Rome because it had received Christianity from her, the province of York ought for the same reason to be subject to that of Kent.”§ This metaphysical argument was calculated to deceive the world; it was, indeed, the simple argument of respect for previous au- thority. The real motives, of which no one was ignorant, were, however, avowed only in confidence, and in pri- vate interviews. In these Lanfranc told King William that one sole primate was necessary for the preservation of the loyalty of the ||conquered; and that it was above all things requisite that the church of the north,—of the county of rebellion,—should be subject to that of the south,—the land of loyalty ; and that there ought not to be in York abishop enjoying the right of anoint- ing a king of the English, lest, either willingly or by force, he might lend his ministry to the consecration of some * Duo metropolitani, potestate, digni- tate, et officio, pares. (Th. Stubbs, 1706.) t Iste est Lanfrancus, qui primus om- nium, &c. (Ib.) + Nova res, et a tempore quo in Anglia Normanni regnare caperunt, inaudita, (Eadmer, 3.) § Sicut Cantia subjicitur Rome, ita Eboracum subjicitur Cantiz. (Will.Ma'ms. 378.) | Ad regni integritatem et firmitatem, (Tho, Stubbs, 1706.) -Montury Mac. No. 383. Oppressions following the Conquest. 497 Saxon chief, or some Dane elected by the Saxons ‘in revolt.* Thomas, the Norman archbishop of York, whose personal independence this measure went to destroy, testified so little devotion to the cause of the Con- quest, as to undertake to oppose this new institution.+ He called upon his colleague Lanfranc to bring forward authentic acts in support of his pre- tensions. “It is well known (replied Lanfranc,) that all the privileges of my church were destroyed by fire and pillage.”{ Such was his ostensible answer; but Thomas was warned in private, that if, for the peace and union of the kingdom, he did not con- sent to acknowledge himself subject to his brother of Canterbury, he and all his relatives would be banished from England.|| Thomas desisted ; and did his duty as a faithful son of the Conquest.¢ He resigned into the hands of Lanfranc all the power exer- cised by his predecessors south of the Humber, and retained nothing of their ancient possessions but the vain title of archbishop ; for Lanfranc, under the name of primate, united all powers in his own person. In the language of the conquerors, he became the father of all churches ;** in that of the conquer- ed, all churches fell under his yoke, and became tributary to himj++ He drove away whomsoever he pleased; and in their places put Normans, Frenchmen, Lorrainese, men of all countries, of whatever origin,{{ provided it was not English ; for it must be remarked, that the measure which dispossessed the body of the prelates of England, was aimed only at those who were English- men * Unus ab Eboracensi archiepiscopo et ab indigenis~illius provinciz rex crearetur, (Tho. Stubbs, 1706.) + Palam murmuravit. (Wilkins, 326.) ¢ Jura combustione atque abolitione quam ecclesia vestra perpessa est, sunt absumpta, (Lanfranci Opera, 301.) § Propter unitatem et pacem regni. (Th, Stubbs, 1706.) || Sui suorumqueexpulsionem de Anglia. (Ib.) q{ Sucenbuit rationibus Thomas. (An- glia Sacra, 253.) . ** Ecclesiarum pater. (Lanfranci Ope- va, 366.) tt Omnes Angliz subjugavit ecclesias, nostram tributariam sibi fecit. (Gerv. Cant. 1333.) t+ De quacunque alia natione que sub ceelo est, (Ingulf. 71.) 38 498 men by birth, and that the naturalized foreigners preserved their functions. Among these were Hermann and Guis,* both natives of Lorraine, bishops of Wells and Sherborne. From that time the bishoprics and abbeys of England were employed as the wealth of the rich, the liberties of the poor, and the beauty of the wo- men, had been,—to pay off the debts of the Conquest.. One Remi, of Fes- camp,t for sixty boats which he had furnished to the Conqueror, received the bishopric of Dorchester, and after- wards that of Lincoln, This man and the other pontifis, who had crossed the seas as a sort of corps of reserve, to put the finishing stroke to the invasion, and accomplish what the soldiers had not been able, or had not dared, to perform, drove away the whole body of:the monks who, according to a cus- tom peculiar to England, lived on the lands of the episcopal churches :{ for this they were thanked by King Wil- liam, who thought that the monks of English origin could not but bear him ill-will. A crowd of adventurers from Gaul came to pounce upon the prela- cies, the abbeys, the archdeaconries, and deaneries, of England, like birds of prey attracted to a field of battle by the smell of blood. Most of these men exhibited in their new vocation the most shameless immorality. Wil- liam bishop of Hereford was killed by the hand of a woman to whom he offered violence.|| Others made them- selves famous by their extraordinary gluttony.¢ Robert of Limoges,** bishop of Lichfield, plundered the mo- nastery of Coventry; he took the horses and furniture belonging to the monks who inhabited it, entered the dormitory by force, and broke open their coffers;++ pulled down their buildings, and used ihe materials in erecting a house for himself, the furni- ture of which was paid for by melting * Giso. + Remigius Fiscannensis est. (Ead- mer, 7.) ¢ Monachos eliminare (Eadmer, 10.) § Sibi semper mala imprecantium. (In- gulf. 913.) || Henricus Knighton, 2348.) { Lautitiarum appetentissimus, non- nulla infamia respersus. ( Will. Malms.377.) ** Robertus de Limozi. t+ Dormitorium per vim intravisti,arcas -eorum fregisti, equos cepisti, domos de- gtruisti, (Lanfranci Opera, 31.) moliti sunt, 2 Elucidations of Portions of English History. [July 1, down the silver ornaments that had de- corated the church.* This same Robert of Limoges published a decree, | by which the monks were forbidden the use of nourishing food and instructive books ; for fear, says the historian, that abundant rations and jliberal reading would make their bodies too strong, and their minds too} daring,’ against their new bishop.t Nearly all the Norman bishops, dis- daining to live in the ancient capitals of the dioceses,—which were mostly small towns,{ — removed to places where there were either good lands to -be taken, or a large population to be plundered. Thus it was that Coven- try, Lincoln, Chichester, Sherborne, and Thetford, became _ episcopal towns.§ In general, the thirst of gain was seen to rage yet more fiercely in the priests than in the soldiers of the invasion. The English benefices be- eame the pay of flatterers and cowards,|| who, intruded§ into them in contempt of religion and even of the laws of the Roman church, (careless about self-contradiction,) exercised a base and ignoble tyranny, more dis- gusting than the brutality of the armed force. The Norman abbots wielded also the weapons of violence; but it was against unarmed monks. More than one convent was the scene of military executions. In that governed -by one Turauld or Torauld, of Fes- camp, it was the abbot’s custom to ery out, ‘A moi, mes hommes d’armes, (Come hither, my men at arms,)” whenever the monks resisted him in any point of ecclesiastical discipline.** ° His warlike exploits made him so fa- mous, that the Conqueror himself felt obliged to punish him; and, as a sort of whimsical chastisement, sent him to govern the convent of Peterborough, in the county of Northampton, a post rendered dangerous by its vicinity to the * Deuno trabe crevit 500 marcos ar- genti. (Anglia Sacra, 455.) t Non nisi ériviali litéeratu:a permisit informari, ne delicie aut littere redderent monachos contra episcopum elatos. (H. Knighton, 2352.) t Ne in modica civitate nomen Episcopi vilesceret. (Notes to Eadmer, 25.) § Wilkins’ Concilia, i. 73. | Curiales nimis et aulici. (Matt, P- ris, 47.) 4 Intrudebantur. ** Turaldus quidem Fiscanniensis mo- nachus. (Will, Malms, 572.) 1823.] the great Saxon camp, but well suited, said William, to an abbot who was so good a soldier.* The Saxon monks, though delivered out of the hands of this redoubtable chief, suffered no less from his successor, one Gucrin de Lire,t who, according to the ancient account, took the last crown from their purses that he might get himself a name amongst those who had lately seen him poor.t This Guérin ordered the bodies of his predecessors of the Eng- lish race of abbots to be disinterred, and, gathering their bones together, had them buried in one heap without the gates.§ While things such as these were doing in England, rumour was pub- lishing abroad, by the pens of clerks, hired, or wishing to be so, that William the mighty, the victorious, the pious, was civilising that hitherto barbarous country, and ‘reviving Christianity, which had until then been much neg- Jected.|| The voice of truth, however, was not entirely stifled: the cries of the oppressed were heard even ‘at Rome; and in that Roman court, which the historians of those times charge with being so venal, there were still to be found a few conscientious men who denounced the revolution effected in England as cdious, infa- mous, and contrary to the laws of the church. . The degradation of the Saxon, an the intrusion of the Norman, bishops were strongly blamed; but the death of Alexander, and the accession (un- der the name of Gregory VII.) of that Hildebrand who, according to his own words, had once deserved to be brand- ed with infamy,** for advocating the cause of the English against the in- vader, reduced the accusers of the new church of England almost to silence. Its canonical legitimacy was no longer called in question ; and two individuals only, Thomas archbishop of York, and Henry bishop of Lincoln, were cited before the court of Rome; the former * Ibi virtutem et militionem suam ex- periatur. (Will, Malms, 372.) +t Warinus de Lyra. ¢ Apud eos qui eum olim pauperem vi- dissent. (Anglia Sacra, ii. 41.) § Conglobata ut acervum ruderum. (Ib,) || Barbaros mitigavit mores, cultumque Christiane religionis, qui modicus erat, ampliavit. (Scriptores Francie, xi, 162.) § Wilkins’ Concilia, 526. ** VPene infamiam perpessus. (Epist, Hildebrandi.) Oppressions following the Conquest. 499 because he was the son of a priest, the latter because he had paid asum of money for his episcopal dignity.* Lanfranc set out with them; all three being provided, say the chronicles, with presents for the Pope and the greedy Romans.+ Their first care was to make a liberal distribution of the riches of Enyland,and gain themselves a great reputation for munificence and talent among the good people of La- tium.t When they came to business, every thing having been settled before- hand, all that remained was a vain pompous scene, in which the Normans returned to the Pope the ring and pas- toral crosier; and Lanfranc pleaded for them, and proved that they were very useful to the new king in the new arrangement of his kingdom.§ ‘Well, (said the Pope to Lanfranc,) decide as thou shalt think best, for thou art the father of that country:|| I place both the crosiers at thy disposal.” Lanfranc took them, and gave them back to Henry and Thomas; then, having re- ceived Gregory’s confirmation of his own title as sovereign pontiff of Eng- land, he and his companions took their departure. Thus the churches of England conti- nued, without any obstacle, and with the sanction of the Roman church, to be recruited from all nations. The priest of foreign birth recited French homilies in the Saxon temples ; and, when, either through surprise or through terror, they were listened to with patience, grew proud of the effi- cacy of his words, which, he would say, insinuated themselves as by mira~ cle into the ears of the barbarians.{ A sort of shame at having nothing but these ridiculous farces to offer to the view of the Christian world, impelled William to seek out'some one of those men whom the austerity of their lives had elevated in the opinion of the age. Such was Guimand,** a monk of the convent * Prinus presbyteri filius erat,secundus episcopatum pactus est, (H. Knighton, 2548.) ‘ + Cupidis Romanis, (Ord. Vit. 548.) + Mirabiles Latiis visi sunt. (Ib.) § Novo regi in novis regni dispositioni- bus pernecessarios. (Eadmer, 7.) || ‘Pu es pater istius patrie.” (Ib.) §| Licet illum latiné vel gallicé loquen- tem, minimé intelligerent, tamen, virtute— Verbi Dei, et gratia vultiis sui, ad lacry- mas se@pé compuneti sunt. (Ingnlfi Conti. nuatio, 115.) ** Guitemandus. 500 convent of the Cross of St. Lenfroi, in Normandy. The king sent him an in- vitation to cross the sea, and Guimand obeyed the orders of his temporal su- perior. When he arrived in England, the king told him that he had resolved to keep him there, and to raise him to a great ecclesiastical dignity. The following was the monk’s reply, as re- lated by an historian who lived soon after :*—“ Various motives induce me to decline the exercise of ecclesiastical power. J will not declare them all. I will only say, that I cannot conceive how it is possible for me worthily to become the religious superior of men whose language and whose manners are alike unknown to me,—whose fa- thers, brothers, and dearest friends, if not slain by your sword, are stripped of their inheritances, banished, impri- soned, or reduced to hard slavery, by you. Turn to the Scriptures, and see if they contain any law which tolerates the imposition of a pastor on God’s flock by the choice of an enemy. Can - you innocently share that which you have gained by war and the blood of thousands with me, and such as I, who have vowed to despise the world, and have left our own possessions for the love of Christ? It is the law of all religious orders to abstain from rapine, and to accept no part of what has been obtained by plunder, not even as an offering at the altar; for, as the Scrip- tures say, he who offers as a sacrifice what belongs to the poor, is like one who would immolate the son in the presence of the father. When I call to mind these precepts of God, I feel troubled with fear. Your England seems one vast prey, and I dread to touch it or its treasures, as I should dread to put my hand into a fire...... «--.” Guimand repassed the sea, and returned to his cloister; but, adds the ancient historian, it was soon rumour- ed that he had exalted the poverty of the monks above the wealth of the bishops; that, in the face of the king and his chiefs, he had applied the name of rapine to their acquisition of Eng- land;+ and had even spoken of the bishops and abbots, who had been in- ' stalled against the will of the English, as plunderers.{ His words were di- * Ord. Vit. p. 529, of the Collection of Writers of Normandy. +t Obtentum Angliz rapinam appella- verit. (Ord. Vit. 526.) + Rapacitatis redarguerit. (Tbid.) 2 On Bullbsbuiting. [July 1, vulged abroad, and gave umbrage to many,—who, not caring to imitate him, calumniated him through hatred and envy.* = To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, T is gratifying to trace in any in- stance the effects of a legislative enactment for the prevention of crime in the cessation of an offence, rather than in the punishment of it; and such is the case with regard to the Act passed in the last Session of Parlia- ment for preventing cruelty to cattle. It has been found necessary, indeed, in some instances, to enforce the Act against offenders; but itis in the ge- neral diminution of the offence that its operation is principally felt. The punishment of crime (however the lawless passions of man may require it,) can afford no pleasure to a well- regulated mind; and it is with a view to prevent the necessity of it, by warn- ing the thoughtless as well as the vici- ous of their danger, that we desire to make known more extensively the hu- mane provisions of the Act to which we have just adverted. It very wisely omits all specification of the various ways in which animals may be treated with cruelty ; so that no man can find, in the omission of any one of the almost numberless modes in which cruelty may be inflicted, any encou- ragement or excuse for it. All cruelty is now unlawful. But this, perhaps, is not generally under- stood; and, as circumstances have brought one particular case under my consideration, I wish to make known that the Act referred to does unquestionably bear upon some points which may not, perhaps, be thought, on a hasty perusal, to come within its reach. WhatI principally allude to now is bull. baiting ; for there are those, I have reason to believe, who, because this horrible and brutal sport is not in terms forbidden, may indulge a hope of being still permitted to find enjoy- ment in such an exhibition. Now, though I should feel as little pity for them as for any-description of offender, it is but kind and just to give them warning of their danger. ‘They will do weil to consider what is the plain and * Sequentes ejus essa spernantes, contra i livore exarserunt. (Ord. Vit. 526. 1823.] and obvious meaning of the words of the Act, which authorizes any justice of the peace or other magistrate to convict and punish with fine of from 10s. to 5/. any person or persons who shall wantonly and cruelly beat, abuse, or ill-treat, any kind of cattle. Itis indisputably clear that the bull is pro- tected by this Act: it is equally clear that no bull ever yet was baited, or ever can be baited, without being wantonly and cruelly ill-treated. In- deed I can call to mind no sort of treatment to which any animal is sub- ject, more manifestly and more wan- tonly cruel than this. The practice had been very generally discontinued before the passing of the Act in ques- tion: humanity has done this,—what remains, the law will accomplish; and it will speedily be known only as an historical record, exciting shame and regret that it was ever permitted. However the practice originated, its continuance was promoted in a great measure by persons having, from time to time, bequeathed certain sums, to be applied in the purchase of a bull, to be baited at a particular season of the year. An instance of this is to be found in the town of Wokingham. George Staverton, by his will, dated 15th May, 1661, gives out of his Staines House 6l. per annum to buy a bull, which bull he gives to the poor of Wokingham town and parish, being baited: the gift-money, hide and offal to be sold, and to be bestowed on the poor children in stockings and shoes, the meat being divided among the poor: the alderman being to see the work done honestly. The house at Staines, on which this rent-charge is made, has been for many years in the possession of the corporation of Wokingham as trus- tees, and is now in the occupation of their tenant at 12/. 12s. per annum. Part of this money has been annually appropriated to the purchase of a bull, and a subscription entered into for the purpose of adding sufficient to the overplus to buy another unfortunate animal. With admirable consistency, these bulls have been annually baited on St. Thomas’s Day, immediately after the service of the church for that day. ais the time is approaching when this annual exhibition is to be repeat- ed or abolished, I am anxious to direct the attention of those whom it may more immediately concern to thie On Bull. baiting. 501 subject, hoping that thereby the neces- sity may be avoided of legal prevention in future by the unwelcome means of punishing the offenders. The corporation of Wokingham will pardon me if, in my zeal for the cause of humanity, I suggest the course they ought to pursue, and which I should hope they may have already deter- mined to adopt, of withholding from the lower orders of the people the means of offending. The corporation cannot be compelled to encourage a practice which is an outrage to huma- nity, and moreover furbidden by law.* I need not remind them, that need- lessly to present the temptation is, in fact, to encourage the crime. How far giving the animal under the accus- tomed circumstances, exceeding the bequest in the will, might expose the giver to punishment, may be worthy of consideration; but I rather appeal to the higher feelings they must all entertain, of a desire to protect the morals and ameliorate the habits of those who are in some measure under their care. If, however, contrary to all my ex- pectations, the temptation should not be withheld, and the bull be as hereto- fore presented alive to be baited, I entreat those to whom it be given to sustain the cause of humanity ; and, if there be found any who can still take delight in such a practice, and are de- termined to learn what the law is by suffering the punishment, I have only to leave them in the hands of those to whom the execution cf the law is en- trusted, and who, I doubt not, will discharge their duty. F. B. Royal Exchange, London. Ba i For the Monthly Magazine. ‘THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEM- PORARY CRITICISM. NO. XXXI. New Edinburgh Review. No. 8. “ONEST country readers, who are little acquainted with the world of literature, are accustomed to ~ take the character of a book, which they have not seen, from the opinion of the review which they chance to read, * Not only is the construction of the Act, as being applicable to, and prohibi- tory of, the practice of ball-baiting, sanc- tioned by a legal opinion, but the Act has been enforced; some persons have been already convicted under it, and punished for the otfence. 502 read. We, however, of the metropolis, are much better informed with re- gard to the manufacture of criticism. The several benches of our literary tribunals have each its set of judges, that are nominated by a party; and, should an author happen to write any thing that is reckoned heterodox by one or other of these parties,—that is, should he write any thing at all worthy of the attention of mankind,—he is sure to be condemned by one set, at least, of these impartial judges. The ““Monthly Review,” for example, is unitarian; the ‘ British Critic” is ri- gidly orthodox ; and the “ Eclectic” is evangelical. The ‘‘ Quarterly” is the uniform supporter of ministers, and the “Edinburgh” issues from a conclave of Whigs. The ‘“ New Edinburgh Review’ must, of course, be the oppo- site of the Old. Witha still more vio- lent attachment to the established churches, on whatever side of the Tweed they happen to have been built, and perhaps with a little less virulence in political controversy, it follows in the train of the Quarterly. Having thus described the general tendency of the work, we now proceed to ana- lyse the Number before us. The first article treats of the foreign slave-trade, taking for its text the Abstract of the Information laid on the Table of the House of Commons, in May 1821, on the subject of the Slave-trade, and the Siateenth Report of the Direc- tors of the African Institution, read in May 1822. From these and other do- cuments it is demonstrated, that “Britain and America are the only two powers who are really hearty and sincere in giving effect to the great principle of the abolition; but that their exertions haye been paralyzed, and this horrid anomaly in the history of civilized and Christian nations has been secretly fostered, protected, and encouraged, till it reached its present frightful magnitude, by those very powers who, in 1815, subscribed the solemn declaration of, Vienna, in which it is emphatically and justly denounced as the scourge which has so long desolated Africa, degraded Europe, and afflicted humanity.” In evidence of this melancholy truth, the reviewer gives usa history of the slave-trade from 1807, the epoch of its abolition as far as respected this country, to 1822, the date of the last Report of the African Society. Any thing new in the shape of reasoning was not to be Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No XXX1. [July 1, expected, for the subject has been canyassed to satiety in all its varia- tions of form; and the reviewer has, therefore, been forced to fill up his requisite number of pages with details of craelties that have been often before the public, which are horrible in the recital, and disgraceful to human neture. ‘oma We have next two sheets of abusive remarks on Belsham’s Translation of the Epistles of Paul the Apostle. The article sets out with an eulogium on “the multifarious learning and ta- lents” which was employed on _ the present authorized version of the Scriptures; and gives thanks to “ the overruling providence of God, that has given such general currency to that translation.” If there be an “over- ruling providence” watching over the present translation, the writer may moderate his wrath against Mr. Bel- sham; for whatever he has done must come to nought. ‘‘Often have we wished (adds this reviewer,) that some society of Deists, possessing the requi- site talents and learning, the requisite kind as well as degree of learning, could be induced to bestow the neces- sary time and labour on giving a cri- tical edition and version of the Bible, as they would of any ancient work in classical literature. Butitis certainly a vain wish.” Could this wish be gra- tified, we believe that both Unitarians and Trinitarians would be disappoint- ed. The texts about which they quar- rel would remain in their original obscurity ; for the Deist would feel no interest in torturing a proposition so ag to accommodate the text to the creed of either party. It is more probable that, following the example of Hume, he would, by ‘‘opposing one species of superstition to another, set them a quarrelling, while he made his own escape into the calm, though obscure, regions of philosophy.” The third article is Blaquiere’s His- torical Review of the Spanish Revolu- tion, which, contrary to our expecta- tion, is. spoken of with favour: his relation of facts is said to be unques- tionable, and his testimony. valuable. Before entering into the merits of Mr. B.’s book, the reviewer gives us a neat and rapid sketch of the political state of Spain, from the earliest records of her history to the present time; and then proceeds to animadvert on their author’s peculiar bias in favour of de- mocracy in a tone of liberality ee the 1823.] the greater portion of the ‘‘ New Edinburgh Review.” ‘The interference of the French and: the other Conti- nental powers in the affairs of Spain is properly stigmatized, and the con- duct of England, in ‘‘ the maintenance of a strict and dignified neutrality,” is lauded to the skies. The Essay on the Theory of the Earth, by M. Cuvier, with Mineralogi- eal Notes, §c. by Professor Jameson, is next brought under review. The writer of this article, with few qua- lifications for the task, has set out with the determination to object to every thing that is said either by M. Cuvier or his translator. He mistakes im- pertinence for criticism ; and, a divine rather than a philosopher, he would, like the necromancers of the middle ages, confine the discoveries of science within the spell of a text from Scrip- ture. Whatever Cuvier may say of fossil bones and petrifactions, there must have been an universal deluge at the very day and hour fixed by the canons of the church. ‘‘ Among all the wildest theories of geologists, (says this divine,) there is not one who has ever thought of giving to the human race a higher antiquity than that which is assigned by Scripture, and which is amply confirmed by every thing that we know of the progress of human society, arts, and languages.” We do not ourselves belieye that any man can discover much either of the structure or antiquity of the earth by “peeping into a well;”’ but. surely there have been geologists who have assigned to it a duration of more than six thousand years. We have next the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, under the head of a Memoir of the Operations of the Allied Armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal Blucher, during those years. Jor what purpose this article was inserted, it is impossible to divine, unless we conceive it to be meant to flatter the Duke of Wellington. Se- veral pages are appropriated to the praise of his grace, and to an invidious comparison between his transcendant merits and the prominent imperfec- tions of the leaders of the allied ar- mies; though it is well known this favourite had no share in that eventful campaign: but of the campaign itself we find nothing that has not long ago appeared in every provincial newspa- per throughout the kingdom. The sixth article is a well-written New Edinburgh Review, No. 8. 503 essay on Vicious Novels. It is headed by the novels.of Isabella, by the author of “Rhoda,” and Osmond, by the au- thor of “the Favourite of Nature.” The deprecatory tone is perhaps too general and comprehensive. We can- not preserve novels, any more than we can preserve our families, from every possible allusion which monastic vir- tue would condemn; but the moralist has a right to censure what cannot be wholly prevented, lest the flood-gates of debauchery should burst and over- spread the land. ‘ It is said that there are certain refinements of manners in which vice loses half its grossness ; and it is to be lamented that there are too many noxious reptiles encrusted and embaimed in the amber of genius, which had better been suffered to eva- porate their filthy forms in the stench of putridity.. Power, however, would be ineffectual to remedy the evil. It is only from an improvement in the manners of mankind that we can ex- pect an amelioration of public taste; and the prospect of this improvement seems to be distant. On the account of Lockhart’s tran- slation of Ancient Spanish Ballads, we can say little. It is a tribute of praise to the talents of the translator, and, not having seen the originals of the pieces which he has chosen, we have no right to suspect that the praise is undeserved. The eighth article (headed by the Speech of Michael Nolan, esq. delivered in the House of Commons, July 10,1822, &c.) is a dissertation on the manage- ment of the poor, in which the Scotch and English practice (for the laws differ little,) are brought in continual compa- rison. It is true, as the writer says, that neither the act of Elizabeth, nor tie Scotch statute passed about the same period, contemplated any provi- sion except for the aged and infirm. To be poor, able, and idle, was to be a rogue and a vagabond. But times are changed. To be able to work and to have nothing to do is no longer a crime ; and no laws could be executed that would doom such people to starve. That poor-rates are not general in Scotland is, because the wages in that part of the island are more nearly equivalent to the means of subsist- ence. But Scotland is fast approach- ing to the state of England. Whatever smay be boasted of their patience and their pride, our northern brethren will call for poor-rates sooner than die of hunger, 504 hunger. Without some fundamental change in the application of ma- chinery, and the employment of human labour, nothing can prevent our be- coming a nation of paupers; and we shall owe it to the coldness of our clime if the idle poor do not swarm in the streets and fields like the lazza- roni of Italy. There is a canker at the root of the system of which our political economists .have no con- ception. The Sketches of the Character, Man- ners, and present State, of the High- landers of Scotland, by Col. David Stewart, comes next under review. We havea long analysis of the book, with objections to certain descriptions of the general character, the virtues and the vices, of the Highlanders, for which we have nothing but assertion on either side. The different points in dispute seem, as here managed, to be more fitted for a club of Highland lairds sitting over a bowl of whisky- toddy, than for discussion in a review. The public neither have, nor ever can have, any certain information on such subjects. One man, in the course of his life, meets with twenty or thirty Highlanders who are honest and ho- nourable; and therefore, in his esti- mation, they are a moral people. Another finds a like number who hap- pen to be generally thievish and de- ceitful; and, in his opinion, the hills are inhabited by a tribe of robbers and savages. The tenth is comparatively a short article, and is almost filled up with extracts from Mr. Bowring’s second volume of Specimens of the Russian Poeis. In translating poetry, it is well known that the thoughts and images can alone be preserved. The dignity of style, and the easy flow of language and versification, evapo- rates, and has to be replaced by the powers of the translater. In these latter particulars the original poem may be much deteriorated, or much improved; but the reader must be well acquainted with the tongue in which it was first written, before he can fairly judge of the abilities of the translator. On this account we think the first extract was ill chosen asa specimen of the poetry of Lomonassov. As it here stands, it exhibits the abili- ties of Mr. Bowring as a versifier; but all the sublimity of thought, which constitutes the bones and sinews of the Philosophy of Contemporary Criticism, No. XXX1. [July 1, ode, belongs to the unknown writer of the Book of Job. } Next in order is the Elements of the Theory of Mechanics, by Giuseppe Venturoli, of Bologna, translated from the Italian by D. Cresswell, m.a. &c. The review of this book is a history of the discoveries in theoretical me- chanics, from the days of Archimedes to the present time. ‘This historical memoir is well drawn up; but it is all that is given us. ‘A complete trea- tise on mechanics (we are told,) is still a desideratum.” ‘ While the writers of this country have cramped their energies by a pertinacious adherence to geometry, it is equally certain that those on the Continent have plunged into the opposite extreme; that they often embarrass a simple subject by their ponderous masses of calculation ; that, in their exclusive employment of analysis, they are perpetually devia- ting from the direct and natural course of investigation; and that, even in the application of their own analysis, they are far from having attained the sim- plest and most direct methods.” Dr. Barelay’s Inquiry into the Opi- nions, Ancient and Modern, concerning Life and Organization, has given an opportunity to a fanatic Presbyterian divine to pour forth a flood of vulgar abuse upon a class of physiological anatomists, who, as he judges, advo- cate the doctrines of materialism. Dr. Barclay, whom he has pressed into his service, is a very different person. The doctor merely gives us a history of the opinions that have, at various periods, been entertained on the sub- ject, and states his own without attempting to insult the understand- ings or impugn the motives of others. The reviewer, on the contrary, raves about infidel physicians, the effrontery of scepticism, and the appalling spec- tacle of atheism. Even Dr. Barclay> on account of the calmness of his state- ments, incurs a share of the obloquy of this furious fanatic. We will quote his censure, considering it as the highest praise. Speaking of Dr. B. he says, ‘Though far from compro- mising his own views, or aiming at general conciliation, he is cautious in deducing what may be reckoned ob- noxious conclusions from those doc- trines which he has conceived it his duty to oppose. This predominant fairness, we admit, does not prevent some occasional sarcasm and irony, which 382€.] which we confess we cannot approve in a philosophical enquiry,—not to speak of the author’s. constitutional Slowness and lengthiness of manner, which appears to us rather unfavour- able to the exercise of this species of humour. We may probably be both fastidious and singular in our taste on the subject, but we do not scruple to say, that much as we like a good joke, —especially if we ourselves do not farnish the ground-work of it, we pre- fer our author in his sedate moments, when the necessity for coolness of judgment and expliciiness of feeling suspend a propensity to the comic and the ridiculous, which we suspect not a little to endanger his character for sin- cerity.” The truth is, that the hwnour of the physician differs materially from that of the divine, The former is cha- racteristic of 2 philosopher; the latter of a persecuting bigot. The thirteenth (a review of Hodg- son’s Account of the Mosquito Terri- tory, and Strangeway’s Sketch of the Mosquito Shore, including the Territory of Poyats, &c.) is a short but well- written article. The flattering descrip- tions of soil and. cliniate, that are so frequently exhibited by interested speculators, for the purpose of allurmg ~emigrants to unsettled countries, and the miserable disappointments of the Victims of these dangerous delusions, are feelingly and rationally depicted. ‘The country known under the designa- tion of the Mosquito Shore, (on the coast of the Bay of Honduras,) to which Sir Gregor M‘Gregor proposes to carry his settlers, lies between 15° 10’ and 10° 25! north Jatitude, and is therefore wholly unsuited to Euro- peans. ‘From al) the information (says the reviewer,) we have received of this desert country, we carmmot con- ceive what inducement it can possibly hold out, liable as it must be to all the plagues of a tropical climate, to disease and death, and to the continual tor- ment. of countless varieties of loath- some insects, which, in a woody coun- try more especially, must prey upon the settlers. The productions and modes of history are also all foreign fo European habits; and what is to become, in this case, of the new set- thers when they first arrive? How can they cultivate tropiecal-productions? Where is their capital? Whereis their skill or experience? These are ques- tions which must naturally be asked Mowntuiy Mac. No, 383. New Edinburgh Review, No, 8 505 by every one; but to which we in vain look, in any of the works which have been put forth by the chieftain or any of his agents, for any satisfactory answer.” fy semis We have next a splendidly writte eulogium on the principles and con- duct of the Holy Alliance, an ana- thema against popular rights in gene- ral, and those of Spain in particular. Of the pamphlet (Remarks on the Declaration of the Allied Powers from Verona,) which gives occasion to this Burkean harangue nothing is said; but we presume that it, too, advocates the expiring cause of despotism. This ultra-royalist reviewer contends for the divine rights of kings, and denies the legality of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, even although sanctioned by the other powers of Europe. ‘“ The old government of Spain (says he,) may be tbe most frightful despotism upon earth, and Ferdinand the Se- venth may be an idiot, or worse; but we are speaking at present not of power, but of rights; and the public troubles which gave the Cortes the power, could never also give them the right, to do what they chose with their country.” Did this reviewer ever read the “Diversions of Purley”? We will answer for him —never; otherwise he would not have blun- dered so egregiously in the use of the word right. The fifteenth and last article, falsely termed a review of Elmes’s Lectures on Architecture, gives us another fifty pages on the never-ending subject of the Scottish national monument. We dwelt sufficiently on that topic in our notice of the last Edinburgh Re- view, (Monthly Mag. for May, page 314,) and we will not again tire our readers with the controversy. The Scotch Committee have, it seems, got a large sum to expend upon a useless building; and we care not whether they render it a fac-simile of the Par- thenon of Athens, or of the largest of the Pyramids of Egypt. a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, OUR correspondent Common Sense, in referring to the effects of the belief of witchcraft, so brutally manifested by some of the female. in- habitants of Wivilscombe, in Somer- setshire, has justly described others who are as much under the influence ei | of 506 of the principle of witchcraft as these poor deluded women. In his judici- ous remarks, however, he does not appear to me to have adverted to the cause of witch and some other crafts, moral as well as physical,—that phan- tom of a being called a Devil. The agency of this omuipresent author and promoter of all craft is maintained in this country both by church and state; and, while in our coarts of law crimes are publicly denounced as being com- mitted at the instigation of the devil, can it be expected that either his influ- ence or that of his imps will entirely lose their hold on the minds of the uneducated? If King James had not been so fond of contending against witchcraft, we should not have read, most likely, of the witch, but of the ventriloquist, of Endor; nor would the term witch have been in the translation of the Scripture, since it is not the proper rendering of any words used in the Hebrew writings. It was this King’s fondness for demonology, as originating in the devil, which occa- sioned this term to be so frequently and so improperly introduced by his sub- servient translators. The religion of Jesus is wholly free from any such absurdity, as that of inculcating a belief in any such beings as witches, devil, or devils. This, so far as I am capable of judging, has been most sa- tisfactorily ascertained and proved in some discourses which I have lately read, delivered at Portsmouth, and published under the title of ‘‘an Ana- lytical Investigation of the Scriptural Claims of the Devil,” by a preacher of that town of the name of Scott. I think, if I were accused of committing any crime at the instigation of the devil, [should demur against the count which contained the charge, on the ground of its impossibility. AN ADMIRER OF Common SENSE. ———— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, N inordinate rate of usury I take to have been the main spring of the distress of nations; inevitably in- ducing the distress of individuals, both borrower and lender; and, yet more, the distress of the active or labouring classes of the people,—-the genuine strength and support of all. By inor- dinate, L mean to express any thing beyond three per cent.; in the which sentiment I am warranted by Sir Mr. Weekes’s Description of the Musicus Ventusorum. [July 1, William Petit, and by many other subsequent writers on trade and com- merce, as connected with political economy. Inthe Universal Magazine, 1749, I see the price of three per cent. stock quoted nearly at par, and of wheat under 3s. 6d. per bushel: this, I think, looks a little like peace and plenty. ¢ The remedy seems to be, a legisla- tive Act to limit the rate to two and a half, or at the most to three, per cent. in all cases; and this, as it appears to me, would be the most unexception- able mode in which an_ equitable adjustment, now so generally required on all sides, might be accomplished. NEHEMIAH BaRTLEY. Cathay, Bristol ; June 10, 1823. ae For the Monthly Magazine. A DESCRIPTION of the MUSICUS VEN- TUSORUM, an INSTRUMENT on the PRINCIPLE of the ZOLIAN LYRE. Ned trial eager to experience the charming influence inspired by most species of music, there is none so capable of throwing over me that sola- cing mantle of exquisite pleasure which invariably succeeds to the soothing, consolatory, and etherial-born, strains of the Aolian lyre. I have often as- sociated with minds of a similar cha- racter and feeling; the sympathies of our nature have, as it were, expe- rienced a re-action, and expressions of regret have as constantly succeed- ed that an instrument fraught with such sweet influence should be so pe- culiarly limited in the diffusion of its melodious powers. The ancient Aio- lian lyre in common use is for the most part confined to the window ofa house, or particular chamber ; and thus its possessor is often shackled in bis desires for this delightful species of melody to the blowing of a particular wind. I flatter myself, that by the contri- vance of a portable machine, which combines the principle of the Molian lyre, (to which I have ventured to ap- ply the name of Musicus Ventusorum, and am now about to describe,) I have succeeded in obviating these difficul- ties and privations, by producing an instrument of universal capacity in its kind, and shall thus gain an addition to my happiness, if I succeed in con- veying one more pleasure to the scale of human enjoyment, The exterior parts of this machine, viz. 1823.] viz. the box or receptacle of what is more properly to be considered as the musical instrument, is best construct- ed of well-seasoned fir, of about a quarter of an inch in thickness, which, as it is to be exposed occasionally to the external atmosphere, it would be advisable to paint agreeably to fancy, and to Jay over the painting a good coating of durable varnish. The fol- lowing recipe answers exceedingly well for all works of this description, required. for out-doors purposes :— Take of rectified spirits of wine twelve ounces, gum-Sandarach four ounces, seed-lac one ounce, pure resin two ounces: dissolve in a warm situation in a wide-mouth botile, and subse- quently add three ounces of good Ve- nice-turpentine. The pillar or column by which the whole apparatus is supported should be neatly turned of some hard species ef wood, the claws or feet made to extend sufticiently wide, in order that the machine may stand firm, and not be rendered liable to overtarn by gusts of wind. The pillar may also receive a coating of varnish, as above directed. The instrument, when neatly made, makes a pleasing and elegant appear- ance, Fig. i. 9a Fig. 1. (a) representing a direct profile or end-view of the external box or case of the instrument, will convey an accurate idea of the necessarily irregular shape, open and covered parts of the whole machine, if the ob- server bears in mind, that every part of the outline of this end-view is to be covered by a thin board of fir, stretch- ing longttudinally, except the lines band c, which are left open for the purpose of directing a current of -air, as will subsequently be explained, through the machine. Fig. 2,—A, B, C, D, exhibits an oblique front view of the machine for containing the musical cylinder, here- after to be deseribed. Directly in the middle of the front of this portion of Mr. Weekes's Description of his Musicus Ventusorum. 507 the machine is seen projecting to the distance of several inches, and extend- ing longitudinally throughout its ° whole length, a triangular prism- shaped part de, connected with the box, and formed by covering the an- gular projecting head-boards, (one of which is represented by c, in Fig. 1.) with thin deal, similar to the rest of the external parts of the machine. The longitudinal covers or sides of this projecting portion, which is denomi- nated the compresser, from the office to which it is destined, rest on the two angular head-boards f and g, but do not approximate as they approach the . sides of the box A, B,C, D, being pur- posely so contrived as to leave a nar- row slit or aperture extending from f to g, of about half an inch in width, through which a current of air may find free access to the cylinder, having arotary motion upon an axis within the machine. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. represents a rather oblique view of the back part of the instrument in a complete state, and adapted to use. Within the box of the machine here delineated, the back part of which is best left open when in use, but may be made to shut up by a drop folding door, with hinges, at pleasure, is 508 is seen the musical oylinder which has been previously mentioned. This cylinder is best constructed by gluc- ing together several slips of well-sea- soned sonorous fir over a solid. mould of the same shape, and of proper di- mensions, paying due attention to the accuracy and soundness of the joints, that they may be at all points in con- tact. When the glue or cement is dry, the work may be planed down very smooth to the requisite thickness, (about one-eighth of an inch,) when the mould may be cautiously driven -out, and a hollow cylinder, such as required, will be presented. ‘Whe cy- linder should be perforated with a number of small holes, disposed in re- gular figures, which can be first traced, according to fancy, with a pencil on the surface of the cylinder. Two cir- cular head-boards, of one inch in thickness, whose circumference should be made to project balf an inch all round the surface of the cylinder, are now to be accurately glued to its re- spective ends ; an axle of brass insert- ed into each at the centre, long enough to pass through the heads of the box, and receive the float-wheels, one of which is fully shown on the left- hand end of the instrument, and the floats of the other mostly hid from view at the opposite extremity. The centres of these float-wheels are made to sit tight upon their respective axles ; and, aided by the wind, thus occasion a revolution of the musical cylinder within the box. The brass axles of the eylinder may be made to pass through a leather collar, and should be fre- quently supplied with oil, to prevent too great a degree of friction, and any consequent grating or discordant sound. Longitudinally over the cy- linder are stretched, at about an inch ‘apart, five cat-gut strings, all of them (except two) such as are used for the first or treble strings of aviolin. The two strings excepted should consist of what violin-players denominate silver strings, and employed by them to fur- nish the fourth or bass string of their instrument. Let these two last-men- tioned strings be fixed on opposite Sides of the cylinder ; and, when all the strings are tuned to the same note, as should be done, they willadd consider- -ably to the sweetness of the tones of this instrument. ‘¥ have found that more than two strings of this descrip- ion have an effect rather detrimental Mr. Weekes's Description of his Musicus Ventusorum. [July t, than otherwise to the melodiousness of the whole. These strings, at one end of the cylinder, are made fast to small brass ‘pins, projecting from the circumference or edge of the circuiar head-board; at the other -extremity they are attached to screw-pins, with: a notch in their respective heads, by means of which they can be easily tuned by a proper key or instrument for the purpose; and thus the strings always kept tuned to the same note, (suppose the concert pitch of -A,) and at any time easily rectified. The cyliader ought especially to be placed in such a position within the machine, that its strings may fall-in exactly with the current of air entering by the narrow. longitudinal aperture, before described, in front of the box. (See Fig. 2.) The spokes or cross-pieces, and cir-’ cumference or rim, of the wheels, may be made of light wood; but the hori- zontal floats will be best constructed: of sheet-tin, cut of a convenient shape and dimensions. They are painted black, to preserve them from rust, and varnished in the same manner as the wood-work. The pillar which is in- tended to support the instrument may rise about three feet and a half or four feet from the ground, on which it will stand firmly, by means of its branching tripod. : There is no necessity for strictly observing any particnlar dimensions in regard to the general construction of this instrument; but the following will, I believe, be found preferable for a convenient and portable machine :— Length of the external box, three feet eight inches; depth of ditto, seven inches and a half; width of ditto, se- ven inches; projection of the head- boards of the angular prism or com- pressor,, five inches; width of open part of ditto in front, three inches and a half; diameter of the cylinder, four inches. These dimensions are nume- rically expressed in Fig. 1. The dia- meter of the float-wheels may be about eight inches. To prepare the Musieus Ventusorum for use is almost obvious on inspec- tion. Being taken into a garden, the passage or gallery of a house, or placed near to or upon the top of an arbour or sumimer-house, or other convenient situation, tiie air-compressor or front of the machine is turned so as to-face the prevailing current; and, for this ¢ purpese, 1823.] purpose, the machine may be made to swing round on a swivel of brass, pass- ing through the bottom of the box, and into the top of its supporting pillar. The elastic current of air, by this contrivance having entered the com- pressor, increases in force as it ad- vanees, and rushes through the narrow aperture ia the interior of the prism- shaped compressor at its junction with the box, and plays with freedom over the strings of the cylinder. ‘The cy- linder is kept in constant motion by the float-wheels thereto attached, and the horizontal floats of which, being also presented to the breeze, are thereby made to revolve at the same time. Thus the cat-gut strings of the cylinder, in tlicir swift revolutions, pass repeatedly under the action of the current from without; from whence they derive a vibratory motion, that is promulgated in their course, and a succession of the sweetest sounds is the result. W. H. WEEKEs. a To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, IMES there have been when citi- zens relaxed themselves from the toil of life, and formed their families into social tribes, to cast their success- ful tributes at the shrine of mirth. I have read of the pleasures which lulled their busy and carking spirits into ge- nérous fellowship; when enterprise, either in the seasons of love or the contrivance of skill, have drawn thou- sands forth into the sun of Nature’s beneficence; when the fields were considered as exhilarating visiting- places, and their flowers and grasses, with their trees and blue heaveus, the identified dwellings of the eternally happy. During this recreation into rurality and humble enjoyment, the votaries of fashion, pinked in the mode of the newest cut, made their appear- ance under the spire of St. Paul’s Cathedral,and occasionally exchanged their vows, their visits, and their man- ners. Every topic, either reported or authenticated, was seriously or wittily eanvassed; and slander and virtue held proportionate sway in the pas- sions of these persons who were con- cerned, and those persons who had nothing to do but to draw an estimate ef other men and women, tolally re- gardless of personal esteem and the true interest of self-examination. But how changed are the times, and Mr. Prior on the Deterioration of Manners. 509 how different the pursuits of all classes of society; although human nature keeps an equilibrium in the heart! A Sunday set-out from the livery-stables, Cheapside, or Crooked-lane, is very different from the memorable jaunt which Master Gilpin took, and which Cowper has immortalised. The spe- cimens of Corinthianism that display the effeminate forms of the modern young citizens are literary curiosities, and make a wide contrast to the bucks and bloods ofthe last century, What- ever be the inconvenience of their connexions, at any expeusc, some of this school will have their whim, and are ridiculed by the man who is given to reflection." A survey in the park, a glance in the public road, and a visit towards the west end of the Reeent’s Park, will strike conviction. The lusty cit, who equipped himself and his family in gay clothes, and fur- nished a weck’s provision for a single meal; he who toiled up Hampstead- hill with the. perspiration powdered upon his face, a telescope jutiing cut of his pocket on one side, and a bun- dle of napkins, as food enclosures, on the other ; in the present day must haye a chaise, a footman, and pay dearly for his refreshments in his excursion. This is all very well in its way, pro- vided judgment is used to the regula- tion of circumstances; for trade, like the tide, requires animpetus. Health, too, must be preserved in times ef taxation. ‘ Criminal delinquents have their hey-day of pleasure at the public ex- pense: virtuous industry is entitled to its honey, since necessity compels a draught of gall and a sprig of worm- wood. Meanwhile, the visitors to the great sanctuary in St. Paul’s Church- yard of a Sunday morning assume an appearance as justly opposite; and the subject of trae devotion is also under an exclusive influence. Who- ever intends going to divine worship in the choir must be present the in- stant ihe service commences, other- wise he cannot obtain admission ; and, if he should be in time, and enters the choir, be is locked in till the service is concluded. ‘This lock-up arrange- ment is by the dean and chapter’s order, the legality and propriety of which, I leave it to others to decide. I must remark, that I do not like St.. Peter’s keys jingling in any place in- stituted for the purposes of serious meditation. Saints or sinners, looked at 510 at in such edifices, may not remind me of the jewels in the Tower, or the quadrupeds in the Exchange; but I cannot divest my thoughts of the ope- rations of Papal relics, not to say the beauties of the Inquisition. However, the verger, after an half-hour’s peep- ing through iron-hearted gates, kindly condescends to inform me, if I wish to be seated, that I may be accommo- dated in the gallery; which pious information very significantly tells me, that he wishes and expects to be accommodated with a shilling! After a walk in the sun, and in a state of perspiration, a sudden chilness scizes the whole animal.frame on entering this noble structure; but, if persons, who are not minute attendants, fail to be in time, and pay for admission into the one-shilling gallery, should ascend and take their respective seats,—the wind is intolerably keen, and corrobo- rates with the worthy alderman’s ex- pression, who once, very feelingly, no doubt, called it “a curs’d cold ehurch!” enunciated with the three K’s, of course. Be this as it may, a cold is taken to a dead certainty. The next inconvenience arises from not be- ing able to appreciate the want of Christian charity, and ‘not to hear the sermon, which is talked over by an old man with almost every degree but a voice. Amid the number of stout young cantabs and stalled divines emulous of fame, it is strange a decent preacher cannot be allowed to deliver a sermon in an audible and animated manner. I presume, the ‘ calling and election” of these church-and-state dignitaries being made sure, exclusion is studicd. Another inconsistency arises from the parade under the dome during the whole of the worship: a perpetual scraping of the feet of pro- menading ladies and gents, about the monuments, is extremely disagreeable, and, in view of the worshippers, irre- verent. Further observations, which Lintend making upon this subject, I shall re- serve for a future opportunity. ' Islington. J. R. Prior. ——>— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, : F contemporary attention were always commensurate with contem- porary merit, how different, in many instances, would be the proportion of the reams of paper assigned to the respective publications of the day, from Poetical Popularity. [July ty that which they now consume. How many a splendid quarto would shrink into a duodecimo. How many a vo- lume, that has run into a sixth or tenth edition, with ail the pomp of picturesque emblasonment, would have quietly expired with the first five hun- dred copies, or have left one-half, per- haps, even of that modest number, to douse into dusty oblivion on the shelves of the publisher. While, on the other hand, how many a work, now destined, “with difficulty and labour hard,” to “win its slow way” to distant reputa- tion, or perhaps to perish ‘‘ quenched in boggy Syrtis” of contemporary neg- lect and hypercriticism, would start at once into merited reputation. But temporary popularity depends, and must inevitably depend, upon & number of adventitious circumstances, which have little reference to degrees of inherent excellence; for temporary eclat is but fashion; and what than fashion more reasonless, or more fan- tastic? But for some of those adventitious circumstances, it is surely not very cynical to suppose that the recent amoroso effusion of Mr. Moore, “ the Loves of the Angels,” with all its half- sanctified voluptuousness and flimsy prettinesses “thick around it” might, even before this time, haye been con- signed to the tomb of all the inanities ; for what, in reality, has it to boast which a poem of such pretensiois ought to exhibit? What but a few pretty sing-song turns upon amorous conceits? a few pretty toyings with words and common-placcs, rather than ideas? and a certain soothing smdoth- ness and easiness of yersification, sus- tained (where it is sustained,—for it sinks occasionally in prosaic flatness, ) rather by the amplification of verbiage, than by any subserviency to the ner- vous conciseness and pregnant signi- ficancy which constitute the excellence of the higher species of rhythmical composition? The glow-worm scintillations of fancy, indeed, it has; and even the pretty triflings of amorous sing-song cannot pass current without these ; but what pretension has it to the co- herent power, the solar warmth, of creative imagination? The magic wand of Shakspeare could call an Ariel from the clouds, and a Caliban from the earth; could scare the blasted heath with witches, and people the moonlight grove with fairies ; 1823.] fairies; and could invest his creations with shapes and attributes so conso- nant, and endue them with language, sentiments, and feelings, so accordant, that they appear to be scarcely -less legitimate existences than the human eharacters with which, under such finely imaginative circumstances, they are so appropriately mingled. Milton, also, could ‘“‘hurl his spells into the misty air,” and spread around his ideal Comus an enchantment so credi- ble to the imagination, that one could almost expect to meet the jolly revel- ler and his rout in some of our mid- night rambles ‘in the green navel of this woody isle.” ‘ Soaring with no middle flight,” he could identify a Michael or a Raphael; or, plunging to the bottomless abyss, could “body forth” his fallen angels with such fear- ful sublimity, and breathe through them such terrific consonancy of pas- sion and emotion,—such veri-simili- tude of infernal sentiment, that his demonology has become, as it were, a part of the national faith; and to be- lieve in devils is to believe them to be such as the poet in his Pandemonium has described. Mr. Moore has chosen to try his pen in creations of the same imaginative order. But what of this creative, this organizing, this sustaining, power, this divine attribute of imagination, has he displayed? Is it imaginative creation, is it angel-making, to clap a pair of wings upon the shoulders of some amorous Strephon, or some mystified, half-sentimental, pelit maitre, and, sticking a star in his forehead, make him “sigh away Sunday” in quaint conceits and sing-song octasyllabics? Is it thus that we are to be “ trans- ported out of this ignorant present” into the region of idealities? Are these the high sublimities of which the sub- ject chosen by Mr. Moore is either capable, or else it is a subject not fit to have been chosen at all? Not to soar, with such a theme, into the sub- lime, is to sink into bathos. It is per- fectly unfit for sing-song mediocrity. But Mr. Moore has a name that is up,—and deservedly up for his smaller and lighter pieces. Some of his songs may be justly ranked among the most beautiful in our language; and his Anacreon has a fascination that defies all .criticism. Other circumstances have also conspired to give him an eclat, and to beget an expectation of 4 Poetical Popularity. 511 higher things; of which, nevertheless, he has not shown himself capable. The “ Fire-worshippers” has indeed some heart-stirrimg beauties; but all the rest of his ‘* Lalla Rook,” was mere la la. But his “ Loves of the Angels” is to be sustained, if it can, for the fashion’s sake, in all its glitter; and. every mean is tried to levy upon the public a general tax of admiration. It is thrust upon us again and again, week- ly, monthly, quarterly,—in extract and embellishment,—in Review, in Maga- zine, in Journal. Artists colleague with typographists to thrust it upon our eyes, if we will not take it in at our ears. The pencil and the graver are employed to give printshop-win- dow immortality to literary evanes- cence, and to emblazon in picture what in words must die. A periodical publication, in parti- cular, whose literary merits might entitle it to a less fiddle-faddle title than it assumes, has undertaken to embellish several of its successive numbers with a series of illustrations from this poem, Three of the pro- posed prints have already appeared; all exquisitely engraved, and the first of them almost as beautiful in design as in execution: the second, and, still more, the third, mistaking, like the poem they are devoted to, merctricious prettiness for the beau ideal of imagi- native beauty. But it is the taste of the artist in the selection he has made of a passage for the subject of his third illustration, that has led to these animadversions. The quotation is as follows :— ’T was first at twilight, on the shore Of the smooth sea, be heard the lute And voice of her he lov’d steal o’er The silver waters, that luy mute, As loth, by even a breath, to stay The pilgrimage of that sweet lay, Whose echoes still went on and on, Till lost among the light that shone Far off, beyond the ocean’s brim. Silver waters laying mute, that they may not stop the pilgrimage of a sweet lay! and echoes going on and on till they are Jost among far-off light! That is to say, (if 1 may be permitted to compress to meaning what the poet has thought fit to dilate into verbiage, ) sounds that waters will not prevent from travelling on and on, till they are out of sight. What a pity that the artist could not contrive to introduce some of these pilgrim sounds into ‘his picture! 512 picture! But, to proceed with the guotation— He saw upon the golden sand. Of the seashore, a maiden stand, Before whose feet the expiring waves Flung their last tribute with a sigh ; As, in the east, exhausted slaves Lay down the far-brought gift, and die ; And, while the lute hung by her, hush’d, As if unequal to the tide Of sony that from her lips still gush'd, She rais’d, like one beatified, Those eyes, whose light seem’d rather given To be ador’d than to adore;— Such eyes, as may have look’d fram heayen, But ne'er were rais’d to it before. Expiring waves flinging their tri- bute, we may perhaps pardon; be- cause, though we cannot very well embody the image, we may compre- hend the idea. But what to make of the simile, of this flinging verb begot- ten, “‘exhausted slaves - laying down the far-brought gift, and dying,” we probably should never have conceived, if we had not recollected, at last, an incident relative to the collection of the poison of the Upas-tree in Cole- man’s “ Law of Java.” It is the ex- hausted slave laying down the far- brought poison of the Upas, then, and expiring under the effects of the infec- tion contracted in the act of collecting it, that is compared with the expiring waves flinging their last tribute at the feet of warbling beauty. O! most wonderful and apposite similitude ! The ensuing image, however,—that of a tide gushing from the mouth of a lady,—tbhe painter might have repre- . sented: the vicinity of the sea (from the qualms sometinies excited by such proximity,) might have given credi- bility, at least so far, to the representa- tion; aud perhaps, by a proper admix- ture of the customary notation of erotchets, quavers, semiquavers, &c. in the gushing stream, he might have given us some idea that it was a tide of song that was so gushing. “But are not the last four lines vastly pretty?” the boarding-school misses will perhaps enquire: ‘Eyes xather given to be adored than to adore! Such eyes as may have looked from heaven, but never looked to it before!” Why, aye: in.one.of Mr. Moore’s very pretty, half bantering, half flat- tering and cajoling, love-songs, they would have been pretty; for they would have been in place. ‘The idea was fit enough for the toilet and the music-room ; and for such they should Mr. Lucas on the Auction-Duty, &e. {July 2, have been reserved: but for the exalted regions of imagination in which the “Loves of the Angels” should have breathed, they are as unfit as one of Mr. Moore’s double-entendre love- songs would be for a bymn in church. But, if the thought was really too pretty to be laid aside, as Mr. Moers had reduced his amorous angels to the common - place level of mere maudlin, love - making - mortals, he should have put it into one of their mouths, and have left the lover and the love responsible for the hyper- bolical half-nonsense of the eonceit; instead of taking the inanity of it une- guivocally upon himself. But, if the thought required some redeeming grace, shall we find such redemption in the euphony of the concluding line, —with its necessary emphasis of anti- thesis on its twittering particles? “ But ne’er were rais’d to it befere.”” Too-wit, too-wit, too-wit!. This is harmonizing the voice of the Muse to the minstrelsy of the plover, or the lapwing. May 15, 1823, N. B.C. ra To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, AM obliged to Mr. Green for his notice as to the daw of the case with respect to brokers seizing more goods than are enough to cover the amount of rent due.* It appears that I used the wrong word ; I should have said custom, and not law: for, accard- ing to Mr. Green’s account of the trial he was present at, the broker appeared to think he had at all events a custo- mary, if not a legal right, to seize more furniture than might be sufficient to cover the demand. ButI am glad to be told that Chief Justice Abbott gave the public sort of lecture he did to the “‘ man,” as he emphatically called him; and I quite agree with Mr. Green, that misinformation on this subject should not be suffered to exist in the public mind, and therefore again I thank him for his notice. I shall embrace this opportunity of mentioning, that I committed another error in the same communication that Mr. G. has alluded to, in saying that government “might forego, without much loss of revenue, the auction-duty of five per cent. on all goods seized for rent.” JF am given to understand that, rr ee ee * We should be glad to see some obser- vations on the iniquitous practice of Seizing the goods of lodgers for the rent and taxes of the bousekeeper,— EpITOR. 1823.] Mr. Lawrence on the Nutritive Properties of the Potatoe. as in cases of bankruptcy, so in cases of seizure for rent, the auction-duty is never charged; and,if so, it strengthens the idea that I suggested, of all furni- ture whatever seized for rent being sold by public auction; for, since I sent the article in question to the Monthly Magazine, 1 have met with several instances of extreme hardship pressing upon the poor from the loose and unsatisfactory mode of seizure and selling that is adopted, and from the opinion too generally entertained by brokers of the greatness and almost supremacy of their power, in valuing, and, as it were, condemning, furni- ture, &c. I beg to make two or three remarks, which have been suggested by the perusal of Mr. Gilbertson’s letter in your last Number. I shall not say a word about the priority of invention of the thing in question; and, indeed, it is quite indifferent to the public, whe- ther Mr. Loudon or he were the first inventors, provided the purpose was auswered,—viz. to prevent the neigh- bourhood, where tallow-melting esta- blishments are situated, from being annoyed by the horrible effluvia that emanates from them. I confess that, when I first read Mr. Hawes’s letter, I was a good deal astonished at his stating that the offensiveness of the effluvia at his manufactory was nearly or altogether done away with, know- ing, as I did, from my business fre- quently leading me to premises ad- joining Mr. Hawes’s, at the Old Barge- house, that the effluvia was still so intolerable, when the wind set in the direction of the wharf where I was engaged, as to be nearly unbearable: I was very much inclined to have no- ticed his letter then; but, as the sub- ject is now started again by Mr. Gilbertson, I must, in justice to truth, say, that whatever process Mr. Hawes may haye employed to destroy the eflluvia produced by his business, it has quite failed; and can only add, that, if Mr. Gilbertson’s improvement does not answer the purpose much better, he has put himself to an ex- pense for nothing. J. M. Lacey. ——- To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ’ HAVE many years known, by report, your correspondent Mr. Bartley, as one of our oldest and most experienced cultivators of the potatoe ; Monruty Maa. No. 383. 513 indeed, he and I have frequently dis- cussed the nature and qualities of that valuable esculent, in certain pages which have been some years shut up. Doctors differ ; and Mr. Bartley and I, on this topic, have been always on dif- ferent sides, and so, it appears ex- tremely probable, are likely to remain. The fate of this root has been singular, not to say laughable: for, whilst some, particularly scientific folk, have made it a sort of panacea, placing it at the head of all articles of nutrition, with imaginations so heated and enthusias- tic in its favour, that, were we at this time, blessed with a good heathen sys- tem of religion, they would, beyond all question, have deified their favourite, as the Egyptians of old did leeks and onions; others have formerly decried the potatoe as nearly poisonous; and Mr. Cobbett, who, you know, says nothing in vain, has not long since stigmatized it as the agricultural curse of Ireland and Britain. I certainly cannot take a middle course between the two gentlemen above quoted, be- cause I differ with Mr. Cobbett in ihe affair, toto celo, and esteem the pota- toe as the most useful and important root ever naturalized in this country. That sentiment, however, does not compel me to shut my eyes to those inexpugnible. practical truths and facts, which have been periodically passing before them, during nearly, or up- wards of, half a century. The potatoe culture has increased in this country twenty fold, since my first knowledge of it; when, in fact, it had scarcely become a field culture. The improvement in quality, also, has kept pace with the extent of cultiva- tion; the yellow colour, as in turnips, generally marking the superior quality. The largest and best I have ever culti- vated, or indeed seen, were from seed procured at Hamburgh. One great cause of the cheapness of wheat, within these few years, has undoubt- edly subsisted in the general use of po- tatoes, as, in part, a substitute for bread, for, which they are certainly a good substitute, where flesh-meat composes the ground. work of the meal; and, in such case, the cheer of a country could not be deemed bad, even in the total absence of bread-corn. To this extent, I am the advocate of potatoes ; but I cannot consent to sa- crifice truth and common-sense to any scientific fantasm, however splendid: and d-la-mode, and although sanc- 3U tioned 514 tioned and started even by Vauquelin himself. I honour science, and its laborious andindefatigable cultivators, with a reverence equal to that of any man; and amas truly impressed with a sense of the important benefits thence conferred on human society, in almost every possible view of profitor pleasure. Every temporal or mundane proposition or thing, however, has its boundaries and its defects. Itshall enlighten and succeed to such a degree, and under given circumstances, but no farther. We are not to expect absolute perfec- tion, like the young modish scientific farmer of twenty years since, who, brimful of technicalities, had been taught to prefer the creed of science, as other creeds, to the direct evidence of his own senses. There is a chemi- cal analysis, and a practical analysis ; and, although fortunately, on most occasions, the former is sufficiently accurate for use, yet, on some, it is not to be depended on, and may lead to very erroneous results: I must pre- mise, indeed, the really scientific will have perceived this. Iam amere reader in chemistry, but I bestow a share of attention. A chemical analysis of two substances, shall render to each a certain portion of gluten, for instance. But is gluten simple and unchangea- ble, and of precisely similar strength and quality, in all substances wherein it may be contained? Mr. Bartley says, that ‘In nutri- tious> effect, the farina of potatoes greatly exceeds any given measure of the best wheaten flour.” Now, this is in direct opposition to the whole tenor of my experience ; and I have had the best opportunities for practical experi- ment, with both the human and brute animal. The fact has been long prac- tically and actually established, that the farina of wheat is the most solid and powerfully nutritive of all others in common use. That of the other com- mon grains follows in a certain order ; the flour of potatoes, however sightly, light, and agreeable, being inferior to them all in solid nutritive effect. This is proved by the quality of the flesh of animais fattened, and by the propor- tionate powers of labouring men or animals fed. Feed a pig or any animal, for slaughter, with the roots or farina of potatoes, and you shall find the flesh loose, unsubstantial, flavourless, of dingy disagreeable colour, and gene- rally shrinking from cookery. Feed a similar animal with solid corn, meal, Mr. Lawrence on the Nutritive Properties of the Potatoe. (July 1, or milk, and your experience shall be thereverse. You will obtain firm and solid flesh, both fat and lean, of sa- voury flavour, and swelling in the pot: worth also more at market by two- pence or three-pence per Ib. for the dealers well understand the caveat emptor. I am well aware, that very marketable and eatable pork may be fattened upon potatoes and corn together; still the. meat will be deteriorated in proportion to the roots used. Put up to fatten two store-pigs of similar age and pro- mise ; feed the one with potatoes in any form you please, and the other with corn or meal; and, at the end of fourteen weeks, the latter shall bring to the scale more weight, by many stones, of eight pounds, than the for- mer, supposing their store-weight to have been equal. I have made expe- riment of these things so often, that it has long been an old song with me; and, without presuming overmuch, I may say, experto crede Roberto. Ihave seen wretched labourers in Hants, threshing on bread and water, perhaps six successive days, without tasting flesh meat. They were still able to perform their labour, remarking, at the same time, that the entrails of their wives and children were nearly scoured out by living on potatoes. This did not happen when they got plenty of bread. However essentially and radically I may differ from Mr. Western in other respects, F cordially agree with him in deprecating the misery of a ‘potatoe-fed popula- tion.’ But in the process of starch- making, will be found the most de- cisive test of the superiority of the farina of wheat. The meal of a bushel of wheat, weighing sixty pounds, will manufacture into twenty-five pounds of starch; but the like weight of the farina of potatoes will not produce any thing like an equal weight of starch ; which is also, though shining and beau- tiful, light, loose, unsubstantial, and comparatively worthless. Ground into hair-powder, it is still less successful. It is pretended, that the potatoe farina is equal in substance and effect to that of the arrow-root of the West- India islands; the English of which is the superior cheapness of the former, whence itis also so difficult to obtain the arrow-rootgenuine. If was once, more- over, the crack among writers de re rustica, to represent carrots as equal in substantial nutriment to oats, for Ia- bouring horses. As an experimenter, I tried 1823.] I tried this to my cost and my im- provement. In the interim, I am not decrying the use of carrots in the sta- bles, for which, indeed, I have always been an advocate. It has been the custom hitherto, with those who have become desperately enamoured with the potatoe, to pay no kind of attention toarguments like the foregoing, but to ‘proceed with their eulogiums on their favourite farina, even as the Moslem priests, mounting the minarets, call out daily, ‘There is only one God, and Mahomet is his prophet.” But some more substantial proofs than those re- sulting from mere chemical analysis, are required to establish the superior substance and effects of the potatoe farina. I heartily join with Mr. Bartley in wishing to the nations of the Peninsula all the benefits, and they may be great, of an extensive potatoe-cultiva- tion. ‘There is a wish, however, much nearer to my heart: it is, that they may not neglect to plant, universally and permanently, the sacred tree of liberty, which may bring forth for ages tocome, the Rights of Man,—that they may not be deterred in their glorious career by insidious and treacherous mediation ; and, above all things, having achieved their liberties, that they may not have those ravished from them by some perjured traitor, under the name of an ewperor. Joun LAWRENCE. Somers Town, May 8. eS For the Monthly Magazine. ON the ANCIENT HISTORY of PERSIA. N the second yolume of the ‘‘Trans- actions of the Literary Society at Bombay,” Captain Kennedy has in- serted some learned ‘‘ Remarks on the Chronology of Persian History, pre- vious to the Conquest by Alexander the Great.” His pervasive knowledge of Persian literature deserves admira- tion ; but, for want of a critical study of the sacred books, he seems to have missed the only clue which can guide safely through the labyrinth of primae- val chronicle. As Sir John Malcolm, in a more responsible capacity, has, from the same cause, incurred similar errors; and as oriental history cannot be correctly written without first an- derstanding its biblical basis ; you will, perhaps, indulge an attempt to re- move some of the more prevailing misstatements, Captain Kennedy trusts Herodotus too little, and Ctesias too much, This Oriental Accounts of the Ancient History of Persia. 515 last author is no where quoted before the age of Alexander; and his book i probably a Greek forgery, under the name of the physician of Artaxerxes Mnemon, made about the time when Greece was intent on the expedition of Alexander. The author cannot have known the countries he describes, although he has been able to impose on Diodorus Siculus, who has adopted, and conferred authority on, his misre- presentations. The commencement of the Jewish captivity has been. erroneously nar- rated by the authors of the “ Universal History,” and by ali their successors. They rely on the authority of Jose- phus, who groundlessly teaches that his Nebuchadnezzar flourished se- venty years before Cyrus. The title Nebuchadnezzar consists of the Medic words, Nebu—cadne—tsar (Coelo— dignus—princeps,) which signify, the throne-worthy prince, the crown- prince, arid was the official designa- tion (see Forster’s Letter to Michaclis, preserved in the Spicilegium Geogra- phig Hebraorum extere,) of the heir- apparent to the Medic throne. Hence, under Cyrus, his son Cambyses was the Nebuchadnezzar; and, under Darius, his son Xerxes was the Nebuchadnezzar. Now the prince, who took Jerusalem, and led the Jews captive, was evidently Cambyses. According to Josephus, indeed, (Ant, x. 6,) the Nebuchadnezzar took the government over the Babylonians in the fourth year of the reign of Jehoia- kim, king of the Jews; and immedi- ately determined on an expedition against Necho, the Pharaoh, or king, of Egypt, under whose protection Syria then was. This attack was not wholly unprovoked ; for, in the time of Manasseh, Palestine had become a satrapy dependent on Babylon, but had been conquered in the time of Josiah by the Egyptians, and rendered tributary to Memphis. The Lgyp- tians were favoured by the idolaters of Jerusalem; the Chaldeans kept upa secret understanding with the mono- theists, especially with the family of Hilkiah, which eventually superseded the established dynasty. The sovereign of Babylon, continues Josephus, passed the Euphrates at Carchemish, took all Syria as far as Pelusium; and, a little time after- wards, made an expedition against Jehoiakim, who received him into Jerusalem. This king was unexpect- edly 516 edly deposed and butchered; his son trusted with the sovereignty ; and cuptives, or hostages, among whom was Ezekiel, were transported to Baby- lon. The successor of Jehoiakim was supposed to harbour vindictive feelings, was in his turn deposed, and sup- planted by his kinsman Zedekiah, a son-in-law of Jeremiah. Finally Zedekiah was accused of revolting to the Egyptians; and a second invest- ment, or siege, of Jerusalem took place, during which the people suf- fered every extremity for eighteen months, and at length surrendered. The assassination of Holofernes by Judith seems to have delayed the ap- proach, and embittered the vengeance, of this army. The Babylonian mo- narch, adds Josephus, abode at Riblah, while his generals took the town; the temple was burnt by Nebuzaradan, and the cityrazed. Zedekiah was cap- tured alive, blinded, and imprisoned until his decease at Babylon; whither the vessels of the temple, and the saleable inhabitants, were removed. The young kinsmen of Zedekiah were brought up in the schools of the Chal- deans; among whom, Danicl and Ezra acquired great distinction. Arioch of Elam was their protector. ‘The high-priest Josadok was released from his bonds. Thus far all is probable, and con- sistent with Scripture; but, we are next told by Josephus, that, after a reign of forty-three years, Nebuchad- nezzar died; that he was succeeded by Evilmerodach, who reigned eighteen years ; then by Niglissor, who reigned forty years; then by Labosordacus, who reigned nine months; and then by Baltasar. Against him, says Josephus, (Ant. x. 11,) Cyrus king of Persia, and Darius king of Media, made war; and he had reigned seventeen years when they took Babylon. This Darius, king of Media, is stated to have patronized Daniel, and to have made the bard one of his principal pre- fects, Cyrus is next described as restoring to the Jews the vessels plun- dered from their temple, and as pub- lishing an edict to favour the recoloni- zation of Jerusalem. ‘This edict Cambyses is made to interrupt (Ant. xi. 2,) during his campaigns against Egypt: at length Darius accedes, and Zorobabel is allowed to carry it into execution. This second narrative of Josephus earries contradiction on its face. If Oriental Accounts of the Ancient History of Persia. [July t, the Nebuchadnezzar who took Jerusa- lem began to reign in the fourth year of Jehoiakim ; captured Ezekiel in the eighth of the same prince; and, in the ninth of Zedekiah, or nineteenth of his own reign, again besieged Jerusalem, and removed Ezra and Daniel to Babylon; these captives must have been, in his last, or forty-third, year, exactly twenty-four years older than at the time of their captivity; and, consequently, between thirty and forty. Now, if the eighteen years of Evilme- rodach, the forty years of Niglissor, and the seventeen years of Baltasar, are to be inserted before the accession of Cyrus, these captives must have been above a hundred years old when Cyrus began to reign. Yet they are stated by Josephus to flourish and govern under his suceessor Darius, whose accession is placed by Herodo- tus twenty-nine years later than that of Cyrus. This is absolutely impossi- ble. Here are at least seventy-five superfluous years, Josephus places the rebuilding of the temple, by Joshua, the son of Josadok, in the ninth year of Darius, (Ant. xi. 4;) although the father was one of the captives, and released, no doubt, at the instigation of Jeremiah, from his bonds. Here again are se- venty-five superfluous years, if any probability of age is to be observed. The Egyptian chronology too is in- consistent with the reckoning of Jose- phus. Jeremiah (xliv. 30,) mentions the death of Hophra, or Apries, as subsequent to, but nearly contiguous with, the capture of Zedekiah. To Hophra succeeded Psammenitus, who reigned a few months by the aid of Hophra’s party ; but he also was seized and put to death by the friends of Amasis, whose usurpation was sup- ported by the Persians, and long pre- ceded the death of Hophra. During the siege of Pelusium by Cambyses, Amasis died, having reigned, accord- ing to Herodotus, (iii. 10,) forty-four years, of which the greater half pro- bably was cotemporary with the desti- tution, or nominal sovereignty at Sais, of Hophra. Shortly after the siege of Pelusium, Cambyses, who survived Cyrus, died a violent death, (Thalia Ixiv.) not unlike an assassination. It follows, that within forty-four years, if Amasis reigned so long alone, and perhaps within twenty-four years of the captivity of Zedekiah, which was coeval with the death of — the 1823.] the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses were both terminated. Cambyses, therefore, was the contemporary of Zedekiah. Besides, if Palestine was overrun by the armies of one Babylonian em- peror, and taken at the close of Hophra’s reign from the Egyptians, there could be no need for the Babylo- nians to reconquer it from his succes- sor. The siege against Zedekiah hav- ing decided the submission of Jerusa- Jem to Babylon, there could be no sub- sequent revolt for Cambyses to quell. Two successive sovereigns of Babylon could. not both have to undertake the conquest of Syria, and the invasion of Egypt, when no interruption of allegi- ance had intervened. 1 therefore infer a duplicity of narrative in Josephus ; and maintain, that his Cambyses, and his Nebuchadnezzar, are one and the Same person. He first relates the campaigns of the Nebuchadnezzar, a son and associate of Cyrus in the em- pire, according to those Syrian writers who abhorred him. He next relates the proper history of the reign of Cyrus, according to those Greek writers who admired him. He does not perceive that the Syrian campaigns ought to have formed a mere episode of the reign of Cyrus. And this confu- sion is not surprising, for all conque- rors have twocharacters. Among the generals of the armies who share their booty, in the metropolis of the country which acquires dominion by their vic- tories, they are naturally extolled for generosity and wisdom. Among the captives displaced by their violence, among the cities plundered by their rapacity, they are as naturally reviled for tyranny and cruelty. The Nebu- chadnezzar who desolates Judea, and is there a scourge of God, may be the hero of Babylon, and there the right hand of the Almighty. The same prince may command the siege of a rebellious city, who would recolonize it with the loyal portion of its ancient inhabitants: he may be abhorred by the victims of his first severity, and applauded by the clients of his subse- quent patronage. Greek writers may have copied the metropolitan flat- terers, and Hebrew writers have pre- served the lamentations of provincial suffering. With such a preconception the nar- yative of Herodotus, and the para- mount authority of the Jewish Scrip- tures, will be found every where to Oriental Accounts of the Ancient History of Persia. by Ve correspond. Ezra, for instance, (i. 8,) represents Cyrus as ordering a restora- tion to the temple of those vessels which the Nebuchadnezzar had brought home, and of which Baruch (i. 2,) dates the restoration in the fifth year from the siege: so that Cyrus retained an overawing authority over the captor of Jerusalem, exactly compati- ble with his known relation to Cam- byses. This restoration of the tem- ple-plate was made through Shesh- - bazzar. A second more important recoloni- zation of Jerusalem took place, as we learn from Haggai (i. 5,) in the second year of Darius, which colony. was superintended by Zerubbabel (Ezra c. iii. and iy.) and by the high priest Joshua, a nephew of Ezra. A third re-colonization was patro- nized by the Persian court under Artaxerxes Longimanus, (Ezra vii. 8,) when an independent government was conferred. on Jerusalem. This hap- pened in the seventh year of that king; and, as it was the most eminent exertion of local attachment, and en- tirely restored to the Jews their an- cient privileges, it was considered as terminating the captivity. And in fact, since the siege of Cambyses, a period of exactly seventy years had then elapsed: of which six years passed under the sway of Cyrus, thirty-six under that of Darius, twenty- one under that of Xerxes, and seven under that of Artaxerxes Longima- nus; for Darius, be it observed, dated his accession from the death of Cyrus. That the Jews reckoned the end of their boridage from the seventh year of Artaxerxes, is manifest from this circumstance, that, at the time of the crucifixion of Christ, they considered Daniel’s seventy weeks of years on the brink of elapse, and therefore ex- pected a new Messiah. Now the seventh of Artaxerxes precedes the Christian era by 457 years; and, con- sequently, precedes the crucifixion by exactly 490 years. Notwithstanding this, the authors of the blundering chronology too commonly appended to the received version of the Bible, make the captivity terminate at the proclamation of Cyrus, preserved in the first chapter of Ezra, which, ac- cording to Baruch, was issued only five years after the commencement of the captivity. Seventy years before this proclamation, Manasseh, indeed, was carried to Babylon. I have 518 I have dwelt the longer on these points, as Captain Kennedy, in his tenth note, seems half inclined to doubt whether the Cyrus of Isaiah, and the Cyrus of Ezra, be the Cyrus of Herodotus; whereas, every mention made in the Scriptures of Cyrus agrees exactly with the narration of Herodo- tus, which tends to prove that Cyrus and that Darius were of Jewish ex- traction, and of Jewish religion, and probably descended from those clan- chieftains of the Jews who were trans- planted by Shalmeneser (2 Kings xviii. 11,) into some cities of the Medes near the river Gozan, or Arra-chai, which falls into the Caspian. The pedigree of Cyrus has not been pre- Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Llorente: [July t, served; but, as it was customary in the oriental empires to respect hereditary descent in the dependent satrapies ; and, when a prince was deposed and blinded for rebellion, still to educate his minor son to allegiance, and only to place a vice-roy over him, (as Jeshua, son of Josedek, was a branch of the stem of Jesse, and superintended by Zerubbabel;) it may be conjec- tured, that Cyrus was the lineal de- scendant of Hoshea; for his father was thought worthy of becoming allied, by marriage, to the sovereign of Media ; and Cyrus seems to have overrun Samaria without opposition, and by a kind of acknowledged right. (To be continued. ) BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT PERSONS. = BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE relative to DON J. ANT. LLORENTE, AUTHOR Of the HIS- TORY of the INQUISITION, and one of the conDUCTORS of the REVUE ENCY- CLOPEDIQUE, during the last FOUR YEARS. HOUGH bred a Romish ecclesi- astic, the selfish customs and pre- judices of his cloth had no force on the dignified, the energetic, mind of this valuable character, and most truly ex- cellent writer. Through life, he was a friend to toleration, and beyond all praise as to his well-directed labours and exertions in the cause of liberty. In every sense of the word, he was well qualified to exemplify the duties which this commendation calls for, when ap- plied justly. The secret views and par- ticular motives that led to so much harsh treatment, on the part of the French administration, are not difficult to be guessed at; and, while the circum- stance became peculiarly offensive to the Spanish nation, it gave general dis- gust to, and raised considerable dissa- tisfaction among, the generous spirits of France. Jean Antoine Llorente was horn at Rincon del Soto, near Calahorra, in Arragon, March 30th, 1756. His pa- rents were both of ancient and noble families, but their territorial possessions were not extensive. A maternal uncle of young Liorente, a beneficiary priest of the town of Calahorra, undertook the charge of his education. He first stu- died a Course of Philosophy at Tarra- gona; and reccived the clerical tonsure, at the age of 14, from the bands of the 2 Bishop of Calahorra, Dec. 21, 1770. The three following years were devoted to Courses of Logic, agreeably to the ancient ecclesiastical usage ; after which M. L. maintained a public act of Phy- sics and Metaphysics. These Courses were held in a convent of Religious de la Merci; and the fathers, conformably to an odd custom, celebrated the conclu- sion of them by the representation of a comedy, acted by their pupils and disci- ples in the interior of their house. The piece selected was entitled “The Pru- dent Abigail;” young Llorente, at the age of 16, gifted with agreeable features, was to assume the part of Abigail, first the wife of Nabal, and afterwards of King Dayid. The canons of the cathe- dral, the magistrates, and principal inha- bitants of the city, were invited to the spectacle; and the young actors were crowned with success, so that the repre- sentation was scveral times repeated. In October, 1773, M. L. repaired to Saragossa, applying himself to the study of jurisprudence. Only the Roman law was taught, though the Courses took up four years. In the vacation of 1775, he took his first journey to Ma- drid, where he frequented the theatres of the Prince and the Cross, and took suel delicht in the drama, that, after atten- tiveiy studying Aristotle’s Poetics, trans- lated into Spanish by Joseph Gonzalis, and Horace’s Epistle to the Pixos, translated into Spanish verse by D. Vincent Espinol, he attempted to com- pose a comedy, which he himself, how- ever, considered as but a very indifferent production. It was entitled, “ Dislike to Matrimony.” Both in Spain and Italy, 1823.] Italy, ecclesiastics may, without scan- dal, appear in the public theatres. M. L. took the degree of Bachelor in Laws in 1776; and, the year following, he was elected Beneficiary of the Chap- ter of Calahorra, and received, succes- sively, the four minor orders, and the sub-diaconat: this fixed him, irrevoca- bly, in the church. He afterwards stu- died the Canon Law in the University of Saragossa. The false decretals and ultramontane principles of certain ca- nonists of those times, took no effect on M. L.; liberal sentiments had taken deep root in his mind, and the exten- sive knowledge which he had acquired made him a zealous defender of ecclesi- astical liberty. At length he was or- dained priest, by dispensation, in 1779, at the age of 23 years and two months, by the Bishop of Calahorra, his dio- cesan. In about a month after, he ob- tained authority to hear confessions of men; and, in four years after, those of women. Soon after his sacerdotal ordination, M. L. repaired to Valentia, to receive the bonnet of Dr. in Canon Law. So well founded were the notions which he had even then imbibed, that he took great pains to dissuade an old ecclesiastic from bequeathing his pro- perty to certain monks, to the prejudice of his relations, though his efforts proved ineffectual. On his return to Madrid for the se- cond time, in 1781, M. L. was admitted © advocate in the Supreme Council of Castile, after a very critical examination in respect to the laws and national cus- toms. In the course of that year, he became a member of the Royal Aca- demy of Holy Canons, of the Liturgy and Ecclesiastical History of Spain, established at Madrid under the invoca~ tion of St. Isidore. The office of Promoter Fiscal General (Ecclesiastical) of the Bishopric of Calahorra becoming vacant, in 1782, M. L. was nominated to it by his bishop, who conferred on him, at the same time, the title of vicar-general. In.» the midst of these multiplied occupations, M. L. found time to compose a sort of dramatic work, known in Spain by the name of Operetta, and partly re- sembling our melo-dramas, ‘I'he piece, with its aricttas, modelled on the Ita- lian airs then in vogue, had for its title “'The Galician Reeruiter,” and was successfully acted in private theatricals, This taste for dramatic poetry M. L. long retained ; for, later in life, he com- posed a tragedy, ‘‘ Eurick, King of Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Llorente. 519 the Goths,” in which le retraced’ some of the intrigues and _ vicissitades: which disquicted his country ; this piece never came into publication. In 1783, M. L. addressed a represen- tation to King Charles TIT. to obtain some mitigation of the taxes payable by his province ; and not only was fortunate enough to succeed, but the king granted him a large pecuniary supply, io distri- bute himself among the poor inhabitants. It was in the year 1784, says M. L. in his Biographical Notice written by himself, that I renounced the ultramon- tane principles in point of discipline, the scholastic doctrines in theology, and the peripatetic maxims in philosophy and physics, which I had previously imbibed An enlightened and Icarned inhabitant ‘of Calahorra proved the instrument of convincing me, that a great part of my scholastic acquisitions were founded on prejudices, and derived from books full oferrors. He offered to direct my stu- dies.. I found his knowledge superior to that of the ecclesiastics and laics of Calahorra, and his ideas and reflections were such as I had never met with in books, He was wont torepeat, Every thing is reducible either to facts, or to reasonings grounded upon them; give . no credit to the former, unless well sup- ported by authentic testimonies, and yield not to the latter, whatever autho- rity they may be traced to, if your mind do not feel their full weight and evi- dence; no authority out of ourselves can be- competent to subjugate the reason implanted in us by nature. Under this impression, the ideas of M. L. tuok a new direction, in direct opposition to authority, as the only guide to truth. It was about this time (in 1785,) that the Inquisition of Spain made an ill-ad- vised choice of M. Llorente for its com- missary. On his part, he had to prove that his ancestors, to the third genera- tion, had. incurred no punishment from the Holy Office; and that they were neither descendants of Jews, Moors, nor Heretics. M. L. applied himself, also, with some success, to preaching, when, in 1788, the Duchess of Sotomayor, first lady to Queen Louisa, wife of Charles IV. made him her chamber counsel, under the title of Consultor de Camera. Afterwards he became one of her testa- mentary executors, in concert with several grandees of Spain, bishops, and members of the Council of Castile ; and,’ at length, tutor to the present Duke of Sotomayor, one of the richest lords in the kingdom, : In 520 In the beginning of 1789, the Grand Inquisitor General, D. Augustin Rubin de Cavallos, Bishop of Jaen, appointed M. L. Secretary-General to the Inquisi- tion of the Court, a post which be occu- pied till 1791, and which placed at bis disposition the archives of the Holy Office, the contents of which he was one day to publish. In that year, he was twice introduced to King Charles IV. and his queen, to place in their hands certain pious legacies of the Duchess de Sotomayor. He received a proof of benevolence, on the part.of their majes- ties, by their giving him a canonry in the church of Calahorra. He preferred this benefice to a more eminent post that was offered him by D. A. Rubin, that of Inquisitor of Carthagena in the Indies. The Count de Florida Blanca was then ° at the head of the Spanish ministry; he was an able and enlightened statesman, and, speculating on the first movements that were agitating many countries, he was not for retarding the progress of knowledge and civilization, but for moderating the excesses of powcr. With that view he instituted, at Madrid, an Academy of History, of which M. L. becamea member. He was also one of the academicians who maintained public theses on important points of National History. A Report has been preserved of one of those literary solemnities, celebrated in the royal monastery of St. Isidore, whereat the most distinguished persons of the capital were present, and where the Cardinal de Lorenzano, then Archbishop of Toledo, and Primate of the kingdom, condescended to become a disputant. M. L.’s thesis had to investigate the plans proposed, at dif- ferent times, for the restoration of learn- ing, in Christendom, by Cassiodorus ; in Italy, in the 6th century, by St. Isidore, of Seville, in Spain; -in the 7th century, by Charlemagne, in France, aided by Alcuin, towards the end of the 8th; and to decide which of the said plans might be then adopted, and under what modifi- cations. M. L. made it his business to shew. the superiority of St. Isidore’s methods, and that the ccclesiastical sciences in Spain flourished with the greatest lustre under his direction. _ His Dissertation was analysed in the Madrid Gazette, but not printed. It procured for him the place of censor, the duties of which he discharged with discernment and a spirit of toleration. M. L. found himself obliged, in the beginning of 1791, from the intrigues of certain courtiers, to quit Madrid and Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Liorente. [ July 1, retire to his canoury of Calahorra. It was then he undertook the hospitable functions of relieving a number of French priests, compelled to seek re- fuse in Spain. He was the only person in Calahorra that understood the French language ; hence he became the interme- diate agent between the exiles and the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of the country. It was M. Llorente who verified the papers of the French pro- scripts, who provided for their food and lodging, examined such as were proper to serve in the ministry, procured for them particular masses (7etribuées, ) and also general employment, in differ- ent. parishes. Exclusive of these per- sonal attentions, M. L, employed his intcrest in behalf of the French priests with several great personages, and ob- tained considerable sums from their gencrosity. Among these might be no- ticed the Cardinal de Lorenzana, Arch- bishop of Toledo, the Archbishop of Seville, the Bishop of Cordova, and other prelates. Not content with these generous succours, M. L. entertained in his own house, during five years, M. Etienne Faisneau,.a tonsured clerk of the seminary of Poictiers, and provided him. with the means of engaging in some traflic whereon he subsisted ti!l his return into France. M. Faisneau was or- dained priest; afterwards, and in that quality, he signed anattestation, wherein the hononrable title was given bim of Father of French Ecclesiastics ; this he transmitted to M. Llorente In the year following, 1739, M. L. had drawn up an “ History of the Emi- gration of the French Clergy into Spain,” which was to forma volume in quarto; but the manuscript, submitted to different examiners, was not to be found; and a fiscal notary, consoling the author for this accident, declared that the circumstances of the times would not have permitted its publica- tion. About this time, Don Manuel Abad La Sierra, Inquisitor-General in Spain, a person of an enlightened cha- racter, fixed on M. Llorente, well know- ing his liberal and philosophical senti- ments, to execute some refurms in the interior constitution and processes of the Inquisition. But, by a court in- trigue, the honest inquisitor was dis- placed, ere he had time to realize his projects. Somewhat later, M. L. was invited by a person in authority to re- sume the execution of the above plans. He applied himself to this work, in con- cert with his Bishop of Calaborra, D. Francisco #82323}; - Francisco Aguiriano, to whose talents and information he does justice, though this prelate voted, afterwards, in the Cortes of Cadiz, for upholding the Inquisition. When these labours were terminated, M. L. repaired to Madrid to facilitate their success. The Prince of Peace was then in the plenitude of his power; and the question at issue was no less than to give publicity to the Jatent proceedings of the Holy Office. To this M. de Cabarrus, M. de Jovel- Janos, and M. Lilorente, applied them- selves wiih becoming zeal. M. de Jovellanos, aving been placed in the Ministerial Board of Grace and Justice, M. L. gained additional credit from the circumstauce, but the too sudden fall of that enlightened minister put a stop to the intended ameliorations. In 1796, and the following years, the Sovercign Council of the Royal Chamber of tbe Indies placed the name of M. Llorente on the lists of presentation submitted to the king, for the bishoprics of Mechoa- can, of Buenos Ayres, and for the archbishopric of Manilla. But the supporters of the Inquisition were already meditating ihe persecutions that awaited M. Liorente. He boldly testified his respect for M. de Jovel- Janos, when he passed through Calahorra to repair to the place of his exile. Among the papers of the minister was found a writing of M. L. on the Inqui- sition. It was of the date of 1801, and the odious tribunal prosecuted, under various pretences, among others that of Jausenism, characters the most respecta- ble that had been on friendly terms with M. de Jovellanos. Don Antonio de la Cuesta, Archdeacon of the cathedral of Avila, was thrown into a dungeon, and remained five years in that confine- ment. Don Geronimo, his brother, a penitentiary canom of the same church, was forced to make his escape into France. Both were afterwards declared innocent, and so they were, in fact; but, without powerful protection, their inno- cence would not have secured them. Prosecutions were instituted, by the Inquisition, against the Countess de Montijo, although a grandee of Spain, against her cousin Don Antoine Palafox, Bishop of Salamanca, against Don Augustin Abad la Sierra, Bishop of Barcelona, and against several canons of St. Isidore, at Madrid. . In this city, the letters of correspondence of M. Llorente with Madame de Montijo were opened at the Post-Office, and Montuey Mac. No, 383. Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Llorenie. 52 copies taken of them; the Icttcrs were forwarded to their destination, that fur- ther discoveries might be made. ‘The collection was remitted to the inquisitor- general, and M. L. received an order to be confined as a prisoner in a convent. Tn a few days, a member of the Supreme Council of the Inquisition notified his dismissal from the offices of secretary and commissary of the Holy Office. He was, moreover, amerced in a penalty of fifty ducats, and sentenced to make a month’s retreat in a convent. He was left in ignorance as to the motives that could influence such a sentence. The papers that had been seized were re- stored to him, except such as related to the Inquisition, and some others in favour of the liberty of the church of Spain, against the pretensions of the court of Rome. In this sort of degraded state, M. L. remained till 1805; the whole of this time he spent in his province, employed in fiterary labours, in works of piety and public atility. He was then recalled to Madrid, to illustrate certain points of history wherein the government was in- terested. Here he was nominated by the king, in 1806, canon of the primacy church of Toledo, then ecolaire or mas- ter of the schools of the same chapter. Next year he was admitted ecclesi- astical chevalier of the order of Charles III. after exhibiting proofs of nobility, as required by the statutes of the order. So far.the career of M. Llorente bas been chiefly in the functions of religion ; he will shortly appear in a political cha- racter. The French had invaded Spain in the month of June, 1808, when an order of Joachim Murat, then Grand Duke of Berg,‘and commander of the armics of Napoleon, semmoned M. L. to Bayonne, to take a part in the pro- ceedings of the Assembly of Spanish Notables convened to reform the abuses of the Spanish monarchy, and to prepare a political Constitution. He assisted in the deliberations of that Assembly, and his name appears at the foot of the Constitutional Act then drawn up. Bee coming thus a partisan of Joseph Bona- parte, he was called into his Council of State. The newly-established king ex- perieuced reverses of fortune; and the victory of Baylen, re-exciting the na- tional energies, gave rise to the insur- rections of Madrid and Toledo. M. Llorente, in the train of Joseph Bona- parte, was with him at Vittoria, and 3 xX also 522 also accompanied him in a journey to Arragon, and obtained from him certain benefits and privileges for his ‘native country. In 1809 the Inquisition wasabolished, in Spain, by a decree of the new king. M. I was chosen to examine its vast archives, and to write the history of that ecclesiastical tribunal. For two years, a number of persons were at work under his directions, copying or ex- tracting original pieces in reference to this design. These valuable materials, when reduced into order, and joined to those which M. L. had been collecting from 1789, enabled him to sketch a picture of the Holy Office, which pro- cured him the surname of Suetonius of the Inquisition. In the same year, the monastic orders were suppressed, and M. L, was appointed to superintend their gradual abolition, and to take account of the moveable property and effects. This difficult and delicate mis- sion he fulfilled so as to temper and mitigate its rigour. The important office of Director-General of the Na- tional Effects was next confided to him. Those who joined the government of Cadiz, with the juntas who obeyed it, Were included in this ‘proscription. Engaged in a cause like this, M. L. could do little good, though he might prevent some evil; and herein he secured to the wives, children, and rela- tions, of the emigrants, their goods that were declared confiscated. This office he did not long retain ; and Joseph, as if to indemnify him for it, made him Apostolical Commissary General of the Holy Crusade, that is, Distributor Gene- ral of the Royal Alms. . This formed a species of liberality seldom in strict ac- cordance with a well-governed political economy; and, in Spain, mostly under the influence of a monastic spirit. While in the discharge of these diver- sified employments, M. L. was publish- ing, in Spain, the first sketch of bis “History of the Inquisition.” Some- what later, he remoulded this first part, and published it in French. In the month of August, 1812, after losing the batile of Arapiles, the court of Joseph was obliged to evacuate Ma- drid. M. L, followed it to Valencia, and there published some political pamphlets in favour of his party. This part of the avthor’s conduct we have to deplore; he inveighs against the Cortes of Cadiz, and the principles of their Constitution, though grounded on the Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Llorente. [July 1, public opinion and real interests of the nation. The successive reverses of the French armics at length compelled M. L. to quit, with them, his native soil, and enter France. This he did by the way of Oleron, after visiting Bourdeaux, Toulouse, and some other towns in the south of France, and arrived at Paris in the month of March, 1814.’ The great events of that year were hastening to their accomplishment, and Ferdinand VII. re-ascended the throne of Spain. The party of Joseph disappeared with him; none of his adherents made any difficulty of submitting to Ferdinand. This prince proceeded to acts of a most unjustifiable rigour, overturning ihe establishments setup by the defenders of his crown while he was a captive; and involving, in one common proscription, the generous citizens who had defended the country and its independence, and the Spaniards designated by the name of Josephinos, whose acts of submission lie rejected. Among these M. Llorente was adjudged to perpetual banishment, and the confiscation of his goods. Among other effects, he Jost a library of more than 8000 volumes, which he had left at Madrid, consisting of a great number of manuscripts and rare and valuable books. He was also deprived of his ecclesiastical dignities and reve- nues. Asa canon and dignitary of the church of Toledo, he protested against the royal decree, and demanded a regu- lar trial and full hearing ; this protesta- tion was made public. The Rules of Discipline in the Catholic chureh were undoubtedly in his favour; the French priests, when, at the beginning of the revolution, they became the victims of severe measures, appealed to the same principles as those M. Llorente ad- vocated. In the year 1814, M. L. made an excursion to London; but, the air and climate ill agreeing with his constitu- tion, he determined on fixing his resi- dence at Paris. Here he had easy access to the vast public libraries: here he entered into familiar intercourse with the literati, who were anxious to do jus- tice to the learning and merits of the Spanish priest. His residence here .became agreeable, so that he could apply himself, without reserve, to those studies for which he was so welt qualified. In this retreat, he drew up several pieces, illustrative of Spanish history ancient and modern; he ap- peared, also, in some measure, on the stage 1823.] stage of politics, when, in consequence of some proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies, the ianocence of the Spanish exiles, who had suffered, drawn into the yortex of the French revolution, was calumniated. . Such criminations were an affront to French generosity; they were nobly repelled by M. Lainé, and M. Liorente published a pamphlet, vin- dicatipg the! character and intentions of his Spanish fellow- sufferers, pointing out and obviating a number of inconsisten- cies and errors injurious to the cause of faith, that M. Clause! de Coussergues had committed. To the gratuitous assertion of this latter, that there had been no Auto-da-f'é since 1680, M. L. replied, by making it appear, that, from the year 1700 to 188, 1578 individuals had perished by the faggots and flames of the Inquisition. Soon after appeared the publication of “The Complete Annals of the Holy Office.” This admired performance has real merit of the most durable kind ; and, from it, the able and intelligent writer obtained a character of celebrity throughout Europe and America, which was no more than due to so learned and good aman. His History of the Inqui- sition was translated into English, Ger- map, and Italian, and is now to be met with in most libraries, The author has not lavished upon it the ornaments of an admirable style and diction; but, with all possible care, has laid himself out to ensure the estimation of his work as authentic. It may well pass for an original, from the accuracy and novelty of the details which it reveals, stamping on it an internal evidence of its possess- ing superiority over every other publica- tion of the kind, How Jong are priestly fanaticism and intolerance to degrade the genius and useful talents of eminent literary men? No sooner bad M. L. published his History of the Enquisition, than the tribunal of La Penitence at Paris, where he at {imes administered consola- tion to a few Spanish exiles, was inter- dicted to him. He commonly cele- brated mass in the church of St. Eustache, and obtained some relief for his old age from the pious charities Memoirs of Don Jean Antoine Llorente. 523 attached to that service. The benefit was not considerable (modique obole ) ; but the superior ecclesiastics of the diocese of Paris prohibited him from celebrating the holy mysteries. At length, he was fain to carn'a moderate salary by ‘instructing’ some young French gentlemen in a boarding-sehool at Paris, m the beautiful Castilian tongue, of which Rayzial says, that it is sparkling like gold, and sonorous as silver. Then comes out, in the name of the university, a prohibition to M. Llorente, to give lessons, in Spanish, in any private seminary. M. L. found resources in his learned labours, in the public favour, and the testimonies of respect from private friends, adequate to his frugal habits, and to the situation which he then occupied in socicty. His “ Political Portraits of the Popes” became the coup de grace to the im- placable resentments harboured against him by the disciples of a most gentle and merciful Gospel, and to which he fell a victim. In the beginning of December, 1822, he was ordered to quit Paris in three days, and France without delay. This violent expulsion from his adopted country was to him . a sccond exile. His passage through Frahce was rapid, snow every where covering the ground; and, though at the age of 70, he was not allowed a few days rest at Bayonne. No sooner had he entered on his natal soil, than he was hailed with tokens of public esteem, of which he would doubtless have received more effectual proofs, so as to turn aside his intention of accepting a chair offered in the university of St. Domingo; but, in a few days after his arrival at Madrid, on the 5th of February 1823, he breathed his last, overpowered by the extraordinary fatigues to which he had been condemned. Previous to his death he forgave his persecutors, and God will also pardon them on their re- pentance; but, on earth, much blame will attach to such a government and governors; and, while they live in this world, they must struggle with all the odium such crooked practices engen- der, among a generation of men> that never Will forgive them. DOCUMENTS [ 524 ] {July 1, DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY. —_— THE LOVE LETTERS of HENRY VIII.|€0 ANNE BOYEYN, correctly PRINTED from the AUTOGRAPHS in the LIBRARY of the VATICAN PALACE, with some LET- TERS Of ANNE BOLEYN, [We have at different times given particn- lar Letters in this famous correspond- ence, with fac-similes ; but, we are now enabled, by the editor of that excellent collection, ‘‘ The’ Pamphleteer,” to submit the whole to our readers, from copies which appeared in the two last _ parts of that work. We have printed them in their original languages, but should be glad to receive from some of our readers a version of the sentiments in modern English. ] LETTER I. A mestres et amye | moy et mon ceur s’en remestet en vos mains vous suppliant les avoyre pur reco- mander a yore bone grace ct que par absens yore affection ne leur soit diminué | car puraugmenter leure peice ce servit grand Pitié car |’absence leure fait assés et plus que J’aimes je cusse pense | en nos faisant rere tevoir ung point de asfronomie qui est telle | tant plus Ioing que Jes Juors sont tant plus eloigué est le Solelle | et nonobstant plus farvent | aisi fait il de nd're Amoure. per. absence nous sumus elonies ef neunmains clle garde sa farvenre o moins de nore Chuoste | Aiant en espoire la paraylle du yore vous assurant que de ma part l’anuye de Vabsence deia m’est trope grande | Et quant je pense a l’augmentation de il selluy que par force faate que je suffre —il met presque intollcrable si n’estoit le ferme espoire que Jay de Vre indisso- luble affection vers moi | et pur Je vous rementevoire aleune fuis cela et voiant que personellement ni puis estre en Vre presens | chose le plus app tiante a cella qui mest possible au present je yous envoye | c'est a dire ma picture myse enbrasseletts a toute la Device que deia Bayes me souhaitfant en leure plase quant Til vous pleroit | c’est de Ja main de * LETTER ll. A ma Mestres—Pur ce qu’il me semble leTems estrebienlonge depuisavoire euyo de Vre bon Santé et de vous | Le grande affection que j’ay vers vous ma persuade de vous enyoyere ce porteure pur cstre meulx assertene de vi're Sante et Voloire | et pur ce que depuis mon partement de avec vous on m’a averty que Vopinion en quoy Je vous laissoye est de tout asture chayngé et que no voulies venire en Court niavec Madame yore mere ni aultrement ausi | Laquel report estant yrayi je ne saroy asses emaryelliare veu que depuis je massure de yous n’avoire james faite faute | et il me semble bien petite retribution pur le grande Amour que je vous port de me eloiniere et la Parrole et la Personage de la Fam du monde que plus j’estime | et si vous me aimes de si bon affection comme j’espere je suis sure que la eloigiment de nos deux parsones vous seroyt ung peu ennuiense toutefois qu'il nappartient pas tant ala Mestres co'me au Surviteur panser bien ma Mestres que J’absens de yous fort me ¢grefe esperant gu’il ne pas vore volonté que ainsi ce soit [ mais si je entendoy pur Verité que vyolonterement vous la desiries je non puis mais fere si non plaindre ma mauyais Fortune en rela- tant peu a peu ma grande folie | et ainsi a faulte de Tems fay fin de ma rude Lettre suppliant de douer foy ace porteur en ce quil vous dira de ma Part | Escryt de Ja main du tout vore sourvicure | ure LETTER III. L’ennuye gue j’avoye du dubte de vore Santé me trobla et ezarra’ peucup et neulz estre gers quicte sans avoire sue la Certeynte mais puisque nancors navez rien sentu jespere et me ticns pur assure que ill se passera de vous come jespere guil est de nous car nous etant a Walthan deux Vushyres deux verles de Chambre, Vore frere master Jesonero ont tombe malade et sont atsture de tout sains et depuis nous nous sumes reboutes en nore mesons de Hondson la ou nous nous somes bien troves sans occune malade pour steure dieu soyt loné et je pense que si yous vous voles retirez du lieu du Surye coe nous fimes yous le passeres sans dangrez et aussi ung aultre chose yous peut comforter car a la Verité come il desit peu ou nulles fame ont ste malady e que encore plus est nul de irre Cort et peu aillieurs en meurit parquoi je vous supply ma entiere aimec de non avaire point de peure ni de nore absens vous trope ennyere Car ou. que je soy vore suis et nonobsta te il faut accune fois a telles fortunes obayere Car qui co'tre fortune veult luter en telle endroit en est bien sovent tant pluseloiné parquoy reed forte vous et soyes hardy, et vidiez le mall tant que vous pourres, Et jespere bientote de yous faire chanter le ren- voye { tn plus pour asteur de faute de Temps sinonque je vous souhait entre mes 1823.] mes bras pour vous oster ung peu de vous deresonable panses. Lcrispte de la main de celluy qui est | et toujours sera yore | immuable ished LETTER IV. En debatant dapper moy Ie Cotenu de yous lettres‘me suis mis en grande agonye non shachant coment les en- tendre ou a mon Desavantage aucune lieu le montrez ow a mon’ avantage come en des aticutie aultres je les entendre vous suppliant de bien bon Ceur me voloire certefeyre expressement vore intention entiere touchant l’amoure entre nous deux Car necessifé me co traint de pourchasser ectte reponce aitant ete plus que ung annce attaynte du dart damours non ctant assure de faliere ou trouver plase en yore Ceur affection Cartyn le que dernyere point mena garde depuis peu temps en ca de vous point nomere ma Mestres avec co que si yous ne me aimes de aulire sort que d’amour commune cest Nome ne vous est point approprice car ill denote ung singularite Ie quel est bien loingne de la Contune mes si vous plait de faire l’offyce dung vray loyal Mestres et Amye et de vous dotrer Corps et Cenra moy qui vous estere et a este vore ires ‘loyal surviteure (si p rigeure ne me defendes), je yous promes que non seullement le Nome vous sera due mais ausi yous prandray pour ma seulle Més- tres en reboutant tretantes aultres aupres de vous hors de pense et affec- tion et de vous sellement servire. vo s suppliant me faire entiere responce de ceste ma rude Lettre a quoy et enqnoy me puis fiere | et si ne yous ple t de me faire repo se par escripte assine moy quelque lieu la ou je la pourroy ayoire de bouce et je me trouveray de bien bon Ceur | Non plus de yous enuycre | Escrite de Ja main decelluy qui volon- tiers demureroyte vostre ss be v LETTER V. De letrene si bel que rien plus (notant Te toute) je, vous enmarcy trescordiale- ment | non seullement pour le beaa Diemende et navire en quoy la seulet Damoiysell est tormente mais principal- lement pour la bell interpretation et trope huble submission per vo're benignite en eeste Case use | bien pen- sant qne a meriter cela per occasion me seroit fort difficill si me n’estoyt en aide vore grande humanite et faveure pur Jaq lle jay cherso chers et chercheray par toutes bontez a moy possible de demourrere en quelle mon espoyre a mis son ini uable intention—qui dit aut illic aut nullabi Les Demonstrances de v0're affection sont telles les belles motz The Love Letters of Henry VII. to Anne Boleyn, 525 de Lettre si cordiallement couches qui me oblige a toute james vrement de vous honourrer ayiner et sérvire vous supplyant les youloire co tinuer en ce meme ferme et ed’stant proposte j yous assetrant que de ma part je laugemen- teray plustote que de la faire restiproche si loyaute du Ceure Desine «de vous complere. Vo sans aultre racime encence le pente avancer Vous priant ausi que si aucunement vous ay parey- devant offence que vous me dors la meme absolntioa que vous demandes vons assuran que doré havant a yous sculle mon Ceur sera dedic | desirant fort que le Corps ainsi ponoyte. ' Conve dieu le peut faire si luy plet’a qui je supplye une fois le Jour pur ee faire { Msperant que a la longe ma priyer sera oue desirant le Tems brife’ pensant le Jong" jusques au reyeue dentre nous deux | Liseripte de Ja Main du Secretere qui cn Ceur Corps et Volonte est a? LETTER VI. The reasonable request of your last lettre with the pleasur also that I take to know them trw. causyth me tosend you now thes news { the Legate whyche we most desyre aryvyd att parys on suday or muday last past so that I trust by the next Mur day to here off hys aryvall att cales and then I trust wtina wyle after to enjoy that whyche I have so longyd for to gods pleasur and oure hothe cdo forte | no more to youat thys present myne owne Darlyng for lake off tyme but that I wolde you were in myne armes or I in yours for I thynk it long syns I kyst you writtyn affter: the kyllyng off an Hart at) a xi off the kloke myndyng w t godsgrace to morrow mytcly tymely to kyll another | by the hand of hym whyche I trust shortly shall be yours. Rim LETTER “VII. Darlyng thowght I have skant Jaysor yet remébryng my promes I thowghte it covenyent to certefy you brevely in what case oure affaires stande | as tochyng a loggyng for you we have gotten won by my lord cardinall menys the lyke weroff colde nott have bene fond her abowght for all causys as thys berar I shall more shew you | as touch- yng oure other affayres I ensuore you ther can be no more Done | nor more Diligence usyd | nor all maner of Dan- gers better bothe forsene and provyded for | so thatt I trast it shall be herafter to bothe our eo forts | the specialltes weroff wer bothe to long to be wrytten | and hardly by messenger to be de- claryd wherefore tyll your repayre hyder I kepe that thynge in store trustyng it 526 it shall nott be long to. for I have causyd my lord your fader to make hys provi- sions Wt spede | and thus for sake off tyme Derhart I make anende off my Letter | wrytten wt the hand off hym whyche I wolde ever yours. vie LETTER VIII. Nenmains. qu’l nappertiencte pas a ung gentylie home pur prendre sa Dame au leu de Servante toutefoyse en sny- vant vos Desires volonticrs le vous outroroy si per cela vous pusse trovere mains ingrate en Ja plase par vous choysye que aves ete en Ja plase par moy donnee en vous merciant tres cordialle- ment qu’l vous plete encore avoire quelque sovenance De moy #5 LETTER IX, The cause off my wrytyng at thys tyme | good swett hart] is wonly to understand off your good heltbe and prosperite | weroff to know I wold be as glade‘as in maner myne owne | prayng God (that and it be hys pleasure) to send us shortly togyder | for I promes you I Jonge for it | bow be it trust it shall not be long to | and seying my Darlyng is absent I can no less do then to sende her sume flesche | representing my name | whyche is harts flesche for henry | pronosticatyng that herafter God wyllyng you must enjoye sume of myne whyche he pleasyd I wold wer now | as tocbyng your syster mater I have causyd water welze to wrttye to my lord myne mynde herein whereby I trust that we shall not have poure to dyslayve adam | for surly what soever is sayde it cannott soa stand wt hys honour but that he must neds take her hys_ natural Dawegther now in her extreme necessite } uo more to you att thys tyme myne awne darlyng but that a wyle I wold we were. togyder an eyenynge | with the hande off yours bio LETTER X. Toutefois ma Mestres qu’l ne vous pleu de souvenir de la Promesse que vous me fites quant je estoy Deronerre- ment vers vous cest a dire de savoire de vos bones noyvelles et de savoire responce De ma derniere Lettre nenmains il me semble quil appertient au vray Servi- teur (voiant que autrement il ne peut rien savoir) denvoicre savoire la Salute de sa Mestres | et pur me aqnitre de Voflice’ du vraye serviteur je vous envoye ceste Lettre vous suppliant de me avertire de yotre prosperité lequelle je pryt a Dieu quil soite ausi jong conre Je voudroy la micn et pur vous faire encorps plus soyant sovenire de moy je vous envoye per ce porteur ung Bouke tue her soire bien terde de ma Main The Love Letters of Henry VIII. to Anne Boleyn. [July 1, esperant que quant vous en manjerez il vous sovendra du chasseur | et ainsi a faulte de espace je feray fin a ma Lettre | Escripte De la main de votre Serviteur qui bien sovent vous ‘souhait au lica de votre fre. ae LETTER XI. Lapprochant du ‘Tems qui ma si longement Dure me rejoyet tante qui me semble pres que deja venu | neanmains lentire accomplicement ne se perlra tant que les’ deux persons se assemblet | laquelle assemble est plus desire en mon endroyte que nulle chose mondayne | car quclle reyoyssement peut estre si grand en ce monde conre davoyre la companye De celle qui estle plus chere amie | sachant ausi quelle fait la perraylle de son choste | le pense duquel me fait grande pleasire jugges adonques quo fra le personage | labsens daquell ma fait plas grande male au Ceur. que ni lange ni escripture penlet exprimere | et que james altre chose exeepte cela peut remedier vous sup- pliant ma Mestres De Dire a Monsr vore pere de ma part que je luy prie de avancer de deux jours le temps assine | _ qui peut estre eu court devant la viell terme | ou aumains sur le jour prefise | car aultrement je penscray quill ne. froyte point le toure des amoureux qui Disoit | ni accordant a mon expecta- tion |} non plus dasteure de faute de ‘Temps esperant bientoute que de boche vous diray la reste de painnes per moy. en votre absence sustenues | escripte de Ja main du secretere qui se souhait dasteure privement opres de yous et qui est et a james sera votre loyal et plus assure Serviteur 2 # LETTER XII. Nouetles me sont en nuyt soudone- ment venues les plus Deplesantes qui me pourroint avenire | car pur trays causes tochant icelles faut il que je Jamente | la premier pur entendre Ja maladie de ma_mestres| la quelle jeestime plusque toute le monde la.sante je desire autant conve la mien | et voloye volontiers porter Ja moytye du vostre pour vousavoire geree | leseconde pour la crainte que jay Destre encore plus longement presse de mon enneueye abseus qui jusques ycy ma fait toute lannuye a luy possyble ct quant encore puis juger et delibere de pys faire | priant. Dieu qnil men defase de si importune rebell. | la troyssime pur ce que le Medecin en qni plus me fye est absent assieure quant il me pourroyte faire plus grande plesire | car jespereroy par luy et ses moyens’ de obtenire une de 1823.] de mes principalles joyes en ce monde | cest a dire ma mestres gerye | nean- moins en faute De luy je vous envoye le seconde et Je tout priant. Dicu que bientoute il vous peut rendre saine | et adonques je laymeray plus que james | vous priant estre governe par scs avices tochant votre maladie en quoy faisant jespere bientote vous nevoyre qui me sera plus grand cordiall que touts les piers pretiens du monde | escripte du Secretere qui est et a james sera votre loyal et plus assure Servitenre. * * LETTER XIII. Syns yors last Letters myne owne Derlyng Walter welshe master browne Thos care Prior off brearton Jhon coke the potecary be fallen off the swett in thys howse | and thankyd be god all wellrecoveryd | so that as yet the plage is nott fully ceasyd here but I trust shortly it shall by hys marcy off god the rest off us yet be well & I trust shall passe it, other not to have it or att the lest as easily as the rest have don | as tochyng the mater of wylton my Jord eardinall hathe had the nunys byforchym and examynd them master bell beying present | wyche hath certefied me that for a trawght that she hath confessyd herself | whyche we wollde have had abbesse | to have hadde to chyldren by tow sondery prests and further sins hath bene keppyd by a S"sant of the lord broke that was | and that nott long azoo | wherefore I wold not for all the gold in the Worlde clooke your co'sience nor myne to make her ruler off a howse whyche is off so ungudly Demenour | nor I trust you wolde nott that nether for brother por syster I shulde so dystayne myne honour or con- science | and as tochyng the priovesse or dame ellenors eldest | Sister thowght ther is not any evident case provyd aguinst them. & the priores is so old that of many yeres she colde nott be as she was namyd' yet nott withstanding to do you pleasur I have done that nother of them shall have itt | but that sume other gdéod aud well Disposyd woman shall have it | werby the howse shall be the better reformyd | wheroff I ensure you it hath moche ned | and god muche the better servyd | as tochyng your abode att hever do therein as best shall lyk you | for you know best what ayre Dothe best with you but I wolde it wer come therto | yff it pleased god | that nother of us nede care for that for I ensure you I thynke it longe | suehe is fallen syk of the swett and therfor I send 4 The Love Letters of Henry Vil. to Anne Boleyn $27 vou thys berar by cause I tliynke you Jonge to her tydynge from us as we do in lyke wyse. frome -you | written with ihe hand de vVre seulle +) * LETTER XIV. [Darlyng thes shalbe wonly to ad- vertyceyon| that thys “berar and hys felow be deyspecyd with as meny thynge to co’passe oure mater and to bryng it {o pas | as oure wytte colde menggyn or Device | whyche brought to pas as I trust by theyre Dylygence it shall be scnortly -you and I shall have>oure Desyryd ende whyche shulde bee more to my harts ease and more quietiness to my mynde than any other thyng in thys worlde | as with god’s grace shortly I wolde it wer | yet I wyll ensure you ther shal be no tyme lost that may be wone | and forther connott be done | for ‘ultra posse no est ee | kepe hym nott to long wt you | but Desyre hym for your sake to make the more spede | for the soner we shall have worde frome hym the so ner shall owre mater come to pase | and thus opon trust off youre short repayre to london I make anende off my Ictler myne owne swette hart | wryttyn wt the hand off him whyche desyryth as muche to be yours | as you do to have hym. *? LETTER XV. : Darlyng I hartely reecomande me to you | assertayneyng you that I am nott a lytyll perplexte with suche thynge as your brother shall on my part Declare unto you | to home I pray you gyffe full credence | for it wer to long to wryte | in my last letters I wrotte to you that I trustyd shortly to se you whyche is better knowne att london than with any that is abowght me weroff I notta lytyil mervel | but lake of dysecrette hande- lyng must nedes be the cause therof } no more to you att thys tyme but that I trust shorily ours metynge shall nott depende upon other menys lycht handyllenese but uppon your owne | wryttyn | wth the hand off hys that longyth to be yours “@ LETTER XVI. [Myne Awne swethhart] thes shall be to advertes you off the grette elengenes that I fynde ber syns your departyng for I ensure you me thynkyth the tyme lenger syns your departyng now last then L was wonte to doa hole fortynyght I thynke your kyndnes and my fervenes of love causyth it for other wyse T wolde not have thowght it possyble that for so lyttle a wyle it shulde have grevyd me but now that I am comyng toward you me thynkyth my painnys bene halfe relefyd $28 yelefyd and also L am ryght well cofortyd in so muche that my boke makyth substantially for my matter in tokyng wher | off I have spente above 4 ours thys Day whyche causy’d me now to wrytte the sehortter letter to you at thys tyme by cause off sume payne in my hed wischyngg mysclfe | specially a nevenynge in my swethart harmys whose prety Dubbys I trust shortly to cusse | wrytten wt the hand of hym that was,.is. and shalbe yours by hys wyll. + LETTER XVII. To informe you what Joy it is to me to understand off your conformabylenes to reson | and off the subpressyng off your inutille and vayne thowghys and fantesys wt the brydell of reson | I en- sure youall the good in thys world colde nott esterparse for my satysffation the knowlege and certente berofl. wher- fore good swett hert edtynu the same nott wonly ja thys but in all your doyngs herafter | for therby shall come bothe to you and me the grettest quiettnes that may be in thys world | the Cause why thys berar taryth so long is the bysynes that I have hadde to Dres up yer for you. whyche I trust or long to se you occupy | and then I trust to occupy yours | whyche~ shall be reco‘pége anowght to me for all my paias and Jabors | the unfaynd siknes off thys weil wyllyng legate dothe sumwhat retard hys access to your presence but I trust verely when god shall send hym helthe he wyll wt Dilygence recdpence bys Demowre | for L know well wereby he hath sayd (lamentyng the saying and brute that he should be imperyall) that it shulde be well knowne in thys mater that he is noit imperiall | and thus for lake of tyme sweit hart farweil | wrytten w th the hand whyche fayne wolde be yours and so is thehart | * # LETTER XVIII. To Cardinal Wolsey. My Lord, In my most humble wise that my heart can think, I desire you to parden me that I am so bold, to trouble you | with my simple and aude writing, - esteeming it to proceed from her, that is much desirous to know that your grace does well, as I perceive by this bearer that you do. The which I pray God long, to continuc, as 1 am most bound to pray; for 1 do know the great pains and troubles that you bave taken for me, both day and night, is never like to be recompensed on my part, but alonely in loving you, next unto the King’s grace, The Love Letters of Henry VITI. to Anne Boleyn. [July ty above all creatures living. And I do not doubt, but the daily proof of my deeds shall manifestly declare and affirm my writing to be true, and) I do trust you do thipk the same. -My Lord, 1 do — assure you, I do long to hear from you news of the legate; for L do hope; and they come from you, they shall be very good ; and E am sure you desire it as much as I, and more, and it were pessi- ble, as I know it is not; and thas remaining in a stedfast hope, I make an end of my letter, written with the hand of her that is most bound tobe =~ Your humble servant, ANNE BoLeyn, Posiseript by King Henry. The writer of this letter would, not cease till she had caused me likewise to set to my hand; desiring you, though is, be short, to take it in good part. I en- sure you, there is neither of as, but that greatly desireth to sce you, and much more joyous to hear that you have eseaped this plague so well, trusting the fury thereof to be passed, especially with them that keepeth good diet, as I trust you do. The not hearing of the legate’s arrival in France, causeth us’ somewhat to muse; notwithstanding, we trust by your diligence and vigilancy (with the assistance of Almighty God) shortly to be cased out of that trouble. No more to you at this time; but that I pray God send you as good health and prosperity as the writer would. By your loving sovereign and friend, Flenry, K. Harleian Miscellany, p. 148. "LETTER XIX, To Cardinal Wolsey, My Lord, In my most humble wise that my poor heart can think, 1 do thank your grace for your kind letter, and for your rich and goodly present, the which I shall never be able to deserve without your help, of ihe which T have hitherto had so great plenty, that all the Jays of my life I am most bound, of all creatures next the King’s grace, to love and serve your grace; of the which I beseech you never to doubt, that ever I shall vary from this thought, as long as any breath is in my body. And, as touching your grace’s trouble with the sweat, [ thank our Lord, that them that I desired and prayed for areescaped, and that is the King and you; not doubting, but that God has preserved you both for great causes known alonely of his high wis- dom. And as for the coming of the legate, I desire that much; and, if it be God’s 1823.] God’s pleasure, I pray him to send this matter shortly to a good end, and then I trust, my lord, to recompense part of your great pains. In the which, I must require you. in the mean time, to accept my good will in the stead of the power, the which must proceed partly from’ you, as our Lord knoweth, to whom I bescech to send you long life, with continaance in honor. Written with the hand of her that is most bound to be your humble and obedient servant, ANNE BOLEYN. Harleian Miscellany, p. 148. LETTER XX. To Cardinal Wolsey. My Lord, After my most humble recommenda- tions, this shall be to give unto your Grace, as Jam most bound, my humble thanks for the gret paynand travell that your Grace doth take, in stewdyeng by your wysdome and gret dylygens howe to bryng to pas honerably the gretyst welth that is possyble to com to any creator lyvyng, and in especyall remem- bryng howe wrecchyd and unworthy [ amincomparyng to his Highnes. And for you Ido knowe myself never to have deservyd by my desertys that you shuld take this gvet payne for me, yet dayly of your goodness I do perceyve by all my ffrends. And though that I hade not knowledge by them, the dayly profle of your deds doth declare your words and wrytyng toward me to be trewe. Now good my Lord your dyscressyon may consyder as yet howe lytle it isin my power to recompence you, but all onely with my good wyl, the whiche I assewer you that after this matter is brought to pas, you shall find me as Lam bownd in the meane tym to owe you my servyse; and then luoke what thyng in this world Icanimmagen to do you pleasor in, you shall fynd me the gladdyst woman in the woreld to do yt. And next unto the The Love Letters of Henry VIII. to Anne Boleyn. 529 King’s grace, of one thyng I make you full promes to be assewryd to have yt, and that is my. harty love unflaynydly dewering my lyf... And being fully de- termynd with God's grace never to change thys porpes; I make ‘an end of thys my reude and trewe meanyd Ictter, praying ower Lord to ‘send you moche increse of honer with long lyfes’ Wry tten with the hand of her that besyebys your Grace to except this letter as prosydyng from one that is most bownde to be Y our humble and obédyent servant, Awne Boieyn. LETTER XXI. : My Lord, In my most humble wise, I thank your Grace for the gyft of thys| benefice for Master Barlo, how behit this stand- eth to non effecte, for it is made for Ton- bridge, and F eould have it (if your pleasure was so) for ‘Sondridge; for Tonbrige is in my Lord niy father’s gift, bi avowson that he hath, and it is not yet void. I do trost that your Grace will graunt him Sundrig, and considering the payne that he hath taken, I do thynke that it shall be verie well bestovyd, and in so doing reckon myself moche bounde to your Grace: For all those that have taken pain in the King’s matter, it will be my daily study to imagin all the waies that I can devyse to do them servis and pleasur. And thus I make an ende, sendyng you again the Ictter that you~ sent me, thabkyng your Grace most humbly for the payne that you take for to wryte to me, as- suringe you, that next the Kinge’s letter there is nothinge that can rejoice me so moche. With the hande of her that is moste bounde to be, your most humble and obedient servant, ANNE Bo.Leyn. My Lord, I besyche your Grace with all my hart, to remember. the Parson of Honeylane for my sake shortly. Fac-Similes copied by favour of the Proprietor of the Pamphleteer. ER. LE BY Montuy Maa. No. 383. 3Y ORIGINAL [ 530 J [July 1, ORIGINAL POETRY. VERSES ON DEATH; BY THE LATE P..B. SHELLY, ESQ: OW wonderful is Death,— Death and his brother Sleep; One, pale as yonder waning moon, With lips of lurid blue ; The other, rosy. as the morn, When thron’d. on Ocean’s waye It blushes o’er the world: Yet both so passing wonderful! Hath then the gloomy. power, Whose reign is in the tainted sepulchres, Seiz'd on her sinless soul? Must then that peerless form, - Which love and admiration cannot view Without a beating heart,—those azure veins, Which steal like streams along a field of snow,— That lovely outline, which is fair As breathing marble,—perish ? Must putrefaction’s breath Leave nothing of this heavenly sight But loathsomeness and ruin? Spare nothing but a gloomy theme, On which the lightest heart might mora- lize? Or is it only a sweet slumber Stealing o’er sensation, Which the breath of roseate morning Chaseth into darkness ? Will Ianthe wake again, And give that faithful bosom joy, Whose sleepless spirit waits to catch Light, life, and rapture, from her smile? Yes! she will wake again, Although her glowing limbs are motionless, And silent those sweet lips, Once breathing eloquence, That might have sooth’d a tiger's rage, Or thawed the cold heart of a conqueror. Her dewy eyes are clos'd, And on their lids, whose texture fine Scarce hides the dark blue orbs beneath, The baby sleep is pillowed: Her golden tresses shade The bosom’s stainless pride,— Curling like tendrils of the parasite Around a marble column, Hark! whence that rushing sound ? *Tis like the wond’rous strain That round a lonely ruin swelis, Which, wandering on the echoing shore, The enthusiast hears at evening : *Tis softer than the west winds’ sigh; *Tis wilder than the unmeasur’d notes Of that strange lyre whose strings The genii of the breezes sweep. Those lines of rainbow-light ~ Are like the moon-beams when they fall Through some cathedral window, but the teints Are such as may not find Comparison on earth. SOUND AND ECHO; BY J. R. PRIOR. Sounp leapt from the tower, and quiyer’d in alr, For the sexton his dreaming had started; He tapt at a window like one for his fair,— For his chemical breath Was not melted in death, Or his fond reminiscences parted : Did’st thou call for thy bride? His sweet Echo replied ; And she ask’d it so gently, and like him : The clapper upwent, Like a spirit intent, And Fancy said—Music shall strike him. Music struck him aloud, and he sought the Sweet spot That had given him life and affection ; And he call'd for his Echo, but answer’d she not: Like a mourner he mourn’d! But no Echo return’d! For the air had exchanged its direction. Art thou hid in the eave, Or delay’d on the wave, Soft mimic, and lady? he sounded. Ah! no comfortress hung On the questions he sung, And Silence his essence surrounded. Soa youth will go forth on the wings of his hope, And wander abroad in his leisure ; His heart is elated, and ventures its scope Till he catches the eyes He.would claim as his prize, And promise abundance of pleasure: But Hope is like Sound, Which his Echo hath found, But loses when pleading to bless her ; For he cannot renew Love's last gentle adicu, Of his vanishing lovely possessor. Islington, —<_——— LINES d ON THE RESTORATION OF LIBERTY TO SOUTH AMERICA, LAND of the Sun! where Nature’s bounties shine On fertile vales, and in the flaming mine, Long wast thou doom’d, a victim and a prey To groan beneath Iberia’s sullen sway ; Her ruthless bandits, fill’d with demon ire, Laid waste thy tranquil scenes with sword and ire, Fiends more accurs’d ne’er trod this mortal stage, Nor deeds more foul than their's stain hist’ry’s page.* ys pag Thy * Pizarre, Cortes, and Co, (see Ro- bertson.) 1823.) Proceedings of Public Societies. 531 Thy simple sons, mark’d down as lawful The boon of Freedom,—justly may ye spoil, claim Like savage beasts they rooted from theeoll; Incas, Caciques, were butcher’d,—to give place To fierce marauders of a foreign race. Those cruel foes upon thy shores had sown A superstition dayker than thine own; Slaves were thy rulers,—Freedom’s bliss unknown. Despotic tyrants, impotent and vain, Bound thee to Europe with coercion’s chain; Lavish’d thy treasures, with unsparing hand, On bigot monks,—the locusts of their land. Tho’ Retribution seems to travel slow, When Heaven commands it soon outstrips the foe ; And haughty Spain is fated now to feel The fierce re-action of the pointed steel, With which she pierc’d thy children to the heart; Her patriot sons hurl back the fatal dart. Thou art aveng’d: rejoice, — thy soul shall be Henceforth the seat of civil liberty. Ye patriot band! who zealously have stood *Gainst tyrant power, and purchas’d with your blood A bright memorial on the roll of Fame. You to the captives op’d the prison door, And bade the Inquisition be no more. Britons beheld your struggle, and admir'd The sacred ardour which your souls inspir’d ; A noble chieftain to your succour sped, From Engiand’s shore,—for you he fought, and bled. Success and conquest follow’d in his train; A braver heart ne’er battled on the main,— Not his excepted who at Trafalgar Laid down his life—a sacrifice to war. Tho’ venal statesmen, and their hireling crew, With foul opprobrium here his name pursue; Because,—like you, brave sons of Free- dom!—he Stood foremost in the ranks of Liberty; Oppos’d Corruption with a dauntless face, Nor truckled down for pension or for place: i Cherish the hero which old England gave,— For Cochrane is the bravest of the brave. Hendon ; May 25, JoP. - PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. == CORNISH GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. i & page 66 we announced the publi- cation of Vol. LI. of ‘Transactions ofthe Royal GeologicalSociety of Corn- wall, instituted 11th February, 1814;” but circumstances having at the time prevented our giving some previous account thereof, in our Literary and Critical Proémium, we shall now sup- ply that deficiency. In the preface, the Council of the Society account for so long a period as four years having elapsed since the first volume of their Transactions appeared, not from any want of communications in the mean time, but from their desire to prefer papers relating to the geology and mi- neralogy of Cornwall, to others, how- _ ever valuable, having relation to other districts, or especially to theoretical points of the science. It rather unfortunately happened, that, at the period when this Society was instituted, two speculative and rival factions in geology, the Hutto- nians or Plutonists, and the Werne- rians or Neptunists, had nearly divided between them every channel of literary communication with the public, and used unblushingly to assert, that every geological observer was now become either a Hutionian or a Wernerian; although at the time our ingenious countryman, William Smith, and a numerous class, who like him were engaged in actual and wide-extended investigations of the subficial parts of our country, utterly rejected the dogmas of both these sects, as idle fictions. This state of things could not prove otherwise than hurtful to the progress of useful knowledge on this delightful and important subject. The county of Cornwall and St. Michael’s Mount, in particular, had, apparently by accident, been selected as the chief arena for the theoretic combats of these factions; and hence the source of that deluge of communi- cations, from occasional visitants of Cornwall, as well as from several of its most influential residents, to which the council seems to us to allude; and of which evidence appears in the large space allotted in the present volume to the materials for theorizing, on an asserted increase of heat, experienced in the mines, accordingly as they are sunk deeper and deeper; and on which controversy we lament to ob- serve the council saying (in page vii.), that the arguments and deductions on each side are ‘‘equally legitimate ;” although Mr, Moyle (in page 415,) has shown it to be an unavoidable conse- quence of the doctrine of his oppe- ucnts, 532 nents, that 7733 miles diameter of the central mass of the earth is melting hot matter, like that in the caren blower’s crucible. We pass over several communica- tions which,’ in our jadgment, might as well have been. omitted; and pro- ceed to notice, with much satisfaction, the rapid progress which is making in collecting, in the Museum of “the Socicty, numerous. specimens, every one marked with its precise locality, of all the known species and varieties of minerals, those of Cornwall in parti- cular. A report of the curator of the Museum is inserted, in. page 451, wherein ‘he entimerates forty-seven varieties of metallic ores, and forty varieties of other minerals, which yet are wanting ‘‘to complete the cabinet,” as he expresses himself: we hope and trust, however, that the Society’s Mu- seum will not be considered complete whilst any distinguishable variety of stone’ or earth, however homely or plentiful, wants q place in it, espe- cially all those of the county which serve or are converted to any useful purpose whatever. As long as Cornwall continued to be considered and treated of as a primi- tive and unstratified district, those persons of other districts, who occa- sionally enquired of the natives or of travellers returned from thence, con- cerning its subficial structure or stra- tification, were answered, that the county admitted of no such ready elucidation by maps and sections, as could easily be made and exhibited relative to fletz or secondary districts: we are therefore much pleased at length to see, that Dr. Forbes has furnished a highly interesting and useful description of the stratification of the Land’s-end district, as far cast- ward asa line drawn from the estuary of the Hayle at St. Erth, to the south coast, a little east of Cudham point, accompanied by a map, and a section of Gurnard’s-head. Equal praise is due to Mr. Carne, for an excellent description and map of the strata and mineral veins, on a@ scale of near 14 inch to a mile, of the parish of St. Just, in the Land’s-end district before men- tioned. Besides which, in the way of maps, we are happy to see the liberal conduet of the council, in strenuously recommending to pubNe encourage- ment the map of the principal mining ~ district of Cornwall, published by Mr. Thomas, unconnected with the §So- Proceedings of Public Societies. ciety ; and we cannot-avoid contrasting this with the conduct of anothersociety, in relation to Mr. Smith’s geological maps,’ sections, and works.” On the phenomena presented by the metalliferous veins or ledés, and by the stony veins or dykes (Elvan channels), and the clayey disloccting fissures or faults (flukans and slides), and their various intersections, in Cornwall, there is an excellent and highly uscful paper by Mr. Carne; the productions of whose pen we should bave been glad to see in a greater number of instances, though it had been to the exclusion of several of the papers (seven in number,) which one indivi- dual has contributed to this volume. On the whole, this is a valuable and cheap work, and we cannot doubt but its circulation will be commensurate with these circumstances. In conclusion we venture to remark, that it appears premature, and of little use, to attempt to draw inferences of a general nature, as to the modes in which different mineral veins were epened, dislocated, and. filled, or whence their peculiar matiers were derived, without carefully contrasting with the Cornish observations those which have been made in several other metalliferous districts, by Mr. John Williams, and published in his ‘‘ Mine- ral Kingdom ;” with others by Mr, W. Forster, on the mines of the east of Cumberland and west of Durham, in his “ Treatise on a Section of Strata ;” with others by Mr. J. Farey, on the Derbyshire and Staffordshire mines, in his “ Report-on Derbyshire ;” together with the particulars, as to various mines besides those of Cornwall, published by several other British observers: all which should be taken into the account, as well as what foreigners may have written respecting their ‘mines, who alone seem to be referred to. —I COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AT HAYTI. The late king, Christophe, was par- ticularly attentive to the education of his subjects. He established a royal college in the capital, with liberal endowments, for public instruction in all the languages, arts, and sciences, which are usually taught in the EKuro- pean universities. A royal free-school was established at St. Mark’s, and twelve public schools in the prineipal towns, in which seyeral thousand chil- dren 1528,] - dren are now taught the English and French languages, and the elements of mathematics,—chiefly by means of teachers from Europe. ‘Besides these, schools were established in every. vil- lage of the kingdem. The present republican. government appears to be equally: aware of the importance of education; in proof of which we give the following Report from the official gazette, published at Port-au-Prince on the 30th of March last. Jeremic, the 7th of Jan. 1823. The Commissioners of Public Instruction at Jeremie, to Gen. B. Inginac, Secre- tary-general to his Excellency the President of Hayti, and President of the Board of Public Instruction of the Capital. . Citizen General,—We have again to fulfil our accustomed task of render- ing, to the Board of Public Instruction of the capital over which you preside, an account of the state of the schools that are entrusted fo our superin- tendance. i ; j We have great pleasure in being able to announce to you, that the teachers who have the direction of the seminaries of education in this place continue, in every respect, to show themselyes worthy of the useful pro- fession to which they have been appointed, On the 20th of December Jast, in conformity with article 17 of the law of the 20th of May, 1820, we, in pre- sence of the authorities of the place, made a public examination of the pupils of the national school. We were astonished at the progress made by these young men, who all conduct themselves with the utmost propriety ; and among whom we particularly distingnished the following. {Here follow from thirty to forty names, distinguished, according to their different classes, in the several departments of read- ing, writing, arithmetic, and grammar. ] These children have been crowned with the most lively applause, and the commission, which has already testi- fied to citizen Plet the son, their director, its entire satisfaction, has a pleasure in here repeating, that he deserves the highest praise. On the 24th of the same month, we visited, along with the same authori- ties, the cstablishment of citizen Hi- State of Education in Huayli. 533 laire the son. It is rare to find in the same school all the advantages which are here united. Order, propriety, and reguiarity, are every where visible; and the confidence which the disciples have in their master, without abating the least from their respect, gives to their manners that free and graceful air which is but too generally stifled by severity ; independent of the checks which harshness of conduct necessa- rily oppose to the improvement of the character, as well as to the develop- ment of the faculties, of childhood. Reading, with citizen Hilare, is very carefully attended to: the proper pro- nunciation, the inflexions, and all the rules of spoken language, are admira- bly observed. Writing is not less an object of his particular attention. All his scholars write a fine hand ; and, however unim- portant it may seem, this accomplish- ment ought by no means to be neg- lected ; for, should the pupil turn out to be but scantily provided on the score of intellect, he may still be use- ful in the counting-house, and other places, for the kecping of books, &e. - Lastly, arithmetic, on the plan of BGezout, and the elementary grammar of L’Homond, are likewise taught with much success in this establishment ; which recomniends it still more to the public, and to -the attention of the government. ‘The young men who have gained the prizes in the different classes are— [Here follows a list of about forty names, ] The school of Messieurs Aubert and Roustan is particularly distinguished for arithmetic and grammar. Many of the pupils have analyzed verbally, and with perfect precision, a discourse dictated to them at the moment. 'They are also good arithmeticians; and, what is particularly valuable, they join rapidity with correctness. We there- fore render to this establishment that justice only which it deserves, when we recommend it to the consideration of all those who are interested in the education of yonth. The young men most distinguished are— [Here follow eight or ten names,} We have procured a list of the nunes of the pupils in each of the schools, which we have enclosed, NEW [ 334 J [July 1, NEW PATENTS AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. —o— To James’ Fercusson, of Newman- s‘reet, Stereotyper and Printer; for Improvem nts-in Printing from Ste- reotype Plates.—Oct. 18, 1821. EN the ordinary process of printing from stereotype plates, the plates are put upon, and fastened to, certain materials, aud apparatus, called by different names, such as blocks, ma- irix-plates, risers, &c. which are made either of iron, brass, type-metal, bell- metal, Roman cement, gypsum, wood of various kinds, or some other suit- able substance; or, without using any such materials or apparatus, the plates are, or may be, put upon, or fastened to, the eoflins or tables of such print- ing-presses as are in general use, or upon cylindrical or any other sort of printing-machines. In all cases, how- ever, of printing from stereotype plates, it. is necessary to apply some remedy to the unequal thickness of the plates; and the operation usually adopted is that of putting layers or pieces of paper, or other material, un- der the thinner places of the plates, or over. the ‘same, on or between the tympan or tympans, which operation is technically termed underlaying and overlaying. The object of Mr. Fergusson’s in- vention is to saye time and expense in. the operatien of underlaying and overlaying ; and this object he accom- plishes by putting elastic substances under the stereotype plates, whereby the printed impressions from them are immediately equalized, in whole or in part; for the» elastic substances yield to the pressure upon the thicker parts of the plates, and at the same time afford the necessary resistance for obtaining suflicient strength ot impres- sions from the thinner parts. ‘These elastic substanees are to be interposed between the stereotype plates and whatever solid or firm substanee may be made use of;—whether blocks, ma- trix-plates, risers, cylinders, printing- presses, printing-machines, or any other apparatus whatsoever. So far as he has made experiments and trials of different elastie sub- stances, he has found cork to be the hest calenlated for the purpose; and he claiins the exclusive right and. pri- vilege of applying cork, and any other elastic substance, to all kinds of printing apparatus and machines, with . the view of remedying the inequalities in the thickness of stereotype plates ; and also the sole right and privilege of manufacturing the elastic articles re- quisite for the attainment of this object, of vending such articles, and of granting licences for the use of the same. ‘Phe cork is prepared by cut- ting, sawing, rasping, and filing; and by these means it is wrought to such a uniform thickness as is required; a quarter of an inch is a proper thick- ness, but a less or greater may be adopted. If, when a determinate thickness has been fixed upon, the cork is to be applied to some appara- tus now in use, that apparatus should of course be diminished as much as is the thickness of the cork, in order that the same height to paper may be pre- served. The layers or beds of cork may be formed either of single pieces, cut to the respective sizes of pages, or made up by several slips, whereby they may be adjusted to various widihs and lengths. To Joun Oxrorp, of Little Britain, London ; for an improved Method of preventing premature Decay in Tim- ber, Metallic Substances, and Canvas ; by the application whereof to such several Bodies respectively, the same are respectively rendered impervious to the Dry-rot, Worms, Insects, or Rust, to which the same are respec- tively liable, and the same are thereb rendered more durable, and less liable tu decay. Nov. 1, 1822. From the known antiseptic proper- _ ties of coal-tar, it has of late years been resorted to in various forms, and for various purposes; but it does not appear to the patentee that it has hitherto been applied in the most efii- cacious manner, and he founds his objections to these applications from the plain fact, that the essential oil of the tar, and which is the sole preser- vative contained therein, is by the present methods principally evapo- rated, and not absorbed, by the sub- stances to which it has been applied. Particular care should be taken that the vil be divested of all impurities whatsoever, Which, when done, it is in faet neither more nor less than pure naphtha. Mr. O. puts it into proper receivers, containing from two hun- dred and fifty to five hundred gallons each, 1823.] each, to which alembics are adapted. He then saturates the oil with chlorine gas, by passing a stream of the said gas from the alembics through the oil. This process must be very carefully watched, and must be stopped as soon as the saturation is complete, and the oil has imbibed or absorbed a sufficient quantity of the chlorine, which is ascertained as follows. ‘The appear- ance of the oil will be changed from the opaque muddy-black colour to a elaret-red ; and, instead of the light watery substance of the volatile ous, it will assume a gelable appearauce ; and, if the weather be very warm during the operation, it may be known by plunging a phial filled with oil, for a minute or two, into a vessel of cold water; the disagreeable empyreu- matic smell will be greatly diminished, although it cannot be completely over- come without at the same time destroy- ing the oleaginous principle; it is, in fact, changed from a volatile to a fixed oil, without the least injury to its penetrative qualities. ‘The oil thus prepared is ready for use; that is to say, for mixing and grinding with the materials or component parts of the coating which is proposed to be laid over, or spread upon, the substances intended to be preserved. These materials or component parts consist of the following articles, viz. of every one hundred parts thereof he takes fifty parts of white lead, or of the red oxyd (according to the colour re- quired), twenty-five other parts of carbonate of lime, well washed, and the remaining twenty-five parts of carbon of purified coal-tar: these in- gredients are to be mixed with the oil prepared as above stated, in large mash-tubs, and must be suflered to remain twenty-four hours before the process of grinding is commenced, in order to give time for the slight effer- vescence which takes place, occasion- ed by the escape of carbonic acid gas. The process of grinding and mixing the materials above mentioned with the oil is the same as that which is used by colour-men in preparing their oil-paints, t:amely, that it is ground as stiff as possible, that a due proportion of the oil for liquefying the compound for use should accompany it; and, in case of two or more coatings being intended to be laid on when the com- pound is to be applied to timber, the first covering should be laid on very thin, in order that it should imbibe as 1 New Patents and Mechanical Inventions. 535 much of the oil as possible: the thick coating or coatings intended to follow will prevent any escape of the oil absorbed by the timber. ‘The whole of the ingredients, particularly the carbon of the purified tar, has such an affinity for the oil, that it will require nearly weight for weight in the appli- cation. If applied to timber that has been regularly painted for fifty years (which has been ascertained by acttal trial), the oil will penetrate to the surface of the wood, while the solid parts unite with the oiled paint, whieh the oil had previously rendered soft; and in this stage the whole may be easily scraped off, or, if suffered to remain, will be- come an impenetrable covering; and in all cases, when it is dry, the smell arising therefrom wiil cease. The utility of this compound, as a preven- tative, is founded on the antiseptic qualities of the fluid, and the inde- structibility of the solids. ‘The carbou of refined coal-tar, as prepared by Mr. QO. is the same coal-iar still, but changed in appearance, in the same. manner that flowers-of-sulphur bear to roll-brimstone. Timber thus prepared has been subjected to the most violent test, for the space of two years, withont the slightest appearance of change, except that it had assumed: a greater degree of hardness. In all cases where timbers are scarfed or dove-lailed, or where they are wedged together, without any intervening substance, there is sure to be the commencement of decay, which a thick ceating of the compound would effectually prevetit, as it stands in all climes, being neither aflected by heat or cold. When applied to iron, or any other metal, the adhesive power of the compound effectually excludes the operation of oxygen on the surface, and of course preserves it from decay., With respect to its application to canvas, or any other linen substance; it is recommended to lay on the first coat very thick, whereby the inter: slices may be completely closed, and rendered impervious to rain, or any other moisture.—Repertory, No. 253. LIST OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS. Thomas Leech, of Blue-Boar-court, Friday-stréet, London, merchant; for au improvement in steam-engines, by the application of steam immediately to a ; wheel, 536 wheel, instead of the usnal process.—Oct. 25, 1822. William Piper, of Cookley Tron- works, Wolverley, Worcestershire, civil-engineer ; for several new anchors for the use of shipping and other vessels,—Noy. 1. J. D. Moxon, of Liverpool, ship-owner and merchant; for improvements in the construction of bridges, and works of a si- milar nature.—Nov. 9. i Francis Deakin, of Birmingham, sword- manufacturer and wire-drawer; for an improvement in the manufacture of hol- ster-cases, cartouch-boxes, and certain other description of cases.—Nov. 9. John Jekyll, of Roundliill-house, Win- British Legislation. [July t, canton, captain in the British navy; for certain improvements in steam or vapour baths, to render the same more portable and convenient than those in present use. —Nov, 9. Richard Roberts, of Manchester, civil engineer ; for. certain machinery or im- plements applicable to the process of weaving plain or fignred cloths or fabrics, which may be used on, and in conjunction with, looms now in common use ; and also certain improvements in the construction of looms for weaving plain and figured cloths or fabrics, and in the method of working looms either by hand, by steam, or other power.—Nov. 14. BRITISH LEGISLATION. eee eal ACTS PASSED in the THIRD YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the THIRD SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM, re AP. LXII. For regulating the Fees chargeable in his Majesty's General Register-house at Edinburgh, and for completing the Buildings neces- sary for keeping the Public Records of Scotland therein. Cap. LXIII: To authorize the Sale of Quit Rents and other Rents, and the Sale and Demise of Lands, Tithes, Te- nements,and. Hereditaments, the Property of his Majestyin Right of the Crown, in Lreland. Cap. LXIV. To amend the Laws relating to Prisons in Ireland. Cap. LXV. Jo continue, until the 5th day of July, 1823, an Act of the 59th year of his late Majesty, for rendering the growing Produce of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, arising in Great Britain, available for the.Pub- lie Service. Cap. LXVI. For authorizing the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt to discharge the Exchequer Bills issued to pay the Proprietors of 5 per cent. annuities, who dissented from receiving 4 per cent. annuities in lieu thereof. Cap. LXVII. To repeal so much of the Excise Licences Act of the present Sessionas regards the carrying on of Trade in more than one Place. Cap. LX VIII. To provide for the Charge of the Addition to the Public Funded Debt of Great Britain and Tre- land, for defraying the Expense of Mili- tary and Naval Pensions and Civil Superannuations. Cap. XLIX. To enable the Judges of the several Courts of Record at West- minster, to make regulations respecting the Fees of the Officers, Clerks, and Ministers, of the satd Courts. ‘Cap. LXX. To continue, until the 5th day of January, 1838, an Act of the 37th year of his late Majesty, for sus- pending the Operation of an Act ofthe 17th year of his late Majesty, for restraining the Negociation of Promis- sory Notesand Bills of Exchange, under a limited Sum, in England, Cap. LXXI. To prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle. Whereas it is expedient to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of horses, mares, geldings, mules, asses, cows, heifers, steers, oxen, sheep, and other cattle; if any person or persons shall wantonly and cruelly beat, abuse, or ill-treat, any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep, or other cattle, ard complaint on oath thereof be made to any mayistrate within whose jurisdiction such offence shall be committed, it shall be lawful for such magistrate to issue his summons, at his discretion, to bring the party before him; and if the party or parties accused shall be convicted of any such offence, he, she, or they, soconvicted, shall forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding five pounds, nor less than ten shillings, to his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, or be committed’ to the House of Correction, or some other prison within the jurisdiction within which the otfence shall have been commit- ted, there to be kept without bail or mainprize for any time not exceeding three months. But no person shall suffer any punishment for any otfence committed against this Act, unless the prosecution for the same be commenced within ten days after the offence shall be committed ; and that, when any person shall suffer im- prisonment pursuant to this Act, for any- offence contrary thereto, in default of payment 1823.] payment of any penalty hereby imposed, such person shall not be liable afterwards to any such penalty. ‘ Cap. LX XII. To amend and render more effectual two Acts, passed in the 58th and 59th years of his late Majesty, Sor building and promoting the building of additional Churches in populous Farishes. Cap. LX XII. For raising a Loan of 7,500,0001. from the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt. Cap. LXXIV. To amend the Laws relating to Bankrupts under Joint Com- missions. Cap. LXXV. To amend certain Provisions of the Twenty-siath of George the Second, for the better preventing of Clandestine Marriages. Cap. LXXVI. Zoamend an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for allow- ing to Distillers for Home Consumption in Scotland a Drawback of a Portion of the Duty on Malt used by them. > Cap. LX XVII. For amending the Laws for regulating the Manner of Heensing Alehouses in that Part of the United Kingdom called England, and for the more effectually preventing Disorders therein. Sec. 1. requires persons to whom any licence shall be granted to enter into re- cognizances.—In case persous applying for licences shall be prevented by sickness, &c. from attending the justices, then jus- tices may grant same on taking security. —Certificate of good conduct, &c. to be produced by persons applying for licences, and persons forging or receiving money for certificates to be guilty of a misde- meanor.—Recognizances to be presented to justices at special! meetings to be held for that purpose.—Names of sureties to be entered in a book, and registers of sureties open to public inspection.—Fees to be paid for licences, and penalty on taking more than regular fees, 51.—Executors, &c. of licensed person may be continued in possession of such. licence, upon enter- ing into the like recognizances,x—Allow- ance to be made for the time unexpired of licences on their renewal.—Offending against condition of recognizances.— Penalties imposed for first offence not exceeding 51.—Second offence not ex- ceeding 101.—Third offence not exceeding 100].—Recognizances not forfeited unless declafed so by Quarter Sessious.—Pro- duction of recognizance by clerk of peace sufficient evidence of the person com- plained of, being a licensed victualler. —Clerks to justices to be decined prose- cutors.—Expences to be paid out of county rates,—Justices may proceed in a summary way.—Persons convicted to be committed for non-payment of penalties, Monruty Mac, No, 383. British Legislation. 537 =Securities may be given and taken for the payment of penalties.—Licences not to be granted tocany person whose house. shall not have been previously licensed at a preceding General. Annual, Meeting of the Justices; unless notices of application be given to the clerk of the peace, and affixed in the manner herein-directed. Sec. 18.—And whereas it is expedient that persons empowered to grant licences by virtue of this Act should not be swayed by interest in the execution of such powers; be it therefore enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no justice of the peace or magistrate in any county, riding, city, liberty, town corporate, or place, in that part of the United Kingdom called England, who is a brewer, maltster, dis- tiller, or dealer in or retailer of ale, beer, or other exciseable liquors, or is concerned in partnership with any person as a brewer, maltster, distiller, or dealer in or retailer of ale, beer, or other exciseable liquors, or shall be the manager or agent of or for any house licenced or about to be licenced for any of the purposes afore- said, at any of the time or times when any of the powers of this Act are to be exe- cated, shall act in any of the meetings for granting of any licence or licences, au- thority or authorities, or shall convict or join in any conviction, or in the determi- nation of any application for a licence or authority to a person to keep any house not before licenced, or in the determina. tion of any appeal directed by this Act; and every justice of the peace or magis- trate who shall knowingly or wilfully offend in any of the premises, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sam of one hundred pbunds, to be recovered by any person who will sue for the same, within six calendar months after such offence committed, by acon of debt or on the case, or by bill, suit, or information in any of his majesty’s Courts of Record, wherein no essoign, protection, or wager at law, nor more than one imparlance, shall be allowed ; which said penalty of one hun- dred pounds shall be paid, one moiety thereof to the person who sues for the Same, and the other moiety to the king's majesty, his heirs and successors, Constables, &c. disqualified from holds ing licenced houses, and no licenced per- son liable to serve as coustable-—Penalty for serving as constable or deputy consta- ble, 101.—Alehouse keeper to use stand- ard measures.—Penalty not exceeding 40s.—Brewer to use casks of full size.— Penalty not exceeding 51. for eaeh cask deficient in size.—Act not to extend to the city of London, and Universities not affected.— Duration of Act limited to three years, Cap. LXXVIII. To enable his Majesty to make Leases, Copies, and Grants, of Offices, Lands, and Heredita- 3 2Z ments, sas * ments, Parcel of the Duchy of Oornwall, or annexed to the same. Cap. LXXIX. Toamend an Act of the Fifiy-third Year of the Reign of his late Majesty, for the Appointment of Commissioners for the Regulation of the several endowed Schools in Ireland. New Musie and the Drama. [July 1,. Cap. LXXX. To eontinue, until the 1st Day of August, 1823, an Act made in this present Session of Parlia- ment, for suppressing Insurrections and preventing Disturbances of the Public Peace in Ireland. 4 NEW MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. —=>- Divine Amusement; being a select Col- lection of Psalms and Hymns, adapted for the Voice and Piano-forte, or Organ; by T. Curtis. 7s. MONG the numerous publications of this minor kind, in the pro- vince of sacred composition, with which the musical world of our own times has, from time to time, been accommodated by various compilers and original composers, the present work (of which the portion now before us forms the fourth volume) may be said to hold no mean rank. Its con- tents, which occupy forty-eight pages, include forty-four different melodies, the greater part of which are eligibly chosen, and are calculated to give a favourable impression of Mr. Curtis’s taste. The movements arein general tolerably well suited to the words, and the basses.are scientific and effective; but one defect pervades the whole eollection, which, unless at the ex- pense of re-engraving all the plates, cannot be remedied; we allude to the uniform omission of a ‘piano-forte accompaniment. able a drawback upon the value of the work, and so ill accords with the substance of the title-page, that we wonder Mr. C. felt himself justified in announcing it as adapted for the voice and piano-forte. The only further re- mark we have to make relates rather to persons than to things, rather to individual right than to the merit of the compositions. Why,—we cannot help asking,—of all the composers from whose productions this publication has been furnished, are no names given except those of Byrd, Jomelli, Dr. Miller, Paxton, and M. Cooke? Orythia, an Air-Fantasia for the Piano- Forse ; composed by E. Woodward. 2s. "The fantasia, a composition which, though less eccentric than the ecpricio, still has for its chief and proper fea- ture a certain degree of wildness, or - unrestrained freedom, is so far sup- posed. to be extemporancons and evanescent, as almost to exclude the This is so consider- . idea of its existing on paper. Accord- ing to tlre original conception of a fan- tasia, it was the fleeting result of tran- sitory imagination, and so estranged from any permanence, that its assump- tion of any fixed form would be a mutation of its character. Yet, by degrees, it has deviated from this its real nature ; and now, fantasias are as often seen flourishing among the stu- died fiowers of a publication, as heard. in the rapid current ef unpremeditated performance. Sanctioned by usage, Mr. Woodward, overlooking the pri- mitive distinction of the fantasia, has treated it agreeably to the present no- tion of its species; and has, we must say, produced under that designation. an ingenious and attractive composi- tion. We find, mixed up ‘with the spirit and freedom of his passages, no small portion of novelty; and, the ease and gracefulness with which they run into each other, at once prove his sense of the necessity of connexion, and his power to commend it. Dalheith-house, or Quadrilles arranged from favourite Scottish Airs, per- formed at the Balls of the Nobility in London, Edinburgh, Bath, Chelten- ham,- §c. for the Prano-forte or Harp. 33s. The six articles of which this litile collection of quadrilles consists, are the airs of “We're a’ noddin at our house,” ‘the Highland Laddie,” “Duncan Gray,” ‘‘ Kenmare’s awa,” “ Boat me o’er to Charlie,” and a grand waltz; and the task incumbent on the selector, of filling up the har- monies, arranging the basses, and em- bellishing the whole, has been per- formed with tolerable success. If, simply as melodies, the little compo- sitions here assembled are deserving favourites with the public, they will not be found tolose any of their claims to partiality by the particular charac- ter they are now made to assume. Their animation is a quality that sane- tions the use to which they are here applied; and the figures with which they 1823.] they are accompanied are so judici- ously constructed as to furnish an additional recommendation to the work. Three favourite Airs from Rossini’s Opera; “Il Bariiere de Seviglia,” performed at the King’s Theatre ; arranged for the Piano-forte. 3s. To whom we should give credit for the able manner in which _ these melodies are prepared. or arranged, we know not; but certainly the adap- tation is managed with a degree of skill that entitles the modifier to praise which he ought not to lose. The airs his judgment has selected are “Una voce poco fa,” ‘ Piano, pianis- simo, scuza parlar,” and the march in C major. ‘The character and powers of the instrument, for the execution on which they are hete intended, have been consulted with such success, that the effect produced is equal to all that could be expected from the piano- forte, and more than could have been realized by ordinary talents. The favourite Scotch Air, “‘ Kenmure’s ' awa’ ;” arranged as a vondo for the Piano-forte, with an Introduction, - «composed by G. Kiallnark. 3s. “‘Kenmure’s awa” carries with it strong symptoms of its being any thing but a genuine Scotch melody. The fourth and seventh of the key are too frequently and unluckily intro- duced not to betray an English origin ; net to rank the movement among those which are imagined on this side of the ''weed, and which, because the sixth and fifth are pretty much dwelt upon, are allowed to pass for the pro- ductions of North Britain. We, how- ever, are willing to admit that the air Mr. Kiallmark has selected is too pleasing to be unworthy of his choice ; and to grant that the manner in which it has been treated by his taste and talents renders it an inviting and eligi- ble exercise for the instrument for which it is here arranged. Introduction and Rondo for the Ptano- Sorte; composed by J. Moscheles. 3s. 6d. Of the thirteen pages of which this publication consists, the first two are occupied by the introductory move- ment; the passages of which, for the most part, sre agreeably, though not very originally, conceived. With re- spect to its appropriateness to the rondo, of which it is the precursor, we trace nothing beyond that of its being New Music and the Drama, $59 in the same key (E flat major), nor do we discover in the subject of the latter the feature of novelty, or much dis- tinction or force of character. Yet, in justice to Mr. Moscheles, we must admit that, in the conduct of the whole, he has displayed considerable address, and that the general effect is sufli- ciently good to prove, that though, perhaps, he does not, in any striking degree, possess the high faculty of in- vention, his judgment has been ma- tured by study and observation, and his ideas reduced to order and_regu- larity. “ Love and the Rose,” a favourite Song; composed by O. H. Toulmin. 1s. 6d. “ Love and the Rose,” which, as its title informs us, has been sung by Miss Tattet at private concerts, is not un- pleasing in its melody ; though, by the style of the bass, and the construction of the accompaniment, we are too well apprized of Mr. Toulmin’s defi- ciency as a scientific musician. In performance, the passages succeed each other in an easy and natural manner; and we are justified in cheer- ing Mr. T. with our expectation, that, notwithstanding the defects we have pointed out, bis little ballad will be- come somewhat of a favourite among the lovers of “ simple song.” “Go, boy, and weave the sweetest flow’rs,” a Glee for three voices, as sung at the. Nobility’s Concerts: the Music by W. West. 2s. The music of this.glee (the words of which are by the mgenious Mr. George Soane,) indicates no inconsiderable degree of fancy. The leading passages are prettily conceived, and the combi- nation, if not uniformly the best that might have-been fabricated, is of so respectable a description, as to pro- mise fature mastery in the harmonic province of composition, and to ensure that eminence up to which talent and industry are ever entitled to look. A Grand Rondo for the Prano-forte; composed by Charles Neate. 3s. 6d. This composition, candour demands our saying, is more distinguished by the quaintness and affected eccentri- city of its passages, -than by any real and genuine beauty. It is not without science, but its science runs into the extraneous extravagance of constrain- ed semitones: it is not without no- velty, but its novelty has more of wildness than of grace or attraction, To us it appears rather the produgtion of / 540 of a dextrous piano-forte performer, than of a composer of genius; of a professor who, having acquired con- siderable power of finger, thinks it in- cumbent on him to show that he can write as well as execute. To say that, among the numerous passages here brought into company with each other, there are not some that may be called natural and engaging, would be harsh and unjust; but they are too scarce to give a character to the composition, which, regarded aggregately, is defi- cient in that felicity and freshness, as well as that simplicity and melliflu- ousness of style, from which procceds the principal gratification of the amateur, Les Deux Amis, a selection of admired National Melodies ; arranged as Duetts Sor the use of Juvenile Performers on the Piano-forte, by J. Monro. 3s. This selection of piano-forte exer- cises, which is intended as a compa- nion to “ Tete-d-Tete,” another publi- cation of the same description, and produced from the same quarter, (Mr. Monro, of Skinner-street,) presents us with thirteen pages ¢° pleasant and attractive matter, and will neither fail to please the ear nor improve the finger of the juvenile practitioner. When we say the juvenile practitioner, we limit our meaning to the first class of pupils; for the several pieces are not oniy simple in themselves, but arranged in the easiest style. We ‘wish, indeed, that all publications professedly prepared for the use of musical noviciates were equally well adapted to the accomplishment of their object; we then should not see, as too often is the case, the great distance between the initiatory and advanced stages of practice completely over- looked by the caterers for infantile performers. : La Guirlande, a Divertimento for the Piano-Forte, in which is introduced the admired Madrigal, ‘‘ For me my Fair a wreath has wove; composed by J. F. Rimbault. 3s. ‘Lhe compositions of Mr, Rimbault have often attracted our-commending notice ; and “‘ La Guirlande” possesses strong, if not equal claims, to the favourable report demanded. by his -best productions. The present piece, which consists of three movements, (an introduction, a principal move- ‘ment, and a’ finale,) may boast a varicty of attractive points. The original matter is noyel and ingenious, New Music and the Drama. ‘Operation of mere arrangement. [July 1, and the’ adopted melody is adorned and consolidated with a cultivation of taste, anda degree of address, which, while they point out the real master, manifest considerable strength of con- ception, and indicate a competency to undertakings of a higher order. Mozart’s celebrated Terzetto, ‘\ Gia Fan Ritorno,’ from the Opera of Il Flaute Magico; arranged as «@ Duett for Two Performers on the same Piano-Forte, by J. C. Nightin- gale. 18.Gd. ~ Mr. Nightingale, who, we Jearn, is organist of the Foundling, has formed of Gia fan ritorno a ductt, his model- ling of which demonstrates no ordi- nary skill in this kind of musical manu- facture. ‘The parts are disposed as much with an attention to effect as to the claims of science ; and, in our esti- mation, denote abilities superior to the The leading property of this duett is the equal distribution of the predominant ideas, by which the harmonic fabrica- tion of the passages is enriched in its texture, as well as variegated in its efrect, and.all the interest imparted to the composition of which a piano- forte performance is susceptible. Rousseau’s Dream, an admired French Air ; arranged with Familiar Varia- tions for the Piano-Forte and Harp, by Samuel Poole. 2s. Rousseaws Dream is no ineligible subject for a piano-forte exercise, and Mr. Poole has fully availed himself of the scope it offered for the display of his fancy. Without digressmg into any eccentricities, or difficulties of execution, (for indeed the professed nature of his undertaking forbade his so doing,) he has sprinkled through his pages a good deal of ornamental divere sity, and furnished for beginners a pleasing and profitable practice. Chant Militaire ; composed and arranged for the Piano-Forte, by G. Kiall- mark. 3s. 6d. This military chant, which has been performed at the church of La Mada- lene, at Rouen, and is now arranged for the above instrument, with a flute accompaniment, is very diversified in its passages, and produces an effeet at once animated and religious. To fit it for execution on the piano-forte re- quired considerable _ management ; and, it isno small praise to the present modifier, that he has succeeded so well. _That the admirers of this piece will be circumscribed in their number, we 1823.] we should strongly apprehend; but, by the judicious few, its general gravity will be considered as the necessary feature of its character, not as an ob- jection, or a blemish. O, Welcome swect Robin, a Song set to Music, with an Accompaniment. for the Harp or Piano-Forte, by L. C. Nielson. 1s. This song, the music of which was, itseems, composed ‘ at the request of a young lady,” is not entitled to our most favourable report. ‘The passages have in them nothing of novelty, and that defect is by no means compen- sated by their connexion, or commu- tual analogy. Wanting a congeniality of style, they fail to produce a uni- formity of character; and, by conse- quence, leave no determined image on the mind. THE DRAMAx Frequenters, as we are, of the drama, we cannot boast that, since our last theatrical report, we have re- ceived, in addition to the general pleasure derived from that highly-ra- tional source of amusement, any of that stratification inseparable from the production of novelty. involves the fortunes of two families, It is rude and boisterous; every chapter! being covered with blood, or heaving with the throes of lacerated flesh. ‘The style, too, is affectedly precipitous; and its metaphors as incongruous as those of the poets of the Lakes. In addition to the regularly-formed oaths, which are very numerous, the name of God is invoked in every page; and in such a manner as to make it difficult to discover whether the author meant to pray or to swear. When a friend of Whitfield observed, that many of the Methodist’s hymns were sung to tumes which had, originally, been adapted to compositions of a lighter na- ture, he gravely replied, “ Why should the devil have all the geod tunes?” In the same spirit, our modern saints have 4A betaken 546 betaken themselves to the writing of novels; “so that, while we fancy, good easy souls, that we are about to recline in peace; on our sofas after a hard day’s fatigue, to smooth down the wrinkles of the mind, we find ourselves entangled in lay sermons of two days long, where the Sacred is mixed or gilded with a due pro- portion of the profane, to make it go glibly down.” Of these publications we can only notice a few : Willoughby, or Reformation, is charae- terized by its author ina prefatory address to the reader: “To enforce the necessity of true religion on the conduct of man, and to shew that no repentance can be per- manent which is not founded on the Doc- trines of Revelation, are the leading objects of the story ; and, however imper- fectly such momentous opinions may be expressed, the forbearance of a rigid cri- ticism is earnestly supplicated by the Author.” We forbear. Martha; a Memorial of an only and be- loved Sister, by ANDRew REED, author of “No Fiction,” &c. is another sermonizing tale, which the writer would pass upon us as no fiction. Martha Reed*was a pious young woman, who died under the age of thirty, after having spent a life reniarkable for nothing but unceasing devotion, Her brother Andrew, the author of the work before us, is a dissenting preacher, and a writer of religious novels, though this it seems is truth. The language is highly evangelical, and the story suited, in every part, to the enthusiasm of the sect. — ARBORICULTURE. Sylva Florifera, the Shrubbery; by H. Phillips, F.H.s. 2 vols. 8vo. 21s. BIOGRAPHY. Memoirs of William Hayley, esq. the Friend and Biographer of Cowper; writ- ten by himself. With Portraits. 2 vols. 41, 4s. bds. Memoirs of the Rev. John Blagkader : containing illustrations of the Giscopal persecution from the Restoration to the death of Charles the Second ; by Andrew Crichton. ivmo. 8s. ' Tytler’s Life of the Admirable Crichton. gd edit. 12mo. 9s. The Life of a Soldier: a narrative and descriptive Poem. imp. 8vo. CONCHOLOGY. Letters illustrative of the Wonders of Conchology ; by the Author of ‘the Won- ders of the Vegetable Kingdom.” An Introduction to the Study of Con- chology; by Samnel Brookes, F.Ls. 4to. 3k. 10s.—large paper, 5l. 15s. 6d. A Descriptive Catalogue of recent Shells, according to the Linnean method ; by L. W. Dillwyn, F.R.s. F.L.s. &c. 2 vols. 8vo. 1118s. DRAMA. Mary Stuart ; by Miss Macauley. 7s. List. of New Publications in June. [July 1, Faust, a Drania, translated from the German of Goéthe ; and Schiller’s Song of the Bell; by Lord Francis Leveson Gower. 8vo. 8s, 6d. EDUCATION, Five Hundred Questions on Robinson’s Abridgment of Hume and Smollett : print- ed in a 4to. copy-book.. 2s. ~ Practical Logic, or Hints to Young Theme Writers; by B. H. Smart. 12mo. 3s. 6d. A Hebrew Grammar in the English Language; by Joseph Samuel C. F. Frey. A new edition, 8vo. 7s. The Perfect Model for Christian Teachers, 1s. 6d. GEOLOGY. Treatise of a Section of the Strata, from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to the Cross-fell, in Cumberland, with remarks on mineral veins in general: also Tables of the Strata in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, &c.; by W. Forster. 8vo, 18s. HISTORY. History of Suli and Parga; containing the Chronology of their Wars, &c. 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Military Exploits, &c. of Don Juan Martin Diez the Empecinado ; translated by a General Officer. 8vo. 7s. The History of the Reign of George the Third ; by Robert Bisset, LL.p. New edit. 6 vols. 8yo. 31. 3s. A History of England, from the first In- vasion by the Romans to the Accession of James I. by John Lingard, D.p. 2d edit. 8 vols. 8vo. +1. 16s. bds, Historical View of the Literature of the South of Europe; by M. de Sismondi : translated from the original, with notes, by T. Roscoe, esq. 2 vols, 8vo. 24s. A Refutation of the Statements on Ad- miral Sir George Montagu, G.c.B. contain- ed in Capt. Brenton’s ‘* Naval History of Great Britain.” 8vo. 2s. 6d, HORTICULTURE. Hints on Ornamental Gardening ; by J. B. Papworth. 8vo, il. 11s. 6d. MATHEMATICS. Geometrical Analysis, and Geometry of Curve Lines ; by Professor Leslie. 16s. Tuther’s Catalogue of Optical Philoso- phy and Mathematical Instruments. 1s. MEDICINE. A Treatise on Practical Cupping; by Samuel Bayfield, surgeon. A Manual of the System of Craniology, or Analysis of the moral and intellectual Qualities by observation of the Organic Structure of the Brain, as manifested in the outward conformation of the Skull. The Utility and Importance of Fumi- gating Baths. illustrated; by Jonathan Green. 8vo. 2s. . Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic, designed for the use of students ; by George Gregory, M.D. 2 vols. 21s. MIS- 1823.] MISCELLANIES. Vol. IX. of Baxter’s Practical Works. 8vo. 12s, 4 Description of the Tread-mill for the Employment of Prisoners, with observa- tions on its management, accompanied by a plate and description of a new instru- ment, by which the daily amount of indi- -vidual labour may be determined by in- spection. 8vo. 4s. A Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, of Bon-Ton, and the Va- rieties of Life ; by Jon Bee, esq. 12mo. 6s. A Reply to Mr. Reed’s Advertisement to the seventh edition of “ No Fiction;’ by Francis Barnett. 12mo. 6d. Suffolk Words and Phrases, or an At- tempt to Collect the Lingual Localisms of that County; by Edward Moor, F.R.s. 12mo. 10s. 6d. Questions in Political Economy, Politics, Morals, Metaphysics, &c. 8vo. 10s. 6d. A Letter to the Mistresses of Families on the Cruelty of employing Children in Sweeping Chimneys; by J. C. Hudson. 8vo. 6d. Veterinary Art: in a Series of Elemen- tary Lectures on the Veterinary Art; by — Percival, surgeon. . 8vo. 12s. Sketches in Bedlam, or Characteristic Traits of Insanity; as displayed in the cases of 140 patients of both sexes in New Bethlem, 8vo. 10s. 6d. MYTHOLOGY. An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology; by J. C. Prichard, M.D, 8vo. 27s. NATURAL HISTORY. Fuei, or Coloured Figures and Descrip- tions of the Plants referred by Botanists to the Genus Fucus ; by Dawson Turner, esq. F-R.S. 4 vol. 4to. 21l—on medium folio, 361. NATURAL PIITOSOPHY. Elements of Natural Philosophy; by Professor Leslie. Vol. I. including Me- chanics and Hydrostatics. 8vo. 14s. NOVELS, TALES, AND ROMANCES. The Hut and the Castle, a Romance; by the Author of “Santo Sebastiano.” 4 vols, 12mo. 28s. The Foundling of Gienthorn, or the Smnggler’s Cave. 4 vols. 12mo. 24s, May you like it; by a Country Curate. Vol. If. 12mo. 8s, De Mowbray, or the Stranger Knight: a romance; by Nella Stephens. 4 vols. 12mo. 22s. Reginald Dalton; by the Author of *¢ Valerius,” and “Adam Blair.” 3 vols, il. 118, 6d, First Affections ; an Oxfordshire story. 2 yols. 12m0. 128, Petticoat Vales: containing — Dora, Constantia, the Miller of Calder, Frances Colville, Flirtations of a Fortnight in August, Sambo the Slave, and ‘Terni. 2 vols. 12mo, 145, List of New Publications in June. 547 The Napoleon Anecdotes, complete in 3 vols. 15s. bds, The Two Bourbons, or the War-cry of Paris and Madrid; by B. Read. 8vo. 9s. Ghost Stories ; collected to counteract the vulgar belief'in ghosts and apparitions. 12mo. 8s. POETRY. Poetical Sketches,, with Stanzas ‘for Music, and other Poems; by Alari¢ A. Watts. 6s. Verses, Moral and Descriptive. ¢s. @d. The Graces, a classical allegory ; trams- lated from Wieland. 12mo, 73. The Duke of Mercia, the Lamentation of Ireland, and other Poems; by Sir Aubrey de Vere Hunt. 8vo, 10s. 6d. The Days of Queen Mary, or a Tale ‘of the Fifteenth Century, 12mio, 5s. Men and Things in 1823 ; by J.S. Boone. 8vo. 5s. Phantoms, a Poem, with Myrrha, by J. H. St. Anbyn. 8vo. 5s. Delmour, ora Tale of a Sylphid: a poem, in two parts. 8vo. 4s. Whittingham’s Cabinet Edition of Ele- gant Extracts, selected from the British Poets and Poetical Translators; by'R. A. Davenport, esq. 2s. 6d.—to becompleted in 12 monthly parts. ' The Island, or Christian and. his Com- rades: a poem, in four cantos; by Lord Byron. 8vo 5s. Herrick’s Hesperides. 2 vols. post 8vo. 11. 8s.—large paper, 4to. 4]. 4s. The Siege of Valencia, the Last Con- stantine, and other Poems; by Mrs. He- mens. 8vo. 19s. The Discarded Son, a tale, and other ~Rhymes; by C. B. Coles, esq. ‘3s. ‘The Siege of Jerusalem, a poem; by C. Peers, esq. 8v0. 142s. The Battle of the Bridge, or Pisa De- fended: in fen cantos ; by J. Maxwell, esq. 2d edit. feap. 12mo. 8s. POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY, Britannia’s Letters to a British Prince on the Holy Alliance; by T. Broughton, esq. 8vo. 5s. Letter to the Gentlemen of Great Bri- tain and Ireland on the Wages of Men- servants. 8vo. 1s. 6d. The Speech of the Earl of Liverpool on the Spanish Question, April 14, 1893. 8vo. Qs. A Reply to the Article on Chureh Esta- blishments in the Edinburgh Review; by Augustus Campbell. 8vo. 1s. 6d, The Case of Ireland in 1823,: an argu- ment for the repeal of the Union between that country and Great Britain. syo, 2s, 6d. The Neutrality of England, 8vo, 1s. 6d. The Manuscript of 1814, written at the command of Napoleon ; by Baron Fain. An Essay on the Employment of the Poor (rewarded with a Silver Medal by the 548 the Board of Agriculture); by R. A. Slaney, esq. 2d edit. 28. 6d. Military Sketches of the Nepal War in India, in the years 1814, 15, and 16; by an Eye-witness., 5s. Campaign of the Left Wing of the Allied Army, in the Western Pyrenees and South of France, in the years 1813-14, royal Ato. with 25 plates, I. Letter to John Bull: to which is added a Sketch of a Plan for the safe, speedy, and effectual, Abolition of Slavery ; by a Free-born Englishman. 1s, The Claims of the Clergy to Tithes, and other Church Revenues. 1s. 6d. A Further Appeal to the British Public _in the Cause of the Persecuted Greeks; by the ,Rev. Robert Chatfield, LL.D. 8vo, 4s. THEOLOGY. Meditations on the Scriptures, &c.; by R. Weland, rector of Weston-under- Penyard. 2 vols. 8vo. God’s Judgments upon Gentile Aposta- tized Churches, Apocalyptical Writers, &c. New edit. 8vo. Orations for the Oracles of God, in four parts: Judgment to Come, an Argument, in nine parts; by the Rev. Edward Irving, A.M. 8vo. 12s. A Plea in behalf of a Christian Country, for the Christian Education of its Youth ; abridged from the work of the Rev. G. Monro, M.A. . 8vo. 4s. 6d. The Uni-Personality of the Divine Na- ture proved from Scripture. 6d. Compiled Prayers, adapted to family worship and closet devotion. 12mo. A Scriptural Catechism, for the Use of Schools and Families. 6d. Sermons, devotional, practical, and oc- casional ; by the Rev. W. Snowden, Vol. II. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Sermons on several Subjeéts; by the Rey. C. Swan. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Nine Sermons; by H. W. Gery, m.a. 8vo. 6s, The Second Advent, or the Glorious Epiphany of our Lord Jesus Christ. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. An Enquiry into the Evidence of Chris- tianity: in Question and Answer. 9d. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. {July 1, The State of the Metropolis, or the Im- portance of a Revival of Religion m Lon- don ; by the Rev. J. H. Stewart. 6d. Sermons and Miscellaneous: Pieces ; by the Rey., Robert Wynell Mayow. 12mo. 7s. 6d. TOPOGRAPHY. The Beauties of Cambria: consisting of sixty views on wood, with letter-press de- scriptions ; by H. Hughes, Parts 4, 5, and 6. 10s. 6d. each. Nelson’s History and Antiquities of Islington, with additional matter, and twenty-three copper: plate engravings. New edition. A Concise Description of the) English Lakes; by J. Ottley. 12mo. 4s. 6d. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Part 4, Vol. IX. of the Journal of ‘Voyages and Travels: containing Cramp’s Voyage to India, and Forbin’s Recollec- tions of Sicily, with a plate. 8vo, 3s. 6d. sewed,—4s. boards, The sixth and concluding Volume of Dr. Clarke’s Travels. 4to. 21. 2s, Travels through Sweden, Norway, and Finmark, to the North Cape, in the sum- mer of 1820; by Arthur De Capel Brooke, esq. 2I, 10s.—proofs on India paper, 3l. A Journey from Riga to the Crimea, by way of Kiev: with some account of the colonization, and of the Manners and Customs, of the Colonists of New Russia ; by Mary Holderness. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Maria, or a Shandian Journey of a Young Lady through Flanders and France, during the Summer of 1822; by my Uncle Qddy. 12mo, 4s. The World in Miniature: China. 2 vols. 18mo, 12s, f Works in French. Whittingham’s French Classics, Vol. I. containing Paul et Virginie, par St. Pierre. 2s. 6d. sewed. Lettres a Isabelle, ou quelques Reflexi- ons sur l’Education et la Societé; par Ma- dam’Adéle du Thou. fcap. &vo. 7s. Elizabeth: being the First Part of a Series of French Classics, with notes, &c. ; by L. T. Ventouillac. 18mo. 3s. VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. — HE Mathematical Volume of the series of separate Dictionaries, intended to form @ Methodical Cyclo- pedia, will appear in July. The extraordinary time required in print- ing these highly-finished volumes, and the care requisite to render them per- fect works of reference, have prevented their more rapid appearance. This, however, is of little consequence to the purchasers of the work, because each of the volumes is a substantive work, standing complete by itself, and wholly unconnected with the others. The new volume will include the whole of the mathematical and physical sciences, and the latest discoveries in every branch. A reprint of Warton’s History of English Poetry, in four large volumes, ; octavo, 1823.] octavo, is nearly ready for publication. It embraces a large body of notes, written by the late Dr. Ashby, the late Mr. Ritson, F. Douce, esq. and other eminent antiquaries ; together with the copious illustrations and additions of Thomas Park, esq. ‘The specimens of poetry have all been collated with the original manuscripts, or editions of acknowledged merit, and the nume- rous errors arising. from inattention at the press, or in_ transcribing the author’s copy, have been carefully corrected; while no alteration has been permitted ‘in the text. The Royal Academy having for some years, on account of the con- tracted limits of its Exhibition rooms, been under the avowed necessity of rejecting many meritorious works, and of crowding or misplacing others ; and the rooms of the British Institution being devoted to the exhibition of works of the old masters, and of the School of Painting which succeeded it,—a numerous body of artists, desi- rous of bringing their works fairly be- fore the public, have formed them- selves into a Society, for the purpose of erecting an extensive suite of roonis for the exhibition and sale of their works, in painting, sculpture, archi- tecture, and engraving; and, opening an exhibition immediately after the close of the British Institution in April, to continue during the three succeeding months. ‘Twenty-seven of the most active, enterprising, and original, artists of the day, have formed themselves into a committee to carry this design into execution, and we are convinced they will be liberally sup- ported by the public. A new edition is announced of the Diversions of Purley, by Joun Horne Tooke, A.M. in two volumes, octavo, from the copy corrected and consider- ably enlarged by the author, and hitherto in the possession of his executors. A series of Lectures is printing upon the Elements of Chemical Science, lately delivered at the Surrey Institu- tion, by Mr. G. Gurney. They will comprise the bases of the new theory of crystallization, and diagrams to illustrate the elementary combinations of atoms, particularly theories of elec- trical influence and of flame, with a full deseription of the author's blow- pipe when charged with certain gases, &c. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 549 Observations made «during a Resi- dence in the Tarentaise and various Parts of the Grecian and Pennine Alps, in Savoy, and in Switzerland and Auvergne, in the years 1820, 21, and 22, with remarks on the present state of society, manners, religion, agriculture, climate, &c. by Ropertr BAKEWELL, esq. are in the press. A Geognostical Essay on the Super- position of Rocks in both Hemispheres, by M. pe Humsotpr, is translated into English, under his immediate inspection. Mr. SHELDRAKE has issued propo- sals for publishing, by subscription, (dedicated, by permission, to Sir Tho- mas Lawrence, president of the Royal Academy,) an Enquiry into the Origin and Practice of Painting in Oil, to ascertain what was the real invention of Van Eyck; and what were the ma- terials and vehicle that were used by Giorgione, and the fine artists of the Venetian school. To which will be added, some infermation on the old painted and stained glass; arecipe for preparing drying oil of superior qua- lity, which is only known to the author; and an attempt to ascertain some colours which were used by the old painters, but are unknown to the artists of the present time. Fonthill and its Abbey delineated, to be richly embellished with name- rous highly-finished engravings and spirited wood-cuts, by Joun Rurrer, of Shaftesbury, is nearly ready for publication. ‘The advantage of alone continued access to every part of the Abbey, the valuable assistance of nu- merous friends, the mass of new mate- rials thus collected for accomplishing his object in the most perfect manner, are the author’s recommendation. A curious work, in one octavo vo- lume, written by the actuary of a Life Assurance Company, is about to make its appearance, in the form of a Cau- tion to intended Shareholders, and a Guide to Persons effecting —Insu- rances; in which will be exhibited the comparative merits of the different companies, and their claims to public patronage and confidence investi- gated, with necessary information ‘to persons who may wish to insure their lives, or purchase annuities or endow- ments for their children. The frauds and deceptions of various offices are exposed, as the use of the names. of noblemen and gentlemen no way re- sponsible, 550 sponsible, the advertising of fictitious capital, false number of policies, false representation of illusory Acts of Par- liament, particularly of:those which enable to sue and screen the compa- nies from being sued, and pretended distribution. of profits.. The system of forfeiture of policies, from error in the age, neglect of punctual payment to the day, military service, death upon the seas, by duclling, suicide, and the hands, or doubtful legality of interest,. are freely discussed, and the best mode is pointed out to guard against tech- nical advantages, by which the unwary are injured ; with hints to the legisla- ture for regulating offices for the pub- lic protection. ' Early. in July will appear Vol. II. of Whittingham’s French Classics, containing Elizabeth, ou les Exilés en Siberie, par Mad. Cottin; also Part 3, of Whittingham’s Cabinet Edition of Elegant Exiracts in Poetry. Imaginary Conversations of Lite- rary Men and Statesmen, by W. S. LANDOR, esq. are in the press. A Classical Assistant to the Study of Homer, Virgil, &c. in the Transla- tions of Pope and Dryden, by Mrs. Oom, will soon appear. Journal of a Tour in France in the years 1817 and 1818, by F. J. Carey, is printing. Flora Domestica, or the Portable Flower Garden, with directions for the treatment of plants in pots, and illustrations from the works of the poets, is in preparation, The English Flora, by Sir J. E. Smiru, President of the Linnean Society, &c. will soon appear. Journal of aTen Months’ Residence in New Zealand, is printing, by Capt. ’ A. Cruise, of the 84th regt. Sketches of the Lives of Corregzio and Parmegiano, with notices of their principal works, will appear in a few days. Lectures on the General Structure of the Human Body, and on the Anatomy and Functions of the Skin, delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons of London, during the course of 1828, by THomMAs CHEVALIER, F.R'S. F.s.A. and F.L.s. will soon be pub- lished. Proposals are made for publishing by subscription, Six Etchings from Pen Drawings, drawn and etched by W. Cowen. The subjects of these etchings represent some of the finest Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. [July |, scenery in Italy and Switzerland, and they are fac-similes of his own draw- ings actually made upon the spot. A republication is preparing, in two volumes, octavo, of Pseudodoxia Bpi- demica, or Inquiries into very many received Tenets and commonly re- ceived Truths, by Tuomas Brown, Doctor of Physic, much enlarged by the author, with additions and correc- tions, by the editor, in the form of notes. Miscellaneous Collections, forming a fourth volume to the “ Lawyer’s Common-place Book,” will appear shortly. A new work, for the use of commer- cial gentlemen, will appear in a few days, by Mr. Wricut, accountant, Fenchurch-street, entitled, the New Mercantile Assistant, and General Cheque Book, containing nine copious and distinct sets of new and useful tables. A Memorial of the Iate Rev. Mr. Evans, of Wymondham, Norfolk, isin the press, including a selection from his private correspondence; to which is subjoined a funeral sermon, by the Rev. J. Hooper. The third Number of the Free- thinking Christians’ Quarterly Regis- ter, will be published July 1. It will contain authentic documents relative - to some scenes. which ‘have lately taken place at the celebration of dis- senters’ marriages; also the protests, &e. of the parties, together with an account of the former Fleet mar- riages, and a review of the present laws and practice. The subject is at this time one of peculiar interest, the Marquis of Lansdown having signified his intention of again presenting a bill to Farliament for the relief of Dissen- ters, as to the mode of celebrating marriages, early in the ensuing session. A new cdition is printing of the Young Countess, a tale for youth. Mr. BuaGioLt, author of several esteemed clementary works on the Italian language, is printing a new edition of the Decameron of Boccac- cio, in five volumes, octavo and quarto, in Italian, reprinted from tbe original text from the manuscript of Urannelli, with the most remarkable variants of several other editions, and illustrated with an historical and lite- rary commentary, Berthollet on Dyeing, translated from the Jast Parisian edition, with notes 1823.| notes and illustrations, is preparing by ANDREW URE, M.D. F.R.S. in two volumes, octavo. Illustrations, of Shakspeare’s Dra- mas, consisting of 111 fine engravings, all from pictures by T. StoTHARD, esq. r.A. in the possession of Mr. Tec, are in forwardness. Mr. Hersert Mayo has in. the press,a second number of Ifis Anato- mical. and Physiological Commenta- ries. Mr. Moore has resumed his long suspended task, the Life of Sheridan, and this work may be expected to appear early in the ensuing winter. Influence and Example, or the Re- cluse, a tale, by the author of ‘ Dan- gerous Errors,” is in the press. We are requested to state, that it was not Mr. Bevan, the civil engineer of Leighton Buzzard, who lately left this country for Buenos Ayres; but Mr. Bevan, of Lambeth, a respectable member of the Society of Friends. Horses not drawing «-+++4++se00> EviAs Hat, of Castleton, who in 1813 distinguished himself (see our 35th vol. page 151,) by preparing nu- merous stratigraphical models, or maps in relief, of the peak hundreds of Derbyshire, and who since has model- Jed the contour and strata of the grand ridge of hills, extending from Derby- shire to the lake hills of Cumberland, has now in the hands of Mr, Lowry, the engraver, two vertical Sections of the Strata. The thicknesses of the several coal-seams, and thicknesses of measures (of rock, shale, &c.) between them, will be set down, On the 6th of February last, a letter was read in the Royal Society from Sir Thomas Brisbane, governor of 2 Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 551 Mr. T. D. WorGan is preparing-for publication, a Treatise on a Motet in forty-five parts,—ten vocal, and thirty- five instrumental ; composed for every class of voice, and.every sort of instru- ment generally used in’ concert; and illustrated by two lectures, of which he has published a prospectus. - A Treatise on the Law of Boroughs and Corporations, deduced from the earliest to the present times, end in- cluding their general history, the his- tory, origin, and law, of the right of election, and of the king’s prerogative in granting charters, as well as the binding effect of charters and bye- laws, and the power of corporations to admit freemen; with an appendix of records and charters illustrative of these points; by H. A. MEREWETHER, esq. of the Inner Temple, barrister. Mr. Samucy Ware has lately assem- bled the following curious facts relative to the Bridges of London:— London. |Southwark.|Blackfriars| Strand. |Westminst. Superficial feet in waterways of the bridges, at the level of the Trinity high-water mark, of --++-+++++---| 7,360 | 15,940 | 14,117 | 17,707 |15,198 Superficial feet at the level of spring and neap tides, 14 feet 5 inches below ditto --+-++---+.+ereeeee 1,488 | 5,012 | 3,724} 3,382 | 3,720 Linear feet of the collective spans of the arches, aud widths of the bear- ing piers --.--+ wus pe spieidnite an teb tia: 927 708 935-| 1,240 | 1,068 Linear feet of the collective spans of the arches.-«+++secereessseceees 545 660 788 1,080 860 Descent of the road-way 2 North end 14 + 23 +: 3 per yard in inches---- § South end 1% “° 23 “ 2 Foot-passengers -+++++++ee+0--| 89,640 -- 61,069 ++ 157,820 Wagy0ns vecsevreseurerceccee 769 oe 533 ce 173 Carts and drays «-+-+r+esseeeeel 2,924 - 1,502 - 963 COACHES oe.) cieisinis wise a hs ak Biebat 1,240 ee 990 a 4,171 Gigs and taxed carts ++-+-+++- oe 485 bee 500 o. 569 615 Paramatta, and President of the Phi- losophical Society of New South Wales, communicating the results of certain observations made at the ob- servatory of Paramatta, by Mr. CuaArRLES Rumker. Besides the de- termination of the. obliquity of the ecliptic, the fixing the longitude of Paramatta and of Sydney, together with the length of the pendulum to seconds, Mr. R. has fortunately disco- vered again the triennial comet of M. Eucker, which has eluded all recent observation in Europe. RUSSIA, The Bible Society has, throughout the Russian empire, 54 divisions, in the different governments, and 168 ’ auxiliary (§52 auxiliary societies. The Society of Moscow published and distributed, within the two last years, 106,000 co- pies, in thirty-two languages; and, since its first establishment in 1813, has printed more than 550,000. Three new journals have appeared at St. Petersburgh since the 1st of January last. The first is -entitled “‘ Archives of the North,” and is de- voted to history, political economy, voyages and travels, and a_ brief bibliography. The second appears every fortnight, under the title of “‘ Literary Supplement,” &c. The third is in the German language, (the two former are in the Russian,) treat- ing of letters, sciences, the fine arts ; and appears every Saturday. ‘ At Novoi Oskole, one of the most’ ancient and obscure towns of the Ukraine, there is now a very respec- table library of Russian publications, which all the inhabitants may read, at very moderate prices. A school-house has been annexed to it. TURKEY. The Porte has ordered the sale, by weight, of all the fine libraries that are in Constantinople. Among others are noticed those of the Princes Morasi, who had become objects of jealousy to that despotic government, by rea- son of their wealth, their patriotisin, and their talents. GERMANY. A great number of Jesuits, expelled from Russia, have been permitted to fix themselves in Austrian Gallicia, where the Gymnasium of Tacnopol has been assigned them. Doubts were entertained whether the order would be allowed in Austria; but these are removed, by a House for. Novices which they have obtained at Vienna. At Leipsic, in Saxony, the number of pupils at the University, during the last winter six months, amounted to 1102: among whom, in theology were 480 ; in jurisprudence, 381; in medi- cine, 163; and in philology, 74. There was afterwards a further augmentation of fifty-one pupils. PRUSSIA, In the month of September last was exhibited, for the first time, at Berlin, a public exposition of the productions of art and of national industry, similar to those which have been so success- fully established in France and Bava- ria. It lasted six weeks, and took place in the hall of the Institute of Industry. Admission to it was by Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. [July 1, cards, the price of which, joined to that of the catalogues, is intended to furnish pupils of promising talents with the means of gratuitous instruc- tion. At the conclusion, medals of honour were delivered to several dis- tinguished artists and manufacturers. In the same month was held, in the hotel of the Academy of Fine Arts, a public exhibition of paintings, sta- tuary, compositions and instruments of music, &e. FRANCE. Intellect is retrograding rapidly in France. The grovelling policy of the Bourbons bas already earried back the French a whole generation. The press is under an interdict of féar and ‘superstition, and of passion and re- sentment; and nothing appears wor- thy of being read by free and enlight- ened men. Dull compilations, insipid tales, and abstract disquisitions, con- stitute the current literature of France. Never were a people so fallen in a living generation. Vrance is truly blotted from the map of Europe, not by democracy, but by legitimacy. Y et France still possesses more men of genius and mental energy than all Europe put together; they are, how- ever, at this time lingering under the W aterloo-opiate, administered by the state quacks of Europe. M. C. H. TuHotiarn, professor of Physics, &c. in the College of Tarbes, Upper Pyrenees, has published a small treatise, entitled, ‘‘ A Preservative against Thunderand Hail, &c.” Here- in it is maintained, that cords of flax in the straw, placed at a certain elevation above the vineyards, rye- grounds, &c. attract the electricity from the stormy clouds, and prevent the formation of hail. This very sim- ple process, in 1822, had the most Satisfactory results. Out of eighteen communes that are annually struck with hail, and that were provided with the above paragreles, three only were slightly touched, and it was in the parts bordering on those that had not made use of the preservative, (in French paille lin,) whilst twenty of the adjacent communes lost the greater part of their crops. During the reign of Napoleon many changes took place as to the exterior of Paris, and greatly for the better. The houses on most of the bridges were taken down, which in the time of Louis XVI. obstructed the circula- tion of the air, and completely masked a series 1823.] @ series of handsome quays, as also some interesting views of the Seine, which are now contemplated with pleasure. The ancient towers and enormous prisons of the Bastille and Le Chatelet, demolished in the course of the revolution, have no less contri- buted to dispel the lugubrious air which they inspired, and to facilitate the circulation of carriages in various quarters adjacent to those ancient mo- numents. In the vast limits of Paris, the progress of. taste, fancy, and the fine aris, is gradually bringing out the more finished energies of their cha- racter, is correcting and meliorating what is offensive, with successful in- dustry and ingenuity. The magnifi- cent plantations of trees on the New Boulevards, and the numerous and superb barriers erected, at more re- mote distances, have given conse- quence and credit to the local sites, and developed a thousand latent at- iractions which their situation re- quired. But itis in the environs that many shining and excellent improve- ments are starting up every day,—im- portant in themselves, and yet only parts of a more coinprehensive system. Continual improvements these, upon a farger scale, including plantations made and makiug, the construction of bridges, the excavation of canals, opening of new streets, erecting nu- merous monuments, levelling obstruc- iions, renidering the roads smooth and uniform, opening public promenades in gardens, parks, &c. In short, push- ing forward and embellishing all the natural tendencies of situation, and surrounding the city with a new artifi- cial world. The Royal Society of Arras, for the encouragement of the sciences, letters, and arts, has lately had presented to it forty manuscript yolumes on the His- tory of the Province of Artois. These ‘immense materials, combined with those of which the Society is in pos- session, will throw much new light on archeological investigations respect- ing the annals of that country, HOLLAND. | The Regency of Haerlem have fixed «upon the 10th of this month for the _celebration of the fourth secular festi- val, in honour of the discovery of the art of printing: M. Vanperratm is to deliver an appropriate oration. A monumental stone, inscribed with the name of Laurent Jansoon Coster, is .on that day to be placed in the Park. MonTHLY Mas. No. 383, Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. 553 Phe first typograpbieal attempts are preserved at Haerlem: they consist of plates engraved on wood, and the book printed from these plates is enti- tled, “the Mirror of our Salvation.” This book is enclosed in a silver coffer, in the custody of different magistrates, each of whom has a key of the place where it is deposited. SWITZERLAND. The Rev. Father GirarpD, founder and director of the College of St. Mi- | chael, and of the French School at Fribourg, has recently been stripped. of his employment, and displaced from the establishment. It is at length de- finitively given up to the Jesuits, with the usufruct, valued at three millions of francs. The partizans of these measures are very few, but they are backed by a malignant occult influ- ence; and they brave with impunity the censures of the canton in general. How long are those locusts (the monks) to darken the air, wasting and despoiling the field of free enquiry of its verdure? ITALY. A letter from Civita Vecchia reports, that, in working on the highway near Corneto, a sepulchral vault has been discovered, cut out in the rock. In the interior was found a corpse, placed on a coffin, cut also out of the rock; beside it were laid a helmet, two very long spears, a sword, and two metal bucklers, decorated with bas-reliefs of excellent workmanship, but much worn. There were also a number of elegant copper and earthenware vases, some of which had rich ornaments. ‘The general opinion is, that it was the tomb of some ancient Etrusean war- rior of Tarquinia, a town the existence of which retrogrades to more than twenty-five centuries. In continuing the © subterranean works near ‘Tormanci, in the vicinity of Rome, there have recently been found three tall statues, each of nine palms. The first, the workmanship of which is but indifferent, represents a female Bacchante, in pretty good pre- servation. The second is a Bacchus, the execution of which is exquisite ; the head and tarsus are not damaged, but the arms and the left leg are in pieces, and the naked right leg is not to be found. The third represents, alse, a Bacchus of excellent sculpture, in pentelic masble, which seems to have just come out. of the hands of the artist, 4B PORTUGAL, 554 PORTUGAL,» "| ©! . The kingdom. of Portugal contain 873 elementary, schools. In 266 of them the Latin language is taught; in. 21 the Greek language and rhetoric ; in 17 natural and moral philosophy. The University and Preparatory Col- lege of Coimbra contain at present from 1,200 to 1,600 students, The total of young persons educated in these various public establishments is about 30,000. There are, besides, se- veral especial institutions; such as the Académy of Commerce and the Ma- rine at Porto, which contained 315 students in 1820; that of Lisbon, which had the same number in 1821. ¥n Lisbon are also the Royal College of Nobles, an Academy for the Arabic Language, the School of Civil Archi- tecture and Design, the Royal School of Sculpture, that of Engraving, the Musical Institute, and several others of minor importance. The Military School for mutual Instruction, into which the children of the citizens were admitted, had in 1818 2,518 pupils, and the number has been much aug- mented since. The Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon publishes inte- resting memoirs annually. Other lite- rary. societies have been recenily formed in the city, among which is the Patriotic Society of Encouragement. The average number of books printed in Portugal, from 1805 to 1815, was 942; but an accession of liberty bas given a more active impulse to the press, The number of publications has been trebled in the two last years, and that of journals is also much increased. t ’ The public journals now publishing at Lisbon are as follows :— 4. The Diario des Cortez. . This is espe- cially appropriated to the sittings aud pro- ceedings of the Cortez, 2. Las Actas das Cortez contains the official Acts of that legislative Assembly. _3. Il Diario di Governo ; which contains public news and intelligence of an official character. 4, The Regulatér, a French journal. 5. J1 Campian Portugues, a political journal, 6. Il Portugues Constitutional. 7. Trobetta (the Trumpet), an opposi- tion journal. 8. Cidadao Portugues (the Portuguese Citizen), a political journal. 9. The Citizen Artist, a political journal. NORTH AMERICA. A jourmal in the United States re- Literary‘and Philosophical Intelligence. . [July 1, ports the fact of a serpent being killed, not long since, on the banks of. the Delaware, that was remarkably swell- ed about the stomach. "When opened, there was found in his body an alli- gator, six feet and a half long, by thirty-seven inches in circumference: it was in good preservation, though dead; but the eyes were not in their sockets. Jt did not appear that the natural vivacity of the serpent had abated from the circumstance, Mr. JeFFErson, formerly President of tue United States, has been a prime agent in the establishment of a uni- versity at Charleville, near Monticello, the place of his residence in Virginia. Though eighty years of age, he con- structed the plan, and has superintend- ed the buildings, which are nearly finished. ‘‘ We shall endeavour (says the illustrious founder,) to render this university the first of all the establish- ments of this kind in our country. There will be ten professors, invited from both hemispheres, with distinct apartments for each; also five eating- rooms, and 104 chambers. for the re- ception of 208 pupils.” The requisite funds are allotted by the state. INDIA. : An expedition, sent out by the . British government of Madras, to de- termine the length of the pendulum at the Equator, arrived, with all the proper instruments, at Bencoolen, in Sumatra, on the 20th of April, 1822: The governor immediately made ready a vessel to convey them under the line, with materials and workmen to act pursuant to their instructions. The Society of Agriculture of Cal- cutta, at its annual sitting of May 22, 1822, was favoured with the offer of an annual donation of 1000 rupees, on the part of the local government. Dr. Alexander Russel was admitted a member. , A notice has been issued, by order of the government of Calcutta, that to , any of the pupils studying the oriental language in Fort William, that shall produce a certificate from the profes- sors, announcing proficiency in any one language, a gratuitous donation shall be tendered of 800 rupees; and, in any case of remarkable progress, double the sum. An officer of the garrison of Madras has now in the press a work, entitled, “an History of the Rise and Progress of the Mahratla Power.” MEDICAL ¥823:] f 855 4 MEDICAL REPORT. Report of Diseases and Casuattizs occurring inthe public and private Practice of the Physician who has the care of the Western District of the City Dispensary. — WA HAT is Scrofula? Against an in- dolent appeal to master terms for the explanation of particular phenomena, the writer of these papers has once and again’ protested. To say of a disease, that it is stomachic, that it is hepatic, - that it is pulmonary, that it is nervous, is often at once to sever the string, with which the industrious will not be satis- fied, without, at least, endeavouring to unloose through all its ravellings. These vague expressions do often worse than merely conceal ignorance, They foster idleness, and facilitate error; they Convey smuggled matter under the seeming of a lawful sail; they mislead the athologist, and betray the practitioner. n politics, in religion, in morals, the misapplication of sweeping terms, is, in like manner, not seldom injurious to the true interests of the respective sci- ences, among which, like the evil spirit among the sons of Heaven, they mix in concert, to mar in counsel, ‘Thus the word, Methodist, frightens many from the manifestations of correct feeling, and restrictive conduct; and it is easier to say of a man, that he is a whig or a tory, a radical, or a corruptionist, than itis to disprove his positions or condemn his actions. On the other hand, however, there is a certain consistency in registering under one head, otherwise scattered and un- conneeted particulars, and such a term as that, with which the present page commences, becomes legitimately ser- viceable, when cautiously had recourse to. -Does inflammation affect an organ? It is of the highest moment, both as to prognosis and practice, to endeavour at ascertaining whether this inflammation be of a general or particular kind. Is debility present? ‘The indications of treatment, and the inferences respecting course and termination, will be mate- vially varied, according as this debility attaches itself, to one or another texture, or is of one or another species. Now, there is a state of the system, more easily, perhaps, understood, than delineated ; to which the term scrofula, may be applied in this way with safety and effect ; it is a state, however, rather of suscep- tibility than of actual disease, but which susceptibility serves materially to modify the aspect of disease itself, and even to hasten its advances, ‘I'he lymphatic systein seems to be its especial residence; its external signals are a fine and delicate skin, through which the blood-vessels may be seen meandering in beautiful windings ; light hair, and blue eyes, are usually marked down, as concomitants of the scrofulous diathesis, but it is Occasionally connected with dark ‘hair, and dark eyes; and in these cases, the resulting disorder is often more fixed in its nature, deep seated in its locality, and difficult in its management. The mental disposition of the scrofulous, is, for the most part, mild and amiable; they attain quickly, they feel strongly; and what there is to dread and deplore, and be ashamed of, in the constitutional tendency, has often appeared to the writer of these essays strange in the extreme; for it is not merely because scrofula contains the seeds of destruc- tive disorder, that individuals fear and fly from the very name of it, but they seem to feel as if abstractedly it were something bad, and abominable; and not to be spoken about freely or openly. In this, there is manifest absurdity. Let our offspring be secured against disease and death, and the more scro- fulous, the more desirable. Is scrofula ever cured? Alas! for the impotence of regular medicine, which is not furnished with the means of regeneras ting nature, or changing constitations, even after it has explored the happy regions of sanative herbage, that. are found across the Atlantic. It is only by the penetrating vision of empirical perception, that these all-healing plants are discoverable. Gout, we are con- stantly being told is cured; scrofula is cured; and it is always by herbs that these marvels are accomplished; but, if once the public could he brought to understand, that very many herbs, employed in medicine, are even more potently poisonous than minerals; then the language of our nostrum-mongers would change sides; minerals would be the order of the day ; minerals, and mine- rals alone, the means of cure; and, in that case, they would be saved a little, on the score of conscience; for mercu- rial and antimonial preparations, in a concealed form, are the strong holds of quackery. If, however, scrofula is not. curable, it is in a considerable degree manageable ; and, when irritations are implanted upon this constitution, there are some mate rials that meet the requisites of the case, with almost specific power. The writer has, at this moment, several scrofulous children under his care, whose disorders are manifested by a mesenteric obstruc- tion, who are, in other words, atrophic, with 556 with swollen body and flabby limbs; and in whom, a cautious mixture of foxglove, in very small doses, with the quicksilver and chalk of the London Pharmacopeia, have already proved abundantly useful; the first medicinal seems to curb and control scrofulons inflammation, while it imparts tone generally; and the other ingredient in the employed compound, excites to new and improved secretions. The doses of both should, at first, be very small, and Report of Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy. {July & only gradually augmented. Diet, at the same time, must be earcfully attended to, as the disorder in question is one es- pecially implicating the assimilating organs. The preceding month has not been remarkable for any prevailing disease ; in some districts, scarlet fever has shewn itself, but not with much severity of symptom. Bedford-row ; D. Uwins, M.D. June 26, 1823. ———— eee REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. —_——P——- RE process of fermentation, so impor- tant to the brewers and distillers, and others, of this country, seems destined to undergo, ere long, a very important change, in consequence of a discovery sometime ago made in France, whereby the practi- eabilityand advantage of fermenting worts in close vessels has been fully established ; instead of using broad and open vats, ex- posed fully to the atmospheric air, which was formerly thought essential to the first and principal process of fermenting worts, By this new process, a great quantity of alcohol, mixed with the aroma or flavour- ing principle of the wort, from 4% to 5 per éent. of the whole spirit which the wort, is capable of yielding, after rising in vapour along with the carboni¢ gas, is condensed therefrom and returned again into the wort, from a kind of alembic, fixed on the close top of the fermenting tun, and connecting therewith only by means of pipes. Messrs, Gray and Dacre, in their brewery at West- ham, in Essex, have adopted this new mode of fermenting their wort, and the success attending it is said to be most complete. One essential advantage at- tending the use of a close vessel for fer- menting, is the being able to preserve a more equable temperature in the “wort, whereby neither the heat of summer nor the cold of winter are able to interrupt or frustrate the process of complete fermen- tation. ‘The exclusion of the oxygen of the atmospheric air from cyder, perry, or British wines, whilst under the process of fermentation, seems to promise a still greater improvement of the process than has attended the use of this invention in the fermenting of wines on the Continent. Messrs. Deurbroucq and Nichols have taken a patent for constructing the neces« sary apparatus in this country; of whicha . plate and description appeared in a late Number of the “ Philosophical Magazine.” Improved Fubrication of Siarch.—Accor- ding to the usual methods, the farina or meal of wheat is fermented, with a cer? tain quantity of water, tor several days, or even a month; the ammoniac is then dis- engaged, and a fetid odour is emitted. The object of this preparation is the de- composition and destruction of the gliten that conceals the starch. But starch may be made in the space of an hour, by a process which obtains at once the gluten and the starch, without exciting any smell. Knead the meal, under the droppings of water, in a sack of thin linen cloth; the water attracts the starch, and the gluten remains in the cloth. The water and the starch are then to be passed through a silk sieve, and collected into a vessel: when the starch is deposited, the water is decanted, and tliere will be in it a quan- tity of a sugared substance, which may be usefully employed in the preparation of certain economical drinks. Journal of the Weather and Natural History, kept at Havifield, by Dr. T. Forster, for May 1823. c Plants in Blow. —— .| Gertiana ucaulis. 2)50/30 20} E, | Narcissus biflorus, 3}47|30'19| EE. |Orchis masculu. 4/42/30°20| E. | Tulipa gesneri. 5}49/29'94) S.E. | Narcissus poéticus. 6|58)29-80| EE. |Senecio squalidus. 7|53/29°79} Var. |Calenduie officinalis. 8)58/29°56| S.W | Hirundo apus arrived. 9)51/29°73| S.W. 10}53)29°59| S.W. 11)54/29°52) S.W. 12)50|29°60) S.W. 13)50}29°50} W. : 14|50/29°60) S.W. |Trollius Europeus. 15)52/29:99) S.W. 16)51/29°91) S.W, 17)/43}29°99|}S.W.S.}Frollius Asiaticus. 18)49/29°91) W. E. 19/56/29 66] S. 20/50/2960] S. 21/51)29°59| S.W. 22)5z)29°59| S.W 23|52/29°70|W.S WI Peonia corallina, 24)50/29°60| W, 25)51129°57! W. The season is remarkably backward; every thing being nearly a fortnight behind last year. MONTHLY Aquilegia vulguris. 1823) TY BT Y MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. — = PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. May 27. June 24. Cocoa, W.I.common --£3 5 0 to 4 00] 3 5 9 to 4 0 O perewt. Coffee, Jamaica, ordinary 410 0 — 419 0 | 4 0 0 — 410 0° do, ——__—_—_,, fine -- 6 3 0 — 616 UO 514 0 — 6°6 0 do. , Mocha .-++e6.66. 5 0 0 — 8 0 O 5 0 0— 8 0 0. do. Cotton, W.I.common-- 0 0 7 — 0 09] 0 0 BE— O O 9% per Ib. , Demerara:----- 0 0 8 — 0 011 | 0 010 — 0 1 0 do. Currants --++-+.-scceee 5 0 O — 513 0 5 0 0 — (5.1210 perewt. Figs, Turkey Teoveveores tf 16 sO v=o 2 118 0 — 2 2-0 percliest Flax, Riga «-++-++++.+-€6 9 0 — 68 0 0 |66 0 0 — 68 0 O per ton. Hemp, Riga, Rhine -.-.42 0 0 — 43 0 0 |42 0 0 —43 0 0 | do, Hops, new, Pockets-.-. 316 0 — 5i2 0 CP: a) WA line 12 O percwt. —————, Sussex,do. 216 9 — 310 0 310 0 — 4 6 0. do, Iron, British, Bars .--- 810 0 — 9 G6 0 | 810 0 — 9 O O per ton, ee Pigeon OOO gt 0 OT 6 0 OSs OO Tap. Oil, Lucca .-+++e+eee.-12 5 0 —1210 0 |1110 0 — 0 0 O ¥5 galls. —, Galipoli-.+.-....... 55.0 0 —56 0 0/55 0 0 — 56 0 O per ton. R sreeccserssesess 2 2 0 — 2 B@ 6 2°°1°0 — 22. 6 percwt. Raisins, bloom or jar,new 310 0 — 0 0 0}; 310 0 — 0 0 0° do, Rice, Patna .-.+.-..-. 2 Wk yh nett MM tak ie ele a Pe MRit, pyr Jel erage ho Carolina «e+e.ee5 1 17 0 — 2 2 O 147" OO — § O40, 90nedo, Silk, China, raw-----ee- 016 1 — 1 1 0) 016 1 — 1 1 1 per ib, , Bengal, skein ---- O11 4 — 012 2 01t 4 — 012 2. do, Spices, Cinnamon -----. 0 6 8 — O 6 10 0 6 8 — 0 610 = do. ,» Cloves ---2.02. 0 4 4 — 0 4 9 044 — 0 4 9 = da. , Nutmegs ---+-- O 3 1 — 0 3 2 O'S 'VidseonvGeis je nide- , Pepper, black-- 9 O 6 — 0 07] 0 0 6§— 0 0 63 @o sR white.» 0/1, 3°04, 52)0. 2 5-0. 2) 3R “do. Spirits, Brandy, Cogniae 9 210 — 0 3 4} 0 2 8 — O 3 2 per gal, , Geneva Hollands 0 2 0 — 0 2 1 OBO MSS OF FE Liao: »Rum, Jamaica-» 9 2 9 — 0 210 | 0 25 — © 2 8B do. Sugar, brown:----+.-.- 216 0 — 218 0}; 213 0 — 215 O perewt. ——, Jamaica, fine ---- 310 0 — 312 0} 310 0 — 312 0 do. , East India, brown 1 20 — 1 5 O 1.2. (00 — vtin ae O wy ides ——, lump, fine«-eseees 412 0 — 414 0 4 60 — 410 0 do. Tallow, town-melted---- 2 1 0 — 0004-118 6 — 00.0. do, , Russia, yellow++ 115 6 — 00 0{114 6 — 0 00 do. Tea, Boheas+--++++++-» O 2 55— 0 2 5i| 0 2 43 — O 2B Szperlb. , Hyson, best:+---- O 5 7 — 0 6 3 Om BR 00 6 Od widow Wine, Madeira, old ---- 20 0 0 —70 0 0/20 0 0 —70 O O perpipe ——, Port, old -+-+-++» 42 0 0 —48 0 0 142 0 0 — 48 0 do. ——, Sherry «-+++---+-20 0 0 —50 0 0 120 0 0 — 50 O O per butt Premiums of Insurance.—Guernsey or Jersey, 25s. a30s.—Cork ‘or Dublin, 25s. a 30s. —Belfast, 25s. a 30s.—Hambro’, 20s, a 50s.—Madeira, 20s, a 30s,—Jamaica, 40s. a 50s.—Greenland, out and home, 6 gs.a12 ga. Course of Exchange, June 24.—Amsterdam, 12 9.—Hamburgh, 38,—Paris, 26.— Leghorn, 46.—Lisbon, 51.—Dublin, 94 per cent. : Premiums on Shares and Canals, and Joint Stock Companies, al the Office of Wolfe and Edmonds’.—Birmingham, 3001.—Coventry, 10401.—Derby, 1401—Ellesmere, 651.— Grand Surrey, 44/.—Grand Union, 18/. 10s.—Grand Junction, 2501.—-Grand. Wes- tern, 4l.—Leeds and Liverpool, 3751.—Leicester, 3001.—Loughbro’, 35001.— Oxford, 740l.—Trent and Mersey, 2000/.— Worcester, 33/.—East India Docks, 1401,—London, 118l.—West India, 180/.—Southwark BripGe, 19/.—Strand, 5l.—Royal Exchange AssURANCE, 255l.—Albion, 50/. 10s.—Globe, 1551.—G-as LIGHT ComPany, 731. 10s. —City Ditto, 1281. 10s. ; The 3 per cent. Reduced, on the 24th was 803; 3 per cent. Consols, — ; 4 per eent. Consols, 97% ; new 4 per cent. —; Bank Stock 219. Gold in bars, 3/, 17s, 6d. per oz.—New doubloons, 3/, 16s, 0d.—Silver in bars, 4s. 11d, ALPHABETICAL 558 Bankrupts and Dividends. July I, ALPHABETICAL List OF BANKRUPTCIES announced between the 20th of May, and the 20th of June, 1823: extracted from the London Gazettes. —- HIS month commenced with the most seasonable and beautiful weather, and south-western breezes. It had been, in- deed, warm and showery towards the end of May, putting a fortunate period to a series of drought, and cold biighting winds; which, however they improved and forwarded the tillage of the fallows, con- siderably endangered all the growing crops. Great expectations were ente:- tained from the favourable change ; which are, however, again damped by an atmos- pheric connter-revolution, which took place about ten days since ; during which interval, the wind changing to the nor- thern side, and varying from north-west to south-east, but chiefly stationary in the north-north-east, has produced as rigid and -ungenial a feeling on the air as has been experienced during many years at this season. Such a degree of cold, accom- panied with much moisture, would blight and ruin half the fruits of the earth; but, the air being dry, and frequently cheevtul and elastic, very dangerous results are not to be apprehended. It cannot be doubt- ed, however, that fructification has been greatly mpeded, and all crops injured in some degree, more especially that of fruit, which, in exposed situations, has been actually half destroyed. As to corn and pulse, the Lent crops are said to have re- ceived most injury; but the wheats also must have experienced a check, the marks of which they will carry upon the haulm ; and, should not a speedy change take place, the blooming will not be fortunate. Yet it ought to be recoilected, that we have harvested plentiful crops of wheat in dry and blighting seasons. The present state of the weather is much against the turnips and potatoes, which last are back- ward. Artificial grasses, as better abiding drought, have proved a more successful crop this season than the natural, and hay will be below an average throughout, Hops have felt the effect of a variable sea- son, and have risen in price. Sheep- shearing has proved according to expecta- tion; the fleece light, and the wool-market, in consequence, advancing. Fat stock has been much in request, and the prime hag been sold dear; lean stores, from their low condition, and the indifferent prospect of keep, have not been ready of sale, or at satisfactory prices. Good store pigs hold their price. The immense quantities of corn and flour poured into the London market, have checked the advance of prices; and, should the crop of wheat prove an average, a considerable reduction must again take place, notwithstanding that a part of the Continent is engaged in warfare, Accounts of the crops in France aud the low countries are favourable. The wind has had, at this instant, a favourable change westward; and the airhas acquired amildness to which we have beew for some time strangers. Smithfield:—Beef, 3s. 6d. to 4s. 8d.— Mutton, 3s. 4d. to 4s. 4d.—Veal, 4s, to 5s.—Pork, 4s, to 5s. 4d.—Bacon, 43, to 4s. 8d.— Raw fat, 2s. 113d. per stone. Corn Exchange: — Wheat, 44s. to 70s. —Barley, 27s. to 58s.—Oats, 20s. to 50s, —London price of best bread, 41b. for 10id.—Hay, 65s. to 95s.—Clover, do, 80s. to 105s.— Straw, 4¥s. to 60s. , Coals in the pool, 33s. to 43s. 6d. Middlesex ; June 24, POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN JUNE. —_— THE PENINSULA. ESPO'TISM flashes in the socket. Such is the course of nature, and of human affairs. Ustablished effects or practices are not to be ex- tinguished at once: they will flash or scintillate again and again. But, ifa mine of destruction has been planted in the citadel of despotism, the effect will prove certain. The printing-press, and knowledge, and the struggles of 1643, 4 1688, and 1792, have opened the eyes of mankind, after a torpor of twenty centuries; and the artful tricks of despots will, we hope, be unable to saye their ill-gotten power. We fear, however, that this generation must pass away before the tree of liberty flourishes throughout Europe; but as, in the mean time, it will flourish in America, perhaps Europe may be doomed to succeed Asia and Africa m 560 in social decline; and then the old Continent will present, in the year 2000, the sad spectacle of nations fallen under the yoke of legitimacy. These observations are extorted from us by the aspect of Spain and Portugal. ‘The drilled slaves of Bour- bon-France, the treachery of many Spaniards and Portuguese, the igno- rance of the mass of the people, the desperate state of an enraged priest- hood, and the financial resources which unprincipled Jews embark in any cause, seem to have rendered Spain an easy prey, and to have undermined the hopes of Portugal. We snbjoin the last French accounts from Spain, in which there must be a colour of truth; and accounts direct from Lisbon :— ' Lisbon, May 27.—The President. sus- pended a debate to read a communication trom tlie Permanent Deputations, stating the defection of the 23d regiment, and the flight of Don Miguel; and that it had sent to Gencral Sepulveda to concert mi- litary measures of defence. Senor Borges Carneiro showed, that the motives of the faction were the same as those proclaimed by the despots of Europe, adopted by the infamous Silveira, and tending to depose from the throne the best of kings, John VI. He proposed to refer the above communication to a committee, which should report without delay to the Cortes, that speedy measures might be taken to obviate the evils that threatened the country. Other members euforced the necessity of energetic and prompt measures, and wished the sittings to be declared perma- nent. The Committee of Public Safety aud Defence, to which the matter was re- ferred, proposed— 1. That the country be declared to be in danger. _ 2. That a message be sent to the King, respectfully soliciting his Majesty to dis- miss the whole of his ministers, and to ehoose new ones, ; 3. That, according to the form of the extraordinary powers which the Constitu- tion gives, General Sepulveda be charged to maintain the peace and security of the capital, Article 1 passed without debate. With respect to Article 2, a debate arose : some members thought it was yielding to the factious, others’ declaring that it was cer- tain tlie present ministers did not enjoy the public confidence, and ought, there- fore, to be removed, for the good of the nation. Senor Moura mentioned the Jetters written by Sousa to General Sepulveda, in which he declared that he reqnived the Political Affairs in June. [July 1, removal of the ministers, That to agree to the report of the Committee would be eonceding the first thing decreed by the factious ; and General Sepulveda being in an adjoining apartment, a messencer was sent to ask him for the letter, which was then read. Some other members having spoken for and against the report, General Sepulveda _ was called in; who, being asked to give his opinion, replied, that since the late events he had been to the Palace of Bem- posta to speak to his Majesty, whom he found surrounded by his counsellors of state, profoundly afflicted at the disobe- dience of Don Miguel ; but that he remain-~ ed firm in his purpose, that is, to maintain, even at the expense of the greatest sa- crifices, the Constitution promulgated by the Cortes of 1822, and to which he had voluntarily sworn. The deputies and the spectators could not contain their enthusiasm. Cries of “ Long live the Constitution, the Constitu- tional King, and the Portuguese, who pre- fer death to slavery,” resounded through the hall: the royal image was uncovered, and the acclamations were renewed. ‘The general continued, saying that public opi- nion demanded the dismissal of all the ministers, and this was the general opinion of the troops. Being asked’ by M. G. Palma what was the spirit of the troops in the capital, he answered they were en- tirely in favour of the Constitution to which they had sworn, The general hay- ing withdrawn,— Article 2 of the report was put to the vote and rejected; and an amendment by M. Freire being substituted to the effeet that a message be sent to his majesty, con- gratulating bim on his firmness ; requesting him, in concert with the Cortes, to laboar for the salvation of the country, which they had declared to be in danger; and farther requesting him to consult the Council of State ; and, if he thought it ne- cessary, to remove the ministry, and also some other persons jn office, and choose in their stead persons worthy of full confi- dence. Article 3 was approved, with the addi- tion, ‘¢ Till other measures shall be taken, or a new ministry be appointed by his majesty.” The Assembly then broke up at half- past five o’clock, The Diario states that the greatest tran- quillity prevailed in Lisbon, that the troops were at their posts, and all the citizens comprizing the civic guard showed the greatest zeal and activity. Lishon, May 28.—Notwithstanding the paternal exhortation of our beloved king, the infant Don Miguel persists in his in- considerate project. : The following new ministers are ap- pointed :—~ yr : Justice, 1823.) » Justice, the Ex-Deputy Joze Antonio Gnerreiro, charged ad interim with the portefeuille of the War Department. Finance, Jose Xavier Morinho da Silveira. Marine, D. Manuel Joao de Locio. Forty or fifty soldiers of the police have- deserted to the factious. General Sepulveda, in an address to the citizens of Lisbon, announces that the Cortes liave charged him to maintain the safety and tranquillity of the capital; that hie will do his duty as a citizen and gene- ral, and will be guided by prudence and the respect due to the legitimate authori- ties; he invites them to confide in a man who never had any object but the happi- ness of his country—‘I again swear it,” he adds, “in my own name, and in that of the officers of the ist and 2nd of the line, all animated by the same good spirit, and ready to sacrifice our lives for our public eaths, and the profound sentiments of re- spect and love of religion, the constitution, and the best of kings.” He exhorts them to be perfectly easy, and to be assured that order will be preserved. In the sitting of the Cortes on the 28th, the deputation which had waited on the king gave an account of their mission. His majesty had received them very affa- bly, andreplied to the speech addressed to him, that he should pay due attention to the subjects proposed by the Cortes, of whose co-operation and patriotic efforts he had no doubt, and expressed his great sorrow at the conduct of his son, Don Mignel, Lisbon, May 30.— Portuguese!—My son and infant Don Miguel fled from my royal mansion, and joined the 23d regi- ment. I abandon him as a father, and shall know how to punish him as a king.” | His majesty declares that, faithful to his oath, and to the religion of his ancestors, he will maintain the constitution which he voluntarily accepted ; his liberty, he says, has never been restricted, nor his autho- rity despised. He invites his people to put confidence in the Cortes, and to re- main faithful to their oaths. This supplement announced the deser- tion of General Sepulveda ! In the Cortes several members ex- pressed their patriotic sentiments, and the resolution to perish rather than submit to despotic power. ‘The Minister of Justice being introduced, said that his majesty, (who was perfectly identified with the cause of the nation, and who desires nothing but the constitution of 1822) had invited three citizens to fill the office of Minister of War, who had all refused, his Majesty was desivous that the Cortes would permit three of their members to fill the following. offices: Senor J. M. Pinto Fonseca Rangel to be Minister of War; Senor Ant. Mariano de Azevedo, of Montuts MAG, No, 383. Political Affairs in June. 561 the Interior; and Senor J. F. de Oliveira, Foreign Affairs (he was interrupted by loud acclamations.) The minister then mentioned the corps that had deserted, amounting to 2,760 men, and the treason of General Sepulveda, &c. The minister having retired, the ques- tion was put, whether the Cortes ap- proved of the appointment of the three members to be ministers, which was car- ried by acclamation. The sittings were declared permanent. A deputation was sent to inform his Majesty, that the Cortes had judged it hecessary, in the present crisis, to decree, that deserters from the army should be punished in the same manner as if the country were at war. The deputation, on its return, stated that on its way to the palace the public had accompanied it with the loudest ac- clamations; that the president of the deputation having explained the urgent reasons for passing this law, his majesty said he would use, with respect to sanction- ing the law, the power which the con- Stitution gave him; bat he was profoundly afflicted at the desertion of the troops; that he had given full proofs of his fidelity to the oath which he tovk on the memora~ ble ist of October, and had the greatest confidence in the Cortes. On returning from the palace, the en- thusiasm of the 18th regiment was so ar- dent, that the Deputy S$, Correa de La- cerda, was induced to step forward with the constitution in his hand, and to ha- rangue the troops, after which he delivered the constitution to the Colonel, saying he was confident that regiment would defend it at all hazards. Proclamation of his Majesty the King, to the Inhabitants of Lisbon, to tranquillize the capital, made at Vilia Franca de Xero, in which he rejects absolute power, and offers to modify the Constitution. Ivhabitants of Lisbon!—The salvation of the people has always been a snperior law, and to me a sacred law ; this convic- tion, which has been my guide in the critical circumstanees in which Providence has placed me, imperiously prescribed the resolution which have taken to-day with regret, to separate myself from you for some days, yielding to the prayers of the people, and to the desires of the army which accompanies me or has preceded me. Inhabitants of Lisbon!—Make your- selves easy, I will never belie the love which I consecrate to you, and in a short time your dearest wishes will be fulfilled. “xperience, the wise instructress of nations and governments, has demon- strated, in a manner very afflicting to me and fatal to the nation, that the existing institutions are incompatible with the will, the customs, and the persnasions of the 4C greater 562 greater re of the monarchy. The evi- dence of facts confirms these assertions ; Brazil, that interesting part of the mo- narcliy, is torn to pieces ; in the kingdom civil war has caused Portuguese blood to be shed by the hands of their country- men; the danger of foreign war is immi- nent, and the state is threatened with total Tuin, unless the most prompt and effica- cious means areadopted. In this afflicting crisis, I act as the King and father of my subjects, to save them from anarchy and invasion, by uniting the parties which are hostile. To attain this desirable end it is neces. cessary to modify the constitution ; if it had made the happiness of the nation I would continue to be the first guarantee; but when the majority of a realm declares itself so openly and hostilely against its institutions, those institutions need reform, Citizens! I do not desire, nor ever did desire, absolate power, and I this day reject it : the sentiments of my heart are repugnant to despotism and oppression. I have only the peace, the honour, and the prosperity of the nation at heart. Inhabitants of Lisbon! Do not fear for your liberties ; they shall be guaranteed in a manner which, securing the dignity of the cruwn, shall respect and maintain the rights of the citizens. Meantime obey the authorities; avoid private revenge ; stifle the spirit of party ; avoid civil war; and in ashort time you shall see the basis of a new code, which, securing personal safety, property and employment, duly acquired in any period of the government, shall give all the gua- rantees that society requires; unite all wishes, and secure the prosperity of the whole nation. JOHN VI. King. Villa Franca de Xero, May 31, 1823. The result will be, the making of a Constitution, granted, we suppose, in the shape.of a Royal Charter, to keep in countenance the similar mock- ery in France; and the people will enjoy as much liberty as it is conve- nient or pleasing to the -Court to allow and tolerate. Spain, in the mean time, is over- run by the Bourbon-Vandals, and suffers the misery of conquest, without even the disgrace of defeat. The union of Spanish traitors with their imyaders, or of-wretches who cry out for an “ absolute King,” like the Jews of old; while an insidious foe seems to have paralysed the move- ments of the constitutional generals ; and, though we hear nothing of Morillo, (of whom we hope the least), yet Ballasteros and Mina seem to be hors de combat. In the meantime, the Cortes haye pursued the only 1 Political Affairs in June. {July 1, course tn their power; they retreated on the 12th, from Seville, to Cadiz, and took their precious king and his family in their escort. Whether the, Spaniards can, or will rally, remains to be seen, but we cannot hope-any thing from the past. French Bulletin.’ By drawing to him the garrison of Valencia, of Molina, and considerable detachments, Ballasteros endeavoured to fix himself firmly in the kingdom of Valencia. From 1,500 to 2,000 men were at Alcora: an equal number occupied Teruel. Gen. Molitor, after having re- passed the Ebro, advanced with the second corps towards this last point. The brigade of Ordonneau marched so rapidly that it arrived on the 6th. At his approach the enemy spiked his can- non, and retreated with precipitation. General Molitor arriving at Teruel on the 8th, learned that Ballasteros had collected all his army at Murviedro, and that he vigorously pushed the siege of Saguntum, the garvison of which, the Royalists, being in want of provisions, was on the point of surrendering. Pal- lasteros being informed of the rapidity of this march, suddenly raised the viege of Saguntum, where he had already lost near a thousand men, and retreated to- wards Valencia, abandoning his ammu- nition and artillery. The next day (the 12th) General Molitor proceeded to Mur- viedro; he went to visit the fort of Saguntum, and to congratulate the go- vernor and the garrison on their vigorous defence. On the 13th, at nine in the morning, Count Molitor, at the head of the division of Loverdo, entered Valencia ; the magistrates came to offer him the keys of the city, and the whole population, without distinction of classes, received the French with transports of delight and gratitude. After our entry into Valencia, and the occupation of the city, where a great quantity of artillery and ammuni- tion was found, General Bonnemain was sent in pursuit of the enemy; a detachment sent to the sea-coast, took 16 cannon and a quantity of ammunition, which the enemy had not time to embark. The retreat of Ballasteros was so precipitate, that he could not call in the 1,500 or 2,000 men that he had detached towards Alcora; this column is cut off, and will be pursued till it is destroyed. ‘The results of the march of the 2d. corps are the relief of Saguntum, the occupation of the kingdom cf Valencia, and the forced re- treat of the most numerous corps of the enemy. General Molitor will follow all its motions till its entire dispersion. Count Bourdesolt was, on the 13th, at Cordova, where a royalist movement had manifested itself, as well as at Jaen, before 1823.] before the arrival of the French troops ; this column will be at Seville on the 21st. Count Bourmont had his vanguard at Las Santos on the 15th. He will join Count Bourdesoult at Seville on the 22nd. GUILLEMINOT. Head Quarters, Madrid, June 18. Report of Lieut. General Count Kottem- . bourg, commanding the division of the Eastern Pyrenees, to the Minister of War. j * Perpignan, June 19. “My Lord,—I had the honour to ac- quaint your Excellency by my report of the 16th and i7th of this month, with all the particulars that had reached me on the motions of our troops, and -the bril- liant successes obtained by them over Mina: fresh reports which T received give me the assurance that the affairs of the 14th and 15th, at Ossega Guittz, had had more important results than was at first believed ; so that we may almost Say, that Mina is no more. After being greatly harassed by the companies of the 2d and 60th of the line, added to the ‘Spanish companies of Romagosa, after having had a great number of men killed and wounded, and after having again Jost 150 6r 200 prisoners. Mina has entered the Seu d’'Urgel with 900 men at the utmost, All those successive losses have given a mortal blow to the consti- tutional party, which placed all its hopes in him; this chief, himself, has Jost, by his defeat, the greatest part of his in- fluence; there is no doubt that the successes obtained will have important consequences in the events now taking place. I must not conceal from your Excellency, that on the appearance of the enemy, the douaniers of the depart- ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and the national guards on the right and left of the Segre, united between Err and Embrigth, rapidly took up arms, and had fo resist the attacks of the troops of Mina, which attempted to open them- selves a passage at the point of this position, All the troops sent against the enemy have shewn the same zeal—the same devotedness—the same impatience to engage him. ¢ ‘“ BARON DE ROTTEMBOURG.” GREAT BRITAIN, Public attention has been chiefly absorbed by the development of the extraordinary fact, that the royal robe, at the last Coronation, cost the inere- dible sum of TWENTY-FOUR THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED PouNDs! Posterity must not suppose that the living gene- ration bad not its feelings on such a subject. The character of the contemporary gencration has, however, been better Political Affairs in June. 563 sustained by the corporation of Lon- don, which, in successive meetings, voted 1000/. each in aid of the Greeks and the Spaniards. These votes were followed by public meetings at the Crown-and-Anchor and the London Taverns, which were attended by a body of illustrious patriots, whose eloquence shone resplendent. Several Bills have passed, tending to render our Criminal Code less bloody; in the discussion on which Sir James Mackintosh was covered with glory. Mr. Hume, too, has been unwearied in his exposure of financial and official chicanery. On the 26th Mr. Brougham made a most eloquent speech on the desperate and urgent state of Ireland. It related specially to the administra- tion of the law; and we cannot refrain from giving his peroration, as reported in the British Press newspaper :— I have now only to implore the House to recollect, that, although the time has been long protracted, and the day of reckoning too long delayed, yet that day must sooner or later arrive, when we must render up an account of our stewardship over Ireland. In that country we ought to find a consolation in peace, and the si- news of war; yet when, in the memory of living man, has Ireland been any thing but the strength of our enemies in war, and rebels in peace? We have, indeed, boast- ed of having conferred boons upon Ire- land; but what boon has ever been con- ferred, unless extorted by the difficulties of her situation? Ireland has been blest by a soil fertile almost beyond example; with a climate scarcely less genial than any other in the world ; with a strong, pa- tient, hardy, and. high-minded population ; and all the blessings of nature have been poured upon her by Providence with the most unmeasured profusion. Of such a country, so selected by the Almighty for his bounty, you have been the stewards for more than 600 years. She has been the object of your attention for the last 120 years, but never of your solicitude, except the enemy was about to profit of her strength, or, if there were no enemy, when she was engaged in waving the standard of rebellion against yourselves, A source of national strength yon have never found in Ireland; she has never afforded you aid in war, and in peace you have only songht to reduce her into a safe possession. Of all that long period of mismanagement you must render up an account. Her swarming population, in- stead of being a blessing, was a fatal curse. In vain had heaven enriched her with a fertile soil, in vain was she blessed with a genial climate. She was nothing more than an ‘‘ unweeded garden.” She demands 564 demands from you her right of equal jus- tice and equal laws. The petition I have presented declares to you, and offers to prove (indeed it has already been proved in the committee above stairs,) that nei- ther justice nor law is administered with equity and fairness in that unhappy coun- try; By Magna Charta it is provided that justice shall neither be sold or de- nied, but m Ireland itis sold to the rich and denied to the poor. In vain may we attempt to disguise from ourselves the fact, but we are now on the brink of a precipice. The state of things in Ireland cannot remain any longer as they are; they must change for the better or worse, and I pray-to God that some occasion may interpose for making that change a beneficial one. If you neglect it, the consequences will be most fearful, I may perbaps be wrong in my anticipations, I may take too gloomy a view, I may be too far persuaded by the language of this petition, but if I am wrong I am backed by great authorities, I err in the spirit of the best laws of the legislature, I err with the greatest and most famous men of past times, and the most enlightened men of the present—I am wrong with the unerring dispensations of Providence, which declare, that if yon deny a people their indestructible birth-right of justice and protection, you must reap the fruits in discord, rebellion, and ruin (cheers). It is the maddest of all follies to goad on six millions of people to desperation (cheers). Ifthe highest of all authorities has declared that injustice will make a wise man mad, what shall we say if that injustice drives six millions of human beings into madness? (cheers.) Let not this petition be met by the flimsy eva- sions (loud cheers)—by the flimsy eva- sions with which it has been heretofore met. Atone time it was the terror of Bonaparte, at another it was the horror of jacobinism, then the fear of breaking down a strong administration, and last of all a tender regard for the scruples of a monarch. Bonaparte has at last perish- ed beneath the insults and privations of solitude and confinement; that other monarch has also gone to his long home, and his scruples have perished with him ; and the fear of breaking down a strong administration is now the most fertile of all pleas. If this petition is to be oppo- sed, let it be on other and better grounds, and do not disgust the country by repeating those stale ones which have been so often refuted. Still worse’ is it, after having goaded a whole people to desperation, to attempt to cure the evil withont first removing the cause, All that you have Political Affairs in June. [July 1, done for Ireland is to burthen her with penal laws. Providence has not been more bountiful in the dispensation of blessings, than you have been profuse in showering down penal laws upon that devoted land. And what have you gained? You have oppressed, compressed, and checked, but you have not destroyed the evils— you have postponed, but not exterminated the sources of calamity; and now, like the patient of some dreadful malady, we look back on the last three or four weeks, and wish for the recarrence of the earlier stages of our disorder (cheers). It is idle to think of chaining down a people; and_ I repeat with Montesquieu, that the more you attempt it, the more certainly will they burst their fetters, and, rising up with them in their bands, will dash them upon your own heads. Suppose that you at- tempt for once a new and untried course, and instead of striving to scourge Ireland into quiet, yon should attempt to con- ciliate her, preferring the hearts of all Treland to the applause of orange lodges (loud cheers). Nowhere can you find a richer harvest of gratitude than in Ireland ; you would have gratitude, aye even to devotion ; respect, aye even to enthusiasm (leud cheers), You beheld a proof the other day, when the Sovereign of this em- pire approached her shores with promises merely (loud cheers); what would be the devotion of Ireland if the representatives of the empire were to go there with per- formance! This is a prospect in which I scarcely dare indulge, and I shall content myself with reiterating the demands of the petitioners. Do not tell them their complaints are chimerical, and, when they offer to prove them, refuse all enquiry. To do wrong is the common failing-of all governments, and to deny the wrong is scarcely less common; but to accom- pany the wrong and the denial of it with a refusal to allow inquiry, is the most in- human of all mockeries (cheers). What- ever be the result, [ have discharged my duty, (loud cheers), If you persevere in the old course, if you persist in refusing redress or even examination, ! shall deeply deplore the disregard of what is due to your own honour, to the welfare of Ireland, and to the safety of the empire. I now move, sir, that the petition from the Irish Catholic Association be referred to the grand committee on courts of justice. (The honourable gentleman sat down amidst loud cheering.) The impression on a modern House of Commons was the rejection of his motion, even to refer to a Committee, by 139 to 59. INCIDENTS, 4823.] a [ 565 ] INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1n AND Near LONDON; With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters recently deceased. —=>— P CHRCNOLOGY OF THE MONTH. AY ¢4.—The London Hibernian Soci- ety held its 17th annual meeting at Freemasons-hall; (the Duke of Gloucester in the Chair,) and was numerously at- tended, It appeared from the Report, that the Society has fifty-four schools in ope- ration, in which are 66,000 scholars, 50,000 ‘of whom are Roman Catholics ; and that the principles on which the schools are con- ducted, are adapted to the conscience of every class of people. That, notwith- Standing the great progress of the Institu- tion, many counties in Ireland are in a state of absolute ignorance; and it was a fact, that where education made the least progress, the disturbances of the country were the most violent and the most fre- quent: such was the case in the county of Limerick, where not one in 800 was sent to school. June 2.—A public meeting held at the City of London Tavern, (Mr. Hunt in the Chair,) for the purpose of assisting. the Spaniards. A sword was voted to Sir Robert Wilson, and a subscription was commenced to defray the expence. —.—The Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline held its annual meet- ing at the Freemasons’ Tavern, (the Duke of Gloucester in the chair.) A great num- ber of distinguished personages were pre- sent ; and several excellent resolutions were agreed to. —.—A meeting of the British Catholics lield at the Freemasons’ Tavern, for the purpose of making an arrangement for - promoting and protecting the Catholic rights and interest. 5.—The inhabitants of Princess-street, Lambeth, held a meeting to consider of the irregular, neglected, and dangerous, state of the pavement of their street, &c. A set of resolutions were passed, and such other steps were taken as will, it is hoped, soon improve this neglected thoroughfare. 10.—A Court of Common Council held at Guildhall, when 10001. were voted to the Spaniards. ‘The question was mo- ved by Mr. Gallaway, and seconded by Mr. Hansard: Mr. Alderman Waithman and others supported the motion, and Sir Rich. Carr Glynn and others opposed it; when the Court divided, for the motion, Alderman 4, Commoners 70; against the motion, Aldermen 7, Commoners 18; ma- jovity 49, 12.—At another meeting of the Com- nion Council, 1000]. were voted to assist the Grecks. —.— The friends of Spanish Indepen- denee assembled at the London Tavern, fo consider of the best means of affording assistance to Spain, Lord Wm. Bentinck in the chair, The meeting was altogether one of the most intellectually brilliant ase semblages ever collected. Mr. Lambton subscribed 10001., Sir Francis Burdett 5001.; and 60001. was promptly dedicated to the cause, ‘The amount has since been considerably increased, and will, we should hope, be warmly promoted atleast by every reader of the Monthly Magazine, as well as by the nation at large, for it is a truly British object. ‘ \ 17.—The Royal Literary Society held its first general meeting, and was nume- rously attended. A paper was read which gave a general view of the objects of the Society, and a council and officers were chosen for the ensuing year. The Bishop of St. David’s president, and among the vice-presidents are the Lord Chief Justice aud Sir James Mackintosh. 23.—A most horrid case of a crime with- out aname, and almost without.a prece- dent, took place this day in London. A dissolute student of law, of the name of Abel Griffiths, on being reproved by his father, and refused further supplies, seized a brace of loaded pistols, and, first shoot- ing his father, he then shot himself. Both were found dying.—A coroner’s inquest found felo de se against the son; and he was buried in the cross-road, at the bottom of Grosyenor-place. 24,—A fire in Red Lion-street, Holborn, destroyed fifteen houses in Bedford-street and Featherstone-buildings.x—A Cast Iron steam boat was exhibited in the Thames, intended to sail to the Seine. She is a third lighter than if she had been built of wood, MARRIED. The Rev. H. Trimmer, 8.A, of Exeter College, Oxford, to Miss Mary Deacon, of Russell-place, Fitzroy-square. The Rev. T. Price, M.A. to Miss Eliza- beth Margaret Teape, of George-street, Trinity-square. Charles J. Shebbeare, esq. to Miss L. M. Wolfe, both of Guildford. Earl Gower, to Miss H. Howard, daugh- ter of Lord Morpeth. 3 At Twickenham, the Rev, G. T. Spen- cer, to Harriet Theodora, daughter of Sir B. Hobhouse, bart. Edward Usborne, esq, of Loddenden- cottage, Staplehurst, Kent, to Miss Ann Downing, of Southwark. Colonel] Sir D. Williams, of Stamford- hill, to Miss Stable, of Kentish-town. J. Glanville, esq. of London, to Miss Barrow, daughter of the late J. B. esq. At Hackney, Lieut, G. C. Cory, to Miss Berry, of Thriplow, Cambridgeshire. At St. George’s, Bloomsbury, Philip John More, esq. of Troose, near Norwich, to Miss Mary Ann Forster, of Southamp- ton-street, Bloomsbury-square. fh 566 Mr, R. W. Kennard, of Hackney, to Miss Mary Ann Challis, of Jewin-strect. Richard Carrington, jun. esq. of Thames’- bank, to Miss Esther C. Aplin, of Adden- -bury, Oxfordshire. Mr. Samuel Kershaw, of Stoke New- ington, to Miss Harriet Parquot, of London. William Bunnett, esq. of Kensington, to Miss Amelia Hume, of Notting-hill. R. Phillips, esq. of Knowle-hill, Berks, to Louisa, daughter of the late Mr. Field, of Walbrook. At St. Pancras Church, R. Lugger, esq. of Catherine-hall,Cambridge, to Miss H. Dixon, of Mecklenburgh-square. J.A.Waire, esq. m.p. of Cheddon Filey Paine, Somerset, to Miss Florence Cathe- rine Magenis, of Grosvenor-place. James Hammond, esq. of Shadwell, to ‘Miss Eliza King, of ' Swathling, near Southampton. Frederick, son of T. Tyrrell, esq. City ‘Remembrancer, to Miss Fanny Susanna Cooper, of Yarmouth. Richard Foster, esq. of Hunter-street, Brunswick-square, to Miss Mary Ann - Rabbeth, of Bedford-street, Bedford-row. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Sa- ‘muel Frampton Stallard, esq. of Burton €rescent, to Miss Eliza Catherine Nicholls, of Troft, Lincolnshire. AtClapham, James Thomas, esq. of the E. I. Co.’s service, to. Maria, daughter of W. Frantis Woodgate, esq. James Bucknall, esq. of London, to Charlotte, daughter of Lewis Pings, esq. fate of the Mint. At Bermondsey, Arthur Jones, esq. to Mrs. Mary Aun Wills, both late of Calcutta. i Paniel Mesman, esq. of Knightsbridge, to Miss Margaret Mitchener, of Fitzroy- square. Mr. Joseph Czpes, of Fleet-street, to - Miss Anne Wolfe, of Reading. Mr. John Thompson, of Hermitage- plaee, Islington-road, to Miss Sarah Phil- pot, of St. Swithin’s-lane. wots DIED. In Leigh-street, Burton Crescent, Capt. P. D. Abhott, RN. At Laytonstone, 55, S. Jones, esq. one ef the partners in the Limehouse brewery. Tm Coleman-street, 70, the Rev. T, Swieg, thirty-three years vicar and evening -teturer of St. Stephen’s, Coleman-street. In Beaufort-buildings, Lieut. Macrae, ®.N. hr Grosvenor-place, 66, Mrs. Bayard, aiiow of Major-gen. B. At Sandgates, Chertsey, Elizabeth, wi- dow of John Wightwick, esq. At Walthamstow, Charles Henry Thorpe, esq. son- of the late Deputy Thorp, and oanch regretted by the numcrous friends of - rat family. At Chester-place, Lambeth, Mary, wi- Marriagesand Deaths in and near London. [July 1, dow of Edward Weston Phillips, an esteemed member of the Society of Friends. At Paxton-place, Mrs. Standly, widow of Henry P. S., esq. In Bruvswick-place, at an advanced age, Sir James Lind, bart. In Park-street, St. James’s, Dowager Lady Vernon, . At Leamington Spa, 67, John C. W. IWe- guelin, esq. of New Broad-street. At Kensington, 61, Francis Magniac, esq. In Gloucester-place, Mary, widow of J. Preston, esq. of Beeston-hall, Norfolk. At Croydon, Miss Harriet Harris, of Esher, Surrey. ; In John-street, America-square, 65, Jo- seph Myers, M.D. At Wimbledon, 78, William Noble, esq. of Foley-place. In Charterhouse-square, George Macken- tosh, esq. In Sidmouth-place, W. D. Longdill, esq. solicitor, of Gray’s-inn. At Kennington, 60, R. Cheslyn, esqe — At Moore-place, Lambeth, C. Hyde, esq. deservedly regretted, In the Crescent, Bridge-street, Black- friars, 65, John G. Ridout, M.D, many years a very eminent and much employed practi- tioner, enjoying high reputation and respect. In Tokenhouse-yard, Mr. Bennett, many years master at Lloyd’s, a man remarkable for his integrity, his personal civitity, and the liberality of his character. In Tavistock square, W. White, esq. of Brazennose College, Oxford. In Coventry-street, St. James’s, Mrs. Ann Laidlaw. At Brompton, George, only son of Sir D. Wedderburn, bart. At Cheltenham, Martha, wife of John Jones, esq. of Salisbury-square. In Covent-garden, 55, W. Hannam, esq. solicitor, an active and useful man. At Richmond, Dowager Lady Suffield. In North-street, Lambeth, 70, Charles Destrade, esq. In Judd-street, Brunswiek-square, 71, T. Watson, esq. At Norwood-green, 74, John Jones, esq. At Brentford, 25, Mr, Frederick Adol- phus Somerset. ¢ In Devonshire-street, Queen-square, 62, Daniel Chinn Bullock, esq. At Lower Edmonton, Jane Mary, wife of the Rev. Launcelot Sharpe, rector of Staining. In Curzon-street, Mayfair, General Ro- bert Munners, colonel of the 30th regt. son of the late Lord Robert Manners, of Bloxholme, and m.P. in several sessions for Cambridge. At Theobalds, Herts, 75, James Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, %.¢. Lord Lieutenant of Herts, He married in 1773, Mary Amelia, second dayghter of Wills, first Marquis of Downshire: and has issue, ‘ Georgiana, 1823,] Georgiana, married to Sir Henry Wellesley; Emily, married to the Marquis of West- meath; and James Viscount Cranbourne, (who succeeds. him), married to Frances Mary, sole heir of Bamber Gascoine, esq. When Lord Cranbourne, he was returned to Parliament for Plympton, appointed Treasurer of the king’s household, and admitted of the privy council. He was also colonel of the Hertford militia, in 1789 he was appointed lord chamberlain, and continued in office until the change of ministers in 1806. In 1812 he became Postmaster General. The Marquis being considered a great personal favourite of George the Third, his courtier-like cha- racter subjected him to the satires of Dr. Wolcot, in his attacks on the court ; but the political influence of the Marquis was always believed to arise from the energetic character and superior talents of tlie Marchioness. At his lodgings in Lambeth-road, 83, William Coombe, esq. He was a gentle- man who, in the course of his protracted life, had experienced many fortunes, and had become known, through various inci- dents, to so many people in every rank of society, that it seems hardly necessary to eraw his character. His lot forbade his stepping aside in order to let the stream of life pass by, and observe whom it swept along: he swam, mingled with the rest, down the current; but with just so much elevation above the surface as enabled him to perceive the sinkings and risings of ail around him: so that there was hardly a person of any note in his time with whose history he was not in some degree . acquainted. He knew others as well as he was known to them. Upon every branch of art,—it might almost be said, upon every department of science,—he could expatiate in an instructive and in- teresting mauner. The destruction of his fortune, and the incessant calls for his pen, rendered profundity unattainable, nor, in- deed, in his case was it necessary. It would be difficult to sum up the various works of which he was the author or com- piler. The “Devil upon two sticks in England” was as popular as any in its day, and still retains a reasonable degree of celebrity, by the delineation of character and display of anecdote when those of whom it treats are no more. The spurious breed of Doctor Syntaxes, to which his work has subsequently given birth, attests ‘the fame of the original; and without sub- jecting this work to that severity of criti- cism which it never meant to challenge, it displays such readiness of versification, stich pliability in intellect, and we may add such an amiable playfulness of mind, with knowledge of the litile scenes of domestic life, as are rarely to be found in one whom adversity might have steeled, and age be- nombed. He was educated at Eton and Deaths in and near London. 567 Oxford; and his first entrance into the world was attended by those adventitions circumstances that too often seduce the possesser—some fortune, a graceful person, an extensive acquaintance, elegant man- ners, and a taste for Jiterature. He played, he sang, he danced, and it might almost be said he was undone; but his literary attainments which remained, when in the course of nature lighter accomplishinents had left him, were converted into the means of support. Though mild and un- resenting in his nature, and habitually spa- ring of his censures, his first work was a satirical poem, entitled the ‘‘ Diaboliad,”? the subject of which has, we believe, sank into the grave about the same time with the author. ~A singular work, entitled * Letters of the late Lord Littleton,” was written by him: an assumed similarity of style to that of the deceased nobleman, and the repetition of some unimportant in- cidents, known, as it was supposed, only in the fainily, deceived, as we have been informed, Mr. Windham, one of the most acute judges, and Lady Littleton, the nearest friend of the deceased, mto the belief that the letters were the gentine production of his lordship. With the de- grading vice of drunkenness, Mr. Coombe was totally unacquainted; he was equally free also from the practice of gaming of every kind; and we may add, that his general qualities, united to his excellent talents, which, under happier’ auspices, might have raised an* humble man to for- tune and eminence, served to diffuse a Justre round the declining fortunes of on born in affluence. a ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. The Hon. and Rev. Gerrard Wellesley appointed Bishop of Meath, in lieu of Dr. O’ Beirne. Rev R. G. Baker, to the Rectory of Springfield, Essex. ‘ Rev. Dr. Povah, to the Rectory of St. James’s, Duke’s-place, London. Rev. M. Marsh, B.p. chancellor of the diocese of Sarum, has been collated to the Prebend of Beaminster Prima, Dorset. Rev. W. Curtis, vicar of Leominster, to be Chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford. Rev. H. Bishop, vicar of Ardleigh, to the Vicarage of Great Clacton, Essex.’ * Rev. W. White, M.A, to the Vicarage of Stradbroke, Suffolk. Rev. W.H. Dickinson, B.c.1. of Christ’s College, Cambridge, Domestic Chaplain to Dowager Lady Forrester, Rev, Carey Elers, of Sidney College, Cambridge, to the Vicarage of Bickenhill, Warwickshire, Rey. J. T. Nottidge, to the Vicarage of Old Newton, Suffoik. Rev. John Smith, fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, to the Rectory of Kirkby eum Asgarby, Lincoln, PROVINCIAL (568 Jos [July 1, PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES, WITH ALL THE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, Furnishing the Domestic and Family History of England for the last twenty-seven Years. —p— NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. A numerous meeting. was lately held in one of the rooms of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, when a Society was formed under the designa- tion of “ The Newcastle-upon-Tyne Suciety for the gradual Abolition of Slavery in the British Dominions.” Married.| Mr. W. Bolam, to Miss E. Swan; Mr. T. Blagburn, to Miss F. Dobson; Mr. T. Brockett, to Miss M. Curtis: all of Newcastle.x—Mr, Allinson, of Newcastle, to Miss H. Raine, of Barnard-castle. — Mr. T. Kirken, of Newcastle, to Miss H. Shotton, of Ponte- land.—Mr. S. Jopling, of Gateshead, to Miss S. Vasey, of Elm-park, near Wol- singham —Mr. J. Henderson, to Miss M. Welch; Mr. H. W. Halliday, to Miss E. Broderick ; Mr. Wilson, to Miss Pile; Mr. M. Coatsworth, to Miss C. Ridley : all of Sunderland,—Mr. J. Freer, to Miss E. Norris; Mr. J. Mouncer, to Miss M. Goulsbrough:. all. of Darlington.—Mr. H. Blackett, to Miss M. Johnson; Mr. M. Pratt, to Miss Boyd: all of Harnard- castle.—At. Hexliam, Mr. J. Graham, to Miss A. Robinson.—Mr. G. Bullerweil, ' of Lockhaugh, to Miss F, Forster, of Burnopfield.—Mr. Chrisp, to Miss A. Forster, of. Alnwick.—Mr. C. Harrison, of Tanfield Lea, to Miss J. Blaxton, of Tanfield.—Mr. J. Hornsby, of Ingleton, to Miss M. Bowser, of Staindrop. Died.] At Newcastle, in Saville-row, 69, Mrs. Mary Carss, late of the North Shore. — In Blackett-street, 26, Mrs. W. Mather.—In the High Bridge, Mrs. Hodgson, late of Winlaton.—In Saville- court, 87, Miss Landell.—On the Butcher- bank, 36, Mrs. Taylor.—Mrs. Owen. At North Shields, 40, Mrs. D. Scrafton. — 41, Mrs. E, Ryan. — Mrs. Weatherley.—79, Mrs. C. Askell. At South Shields, 80, Mr. W. Hogg. 68, Mrs. Dawson,— Mr. Mat. Wood, much respected.—67, Mr. J. Hall. At Sunderland, Mrs. M. Sparrow.— 25, Mrs. Wayman Watson.—52, Mrs. J. Morgan.—71, Mrs. M. Curry.—90, Mr. S. Urwin. At Darlington, 89, Mr. C. Thirkle.— 67, Mr. W. Storey.—50, Mr, J. Huggison. —50, Mrs. M. Robinson. At Hexham, 22, Mr. T. Rowell.—104, Mrs. E. Carr, At Morpeth, 59, Mr. W. Wright.— 78, Mrs. Brown. At West Boldon, Mrs. Robinson.— At Sheraton, 44, Mr. B. Weens.—At Bedlington, 36, Mr. T. Wilson, — At ‘Blanchand, Mr. T. Taylor.—At Ryton- grove, 77, Mrs. M. Boss.—At Burnop- field, Mrs. Dickinson. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. . The agriculturists of Cumberland lately agreed to petition the House of Commons for relief. The brig Robert, lately of Whitehaven, Capt. Portius, from Dublin to Liverpool, struck on the rocks near Longness Point, when she immediately fell over into deep water, and upwards of 40 passengers, with 30 horses, 40 head of cattle, and 140 pigs, perished. The master, crew, and 12 passengers were saved. But, surely some heavy legal responsibility ought to attach to the master of every sunk vessel, this being the third catas- trophe that has recently happened in the same sea. The watering-place at Allonby has been, within the month, unusually filled with the best company ; and the inns and private lodgings prove commodious and - comfortable, _ Married.] Mr. W. Watson, to Miss J. Atkinson; Mr. Jas. Tining, to Mrs. C, Robinson; Mr. B. Stewart, to Miss ©. Graham; Mr. Jas. Scott, to Miss L, Hind; Mr. W. Glaister, to Miss M. Armstrong; Mr. W. Greenwood, to Miss M. Robinson; Mr. T. Graham, to Miss A. Braunam: all of Carlisle—Mr. J. Delaney, of Carlisle, to Miss R. White- lock, of Penrith.—Mr. E, Usher, to Miss M, Pilkington; Mr. P. Burney, to Miss M. Hayton; Mr. T. Brown, to Miss D, Speight; Mr. W. Denham, to Miss M. Hodson; Mr. W. Morgan, to Miss M, Adcock; Mr. J. Morrison, to Miss J. Moor: all of Whitehaven. — Mr. ‘I. Davidson, to Miss J. Fletcher; Mr, B. Armstrong, to Miss A. Sharp: all of Workington.—Mr. J. Parnell, to Miss A. Shepherd; Mr. J. Cockburn, to Miss A. Lary; Mr. J. Tindal, to Miss J. Nelson; Mr. G. Hullock, to Miss H. Nicholson: all of Penrithh—Mr. J. Burtholme, to Miss E. Mayson, both of Thursby.—Mr. Jas. Barker, of Castle- sowerby, to Miss S. Clarke, of Sebergliam- brow-top.—Mr. A. Hill, of Dalston, to Miss E. Scott, of Thursby. Died.| At Carlisle, in Botchardgate, 36, Mr. R. Sustees.—In Caldewgate, 79, Mrs. M. Taylor.—In St. Cuthbert’s-lane, 49, Mr. T. Lowes.—In Lowther-street, 64, Mr. W. Burn.—In the 42d year of his age, Mr. Thomas Carruthers, classical and mathematical teacher in Carlisle, a man eminent for his acquisitions in these sciences, He was a native of Scotland, and educated at the university of Edin- burgh, 1823.] burgh. ‘His knowledge of the mathe- matics and learned languages was exten- sive, besides a considerable acquaintance with provincial tongues. He had seen many vicissitudes both in this and the other hemisphere, and filled situations of distinction with honour and _ credit. Though men in general are formed for particular offices ard functions iu life, yet to the honour of Thomas Carruthers be it said, that such was the capacious- ness of his mind that he readily adapted it to all occurrences. Modest and bene- volent, he endeared himself to all who knew him; and, free from ostentation and severity of manners, he possessed, in an elevated ‘degree, those social and Christian virtues which mark at once the scholar and the gentleman. At Whitehaven, 61, Capt. Delany.— 21, Mr. J. Hadwin.—At an advanced age, Mr. J. Purdy. At Workington, 67, Capt. J. Pattinson. —63, Mr. B. Edkin.—76, Mr. T, Collins, a respectable architect. At Penrith, 35, Mr. J. Murthwaite.— 88, Mr. J. Dowson. —33, Miss M. Gaskarth. At Maryport, at an advanced age, Mr. J. Lowther.—72, Mr. R. Chriton.— 73, Mr. T. Wheelwright.— Mr. R. Hall. At Red-hall, near Wigton, 90, Mr. T. Wilson. — At Uppersby, 25, Mr. J, Matthews. — At Calder, 24, Mrs. B. Wilson. — At Hall Waberthwaite, 81, Mr. J. Noble, greatly respected.—At Long-row, Halteliff, 91, Mrs. M. Richard- son, deservedly regretted. YORKSHIRE, The greater part of the manufacturing towns of this county, lately petitioned the House of Commons against the wool- tax. A proposal was made by the governnient, in consequence, that “ the petitioners shonld recommend to parlia- ment the repeal of the tax, provided English wool was allowed to be export- ed, duty free,” General meetings were held to consider this proposal; and reso- Jutions and further petitions were agreed to. Marvied.] Mr. 3, M. Butterfield, to Miss A. J. Dales, both of York,—Mr. J. Underwood, of Hull, to Miss R. Metealte, of Bradford.--Mr. T. Cragg, to Miss M. Dinsdale: Mr. Butterwick, to Mrs, Slater: all of Leeds.—Mr. T. Hirst, of Leeds, to Miss Ainley, of Delph Saddleworth.—Mr, G. Rider, of Leeds, tu Miss M. Elliott, of Little Woodhouse. —Mr. 8. Blackburn, of Leeds, to Miss E. Dirron, of Chichester. — Mr, J. Wigglesworth, of Leeds, to Miss H. Short, of Chichester.—Mr. J, Hick, of Huddersfield, to Miss S. Hick, of Led- stone-mill, near Ferry bridge,—Mr, Hen- shaw, of Huddersfield, to Miss Leyland, Moatiuty Maa, No. 363, Yorkshire—Lancashire. 569 of Halifax. — Mr. J. Haydon, jun. of Wakefield, to Miss Robinson, of Warring- ton,—Mr. R. Horseman, of Knares- borough, to Miss C, Gowland, of Burton- leonard.—Mr. R. Brearley, of Halifax, to Miss E. Haigh, of Horton,—The Rev. H. W. Powell, of Nidd, to Miss H. Githings, of Killinghall.—Mr. W. Briggs, to Miss Bonus, both of Otley. Died.] At York, 59, Mr. G. Stones. At Leeds, Mr. G. Hirst.—29, Mr. J. Baldwin.—In Park-row, 24, Miss E. Hick.—In Park-place, Mrs. Dawson.— Mr, Jos. Watson.—72, Mrs. Randerson. —Mr. R. Eastwood, > At Halifax, Mr. H. Whitaker, sudden- ly.—92, Mrs. M. Kidson. At Huddersfield, 34, Mrs. Day, wife of the Rev. Mark D. At Wakefield, Mr. S. Booth, justly respected.—45, Mr. Poole. At Pontefract, 84, John Leatham, esq. a member of the Society of Friends, and deservedly esteemed and regretted. —Mr. S. Auckland. , At Bradford, 75, Mrs, Fox. At Gildersome, Miss M. Bilbrough, LANCASHIRE, A petition to the House of Commons was lately agreed to at Liverpool, and numerously signed, praying that the House would take into consideration the mode of forming Juries in England, with a view of remedying the evils which attached to the system. The petitioners complained that great in- justice arose from’ the circumstance of a particular class of persons’ only being summoned to serve on Grand Juries. In consequence of this mode, the Grand Jury of Lancaster had become a sort of standing Jury, like the revolutionary juries in France, the same names being continually placed on the panels. The petitioners attributed the failure of jus- tice in the trials of the Manchester Yeomanry mainly to the manner in which the Grand Jury of Lancashire was con- vened. On Wednesday, in Whitsun-week, the Society of Bible Christians, held their Fifteenth Annual Meeting, in the Aca- demy, King Street, Salford, Manchester ; when, nearly 130 persons, (adults) who abstain from animal food and intoxicating liquor, sat down to an agreeable and homely repast, consisting of tea, salad, fruits of various kinds, lemonade, &c. and spent the evening in the highest state ‘Of enjoyment. Married.) Mr, Charles Moxen, to Miss M. Aston; Mr. 'T. Challinor, to Miss A. Knowles; Mr. Buchanan, to Miss L, Hill; Mr. G, Pilkington, to Miss S. Baron: all of Manchester. —Mr. A. Phillips, of Manchester, to Miss J. Ham- phreys, of Salford.—Mr. E, P. Thomson, of Manchester, to Miss J. Margerison, 4D of 570 of Catteral.—Mr. -J. Docker, to Miss M. A. Lewis, of Brook-street, Chorlton- frow.—Mr. Jas, Williamson, of Man- chester, to Miss M. Skearitt, of Congleton. —James Cunliffe, esq. of Blackburn, to Miss Mary Ostle, of North Shields.—At Bury, Mr. H. Sidney Smith, to Miss S. Sandiford, of Stubbins.—Mr. G. Parke, to Miss M. Canion; Mr. W. Holt, of Brownlow-hill, to Miss A. Lloyd; Mr. J. Hughes, to Miss M. A. Craigie, of Great George-street; Mr. 8. Langley, to Miss A. Nevell; Mr. TT. Coglan, to Miss J. Barns, of King-street; Mr. T. Johnson, of Highfield-street, to Miss A. Blundell, of Ray-street: all of Liverpool. — John Tetlow, esq. of Barton-lodge, to Miss Sarah Scholes, of High-bank.—Mr. R. S. Fox, of Chorley, to Miss Waring, of Denham-hall, Brindle. Died.] At Manchester, 32, Mr. E. Belshaw, deservedly regretted. — In Deansgate, at an advanced age, Mrs. C. Helsby, much respected.—53, Mr. A. Parkinson, justly lamented.—In Mosley- street, 69, Henry Bannerman, esq. At Salford, at an advanced age, Mr. G. Hankinson.—On Bank-parade, 31, Mr. S. Mottram, greatly regretted. At Liverpool, in Brunswick-place, 50, Mr. Edward Griffith, deservedly re- gretted.—In Ward-street, 46, Mr. T. Bolton.—51, Mr. James Cooper.—In Roscoe-lane, 32, Mrs. H. Crellin. At Bolton, Mr. Mat. Lewis, justly regretted, At Prescot, 57, Mr. P. Southeru. At Eyam, 65, Mr. B. F. Burkitt, of Moltam Longendale, deservedly regretted. CHESHIRE. A lending library, under the direction of the Chester Diocesan Society, has recently been established at Chester. Great, nay incalculable good, will, no doubt, result from this measure. A petition to the House of Commons was lately agreed to by the operative Weavels, in the neighbourhood of Stock» port, complaining of distress, from the low state of wages. Mr. Phillips, of Manchester, opposed the petition, and stated, that the weavers generally, were in’a flourishing state. An able writer, in a late Manchester Gazette, has shewn, that the average wages of a good workman donot exceed 4s, 7d. a week. Married.) Mr. F. Dickson, to Miss 8. Roberts, both of Chester—Mr. Heming- way, of Chester, to Miss Jones, of Flockersbrook.—Mr. T. Jones, of Chester, to Miss A, Clubbe, of Churton.—Mr. J. Whitehead, of Stockport, to Miss M. Doge, of Oxerton.—Mr. J. Peacock, of Macclesfield, to Miss J. Glover, of Ollerton.—Mr. C, Claye, of Arden-mill, to Miss M. Vandrey, of Bredbury. _ Died.| At Chester, in York-street, at an advanced age, Mr, Price.—In Water- Cheshire— Derbyshire — Nottinghamshire. [July 5° gate-place, 84, Mrs, A. Kendrick, de- servedly lainented,—Mrs. Cliffe, suddenly. —Mrs. Paddock, ; The Rey. Robert Barlow, 52, incum- bent, of Lower Peover and Tabley ; he was an able divine and elegant scholar.— At Flookersbrook, Mis. Arundel Gale.— At Duddon-heath, at an advanced age, Mr. T. Brown, deservedly regretted.— At Norton, Mr. Wilson. : DERBYSHIRE. Married] Mr. A. Street, to Miss A. Farnsworth, both of Derby—Mr. W. Pike, of Derby, to Miss A. Simpson, of Ireton.—Mr. R. Nall, to Miss E. Walker, both oF Chesterfield.—Mr. S. Mycock, of Buxton, to Miss 8. Redfern, of Long- por.—-Mr. J. Arndern, of Buxton, to M. Wild, of Upper-ball—Mr. J. Calow, to Miss E. Jackson, both of Belper.— The Rev. T. Bourn, of Harehill, to Miss A. Thorley, of Somersha!l Herbert.— Mr. J. Mellor, of Somershall, to Miss M. Bouller, of Doveridge.—Mr. Smedley, to Miss Hobson, both of Bonsall. Died.| At Derby, 30, Mr. Briggs.— 93, Mrs. Alice Smith. At Chesterfield, 71, Mr. J. Fogg.— | Mrs. Glossop. At Melbourn, 82, Mrs. A. Fox. At Bakewell, Mr. M. Williams.—At Doffield, at an advanced age, Mr. Crackle. — 21, Miss E. Spencer. — At Walton, 57, Mrs. Haywood.—At Chureh- Bronghton, 72, Mr. T. Wragg. — At Brailsford, at an advanced age, Mr. W. Pedley, much respected. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Married.) Mr, J. Lee, to Miss Lilly ; Mr. J. Jackson, to Miss A. Roe; Mr. J. Harris, to Miss A, Foster; Mr. J. Cheetham, to Miss M. Black; Mr. G, Holmes, to Miss M. Parker; Mr. H. Pringle, to Miss E. Woolley; Mr. M. Warener, to Miss M. A. Wain; Mr. J. Hill, to Miss A. Johnson; Mr. J. Brown, to Miss H. Caleraft; Mr. J. Daft, to Miss A. Pierce; Mr. J. Bingham, to Miss S. Pinegar: all of Nottingham.— Mr. W. Owen, to Miss F. Talbot; Mr. J. Johnson, to Miss S. Rushton; Mr. W. Robinson, to Miss A. Rippingale; Mr. B. Cook, to Miss M. Dixon; Mr. T. Taylor, to Miss A. Peet: all of Newark. Died.} At Nottingham, in Lincoin- street, 81, Mrs. Platts.—In Pailiament- street, 27, Mr. A. F. Fisher, deservedly regretted.—In Crossland-court, Red-lion- street, 65, Mr. J. Winn.—In Wainnt-tree- lane, 78, Mr. J. Shelton.—In Water-lane, at an advanced age, Mrs. S. ‘Timins. At Newark, 78, Mis, S. Ware.—58, Mrs, E. Green, At Carlton-hill, 26, Miss E. Roberts, Nottingham. At East Retford, 65, Mv. F. Clater, the author of ‘ Clatex’s Cattle Doctor, and Every Man his own Farrier.” LINCOLNSHIRE, 1823.] LINCOLNSHIRE. The tate excellent Henry Fryer, esq of Stamford, has left, besides many other charitable bequests, the whole of his personal property, which was consider- able, towards the establishment of a “General Infirmary for Stamford, and surrounding country.” ; Murried.| At Spalding, Samuel Graves Harvey, esy. to Mrs. Mary Brown, late of Thorniam Abhey.—At St. James’, Deeping, Mr. T. R. Woolfield, to Miss C. Missop, of Boston.—Mr. Cook, of Stamford, to Miss A. Bonsir, of Remp- stone, : Died.| The Rev. G. Hogarth, 84, vicar of Mumby and Hogsthorpe. LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLANDSHIRE. Married.] Mr. W. Jordan, to Miss 8. Paul; Mr. Worrad, to Mrs. Curtis: all of Leicester.—Mr. W. Lliffe, of Leicester, to Miss J. Banester, of Wolverhampton. —Mr. Swan, to Miss A. M. Chambers, of Nerthampton.—The Rev. 3. Morgan, to Mirs E. Cheeklin, of Hinckley-lodge. Died.) At Leicester, Mr. Jos. Spencer. —In Hotel-street, 75, Mr. Peet, At Longhborongh, Mr. W. Bryan. At Castle Donington, 25, Miss M. Fielding.—66, Mr. Roby, regretted.— Miss Webb.—36, Mr. Jos. Cook. At Uppingham, ¢0, Mrs. Billington.— At Syston, Mr, R. 'Tookey.—At Ashby Parva, Miss M. Cooper, — At Sutton Bennington, Mr. M. Hooley, of Long Eaton.—At Sapcote, 56, Mr. Clark. STAFFORDSHIRE. Married.) Mr. W. Richards, of Litch- field, to Miss A. Holland, of Streethay.— Mr. Crumpton, of Litchfield, to Miss Cooper, of Polesworth.—The Rev. Edw. Whielden, rector of Burslem, to Miss Mary Bill, of Farley-hall.—At Walsall, George Hinchliffe, esq. of Hales Owen, to Miss Hobbins, of Walsall.—George Parker, esq. of Oldbury, to Miss L. E, Halford, of West Bromwich. Died.| At Litchfield,104, Mrs, Ann Sargent. in Monkspath-street, parish of Tam- worth, Richard Burman, esq. much and deservedly esteemed.—At Yardley, 51, Mr. Beuuet Chambers, generally re- spected. WARWICKSHIRE. The agriculturists of Warwick, from the advancing price of corn, lately agreed to petition the House of Commons for ** protecting duties.” Phe Chamber of Manufactures and Commerce of Birmingham, lately resolved to petition the House of Commons for an equalization of duties on East and West India Sugars. Marvied.| Mr. G. Motram, to Miss E. Harper, both of Birmingham.—Mr, W. Batt, of Aston, to Mrs. A.’ East, of Svlilull,—Mr. D. Reading, of Kenilworth, Lincolushire— Leicestershire and Ratlandshire, Se. 57f to Miss J. S. Holmes, of Portsea.—At Cherrington, B. W. Holden, esq. to Miss Vere Wykeham Nicoll. Died.] At Birmingham, in Dale-end, 21, Mrs, S. Holt, greatly regretted.—In Moor-street, Miss. M. Minshall. — In Colemore-row, Miss S, Thomason.— 64, Mrs. Paviour, widow of Mr. T. P. of Hall-street.—Mr. H. Taylor, late of Hill. At Edgbaston, 80, Mr. J. Spurrier.— At Feckenham, R. B. Waldron, esq. generally and deservedly lamented. — In Summer-row, Handsworth, Mr. §. Hodges. SHROPSHIRE, Marricd.] Mr. Chas. Hackney, to Miss L. Clarke, of Pride-hili; Mr. J. Years- ley, to Miss Mottram: all of Shrewsbury. —Mr. Kilvert, of Preston Gubballs, to Miss M. Williams, of Shrewsbury.—Mr. J. Deane, of Shrewsbury, to Miss M. Williams, of Newport. —.Mr, R. Evans, of Ludlow, to Miss Langslow, of Abcot. —Henry Wellings, jun. esq: of Ludlow, to Miss F. Bloxham, of Hales Owen.— Mr. J. Cook, of Neumarten, to Miss A. Pritchard, of Rhosgadfu.—Mr. J. Spen- cer, of Woodhouse, near Whitechurch, to Miss M. Pembry, of Shade Oaks.— Mr. W. Burrows, to Mrs. S. Joy, both of Cockshutt. Died.J At Shrewsbury, 74, Mr. R. Jones,—Miss R. Rawlins.—In Princes- street, 70, Mrs. Kynast.—In Frankwell, 85, Mr. R. Cartwright, At Bridgnorth, Mrs. Parry, wife of Edward P. esq. At Ellesmere, 40, Mr, W. Richards. At Lady-house, Worthen, 21, Miss Lin- ley; Mrs. A. Linley, her mother.—At Prior’s-lee, Mrs, M. Eaton—At Long- ford, 83, Mr. W. Turner.—At the Wood- house, William Maykin, esq.—At High Creall, Mrs. Harding. —At Melverley- hall, 62, Mrs, Adams. WORCESTERSHIRE. Married.| Mr. F. Loxley, to Miss Woakes, both of Worcester. — Mr. J. Nicholls, of Worcester, to Miss Martha Gnest, of Campton-park.—At Worcester, the Rev. Chas. Hastings, rector of Mart- ley, to Hannah, daughter of Dr. Wood- att.—-William Norris, m.p, of Stour- ridge, to Miss A. Blake, of Great Malvern, Died.] At Worcester, in Foregate-street, Miss Mary Salwey, of Ashley Moor.— 63, Mr. J. Probard. At Kidderminster, 46, Mr. J.. Rey- nolds, deservedly regretted.—81, Henry Perrin, esq. a Justice of the Peace, for the counties of Worcester and Stafford, and a deputy lieutenant. At Battlefield Cottage, 63, Mr. W. Lucas, much and deservedly Jamented. HEREFORDSHIRE: *, At the late Anniversary of the Hereford Agricultural Society, it was. resolved to discontinue 572 discontinue the Snmmer Meeting at Leominster, during the ruifous depression of the agricultural interests. Married.) Jobn Hardwick, esq. of Upton Bishop, to Miss Ann Bennett, of Altbough, Diced.|] At Hereford, 24, the Rev. T. E, Duneumb, a.B. of Exeter College, Oxford.—35, Mr. E, Laycock.—In St. Owen’s-street, Mr, Allen, deservedly lamented. At Birley-court, Thomas Parry, ‘esq. — At Overton, 34, Mr. T. Sier, of Dewsall.—At Kington, John Meredith, esq. GLOUCESTER AND MONMOUTH. The Gloucester and Berkeley Canal was commenced within the month; it will be completed, it is said, in two years and a half, and must yield incalculable _ advantages to that part of the kingdom. A splendid range of buildings is about to be erected in the form of a crescent at Cheltenham, on that beautiful and pic- turesqne property lately belonging to the Earl of Suffolk, with an elegant pump- room supplied from mineral springs, The magistrates of Monmouthshire, at their adjourned Session, at Usk, unani- mously resolved to petition Parliament in support of the Bill introduced by Mr. P. Moore, ‘for the more speedy and effectual settlement of disputes between masters and servants,” &c.; and more particularly for such clauses, as, with little alteration, are calculated to ensure payment of their wages. to workmen in money, and in no other way. Married}. Mr, M. Hutchinson, of Gloucester, to Miss H, Woods, of Bruns- wick-square, Bristol.—Mr. A, Davis, to Miss E. Davies ; R. Jenkins, esq. to Miss E. Tret; Mr, Chas. Price, jun, to Miss Newell; Mr. J. Tucker, to Miss E, Birt : all of Bristol —Mr. F. Cuningham, of Redclitf-street, Bristol, to Miss A. Todd, of Bath.—Mr. R. Collyer, of Chel- tenham, to Miss Maria Swinbourne.—E, L. Newman, esq. of Cheltenham, to Miss M. Clark, of Devizes, + Died.] At Gloucester, Mr, J. Fream. At Bristol, in Castle-street, 21, Mr. J. Wait.—In the Great Gardens, 24, Mr. J. Hollandish.— In Gyriffin-lane, Mr. T. Williams.—At Clifton, in York-place, T. Frampton, esq. . At Cheltenham, 67, Mr. M. Hale.— Mrs, M, H, Pope, widow of William P, esq. of Hillingdon.—90, Thomas Mer- rick, esq. At Téwkesbury, Mrs. Groves. At Dodington, Anne Maria, daughter of Sir Christopher Codrington, bart. OXFORDSHIRE, At Oxford recently the Prize Composi- tions were adjudged as follows :—Chuncel- lor’s Prizes: English Essay, ‘‘ the Public Gloucester and Monmouthshire— Oxfordshire, &c. [July f, Spirit among the Ancients,” to Charles John Plumer, B.A. fellow of Oriel College. Latin Essay, Conditio Servorum apud Antique,” to Edward Wickham, B.A. fel- low of New College, Latin Essay, ‘* Ars Geologica,” to Isaac Williams, scholar of Trivity College—Sir Roger Newdigate’s Prize: English Verse, “Stonehenge,” to. T. S. Salmon.—Three members of the university have been expelled for their outrageous condact and breaches of the peace. Married.) The Rev. R. F, Lawrence, of Oxford, to Miss Barbara Cotton, of Ciche- ley.—Mr. Goffe, to Miss S. Wyatt, both of Banbury.—James Cook, esq. to Miss Maria Churchill, of Watlington, Mr. H. Hughes, of Evesham, to Miss Gibbs, of Fringford. Dicd.] At Oxford, 51, Mr. Davis, of Sandford, much respected. At Banbury, Miss Malsbury. ; At Henley, Thomas Holford, a respec. table member of the Suciety of Friends. At Ewelme, 55, Mr. J. Bond.—At Enstone, 63, Mr, J. Jolly. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND BERKSHIRE. A tremendous storm of thuader, light- ning, and hail, lately took place at Ger- rard’s-cross, Bucks, and the neighbourhood. The hail-stones were as large as full-sized marbles, The damage done to the bean and pea crops was considerable, A melancholy accident lately occurred at Sutton Courtenay, near Abingdon. Three young persons, proceeding on an excursion on the water, were, by the boat’s entering a lock, and being smashed to pieces, unfortunately drowned, together with the boatman, Married.] Matthias Andrews, esq. to Miss Mary Frances Salmon, both of Read- ing.—Mr. T. West, of Abingdon, to Miss Elderfield, of Sutton Courtney.—Mr. J. Davis, to Mrs, E. Lane; William Buish, esq..a naval knight, to Mrs, M. Elphinston Taylor: all of Windsor. Died.] At Reading, 85, Mr. E. Phillips, At Windsor, 67, Mrs. Wells.—23, Mrs. E. Mitchell.—80, Mr. James Faugoin. At Slough, 33, Miss Mary Hancox. At Winchendon Marsh, 65, Mrs. M, Read. HERTFORDSHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE. Married.) My. N. Miller, to Miss S. Muckleston, both of St. Alban’s.—G. Pout, esq. of Market-street, to Miss E. Smith, late of Pattenham.—At Watford, Mr. F. J. Walter, of Hyde-park, to Miss Lydia Mary Swindell.—Mr. R. Evans, of Ware, to Miss Smith, of Norwich—Mr. W. Kent, of Biggleswade, to Miss M, Delph, of Beccles. Died.) At Hitcham, 69, Mrs. E, Grim- wood, late of Bildeston. At Royston, 63, Richard Vitty, esq. NORTHAMPTON- / 1823.] Northamptonshire—Cambridge and Huntingdon— Norfolk. NORTHAMPTONSHUIRE. Married.] The Rev. W. J. Kerrick, rec- tor of Pauler’s Pury, to Miss Emma Eliza- beth Wapshare, of Salisbury. ’ Died.| At Northampton, Miss A.Tester. —John Buxton, esq.: he was a firm advo- cate for the canse of civil and religious liberty, and was deservedly esteemed for his integrity and great moral worth. At Wellingborough, Jesse, wife of N. Pearce, esq. At Woodborough, 76, William Thorpe, esq. deservedly lamented.—67, J. G. Park- harst, esq. of Catesby Abbey. * CAMBRIDGE AND HUNTINGDON6HIRE.- ' The Masters and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, have lately resolved to accommodate upwards of a hundred more students within the walls. The new erections will form a handsome quadrangle on the site of the present stabling; and are to presenta handsome gothic front towards the gardens, parallel with the library. The under-graduates at present exceed 1,500, being double the number before this century. Married.| The Rev. E. Sidney, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, to Miss Fliza Vaughan.—Mr. W. Cowell, to Miss E, Hammond; Mr. A. Fitch, to Miss M. Se- mance: all of Linton.—Mr. W. Walker, to Miss S. Webb, both of Teversham. Died.] At Cambridge, in Silver-street, Mrs. Haycock.—In Sidney-street, Mrs. A. James. At Ely, 97, Mrs. A. Dix. At Huntingdon, 76, Mr. W. Robson. At Chatteris, Mr. W. Osborn, greatly respected.—68, Mrs. M. Curtis. At Toft, 97, Mr. J. Everett.—At Ma- nea, 33, Mr. J. Cross.x~At Cheveley, 67, Mr. Jer. Houghton.—At Littleport, 77, Robert Speechley, esq. NORFOLK. Married.|] Mr. W. Brightwell, to Miss M. Turner; Mr. James Troughton, of St. Miles’s, to Mrs. Cooper, of St. Mary’s; Mr. N. Miller, to Miss Jarmy ; all of Nor- wich:—Mr. J. Harper, of Norwich, to Miss Burgess, of Yarmouth.—T. Steward, jun. esq. of Norwich, to Miss 8. Tuthill, of Yarmouth.—Mr. Horatio Bolingbroke, of Norwich, to Miss H. S. Peyton, of Bir- mingham. Died.| At Norwich, 68, Mrs, 8. Taylor, ~—In St. Peter's Mancroft, Mrs. Clements, —In King:street, 89, Mr. W. Haynes. At Yarmouth, 74, Mrs, A, Stoker.—33, Samuel Palmer, esq. merchant. At Lynn, Mr. Rawling, jun. of Wisbech. At Diss, 41, Mrs. E. Ellis.—57, Mr. G, Eaton.—Mr. R. Shelvedon. At Harleston, 76, Mrs. 8. Redgrave. The Kev. James Lambert, senior fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, whose decease was noticed in our last, was the son of the Rev. Thomas Lambert, 573 then vicar of Thorpe near Harwich, and rector of Melton, near Woodbridge, Su folk, and was also a member of the Zodiae Club at Cambridge, in which the most eminent literary names of that day were enrolled ; and was not less remarkable for his attainments, than for the polished urbanity of his manners. His son James received the rudiments of his education at the Gramimar School at Cambridge, under Mr. Ray, till he was about tifteen years of age, when -his father superintended it till he went to College; into which he was admitted in the year 1760. Inthe year 1763 he became a scholar on the founda- tion ; in 1764 he obtained the Chancellor’s gold medal for classical attainments, ta- king his first degree in the same year; when he was fifth or sixth on the first Tri- pos, or what is generally called fifth or sixth Wrangler. In the year 1765, he was elected Fellow of Trinity College, having about that time been ordained, and be- coming officiating curate of Bawdsey and Alderton, near Woodbridge. In 1767 he took the degree of Master of Arts; and 1770, he became a resident and assistant tutor in Trinity College. In 1771 he was elected Greek Professor. About this time the great question was agitated for the relief of the Clergy, in the matter of sub- scription to the Thirty-nine Articles; and it was greatly supported by many of the most distinguished members of the Uni- versity of Cambridge; among them Mr. Lambert was by no means the least active. In 1772 he received a proposal to accompany Prince Poniatowski to Poland ; which he declined; in 1773 he formed the resolution not to accept-any clerical prefermeut ; in which he persisted to his death, having repeatedly passed by the best livings in the gift of the College, which in succession were offered to him, In 1774 the University was much occu- pied with the resolutions then proposed by Mr. Jebb, for annual examinations ; of which Mr, Lambert was a strenuous supporter ; and he was named one of the Syndicate, or Committee to establish a plan to unite polished literature with the ac- customed mathematical and philosophical studies of the place. In this attempt he had, among other eminent men, for his intended colleagnes, Watson, afterwards Bishop of Landaff; Hallifax, successively Bishop of Gloucester and St. Asaph ; Hey, afterwards Morrisian Professor of Divinity, and author of ‘Lectures on the Thirty-nine Articles ;” Farmer, well known among Shakspeare critics and book collectors; Paley ; Tyrwhitt, the well-known Unita- rian, who shewed his zeal for the Univer- sity, by leaving at his death 40001. for the encouragement of Hebrew literature ; Pearce, afterward Master of Jesus College, and Dean of Ely. The colleagues, how- ever, 57 4 ever, were not all avreed in the approba- tion of the: plan; for we find, by Dr. Jcbb’s account of the proceedings of those times, that Halifax and Farmer “did all im their power to obstruct and distress their brethren ;” Farmer declaring that the proposed grace “ would be the ruin of the University, and shake the foundation of the Constitution in Church and State.” En consequence of the appointment of the Syndicate, nineteen resolutions were pro- posed, which were all rejected; three being for the first six,—Ayes, 43; Noes, 47, For the next five,—Ayes, 41; Noes, 48. For the next eight,—Ayes, 38; Noes, 49. Some other attempts were made, but equally failed; and no alteration took place till the year 1780, when another day was added for examinations, and more. stress was laid upon Natural Law and Meral Philosophy, and particularly on Locke “on the Human Understanding.” In 4775 Mr. Lambert gnitted the Assistant Tutorship, and in 1777 left College to superintend the éducation of Sir John Fleming Leicester, Bart., and his brothers, and resided with them at Lady Leicester’s, partly in London, and partly at Tabley, m Cheshire. In 1780 he resigned the Greek Professorship, and returned to Col- lege with Sir John Leicester in 1782. His connexions with the Leicester family continued till 1787, when the two younger brothers, Henry and Charles, took their Bachelor's degree, From this time he resided principally in College, making oc- easional excursions on visi(s to his nume- rons friends in different parts of the king- dom. In 1789: he was appointed Bursar, of the College ; which office be held for ten years. Vo nearly the end of his life he was punctual in his attendance at the annual examinations; and also at the exami- nations}for Scholarships and Fellowships. He died on the 28th of April last, at the house of his esteemed friend and relative, Mr. Carter, at Ferstield, Norfolk; and was buried, according to his desire, in the parish church of that village. SUFFOLK, The Society. for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, have lately adjudged to Mr. E, Pechy, of Bury St. Edmund's, the Silver Vulcan Medal and ten guineas, for the invention of irons to work a mangle ona simple and cheap plan, going backward and forward by turning one way, with only a rack and ipion. ; Married.] Mr. Stevens, to Miss Seakings ; Mr. Channing, to Mrs. Clark; Mr. W. Miller, to Miss H. Elven: all of Bury.— Mr. J. W. B. Royal, of Bury, to Miss E. Saunders, of Dickleburgh.— Mr. M. Ellis, to Miss R. Keeble, both of Ipswich.— Mr. J. Crisp, of Ipswich, to Miss R. Deacon, of Needham.—Mr. S. Smith, of Tpswich, to Miss Summersett, late of Hin- tlesham.—Mr. J. Seaman, of Saxmundham, Suffolk— Essea— Kent. [July t, to Miss 8.. Mentel, of Rendham.—Mr. R. Munson, of Stratford St, Mary, to Miss M- Faiers, of Hadleigh.—Mr. J. Spurling to Miss 8. Gooch, both of Brundish. Died.] At Ipswich, 22, Miss A. Gossling. —In Carr-street, 59, Mr. J. Bird.—77, Mrs. Catchpole.—71, Mrs. A. M. Wright, suddenly.—27, Mr. J. Graves.—Mrs. Fur- ner. At Stowmarket, 56, Mrs. Turner.—50, Mr. A. Fyson.—33, Mr. J. Scarlett. At Sudbury, 50, Mrs. R. Saville.—79,, Mrs. Frost, regretted. At Debenham, 92, Mrs, A. Knight.— At Gagely, Mr. Bolton.—At Kelsale, Mr. L. Sillet.—At Barrow,53, Mrs. E. Ottley. —At Bosford, 69, Mr. Thurlow.—At Hadleigh, 64, Mr. T. Preston.—At La- venham, 66, Mrs. A. East, deservedly re- gretted.—At Walton, 45, Mr. B. Barnes. —At Farnham, 21, Mr. J. Ganratt, At Reyden of a pulmony decline, 17, Josepi Henry Smith, son of Mr. S. Smith, late of Lowestoft. ESSEX. The late Chelmsford Fair was but thinly supplied with Cattle of any description. Sheep were much in request.—Good Sait Cows and -Welsh Rams were readily sold. Married.| Mr. W. Parker, to Miss A. Coote, both of Braintree.—Mr. Miller, of Saffron Walden, to Miss E. Rayfield, of Norwich.—Mr. J. Porter, of Leighs Pri- ory, to Miss Barnard, of Panfield. Died.] At Colchester, 71, Mrs. Ratcliff, late of Wood Hill, Warmingford. At Harwich, 57, Mrs. Phillips.—Mr. J, Bell. ; At Maldon, 76, Mrs. Mary Bugs. At Rochford, 30, Mrs. S. Jackson. At Barking, J. Themas, esq. many years chief clerk in the office of ordinance in the Tower. At Danbary, 33, T. W. Watson, M.p. in eminent practiceat Chelmsford.--Mary, wife of the Rev. W. Western, of Reven- hall-place, brother of C. C, Western, m.P. fer the county. KENT. Several places in this county lately for- warded petitions to the House of Commons for a repeal of the duties on coal. Marricd.] Mr. J. Marlow, to Miss E, Milgate; Mr. R. Anderson, to Miss J. Radman: all of Deal.—Mr. E. Fleming, to Miss M‘Cap; Mr. W. Pratt, to Miss L. Seaton: all of Chatham.—Mr. T. Strouts, to Miss M. Redman, both of Faversham. —Mr. F. Gorbell, of Rochester, to Miss M. M. Griggs, of Deal.—Mr. H. Smith, to Miss M. A. Parker, both of Seven Oaks. —Mr. T. Fairbrass, of Whitstable, to Miss J. Wiltsheir, of Canterbury.—Mr. Stone, of Shatling, to Mrs. Baker, of Ash. —Thontas Divers, esq. to Mrs. M. Gil- bert, both of Milton.—J. R. Raines, esq. of the 46th regt. to Miss Julia Jardine, of Seven Oaks, Died.) 1823.} Died] At Canterbury, 69, Mr. J. Grant. —74, Mr. B. Hobday, much regretted, At Dever, Miss M. Blackwell. At Deal, 47, Mrs. Baker.—65, Mr. W, Wilds.—50, Mr, J. Robertson. At Chatham, 30, Mr. J. Wood.—In Richard-street, Mis, Pepperiow. At Maidstone, 67, Mrz J. Hughes.—32, Mr. T. Wickham.—53, Mr. G_ Post. At Tunbridge Wells, in the Sist year of his age, Mr. E. H. Strange, of the Royal Kentish Hotel, leaving a widow and seven children. Mr. Strange’s character, for - probity and goodness of heart, was sui- passed by few; and, as an affectionate hus- band, kind father, and valuable friend, he will be long Jamented, At Fordwich, 98, Mrs. Wilsden.—At Lydd, 74, Mr. G. Adams.—At Ashford, 68, Mr. W. Smith —At Milton, Mis. Budds.—At New Romney, 69, Mr. R. Elsted.—At Wingham, 72, Mrs. M. Rouse, deservedly regretted.—At Bapchild, 43, Mr. S. Brown.—At Milton, Mrs. Hall.— At Cranbrook, 78, Mr. E. Morris. SUSSEX. A public meeting was lately held at Chichester, Sir Godfrey .Webster, bart. in the chair, when it was resolved to raise subscriptions to assist the Spanish constitu- tionalists. We hope similar meetings will be held in every county in Englaud, and even in every parish. The Arundeland Portsmouth canal was lately opened with great ceremony, amidst a vast number of spectators, It has cost 160,000), Married.| Me. T. Lodkin, of the West- gate, Chichester, to Miss L. Jelicff.—Mr, T. Rowell, of Brighton, to Miss 8, les, of Oxford.—Licut. W. Lutman, r.w. to Miss C. Norris, of Great Chancton farm.— Mr, C. Wills, to Miss Stoveld, of Bosham.— Mr. J. King, of Emsworth, to Miss Boorn, of Keyner farm, Sidlesham. Died.] At Chichester, 21, Mr. W. Binstead.—Miss J. E. Miller, deservedly regretted. , At Brighton, 65, W. Chapman, esq. an eminent brewer.—Mrs, Sawyers. At Lewes, 62, Mr. J. Ade, deservedly lamented.—-Mr. D. Simmonds. ' At Fairlight, the Rev. Mr. Wadestone. —At New Fishbourne, Mr. W. Cole- brook, deservedly regretted.—At Alding- bonme, at an advanced age, Mrs. Barnard, : HAMPSHIRE. 1 The Southsea Reading Rooms were lately opened for the season ; and the art of the tasteful and spirited proprietor has beén again displayed, to give increased effect to the attractions of that pleasant spot. Married.| Mr. 'T. Culley, of Gosport, to Miss 8. Jordan, of Reading.—At Romsey, Mr. B. Godfrey, to Miss M. E. Fryer 4 Sussea— Hampshire —Wittshire—Somersctshire, §ce. ‘ 575 Jones, late of Newpand-cottage, near Romsey.—Mr, J. Mundy, of Buriton, to Miss P. Minchin, of Westhourne.—At Hursley, Mr. Chas. Beartram, to Miss Cole, of Hursley. Died.] At Southampton, 33, Mrs. A. Alford,—In Kanover-buildings, 71, Joseph Bird, esq. At Winchester, 24, Mr. J. Clark.—Ta Upper Brook-street, Mr. Slate—Mr. Bruce. At Portsmouth, 82, Mrs. Taswell, wife of Luke TF. esq. generally jamented. At Southsea, 33, Mrs. Atkins, of Ports- mouth, deservedly regretted, At Portsea, Licut. J, Strutt.—Mrs. J. Smyth.—-On the Hard, Mr. J. Harrison, much lamented. WILTSHIRE. Married.] Jotun Pearce, esq. to Miss Ferris, of Calne.—The Rev. Clias. Dewell, of Malmesbury, to Miss S, Hughes, of Devizes.—The Rev. R. Y. Keays, A.M. of Pew-hill house, to Miss Fanny Tufnell, of Lackiam-honse.—Tho- mas Hawkins, esq. of Oaksey-court, to Miss Mary Poole. Died.) At Salisbury, Mrs. Shergold. At Crewkerne, 78, Mary, widow of Christopher Jolliffe, esq. of Kingsden. At Monkton Farleigh, Mrs, Batchelor. —At Buekhill, 74, Mr. J. Savory, greatly respected, SOMERSETSHIRE. Married.] Lieut. Craister, R.N. to Miss M. Smith, both of Bath.—Mr. W. Love, of Taunton, to Miss 8. Bignold, of Exeter. —Mr, W. Borders, to Miss M. Plowman, of Yeovil.—S. D, Hine, esq. of Uminster, to Miss E. Petty, of Frome St. Quinten. —At North Walsham, M. Novosielski, esq. R.N. to Mary Anne, daughter of the late J. Jones, esq. of Langnard Fort. Died.] At Bath, in Norfolk-cvescent, Mrs, Dimond, widow of W. W. Dimond, esq} — In Springfield-place, 23, Miss Campbell. — In Charles-street, 59, J. Heath, m.p. of Fakenham, Norfolk. At Wells, Miss Bacon. At Bridgwater, 21, Mr, E.. Symes. At Shepton Mallett, 87, 5. roughs, esq. At Weston Grove, Mr. R, Owen, a skil- ful. performer on the harp.—At Swan- grove, Mrs. Stinchcombe, generally re- gretted.—At Chilthorne Domer, Mrs. Bailey, wite of the Rev. J. B. rector.—At Prospect-Lodge, Beechenclift, 63, Joseph Barrow, ¢sq. DORSETSUINE. A destructive fire lately broke out at Woolbridge, which, in about four hours, destroyed twenty-seven dwelling-houses, a malt-house with a large quantity of malt, a baker’s store-room, many outhouses, barns, and stables, and a woman who was con- fined asa lunatic. : Marricd.] The Rev, G, W. J, Chard, vi- car Bur- 576 ear of Blandford, to Miss Elizabeth Frances Diggle, of Tarrant Hinton.—At Milborne- port, Mr. R. Highmore, to Miss Sherring. Died.} At Sherborne, 57, the Rev. Jas. Weston, a much esteemed minister of the independant congregation of that place. At Lyme Regis, 88, Simon Lee, esq. DEVONSHIRE. Married.] George Reard, esq. to Miss Frances Ellicombe; Mr. R. Pattinson, to Miss L. Parnell; Mr. W. Strong, to Miss C. Avent: all of Exeter.—Charles Eales, esq. of Easton, to Frances Elizabeth, daughter of the late Dr. Daniell, of Exe- ter.—Mr. James Taylor, of Longbrooke- street, Exeter, to Miss G. Eplett, of St. Ewe.—Jolhn Halterleigh, esq. of Bideford, to Miss K. Ineldon. Died.] At Exeter, 54, Mrs. Curtis.— Mr. J. Ford; and, 24, Mr. W. Ford, his son.— 29, Mr. S. C. Aunger. At Plymouth, in Cornwall-street, Mr. Shellabear.—In Barrack-street, 67, Mr. G, Phillips.—72, Robert Butler Remmett, M.D. an eminent physician in that town. — At Barnstaple, John Toller, esq. an emi- nent solicitor.—Mrs. Heale. CORNWALL, An election of a representative lately took place at Bossiney ; Mr. John Stuart Wortley, jun. son of the member for Yorkshire, and Mr. Edward Rose ‘fTunno, were candidates, At the close of the poll the numbers were—Tunno, 17 ; Wortley, 15: yet the mayor returned Mr. Wortley. Mr. Tunno intends to petition against the retum. Married.] At Bodmin, J. Hamley, esq. to Selina Glubb, of Liskeard.—J. D. Bid- cock, esq. of Botathan, to Miss S. Baynes, of Weck St. Mary.—H. Badcock, esq. of Woodknowle, to Miss A, S$. Baynes. Died,] At Truro, Mr. John Heard, printer and publisher of the West Briton paper, from its commencement in 1810. At Treheveras, Mr. J. Leverton, late of Penryn.—At Camborne, Mrs. Odgers.— At East Looe, 86. Mr. W. Powne. WALES. Married.| Mr. W. Rose, to Miss E. Sanders, both of Swansea—Mr. T. W. Powell, of Neath, to Miss Margaret Jones, of Aberdare.—Mr. T. Williams, of Brecon, to Miss M. Maddy, of the Land.—M1..J. Williams, to Mrs. Bailes, both of Carmarthen. Died.) At Swansea, Mr. J. Simmons. At Breeon, 46, James Rathbone, Capt. Breconshire militia. At Haverfordwest, 70, Miss Maria Eliza Harries.—77, Mrs. Rainbott. Devonshire —Cornwall—Wales—Scotland—Ireland, §c. Near Holywell, 71, Thomas Thomas, esq. a benevolent man, and consequently much esteemed and regretted.—At Penl- line, near Cowbridge, 40, Mr. J. Cook, deservedly regretted. SCOTLAND. Moarried.] Alexander Mitchell, esq. to Miss Jane Simpson, both of Glasgow.— Mr. T. Donaldson, to Miss Barbara Murdock, of Buckie, Banffshire. Died.] At Glasgow, at an advanced age, Miss Isabella Colquhonn—Mr. Andrew Buchanan.—Mr. Richard Lee, of London, —Janies A. Brown, esq. AtPaisley, Elizabeth, Jemima,daughters of James Buchanan, esq. IRELAND. Ata late mecting it was agreed to in- trust two petitions, touching the mal- administration of justice in Treland,—not to Mr. Plunkett, or Lord Donoughmore, but to Lord Grey and Mr. Brougham. A sanguinary aifray between the inhabi- tants of Maghera, county of Londonderry, and anuwmber of orange yeomen of the district, lately took place. The yeomen retreated to the barracks, where they were joined by the military ; arms were given and discharged among the people, and a dreadful carnage followed; the streets were covered with blood; from eight to ten were killed, and from forty to fifty wounded. In other respects Ireland is in a very disturbed state, and the causes have occasioned repeated disenssions in parlia- ment, but without any positive result, Married.] Richard Stack, esq. barrister at law, to Eliza, daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Fitzgerald, vice-provost of ‘Trinity College, Dablin.—John M‘Neile, esq. of Ballycastle, to Charlotte, danghter of Major General Sir T. Dallas.— William Pennefather, jun. esq. of Annsfort, in the county of Tipperary, to M. Catherine, danghter of the late Thomas Foster, esq. of Jamaica. ‘ Dicd.} At Dablin, in Mernon square, Judge Fletcher: he was elevated to the bench in 1806 by the Duke of Bedford, the lord lieutenant. At Waterford, lieutenant colonel T. Lamphier.—Major W. Burke, of the Com- pany’s service.—Lieutenant general W. Doyle. The very Rev. William Turner, dean of Kilmacduah.—At Gorton, near Dungan- non, 84, John Whiteside, esq. DEATHS ABROAD. ‘ At Paris, 55, Marshal Davoust, prince of Eckmuhl, after along and fearful pul- monary phthisis. TO CORRESPONDENTS. On the 1st of August will appear the SupPLEMENTARY NuMBER to the FIFTY- FIFTH Volume of this Miscellany, containing extracts from the most interesting publications of the half year, and a full Analysis of the Constitution of the House of Commons ; with Indexes, Se. &e. s Errata.—Page 432, note, for * Revelation,” read “ Revelations ;” and page 480, for “publication,” vead “ Public Men.”—At page 502, col, 2, line 44, of this Number, for ‘* proposition,” read “ preposition,” SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER vo THE FIFTY-FIFTH VOLUME or THE. MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 384.] JULY 31, 1823. [Price 2s. Selections from the Chief Publications of the Half- Year. <= REMARKS ON THE COUNTRY EXTENDING FROM CAPE PALMAS TO THE RIVER CONGO, Including Observations on the Manners and ustoms of the Inhabitants. WITH AN APPENDIX, Containing an Account of the European Trade with the West Coast of Africa. BY CAPT. JOHN ADAMS, Octavo. 7s. 6d. [This is a most interesting volume on a rare subject, for no Voyagers for plea- sure or curiosity visit. this pestilential coast. Capt. Adams appears to be well seasoned to it, and to be ably qualified to give that variety of correct informa- tion which the world have long de- manded in vain. Our extracts will prove, that we cannot speak too highly of his work. Nor is it valuable only in a literary and geographical sense, for it contains, in the Appendix, a body of Commercial information above all price in its utility to the merchant-adven- turers and manufacturers of Great Britain.] PROPOSED NEW COLONY. ‘N the selection of a place for coloni- zation in Africa, the members com- posing the African Institution, it is too well known, have been peculiarly un- fortunate. The insalubrity of the air of Sierra Leone is almost become prover- bial, and those going there are consi- dered by many as embarking for the next world; it is therefore much to be apprehended, that one of the benevolent purposes for which that settlement was originally founded, will be frustrated. Hence, in the course of these remarks, I have endeavoured to point ont a place (Malemba, 5° 24’ 8. 12° 20''E.) suitable for establishing a colony of the negroes captured on board of centra+ band slave-ships, In faet, there isnot along the whole line of coast, extending from Cape Palmas, where these cemarks commence, to the river Congo, em- Montuy Mac. No, 384. bracing an extent of five hundred leagues, one place that has come under my observation so peculiarly well adapted for that purpose, as the one to which I allude. CAPE LAHOO. The town of Cape Lahoo (5° N. and E.) is built on a narrow peninsula of sand, formed by the sea and river, and may consist of 150 houses, containing a population of seven or eight hundred souls. ‘The Dutch, at a former period, carried on here a considerable trade in slaves and ivory, particularly in the latter, in which article the Lahoo peo- ple have always dealt largely. As the trade with Europeans is carried on on-board their vessels, but few of them ever go on shore, and I was in consequence anxious to pay the town a visit. On making my intention known to the natives, they seemed much gratified, and placed me in one of their best canoes for that purpose; from which we landed, without being much wet, the surfon the shore being moderate. I was taken to the chief’s house, who treated me with much attention, kindness, and hospitality; but the beautiful tropical picture which the river at this time pre- sented, would have amply repaid me for my trouble, if I had had no other cause for being pleased with my journey. This little river, after bending its course from the north to the back of the town, runs to the eastward a few hundred yards, parallel to the sea-shore, and then joins the sea. Its mouth is narrow, and choked with bard sand, on which the sea breaks with great violence, so as to ren- der it very dangerous, either for boats or canoes to approach itsentranee. It was now the dry season, its stream almost pellucid, and its surface so tranquil, that the graceful palms which adorn its banks were reflected from its surface as from a mirror; and a few canoes, in which people were employed fishing, gave ani- mation to the scene. The town formed the foreground, and a cluster of large ceiba and other trees, the screen to this interesting tropical picture. A bound- 4h less 578 less expanse of ocean placed within a few hundred yards of it, on which I had toiled many years, and a foaming surf rolling in upon the shore, formed a striking contrast to the tranquillity and beauty of the landscape spread out be- fore me, which gave it charms that, in my eyes, it might not otherwise have had. Men, women, and children, accom- panied me when I went to view the en- trance of the river, and I was much sur- prised. to see many of the females ap- proaching the adult age, in a state of nudity, as compared with those of their own sex and age living on the Goid Coast. ANNAMABOO, Annamaboo is ten miles to the east- ward of Cape Coast, and is the great mart on the Gold Coast, where the trade in slaves has been carricd on fora long period. . Here is a fortification, the defences of which are good, and which is entrusted to the care of an officer next in rank to the commander-in-chicf, and who is also vice-president of the council, The population of the town may amount to three or four thousand. per- sons, many of whom have become opu- lent in consequence of their extensive commercial dealings ; and among them are a number of men denominated gold- takers, who claim a kind of hereditary right to act in such capacities on board all vessels that arrive for the purposes of trade.. This right is founded on the long established custom, of the traders who first; visit a vessel becoming the gold-takers for that vessel, whether the number be two, three, or six; except in the case of the captain having before traded at Annamaboo, cither as cabin- boy or captain, when the gold-takers of the ship in, which he before sailed be- come the privileged persons, and claim the distinction and emolumentsas gold- takers, on the present, as well as.on all future, voyages he may have occasion to make on the Gold Coast. The duties of their office are to setile all disputes arising in the course of trade between the natives, and, the captains ; and they are also, responsible for the, quality of the gold received in barter, whieb is weighed and examined minutely by per- sons deputed by them, and who con- stantly reside on board the vessels for thatexpress purpose, ‘The emoluments arising to them, for these services, con- sist ofa quantity of merchandize, ef the value of 51,, denominated their seas Adams's Account of the Country extending from cloths, which is given to them immedi- ately on the vessel’s arrival; and when her lading is completed, they are paid one acky of gold for each.slave received on board. ‘Their deputies also receive monthly pay and subsistence whilst offi- ciating. Some of these gold-takers are sagacious fellows, and keen observers, who soon find out the weak side of a man, and treat him accordingly. They have always a bye name for each Euro- pean, arising from what they conccive to. be a moral vice, or a physical de- formity. One man they call cheegwa, or red head; another, pockwm-pockum, or long chin; a third, amphiteshu, or, don’t spit upon deck ; a fourth, cocroco, or big; and a tall thin man, tsin tsin lan, or long fellow ; a hypocrite, dada; an ayaricious man, acacumma, or, a little more. GOVERNMENT. The form of the Fantee government is republican. A number of old men called Pinins, at the head of whom is Amoonicummy, are arbiters incommon disputes which occur between the na- lives of Annamaboo, or between them and Europeans; but disputes of a more serious nature, such as may affect the liberties, or properties of men of wealth and consequence, are generally referred to the lawyers of the Brafoo country, who, like their brethren of the long robe in civilized Europe, gencrally contrive to strip both plaintiff and defendant. of their property ; and he, whose purse holds out the longest, saves perhaps his liberty, while his less wealthy antago- nist and family are often doomed to slavery and exile. To be rich, and os- tentatious in the display of it, is, in Fantee, as certain ruin to the individual practising it, as in the territory of the Grand Seignor : cunning men, therefore, as they become wealthy, affect great moderation and humility; strengthen themselves by family alliances, and use every stratagem to keep out of palavers, and elude the vigilance of the Pinins, who are generally on the alert, and wateb for prey, as the petty-fogging attornies of commercial towns in Europe do for batteries and assaults. TWO AFRICAN CHARACTERS. Yellow Joe and Tom Coffee are both natives of Fantee, resident traders at Amnamaboo, and long-established gold- takers. The former, both in colour, person, and features, is more like an Egyptian than a native of the Gold Coast; except that his hair is crisp and woolly, like that of his countrymen. He has a most penetrating eye, and much 4 gravity Cape Palmas to the River Congo. gravity in his demeanor, particularly when he is in the society of Europeans, with whom he is reserved and cautious, seldom smiling, or saying much; al- though, when he does speak, it is always to the purpose. If a dispute arises be- tween a captain and a native of conse- queree, he invariably supports the cause of the latter, knowing well, that it is from that quarter only he has to appre- lien injury: he is cautious, therefore, never to make an enemy who might, oat of revenge, involve Lim in a quarrel, which would bring inevitable ruin on himself and family; for being reputed rich, the blowing awry of a feather would almost be a sufficient pretext to excite the cupidity of the lawyers be- longing to the Fantee Court of Chan- ecry. He treats with condescension, and much apparent humility, persons of all ranks who visit him, cithér out of courtesy, or for adviee; and whatever his house affords, lis gnests are treated with. His dress is simple, and of little value; and he never wears ‘about his person much gold, as is the practice with wealthy natives of the Gold Coast. His chief residence is at Aunamaboo, where he carries on his commercial pur- suits, and pays and receives visits of ecremony. At Annishan, one mile to the westward of Annamaboo, and which is ealled his croom, or village, he has a residence, and where, it is said, he in- dulges himself in the contemplation of his weaith, unobserved, and oceasion- ally distributes to bis sons some portion of it; for ‘l'acky Mensa, who is his ne- phew and heir-at-law, would deprive them, at their father’s death, of that, which, in England, would be their law- ful inheritance. Tom Coffve, both in colour and fea- tures, is a complete African. ‘To a portly person is added mach amenity of countenance; and in his disposition there is something of a hearty generosity; but ‘Tom, unfortunately was know to be rich, for he took po pains to conceal it, bat rather courted observation, by a viin and ostentatious display of his wealth, He acquired his property ehiefly by trading with Europeans, and was a great favourite both with them and the native traders of remote coun= tries, whose cause he geverally espoused in any disputes that oceurred between them and his townsmen; for it was through their instrumentality he had bes come rich, and this was the»way. itt which he showed his gratitude. ‘His house was more splendidly: furtiished 579 than those of any of-his neighbours, having many articles of European luxury in it; and the number of his domestic slaves and retainers was princely. Himself and wivesdressed in very costly apparel; and he often wore about his person many pounds weight of pure rock gold: this was the fatal talis- man. “If,” said the Pinins, “ Coffee can afford to wear so much gold, his strong box must be full.” He was too rich a prize to escape their fangs, and too incautious a man not to be entrapped into'a palaver, which soon plunged him into the bottomless pit, or Court of Chancery in the Brafoo country. The Chancery, unfortunately for Tom, was at this time without a suit, and the lawyers without a brief; he, therefore, was soon stripped of his wealth; and the last time I saw him, he was living at Cape Coast, in great poverty and ob- security, happy in having escaped with his liberty, while his more cautious con- temporary and townsman was enjoying at Annamaboo, unmolested, that pro- perty which was the fiuit of his in- dustry, and which bis superior sagacity and prudence had been the means of preserving. HORRID CEREMONY. The period has arrived, when Tacky Mensa, a wealthy trader and inhabitant of Annamaboo, had to make custom for bis ancestors. Five unfortunate victims were to be immolated to the manes of the deceased, and gunpowder, brandy, cloth, and provisions, distributed to the multitude. A vast number of persons assembled at Annamaboo, from different parts of the republic of Fantee, to assist at, and give importance to tle ceremony, A little before day-break in the morn+ ing, when the obscquies for the deceased commenced, vollics of muskets, the noise of drums, and savage shouts, were héard in every direction; and about eight o’clock, a large concourse of per- sons, of both sexes and all ages, had collected at and near Tacky Mensa’s house, to whom brandy was distributed in large quantities, iring, shouting, and drinking, continued till mid-day, when the five victims were brought out froma but with their hands bound, and with Jigatures made of the bine of a creeping plant surrounding their heads, and whieh came over their eyes and noses, and by introducing pieces of sticks, and twisting them round, making what sailurseall Spanish windlasses ; the bonésof their fuses were forced ta, and their eyes sunk deeper in their sockets, ne 580 One of these unfortunate beings was a very old Asshantee man, the remaining four were natives of Chamba, and all men; two of whom were middle-aged, one very old, the other young. Before they were led to execution, every effort was made by the Europeans to purchase them, but without effect. The poor creatures, in this state of suffering, were paraded through the town, and received every ignominy that savage cruelly -could devise or inflict, without a sigh escaping them, and were ultimately taken to the beach, under the very walls of the fort, where they were butchered amidst the most savage and diabolical shouts of the multitude. Even females assisted at the horrid ceremony, and marked themselves with the blood of the wretched victims, as it flowed from their headless trunks; and, horrible to relate, libations of brandy were poured into, and drank from human skulls, which a few minutes before had life and being. Vollies of musketry were fired, savage dances performed, and intoxication was carried to excess during three days and three nights, when the custom making ceased. Their customs, or obsequies to the manes of deceased ancestors, are often carried to such excess by indivi- duals, as to leave them in a state of extreme poverty ; but all men of conse- quence are compelled, at some period of their lives, to perform this savage act of duty to those who have long been num- bered with the dead, or they would be degraded, and held in the lowest esti- mation by their countrymen; but more especially by their own townsmen. A short time after this event, Capt. Agry, a native of Cape Coast, and a man of wealth and consequence, died. He had long lingered under the malady which finally terminated his existence, and, as it is the practice of the Fantees to execute the crabba, and cransa, or the youngest wife, where the marriage has not been consummated, and the boy who carries the smoking apparatus belonging to a great man, the moment the breath leaves his body; the progress of his disease was watched with the utmost anxiety, by Mr. Field, the governor of the castle, who was determined to rescue from a premature death, the young and destined victims. The surgeon of the castle, who had access to the dying chief, gave notice to the governor of his approaching dissolution, and the cbil- dren were by stratagem brought within the walls of the castle, before the fatal event arrived that would have sealed thcirdoom, and sent them to an untimely Adams's Account of the Country extending from grave. The girl was about eleven years of age, and the boy nine or ten. The friends and townsmen of the deceased used every entreaty, and much art, to obtain possession of them from the governor, and even descended to menaces, but without effect. Agry yas, therefore, interred without the usual and shocking sacrifice baving been performed at his demise, or funeral ; and his relations, a few mouths after- wards, accepted from the governor a quantity of brandy and gunpowder, to be expended over his grave, as an equi- valent for the lives of the two children, who, at the expiration of twelve months, were permitted to join the family of the deceased, and lived to express their gra- titude to their protector wherever they saw him, for having rescued them from a dreadful and premature death. The circumstance of another individual being saved from a sanguinary and unmerited death, by a gentleman of the castle, took place while I was there, A FIRE. One night we were called from our beds in the castle by the sentinel on duty giving an alarm of fire, and the drums beating to arms. When we got on the ramparts, we observed beneath us seve- ral houses in the town, and near the eastern wall of the fort, in flames, which spread with great rapidity, as it was the dry season, the houses crowded together, and built of very combustible materials, which, during half an hour, when the whole town was on fire, emitted so extensive and brilliant a blaze, as to give to the surrounding scenery, a character of sublimity and grandeur, beyond anything I had ever witnessed. The night was unusually dark, and not a breath of wind disturbed a leaf of the forest. The flames rose perpendicularly, and illuminated the whole of the east and north sides of the fort, and of the high buildings in its cen- tre, forming the storehouses, and resi- dence of the governor and garrison; the long dark shadows of which fell upon the sea, that was brightly illuminated on each side of them to a considerable dis- tance, and the surface of which was tranquil, and smooth as a mirror, ex- cept where the surf, rolling in heavy masses on the shore, and coyering it with white foam, gave notice of its proximity. Light and shade were finely contrasted and shewn in the dense woods which clothed the hills in the back- ground, as they were prominent, or otherwise; and the groups of natives assembled on the beach, either in despair Cape Palmas to ihe River Congo. Uespair at witnessing the destruction of their property, or busily employed in removing it and their canoes further from the destroying element, the igni- tion of gunpowder, which occasionally drove the light and burning embers of the roofs of the houses in which it was deposited high into the air, like sky- rockets, gave to the whole an almost in- describable effect. But the materials, which fed the devouring flames, were as transient as volatile; and, in a few minutes, those objects, which were as visible to the eye as during the splen- dour of a meridian sun, became as it were extinct in a moment; and dark- ness almost instantancously succceded to the brightest possible fire-light that can well be conceived, and the effect, _on those who witnessed this ‘sudden transition, was like magic. The poor fellow, in whose house the fire first commenced, Jost all his pro- perty, and with it, nearly his life ; for it is the practice in Fantee, as well as in the Dahomian territory, to execute the person in whose house a fire first com- mences. He was a company’s slave, and the principal cooper to the castle ; and, had it not been for Mr. Jackson, the store-keeper, he would have been taken and decapitated, but that gentle- man heard accidentally (from one of the sentinels who was on duty when the fire began) that it had its origin in Attai’s house, and, knowing the consequence, went immediately into the burning town, and brought him into the fort, from which he dare never afterwards go, until he embarked in the night in a canoe belonging to D’Elmina, and was ut on board of a vessel bound to the est Indies, in which his protector also embarked, THE FANTEES. The Fantees and Asshantees may be elassed together as one nation, the former occupying the sea-shore, and the country extending afew miles from it into the interior, and the latter a great extent of territory north of it. The F'antees are black as jet, muscu- lar, and well-formed, and those that are engaged in fishing, and employed as eanoc-men, can endure much bodily fatigue, although they often make ex- cuses to abridge their labour, however well they may be paid for it; for they are anxious to have the labour of the day concluded by noon, in order that they may wash and dress, and gossip with their neighbours the remainder of the day, 58t Their national mark is three small perpendicular incisions on each temple, and on the nape of the neck. In the consirnetion of their dwellings and canoes, they exhibit much superi- ority and skill over other African tribes; the former being substantially built, and not unfrequently having apartments over those on the basement story, and the Jatter having a form which renders them less liable to upset, or, to speak in a sailor’s phrase, not so crank. The Fantee women are well formed, and many of them are not wanting in personal beauty, as their features are small, their limbs finely rounded, their hands and feet small, and their teeth uniformly white andeven. The toilette of one of these females consists of a large calabash, containing a small mirror, paint (generally white), teeth-brashes made of a very fibrous tough wood, a bark which has a powerful musky smell, grease, and soap. She has also a large brass pan, in which she gene- rally washes herself from head to foot every day. She often consumes an hour or two in adorning her person ; and in the application of her paint, the ma- nagement of her hair, and the’scenting of her person, discovers no inconsidcrable degree of skill. ‘The women here, however, as well as in most other parts of Africa, sow and reap, grind corn, carry wood and water, and perform all the drudgery attendant on housekeeping, while their husbands are perhaps gossipping, drinking, or sleeping, execpt during the herring or fishing season, when the villages along the sea-coast present a scene of bustle and activity much beyond what they do in ordinary times. Then, allis life and animation. A smooth sea, a still at- mosphere, and shoals of herrings, cause every canoe capable of service to be Jaunched. . These, with two or three fishermen in each, proceed outside of the surf, where they use the cast net with great address. Maize is ground between two stones, of which the lower one is large, pon- derous, and concaye at the upper sur- face; the lesser stone is worked upon it by the hand, and pulverizes the grain, which, during the operation, is ocea- sionally moistened with water: this mode of grinding corn is common in North Africa. After it has been thus ground, it is permitted to become slightly acid, when it is boiled,» or baked, to suit the palate of the con- sumer, and, in cither state, forms a pleasant 582 pleasant and nutritious food. It is ealled by the natives canky; they call European biscuit, panoo. Daughters are purchased from their fathers for wives, and are paid for ac- eording to the rank and wealth of the bridegroom and the bride’s father. ‘The eommon price of a wile is one ounce of sold, one anker of brandy, and cloth of the value of one ounee in trade. CHAMBA. The natives of Chamba, of whom many are sold on the Gold Coast, in- habit a country lying’ to the north of Asshantee. Their stature is generally xbove the middle size; and the colour of their skins is not of so deep a black as those of the Fantee or Asshantee. They are an agricultural people, whose dispositions are mild, tractable, and inoffensive; and, of all the negroes in- habiling the countries north of the equator, that bave come under my observation, they are the most passive. Sn fact, they may be called a simple people, who never exhibit any suilen- ness of manner, but a uniform willing- acess to doe to the best of their ability whatever they are desired; and the term dunco, which in the Fantee Jan- guage, signifies stupid fellow, or igno- grant man from the back country, is invariaby given to them by the Fantees, as a term of derision in consequence. "Fo the Lantees, as well as to the Asshantees, they have a strong aversion, beeause they consider these people as the authors of their misfortunes, and the ehief instruments used in remoying then: from their country; therefore, whenever insurrections have occurred en-board of slave ships on the Gold €oast, as the Fantecs and Ashantees were invariably the promoters of them, the Chambas, as if to be revenged on them, always assisted the crews in sup- pressing these mutinies, and keeping them in subjection. The tattoo, or national mark, of this race, consists of three strong lines drawn from the temple over each check to the ehin, and taking the form of the longi- tudinal lines upon a globe. CLIMATE. For a country, Iving only five degrees north of the equator, which is the mid- dle latitude of the Gold Coast at its southern boundary, its temperature may be eonsidered moderate; the thermo- meter only averaging throughout the year 78%, as registered by Governor Dalzel at Cape Coast Castle; and, dur- mg the wet season, it often sinks to Adams's Account of the Country extending from 73° or 74°, The days are generally cloudy, owing to the prevailing south- west wind loading the atmosphere with moisture, and which gives it a haziness, when not otherwise clouded, that dimi- nishes the intensity of the sun’s rays, and renders them more supportable than in thee West Indies, where the sun shines with a brijliance, and unobstructed splendour, seldom seen or felt in this part of Africa, Phe nights, neverthe- less, during the dry season, are cloud- less; and the moon and stars shine with unusual brightuess in a'clear, deep blue sky. ‘Lhe wet season is of shorter duration than in many parts of Africa that I have visifed, and the seasons are generally milder, and assume more fayourable aspeets ; yet, notwithstanding, the eli- mate is very obnoxious to the health of Europeans, 6OLD. The face of the country, from Appo- lonia to Accra, is undulating, and co- vered with shrubbery and timber of small growth, except in the vicinity of towns, where some patches of ground are enltivated with the hand-hoe, and in which maize and yamsare grown. The country, to the north of it, and of that extending from Appolonia to the west- ward as far as Piccaninny Bassam, is rich in gold, as the quantity annually exported, and in general circulation, proves; especially when we take into consideration the imperfect knowledge which the natives have in mining, and that their principal supply of gold is derived from the surface of the earth; and is that which is washed from it during the periodical rains, and which is afterwards collected on the banks of rivers and small streams, after their waters have subsided. ‘The manner of obtaining or washing for gold, is as fol- lows: a quantity of soil is collected near a stream, or at the sca-side, in which gold is known to be, a portion of which is put into a tolerably seized cala= bash, which is filled with water, and then mixed together; and, while the soil is held in solution, a quick rota- tory motion is given to the calabash, by which means the mixture is made to fly over its side, and the gold, by its speei- fic gravity, sinks to the bottom. f have offen watched women and children employed in this way, and thought their labour but ill requited, the quantity of gold obtained by each individual being jnconsiderable: from each calabash of soil only a few very minute a. is Cape Palmas to the River Congo. this metal were procured. ‘The soil, from which I saw it obtained, was sili- ceous, aud very similar to that in which iron is cast, in England. GREWHE. Grewhe, which may be called the sea- port of the kingdom of Dahomy, is in latitude 6° 17’ north, and longitude 3° 6 cast of Greenwich. Itis a popu- lous town, and contains probably six or seven thousand inhabitants. The country surrounding Grewhe is fertile, open, and level, exhibiting large savannahs. covered with high grass, although in some parts thickly wooded with fine grown trees. To the north of the town are some well cultivated lands producing pease, ecalavancics, maize, and yams, over which passes the road leading through the towns of Xavier and Tory to Abomey, the king’s usual residence. The monarch of Dahomy is a most rapacious fellow, and treats even Euro- peans with but little courtesy; for he frequently, under some frivolous pre- text, embarrasses them.in their trade in order to extort presents from them, and sometimes prevents captains from visit- ing their vessels without first obtaining his special permission. Of his rapacity the following is an instance:—The boat employed in wa- tering the ship which I command- ed, haying seven men in her, broke adrift one night from her moorings whilst they were all asleep, and it was not un- til the boat was in the breakers that the crew awoke, and became sensible of their perilous situation. ‘To retreat was impracticable, for ‘the boat was soon filled with water, and drifted through the breakers upon the shore, where the crew also Janded in perfect safety, some by swimming, others by aahering to the boat, oars, &c. At day-break, they were surrounded by a number of natives, who, after spending a few minutes in consultation, told them, they must be taken tothe king at Abomey, a distance of 90 miles, although they were only 4 or 5 miles from Grewhe, where L then resided. They remoustrated against this proceeding, but remonstrance was in vain, and one of them, who to escape so disagreeable a journey affected lame- ness, and said, “that he could not walk,” had his hands and feet tied together, and a pole introduced between them, and in this way, they were going to carry him to Abomey, when, to avoid so, painful an allernative, he found the use of his limbs, aud marched along with his un- 583 fortunate companions. These poor fel- lows reached Abomey the fourth day ; and a negociation was commenced by me with the Evougah for their redemp- tion, as soon as he received the king’s orders respecting them. His first de- mand was the price of a prime slave (equal to £14 sterling) for each indivi- dual, but the demand was afterwards lowered to £6, which I paid, when the captives, afler a fortuight’s stay at the metropolis of Dahomy, were permitted. toreturn to Grewhe, and join their ship, where, soon afterwards, they were all attacked with fever, and four of them. died. WHITE ANTS, The ant is here an extremely destruc- tive insect, and, from their size, number, and voracity, commit depredations, that are scarcely to be credited. ‘The bug- a-bug (the native name for the termes, or white ant) is an insidious and de- structive enemy; he is the pioneer ant, who works under a covered way, and often destroys chests, and their contents, before any mischief is apprehended. The larger ants have been known to strip bare to the bone the carcase of acow ina single night. Aud Mr. Abson in- formed me, that he was once reduced to that state of debility by a severe attack of fever, as to be so-wholly help- Iess, that the ants attacked him in the night, when lying in his bed; and that if, fortunately, one of his domestics had not awoke, they would have devoured him before morning ; so incapable was he of calling for help, or struggling with his assailants. ; . WILD BEASTS. The leopard is sometimes a trouble- some visitor to the town, destroying sheep, goats, and young cattle, as is also the hyana. Those animals are very numerous, and haunt most African towns during the night: their noise is frightful. Many strange and fabulous anecdotes are related by the natives respecting them; such as, that they imitate the cries of most animals, so as to entrap.them, and that they have been observed to walk upright, so as to re- semble the human species. The natives of Grewhe sometimes catch them, by setting traps, similar to the rat-traps with falling doors. The sides of the trap are built like a house having a thatched roof, the door is placed at one end, which is set open; when the hyana enters and takes the bait (which is ge- nerally a picee of carrion) that. is so placed as to communicate with the door by ed 584 Adams’s Account of the by the roofs. It falls, and secures the animal: the natives then unthatch a part of the building, and shoot it. They are never to be seen during day-light, and the places to which they retire seem to be wholly unknown to the natives. BATS. Tn the centre of the market there is a large tree, very similar to the muiberry, except that the branches grow horizon- tal. This tree presents a most extraor- dinary spectacle ; for along its branches, thousands of bats, of the largest spe- cies, hang suspended by their ciaws, and with their heads downwards, during the day, and do not seem to be at all disturbed by the noise beneath them, althouvh not in a state of somnolency. I shot several, each of which measured, between the extremities of the wings, two feet; the form of their head bears a strong resemblance to that of a horse, but having the eyes, teeth, and whiskers of an immense rat. THE PEOPLE. The natives of Dahomy are a fine looking people, docile, and to their superiors, submissive even to extreme servility, which arises, no doubt, trom the tyrannical form of their government ; as it holds every man’s life in the state disposable at will, and every man’s daughter subservient to the sensual pleasure of a despotic savage, who is their governor. These people are indus- trious, and apply themselves to agricul- ture, as well as to the manufacturing of articles for domestic use; and the mar- ket of Grewhe exhibits a plentiful sup- ply of native produce. ARDRAH. The town of Ardrah, so called by the natives, or Porto Nova, by the Portu- guese, is situated between Wydah and Lagos, being forty-six miles from the former, and fifty from the latter, and lies in latitude 6° 26' north, and longi- tude 3° 42’ cast, of Greenwich, and distant from the sea about twenty-five miles. Ardrah seemed {to me to be the most populons town (Benin excepted) of any that I had visited in Africa, and contains, probably, from seven to ten thousand inhabitants. Tt is built in a very irregular manner, as towns in Africa generally are. The houses are made of clay, detached from each other, witha high wall surrounding each, in many of which are loopholes for musketry. “I'he form of the town is elliptical, or rather is half an ellipsis: and along the lino of its circumference Country extending from there is a deep ditch, the clay from which has been raised into a wall about four feet high, and as many thick, some part of which is loop-holed. Between the town, on its north- western extremity, and the wall, are mauy well-cultivated fields, producing calavancies, maize, and pumpkins. The surrounding country is champaign, and finely wooded, the soil sandy and super- ficial, and the substratum is a bed of red loam or marl. The morning after my arrival, and just as the rays of the sun were gilding the horizon, I was much surprized to see a group of blacks performing the ceremonies of the Mahometan religion, because I had never seen any other reli- gion prevail than Paganism, in any of those towns in Africa where I had been. I, however, found that many persons in Ardrah professed the Mussulman faith, and were dressed after the Moor- ish fashion, with large loose trowsers, short shirt, and sash. Outside and parallel with the wall, at the north-west extremity of the town, is the road which leads to Hio, a coun- try of great extent, and inhabited by a powerful and warlike nation; the capi- tal of which, according to the natives’ account, lies about NNE. from Ardrah, at the distance of nine days’ journey, or 180 miles, allowing a traveller to pro- ceed at the rate of twenty miles a day. To the King of Hio the Ardrah peo- ple pay tribute, as he protects them from the incursions of the Dahomians, whose king has always been very jea- lous of their rivalry in trade. The natives of Ardrah are industrious, and have acquired some proficiency in the arts, particularly in manufacturing cotton and iron. Cloths of various pat- terns, though simple, are made by them, both of cotton and grass, but chicfly of the former, into which they frequently weave threads taken from the red India silk taffity, having no red dye which they can render permanent. The plant which yields indigo is indigenous to the soil; in fixing the colour extracted from which, they show much practical know- ledge, although the process differs but little from the mode which Mr. Park saw adopted at Sansanding. Cotton thread is always dyed before it is woven and dressed. Kidskins are tied all over in knobs, very tight, then soaked for some days in a strong dye, and, when untied, exhibit a pattern resembling a star, or rays of blue and white radiating from round blue spots. There are three or Cape Palmas to the River Congo. or four siniths in the town, where are made hoes, cutlasses, nails, bolts, hinges, staples, and bits for bridles. The bellows used by the smiths are ingeniously contrived, consisting of two rough goat-skins, set in the ground, two feet asunder, and resembling iu form, when inflated, two kettle-drums re- versed. A stick, about four feet long, is introduced into the upper part of each skin, to which it is tied. The sticks serve as handles, and are moved alter- nately by a man having one in each hand. A pipe leads from each skin, and terminates in another pipe, before reaching the fire: at the junction, the pipes are not air-tight, so that one skin, by this means, reccives air, while the other discharges it. Soap is manufactured of wood-ashes and palm-oil; sandals, of bull and cow hides; baskets, of various forms, are ingeniously wrought and manufactured ; also, earthenware, for culinary and other purposes; besides stools, canoes, and mats. A singular custom prevails here, that of anointing, occasionally, the interior walls of houses with fresh cow-dung ; a useful practice, for it drics quickly, has by no means an unpleasant smell, and fills up crevices, which would otherwise be tenanted by noxious and troublesome insects. The Ardrahs are, in their persons, good-looking, muscular, and very black; and their tattoo, or national mirk, consists of three knobs of skin raised horizontally from each temple. Their dress is simple, and, like that of Africans in general, except in the case of those who have adopted the Moorish costume. The government is republican, al- though some of the ‘leading men exercise over the common people a kind of influence derived from here- ditary right, and seem to divide the power of governing them, with others who have acquired considerable wealth by their commercial dealings. These men, when they appear in public, either on visits, of ceremony, or for recreation, are always attended by one or two hiundred domestic slaves and retainers, who are armed with clubs, cutlasses, and other weapons. THE MARKET. The face of the country abont Ardrah, as L have before remarked, is extremely beautifal and fertile, producing all the necessaries of life in zreat abundance, and many of the valuable plants and MonrnLy Maa. No. 384, 585 fruits found in tropical climates, viz. the sugar cane, the plants which yield indigo and cotton, pine apples, guavas, limes, cocoa nuts, papaws, and a tree which yields a fruit (called by the natives soosee) resembling in form a Jarge pippin; when ripe, it bursts at the outer extremity in a quadratic form, and exhibits four seeds very like wind- sor beans when husked. ‘These. beans are the only part of the fruit which are eaten, and are considered very nutri- tious. Strangers dislike them at first, but soon become very fond of them. They are peculiar to this part of Africa, that is, to Ardrah and Grewhe. ‘The market, particularly on the great market day, which is every sixth day, presents a scene of activity and bustle not often to be seen in African towns, and bears a strong resemblance to the markets held on Sundays in the West Indies, which are attended by the slaves from the country, who bring to them their little stock of ground provisions, poultry, and fruit, for sale; and where may be also seen mixed with them, the hucksters belonging to the town, re- tailing European manufactures, salt beef, pork, and herrings, The avenues leading to the market at Ardrah, have commonly in them men selling bundles of fire-wood, earthen- ware of native manufactnre, pigs and goats. The market, which is spacious, is occupied by a number of traders, many of whom have stalls covered with mats to protect them from the sun and rain, and on which are exhibited for sale the manufactures of Europe and India, of various kinds, such as band- kerchiefs, both red and blue, from Manchester; linens, silesias from Ger- many, silk handkerchiefs, cuttanees and taflities from Madras; tobacco from the Brazils, in rolls, and also manus factured into snuff; iron, coral, cowries, beads, &c. There are also exbibited for sale, cloth from Eyeo and Jaboo, spun cotton, dyed and otherwise; kid skins, dyed and dressed; sandals, hoes, clubs curiously carved and ornamented, straw hats, stools, potash, soap, indigo leaves and stalks; also corn, calavan- sies, peas, yams, plantains, palm oil, ground nuts, pine apples, ducks, fowls, guinea hens, venison, beef, pork, honey, and palm wine, MAIZE. The mode of manufacturing Indian corn, both here and at Badagry and Lagos, is peculiar to these» parts of Africa, and is as follows: the maize 4F being 586° being gronnd very fine, is then steeped in water until it becomes slightly acid, when all the farinaceous part is squeezed out by the hand, and the grosser par- ticles are thrown to the fowls. In this state it is boiled, and the natives con- sume it-whilst it is warm; it resembles exactly, in consistency and taste, the pottage used by the natives of Scot-. Jand, called sowens, and which is ex- tracted from oatmeal by a similar pro- cess. It is also sometimes boiled in slips of plantain leaves made up in triangular forms, and when cold, (in which state, it is generally eaten,) re- sembles very fine blanc-mange, and is a pleasant, cooling, and nutritious dict. In many of the avenues of the town, old women, may .be scen, early in the morning, retailing it in a warm state to their customers, who eat it as they receive it. Payment is made in cowries. THE HIOs. . The Hios are a fine race of people, and are well skilled both in agriculture and in manufacturing articles for domestic purposes.’ The country which they in- habit is of great extent, being bordered on the north-east by Housa, on the south-west by Dahomy, and the in- fluence of its government extends. to the south as far as the sea by way of Ardrah. If we are to belicve the accounts of the natives, the king of Hio has an organized army amounting to 100,000 men, composed of infantry and cavalry. The cloth manufactured in Hio is superior, both for variety of pattern, colour, and dimensions, to any made in the neighbouring states; and some of the articles wrought by them in iron exhibit much: skill and ingenuity. It surprised me to find the Hio women as well as those of Housa acquainted with the taste of cheese, as well as with the mode of making it, which they de- scribed, and which left no doubt in my mind that it was an article of domestic consumption in these countries. The Hios are extremely black and muscular, and generally above the mid- dle size; in disposition they are mild, docile, and submissive. Their country- mark on the. face consists of three short cuts, each about one and a half inch long, running obliquely on each: side of the mouth. The natives of Housa are of the middle size, generally thin and active, with high cheek-bones. Their country mark consists of very small lines ent Adams's Account of the Country extending from longitudinally upon each cheek from the temples to the chin. They are an agricultural people, and inhabit a fertile. country of great extent. . LAGOS, The town of Lagos is built on a bank or island, which appears to have- been raised from Cradoo lake, by the) eddies, after the sea and periodical rains had broken down the boundary which. separated it from the occan. The island is of ineonsiderable size,. about four miles from the sea, and a foot only above the level. of the lake at high water, which is so shallow. that boats of only ten or fifteen tons burthen, can approach the town,» An active traffic in slaves was carried on at this place, particularly after Ardrah was, deserted by the P'rench traders. It has always been the policy of the. Lagos people, like those of Bonny, to be themselves the traders and not: bro- kers. ‘They therefore go in their canoes fo Ardrah and Badagry, and to. the towns situated at the N.E. extremity, of Cradoo lake, where they purchase slaves, Jaboo cloth, and such articles, as are required for domestic consump- tion. The necessaries of life are here ex- tremely abandant and cheap, and are brought chiefly from the country or northern margin of Cradoo lake, which communicates with Jahoo, a very fer- tile kingdom, and inhabited by an, agricultural and manufacturing people. It is these people who send so much cloth to Lagos and Ardrah, which the Portuguese traders from the Brazils: purchase for that market, and which is, held there in much estimation by the black population ; probably, not only ° on account of ifs durability, but be- cause it is manufactured in a country: which gave many of them, or their parents, birth, as the Portuguese have always carried on an extremely active trade in slaves at Wydab, Ardrah, and Lagos. HORRIBLE SUPERSTITION, The horrid: custom of impaling alive a young female, to propitiate the favour of the goddess presiding over the rainy season, that she may fill the horn of plenty, is practised here annually. , The immolation of this victim to, super-, stitious usage takes place soon after the vernal equinox ; and along with her are sacrificed sheep and goats, which, together with yams, leads of maize, and plantains, are hung on stakes on each side of her, Females destined, thus Cape Palmas to the River Congo, : thas to be destroyed, are brought up for the express purpose in the king’s or caboceer’s seraglio; and it is’ said, that their minds have previously been s0 powerfully wrought) upon by the feliche men or priests, that they pro- ceed to the place of execution with as much cheerfulness as those infatuated Hindoo women who are burnt with their husbands. One was impaled while T-was at Lagos, but of course I did not witness the ceremony. I passed by where the lifeless body still remained on the stake a few days afterwards. Male dogs are banished to the towns opposite to Lagos; for, if any are eaught there, they are immediately strangled, split, and trimmed like sheep, and hung up at the door of some great man, where rows of the putrid car- eases of their canine brethren are often to be seen. They are fetiche (sacred,) and intended to countervail the machi- nations of the evil spirit. At the eastern extremity of the town, there are afew large trees, which are covered with the beads of malefactors, ‘The skulls are nailed to the trunks and large limbs, and present a yery appalling spectacle. The town swarms with water rats from the Jake, which burrow in the ground, and are so audacious that they not unfrequently make their appearance under the dinner-table while the guests remain sitting at it. The population of the town of Lagos may amount to 5,000; but there are two or three populous villages on the north side of Cradoo lake, over which’ the caboceer of Lagos has. jurisdiction. This chiet’s power is absolute and his disposition tyrannical to excess, ROYAL AUDIENCE. When I first paid the chief a visit, he was holding a levee, and dispensing fa- vours to his courtiers with his own royal hand, which consisted of pieces of the putrid carcase of a cow. Hach indivi- dual crawled to the foot of the throne, upon his hands and knees (rubbing, oc- casionally, his forehead in the dust), to receive: the princely gift, and, with well- bred politeness, and courticr-like civi- lity, crawled back again to his seat, lis posteriors first advancing, like those of a bear’s, when it descends a tree. ‘The room, however, was so intolerably hot, and the stench from the carrion so offen sive, that I was compelled to make a precipitate retreat. The entrance Jeading to the audi- 587 ence-chamber. presented a very curious spectacle. It was an oblong room of considerable length, having an opening along the centre of the roof to admit light and air. At one extremity, there was arranged the king’s fetiche, which consisted of three clephant’s teeth placed ina reclining posture against the wall, with the convex part outwards, and sprinkled with blood. On each side of the ‘apartment, there ‘were tumbled together, promiscuously, arti cles of trade, and costly presents, ina state of dilapidation ; namely, rolls of tobacco, boxes of pipes, cases of gin, ankers of brandy, pieces of cloth, of Indian and European manofacture, iron bars, earthenware, a beautiful hand- organ, the bellows of which were burst ; two elegant chairs of state, having rich crimson damask covers, all in tatters; a handsome sedan chair, without a bottom; and two expensive sofas, without legs. Cootry, like many of his royal bre- thren in Africa, is a receiver of stolén goods ; for he does not hesitate to share what his servants purloin: and that ser- vant is his greatest favourite, who can rob his European friends with most address. ‘ CURRENCY. Cowries are the medium of exchange, and calculations are made in ounces and arkies, as on the Gold Coast; 16,000 cowries make an ounce, being the same mode of calculation as that practised at Ardrah, Wydah, and Popo. THE JABOOS. The Jaboos inhabit a country siu- ated between Hioand Benin, are a fine looking people, and always seem as if they came from a land of plenty, being stout, healthy, and full of vigour, ‘They area very industrious people, and manu- facture for sale an immense number of common Guinea cloths: besides raising cattle, sheep, poultry, corn, and calayan- cies, with which they supply theit neighbours, 4. BENIN. The country called Benin is of consi- derable extent, and situated principally to the north and west of the river Vormosa, from which a wide and deep ereek branches, that leads 10 a towti called Gatto, where vessels trading witht Benin have their factories, It is the practice here for masters of vessels to pay the king a visit, soon after their arrival; and sich a ceremony is seldom allowed to be dispensed with, as on these occasions the black monarel receives a handsome present, consisting or "688 of a piece of silk damask, a few yards of scarlet cloth, and some strings of coral. Soon after my arrival, therefore, and while my health yet permitted it, I got into my hammock; and, at the end of the second day, I arrived at the capital of Benin. The course of the road from Gatto to the capital is about NE. by N. and the road passes over a country nearly level, intersected with deep woods and swamps; the distance I estimated to be about forty miles. The face of the country surrounding Benin bears much the same character as that of Ardrah and Grewhe, except that it is more thickly wooded. The town is large and populous, and contains pro- bably 15,000 inhabitants; it is built very irregularly, the houses being placed without any regard to order, and de- tached ; consequently occupying a large space of ground. The King of Benin is fetiche ; and, as such, the principal object of aderation in his dominions. He occupies a higher post here than the pope does in catholic Europe ; for he is not only God’s vicegerent npon earth, but a god him- self, whose subjects both obey and adore him as such, although I believe their adoration to arise rather from fear than Jove; as cases of heresy are tried before a much more summary, though a more merciful, tribunal than the inquisition, and is punished promptly by the delin- quent receiving the coup de tete. King Bowarré is now about forty-five years of age; the day following my arrival, I had the honour of an inter- view with him; he received me with much politeness, particularly after the fine flashy piece of red silk damask, which I had brought with me as a pre- sent for him, had been unfolded. The conversation was carried. on with the aid of the king’s trader, who resides at Gatto, and who had accompanied me from thence to actas my linguist. Trade was the principal, indeed the only, sub- ject discussed ; for King Bowarre, although he is both a god and a king, trades, nevertheless, in slaves and ivory. The king and his principal courtiers are ostentatious in their dress, wearing damask, taffity, and cuttanee, after the country fashion, Coral isa very fa- vourite ornament in the royal seraglio, which is always well filled; and the women, like those of the Heebo nation, wear a profusion of beads, if they can by any means obtain them. Adams's Account of the Country extending from DANCING. There are in Benin a number of itine- rant dancing-women, who were*sent to amuse me, and whose performance be- fore the house constantly attracted a crowd of persons of both sexes, who conducted themselves with great deco- rum during the exhibition. The ladies danced in the fandango style, perhaps not quite so modestly as our fashionable belles, although more in character, by holding in their hands excellent substi- tutes for castancts, with which they kept time admirably. These consisted of small hollow gourds, over which are spread nets haying small pease strung on the sides of the meshes. Holes at the top received the forefingers of their right hands, with which the gourds were shaken, and occasionally struck against the palms of their left hands, heating responses to the tuncs sung by the dancers. KING OF WARRZ. Being desirous of paying the King of Warré a visit, I left my vessel early in the morning, in the month of February, having Wacoo as my guide and pro- tector. As the journey to the capital would occupy two days and one night, we took every thing requisite to render ourselyes comfortable during the time we should be in the canoe which con- veyed us, and which had over it an awn- ing made of mats, that protected us from the intensity of the rays of thesun, and the heavy dews of the night. Our canoe proceeded at about the rate of four miles anhour, taking an east course along the creeks, some of them both wide and deep, and others barely of snfficient magnitude to allow our small bark to navigate them. During our passage to Warré, we crossed two rivers, which join the sea to the northward of Cape Formosa ; and we only saw two small villages on the whole extent of the road to that town. This country is covered with an im- penctrable forest, which grows upon Jand that seems composed of alluvion ; and, even in the middle of the dry season, water covers a large portion of its sur- face nearly to the depth of a foot. We arrived at Warré about five o’clock the following day. This town is situaied on a beautiful island, about five miles in circumference, and which might have fallen from the clouds in the midst . of a désert; for it is a little elevated above the surrounding country before described, is well cultivated, and has much Cape Palmas to thé River Congo. vauch the appearance of an extensive park, ; The eapital of Warré is divided into two towns, distant from each other half amile. ‘The most populous one is that in which the king resides, and the com- bined population amounts probably to 5,000 souls. ‘ We had lodgings prepared for us at the house of our guide’s father, and soon after our arrival, refreshments was sent us by the king, accompanied by a mes- sage, that he would be glad to sce us the following day. We accordingly waited on him (our guide acting as linguist), and arrived at his house about mid-day. After passing through five or six apartments of various forms and sizes, we were ushered into the audience chamber, where we found his sable majesty fully prepared for the occasion, and seated on a low stool, placed on a kind of platform, raised about eighteen inches above the floor. A boy was holding a pink silk umbrella over his head, and anuther was brushing away flies with an elephant’s tail. To our ex- treme surprise, we found the king dressed in the European style, aud wanting nothing to complete the dress but a shirt and a neckeloth. The king, whose name is Otoo, ap- peared about sixty years of age, his countenance mild and intelligent, and his person of the middle size, inclined to corpulency. He had on a white satin Waistcoat, trimmed with silver lace, a silk purple coat much embroidered, black satin small-clothes with knee- buckles, coarse thread stuckings, shoes and buckles, and a large black hat trimmed round the edge with red fea- thers ; all of which appeared to us of Portuguese fabric, except the coat and waistcoat, which, there is little doubt, had, at a former period, been worn at the court of St. James’s. Our audience continued about an hour, when King Otoo dismissed us with much courtesy; and requested that while we remained at Warré we would visit him daily. On entering the first apartment of the palace, we were much surprised to see, placed on a rude kind of table, several emblems of the Catholic religion, con- sisting of crucifixes, mutilated saints, and other trumpery. Some of these articles were manufactured of brass, and others of wood, On inquiring how they came into their present situation, we were informed that seyeral black Portu- 589 guese missionaries had been at’ Warré, many years since, endeavouring ta conyert the natives inte Christians; and the building in which they per- formed their mysteries, we found still standing. A large wooden cross, which had withstood ihe tooth of time, was remaining in a very perfect state, in one of the angles formed by two roads inter- secting cach other. We could not learn that the Portuguese had been successful in making proselytes; indeed, King Otoo’s subjects appeared to trouble themselves very little about religion of any kind. WOMEN. Polygamy is common here, as in other parts of Africa; aud the number of wives which the black monarch had ex- ceedcd sixty; for such I judged to be the amount, as one day in my rambles, L inadvertently peeped into the royal seraglio, This building is at some dis- tance from the king’s residence, aud has the furm of a quadrangle with a large open area, in the centre ; the doors and windows of the various apartments which compose the sides opening into it. The external walls are comparatively high, and have but one opening. Hear- ing the noise of many voices, and the door standing invilingly open, I walked in, when loud screams from a vast num- ber of women and children assailed my cars. As I perceived that my presence very much alarmed them, I did not advance far beyond the threshold of the door, where I first entered, but remained stationary a few minutes, in order to observe what their various employments were; and here indced were queens actively engaged in all the duties and embellishments of domestic life, from the toilette to the washing-tub. Andas we often hear of king’s being called (allegorically) the fathers of their peo- ple, the extraordinary fact seemed to be verified in old King Otoo’s person; as, from the number of young children in this establishment, it would be tio great stretch of the imagination to fancy the population of Warré to have been prin- cipally of his own creation. When I called on the king the day following this adventure, he with much good humour informed me that he had heard of it; but, as I was a stranger, and unacquainted with their customs, he would excuse the mistake ; but added, by way of warning, perbaps, to some Of his courtiers who were pEnFeNe lat, 590. Adums’s Account of the that, had any of his subjects been guilty of such a trespass, the consequences to them would have been serious. BONNY. The town of Bonny is plaecd on the Teft bank of a river, about five miles from thesca. Itis built on a morass (in fact, the surrounding country is little else), haying the river on the west, and a ereek on the north, which leads to Little Bonny, a braneh of which also commu. nicates with the river Adony. This place is the wholesale market for slaves, as not fewer than 20,000 are annually sold here ; 16,000 of whom are natives of one nation, called Heebo, so that this single nation has net exported a less number of its people, during the last twenty years, than 320,000; and those of the same nation sold at New and Old Calabar, probably amounted in the same period of time to 50,000 more, making an aggregate amount of 370,000 Heebos. ‘The remaining part of the above 20,000 is composed of the na- tives of the brass country, called Allakoos, and also of Ibbibbys or Quaws. Pairs, where the slaves of the Heebo vation are obtained, are held every five ov six wecks at several villages, which are situated on the banks of the rivers wnd erecks in the interior, and to which the traders of Bonny resort to purchase then. The preparation necessary for going to these fairs generally occupies the Bonny people some days. Large canoes, capa- bie of carrying 120 persons, are launched and stored for the voyage. ‘The traders augment the quantity of their merchan- dize, by obtaining from their friends, the eaptains of the slave ships, a considera- hie qnantity of goods on credit, accord- ing to the extent of business they are in the habit of transacting. Evening is the period chosen for the time of departure, wher they proceed in a body, accompa- nicd by the noise of drums, horns, and goars. At the expiration of the sixth day, they gencrally return, bringing with them },500 or 2,000 slaves, who are sold. to Europeans the evening afier their arrival,; and taken on-board the ships. The Heebos, to judge by the immense number annually sent into slavery, in- habit a. country of greatextent, and cx- tremely populous, the souihern boun- dary of which may be comprised between Cape Formosa and Old Calabar; and it: is very probable that the towns at the moutlis of the rivers along the coast, in- Country extending from cluding New Calabar and Bomny, were peopled originally from the Heebo country: in fact, Amaeree, the King of New Calabar, and Pepple, King of Bonny, are both of Heebo descent, as well as many of the principal traders at both these places. A BRAVE RACE. The country inhabited by a nation called Ebbibby, or Quaw (the Mocoes of the West Indies), bounds it on the east. Yo this nation the Heebos express a strong aversion, aud eall them cannibals. They certainly have a ferocious aspect, and their appearanee and disposition would cause a person to suppose, that in their own country they lead a wild, pre- datory life. Whenever insurrection has taken place on board of a slave ship at Bonny, they have always been found to be the ringleaders, and often the only slaves concerned in it, the Heebos re- maining passive spectators. Contrary to the latter, they have very black skins, and their tecth filed so as to resemble those of a saw. The females are equally mischievous and ferocious as the men. THE HEEBOS. The Heebos, in their persons, are tall and well formed, many of the women symmetrically so; and may -be distin- guished from the other tribes of Africans by their skins having generally a yellow; bilious cast, although varying, in some instances, toa deep black. Their dis- positions are naturally timid and de- sponding, and their despair on being sent on board of a ship is often such, that they use every stratagem to effect the commission of suicide, and which they would often accomplish, unless narrowly watched: they, however, by mild treatment, soon become reconciled to their floating prisons, KING OF BONNY. Itis expecied that every vessel, on her arrival, will fire a Salate the instant the anchor is let go, as a. compliment to the black monarch, who soon aiférwards makes his appearance ina large canoe, at which time, all those natives who happen to be alongside of the vessel are compelled to proceed in their canoes to’ a respectful distance, and make way for his majesty’s barge. After a few com- pliments to the captain, he usually en- quires after brother George (meaning the King of England), and hopes he and his family are well. He is not pleased un- Jess he is regaled with the best the ship alfurds; and, on returning to his canoe, expects to find a Jitte stere of sugar, - tea, Cape Palmas to the River Congo, tea, butter, white biscuit, .and wine. Presents, of greater valne and bulk, are sent to him in the ship’s boat. His power is absolute; and the surrounding country, to a considerable distance, is subjecttohisdominion. His war canocs are capable of carrying one hundred and forty persons eagh, and have often a gun of large calibre mounted on the bow. He has destroyed the town of New. Calabar twice, and boasts of having eaten part of the heart of its king. His Jew Jew, or fetiche house, isornamented with rows of the skulls of captives taken in battle. SUPERSTITION. The iguana is the Bonnians’ fetiche, or Jew Jew; and these reptiles may be seen crawling about the town, where they are caressed and fed by the natives; and he, into whose house one of them enters, thinks himself most fortuuate. One day, when thirty or forty canoes surrounded the vessel, an iguana was discovered near the middle of the river, proceeding to Peter’s side, which is op- posite to Bonny, when all ihe cauiocs im- mediately pushed off; and great was the contention among them, as to who should reach the reptile first, and ferry ‘it to the spot to which it seemed to be bending its course. Human sacrifices arecommon. When a chief dies, many of his wives are destroyed, and interred with him, OLD CALABAR. The people of Old Calabar have, for a long period, dealt in the productions of the Soil, as also in slaves; and have exported, annually, seven or cight han- dred tons of palm oil, besides barwood, It is probable, that their attention was first directed to the manufacture of palm oil, in large quantities, in consequence of Bonny becoming the great slave mar- ket, and monopolizing the trade in slaves, which Old Calabar carried on to a considerable extent before it; but which the chiefs of Old Calabar lost, by exacting from the vessels trading, exorbitant duties or customs, An extensive trade in slaves has been carried on at Camaroons, where also a Jarger quantity of ivory is proenred, and of a superior quality to that of any other port in Africas A considerable propor- tion of the negroes, obtained both here and at Gaboon, are a miserable race of beings, and held in but little estimation in the West Indies. 'They appear to be the descending link in the great ani- mal chain, which connects man with the ourang-oulang. ‘heir foreheads §91 are short, oval, and receding; eyes close together; noses searcely above the level of the cheeks; months wide; and projecting; receding ebiss; hair, thinly sown, soft and woolly; narrow chests, long bodies, abdomens pfotu- berant, short lower extremities; and long arms; legs withont calves and long feet. ‘Phey have poor constitutions, and; when assailed by disease, generally sink under it. FOGS. During the months of January and February, there occur here what the natives call Smokes, from the atmo- sphere being rendered so extremely thick, that objects cannot be seen at the distance of a hundred yards, except when the sun is near the meridian, when it clears away a little. ‘These smokes are accompanied by a moderate north- east wind, which frequently continues six weeks, and produces on plants the same effect as the harmattan, by wither- ing their leaves; and precisely as the blast, or northwind, does on the cottom plant and the other vegetable produe- tions of Guyana.. The thermometez generally sinks ten degrees, and the na- tives feel the change so sensibly, that they wrap their bodies up in cloth very closely, and have fires constantly in their houses. Their skins have at this time a white scurf upon ‘it, and this season is extremely obnoxious to thems The rigging of a vessel acquires hards ness, and rattles as if it were frozen, from the peculiar astringency, which the air at this time scems to possess. ST. THOMAS. The island of St. Thomas is of consi- derable extent and great fertility; it bears south-west from the island of Princes, distance twenty-seven leagues, The hills of this island are high, co- nical, and covered with wood ; the face of the low. country, at the north-east end, is undulating, and adorned with luxuriant yerdure, and exhibits’) many fine plantations of the sweet casavi and calavancies, also groves of cocoa-nut and plantain. St. 'Thomas is sometimes visited by slave-ships requiring refresh- ments and water; but, as tornadoes’ blow here with unusual violence, “and the bay where vessels anchor is open and entirely exposed to their violence, they in general call at Princes island in preference, particularly during the tor- nado season. The town of Chaves, at the bottom of the bay is the usual place where the go= yernor-in-chief resides, and there is a tolerable 592 tolerable fortification to defend it, gar- risoned by a motley militia. 'The popu- lation is. chiefly: black, the major part of whom are slaves. MAJUMBA. Majumba, on the coast of Angola, lies in latitude 3° 35’ south, and longi- tude 11° 20' east of the meridian of Greenwich. The anchorage is a fine sandy bay, about two miles wri and open to the westward. We anchored at this place early in October, when the rains had just com- menced, and, on landing, we were not 2 little surprised and amused at the zro- tesque figures which many of the natives made, who: had on. their heads large wigs, made apparently of the bristles of pigs, not a hair of whieh had a curve in it, and at the extremity of each stood a dew-drop, for it was a mizzling rain, with now and then a dash of sunshine. At this time the wigs made a very bril- liant appearance; they were of all co- Fours, although red and white were the predominant ones, which, contrasted with the black visages and naked bodies of the wearers, gave them a most ludi- erous appearance; they had been pur- posely made and carried to Majamba on speculation, by a Captain Higgin, of London, an eccentric character, MALEMBA.- That part of Africa lying between the river Loanga Duiza and Cabenda Hook, comprises an extent of sea-coast of nine leagues. Malemba is in the centre, and lies in latitude 5° 24’ south, and 129 20’ east, of the meridian of Greenwich, and may be justly consi- dered as the Montpelier of western Africa. The trading town of Malemba, whick is under the dominion of a ehenoo or chief, residing in a town about twenty miles from the sea, called Chingelé, is built near the margin of a eliff, that rises abruptly from the sea- shore to an elevation of one hundred feef, and is entirely composed of a dusky rec argillaceous earth. On gaining the summit .of this cliff, an extensive and beautiful plain presents itseli, as far as the sight can reach to the cast and south. ‘To the north the country is broken with the windings of the Loanga Luiza river, the margins of which are finely wooded. The plain is covered with a luxuriant grass, and clumps of trees are scattered upon its surface, having the appearance of being planted ‘. the hand of man, to afford 4 Adams’s Account of the Country crtending from him shelter from the sun and rain, and to adorn the landscape. The climate of Malemba, when com- pared with that of any other part of Africa which I have visited, is very salu- brious, owing to the dryness of the at- mosphere and soil, and the absence of those are forests so common in other districts. Masters of vessels, and their erews, trading here, have, in conse- quence, almost uniformly enjoyed good health. If salubrity of climate, then, were the only advantage which Malemba pos- sessed over other parts of Africa; between the rivers Senegal and Congo, it would well deserve tho consideration of his Majesty’s government, iv the event of contemplating the establishment of ano- ther colony, besides that of Sierra Leoue, of the negroes captured’in ves- sels trading for slaves contrary to law ; whether their views might not be advan- tageously directed hither, as a place where the experiment would be more likely to be attended with success than on the Gold Coast; because it would be here that those Europeans, whose province it svould be to watch over an infant colony so composed, would enjoy that state of health so necessary to ena- ble them to superintend, and direct personally, and with proper effect, the physical and moral energies of those Africans committed to their care. The Gold Coast is nearly, if not quite, as unhealthy as Sierra Leone; and, if the gentlemen sent out by the African committee to Cape Coast Castle, were lodged, on their first arrival from Eu- rope, one mile in the interior of the country, instead of within the walls of that castle, the fact would too soon be fatally verified. The superior healthiness of the castle itself may be accounted for, by its southern rampart-wali being built ona ledge of rocks which project a little way into the sea, and against which rocks the sea beats with great violence, there- by creating at all times a cool and refreshing current of air within the cas- tle. The sea-breeze also blows directly into it, pure as the element over which it wings ifs course; and, at some sea- sons Of the year, this breeze continues blowing days and nights without inter- mission. : The natives, too, of Angola, and of Malemba and Cabenda in particular, are a mild, tractable, inoffensive people, not at all warlike, and form a striking contrast Cape Palmas to the River Congo. contrast to the natives of the Gold Coast, who are turbulent in disposition, averse from innovation, and over whom the forts have not any control beyond the reach of their guns. t Their-operations in husbandry are extremely limited, and the edible vege- tables which they most cultivate, is the manioc, or sweet casavi, to which may be added, a small quantity of maize, calavancies, and yams; and even when they have thus obtained them, they are often too idle to prepare them in a pro- per manner, by any culinary process, so as fo render them nutritious aliment; in consequence of which, their digestive organs are much weakened, and they suffer from worms, particularly of the tenze species. When the season proves unfruitful, and the plantain-tree (the bread-fruit tree of Africa) does not yield its usual abundance of fruit, and on which they chiefly depend for subsistence, the na- tives of Angola are reduced to extreme want, and feel the effects of a famine which a little industry would have pre- vented. _ On every other part of Africa where slave-ships resort, the captains of these ships depend on the country supplying a certain portion of food adapted to the habits and constitution of the negroes they may obtain at them; on the wind- ward coast they procure rice; on the Gold Coast maize ; at Wydab, Ardrah, and Lagos, maize and calavancies ; at Benin, Bonny, Calabar, and Camaroons, yams; but, on the coast of Angola, the natives have no superfluity of provisions to sell, in consequenoce of which, vessels frequenting it are compelled to bring with them, from Europe, sufficient food to feed the negroes while accumulating on-board the ships, and during their passage to the West Indies. SEASONS. The seasons in Africa may be divided into wet and dry: the wet commencing, north of the equator, in the month of May, and terminating in July, when the dry begins; although heavy show- ers of rain fall during the months of October and November, which enables the Africans to reap a seeond barvest of maize: but the rains commence and terminate six weeks earlier near the equator, than at the northern boundary, where the periodical rains cease. To the southward of the equator, rains begin to fall in October, which continue till January; but subject to Ahe same variations as north of the eqna- Montuty Maa. No, 384. 593 tor, the seasons being governed by the earth’s place on the ecliptic, The wet season is always ushered in by tremendous tornadoes, which occur almost daily for a fortnight or three wecks previous to its commencement. THE HARMATTAN. The harmattan wind blows generally once or twice during the months of January and February: it sometimes lasts a fortnight, but more frequently anly three or four days. From Cape de Verd to Cape Palmas, the direction from which this wind blows’ is.north- east; but from the latter place to Benin, ENE by compass. In one of my passages between. the Cape de Verd islands and the continent of Africa, in the month of January, a harmattan commenced, which continued four days. The atmosphere, during: this period, was so hazy, that we could not discern any object fifty yards from the vessel, in any direction. But this haze is not like that which accompanies the easterly wind of Europe, but is more intense; for it is occasioned by an im- palpable powder floating in the atmo- sphere, which, in this instance, adhered to those parts of tht sails of the vessel that received the greatest impulse from the wind, and gave them the same co- lour and appearance as if they had been immersed in a tan-pit. The powder, when collected, had an earthy smell, and its colour very much resembled clay. On the Gold Coast, as also in the bight of Benin, the harmattan, or north- easterly wind, is not accompanied with so dense a haze as the one experienced off the Cape de Verd islands, but is in- variably caused by that impalpable powder floating in the atmosphere, in greater or lesser quantities, according to the distance from the desert from which it emanates. _ When off the Cape de Verds, we were near the western extremity of the great desert of Sahara. This accounts for the great quantity of powder floating in the atmosphere during the harmattan, which we there expe- rienced, as there can be little doubt that this dust is raised into the air by whirlwinds from the face of the desert. In fact, I consider it as analogous to those winds which blow from the north, and that prevail occasionally on the coast of Guyana, and also at Jamaica, during the same period of the year; but tempered and modified in its passage across the desert, to the western shores of Africa, near the equator. This wind, 4G on 594 on first reaching the great desert from the north, is doubtless violent ; and, in displacing the heated air from its sur- face, creates those whirlwinds which raise into the atmosphere the fine im- palpable powder which occasions the haziness before noticed. The extreme aridity of the desert deprives it also of every particle of moisture; therefore, the greediness observable in it after- wards, in absorbing the juices of plants, and the moisture from all bodies with which it comes in contact, may be ac- counted for. The reduction observable in the temperature of the atmospliere, the thermometer generally falling from five to ten degrees of Fahrenheit, is caused, I presume, by the rapid eva- poration going on at this period, and the rays of the sun being obstructed in their passage to the earth, by the state of the atmosphere ; for the sun at noon- day may be looked at with the naked eye, and is seen but dimly, as through a smoked glass. -GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. - The shore from Cape Palmas to the high land of Drewin is rocky, although the country to the east and west of Drewin is but little elevated above the sea. The hills of Drewin are of mode- rate height, rise abruptly from the sea- shore, and appear unconnected with any chain of hills in the interior; for the face of the country from hence to Cape Appolonia, as far as the eye can reach from the mast-head of a vessel, is ex- tremely low. The rocks of Bereby, St. Andrew, and Drewin, are composed of sand-stone, having quartz pebbles mixed up in it. The low country is compassed of red loam, vegetable mould, and sand, From the river Volta, to within twenty or thirty miles of the river Formosa, the country is level; and report states such to be the case three or four hundred miles into the interior ; it is so low, that on approaching it from the sea, the trees are first visible. ‘The substratum is generally stiff red clay, covered with vegetable mould and sand, in which a stone the size of a walnut is not to be met with. ‘ From a point about eight leagues to the. westward of the river Formosa, commences that large alluvial tract of land which extends to the southward of Cape Formosa, and from thence to the eastward to the river Del Rey abous two hundred miles, and from the sea board into the interior of the country, sixty or seventy. It is covers ed with an impenetrable forest, growing Adams's Account of the Country extending from out of a muddy soil; much of which is covered with water, some inches deep. A few leagues to the southward of Del Rey, there are some moderately high hills, called the high land of Camaroons, the altitudes of which have been much magnified by some travel- lers, who were probably deceived, in consequence of the surrounding country being a few feet only above the level of the sea. THE LAGOS. Lagos river is. only about five or six hundred yards wide at its entrance, although it has been dignified as one of the embouchures of the Niger. In my opinion, it merely empties into the sea the overflowings of two lakes, those of Cradoo and Ardrah; and at no very remote period probably, the sea-shore was continuous across where its mouth now is, and formed a narrow neck of land, which separated. those lakes from the ocean; but which boun- dary the heavy periodical rains and sea demolished, by which means their waters found a quicker junction with the sea than by the Formosa. In con- firmation of which the bar is formed of hard sand, commences close to its mouth, and extends only three or four hundred yards to seaward; and is so shallow, that if is dangerous for boats drawing more than six or seven feet water to pass if. LANGUAGE. The tower of Babel might have been built on the western shores of Africa five degrees north of the equator, and its inhabitants dispersed to the north, east, and west, for almost every tribe (and they are innumerable) has a dis- tinct language unintelligible to the others; and as they have not among them any written character, the differ- ent languages spoken can only be learned in those countries where they are used. ‘The enunciation of all that Ihave heard spoken, is soft and har- monious, aud the words composing them abound in vowels, and generally terminate in them. Their compound words seldom exceed four syllables, and frequently entire sentences not more. Their language is, of course, adapted io their habits and wants; and, as these are extremely few and simple, and nearly similar in al, the construction of the different languages is the same. RELIGION. The evil spirit, contrary to the pre- yailing Cape Palmas to the River Congo. vailing opinion of Christians, though emauating probably from the same cause, the blacks conceive invariably to be of a white colour, assuming various forms, to effect various malig- nant purposes. The fetiche men, or priests, are generally cunning, designing fellows, who by their mummeries of rags and reptiles, keep alive their hopes and fears as best suits their )urposes, by which means they cheat them out of their property; or, in combinatien with their kings and chiefs, too fre- quently rob them of their liberty also. The Dahomians, whose tutelary deity is the leopard, conquered the Grewhes; or Wydahs, whose object of adoration is a snake; yet, when the leopard commits depredations among the flocks of the latter, they destroy it with im- punity, as the former do the snake, if troublesome in their houses or poultry- yards.’ Perhaps this may be accounted for by the king of Dahomy’s power being so absolute and uncontrolled, that it requires no support from the priesthood; or else one might suppose, that he would support the leopard order of priests against the priests of the snake,-which is not the case. The alligator is the great fetiche at little Popo, and this reptile sometimes makes free to carry off a child, when bathing in the lagoon at that place. Atsuch times, the fetiche men, in order to support their power and credit, are compelled to take the depredator; and the first alligator they entrap, is passed on the child’s parents as such, and is sacrificed to the manes of the de- ceased, The Fantees, who have nearly as many tutelar deities as there are days in the year, yet whose religion hangs more loosely on them than most Afri- caus who have any religion at all, eat the shark, the New Calabarians’ god; aud samya, iis Fantee name, they con- sider as a dish fit to set before a king. The canine race, which are the pro- tecting deities of the Lagos people, are considered, by the natives of Bonny, as the greatest dainties; and. the iguana, the Bonnians’ object of adora- tion, is devoured as excellent food by the natives of Bebin, and probably if the Ibbibbys, or Quaws, could conve. niently get at the monarch of that nation, his gcdship would fare no better than the shark, the dog, or the iguana, Circumcision is very commonly prac- tised on the natives of western Africa, and where the Mahomedan religion is 995 not known; and I could never obtain any other information from them relative to this practice, bul that it was the custom of their forefathers to be so marked, DISEASES, The climate of Africa, Malemba, on the coast of Angola, excepted, has been generally found to be extremely pre- judicial to the health of newly-imported Europeans. There are few persons who have visited Africa, but must have observed the banecful effects of its poisonous atmosphere on those not inured to it, and have seen strangers, whom curiosity alone has induced to sleep a night or two on shore, fall victims to its malignity. ' Sometimes, indeed, an European ap- pears, Whose constitution is so happily framed as to adapt itself to any climate, however bad, and who actually enjoys good health without adopting any un- usual caution to preserve it; while his surrounding companions are daily sink- ing into the grave, and those who sure vive are to be seen crawling about, more like cadaverous spectres, than human beings endowed with life. The diseases to which Europeans ase liable in this climate, are. bilious fevers, of the most malignant kind; in reeover- ing from which, the patients, for many months, Jabour under extreme debility, or; probably, intermitting fever or dy- sentery, ‘ This extreme uvhealthiness arises from a moist and hot atmosphere, and which is impregnated with marsh mias+ mata, and the noxious gas evolved trom vegetable matter in a state of decom- position, the process. of which is con- stantly going on in a country lying :so near the equator, but little cultivated, and wheré the woods are so dense as to be impervious tothe rays of the sun. Notwithstanding this climate is found to be so extremely prejudicial to the health of Europeans, the natives; ap- pear to enjoy good health, and to live to a tolerably old age. The wet season, like our winter, produces inflammatory attacks of the lungs and pleura, and also catarrhand mumps. The Africans seem peculiarly sensible of the least change in the temperature of the atmos- phere. ; When the small-pox makes its ap< pearance, it frequently depopulates entire villages; and, as a disease, it is probably the greatest scourge the Afris cans have to contend with. ‘The com. mon diseases to which the blacks are sub. 4 ject, 596 Adams's Account of the Country extending from Cape Palmas. ject, are yaws, a bad cutancous disease ; also a contagious pustular eruption, elephantiasis, leprosy, and hernia. But few deformed persons are to be met with, although that dusus nature, the white negro, born of black parents, is to be seen in almost every populous town. ‘The colour of the skins of these unfortunate persons is a pale ash, evidently arising either from the epi- dermis or mucous membrane which it covers being diseased, for they appear not to perspire freely; they are also generally purblind, and form an extra- ordinary contrast to their black parents and companions, in whose opinion they are unfortunately by this malady de- graded. MORTALITY. On a voyage to Lagos and Benin, out of a crew consisting of fifty-five persons thirty-five died; among whom, were all the principal officers. This mortality arose in consequence of their being employed, either in the factories on shore, or in boats in the rivers. Those who remained on board of the vessel, which was at anchor off the coast, enjoyed good health. At the island of Princes, where the vessel called for refreshments, three of the crew, consisting of the cooper, his mate, and a seaman, (and who had previously enjoyed excellent health), died, in consequence of their duty re- quiring them to be much on shore. On a voyage to the Gold Coast, I was the fourth officer that took charge of a factory at Lagoo; a town about twenty-three miles to the eastward of Annamaboo, and near the British fort at Tantumquerry. At this place my three predecessors had died in little more than three months, notwithstand- ing this town is built on the top of a hill, having an elevation of three or four hundred feet, the base of which is washed by the sea. In two voyages to Bonny, I remark- ed, that the coxswains who had charge of the boats that took the captains on shore every evening (where they re- mained two or three hours), frequently lost their lives, by being exposed to the effluvia, arising from the slimy bed of the creek, which leads to the town, unless inured to the climate. The remainder of the boats’ crews, being natives, did not of course suffer. Vessels, which anchor near the south point of this creek, (the cemetery of Europeans, and where many thousands have been interred), and which many imprudently do for the paltry conve- nience of having a quicker communi- cation with the shore, are in general very sickly, while those lying in the middle of the stream remain healthy. On a voyage to Benin, when the vessel having a crew of twenty men proceeded into that river, and anchored off New Town, ten of them died in four weeks, although none of them except myself ever went on shore. On this voyage, my residence was occasionally at Lagos, Badagry, Ardrab, Wydab, as well as at Benin: and I remarked, that the major part of those officers and men who had occasion to be on shore, at any of these places, and were not inured to the climate, generally fell victims to it in three or four weeks. I observed the same to occur at Lagoe on the Gold Coast. At Malemba none died, and those who had been sick recovered, except my surgeon, who had imprudently, and contrary to my express- orders, slept one night on shore at Accra on tIfe Gold Coast, and Jost his life, by fever, in fourteen days afterwards. In the four following voyages to the Gold Coast, the vessels commanded by - me had crews of fifty men each, none of whom died, in consequence of being strictly prohibited from sleeping on shore, and never allowing them to be exposed to the rains, two instances only excepted. One occurred, in conse- quence of my being compelled, in self- defence, to establish a factory at Lagoo, where three officers died in three months. On another occasion, the governor of Dixcove fort prevailed on my second officer to allow the armourer of the ship to remain on shore for one night, in order to complete a job he had in hand for him, although he had been sent by me in the boat to bring him on board. The consequence to the poor man Was, that he died in three weeks. CIVILIZATION. The climate of Africa is unfa- vourable to any rapid progress be- ing made in the civilization of its inhabitants. — / That the Africans are endowed by nature with faculties as capable of receiving instruction as the savages inhabiting any other country we are acquainted with, is at this day not to be questioned; although this climate, as before remarked, is unfavourable to either bodily or mental exertion; and ihe nature of their ciyil and religious institutions A View of the Past and Present State of Jamaica. institutions is such, as to place them in a state of extreme degradation, for Africa isa country chiefly inhabited by tyrants and slaves. When the slave-trade is abolished by all those nations who have bitherto earried it on, on the western shores of Africa, it is probable the chiefs inbabit- ing those parts will direct their attention to obtaining from the soil those products for which they can obtain in exchange such articles as they have been accus- tomed to receive in barter for slaves. But wherever the trade in slaves exists, the cultivation of the soil, and the ebtaining the natural and valuable products of the country, for sale to the Europeans, is neglected. Ii is to be presumed, then, that the first approaclies of the Africans towards a state of civilization, and an ameliora- tion of their condition, will be first observable in those inhabiting the western coast, and after the slave-trade has totally ceased to exist. Wars of aggression will become less frequent, as the principal excitement to them will have ceased to operate ; and the chiefs will then find it indispensable to direct their attention to the cultivation ofthe soil, in order to obtain from it, for barter, its natural products. It must, however, be expected, that their exertion in this way will be ex- tremely limited for a considerable pe- riod, because Europeans cannot be in- eorporated with them, so as to set them an example of industry, and instruct them in the skill and knowledge neces- sary, in consequence of the extreme un- healthiness of the climate. GREAT INTERIOR LAKE. Many of the slaves of the Housa na- tion, with whom I have conversed, both at Ardrah and Lagos,* and also on board of vessels slaving there, have in- variably stated, that they travelled on foot from their own country through that of Hio; and that there isan im- mense lake in Housa, which they com- pared to the sea; that persons were fre- quently days and nights on it without seeing any land; and that the sun is observed to rise and set on its water. * I have little doubt bnt the Niger might be visited by way of Ardrah and Hio, with less personal risk to the travel- ler, from the natives, than by any other route we are at present acquainted with. Horses are to be obtained at Ardrab, and also natives who understand both the Hio and French languages. 597 They described having seen white peo- ple in its vicinity with long hair like Europeans (meaning Moors,of course) ; but that [ could never learn from them, that Heusa had any communication whatever by any river with the sea~ coast, by which they could be trans- ported to it. Slaves of the Housa nation are brought to Ardrah by the Hio traders, and then sold, either to Enropean or black traders, belonging to Lagos and Badagry. Their attenuated bodies, on their first arrival, proves their journey to have been long, tedious, and exhausting. A VIEW OF THE PAST AND PRESENT STATE OF THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA; WITH REMARKS On the Moral and Physical Condition of the Slaves» and on the Abolition of Slavery in the Colonics. By J. STEWART, Late of Jamaica, Octavo. 10s. 6d. —=_S (Mr. Stewart, like Capt. Adams, has pro- duced a book on a subject on which there has been a scarcity of writers. Atrica is an object of great curiosity, but Jamaica is one of immediate na- tional interest, and a work treating of this Island, by an enlightened author, has long been a desideratum; such a person is Mr. Stewart, an opinion iu which we shall be justified by every reader of the following passages. We regret that, from.a due respect to the interest of the author, we could not consider ourselves justified in making our extracts still more copious. There is no person, who, after reading Mr. Stewart’s book, will desire further in- formation relative to this important Island.] THE MAROONS.« HOUGH Jamaica has, since its possession by. the English, been little molested by foreign enemies, there has arisen, at different times, within its own bosom, a foe more terrible than any external enemy—namely, the slaves; and, at a later period, (viz. in 1795), a formidable tribe of the Ma- roons. The first alarmiog insurrection of the slaves took place in 1690; but the enormities committed were chiefly con- fined to the parish of Clavendon., In 1760 a most formidable insurrection of the Coromantees, one of the most ferocious of the African tribes, broke out by9 out in the parish of St. Mary, and soon spread into other districts of the island. It appeared that the whole of that tribe throughout the island were acces- sary to that rebellion, A dreadful massacre of the defenceless whites, in various parts cf the interior, ensued. The object of the insurgents was of course the total extermination of the whites. . Happily, however, they were at length subdued, and some terrible examples were made of the most active of their leaders. Notwithstanding this severily, another insurrection was at- tempted in St. Mary’s only five years after, which, however, was disconcerted through the preeipitation of the ring- leaders. Happily, for the whites, the insurgents waited the skil] and pru- dence to plan, combine, and direct, their movements; they’ possessed a fearful odds of physical and numerical strength, but they knew not how to wield it. Prior to the first insurrection, bodies of slaves had at different times abscond- ed from their masters, and established themselves in the fastnesses of the woods; these became rallying points to other fugitive slaves:* at length they became so numerous and daring as to make incursions on the whites, earrying havoe and dismay wherever they went. This is the first origin of the Maroons. Under a bold and des- perate leader, called Cudjoe, they at Fength bade defiance to the government, and carried on a regular warfare against it. Parties of whites were seut in pursuit of this banditti, and skirmishes often took place between them, wiih various success, but most commonly in favour of the Maroons, from their being more accustomed to traverse the moun- tainous woods, and better acquainted with the fastnesses and retreats they afforded. When hard pressed, and likely to be discomfited, they retired into these fastnesses; from which they again issued, burning, and plundering, and massacreing, with remorseless fury, wherever they directed their march. The white inhabitants being at length wearicd and harassed, by this savage warfare, and in continual danger from their barbarous enemies, and the go- vernment seeing no likelihood of being able to drive them from their haunts and compel them to surrender, a treaty * There were also at this time fugitive negroes belonging to the Spaniards lurking in the weeds, A View of the Past and Present State of Jamaica. was concluded with them by Governor Trelawny, by which they were declared free, and certain tracts of land were assigned to them. They were to be entirely subject to the laws and govern- ment of the whites; onl}, in petty cases, they might decide their own differences, subject, however, to the control of a white superintendent. It was also stipulated, that they should assist the whites in pursuing and reclaiming all runaway slaves, who might have fled into the woods, for each of whom, when brought in, they were to reccive a stipulated reward. And, shocking to relate, the instructions not unfre~ quently were to bring in the fugitive slaves, dead or alive; so that it was no unusual thing for a party of Maroons to take the least troublesome method. of earning their reward ; namely, bring- ing in the head, instead of the living body, of the unfurtunate delinquent. The Maroons were also to assist the whites in all contests cither with foreign or domestic enemies. The Maroons continued peaceable until 1795, when an unfortunate event occurred which kindled an alarming and destructive rebellion. Two Tre- lawny Town Maroons (the most nume- rous and formidable tribe, or township, in the island,) were convicted by the magistrates of the parish of St. James of stealing a hog from a white settler, and were sentenced for this erime to be publicly whipped by the workhouse driver. Their townsmen wereindignant at this ignominious sentence: they said, that if the white people had put their companions to death, they would not have complained; but to disgrace and degrade them by a punishment inflicted only on slaves, was such an injury and insult to the whole tribe as could only be atoned for by a retributive ven- geance. The first signal ef war was the disas- trous overthrow~of Colonel Sandford’s corps of light dragoons (the 20th regi- ment), reinforced by a party of mounted militia, in all about four handred men; by an ambuseade of the Muroons, in a defile between the old and new Maroon towns. ‘This officer unfortunately push- ed on farther than his orders directed, and, through his temerity and impru- dence, perished, with thirty of his party, by a close and deadly fire from an un- seen enemy. The affair was but of a few minutes, and, had the courage of the insurgents been equal to their activity and skill.as marksmen, it is probable A View of the Past and Present State of Jamaica, probable that not one of the party would have escaped. The next signal defeat of the whites was that of a detachment of the 83d regiment and a party of the Accom. pong-town Maroons, commanded by Colonel Fitch, wherein tbat officer, eight soldiers of the 83d, Captain Bris- set of Fort Charlotte, and two of the friendly Maroons, were killed, and fourteen of the party wounded. It is here to be remarked, that the Accom- pong-town. Maroons, not being impli- eated in the quarrel of the insurgent tribe, joined the whites, in virtue of the treaty made with their forefathers by Governor Trelawny. But they were at best a doubtful and unwilling ally, and after this defeat, they retired to their town, and refused to fight any more,—a resolution which the whites were not in a condition to oppose ; glad, indeed, in the then posture of their affairs, to secure their neutrality. The insurgent Maroons now formed themselves into different parties, each commanded by some daring and skilful eaptain, and attacked the whites at different points. ‘Their policy was, not openly to face the parties of their ad- versaries, but to cut them off in detail. By means of their scouts and spies, they learnt the route of small detachments and escorts, which they ambushed and destroyed. On one occasion they killed every man of adetachment of regulars, convoying proyisions to one of. the posts. Their partics spread among the remoter scttlements, where there were no troops stationed, reducing the build- ings to ashes, and massacreing the in- habitants,—too often under circumstan- ces of the most savage barbarity. ‘Terror and dismay now began to spread among the whilcs; great numbers of them had perished, while it was not distinctly ascertained that-a_ single Maroon had fallen in action; such negroes as had been killed, in sur- prising their encampments, being fugi- tive slaves who had joined them, or been forced into their service, and made scouts and sentinels of. It was, in short, found that the whole military strength of the island was not a match for this handful of Maroons: and fear- ful auguries began to be entertained as to the issue of the contest. In this state of affairs, Lord Balcarras, with the advice of his council, and the earnest recommendation of the prin- cipal inhabitants, resolved. to send to the island of Cuba for blood-hounds, 599 for the purpose of employing them _against the rebellious Maroons—a new and terrible expedient, which nothing hut dire necessity could have induced his lordship to have recourse te. His object was to terrify the Maroons into submission, by the introduction | of these animals, and thus save the country, and put a stop to the horrible barbarilies of those savazes. He judged right as to the cffect these canine allies would produec. The exaggerated accounts which some ran- away slaves conveyed to the Mareons of the strength and ferocity of the dogs struck them with terror: in @ short time after their introduction, a party of forty Maroons came in and surrendered themselves; and in two months after, (March 18th, 1796,) the whole surrendered, by capitulation, te General Walpole. The terms were, that their lives should be spared, and that they should be suffered to remain in the country, under the whites, as before. This last article the governor and assem- bly conceived to be highly impolitic, and they therefore refused to ratify it. It was justly considered, that, though these people would remain for a time, from compulsion, apparently submissive and peaceable, they would yet brood over their hatred to the whites, and secretly meditate a futnre and sicnal vengeance, when some fit opportunity offered. _'They were, therefore, trans- ported, at the expence of the island, to Nova Scotia, and subsequently, as the climate of that region was too cold for them, to Sierra Leone, in Africa. CONSTITUTION. The constitution of Jamaica continued in a very unsettled state until 1728, when it was permanently settled by au agreement with thecrown, During the “first five years that the island was in possession of the English, au absolute military government existed. In 1660 the governor (Colonel D’Oyly) admi- nistered the government in conjunction with a council of twelve, chosen by the inhabitants, This was the first advance towards a representative system. In 1663, the first. general assembly was summoned by Sir Charles Little- ton, then governor; and, on the 20th of January, 1664, they met. They exer- cised the right.of adjourning theniselves. Soon after the. restoration, an arbitrary constitution was formed for the island, as a punishment for refusing a revenue to the crown of four and a half per cent, on the gross produce of the island ; but it 600 it was indignantly rejected, “ and ulti- mately (says Dr. Colquhoun) abandoned by the parent state, without obtaining the impost which had heen demanded, and the old privileges of the assembly were restored, and that of framing such Jaws for their internal government as the exigencies of the country required, Yet the sovereigns refused to confirm those privileges, which placed the affairs of Jamaica in a very unsettled state for fifty years, and greatly obstructed its progress towards improvement. The unhappy contest continued from the reign of Charles the Second to “George the Second, when, in 1728, mat- ters were compromised by an agree- ment, on the part of the assembly, to settle on the crown a perpetual revenue of 80001. a year, on condition, first, that the quit-sents, then estimated at 14601. per annum, should form part of the sum ; secondly, that the body of their laws should receive the royal assent; and, thirdly, that all such laws and statutes of England as had at any time been esteemed, introduced, used, accepted, or received, as laws of the island, should be and continue laws of Jamaica for ever. This compromise matured the constitution of Jamaica.” STATISTICS. The following particulars will show the progressive improvement of the cultivation, population, and commerce of Jamaica, for the last century and a half. In 1673, there were in the island 7768 whites, and 9504 slaves. ‘The chief products were cocoa, indigo, and hides. Sugar had just then been begun to be cultivated. In 1722, the island produced 11,000 hogsheads of sugar. In 1734, there were 7644 whites, 86,546 slaves, and 76,011 head of cattle, in the island. In 1744, there were 9640 whites, 112,428 slaves, and 88,036 head of cattle; and the island produced 35,000 hogsheads of sugar, and 10,000 pun- cheons of rum. In 1768, there were 17,000 whites, 166,914 slaves, and 185,773 head of cattle; and 55,761 hogsheads of sugar, and 15,551 puncheons of rum were produced. In 1774, the island produced only 654,700lbs.- of coffee; and, in 1790, 1,783,740lbs. At present there are in Jamaica about 350,000 slaves, 300,000 head of stock, and the annual average produce may be A View of the Past and Present State of Jamaica. about 130,000 hogsheads of sngar, 60,000 puncheons of ram, and 18,000,000 Ibs. of coffee, &e. 4 Jamaica contains, according to Mr. Robertson’s survey, 2,724,262 acres, of which there were in cultivation, in 1818, Acres. In sugar plantations «+++ +++ eee* 639,000 In breeding farms, or pens +++*+e 280,000 Tn coffee, pimento, ginger, cotton, RCrreeecssesccts covresceee 181,000 Total+cccersccses 1,100,000 A considerable part of the uncultivated portion is, however, incapable of being turned to any account. FACE OF THE ISLAND. The principal chain of mountains runs through the centre of the island, from east to west, along a considerable part of its extent. These are of various alti- tudes and degrees of acclivity. Some are lofty, broken, and abrupt; others of a lesser height and more gradual ascent, and spreading at their summits into an expanse of fine fertile country, beauti- fully varied with bill and dale, and interspersed with coffee, pimento, and other plantations, and grazing settle- ments, or pens. The loftiest and least accessible of the central mountains are the Blue Mountains, in the eastern part of the island, the highest peak of which is computed to be about 7000 feet above the level of the sea. There is no island in the West Indies so diversified in its surface as Jamaica. Its mountains, its precipitous rocks, its countless hills, valleys, and glades—its lofty, rugged, and abrupt ascents—its deep ravines, caverns, and cock pits—its thick-planted majestic woods—its nu- merous rivers, cascades, and mountain- streams, dashing through this wildness of nature—give to the interior a diver- sity and grandeur of appearance not to be found, perhaps, in any other island of similar extent, On descending towards the sea-shore, the scenery becomes less boid and stupendous, though still finely relieved by the varied surface of the country, by woods, fields, and Juxuriant pastures of Guinea grass, beautifully shaded by the finest trees, displaying every tint of green. From the higher eminences is beheld the more level country below, covered with extensive cane-ficlds, intermixed with pastures, tufts of wood, and dwellings, stretching to the sea-shore, which is fringed with mangroves, and here and there enlivened with tufts and groves of cocoa-nut, palmeto, and cabbage trees. GEOLOGY. oe Stewarl?s Present State of Jamaica. GEOLOGY. No fossil remains of animals have been discovered in this island; but, on the tops of some of the mountains, shells and other marine exuvize haye been found. The rocks are chiefly chalk, qnartz, and limestone. Both in the in- terior and near the sea are numerous caverns, some of which are of consi- derable size, and contain many speci- mens of stalactites, particularly one in the parish of St. Ann, which covers a large space of ground, and is intersected throughont by stalactite columns of various dimensions and shapes, like the massy pillars of a Gothic cathedral. Copper and lead are the only metals that have been ascertained to exist; no pre- cious stones have‘been found. Minera- logical discoveries are not in fact made; the inhabitants find it more profitable to draw wealth from the surface of the earth, than explore its bowels for the precious metals; and researches of a purely scientific nature, after the rarities of the minerai kingdom, seldom engage any one’s attention. DISEASES. The most common diseases in Jamaica are, malignant epidemic fever, commonly called yellow fever, common bilious feyer, typhus fever, and intermit- tent fever, dysentery, pleurisy, and liver complaint, Of all the diseases of this country, the most violent and fatal is the malignant epidemic fever. Its ravages are at times as rapid and destructive as those of the plague. It is most fatal to new- comers; persons long resident in the island, and consequently inured to the climate, generally escape it, while hun- dreds of the former are perishing around them. Itis attended by a highly inflam- matory febrile affection of the whole system, with a particular determination to the head, violent headache, nausea and irritation of the stomach, restlessness, pain and weakness of the spine, deli- rium, and an utter prostration of strength. In two or three days, if the febrile and inflammatory symptoms be not in some measure subdued, the pa- tiént is cut off, though a few may linger somewhat longer. Youth, strength, the most robust frame, avail not in with- standing this terrible foe; on these it operates most violently and rapidly. In 1819 a malignant fever made dreadful ravages in Kingston and its vicinity, particularly among the troops. Of two regiments (the 50th and 92d), two-thirds were destroyed within the Montuty Mac, No. 384, 601 space of about two months ; most of the officers and their families perished; a panic seized the survivors; men who had faced death, on the field of battle, with unshrinking intrepidity, now dread- ed the office of attending at the sick-bed of their comrades. It would appear,’ that the instant the soldiers were seized with this fatal epidemic, they too gene- rally gave themselves up as lost: and this unhappy despondency often fatally seconded the virulence of the disease. The miserable remnants of these regi- ments were subsequently, though too late, removed on board of ship for the benefit of the sea air, and the feyer from this time gradually subsided. INFECTION. Of the infectious influence of this disease there are various opinions. Some medical men decidedly conceive it to be contagious, while others are of a differ- ent opinion. Much may be said on both sides of the question. ‘That conta- gion exists to a certain degree will hardly be denied. It may, however, be communicated to some, while others are exempt from it. Mach depends on the predisposition of the body to receive or resist it. Medical men of some stand- ing in the country are seldom attacked by this disease fram attending patients afflicted by it; but persons not inured to the climate, and with a predisposition of body to receive disease, must neces- sarily be affected by the morbid effluvia in the sick-room of a patient under ma- lignant fever, and probably, in nine cases out of ten, catch the disease. But, on the other hand, there is no proof that this malady is so violently infectious as to be conveyed, like the plagte, by con- tact, from one country to another. It no doubt takes its rise from a peculiar state of the atmosphere, which, after long draughts, and especially in the neighbourhood of stagnant marshes, be- comes impregnated with miasmata. It is a curious fact, that the negroes and people of colour are not subject to the attacks of this epidemic, While the malady is raging in its greatest height among the whites, both of the first-named classes may be perfectly healthy ; while, on the other hand, the whites may be healthy when fever pre- vails among the negroes. The people of colour are by far the most healthy and hardy of the three classes. SUGAR PLANTATIONS. On most of the sugar plantations in Jamaica there is a variety of soils, but some have a far greater diversity than others, Itis not unusual to find, within 4H y the 602) the boundaries of one estate, almost.all the different soils of the country ; while others contain only two or three kinds. The soils adapted to the sugar-cane are the various:rich loams and moulds, and clay with a superstratum of mould. The former are turned up with the hoe, about four inches below the surface of the earth, and formed into ridges, called cane heles—in the spaces between which (four feet in breadth) the canes are planted. The clay soil is usually turned up with the plough, when it is suffered six or more weeks to pulverise, and then formed into cane-holes; after which it is fit for planting. The softer soils may be planted immediately after being turn- ed up; and thisis rather an advantage than otherwise to such soils. This ho- ling, as it is called, or digging of the land, is the most toilsome work on a plantation. The manure generally made use of, is that taken from the cattle-pens, after being properly prepared into a compost by the admixture of ashes, earth, &e. For the clay soils, ashes, marl, and sometimes lime, are used. Three lengths of the top part of the eane, each having three, four, or more germs, are laid in each hole, with the germs placed -sideways, and covered with a thin layer of earth. The lower and middle parts of the cane, when full- grown, do not produce shoots, so that nothing is lost; the top of the cane, which alone is fit for planting, being unfit for sugar. Good land, well manu- red, will produce four or five crops, whendit is replanted. Very fertile land has been known to produce fifty or more crops, before the introduction of the Bourbon cane—that is, continued for fifty years to reproduce from the original stock ; the field being occasionally ma- nured, and supplied with fresh stocks or roots where any have decayed, soon after the field is reaped. The returns of the land are various, according to ihe soil, seasons, manuring, and, on exhausted lands, the standing of the cane. A plant from a good soil, well manured, will yield four tons of sugar; while what is called a third rat- toon, on an exhausted soil, will not pro- duce halfaton. The magnitude of the crops of sugar estates depends so much on the seasons, that a plantation which, with favourable seasons, produces five hundred hogsheads, may not, if these should fail, yield one hundred. In six or seven weeks after their being planted, the young cane plants haye shot Stewart's Present State of Jamaica. up to about the height of a foot, when they are weeded. ‘They receive three or four subsequent weedings or cleanings, and, as the cane advances in height, the dry leaves are removed from it. Canes planted in November are fit for the mill in fourteen or fifteen months; if planted in May, they are usually cut the suc- ceeding May. Canes re-produced from the stuck require less time to come to maturity; and the labour of cleaning them is by no means so great as that of cleaning the plant canes, the ground having much fewer weeds, from being covered with the exuvice of the cane. The harvest commences at different periods in different districts, the planters being mainly regulated in this by the seasons, or periods of rainy and dry weather. December, January, and Feb- ruary, are the usual times. ‘The canes, when cut down, are tied up into bundles, and conveyed by carts and mules to the mill ; where they are passed through iron cylinders, which press out the juice: this is conveyed to the boiling-house, where it is converted into sugar. The molasses is taken to the distilling-house, and, along with the scum from the ves- sels in which the sugar is boiled, made intorum, The stem of the cane, after being expressed, is dried, and used as fuel for boiling the sugar. The opera- tions in the mill and the boiling-house go on both night and day, the negroes being formed into what are called spells, or divisions (two or three, according to their number), which relieve each other in the nocturnal part of the duty, The getting-in of the crops lasts from three to four months. In the meantime, the sugar, When what is called cured, is sent in hogsheads, &e. to the wharfs, in wag- gons drawn by ten or twelve oxen. A sugar plantation producing two hundred hogsheads of sugar had usually about two hundred slaves, a hundred oxen, and fifty mules; but there is no fixing of any precise number of each as generally applicable. What are called laborious estates, that is, having much clay land, and planting much, require a greater proportion of able slaves than others, unless the land is put in (planted) by jobbers. The more distant an estate is from the shipping place, the more oxen of course are required to convey down the produce; and a property that has a water or a wind-mill does not require half the number of mules that it would with a cattle-mill only. In- deed, a plantation with a good water- mill, and easy-lying fields from oe the Stewart’s Present State of Jamaica. the canes may be carted, scarcely re- quires any mules. The four great desiderata in settling a sugar plantation are, goodness of soil, easiness of access, convenience of. dis- tance from the shipping place, and a stream of water running through the premises. Although an estate may prove very productive without a union of all these advantages, it would be folly to settle upon a tract of land that pos- sessed neither of them. An estate producing 200 hogsheads of sugar, averaging 16 cwt., may be thus valued :— 500 aeres of land, at 20l. per acre, on an AVEFAGE,* seveeneeeeseee see 10,0001, (Of which 150 acres, if the land be good, is sufficient for canes, the rest being in grass and provisions. ) 200 slaves, averaging 100/. each, 20,0001. 140 horned stock, and 50 mules, ++ 5,000 Buildings and utensils, ---++-+--- 8,000 — Jamaica currency,>+++«+43,0001, COFFEL. The coffee-planter is more fortunate than the sugar- planter, having not half so large a capital at stake, and the commodity he cultivates fetching, though not a large, at least a saving price. About six or seven years ayo, and for several years antecedent, this article had fallen so low in price, that the eul- tivators were nearly ruined, and many of the ‘plantations were thrown up. One man, more wise and patient than others, kept his stock on hand, borrow- ing money on it and on his plantation in the meantime, until a sudden and ex- traordinary rise took place, the price being more than quadrupled ; by which means he realized a considerable fortune. A coffee plantation does not require above half the number of slaves and stock that a sugar estate does, neither is the labour so severe. The soil best adapted for the coffee-tree is a deep brown loam: the trees are planted at the distance of about six feet, and are carefully kept clean and pruned, The season for gathering the berries is from October to January. It is pulped, &e. and dried on terraced platforms, called barbecues, PIMENTO, The season for gathering the pimento is from August to October. The ex- tremities of the branches bearing the * Land im this island sells at various prices, according to quality and situation. Fertile land in a good situation will feteh 70l. or 80l. per acre; but in the remote mountains it may be bought for 5/, 603) spice are broken off when nearly of the fall size, but green; for if suffered to become ripe it loses. its aromatic quality, and is of no use. It is then picked off from the stems, and dried in the sun, in the same. manner as cof fee. Jiaamaica is the only West India island which produces this spice in such abundance as. to render it an important article of commerce. COMMERCE. The commerce of Jamaica may be classed under the following heads :— The trade with the mother country— which is far more considerable than all the other branches together; the trade with British North America; and the trade with the island of Cuba and other Spanish islands, the Spanish Main, or Terra Firma, and other territories on the American continent formerly be- longing to Spain. Exported trom Sept. 30, 1819, to ept. 30, 1820. Hhds, of sugar (aver. 16 ewt.) 115,065 Tierces of do. (averaging 11 cwt.) 11,522 Barrels. of ditto - . - 2,474 Puncheons of rum - - 45,3614 Hogsheads of ditto : - 1,783 Barrels of ditto ~ - 566 Casks of molasses - . =. 252 Casks of ginger : - 1,159 Bags of ditto - - - $516 Casks of pimento : - -673 Bags of ditto (averaging 112 Ibs.) 12,880 Pounds of Coffee - 22,127 Ade In 1816 the import into the united kiugdom of some of the above-mention- ed articles was as follows:—Cotton woul, 1,021,674 Ibs. ; cocoa, 260 cwt.; indigo, 32,011 Ibs. ;-fustic, 21,080 tons ; logwood, 9638 tons ; mahogany, 1396 tons. Besides the articles enumerated in the foregoing accounts, Jamaica ex- ports a considerable quantity of cotton wool, chiefly imported from the foreign islands, under the frée-port law; also indigo, cocoa, tortoise-shell, mahogany (mostly of foreign import), dye-woods, hides, and various other articles of minor importance. Considerable quantities of bullion (chiefly dollars) were exported to Great Britain during the late war; but very little is now sent, the fall in the price rendering it an unprofitable remittance, The annual exports to Great Britain and Ireland may amount, one year with anather, to about five millions; and those to other parts to about £400,000. In return for its commodities, Jamaica receives from Great Britain an annual supply of almost-all ber manufactures, The exclusive right which she claims of supplying 604 supplying this and the other islands with her puoducts is one important source of her commercial] and manufacturing prosperity. The annual amount of British manufactures imported into this island alone is upwards of two mil- lions. The imports from other parts (of lumber, provisions, cattle, &c.) amount to nearly a million currency. A portion of the goods received from Great Britain is for the supply of the Spanish American settlements, particu- Jarly of cotton and linen goods. From British North America, Jamaica and the other islands receive lumber, salted cod-fish, salmon, mackerel, oil, tar, &c. and give in return sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, and pimento. The tonnage of all vessels trading to and round this island, from the 29th September 1816 to the 29th September 1817, was as follows:—From Great Britain and Ireland, 101,365 tons; from North America, 56,411 tons ; from the Spanish Main and neighbour- ing islands, 15,557 tons; droggers, 3109 tons: vessels trading under the free-port act, 13,121 tons. Of this ship- ping there is engaged in the Kingston trade a very large proportion, viz. From Great Britain and [reland, 35,964 tons ; from North America, 36,085 tons: from the Spanish Main and islands, 12,691 tons; droggers, 2032 tons: vessels, trading under the free-port act, 10,391 tons. LOCAL TRADE. The coasting trade of the island is carried on by means of droggers, or smal! vessels of from fifty to seventy tons burden. It consists of expurtations of all sorts of dry goods, Irish provi- sions, cod-fish, &c. from Kingston to all the outports, the droggers taking, as return-cargoes, sugar, rum, pimento, and other produce. The houses in the commission line in Kingston supply the store-keepers at the other ports with the above-mentioned commodities as cheaply as they could import them, and sometimes much cheaper: for in the market of this emporium of the island, goods, but especially those of a perish- able nature, rise and fall according to the supply in it. For example, butter may one week sell at 2s. 1d. per pound, from its. being scarce, and on the follow- ing week fall to 1s. 6d. in consequence of the arrival of a Jarge supply. The store-keepers, or retail dealers in almost all sorts of goods, charge an immense profit on them. In selling goods-on credit, they haye a very sim- Stewart's Present State of Jamaica. ple process for ascertaining the price to- becharged¢, They multiply the sterling cost by three, and this gives them the amount in currency they are to demand, being a profit of somewhat more than cent. per cent.; and yet their actual profits may not ultimately he fifty per cent., in consequence of bad debts, &e. They lay their account with not receiv- ing payment for at least a third of the goods they sell in this way, and they indemnify themselves by charging ac-, cordingly ;—in other words, they make the honest customer pay for the defi- ciencies of the fraudulent one,—than which nothing can be conceived more repugnant’to fairness and equity. The cash price of goods is from thirty to forty per cent. below the credit price. Allthe commodities of the country have also their cash prices, being abont ten per cent. below what are called the market prices. ~The Jatter are fixed by a sort of compromise between the planters and merchants; the former by the respective buyers and sellers, regu- lated, of course, by the quality of the commodity. A wharfinger’s receipt for a puncheon of rum, a tierce of coffee, or a bag of pimento, endorsed hy the payer, passes in payment as readily as a bill or draft would do; so that these articles become a sort of circulating medium, and it is not unusual for a puncheon of rum, or other commodity, to pass through twenty or more different hands, without ever being moved from the wharf-store where it was deposited by its original owner, into whose pos- session it may again ultimately return. COINS. The coins in circulation in this island are chiefly Spanish. There are also some Portuguese gold pieces, and gui- neas and sovereigns. The Spanish gold coins are doubloons, value 16 dol- lars, or £5 6s. 8d. currency; half doubloons; pistoles, value 4 dollars, or £1 6s. 8d.; and half pistoles. The Portuguese gold coins are johannoes, and half and quarter johannoes, the full value of which are €5 10s., £2 15s., and £1 7s. 6Gd.; but there are few of these coins that are not deficient more or less in weight, according to which their value is regulated—as indeed that of all the other geld coins are, at the rate of 3d. per grain. Very few of the Spanish coins are deficient in weight. A few moidores and half moidores are in circulation, the full value of which are £2and £1; but they are generally deficient in weight. Guineas and sove- reigns Stewart’s Present State of Jamaica. reigns are not common, though there is a premium of about 10 per cent. on them, a guinea of full weight passing for £1 12s. 6d. currency, and sovereigns in proportion. The silver coins are dollars, value 6s. 8d., half dollars, quar- ter dollars, half quarter dollars or 10d. pieces, and 5d. pieces; also pisterines at 1s. 3d., and rials or bits at 7$d.; but these have become rare. British silver coins are not common, and generally pass below their actual value, a crown piece passing only for a dollar, and the rest in proportion. TAXES. The principal taxes in this island are the poll-tax of 6s. 8d. for each slave, and ls. Sd. for each horse, mule, or head of horued stock; the deficiency- tax, as it is called, being 20s. for each slave, but with this proviso, that every able-bodied man, whether proprictor or person employed by him, who does duty in the militia, saves to the amount of £50 of this tax annually. There is, also, a Jand-tax of 3d. per acre, and quit-rent of 4d. per acre; a stamp-tax; a tax of 20s. on each wheel of all carriages not used in agriculture or for the conveyance of goods; anda house-tax of 12 per cent. on the amount of the rent. There are also parochial taxes, viz. 6s. 8d. for each slave, and 1s. 8d. for each horse, mule, or head of horned stock; a road-tax of 4s. 9d. for each slave, for keeping the highways in re- pair; a tax on trade, and one on tran- sient importers of goods, of 2 per cent. on their invoices. The annual reccipts, proceeding from the taxes, &ce. may be estimated at about £280,000. THE GOVERNOR. The governor, besides his legislative prerogatives, has the style and autho- rity of captain general, is chancellor and judge of the court of errors and of ordinary. He has the presentation to all vacant livings, appoints the magis- trates, the members of council, the assistant judges, the masters of chancery, and various public officers; he grants all commissions in the militia, lays on mar- tial law in times of emergency, grants letters of marque, and may respite, though he cannot pardon,: criminals. He has, besides, other minor powers and prerogatives in his twofold capacity of governor and chancellor. The governor, or lieutenant-governor, may be either a military man or civilian, 605. During the last fifty years there have been a greater proportion of the former appointed to this government. In time of war a military governor must doubt- less be the most efficient. The Duke. of Manchester is at present. yovernor. Eis government has been marked by a mildness and moderation which has procured him the gratitude and attach- ment of the inbabitants, at whose ear- nest desire he has been allowed to retain his government more than double the time that any of his predecessors pos- sessed it; and in testimony of the bigh sense the assembly had of his mild and equitable government, they unanimously voted him, a few years ago, an addition to his salary of £3000 currency. ASSEMBLY. The council consists of twelve, in- eluding the president, who is usually the chief justice: he is the person next in power and rank to the governor, in the event of whose death, should there be no commander of the forces, he as- sumes the supreme power, with the title of president, until the arrival of another governor or licutenant-governor, The council form the aristocratic braneh of the legislature, besides being the advisers of the first branch,—an anomaly certainly far from constitutional, and frequently the cause of much difficulty and delay in the public business, through the jealousy and bickerings that almost. every session occur between them and the house of representatives. The house of assembly consists of forty-five members, viz. two each for cighteen of the parishes, and three each for the remaining three, viz. Kingsten, Port Royal, and St. Catherine. Its sessions commence in October, and continue till about the 20th of Decem- ber. It has a speaker, sergeant-at- arms, librarian, chaplain, and messen- ger. ‘The members are chos:n by the freeholders septennially. The debates are often animated and warm, but there is not much display of that power- -ful and commanding eloquence which is so often witnessed in the British senate. This may in some measure be owing to the topics being so far inferior in mag- nitude and interest to those discussed in the imperial parliament. LAWS. . The English common law is in force in Jamaica, but many of the statute laws are not—for example, the game laws, poor laws, bankrupt laws, and most of those relating to the revenne. An 605 An English statute Jaw, to have force in Jamaica, must be re-enacted by the legislature there. The English bankruptcy laws are not, us has been said, in force here;: but there is, in licu, the “ Insolvent Debt- ors’ Act,” by which a debtor, on making oath that he is possessed of no property, above bare necessaries, and delivering his books, if he has any, into the hands of the deputy-marshal, or sherifi’s de- puty, is, after remaining three months in jail, exonerated from all demands against him. By a law of the island, no person can Jeave it without advertising his inten- tion three weeks before hayd; in which case it isin the power of a creditor to stop him till his demand be satisfied ; and if any master of a vessel takes him from the island without sech public no- tice, he subjects himself to a heavy pe- nalty. Persons intending to leave the island are legally obliged, besides thus publishing their intention, to take out a ticket, or passport, signed by the governor, from the seeretary’s office, for which they pay £1 6s. 3d. SLAVE LAWS. The consolidated slave-laws, or code of laws enacted chiefly for the protec- tion of the slaves, is a separate code, the result of a more enlightened and humane view of the duties of masters to their slaves, and of the necessity of en- forcing the performance of those duties by positive enactments, which has been gradually gaining ground in the West Indies for the last thirty-five years— before which time the condition of the unhappy slave depended in a great measure on the will and pleasure of his master. These laws contain many ex- éellent and bumane provisious, which, were they duly carried into execution, would render the condition of the slaves as secure and comfortable as the state and nature of slavery would admit. But there are obstacles to the due exe- eution of those laws which must first be removed ere they can have full effi- eiency: the principal of these is the absolute legal nullity of the evidence of a slave against a white man. f All trials of slaves, even those for capital offences, are carricd on in the petty courts, or quarter-sessions of the respective parishes, ‘These trials are usually conducted with the most perfect regard to impartial justice, and gene- rally with a leaning of mercy towards the delinquent. ‘The court appoints counsel to conduct his defence. When Stewart’s Present State of Jamaica. a white man stands accused of the mur- der of a slave, he is tried in the supreme court, or either of assize-courts, ac- cording to the county in which the mur- der has been committed. Should he be convicted, he suffers the same penalty of the Jaw as a slave would who bad been convicted of killing a white man. The great difficulty is to bring home legal evidence against the former. In 1821, a white man shot slave, employed along with others by a de- puty-marshal to assist in making a levy of slaves belonging to this man, on a writ azainst him. The evidence of the other slaves so employed was nugatory ; and the marshal’s follower who headed them, having been convicted of perjury on a former occasicn, his evidence was deemed inadmissible by the court. The culprit would accordingly have been acquitted for want of evidence, had it not been for the testimony of two of his own witnesses (his housekeeper and his. daughter), who, in their cross-exami- nation, admitted the fact of his having shot the slave, under the impression of its being a justifiable act in defence of his property. On this evidence he was. convicted and executed, though recom- mended to mercy by the jury. His housekeeper and daughter were free persons of colour,—a class of people whose evidence some years ago was inadmissible against the whites,—a disability since very properly removed by the legislature. RELIGION. The established religion of Jamaica is that of the church of England. ‘Each parish has a rector and a curate.. The rectors have a stipend of 420]. cur- rency, and a parsonage-house, a very inadequate income for a clergyman in the West Indies, were there no other emoluments attached to the livings; but this stipend does not form a fourth part, and, in some parishes, not, perhaps, above an eighth part of the average in- come of the rectors. Their fees are the principal source of their incomes, which vary from about 1500}. to 30001. and even upwards, according to the wealth and population of the respective pa- rishes. Kingston may be regarded as the most productive rectory in the island, and next to it, St. Catherine’s, St. Thomas in the East, St. James’s, and Trelawny. ‘The fees arise from marriages, baptisms, and funerals; also permission to erect monuments in the church, &e. The fees for marrying and baptizing, as fixed by law, are very mo- derate Stewart's Present State of Jamaica. derate ; and, if the parties choose to have these solemnities peiformed in the church, the rector is not entitled to demand more than the Jegal fees. But this is seldom done, except by the poor- est persons: it is not considered as liberal or genteel: the rector is usually sent for, and then it is understood that his fee shall be in proportion to the rank and wealth of the parties, and the dis- tance he may have to travel when so summoned. Pr There is in Kingston a Presbyterian cburch, It was established, about seven years ago, by the Presbyterian inhabi- tants of that city, who are numerous, opulent, and respectable, assisted by some grants from the assembly. This establishment is recognised as a branch of the church of Scotland, and its pastors are appointed by the presbytery of Edin- burgh. Some narrow-minded persons in the assembly opposed any grants of the public money being voted in aid of this church, on the grounds of its not being recognised by the constitution, and its having no better claim to such support than other dissenting establish- ments: they forgot that the Presbyterian is the established religion of an integral part of the British empire, and that the British legislature sanctions and assists three Presbyterian establishments in India. The fact is, that the establish- ment in Kingston had become abso- lutely necessary; for, from the greatly increased population of that city, the parish-charch had become insufficient to contain the inhabitants; and that cir- cumstance, and the natural desire which men have to worship their Creator after the manner of their forefathers, sug- gested to the Presbyterian inhabitants the propriety of building a church for themselves, There are also a Roman Catholic chapel in Kingston, several meeting- houses belonging to Methodists, Mora- vians, Anabaptists, &c. and a Jewish syhagogue. THE WHITE INHABITANTS. The white inhabitants of Jamaica consist of creoles, or natives of the country, and Europeans. There may be about three of the former to (wo of the latter. Formerly there was a marked difference in the habits, manners, and mode of life of those two classes, but that no longer generally exists. The primitive creolian customs and manners are fast disappearing, being superseded by the more polished manners of Euro- pean life. Eyen within the last fifteen 607 or twenty years a very. considerable im- provement has taken place in the state of society here. ‘This is owing in a great measure to the now universally prevailing practice of sending the chil- dren of both sexes to Great Britain for their edueation. . Wherever slavery exists, there must be many things attending it unfavoura- ble to the improvement of the minds and manners of a people: arbitrary habits are acquired, irritation and violent pas- slons are engendered—partly, indeed, by the perverseness of the slaves,—and the feelings are gradually blunted by the constant exercise of a too unrestrained power, and the scenes to which it is continually giving birth. The very children, in some families, are so used to see or hear the negro servants whipped, for the offences they commit, that: it becomes a sort of amusement to them. It unfortunately happens that the fe- males, as well as the males, are too apt to contract domineering and harsh ideas with respect to their slaves—ideas ill suited to the native softuess and bu- manity of the female heart,—so that the severe and arbitrary mistress will not un- frequently be combined with the affec- tionate wife, the tender mother, and agreeable companion ;—such is the effect of early habits and accustomed preju- dices, suffering qualities so anomalous to exist in the same breast. —— [This is the most perspicacious and Iuminons view of the Sister Kingdom which has appeared. The anthor writes with ho- nesty aud liberal feeling, and his book merits general perusal among patriots of both countries. It exhibits good seuse, sound information, and eloquence of diction, in the highest degiee. | —> IRISH PEOPLE. E may divide Ireland, generally, into portions, north and south of Dublin, and east and west of the Shan- noh. In the north are placed the Scoto- Trish population, busy with their manu- facture, prudent, industrious, and rich ; intelligent, independant in their princi- ples, and Protestant dissenters in reli- gion. In the south we fiud an agricul- tural peasantry, purely Trish, or nearly so, with a gentry of English race, the Jatter, for the most part, of the church of England, the former Roman Catho- lics. Along the line of the eastern coast, stretching from Cork to Dublin and far- ther northward, we meet a mingled population of English and Trish descent. As long as Ireland continued unsettled, there was throughout this extent a con- stant influx of adventurers from every point of the opposite coast of England, Scotland, and Wales. © This infusion of new blood from the other island produ- ced a new population of a very fine character, but of an unquiet spirit; fierce almost to savageness, despising ihe sword as a restraint, regardless of the gibbet, delighting in conflict though hopeless, and meeting death with un- eoncern, or With satisfaction, if it be paid as the price of vengeance. This is O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. a mine, not indeed of gold or silver, but of a more valuable metal,—iron, and of the best quality, capable of the highest polish, and fit to be tempered to every great and useful purpose of life. But the mere legislator, the speculator in acts of parliament, will do little here, unless he be preceeded by the moral and religious operator. Upon this imprac- ticable people, the terrors of the law have failed of effect; nothing less than Gospel heat will fuse these “hearts of steel.” Upon the eastern shore of the island, washed by the waters of the Ailantic, dwell a more unmixed people. ‘These are of old Irish race. 'They differ from their countrymen of the east, in being less turbulent, more patient, and easy to be led ; bearing a great deal of oppression before roused to resistance, frugal, quict, indolent, and contemplative, passing from melancholy to mirth, pious, and less fit for the business of the world than the mingled people bebind them. With less activity of mind, they possess more of the clements of what is called genius, more imagination, more feeling, more thoughtfulness, and tenderness of heart. During all the distractions of Ireland, this was comparatively a region of peace and tranquillity. It was remote from the scene of the principal action, and Was moreover defended by the great waters of the Shannon. ‘This mighty river bent his huge arm round the rem- nant of Irish race, and repelled the in- vader. If the people abode here in safety, while the rest of the land was ra- vaged by the civil storm; if in this quarter ihere are still to be found some gentry of the old Milesian stock, dwelling in peace upon the estates of their ancestors ; they owe it to the Shannon. This was their great protector, and the quiet and security they enjoyed, made this region the depositary of Irish feeling, as it was the refuge of the race. There is some- thing in the serene magnificence of the Shannon, rolling his long line of waves in splendid continuity, and spreading occasionally into vast lakes, and exhibit- ing in the bosom of his great waters a thousand beautiful islets, like the ex- pansions of some mighty mind in the stillness of deep thought, or the flowing of a rich imagination, wave tumbling over wave, until at length it displays its fairy formations, sparkling upon a calm and sunny surface —There is something in the grandeur and solitude of the At- lantic, and in the singularly wild sce- nery of the country which these waters enclose, O’ Driscol’s Views of Iveland. enclose, calculated to soothe and to cherish that disposition of the mind, and that. arrangement of the feelings which lead. away from the world we in- habit, fixing our affections upon the past, or involving us in airy visions of the fu-- ture. The spirit of this busy world walks upon the east coast of the island, witb his head. full of rumours, and his hands full of employment. | But on those shores that look over the great Western Ocean, stillaess aud thoughtful- ness take their way, and impress upon ihe people a widely different character. Here we meet, at every step, a wild and fantastic luxuriance of imagination,— the Jiterary genius of the bog, and the poet of the glen and the mountain ; rude, and often ludicrous, indications of the native richuess of the soil. South of the Shannon, where it bends to meet the Atlantic, and stretching into the counties of Kerry and Cork, the same Moral character is preserved, and the same physical aspect is maintained. ANTIQUITY, But before the English connection, . thoroughly established, gave a local im- portance to the eastern shores of the island, the west and south-western coast appears to have enjoyed its natural pre- eminence, It is circled with a line of ancient castles on the main land and on the islands, which shew that these fine positions were at one time valued and used as nature intended. The old Irish, however, appear to have had an indis- position to trade, which could hardly be expected in the descendants of the ce- lebrated traders of Tyre, “ the mart of natious, the crowning city, whose mer- chants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth.” That the Trish were an Eastern colony admits, we think, little doubt, and this too will ac- count for the degree of knowledge and refinement which they possessed ata very early period, and which were lost in the overwhelming calamities of the country. Treland is admitted to have possessed au early kuowledge and love of letters ; to have received Christianity with rea- diness, and to have imbibed its spirit with a zeal and devotion which entitled it to the high appellation of the “ Island of Saints.” ‘That few memorials remain of that eminence which was the theme of her bards and annalists is not surpri- siag, when we consider that she has en- joyed no peace “that coald be called peace” for the last thousand years ; that, Montuy Mac. No, 384, 617 during this period she bas been three times a wooded wilderness, and three limes the plough has passed over, even her high hills. Her architectural an- liquities are of no very remote date, frequently overturned and renewed in haste, and sometimes of necessity aban- doned in the building, they furnish proofs only of the eflortsand the exhausted state of the country.. And Ireland comes before us now still engaged in struggles, far behind Great Britain in the race of power and prosperity, and yet her eldest sister: the Ogygia of the ancients, the oldest and the newest country in Europe.* IRISH CHARACTER. There is a character peculiar to the different races of men, which is not en- lirely effaced even by great intermixture. There is also a character which appears in some mysterious manner incident to the soil. The northern Irish, who still preserve much of the colour of their Scottish original, and even the Irish of Cromwellian race, who are hardly yet Trish in feeling, are strongly marked with the great lineaments of the nation. As the Saxons communicated to the Nor- maus the great features of their character, so the old Irish race have impressed upon their British invaders the outlines of their lineage... The triumph of cha- racter has surpassed the triumph of arms. if we would know the genius of a people, we must attend to what they have said, and how they have spoken. When Ireland revived, after a short breathing, from the state of wretchedness and exhaustion, in which her civil wars had left her, and bad shaken off, in her first rousing’s, a portion of the penal and disabling laws which oppressed her, the spirit of the nation found utterance, and spoke with the mouths of Burke, and Grattan, and Curran, and Swift.. Like one who had long been dumb, and in despair, she spoke rapidly, and with great power. A crowd of mighty minds were filled with her new-found energy. The spiil of her sweetest muse dwelt in the simple and amiable Goldsmith. His poetry, as polished as Pope’s, bas infinitely more of tenderness and feeling. In Pope we sce the art and. the artist ; in Goldsmith we discern nothing bat the subject that is before us, and the simple sweetness * Mr. O’Driscol seems to have lad in view the extraordinary Chronicles lately published by Mr. O’Comor, noticed ina former Supplement. 618 sweetness of the strain. lis verse seems the natural flowing of the feeling, like the melody of some gentle stream in a sunny valley. We cannot congratulate the genius of the discoverer who found out that Pope was no poet; neither do we do this great man any dishonour, in placing Goldsmith by his side as his equal in all things. | The lights of a glori- ous age, different, but equal, Pope had more cultivated dignity of style—more manner. His verses bore evidence of great labour, and the effect was striking. His poetry was like his nation, powerful, cultivated, excellent ; but all, in some degree, the effect of a laborious and thrifty spirit, sparing no pains, and ma- king the uttermost even of the least things. Goldsmith was the opposite of all this; there is a facility in his verse’ that looks ‘like carelessness —something like the negligence of his nation in the manage- ment of his subject; but its precious glow of feeling, its touching tenderness, and its power over the heart. There is no poem in the English language that can be placed before the “ Deserted Village,” but there are many that show more skill, and thought and attention bestowed upon them. Nature had done all for Goldsmith: study did much for Pope. The former hardly knew he was a poet ; the latter learned his powers in the severity of his studies, Moore, though very different from Goldsmith, is not less national. The genius of this brilliant poet is in all res- pects Irish; his beauties, his blemishes, his sins, and his atonements, all belong to his nation. There are pocts that have offended less, but there is, perhaps, but one,—and his offences are of a deeper die,—who hath equal brilliancy and pa- thos. The melancholy, the gaiety, the plaintive sweetness, and the almost riotous exuberance of mirth, are all his own and his country’s. Since the days of remotest. antiquity, no lyre has ever made so sweet a melody: as Moore’s, He stands, in this age, alone and unri- valled, the master of the sweetest and only minstrelsy. The ancient music of Ureland was a rich and long neglected minc of melody. The genius of Moore possessed itself at once of all its treasures, and in the in- spiration of its deep caves, resounded with the spells and enchantments of for- gotten ages, he was filled with the “Soul of Music.” The music of Ireland was exquisitely pathetic and plaintive, it was wild and unequal, passing, but always 0’ Driscol’s Views of freland. with skill and feeling, through every variety of note and modulation, and from one strain to another; from the deepest melancholy to the gaiety of a spirit resolved to shake off its weight of care, and to forget its sorrows in excess of merriment. The harp of this skilful minstrel was true to the ear and the heart of the nation, for whieh he touched its chords. Moore’s melodies are not confined to the drawing-room and the saloon; they have had the merit to please the vulgar, and have been sung in the streets to, ad- miring crowds ; an eulogy at once upon the poet and the people. They must be true to nature, or they could not please the crowd, and it evinced no mean taste in the populace which could be pleased with compositions so polished. Ireland abounded with orators good and bad; but her first race were giants. Of this mighty race, Burke might be considered first, and Grattan the last. Between these stood many a glorious name, resplendent with important public services. It is not our’s to call forth the spirits of the mighty dead; the two we have named will serve to illustrate the genius of their country. ‘The brilliancy, the splendid magnificence of Burke, the grandeur and variety of his dazzling imagery, the rushing torrent of his thoughts, flowing and spreading into a boundless amplitude of illustration, His flight was with the eye and the wing of the eagle of his own hills, and the plu- mage of the bird of paradise. There is an evil spirit in the lower classes of the people, and an intractable obstinacy; and there is often a want of sufficient zeal for the task they have un- dertaken, amongst those who would moralise and improve them. That the spirit we refer to was not originally evil, may be discerned from this—that it is accompanied, even in its fallen state, by virtues of such high character, as never consort with what is decidedly and na- turally wicked — kindness, generosity, good humour, fidelity, and goodness of heart. Its original character is seen also in those of the same race who pos- sess the advantages of cultivation, and, having been redeemed from the ruin which had fallen upon their Jess fortu- nate countrymei, escaped the fearful perversion of their fine qualities. — WOMEN. a The female character, in all nations, is a softened and improved representation of the male; it shews the virtues of the people, even their courage without its sanguinary ¢ sanguinary shading; their gencrosity and hospitality, their faithfulness and talent, and peculiar genius. Even their love of country is more fully developed in the female sex, and wears a more decided and nobler aspect. Women, in their happy seclusion, are less exposed to have their finer feeling depraved or destroyed in the miserable traffic of low and sordid interests which engage the life of man. They yield themselves more easily to kind and generous affections, and sooner free themselves from the trammels of party prejudices and sectarian antipathies. Hence it is that in Ireland, though there are thousands of men, who, since the days of Cromwell, have been born, and fed, and have flourished, and been happy with the fulness of the soil, and are yet foreigners in the land of their fa- thers and of their children, and without one kindly or generous feeling towards the beautiful island of their nativity, or the fine race of men who claim them as their countrymen and fellow-citizens ; though there are such men, there are few such women. The natural love of country, so amiable, so valuable, could not be so long in making its home in the female heart. The women of Ire- land are all Irish. PUBLIC POLICY. » We do not think that all the evils of Ireland are summed up in the Catholic question. When this measure shall be carried, much will yet remain to be done for the safety and tranquillity of that country. Its effects will, no doubt, be eminently beneficial. After some time it will subdue the tone of insolence assumed by ignorant and vulgar Pro- testants, as a privileged party. It will, perhaps, induce the Catholic gentry to take a greater interest in public affairs, And, alluring them, by degrees, to come forth from out of the mire of mere per- sonal indulgences, it-may teach them, that there are higher enjoyments in life than luxurious living, and the quiet and safe sensualitics which wealth affords, It may rouse them from their state of Epicurean carelessness and contempt for the general weal; and this morbid mass may yet blush with a new and healthful circulation. . But it is to the poor and the pea- santry that a wise system of policy must direct its measures. Here is the seat of the disease. We do not say that the repeal of the disqualifying laws will have no effect upon it. We think it will have a very salutary onc. As far O’Driscol’s Views of Ireland. 619 as it goes it is a wise and necessaty measure; but it is not sufficient; the gangrene is too deep; and, as it was pro- duced of old by the combined action, of a great number of pestilent causes, so it, will yield only to the application of various and powerful remedies. The condition of the peasantry must he inquired into.’ They must be re. lieved from the oppression of tithes and) church rates ; care must be taken forthe cheap and efficient administration of justice; the utmost attention must be paid that the poor be educated by such instruction in letters, and in moral and Christian truth, as may be communi- cated by a cheap but sound aud efficient form of teaching. Industry should be promoted, emigration facilitated, and manufactures encouraged. All this. is wanting in Ireland. And without this the solid strata of society will be. ex- posed to frequent and violent. shakings, if not mingled by some dreadful explo- sion in one awful mass of ruin. SOCIAL CONDITION, Ireland is nearly in the situation. in which France was previous to the revo- lution, or perhaps in a worse one. A population crowded to excess, without employment, and almost without food. It seemed to be the policy of the state that war and agriculture should form the staple of that kingdom. It is dangerous to tamper with the staple of any coun- try. But the peace has ufterly de- stroyed the twofold staple of Jreland, What will the government now do with this people, for whom they first provided astaple, and then took it away? The highlanders of Scotland and the Irish peasantry, as they are one race of men, so they are alone and above all in the day of battle. There is a hardness of sinew, and firmness of heart, like the living, rock of their own mountains, which belongs to them alone. The sol- diers of England possess a moral power, and an unbending steadfastness, which places them above the warriors of the continent; but they do not rush to bat- tle with the keen delight of the Irish; they do not shed their blood as water ; they do not mock at death. The High- lander has been disciplined into more sobriety of fecling than the Irishman; but both display in the ficld of battle a power which rises into grandeur and sublimity in its scorn of human efforts, and its contempt of danger and suffere ing ;—a power before which, when well led, there s nothing on this solid globe which must not bend and be broken. The 620 The system of policy, with regard to Treland, must be changed. It is well that the firstimportant change originated with the monarch himself, and was the spontaneous moyement of a kind and generous feeling in, the royal bosom. The king’s visit to Ireland was a new measure, undertaken in kindness. But it was as wise and as important as it was kind. We should be glad to see it esta- blished asa settled habit of the crown, that the king should frequently, and at stated times, hold his court in Dublin. The city of Dublin is worthy of the royal presence. The effect of the occasional residence of the crown, would be to promote, in a very great degree, the intercourse be- tween the two islands. It would make many acquainted with Ireland whom no other occurrence would be likely to bring to her shores ; it would bring back, at least for a season, many Irish absen- tees, whom fashion or association ap- peared to have fixed permanently in England; it would give such persons a motive to improve their estates and their family mansions. The royal ex- ample would give an importance to the country, which it had not yet possessed, in the minds of weak and fastidious per- sons of wealth and rank. Led by these inducements, and relying upon the fre- quent visits of royalty, many would, perhaps, fix ultimately their residence in that country, which was the proper scene of their duties and obligations. The people of Ireland are indebted to the British nation for ages of calamity— to the British throne, from the second Henry to the last of the Stuarts, for no one good measure, but for every aggrava- tion with which weakness, violence, and duplicity, could load an evil destiny. They received from the father of his present majesty, the first measure of good things; and, from the inheritor of that father’s throne, and generous fecl- ing, new. and strong intimations of paternal consideration. The affections of the Irish people have never yet been round the British throne in all their ful- ness and power. High and splendid as this throne is, there was a void and darkness about it, which he, who can fili up and illuminate with his people’s love, will be worthy of a place beyond all conquerors and legislators. ‘The vulgar triumphs of the sword, and the more odious achievements of corruption, may form the laurels of common-place heroes and statesmen; but the trophies of, the throne should be the'love of the people. O' Driscol’s Views of Ireland. PENAL LAWS. The religion which has mingled ftsel¥ so much with the affairs of the world and with the passions of men, cannot be the Christian. religion. This disowns the world, and expressly disclaims ifs kingdom ; it would not, therefore, con- tend for-any temporal profit or domi- nion, nor would it overthrow error by violence and injustice. Good) is often effected by evil agencies, but those agencies remain evil; they donot change their nature, and the best effeets which follow from their working are. tainted with the impurities of their original cre- ation. Evil is never necessary for the production of good—the same results may, in all cases, be obtained by a pro- cess liable to no objection. Those who rely upon the sword,” and upon persecution, direct or indirect, as means of upholding the power of the state or the truth of religion, are bad politicians and worse Christians. A lime must come when the sword will be broken, and the strongest spear of the tyrant will be shattered. If we could suppose religious truth associated with violence and injustice, sharing in their triumphs, and partaking of their spoil ; sitting in high places, stained with blood, and surrounded with fierce passions and polluted hands, there could not be a more humiliating speetacle, nor a more horrible vision. It was made penal to keep school and to teach the rudiments of know- ledge. Reading and writing were to be discouraged as incompatible with the Protestant religion. And while the people were racked by a ferocious per- secution, because of the alleged errors of their faith, the light was anxiously withheld, in which alone those errors, if they existed, could be discerned. The penal code presents an awfully perfect system, wonderfully adapted to its end. It was more cruel and de- testable, because more cold and calen- lating; because it sought its object with greater circuity. and with a more ma- naged regard for the opivion of the world, than the massacre of Bartholo- mew’s, or the slaughter of the Wal- denses, or the more dignified barbarity of the Inquisition. ~'Lhe two former were naked and hideous atrocities; they exhibit the fierce passions of ithe barba- rians of that day, rushing upon their * The law is the sword—the ultimate appeal; and, if its civil forms are not suf- figient, the sword is its resource. enemy O’ Driscol’s Views of Treland. enemy with undisguised and unpretend- ing cruelty. The Inquisition was a priestly and fanatical institntion, built up by the plausible wickedness of churchmen, but it proceeded at once against its victim, and exhibited the dungeon, and the torture, and the flame, without reserve or pretence. Its object was to prevent the introduction of a new doctrine, not to eradicate an old one. Its courts and officials, and all its polished machinery, were greatly infe- rior, in depth of design and extent of operation, to the penal code of Ireland. The Inquisition had not a whole nation for its object ; nor did it, while it shunned the odium and the scandal of the auto da fe, and solitary imprisonment,—while it Jeft its victim at large, yet surround him with a net- work of cruelty, and set «brand upon him, which embarrassed and disgraced him in private and in ‘public, which consumed his property and destroyed his comforts, and, though guiltless of his blood, yet visited him with a more complex, perplexing, and disastrous ruin; meeting him in all bis dealings with his neighbours, in the bosom of his family, in the management of bis property; pursuing him with a teasing and relentless persecution, in court, and in parliament, in his own household, and on the high-way, and preserving his life only to make it in- supportable. The Inquisition, satiate with blood, slumbered at times. The penal laws executed themselves, but not fully. The Inquisition blazed out occasionally in all its horrors, and was endured. Civil society was not burned up in these conflagrations ; but, if the penal laws had been always rigidly executed, so- eiety could not have subsisted. The Protestants of Ireland, satisfied, gene-~ rally, with a monopoly of power and profit, sbrank, for the most part, from the execution of the more odious provisions of the law. It is a mistake to think that the penal laws were never executed in their utmost severity and barbarity: they were, frequently. And we could fill our paper with details of the most hide- ous evormities, perpetrated under the authority of these laws. We could present such a phantasmagoria of hunted priests, and rained families— wretches. wailing for their lost subsist- ence, or grasping in agony at perjury and sacrilege to save them from beg- gary, and protect their inheritance. We could exhibit the profaned and * 621 polluted altar, surrounded by the tor- tured victims of persecution, swearing to a falsehood, and avowing their con- formity to be a lie—invoking the Deity to witness their guilt and their misery, and drinking the cup of the New Testa- ment in the midst of horror, agony, and imprecations. Looking into the penal laws as they were first enacted, we find such as it would be an indignity to our nature to suppose capable of defence or excuse, in any possible or imaginable concur- rence of circumstances. They cannot be defended or excused; nor is there now living any one interested in their justification. ‘The Protestants of Ire- land, of our day, are guiltless of the penal code ; they are called upon for no defence of it; no one imputes to them its iniquity. All that was most intole- rable and shocking to our-nature has passed away long since; and that which still lingers on the Statute Book, though deriving its prolonged existence from the spirit of the ancient law, yet pre- sents us with another, though not more sound, defence for its continuance. Itis time to do away witb all disqua- lifications, and all privileges, on account of religious opinions. Religion has been too long the badge of party; a thing by which the aggregation of secu- lar interests could be more completely grouped and arranged; by means of which, those persons who were ranged against each other in fierce contention for power or property, might more easily recognise a friend, or discern an enemy. Religion was not, in most cases, hardly in any case, the cause of the quarrel. It was sometimes the pre- tence ; but more generally it Was car- ried merely as the standards of op- posing hosts, which, Jike the ensigns of armies, are looked upon with some mysterious kind of respect and venera- lion, but are known, after all, to be no more than painted silk or canvass; and, as to the real cause of the contest, are like the idle wind in which they flutter. Legislation ought to limit itself to the actions of men ; it travels out of its pro- per sphere when it undertakes to.deal with their opinions: this is apparent by the miserable failure of all such at- tempts. Whatever is most beautiful or productive for the ornament or support of life, lies open and exposed to: the unhappy meddling of ignorant or inter- ested politicians; but opinions, true or fulse, escape from the grasp of the oppressor, and laugh at the tec a 622 of persecution. The British govern- ment in Ireland destroyed the woollen manufacture of that country, to appease the jealousies of English trade; but its utmost efforts failed against the religion of Rome: the:rage of au excessive and inhuman frenzy, served but to attach the people more strongly to the faith of their fathers. ESTABLISHED CHURCH. 4 No chureh in the world is so singu- larly placed as the Protestant Esta- blished Church of Ireland: a priest- hood, but in many parts of the country no hearers; churches built or building in numerous places, in which there is to be, perhaps, sometimes service, but never congregations; and where it bas happened that a military force has been occasionally necessary to protect the builders from the assaults of the flock. Meek flock! Happy shepherds ! Tithe was a Jewish ordinance, and was expressly -given to the tribe of Levi, as compensation for their tenth portion of the land, which they gave up and threw into the common stock of the country, in order that they might devote themselves more entirely to the service of the temple. This tribe were, therefore, purchasers for full considera- tion of their tithe. The tithe, in their case, was not merely a remuneration for ecclesiastical services; they had a right to it independently of any service of this nature, upon the ground of their having given to their nation a full equi- valent and satisfaction in land. We must, therefore, consider this tribe as having a claim to tithe upon quite ano- ther ground than any which can be mentioned in our day, by any Christian clergy in Europe. We know of no clergy which have given to their nation an equivalent of this sort; nor bave we heard of any individual churchman, however large bis revenue from tithe, making a ces- sion of his private property in favour of the public; though many, holding rich livings, are also in possession of great private fortunes. The church of Ireland, on the con- trary, holds not only the tithe, but immense estates in land also; to the amount, it is said, of several hundreds of thousands annually. The tribe of Levi were not properly the priesthood, these were the descendants: of Aaron exclusively; and these received, not tithes in remuneration for their burden- some services at the temple, but hun- dredths; that is, tenths ofthe tithe. O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. All this is. well known to those who have paid any attention to this subject ; and we have but adverted to it as it lay in our way. The public of this generous age give the whole tithe to the clergy, and take upon themselves, also to build. and repair their churches, and to feed their poor ; and yet that age, and that church in which tithe was first introduced, is called supetstitious, and their devotion to the clergy is held up to scorn and derision as excessive and absurd ! This tax was imposed originally as a maintenance for the poor, as a fund for building and repairing churches, and as a remuneration for certain ser- vices to be performed; such as public worship and religious instruction. Now, have not the people of Ireland a right to demand the repeal of this tax, when it is notorious that not one of these objects are attended to or attained? Where is for them the religious in- struction or the public worship? It has been said, sometimes, that the church is open and the sermon is preached; but this observation is too contemptible to deserve an answer. Tithe is a tax of the very worst kind and character; in its nature it. is more vexatious and oppressive than any other tax whatever; it is unfixed, and requires to be ascertained: anew every year; it is a tax levied for the profit of private persons, and the tax- gatherers are the owners of the tax; it is impossible to imagine a more grinding and objectionable machinery. The clergy are sometimes looked upon as in the nature of state pensioners, turned over by the government to collect their pensions themselves from the people. If government must have a favourite priesthood, it were well that it should, itself, collect the tax, and pay with its own hand its own-favoured dependants. No pensioner ought to be permitted to levy his own pension on the public; in a_ well-regulated commonwealth, the state should be the only collector of taxes; the powers of government should. be: intrusted, to no private-hands for private purposes. The tendency of the tithe-system is to injure the establishment, by bringing into the church persops wholly, unfit for the: ministry; and. whose only ob- jects are the ease, the idleness, and the wealth, it affords. All establishments are full of such persons; and this evil might have been endured in past times, when power might have laughed at principle, O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. principle, and set common sense at defi- ance; but this canbe done no longer; and it will be well if some remedy can be devised for this inveterate disease, which threatens to devour the church. We have one word to say upon the subject of church rates. This is frequently a very severe tax, and it is one levied upon the public of the Roman Catholic communion ina very unjustifiable manner. Is a new church to be built,--who is to determine whether the old one is insufficient, or a new one necessary? Perhaps there are no Pro- testants in the parish—Whosoever is to determine this point, the Catholics are to pay for building the church, if it be to be built. Funds are easily ob- tained from the Board of First-Fruits ; but the Board must be repaid: this is done by a tax levied on the parish, for, perhaps, twenty years after. This isa heavy tax, without representation, and in which the people have no choice. What becomes in this case of the argument about notice? Did the farmer know, when he took his farm and calculated his rent, that he should have to pay this extravagant tax during, perhaps, the whole of his term? Is it right, that a whole parish should be taxed to build a church for, possibly, two or three individuals?—that the poor should build places of worship for the rich, in order that these may pray commodiously and at free cost, while the impoverished peasantry wor- ship in buildings resembling barns? Surely the established church of Ire- land, the richest church in Europe, might afford to relieve the poor of the Roman Catholic persuasion from this infliction! Itis not right that Catho- lics should be compelled to build churches for Protestants. It is not right that those who live upon potatoes and sour milk, should be called on to build elegant churches for those who fare sumptuously and drink wine every day. vie CHURCH OF ROME IN IRELAND. Ireland is the only country which presents us with the singular spectacle of two great and perfect national church establishments; an establishment for the rich, and an establishment for the poor. There ‘are some poor Pro- testants and some rich Roman Catho- lics; this, however, is the leading dis- tinction; but the poor support both establishments. Never was there a priesthood sup- plied with such abundant and mighty 2 623 means, for operating whatever effect they might think proper upon the people. What have dhey accom- plished? We might answer this question, by drawing a picture of the Irish peasantry ; ferocious, artful, idle, sanguinary. We might point to a) long dist of dread enormities,—we might. exhibit . their fierce feuds, and rustic and deadly enmities; their vengeance .appeased with blood only,—their deceitfulness, exeept only in those compacts where the laws are to be violated, and crimes are to be perpetrated,—and, when we had drawn such a picture, we would ask, what has been the working of the two establishments in Ireland? Have these people been really Christianized by the expensive machinery ostensibly applied for this purpose ? And when it is considered, also, that the natural qualities of the Irish peasantry are uncommonly fine; that they are kind, affectionate, zealous, devoted, generous, faithful, intelligent, and brave; we shall be called to mourn over ruins more melancholy than those of Palmyra. It is true, that many of the exccsses of this people can be traced to the pressure. of various calamities with which the priesthood are no way concerned; and_ that, perhaps, hardly any knowledge of their daties would wholly restrain the vio- lence which flows from these sources. The religion of this people is, for the most part, a kind of. fatalism; they tell you of their crimes and their cala- mities,—that it was before them to commit and endure, and they could not escape it. How could they con- tend with fate? It was appointed for them to do and to suffer, and they have but accomplished their destiny; they confess that this is not the language of the priest, but it isnevertheless true; the priests, they admit, know every thing, but then they tell them only what they judge proper. In Ireland, the servant, who will rob you without compunction, will rather be without food than eat flesh-meat on fast days. ‘The poor female outcast of the street, lost in vice and abandon- ment, is a punctual observer of | the numerous festivals of her church. There are many who, if they were without these means. of self-delusion, would still cling to their vices in. open defiance of conviction, but a great number would abandon them in horror of ‘their deformity, when dragged from every cover 624, cover, and exhibited in the light of truth, The Roman church pretends to a kind of infallibility, not accurately de- fined. But the priest of this infallible church is often a very weak and fallible man, ‘The people are called upon to distingnish between the organ of a perfect church, and perfect as an organ, and the imperfect and sinful being who is placed in this situation; ‘it is im- possible to make this distinction, and the cause of truth, and the authority of religion, suffer in the person of their supposed organ. The people identify the priest and the doctrine ; they have no Other standard to refer to, for they are unacquainted with the gospel, which alone is perfect and unchangeable. The clergy of this church generally oppose the instruction of the people, if connected with the reading of the Scriptures. We have scen the crowded and shrieking children turned forcibly sut of the schools, which charity had erected for their instruction; we have scen the litile frighted victims, rushing from the quiet and happy asylum which had been provided for them,.and wander- ing in despondency upon the roads, where they were condemned by their “« Christian pastors” to resume their old habits of vice and idleness. If the parents enquire the reason of this strange proceeding, they are told, that the Scripture is a book they must not look into; it would make them Protestants. A higher compliment than this was never made to the pro- testant faith: if they happen not to be suiliciently terrified by the bugbear of protestantism, and are still inclined to send their children to school, they are told that punishment will assuredly follow; abso*ution will be refused the offender, the sacrament will be with- held in time of need, and he will be suffered to die without Christian rights ; and the terrified victim of poverty and superstition is subdued. The time is come when the text must be restored. The New Testament is nothing more than a simple narrative of the establishment of Christianity, and the preaching of the apostles. Is it not amazing arrogance in any churcn- men to set aside forcibly the preaching of the apostles, and to substitute their own. ‘The apostles still preach in the gospels; but, say the clergy of the Roman cburch, their preaching is ob- scure, and unfit for the people; we will lead them to the truth by a surer road. O' Driscol’s Views of Ireland. Such is the modesty of modern church- men; but our concern is for the people, the victims of so many tyran- nies. The Roman Catholic clergy are left to collect what they can from the people ; and their exactions have been sometimes, and in some places, matter of serious complaint. ‘To these the Captains Rock, of different periods, have frequently directed their attention. In some parts of Ireland, -the: priest's dues are regulated by the bishop) of the diocese; but, generally, they get what they can; and levy their fees for marriage, baptism, &c. «according to what they conceive to be the ability of the pexty. These charges are, there- fore,; sometimes very high; for the party cannot go ont of the parish; the rule of the chnrch being, to give to every parish-priest a monopoly of his own cure. The Roman Catholic clergy possess a perfect knowledge of the state of the country; a knowledge very rare and difficult to be acquired. in - Ireland. They are not always capable of reason- ing well, or drawing right conclusions, from what comes under their notice, and the scenes and feelings that lie open to their view; but there are some amongst them very capable of this; and their meetings are so frequent, at conferences, visitations, &c. that they have every opportunity to combine, and compare their observations. The un- controuled power of the higher clergy, gives to the whole corps ecelesiastique, much of the discipline and subordination of a military body. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF IRELAND.— SOCINIANISM. We have known few Socinian con- gregations, a majority of which were not pure Deists, who yet thought it right to observe the decency of public worship, or expedient to avoid the reproach of decided infidelity. Soci- nianism, as a middle term between Christianity and unbelief, is surrounded with difficulties; it treats the Scripture as in part unintelligible and inconsistent, and therefore to be in part rejected, or explained with such latitude and free- dom, permitted to the expositors, as would not be thought decent to allow in the case of any ordinary writer. A Socinian must consider the Divine Spirit as the worst author that ever put pen to paper; and accordingly he treats him as never author was treate before. boil Presbyterianism, O' Driscol’s Views of Ireland. Presbyterianism, we are told, implies a mode of church government only, no matter what may be the faith or pro- fession of its members. ‘The worship of such congregations may be Cbris- tian or anti-christian; but, provided the congregations be organized in a certain manner, and assume a certain appellation, they are Presbyterian. ‘These congregations may adore the goddess of reason, or bow down before the idols of Africa or India, and they would still be Presbyterian. We would not object to a name, but names are sometimes matiers of importance. The Presbyterian church is one of great emiucuce in the world. It were well if it could be known what are. her tencts. Numbers are led into error by assuming that the profession of the eburch of Scotlund is that of the Pres- byterian church generally. In Ireland this church wakes no profession of faith. The “Regium Donum” is given to all congregations in Ireland assuming ihe name of Presbyterian, who choose to take it. In this way there may be a great Socinian and Dceistical esta- blishment in that country paid in part ont of the public purse. The disciples of Hume and Voltaire, and the follow- ers of Socinus, might tax the country, that their philosophers may moralize in their pulpits, and argue at leisure upon cause and cffect, and all the phenomena of the moral and physical world. THE POPULATION. A poor and crowded population like that of Ircland, is, indeed, a sad thing ; but this hapless state is not owing, as Mi. Malthus thinks, to the potato; this persecuted root is altogether innocent of the mischief; it has certainly facili- tated the increase of population; but it would also have aided the accumula- lion of wealth, if wealth could have been accumulated in Ireland. But while Great Britain drank the life-blood of the Jand, it was in vain that the people of Ireland lived cheaply, and endured privations ; it was in vain, also, that they grew up into a great nation; their growth was stalk and stem, the tree never flowered. If a family live cheaply and are indus- trious, they will probaby become rich, So it is with a nation: if the Irish live chiefly upon potatoes and export their corn, they ought to bave more money, and more of what money could pur- ehase ; but the money which they ought tu have—that is, the difference between Montuiy Maa, No, 384, 625 a corn anda potato diet, goes in Ireland to pay tithes, taxes, and rents. The cllect, however, would vot be so inju- rious to the country, if so many of the land-owners did not reside abroad, and if the peasant had not two churches, perhaps we ought to say three churches, to pay. Suppose the peasantry lived, as in England, more upon corn, the only consequence would be, that such high rents and taxes could not be paid; but the population would be very little diminished. The regret is not, that the poor in Ireland live upon potatoes, but that they live upon little else, and princi- pally that their cottages are so bad, and their accommodations so wretched. Now their cottages and accommodations may be quite as bad, though they feasted upon corn. ‘The people derive no advantage from their frugality, and the nation but little from its populous- ness. Mr. Malthus has found a short way of disposing of the case of Ireland, by throwing all the blame of her cala- mitics upon the potato; but this writer knew little of Ireland, and appears to have inquired less about it than he did concerning the inhabitants of Kamts- chatka and Japan: though the effect of the potato upon population, of which Ireland affords the most perfect, if not the only instance, isa question of very great interest. The potato has not occasioned nor increased the calamities of the Trish; but these have reduced this people to a more extensive use of that food than otherwise would have happened. The pressure of the last few years has also brought the potato much more into use amongst the poor in England than formerly; and it will be found difficult for them, perhaps, to rise again to the use of corn, War, famine, and disaster, of various kinds, bad brought down the poor of Ireland to the use of the potato, and there they have re- mained, It is sometimes gravely proposed that we should proscribe the potato as a means of improving the condition of the people of Ireland ; but we should rather improye the condition of the people as an effectual means of banish- ing the potato. Whenever a family emerges out of extreme poverty, they rclinguish the exclusive use of this, root, and betake themselves to better dict, The potato was the refuge and re. source of the people of Ircland in the 4L days 626 days of their sufferings, and it is still of infinite value to them. Wholesome, cheap, abundant, and almost unfailing, we would not deprive them of this pre- cious root, which gives to the poorest a kind of independence, soothes the cares, and takes away some of the most besetting anxieties of life. ‘The potato keeps the heart always open, and pre- serves anever ready place for hospi- tality at the peasant’s board. It is not the potato which has too much encouraged population in Treland: —it is the want of good habits; the want of self-respect; the Jong and grievous oppression from which the people have not yet recovered—which has taught them to live like the beasts of the field, and be content with the meanest accommodations, and the scan- tiest and poorest fare with which life can be sustained. The complaint in Ireland, then, is not of an excessive population; for there is food enough, and to spare, and the population can never be excessive where this is the case; the evil isin the want of that employment which the war supplied. The war was a thing suited to the taste and habits of the people; so was agriculture, which that war encouraged: the war also destroyed many of the small manufactures of Ireland. In periods of stagnation the hands enlisted, and when a demand returned, they were not to be collected, and the manufacture was ruined. MR. OWEN’S PLAN, Mr. Owen says that his plan is new, both to the theorist and the practical man. We think he is mistaken in this. His plan is, in truth, nothing more than’ the plan of the Jesnits, in the days of their prosperity, with the addition of women and- female children, and, perhaps, of spade cultivation. We say perhaps, for we think the Jesuits were not unacquainted with the advan- tages of this mode of cultivation. Something like Mr, Owen’s plan may be discerned in the wonderful establish- ments of this society in South America, and in their school establishments, at this day, in various parts of Europe. Of the same nature, also, are the esta- blishments of the Moravians, which have been copied from the model of various socicties in the early Christian church. Much of the distress we have obser- ved in the lower classes of society, arises from their inaptitude to turn themselves, when occasion requires, O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. from one pursuit to another. It would tend greatly to improve their condition, if the cultivation of the ground were combined much more extensively than at present with the occupations of the tradesman and artizan. This would not only make the mana more intelligent and respectable being, but would give him also something to lean against, and prevent him from falling into that utter destitution which is now the lot of the tradesman unemployed for a season. Mr. Owen’s plan combines the ad- vantages of agriculture and manufac- tures: but it combines more. It supplies the economy of a common kitchen and table for multitudes of families,—a common system of education for the children, a community of property if desired,—and over all these there is to be placed a government, of what sort is not clearly defined, which is to be the controling and binding principle of the grand machine. In our opinion, Mr. Owen’s plan is practicable—bnt only to a limited ex- tent. We think it may be usefully employed as a partial and occasional relief; and we believe that it involves principles of the highest utility and importance, and capable of being ap- plied to some extent, with great advan- tage. But Mr. Owen seems to con- template a very general, if not universal, application of his system. We doubt if this would be desirable. We are sure it would not:be practicable. A great number of such powerful machines in motion would have an effect, of whatsoever kind, that would be irre- sistible. They would change, for a while, the face of society; and if they were to fall into disorder or crumble, by any fatality, into ruin, such an event would be attended with the most fatal consequences. ~ DUBLIN, Few empires boast three such capitals as London, Edinburgh, and Dublin. The prevailing spirit of the great me- tropolis, as of the great nation of which it is the chief city, is mercantile ; that of Edinburgh, literary. and medical; of Dublin, political and legal. The great political questions, which, for ages, agi- tated Ireland, and are still unsettled, have made her capital the theatre of politics and faction; the Union, which withdrew the legislature, zave to the pro- fession of the law a decided preponde- rance in society. it O’ Driscol’s Views of Treland. It might have been thought that, at least, this advantage would have ac- crued from the Union, that shaking off the fangs of faction, Dablin would have devoted herself to literature and science; but the people of Ireland were disap- pointed in this, as in all other, the pro- mised advantages of that measure. Dub- lin continues to be the seat of faction, though it is no longer the dwelling- place of those great interests which relieve fac- tion of its meanness, and cover all its deformities. The capital of Ireland did not become, as Edinburgh, a school of medicine, or a school of any thing ; its rich and splendid college did not make it literary; this great establishment was dumb; and so jealous was it that no earthly sound should be heard in its halls, that silence was imposed upon the exercises of its youth, lest some infant genias should disturb the profound re- pose of timid and conscious dulness. The Historical Society, which bad ex- isted solong, and in times of so much po- litical agitation, has been suppressed since the Union. Strangers, in Dublin, are struck with the elegance and beauty of the streets, and the taste and grandeur of the public buildings, and the fine and fortunate disposition of the whole. This ancient city stretches along both banks of the Liffey, and opens her bosom to the ocean, forming the far-famed and beau- tifal bay which bears hername. On one side, she is girt with the rich fields of Meath; and on the other, encompassed with the wild -and lovely scenery of Wicklow. There isnocity morehappily placed, or combining greater or rarer advantages, In Dublin, since the extinction of the legislature, though the law has become the ruling profession, it has lost, other- wise, much of its importance; it is now no more than a means of making money ; it was, formerly, the highway to fame; the road which genius took to reach its natural elevation, those heights were wisdom and virtue laboured for the weal of their native Jand. It has been said, that the public build- ings of Dublin are too sumptuous and expensive fora city of the second order ; we are of another opinion; we admire public magnificence, as much as we con- demn private parade. The old Roman stepped from his humble shed into the grandeur of the imperial city, and felt his importance increased as he walked amongst the domes and columns which aticsted the power and splendour of the 627 commonwealth ; in these, he, too, had a property, in common with the highest men in Rome; this was his country, and these were her glorious ornaments. Ours is an age of private enjoyment ; the genius of architecture is condemned to labour upon a small scale, for the gratification of individual pride or taste. Hence the poverty of London in its- pub- lic buildings, and the wealth of that great city, in its private circles; even the bridge of Waterloo, the finest piece of architec- ture the metropolis can boast, owes its existence to private adventure. The public can afford to build upon a greater scale than even the wealthiest individual; and it possesses also a kind of immortality, which gives permanence to ifs works: the hand of a continuing care. sustains and preserves them ; and even when that hand is withdrawn, when the day of fate is at length arrived, and nations sigh their last, these glorious monuments endure, and stand out in the wilderness, to tell of genius and power, of which there is no other record, and to supply us with a portion of the history of our race, and of their sad fortunes, of which otherwise there were no account. It is said that Dublin has not suffered from the effects of the Union, in the de- gree that was anticipated. The grass is not seen growing in her streets. True: Dublin has thriven, spite of the Union; but what would she not be now, had the Union not taken place? Our re- gret is not, however, for what Dublin has lost, but for what the rest of the country has not gained. UNIVERSITIES. Dublin College is reproached with being barren: its possessors have given nothing to the world worthy of notice ; and this has been accounted for by the severe course of study which a fellow- ship requires; after this, it is said, the intellect is exhausted, and a man requires a whole life of repose. The weaith of the fellowships is also thought to incline those learned persons to idleness: but neither of these causcs appear to us suffi- cient to account for the intellectual bar- renness of the college. Men who have undergone as much mental labour as the fellows, and men as rich, have shone in the brightest paths of literature and science, f We helieve the fact to be, that they are not the brightest men of the country, or of the college, who obtain fellowships. The course of study by which those rich prizes are won, requires more of labour and memory than of intellect; if there is talent, 628 talent, and we know that there is, amongst the fellows, it has made its way, spite of its own natare, into this cave of Trophonius, and sits ill at case in its dull chair. The fine genius of Burke could never -have made its way to the honours which waited upon the intellect ef Barrett ; Grattan could never have groped to a fellowship, and Curran felt the hopelessness of the case. The University of Dublin is too rich: like the reformed Church of Ireland, the college was liberally endowed with lands, originally “not their own:”’ and both these learned and pious bodies, are sut- fering under a woeful profusion of the good things of this world. Learning needs not wealth, but competence: riches and poverty are alike injurious to it; the one cloys, the other chills it. It would be of the greatest advantage to these bodies, if some mode were «devised to purge them, without violence of their excess of wealth—a power of making very long leases, would, perhaps, do this. It would be of the greatest advan- tage to the country also, which suffers severcly by the great extent of this pro- perty, and the law which restrains its disposal. EDUCATION. The state takes little care for the edu- cation of the people ; it instructs them neither in the laws of socicty, nor informs ahem of the ordinances of God ; it leaves the important season of youth’all un- guarded and uncultivated ; it looks with cold negicet upon the friendless outcast, whose early age has been exposed to the blight of vice, and the awful visitation of indigence’ and calamity; but, when grown up to the age of manhood, the sa- vage whom socicty has formed by neg- Jeeting—who has grown ferocious in the crowded wilds of civilized depravity, ‘without any of the high and redeeming qualities of his red brother of the woods, without his knowledge of nature, or even his imperfect morality, and without any of the culture or the humanities of that order of society which surrounds bim ;— when he comes to take his revenge, with what expense, with what effort and diffi- culty is he guarded against, or cut off— if he perish, he has, ere this, perhaps in- flicted on some innocent individuals that ruin he was preparing for himself; his ruthless hand ‘has cut off the - father from his children, or he bas plundered the orphan of his bread. Trace ihe career of one of these vic- tims of society, and mark how, at every step, he accumulates crime, and scatters O' Driscol’s Views of Ireland. misery, and destroys property ; and then, think an instant, at how trifling an ex- pense, and how simple an arrangement, all this mighthave been prevented. Had there been but some cheap and humble provision for the education of this child of misfor{une,—bad bis mind been ele- vated by the history of Ged’s dealings with his ereatures, and his heart softened by the Gospel,—if he had been soothed by some little attention bestowed upon his infant years,—if he had_been taught to know that Heaven looked down with interest upon his course, and to feel that society took care for bis welfare,—he would have repayed this cheap, but pre- cious concern, by supporting those laws which be has violated, and added. his portion to the general stock of the in- dustry and happiness of the community. It is in the cold and desolate regions of wretchedness and despair that crime recruits her battalions, and marks her victims. Experience has clearly shewn, that little is to be effected towards the pre- vention of crime, by a process which leaves the heart to its natural corruptions, and to the brutalizing influence of vicious associations; and then coldly exhibits the gibbet and the prison to check the carcer of wickedness in its maturity. It has been ascertained, that it ismuch cheaper, and better, to educate the young and ductile mind; to train it up to the love of God, and of goodness, and to implant, in the young heart, respeet for the order of society, and the law of the land, than by prosecution and conviction, by shed- ding the blood, or transporting the per- son, of the grown and hardened offender, to vindicate the safety of society. Education must go before reiigion ; the Jabours of the school-master must pre- pare the way for those of the clergyman. t is enough for the latter if he sow the seed, and water the field in due season, and attend to the growth of the weak and tender shoots, and be vigilant to re- move obstructions, and to “ bind up the bruised reed.” But if he must also put his hand to the plough—to break up the stubborn soil, and to be. burdened with the toil and the drudgery of every pre- paratory process; or if, what is worse, he be required to sow the precious seed upon the barren heath, which no plough has touched, or industry laboured, he will have, with all his care and exertion, but a poor crop. Liberty, philosophy, truth, and reason, came with the opening of the books of the gospe] ; and when all mankind paail lave O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. have read and fearned their duties, at this high and only infallible authority, the remnant of disorder and barbarity that is in the world, shall disappear, and no- thing remain, which is not, unhappily, the inalicnable inheritance of human nature. The religious contrivances of men are without authority; no one is deccived by them. This man preaches forms and ceremonies of one kind—that person in- sists upon observances of another de- scription: even in the same church, each individual gives to the religion he preach - es the tinge and colouring of his own peculiar character and views; he lays it down, as a rule of strict discipline, or he shades it away as a system of amiable and loose morality; or he presents it decorated, and overlaid with ceremonials. in whatever way he exhibits it to public view, the people can well discern and understand, that his religion is not the religion of the next parish: nor the re- figion of the former incumbent, nor, pro- bably, that of him who will succeed the present. Take tho peasantry of Ircland,—and what monstrous imaginations, what wild and strange conceptions, will they not be found to entertain concerning reli- gion! Can they be calied Christians?— Take the peasantry of England, and what dull and stupid ignorance, upon these important topies, will you not find amongst them? Yet all these have been reared wp in the bosom of establishments, and are the faithful sons of the two oldest and greatest establishments in these countries. Is it much, then, to ask that the peo- ple be made Christians? And who are they who oppose the process by which we would chiristianize the people?) We hhave scen the ministers of the two great establishments opposed to each other, as {hey are in many things, yet combi- ning in this work. But not all. There are some, cyen inthe church of Rome, who feel the urgency of the occasion, and know that an eflectual Christianity is the only security for the peace of the country; the only mound whicl: can stay this wild ocean, this overflowing popula- tion, which struggles and roars aloud to leap over the embankments and defences of the law. Anedueated population makes a thou- sand chaunels for itself, and flows off imperceptibly and without injury to the establishments that sustain the state. An educated man has many resources. He can apply himself to various pur- 629 suits. [Je ean seek a livelihood in fto- reign lands, if his native country should not afford him employment. Athame, the intelligence he has acquired will make him an object of some respect and consideration; abroad, his enlarged ca- pacities open the way to uscfulness, and he falls readily into some place prepared for him. But the imbruted peasant is a clod attached to the soil; he has no re- source in calamity; he is generally un- acquainted with the outlets whieh may be open to him ; he is unqualified to improve any advantage which may occur ; he has but one mode or means of subsistence ; and his general want of intelligence, and ignorance of all beside the narrow spot upon which he toils, and the drudgery to which he isaccustomced, take away allres- pect from his character. He is exposed to every insult and injury; abused, wrong- ed, oppressed, with impunity; he stands a forlorn and defenceless victim ; his ab- ject poverty places him without the pale of law; he sinks lower than the level of the brute; for man, in a state of deep _ ignorance, and utter destitution, is far beneath the wild animal of the woods. But low as he may sink, he is not un- mindful of his wretchedness and injuries, and he is ever ready to take a fearful vengeance upon society, which has op- pressed, neglected, and brutalized bim. We recommend to educate the people: we strongly recommend a religious eda- eation. Aid the labours of the churches by the dissemination of the gospels ; for, without this, experience has shown that they labour to no purpose. Edueate the people—How many col- leges and establishments are there richly endowed, and well taken care of, for the education of the higher classes—of those who can well afford to educate them- selves; while the funds, appropriated to the education of the poor, by the piety of past ages, or the benevolence of indi- viduals, have been lost and squandered, and become the prey of impious peeula- tion; and rulers and parliaments have looked on with cold indifference, while the indigent were cheated of their most precious inheritance. Try education: try what the Holy Seriptures will doz be not alarmed, for these can do no evil. Are you appre- hensive fur this or that establishment? If these establishments are founded upon the trath, you need not fear for them: if they have not this foundation, how are they to be supported? Or how can you wish to uphold them? Are not the it plo 630 ple more than the establishment? And is it not confessed that they are in utter ignorance of their duties as men, as sub- jects, and as Christians. The poor of Ireland are educated at the expense of British benevolence, and yet we see numerous societies in Ireland sending money abroad for the instruction of the Jew and the Heathen! This is the vanity of charity. Every person en- gaged in pursuits of charity, is not, we fear, to be set down as charitable. ‘There is a fashion in these things also; there are charitable coteries, and religious co- teries ; and the talkers and pretenders in these circles do infinite mischief to the cause of yeal religion and charity. Up and down, in these societies, you meet with characters of real worth and un- affected virtue. The pretenders, and the mere religious and charitable gossi- pers, are easily known. With these, charity and religion is taken up as a means of acquiring notoriety, as an intro- duction to good society, or as a resource against ennui or idleness. They have need of something to talk about, and to interest them to a certain degree; but they make no sacrifices: what they give in the way of charity is very small, just enough to save appearances, and mea- sured with a cautious and timid hand, Jest any inroad should be made upon their comforts, or the rising structure of their wealth be at all impaired. Some of these are cunning managers, and traffic rather in the charity of others than their own: some are wealthy persons, living in circles of religious Juxury, whose charities are very sparing and economi- cal, but whose parties exhibit a rich dis- play of whatever can gratify the senses, or delight the palate, or flatter the vanity of the entertainer, and make the religious guests admire and envy. There is a class of publications, which, in this reading age, has served to fill the ranks of religious pretenders and triflers. We allude to religious novels. We have heard of certain con- gregations of Methodists, who, having set their psalms to the music of our most popular airs, justified this inno- vation, by saying, they were determined “that the devil should not have all the good music.” So, perhaps, our writers of religious fiction are resolyed, that the arch fiend shall not have all the novels. The religious novel has displaced the ordinary novel at the tea-table, and in the closet, and furnished our parties with a phraseology of another kind. 4 O’ Driscol’s Views of Ireland. This is often, we fear, the only change. If we had not ‘these publications, we should not have so many talkers upon religion; but we should have, perhaps, quite as many impressed with its awful truths. We are inclined to think we should have a greater number, because then there could be few self-deceived and deluded, There are numbers who can enter into the sentiment of the reli- gious novel, and feel, and, perhaps, weep, and give a little occasional alms, whose religion is all upon the surface of the mind: at bottom is the love of the world, and the pride of life, and the selfishness which hardens the heart against real suffering, while it melts at imaginary woe. In speaking of education societies, the “‘ Dublin Society for the Education of the Poor of Ireland,” Kildare-place ; the “London Hibernian Society,” the “Cork Hibernian School Society,” and the ‘‘ Baptist Society,” deserve our warmest commendation. All these have made the Holy Scriptures indispen- sable in their system. And this has been made a ground of objection to them. We have elsewhere stated our opinion, that Scripture education is es- sential for the poor. The first objection made to the circulation of the Scriptures amongst the people by the clergy. of the church of Rome, was upon the ground, only, that the version attempted to be distributed, was the authorised, or Protestant one. A number of Catholic and Protestant gentlemen, considering this objection as not unreasonable, en- tered into a subscription, and published an edition of the Remish translation, for circulation in the schools, and in the country. This was no sooner done than the clergy shifted their ground ; and now it appeared that they could not permit the poor to read any version, or edition, whatever of this obnoxious book. Inthose schools, where the adventures of Freney the robber, and Don Bel- lianus of Greece, and other books, with the names of which we shall not stain our paper, had maintained, and continue to maintain, a quiet and immemorial possession, the New Testament was carefully excluded, and violently de- nouneed. We object to the Charter-School sys. tem, because it is the application of the purse of the nation, to which all con- tribute, to the teaching of a particular ereed. We should, in like manner, and for the same reason, object to Catholic schools supported by government funds. Schools, O' Driseol's Views of Treland. 631 Schools, upon the plan contended for, would be strictly Roman Catholic schools, and they would become an abuse as erying as the Protestant charter-schools. We would assert the rights of the state, and the rights of every class and indi- vidual in the community, in the general interest of the whole. Nothing concerns this interest so nearly as the education of the people. It is a false and foolish, and may be a fatal liberality, which would surrender this great question into the hands of any corporation. FUTURE PROSPECT. The church of Rome in Ireland is in possession of all that the establishment wants,—the people and their strong affections. But the faithfulness of the people was, of old, partly political and national, and their affections had em- braced the church as the partner of their sufferings and humiliation. ‘The Jong wars of Ireland had left the coun- try poor, and the people ignorant. But a new scene is opening to this church also. Knowledge is making a rapid progress, and already its career is beyond control. A wise and good go- vernment, and the fading-away of parly distinctions, will lead the people to other associations; they will learn to value their church for what it is, not for what it has suffered. ST. PATRICK. A question has been raised, whether Patrick had any existence beyond a name? Some men have doubted the testimony of the best authenticated his- tory, and some the evidence of their senses. But we have satisfactory proof of the existence of St. Patrick. On the other side, we have only the unsup- ported speculations of ingenious men, which we are bound to reject. St. Patrick had several predecessors, who had prepared the way for his preaching in Ireland. He appears to have reduced the whole island into obedience to the Gospel: how this was accomplished,— ihe difficulties he had to overcome, or the means he employed, we are unac- quainted with; we know little more than his success. Patrick is said to have received ordi- nation from Celestine, bishop of Rome; but he does not appear to have consi- dered this circumstance as at all aflect- ing his free agency as a minister of the Gospel. Nor did Celestine attempt to erect, upon this foundation, any claim to dominion or authority over the church of Ireland. The church of Rome under Celestine, in the fourth century, and the church of Rome under Adrian, in the twelfth, were different churches. The chureh founded by Patrick Jin Ireland was truly national, apostolical, and independent ; it existed about eight hundred years, commencing with the ~ mission of Patrick, and terminating with, the invasion of Henry II. To put am end to this church required the presence of a foreign army, anda potent invader, and the address and cunning of a prac- tised intriguer ; the boldness and power of Henry, and the fraud and falsehood of Adrian: to build it ap, required only the individual zeal and devotedness of Patrick, and the force of truth. ‘The national church of Ireland fell before the united power of England and Rome: these accomplices afterwards quarrelled, and have since been con- tending for the prey, which in those days of their fellowship they had suc- ceeded to entrap. COLLEGE OF MAYNOOTH. The college of Maynooth rose out of the changes brought about by the Trench revolution. The war drove the Catholic students from the colleges of the Continent. The Roman Catholic bishops proposed to provide a domestic education for the youth intended for the church of Rome in Ireland. Govern- ment fell in with these views, and the college of Maynooth was founded. This was a great novelty in Ireland. Great advantages, however, were expected to be derived from it. The youth educated here, free from all foreign prejudice against Britain, and all external taint of disloyalty, were to go ‘orth the best of subjects; full of gratitude towards the state, and rever- ence for state authorities. The Catholic priesthood from henceforth, if not preach- ers of the Gospel, were certain at least of being zealous apostles of loyalty and obedience to the laws. We du not mean to say that this did not take place; but we are certain that it did not to the extent which was anticipated. FATHER O’LEARY. Those who knew the celebrated “Tather O'Leary” may have some idea of this character. There were many of these excellent men more polished, none more amiable : gay, kind, learned, pious, faithful to his sovereign, and attached to the constitution, he de- voted his powerful talents to fix the un- settled foundations of society in Ire- land. Thename he had made, and the influence he had acquired, were em- ployed to shield his country from the desolation 632 desolation of new conflicts. He was truly a minister of peace; and his la- bours were such as became such a miuistration—ibe labours of the church and the closet. He was seem upon no public or profane arena, contending for power and direction in tumultuous as- semblics. The reverend orators of ag- gregate mectings might have studied this distinguished and good man with much profit. The preaching of Dr, O’Leary was very peculiar ;—occasionally pathetic and profound, he would sometimes in- dulge in sarcasm, and represcutations irresistibly comical, He threw over the vice or folly which he lashed such a fool’s coat as stuck to it fur ever. Those who could not be reclaimed by grave rebuke, shrank with horror from the ludierous exhibition, His writings are 2 model of gay, graceful, and clegant composition. In whatever he wrote or said, the kind heart and gentle and cul- tivated spirit were prominent and visible. CATHOLIC BOARD. The Catholic Board, which some years since excited so much intcrest and attention, has, without any assigned cause, declined into insignificance, and almost disappeared. This formidable Board, which ecombated the whole force of government, and withstood the at- tacks of the attorney-general, has sunk beneath the weight of its ewn indis- erctions. - in its origin, it was no more than a committee of gentlemen for the ma- nagement of Catholic: petitions. The first members of this committee were men of distinguished talents, such as Curry, Keough, and others. These, when the Catholics could not rely so much, as they have since done, upon their wealth and numbers, threw a grace and dignity about their proceed- ings. ‘Phe mild manners and learning ef Curry, the talents and eloquence of Keough, gave to their cause, not the aspect of an ¢flort on behalf of a ereed, but the grandeur of a national struggle for freedom, These were succeeded by men of bad taste, and no discretion, The vul- gar bigotry of Dramgole, and the coarse declamation of others, who now assumed to be leaders, gave the com- mittee the semblance of a popish elub, denouncing its adversarics, and Jabour- ing to set up the infallible standard of . Rome; rather than of a committee of Catholic genticmen, taking measures to O Driscol’s Views of Ireland. establish’ the liberties of their native land. The Protestant friends of free~ dom, and of the Catholics, became alarmed and disgusted at this odious phenomenon. They looked with terror and dislike at the new features of menacing and malignant vulgarity which the Board assumed. And when the members proceeded to increase their numbers, and to assume the port and allitude of a representative body, fear fell upon the public of the Protestant belief, and the best friends of the people beeame languid in their cause, if not hostile to it. ORANGE SOCIETIES. The association of United Lrishmen produced the Orange Association. Jixtremes produce cach other. The United Trish Association, criminal as it was, and disastrous to the country, yet combived, in the declared objects of its composition, some of the best principles of our nature ;—love of country, and a high-minded sacrifice of every preju- cice, religious and political, to ihe com- mon good. ‘This Society announced a “union of affection among Lrishmen of every religious denomination,” as the new principle of its organization. The Orange Society was the embo- died spirit of the penal Jaws. Its objeet was to perpetuate the religions and pos litical divisions and distractions of the country, ind to profit by them. The spirit of Orangeism had existed for ages in Ireland; it only now put on its livery, and displayed its glaring insignia. Orangeism sprang up in the northern Trish counties, where also the United Irish Association had its birth. It is remarkable, that the Orangemen re- cruited extensively from the ranks of the ‘‘ United Irish.” Many had joined these ranks who had little principle or pairiotism. ‘Fhese were faithful, while impunity and success marched in the van of the new-raised battalions; and when these forsook the cause, they went with them, and joined the host of the enemy: others were panic-struck, ov affected to be so, at the proceedings of their Romish confederates of the South. Disgusted with such allies, they were easily persuaded to abandon a doubtful and dangerous cause. The principle of the Orange Associa- tion was to uphold the Protestant as- cendancy, to maintain, and, if possible, seeure a monopoly of power, place, and profit; and to these views, to sacrifice, without reserve, all national interest and feeling. Lt was founded upon a syste- matic Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianily in India. matic degradation of the great body of the people; and the consequent dis- grace and prostration of the country, for purposes’ the most selfish and corrtzpt. There is not, in the history of any na- tion, an instance of a more profligate and detestable conspiracy, than that of the Orangemen of Ireland. Most poli- tical associations that we know of have professed to kave views embracing the general interests of the country, and ex- tending to the mass of the people. The objects of this Society were purely and professedly selfish. And of this, their disgrace and opprobrium, they were in the habit of making a guilty and dis- gusting parade. It belongs fortunately to human nature to be sensible of its shame, and to seek to conceal the filth of its degrading propensities. But, when it happens that crowds concur in the indulgence of some base passion, and lend each other a guiliy counte- nance, then are we condemned to see all the decencies of human nature cast aside, and the world is shocked at the display of a hardened and shameless effrontery,—the parade of wickedness and folly glorying in disgrace ! The orgies of this Association were as odious as its principle. Its periodical exhibitions were commemorations of deadly feuds,—of defeat and ruin in- flicted upon many thousands of fami- lies and individuals; the ancestors of these exhibitors, or those of their coun- trymen. We can understand the com- memoration of Waterloo, or Salamanca ; or, under Bonaparte, the celebration of Austerlitz, or Marengo. These were all national triumphs. But the civil wars of France, or of England, furnished no subject of perpetual commemoration to either of these nations. If those nations have not escaped the guilt and misery of civil conflict, yet they have never stooped to the degradation of festivities to per- petuate the memory of their discords. CORPORATIONS. While the public slumbers and is careless, it is the nature of corporations to be wakeful and busy, in increasing their power. Corporate bodies sleep not; they possess the seeret of perpetual motion, and discover in their unceasing and insensible encroachments an en- ergy and sagacity peculiar to themselves, Through their representatives in par- liament, and other means, they procure - acts of the legislature, which pass, almost as of course, and almost without notice; which, with more than the Montuty Mas, No. 384. 633 magic of the Arabian lamp, can build up inan hour the beautiful and en- chanting machinery of innumerable boards, commissioners, and_ trustees, furnished with the fascinating power of taxation. It is surprising what burdens and abuse the public is able to endure ; but the abuses which are every where inlie- rent in corporations are greatly aggra- vated in Ireland. Here they are not merely pestilent masses of political cor- ruption, but they are also the poisoned sources of religious rancour. Corpora- tions in Ireland may be as corrupt as possible, but they must be Protestant. This very necessity adds greatly to the corruption, as it narrows still more the corporate circle, and makes an exclu- sion within exclusion, In England, corporations, therefore, are not so Cor- rupt as in the other country, where much of the material which ought to go to their composition is Catholic. LETTERS ON THE STATE OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA; IN WHICH ONVERSION OF THE HINDOOS IS CONSIDERED AS IMPRACTICABLE., By tue Axpst J, A. DUBOIS, Missionary in Mysore, Author of the Description of the People of India, 8vo. 9s, THE —ar— [This isa work which cannot fail to interest the whole Christian world. The Abbé Dubois, after a mission of thirty years, is better qualified than any man living, to give a decisive opinion upon these subjects, and he has given it in no mea- sured language, as our readers will per- ceive. Great impositions must have been practised on this subject, and much vindication is called for. It seems impos- sible to doubt the circumstances stated by this author, and therefore much mo- ney will henceforward be saved in useless subscriptions. The Abbé’s opinions are the result of thirty years’ observation.] — QUESTION OF CONVERSION. HE question to be considered may be reduced to these two points: First, ts there a possibility of making real converts to Christianity among the natives in India? Secondly, Are the means employed for that purpose ; and, above all, the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the idioms of the coun- try, likely to conduce to this desirable object? 4M To 634. To both interrogatories I will answer in the negative : it is my decided opinion, first, that under existing circumstances there is no human possibility of convert- ing the Hindoos, to any sect of Chris- tianity, and, secondly, that the transla- ‘tion of the Holy Scriptures circulated among them, so far from conducing to this end, will, on the contrary, increase the prejudices of the natives against the Christian religion, and prove in many respects detrimental to it. These as- sertions, coming from a person of my profession, may to many appear bold and extraordinary ; I will therefore support them by such arguments and proofs as a long experience and practice in the career of proselytism haye enabled me to adduce, PAST EFFORTS. The Christian religion of the catholic persuasion was introduced into India a little more than three hundred years ago; at the epoch of the Portuguese inva- sions. One of the first missionaries was the famous St. Francis Xavier, a Span- ish jesuit of the greatest merit, and ani- mated with a truly apostolical zeal, and still known under the appellation of the Apostle of India. He trayersed several provinces of India, and is said to have made many thousand converts, at a pe- riod when the prejudices of the natives against the Christian religion were far from reaching the height they have since attained. The cast of fisherman at Cape Comorin, who are all Christians, still pride themselves in being the offspring of the first proselytes made by that aposile. Xavier soon discovered in the man- ners and prejudices of the natives an insurmountable bar to the progress of christianity among them, as appears from the printed letters still extant, which he wrote to St. Ignatius de Loyola, his superior, and the founder of the order of the jesuits. Atlast Francis Xavier, entirely dis- heartened by the invincible obstacles he every where met in his apostolic career, and by the apparent impossibility of making real converts, left the country in disgust, after a stay in it of only two or three years; and he embarked for Japan, where his spiritual labours were crowned with far greater suecess, and laid the foundation of those once numerous and flourishing congregation of Japanese christfans, who within a period of less than a century, amounted to more than a million of souls. At this time their daily-increasing numbers threatening io Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. supplant the religion of the eountrys awakened the jealously and alarm of the Bonzes and other directors of the popular faith, and gave rise to one of the severest persecutions ever recorded in the annals of christianity, and which ended in the total extermination of the christians. After an interval of nearly two hundred years, this spirit of intole- rance and persecution is still continned, as appears from the conduct observed to this day by the Japanese government towards the Europeans trading to their shores, and from some other circum- stances, The disappointment and want of success of Xavier ought to have been sufficient to damp the most fervent zeal of the persons disposed to enter tho same career. When a man of bis tem- per, talents, and virtues, had been baf- fled in all his endeavours to introduce christianity into India, his successors could scarcely flatter themselves with the hope of being more fortunate. How- ever, this was not the case. His jesnit brethren in Europe were not to be deter- red by difficulties or contradictions in the undertaking, where the cause of religion was at stake. In consequence, jesnils were sent from every catholic country to. India, to forward the interests of the gospel. By degrecs those missionaries intro- duced themselves into the inland coan- try. They saw that, in order to fix the attention of these people, gain their con- fidence, and get a hearing, it was indis- pensably necessary to respect their pre- judices, and even to conform to their dress, their manner of living, and forms of society ; in short, scrupulously to adopt the costumes and practices of the country. With this persuasion, they at their first outset announced themselves as European Brahmins come from a dis- tance of five thousand leagues from the western parts of the Djamboody, for the double purpose of imparting and re- ceiving knowledge from their brother Brahmins in India. Almost all these first missionaries were more or less ac- quainted with astronomy or medicine; the two sciences best calculated to iu- gratiate them with the natives of every description. After announcing themselves as Brah- mins, they made it their study to imitate that tribe: they put on a Hindoo dress of cavy, or yellow colour, the same as that used by the Indian religious teach- ers and penitenis; they made frequent ablations ; Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. ablutions ; whenever they shewed them- selves in publio they applied to their forehead paste, made of sandal wood, as used by the Brahmins. They scru- pulously abstained from every kind of animal food, as well as from intoxicating liquors, entirely faring like Brahmins on vegetabies and milk; in a word, after the example of St. Paul (1 Cor. ix. 20. 21.) “Unto the Jews, they became as Jews, that they might gain the Jews; to them that were without law, as without Jaw. They were made all things to all men, that they might by all means save some.” It was by such a life of almost ‘incredible privations and restraints, that they insinuated themselves among these people. The jesuits began their work under these favourable auspices, and made a great number of converts among all castes of Hindoos, in those countries where they were allowed the free exer- cise of their religious functions. It ap- pears from authentic lists, made up about seventy years ago, which I have seen, that the number of native Chris- tians in these countries was as follows, viz. in the Marawa about 30,000, in the Madura above 100,000, in the Carnatic 80,000, in Mysore 35,000. At the pre- sent time hardly q third of this number is to be found in these districts respec- tively. Uhave heard that the number of converts was still much more considera- ble on the other coast, from Goa to Cape Comorin; but of these I never saw au- thentic lists, At that very time happened the Euro- pean invasion, and the bloody contests for dominion between the English and French. ‘The Enropeans, till then almost entirely unknown. to the natives in the interior, introduced themselves in several ways and under various denomi- nations into every part of the eeuntry. The Hindoos soon found that those mis- sioharies, whom their colour, their talents, and other qualities, had induced them to regard as such extraordinary beings, as men coming from another world, were in fact nothing else but disguised Fringy (Europeans); and that their country, their religion, and original education, were the same with those of the vile, the contemptible Fringy, who had of late invaded their country. This event proved the last blow to the interests of the Christian religion. No more conversions were made ; apostacy became almost general in several quarters; and Christianity became more and niore an object of 635 contempt and aversion, in proportion as the European manners became better known to the Hindoos. PRESENT OPINIONS, The Christian religion, which was formerly an object of indifference, or at most of contempt, is at present become, I will venture to say, almost an object of horror. It is certain that, during the last sixty years, no proselytes, or but a very few, have been made.- Those christians who are still to be met with in several parts of the country, and whose numbers (as I have just men- tioned,) diminishes every day, are the offspring of the converts made by the jesuits before that period. The very small number of proselytes who are still gained over from time to time, are found among the lowest tribes; so are individuals who, driven out from their castes, on account of their vices or scan- dalous transgressions of their usages, are shunned afterwards by every body as outlawed men, and have no other resource Jeft than that of turning chiris- tians, in order to form new connexions in society; and you will easily fancy that such an assemblage of the offals and dregs of society only tends to increase the contempt and aversion entertained by the Hindoos against christianity. In fact, how can our hoiy religion prosper amidst so many insurmountable obstacles?) A person who embraces it becomes a proscribed and outlawed man; he loses at once all that can attach him tolife. A husband, a father is forthwith forsaken and deserted by his own wife and children, who obstinately refuse to have any further intercourse with their degraded relative. A son is unmereifully driven out of his paternal mansion, and entirely deserted by those who gave him birth. By embracing the christian religion, therefore, a Hindoo loses his all, Rela» tions, kindred, friends,—all desert bim'! Goods, possessions, inheritance, all dis- appear! Where is the man furnished with a sufficient stock of cynical fortitude to be able to bear such severe trials? The very name of Christian carries along with it the stain of infamy; and the proposal alone to become a convert to christianity is considered by every well-bred Hindoo as a very serious insult, which is instantly resented, as I have witnessed in repeated instances. Such a proposal must always be made with the greatest prudence and circum- spection, in order not to be exposed to severe 636 severe reproof from those to wham it is addressed. The Christian religion is at the present time become so odious, that in several parts of the country a Hindoo, who sbould happen to have friends or con- nexions among the natives professing this religion, would not dare to own it in public, as he would be exposed to severe reproof for holding a familiar _ intercourse witb (in their opinion) people so degraded. Such is the state of degradation to which Christianity has been reduced in these latter times, and which must be imputed in a great degree to the im- moral and irregular conduct of many Europeans in every part of the country. Besides the Christians of the Catholic persuasion, \there are still existing in some parts of the country small congre- gations of the Lutheran sect; but they are held, if possible, in a still higher de- gree of contempt than the former. PRESENT CHRISTIANS, When I was at Vellore, four years ago, in attendance on a numerous con- gregation living in that place, having been informed that the Lutheran mis- sionaries kept a calechtst, or native reli- gious teacher, at that station, ona salary of five pagodas a month, I was led to suppose that they had a numerous flock there; but I was not a little surprised when, on enguiry, I found that the whole congregation consisted of only three individuals, namely, a drummer, a cook, and a horse- keeper, In the meantime, do not suppose that those thin congregations are wholly composed of converted pagans; at least half consists of Catholic apostates, who went over to the Lutheran sect in times of famine, or from other interested motives. It is not uncommon on the coast to see natives who successively pass from one religion to another, according to their actual interest. In my _ last journey to Madras, I became acquainted with native converts, who regularly changed their religion twice a-year, aud who for a long while were in the habit of being six months Catholic, and six months Protestant. Behold the Lutheran mission esta- blished in India more than a century ago! Interrogate its missionarics, ask them what were their successes during so Icng a period, and through what means Were gained over the few proselytes they made? Ask them whe- ther the interests of their sect are,im- proving, ox whether they are gaining Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. ground, or whether their small numbers are not rather dwindling away? Behold the truly industrious, the un- affected and unassuming Moravian brethren! Ask them how many con- verts they have made in India during a stay of about seventy years by preaching the Gospel in all its naked simplicity ? They wil! caiidlidly answer, “ Not one! not asingle man!” Behold the Nestoriansin Travancore ! Interrogate them; ask them for an account of their success in the work of pr selytism in these modern times? Ask ‘sm whether they are gaining grovad, and whether the interests of their ancient mode of worship is im- proving? They will reply, that so far from this being the case, their congrega- tions once so flourishing, and amounting (according to Gibbon’s account) to 200,000 souls, are now reduced to less than an eighth of this number, and are daily diminishing. Behold the Baptist missionaries at Serampore! Inquire what are their spiritual successes on the shores of the Ganges? Ask them whether they have really the well-founded hope that their indefatigable iabours in endeavouring to get the Holy Scriptures translated into all the idioms of India will increase their successes? Ask them whether those extremely incorrect versions, already obtained at an immense expense, have produced the sincere conversion of a single Pagan? And J am persuaded, that, if they are asked an answer upon their hononr and conscience, they will allreply in the negative. OBJECTIONS. What will a well-bred native think, when, in reading over this holy book, he sees that Abraham, after receiving the visit of three angels under a human shape, entertains his guest by causing a calf to be killed, and served to them for their fare?) The prejudiced Hindvo will at once judge that both Abrabam and his heavenly guests were nothing but vile pariahs; and, without further reading, he will forthwith throw away the book, containing (in his opinions,) such sacrilegivus accounts. What will a Brahmin say, when he peruses the details of the bloody sacri- fices prescribed in the Mosaical law in the worship of the true God? He will assuredly declare, that the God who could be pleased with the shedding of the blood of so many victims immo- lated to his honour, must undoubtedly be a deity of the same kind (far be from me the blasphemy) as the mischievous Hindoo Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. Hindoo deities, Cobly, Mahry, Darma- rajah, and other infernal gods, whose wrath cannot be appeased but by the shedding of blood, and the immolating of living victims. But, above all, what will a Brahmin or any other well-bred Hindoo think, when be peruses in our holy books the account of the immolating of creatures held most sacred by him? What will be his feelings, when he sees that the immolating of oxen and bulls constituted a leading feature in the religious ordi- nances of the Israelites, and that the blood of those most sacred animals was almost daily shed at the shrine of the god they adored? What will be his feelings, when he sees, that after Solomon had at immense expense and Jabour built a magnificent temple in honour of the true God, he made the pratista or consecration of it, by caus- ing 22,000 oxen to be slaughtered, and overiiowing his new temple with the blood of these sacred victims? He will certainly in perusing accounts, (in his opinion so horribly sacrilegious,) shud- der, and be seized with the liveliest hor- ror, look on the book containing such shocking details as an abominable work, (far be from me, once more, the blas- phemy ; Lam expressing the feelings of a prejudiced Pagan,) throw it away with indignation, consider himself as polluted for having touched it, go immediately to the river for the purpose of purifying himself by ablutions from the defilement he thinks he bas contracted, and before he again enters his house, he will send for a Poorohita Brahmin to perform the requisite ceremonies for purifying it from the defilement it has contracted, by iguorantly keeping within its walls so polluted a thing as the Bible. In the mean while he will become more and more confirmed in the idea, that a religion which derives its tenets from so impure a source, is altogether detestable, and that those who profess it, must be the basest and vilest of men. Such are the effects which, in my humble opinion, the reading of the naked text of the Bible cannot fail to produce on the unprepared minds of the prejudiced Hindoos. IT have only cited the above instances, being the first which occurred to my mind in writing this letter; but I could point out in almost every chapter of holy writ passages nearly as exception- able, and which it would be equally dangerous to exhibit without a long pre- ‘ious explanation to the prejudiced Mindoo, 637 Being at Carricaul, about twenty- eight years ago, I preached on a Sunday to the assembled congregation a sermon in the Tamul language, on the divine origin of the Christian religion. Among other topics to prove my subject, I insisted on the intrinsic weakness and inadequacy of the means employed in the establishment of this religion, gene- rally hated and persecuted every wher, quite destitute of all human support, and left to its own resources amidst every kind. of contradictions. I seve- ral times repeated, in treating this topic, that the Christian religion had for its founder a peasant of Galilee, the son of a humble carpenter, who took for his assist- ants twelve low-born men, twelve igno- rant and illiterate fishermen! These words —the son of a carpenter ! twelve fishermen! many times repeated, gave offence to my audience, which was entirely composed of native Christians; and the sermon was no sooner finished than three or four of the principal among them came and in- formed me, that the whole congregation had been highly seandalized by hearing me apply to Christ the appellation of the son of a carpenier, and to his apos- tles that of fishermen; that I could not be ignorant that the casts both of car- penters and fishermen were two of the lowest and vilest in the country; that it was highly improper to attribute to Christ and his disciples so low and abject an origin; that, if Pagans, who sometimes come through motiyes of curiosity to their religious assemblies, heard such objectionable accounts of our religion, their contempt and hatred of it would be considerably increased, &e.&e. Finally, they advised me, if in future I had occasion to mention in my sermons the origin of Christ or bis apos- tles, not to fail to say that both were born in the noble tribe of kshatrys or rajahs, and never to mention their low profession. Another instance of the kind bappen- ed to me afew years ago in this part of the country, when, in explaining to the congregation the parable of the Prodi- gal Son in the ‘tospel, I mentioned the circumstance of the prodigal’s father having, through joy, killed the fatted calf to regale his friends, on account of the return of his reformed son. After the lecture some Christians told me, in ra- ther bad humour, that my mentioning the fatted calf was very improper, and that if, as sometimes happened, pagans had been present at the lecture, they would have been confirmed, on hearing of the fattened calf, in the opinion ei a 638 all entertained of the Christian religion being alow or pariah religion. They advised me, in the mean time, if in fu- ture I gave an explanation of the same parable, to substitute a lamb instead of the fatted calf. NESTORIANS. As I am speaking of the Christians living in Travancore, this will be the place to give you such information as T possess, upon the till fw supposed Nestorian congregations settled in that country, who boast themselves to be the offspring of the converts made there by the Apostle St. Thomas. Several, and in many respects contra- dictory accounts of this sect have of Jate been published, some writers sup- posing them Nestorians, and others as- serting them to be Eutychians. However, therc is littleroom to doubt, that, when they were first visited by the jesuit missionaries about two centuries ago, they all were found obstinately to adhere to the tenets professed by Nesto- rius, whose errors, condemned at first in the general council of Ephesus, and afterwards in that of Chalcedon, when renewed by Dioscorus, where the sub- ject of so many controversies in the ehureh, from the sixth to the end of the eighth centuries. Their chief error relates to the mys- tery of incarnation. They reject the authority of the first four general coun- cils, which are the first council of Nice, the first of Constantinople, that of Ephe- sus, and that of Chalcedon, in which councils, the Christian faith about the incarnation was clearly defined and vin- dicated against the new-fangled doc- trines of Arius, Nestorius, Eutychus, and other sectaries ; and their leading error was, to admit with Nestorius, a single nature and two distinct persons in Christ; while the Eutychians acknowledge two natures and two persons, They above all deny the Blessed Virgin the title of Theo-tocus. or Mother of God, asserting that the Son of God did not assume a soul and a body in her womb. ' This sect has preserved the eeccle- siastical hierarchy, consisting among them of a patriarch, bishops, and an inferior clergy. The Nestoriaus own obedience in religious matters to the patriarch of Babylon, and the Euty- chians are said to acknowledge the authority of the patriarch of Antioch. Their bishops derive their authority from either, and they ordain the inferior elergy by the imposition of hands. Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. They admit seven sacraments, in common with the catholic church. They have the mass, and admit the real presence of Christ in the eucharist. They have not the auricular confession, but they admit purgatory, prayers for the dead, and invocation of saints. They have numberless fasts during the course of the year ; they use candles, tapers, incense, and haye many more external ceremonies than the catholics in the exercise of their religious func- tions; but they allogether reject the worship of images, except the bare cross, Which is set up in all their churches, and to which they pay wor- ship. Their waste of frankincense is very considerable, as they perform no religious ceremonies in their churches and at home, without being surrounded by clouds of smoke of incense. Their clergy lived till lately in celi- bacy ; but I have heard that some pro- testant missionaries had recently pre- vailed upon many of them to marry, and that it was the only success they had to boast of. THE HINDOOS. The Hindoos are a people so pecu- liarly circumstanced, that I consider it next to impossibility to make among them real and sincere Christians. The force of prejudice is known to all; and every one knows, also, that no people in the earth were ever such slayes to education and customs as they are. It is well known, also, that the intro- duction of any neW usages and re- gulations, either religious or civil, among them, has at all times bafiled the utmost endeavours of all their fierce conquerors, their attachment to their own institutions has always been invin- cible, and their horror of every novelty insurmountable. Tbe Hindoos are a people entircly different from all others. You may, if you choose, exercise over them the most despotic sway; you may oppress them by every kind of tyranny ; you may overload them with taxes, and rob them of their property ; you may carry away their wives and children, load them with chains and send them into exile :— to all such excesses they will perhaps submit; but, if you speak of changing any of their principal institutions, either religious or civil, you will find a quite ungovernable people, never to be over- come on this point ; and it is my decided opinion, that the day when government shall presume to interfere in such matter, will be the lastof its political esd ef 1 ¥ ‘is Abbe Dubois’ State of Christianity in India. This force of custom is remarked among the native Christians, as well as among the pagans. The former shew in all their religious concerns an apathy or insensibility, a dullness, bordering in most instances on stupidity. Indeed, the education of all Hindoos renders them incapable of acquiring new ideas, and every thing which varies from the established customs is rather odious, or at least indifferent to them. It is not that they want wit, pene- tration, and aptness in the matters in Which they were brought up, or those in which their temporal interests are compromised; but it is impossille to instil new principles, or infuse new ideas into their minds. Besides that, surrounded on all sides by a religion which speaks to the senses, allures and bewilders its votaries by all kinds of sensual gratifications in this life, and in that which.is to come, their minds are too gross to understand a religion which speaks only to the spirit, exhibits to them only inscrutable mysteries, and Promises them chiefly spiritual enjoy- ments, In fact, in discoursing upon the Chris- tian religion with the Hindoos, your hearers will readily agree with you upon all that you say; but they will feel nothing. When you discourse upon such topics, either among the Chris- fians or pagans, your hearers, sitting down on their heels, or cross legged, will patiently, and with frequent assent- ing nods, listen to you. But, after preaching to them in this manner for several days, ask them for an account of your sermons, or moral instructions, and you will fiud that they have com- prehended nothing, and that you have laboured in vain, because instead of speaking to their senses, you endeavour- ed to speak to their minds. HINDOO CHRISTIANS. This Hindoo pageantry is chiefly seen in the festivals celebrated by the native Christians. ‘Their processions in the streets, always performed in the night-time, have indeed Leen to me at alliimes a subject of shame. Accom- panied with hundreds of tom-toms, (small drums,) trumpets, and all. the discordant noisy music of the country ; with numberless torches, and fire-works: the statue of the saint placed on a ear Which is charged with garlands of flowers, and other gaudy ornaments, according (to the taste of the country, —the car slowly dragged by a mullti- tude shouting all along the march— 639 the congregation surrounding the car all in confusion, several among them dancing, or playing with small sticks, or with naked swords: some wrestling, some playing the fool: all shouting, or conversing with each other, without any one exhibiting the least sign of respect or devotion. Such is the mode in which the Hindoo Christians in the inland country celebrate their festivals. They are celebrated, however, with a little more decency on the coast. They are all exceedingly pleased with ‘sach a mode of worship, and any thing short of such pageantry, such confusion and disorder, would not be liked by them. If any one among the pagans still shews a desire to turn Christian, it is ordinarily among out-casts, or quite helpless persons, left without resources or counexions in society, that they are to be found. They, generally speak- ing, ask for baptism from: interested motives. Few, if any of these new converts, would be found, who micht be said to have embraced Christianity from conviction; and I have every reason to apprehend, that as long as the usages and customs of the Hindoos continue unimpaired, it is perfect non- sense to think of making among them true and sincere proselytes. BRAMAH RELIGION. The Hindoos may be divided into two classes—the impostors and the dupes. The latter include the bulk of the population of India; and the for- mer is composed of the whole tribe of Brahmins. Now, in a society com- posed of such materials, we can enters tain but very faint hopes of improving the interests, or extending the benefits of the Christian religion. The Brahmins, in framing their system of imposture, and in devising the monstrous worship prevailing | all over India, not only used every artifice in their power to adapt it to the dispo- sitions of a simple and credulous peo- ple, but, above all, they employed alf possible means to establish in this way, ina permanent and indisputable man- ner, the high power and ancontroverted control they have always exercised over the other tribes. It is asin, it is a crime, a sacrilege: in every, Hindoo who is not born a Brahmin to endeavour to emerge from that state of ignorance, and to aspire to the lowest degree of knowledge. It is a sin for bim even to presume to calealate on what days fall the new aud full moon. He is obliged to leara this 640 this and similar matters, and to be guided tn the most common occur- rences Of life by his religious teachers. He is forbidden by his institutions to Jay any claim whatever to either sacred or profane science, or to intermeddle in any way with the one or the other. His religious leaders have engrossed, as their absolute and exclusive inhe- ritance, all that is included within the term science. Among the arts, the Brahmins have Icft to the other castes only those whose exercise depends more upon bodily than on mental exertion; such as, music on Windy instruments, painting, sculpture, and mechanics; and even these they have beset with so many sources of discouragement, that they have remained in theirinfancy, and none of them has even approached perfection, they all being at the present time the same as they were two or three thousand years ago. There is no possibility to have access, either byword or writing, to the refined part of the nation; the line of sepa- ration between us and the Brahmins is (as I have just observed) drawn, and the barrier impassable; there is no opening, to argument or persuasion: our opponents are strictly bound by their religious and civil statutes to shun, to scorn, and hate us. Thev are obliged to doso from a sense of duty. To listen to us would be in them a crime, and the greatest of all disgraces, THE BIBLE SOCIETY. Among many instances which are come within my personal notice of the effects produced on the minds of the natives by the versions of the Holy Scripiures into the idioms of India, I will content myself with relating the following only :— Being in a neighbouring village, three or four months ago, I received there the visit of some Christians living in the Bellary district, in a place called Talairu, where between 30 and 40 Tilinga Christian familes reside. After the ordinary marks of respect, and the usual compliments, one of my visitors took a book out of a small bag, and without uttering a single word, laid it at my feet. On opening if, I found it was a translation into Tilinga of the Gospel of St. Matthew; and, before saying any thing about it, 1 wished to be acquainted with the opinion of my visitors on the work. Having interro- gated them for the purpose, the person who had delivered it to me began the Abbe Dubois? State of Christianity in India. following curious account, saying that some months back_two Christians of their village went to Bellary on some business, and, hearing that a European gooroo, or priest, (whom from their account L understood to have been a protestant missionary,) was living in that place, they went to pay him a visit; that they had been very kindly received by him, and that after a good deal of conversation, chiefly on religious subjects, the gooroe, on dismissing them, had made them a present. of the book, strongly recommending them to have a chapter of its contents read every Suu- day in their chapel to the assembled congregation; that there being only five or six individuals among the congrega- tion who could write and read, on their return they bad called on them, and de- livered the book to them; that these persons had assembled together for the purpose of reading it, aml becoming acquainted with its contents; but that they were unable to understand the meaning of a single chapter; that in their perplexity they had applied to some Pagans living in the same village, to assist them in expounding the book ; but no one among them had becn able to understand any thing about it; that they were then disposed to believe that the foreign gooroo, who was not their own, had given them such a work to make a jest of them, and that in this perstiasion, some were of opinion, that it should be thrown into the fire; but the majority wishing to become acquainted at least with the outlines of the work, called for the purpose on a Brahmin poorohita, or astrologer, living in their neighbourhood; that the poorobita having perused one or two pages in their presence, told them that it appeared to him to be a curious book, but that it was written in so louse and incoherent a style, and in so obscure a manner, thatit would require some days to become acquainted with the whole. When the Christians returned, the poorohita gave them the following euri- ous answer, assuring them, in a low tone of voice, that he had thoroughly perused the work with attention, and that it was nothingimore or less than a treatise upon magic ; adding, that it was worked up in obscure and incoherent sentences, quite unintelligible‘ to sudras; “as is always the case,” said he, “‘ with works ‘reating upon occult and pernicious sciences ;” and strongly recommending them to de- stroy, or otherwise get rid of it, as it was a great sin to keep so pernicious a book in their possession, 641 ANALYSIS OF The British Bouse of Commons, AS AT PRESENT CONSTITUTED ; = IN WHICH ARE EXHIBITED THE NATURE and EXTENT of the SUFFRAGE and PATRONAGE in every COUNTY, CITY, and BOROUGH. = Divided into the Eight following Classes, viz. I.. . .40 Counties of England, returning 80 Members. Il. ..12 Counties and 12 Boroughs in Wales, returning 24 Members. Cities, 79 Boroughs, and two Universities in England,return- ing 206 Members, in which the nature of the Suffrage is too general, and the number of Electors too numerous to be controled by individual influ- ence. IV....3 Other Cities and 100 Boroughs in England returning 203 Mem- bers, in which from the nature of the Suffrage and limited Ill,. .21 is controled by individual influ- ence; specifying the various kinds of suffrage,and exhibiting also the Individuals into whom it is resolved, V. ...33 Counties in Scotland, return- ing 30 Members. VI.,.. 2 Cities and 64 Royal Burghs in Scotland,returning 15 Members. VII. . .382 Counties of Ireland, returning 64 Members. VIII...33 Cities and Boroughs, and 1 « University in Ireland, return- ing 36 Members, 30 of whom are returned by individual influ- ence, which Individuals are also exhibited, number of Electors,the Election ——— There is also exhibited the number of Inhabited Houses in each County and in each place returning Members to Parliament, according to the last Population return ; and the present Members for each, shewing how they have voted, and how many times they have voted on about Seventy Questions in the Sessions of 1821, 1822, and 1823; including an Analysis and Summary of the Total Population of the United Kingdom. At pages 641 to 660 of owr Supplementary No, for January last, we inserted an Alpha- betical list of the Members of the Commons House of Parliament ; exhibiting also the places they represent, and shewing how they had voted on 14 great questions, divided on during the sesssons of 1821 and 1822, followed by the minority on 36 questions; and we have now the satisfaction of being able to exhibit to owr readers, an equally curious and still more important paper, containing an elucidation of our Parliamentary representation, Inthe Morning Chro- nicle and British Press Newspapers of the 21st April last, there appeared a similar illustration of the Votes on 18 questions divided on previous to the Easter Holidays during the present session of Parliament, as we exhibited in our last Supplementary No. of the questions divided on during the preceding session ; and the following exposition, in addition to its exhibiting the number of inhabited houses in each county, and in each place returning Members to Parliament, exhibits also the sum of times each Member has voted in the minority on the whole of the ques- tions in both sessions of 1822 and 1823, and in the majority on 20 of the questions ; we are indebted to the same Correspondent for the Analysis herewith, as for the Alphabetical list in MontHLy Mac. No, 384. 4N 642 Analysis of the House of Commons. our last Supplementary No. both of which have been published together, by Miller, 69, Fleet Street, accompanied by observations on each respective class of suffrage, as well as on the various kind of suffrage in classes IIL. and IV. and also an exposure of the corrupt means used by the ruling power to secure and maintain a preponderance of votes ; and after stating a ‘variety of facts, for the truth of which the author refers page by page to Parliamentary docu- ments, he enters on a general and comprehensive view of the long agitated question of Parlia- ‘mentary Reform, which subject he has exhibited in a variety of forms, and although like all his predecessors in endeavouring to elucidate the subject, he has failed to lead the reader to any unquestionable conclusion. He seems to have left the subject in a somewhat questionable form, rather as a matter of reserve, than from any deficiency of conception of what is really due to the subject ; but be that is it may, hehas not failed to divest it of much of the perplexity that heretofore surrounded it, and exhibited it in various points of view, some of them as interesting for their novelty, as others are important for the conclusions to which they lead; and as a wholeit may be considered the most comprehensive and interesting elucidation of British Parliamentary representation and of Parliamentary practice ever offered to the notice of the British Public, and will be found deserving the deepest consideration of every Elector, and of every person faving an interest at stake in the United Kingdom, ¢ The following Changes have taken place since the Sth February, up to f the 1st of August, 1823. eo Vacated. New Members, Bankes, G.ieoeeeccesssseeees. Corfe Castle +..-.-.- Bond, John Bathurst, Right Hon, C. ...... Harwich .....+-. .. Canning, George Beresford, Sir J. P, .-++.---+- Coleraine........,.. Brydges, SirJoln , Canning, Right Hon. G, ......- Liverpool..........- Huskisson, Wm. Cocks, Hon. J. S. eeeseeeeees- Ryegate eeeeseeeeee Cocks, Jas, Cole, Sir G. L....+ee-eeeeeee- Fermanagh County... Corry, Lord Cranborne Viscount .....---- Hertford........... Byron, Mr. Didsans Js cirmnwies > vue siete 45,4) RVC. 5 y<06605c0ctien JeRIGn, a. Huskisson, Wm, .-.-...-..---- Chichester.......... Poyntz, W. S. Leigh, J. H. .......--+++++-- Winchester ........+. East, Sir E. H. Neale, Sir H. B. .......+..--. Lymington ~......«. Boyd, Walter Ossulston, Lord ....-.--2.+--+ Berwick ..«s.e«+.++ Beresford, Sir J. P. Raine, Jona. he treet Ts apt eal Arbuthnot, Right Hon. C. ..... St. Germains...... Hardinge, Sir H. oicsalnn asninin‘einia.. DIDTIDAIN in.e'e. 5/9 ine an All re-elected for Robinson, F. J. .....-22-+--+- Rippon oo. eeeeee Scarlet, James......-.s++«++- Peterborough ..... Taylor, Sir H, ..-. «-.++++--- Windsor....+-.+.+.. tDisbrowe, E, C. Vansittart, Nicholas.......... Harwich............ tHerries, J. C. Ward, Robt. .......+--2+---- Haslemere .......... Thompson, G. L. Ward, Hon, J. W.....00.++++ Bossiney «..+ee+2-- Jas, Wortley, Jun. Deceased. Blake, Robert ..-eccoeesee-e- Arundel .-..evee.e.. Kemp, T, R, Boughey, Sir J. F........+--. Stafford County .... : Concannon, Lucius .....++.... Winchelsea ........- Leader, Wm. Kinnersley W.S. ...+-+-+++.- Newcastle.... ....-- Portman, E. B, ....s2ee+eeeee Dorset County ...... Portman, E, B.Jun ™ the same places, —>P ma<— > SirJ. P. Beresford, G. Canning, and W. Huskisson, it will be seen have been re-elected for other places; Lord Ossulstone, Hon. J. W. Ward, and Visct. Cranborne, have succeeded to the peerage,by the demise of their predecessors; Nicholas Vansittart has been ereated a peer by the title of Lord Bexley; all the rest have retired from Parliament. Analysis of the House of Commons. G43 CLASS I. 40 Counties of England. &—} The figures denote the No. of Inhabited Houses in each County, according to the po- pulation return of 1821. Those Members noted by a * uniformly oppose by their Votes the measures of the present Administration, and those by a +. as uniformly support them; those noted with both + * are in the habit of voting both ways. The figures following those marks imply the No. of times they voted out of about 70 questions, divided on during the last and present Session of Parliament; those noted by a } preceding their name, are placemen or pen- sioners, part of 89 in the aggregate who sit and vote in Parliament, reported to the House last Session, as receiving £183,372 ¢f Annum out of the Taxes of their own exaction and voting. Those noted with a | are sons, brothers, or dependents of others drawing largely out of the Taxes. Those noted with § hold Commissions in the Navy or Army, and those printed in Italics are new Members recently returned, Those Counties noted with a * were contested at the last general Election. Counties. No. of Inhabited Houses. Sitting Members the Ist May, 1823. ‘ * Bedford......15412 Marquis of Tavistock, * 13 Frs. Pym, * 19 * Berks ......24705 Hon. Rd. Neville, * 7 Charles Dundas, * 12 Bucks ......24786 Hon. Robert Smith, * 17 4 Marquis of Chandos, + 6 Cambridge ..20869 Lord F. G. Osborne, * 9 { Lord C. S. Manners, + 5 Chester......47094 Davies Davenport, * 10 Wilbraham Egerton, + 8 Cornwall ....43873 Sir Wm. Lemon, Bart. * 16 J. H. Tremayne, + 2 * Cumberland. .27246 J. C. Curwen, * 16 4 John Lowther, + 5 Derby ......40054 Lord G. H. Cavendish, * 11 Frs. Munday, + 1 * 1 * Devon . ....71416 Sir'T. D. Acland, Bart.t 4* 2 E. J. Bastard, + 3 * 2 Dorset ......25926 FE. B. Portman, * Wm. M. Pitt, + 5 * Durham .....32793 Hon. W. V. Powlett, * 16 John G. Lambton, * 33 Essex ......49978 C. C. Western, * 18 § Sir E. Harvey, Bart. + 3 * 2 Gloucester... .60881 Sir B. W. Guise, Bart, * 28 { Lord R. E. H. Somerset, + 4 Hants .....:49516 G. P. Jervoise, * 25 John Fleming, + 6 Hereford ....20061 Robert Price, * 37 Sir J. G. Cottrell, Bart. Hertford ... .23178 Sir J. Sebright, Bart.* 11 Hon. W. Lamb, + 3 * 2 Huntingdon... 8879 Lord John Russell, * 20 W. H. Fellowes, + 4 Kent ........70507 W. P. Honeywood, * 32 Sir E. Knatchbull, Bart.+4*3 Lancaster ..176449 Lord Stanley, * 17 John Blackburne, + 4 Leicester ....34775 G. A. L. Kech, + 8 * 5 § + Lord Robt. Manners, + 6 Lincoln......53818 Hon, C. A. Pelham, * 14 Charles Chaplin, + 3 * Middlesex ..152969 George Byng, * 16 S.C. Whitbread, * 30 Monmouth... .132i1 Sir C. Morgan, Bart. + 1 t Lord G. H. Somerset, + 9 Norfolk, .....62274 T. W. Coke, * 13 Edwd. Wodehouse, + 5 * 2 Northampton 32503 Viscount Althorp, * 32 R. W. Cartwright, + 5 Northumberld31526 T. W. Beaumont, * 15 —_‘C. J; Brandling, + 1 * 1 Nottingham. .35022 Lord W. H. C. Bentinck, * 13 § F. F. Sotheran, + 5 Oxford ......25594 W.H. Ashurst, + 3 John Fane,+ 7* 6 Rutland .... 3589 Sir G. Heathcote, Bart.* 5 Sir G. N. Noel, Bart. Salop .......38863 J. C. Pelham, * 6 + 1 Rowland Hill, + 4 Somerset ....61852 Wm. Dickenson, * 12 Sir T. B. Lethbridge, Bt.* 16 +2 Stafford ....63319 Sir J. F. Boughey, Bart. * 21 E. J. Littleton, + 6 * 4 Suffolk ......42773 Sir Wm. Rowley, Bart. * 14 Thomas S, Gooch, + 4 * 2 Surrey ......64790 W. J. Dennison, * 36 G.H. Sumner, + 6 * Sussex . ... 36283 Walter Burrell, * 3 + 2 E. J, Curteis, * 6 + 2 * Warwick ....55012 F’. Lawley, * 8 D.S. Dugdale, + 1 * 1 * Westmoreland 9243 { Viscount Lowther, ¢ 11 §+ Hon. H.C. Lowther, + 4 Wilts ......41702 John Benett, * 24 Sir J. D. Astley, Bart..+ 3 * 3 Worcester ..34738 SirT.E. Winnington, Bt.*11§ Hon. H. B. Lygon,+ 6 York, E. R., .34930 . . "NR. 26765 Viscount Milton, * 5 J.A.S. Wortley, +5 *2 W. Ri 154314 setrones ¢ 1,951,973 773,732 Families chiefly employed in Agriculture. Building .. 18,289 1,118,295 = do, in Trade and Manufactuyes. Uninhabited 66,055 454,690 do. not comprised in either of the above. Total Houses 2,036,317 2,346,717 Total No, of Families. 4N2 644 Analysis of the House of Commons. The Suffrage for Counties will be best explained by the following form of Oath, | to which every Elector is required to conform, previous to his vote being received, viz. © Act 18th Geo, Il. cap. 18, sec, 1.—You shall swear, (or if a Quaker, affirm, ) that you ave a Free- — holder in the County of and have a Freehold Estate, consisting of lying and being at in the County of of the clear yearly value of 40s, over and above ull rents and churges payable out of, or in respect of the same; und that you have been in actual posses- sion, or receipt of the rents and profits thereof, for your own use, above 12 calendar months ; or that the same came to you within the time aforesaid by descent, marriage settlement, devise, or promotion to a benefice in a Church, or by promotion to an office, and that such Freehold Estate has not been granted, or made to you fraudulently, on purpose to qualify you to give your vote; and that the place — of your abode is at in and that you are 21 years of age, as you believe, and that you have not been polled before at this Election. —_—_—_—ke——SSYSSSSSSSSSSS ne CLASS II. 12 Counties and 12 Boroughs in Wales. U0, 1,140 Callen ...ceeceeccsceeees Banff 35216 CRAIL...0 se. se erecseeseeeseee do, 460 Banff. .cscecessveesesO0,lown 945 _ Kilrenny....es.+-eee do. 333 Inverary .....-...... Aberdeen 266 Anstruther, East......-- do. oe KUL») 0.006 adie tees 10s 247 Ditto, West. ... «+40 do, 106 The above are all North of Aberdeen. 7 sf. ees f Wade 2g ara bis re ) 12 DUMBARTON, . «eseeee «Co. Town 781 Kirkaldy... 4.00000 do. 892 Renfrew s.ccc cssoede 0. 512 Kinghorn... 6. eee'esee do, 562 GLASGOW csceeceovee ss Lanark 31,956 Burntisland.....sse.-. do. 497 — Rutherglen .. sees do. 928/8 STIRLING .eceeceseece Co. Town 1,688 | 13 INVERARY 2. seescecsceee sArgyle 252 Culross..ceecececcvccessPerth 325 | Rothsay......... +++-Jute 1,001 Dumfermline......:.:2.Fife 2,881 Irvine isis sieae eset 05. Agr 1,637 Inverkeithing . 2.4 Sab bie eee 591 Ayr ecccceccesasseseCo. Town 1,541 Queensferry.......Linlithgow 158 Cambleton «-.+.++e++++--Argyle 1,787 The abeve are all North of Edinburgh, 14 SANQUUAR eeseseceseseesDumfrics 535) 49 Jepnuncu..seeees . Roxburgh 1,158 ice amare ames oe 49 ” , Mr. H. his-observations on the establishment of a meteoro- logical society ~ . ++ 216 Eggs, Dr. W. Prout's experiments on 157 Egypt, on the meer woh empire of oo «* 238 Eldon, Lord, letter of, ‘ta Gen. Hut- ton, on the death of Dr. Hutton | 144 Election, Mr. Bicknell on the purity of 100 Embledon, Northumberland, brilliant meteor seen at oo «+ 471 Engine, steam, on Mr, Perkins’s new 350, ; 455 ———, strictures on the re- cently announced improvements in 487 English, on its affinity with the Low German eo. Be dering and Italian character, compa- rison of .- a ++ 305 Enthusiasm, French, an instance of Epping, Mr. Squire’s meteorological journal kept at ee +s 28 Erin and her wrongs, observations on 48% Essex, meeting of the county of, on agricultural distress “- = Establishment, ecclesiastical, of Eng- land and Wales, observations on —, of Ireland Events, effects of great, from small causes - oe 238 Extinguishing fire, effects of steam in 197 Exercises 237 287 525 328 eS I-N BE xX Exercises, gymnastic, on M. Clias’s system Of eecceessserseeeeeveeee Explosion of the reservoir of gas, on the danger Of the-eeesererseeeees Fanaticism, religious, observations on ' Fantees, historical account of the -+ Farey, Mr., Mr. Cumberland on the objections of, to his new theory ++ 8 — observations on, on the estimates of various kinds of food. - Fermentation, new mode of .--+---- Fish, Dr. M‘Culloch's method of pre- serving senile Auia.© Hil ofa) ejb ish paibts, alefe Flourens, M. his observations on ner- vous irritability and sensibility..-- Food, Mr. Luckcock on the nutritive properties Of. -+++ese-sseeeeeeeee ——, Mr. Farey in reply to estimates on various kinds of -+«esescesesess 3 Forster, Dr. 'T. means by, for pre- venting sickness at sea «+ +++e+se6 Fox, Mr. note by, in the ‘ Decline and Fall,” on the author’s accepting a place «++++ vias sid mie a awa pie France, on the condition of the coun- try and people of, between Paris and Geneva ———, proceedings of the Institute of 151, 245 -——— and Spain, speech of Talley- rand on the questions between--+-+ 176 ——,, on the population, commerce, and manufactures, of -«++se+e++,. 338 Frederick the Great, anecdote of---+ 542 Freezing in the air-pump, inquiry re- lative to the experiment of -.++++ 3 French, on tle cruelties of the, at 101 488 134 143 pane se reeeeseneececeseee§ 145 St. Domingo ececnvccscvccesess 49 Friedlander, Dr. his sketch of the poor, prisons, and benevolent insti- tutions, of Germany +--+++++eee+ 211 Fund, sinking, strictures on the pro- gress and fallacy of the ..++..++++ 418 Gallery, British, exhibition at «+--+ 248 Garnet the Jesnit, execution of, for the famous gun-powder conspiracy 436 Garrick and Lord Chatham’s monu- Ment, Account Of-seecerseeeereee 145 Gas, oil and coal,. Mr. Peckston’s comparison Of 2. cs vccccvee cesses , on the danger of the explosion of the reservoir of the Gases, Common Sevseon «eesreeees 3 Ce ee Gassicourt, M. Cadet, biography of 329 Geneva, on the entrance into «+--+» 15 Geological Society, Cornish, proceed- ings Of theses +seceees seers eeenes 551 George III. on his library at Bucking- ham-house--seeessccaterceseesss 156 German, Low, on its affinity with the English languagesssessseesseeree 8 Germany, Dr. Friedlander” on the poor, prisons, and benevolent insti- tutions, Ofc rss eseeeeereneeeeene 911 Gibbon, Mr. note by Mr. Fox, in the “ Deeline and Fall,” on his ac- eepting place seeecesortrereuver 148 Gilbertson, Mr. his reply to Mr. Hawes, on his improved method of melting tallow-+essceseeeeceeses 410 Glasgow, Fox meeting, account of-- 192 Green, Mr. on Mr. Lacey’s remarks On Seizures for rent-+++e+rereeees 407 Grewhe, kingdom of Dahomy, Africa, historical account Of ++++++-+++0+- 583 , White ants and wild beastsat ib. Gun-powder-plot, original aceount of the conspirators in the ++++-+e+s- 428 Hall, Capt. and Dr. M‘Leod, their interesting account of the inhabi- tants of Loo Choo --+++++eeecee Harcourt, the late Lord, cause of the death of Harp, the Welsh, history of the---- Hawes, Mr. reply of Mr. Gilbertson, on his improved method of melting tallow Haytian patriots, observations on+++« Hayti, on the public instruction at-- Heat, subterranean, Mr. Moyle’s new facts relative to ++. “Heaven and Earth,” Lord Byron’s, review of, and extracts from.+-+-- $88 Heebos, Africa, account of the+-+++« 590 Henry VII. his observations on pa- tri0tS-+e+eees- tervesceese 333 Henry VIII. on the book which pro- cured him the title of “ Defender of 106 See eee seers tw aaeseeee ste eres 8 ee ee ee the Faith”. .--+-+++-+eceesseeeees 50 ss , his love-letters to Anne Boleyn --seeeces see reeeeseeceee 524 Hereford, county mecting at, on agri- cultural distress ++++seesees-eeee OF Herscliel, Dr. letter of, to Dr. Lind 236 Hertford, county meeting at, on par- liamentary reform +++++eeeeeeees Hindoos, on their conversion to Chris- tianity o',6) ag af bay sia ea) > ineffectual efforts to con- vert the ——., on the present. opinions of the, in regard to the Christian re- 189 633 ee ee ee 634 ligion pee cer eee wees ceseeeeres GOS ——-——, their interested motives for CONVCFSION «+++ ----eeecsevecese 636 —, objections of the, to Chris- tianity eecceeee , on the prejudices of the, to Christianity sete eeceseee res svees 658 , on the Brahmah religion of the---«.-- ee cere eseeeseres 639 Hindostan, historical notice of-+++~.- 151 Hios, Africa, the inhabitants of -.-.- 586 History, English, elucidations of por- Lions Ofesee.-eeeeeeee 9, 201, 393, 496 , documents illustrative Of Carly «+ coeeeesssescse ones 428, 524 —, the ancient, of Persia, illus- tration of, from oriental materials Hogarth, Mr. Enort Smith on the re- SIGENCE Of + se ccerscesersseeeves GOL Honie, Sir E, his investigation of the membrana tympani, or druin of the EAP oeeccerercescsssrereseerece 268 Horner, ib. ste eee 515 IND EB X. Horner, Mr. T. sketch’of his obser- vatory above the Cross of St. Paul’s Housa, description of a great interior lake In «orescence ccces Hutton, Dr. memoir of the life and writings of the late++++++seseeres —, letter of Lord Eldon to Gen. Hutton on the death of ---- —_ ——_—, Jenner and Radcliffe, on the death of Hyde earl of Clarendon, Mr. Duke on certain misconceptions respect- TNs eww wee wet e terres Hydrophobia, observations on «+--+-+ Improvements, anti-effluvia, Mr. La- CRY ON seer ecnecesecsceverscece INCIDENTS++++84, 180, 275, 576, 467, India, on the British possessions in-- ———., Letters on the State of Chris- tianity in ——, on the Nestorian congrega- tions in ---«-+.- , native Christians in «+++-++-- , on the futile attempts of the Bible Society to convert the na- tives of ...... Indies, West, French colonies in the Information, scientific, proposals for establishing a society for -- Innkeepers, &c. on their exorbitant charges for Wine «+. ++eeeessereee Insolvent debtors’ system, observa- tions ON++++-- Inquisition of Spain, some acceunt of — eee eee sees Cen esee soe eeesrere ee er oe ee The. - cece ce cecneescsrcseverecee 5 Institution, British, observations con- nected with the ++eeer.-sseeees Interest, Mr. Bartley on the high rate Of coscescees Treland, on the church ee ee establish- 155 597 137 141 155 ment Of- +++ ceeecerecerenses 325, 621 ———, on the condition and wrongs , peroration of Mr. Brougham’s speech on the state Oferss+eseeees ———, Views of, moral, political, and religious s*sses+-++++> ——-, antiquity Of ccccccseccecens 5 the women Of-+++-+++eeeeee ——,, public policy towards «++++- ——, social condition of ...s.e6- , penal laws Of seeeer-+seee —— , church of Rome in +++++++- —~—, Presbyterian church in .... ——, Socinianism in ——,, the population of —— , future prospects of +++e++++ —, account of the College of Maynooth in +--—, Catholic board in +-++++eres -——, corporations in, observations nthe so... fri, character, on the «r+ee+ eeeee — social condition of the....+*.. -—people, observations on thes +++ Trov.cast, on the discovery and USnf ee eeee eee re ew eee Irritability, nervous, and sensibility, - Mr. Flourens on-- Italian and English character, com- parison of the -s+ses-sseeesssee 305 Italy, journal of recent travels in 15,505 , on the political degradation of 307 Jaboos, Africa, account of the-----+ 587 Jackson, Mrs. on the beautiful forma- tion of the leg Of: -+-+++ceecevese 149 Jam, rhubarb, on making sereee 456 Jamaica, extracts from Mr. Stewart’s View of the Past and Present State of-eccrccccessvsseccccsece , insurrections of the Ma- roons at , on the constitution of ---- , Statistics of+-+.++-. —, on the face of the Island OL gelarila ccs clelecclaleas) «867d a eter oleallnarate ————, geological observations in ———,, diseases and infection in.. ————,, on the sugar plantations in ————-, on the growth of coffee and pimento ---- —, on the commerce of--..-- , local trade and coins of «+ —,on the taxes of -++++eccses —, on the prerogatives and du- ties of the governor Of ++ -+-ee.- —-——, on the assembly of see ——, laws Of scencerecvcecsces —-, Slave-laws Of «++sscesssss , on the religion Of- +++ e+e ———,, white inhabitants of---.-. —-—-, creoles Of +--+ ++e+se eee , attorneys at eer ie i | .~medical menin-+-+--+++e. —— — , edncation at -eserceser.s ——_, literature Of --++----+.-- ,luxuryin -- —, condition of the slaves at. - Jelly of apples, means of making an excellent -e+se+--++- Jesuits of Stonyhurst-college, charac- teristic observations OD ++ +++eeeee Johnson, Dr. and Wilkes, meeting be- tween Jurics, special, on the laws relating to , on the mode of choos- ing, in Scotland, in criminal cases » petition from Liver- pool, for remedying the evils of «+» 5 Jury, observations on the special and 597 ee ee ib. 599 600 ee ar) i re | COMMON +eeeee eee weer reeeneee§ SF yan ancient trial Dy -++++e+ee+ 50 Knox, Dr. Vices. p.p. description of a monument erected to, at Tun- bridge eeees.+. veceees 158 Koutsford, benevolent plan for the re- lief of criminals at eceevcees. 186 Labour, human, observations on++++ 504 Lacey, Mr. J. M. his observations on the evil effects of seizures for rent 105 , on the charges of innkeepers seesaw e ese cesesese Shh » his further observa. tions on seizures for rent +++++-+- 5412 Lacey, -— a ee rN Dh BX. Lacey, Mr. J. M. on anti-effluvia im- provements seewereeetreresevers 532 Lady, Mr. Prior on the true applica- tion of the term eeveseceseeess-+ 309 Lagos, Africa, account of.-+---- 586 -—-——,, horriblesuperstition at ib. —, royal audience at «+++ Landholders, observations on -e++++ Lansdown, the late Lord, and his pa- tent coach, account of +++ sesees LAPE ITALIANA secescce---eee os 21 Laws relating to special juries, on the —, game, resolutions passed at Doncaster on the Lawrence, Mr. on the nutritive pro- perties of the potato «-++-+-++e9« 513 LEGISLATION, Briris#, 72, 161, 265, 341, — 458, 536 Letters on the State of Christianity in India, by J. A. Dubois -----++> ++ 633 Liberty, statistical view of the pro- gress of, within thirty years -+++++ 116 Life, on M. Bichat’s theory of ++++++ 414 Lilleshall, Shropshire, account of a curious chemical phenomenon at 475 Lincoln, county meeting at, on parlia- mentary reform sereeeerrecse 380 Lind, Dr. Letter of Dr. Herschel to 237 LITERATURE, ANCIENT, LYCEUM OF 16 ——, ForeiGNn, NOVELTIES score, 1475 336 Liverpool, petition agreed to at, on the mode of forming juries -+++-- 509 Liorente, Don, author of **the His- tory of the Inquisition,’ account of 518 Loan, Danish, on the terms of the -- 495 Loans, on the effects of the absence Of sacecsccecccece OF ceeeceetasereseere ve vodecedcccee AZ7 Location of the. poor, strictures on therccnccreercscccccesseree- eoee 99 London, on the state of the prisons in and about+ss+.cesesee-+--s- cree 56 ,» observations on the cele- brated charge of the bishop of---- 120 bridges, Mr. Tatem on the . ~ management Of a~covecceccceesce 194 - ; observations on the Medical School of «-++e.see+++8-- ernianurvoie ey Loo Choo, Capt. Hall and Dr. M‘Leod’s interesting account of the inhabitants Of e+e .eees esse eee -- 106 L’Ouverture Touissaint, sketch of the life of interesting interview by, with his children +-+--+.. +++ 47 —__—_—— —-, letter of Bonaparte TO tert cceae sere seeresseaseevese§ | ——_—_-__——__, instance of patriot- ism by cere newes eecreoe eee eene ib —, his capture and death-+«veeseeee ececererncs sore 48 Luckcock, Mr. his observations on the nutritive properties of food «+++++ 134 —_—— on the -consump- tion of pit-coal seerecncerere 399 Lutterworth, description of Wick- liffe’s clair at eeeee. cesesecceres $385 Lyre, olian, Mr. Weekes’ descrip- tion of hisnew.++--+++evesceeese 5O7 Madeira, descriptive observations on 127 Magnetism, on new principles in-++++ 268 Magnesia, on the virtues of -+++++++ 174 Majumba, Africa, account of «+++» 592 Malemba, , account Of «+#-++e. ib. Malthus and Mill, Messrs. observa- tions on their systems of political CCONOMY sereeesseceecccece voce 218 Manifestation, deranged, observations on, being “ stomachic” «++++eeees A7L | Manners, French, observations on «+ 226 ————., Mr. Prior on the changes and deteriorations Of ++++++++ «++ 509 Maria Louisa, anecdote of «++se05 2 ——, letter of, on her marriage with Napoleon cece reese se eerere 4 MARRIAGES, 84, 181, 275, 377, 468, 565 Mars, Mad.-on. the professional cha- - racter of Martial, characteristic. observations 229. ON esse wees ses saeseersessereseee 16 Mary aud Anne, Queens, on the grandmother of s+-+++eeeeseeeees 49 Matter, Common Sense on the “ in- nate” attraction and repulsion of 310 M‘Culloch, Dr. his method of preser- ving fish ossese sewers easeceseee 171 Medical School of Edinburgh, obser- vations on the -++s+-scevceseeses 97 Lotidon, observa- tions On the seceeecrecscccossecres SOL MEDICAL Report, 75, 170, 267, 365, 459, 555 Members, patriotic, of the House of Commons, names of the, who voted on the fifty questions of great pub- lic interest reece 133 ———, leading, of the House of Commoius, tabular estimate of some 292 Mermaid, further observations on the supposed ecercewcersssccecesss 20 Meteor, a remarkable brilliant, seen at Embledon, Northumberland -+ 471 Miracles, on old and new ++++++++++ S97 Mistake, a humourous, from igno- rance of the French language -«-+ 238 Monarchy, French, on the present State of the ccccccccccvcessesces 336 Monta, Topic of the---++e+++385, 481 Moore, Mr. Thomas, and Lord Byron, on their comparative merits? «+++ 35 Moyle, Mr. new facts by, relative to subterranean heat +++-++eeeeeeee 124 Murai, king of Naples, on the govern- MENt Of eesrccccccccscsecscscess 33 Murder, on the propriety of punish- ing for, by death-.....- Musre, NEw, Review of 59, 162, 263, 33> 443, 98 N, complaint of the letter-.+.++»++-i83 Nadir Shah, description of his magni ficent tent .- “- Napoleon, anecdote of, connecte with Maria Louisa o* B Narrative, a wonderful, of two fal- lies ee os ** 106 Nations, vecccecee 2 ie Ne. Ev Xi Nations, Christian, on their apostacy from the spirit of their faith . ———, Mr. Burke’s observations on 110 * the prosperity of * -- 143 Negroes, observations on, and the early trade in a ++ 143 Non-resideuts and tax-receivers, on the defence of, as chief causes of the public distress - 126 Norwich, county meeting of,.on par- liamentary reform - «+ 99 Nores, an IRISHMAN’S, on PARIS 25,296 Nubia, on the antiquities of + 147 and the kingdom of Sennar, M. Cailliaud’s important discoveries In oe oe Gakiey, Mr. H. his observations on the Medical School of London .-- Observations on the tithe system in the Berkshire survey, Mr. Cotte- rell’s reply to oo «+ 205 Ocean, Hyperborean, Capt. Scoresby on the discoveriesin_ «+ ++ 260 OccURRENCES, PROVINCIAL, 87,184, 281, 377, 471, 568 O'Leary, 199 301 Father, account of..++--++ 631 Orange Societies, account of ,..... 632 Oratory, on the kind of, in the House of Commons e ++ 290 Orested, Professor, on the compres- sion of water oe 17% Owen, Mr. his plan daetighed . weridn 16 Packets, conmen Sense on the loss of Palmas, Cape Capt. J. ‘Adame? s hes count of the country from, to the River Congo ee reccereres » geological observa- tions at o- +e 4 Paris, an IRisuMANn’s Notes on ° 295 seeee 594 25, 226 Parnassus, News from ++ 35,322,489 Parry, Capt. on his discoveries in the Arctic Seas .s +* 259 Patents, New, List of 54, 149, 243, 349, 445, 534 Patrick, St. account of «+++++++++++ 634 Patriots, observations of Henry VII. on “* oe * * } Peckston, Mr. his eomparison of oil and coal gas : ++ 294 Pennillion, Welsh airs, observ ations on - * ee 415 Perkins, Mr. on his new steam-engine 350, 455 PERSONS, EMINENT, Brocrarny of 39, 137, 233, 329, 42%, 518 Phenomenon, account of a curious chemical - * ++ A475 Pitt, Mr. his remarks on the weather at Carlisle during 1822+ - 19 Plombago, or black lead, observa- tions on .- ’ 76 PortRY, ORIGINAL 52, 144, 239, 335, 437, 530 ——, Frencli, observations on ++ 120 Poor, strictures on the location of the 29 aye i Poor, prisons, and benevolent institu- tions of Germany, Dr. Friedlander on the ee . + 211 Popularity, modern poetical, stric- tures on .* .* ++ 510 Potato, Mr. Bartley on the nutritive qualities of the .- ++ 301 » Uuilian method of culture of 301 —, Mr. Lawrence on the nutri- tive properties of the e ++ 513 Potatoes, Mr. Tidmas on the praner tion of nutrition in “° 396 Powers, gratuitous, observations on 543 Prejudice, Dr. Price's delineation of 343 Printing, chronological tables of the cities, towns, &c. where it was in- troduced in the fifteenth century 7 20m Dr. a ‘Ss improve- ments in . .s ee 453 Prior, Mr. J. R. on the true applica- tion of the term Lady -- ++ 309 on the changes and deteriorations of manners =~ 509 Prisons, on the state of, in London, and several parts of the country 56 PROEMIUM, CRITICAL, 61, 163, 250, 349, 447, 54L Providence, Common Sense on the vulgar errors in regard to ++ 296 Provisions, ship’s, Dr. Cartwright on the virtues of sugar in Curing.+--.- 199 Prussian states, on the monetory 4 tem of . a - 147 Prout, Dr. W. his a is poe on egyus .: s* 157 Puetications, NEw, Liew of 61,163, 250, 342, 447, 546 Question,the Spanish, observations on ¢53 Rates, parochial, Mr. Single’s obser- 297 ‘ vations on e ++ 117 Receivers, tax, and non-residents, de- fence o7, as chief causes of the pnb- lic distress oe + 126 Reform, parliamentary, Mr. Risks nell’s observations on ss ++ 100 Rent, Mr. Lacey on the evil effects of seizures for .° -* 105 ——., Mr. Green on Mr. Lacey’s ob- servations on seizures for ++ 407 ——, Mr. Lacey’s further observa- tions on seizures for “- «» 542 Rents, ground, and taxes, Mr. Sin- gie’s observations on *e +s 116 Restrictions of church-revenues, sug- gestions relative to a bill for the 421 Review, Quarterly, observations on the .* .s 30, 219 ———, Edinburgh .- 218, 312 ——, New Edinburgh, on_its cha- racter .* .- ++ SOL Rheumatism, remedy for ++ ++ 99 ———, on the use of medicated. aud fumigating baths in cases of, and colds, diseases of the skin, &c. 455 ———, niedical remarkson ++ 459 Richmond, description of Thomson's house at oe ina adi Road. Be Nil pe Be xt Road-making, on Mr. M‘Adam’s im- proved system of .- se 121 ——, old, directions for repairing an 124 Roads, Shrewsbury, and Holyhead, report of the receipt and expendi- ture on the . - 404 Rosa Salvator, characteristic peer vations on on oe 1 Rubber, India, unnoticed property of 118 ————,, remarks on the unno- ticed property . ++ 292 Sandy-end, Addison’s honse at Salt-mines of Batohve, new account of a -. 14 Saying, an Athedian oe ++ 334 Scoresby, Capt. his letter on disco- veries in the Hyperborean Ocean 260 Scotland, formation of a Society of Artsin .. ee ++ 192 ——, on tithes in ee se One » mode of choosing juries in criminal eases in oe e+ 316 ———, on parties in an «+ 482 Scrofula, what is it ? > ee 555 Sea-sickness, means by Dr. Forster for preventing .* 111 Seas, Greenland, narrative of a ship- wreck in the es ce 240 , Arctic, Dr. Parry’s discoveries in the ee Secker, Archbishop, letter of Peter Annetto .. Seizures for rent, Mr. Lacey on the evil effects of Senate, British, sketches of active cha- racters in the 290, 590 Shaftesbury, Lord, his house at Little Chelsea = 2 Shipwreck, narrative of a, in the Greenland seas, and the sufferings of a winter’s residence ee LS 9240 Single, Mr. his observations on ground- rents and taxes 5 os 4416 Smith, Mr. Euort, on the residence of Hogarth 5. -- 504 Society, Irish, observations on = ep ———, the London, for mitigating and abolishing slavery ~ = 51 ——, Meteorological, Mr. Edmond- son on the establishment ofa -- 216 , Mr. ‘Tatem on the uti- lity of forming =a 20K — for scientific information, pro- posals forestablishing a ~-- ao See ——~ ,Water-colour, observations on 440 —, Cornish Geological, proceed- ings of the -- 50, SociETIEs, PupLic, PROCEEDINGS of -» 55,151,245, 358, 439, 534 Societies, Orange, account of Somerset, meeting of the county of, for parliamentary reform sanoo ,second meeting ethos Sovereigns, interview of the, at Tilsit 4 Spain, on the invasion of «+ 570 “Spectator and Tatler, receiving-houses of the ae weisE9 ——— “ Spiritual Quixote,” key tothe -» 5i Squire, Mr. his meteorological jour- nal pits at Epping -- -s 26 » his observations on the baretieter eh SOSELG.: Stage, French and English, compa- rison between ae -- 228 Starch, potato, on the peculiar fea- tures of wie -- 487 , improved fabrication of... 556 Steam, on the effects of, in extin- guishing fire et WOT: , Mr. P. Taylor on the expan- sive force of a8 «. 268 STEPHENSIANA 28 49, 142, 236 Stokes, Mr. his observations on the proposed Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 7 Stone, Roman, new mode of render- ing it useful in building -- 409 St. Domingo, on the negro revolution at mi oe 41 — ,on the cruelties of the French at AS bi 42, 46 ——-—, on the progress of civili- zation and science among the black revolutionary population of -- 44 ——, on the progress of the © French at, under Le Clerc -- 46 Stewart, Mr. J. extracts from his “View of the Past and Present State of Jamaica” So a97 St. Michael, island, one of the Azores, account of -- 216 St. Petersburgh, feelings of, on the death of the Duc Ww’ Enghein SERS St. Paul’s Cross, sketch of Mr. Hor- ner’s observatory on = - 155 Streatham, description of Mr. Thrale’s house at we -- 481 St. Thomas’ island, Africa, account of 591 STUDENT, the Germ AN 209, 407 Suffrage, ‘niversaf: Mr. Bicknell on 100 Sugar, Dr. Cartwright on the virtues of, in curing ship’s provisions -- 199 Syria, account of a late earthquake at 159 Supply, Liverpool trader, account of the dreadful shipwreck of, between Drigg and Ravenglass” -.. -- 473 Table, chronological, of the cities, towns, &c. where printing was in- troduced in the fifteenth century 297 Talleyrand, Prince, his speech on the questions between France and Spain =A “ 2 7G Talma, on the professional character of -- 228 Tallow, Mr. Gilbertson’ ’s reply to Mr. Hawes, on his improved method of melting a8 -- 410 Tartars, Buriat, observations onthe 24 Taste, national, observations on .- 50 Tatem, Mr. his observations on the management of the London bridges 124 , on the utility of forming meteorological societies +» 207 Tatler and Spectator, receiving-houses of the =~ 289 Taxes, ToeN, De E Taxes and ground-rents, Mr. Single on Se -- 116 Taylor, Mr. P. his experiments on the expansive force of steam -- 268 Thomson, poet, description of his house at Richmond .. se a Thrale, Mr. his house at Streatham 481 Tidmas, Mr. his observations on the proportion of nutrition contained in potatoes ° -- -- 396 Tilsit, interview of the sovereigns at 4 Tithes in Scotland, observations on 312 Tobacco, the Rev. J. Davis on the use of, in dropsy -- 205 T ransportation system, details of the, written in the Hindostan convict- ship in 1821 aS -= 2238 Travels, observations on the most va- luable Je «= 119 Tumuli, near Hamburgh, account of 147 Tunbridge, description of a monu- ment erected to Dr. V. Knox at 158 Tunnels, observations on ay rier? Tyana, who was Apollonius of? = -- 114 United States, on the late war with the ce = ales 17 Vaccination, on the numerous recent failuresof -.- as os 115 = , observations on eee ihe) VARIETIES -- 155, 257, 352, 453, 548 Vigo, excellent speech of Sir Robert Wilson to the local militiaof .. 466 Volney, biographical account of -.. 49 Voltaire, account of, while under the Jesuits ae 7 =. 236 Voting by ballot, Mr. Bicknell’s ob- servations on ae «- 100 Wares, LETTERS on a o= AM War, American, reflections on == 386 MontuLy MAG, No, 584 X. Warburton, bishop, some observations on ae ood. Warré, Africa, account “of, and de- scription of the king Pe -- 588 , on the. women of .. 589 Water, Professor Orested on the com- pression of ac .- 172 —-— colour Society, observations on the se oo -- 440 Weather, exposition of certain popu- lar prognostications on the -- Wellington, characteristic observa- tions on the Duke of 2s -- 387 Whittington, Sir Richard, description of his house in Swithin’s-passage, Moor-lane.. 22 Ks , interesting ac- count of ac -- ib. Wickliffe, description of his chair at Lutterworth te Wicks, Mr. his description of his new £olian lyre -- 506 Wieland, biographical account of 209, 407 Wilkes and Dr. st ore ber? tween oe --/ 334 William the Conqueror, on his treat- ment of the English... 9 Wilson, Sir Robert, his excellent speech to the local militia of Vigo 466 Wine, on the exorbitant charges of — 419 385 innkeepers, &c. for Se es 218 Witchcraft, Common Sense on the belief in Ss -. 309 —, recent trial for, at the Somerset assizes == -- 383 World, sketches of character in the active a ze -- 290 York, reform meeting at. -- 8&7 4Q INDEX * ee To THE NAMES or LIVING AUTHORS, anyv oTHER PERSONS, IN TRIS FIPTY-FIFTH VOLUME. —— Abernethy, Mr. 258 Ackermann, Mr. 545 Adams, Ty jun. 158 Aikin, Miss 258 Alexander, W.' 67, ' 349 Allen,’ Rey. W. M.A, 451 Antolini, M. 262 Arago, J. - 170 Atkinson, A. ib. Backler, J.» +4540 Badcock, J. 343 Baddeley,J. M.D. 66 Baily, Lieut. 4168 Banks, W. > © 347 Barnett; F. 547 Baron, 3. M.D. 66 Barr, Rev. Jas. 349 Barrow, Rev. S. 65, 252 Baur, M. 356 Bayldon, J. S! 157, 548 Beaumont, Sir G. 69 Beckford, Mr: 355, 452 Bee, Jon, 547 Bell, A. p.p. 954 Benson, Rev. C.- 169 Bennis,G.G. 69 Bentham, Jer.- - 70 Beudant, Mi 349 Bezel, M. 160 Biagioli, Mr... 550 Bicheno, Mr. 258 Bicknell,J.L. F.nr.s. 169 Bingley,Rev.W. 170 Bird, Mr. 260, 452 Bissett, Robt. Lp. 546 Blaine, Mr. 353 Blake, W. F.R.s, 255 Blaquiere, Mr. 344 Blomfield, C. p.v. Boaden, J. 352 Boileau, D. 547 Bond, T. 349 Boone,J.S.M.A.454, 545, 547 Booth, D. 169 Bosworth,Reyv.J. 68 Bowring, Mr. 256, 348 Bradley, Mr. 356 Brenton, E. P. 254 Brickwood, J. 255 Bristed, Mr. 343 Britton, J. ¥.s.a. 347 and Pu- gin, Messrs, 107 ‘Brooke, J, de C. 453, 548 ——— = | JF.R.S. 456, 546 Brown, A.’ 452 , T. M.D.'156, 254, 348, 550 Broughton, T. 547 Buekler,J:'C? | 347 Buckland, Rev. Ww : 258 Baller, J: 348 Bulmer, Mr. 64 Burder; Rev. H. J. 256 Burges; ‘G. Am. 168, 954. | Burney, Dr. W. 354 Butterworth, W.450 Byron, Lord: 69, 547 Campbell; A.:A.m. 169, 547 Campane, Mad. 168 Carascosa, Gen. 451 Caravita and Ci- chelli, Messrs. 260 Card, Rev. H. M.A, Carey, Dr. ——— and Lea, Messrs. 354 ——,, Miss F. J. 453 550 157 ——,F.J. Carter, H. W. M.D. 168 Cartwright, Ma- jor 448,452 Chatfield, Rev. Robt. ru.p. 548 Chevalier,T. F.R.s. 550 Chrichton, A. 546 Church, Dr. W. 453 Clissold, T. 256 Colebrook, H. T. 70, 170 Collett, S. A.M. 66, 167 Coles, C. B. 547 Collyer, Rev. W.B.p.p. 256 Cooper, Mr. = 255 Cornwall, Barry 66, 348 Cowan, W. 550 Cox, Rev. J. H. 452 Crabbe, Mr. 252 Cruikshank, G. 255, 260, 452, 542 Crumpe, Miss 452 Cruise, Capt.A. 455, 539 Cunningham, A. 454 Daniell, W.° 156 Perera S | 456 Davenport,R.A.547 Deacon, W. F. 346 De Chomas, M. 261 De Latour 357 De Marbois, M. 262 Dermer, E. 69 Dick, F. 158 Dillwyn,L.W. F.R.S. : 546 Donovan, E. 258 Dorset, St. J. ‘65 Douglas, D. Downes, G. a.B. 63 ») g55 Dronetti,M. 457 Dabois,C. rts. 455 Dunderpate, A. 255, 348 Dwight,T.u1.p.170, 349 Earle, Mr. 355, 456 ——, J. Eden,:Hon. F. 255 Edmeston, J. 69 Edwards,Syd. 25 Elliott, E. 25! Ellis, D. F.R.s.. 168 ; Elmes, J. 254 Ensor, Mr. 257 Erskine, ‘Thomas Lord 169 Evans, Mr. 855 Everett, A. H. 452 Ewing, Rev. — £56 Faber, Rev. G.S. 69, 256 Fader, W. 347 Fain, Baron 547 Fittler, J. 347 Fitzjohn,J.£.C.D. 65 Forbes, J. M.D. 168 Forster, Dr. 456 weeny, Wettig SHG Fosbrooke, Rev. F.D. M.A.F.A.S8.165 Foscolo, M.Ugo 356 France, W. 158 Franklin, Capt. J. 257, 349 Frey, J. S. 546 Fry, Rev. J. 453 Galt, Mr. 449 Gallaway, A. 68 Gell, Sir W. 256 Gery, Rev. H. W. M.A. 548 Gerbaux, T. G, 451 Gilbert, D. 348 Girard, Rev. — 553 Gilchrist, J. B. uu. 156 “63 Glen, Rev. J. —,Rev.W. 67 Goldsmith, Rev. J. 66 Goodison, W.a.B. ib. Goodwyn, H. 449 Gordon, Rev. R. 67 Gower, Lord F. Leveson 546 Grafton, Mr.) 158 Gray, F 3:6 —,S.F. 348 —,W. 348, 452 Green, A. Lu.B. 254 a———, Jon. 451, 454, » 546 Gregg, F. M.A. 349 Gurney, Mr. © 456, 549 Hall, E. 551 Hardeastle, E. 348, 544 Harding,W. 70, 168 Harness, Rev. W. 67 Haslam, J. 452 Hastings,C.m.p. 168 Havell, D. 457 Hawkins, L. M. 66 —, Miss: 256 Hay, J. 347 Hayden, Rey. J. 67 Haynes, J. 354, 450 Helnemain, W. H. 450 Hemens, Mrs. | 547 Henniker, Sir F. 253 Henry, W. M.p. 450 Henderson, Mr. 255 Herbert, Hon, and Rev. W. 254, 34& Hewlett, Rev.J. 452 Higgins, J. 956 Hid, J. Hillary, Sir W. bart. 349 Hippins, M. = 261 Hodgson, Rev. F. 955 ,A. 169 Hofland, Mrs. 347, 355, 452 Holderness, Mrs. 354, 548 Hogg, J. 157 Holman, Mr. 345 Holmes, J. 67, 345 Home, Sir Eve- rard 156 Hone, Mr. 69, 349, 544 Hooper, Rev. J. 550 Horner, ‘l. 65, 155 Howell, Mr. F. 457 Howe, Howe, Rev. J. 67 Howitt, W. and M. 354, 452 Howship,J. 156,451 Hoyer, D. 160 Hudson, J. C. 547 Hughes, H. 548 Humboldt,M.de 549 Hunt, Sir Aub. de V. 457, 547 Hunter, J. D. 263, 347, 450 , Rev. J. 457 Hutton, Rev. T. H. 548 Ingram, Rev.J, 257, 451 Treland, W.H. 430 Irving, Rev. E. a.m. 69, 260, 548 — —,D. 11.D.451 Jackson, Dr. Robt. , 454 Jacob, M. 457 James, J.H. 66, 258 , E. 170, 345 Jefferson, Mr. late President of the United States 554 Jennings, J. 66, 456 Johuson, Rev. Dr. 258 Jones, J. G. 260 Joplin, T., 157, 255 Jordan, G.W.F.R.8. 452 Kaye,T. W. 457 Kenrick, Rev.J.71, 457 Kitchener, W. 354 Knight, R. P. 257, 348, 356 Laing, Capt. 261, 356 Landor,. W. S. 453, 550 Landseer, Mr. 457 Lardner, Rev. D. 254 Las Casas,Count 61, 65, 166 Lathom, F. 348 Lawrence, Sir T. 159 —-—,J. 349 Lawson, J. 70, 255, 354 Layman, Capt. 556 Leadbeater, Mrs. 251 Leslie, Professor543, 546 Lewis, Mrs, 156 ——,G, 254 Lingard, Dr,451,546 Lloyd, C, 452 IN DE Locker, E.H. F.R.s. 451 Lockhart, J.G. Lu.p. 169 Lodge,E. F.s.A. 352, 451 Logan, Rev. W. 67 Long, Major 156 Lowe, D. 169, 355 Mackintosh, J, up. 254 Macauley, Miss 453, 550 Macmichael, W. M.D. 168 Magee,Rev. W. p.p. 170 Malam, J. 353 Malcolm, Sir J. 454. Malthus, Rev. T.R,. M.A. F.R.S. 452 Mansion, L. 168. March, H. 260 Marriott, Rev. H. 452 Marsden, W. F.R.s. 257 Manugles, P. 255 Mawe, J. ib. Maxwell, J. 547 Maydwell, E. 254 Mayo, H. 551 Mayow, Rev. R. W. 548 M‘Diarmid, J. 255 Meason,G. L. 349 Meger, Mr. 258 Meikleham, R. 456 Mereweather, Rev.J. %57, 451 Merry, J. 255 Meulemeester, Professor 455 | Meyrick, Dr. 260 Milhouse, R, 252 Milner, G. jun. 260 Milton, J. 451 Millington, J. 348, 543 Mitchell, J. m.a. F.S.A. 347, 453 Monro, Jev.G. a.m. 548 Moor, E, F.R.s. 547 Moore,'l. 61, 66 —-—, Rev. J. 347 ———-, P. M.P. 349, 448 Morris, Robt. M.a. 256 Mullian, M. 348 —,Mr. 551 Murray,A. ».p, 541 Mushett, Mr. 70 Nash, F. 254 Nathan, J. 69, 452 xX. Neale, J. P. 70 Neele, H. 68, 348, 544 Nevi, Professor Newman, W. Nicholas, N. H. Nichols, J.F.s.A, 452 O’Driscol, J. 66 Oliver, Rev. G. 69, ae Serw 347 ——, Mr. 554 Orme, Mr. 450 Ottley, W. Y. 347, 451 —-—, Jon. 543,548 Overton, J. 349, 545 Papworth, J. B. 546 Paris, J. A. 451 _Partington, Mr. 456 Paston, J. 348 _Pasley, C. W. F.R.s. 452 Payne, D..B. 169 Pecchio, Count 255, _ BAdy 452 Peckston, Mr. 352, 353 Peers, C. 547 Pennie, Mr, 346 Percival, Mr. 547 Perkins,Mr.158,455 Philip, Dr. A. PW. 69 Phillips, H. F.H.s. 257, 546 , Sir R. 454 Pitman, Rev. J. R. 256 Platts, Rev. J. Plouché, T. R. 255 Pole, T. M.D. 451 Prescott, Mr. 456 Pring, Dr. 156 Prinsep, J. 256 Prichard, J. C. m.p. 547 Proutt, Dr. W. 157, 168 Quin, T. 347 Read, B. 547 Reed, Rev. A. 70, 347, 452 —, J. 256 Regnauld,, 357 Reid, T. 67 Keynier and De Dompierre,Messrs, 458 Rieussec, M. 357 Robinson, Dr. 70, 345, 347 —, W. LL.D. 349 Rogers, S. 452 Roscoe, T. 62, 546 Rose, W. S. 348 Ross, ‘T.» 168, 344 Roy, Ram. 349 Rudge,Rev.Dr. 260, 452 Rumker, C. 551 Russell, Miss 255 Rutter, J. 354, 455, 0 549 Sandham, Miss 347 Savage, W. 453. Scoresby, Mr. 68, 260 Schenk, M.U. 458 Scott, Robt. 66,70, 168 ——, SirWalter 160, 553 Searle, Rev. T. 65 Seward, J. 255 Shaw, Dr. 354 Sheldrake, Mr. 549 Shepherd, Rev.W. 256 Sheriffe, Mrs. 69,349 Simco, J. 158 Simpson, J. 66 , Capt.. °348 Slaney,R. A. 548 Smart, B. HH. 546 Smith, Sir J. E. 257, 353, 5350 -——, Dr. Gordon 353, 456 Snowden, Rev. W. 548 Solly,. E. 256 Southey, Mr. 65 Southwell, RR. 452 Soulter, E. M. 66 Sowerby, Messrs, 545 Speer, T.-C. M.p. 348, 447 St. Aubyn, J. H.547 St. David’s, Bishop of 849 St.Hilaire, M.A. 356 Stephens, N. 547 Stewart, J. H. 68, 168, 548 ——_——,, WG. 348 Stothart, Mrs.C, 168 Stourton, Lord 169 Stowe, W. M.R.c.s. 451 Streattield, T. F.s.a. 451 Swan, Rev. C. 65, 356,457, 548 Sweden, Ex-king of 160 Sweet,R. F.1,s, 254, 348 Syme, P. 457 Taylor, Jeff. 65 , 'T. 344, 450, 456 Tennant, W. 353,451 Thackeray, Thackeray, Rev. F.M.a. 256 Thiers, A. 349 Thollard, M. C. H. 552 Thompson, H. 63 , Rev. A. 168, 453 Thornton, T. 454 Thurlow, Lord 169 Ticheburn,Chev.255 Tiedeman, Dr. 356 ‘Villoch,A.Lu.b. 355, 452, 545 Timbs, J. 455 Tooke,T. F.R.s. 169, 455 IZ Ni DGLEF 3: Tredgold, T. 457 Turner, S. 257 —,D.F.R.S. 547 Ure, A.m.p. 551 Vanderpalm,M. 553 Vaux, T. 348, 449, 452 Ventouillac, S. T. 455, 548 Venturoli, Guiseppe 254 Walker, A. v.p. 452 Ware, Mr.S. 551 Warner, Rey.R. Warton,Jos. D.v. 66 Watson, P.W. 450 Watts, A.A. 457,547 Weaver, T. 17 Weir, G. 170 Weland, Rey.R. 548 Welch, W. 348 Westgate, J. 56 Western, C.C. M.p. 256 Whevell, W. m,a. 348 Whittingham, Mr. 354, 550 Wiffen, J.H. 156, 554, 452 Wilberforce, W.m.P. 349, 453 Wilkins,Rev.G, 169, 455 Wilkinson, Rev. T, « 67, 169 Willis, F. m.p. 157, - 348, 447 Williams, H. M. 169 ,»W.. 451 Worsdale,J.sen. 258 Wragge, Miss 65 Wright, J. 169 ——, Rev. G.N. 253 —— , Mr. 550 Yates, Rev. J. M.a. 286 Young, T. M.D. 254 INDEX TO THE ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. Acton,Rev.W. LL.B. 281 Alexander,Right Rev. Dr. Na- thaniel 471 Arbuthnot, Rev. Dr. A. ib. Baker, Rev. R. G. 567 Barrow, Rev. W. LL.p. 86 ———, Rev. J. ib. Benson, Rev. G. L. 281 Bishop, Rev. H. 507 Black, Rev. J. 281 Burgess, Rev., : ib. Calvert, Rev. T. 471 Cape, Rev. J. M.a. 281 Carpenter,Rev.J.P. 86 Curtis, Rev. W. 567 Darby, Rev. J. W.M.a, 86 Davies, Rev.R. M.A. 471 Dickinson, Rev. W. H. B.c.L. 567 Duthey, Rev.W.471 Elers, Rev. C. 507 Greenall, Rev. G. H.m.a. 86 Greenaway, Rev. W.Ww. 281 Henshaw, Rev. R. 1. B. Hodgson, Rev. C. H. Maa. 86 ——, Rev. J. 471 Hood, Rev. Dr. R. 86 471 Hubbard, Rev. H. M.A. 471 Hunt, Rev. J. H. M.A. ib. Jenkins, Rev.J. 281 Judgson, Rev. G. M.A. 471 Lempricre, Rev. J. 281 Lempriere, Rev. . Dz. 714 Lyon, Rev. R. m.a. 281 Macfarlan, Rev. G. M.A. 471 Mant, Right Rev. Dr. Richard ib. Marsh, Rev.M, B.D. 567 Matthews, Rev. J. M.A. 471 Mayo, Rev. J. M.a. 86 Molesworth,Rev.H. 86 Nelson, Rev. J. M.A. 281 Nottidge, Rev. J.T. 567 Osborue, Rev. G. 86 Owen, Rev.H. t1.p. 281 Peters, Rev. J.W. ib. Phear, Rev. J. M.A. 471 Povah, Rev. Dr. 567 Pratt, Rev. Jer. 281. Relph,Rev,Jos.a.M. 86 Royle, Rev. Jas. ib. . Sinclair, Rev. J. ib. Smith, Rey. J. 567 Stacey, Rev. T. 86 Stebbing, Rev. H. ~ B.A. 471. Sumner, Rey. C. R. 281) Turnor, Rev. G. 86. Thursby, Rev. W. M.A. 86 Trevelyan, Rev. | G. jun. A.M. Trotman, Rev. F.S. B.A; Wellesley, Hon. and Rev. 567 White, Rey. W. M.a. 567 Willatts,Rev.F.m.a. 471 Wrey, Rev. H.B. 85 86 281 INDEX INDEX to NEW WORKS REVIEWED in tue “CRITICAL , PROEMIUM.” Abridgment and Continuation of Hume and Smollet (Robinson's) 345 Account of the United States (Holmes’) . - ib. of an expedition from Pitts- burgh to the Rocky Mountains (James’) A i . ib. Additional Observations of Penal Jurisprudence (Roscoe’s) . 62 Administration of the Affairs of Great Britain,&c. . er Ancient Mysteries ( Hone’ 3). . 544 Anecdotes of the Spanish and Portu- guiese Revolutions (Pecchio’s, by Blaquiere) - ‘ « 334 Blossoms ( Milhouse’s)} we? Bride’s Tragedy ( Beddoe’ 8). ’ ae Chronology of the Apocalypse inves- tigated (Overton’s) + 545 Classical Collector's Vade Mecum . 165 Cottage Biography (Leadbeatei’s) . 251 Cry of France ° 2 - 344 December Tales ° - 166 Dissertations on the Apocalypse (Til- loch’s) 545 Elements of Pharmacy, &e. res ) 346 Essays (Elia’s) 62 Encyclopedia of Antiquities. « 250 English Constitution produced and ile lustrated (Cartwright’s) : - 448 Fragments of Archytas, &c. (Thomas Taylor’s) + 344 Geographical, statistical, &e. Account of Columbia - 447 Guide to the County of Wicklow (Wright’s) . ° 31253 Heraldic Anomalies ° « 449 Highways and Byways . °/ 251 History of the Peninsular War (Southey’s) 65 — Spanish and Portuguese Literature (Ross’s) . « 344 — the European Languages (Murray ’s) - 541 Innkeeper’s Album (Deacon’s) » 346 Integrity (Hofiand’s) ours Journey through France, Italy, &e. (Holman’ s) - . - 345 Lairds of Grippy 65 Lake District of Cumberland (Ot- ley’s) - 545 Letters from Mecklenburgh and Hol- stein (Donne’s) - 63 Love (E. Elliott’s) « 251 Lucubratious of Humphrey Ravelin, esq. : - 250 Martha (Reed’ $) 5 . 546 Memoirs of Napoleon (Las Casas’ ) 61,166 (Cappe’s) - 64 Men and ‘Things in 1825 (Boone) « 545 Methodical Cyclopedia ° » 167 Mineral Conchology (Sowerby’s) Narrative Parts of the Bible (Bar- row’s) . « 252 National Melodies (Moore’ 3) +, Of Natural Philosophy (Millington and Leslie’s) . 543 Notes during a Visit to Egypt (Hen- nike7’s) « 255 +, 043, Nursery Guide (Thompson’ 3)» - 63 Ode on the Death of Napoleon (Bul- mer’s) 64 Outlines of a System of Political Eco- vomy (Joplin’s) e - 344 Peverill of the Peak E 62, 167 Plans for the Government and Instruc- tion of Boys - 163 Poems, (Helen M. Williams’) - 252 ———., Dramatic and Miscellaneous 544 Points of Humour : ‘ . 548 Protestant Beadsman . - 165 Public Characters of all Nations . 166 Quentin Durward . 449 Questions on Political Economy - 544 Relative Taxation (Vaux) . - 449 Relics of Literature (Collet’s) - 167 Ringan Gelhaize (Galt’s) 3 . 449 Rogvald, an epic poem (Pennie’s) . 346 Roman Literature (Dunlop’s) . 167 Sequel to an: unfinished Manuscript (Kirke White’s) . 343 Series of Views of the Ancient Cas- tles in England and Wales . . 250 Sermons at Salter’s Hall (Worthing. ton’s) . . - 342 Seventy-Six ? . « 545 Short Treatise on the Management of Bees $ - 346° Somatopsychonoologia ‘ + 543 Some Account of the Public Life of the late Lieut.-gen. Sir George Prevost, bart, : - 542 Specimens of the Rassian Poets (Bowring’s) - 250 Speech of Mr, Brougham on the Spa- nish Question . . 252 Spirit of Buncle . . 251 Table of the Circles (Goodwyn’ s) . 449 Tabular Series of Decimal Quotients (Goodwyn’s) . - 450 Technological Dictionary (Crabbe’ 3) 252 Thoughts” on the present Character and Constitation of the Medical Profession (Speer’s) . 447 Treatise on the Sabbath (Glen's) 4.68 — on Mental Derangement C Willis, M.v.) 447 Voice of London to the Voice of St. Helena (Moovre’s) 448. Willoughby, or Reformation , - 546 Wine and Walnuts (Hardcastle’s) 544 World in Miniature (Ackerman’ 's) 545 EMINENT * INDEX TO EMINENT AND REMARKABLE Whose Deaths are Recorded in this Volume. Angerstein, Jolin Julius, esq. 277 | gt eaaay A. esq. . 469 Bamfylde, Sir Charles, bart, 378 Beauchamp, the * _ Earlof 469 Bentley, William Nassau, esq. 476 Berthollet, M.° Bertuch, F. J. 96 96 Bingley, Rev. W. F.1.S. Christian, Ed- 276 ward, esq. 378 Condorcet, Ma- dame de 96 Constable, Sir Thomas, bart. 278 _ Drogheda, Mar- quis of 86 Dudley and Ward, William Viscount 469 Dumouriez, Ge- neral 279 Eamer, Sir John 378 Edwards, George, esq. 182 Galin, Mons. 96 Glenbervie, Lord 470 Lord 469 ib. Gordon, William Grenville, Gen. Haighton, John, M.D. F.R.S. 378, 470 Hutton, Dr. Charles 86 Jenner, Dr. 183 Keith, Admiral Lord Kemble, John Philip, esq. Lambert, Rev. James Lefevre, Charles Shaw, esq. Lewis, W 277 279 573 469 + OSq. F.L.8. 281 Manners, Gen. Robert 566 Nollekins, Joseph, esq. 470 Playtair, Mr. William 276 INDEX TO THE NEW PATENTS. Bold, J. for improvements in print- ing Brunel, M. J. for improvements in steain-engines Brunton, W. for improvements in fire-grates ib. Daniell, J. C. for improvements in diessing woollen-cloths -- 244 Deakin, I’. for improvements in hol- ster-cases -- 536 Fergusson, James, for improvements in printing from stereotype-plates 534 Gamlett, 'T. for improvements in va- pour-baths Hall, S. for improved starch 55 445 Hawkins, R.F. for improvements in anchors oe 54 Jekyll, J. for improvements in steam or vapour baths Leech, T. for improvements in steam- engines - 535 Main, J. for a new method of pre- paring flax French Chamber of Deputies........... =- 24 SEPARATE ENGRAVING IN THIS VOLUME. PERSONS, — Radcliffe, Mrs. Ann 182 Salisbury, the Marquis of, «.6. Schlichtegroll, Adolph. Hen- rich F. von, German writer . 479 Schneider, John Gotleb 96 Smith, Thomas, esq. 378 ——, Frederick 469 - St. Vincent, the Earl of __ 278, Warren,Charles,esq. 462 Moxon, J. D. for improvements in the construction of bridges w= 536 Neilson, J. forimprovements in tanning 149 Oxford, J. for preserving timber 534 Perkins, Mr. for his new steam-engine 350 Piper, W. for new anchors -- 536 Postans, T. and W. Jeakes, for im- provements in cooking apparatus 55 Rabart, L. B. for improved apparatus © for preparing coffee or tea a Ricketts, H. for improved black ~ bottles 5 a -- 349° Roberts, R. for machinery for weaving cloths a2 ee +s 536 Smart, G. for improvements in chairs 55 Smith, J. for improvements in the steam-engine boiler Tritton, H. for ath apparatus for filtration 446 Van Heythuysen, F. M. for i improve- ments in boats Wynn, Mr, for improvements church and turret clocks -.- 150 in -- 350 . Frontispiece. fit ] " Le 4 Ph oe Not f u Nite rssitstatititesstesse Botesesetsiseaas So eeseststhe cS Aa. 4 oe as Sete erethesreriee tet